IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /y % // o ^^° ^.. ^.v V4 •^ ^K?.r / i/.Ji : 1.0 I.I 1.25 us u 1.4 2.0 1.6 <9^ W/ ^r ^ .^ />^. / # y ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ¥!^ V 33 WEST MAIN STRHT WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) •73-4»03 ,|^ ^^ ,<> /h. b: t^ i A CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiq uos ^ A 1981 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographica!*y un;que, which may alter any of \Lhe images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplairu qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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Tous les autres exemplaires orlginaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporto une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derni^re page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernldre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmds A des taux de rMuction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film6 A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 6 ■■-*5Bl?3r- iH'nF^ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STA'iMSS aEOLOOICAL SURVKY OP THE TEEKITOBIES. F. V. HAYDEN, TT. 8. GEOLOGIST. ^ ' ' Wi MISCEILAKEOUS PUBLICATIONS, No. 9. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF ^'iJ^^^. NORTH AMKllICAN INDIANS. nv W. H. JACKSON, PHOTOGHAPHKR OF THB SUHVEY. i- PROPERTY OF LIBRARY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 601 Booth St, Ottawa LENT TO PLEASE RETTURN DATE - WASHINGTON: aOYEBNMBNT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877. f 1 f 1 1 ■iPHiBIHPI 1 -I \ ■j i L \i fltm^mw I: H^^aB" APR 9 HB4 \ CAHADA. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, -ifll^l^ ' ^^ UNITED STATES GEOLOGICA.L SORVBY OF THE TERRITORIES, F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. GEOLOGIST. IV.' MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, No. 9. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE ow PHOTOGRAPHS or NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. BY W. H. JACKSON, PHOTOORAPHHR OF THE SUBTBT. I li^i WASHINGTON: eOYBBNMENT PBINTINQ OFFIOB. 1877. • • ,•• • • . ; • •' <• •• • • » •••■•« . • - • • • t • , • • • * « ( • • • ,,•... • k * * • • • V « • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • t • • • • • • • • • • «< PREFATORY NOTE. Office of United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Waffhinf/toti, I). C, November 1, 1877. The collection of photographic portraits of Nortli Amcricau ludians described in the following "Catalogue" is imdoubtedly the largest and most valuable one extant. It has been made at great labor and expense, during a period of about twenty-five years, and now embraces over one thousand negatives, rep- resenting no less than twenty-five tribes. Many of the in«li- viduals portrayed have meanwhile died; others, from various causes, are not now accessible; the opportunity of securing many of the subjects, such as scenes and incidents, has of course passed away. The collection being thus unique, and not to be reproduced at any expenditure of money, time, or labor, its value for ethnological purposes cannot easily be over- estimated. Now that the tribal relations of these In present " Catalogue." prepared by Mr. W. H Jaoksou, the well-known and skilful phot^^grapher of the Survey, is far mure than a mere enumeration of the negatives. It gives in full, yet in concise and convenient form, the information which the Survey has acquired respecting the subjects of tlie pictures, and ia believed to represent a.u acoeptaDle contribution to anthropological literature. F. V. HAYDEN, United States Geologist. «l ni PREFACE i The followiug Descriptive Catalogue is inteiided|to systema- tize the collection of Photographic Portraits of ludiaus now in the possession of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, and to place on record all the information we have been able to obtain of the various individuals and scenes repre- sented. It is of course far from complete : but it is a beginning, and every new fiict that comes to light will be added to what has already been secured. This information has been gathered froor many sources, prmcipally from Indian delegates visiting Washington, and by correspondence with agents and others living in the Indian country. Particular attention has been paid to proving the authenticity of the portraits of the various individuals represented, and it is belifcved that few, if any, mistakes occur in that respp^t. The historical notices are mainly compilations from standard works on the subject. All of the following portraits and views are photographed direct from nature, and are in nearly every case from the origi- nal plates, the exceptions being- good copies from original da- guerreotypes or photographs that are not now accessible. The portraits made under the supervision of the Survey ara generally accompanied by measurements that are as nearly accurate as it has been possible to make tbem. The pictures vary in size from the ordinary small card to groups on plates 16 by 20 inches square. The majority, however, are on plates «J by 8^ inches square ; these are usually trimmed to 4 by 6i inches, and mounted on cabinet cards. AU the photographs are numbered upon their faces, and as these numbers do not o(M^ur in regular order in the text a Numerical judex is appended, by moans of which the name of any picture, and the page on which the subject is tieatod, may be readily found. W. H. J. ADVERTISEMENT. Miscellaueous Publications No. 5, entitled "Descriptive Cata- logue of the riiotograplis of the United States Geological Sur- vey of the Territories for the years 18()8 to 1873, inclusive," published in 1874, contains, on pages ()7-83, a "Catalogue of Photographs of Indians, [ete.J" This, however, is a mere enu- meration of the negatives then in the possession of the survey, and is now superseded by the present independent publication. VI CATALOGUE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. LIST OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND BANDS. I. ALGONKINS. Cheyennes. Chippewas. ( J^emhina. Red Lake. Rabbit Lake. Mille Ijttc. Wisconsin. Delawabes. Menomonees. MlAMIS. Ottawas. Pottawatomies. Sacs and Foxes. Shawnees. Pequods. Stochbridge. Brotherton. II. ATIIABASCAS. Apaohes. Coyotero. .Essaqneta. Jicarilla. Mohave. IHnal. Yuma, , Chirioahua. Navajos. 9 2 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. III. DAROTAS. Cuows. Dakotj* s. Blaclfeet. Brule. Cut Head. MdcicaMnton. Ognlalla. Oncpapa. Sans Arc. San tee. Sisseton. Two Kettle. M^ahpeton. Yankton. Upper Yanliionals. Loicer Yanldonais. • • I()WA«. ^ Kaws or Kansas. Manuans. Missouri AS. Omaiias. OSAGES. Otoes. PONCAS. WiNNElJAOOES. IV. PAWNEES, Arickahees or Rees. KKECniIES. Pawnees. Chotrce. Kitkahoct. rdahoiverat. Skccdce. Waoos. WlOlIITAS. 4fi Ijri V. SITOSIIONES. Bannaoks. comanciies. KiowAS. * list of families, tribes, and bands. Shoshones. Utaiis. Citpote. Muaclic. Tahegtiache. Yampa. Uinta. VI. SATIAPTINS. Nez-Percks. Warm Springs. Wascos. VII. KLxVMATLlS. Klamatiis. MODOCS. KuGUE IflYEU. VIII. riMAS. Papagos. PlJIAS. IX. lliOQUOIS. Seneoas. Wyandots or IIurons. X.JIUSKOGEEB. Creeks. 8e:viinoles. Chick AS AV.'3. Cuoctaws. XL IKDEPENDENI TIUBES. Arapaiioes. Cai)1>»).s. ClIEROKEEa. MOQUIS. PUEBl.OS. Tawaoanies. tonkaways. i m HISTORY OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND INDI- VIDUALS. i I. ALGONKINS. Early in the seveiitecutli century, the Algonkins were the largest family of ISTorth American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from Newfonndland to the Mississippi, and from the waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Athabascas; the Dakotas boun.led them on the west, and the Mobiliau tribes, Oatawbas, Natchez, &c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended required. There has been some diificulty in properly locating the tribe from which the family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa River, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two Mountains. Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, otliera so reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest have been re- moved f«r from their original hunting-grounds. Tlie Lenni Lenape, from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized lite far out on the great plains west of the Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once powerful Pottawata- mies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. Of tlio many nations forming this great family, we have a very full representa- tion in the following catalogue, about eciually divided beiween the wild hunters and the civilized agric iltuiists. 1. ClIEYENNES. "This nation has received a variety of names from travellers and the neighboiing tribes, as ►Shyennes, Sliiennes, Cheyeunes, 5 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PIIOTOGEAI'US. Chayennps, Sliaras, Sliawliays, Sharsbas, and by tbo different bands of Dakotas, Shai en-a or Shaic la. With the Dlackfeet, they are the most western brauoU of the great Alpjonkin family. When first known, they were living on the Chayenue or Cay- enne lliver, a branch of the Red ]liver of the North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sionx, and about the close of the last century still farther west across the Missouri, where they were fonnd by those enterprising travelers Lewis and Clark in 1803. On their map attached to their report they locate them near the eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great Sheyenne River, and state their number at 1,500 souls." Their first treaty with the United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River. They were then at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the Paw- nees and others. Were then estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250. During the time of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of their nation on the Mis- souri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes who wandered about the tributaries of the Platte and Arkan- sas, while those who remained affiliated with the Ogalallas, l.esetwo divisions remainiiig separated until the present time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring tliem together on a new reservation in the Indian Territory. Up to 18G2, they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks occurred, and then for three or four years a costly and bloody war was carried on. against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand Creek or Cliivingtou massacre, November 20, 18(M. " Since that time there has bee^ constant troublt In '07, General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and another war began, in wliich General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black Kettle and 37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with tlie whites, resisting many overtures to Join their southern brethren. List of illustralidns, 118, 120. llAH-KET-noME-MAii. Little liohc. (Front.) SouTiiKiiN Cheyenne. 110,121. HAii-KET-iiOME-^iAil. Little Rohc. (Protihs) SouTiiEiiN Cheyenne. 100. llAHKET-iioMEMAiT. Little L'ohc. Southern Cheyenne. i m^ I % m ALGOMCINS CIIII'PEWAS. 110. MiN-NiN-NE-WAH. WhirJiHud. Southern 111. Whoak-poono-bats. Whiie ShieUI. 112. Wo-po HAM., White Horse. Southern 113. Bah-ta-cue. Medicine Man. Southern 114. Pawnee. Southern 115. Ed. Guerrier. Interpreter. Southern 26. Lame White Man. Northern Wild Uog. Northern 27. Bald Bear. Northern Cut Foot. Northern 28. Dull Knife. Northern Little Wolf. Northern 29. Crazy Head. Northern Spotted Wolf. Northern 30, 31. Stone Calf aud Wife. Southern 116. Whirlwind and Pawnee. Southern 117. Little Eobe aud White Horse. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Cheyenne. Southern Cheyenne. 122. HiciH Toe. 123-4. Groups at Agency. 2. CHIPPEWAS. Mignitiug from the East late in the sixteenth or early in the seventeenth century, the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, settled first about the Falls of Saint Mary, from which point they pushed still farther westward, and eventnally compelled the Dakotas to relinquish their ancient hunting-grounds about the headwaters of the Mississipi)i and of the lied Kiver of the North. Were first known to the French, about 1010, who called them Sauteux, from the place of their residence about Sault Ste. Marie, a name still applieil to them by the Canadian French. They were then living in scattered bands on the banks of Lake Superior and Luke Huron, and at war with the Foxes, Iroquois, and Dakotas, becoming thereby nuich reduced in num- bers. Were firm allies of the French in all of their operations against the English, and took a prominent part in Pontiac's uprising. During the revolutionary war they were hostile to ^ 8 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. the colonists, but made a treaty of peace with them at its close. Tney again sided with the English in the war of 1812, but joined in a general pacification with a nnmber.of other tribes in 181G. Like other tribes, they gradually ceded their lands to the Government, receiving in return annuities and goods, until in 1851 all but a few bands, retaining but moderate reser- vations, had removed west of the Mississippi. "The Chippewas, now numbering 19,606, formerly ranged over Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and with common interests, and acknowledging more or less the leadership of one controlling mind, formed a homogeneous and powerful nation ; a formidable foe to the Sioux, with whom they waged inces- sant warfare, which was checked only by the removal of the Minnesota Sioux to Dakota after the outbreak of 1863." The collecting of the Chippewas upon thirteen reservations, scattered over the above named States, under five diifereut agencies, has so modified the esprit du co^-ps of the tribe that, though speaking the same language and holding the same tra- ditions and customs, the bands located in different sections of the country have few interests and no property in common, and little itiHiience or intercourse with each other. The agency has taken the place of the nation, and is in turn de- veloping the individual man, who, owning house, stocK, and farm, has learned to look solely to his own exertions for sup- port. No tribe by unswerving loyalty deserves more of the Government, or is making, under favorable conditions, more gratifying i)rogress ; 9,850 of the tribe live in houses, 9,345 are engaged in agriculture and other civilized occupations ; and 13,202 wear citizen's dress. Fifty-seven per cent, of their subsistence is obtained by their own labor, mainly in farming; for the rest, they depend on game and fish, especially the lat- ter, of which they readily obtain large (juantities. The Chippewas are extensively intermarried with the Otta- was, and are thrifty and worthy citizens of the United States, as are also those of Saj^inaw, and of Keewenaw Bay in Michi- gan. The Bad Kiver, Ked Cliff, Ked Lake, and Mississippi bands are likewise making rapid progress in civilization. Of those which liave made but little or no progress are the Leech Lake, White Earth, Mille Lac, and other scattered bands in renu)te and inaccessible regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the older chiefs resolutely opposing any attempt on the part of the younger men to begin a civilized life. i, en ALGONKINt CHIPPEWAS. I List of Illustrations. 1001. Es EN-CE. Little Shell. Pembina. Head cliiefofthe Pembiiias, residing at Turtle Monii- taiu, in Dakota. His father and grandfather were chiefs of the same band before liiin. Took an active part against the Sioux in the Minnesota massacres in 1803. Visited Washington in 1874, at the bead of a delegation in behalf of their bands,^to protest against being removed from their old homes about Turtle Mountain. 1002. Mis-TO-YA-BE, Little Bull. Tembina. Head brave of the Pembinas, and resides at Pem- bina. Is a man of considerable influence, his word being law with his band. Has good common sense and line executive ability. Was removed by the Gov- ernment to White Earth reservation, but refuses to live there, and has gone back to his old home. Has fought the Sioux frequently, and has been quite suc- cessf'.d in stealing horses from them. Has two wives. Does uo farming. 1003. KA-EEsrA. Something Bloicn Up hy the Wind. ^embiinA. A half-breed, but lives and dresses like an Indian. His father was made a chief of the Pembinas by the English and Americans, and upon his death succeeded him. Is a very successful hunter, and is looked upon as a representative man of the tribe. 1004. Ke WOESAis we RO. The Man Who Knows IToic to Runt. Pembina. A half-breed and third brave of the band. Alwajs joined the Chippewas in fighting the Sioux — the Pem- binas fighting on horseback — and counts four scalps. Is a trader. Is thought very mucli of by his tribe, and has a reputation for moral worth and straight- forward dealing. 861. Large Group of the preceeding four numbers. IOCS. Shay-wi-zick. Sour Spittle. Red Lake. A brave of the Red Lake band of Chippewas and younger brother of the head chief. His wife and chil- 10 CATALOaUE OF INDl >^- I'HOrOGKAJ'llS. I dreu were killed by the Sioux, and he fought them liO(iucMJtl.y ill leturr-, killing two. Was n good speaker and farmed a good deal. IJied last winter, aged about 10. SOj'lOGD. Qui-wi ziiExsnisii. Bad Boy. Red Lake. Foremost brave of the Ked Lake baud. His father was chief, which otlice is Jiow held by his older brother. Was ranked as one of the bravest of the Chippewas in their battles with the Sioux, and took many scalps. Was a fine si)eaker and a man of much influence. Farmed very successfully and raised considerable corn, and was also a good hunter. ILid two wives. Died iu 1872. 1070. Qui wi ZExXS. The Boy. Ked Lake. A brave and a leading warrior in the battles of his trioe with the Sioux. A good speaker, hunter, and farmer, although the farming is done almost entirely by his wife ami children, as is the case with all these Indians. Is now dead. 1071. AUGUS'lE. Pe.aibina. A brave of the Pembinas, formerly residing near the British line, but now removed, with his band, to the White Earth reservation. Has the reputation of be- ing a miserable, worthless Indian, unwiiliug to work, and adhering with great tenacity to the heathenish customs of his tribe. Was baptized in his infancy by . the Ifomau Catliolics, but has renounced his Ciuistian- ity. Has had his skull broken three times i.» quarrels with his own people, and has been twice wounded ia lights with the Sioux. 1072. MoozoMo. .Moose's Dung. Ked Lake. A petty chief of the lied Like band. Died sotne years ago at a very old age. Was a great hunter, and farmed considerably also. Was much respected by the lied Lake bands, and esix'cially so by the whites. Me-jaw key-osii. Somethiny in the Air Gradually Fall- iny to the Earth. n^^^ L^ke. A brave but recently made a chief of the lied Lake Chippewas, and is ranked as the very bravest of all 1073. i ^/ i . ALGONKINS— ^niPPEVVAS. 11 ^ bis tribe. Had alwaj's been accustomeath, peace having been declared with the Sioux be- fore he came of age. 1075. Maiadjiaush. Something Beginning to Sail Off. liED Lake. A brave residing at Red Lake. His father was a chief and his younger brotiier the present head chief • of the Eed Lake band. Ten years ago had the re^.u- tatiou of being a bad man, and has the same suspi- cion still hanging about him ; is ill-natured, cross- grained, and always striking and quarrelling with his fellow-Indians. 1076. Xaboniqueausu. A YeUoir haired One Sailing Along. Ked Lake. 1077. TiniSHKO-BiNESS. Like a Bird. Eed Lake. A petty chief and brother of Bad Loy. lias often fought the Sioux as a leading brave. Hunts for a living, while his family cultivate corn and potatoes. Is a good speaker and much respected by the Ked Lakes. 78, 79. Po-GO-NAY-GE-SHiCK. Hole in the Bay. 81. Aii-AH-SHAW-WE-KE-SHrOK. Crossing Sky. liABBiT Lake. 82. Nah-gun-a-gow-bow. Standing Forward. Rabbit Lake. 83. KiSli-KA-NA-CUT. Stu»ip. JMlLLE LAC. 84. Mis-ko-pe-nen-siia. lied Bird. Lake Winnipeg. 85. Naw-yaav-nab. The Foremost Sitter. WisconsSIN. SQ. Now-WE-GE-SHIOK. N'oon Day. i ■ •m m j maa m um mm 12 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 3. DELAWAUES. When first discovered by the white?, the Delawares were living on the banks of the I>elaware, in detached bauds under separate saclienus, and called the^nselves Itenappi — a collective term for men — or, as it is now written, Lenno Lenape. In 1016 the Dutch began trading witli them, maintaining friendly rela- tions most of the time, and buying so much of their land that they had to move i?'1aud for game and furs. Ponn and his fol- lowers, succeeding, kept up the trade and bought large tracts of land, but the Indians claimed to have been defrauded and showed a reluctance to move. They then numbered about C,t)0O. With the assistance of the Indians of the Six liTptions the authorities compelled tlie Delawares to retire. At the be- ginning of the llevolution there were none east of the Alle- ghanies. By treaty in IThO lands were reserved to them be- tween the iMianii ans by the Dakotas, and tlnally settled at Mack- inaw, wher«3 tliey joined the French i i many ol' their operations and in their contest for Canada. At its close, Pontiae, head chief of the Detroit Oltawas, organized a great cons[)iracy for the destruction of the I'^iglish, wliich was only partially suo- ceJTsfid. During the Uevolutiou were with the ICuglish. At its close a long seii(vs of treatii^s followed, until, iti 18:J3, thosj in i\ At r ALGONKINS OTTAWAS. 15 & itii» t Michigan ceded their lauds and removed south of the Missouri Eiver. In 183G those in Ohio sohl their laiids and reaioved to the Indian Territory and prospered, becoming citizens of the United States in 1807. In 1870 made another move to a new reservation of 25,000 acres near the Shawnees, wliere they are now living, reduced to 140. A large number of Ottau-as are now living on the shore of Lake Superior, so intermarried and confederated with the Chippewas that there is no attempt at any distinction between them, the two combined numbering over 0,000. In Canada there are about 1,000 more, all self- supporting. List of illustrations. 504. SUCKEK. 505. Cue i'u-QUA. Lightning. English name, Henry Clay. Full-blood Ottawa. Uneducated, but of considerable executive abiliiy. Is ' a councilman and an energetic, uiisclfish worlcer for the advancement of the tribe. Was born in 1S30, and this photograph taken in 1808. 50C. Paiitee. John }Yilson. Chief of the tribe from 18G7 to 1801), dying before the expiralion of his term of ollice, iigcd about 00 years. Was but little versed in English, but was well edu- cated in his own langunge. Was noted for amiability and hosi)itality, and nuide one of the very best of chiefs. 607. SiiA-roNDA. Passing Through. (James Wind.) Succeeded John Wilson as chief for two .years. Is a half blood. Is well educated in native language, and an o»dained minister in the Baptist church. Died in 1875. 1040. Joseph Kma. Successor of James Wind as chief of the Ottawas. Is well educated in both native and Euglisji languages. Age, 50 years. 1011. L. S. 1) An NET. B(M'n as a Peoria, but was exi)clh'd from the tribe, and the Ottawas adopted him as (uie of their own. 1039. FuANK Kino. Also an adopted mendter of the tribe, being origi- nnlly a Chippewa. lias been a counsellor, and also Judg(- of the council. SB BSiBi^^^Sl i^S 16 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 7. rOTTAAVATOMIES. Early iu IGOO were occupying tUo lower pouinsuUi of Michi- gan iu scattered bauds, whence they were tinally driv^ea west- ward by the Iroquois, and settled about Greeu Bay. The French acquired much influ3nce over them, whom they joined in their wars with the Iroquois. Joined Poutiac in his uprising in 1783. Hostile to colonists during the Revolution, but made a peace in 1795, joining the English again, however, in 1812. New treaties followed by which their lauds were almost en- tirely conveyed away, until in 183S a reserve was allotted them •on the Missouri, to which 800 were removed. The whole tribe then numbered about 4,000, some bands of which had made •considerable progress in civilization, while a part, called the Pottawatomies of the Prairie, were roving and pagan. Those in Kansas made rapid progress in civilization. In 18G7, 1,400 out of 2,180 elected to become citizens and take their lands in severalty ; the others held to their tribal organizatio.i, but dis- integration set in and many became wanderers, some even go- ing to Mexico. It is difficult at the present time to estimate their whole number, owing to their scattered condition. There are only 450 in the Indian Territory, under the care of the In- dian Bureau, and in Michigan CO. The others are citizens or roaming in Mexico. Of this once numerous and powerful nation we have but a single illustration, viz : List of illusirationa. 622. MzHiK-Ki-AN. Thunder Coming Down to the Ground. 8. SACS AND POXES. The Sacs, Sauks, or Saukies, as it has been variously writ- ten — a word meaning white clay — and the Foxes, or Outagani- ies, or more properly the Musquakkink, (lied Olay), are now as one tribe. They were first discovered settled about Green Bay, Wis., but their possessions extended westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They partly subdued and admitted into their alliance the lowas, a Dakota tribe. By 1804 thoy had ceded all their lands east of the Mis- sissippi, and settled on the Des Moines lliver, roving subse- quently to the Osage, and most of these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united bands numbered 8,000, but are now reduced to a little more than 1,001), of whom 311 are still 1 I Ma ALGONKIXS — SACS AND FOXES. 17 *h tAtk 1 ill Iowa, 430 in the Indian Territory, 98 la Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi in the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres. Un- successful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to join them. Those in Iowa are living on a section of land purchased by themselves. The Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,803 acres of land in Nebraska, but it is pro- posed to remove them soon to the Indian Territory. List of illustrations. GIT. Keoki;k. Watchful Fox. A chief of the Kiscoquah band of Sacs or Sauks, and head chief of the combined Sacs and Foxes. " The entire absence of records by which the chro- nology of events might be ascertained, renders it im- possible to trace, in the order of their date, the steps by which this remarkable man rose to the chief place of his nation, and acquired a commanding and perma- nent influence over his people. "Keokuk is in all respects a magnificent savage. Bold, enterprising, and impulsive, ho is also politic, and possesses an intimate knowledge of human na- ture, and a tact which enables him to bring the resources of his mind into prompt operation. His talents as a military chief and civil ruler are evident from the disciplino^which exists among his people." McKinney. \ I •m ATHABASCAS APACHES. 23 Mohave gag Mogollon ^QQ ^»°"1 435 Tonto «oj Yuma . ,„<• J7& Miembre, MogoJlon, aud Coyoteros clasaed toeace policy. 1032. Cauha Necika. A captain, and a sub chief. T 28 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 1033. Na^rbona Primeeo. A sub-chief, noted as being a consistent total absti- nence advocate, and who exerts liimself to save his? tribe from the curse of intemperance. 1034. Carnero Muciio. A captain of a band. ^ Granada Mucho. A captain of a band. 1035. -l TiENE-su-SE. Third war-chief. [ Mariana. Second war chief. 1038. JuANiTA ANi>Gov. 4rny. Showing Navajo blanlict and weaving implements. 1036 (tRoup of the preceding, members of a delegation to Washington in 1874. 780. Barban cito. Little Bearil. 452-5, Miscellaneous men and boys. ^/!- III. DAKOTAS. A large family of North American Indians, embracing the Assinaboins or Stone Sioux, the Dakotas proper, or, as they are called by the Algonkins, Nadowesioux, from which is derived the word Sioux ; Omahas, Otoes, Osages, Poncas, lowas, Kan- sas, Missourias, Minatarees, and Crows. Until quite recently they occupied the larger portion of the country bounded on the east by tlie great lakes, on the north by the British Possessions, on the west by the ]locky Mountains, and on the south by the Platte Eiver. According to their traditions they came eastward from the Pacific, and encountered the Algonkins about the headwaters of the Mississippi, whore the mass of them were held in checiir One of the tribes of this great fanuly, called by the Chippewas Winnebagook (tneu from the fetid or salt water), ])U8hed through their en»^mies and secured a foothold on the shores of Lake INIichigan. The (Juapaws, called by their Al- gonkin foes the Alkansas or Arkansas, settled ou the Ohio, but weie ultimately driven down the river by the Illinois to the region now bearing their name. A few of the tribes retain very nearly their original hunting-grounds ; the principal migrations of those who have moved having been southwest- wardly, from the headwaters of the Mississipi)i to the Missouri. In 1875 the Indians of this family residing within the limits of the United States numbered luMirly OS,()lM), with about 1,000 P^ DAKOTAS— CROWS. 29 ¥ 1^ more within the British Possessions. If the estimates of early explorers are to be relied upon, they must have lost heavily in population within th6 last one hundred years — intestine wars, the aggressions of the whites, and the vices of civilization re- ducing many once powerful tribes to demoralized remnants that are fast fading out of our knowledge by absorption into the ranks of more powerful neighbors. The majority of the tribes of this family are settled on reservations under the direct care and support of the Government, and are fairly on the road to a civilized future. The exceptions are some of the wild bauds of the Sioux, the IMinatarees or Gros Ventres, and the Crows. At the present writing most of the lirst-named are at war with the United States forces, while the two latter are friendly. 1. CROWS. The Crows, or, as they call thems<.'lves, Abmroka, meaning something or anything that Hies, whea first knov.n occupied the Lower Yellowstone and the valleys or the Big Horn and Tongue Rivers, but roamed overmuch of the surrounding country, carry- ing their incursions even to the plains of Snake Kiver and to the valley of the Green. "Were originally one with the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, but separated from them, and were afterward ' driven from their territory by the Ogalallas and Cheyennes, settling finally abont the head of the Yellowstone, dispossessing in their turn the Blackfoet and Flatheads. Are divided into three bands, with a dialect peculiar to each, v;z: the Kikatsa or Crows proper, the Ahnahaways, and the Alhikaweah, num- bering in all, as estimated i" IS.'iO, 3,'i50 souls. Obtaining horses at an early daiy, they became great marauders. Irving: writes of them in "Aatoriar' "They are in fact notorious ma- rauders and horsestealers, crossing and recrossing the moun- tains (the Big Horn), robbing on one aide and conveying their spoils to the other. Hence, we are told, is derived llieir name, given them on account of their unsettled and predatory habits, winging their liight, like the crows, from one side of the monu- tains to the other, and making free booty of everything that lies in their way. In 1851 , joined in a treaty with the United States giving a right of way for roads to be built through their coun- try. In 18G8 a treaty was made,juni an attempt made to place all the Crows on one reservation, but without success until 1875. They have been mnch exposed to incursions from some parties of Sioux at their new ag«'ncy on the Kosebud us well as at their f 30 CATALOGUE OP INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. former one on the Yellowstone. "The Indians, full of war and revenge, have no thought to bestow upon farming or other peaceful employment, especially as the best farming landsjjof the reservation are most exposed to these hostile incursions. Six families, however, have been induced to tend small farms, and have succeeded well. A mile and a half of ditch, sufficient to irrigate several hundred acres, has been dug, and it is hoped that another season will see at least a beginning made toward the civilization of these 4,000 wild but always loyal Crows." List of illustrations. 940, Kam-ne-but-se. Blaclifoot and squaw. 940. Kam-ne-but-se. Blaclcfoot. The principal chief of the Mountain Crows; a splen- did specimen of manhood, standing G feet 2 inches in heigh.; oud of very heavy frame; owes his position to his bravery and success in fighting the Sioux, their inveterate enemies. He also ranks high as an orator and councillor in the nation. ,The first picture, in which he is represented in an elaborate dress of buckskin, was^made while on a visit, with a delegation of his tribe, to Washington, in 1873; the other represents him as^be aj)pears at his home on the Yellowstone, or , in his natural everyday garb. 941. CnE-YK-TE-ru-MATA. Iron Bull and squaic. One of the i)rincipal chiefs of the Mountain Crows. 942. Se-Ta-pit-se. Bmr Wolf and squaw. . ' 943. Perits iiAitSTS. Old Croiv and squaiv, ^ Kam ne-but se. Blaclcfoot. 944. -{ Eciiehas-ka. Long Horse, [Teshunzt. White Calf. C Mo MUKII-PI-T^HE. 945. J Ella-causs-se. Thin Belly. I rLSiiKi-il A-ni III KY-isn. The One that Leads the Old Dog. 859. Group of Crow dkleoation to Washington in 1872, in- cluding Agent l*ease and the interpreters. 947. Jn-TEK-US. He t^hows His Face. 948. MiTCiiooASH. Old Onion. 949. Group of chiefs and headmen. T ^ t > i ^ DAKOTA DAKOTAS OR SIOUX. 31 950. Group of squaws. The last four pictures were made at the oUl agency of the Crows, on the Yellowstone^ near Shields River, in 1871. The following were also made at the same place aud time, and represent the old mission build- ings (lately destroyed by fire), in which the agent had his headquarters; their tents aud manner of living, aud their mode of burial. The Mission, or agency buildings. Village scene, showing new adobe houses built for the Indians. Inside view of a skin lodge. Mode of burial. 2. dakotas, or sioux. 053. 1)52. 951. 954. The word Dakota means united, confederated, or many in one, aud designates the tribe fioiu which the family takes its name. They seldom or never willingly acknowledge the title Sioux, first given them by the French, and now by all whites. There are many theories as to the origin of this latter name, the most acceptable of which is that it is a corruption of the word Xadouessioux — a general Chippewa designation for ene- mies—which was gradually applied by missioiuiries and traders, through an imperfect understanding of the language, to the tribes thus designated. Governor Eamsey, of Minnesota, thought tliat the word " originated upon the Upper Missouri, among the early French traders, hunters, and trappers, they deriving it, in ail probability, from the name of a sub-band of the Ti-t'-wan (Teton), Dakotas, called Sioune, who hunted over the plains of that river, and witli whom, consequently, they came most frequently in contact. " In Lewis and Clark's travels in 1803, they are called the Teton Saone, and their villages are located on the Missouri, near Cannon ball River. *'At least we fiml the term Sioux first used in the early maps to designate a h'rge tiibe, with various subdivisions, upo'i the Upper Missoiwi only." Dakota traditions go back but a comparatively short time, and are vague and obscure in regard to their origin and early residence, which place it, however, in the Northwest, above the great lakes. In their progress eastward they early pos- wmmm 32 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. I sessed tbeiuselves of the country about the headwaters of the Mississippi and the lied River of the North, where they re- mained as late as 18G8, when they were in part dispossessed by the Chippewas, who were eventually the cause of their re- moval to the Missouri. Up to 18G0, the Dakotas were divided into two principal divis- ions, those east of the Missouri, who were known as the Min- nesota or Mississippi Dakotas, composed of four bauds, viz : The M'dewakantous, or those of the Village of the Spirt Lake ; the VVape-kutes, or Leaf-Shooters ; the Wahpe-tous, or Vil- lage in the Leaves; and the Sissetons, or those of the Village of the JMarsh. Most of these have been long in contact with the whites, and, having disposed of the greater portion of their lands to the Government, have abandoned most of their old habits, and devote themselves to farming. Others of them, however, are restless and devoted to old prejudices, and cause much trouble to the settlers. The massacre of the whites iu ]8G2 was inaugurated by the M'dewakantous, the Wahpetons and Sissetons afterwards joining them. Along the Missouri, but living mostly on its eastern side, were the Shanktonwaus (Yanktons), or the People of Village at the End, inhabiting originally the Sioux, Desmoines, and Jacques Rivers, and living now principally about the mouth of the Vermillion. The Yanktonais, a diminutive of the preceding name, and meaning the lesser or the little people of the End Village. Jjewis and Clark described them as the Yanktons of the Plains, or Big Uevils, who were on the heads of the Sioux, Jacques, and Red Rivers. Their present range is on the Missouri, abov^e tlie Yanktons. From one biancli of this band the Assiniboinea are said to have sprung, Pab(')ksa, or Cutheads, a branch of the Yanktons, and ranging above them. The I-san-teis, or Santees, another sub-band of the Yanktons, living originally in IVIinnesota and Iowa, but since lately on the Missouri, near the Yanktons. Went of the Missouri, occupying the greater portion of Da- kota, Wyoming, and portions of Montana and Nebraska, the general name of Tetons, or Teton wans (" Village of tlie Prairie") has been given to the seven principal bands of the Dakotas in- habiting that region. Lewis and Olark placed them on their map in only two principal ilivisions, viz : as tlie " Tetans of the i ; » \ DAKOTA DAKOTAS OR SIOUX. 3S Burnt Woods" (Bruits), and the "Tetans Saone," from which some suppose the word Sioux has been derived for the whole Dakota nation. The seven subdivisions as now recognized are the— 1. i^lha sapas or Blaclc/eef, on the Missouri in the neighbor- hood of the Cannonball Kiver, 2. The SichanJcoo or Burnt Thighs, (Brulos,) ranging on the j5?iobrara and White Rivers, from the Platte to the Cheyenne. 3. Oncpapas, or "those who camp by themselves," who roam over the country between the Cheyenne and Yellowstone Rivers. 4. Minnehovjous, "those who plant by the water," south of the Black Hills. 5. lid zip cho, or Sans Arcs, "without bows,'* aflQliating with the Oncpapas and Blackfeet, and ranging over much the same country. C. Ogalallas, occupy the country between Fort Laramie and tlie Platte, although they are now confined to a reservation in the northwestern corner of Nebraska. Have the reputation of being the most friendly disposed toward the whites of all the Titonwans. Red Cloud, so well known as an Indian diplomat, is chief of this band. 7. Ohenompas, or Two Kettles. Live principally about Fort Pierre; against whom it is said very few complaints have ever been made, they having ' ways observed faithfully the stip- ulations of their treaties with the United States. In the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, there are twenty-one sub-bands of Dakotas enumerated, num- bering, in the aggregate, 53,044. Of these, there are fourteen represented by portraits of their leading men, viz : Blackfeet, iiuuiberiug at the preseufc time about l,7r>0 Hnilds, imiiiboriiij^ at thi' prcminfr timo abont 8, AiO Out Meads, imnibcriiig at tlm pnwMit tiiuo about :iJ0O MdewakautoJi, iiuiiibeiii>K at the preaont tune about Ogiiliillas, iiuinberiuj; at the present I inie about 9, 130 Oncpapas 2,100 Sans Arc 1, 77rt Hantee -lOO 8isHt ton 503 iSautee and .Sisseton at Fort Peck 1,000 Two Kettles 2,261 VVabpeton 1,300 Yanklons 2,500 YanktonaJH, Upper and Lower 8, 129 3 \.' 34 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PH010GKAPH8. "The Sioux are included under twelve agencies, nine in Da- kota, two in Montana, and one in Nebraska, at all of which, except at Fort Belknap, a beginning in Indian farming has been made in spite of all discouragements by reason of unsuit- able location and the demoralizing influence of • the hostiles."^ The Ogalallas at Red Cloud agency, who have almost entirely abandoned the chase on account of scarcity of game, depend almost entirely upon the Government for their support. Their small beginnings in cultivating the soil came to naught through the grasshoppers. The Brules at Spotted Tail agency have a thriving school with 75 pu-yils, and cultivated some lauds. At the Upper Missouri agencies but little has beeu done bejond feeding the Indians who report to them for that purpose, their attempts at farming resulting iti failures ou account of the grasshopper ])est. The Yanktons, Saiitees, Sissetons, Wahpe- tons, and other Sioux on the Lower Missouri and in Eastern Dakota have made more substantial progress in civilization, many of them having permanently discarded their Indian hab- its and dress, and live in houses, and are nearly self-support- ing. The Sautees in Nebraska especially have entirely re- nounced their old form of life ; have churches and sabbath- schools, which are regularly attended. They have a monthly paper, printed in their native language, with an edition of 1,200 copies. List of illustrations. 252. Peji'. Gtass. (Front.) Blackfeet. 253. Pe-ji'. Grass. (Profile.) Blackfeet. 254. Peji'. Grass. (Full-length.) Blackfeet. 255. Kan-gi'-i-yo'-tan-ka. Sitting Crow. (Front.) Blackfeet. 25G. Kan-gi'-i-yo'-tan-ka. Sitting Crow. (Profile.) Blackfeet. 257. Ma'-ya-wa-na-pe-ya. Iron Scare. (Front.) Blackfeet. 258. Ma'-ya-wana-pe YA. Tron Scare. (Profile.) Blackfeet. 259. Wi'-YA-KA-siiA. lied Plume. (Copy.) Blackfeet. 920. Ma GA'-SHA-PA. Goose. (Copy.) Blackfeet. With the exception of the last two numbers the above rep- resent a portion of a delegation of prominent Sioux chiefs and warriors who visited Washington in 1872. The portraits were made in Washington, and represent them in their best attire. 330. Cin-tegi-le ska. Spotted Tail. (Front.) BiiUL^. i .. DAKOTA — BRULE. 35 « 337. CiN-TE-Gi-LE-SKA. Spotted Tail. (Profile.) Bbul6. Spotted Tail has long been the chief of the Brule Sioux, and since his conversion from an intense hostil- ity to an unswerving friendship for the white people has by them been looked upon and considered as the great chief of all the Sioux. The honors of this position are equally divided between lied Cloud and Spotted l^ail; each is chief of his band only, the Indians them- selves not recognizing any one man as chief of the whole nation ; but their great executive abilities, ora- torical powers, and popularity with both whites and Indians, have been the means of putting them forward as the champions of their people. In 'jis younger days Spotted Tail was a daiiug and audacious chief, murdering and massacreing wherever he went. In 1854, he and his baud attacked a coach, murdered all the passengers, and perpetrated horrible enormities on the dead. He was eventually captured, and imprisoned for about six months in the guard- house at Fort Leavenworth, during which time his feelings underwent a great change. Instead of a determined foe of the palefaces, he became their earnest friend and coadjutor in the work of pacifica- tion. It has beeif well said of him that " he is worth more to the Government than a dozen major-generals, with their armies to back them." The following extract from a speec-h by Spotted Tail, before a board of Indiau Commissioners at Fort Laramie in 18G7, will be read with interest as showing his ability as an orator : " My father and friends, your Great Father has sent you here to learn what was going on. You have come. Your Great Father has sent you to listen. Will you listen well, or only listen to half that is good and to half that is bad, and not take the whole to our Great Father ? He has sent you here to hear and talk. We know you have not come with pres- ents, but you may have a little money in your pockets that you could give them. They are poor and need help. These meu here, and the old men, women, and children, have not had much tO eat since they have been here, and if you could give them something it * 36 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. would make my heart glad. Yesterday my friends bit me a good deal ; but it does not matter. I have spoken." Spotted Tail is ofa large, commanding figure, and his face generally wears a pleasant, smiling expression. It is a difficult matter to arrive at the exact age of any ludian, and in this case it is uncertain, but is probably about 45 years. He has been to Washington four times, each time as a delegate representing the Sioux nation. 338. Spotted Tail and squaw. Brul^. 339. Squaw of Spotted Tail. (Front.) Bruli^.. 340. Squaw of Spotted Tail. (Profile.) Brule. 341. I-APiOTAH. Oassy, (Front.) BrulK. 342. I-APi-OTAH. Gassy. (Profile.) Brul6. 343. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. Whiteuash his Face. (Front.) Brul6. 344. l-TE'-SAN-YAN. Whitewash his Face. (Profile.) Brul6. 345. Che-tan'-ta-kpi'. Charge on the HaicJc. (Front.) BRULli. 346. CnE-TAN'-TA"-KPi'. Charge on the HaicJc. (Profile.) Brul6. 347. NoM-PA-AP'A. Two Strikes. (Front.) Brul:6. 348. NoMPA-AP'A. Two Strikes. (Profile.) Brul]6. 349. Squaw of Two Strikes. (Front.) Bruli^. 350. Squaw of Two Strikes. (Profile.) Brul]^. 351. Kan-gi'sha'-pa. BlacTc Croic. (Front.) Brul6. 352. Kan gi'-sha'-pa. Black Crow. (Profile.) BRULifi. 353. FIe-gma-wa-kuwa. One icho Runs the Tiger. (Front.) BrulIi;. 354. EIe g:mA-wa-ku-wa. One tcho Runs the Tiger. (Profile.) Bruli5. 355. Wanmble'-shda. Bald Eagle. (Front.) Brule. 35G. Wanmble'-shda. Bald Eagle. (Profile.) Brul:^.. 357. Che-cha'-lu. Thigh. (Front.) Brul:6. 358. CiiE-CHA'-LU. Thigh. (Profile.) Brule. 359. Squaw OF TniGH. (Front.) Brul:6. 360. Squaw of Thigh. (Profile.) BrulIi. 361. Ta-tan'-ka-sha'-pa. Black Bull. (Front.) Brule. 362. Ta-tan'-ka-sha'-pa. Black Bull. (Profile.) Brul6. 363. CHo-Ni'-CHA-WAiNUCHA..,iS'o^/c«/t. (Front.) BruliS. C'HO-Nl'-CHA-WAfN V- CJIA. ..^oj " '>' • '.:•„: ' • *.::..; • • i • • C t 1 t • • t t • «... .'.■ , '. .♦. • • • •.-... •.•..; .-.. Ih \ DAKOTA CUr-lIEAD. 37 Jb 3G4. 365. 306. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. Brul6. BruliS. (Profile.) Brul:^. (Full length.) Brul]6. (Front.) (Profile.) CflONi'-CHA-WA-Ni'-cnA. Xo Flesh. (Profile.) Ma'-za-pon-kis'-ka. Iron Shell. (Front.) Ma'-za.-pon-kis'-ka. Iron Shell Ma'-za-pon-kis'-ka. Iron Shell Ma-to'-shi'-cha. Wicked Bear. MA-TO'-SHi'nHA. Wicked Bear. Pa'-hui zi-zi. Yelloic Hairs. (Front.) Pa'-hui zi-zi. Yelloio Hairs. (Profile.) White Eyes. (Front.) White Eyes. (Profile.) Sioift Bear. (Front.) Swift Bear. (Profile.) White Thunder. (Front.) White Thunder. (Profile.) I-SHTA'-SKA. I-SnXA'-SKA. Ma-to'-dusa. Ma-to'-dusa. WAKIN'-YAN SKA. Wa-kin'-yanska. Brul:6. Brul6. Brul6. Brul6. Brul:6. Brul:6. BRUL]&. Bruli^. Brul:6. BRULil. Brule. Brul:^. Brul:6. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. Ma'-zu-o-ya'-te. Iron Nation. (Front.) Ma'-zu-o-ya'-te. Iron Nation. (Profile.) Ma'-zu-o-ya'te. Iron Nation. (Full length.) All of the above, under the famous chief Spotted Tail, were members of a delegation who visited Wash- ington in 1872, and were photographed while there. Ma to'-wa-kan'. Medicine Bear. (Front.) Cut Heap Ma-to'-wa-kan'. Medicine Bear. (Profile.) Cut Head. Ma-to'-ko Ki'-PA. Afraid of the Bear. (Front.) Cut Head. Ma-to'-ko-ki'-pa. Afraid of the Bear. (Profile.) Cut Head. Ma-to'-po'-ziie. Bear's Nose. (Front.) Cut Head. Ma-to'-po'-zhe. Bear's Nose. (Profile.) Cut Head. Chan-te'-ha. Skin of the Heart. ^Front.) Cut Head. Chan-te'-ua. Skin of the Heart. (Profile.) Cut Head. Pi'-Pi-SHA. Red Lodge. (Front.) Cut Head. Pi'-PISHA. Red Lodge. (Profile.) Cut Head. Wi-oha-wanmble'. Man icho packs the Eagle. (Front.) Cut Head. Wi CHAWANMBLE'. Manicho packs the Eagle. (Profile.) Cut Head. ! ■I t ! 38 CATALOtiUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 294. Squaw of thk Man who packs the Eagle. (Front.) Cut Head. 295. Squaw of the Man who packs the Eagle. (Profile.) Cut Head. 197-8. Che-tan '- WA-KU-TE- A MA'-Ni. The ffawk that hunts Walking. Mdewakanton. Generally known as Little Crow. Leader of the hostile bands in the Sioux massacre of the whites in Minnesota in 1862. He had not only visited Wash- ington, and was supposed to be friendly to the whites, but had promised to have his hair cut and become civ- ilized ; and at the time of the massacre the Govern- ment was engaged in building him a house. Upon the defeat of the Indians, Little Crow escaped into the British Territory, where he was killed the follow- ing year. 199. Medicine Bottle, ^ouoi Little Crow. Mdewakanton. 200, Sha KPE. Six. Mdewakanton. 1'he massacre spoken of in connection with ]Sc was inaugurated by Sha-kpc and his bandj some o. ^.a young men killed some white men while intoxicated, and then, through fear of retaliation, resolved upon an uprising and the extermination of all the whites at the agency. Shakpe's band was re- enforced by the prin- cipal warriors from the Mdewakanton and Wahpeton bands. Little Crow taking the leadership. Before they were subdued, 044 men, women, and children were massacred, and 03 soldiers killed in battle. 296. Ma HPi'-YA-LU'-TA. Bed Cloud. (Front.) Ogalalla. 297. Ma-hpi'-ya-lu'-ta. Bed Cloud. (Profile.) Ogalalla. Eed Cloud, who with Spotted Tail stands pre-emi- nently forward as the exponents of the peace-policy, is the great chief of the Ogalalla Sioux, and generally recognized by the military and civil authorities as the head chief of all the Sioux. Before he buried the tomahawk. Red Cloud was undoubtedly the most celebrated warrior of all the Indians now living on the American continent. He had over 10,000 people in his camps, and could [)ut in the fteld .'3,000 warriors. When DAKOTA OGALALLAS. 39 ih he Lftarched against the settlements he always went iQ force. He takes bis name from the number ot his war- riors, and their red blankets and paints; it was said that his soldiers covered the hills like a red cloud. He is now about 45 years of age, six feet in height, and straight as an arrow ; his face, which is of a dark red, is indicative of indomitable courage and firmness, and his^full, piercing eyes seem to take in at a glance the character of friend or toe. lied Uloud has probably participated in more con- ventions, treaties, and large assemblies of his own and the white people, in which the greatest interests were involved, than any other living Indian. "A man of brains, a good ruler, an eloquent speaker, an able gen- eral, and a fair diplomat, the friendship of Red Cloud is of more importance than that of all the other chiefs combined." While Spotted Tail has a lively vein of humor in his character, and loves to indulge in a little joke, lied Cloud is all dignity and seriousness. The foUovN ,g, clipped from the report of the pro- ceedings of the Board of liuliau Commissioners at Ji'ort Laramie, in 1870, is indicative of his earnest and impressive manner : "lied Cloud then arose, and walking toward the out- side group, raised his hands toward the skies, and then touched the ground. Then all the Indians rose to their feet, as with uplifted hands Ked Cloud uttered the fol- lowing prayer: "THE TRAYER OP RED CLOUD. " O Great Spirit, I pray you to look at us. We are your children, and you placed us first in this laud. We pray you to look down on us, so nothing but the truth will be spoken in this council. We don't ask for any- thing but what is right and just. When you made your red children, O Great Spirit, you made them to have mercy upon them. Now, we are before you today, praying you to look down on us, and take pity on your l)oor red children. We pray you to have nothing but the truth spoken here. We hope these things will be settled up right. You are the Protector of the people who use the bow and arrow, as well as of the people 40 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PIIOTOOKAPHS. who wear bats and garments, and I hope we don't pray in vain. We are poor ruid ignorant. Onr forefathers told us we would uot be in misery if we asked yon for assistance. O Great Spirit, look down on your children and take pity on them.' " 298. Eed Cloud and Mr. Blackmore. Ogalalt.a. 299. SnuN'-KA-LU'-TA. Red Dog, (Front.) Ogalalla. 300. Shun'-ka-lu'-ta. Red Dog. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 301. SnuN-To'-EE-cnA-isn-NA-NA. Lone Wolf. (Front.) Ogalalla. 302. Shun-to'-ke CUAISH nana. Lone Wolf. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 303. Wa-HU'-WA-pa. Ear of Corn. (Squaw of Lone Wolf. Front.) Ogalalla. 304. Wa-HU'-WA-pa. Uar of Corn. (Squaw of Lone WoU. Profile.) Ogalalla. 305. Si ha'-tan'-ka. Big Foot. (Frot»t.) Ogalalla. 306. Si-ha'-tan'-ka. Big Foot. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 307. Che' TAN-SKA. White HnwJc. (Front.) Ogalalla. 308. Che'-tan-ska. White Hawk. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 309. Wanmb'le-ko-ki'-pa. Afraid of the Eagle. (Front.) Ogalalla. 310. Wanmb'le-koki' PA. Afraidof the Eagle. (Profile.) Ogalalla. Ogalalla. 311. Shun'-ka-wa-kan-to. Blue Horse. (Front.) 312. Shun'-ka-wakan'I"'. Blue Horne. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 313. Wa-cha-pa. Stahber. (Front.) Ogalalla. 314. Wa-cha-pa. Stahber. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 315. I-te'-siia'-pa. Dirty Face. (Front.) Ogalalla. 316. I-te'sha'-pa. Dirty Face. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 317. Ta-t'an'-fa-was-te'. Good Bufj'alo. (Front.) Ogalalla. 318. Ta TAN'-KA-WAS TE'. Good Buffalo. (Profile.) Ogalalla. 310. He-ha'-ka TA'.MA ka. Foor Elk. (Front.) Ogalalla. % wm m DAKOTA — ONCPAPAS. 41 I 320. 321. 324. 325. 320. 327. 328. 32D. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 874. 875. 870. 877. 878. 879. 880. 881. 882. 8S3. 200. 201. 202. He-ua'-ka-ta'-ma-ka. Poor Elk. (Profile.) Ogalalla. He-ha'-kano'mpa. Tivo Elks. (Front.) Ogalalla. He-ha'-ka-no'm-pa. Two Elks. (Profile.) Ogalalla. SnuN-TO'-KE-cnA-iSH-nAN-SKA. Higli Wolf. (Front.) Ogalalla. Shun To'-KE-CHA-isii-^AN-SKA. lUuk Wolf. ^Profile.) Ogalalla. SnuN'-KAA MA'-NA. Coyote. (Front.) Ogalalla. Shun'-ka-a-ma'-na. Coyote. (Profile.) ' Ogalalla. Chau-te'-su-ta'. Jlard Heart. (Front.) Ogalalla. CiTAU-TE'-su-TA'. Hard Heart. (Profile.) Ogalalla. Ta-tan'-kaiiun'-ke snl Slow Bull. (Front.) Ogalalla. Ta-tan'-ka-iiun'-kbsni. Sloic Bull. (Profile.) Ogalalla. llE-iiA'KA-iiE-WAis' ziiT. One Honicfl Elk. (Copy.) Ogalalla. Ciiu-Tu'-nu-TAN'-KA. Big Rib. (Copy.) Ogalalla. Wanmble'-kiohi-zu PL War Eagle. (Copy.) Ogalalla. Tashun'-ka-ko-ki pa. Old Man Afraid of his Horses and his Chiefs. Ogalalla. Cha-sa-tonga. Little Big Man. Ogalalla. Ta-shun'-ka KO-Ki'PA. Young Man Afraid of his Horses. Ogalalla. Ogalalla. Ogalalla. Ogalalla. Ogalalla. Ogalalla. Ogalalla. Wasiu-ta TONGA. American Horse. Ta-oop-cue ka. Little Wovnd. SnuNKALALOKA. He Dog. Mato'-zi. Yelloic Bear. Mato'-yu-mnl Three Bears. Ma-wa-ka-yu-NA. Sword. \Vm. Garnet, Interpreter. Group of the preceding eij^'.it nunil»en, par- ticularly the young, were quite handsome, with faircomi)lexion8, and modest in their deportment. They were also noted for their virtue. This was regarded as an honorable and most ^valuable quality among the young women, and each year a ceremony was performed, in the preseucs of the whole village, at which time all the females who had preserved their virgin- ity came forward, struck a post, and challenged the world to say aught derogatory of their character. In these palmy days of their prosperity much time and atten- tion was given to dress, upon which they lavished much of their wealth. They were also very fond of dances, games, races, and other manly and athletic exercises. They are also a very devotional people, having many rites and ceremonies for pro- pitiating the Great Spirit, practising upon themselves a self- torture but little less severe than that of Hindoo devotees. In the spring of 1838 that dreaded scourge of the Indians, small-pox, made its appearance among the Mandaus, brought among them by the employes of the fur company. All the tribes along the river suffered more or less, but none approached so near extinction as the Mandans. When the disease had abated, and when the remnant of this once powerful nation had recovered sufficiently to remove the decaying bodies from their cabins, the total uumber of grown men was twenty-three, of women forty, and of young persons sixty or seventy. These were all that weve left of the eighteer. hundred souls that com- posed the nation prior to the advent of that terrific disease. The survivors took refuge with f'de Aricka-ees, who occupied one of their deserted villages, but retained tlieir former trib. laws and customs, preserving their nationality intact, refusing any alliances with surrounding tribes. The two tribes have lived together since then upon terms of excellent friendship. 4 50 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. Tbey now number 420, living in dome-sbaped earthen houses, like the Pawnees, which are, however, being gradually replaced by log houses. The following representatives of the tribe Jwere part of a joint delegation of Arickarees and Mandans to Washington in 1874: List of illustrations. 1006. WA-SHtJ-NA-KOO-El. Rusfiing War Eagle. * The present head chief of the Mandans, a man noted for kindliness and benevolence. Age, 43 ; height, 5.7^; head, 24J ; chest, 38. 1005. Me-ea-pa-ea-pa. Lance. Head soldier or brave. Age, 38; height,5.8i; head, 22% ; chest, 38J. 1007. E STA-poo-STA. Running Face. Young warrior, sou of Eed Cow, a "big chief,'' who was too old to travel, and this sou sent in his place. Age, 23; height, 5.6; head, 21^; chest, 37^. 884. CnAELES Papineau. Interpreter. Born in Montreal iu 1820. Has lived in the Mandan country since 1839. Speaks Arickaree, Crow, Sioux, Gros Ventres, Ma. dan, French, and English. 0. MISSOUEIAS. The Missourias are a tribe of Dakota descent, living on the Missouri Kiver, their name being one given them by the Illinois, and means the people living by the muddy water. They style themselves iVutlarc/ia. Were first heard of iu 1673, as the first tribe up the river which bears their name. Became allies of the French at an early day, and assisted them in some of their operations against other tribes. Were hostile to the Spanish and also opposed to the ascendency of English influence. In 1805, when Lewis and Clarke passed through their country, they numbered only 300 in all, living in villages south of the Platte, and at war with most of the neighboring tribes. They were affiliated with the Otoes, having deserted their own villages near the mouth of the Grand some time previously in conse- quence of their almost entire destruction by small-pox. The . DAKOTA — MANDANS. 51 two have ever since been classed as one tribe. lu 1862 the combined tribes numbered 708, and in 1876 only 454. Since their consolidation with the Otoes their history has been the same as of that tribe. List of illustrations. 481. Thrach-tche. Irue Eagle. A full-blood Missouria, and nephew of Ah-ho-che-ka- thocka (Quapaw Indian Striker), a title gained by his bravery in battle against the Quapaws, and who was head chief. At his (Ah-he-cho-ka-thocka's) death, the hereditary successor, Good Talker, was assassinated by Shungech-hoy and others, when the line of descent fell on True Eagle, who became chief in 1860, and held thepositionof Missouria chief in the confederated Otoes and Missourias until 1874, when he resigned in favor of his nephew. Is now about 80 years of age, 6 feet in height, with a stout, well-proportioned frame. 503. Noch-pe-wora. The One they are Afraid of. Is a cousin of True Eagle, and chief of the Eagle band of Missourias. Is of a mild, genial disposition, with but little force of character. Age, 45 ; height, 5.8J; weight, 155; head, 22J; chest, 35. 484-5. Wa-thock-a RUCHY. One tcho eats his Food Bate. II is father was of the Bear band of Ctoes, and his mother of the Eagle band of Missourias. He inherited a chieftaincy among the Missourias, and succeeded to that position upon the death of his uncle. White Water, in 1808, when he took the name of Lod-noo wAn-iioo- WA, or Pipe-Stem. Lacks force of character, but is of a mild disi)osition and well disposed. Is about 5 feet in height, and of a well-develoitcd physical organiza- tion. 486. MuNCiiAHUNCHA. Big Bear, or Joseph Poicell. Is a full-blooded Missouria. Succeeded his grand- father, Cow-hepaha, as chief of the Bear baud, in 1870. When a young man he lived much of his time among the whites. Possessing more than ordinary intelli- gence, he is at present the leading spirit of the Otoes and Missourias in the industrial pursuits of civilized 52 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. , t !l 1 1 .- i il 1! life. These qualities have engendered much jealousy in the breasts of the older chiefs, who throw many ob- stacles in his wa3'. Besides his good mental qualities he possesses a splendid physique. Height, 5.11 ; weight, 225; head, 23^; chest, 42. 498. Black Elk. 7. OMAHAS. The Ouiahas were one of the tribes noticed by Marquette in 1073, and by Carver in 176G, who found them located on the Saint Peter's River. They were divided into two bands, the Istasunda, or Grey Eyes', and the Hongashaus, and cultivated corn, melons, beans, &c. lu 1802, from a tribe numbering about 3,500, they were reduced to less than a tenth of that number by small-pox, when they burned their village and became wander- ers, pursued by their relentless enemy, the Sioux. Lewis and Clarke found them on the L'Eau qui Court, numbering about GOO. Since 1815 many treaties have been made with them, always ac- companied by a cession of lands on their part in return for an- nuities and farming implements. In 1843 they returned to their village, between the Elkhorn and the Missouri, and made a peace with some of the Sioux, but their great chief, Logan Foutaaelle, was killed by them not long after. Since then they have devoted themselves mainly to agriculture, and, under the foster' •'^'^ citie of the Friends, are very much improved in their condition. In 1875 they numbered 1,005, depending entirely upon their crops for their subsistence, of which they have con- siderably more than enough for their own use. They have three good schools, which are largely and regularly attended. The older Indians are also abandoning their old habits and as- sisting in building for themselves upon forty-acre allotments of their lands. List of illustrations. 885. Siiu-DTHE-NUZHE. Yellow SmoJie. A leading and influential chief among the Omahas, and a man of more than ordinary intelligence and ex- ecutive ability. Holds his position by hereditary de- scent. Is well off, possessing a large number of horses and a very well furnished house. DAKOTA OMAHAS. 53 465. Gbe-dthe-nuzhe. Standing Raick and sqitaic. The oldest chief in the tribe, and consequently one whose words always command attention in their conn- cils. This view represents him leading his pony, fol- lowed by his faithful squaw. 467. O HUN-GA-NUZHE. Standing at the End. A brave, nearly nude, decorated with " war-paint '■ and astride a characteristic Indian pony. 468. Mo HA-NUZHE. Standing Bent. A policeman, or one appointed by the chiefs to pre- serve order in the village. 403. Gi-HE-GA. Chief. One of the nine chiefs who govern the tribe, holding thQir positions by hereditary descent. 409-470. Betsy. A noted character among the Omahas, an exponent of women's rights. Has always accompanied the tribe on their annual buflalo-hunts, and participates in the chase with the men. Speaks three Indian languages, besides French and English. 457. Agency buildings. 462. The village of tde Omahas. (1871.) 461. The village. Near view, showing lodges. 464. Gl-HE-GA'S LODGE. 459-4C0. View from Blackbird Hill. In Irving's Astoria is a short sketch of some of the romantic deeds of Wa-shinga-sahba, or Blackbird, a famous chief of the Omahas, who died in 1802, which concludes as follows: "His dominant spirit and his love for the white man were evinced in his latest breath with which he designated his place of sepulture. It was toHI)e on a hill, or promontory, upward of 400 feet in height, overlooking a great extent of the Missouri, from which he had been accustomed to watch for the barks of the white men. The Missouri washes the base of the promontory, and after winding and doub- ling in 'many links and mazes in the plains below, re- turns to within 900 yards of its starting-place, so that 54 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. Mi ' 1 i for thirty miles, navigat'ng with sail and oar, the voj'- ager finds himself continually near to this singular promontory, as if spell-bound. " It was the dying command of the Blackbird that his tomb should be upon thb summit of this hill, in which he should bo interred, seated on his favorite horse, that he might overlook his ancient domain, and be- hold the barks of the whits men as thej' came up the river to trade with his people." The river has now changed its course, running far to the eastward, leaving at' the foot of the hill a lake in the old bed of ihe river. The mound which was raised over the chief and his horse is now nearly obliterated, vt , " yet the hill of the Blackbird continues an object of veneration to the wandering savage, and a landmark to the voyager of ^he Missouri." 472-47 G. G sours op school-cuildken. 478. Eba-hom-ba's lodge. 479. Village scene. 477. A IIRAVE. 471. Indian cAurENTERs building houses for the tribe. ; , , '^^ osages. TheOsages were placed on the Missouri in 1G73 by Marquette, M'ho called them theWasashe; were ■\lliesoftheIllinois,audnear the last of the past ceuiury had been driven down to the Arkan- sas. Coming in contact with the FnMich, they became their Arm allies, and joined them in many of their operations against Spanish and English and other Indians; in 1804, made peace with the Sacsaiul Foxes, with whom they had been at war, and settled on tho Great Osage Uivei. ''Mieir numbers were esti- mated ther at 0,300. The usual succession of treaties ceding lands, and wars with neighboring Iruliaiis followed, reducing them very much in nuuibers, until the breaking out of the civil war, when 1,000 of them went South and joined the Con- federacy. Treaties of 1805, 180(), and 1870 provided for the conveying of their lands in trust to the IFuited States, and for their removal to the Tiulian Territory, where they have been places, under the cart of the Society of Friends, and are now making rapid progress toward a self-supporting condition. DAKOTA OSAGES. 55 They now number 3,001, of whom 323 are civilized, self-sup- porting mixed bloods. List of illustrations. 611. Joseph, Paw-nenopazhe. Mt Afraid of the Pawnees. Governor or chief of the tribe. Was born on the Osage reservation when in Kansas, and when 12 years of age was placed in a Catholic mission, where he received a good English education. He still retains the old customs and habits of his tribe, however. Is a brave and warlike chief, but yet exerts all his influ- ence to secure peace between his people and the whites. Is about 40 years of age, G feet in height, with a large and commanding physique ; head, 22^ ; chest, 41. 886. SiiONGA-SA-PA. Black Dog. The youngest of the six principal chiefs of the tribe. Is 28 years of age, and was born on the present reser- VHtion. Is the descendant of a long line of chiefs, one of whom was principal in establishing peace be- tween the Government and the wild tribes. With the governor, Joseph, he visited Washington in 1876 to adjust various business matters in connection with his tribe. Age, 28 ; height, 5.1 4 ; head, 22.^ ; chest, 38. 887. Group representiiig the governor and some of the head*: men or councillors of the natiou, as follows : Joseph rAWNENo-PA-ZHE. See No. 511. ' Chetopah. Died in 1870, aged 38. Wins among the first to com- mence farming and to live in the white num's way. Pa-tsa-lun-kah. iStrikeAxe. - Born on the Osage reservation in Kansas 45 years ago. Is one of the principal " peace chiefs," and also chief of one of the largest bands of the Osages, over whom he has unbounded intliiience. Che-zhe-lun-kah. Big Chief. - Chief coun(!illor of the nation, a man of good sonsrs ar.'l much influence. Is the son of a chief; 45 years of age, and was born in Kansas. r* mami ^r I. j i ■ 1 1 i ■ i i; i : 1 i ! i 1 ■ ! i A » J 56 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. Haed Rope. Head war chief of the nation, and a man of consid- erable ability as an orator. Served as a scout under General Custer during the Indian war in the Indian Territory. Is now 50 years old. 513. Kah-he-ka-wah-ti-an-ka. Saucy Chief. 509. NOM-PA-WA-LE. A Savage. 510. Ke-si-SI-gre. a Distant Land. 512. Mah-kea-pu-at-see. One Who Reaches to the Sky. 888. Joseph and Black Dog. 889. Joseph, Black Dog, Ugeas Captain, and J. N. •' Florer. • 9. otoes. The Otoes, callliiig themselves Watoohtahtah, were known to the French as early as 1073, under the name of Otontanta j "wereoriginally part of the IMissourias, and, with the lowas, claim to have migrated to the Missouri with the Wiuuebagoes. They have long resided on the south side of the Platte River, in mud lodges, con federated with the Missourias, wiio formed one village with them. The two tribes now number 457 souls. Under the care of the Friends, many are laying aside their Indian dress and habits, and learning to labor. In common with many other tribes, their annuities are payable only in return for labor per- formed, which exercises a most beneHclal effect. , ,,,.,, List of illustrations. ' , 1 480. Ar-ke-ketah. stand by It. Is a full-blooded Otoe Indian. lie was a leading warrior in his tribe, and during the early settlement of Nebraska, when an emigrant train had been attacked on Big Sandy Creek, and robbed of all they had by a party of Pawnees, Ar ke-kotah, leading a band of Otoes, fell on them, and, killing the entire party, re- stored the goods back to the emigrants, for which ho gained notoriety, and received papers commendatory ^. .. -, of this and other valuable services rendered the whites. By being a man of deep scheming and cunning, ho sue- ceeded in gaining the position of head chief of the tribe, while on a visit to Washington, in 1851, wheu . II DAKOTA — OTOES. 57 , tlie treaty was concluded, in which the Otoes ceded to the Government the southeastern part of Nebraska. He was deposed from his chiefship in 1872, re-instated in 1873, but has been inactive as a chief since, and has lost his influence in the tribe. He is still living, about 65 years of age, and 5 feet 8 inches high, with square, well-built frame. 482, 492-4, 502. SiiUN GECH-noY. Medicine Horse. His father was an Otoe, and his mother a Missouria Indian. By hereditary descent he became, in 1854, head chief of the Bear band of Otoes, and being am- bitious, worked himself finally into the position of head chief of the Otoes and Missourias. In 1874 ho led a portion of the tribe away from their reservation, in violation of law and agency regulations, for which he, with tivo others, was arrested and confined for a time at Fort Wallace. In consequence, he became alien- ated from the agency and main part of the tribe, and lost his position as chief. Has features remarkably coarse ; has a very stern, fierce disposition ; is a deep schemer; would bo willing to sacrifice almost any in- terest of his tribe in order to maintain a supremacy over them, and has been engaged in many stratagems of the kind. He is tenacious of old Indian customs, op- posed to improvement that makes innovations tliereon, and is a heavy clog on tlie tribe in their endeavors to advance in civilized pursuits. 1 stature, he is about 5 feet 9 inches, with a heavy-set, well-developed mus- cular frame ; about GO years of age. 487, 489, 490. Loi)-NOO-WA-lNGA. Little Pipe. Ls a son of Hickapoo or Kick-a-poo, formerly a prominent chief of the tribe. The chiefship had been hereditary through many successors, and after the death of Hic-apoo, the present Little Pipe, in 1858, took his place. He was one of the followersof Shun- gech-hoy in 3874; was arrested and imprisoned with him, and has not since been recognized as a chief. He is of a mild disposition, well disposed toward improvo- ment, but quiet and without much individual force of character. Has been under unfavorable influences, and therefore makes but little progress. He is about uim I I 5S CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS, 50 years of age, 5 feet 7^ inches in stature, head 23 inches, chest 30, and weighs 155. 488, Pahho-cha-inga. TJttle Iowa. Generally known by his more proper name of Bap- ^ tlste Devoin, is a son of John Devoin, who is half French and half Missouria Indian. His mother is half Omaha, one-quarter French, and one-quarter Iowa In- dian. He was partially educated at the Pawnee Mis- sion, at Belleview, Nebr.; can read, write, and speak the English language tolerably well; also speaks Pawnee, Omaha, and French. He married into the Otoe tribe, and has been employed at Otoe agency in the several positions of teamster, farmer, interpreter, and miller, under former agents. In 1809, he was employed as in- terpreter for the tribe, and has continued in that office until the present. In height he is 5 feet 9^ inches, head measurement 23J inches, chesL 44 inches, and weighs 220 pounds. He is about 40 years of age, and quite corpulent. 495. h I! I 407. 500. TcIT^-WAN-NA-GA•HE. Buffalo Chief. Is an Otoe Indian, though his grandfiUher belonged to the Iowa tribe. He was, when a young man, a self- constituted chief, leading a portio'i of the Buffalo band of Otocs, at a time when Sack-apie was chief, and at whose death he became the recognized head chief of the band, which position he held until 1874. lie is still living; is about 80 years of age, in stature 5 feet inches, and weighs about 100 pounds. He is of rather a mild disposition, though decided in his ways; concil- itory to the whites, and has gained many friends among them. Baptiste Devoin and Toiia-wan na-oa he. The same as given and described in Nos. 488 and 495. ^ E'kn- BRICK TO. Jilackbird. ) Oppo IIOMMONNE. Buck Elk Walking. The first is half Otoe and half Omaha; the second, who is represented sitting, is a fuUblood Missouria. ■k 501. DAKOTA WINNEBAGOES. 59 » iNSTA-MUNTHA. Iron Eagle. KoiNGA. Little Thunder. I Up-po-hommon-ne. I E'EN BRICK-TO. 491.— Little Pipe, with Missouria chief and interpreter. 496.— Medicine Hoese, Babtiste l)EVOiN,an(i interpreter. 10. PONCAS. The Toncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived orif>inally on the lied Kiver of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortifted themselves on the Tonca River. United for a time with the Omahaa for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to in- crease. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1805 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, retarding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Ell'orts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas. JAst of illustrations. f AsiiNOME KAil-GA-HE. Lone Chief. ' Ta-tonka-nuzhe. Standing Buffalo. j Wa aA-SA-Pi. Iron Whip. I Waste-comani. Fast Waller. 519. Wa GA-SAPl. Iron Whip. 521. Native drawing. 617-518. < 11. WINNEHAGOEH. The Winnebagoea are a branch of the great Dakota family, calling themselves O-tcliun-gu-rah, and by the Sioux, Itotanko, or the Big-voiced Teople; by the Chippeways, Wiuuobagouk— ^.^y.^.j.. , ■i-'^f;^^tmy>V^iJ(m;f»^ '^ i a f m' 60 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. whence their common English name — a word meaning men from the fetid waters. The French linew them as La Puans (the Stinkers), supposed to have been given them in conseqnence of the great quantity of decaying and putrid lish in their camps when first visited by white men. With some others they formed the van of the eastward migration of the Daliotas, penetrating apparently some distance, but were forced back to Green Bay. This was some time previous to 1670, as the map of the French Jesuit missionaries, dated 1671, styles Green Bay the "Bayo des Puans," and the map accompanying Marquette's journal, dated 1681, notes a village of the " Puans " as near the north end of Winnebago Lake,, on the west side.* They were tb^^n numerous and powerful, holiling in check the neighboring Algoukin tribes, but soon after an alliance of tribes attacked and very nearly exterminated them. Became Arm friends of the French until the Eevolutiou, when they joined the English ; made peace with the colonists afterward, but sided with the English again in 1812. In 1820 they numbered about 1,500, and were living in five villages on Winnebago Lake and fourteen on Eock River. By a treaty in 1832 they ceded all their lands south of the Wiscon- sin and Fox Rivers, for a reservation on the Mississippi, above the Upper Iowa, but here they became unsettled, wasteful, and scattered. In 1846 they surrendered this reservation for an- other above the Saint Peter's. This proved unfit, and they became badly demoralized, losing many of their number by di riease, but were kept on it by force. In 1853 they were re- moved to Crow River, and in 1856 to Blue Earth, Minnesota, where they wqre just getting a start in civilized pursuits when the Sioux war broke out, and the people of Minnesota demanded their removal. Thus again they were put on the march, and this time landed at Crow Creek, on the Missouri, near Fort Ran- dall, a place so utterly unfit, that the troops could not retain them on it. Out of 2,000 when taken there, only 1,200 reached the Omaha reserve, to which place they had fled for protection. They w*^re then assigned a ncv reservatioi) on the Omaha lands, and placed under the care of the Friends, atul since then have prospered. At the time of their removal, in 1803, from Minnesota, many of the tribe who had taken up farms remained, receiving their share of the tribal funds. There were also last Alvxuntlur Kaiimey. PAWNEES ARICKAREES. 61 year 860 in Wisconsin, of whom 204 have lately joined those in Nebraska, swelling their numbers to 1,667. Nearly all of these now dress in civilized attire, and many of them have taken farms, their lands being divided into 40-acre allotments for the purpose, upon which they are building neat and comfortable cottages. There is an industrial and three day schools on the reserve, which are attended by one-sixth of their whole number. Their chiefs are now elected anually by the tribe, who in turn appoints a force of twelve policemen from the Indians to preserve order. 1080. Jno. M. St. Cyr. A delegate representing the Wisconsin Winneba- goes. Has been to Washington three times. Ilis mother was a relative of Little Priest, one of the most prominent chiefs of the tribe, and his father a French- man. 808. Naw-cher-ciioo-nu-kaw. Bad Thunder. 812. Wah-kunk-scha-kaw, and daughter. Wife of ," Martin Van Buren," a farmer prominent chief of the tribe. 8U. Ka-ra-cho-we KAW. A Blue Cloud Fmsirig By. 809, 813. WiNNEBAao children. IV. PAWNEES. 1. arickarees. The Arickarees, Ricarees, or Rees, as variously written, call themselves Sa-nish, or Tanisli, meaning "the people," a common form of expression among Indians to indicate their superiority. Theywereoriginally thesamepeopleas the Pawnees of the Platte River, their language being nearly the same. That they migrated upwards along the Missouri from their friends below is estab- lished by the remains of their dirt-villages, which are yet seen along that river, though at this t'mo mostly overgrown with grass. At what time tliey separated from the narent stock is not correctly known, though some of their locations appear to have been of very ancient date, at least previous to the com- mencement of the fur-trade on the Upper Missouri. At the time when the old French and Spanish tra mountains dividing Idaho from Montana, and TiOO Shoshonees. Lint of iJhiHtrations. 4(1. Groui' of eight of the leading chiefs and braves; photo- graphed at the Snake River agency in 1872, among whom are Paquits, or Uannoclf Jim, a prominent chief; ToTSE-CAiJK-NATSY, The Wkitcfiiced Jioy, and Major Jim, 47. Giiour of a miscellaneous crowd at the agency. 48. Family Group. In 1871, while returning from the exploration of the Yellowstone region, and while entiauiped ni^ar the head of the Medicine Lodge Creek, the camp of a family of (he Sheep-eater band of Hannacks was accidentally dis- covered near by, almost completely hidden in a grove of willows. Their tent or tepee is made of a few boughs of willow, about which are thrown an old canvas SHOSHONES COMiNCHES. ti picked up in some of the settlements. The present of a handful of sugar and some coffee reconciled them to having their photo:^raphs taken. In the group are the father and mother and live children. The Sheep-eaters are a band of the Binuacks, running in the moun- tains north of the Kamas prairie.s, and are so shy and timid that they are but rarely seen. 51-Gl. Groups and scenes about the agency. Eleven views, showing the various operations of the agency, some of the idlers, and a few groups of squa ws and pappooses. 2. 00MA.NCI1ES. A roving, Murlike, and predatory tribe of Shoshone descent, roaming over inu(!h of the great prairie country from the Platte to Mexico. Thiiir traditions and early history are vague, but they cl.iim to have come from tlie west. They call themselves N^ailni (live people), but the Spanish called thoin (3omanches or Camanches (Lsh Serpents J, the name adopted by the Ameri- cans. Procuring horses from the Spaniards at an early day they became exi>ert riders, which, united with their daring and aggressiveness, made them noted and feared throughout the Southwest. Engager' in long and bloody wars with the Span- iards, but were subdued by them in 178;}. Were estimated about that time at r),(M)(> warriors. In ISIO lost heavily by small- pox. Up to 1847 were variously estimated at from t),(H)(» to 12,000 in all. Were at one time on a reservation in Texas, but were driven oat of the Slate, and since then have been unre- lenting enemies of the peo| le of that State. The General Gov- ernment has sot apart a new reservation for tiiem in the west- ern part of the Indian Ttirritory and arc gradually drawing them all on to it, though not without much trouble. They now number 1,570 in all, and are divided into eight bands. Ilavo made a commencement in farming, and have been induced to send a few of their children to an iiuliistrial school. W. ISlackmore, esq., in an aitiflci on the North Anu^rioan In- d*ans, thus describes the Uomanche : *' These fierce, untamed ■ravages roam over an immense region, eating the raw tlesh of the bitlfalo, drinking its warm blood, and plundering Mexicans, Indians, and whiles with Judicial impar- tiality. Arabs and Tartars of the desert, they remove their ill . i III n CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. villages (pitching their lodges in regular streets and squares) hundreds of miles at the shortest notice. The men are short and stout, with bright copper faces and long hair, which they ornament with glass beads and silver gewgaws." Catliu says of them : " In their movements they are heavy and ungraceful, and on their feet one of the most unattractive and slovenly races I havG ever seen ; but the moment they mount their horses they seem at once metamorphosed, and suj'prise the spectator with the ease and grace of their movements. A Comanche on his feet is out of his element, and comparatively almost as awkward as a monkey on the ground without a limb or branch to cling ti; but the momejit he lays his hand upon his horse his face even becomes handsome, and he gracefully flies away, a different being." List of illustrations. 128. Asa havib. The Milky Wut/. (Front.) Fenetathka. 129. Asa havie. The Milky Way. (Profile.) Is one of the head men of his band, dividing the otBce of chief with Toshoway. (No. 131.) Has been one of the most noted raiders into Texas, leading many bauds of the restless young men of his tribe, until about ten years since, when he was badly wounded in an encoun- ter and left for de.id upon ^he field. Is now endeavor- ing to live in the white man's ways, having had a com- fortable log house built for himself, and a few acres of ground enclosed, which he is successfully cultivating. This portrait of Asa havie was made in 1872, while on a visit to Washington with a delegation of his tribe. Age, about 45; height, 5.9}; head, 23}; chest, 44}; weight, about 200 pounds. 130. Wife of Asa tiavie. (Front.) 131. Wife of Asa havie. (Profile.) Age, about 40; height, 5.4; head, 23; chest, 38; weight, 170 pounds, 132. Timber Bluff. (Front.) 133. Timber Bluff. (J^roflle.) 134. To-sno-M'^AY. 811 rer Knife. (Front.) Penetathka. Ety w ' juwww u m urm n K mt^^fnn »aw.->rB) l9U3l'. ■ /■ SHOSHONES — GOMANCI lES. 73 135. To SHO-WAY. Silver Knife. (Profile.) Penetathka. One of the chiefs of hia band, sharing the position with Asa havie. Is noted for good sense and fair deal- ing, and has long been friendly to the whites. In youth, however, was not behind the other adventurous spirits of his tribe in predatory exploits and raids into Texas. Age, about 55 ; height, 5.6; head, 22:^ ; chest, 41 ; weight, 108. 136. Wife of Toshoway. (Front.) 137. Wife of Toshoway. (Profile.) Age, 55; height, 4.10; head, 21 ; chest, .'U; weight, 120. 138-9, 140. Asa-ioyet. Gray Leggings. (Front.) Penetatuka. •'.•!•■ One of the leading men of his tribe, taking an active inteiest in their advancement. Lives in a house, cul- tivares the ground, and has a good lot of btock. Speaks English fluently. Age, 45; height, 5.10; head, 34; J f cheft, 42. 141-2. Cheevers. He Goat. Tamparethka. A prominent and influential man in his tribe, and chief of his band. 143-4. Wife of Cheevers. Tamparethka One of the three wives of Cheevers. She accom- panieil him to Washington with the delegation in 1872. None of his wives have any children. 145-6. MoTHE ii of Cheevers. Tamparf'aka 147-8. Quirts QUIP. Chewing Elk. Tamparethka. One of the chiefs of the tribe; a shrewd and able person, with considerable executive and financial abil- ity. Age, 45; height, 5.Gi^; head, 23 ; chest, 30. 149, 150. IIo-WE-OH. Gap in the Salt. Tamparethka. A cli ief who is doing his best to load his tribe in civil- ized ways, as well as to walk in that way himself. Age,— ; height, 5.115^; head, 23; chest, 43. 151-2. Dauohtbr of Gap in the Salt, Tamparethka 153-4. Parry-wah-sa-men. Ten Bears. Tamparethka. Formorly head chief of the Taniparethkas band of Comanches. He died in November, 1872, just after his ■•"HP w- '— » i- ') l'. ']' ] ■■ 1 ■|! : k I i ■ 74 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. return from Washington with a a siting delegation from his tribe. Was friendly to the \. iiites, and a man of influence among his people, maintaining this inflia- . ence and his chieftainship to the unusual age of 80 years. . . ,^ 155-6. Buffalo Hump. 157-8. Jim. 178-9. Native drawings. Tamparethka. .Tamparethka. 3. KIOWAS. The Kiowas, or prairie men, are one of the tribes that com- pose the Shoshone family. They are a wild and roving people, occupying the country about the head-waters of the Arkansas, but also formerly ranging over all of the country between the riatto and the Kio Grande. They had the reputation of being the most rapacious, cruel, and treacherous of all the Indians on the plains, and had a great deal of inlluence over the Ooman- ches and other neighboring Indians. Our first knowledge of them was through Lewis and Clarke, who ibund them on the I'aducah. They were at war with many of the northern tribes, but carried on a large trade in horses with some other tribes. Little rntercourse was had with them until 185J, when they made a treaty and agreed to go on a reservation, but soon broke it and went raiding into Texas. Tlie citizens of that State drove them out, but in revenge for the stoppageof their annuities, they retaliated upon the Texans, and until recently the warfare was kept up between them. In 1SG9, were placed on a reservation of over three and a halt millions of acres with some Comanches and Apaches, but were restive and unsettled. In 1871, under their great chief Satanta, raided Texan again, but it resulted in the capture of himself and ]3ig Tree, atid their imprisonment soon after. Wore afterwards pardoned by the governor of Texas, in whose custody they were, through interposition from Wash- ington, and restored to their tribe; but this did liotseem to les- sen their hostility, and new <'.i.sturb}i rices arose, chiefly in con- se souls, and must have diminished greatly since the time of Lewis and Tf^ 76 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. K i Id K Clarke. Their life was a continued warfare; at first with the Crows and Bhickfeet, and since then with the Oheyennes, Ara- pahoes, and Sioux, and all this time contending almost naked with the elements and struggling for subsistence." List of Uhistrations. ' ' ; • 657-8. Village in South Pass. During the expedition of 1870, the United States Geo- logical Survey of the Territories came across the above village of Slioshoues, numbering nearly one hundred lodges, encamped among the southern foot-hills of the Wind River Mountains, where the above and some of the following views were secured. They were under the w^ell-known chief Washakie, and were on their way to the Wind lllver Valley to hunt bufialo for the winter's supply of food and clothing. Although the village had all the appearance of being a per- manent abiding-place, yet the following morning, before the sun wjis an hour high, there was not a tent in sight, and the last pack-pony with trailing lodge-poles had passed out of sight over the hills to the eastward. 659-660. War chief's tent. The war chief is generally a man of more importance in the village, especially when in the neighborhood of enemies, than the chief himself. In this instance his tent, situated in the centre of the encampment, is adorned with broad bands of black, yellow, and white, rendering it quite con- spicuous. The war chief, or his lieutenant, issues forth fre- quently to announce, in the far reaching voice peculiar to Indians, the orders which are to govern their actions, while within is an almost uninterrupted thiftnping on drums, 661-2. Washakie and his warriors. A group in front of the tent of the head chief Washa- kie. About him are gathered all the chief men of the encampment. 663-4. Washakie. This well-known chief is a man of more than ordinary ability, and his record as a steadfast friend of the white peo- ple has come down to the present time without a blemish. He is now well advanced in years, but still retains his SUOSHONES UTAHS. 77 vigor, and his iufluetice over the tribe. One of the above portraits was made in the South Pass encampment, and the other is a copy of one i^ ade in Salt Lake Cify. 6G5-G. Views in the village. ^ 667-676. Groups of in-door and out-door subjects, copied from small card views made in Salt Lake City, and which formed a part of the first Blackmore collection. 5. UTAHS. The Utahs, Yutas, or Utes, as the name is variously written, are a large tribe helonjjfing to the great Shoshone family, and who occupy the mountainous portion of Colorado, with portions of Utiih, New Mexico, and Nevada. Those living in the moun- tains where game abounds have a fino physical development, are brave and hardy, and comparatively well to do ; while those who inhabit the sterile plains of the Salt Lake Basin are miser- ably poor, and spiritless. We derive our first knowledge of the Utahs from the early Spanish explorers, who came in contact with them on the upper waters of the Kio Grande del Norte, and who gave them the reputation of being a brave and war- like tribe. Their country bordered that of the Navajos on the south (the Rio San Juan now dividing them), who formerly ranged as far north as the waters of the Grand, but were crowded back by the Utahs. A continuous warfare was kept up between the tribes, in which the Navajos were worsted. The Utahs were employed against them by the Government at the time of their expulsion from their country iu 1863. The tribe is divided into many bands, which are continually changing, but as now recognized are as follows : Capotes, Weeminuches, Tabe- guaches, Muaches, Grand River, Yampas, Uintahs, Peahs, Go- ghips, and Mouaches. The tribe now numbers in the aggregate 5,260. The Pi-Utes, Pi-Edes, Timpanagos, San-pit(;hes, and others in Utah are kindred tribes. The Utahs have generally been friendly to the white's, although there was some fighting in 1859 and 1860 about Pike's Peak, many emigrants idundored at various times, and stray miners cut off by disaffected bands. The Cai)otes, Weeminuches, and others in the southern portion of the Territory have been more troublesome than those of the north. Treaties were made in 180.'{ and 1868, giving them 18,320 square miles of reaeivatiou iu the western part of the Territory. 78 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. •t N li M l|! The southern portion of it, known aa the San Juan region, was found to be rich in precious metals, and as it was already attract- ing a large intlux of miners, additional treaties were made in 1872 for the cession of that part of their reservation. In 1874 the tribe consented to the sale of aboat (),()00 square miles for $25,000 a year forever. Much dissatisfaction ensued from the failure of the Government to promptly carry out the provisions of the treaty, and from the fact that much of their most valuable agricultural lands were unwittingly included in the purchase. "Though holding a hereditary friendship for the white peo- ple and acknowledging the supremacy of the Government, and for the most part included under agencies and receiving Gov- ernment rations to a greater or less extent, no tribe in the country is more averse to manual labor, or has yielded 4ess to civilizing influences, partly because of the abundance of game and partly because of their remoteness from settlements.'' List of illustrations. 7G5-7, OuRAY. Arrow. Tabeguache. Ouray was born in 1834, in Taos, X. Mex., his father being a Ute, and his mother a Jicarilla Apache. Ho attended the Mexican school at Taos, uiuler the tuition of Jesuit priests, and accpiired there a i)erfect knowl- edge of the Spanish language. In 1850, he married, and joined his tribe as a warrior, it being then at war with the Navajos of New Mexico, and the Cheyennes and Arapahos of Colorado. Soon after, in a tight with the Arapaiioa, his only son was captured and carried off by the enemy, and sifc-e then he has never ceased, nor allowed his tribe lo rest, from hostilities against these Indians. In 185(5, his knowledge of the Spanish language and auperiorexecutive ability secured him the position of Government interpreter, which position he hasheldever since, and through the same means he has gradually risen from a simple warrior to be the principal chief of the nation. In 180,'J, he accompanied, as in- terpreter, a delegation of his tribe to Washington, when their first treaty with the Government was made. In 1808, he again, as chief of the Tabeguaches, in company with the chiefs of the other tribes, visited Washington, and it was mainly through his induence a 8II08HONE8- -UTAHS. 79 2 H i) 3 aiul eloqiieiioe a treaty was made, whereby the Utes ceiled a large portion of their country in CoU)rado. Soon after hi.s return, the principal chief of Utes, Xeva- va, died, and he became the aclinowledged leader. In 1873, when the discovery of rich mines upon their lands (the San Juan region) was very near involving tlie Utes in war with the miners, he avoided this by agreeing to a cession of the lands in dispute, and against a strong opposition from the greater portion of the nation. As a chief he is very strict with his peo- ple, punishing all crimes, and sometimes simple dis- obedience, with death ; but he is very iiind neverthe- less, and has gained his influence more through moral suasion than command. He is a steadfast friend of the whites, and has never lifted his hand against any of them, though some of his people have at times been on the point of making war. Ouray is quite wealthy, owning a herd of several hundred horses, among which are some famous racers, and also large floclis of sheep. He lives at the Government agency in a comfortable house, in a somewliat civilized style, and has a carriage with driver, while his people live altogether in tents. The Government places great confidence in his ability and fc>..ggestions, and he has managed to keep the Utes at peace with the fast-encroaching people of Colorado. 768. GuERO. Present chief of the Tabeguache Utes. (iuero be- longs to that class of chiefs among the Indians who generally succeed their fathers as leaders of a band which hunts and fights in a separate party. He has about 50 lodges in his band, and therefore has con- siderable influence. When younger he distinguished himself in the wars against the Navajos, but in later years has abandoned his warlike proclivities. He is a staunch supporter pf Ouray's peace policy with the Government, ami generally lives at the agency, assist- ing the agent in the distribution of the annuity goods and provisions. 772-3, 781. Shavano. Tabeguache. _,, .,^^_ ... War chief of the Tabeguaches, and the most promi- nent warrior among the Utes. The Arapahoes and IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.2 1^ 2.0 11118 1.25 1.4 1^ ^- ■ 6" — ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation r^ i\^ iV 4: ;\ \ 6^ 23 WIST MAIN STMET WIBSTI«,N.Y. 14ii«0 (716) •72-4503 A^. % #/- 1 '• ,< • ■PMBHPn • I 'V'^ if 80 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN ^OTOGRAPHS. Cheyennes fear aud liato him; he never goes ou the war-path but brings back a scalp of his enemit's. Has distinguished himself often by the fierceness of his attack, generally going into a fight naked, and has been wounded several times in such encounters. In the council he is always for peace with the whites, : •' and has used his influence to make those treaties '" whereby all difficulties were obviated. He is an elo- quent orator, and when speaking is often applauded by his people. 751. Tapuche. Capote. A young chief of the Capote band of Utes, sou of Sobita, their principal chief. The latter is now very (. old, and does not attend to the duties of his office, his i sou taking his place. Both are strong supporters of Ouray and his peace-policy. Tapuche was the delegate ! < , . of ais tribe to visit Washington and confirm the treaty of 1873. 752. MAUTcniCK. Muachb. A young chief of the Muache Utes, who has during the last few years gained considerable influence, and is now considered the war chief of his band in place of Curacanto. Was also delegate to Washington in 1873. Co-uo. The lame man. MuAOHB. 758. Anteuo. Oraceful Walker. 700. Wane- no. Yellow FUmer. 702. Tauiyuna. One Who Wim the Race, 7()4. KoMUS. An intelligent young rndian of the Uinta band, who was brought east by Major Powell, of the Colorado exploring expedition, who ediu;ated hitn, and then employed him as a clerk in his oflice in Washington, but died suddeidy a short time since. 769. John. Yampah. A young warrior of tlu^ Yampah Utes, well known among the people of (/olorado by the 8oubri(iuet of " Jt)hn," and as a, particularly good tVi9 he organized a body of JOO warriors, and, as leaderofthe8e,wa8attached to thecolumn under Colonel Evans, operating against the Kiowas and Oomanches, which campaign ended in the surrender of these Indi- ans. He is now quite old and has lost much of his influence, his son Maut chick succeeding him. 774. Wa-eets and Shavano. Tabeguache. 775. Group representing — Ouray. Shavano. GUERO. ■ Ankatosh. -., Wa-rets. .",...-;:,,'; 776. Group of seven, representing — " JOUN." .,:■"•- ' ' ■ MA-KU-TCHA-WO or tS^-PE-A. Cu-racan-te. T0HIIIM.Y, or Black Bear. KwAKO-NVT, or A King. "Mose." Mexicano. 777. SURIAP. Yampah. A son of Lodge Pole, a prominent chief and a war- rior in his band. Was one of a delegation to visit Washington in 18(58 to make the treaty with the Gov- ernment. He has not, however, come up to the ex- l)ectiition8 of his people, as, although a young man, ho lias not distinguished himself jn any way, so that he remains a simple warrior to this day. 778. ('uiPPiN. Always Riuing. 779. LiTTLio Soldier. mmmfmamiimm I :il| CATALOGUE OP INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 780. Squaw OF Little Soldier. , r >./ '^v 782. LOVO. The Wolf. :-\ .. :'::l:^rr- .... -l^^.,....: Lovo was uoted among the Utes for his ability in following the trail of man or beast, hunting, or on the war-path, and bad gained the name of being the best scout. Was frequently employed as "runner" by the Government in carrying dispatches, and was uoted for his promptness in executing these commig- sions. Is a brother of the chief Guero, and died i i October, 1874, while hunting on the Kepublican Kiver. 783. Rainbow. . 784. NiCK-A-A-GOD. Green Leaf. Yampah. A chief of the Yampahs and formerly a man of con- siderable intlnence, which he has lost, however, through several petty thieving excursions which ho has led against the whites. He has but few followers left, UihI is one of the few mischievous Utes. In 1808, was delegated to go to Washington, and while there was considered to have eiiual infiuence with Ouray, both being in favor of the treaty made that year. Speaks English well, has considerable intelligence, and a good knowledge of the customs of the whites, but since his repudiation by his tribe le has not come in contact with them much. 785. Pe-Ah, or BlaeJcTail Deer. A young chief of the Grand River band of Utes. As a delegate of his tribe, he helped to make the treaty of 1808 in Washington, and signed it; butsince then he has never acknowledged it, and, with his band, has kept off the present reservation, camping generally near Denver. He has about 35 lodges, or 200 people, with him. He is a nephew of the late principal v\\\q( Necava, who died in 1808. He is quite a young man, very adroit and ambitious, antin proper, inhabit Idaho and portions of Oregon and Washington. They style themselves Nume|)o, but I ewis and Clarke called them the (Utopunnish. The origin of their present name is 1 uried in obscurity. Eaily in the present century they were estimated to numln'r 8,000; and in 1836, when a mission was establisluMl among them, about 4,000. In the Oregon liuliiui war most of the tribe remained friendly and did ett'ective service for the whites on a number of occasions. In 1854 a treaty was made ceding part of their lauds, '^O^Sb CATALOGUE OP^ INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. II W^' but only a portion of the tribe recognizing it, led to a separation, one party becoming wandering huntera, while the other re- mained on the reservations. " Of the 2,800 Nez Perces now liviu^, nearly half located on the Kamiah and Lapwai reservations iu northern Idaho, and a few others settled on lands outside the reserve, are prosperous farmers and stock-growers. The rest are " uoutreaties,'' who, with other uon-treaty Indians in that region, make every exer- tion to induce the reservation Indians to lease their farms and join them iu their annual hunting and root-gathering expedi- tious." Early in the summer of the present year troubles arose in re- gard to the occupancy of the Wallowa Valley by white settlers, it having been withdrawn iu 1875 from the reservation assigned them by treaty in 1873, from a failure on their part to perma- nently occupy it. An Indian, belonging to a baud of malcon- tents or non-treaties under the Chief .Joseph, was killed by some settlers, when they insisted upon the removal of all the whites and the restitution of the valley to them. Upon the refusal of the Government to this denmnd, and further attempts to com- pel all the non-treaty Indians to come into the reservation at Lapwai, an outbreak occurred under the leadership of Joseph, which resulted iu a number of [)itched battles, with great loss of life, but were compelled to retreat, the forces under General Howard pursuing them eastwardly across the headwaters of the Snake Kiver and tlirough the Yellowstone National Park, where the pnrsuit was taken up by the forces under General Terry, re- sulting fiiuilly in the capture of Joseph and the remainder of his force by General Miles. List of illtistrationii. 427-8. Kalkal-shu-A-tash, or Ja«ow. 429-431. Ta-MASON, or Timothy. 433-4. Encami'ment on the Yellowstone River. The temporary camp of a small hunting party, who were visiting their friends the Crows at the old agency, near the nu)uf h of IShields Uiver. This and the follow- ing views were made in 1871: 435-6. TjOdges in the Village. 437. The Chief of the Village. SA^IAPTINS — Warm SPRINGS. 438. This man lias long yellow hair and blue eyes, but is in every other respect a thorough Indian. Is said to be a son of one of the expedition under Lewis and Clarke^ . ja; , who visited their country early in this century. 439-Ail. Village V LEWS. • 2. WARM SPRINGS, The Warm Springs Indians, so named from their location about the thermal springs in Northeri Oregon, are related to the Walla Wallas, and number 187, on a reservation of some 725 square miles, on which are also some 300 Wascoes andTeninoes. The combined tribes cultivate about 800 acres of the land. They are very well off in live stock and derive some of their income by lumbering. All wear citizen's dress, many have good comfortable houses, and support two schools, with an attend- ance of about 50 scholars. They assisted in the operations against the Modocs ivt 1872, raising a company of scouts for that purpose, who rendered good service. List of illustrations. 1058. Cappolas. a Bomy Man. Took a prominent part in the Modoc war, and dis- tinguished himself by the capture of Captain Jack in the lava-beds. Height, 5.5.J; circumference of head, 22^. 1001. f^HAKA. Little Beaver. A sergeant in the company that captured Capt«iu Jack. Height, 5.8 j circumference of head, 22§. 1050. Ske-metze. Chopped up. Familiarly known as " Billy." Height, 5.4 J ; circum- ference of head, 22g. 1054, Ke-hey-A-kin. Crooked Stick. Height, 5.0^ ; circumference of head, 21 1. 1003. HiSTO. Clam Fish. Height, 5.73 ; circumference of head, 22^. 1050. Wey-a-tat-han. Owl. The married man of the party, his wife accompany- ing him on his travels. Was wounded in the lava- beds, and with Ave others were the scouts who flrsli discovered Captain Jack's hiding-place in the cave. •r^fsm ■ mmsmn'i ■w UMIMH 86 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. lOCJt. Chin- CHIN- WET. Alone. Wife of Weyatathan. A very comely and ititelligeut Indian woman, of whom but very few are found among the far western tribes. Height, 4.11^; circumference of head, 21 J. 1057. Semeo, or Umatilla Jim. 3. WASCOS. ^ \ The Wascos, like the Warm Springs Indians, are related to the Walla Wallas, and through them to the Sahaptin family. The name signifies " basin," and the tribe derives its name, tra- ditionally, from the fact that formerly one of their chiefs, his wife having died, spent much of his time in making cavities or basins in the soft rock for his children to fill with water and pebbles, and thereby amuse themselves." They came originally from around the Dalles. Are associated v;ith the Warm Springs and Teninoes on a reservation in Oregon just south of the Columbia. Now number 203, profess the Christian religion, and .are more advanced in civilization than any tribe in the State. All the tribes of this reservation are self-supporting, deriving about half their subsistence by agriculture and the rest by fishing and hunting. List of illnstrattons. - 10G2. Kle-mat-chosny. A f^ate Arrow- Point . Is a chief and a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a zealous worker for the spiritual welfare of his people. Height, 5.62 ; circumference of head, 213. lOCO. Stat-tla-ka. Polecat. Height, 5.4; circumference of head, 20[j. 1055. OsGATL ^lA.RK, or Little Vessel. , Height, 5.5 ; circumference of iiead, 2.'iJ. VI[. KLAMATHS. 1. KLAMATHS. A comprehensive name applied to this as well as to several tribes on the Klamath Eiver, dilloring in language and type. Live mainly by fishing and root-digging. IJy treaty in 1804 the . .. . KLAMATHS KLAMATHS. Klainatbs and Modoca ceded all their lands, reserving a small tract on Klamath Lake, in Oregon, of 1,G00 square miles, the Governm^!it to pay $8,000 in fifteen years, as well as other large sums for subsistence. Much of their reservation is moun- tainous, only a small portion being tit for cultivation. The Klamaths did not like the introduction of the Modocs on their reservation, and it eventually led to the Modoc war. They now number G76, and are quite prosperous. Have a large number of horses and cattle, but derive their chief support by lumber- ing. List of illusf rations. 975-G. Wal-aiks-skidat, Known as David Hill, cousin of (3aptain Jack, is the war chief of the Klamaths (the parent tribe of the Mo- docs), and is recognized as the leader in civilization of all the Indians of the Like country. He is 33 years of age. He distinguished himself, before the Indians 'vere gathered into reservations, as the leader of the young braves of the Klamaths in their wars with sur- rounding tribes, and his military record shows that he /^ ' has never known defeat. He has always been the friend of the white man. In the long protracted fight ' ' with the Snake tribe, lasting over eight years, he was our ally as the leader of the Klamath warriors. He commanded the Klamath scouts during the war with Captain Jack. Mr. Hill is a christianized Indian, and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Cburch. His father was the first chief who became friendly with the white man. This was iu 1843, when he met Fremont and acted as his guide. 977. YUM-NIS-POC-TIS, (Chief without beads), better known as Tecumseh, is the " medicine man" of the Klamaths, and is the de- scendant of a Ipng line of "medicine men." He has had a Damon and Pythias friendship with David Hill since his childhood. In his native tongue he is famous as an orator. He won great distinction in the Snake war, as Hill's comrade; and, with him, is the earnest champion of civilization in his tribe. lie is also a Methodist and lives a civilized life iu the reservation. Both Tecun)seh and Hill are covered with scars that they have received in their desperate conflicts. 'TKTiTffiTriT-TrT flu CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 2. MODOCS. The Modocs were origiually part of the Klamaths, but re- cently hostile to thera. Their name is an Indian word*ineaning enemies. Their original territory was on the south side of Klamath Lake, including some 4,000 square miles. Were early known as a treacherous and cruel people, and up to 1850 had cut off more than 50 whites. Engagements followed between them and the whites in 1851 — when Wright massacred 41 out of a total of 4fi — which were kept up until 1864, when they agreed to go on a reserve. The treaty to that effect was not ratified for seven years, and in the mean time were induced to go on the Klamath reserve. Were harassed and dissatisfied, and after- wards put on Yaniax reservation, but most of the tribe left under two rival chiefs, Schonchin and Captain Jack. The for- mer settled peacei'bly near the settlements, while the latter went back to their old home and became troublesome. In 1872, were ordered back to the reserve, and upon their refusing to go troops were called on to enforce the order, the citizens joining in an attack on their entrenched camps, but were repulsed. The Modocs then retreated to the " lava-beds," a volcanic re- gion so broken up into great caves and fissures as to serve as a natural fortification. After several engagements a commis- sion was organized to enquire iuio the trouble, and while hold- ing a conference with the leaders were attacked, and General Canby and Dr. Thomas were killed, (April 11, 1873.) After two months' further operations, the hostiles were reduced, their leaders hung, and the rest removed to the Indian Territory. About 100 who took no part in the trouble remained at the Klamath agency. List of illustrations. .-ir 1008. Scar-Faced Charley. The famous war chief of the lava bed warriors, and the greatest of their soldiers. He was the most trusted of Captain Jack's braves, and^ the most desperate of i his fighters. Eev. Dr. Thomas, who was slain at the peace-commission massacre, on the day before his death called Scar- Faced Charley the " Leonidas of the lava-beds." He was never known to be guilty of any act not authorized by the laws of legitimate warfare, and entered his earnest protest against the assassina- tion of General Canby and Dr. Thomas. He led the f riH KLAMATHS MODOCS. m ■ Moilocs 'against Major Thomas and Colonel Wright when the United States troops were so disastrously repulsed and when two-thirds of our men were killed and wounded. Wearied of the slaughter, he shouted to the survivors, "You fellows that are not dead had better go home ; we don't want to kill you all in one day." He has said since, " My heart was sick of seeing so many men killed." 1009. Shack-nasty Jim, The sub-chief of the tribe and chief of the Hot Creek band of the Modocs ; although hardly twenty one years " of age, is known throughout Christendom as one of the most fearless warriors that the red men ever sent to fight the pale-faces. He led the tribvil forces that ^ ; suffered moat severely. After the massacre he quar- relled with Captain J ack ; and, with " Bogus Charley," " Hooker Jim," and " Steamboat Frank," became scout for General Jeff. C. Davis— which led to the capture of the remnants of the Modoc army. 1010. Steamboat Frank, One of the participators in the Modoc war, but after the massacre of General Canby's party, left his tribe, and as a scout under General Davis, did good service in securing the capture of the remnants of Captain Jack's forces. 1011. Wi-NE-MA, or Toftcj/ -Ki(lf??e. The modem Pocahontas, who, at the risk of her own life, saved the life of Col. A. B. Meacham, cliairinauof the Modoc peace commission, at the Modoc massacre. The Oregon Statesman truly says : "A truer heroine was never born in the American forest than the poor Indian woman, Tobey Riddle, whose exertions to save one who had befriended herself and people were no less daring and resolute than the devotion of Poca- hontas. W^e have nowhere read of a woman, white, black, or red, performing an act of sublimer heroism than Tobey Kiddle, when, under suspicions of treach- ery, she returned to her people in the rocks, with au almost absolute certainty of being flayed alive. The description of that event is one of the finest passages R m mmmmmmm n I 4i- i ' 1 90 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN niOTOGRAPHS. in Mr. Meacbam's speech, and is a fittiuf? tribute to the courage and fidelity of his dusky, lion-hearted friend. The gratitude, fidelity, and devotion of that poor squaw ought to forever put to silence and shame those heart- less savages who, in the midst of a Christian civiliza- tion, are clamoring for the extinction of a people whom God had planted where they were found." Tobey is 28 years of age, and the wife of Frank Kiddle. She is honored by all who know her. 3. ROGUE RIVEKS. The Eogue Rivers, so called from the stream upon which they have lived for a long time, have also been known by the names Lototen or Tototutna. As a general rule the coast tribes are inferior in physique and character to the inland tribes, but an exception must be made in favor of the liogue liivers. " The men are tall, muscular, and well made, the women are short and some of them quite handsome, even in the Caucasian sense of the word." They are associated with some 15 or 20 tribes or bands at the Siletz agency, the whole numbering less than 1,500 souls. List of illustrations. ' 978. Olilatiik,ov George Rarvey. Chief of the confederated tribes of Indians of Siletz reservation, Oregon, lineal descendant of a long line of Eogue River chiefs, was captured when a small boy at the Rogue River war between the United States forces and the Rogue River tribes of Southern Oregon, and carried to the Siletz reservation, where he has lived ever since. He is a fine speaker, and has acted many years as an inierpreter. This office having brought him into close and constant contact with Amer- ican civilization, he long ago abandoned his aborigi- nal habits and religion, and adopted the customs and faith of the whites. He is well known throughout Oregon, and is held in the highest esteem. He has been complimented by the judges everywhere for his . integrity and intelligence, and both by his loyalty and education is a living proof of the folly and wicked- ness of the theory that the Indian can neither be civil- ized nor be made the friend of the white race. ! PIMAS PIMAS. VIII. PIMAS. 1. PAPAGOS. The Papapootaus, as they style themselves, belong to the Pima family, and have long resided in the country south of the Gila. Have always been at eumity with the Apaches until within the last year, but were friendly to the Spaniards, who, with a few exceptions, have maintained missions among them continuously up to the present time. At the close of the Mexi- can war were Mexican ciHzens, and partly civilized, but were not recognized as such by the United States, aiul were left with- out an agency or reservation until 1874, when they were settled on the Santa Cruz Pviver, a tributary of the Gila, on a tract of 70,400 acres. They now iiut^iber between 5,000 and 0,000 souls. Have well-cultivated farms, and live in houses of their own construction. 050. AscENCiON Rios. (Front.) 651. AscENCiON Kios. (Profile.) • '. '-'-.i"^''-"' ' 2. PIMAS. The Pimas, calling themselves Ohotama, are a portion of a family of Indians of the same name, comprising, besides them- selves, the Opates, Eudevis, and Joves, occupying much of Southern Arizona, Sonora, and Sinaloa. Missions were estab- lished among them at an early day by tlie Spaniards, but tUey revolted many times, killing several of the missionaries. Tbey have long been divided into the Upper and Lower Pimas, the former living on the Gila, in mud-covered huts, a'.d cultivating the soil extensively. Have been long associated with the Mari- copas, the two tribes now living together as one on a reserva- tion of 04,000 acres. The Pimas now number 4,100; are self- supporting, wear civilized dress, and are ready for the privileges of citizenship. 653. Luia MOR AGUE. (Front.) ' 654. LuiG MoRAGUE. (Profile.) . ;; 655. Antonio Azul. (Front.) ; . j_ 656. Antonio AzuL. (Profile.) I III 92 u I. V: Catalogue op Indian photogkaphs. IX. IKOQCJOIS. 1. senegas. One of the Five Iroquois Nations in Western New York, comprising, originally, the Siunekaas, as the Dutch called them, (hence the word Senecas,) Onondaj,as, Mohawks, Cay- ugas, and Oneidas. When first known to the French, were living on the south siJe of Lake Ontario, and engaged in a fierce war with their Algonkin neighbors. Bf conquest several other tribes became incorporated with them. Missions were estab- lished among them by the French as early as 1057. In 1763 the Seuecas alone, of theSixNatioiis, ji)ined in Pontiac's league to extirpate the English. During the Uevolution sided with the English, but made a peace in 1784, and during the second war remained loj-al. Early in the cel:^^Ty part of the tribe settled in Ohio, afterwards removing to the Indian Territory, whore they now are to the number of 240. The New York Senecas still occupy the Alleghany, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda reserve of 66,000 acres, where they all live in good houses and have large, well-cultivated farms, and are in every way a civilized and \i ell-regulated class of people. 1048. Dyar-yo-naa-dargadah. One icho Carries Hemlocic Boughs on his Back. English name. Caster Kedeye. Was born on the Alleghany reservation ; belongs to the traditionary Bear clan. Is now President of the New York ISenecas. Does not speak English, but is an eloquent speak;}r in his native tongue. Has been a councillor three terras. Is a farmer and lumberman, and has also been a pilot for several years on the Alleghany Kiver. Caster is a grandson of Governor Blacksnake, the famous chief of the Senecas,who died in 1859 at the age of 120 years. Are, 46 ; height, 5.9 ; head, 22J ; chest, 43. 1045. Dargar-s WEN-GAR- ANT. Dropping the Stock of the Oun. Commonly known as Harrison Halttown ; belongs to the Snipe clan. Was born on the Alleghany reserva- tion. Is the clerk of the nation, which position he has lield for the last eight years. Was well educated at a Quaker school adjoining the reservation, and speaks English fluently. Is a fine speaker, and is quite noted as an orator. Age, 47 ; height, 5.8 ; head, 2:i| ; chest, 42. IROQUOIS — WYANDOTS. 93 1046. iroD-HO-i-YO. Sphndid Boer. Saiiiuel Jimsou, as be is onliuarily known, is one of a family of thirty-one children, and was born on the Alleghany reservation in 1837. Is a descendant of Mary Jimson, a white captive among the Senecas, whose descendants now nninber 111. Is a larmer, but also a fine orator, and of more than ordinary ability. Has been a conncillor for eleven terms in snccesslon. Height, 6.1 ; head, 23 ; chest, 43. 1017. John Irvin». President of the peacemakers' court. Is a grand- sou of Governor Blacksnake. Age, oO; height, 5.9^; h'^'id, 22 : chest, 44. 979. Myron Silveriieels. 98^. Groups comprisino 1045-40-47. 715. a daughter of general parker. Copy from an old daguerreotype. 2. WYANDOTS. The Wyandots, or Hurons, a, western Iroijuois tribe, lived originally on the shores of Lake Huron, where they raised to- bacco to such an extent that they were called Petem, or Tobacco Indians. Were driven west to Wisconsin and to the chores' of Lake Superior, and by the Sioux back again to the neighbor- hood of Detroit, where they remaineil up to the close of the wars between the U»'.ited States and England. In 1832 ceded all their lands in Ohio to the Government, and 087 were re- moved to Kansas, where they have since resided, at the junction of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers. In 1855 many became cit- izens, and had their lands divided among them, the others being removed to the Indian Territory, where they now are, number- ing 258 souls. Some of the VVyaiidots remained near Dctioit, and by treaty with the English government were assigned a reservation on the Detroit River of 23,000 acres, where they yet remain, but have declined within the present century from 200 to 72. Their hereditary king remained with the Canadian band. BimL^Lm^si&imj^i^s^'£ihiain 1795. They then renuiined at peace eighteen years ; but at the beginning of the last war with (Jreat Britain a considerable portion of the luUion, excited, it is said, by Tecumseh, and probably ret^eiving encouragemeni; from other sources, took arms witliout the slightest provocation, and at tirst committed great ravages in the vicinity of their western frontier. Tiiey received a severe chastisement, and the deci- sive victories of (}»'neral .Fatrkson at that time, and some years MUSKOGEES —CREEKS, 95 later over the Semiuoles, who bad renewed the war, have uot only secured a permanent peace with the southern Indians, but, together with the progress of the settlements, have placed them ail under the absolute control of the United States. The Creeks and Semiuoles, after some struggles among themselves, have ceded the whole of their territory and accepted in exchange other lands beyond the Mississippi." — Gallatin. Twenty-fojr thousand live hundretl and ninety-four were re- moved west of the Mississippi, only 744 remaining on their old hunting-grounds. At the breaking out of the civil war the western Creeks numbered Jess that 10,000. The tribe divided and engaged in pitched battles against each other, the Unionists suffering badly, many fleeing to Kansas. They were brought together again after the war, and in 1873 numbered 13,000, on a reservation of over 3,000,000 acres in the Indian Territory. By the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1870, they were numbered at 14,000, including 3,000 mixed-bloods, and all wearing citizeuvs' dress and living in good houses. They have 30 school buildings, with an attendance of about 750 pu- pils ; over $24,000 was expended upon their education. There are 20 churches on the reserve, with a membership among the Creeks of over 3,000. They rank among the tirst of civilized tribes. List of illmtmtions. 07. Lo-ciiA-HA-JO, -The DnmJccri Terrairin. . Served as a first lieutenant in the Union Army dur- ing the rebellion, and was at that time and is now the leading spirit of the loyal Creeks. Is the treaty-mak- ing chief. Age, about 35. 98. Tal-wa MiKO. Toim King. Commonly known as John McGilvry. Is a brother- in-law of Oporthleyoholo, a famous chief of the last generition, and stood by him during tlieir ^strnggles with and flight from the rebel Creeks. Is at the pres- ent time the second leading spirit of the loyal Croeks. Age, about 30. 99. Tam-si-pel-MAN. Thompson Verryman. First organizer of the loyal Creeks that came north during the rebellion. Was a councillor of Oi^rthle- yoholo, and a steadfast adherent to the treaties made with the (fovornment. Age, about 40. ■ 96 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. I 1^ 100. HOTUL-KO-Mi-KO. Chief of the Whirlwind. English mjue, Silas Jefferson; is of mixed African and Creek parentage ; born in Alabama and raised among the Creaks in that State, removing with themi to their present home in the Indian Territory. Is to all intents and pnrposes one of the tribe, taking a wife from among them, and sharing all their troubles. Was interpreter for the loyal Creeks daring the war, and is now the official interpreter of the nation. Age, 45. 102. Group of the preceding chiefs. 103. KoT-CO-cu, or Tiger, Served in the Union Army as a lieutenant. Was ; one of the council in IVaming the treaty of 1866. la 1871 was a candidate for chief, but was defeated, and died shortly after. 104. Okta-hasas-hajo, or Sand. The predecessor of Lochaha-jo as the treaty-mak- ing chief of the nation, and second chief under Opor- thleyoholo. Was among the first to join the Union forces during the rebellion. Was chief of the council that framed the new constitution in 1866. lias not been educated, but has great natural ability, and Is of an extremely sensitive and kindly disposition. 105-107. Family of George Steadman. (Half-bloods.) 108. A Creek Brave. 2. seminoles. "The IstiSemole (wild men) who inhabit the peninsula of Florida (1830) are pure Muskogees, who have gradually de- tached themselves from the confederacy, but were still con- sidered members of it till the United States treated with them as with an independent nation. The name of Seminoles was given to them on account of their being principally hunters and attending but little to farming." Were very hostile to the Americans up to the cession of Flor- ida in 1811), but a treaty was finally made with them in 1823. Other treaties followed looking to their removal westward, in attempting to carry out wliich a ^var ensued, lasting from 1835 until 1842. i^early 2,000 had then been removed, leaving about MUSKOGEES CHICKASAWS. »7 300 iu Florida, and 145 of these, under Billy Bowlegs, joined the western baud in the Indian Territory in 1858. Had much trouble in getting settled upon a reservation, locating finally upon a tract of 200,000 acres bought of the Creeks, where thej" now number 2,553 — a prosperous and civilized tribe. List of iUustt'atio7is. 714. O-LAC-TO-Mi CO. Billy Bowlegs. The well known and famous leader of the Seminoles iu the Florida war, 1835-'42, but was finally compelled to remove with the remnants of his tribe to the Indian Territory. 3. CHICKASAWS. When tirst known the Chickasaws were located north of Mississippi on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. Were mixed up in the early French and English wars, remaining loyal to the English up to 1783. Operated with the Americana against tjie Creeks in 1793. Commenced to migrate west of the Mississippi early in the present century. Sold their lands to good advantage and amassed considerable wealth, and were in every way a prosperous, progressive nation. They purchased a large tract of land from the Choctawa, a tribe speaking the same language, and afliliated with them iu all tribal affairs. In 1855, on payment of $150,000 to the Choctaws, they effected a political separation. Like the Choctaws, they first went south with the confederates during the civil war, but returned to the northern army afterwards. They lost very much property, besides a large number of slaves. Their numbers have not undergone any material change, the latest census placing their numbers at 5,800. Nearly 2,000 of these are mixed bloods. Two weekly iiapers are supported between the Choctawa and themselves. They are also well supplied with churches, schools, and other appliances of an industrious, civilized, and prosperous people. They have inter- married to a great exteni; with the whites, some of the follow- ing portraits being of subjects having a large proportion of white blood in their veins. List of illustrations, 73. J. D. James. 74. ASH-KE-UENA-NIEW. 7 m CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 75. Sho-nion. 76. Annie Guy. 77. A Young Brave. 4. CHOCTAWS. The Choctaws, or Chabtas, at the time of De Soto's visit in 1540, were living south of the Chickasaws, and west of the Creeks. Unlike the surrounding tribes, they were peaceably disposed, and a nation of farmers, and much farther advanced in civilization than any of their neighbors. Coming in contact with the French, Spanish, English, and Americans, they have never been at war with any of them. Commenced moving west of the Mississippi in 1801, and by 1830 had excha nged all their lands for other in the Indian Territory. By 1861 had advanced far in civilization, numbering with the Chickasaws 25,000, with 5,000 slaves. In the civil war they joined first the South and then the ^N^orth, losing a great deal in property, and a reduction to 17,000 of their population. They now number 16,000, of whom two- thirds are of mixed blood. Are governed by a written constitution ; elect their chief every four years ; have a council, consisting of 40 members, and a judiciary, and trial by jury. Of the following subjects, nearly all are of mixed blood. List of illustrations. 88. Israel Folsom. 89. Peter Folsom. 90. Samuel Folsom. 91. Folsom. 92. Faunceway Baptiste. 93. B. L. Le Flore. 94. Samuel Garland. 95. Colonel Pytchlynn, 96. Allen Wright. 936-7. Squaws. 938-9. Young Boys. lili'i I si ARAPAHOS. 09 XI. INDEPENDENT AND UNCLASSIFIED TRIBES. 1. ARAPAHOS. "Very little is known of the early history of the Arapahos, but are supposed by some to be the Querechos of the early Spt,a- ish explorers. They called themselves Atsinas, of whom, how- ever, they are but a brauch. ' The early Euglish kuew them as the Fall Indians, and the French as the Gros Ventres of the south. They were then_;roaming over the plain country abcut the heads of the Platte and Arkansas. Gallatin speaks of them as a detached tribe of the Rapid Indians, which has wandered as far south as the Platte and Arkansas and formed a temi^o- rary union with the Kaskasias and some other erratic tribes. At the present time (1802) the Arapahos are divided into two por- tions or bands. The first portion call themselves Naka-sir in, ' People of the Sage,' and number one hundred and eigiity lodges. They wander about the sources of the South Plfi tte and the region of Pike's', Peak ; also northward to the Red Bui tes ou the North Platte. Sometimes they extend their journeyiugs in search of bulfalo along the^foot of the Big Horn Mountnns in the Crow country. The second band call themselves Na-with- i-ni-hau, the meaning of which is obscure. It implies a nix- ture of diflferent kinds of people of different bands. They n im- ber 200 lodges, and range along the Arkansas River and its tributaries." — Ilaydcn. In 1820 Morse estimated them at 10,000, and speaks of tliem as a warlike people and often making predatory and murderous excursions on their eastern and n(^thern neighbors. The Arapahos affiliate with theXheyennes, with whom they have been on friendly term.» for many years. Lately, however, an antipathy seems to be growing up between the two tribes in the Indian Territory, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs advises a separation. They are divided into two principal di- visions, known respectively as the Northern and Soutliern Arapahos. Those of the north, numbering 1,562, affiliate with the Cheyenues and Ogalalhis[at the Red Cloud agency. They have been ordered to joi?) their southern brethren, and at the present time the necessary preparations are under way. The Southern Apaches, who number 1,0G4, with the Southern Chey- ennes and a small band of Apaches, are temporarily occupying a large reservation in the western portion of the Territory. The new reservation assigned them lies along the northern bor- mm ^ 100 CATOLOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. der of the Territory west of the Creek and Cherokee couutries, and was purchased from them. It comprises nearly 5,000,000 acres. Bat little has been done by them looking toward civiliza- tion, beyond signifying their willingness to ha%^e farms appor- tioned to them and in sending their children to school. 21. Yellow Bear. Little Wolf. 22. Powder Face and Squaw. 23. Medicine Pipe. Fool Dog. 24. Crazy Bull. Friday. 25. Plenty Bears. Old Eagle. 32-35. Bi nan-set. Big Mouth. 36-37 White Crow. 38-39. Black Crow. 40-41. Left Hand. 42-43. Yellow Horse. 44-45. Heap o' Bears. G2-65. Ohaste. Little Baven. Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. .'Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. Northern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. Southern Arapahos. lu 1865, Richardswi described him as follows : " The savage, like Falstafl", is a coward on instinct; also treacherous, filthy, and cruel. But our chief, The Little Kaven, was the nearest approximation I ever met to the ideal Indian. He had a fine manly form, and a human, trustworthy face." 909. 911. Bird Chief. (Bust, front and profile.) 910. 912. Bird Chief. (Standing, front and profile.) 984,5. Friday. The well-known chief of the Northern Arapahos and one who has had a prominent position for the last twenty-five years. Speaks English fluently and always acts as his own interpreter. CADDOS. 101 755. A Young Man. Living with and brouglit up with the Southern Arap- ahos, but oiainied by Ouray, chief of the Utes, to be his son, captured in battle several years since. Ouray has made an'appeal to the Government for his restitu- tion, but tlie young man prefers his present home. 2. CADDOS. The Caddos, or Cadodaquious," at present a small remnant of a tribe that once ranged over the Red lliver country, where they were first ^raet with in J^'S7 by Jontel and other survivors of the La Salle expedition. They are now consolidated with Wacos, \Vichitas,'Keechies, Tawaconies, lonies, and Delawares, and number 552, occupying the Wichita reservation of about 1,200 square miles in extent between the branches of the — They have now well-managed farms, and are noted for indus- try and general intelligence. 159-lGO. Sno-E-TAT. Little Boy. English name, Oeo. Washington. Born in Louisi- ana in 181G. Is probably the most progressive Indian on the reservation ; has long since adopted the dress and customs of the whites ; owns a trading-store, and has a well-cultivated fiirm of 113 acres, with good houses and improvements. Was captain during the rebellion of a company of Indian scouts and rangers in the service of the Confederate States army, and • engaged in three battles, one on Cache Creek, Indian Territory, with Kiowas and Apaches; one with Chey- ennes. in the Wichita Moiintains ; and one on the Little Washita, with renegade Caddos. 161-162. Xah-ah-sa-nau. Indian. Anadarko. Commonly known as Warloupe; probably a corrup- tion of Guadeloupe. Was born near Nacitoches about 1825. ,I8 now chief of the Caddos, and considered in advance of most of his people. Is doing his utmost to elevate his tribe to the standard of the white man. Height, 5.6^; chest, inspiration, 37; expiration, 3U ; cir- cumference of head over ears, 21^ ; diameter of head from ear to ear, 14^. 1C3-4. Antelope. With the preceding was a delegate to Washington in 1872, but died shortly after his return. miHmmm 1 I. I'll 102 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 3. CHEROKEES. Wbeu first discovered, the Cberokees were occupying the moimtainous country about the headwaters of the Tennessee Eiver and portions of Georgia and South Carolina, up to 1830. They form a family by themselves, supposed, however, to be somewhat remotely connected with the Great Iroquois family. They call themselves in their language Tsaraghee. According to their traditions, they came to this country before the Creeks, dispossessing a people of whom there is now uo record. Before and during the Revolution they were friendly to and aided the English. A treaty of peace was made with them, by which they acknowledged the sovereignty of the United States November 28, 1785, and were confirmed in the possession of their lands, occupying a considerable portion of Tennessee and parts of North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, (commenced migrating to the trans-Mississippi country as early as 1790, consequent upon the encroachments of civilization, and in 1818 3,000 more emigrated. As frequent cessions of their lands had reduced their territory to less than 8,000 square miles in extent, and also in consequence of the hostility of the Georgians, they were all removed in 1S38 to their present reservation in the Indian Territory, excepting about 1,000, who remained in North Carolina. At the opening of the civil war they had progressed to a high degree of prosperity, but suttered great injury from both parties ravaging their country, and also in the emancipa- tion of their slaves. Nearly all the Cherokees at first joined the Confederacy, but after the tight at Pea Ridge, seeing the result doubtful, 9,000, under Colonel Downing, with a majority of the nation, abandoned the southern cause and joined the Union forces; 6,500 adhered to the Confederacy to the end. At the time of their removal west the Cherokees numbered about 27,000. In 1807 they were reduced to 13,560, but since then have increased, so that they now number about 18,000. There are about 1,700 yet in North Carolina, in a prosperous condi- tion, owning about 70,000 acres of land. The reservation in the Indian Territory comprises about 5,000,000" acres, only one-third of it capable of cultivation, and of which they are now working some 90,000 acres. Their crops for 1875 aggregated 630,000 bushels corn, 70,000 bushels wheat, 35,000 bushels oats, 50,000 tons hp.y, 500,000 feet of lumber, &c. They have 63 scho >ls, attended by nearly 2,000 children, <• mtm MOQUIS. 103 that are supported by a fund of 81,580,000, held by the United States. Under their present constitution they are governed by a national committee and council elected for two years. The executive, or ( iiief, is elected for four years. The following portraits show the effects of the civilizing in- fluences they have been living under, and also the extensive admixture of white blood among them by intermarriage : List of illustrai ions. 66. Colonel Downing. 67. lilCHAUDS. , 68. Colonel Adaie. 69. Samuel Smith. 70. BORUM DAVIS. 71. Captain Scraper. 72. Bingo. 4. MOQUIS. A tribe of semi civilized Indians living in seven villages on the plateau between the San Juan and Little Colorado Eivers. They were among the Pueblos visited by the expedition under Coronado in 1540, who named the region inhabited by them the Province of Tusayan. The Franciscans established mis- sions among them, but in the general uprising of 1680 all were expelled or killed. Numerous attempts were afterward made to reduce them, but without success, and they have remained independent to this day. They have the reputation of being an extremely kind-hearted and hospitable people; are exclu- sively agricultural, raising maize, squashes, pumpkins, and peaches. They also have many sheep and goats. Have suf- fered much by depredations from the Apaches and Navajos. Their villages are perched upon the summits of mesas, from 400 to 600 feet in height. Their houses are built of stone laid in adobe-mortar, in terrace form, seldom exceeding three stories in height, and reached only by ladders. The women knit, spin, and weave, making fine blankets, women's robes, and other like articles, which they trade to the neighboring tribes. When thev first came under the jurisdiction of the United States, were"^ estimated to number 8,000. Were almost de- stroyed by small-pox in 1855 and 1857, and lost many more by the famine in 1867. On both occasions their villages were aban- &^^.iS£s^si£ms.-rvy: ■>• ww *jaaf'iL..^.'- ii . i iiig; ^""t -f 104 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. ■ Ai doned, and the people scattered among the mountains, or took refuge among the kindred Zuuis, and other pueblos. Are now estimated at 1,500 souls. loey use no intoxicating drink ; are industrious and virtuous. The men adopt the usual Mexican dress, while the women wear a woven tunic and a small blan- ket tacked over the shoulders. Before marriage the hair of the women is worn in two large rosettes upon each side of the head, and after marriage, is worn ose down the back or rolled up back of the head. Being entirely self-supporting, they have had but few agents and very little assistance from the General Government. Their remote and nearly inaccessible location has also removed them beyond th'> reach of most inissionary enterprises. Within the last two or three years some efforts have been made to es- tabtish schools among them, supported mainly by Presbyterian enterprise. List of illustrations. 416. Delegation to Brigham Young. Copy of a photograph of three Moqui Indians from the Pueblo of Oraybi, delegated to visit the Mormon president for the purpose of encouraging trade. 983. NuMPAYU. Harmless Snalce. A comely young maiden of the pueblo of T^wa. The peculiar style in which the hair is worn, as shown in this picture, is a sign of maidenhood. After marriage the hair is allowed to hang down the back, or is gath- ered in a small knot at the back of the head. The Mo- quis dress themselves entirely in woolen goods oi their own manufacture, in which they are quite expert, their women's dress and blankets forming their principal stock ia trade. 1019. T:^WA. 1020. House of the Capitan of T:6 wa. 986. Street view in T]&-wa. 1021,988. GuALPi or O pee ki. 1024. She-m6-pave. 1023. moo-sha-na-ve. 1022, 991. She-patJ-la-vay. 1025. House of the Capitan of Shemo pave. The above are four of seven towns which are collect- 9. K PUEBLOS. 105 I ively g:eiierally known as the Moquis Pueblos. By a census taken in the spring o*' 1877, they were found tocontain a popalatiou of 493 men, 440 women and 672 children, 1,604 in all ; of which Te-wa has 132, Gualpi 234, She-mo-pa- ve 181), and Shepau-lavay 108. With the exception of Oraybi, all these villagres are built upon the summits of sandstone mesas, 600 feet above the valleys below them, and from which has to be brought their water, wood, and everything they raise. They possess considerable flocks of goats and sheep, which are secured every night in pens along the sides and upon the summits of the mesa, ? s shown in No. 987. Although there is no running water within many miles, and consequently they cannot irrigate, yet they are quite successful in cultivating corn, melons, &c., usually raising much more than they consume. 5. PUEBLOS. A general name applied by the Spaniards to several tribes of semi-civilized Indians in what is now New Mexico. The term pueblo, in Spanish, literally means the people and their toicns. They were first visited by Cabeza de Vaca in 1537, who con- veyed the first authentic account of their villages to Mexico, which resulted, in 1540, in the expedition of Coronado. As nearly as can be ascertained at the present time, he visited and subdued the Pueblos in the neighborhood of Zuui, along the Kio Grande, and the Moqui of the province of Tusayan; but only occupied the country two years. Were finally subdued in 1586, and the Spanish retained uninterrupted control, with the exception of the period of the insurrection of 1080, until the cession of the territory to the United States in 1847. At the time of Coronado's visit they were as advanced as now, raising grain, vegetables, and cotton, and manufacturing fine blankets. Their houses are sometimes built of stone, but generally of adobe ; are several stoties in height— three to five usually- each one receding from the one below, leaving a terrace or walk. The general plan is a hollow square, although in some cases they are built in a solid mass, like a pyramid, six or eight stories in height. In each pueblo there are large rooms, sometimes under ground, for religious observances or councils, called in Spanish, estufas. The towns are sometimes built upon the sum- mits of high terraces or mesas, extremely difficult of approach. ''■^I'iSBB ■■'%ff '■ymtm BBSi M 106 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. Pi- a The Pueblos constitute several tribes, with diflfereut lan- guages; some are DOW extinct; but those existing are the Zufiis; Toltos in Taos, with whom are classed the people of Picuris, the Sandia, and Isleta; the Tiguas in San Juan, Santa Clara, Nan.b^, San Ildefouso, Pqjuaque, and Tesuque; (the Moquis of pueblo of Te'-wa are said to speak this language) ; the Queres in Cochit<5, San Domingo, San Filipe, Santa Ana, Zla, Lagima, and Acoma; the Jeraez, in the pueblo of the same name- In the 19 pueblos named there are now estimated to be 8,400 peo- ple, the most populous being Zufii, with some 1,500 souls, and the least, Pojuaque, numbering only some 30 or 40 persons. Were recognized as citizens under Mexican rule, but since the admission of New Mexico the matter has been left in doubt. In 1858, Government coLtirmed to them the old Spanish grants of the hum the Pueblos cultivate, averaging about twelve square leagues to each pueblo. They retain their own form of govern- ment, each village electing a governor, and a council consisting of three old men. Have been under Catholic influence since the Spanish conquest ; but iu the division of the tribes among the religious denominations, the Pueblos were first assigned to the Baptists, and afterward to the Presbyterians, who are now actively engaged iu establishing schools among them. List of illustrations. 1015 Na-na1nye. a al Metor de la Sierra. Sjcnish name, Antonio Jose Ateucio. Hoad chief of all the Pueblos. Can read and write Spanish. Age, 70; height, 5.U. 1016. TsE-WA In- YE. Tail of the Eagle Fluttering. Spanish nan^e, Antonio al Churleta. Governor of the pueblo of San Juan, and is the bearer of a cane, the badge of his office, which is marked "A. Lincoln, a San J uan, 1803." Can read and write iu the Spanish language. Age, 04; height, 5.6^. 1017. WAf?6-T0-Yj(.MiN. Small Feathers of the Eagle. Spanish name, Juan Jesus Leo. Governor of the pueblo of Taos ; which position is retained but for one year. Is the bearer of a cane marked "A. Linool d Taos." Age, 45 ; height, 5.7^. 643. Ambrosia Abeita. 644. Alejandro Padillo. 645-0. Groups with Abeita and Padillo. If TEMICULAS. 107 992. Group of Antonio Jos6 Atencio, Antonia al Churleta, and Juan Jesus Leo. 15-17. The Herder. One of the former governors of the pueblo of Taos. 20. Group of Corridores. Young men who are selected to run footraces during the " feasts " or religious holidays. 618,623. Young Maiden. A very good-looking young woman of the pueblo of Taos, with her hair gathered over the ears, signifying her single state. This custom also obtains among the Moquis. 614-017; 620,626-7. Young Girls and Women op the pueblo of Taos. 19, 613, 625, 619, 621-2. VARIOUS INDIVIDUALS belonging to the pueblo of Taos. 628-642. Views of the pueblo of Taos. 6. tawacanies. A small tribe in the lodian Territory associated with the Oaddos, Kiowas, and others on the Wichita agency. They are well advanced toward civilization. 738-739. DAVE. 740-741. Caw-lac-its-ca. Son of Pave. f 7. TEMICULSA. A small band of Indians living in the southern portion of California, who are extensively intermarried with the Mexicans. They aie a thrifty, prosperous people, fully able to take good care of themselves, and are not under the care of any agent. 993. Ka-lek. Eanging. Chief of the Temiculas, and delegate recently to Washington, to seek from the General Government the restitution of some of their land, from which this tribe )iad been ejected by the State government. Is a man of marked intelligence, and speaks Spanish fluently. Age, 45; height, 5.10; head, 23J; chest, 47 J; weight, 245. 904. Andrew Magrand. Temicula and Mexican half-breed Ago, 27. 995. John Clift. Temicula and Mexican half-breed. Age, 25. J ■illHi 1^ 13 NUMERICAL INDEX. 1-2. 3-4. 5-6. 7-8. 9-10. 11-12. 13-14. 15-17. 18. 19 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30-31. 33-35. 36-37. 88-39. 40-41. 42-43. 44-45. 46-47. 48. 51-61. C2-G5. 66. 67. 68. 69, 70 71 72 73 74 Pago. Es-kel-ta-sa-la, Apache 25 Santo, Apache 25 Ta-bo, Apache 25 Gray Eagle, Apache 25 Capitan, Apache 25 Yacot, Apache.. -•• 25 Wifeof Pacer, JpacAe ....^... 25 The Herder, governor of Taos, Pueblo 107 Son of Vicenti, Apache • 26 APueblo Indian 107 Corridores, or Ranxxers, Pueilo 107 Yellow Bear and Little Wolf, Arapaho ICO Powder Face and squavi, Arapaho 100 Medicine Pipe and Fool Bag, Arapaho .- 100 Crazy Bnll and Friday, Jraj>aAo 100 P!»uty Bears and Old Eagle, ^ropafto 100 Lame White Man and Wild Hog, Cheyenne 7 Bald Bear and Cut Foot, Cheyenne 7 Dull Knifd and Little Wolf, Cheyenne 7 Crazy Head and Spotted Wolf, Cheyenne 7 Stone Calf and squaw, Cheyenne 7 Big Mouth, Cheyenne 7 White Crow, Cheyenne 7 Black Crow, Cheyenne - 7 Loft Hand, Cheyenne 7 Yellow Horse, Cheyenne 7 Heap o' Bears, Cheyenne 7 Groups of Banuacks 70 Family of Sheep-eater Bannacks 70 Groups about the Bannack Agency 70 Little Haven, Arapaho 100 Colonel Downing, Cherokee 103 , Kichards, Cherokee 103 Colonel Adair, Chirokee - 103 . Samuel Smith, CAeroA-ec 103 Borum Davis, Cherokee.... 103 . Captain Scraper, Cherokee 103 . Bingo, Cherokee 103 . J. D. J amvis, Chickasaw 97 . Ash-ke-he-naw-niew, Chickasaw 97 mmm no NUMEKICAL INDEX. !(■ 75. 76. 77. 78-79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 102. 103. 104. 105-107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 118-121. 122. 123-124. 125-126. 127. 128-129. 130-131. 132-133. 134-135. 136-137. 138-140. 141-14i. SbonioD, ChicJcaaato Annie Giiy, Chickasaw A young brave, Chickasaw Hole in the Day, Chippewa Bad Boy, Chippewa Crossing Sky, Chippeiva Standing Forward, Chippewa. Stump, Chippewa Red Bird, Chippewa Foremost Sitter, Chippewa.... Noon-Day, Chippeiva Israel Folsom, Chociaw Peter Folsom, Choctaiv Samuel Folsom, Choctaw Folsom, Choctaw Page. 98 98 98 Faunceway Batiste, Chociaw B. L. Le Flore, Choctaw Samuel Garland, Choctaw Colonel Pytclilynu, Choctaiv Allen Wright, Choctaiv The Drunken Terrapin, Creek Town King, Creek Thompson Ferryman, Creek Chief of the Whirlwind, Creek Group of Creeks Tiger, Creek. Sand, Creek Family of George Stedman, Creek A Creek brave Little Robe, Cheyenne Whirlwind, Cheyenne White Shield, Cheyenne White Horse, Cheyenne Medicine Man, Cheyenne Pawnee, Cheyenne w Edward Gnerrer, interpreter, Cheyenne Whilwindand Pawnee, Cheyenne Little Robe, Cheyenne High Toe, Cheyenne Groups at Cheyenne Agency Pedro Scradalicto, Apache Eschapa, Apache , Asa-havio, Comanche Wife of Asa-havie, Comanche Timber Blutt', Comanche Silver Knife, Comanche 72-73 Wife of Silver Knife, Comanche 73 Gray Leggings, Comanche 73 Checvera, Comanrhe *.... 73 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 26 26 7? 72 72 . NUMERICAL INDEX. Ill 143-144. 145-146. 147-148. 149-150. 151-152. 153-154, 155-156. 157-158. 159-160. 161-162. 163-164. 165-168. 170-171. 172-173. 171-175. 176-177. 178-179. 181-182. 186. 187-190. 191. 192. 193. 194-196. 197-198. 199. 200. 201-202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218-219. 220. 221. 222-224. 225-228. 229. Page. Wife of Choovers, Crnanche 73 Mother of Cbeevers, Comanche.. 73 Chewing Elk, C'omancfte 73 Gap in the Salt, Comanche 73 Daughter of Gap in the Salt, Cominche 73 Ten Bears, Comanche 73 Buffalo Hump, Comanche 74 Jim, Comanche 74 George Washington, Caddo 101 War-loupe, Caddo 1«"1 Antelope, Caddo .... 101 Buffalo Goad, n'itAi^a 69 Red Thunder, Z)aA:oa^oakota * 43 Feather in the Ear, Yankton Dakota 43 '-Y 312 NUMERICAL INDEX. Page. 230-231. Little Bird, Tanklon Dakota , 43 23'2-233. Ellack Eagle, Tankton Dakota 43 234. Hear lying down, Tankton Dakota 43 235. Rnnning Bull, Yankton Dakota 43 236. Walking Elk, Yankton Dakota 43 237. Standing Elk, Yankton Dakota 43 238. Bmnttj Bear, Yankton Dakota 43 239. Struck by the Ree, Yankton Dakota 43 240-24L Smutty Bear and Struck by the Ree, Yankton Dakota 43 244. Yankton war-dance 45 248. Santee brave 43 249. Great Scalper, SaHtee 42 250. Standing Buffalo, Santee 43 251. Old Betts, ^aii/ee 43 252-254. Grass, Blackfeet Dakota 34 255-256. Sitting Crow, Blackfeet Dakota 34 257-258. Iron Scare, Blackfeet Dakota 34 259. Red Plumo, Blackfeet Dakota .|^ 1. 34 260-26L Bear's Rib, Oncpapa Dakota 41 262-263. Running Antelope, Oncpapa Dakota 41,42 264-265. Iron Horn, Oncpapa Dakota 42 266-267. Walking Shooter, Oncpapa Dakota 42 268-269. Thunder Hawk, Oncpapa Dakota 42 270-271. Big Head, Upper Yankt-^naia Dakota 44 272-273. Black Eye, Upper Yanktonaia Dakota 44 274-275. Big Razor, Upper Yanktonaia Dakota 44 276-277. Bull's Ghost, Lower Yanktonaia Dakota 44 278-279. Foolish Bear, Lower Yanktonaia Dakota 44 280-281. Two Bears, iMiver Yanktonaia Dakota 44 282-283. Medicine Bear, Cut Head Dakota 37 284-285. Afraid of the Bear, Cut Head Dakota 37 286-287. Bear's Nose, Cut Head Dakota 37 288-289. Skin of the Hoar t, Cut Head Dakota 37 290-291. Red Lodge, Cut Head Dakota 37 292-293. Man who packs the Eagle, Cut Head Dakota 37 294-295. Squaw of the Man who packs the Eagle, Cut Head Dakota. .. 37 296-297. Red Cloud, Ogalulla Dakota 38 298. Red Cloud and Mr. Blackniore, Ogalalla Dakota 40 299-300. Red Dog, Ogalalla Dakota , 40 201-302. hone WoU, Ogalalla Dakota 40 303-304. Ear ( f Corn, squaw of LouoWolf, Ogalalla Dakota 40 305-306. Big Foot, Ogalalla Dakota 40 307-308. White Hawk, Ogalalla Dakota 40 309-310. Afraid of the Eagle, Ogalalla Dakota 40 311-312. Blue Horse, Ogalalla Dakota 40 313-314. Stabbor, Ogalalla Dakota 40 316-316. Dirt Face, 0(/a/ai7a iMfcoiu 40 317-318. Good Buffalo, Ogalalla Dakota 40 319-320. Poor Elk, Ogalalla Dakota 40,41 NUMERICAL INDEX. 113 321-22ac%e 25 450. A young brave 26 451. Kle-zeh, Apache 25 452-555. Navajos 28 457,458. Omaha Indian Agency buildings 53 459,460. View from Black Bird Hill 53 461,462. Omaha Indian village 53 463. Gihiga, Oniaha 53 464. Gihiga's lodge, Onirtfta 53 465,466. Standing Hawk and squaw, Omaha 53 467. Standing at the End, Omaha 53 468. Standing Bent, Omaha 53 469,470. Betsy, Oma/ia 53 471. Indian carpenters at work, Omaha 54 472-476. Groups of school-children, OmaAa - 54 417. A brave, Omaha 54 478. Ebahomba's lodge, Omaha 54 479. Village scene, Omaha 54 480. Standby it, Otoe 56 481. True Eagle. Missouria 51 482,483. Medicine Horse, Otoe 57 484-485. One who oats his Food Raw, Missouria 51 486. Big Bear, Miaaouria 52 487. Little Pipe, Otoe 57 488. Little Iowa, Otoe 58 489,490. Little Pipe, Otoe 57 491. Little Pipe and group, Otoe 59 NUMERICAL INDEX. 115 Page. 492-494. Medicine Horse, Otoe .^ 57 495. Bnffalo Chief, Otoe \ 58 496. Medicine Horse, Buffalo Chief, and interpreter, Ofoe 59 497. Baptiste Devoiu and Buffalo Chief, Otoe 58 498. Black Elk, Miasoiiria 58 499. Medicine Horse and Buffalo Chief, Otoe 59 500. Blue Bird and Buck Elk Walking, Otoe 53 501. Group of Otoes 59 502. Medicine Horse, Otoe 57 503. The One They are Afraid of, Miasoiiria 51 504. Sucker, Ottaioa 15 505. Lightning, Ottawa 15 506. John Wilson, Ottawa , 15 507. Passing Through, Ottawa 15 509. The Savage, Osage 56 510. The Distant Land, Osage 56 511. Joseph, Osage 55 512. One who reaches to the Sky, Osage 56 513. Saucy Chief, Osage , 56 517,518. Group of four Pouca chiefs 59 519. Iron Whip, Ponca 59 520. Peah and other Ute chiefs '^S 521. Native Ponca drawing 59 522. Thunder coming down to the Ground, Pottatvatomie 16 523. Pawnee Indian village, Nebraska 68 524. Pawnee mud lodge - 68 525-527. Groups of Pawnee school-children 69 528,529. Groups of Pawnee chiefs and headmen 65,66 530-532. Peta-lashara, Pawnee 65 533. Eagle Chief, Pawnee 65 534. Sun Chief, Pawnee 65 535. One who brings Herds, Pawnee 65 536. Group of Pawnee squaws 69 537-539. Pawnee school-buildings, Nebraska 69 540. Pawnee decorative painting on buffalo-skin 69 541,542. Pawnee agency buildings 69 543. One who gives to the Poor, PatcMcc 65 545. Squaw of One who gives to the Poor, Patonee 65 547. A brave. Pawn?*" ()9 548. Pipe Chief, Pawnee 65 549. A brave. Pawnee 69 550,551. Group of two Pawnee chiefs 66 552,553. Group of four Pawnee chiefs „ 66 554,555. Baptiste Bahylle, Paivnee 67 556,537. Small Boy, Pawnee 67 558,5)59. Blue Hawk and Coming with the Herd, Paip«ee 67 660. Sky Chief, Pawnee , 67 561-506. Miscellaneous groups of Pawnees 67 567,568. Pawnee Indian village 68 116 NUMERICAL INDEX. \ ■»■■ 1 t f Page. 569. Pawnee mud lodge Gd 570,572. Pawnee pappooaea 69 573, 574. Groups of Pawnee chiefs 69 575. On a Fine Horse, Pawnee 67 576. Particular as to Time of day, Pawnee 67 577. The Sun Coming in, Pawnee 67 578. Behind the One who strikes first, Pawnee 67 579. Little Raven, Pawnee 67 580. White Horse, Pawnee 67 * 581. Rattlesnake, Pawnee 67 582. Fox, Paicnee 67 583. Acting like a Fox, PawHee --- 67 584. Beaver, Pawnee 67 585. Little Raven, Pawxee 67 586. As-sow-weet, Pawnee 67 587,588. Young braves, Pawnee 69 589. Ter-rer-e-ca w-wah. Pawnee 67 590. Long Dog, Patvnee 67 591. An old man, Pawnee 67 592. As-sow-weet and Sawka, Pawnee 67 593. Male Calf and Oa a Fine Horse, Paivnee 67 594. Rattlesnake and sqnaw, Pawnee 67 595. In the Front and squaw. Pawnee 67 596. Nice Horse, Pawnee 67 597. Good Bear, Pawnee 68 598. Beginning to go to War, Pawnee 68 599. Fox on the War-Path, Pawnee 68 600. Crow's Eyes, Pawnee 68 601. Medicine Bull, Pawnee 68 602. One who strikes the Chiefs first. Pawnee 68 603. Medicine Eagle, Pawnee 68 604. Driving a Herd, Paxonee 68 605. Medicine Antelope, Paionee 68 606. Good Buflfalo, Pawnee 63 607. Little Raven, Pawnee 67 608. One Seen by All, Pawnee 68 609. Ou a Fine Horse, Pawnee 68 610. Kuoe-Mark ou the Ground, &.C., Pawnee 68 611. BadMan, Pavmee 69 612. Growling Bear, Pawnee 69 613. Pueblo Indian from Taos 107 614-617. Indian girls and women from the pueblo of Taos 107 618. A Pueblo girl 107 619. APueblo man 107 620. APueblo girl 107 621,622. Pueblo men... 107 623-624. Pueblo women 107 625. APueblo man 107 626,627. Pueblo girls 107 NUMERICAL INDEX. 117 : WX 628-642. 643.' 644. 645, 646. 647. 648. 649. 650-651. 652. 653,654. 655, 656. 657, 658. 659, 660. 661, 662. 663, 664. 665, 666. 667-676. 677. 678. 679. 680-684. 685, 686. 687-688. 689-690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695-699. 700. 701. 705. 706,707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 725. 732, 733. 734, 735. 736, 7.37. 738,739. Page. Views in the Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico 107 Ambrosia Abeita, Pueblo ^ 106 Alejandro Padillo, Pueilo 106 Abeita and Padillo. ruehlo 106 Ambrosia Abeita, Pueblo 106 Alejandro Padillo, PneWo 106 W. F. M. Arny, Pneblo agent, Pueblo 106 Ascencion Rios, P(q)a go 91 Escbapa, Jj)ac/te 26 Laig Morague, Pima 91 Antonio Azul, Pima 91 Shoshone village in Sonth Pass ''^ War chief's tent, Shoshone village 76 Washakie and his warriors, Shoshone 76 Washakie, Shoshone 76 Views in a Shoshone village 76 Groups and miscellaneous portraits of Shoshones 77 Keokuk, sr.. Sac and Fox 17 Keokiik, jr., -Sac and Fox 17 Charles Keokuk, Sac and Fox 17 Keokuk, jr., an* Charles Keokuk, Sac and Fox 17 Moless, Sac and Fox 17 Sacapee, Sac and Fox 17 Moless and Sacapee, Sac and Fox 17 George Gomez, Sac and Fox j - 18 Dead Indian, Sao and Fox 17 The Sea, Sao and Fox 17 Big Bear, iS'ac and Fox • 17 Mokohoko, Sac and Fox 18 Manotowa, Sac andFox 18 George Gomez, Sac and Fox 18 Keokuk, jr.. Sac and Fox 17 Group of delegates. Sac andFox 18 Sac chief, Sac and Fox 18 Group of Sac and Fox chiefs, 5ac awe! Fox 18 Commissioner and delegates, Sao and Fox 18 Wa-wa-si-mo, Shaumee 19 F. A. Rogers, Shainiee 19 Charles Tucker, /SAawnee 19 Billy Boyrlegn, Seminole 97 A daughter of General Parker, Seneca 93 Bertram. Shawnee 19 Black Buffalo, Arickaree 63 Long Knife, Arickaree 63 Light Foot, ra»iA;. 960-9(53. NUMERICAL INDEX. Page. Flying Pipe, Yankton Dakota 43 Little Thunder, Yankton Dakota 44 Sacred Bull, Yankton Dakota 44 Flying Bird, Yankton Dakota 44 Chief with Big War Bonnet, Yankton Dakota 45 lie Kills First, Yankijn Dakota 44 Sacred Ghost, Yankton Dakota 44 Bear with a Big Voice, Yankton D-ikota 44 Pretty Rock, Yankton Dakota 44 One who Catches the Euenij', Yankton Dakota 44 One who Walks Home, Yankton Dakota 44 Bear that Walks Lying Down, Yankton Dakota. 44 The Bear that Turns Around, Yankton Dakota 44 Long Foot, Yankton Dakota 43 Medicine Bull, Yankton Dakota 44 Bird Chief, Jrajj'ifto 100 Maza-o-zan-zan, Dakota 45 Iron Elk, Dakota 45 Ooose, Blavkfeet Dakota 34 Iowa chief 48 Group of L)wa8 48 Rod Owl, Dakota 45 Cut Nose, Dakota 45 Iron Shooter, Dakota 45 Tall Feather Joining, Dakota 45 Medicine Bottle, Dakota , 45 Plenty, Dakota 45 Colorado, Utah 83 Choctaw boys 98 Choctaw gi rls 98 Blackt'oot and st^uaw. Crow 30 Iron Bull and squaw, CVoir 30 Bear Wolf and 8([uaw, Crow 36 Old Crow and sijuaw, t'row 30 Blackfoot, Long Horse, and White Calf. Crow 30 Momukhpitche, Thin BoUy, and The One tb'it Leads the Old Dog, Crow 30 Blackfoot, Crow , 30 He Shows his Face, Crow 30 Old Onion, Crow 30 Group of chiefs. Crow 30 Group of squaws. Crow - 31 Inside view of a Crow lodge 31 Crow village, (adobe houses) 31 The Old Mission, or Crow Agency 31 Crow burial 31 Enoanipuient of Ute Indiana, near Denver 83 Utu Indians iu camp at Los Piuos 83 i i w i KUMERICAL INDEX. 121 Page. 9G5-974. Miscelliueoiis groups of Ute Indians ^3 975-976. VVal-aiks-ski-dat, Klamath °^ 977. YumnispoctiB, Klamath ^' 978. Olbathe, Rogue liiver ^ 979. Myrou Silverheels, Seneca ^ 980. Group of Senecas ^^ 981. Mathew Muaeater, JVyandot -^^ 982. Nicholas Cotter, Wyandot j|;* 983. Num-paj'U, Mo-ni 984-985. Tikh\y,Arapaho ^ 086. Street view in Tcwa, Moqui Fuebloa 1'^ 988. View of Gualpi, Moqui FuMos ^^^ 991. View in Shepaulavo, Moqiii Pueblos • IJJJ 992. Group of rueblogov-iuors..: } |] 993. Kalek, or OH-ario, Te»ucn/a jjl^ 994. AniVLW Magrand, Tpmicii/a ^"^ 0"5. John Cim,Tmicula ^"^'^ 1001. Little Shell, C7ii/)jueica * 1002. Little Bull, Ciiippiira ' 1003. SoiuethiuR Blown up by the Wind, Chippewa |' 1004. Thi. Mau who Knows how to Hunt, Chi2>pewa 9 1005. Lance, Maudan ^ 1006. Pushing War Eagle, J/«Hd«rk '»' 1007. Running Face, Mandan ^ 1008. Scar-faced Charley, Modoo ^^ 1009. Shaclnia8ty.)im,il/odor ^ 1010. Steamboat Frank, Modoc • 1011. Win-uenia, Modoo 1015. Antonio Jose Ateucio, P««'6/o J"|^' 1016. Antonio al Churleta, I'«c6?o *^, 1017. Juan Jesus Loo, Puehlo '* 1018. Group of Atencio, Churleta, and Loo, Pueblo 10^ 1019. Tdwa, Moqui Pueblos ^' 1020. House of the Capitan ofTewa, Moqui Puebloc 104 1021. Gualpi, Moqui Pueblos J 1022. Shepaulave, .yof/Hi Pueblos J"^ 1023. Mooshanave, Mo^jui Puebhr. '\^ 1024. Shemopave, .\/o(/Hi Pueblos | 1025. House of the Capitan, Shemopave, Moqui Pueblos 104 1027. Mauulito, Narajo 1028. Juanitu, Navajo 1029. Manulito Segundo, Xavajo 1030. Cayatanito, A'rirajo ' 1031. IJarbas Hueros, iSflni/o - ^^ 1033. CabraNegra, Xamjo 1033. Navbona Priuiero, Navajo 1034. Caruero Mucho, A'drn/o " 103-,, Grainula Mucho, Tienne-su-se, and Mariano, Navajo ^« 1038. juanitu and Governor Amy 1 122 1039, 1040. 1041. 1042. 1043. 1044. 1045. 1046. 1047. 1048. 1049. 1050. 1054. 1055. 1056. 1057. 1058. 1059. 1060. 1061. 1§62. 1063. 1064. 1065. 1068. 1069. 1070. 1071. 107-2. 1073. 1074. 1075. 1076. 1077. ineo. NUMERICAL INDEX. Page. Frank King, Ottawa 15 Joseph King, Ottawa 15 L. S. Dagnet, Ottawa 15 Rushing War Eagle, .iricfcaree 63 Black Fox, Anckarve 63 Bull Head, Arickaree « 63 Harrison Halftown, Seneca 92 Samuel Jimson, /Seneca 93 John Irving, Seneca 93 Caster Eed Eye, Seneca 92 J. C.\y. AdamH, Siockbridge 20 Jacob J.acobs, Stockbridge 20 Keheyakiu, Warm Spring 85 Oscar Mark, Wasco . 86 Ske-metze, Warm Spring 85 Semeo, Warm Sjn-ing 86 Cappolas, Warm Spring 85 Wayatatkin, Warm Spring .. ''S Stat-tla-ka, Wasco >'■(' Shaka, Warm S2)ring , 86 Klematchosuy, Wasco 86 Histo, Warm Spring 85 Chin-cbin-wet, Warm Spring 86 Lyman F. Fovrler, Brotherton 20 Sour Spittle, Chippewa.. 9 Bad Boy, Chippewa 10 The Boy, Chippewa 10 Anguste, Chippewa 10 Moose's Dung, Chippewa 10 Something in the air falling, Chippewa 10 ThesonofEssiniwub, Chippewa 1 Something beginning to sail off, Chippewa 1 A yellow-haired one sailing along, Chippewa ' 1 Like a Bird, Chippewa 1 John M. St. Cyr, WinnrMno 6 ! ADDENDUM. T List of negatives taken during the printing of the catalogue. 1081. Hde-d1-ska. White Eagle. PoNCA. Head chief. Age, 41 years ; height, 6 feet 2 inches ; circumference of head, 22^ inches ; circumference of chest, 38^ inches. 1082. Ta-tIu-ka-niJ-zhe. 'Standing Buffalo. Ponca. " Age, 44 years ; height, 5 feet 11^ inches ; circumfer- ence of head, 23 inches , circumference of chest, 42^ inches. 1083. Ma-0HtJ-nt5-zhe. Standing Bear. PoNCA. Age, 51 years ; height, 5 feet lOJ inches ; circumfer- ence of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 40 inches. 1084. TJmp-pa-tonga. Big Elk. Ponca. • Age, 36 years ; height, 5 feet OJ inches ; circumfer- ence of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 40 inches. 1085. Kh1-KA-s1pa. Black Croic. PoNOA. Age, 52 years; heiglit, 5 feet 8J inches; circumfer- ence of head, 22^ inches ; circumference of chest, 39.^ inches. 108G. Ma-gA-ska. White Sican. PoNOA. Age, 51 years ; height, 5 feet 8 inches ; circumfer- ence of head, 22^ inches ; circumference of chest, 39 inches. 1087. GraEGA. Big Chief. Ponca. Age, 41 years; l:eight, 5 feet lOJ inches; circumfer- ence of head, 23^ inches; circumference of chest, 10 inches. 1088. Shi^-dA-gA-KA. Smoke Maker. Ponca. Ago, 51 years ; height, 5 feet 9| inches ; olrcumfor- enco of head, 23^ inches ; circumference of chest, 42^ inches. 124 ADDENDUM. 1 1089. MACHtJ-HiNKTH-TA. Eairy Bear. PoNCA. Age, 40 years ; height, 5 feet 11| inches ; circumfer- ence of head,23J inches; circumference of chest, 38^ inches. 1090. Wase-1-tot^tga. Big Snake. PONCA. Age, 45 years; height, 6 feet 1^ inches; circumfer- ence of head, 24J inches ; circumference of chest, 43 inches. 1091. Charles Le Claie. Interpreter. French and Pouca half-breed. 1092. Baptiste Bumaby. Interpreter. Mother an Iowa and father an Otoe. 1093. Group of four chiefs and two interpreters of the Ponca delegare n. 1094. Group of all the members of the Pouca delegation in Washington, November 14, 1877 V 4 m 1 4