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Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 • 6 EIIG THE EIIGRATM % ■ 9 * CIRCIllAP. ; OH, COMPLETE HAND-BOOK AND GUIDE TO THB UNITED STATES; REINO ENGLAND AND AMERICA CONTRASTED. Price] OCTOBEB, 1848. [Twopence. CONTENTS. Introduction. page. England contrasted with the States 1 Constitution of America. — The English- man's Refuge 8 State Officers and Salaries .... 4 Great Mississippi described. — Education: its univers Uity 5 Fields for Agricultural and Manufacturing Employment .6 Eligibility of Prairies 7 General Fertility 8 Labourers' Food and Wages . . .10 Imports and Exports 13 What Trades are best . .14 Lowell ami Manufacturing Towns . 15 Apprenticeships; their tenure, &c. . 17 Climates, Effects on Health, &c. . . 18 The Seasons 19 Shipping, Provisions for Voyage.— General Institutions . . . . . -80 London and New York Line of Packets . 21 Something every Emigrant ought to know . 23 Seasons for leaving home . . .84 Hints about New Orleans.— Route and Pah- sage to New Orleans 85 i PAOK Cautions and Directions for Travelling on the Ohio.— Progress of Towns on ditto Route from New York to Pittsburgh.- Ta- ble of Distances between Pittsburgh and New Orleans, and Rates of Passage . Distances on the Upper Mississippi, and Rates of Passage.— Route and Distance from New York to Montreal, Canada.— Lake Erie and Upper Lake .SteamboaU; Prices of Passigeon Lake Erie.— Prices of Passage on tiie Upper Lakes . Table of Distamies to and from Buffalo, Clevtfland, Detroit, and Chicago. — Oswego Route to Ohio, Michagan, Wisconsin, Il- linois, &c., and to Canada West, and Rates of Passage.— From Otwcgo to Detroit, Milwaukie, Itbajlne, Southport, and Chi- cago.— God -in" .A.dvice to Emigrants Letter from .Mr. J. W. Dover. — Rate of Wages and Prices of Provisions at .Mobile. — Observations of Mr. J. Smyles Population of Cuiiada.— Emigration of Poor Persons ... .... 38 87 W iW 30 38 " This is one of those .small, cheap, but coinpri.'hensivt' bociku, the utility of which we are constantly pointing out. In fact, every intending emigrant should possess this admirable little wotk."—fFeekljf Ditpatch. " This work abounds with information. Kvery iuiiuircr (ibout the States should possess hims elf of Ik To praise this little work too highly wuri- impossible."— .1/or/twiif Adnertiner. " Every one who wishes to know anything about Amirica should buy this little book."— London Journal. LONDON: CLEAVE, SHOE LANE, FLEET STREET; MANN.Cornbill; ViOBBBi. Holywell-itreet; Poaglis, Compton-street ; Orakt, Cutl«-iqaAr«, Brjghtoa; Hiywood, Manohettar; SnirMBRD. Liverpool; .Naih, Bttk; OutsT. BUmiaghftDi; Franoi, NaweMtl«>oo>TyD«; Lovs, Olugow. m ^ m m REGULAR LINE OF PACKETS ■* ♦ ■. ThflM Ships vfll sail pxaetaaXLy m fbUowt : SlimN!tL4]!u>,A.t.^«T0]iu 31 Sept. ill#^ Sffla^^ SIR R0BXR7 PiffiElD.CteAowxoK ...... fiOst 6FlR^ ^ «f^i» BEYOKSHIRS. E. £. HoMAX 18 .. 18 .. 18 .. PRIKCB ALBERT. F. B. M>na . ......... 21 . . 21 . . 21 . . WESTMINSTER, 8. 0. Wioma M .. 28 .. 28 .. OLABLI.T0R, J. H. WnuAitt 6 Not. 6 Mar. 6 July NORTHUMBERLAND, R.H.Oiiifiroi9... 18 .. 18 .. 18 .. IND]iP^BENCB»W.k.Ba4D)»a 21 .. 21 21 .. MBj^ITwD.L^SilBl; ..«»... 28 .. 28 .. 28) ^. > LONDON, F. E. finutti> 6Deo. 8April 6Aiig. YICrrOREA, H. R. HoTBT 18 .. 18 .. 18 .. YORKTOWN, W. 8. Sawm. 21 .. 21 .. 21 .. flENDRK HUDSON,X Fii^n 38 .. .28 .. 28 .. WELLINOTON, R. L. BvlraJNd ^Jin. 6 May 6S«pt. MAROARBT EVANS, E. O. Tmxut ...... 18 .. 18 .. 18 .. And via Sail tnm Portemotttli o& the lit, 84i, 18th, and 24th of the reroedlifd iii6a|hi. For terma ofFMight or FaMam i^l^ to the Oomttanderi, on iNMod, in the Londoa Docket; to M^Miw. Babino Bbothbbs and Co. Merohaata, 8, Biahcmnate-atteet Witiiiii ; or to Fim.u*M, TtpimUDT, and Oo. 2, Royal Ex- chaiige«miildiiigs. ■■■■I ll■lll■^^■>^^^MN^^^■^^i^^■^^W^^^■■^^^^^^^^lW^^>»^■■*^«^^^^i^^-^^^^W^^■^^^■^^ ' " ■ ' ■ '■■ «• amoniiNi noNimAim vo iLvtvmA&sA. AT THE COLONIAL READING* ROOMS AND AGip^CY OFFIOB, 6, BM|e-7aid, Bueklenbury, City, all tiie nepnpapeiv.Pll)^ lished in the Aiii^Mian aett^eiaitnta oaa be seea oa paynMot of one ahuluaf; alao, aU the latest worlu^fuide-boolw, nuupa, Tiem, 4k»., of the G<4onieti The Ibttoidnffia a liit c^j^bMMa ftttm whl^ Nw ^tmth W«lM PrcvMiMSydaey, MaiUand, Panuaaatta, Moretoft Bay-* aeren dnkvei^ panen. AtulraUa Fi$m9r Pert PAiOip—Melboiinie, Oedong, and Portland Bay^ •eroip^ten. 89^ ii «M— Ate pi^eli^ JVmo 2M^Niil~Anok)a]id, WriUagtcm, Nclaon— five papen. Abo, all tile newtMpeia'ftom the Cape Colony, the Eaat and Weat ladiei, our North Ametiean P:ti 6 of Mexico on the south, and from the h%hlaiids of the Alleghany and Cumber*' land ranges on the east, to the Bocky Mountains far to the westward. " The greatest labour of Hercules, the noblest deeds recorded of man in ancient or modern history, sink to nought when compared to the doings of brother Jonathan. It was but as yesterday when he stood on the highest simi- mit of the Alleghany range, and gazing down upon the illimitable western , ^wUdemess, boldly resolved to people the whole extent ; and already cities, and towns, and villages, and innumerable clearances, are scattered over nearly a million of square miles. True to his purpose, Jonathan is progressing in a ratio of increase never before equalled ; and in the course of a centiiry, at the present increment, this great and most fertile field for the extension of the human race will contain a progeny exceeding the whole of the population of Europe. " This great river-land rises almost imperceptibly from the level of the Mexican gulf at New Orleans, to the neighbourood of the Canadian lakes, where it atains an elevation of nearly six hundred feet above the sea. It is comparatively a level country, with only gentle undulations, and, in some places to the westward, with rounded gravel hillocks relieving the uniformity. A great por- tion of it, like Upper Canada, consists of limestone strata covered with a pretty thick layer of diluvium, constituting a fertile ^d manageable soil. The eastern half was, fifty years ago, a continued forest of hard-wood trees, but in which numerous clearances have now been efiected by the industry of the settler and the demand for timber-fuel to the numerous steamers. To the west, beyond .the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri, a considerable portion of the country consists of prairies — extensive fields covered with tall rough grasses, and skirted by portions of forest. The absence of trees in these extensive meads has been variously accbimted for ; some attributing it to conflagrations (the most probable cause), some to the dryness of the climate. It is also not impos- sible that the graminese, thoug\ a comparatively small order of plants, may have greater power of occupancy than the treps in the locality, the rank grass . smothering the annual shoot rising from the forest-tree seed. These beautiful ., prairies, frequently wider than the eye can reach across, afibrd most excellent (Stations for the settlers who migrate thus far westward. They locate themselves in a circular ring around the margin of these flowery, grassy plains, where the forest belt afibrds plenty of timber for houses, enclosures, and fuel ; they culti- vate the nearer portion of the prairie, where not a stone is to be found, and nothing interferes with the ploughshare but the strong roots of the grassy sward; and they drive their herds to pasture a little farther into the interior of -what appears like a verdant sea. The pastoral life id far more desirable here than in British America, the winter being only about one-half as long as in the maritime provinces of St. Lawrence, or even in Upper Canada, while the hercu- lei n labour of removing the dense forest which covers nearly the whole of America to the eastward, is not required. Immense herds of wild cattle once fed upon these pastures ; but they, like the red Indian, have retired westward before the fire-armed European, and are now only to be found towards the base and amid the fastnesses of the Rocky Movmtains. This fine prairial country, were measures taken to destroy the wild dogs or wolves, might be rendered very productive of wool, the export of which down to New Orleans would be easUy accomplished. •• The great distinguishing features of the Mississippi Basin are the vast abundance of fine level land, capable cf supporting a very dense population, and the immense system of rivers ramifying through it, a number of the tribu- taries of the Mississippi flowing a distance of one thousand miles before they join the grand stream, and being conveniently navigable for nearly their whole course by steam-vessels. " The rivers are 'the highways, the lines of traftic, the land marks, the con- necting medium with the world of civilisation, the system of nerves by which the electric currer ; of opinion and social sympathy are transmitted Irom the more vital parts lu the extremities. In North America, a strong and constant tide of e The bo lects SO] own pr( Blue M than a t thing h: travellir encourai own hat "The natural slave po] becomin] populatit it will b power oy Judge America, emigrant " The 1 river-bot tage affor enclose i heavy pi soil. Th other lab year, the together 1 so as to ai the sun, . while un growing good; bu the labou wild gras light moi farming n a light so: for the fa plain of r other by requires 1 is often bi in the gre plements certainty in our opi in this coi stances, and raUs of Illinois in which . woodland calculatio other pui labours o the subje 2ompetiti tide of emigratiDn. is setting westward. There is a fascination in the wilderness. The bold young American of the north-eastern states chooses, a helpnr.ite, col- lects some clothing, takes up his rifle and hatchet, and, trusting entirely to his own prowess, marches off in the direction of the setting sun. He crosses the Blue Mountains, commits himself and mate to the i-ivers, and penetrates more than a thousand miles into the heart of the western wilderness. There is some- thing highly exciting and grateful to youthful daring and independence in travelling onwards in search of a futuie home, and having found some sweet, encouraging spot, in the bosom of the wilderness, in rearing everything by one's own handiwork. " The superior means of communication in this region, and the absence of natural and artificial barriers, as it is being occupied, with the exception of the slave population southward, by one race speaking one language, dispose it for becoming the seat of one very great empire, perhaps exceeding the Chinese in population, while, from the superior energy of the race, and higher civilisation, it will be incomparably superior to the Chinese in national influence, and in power over the future destinies of man." Judge Hall, as quoted by Buckingham in his lately-publi',hed travels i» America, thus dcbcribes the eligibility of these prairies tor the purposes of thei emigrant : '* The settler may always select, on our prairies, land as fertile as the richest river-bottoms, and by settling in the edge of the timber, combine every advan- tage afforded by the latter. He finds the land already cleared, and has only to enclose it. The labour of bringing it into cultivation is already trifling. A heavy plough and a strong team are required the first year, to turn over the soil. The corn is dropped in the furrows, and covered with a hoe, and no other labour is bestowed upon it until it is fit to gather, because, during that year, the corn cannot be tended in the ordinary way, as the sod, already bound together by the fibrous roots of the grass, is merely turned, and not pnlvsrised so as to admit of tillage. But by turning the grass down, exposing the roots to the sun, and leaving the sod undisturbed, it becomes mellow in one season, and while undergoing the process of decomposition, it affords nourishment to the growing corn. The crop thus raised is not abundant, nor is the grain very j good ; but something like half the usual crop is raised, which amply pays for the labour of planting and gathering. By the ensuing spring, the roots of the wild grass are found to be completely rotted, and the plough is put into a rich, light mould, fit for all the purposes of husbandry. The ordinary operations of farming may now be conducted in the usual way ; and the labour of cultivating I a light soil unencumbered with rocks and stumps is so trifling, as to leave time I for the farmer to improve his lands and buildings. The plough runs on a level I plain of rich mould, and may be managed by a half-grown lad as well as in the other by the strongest ploughman. In timber-lands newly-cleared, ploughing J requires both strength and skill : the plough must be sharpened frequently, and lis often broken ; and at the best the ploughing goes on slowly. The difference, I in the greater facility of working prairie lands, the saving in the wear of aU im- Iplements of husbandry, the economy of time, and of course the greater degree of Icertainty in the farmer's calculations, tho enjoyment of health, are so great ae, (in our opinion, to outweigh any inconvenience which can possibly be experienced lin this country for the want of timber, even under the most unfavourable circum- btances. A farmer had better settle in the midst of a prairie, and haul his fuel land rails five miles, than undertake to clear a farm in the forest. The farmers [of Illinois are beginning to be awai'e of this, and there are now many instances in which farmers, having purchased a small piece of land for timber, in the kvoodland, make theii iarm isi the j" J-airie. It is only necessary to make a nice Jcalculation of the time consumed \a thi transportation of wood for fuel and [other purposes, and to observe how small a proportion it bears to the other labours of a farm, in order to satisfy himself, or any one at all acquainted with the subject, that it is really a matter of no importance when brought into sompetition with the advantages of a prairie country. • ,'ti ) El i ! ( ' 8 " People will not for ever make -n'orm fences, live in log cabins, and warm themselves by log-heaps built up in great wooden chimnies, which occupy nearly the whole gable-end of the house. In the open champaign country it is not possible that the planting of hedges can long be delayed. If they can be used with advantage in any country, they certainly will succeed in ours. The climate is well adapted to the English whitethorn ; and we have several indige- nous thorns which are admirably suited to the purpose. The conformation of the country and its fertility render it easy to plant, to cultivate, to protect, and to perpetuate the hedge ; and every circumstance combines to recommend this mode of enclosure. In the great part of the prairie region, building-stone can- not be had ; but in such places brick may always be substituted by those who want to build good houses. The stratimi of clay which is found tmder our soil is well suited for brick-making, and, in such places, can be obtained by re- moving the light covering of loam which forms the surface. As for fuel, there is no difficulty. No part of this country has been explored in which coal does not abound ; that is to say, there is no extensive district without it. It is found in the broken lands and bluff banks of all our watercourses, and though seldom met with within the area of a prairie, it abounds on the borders of all the streams which meander among these plains. That it has not been brought into use at all is a proof of what we have asserted ; viz., that wood is abundant. Whenever the farmer shall discover that his forest-trees have become more valuable, and worth preserving, he will have recourse io those inexhaustible stores of fuel which nature has treasured up in the bowels of the earth." The same authority gives a full description of the present condition of the states in this vast regipn ; from which it is to be inferred that Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio present the greatest attractions for the agricultural settler who has strength and nerve enougl to face the initiatory difficulties of these, as yet, thimy- peopled but inviting regions. " The state of Illinois presents to the farmer a combination of advantages, in reference to its productions, which arc scarcely to be met with in any other country. Situated in the same latitude with Pennsylvania and Virginia, it yields all the products which arrive at maturity in those states, while its inte- rior position protects it from the extremities and vicissitudes of climate which are felt upon the sea- coast, where the warmth of spring is chilled by storms rushing from snow-clad moimtains, and the ocean-breeze, sweeping at all seasons over the land, produces sudden changes, and often reverses, for a time, the order of the seasons. Although we are not exempt from the operation of such casualties, we believe there is no country where the just expectations of the farmer are so seldom blighted as in ours. We may plant early or late— we carry on the business of husbandry throughout the whole year, and we find but few days at any one time in which the labourer may not be usefully employed. We have the advantage of various climates, without suffering greatly from tiiieir inclemency, •• Wheat, rye, barley, buck- wheat, oats, hemp, flax, turnips, and Irish pota- toes, all of which arrive at perfection in more northern climates, succeed well here. The latter, particularly, attain a degree of size and excellence that we have never seen exceeded, and the crops yield abundantly. The produce of the potatoe crop is from twenty to tr enty-fuurfold. No crop pays in quantity and quality more than this, ior careful cultivation. The crops raised vary from one himdred and futy to eight hundred bushels to the acre. The latter, however, is an extraordinary crop. The turnip is raised only for the table, but produces well. With regard to wheat there is some diversity of opinion, not whether this grain will ^ow, but whether it is or is not produced in this country in its flrealeat perfection. We are inclined to adopt the affirmative of this proposition. It is true that our crops vary much ftoth in quantity and quality of produce ; but we arc satisfied that the disparity arises from the degree of care bestowed on the culture. Our husbandry is yet in a raw stat . Wheat is often sowed in new land but partially cleared, often upon corn-g»^>un i but badly prepared ; often covered carelessly with the plough, without ar.j e.l.empt to pulverise the soil, and very generally in fields which have produced an abundant crop of grass and weeds the preceding autumn. Few of our farmers have bams or thrashing- floors : the grain is preserved in stacks, and trodden out, at considerable loss and damage, upon the ground. With all these disadvantages, excellent crops are raised, and the grain is remarkably good. We learn, from most respectable authority, that the wheat produced m Illinois and Missouri is better taan any produced in the other states : it is worth more to the baker, and the bread made from it is lighter and more nutritious. The fact is attributed to the richness of the soil and the dryness of the atmospliere : the former cause brings the grain to its greatest state of perfection, while the latter protects it from all those injuries which moisture produces. " Hemp and flax grow well ; the fonner has been cultivated very extensively, and with success, in Kentucky, for many years, and the product is said to be of excellent quality. It is raised with the greatest success in the counties around Lexington. The quantity of nett hemp produced to the acre is from six hun- dred to a thousand weight ; the price of the lint, when prepared for the manu- facturer, has varied from 3 to 8 dollars for the long hundred. The average from 4 to 5. '• We have the grape, plum, crab-apple, cherry, persimmon, gooseberry', mul- berry, strawberry, raspberry, paw-paw, and blackberry growing wild. Ot these the grape is the most important, and perhaps the most abundant. It is found in all tJ)4i Western States, and in every variety of soil ; in the prairies it is inter- woven with every thicket, and in the river bottoms it climbs to the top of the tallest trees. The vine is very prolific, and the fruit excellent. Indeed, we do not know of any part of the United States where the vine, the native grape, flourishes so luxuriantly. We know of one gentleman who made twenty-seven barrels of wine in a single season, from the grapes gathered, with but little la- bour, in his immediate neighbourhood. The French who first settled in this country are said to have made a wine resembling claret, which was so good that the merchants of Bordeaux used exertions to prevent its exportation, and procured an edict to that eflect." The yeomen of the United States, especially the more settled portions of them, are described by the traveller most highly esteemed, as being, beyond compa- rison, the most independent and comfortable race of men anywhere to be foimd. They constitute the real strength of American society. ]\Ir. Buckingham, in his account of his recent travels in America, has given a vivid picture of the general condition and usual pursuits of the farming class, as he witnessed them while on a visit to a friend at Ballston Centre, in the state of New York, from which we take the following extract : •' We remained at this agreeable and happy abode for about ten days, in the full enjoyment of the most delightful weather, pleasant rides ara walks, books, and occasional visits, and fr&iik-hearted and intelligent entertainers, full of elevated thoughts and benevolent feelings, and never more happy than while projecting plans and indulging hopes for the improvement of the condition of society. ** During our stay at Mr. Delevan's, we had an opportunity of visiting many of the neighbouring farmers, and receiving visits from others, with their fami- lies, as well as inspecting the condition of many of their farms, and becoming acquainted with the circumstances of the farm labourers ; for we were now en- tirely in the country, several miles from any town, and among people wholly devoted to agricultural lue. •• In the general appearance of the surface of the country, England is far superior to America. Thti great perfection to which every kind of cultivation has there attained ; the noble mansions of the wealthy gentry . the fine parks and lawns ; the beautiful hedge-row fences ; the substantial stone farm-houses and out-bui!dingH, and the excellent roads and conveyances which are seen in almost every part of Ei^gland, are not to be found here. But though in these outward appearances American farming dis^ncts are inferior to England, yet in all the s'lbstantial realities the superiority i on the side of America. >'' 10 " In America, the occupier of a farm, whether large or small, is almost inva- riably the awner, and the land he cultivates he can therefore turn to -what pur- pose he considers it the most fitted for ; hence all the disagreeable di£Perenccs between landlords and tenants — the raising of rents, after expensive and labo- rious improvements ; or ejectments for voting at an election, or interference in parochial affairs, in a way not pleasing to the lord of the soil — together with the interference of clerical magistrates, so fertile a source of annoyance in England, are here unknown. There being no tithes here, great or small, for the support of a state clergy, all that large class of troubles growing out of tithe disputes :i;.d ;i:iij cunipoaitions are here unheard of. The labourers being fewer than are required, and wages being high, there are neither paupers nor poors' -rates, and neither workhouses nor gaols are requii-ed for the country population, since abundance of work and good pay prevent poverty, and take away all temptation to dishonesty. There being no ranks or orders, such as the esquire or baronet, the baron and the eari, the marquis and the duke, each to compete with and outvie the other in outward splendour, which so often lead to xnward embar- rassment, as in England, the country residents are free from foolish ambition, which devours the substance of so many at home ; and all those idle disputes and distinctions about old families and new ones — people of high and people of low birth, country families and strangers, which so perplex the good people of England, when a country meeting or a country ball takes place, so as to set persons in their right place — to admit some and exclude others, &c., are here happily unthought of. The consequence is, that with more sorts of pleasure and fewer of dissatisfaction, the American country gentry and farmers are much better off, and much happier than the same class of people in England ; ' and in short scarcely anything ever occurs to ruffle the serenity of a country and happy life in tlie well settled parts of America. " If the contrast is striking between the American and English farmer, it is still more so between the iarm labourers of the two cotm tries. In England it is well known what miserable wages the farm labourers receive — ten to twelve shillings perhaps the average." (The highest, it should be.) " "What scanty fare they are obliged to subsist upon. Flesh meat once or twice a week at the most ! And how perpetually they stand in danger of the workhouse, with all their anxiety and strife to avoid it ; with no education themselves, and no desire to procure any for their children. Here (America) there is not a single labourer on the farm who receivefi less than a dollar a day, or twenty-four shillings per week, while many receive more ; and those that are permanently attached to the farm receive that sum, or equal to it, throughout the year. And where they are residents on the farm, they have as good living as prosperous grades- men in the middle ranks of life enjoy in England. Three substantial meals a day, and in hay and harvest time four, with abundance and variety at each. At the same rime they enjoy the advantage of excellent schools for the education of their children, almost gratuitously ; neatbttle cottages lor themselves and fami- lies to live in ; a little plot of ground for gardening, and privileges in great number. " The consequence is, that the farm labourers and their families are well fed, well dressed, well educated in all the ordinary elements of knowledge, intelli- gent ill conversation, agreeable in manners, and as superior to the corresponding class in England as all those advantages can indicate. '• On Mr. Delevan's own farm, there was scarcely a labourer who had not money placed out at interest. " It may also be mentioned, that in the farming district in and around this spot (Uallston C-'ontre), where, from the influence exerted by Mr. Delevan, and the spread of the temperance publications, tlie practice of total abstinence from all that will intoxicate is neaily universal, the health and longevity of the population is greater than in any other part of the country. The deaths do not roach two per cent, per annum, varying from one to six-tenths to one to eight- tenths. The ages extend to eighty and ninety ordinarily ; and by the latest examination of the labouring people, it was iitcertaincd there was only one person in 1152 receiving pecuniary relief, as being unable to Bubsist himself. rence in U " The greatest difference of all, however, between the agricultural population of England and that of America, is to be seen in their relative degrees of intel- ligence. In England none, I presume, will deny the fact of the farmers and farm labourers being among the least intelligent and most uneducated portion of the population ; here, on the contrary, they are among the most informed. A great number of the occupiers of farms are persons who, having been successful in business in cities, have retired at an early period of life, bought an estate, take delight in cultivating it on their own account for income; and, as from four to ten per cent, is realised on farming capital, where carefully attended to, it is at once a safe and profitable investment. " These gentlemen, having a good deal of leisure, little parish business to^ attend to, and a taste for books and love of information, read a great deal more than the busy inhabitants of commercial cities, and have the power of exercising their judgment and reflection more free from the bias of party views and secta- rian feslings, than those who live in large commercial cities. Their previous education and ample means dispose others also to works of benevolence ; and the consequence is, that while their conversation is more intelligent, and their manners greatly superior to the English farmers generally, they devote a large portion of their time and means to the establishment of Sunday schools, district schoob, societies for mutual improvement, country libraries, temperance socie- ties, savings' banks, and, in short, everything that can elevate those below them, and make them happier in t) Av stations. " It is true thciC are no taverns, as in the market towns of England, to absorb . half the profits made at market, by the drinking of the buyers and sellers, as is the case with the English farmers ; and as their mode of visiting and enter- taining is social and economical, families are continually interchanging evening visits with each other, to take a cup of tea, ice cream, sweetmeats, or other delicacies, but withoxit spirits or wine, beer or cider ; retiring early, and all coming or going in vehicles adapted to their own means, from gigs and phaetons to carriages and family wagons ; for there is no tax nor duty on carriages, harness, or servants, all being free to ride or walk as suits their pleasure." Much of the preceding is, no doubt, inapplicable to the situation of the farmer in the more thinly, peopled and remote states ; but, though the refinements and means of intellectual enjoyments of the older states may be lacking, the same abundance of the materials requisite to physical comfort are to be found. No one need " die by starvation," and the other good things will follow in due time. TRADES, WAGES, ANB THEIU RELATIVE VALUE. With I'ospect to trades, it is obvious that the older states offer scope for a greater variety of occupations than the new ones ; but, for all belonging to the mechanic arts, or which in any way are recommended by utility, there is a cer-r tainty of ready employment, and, in almost all cases, better pay than in this country. Indeed, those trades which are with us considered inferior, and therefore most indifferently remunerated, are, in America, held in the greatest estimation. The emigrant s chance of employment and good wages is, however, much increased in proportion as he removes from the seaboard towns, into which the vast tide of foreign labour is continually flowing, and therefore necessarily producing a glut in the market, and its concomitant consequences, comparative scarcitj^ of work and inferiority of remuneration. But on this head wo shall have occasion to speak more fully when we come to give personal directions to emigrants. The folic wing trades are nil good, and certain of meeting with good encourage- ment : — bricklayers, masons, stonecutters and marble polishers, carpenters, painters, plasterers, blacksmiths, whitesmiths, coachsmiths and locksmiths, tin- plate and sheet-iron workers, tailors, shoemakers and hatters, saddlers, harness makers, trunk and leather case makers, coach niiikers and it3 accompanying trades, turners, carvers and gilders, shi]! builders, and all the trades connected with that branch of industry may be saul to be the best employed and remune- rated in the states; wheelwrights, coopers, millwrights and mechanics. These i \¥- if 12 are all decidedly good trades. The wages in those first enumerated vary from 10 to 16, 17, and even in some of them as high as 20 dollars per week; the general average, however, may be taken at about 10 or 12 dollars, or from £2 28. to £2 lOs. sterling. The trades connected with the letter-press printing and ornamental work are, with few exceptions, scarcely so good as those just enumerated ; still, they pre- sent an average not materially different. Copper-plate printing is paid fox exceedingly well, and in general there is plenty of work ; wages from 12 to 15 dollars, superior hands may earn from 18 to 20 per week. Die-sinking is a good business, and well remunerated. Goldsmiths and jewellers, or manufacturing jeirellers, as they are called in the States, is, perhaps, in all its branches the trade most favourably situated, both in respect to wages and certainty of work. In New York, 12, 16, and 18 dollars are customary wages. Brush making is a fair trade in nearly all the states. Glass cutting, blowing, and casting are pretty brisk trades, and* fairly remunerated. Gardeners meet with good encourage- ment, especially in the neighbourhood of the principal cities of the eastern states. Shopmen, clerks, piano- forte makers, gun makers, watch makers, litho- graphers, cutlers, and upholsterers are rather inferior businesses in the prospect they offer of permanent or extensive employment or large remuneration. The shopmen and clerks are, indeed, paid at a less rate than common labourers. For these latter, the United States offer a tempting field. According to a valuable work entitled the "Mechanic's and Labourer's Guide," issued by C. Knight — to which we are indebted for the information we have condensed in the preced- ing paragraphs — it appears that : •• In all parts of America there ara fair prospects of employment for the foreign labourer. The Atlantic or larger cities are, to be sure, the best places ; but go where he will, he is certain almost of meeting with it. In these cities he will get also the highest rate of wages, being upon the average about one dol- lar a day ; but as his expenses are increased in proportion, this sum is no greater benefit to him than a smaller amount would be in most places in the in- ttrior. The wages of the labourer in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore are much about the same, perhaps a trifle higher in the first of these cities. In other parts of the states, however, they differ very much in rate of ay ; but as they differ materially also in the rate of general expenses, it will be bund, in the end, perhaps, as befoi'e stated, that the advantages are about equal. '• In the southern states and cities, the labour of this class of persons is deci- dedly at a premium ; but there are in those parts a multitude of drawbacks to it. Perhaps there is no employ so good, all the year round, as that of the public works, which are constantly proceeding in some parts or other of the various states. Here the labourer gets t'le fullest amount of wages, can live cheap, meets with few temptations to spend his mr'ney, being mostly away from towns and cities, and is enabled in everything to keep down his expenses. There are few who are employed on these works v.'ho, moderately temperate and com- monly careful, do not, at the expiration of their engagements, leave with consi- derable sums of money in their possession. " In the eastern Atlantic cities, ship nnd wharf labourers, for whom there is a great demand, get the highest rate of pay. They formerly had but one doJlar and a quarter per day ; but at the time of the grc-ut strike they obtained an ad- vance of twenty-five centra day, making nine dollars a week. As well as being an abundance, there i^ also a great variety of employ in the United States for the labourer. Builduig, quarrying, stone work, excavation, levelling, and lay- ing out of streety, making docks, quays, jetties, piers, or slips, filling in of waters, making out of land, digging drama, welU, sewers, canals and railroads, and common roads, paving, &t., are operations constantly carrying on in all American cities, either by contractorB, corporations, the several states, or the general government. These are the works on which the Irish labourer is gene- rally engaged ; Scotch and English are mostly assistants in agricultural pur- suits, for which from 8 to 12 dollars a month, and board, are given. The latter I 13 also are the persons who are employed chiefly in the lahouring work belonging to trades, the pay for which varies from one dollar to a dollar and a quarter per day. ♦• It is in the seaboard cities of the southern states, as Charleston, Mobile, Savannali, and New Orleans, or some of the interior places, as Natchez, Vicks- burgh, and others up the great Mississippi, where the labourer is accustomed to receive the high rate of remuneration for his servicer so frequently alluded to by many writers, and which is too frequently taken by this class of persons as the standard for their general pay, an error which in fact it takes them but a very little time to discover. There, however, one and a half and two dollars are readily obtained, and, at particular times and certain seasons of the year, much more. All in this capacity therefore are enabled, with ordinary steadiness, and in spite also of the comparative dearness of most things in these parts of the United States, to save a good deal of money ; but the climate is bad, and a labourer, exposed as he is so much to its vicissitudes, cannot long continue in active em- ploymt nt. With the greatest care his health soon becomes impared, and he is obliged almost invariably to return to the eastern or the north-western parts of the states to recruit it. Little, therefore, is gained in the end, unless with the most careful management. Moderate wages in the eastern states, and steady employment, which in most cases can be procured at least for the greater part of the year, are always to be preferred." The manufactures of the United States are rapidly progressing in magnitude and in improved processes. According to the census taken in 1839-40, it appears there were at that time 1240 factories employed in the cotton trade alone, of which the largest number are situated, in Massachusetts 279, Rhode Island 209, Connecticut 116, New York 117, Pennsylvania 106. The entire number of spindles in these establishments is 2,284,681. Value of articles manufactured annually, 46,850,453 dollars. Number of persons employed, 72,119 ; and the capital invested, 51,102,359 dollars. Mr. Buckingham states, that : " In 1815, America exported 2,800,000 dollars' worth of cotton goods. In 1826 and 1827, she exported 20,000 bales of her cotton manufactures round the Cape of Good Hope to India and China, and 300,000 bales to the markets of South America. But it is not in the cotton manufacture alone that America is advancing; in 1836, she had 17,000,000 of sheep and lambs; in 1838, 20,000,000, the mere wool of which, reckoning each fleece at 31bs., would give no less a quantity of wool than 60,000,000ibs., the whole of which is manufactured there." The same writer gives an account of the bleaching works and cotton mills at Providence, Rhode Island, which we extract as affording a striking contrast to the statements '•especting the condition of our own manufacturing population Mr. Buckingham says : *• I was shown unreservedly, by one of the proprietors, through the entire works. *' The building in which the works are carried on is of great extent, standing on the edge of the open piece of water called the Cove, which lies opposite to the upper or norm end of Providence. Capital invested, 250,000 dollars, and the number of men employed, 200. Unbleached cl )ths from all parts of the States are sent here to be bleached, beetled, &c., and finished. " The reputation in which the domestic manufactures of America are held all along the coasts of South America, and in the islands of the Pacific, for their great strength and durability, as compared with English goods of the same class, is lust like the estimation in which India muslin, ciilicoes, and chintzes were held ill England, some years ago, as compared with Glasgow and Manchester goods ; and both were well founded, because not only was great labour bestowed on their fabrication, but the best material was also used, and they were conyp"* quently rendered much more durable. The knowledge of this fact has set out tricksters to work, not to do away with taxation, that we may make as good an article, but fraudulently to put on the American marks, aii d in every other 5' 1^ r 14 way, save in quality, imitate their goods, that they may sell as American manu factured goods in the South American markets and in the islands of the Pacific " The appearance of order, cleanliness, and comfort which reigned throughout the whole was very striking, and greater, I thuik, than woidd be found in any similar establishment in England. " We next visited the cotton mills recently erected by a company of capitalists here, and nov/ in full and profitable operation. I had seen most of the large cotton mUls in Manchester, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham, and Preston, as well as in Glasgow, and was familiar to all the processes used in them ; and I expected to find everything used in the American mUls inferior to what I had seen in the English ones. I was surprised, however, to iind this in aU things equal, and in many superior, to any similar establishment I had seen at home. •• The edifice M'as brick, but not wearing that prison-like appearance as the most of the factories in England ; in fact, it looked more like some government offices, and formed more of ornament than deformity to the part of the city in which it is erected. " In the interior we were conducted over every floor, from the base to the attic, and saw all the operations, from the hoisting in the bales of raw cotton, to the last finish of the finest thread ; as well as the department in which all the machinery used in the works is made and repaired : everything appeared to us in the highest possible order, and the works to be conducted with the greatest skill and attention. In the several rooms in which the people were at work, more attention r.ppeared to be paid to cleanliness, neatness, and orna- ment, than in English mills ; while the persons employed were all better dressed, and evidently hi a condition of greater comfort, than the same class of factory operatives in England. There are employed, in the whole, about three hundred persons, two hundred of whom are men and one hundred women, with very few boys. " The wages of the smiths, &c., employed in making the machinery average a dollar and a half a day, though many receive two dollars, and some more. The spinners average a dollar a day, and the overseers a dollar and a half. The women average half a dollar, and some three quarters, and the more skilful will get a dollar. There were very few married women at work, as it is thought discreditable to the husband that the wife should do anything but look after his domestic affairs, and attend to her children at home. •' The hours of work, exclusive of meals, are ten in the winter and eleven in summer ; and as there are no very young children employed, the hours of labour are uniformly the same for all ages. Among the young girls of the factory the greater number of them were extremely pretty, and some were rt »Jy beautiful ; and all were as well dressed as milliners and mantua- makers in England. •' The greatest respect appeared to be paid to them by their employers, as well as by the overseers and others with whom the\ had to communicate ; and this respect was the better secured by the females all working together in cer- tain rooms, and the males in certain others, so as to ensure a general separa- tion of the two sexes during their labour. " I have reason to believe that the character and condition of this class of work people in America is greatly superior to ^at of the same class in Britain. For this there are a number of causes : one is the fact that the taritf' of protecting duties enables the manufacturer to give better wages, and yet realize better profits than are made in England, out of which he can afford to bestow many ornaments and comforts which a more limited profit would oblige him to ciirtail. Another cause is, that the men and women are better educated, whil children have more self-respect, are more temperate, more moral, and conse- quently more prudent. •• The result of this was, that these work people aimost iuA'ariably did not draw the whole of their wages, but left a surplus in the handa of their employers till the year end, when they would draw very frequently a hundred dollars, and the women from sixty to seventy. These sums they invest at interest, and the accumulation of two or tluec years would enable young men to buy 15 themselves a house, another year to furnish it ; when they would get married, when they would continue to pull together, one managing the income depart- ment, and the other the domestic, increasing in respectability and comfort, until, not unfrequently, the workman becomes a master on a small scale. Many who are now rich capitalists in Khc»de Island, have risen from such a beginning as this, •' Only saw one pawnbroker's- shop in all Providence. " The people appear generally to be more robust, ruddy, and healthy, than those of Boston and Now York. The dryness of the sandy and gravelly soil, the excellence of the water for diinkiwg, and the sheltered state of the town. from bleak easterly winds, may ;all contribute to this ; for the climate is more soft and more mild than it is in New England, generally, and neither the heats of summer nor the colds of winter are felt in such extremes at Providence as they are in the other cities of the north. " Lowell is called the Manchester of America. Some thirty years ago, it was a desert ; its forests echoed no sound but that of the cataract ; and this Lowell now spins and manufactures forty thousand bales of cotton per annum. There is a concentrated water power, amounting to five thousand horse power, which, equals one half of the water power of Great Britain." These general statements might suffice to show that the general condition of the labouring- classes is far superior to that of the same class in this couuK„^ But we promised to show the relative value of wages, by showing wha*^ they will bring out of the market. The following data will perhaps e'^^^ble the reader to form a sufficiently conclusive opinion on this head. It ^''^ ^j^g general we might almost say the universal custom of the unmarried '^'^ople*^and -^rv fre- quently of the married also, to live in boarding-houp'*-j,_ The following mfor- mation on this subject, from Mr. Knight's •• f^':,^ae" will be valuable • •« There are various rates of boarding \^ ^11 places, but it would be useless here to refer to any but those wV-;/^,! concern the working man. and, as th- gub- ject IS of importance. ^Ji ViU be better to risk being charged with t':aiousne8s than den^^^7icy of information. In any ot the principal eastern cities he may meet with very good boarding for two dollars and a half, qj lOs. 6d. sterling per week ; bat for thiee dollars or three dollars and a half, he can get first-rate fare at all the mechanics' -houses, which will suit hi:ji much better than those which have the -eputaiion of being a step higher, and for which he would have to pay four or five dollars. At the higher chr^g houses he would undoubtedly receive a greater share of attention, have bp^ter accommodation, and obtain some delicacies at table which itwould'be urjeasonable to expect at the cheaper ones ; but he certainly does not stand in need of the latter, and should remember he has to pay dearly for them. The medium-rate houses, therefore, are in every respect the best adapted tor him ; ho will at those places get good substantial fare much better suited to him, and will, generally spealdng, find just enough accommo- dation for his purposes. " There are three meals in the day, and, at each meal, meats are provided — at least at mechanics' boarding-houses. Hot vegetables are also served up, as well for the first and last meals as at dinner. At breakfast, the meats of the previous day, if any be left, are hashed or rather minced together with the cold vegetables, and put on the table hot ; pork or mutton chops, beef steaks, or sausages, occasionally salt mackerel, shad, and other fish, and that which is con- sidered a great relish, if not a delicac)-, by most native Americans— fried bullock's liver; new or rather smoking hot bread, and rolls and butter, with cofiFee, com- plete the service. At dinner, joints various, sometimes with fish, other times poultry ; vegetables are in great variety, some of rather a novel kind to the foreigner, amongst which the most general and by no means the most inferior, so soon as accustomed to it, is the Carolina or sweet potatoe ; also squash, a fiuit-like vegetable, and boiled Indian corn, a downright delicacy when of pro- per growth ; egg-plant, vegetable marrow, &c., the lutcer-named articles depend- ing, of course, upon the summer seaaon. Pies, puddings, and tarts of various kinds, are also invariably set on the table, and conclude the meal, and occasion- it t if' 16 ally coffee is supplied, but seldom anything elise ; never beer as a beverage^ At* tea, 01 supper rather— for both terms are used — the cold meats from dinner are served up, and, as a relish in meats, dried or smoked beef cut or rather shaved very thin, and eaten uncooked ; salt fish, also, sweet cakes, sweetmeats, as marmalades, &c., stewed peaches, pears, and other fruits, new bread again,, and tea instead of coffee, as at breakfast. At both the first and last, and indeed all meals, a plentiful supply of apple -sauce is mostly to be found, sometimes peach-sauce— made in the summer of fresh fruits, in the winter of dried. In, the proper season, radishep, pepper-grass, onions, cucumbers, and at all meala during the whole of the year, boiled beet-root, plain or in vinegar. " This is the customary fare at Rouses of this description ; as before stated* some are much better than others, and if the mechanic fail in obtaining what ia satisfactory at one place, it is really his own fault if Jie does not get it at another."" One great drawback to the enjoyment of these good things ia the helter-skel- ter, hot haste in which they are disposed of. Almost as soon as things are served up, they are gone, and in general each person rises with the last mou^- ful ; the stranger must of course follow the example. Another inconvenience is the want of domestic accommodation in the evenings ; a place to while away time must be sought for in the tavern, or other places of public resort ; and this, ^'jh washing, mending, &c., increases the sum total of the weekly expenditure. With C^^ ^^'*» however, a considerable surplus remains in the hands of the young unmarricv. \ man. Housekeeping, by married people in the cities, is, in conse- quence of rei.* ^"^ other matters, nearly as high as at home, in similar circum-^ stances; but in ill" co""try» of course this is materially lessened, and, in both cases, the wages received )^^''^ » surplus in the hands of the workman. " The Mechanic's and Labourer's UuJ'^® '^^ ^o™® statements on the situation in Which a mechanic with a large family iJ placed, which we deem most important to be generally known. It states that : <• -i j i. v • i «' In America, whatever be the extent of a man's nt.TJ'y. and whether girls or boys, they >rill not ho found the very heavy burthen they too irtH--'^"y ^^^ }^ old countries. Except in the difiiculty of getting them over there, number will be no disadvantage, owing to the constant demand there is for their serviceSi It is the custom to send children out to employment at the early age of nine or ten years, and very desirable situations, with fair remuneration, may readily be obtained for them. It is plain, therefore, that they are likely to be a benefit rather than at^ incumbrance to the parent, as soon as they are at all able to be employed. There may be said to exist also a prejudice in favour of " old country " children, the same as for adult help, particularly in the cases of females. In advertising for female aid, a customary plan upon most occasions is lo specify that English or American would be preferred, or that none other need apply. Girls from the age of eleven and twelve are sought after as day-helps, either to nurse children or attend about house, getting from half a dollar to a dollar a week, and board ; while the adult female help (there are no servants in America) will get from five to eight dollars a month, and every necessary. Oirls are also em- ployed in trades. In all employment which comes withio the province of the needle, there is a great demand for them, notwithstanding their being already 80 numerous. " These, therefore, are the prospects which the mechanic has before him for the one portion of his family ; and now let us turn and see those whicK he has for the other. Boys, even at the early age of ten years, are fully able to provide for themselves, and thereby assist their parents— in short, are able to gain their livelihood, and it is customary for them to do so. There is a constant demand for them, and, as all minor as well as inferior labour is exceedingly well paid for in the United States, they get, by comparison at least with anything of the Jtind in Great Britain, highly remunerated. A boy of eleven or twelve years will get two dollars a week, no less being offered ; if from fourteen to sixteen years* whether as nn errand boy or U88i8tant in general trades, three dollars ; the object! beintr, in all cases, to give sufficient for Kupport. This is in fact the amount considered requisite for their boarding and other expense*. At mechanics* 17 boarding-houses, the proprietors make a reduction, generally about a third (or youth, which, at these wages, leaves them a balance in hand of about a dollar ;■ a sum quite sufficient for their clothes, pocket money, and other expenses. ♦• The mechanic whose family consists chiefly of boys, will find another very considerable advantage to result from his removal to the United States, in the settlement of them to trades. There he will have none of the difficulties so com- mon in his own country to contend with, in the way of providing premiums necessary for them before they will be taken as apprentices, for none such, in fact, are required. The lad is in himself considered a premium, because from the very commencement of his servitude he is put to ready and profitable use — nothing is suffered to interfere so as to retard his advancement— no jealousy, no dread that he will learn his trade too quick or too well, and be ultimately in- jurious to his employer — he is set to work, to use an American expression, " right away ;" and, as at first his remuneration does not exceed that which he would obtain in any other capacity, he must be, and indeed is, a decided advantage to his employer. " The out-door plin of apprenticeship is the most general ; the term of servi- tude, except in very particular cases, five years, and often, when the lad is rather old, for three years only. The salarv" — that is, to the out-door appren- tice—in most trades coinmences at three dollars a-week, for the first year, with an advance of half a dollar for the two succeeding years, and one dollar each for the two last, making the aniount five and six dollars for the most important and most expensive part of his tin:?. In all cases the master either reserves a certain portion of the apprentice's ^^ag?s, to be paid annually to the parents towards clothing him, or stipulates to be"ome responsible for a sum, usually from thirty to fifty dollars, for such purpose, iiifiependent of wages altogether. Thus a provision for his apparel is effectually secu'jed to him ; and this invari- able custom is, without doubt, the true cause why ^Vmerican youth are con- stantly met with so w^ell dressed, and why they are alwaj'3 so strongly disposed to be so. •' The in-door apprentice is provided with boarding, lodging", the chief part of his washing, and his ou^er apparel, the latter being supplied bj' his master's own tailor, and the clothes generally speaking being as good as those "jvhich his master himself wears ; but in neither case, whether as in or out-door appr °ntice, is he furnished with pocket-money. This deficiency, however, is amply s^ip- plied by the invariable practice on the part of the employer of permitting thO apprentice to make as much over-time as he may think fit ; and as he is paid according to the same rate of charge as the journeyman, so soon at least as he is capable of undertaking the work, it is no imcommon thing, if the apprentice be industriously inclined, to find himself in the receipt, for Ms over-time work, of half the amount of his weekly wages. This, it must be admitted, furnishes a great encouragement, and if put to a proper use, is likely to be of considerable service. Some will allow this extra money to accumulate in the hands of the employer, while the savings' banks present opportimities for the same purpose to others, many of whom, to their credit be it stated, being depositors of consi- derable amounts ; and the money thus accumulated has often been the means of enabling numbers to commence business on their own account, so soon as their apprenticeship has expired. " Task work for the apprentice is also customary in many trades, as soon as he is found to be sufficiently qualified in his business ; all above a certain quantity being paid for as over-time work ; thus giving an additional oppor- tunity which both master and apprentice find their account in. In short, few things are omitted that will tend either to the encouragement of the apprentice, or further advancement of him in his business, the employer considering both inseparable from his own interest ; there being no apprehension, as before stated, lest the lad should know too much for the future niterest of the employer, no jealousy or distrust of him, nor any desire for keeping him to a distinct branch, that he may be made the most of for the time being; the apprentice is tho- roughly instructed in his trade, and left to follow it when and how he may 18 tliink fit, when by right he is entitled to do so ; and in this, as in other respects, many a useful lesson might be taken from the Americans by the artisans of other coxmtries. •• It is tolerably plain, therefore, that in the important affair of placing his children to trades, the mechanic in the United States has opportmiities and advantages immeasurably above those which he possesses in his own country. This is no light matter to take into consideration, and should not be without its due weight while forming an opinion of his prospects ; indeed, it is a most important and satisfactory consideration for the comparatively needy man to reflect upon, with regard to providing for his family, that he is sure of meeting ■with trades for them, sure of doing so without any expense to hiniself, and sure of their obtaining satisfactory remuneration for their labour when their appren- ticeships expire ; so that from the moment they are put to trades they may be said to be entirely off his hands, and wholly independent of .him, all care and anxiety respecting their future worldly welfare being so far completely at an end. ' ' Of the inestimable privilege possessed by the mechanic in the free public schools, we have already spoken, and having thus laid before the working man some data to gmde him in his investigations as to the best direction for the labour of himself and family, and its probable reward, we tuin ne;ct to CLIMATE, AND ITS EITECTS ON HliALTH. In this respect the comparison between Britc;m and America is not advanta- geous to the latter. The extreme heat of tae summer and cold of the winter, together with the excessive variations Oi temperature in the same day, render the states comparatively unhealthy^ It must not, however, be inferred from this, the settler encoiuiters any \ery serious obstacle on this account. Accord- ing to the best testimony — yrith care and temperance— immunity from disease and long life is in the '^ower of each individual disposed to practise these virtues. On this heari, perhaps the following data will suffice for the formation of a correct opinio^,. A writer in the Preston Chronicle, under the signature of An American Citizen, whr/^e letters display great personal experience, says : *• The Climate in the southern coimtries is warm 'in the summer, and cold in the winter ; the thermometer, some days, ranging up to ninety-three degrees, and in winter down as low as thirteen degrees below zero ; either extreme l)eing of short duration, seldom exceeding two or three days. During a resi- dence of more tlian twenty years, I have never heard the English emigrant complain of the climate. For myself, though raised in a workshop, during the time I was farming, and that was for more than fifteen years, I seldom saw cause to complain of either. Owing to the great length of our summers, winter not setting in until after the middle of December, we have much less provision to make for our stock, which gives us a great advantage over more northern situations. Man wants less clothing and fuel, and all the necessaries of life arc much more easily obtained than in more northern climates. The days in the southern part of the state are neither so long nor so short as in England, the longest day being not more than fourteen hours thirty-eight minutes, and the shortest about eleven hours twenty -two minutes — the sun rising at forty-one minutes after four, and setting at twenty-one minutes past seven in summer ; and in winter, rising at nineteen minutes past seven, and setting at forty-one minutes past four, making thg average length of the day thirteen nours." Buckingham gives the following account of the climate of the western portion of New York, Rochester, Buffalo, and of America generally : •' The climate of this portion of the state of New York is remarkable for being more temperate than on the eastern portion bordering on the sea. There are, no doubt, everywhere throughout the continent of America, very hot summers and extremely cold winters ; but the degree of intensity is less here than else- where in the same parallel latitude. President D wight, of New Er.gland, who bestowed much attention to this subject, entertained an opinion, thut in this country, and he thought in most others, tiiere was a circuit of seasons, which 19 came in periods of ten or fifteen years ; that is, there were ten or fifteen warm summers, and then as many cool ones, and then the same course of winters. He considers the mildness of temperature of the western part of New York to be caused by the near approach to the great lakes. Our own experience, as well as the opinions of all whom we consulted on the subject of the difference of tempe- rature between this part and the cities of Albany and New York, corroborate the accuracy of the views taken by President D wight ; for both at Buffalq and Rochester, the heat of the month of August was five or six degrees less, by the thermometer, than at New York or Albany at the same period of time ; while the freshness of the air from Lakes Erie and Ontario made the difference in the feeling of heat at least ten degrees less ; that is, with the ther- mometer at eighty, in either of these places, persons would feel no more incon- venience from that than they would at Philadelphia with the thermometer at seventy degrees. And in each of the towns of Buffalo and Rochester, throughout the mouth of August, we slept under a blanket, and found it com- fortable, while in all the sea-bordered cities, and from New York to Saratoga, during the whole of June and July, we found a single sheet as much as we could bear, with all the windows open ; and here a sheet, blanket, and coimter- pane were not found too much. A very characteristic extract of a letter is pre- served from Governor Morris to a friend of his in England, who had often urged him to come over and reside in some part of Britain — w^ich the former had always resisted, but at length finding it necessarj' to support his refusal by ade- quate reasons, he says to his friend, ' Compare the iminterrupted warmth and splendour of America, from the first day of ^ay to the last day of September, and her autumn truly celestial, with your shivering June, July, August, some- times warm, but often wet, your uncertain September, your gloomy October, and your detestable November — compare these things, and then say how a man who prizes the charms of nature can think of making the exchange. If you pass one autumn with us, you would not give it for the best six months to be found in any other country, unless, indeed, you were to get tired of fine wea- ther.' It is undoubtedly true, that the climate of America, as far as we have yet experienced it — and we have passed very nearly through an entire year — is much more pleasurable to the sight and feelings than the climate of England ; whether it be as favourable to health and longevity may be doubted, although there are other circumstances, and particularly that of the diet and mode of life among the Americans, which may sufficiently account for their inferior health, without regarding the agency of the climate as in any degree contributing to its deterioration. But the brightness of the American winters, with a brilliant and glowing sun beaming from a cloudless sky, while the surface of the earth is covered with snow, and the gay and lively equipage of the sleigh, with the warm buffalo- skin of the closely- wrapped party, and the jingling bells of the delighted horses as they glide along the streets and roads, makes the season far more cheerful than a winter ever is in England. •• The spring is shorter ; for summer seems to burst at once upon us, and when it comes, the full and gorgeous foliage of the woods and the exuberant luxuriance of the fields give an idea of abundance and fertility which is delight- ful. The autumn, however, is the most delightful season ; and the very finest days of an English September or October are inferior, in the richness and glow of their mellow atmosphere, to the weather of these two months in America, while the sunsets of the autumn surpass those even of Italy and Greece." Judge Hall, speaking of the healthiness of the western states, says : " Facts of such grave import as health or no health should not be considered as settled by that common rumour whose want of veracity is so notorious. The result of pa- tient and careful investigation by competent men of science and experience will hereafter decide these points, and will, in our opinion, show that the current reports in relation to these matters have been in direct opposition to the truth. When we speak of the present advantages and future greatness of the west, it is proper that we should discriminate, so as not to deceive thof-e who have not the means of judging for themselves. The climate differs little from corresponding Mi 20 I .*V' latitudes in the United States. So far as health> is concerned, we suppose the advantage to be on our side of the mountains (Hhe western side of the AUe- ghany],. while in reference to vegetation there is nd observable difference." Cobbett, in his " Year's Ilesidence in America," says on this subject : " Of health I have not yet spoken ; and though it will be a subject of remark in ano- ther part of my work, it is a matter of too deep interest to be wholly passed over here. In the first place, as to myself, I have always had excellent health ; but during a year in England, I used to have a cold or two, a trifling sore throat, or something in that way. Here I have neither, though I was two months of the winter travelling about, and sleeping in different beds. My family have been more healthy than in England, though, indeed, there has seldom been any serious illness in it. We have had but one visit frotn any doctor. Thus much for the present on this subject. I said, in the second " Register " I sent home, that this climate was not so good as that of England. Experience, observation, a careful attention to real facts, have convinced me that it is, upon the whole, a better climate." And in his " Emigrant's Guide," after speaking at some length respecting the nature and effect of the seasons on man and vegetation, he says : " I have said fvequently that I never knew the want of health in America Mr. Brissot, after a very minute inquiry and comparison, ascertained that peo- ple once grown up lived longer in the United States than in France." Like all other writers on this subject, Cobbett earnestly warns the emigrant against intemperance, as the greatest enemy to health. The author of the " Mechanic's and Labourer's Guide " observes : " The con- stitution bf man is capable, with a proper degree of caution, of adapting itself to any climate ; and the natives of no country possess this faculty in a greater de- gree than those of Great Britain. The sudden atmospheric changes for which their own country is so remarkable, and to which they have been from birth inured, render them less subject to attack from that cause, than the natives of less changeable climates. The variations they meet with on the voyage, suffi- cient to make, for a time, even a settled extreme desirable, assist in qualifying them more effectually to withstand the intensity of heat and cold they have to encounter, and, together with their originally- vigorous constitution, enable them to meet both as well, to say the least, as the most robust of the natives. When illness therefore occurs upon or shortly after arrival, it is probibly much more often the result of indiscretion than of mere change of climate." Still, however, with all allowances, it must in candour be stated, that much more care and expense is requisite to ensure permanent good health in the United States than in this country. And if climate be considered as a compo- nent of real comfort, or the emigrant's constitution be so weak as to be easily affected by this eircumstance, then the inconvenience and outlay which must arise from this source must be taken into consideration, as one item of the cost at which the substantial advantages otherwise resulting from emigration to the States are to be secured. SHIPPING, PROVISION FOR THE VOYAGE, AND GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Under this head we cannot do better than present directions from the best Authorities. The admirable "Guide" published by Mr. Knight, to which we have already so frequently referred, and which should be in the possession of every emigrant who can afford its price (4s.), in consequence of its full and explicit instructions, both as to the best mode of reaching the States, and the conduct proper during a residence in them, contains very full information on the matter immediately before us. We select the following as likely to be generally useful to the reader : " In taking passage for the voyage, the principal things to consider are, the quality of the vessel, its conveniences, punctuality, and rharge. These differ ■very considerably in most of the passage-^hips ; but for spe>';d and safety, con- Tenience, and depend ence on the time of sailing, the London and Liverpool line of packets are much superior, and the advantages they possess in so high a de- gree, and the additional expense of travelling by them is so trifling, as to secure 21 a preference over all other modes of conveyance. If, therefore, the mechanic or other person journeying to the United States be at any reasonable distance from these ports, or have but little encumbrance in the way of baggage, &c., and cf\n avail himself of any of the cheap steamboat or railroad conveyances to these places, there should be no hesitation in deciding upon these vesseljs in preference to any others.* " The London and the Liverpool ' Line Packets,' as they are termed, are all first-class, and now mostly new ships, of six hundred and seven hundred and fifty tons burden, seven or eight feet between decks, and built for sailing rather than for burden. The London line consists of twelve vessels ; the Liverpool various lines, nearly double that number : and the arrangements are such as to leave a lapse of but two or three days between their times of starting from the one place or the other. They generally have excellent crews, and invariably the most skilful and experienced officers and commanders. The old vessels in these lines are rapidly giving place to new ones : in the London line, with two or three exceptions, they are all new ships, and with every new one additional comfort and convenience of the passenger is studied. It is advisable, therefore, if from thi-^ cause only, to select, if possible, one of the recently-built vessels ; but there are other reasons for this selection : they are cleaner — a most impor- tant matter — more free from unpleasant smell arising from bilge-water, &c. ; while their commanders invariably do their best to make quick passage?, in order to establish the reputation of their vessels. " The passage-money in the steerage (which, between decks, is the more for- ward part of the ship, and the part which, from motive9 of economy, the me- chanic, as a single man, would choose) is five pounds, and five shillings hospital- dues or port-commutation money. This provides him with half a berth, each berth or bunk containing sleeping-room for two persons ; if he take the whole berth, the amount will be double. He must, therefore, have a companion ; and before selecting a berth, it may be as well for him to cpntrive to ascertain who is or who is likely to be the joint tenant of it, that he may select as respectable a fellow- occupant as possible. This arrangement is, in most cases, loft entirely to his own discretion ; and if he make a disagreeable choice, he certainly has no one to blame but himself. To the single man, however, it may be of slight im- portance with whom, in most cases, he has to associate for the time being ; but to the married man, with perhaps a young and recently- wedded wife, the case is very different. There are two tiers of berths, upper and lower ; and it is of great consequence to him that he should know who are likely to be in the same room, as it "were, with him, as his fellow-lodgers. Both parties can, if they choose, make themselves very agreeable to each other, and, on the contrary, equally disagreeable. Of course it need not be added, that it is to the interest of all to cultivate a good understanding with each other. " In all trading, transient, or other passage-vessels, the charges may be some- what less — a saving, perhaps, of twenty or thirty shillings, seldom more, in those sailing from any of the English ports : this too, in many cases, is the sole inducement for choosing them. But the preference is a very mistaken one ; for it is not in the trifling difference in the passage-money that a sa\ing can be effected, but by the shortness of the voyage ; and it must be obvious to all, that none of these vessels, built, as they mostly have been, for trading purposes, in- differently equipped, and clumsy of model, can make way like those which are specially constructed for sailing only. In short, all these vessels, ■« ith the ex- ception of some of the transient ones which have been • Liners,' and, although old, still retain their sailing qualities, are two, three, and even five weeks longer on their passage than the packet-ships. The proprietors and the captains, also, of the whole of them, are utterly regardless of anything like punctuality in their time of sailing — stopping for passengers, in order to make up a full number, just as long as they think proper, and frequently detaining those whom they first • Apply to Phillippg, Tiplady and Co., 2, Koyal Exchange Buildings, London ; and Messrs. Ilarnden and Co., Liverpool. 22 engage with from one to three weeks beyond th2 time appointed, until their small stock of money becomes exhausted, and at least one-third of their provi- sions are consumed, while the packet-ships almost invariably sail to the day, or never exceed the day afterwards. In short, the whole man' inent and arrange- ment of the London and Liverpoul line-vessels leave but litcle for their passen- gers to desire ; and that little stands a fair chance of being, before long, fully supplied. " In preparing necessaries for the voyage, it will be prudent, in the way of provisioning, to lay in a sufficient supply for seven or eight weeks — certainly not less than for seven. Even the fleetest of the packet-ships frequently approach to near this time ; bat if the passage be taken in a transient or trading vessel, then it beco nes necessary to provide for nine or ten. The outward is always more tardy than the homewaad voyage, owing to a prevalence, at most seasons, of the year, of south-west winds, but particularly during the summer months. The quickest passages are made, I th ways, in the spring and fall of the year; and th§ average of the outward-bound voyage, for the months of March and April, is somewhere about thirty-four days ; for September, October, and No- vember, thirty-one. This is by the packets from the port of Liverpool ; if from London, some few days more must be added thereto. The remaining months, with the exception of May and December, when the longest passages take place, will be from seven to ten days more. We occasionally hear of the voyage being made in a much shorter time than is here stated, and too frequently we 'lie disposed to sionfide in the flattering prospect ourselves ; but the voyager may place full reliance upon the above statement, as being the correct average for some years. " It will be useless to particularise every article of provision with which the passenger should be furnished, or give any statement respecting the quan- tity of the same, as, in the latter case, much will depend upon the strength of appetite, of which the individual himself must be the best judge, and of course the best qualified to calculate how much will be requisite for the time given ; and with regard to the variety, it may be as well, perhaps, for him to consult his own peculiar taste in some few things, and afterwards leave the bulk to some ' ship-store ' supplier at the place of his embarkation, who will likewise put them up in a proper manner — premising, however, these gentry take good care never to undertake the quantity which will be necessary, and that nothing should be packed without the passenger's personal supervision. •' But there are some things which are requisites, and essential ones ulso, and not always paid sufficient attention to, on the part either of the voyager or the supplier, and others which would materially conduce to his comfort, and even, perhaps, his health, which are omitted altogether. This, i must be acknow- ledged, arises, in most cases, from an unconsciousness either of their exist- ence or their utility , and here it is that the writer ofturs the benefit of his own experience. They consist of the following articles, moat of which can be obtained at a very trifling additional expense, while some can very properly be substituted for those of more common use, and therefore occasion no extra expense v/hatever : •' Acids of all descriptions — that is, those used at table — are not only highly serviceable at sea, but particularly grateful also to the palate. Of vinegar, therefore, as the most common, there should bo an ample store ; pickles likewise of various descriptions ; but above all, lemons or the juice of them. For this kind of acid there can be no proper substitute : it counteracts the eflbcts of salt diet, allays sea-sickness, and forms occasionally c very refreshing and invigo- rating beverage. About two or three dozen at these will be found sufficient, which, if obtained fresh and wrapped separatv,ly in paper, will keep good throughout the voyage. Two or three pounds of figs, also, should be talten, to be used medicinally, and a box or two of soda-water powders. A small hamper of porter likewise, and a bottle or two of spirits, not omitting n little brandy. Oatmeal or groats form a very nourishing article of diet : about three quarts may be provided of the former, or as many pounds of the latter ; either will 23 make occasionally a very agreeable kind of supper eaten with molasses,* some of which should always be taken out as an admirable relish to rice and other puddings, being far better than any other kind of sweetening. A few good keepinjo; apples, and some oranges also, managed in the same manner as directed for the lemons, may be provided ; and of vegetables, besides the pr -atoes sup- plied with the stores, onicns, carrots, and turnips — which will keep nearly the whole cf the time — are highly serviceable for soups, &c. Two or three pounds of portable soup, and about the same quantity of preserved meats, should be taken, if the voyager's means will permit. " In place of hard bread or biscuits, for which, in most cases, there is soon a disrelish, loaf-bread should be substituted, prepared in the ToUowing manner : For immediate use, a few stale loaves may be re-baked — that is, put a second time in the oven, in order to take out all the moisture from them, and in this state they will keep good for at least a fortnight ; but to last Avell for a longer period, the loaf must be cut up into thin slices, and toasted slowly on both sides, until they become perfectly dry— and then let them stand separately on end until perfectly cold. If these be kept in a dry place they will continue in a good state for months; and all that is necessary previous : j use is to moisten them with a little water, and hold them a short time before the fire, or else immerse them in any hot liquid, as tea, soup, &c. If bread thus prepared be put up in a tin box with a tight-fitting lid or cover, and when used treated as directed, it will be almost impossible to distinguish any difference between a toaf of this description and one from a loaf only a day or two old. " X he voyager, therefore, will not be backward in perceiving the advantage of furnishing himself with an ample stock of this important necessary, which, if prepared agreeably to the directicns given, will, together with some other of the requisites named, but more particularly the portable meats and soups, so materially lessen his wants and conduce to his comforts, that he will hardly feel the inconveniences and privations with regard to diet otherwise so invaria- bly attendant on a lengthened voyage ; and this, too, be it remembered, with the slightest possible addition to his expense or his trouble. " Some articles for use are required, but not many : tin ware is to be pre- ferred, and for the most obvious of reasons — it is less liable to accident and damage, and will, generally speaking, be serviceable after the voyage, or fetoh again nearly the same money it cost. A host of things of this description are generally recommended, and much money uselessly spent ; but if the voyager follow the directions hereafter given in respect to his management with the cook of the vessel, about half-a-dozen articles will be quite as many as he will require. The following is a list of them : — A water-can to hold about a gallon, being the quantity \er diem to which each individual is limited ; a wash basin, baking dish, a panikin to hold about a pint, a pot to hang on the stove for heating water, and a tin-plut;.' for meals, to which may be added a tin-cannister or two for groceries, as being the best adapted for the piirpose ; these, with a knife and fork, table and tea-spoon, will be the sum total of all that is required. All tin ware, as well, in fact, as most other tnings irequently laid out of hand, should be marked so an to be identified. Somehow or other, on ship-board, as elsewhere, things will stray awa\, and this is often the only means by which they can be recovered. Hoxen sliould all have locks, they should be kept locked, too, after use, and keys never left in them ; it is little better than a waste of words to ta k of things when once gone by, the better way, by far, is to talie a little exix\ care of them. " On no occasion whatever shouM the voyager be improvident of his stock, he knows nr' how long he maybe dependent on it, the very same cause, indeed, whioli renders liiiii deficient, viz. protraction of the voypge, has the same effect upon all his fellow-pafssengers, though perhaps, from their having been more careful, not exactly in the same degree. Whatever, therefore, he mny stand in need of, even if it can be procured, will have to be paid for in pro- portion to its scarcity, and tliis, too, associated with the unpleasant reliedtions, * Aincncnii tcrui lor trtnck', ■ I I ! 24 • that with better manageitfent both the expense and the piivation might wholly have been avoided. " Stock, baggage, &c., should be divided as little as possible, not only on the score of genertu convenience, but as a matter of economy, for the dock dues or charges are upon each separate package. The larger the package the more secure and easily looked after also, but none should be heavier than can be managed by a couple of persons. One large chest for provisions is better than two or three smaller ones ; it keeps things more together, answers likewise as a table, and will be found otherwise convenient when fixed by the side of the berth, which is always the best place for it. •* Most of the trouble and inconvenience attending the preparing and Ihe cooking of food may he avoided by a judicious arrangement with the «iook of the vessel, who, for the recompense of about half-a-sovereign, will undertake the chief portion of it. The head cook is the person to treat with for this purpose. Such an arrangement secures the passenger on all occasions, also, the best attention to his wants and wishes, puts in his way many an acceptable relish which, the eye seeing, the stomach long for — a fact very well known to all who have undertaken a long sea voyage, and which could not otherwise be ob- tained ; in short, on all matters depending upon this most important personage on board a vessel, it gives to the party having such understanding with him opportunities and advantages which others who may neglect it cannot possess. The sum, it must be confessed, seems rather large as a gift to an individual, but it will be found there is no loss in the end — indeed, the reverse rather, for the greater part lof the cookinfj being thus got rid of, so many utensils less a.. ^ required, that the amoutit bestowed is absolutely made up by the saving on the non-purchase of them. There should be no hesitation, therefore, in adopting a plan which may be said to entail no expenses,, and which will certainly produce so much advantage. The better way in doing so, is to give about half thei amount at the time of his arrangement, and pledging to the remaindei upon arrival, conditions which are perfectly satisfactory. " It is advisable on all accounts to keep upon good terms with the officers and seamen of the vessel. Both can render things extremely uncomfortable to a passenger who chances to make himself obnoxious to them, and they are never backward in doing so. With the latter, a judicious present of a glass of grog in bad, or, as they themselves call it, dirty weather, is not lost ; some tobacco also, chewing as well as smoking, given in small quantities to two or three who may, as is usually the case, be the select among them, is very acceptable, particularly in the outward-bound voyage, the passage of which is always so much 1 ger, and when, owing to the increased charge for the article in England, their stock is never so ample, and they are of course liable to run short. •' Be no way extravagant with regard to clothes during the voyage, which is far too common an occurrence with most persons. Let the mechanic keep in mind that he is going where every article of his wearing apparel will be additionally valuable. Almost anything will do to wear on ship-board — what- ever is used is fit for no other purpose afterwards. Dirt and grease, tar, salt water, &c. will spoil anything good ; in short, the better way is to use those things only for which there is no care, and which can be wholly cast aside upon leaving the vessel. This provides also for future cleanliness, by no means an unimportant thing to look at ; and there h no answering for it as a certainty, while any ■'f the old ship-clothing is in wear. Close-fttting clothes instead of loose-hangmg clothes are the best. A good and cheap dress for ship-board is a dark -coloured tl 'ck Guernsey fvock or over-all, any sort of pantaloons, a low crowned hat, or rather a cap in preference (for a hat is spoiled instantly), and thick- soled boots or shoes; for, with regard to the latter, as it is advisable to keep lis much as possible upon deck, in wet weather, or even from the daily washing of it, lighter ones soon get wet through, give colds, and make the whole person uncomfortable." Tno writer, uud<.'r the signature of An American Vitizm, from whom wo 15 have previously quoted, has the following instructions to emigrants, in his valuable letters : '* If it be the intention of the emigrants to proceed to the western part of tiie United States, I would advise them to go by the way of New Orleans : the expense is much less, and there are fewer difficulties to contend with than in any other route. On their arrival in New Orleans, they can leave their families aboard the ship until they have made choice of a steamboat to convey them up the Mississippi: this can be accomplished in a few horns. The distance from the ship-landing to the steamboat-landing is little more than a mile. By going by the way of New Orleans, they will be better able to take more heavy luggage. No charge will be made by the ship or steamboat for luggage. Fami- lies leaving this country ought to start not later than the latter part of March. If they cannot get off by that time, they had better wait until the latter part of August, or the beginning of September, before they start from here. Should there have been a sickly season, the sickliness will have entirely disappearer*. before the vessel can arrive there. Ic may be asked by some. Why cannot we sail from here in May, June, or July i Because it is probable that the Missis- sippi river may be too low 'or the larger class of steamboats to navigate it. When the river gets low, smaller boats then ply — their charges are much higher, and there is much less of comfort ; also, it is not prudent for emigrants to be in those south em latitudes during the hot months. Should the emigrants have to choose the fall season, owing to their not being able to accomplish their transit before, and be rather short of cash, they are sure, if they wish it, to be able to obtain plenty of employment for themselves and families in New Orleans, with better wages than are given in any other part of the union. But mark, I advise them to leave early in the spring, and to ascend the river, so as to be in time either to make a crop for themselves, or to assist others in making theirs — and also to avoid the suiAmer in New Orleans. I have known many families that have come by this route, and have never heard one of them com- plain of it. " The probable expense of a passage to New Orleans, for a man, his wife, and four children, water included, I think would be about £12. The rule with the New York packet-line is to reckon two children as equal to one adult. The price from New Orleans to Louisville, on the Ohio river, or to St. Louis, on the Mississippi, for the same number of persons, will be under £4, luggage included. " St. Louis is about eleven hundred and eighty miles from New Orleans, and Louisville above thirteen hundred miles. They generally charge the same price for any of the intermediate ports on the Mississippi that are above the mouth of tlie Ohio and below St. Louis, or for any <>" the ports that are on the Ohio and below Louisville. In making a bargain with the captain of the steamboat, if your intention is to stop short of St. Louis or Louisville, he may perhap" take a trifle less. You must make your bargain : they invariably take much ^c... than they ask, and more especially if there are many boats in port. Be sure you take a boat that is going as far or beyond your place of debarkation. Should you be careless, and not attend to this, it will cost you much more, and be attehded with considerable trouble. Endeavour to get some knowledge of the various landing-places on the river, so that you may not be deceived in engaging far the port to which you are bound. Your destination will be some place above tl J mouth of the Ohio, either up that river or up the Mississippi. When you get to the mouth of the Ohio, the first state that presents itbclf on the left-hand side will be Illinois. " It will take about seven or eight days to ascend the river, either to Louisville or St. Louis. You will have to find yoixr own provisions, th» boat finding you plenty of wood for cooking purposes. There wUl be no occasion to furnish provisions for the whole voyage, because at almost all the towns at which the boats stops, either to discharge freight or take it in, there will be an opportunity of purchasing whatever you may want. Numbers of passengers will be found on board, who, having brought the produce of their farms for sale to New Orle&ns, are returning to their distant homes, who will jiive you overy -t : .1 '.I 2« information on this subject. Ic all cases, wherever you may be, avoid sporting what little money you may have ; it is generally the beit plan to let the female Eart of your family have it secured about their persons ; do not keep it in your oxes or trunks. Many give up their money to the clerk of the boat for safe keeping : they generally charge a small per-centage for their trouble. Always bear in mind, before you spend a sovereign, how much land it will purchase when you get to the end of your journey. " The emigrant, on landing at any of the towns on the Ohio river, if he has a family, had better engage a lodging for his family immediately, or go into some cheap boarding-house. His next object will be, if he intends to farm, or to labour on a farm, to get into the country as soon as he can ; for he will there find everything much cheaper, and have a better opportunity of becoming acquainted with the quality and the local advantages of the land. Should the emigrant be possessed of a few pounds, I would advise him to be in no hurry in making choice of land. He had better hire a small farm for a season than make too hasty a purchase ; by so doing, he will be better able to know the quality and eligibility of the land. The smallest quantity of land sold by the government is forty acres : this can be purchased for about £ 10 68. Those who have the means will find it to their advantage to purchase improved farms : they can be purchased generally for less than their improvements cost. Make no purchase but what you can pay for. Be sure not to run in debt with the calculation of paying the purchase-money by the produce of the farm, without your family is large. This is a rock upon which many are wrecked. I have seen many calculations made of the expense of clearing, and the cultivation of farms, with the amount and price of the produce from that cultivation, and the difference showing that it was a very profitable investment. All this looks very pretty on paper ; but many find it, to their sorrow, confoundedly wrong in practice. I would say to all emigrants, Buy no more land than you can com- fortably pay for, and leave a sufficiency to purchase a few of the necessaries of life. If the emigrant wants a milch cow, or breeding sow, or provisions for his family, he will be able to obtain the whole by his own labour, or by that of his fkmily. It has been asked, Are there any difficulties relative to the titles to land ? The titles to land purchased of the general government are indisputable. There is no difficulty in ascertaining the validity of the title to any piece of land offered for sale by individuals. All that the emigrant has to require from the seller is the cletk and recorder's certificate, which will show in what state the land is held by the seller. There are a clerk and recorder in every county, whose books are open to the inspection of any individual during office-hours, that is, from nine a.m. to three p.m. every day. His certificate completely sets the matter at rest. I would say, I^et all those who look to labour as the basis of independence go to the western states, where labour is high, and provisions cheap. This applies equally to the mechanic and the i^rmer ; both are there well paid. The towns on the Ohio river are rapidly improving, and conse- quently the farms in the neighbourhood of those towno are, and must ever be, more valuable than those situated far in the interior. It is probable that if even the western country becomes a manufacturing one, that the principal manufac- tories will be situated on the borders of the ()hio. It possesses those qualifica- tions that few countries can boast of. Hero are cotton, silk (if cultivated), iron, lead, coal, &c., in the greatest abundance. Is not this a bonus for manufactur- ing, and that on the spot ? Though wages are high, provisions are exceedingly low. There is plenty of work, and that well paid for. Labour is the thing most required in the west : few are able to avail themselves of the richneso ^f the country, for the want of labour. There would be thousands of acres of land more m cultivation, if labourers could be found. The great drawback to the west is, that labourers have become proprietors of land in fee-simple so quickly, that, instead of labouring for others, they wish to hire others to labour for them. It is not in any particular district that this want is felt, but all over the westorn states. If emigrants could only muster a sufficiency of means to take them to the west, they need not be under any dread of obtaining plenty of 27 work for themselves and all their family. I never knew a man who was willing to work, in want of it. The man is blessed, indeed, M-ho has a large industrious family: he may consider himself rich when he gets there. I could quote instances in abundance, of poor families settling there, who are now in affluent circumstances. " In the purchase of land, the deed that trax^fers the right of property from the general government to the individual purchasing is very simple. It is con- tained on a piece of parchmejit not less than half a sheet of letter-paper, wiUi the date, the locality of the land, the purchaser's name, and then subscribed by the president of the United States, and the agent of the general land-office. This is given free of all expense, and may be transferred by the purchaser to any other person without the aid of a lawyer, or that of stamped paper." We append the following information, as likely to prove useful : ROUTE FEOM NEW YOllK TO PITTSBUEGH, BY THE RAILROAD AND CANAL. Miles. From New York to Philadelphia by railroad 96 Philadelphia to Ilarrisburg, by railroad . 119 BY CANAL PACKETS TO Juniata Biver 15 MiUerstown 17 Mifflin . . 17 Lewiston 13 Wayne sburg' 14 Hamiltonville 11 Huntingdon 7 I'etersburgh 8 Miles. Alexandria ....... 23 Frankstown and Holidaysbur^h . . ^ THENCE, BY RAILROAD ACROSS THE MOUNTAI , TO Johnstown ....;., 38 BY CANAL TO Blairsville 35 Saltzburgh 18 Warren 12 Alleghany River 16 Pittsburgh 38 Total from New York to Pittsburgh, 490 miles. The following Table off Distances between Pittsburgh and New Orleans, and the Bates of Pas- Hage, may be depended on as being substantially correct. The prices depend at all times upon the number of boats in port, and the abundance or scarcity of passengers, but in ordinary times they will be found correct. From Pittsburgh to Miles. I Economy Beaver . Wellsviile, O ^eubenville, O . Wellsburgh, Va . AVheeling, Va Marietta, O . Parkersburgh, ^ a Point Pleasant, Va (mth of Kanhawa river) Galtipolis, O (iuyandotte, V Poitsmouth, O Maysville, Ky Bipley, O . Cincinnati, O Port William (mouth of 18 12 20 23 7 16 84 12 80 4 ?6 ST) uO 12 53 30 5C 73 80 96 180 192 272 276 312 367 417 429 482 80 562 Sis Deck.. 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 8 8 8 9 10 10 12 75 50 50 00 25| 00 001 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 1 25 50 50 50 56 75 25 50 00 00 12 25 50 50 00 12 00 3 00 From Pittsburgh to Madison, la . Westport, Ky . . Louisville, Ky Borne, la . Troy, la Yellow Banks, Ky Evansville, la Henderson, Ky Shawneetown, 111 Smithtield ( mouth of the Cumberland river) . Mouth of the Ohio river New Madrid, Mo Memphis, Tenn . Helena, Ark Vicksburgb, Miss Natchez, Miss Now Orleans include board. Miles. Cabin found Deck. 20 582 12 00 3 00 22 604 12 50 3 12 28 632 13 00 3 25 100 732 20 00 5 00 35 767120 50 5 12 30 797I2I 00 5 25 50 847 22 00 5 50 12 859 22 00 5 50 35 914 23 00 5 75 65 979 25 00 6 25 65 1044 26 00 6 50 75 1119 28 00 7 00 150 1269 a."! 00 8 75 85 1354 33 00, 9 50 300 1654 40 00 10 00 110 1764 42 00 10 50 300 2064 45 00 11 25 Beck-passengers find Kentucky river) The above rates of cabin-passage themselves. " The deck is covered, and contains berths ; but it is a very undesirable way of travelling. The passage to Louisville ia generally performed in two days and a half, and to New Orleans, from eight to ten ; returning, nearly double the time. The ordinary speed of the boats is twelve miles an hour down the river, and six up. " Where large parties apply together for passage, or where emigraiirg fami- lies apply, a considerable reduction is often made. AVe will mentir n the case of a family from Maryland, who took passage on the 27th inst., t.^ ore i:i point, and as furnishing emigrants with some information they may like to hear. The family cojisisted of fifteen persons (nine adults, and six children), five of whom were slaves. Thcro were also three horses, a wagon, and a wagon-load of baggage, They wished a passage to St. Louis, and on making application to i' 28 the master of the only boat in port on their arrival here, were told that the fare would b« 10 dollars for each adult, in the cabin, 6 for deck-passage, 14 for each horse (the owner finding them), and the usual rates of freight for the baggage ; or, to lump the whole, 260 dollars. liather than pay this, the head of the family preferred waiting awhile. He did so, and in three dajs effected a bargain for 160 dollars for the family, embracing six cabin passengers (with itie servant), and eight deck ditto, together with three horses, waggons and baggage — the deck-passengers and horses to be found by the emigrant." DISTANCES ON TUB UFPBK HISSISSIFPI. Milca. Miles. Missouri river 18 Alton, m 6 24 Hamburgh 15 3» ClarksviUe.M CO 99 lA)ui8iana l*j 111 Hannibal TO 141 Marion City 10 151 Quincy, lU 10 161 La Grange, Mo 12 173 Tully 8 181 Warsaw, 111. near Fort Edward . 80 201 Mouth of Des Moines River . . 2 203 Keokuk, Iowa 1 204 Comn^erce, HI. (head of Bes Moines rapids) . . . . . . 18 222 Fort Madison 10 232 Buriiiigt'bn, Iowa .... 20 252 YeUow Banks, 111 15 267 New Boston, III. (opposite the mouth of the Iowa river) . . . . 15 282 The price of cabin passage on this ro\ite may be calculated at about three cents per mile for long distances, and four cents for short ones. Deck passengers not far from one cent per mile. FBOM NEW YORK TO MONTBBAL, CANADA. Miles. I Essex (steamboat) Albany (steamboat) .145 Burlington ditto . Saratoga Springs via Schenectady Port Kent ditto (railroad) . . 36* ISIJ I Plattsburgh ditto . Whitehall (stage and canal) . 36J 218 ■ Rouse's Point ditto Ticonderoga (steamboat) . 24 244 i St. John's ditto . Crown Point ditto . . 15 257 La Prairie (railroad) Basin Harbour ditto . . 12 26!) Montreal (steamboat) . LAKE ERIE AND UrPEIl LAKE STEAMBOATS. — PBICES OF VA8SAGE ON LAKE ERIB Iowa (near the mouth of Pine river) 35 317 Rockport, 111. (near the mouth of Rock river) . 20 327 Montevideo, Iowa , 4 331 Stephenson, 111. . , 5 336 Davenport, Iowa (opposite Bock Is- land, 111.) 1 ?J7 Canaan, 111. 18 MS5 New Philadelphia, Iowa . 40 395 Savana, III. 20 415 Smithvilie .... 10 425 Bellevue, Iowa 6 431 Fever river. III. . . 6 437 Galena .... IB 445 t)nbuque, Iowa 39 475 Cassville, Wis. 30 505 Prairie La Porte 8 »W Prairie du Chien 22 538 Falls of St. Anthony 265 800 Cabin From BuFi'ALO to Erie Conneaut and Ashtabula Fairpoit, ClevelanAS8AUK UN THF. UFl'EK LAKES. Buffalo to Mackinac . 12 00 00 Milwaukio, Racine Soutliport, or Chicago . t * • 14 00 7 00 Cleavelanb to Mackinac • * . 10 (Kl 6 00 Chicago, &c. t • . 11 00 U 00 Detuoit to Mackinac ... 7 (10 4 00 Chicago, &c. . r . • 8 (JO 5 00 Ma(;kinac to Milwaukic, Ra cine, Southport,,or Chicago Milwaukie to Racine 2 Southport .... 2 Chicago 3 Racine to Soutliport . , • . 1 Chicago 2 7 00 4 00 00 I 50 50 2 00 00 2 50 00 r;0 50 2 00 ttouTurouT to Chicago 2 00 1 50 29 ggagCr family ;ain for rva Hit), ;e- -the Miles. 35 317 20 327 4 331 5 336 1 ?M 18 .«5. 40 395 20 415 10 425 431 6 437 18 445 39 475 30 505 8 5K3 23 538 365 800 2*00 1 00 2 00 2 50 00 00 50 50 50 west of 4 00 1 50 2 00 2 50 r;0 2 00 1 00 ire and iMggtkge to Mackinac, and any port on Lake Michigan, 65 cents per 100, or bbl., bulk. Wagons : double, 5 dollars ; single, 4 dollars. Furniture and dollar per 1 TABLE OF DISTANCES TO AND FROM BUFFALO, CLEVELAND, DETROIT, AND CHICAGO. From Buffalo ta Miles Dunkirk , 45 Erie • 90 Conneaut . • 118 Ashtabula • • 131 Grand River • 151 Cleveland , 191 Black River . • 219 Vermilion 829 Huron . . 239 Sandaskjr , 249 Toledo . 299 Monroe . 327 Detroit . 362 Fort Gratiot 4.'n Point A. Barks • 512 Th. Bay Isle 587 Presque Isle , 677 Mack'naw 687 Maniton Isle . 787 Milwaukie 967 Racine . 987 ' ■" B Southport 990 ' if Chicago . 1054 .'1 It should be obseTved, that the distances on the lakes are not tneanired, but simply estimated by the different pilots. Hence there is a disagreement in the various tables, to the extent of forty or fifty miles in a thousand. The above table may be relied on as about right. Steamboats are usually about two days in going from Buffalo to Detroit; and five days from Buffalo to Chicago. There is a class of steam-vessels on the lakes, called " propellers," which are found to be very desirable modes of conveyance for emigrants. They are large- sized schooners, with a small steam engine in the after-part of their hold, to use in head-wdnds and in calms, using their sails at other times. Their charges are somewhat less than those of the large steamers, say a sixth less. Their speed bears about the same proportion to that of the steamers. OSWEGO KOUTB — TO OHIO, MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, ILLINOIS, &C., AND TO CANADA WEST. This route is favourably spoken of by many who have tried it. Early in the spring, and late in the autumn, it is not a desirable route for passengers going west of Buffalo, as there is more lake navigation thai, by way of Buffalo. The following are the rates of passage : From Oswego to Cabin Kingston $2 Toronto 2 50 Niagara 4 00 Lewiston 4 00 in Steerag( 50 1 54 e 50 1 50 2 00 2 00 Brockville 4 Prescott 4 Coburgh 4 Port Hope 4 Ogdensburgh . , .4 00 2 00 00 2 00 00 2 00 00 2 00 00 3 00 lOOlbs. of luggage to each passenger, free. Extra luggage 25 cunts per IGOlbs. Emigrants will find at Oswego a weekly line of propellers, bound for Mil- waukie, Racine, Chicago, Detroit, and intermediate ports. These propellers carry freight and passengers. They have commodious cabins, handsomely fitted up. The cabins are specially prepared for the accommodation of families ; and their steerages will each furnish good berths for seventy-five passengers. The charges of these vessels are as follow : FROM OSWEGO Tt DETROIT. Cabin passage and found Do. not found Steerage passage, not found S7 50 00 00 rurniturc and luggage, per bbl. bulk Two-horse wagons .... One-horse waacns .... FROM 08WEG0 TO MILWAUKIE, RACINE, SOUTUl'ORT, AND CHICAGO. Cabin passage and found Du. not found Steerage passage, not found *;i4 10 Furniture and baggage, per bbl. bulk Two-liorse wagons . , . . One-hurse wagons . . . , 62 00 OO 00 00 00 The barrel bulk is estimated at seven cubic feet ; three hairs called once barrel bulk ; children between two and twelve years of age, half-price ; under two years of age, free ; one half a barrel bulk of furniture or luggage is allowed each full passenger, free. No charge is made for the freight of the bedding used by the steerage or deck passengers on their passage. A cooking-stove, not exposed to the weather, is provided for the accommodation of those who wish to board themselves. All luggage belonging to ijassengers consenting to have it carried on the promenade-deck, at their own risk, will be transported at 75 cents for each barrel bulk ; and for that carried under deck, 81 for each barrel bulk. From Godwin's •' Advice to Emigrants," we take the following observations : " You are of course aware that New York is tho landing-place of most per- sons who would locate in the states ; and you must be aware also, fiom the influx of strangers continually pouring in there, that it is impossible for mer- chants, traders, and others, to give employment to one-tenth part of those that 1 iWr 30 arrive there. Under these circumstances, I recommend both mechanic and labourer to quit that place -while they have money in. their pockets to assist themselves. The facilities for travelling in the United States ure cheap and good. Steamboats, railroad conveyance, and coaches, start daily for all parts. Lose no time then, I say, in working your way out of New* York. This you ■will find to be the most profitable way of laying the foundation of your future happiness. And here I would remark, that it is one of the most admirable traits of the Germans and Swiss : they seldom or ever stay in New York more than a day or two ; no, they merely reconnoitre the city, which is natural for strangers to do, then prudently make the best of their way to the west, where labour is plenty, and sure to meet with its due reward (farmers especially)." In the year 1834, Mr. J. W. Dover induced a poor farm labourer, then out of work, with nine young children, to solicit being paid by his parish to go to America. He landed at New York with Baring's credit for t%Denty-one pounds. He was so good a man, that the farmers he had worked for in West Sussex sup- plied him with provisions for his voyage, and conveyed his family to the London Docks. He proceeded to Pennsylvania, where he had a brother-in-law. The following is extracted from his last letters to his brothers, dated " Warren County, 26th March, 1840 :" " I have not finished paying for my new farm ; but I think I shall be able in the spring : I paid half when I bought it, and since then I have bought fifty acres more. I have been at a great expense since I came here [to his second farm]. I bitilt me a barn 34 feet one way, by 40 the other : it cost me 100 dol- lars (£42) ; and it is now finished. I have nine sash windows down-stairs that have fifteen lights. Sin. by lOin., in each. I have 20 acres cleared on my new farm ; and if I have uiy health, I shall soon get it all cleared, and then I can live like a king. I have killed three hogs that will weigh 70 stone each, and a small cow of SOOlbs. good beef, besides giving SOlbs. fat for our candles." •• I have now 12 children. Have 2 cows, and plenty of good fresh butter. I sold my first farm for 600 dollars (£106), in June, 1840. I went six miles further, and bought me another. I have not worked for any one but myself, nor do I think that I ever shall again, for I can live without it. The success that has attended this hard-working man in the free country, could not have occurred in any of the British col rive in America with tjhe intention of loeati^ in the Western parts of the C9un- try. At the suggestikAi and with the sanodon and approval of these soeiracs, we have made airangementv with the difPerint SteAmDoat, Railroad, and Canal Companies in the TJmted States, and also with the owners of the Unes of packet- sldps saObig between this port and New York and Boston, whichenable us to offer fiwalitwe to emigranw, that are, for speed and economy, £|r bi^fond tba reach of any other parties at present engaged in the business. Through these extensire arrangements, enugrants, if they wish, can, by pnr» chasing certificates or mialuqg.a small deposit here, sei^e ^eir passage by oi^ lines from New York and Boston to any important pbmt in the far West, at a saTi^g of one-fourth of the expense to whioli they will otherwise be suligected, and also will know the. actual outlay required for them to reach their destinar tion, which ^we pledge ourselves shful never be exceeded. Thf^ will .likewise be protected from fraud upon their arrival in New York, as our Agents will be in attendance to receive toem and to ftimish any information they require, and to forward them without delay. We take the liberty of addressing you on the subject, trusting that you will aptnoye the course we are adopting, and that vpur iimuence willoe used in our behalf, as we ore determined to carry out in tflie fullest manner the philanthro- pic designs of these societies, and to do justice to the emigrants, who have here- to£are beeii subjected to so much extortion and injustice. Should any parties in your district intend emi|p»ting, and, through your recommendation, apply to us, you may rely upon their being: honourably dealt with. BiMpectfiilly requesting you to take the above remarks intp your considera- tion. We are. Your obedient servants, HARNDEN.ft CO., 60, Wateiloo-road. P. S.— Information respecting ' localities, diffident routes, uid footUties for reaching every important point in the United States, will be cheerfully given on application by letter or otherwise. NoTi.— The author has ao motive whatever for any partiality in reference to Emioratimi Anati ; hot he deeuB it but Just to emigrants themselves, that thev should be referrea to the Cureularof Messrs. Hamden and Co., because their arrangements differ from all others in tide respect, via., having offices and agents in all parts i>f the United States, they can ieeun tte eeo- nemau and iaf« fottage of fhe Emigrant, not onl!/ to New Fork, but to meijfpart qftkt eounkift and thus save nim much anxietr, trouble, and imposition. This house may be relied upon M being well established, and of high respectability. PERSONS DESIROUS OF EMIGRATJNO can obtain the GIFT of 40 Acres of tiie ver^ best Freehold Land, in that most healthy and pro- ductive portion of the United States called Texas, the Italy of America, the best pert of the world for Consumptive Persons to go to ; if a man will cultivate 6 Acres: of Tobaeoo, he will realize £100 yearly ; breeding of live Stock will pay above £25 per cent ; nothing to liinder him from gettins on, no Bent to pay, no Tithes, no Kates, no Taxes, or other Impositions. Peo^e, your Enemies do not wish you to go to a Bepublie. If you cannot pay your own passage, about £8 S«. including provisions, and the means of living up to your first crops, we recommend you to become members of Emigration Loan Clubs, many of which are now forming in Londcm. Emigration is the only remedy. Land for sale or barter, from one DoUax per acre. Passengers shipped to all parts. of the world, and supplied with Bonded Stores, Provisions, fto., on the lowest tenns. Apply to the General Passengers' Shipping and Land Agency Offices, No. 15, East Cheap, London ; and 32, Waterl oO'Toad, Liverpool. The only Shipping Houte having the priitilege of (JIVING . VAY LANDS. *«• THE EMIGRANTS' GUIDE TO TEXAS, WITH IfAP, *c. Is. I '! ! I TO EDUGRAMTS 'WORTBT OF MOTIOE. '^pOOLS and GENERAL IRONMONGERY, adapted for the Colo- *- nies, can he had of EDGAR PARKS, 140, Fleet Street, London, Of the best quality, and at the lowest possible prices. One trial will convince any one of the above fact. Now Publishing, Price Or.e Pennv (free by Post for Two Stamps), DIPPLE'S HANDBOOKS, ON Swimming . No. 1 j Song Birds 6, 7, & S I Pigeons . No. 10 [ Rabbits . No. 11 Angling . 2, 3, & 4 1 Boxing 5 I Poultry .... '3 | Pigs, &c. &c. . 9 '* These woiks are capitally executed, jtiid lontain iho b^st practical observa- tions on thoir respective subjects which we have ever met." — W'vekly Dispatch. Nos. 1, 2. 3, and 4 of TiOVEl LORE, (ontaining the history of the Wedding- rine and Bridal Mysteries. Uniform with "Love Lore," DANCING FOB THE MILLION. This dav is published, price Oiii^ Penny (Post-free, Twopence>, No. I of GALLERY OF 1)R.\MATJ(" ROMANCES, containing the complete History of Lady Godivu and Pecpmg Toni of Cnvcntrv ; with v/hich is presented, gratis, a feplendid Engraving of the FAIRE LAD YE GODIVA. London : Edwin Dutlk. 42, IlolywcU-strect. ^THE BRITISH EMIGRANTS^^^'llANDBClOK," and GUIDE J- to The NEW STATES of AMERICA, Price Is. (id. Particularly ILLI- NOIS, IO\VA, WISCONSIN; comprising a general description of the Agri- cultural and Commercial facilities, Mineral Productions, Relative Advantages that different portions present for settlement, Sketches of Towns, Neighbour- hoods, &c., with practi"al advice to the Emigrant, concerning the different Routes, Time of Saihng i^tc. By J. B. Nkwhali., Author of " Sketches of the United States," i work is well adapted to the spirit and necessities of the present times. The bohif !>< dep]>ly rooted, and is daily becoming more widely spread, that established religions are mcompatlble with good government. It is a duty in- cmubent upoTi us tti spread those ojjinions which will eventually destroy the Churcii as an instrument of the Statt", which will sever the unholy and baneful alliance which has too long existed." — Sheffield Independrnf, CHEAP AND RATIONAL AMUSFMENT ! Every Emigrant who woidd '/■(/(' away the tednini of u ,'onr/ roi/ape, and possess a never-failing source of innocent recreation, should purchase pLEAVES GUIDE TO THE GAMES OE CHESS AND ^ DRAI'GHTS ; by the help of which the amateur may become a crack player of those elegant games. Illustrated by proper wood engravings. Price 3d. " This unique little work is really what it ])rofcsses to be— a perfectly simple, and therefore easily-to-be-followcd ' Guide to Chess and Draughts.' As such we heartily commend it to every would-be player of those best of in-door recreations." — Life >» London, A each. The ]mrchaser of the " Hidde " should also procure DRAUGHT BOARD AND SET OF MEN, and CHESS BOARD AND SET OF MEN, complete, on stiff card-board. Price 3d. London: Cleave, Shoe-lane, Flett-strcet; Grant, Brighton; Hrywood, Man- chester ; Shephehd, Liverpool; France, Newcastle-on-Tync ; Lovr, Nelnon- street, Glasgow ; Gitf.kt, Birmingham ; and all Booksellers. )lo- inct; 0. 11 5. . 9 erva- \tch. ding- lof jry of ;ratis, IIDE [LLT- Agri- ntages ibour- fferent of the times. 3, that uty in- roy the baneful possess AND a crack rice 3d. simple, As such in-door JHESS ^rice 3d. )D, Man- NdBon-