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This HMn is filnwd M ths raduetion ratio ehscind bslow / Cs doeumsnt sst film« su taux ds rMuetion indi^M* cMmsous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 2ex 30x J 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x a3v Th« copy filmad hurm has btn rvpniduead thanks to ttM ganaroaity of: Library, Qadoainl Survay of Canada Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia eanaidaring ttM condition and iagibility of ttw original copy aitd in kaaping wHth ttia Aiming contract spadficationa. L'axampiaira flim4 fut raproduit grica * la g«n4rosit« da: BibikitMqiM, Conuninion Gtelogiqua du Canada Laa imagaa suivantaa ont 4t* raproduitaa avac la plua grand soin. eompta tanu da la condition at da la nattot* da I'axampiaira film4. at an conformity avae laa conditicna du eontrat da filmaga. Original copiaa In printad papar covars ara filmad baginntoig wMi ttia front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratod Impraa* alon. or tha back covar whan appropriato. All othar original copiaa ara fUmad bagi n n i ng on tha first paga with a printad or liluatratad impraa- aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or liluatratad Imprsaaion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach mierofieha shaH contain tha aymbol ^^ (moaning "CON* TINUEO"). or tha symbol ▼ Imaoning "WHO"). Laa anamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimda sont fiimda an commandant par la pram i ar plat at an tarminant aoit par la damMra paga qui comporta una smprainta dlmpraaaion ou dllfuatration. aoit par la aaeond plat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa axampiairas originaux sont fiim4a an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta dlmpraaaion ou dliluatration at an tarminant par ia damiira paga qui comporta una talia Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaltra sur la damMra imaga da chaqua mierofieha. salon la caa: la symbola "^ signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbola ▼ signifia "nN". Mapa. piataa. charts, ate., may ba fHmad at diffarant reduction ratioa. Thoaa too large to ba entirely Included in one expoeure sia filmed baginning In tha upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many fra mee aa required. The foNowkig diagrama iiluatrato tha method; I. planchae. tableeux. etc.. peuvent Atre fHmde * dee taux do rMuetion diff«rents. LATsque le doeumem eet trop grand pour ttra . reproduit en un soul cUehd. 11 eet fiimd A perdr do i'angia supdriaur gauche, do gauche i droite. ec da haut en bee. an pranant la nombra dtmagee ndceesaira. I.ae diagrammee suivanta iNuatrant la mdthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKaocorr mmuition tbt cnait (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) il A /1PPLIED IM/1GE I 165J East Moin Slrtet Roch«it«r. N«w YorV U«09 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phw*« (716) 2S8-5»M-f« GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ROBERT BELL, M.D., Sc.D. (Cantab.), LL.D., P.R.a REPORT CPOX TH« SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WORKABLE COAL. 'I I L. W. BAILEY, LL.D. 1903 OTTAWA PRINTKD BV S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST 1»-M EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1902 No. 7»» To ROBUT Bell, M.D., Sc. D., L.L.D., F.R.8. Acting Director of the Geologic*] iiiurvey. S'"' — I l>»ve the honoar to transmit for your consideration the fol- lowing report upon the Carboniferous system of New Brunswick, made as the result of instructions received from the late director, Dr. O. M. Dawson, and subsequently renewed by yourself. The report has special reference to the subject of the probable pro- ductive capacity of the New Brunswick coal-measure^ and embraces a discussion, based upon personal observation, of the various considera- tions from which conclnsiong as to that capacity may be drawn. It is accompanied, in the form of an appendix, by records of the more im- portant borings, and by a bibliogrtiphy bearing upon the subject. The report is concurrent with one by Mr. H. S. Poole, upon the comparative aspects of the coal formation of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, in the preparation of which a large part of the former province was vUited by that gentleman in company with myself dur ing the past summer, when the topics here presented were fully dis- cussed by us. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, L. W. BAILEY. Fredericton, March 20, 1902. 13— M— U THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Ever linoe the time of the first diccovery of co«l in the proTince, Hi.t..ric«l that discovery being co-incident with the first exploration of the """""•^• Orand Lake region in 1782, intereat in the existence of the mineral, and specnUtiona as to its probable amount have found expression. The observations of Dr. Abraham Oesner, between the years 1839 and 1841, served gnutly to intenmfy this interest, both by the di* covery that Carboniferous rocks occupy in the province an area equal to at least one-third of its entire surface, and by the stotement, now believed to be unwarranted, that the thickness of the formation and the number and size of its coal deposits were in keeping with that large superficies. Borings made ut Orand Lake and elsewhere seemed to support, at least in popular estimation, the belief thus expressed, and even though some years later, as a result of the work of the Geological Survey, it was (in 1872-73) shown that the Orand Lake basin, the only one actually yielding coal in appreciable quantities, was really very thin, and that the seam of 26 inches, long known and worked near the surface, was the only one there present, people unacquainted with 'ojrical date and methods were loth to accept the conclusion arnv ., and still contended for the probable existence of other and large. Mams. Then, too, the Orand Lake basin, being but a very small part of the entire area occupied by Carboniferous rocks, the question naturally arose whether there might not be other basins as well as this, and whether some of these, at least, might not prove to be more productive. To ascertain whether or not this is the . ase would Difficulty of seem at first to be an easy matter, but when it is unders ood that •^"J"* " over vast tracts, indeed over almost the entire field, the coal-bearing "nclS' rocks are very nearly horizontal, the upoer strata thus covering all beneath them, except so far as they are revealed by erosion along river valleys, it will be readily seen that the determination of correct conclusions, oth «»ise than by boring, is very difficult. Such borings It is true, have been made at a number of points, but with one or two exceptions they have be' in the extreme western part of the coal field, where other facts all lead to the infeit,nce that the coal-measures 6 M XIW BBUmWICK Objeot ol prcMinl r«t|iort. Com|>»riiton of (jwiU neoMMiy. m thin. On th« other h«nd, in th« -Mtern p*rt of the provlBC, wh«r« the ooia bMin i. wid-t, whw the bed. we n«.rept to ,» oMitre, and where they become directly continoou. with the highly prodaoUve Cerboniferou. rock* of Nora Scotia, the country U, e«cept at one or two point., a l<»ra incognita a. regard, what lie. below the •arfac» It would Mem, therefore, very dedrable that thi. ground .hould be thoroughly te.t«l, but before incurring the expenw nece«arily involved in in.tituting any exten.ive wrie. of bonng., all available f«!U hearing upon the choice of location. prol*ble depth, etc.. need to be carefully collected and estimated. It U to aid in thi. direction that the present report haa been prepared. It wUl U obviou. that th. question involve, many different con- sideration., thu^ the topography of the country, a. being directly determined by the attitude of the underiying .trata, ha. an obviou. Searing upon the ,,ue.tion of that attitude, as thi. has upon the po.ition -d .pread of an, coal seams which may be pre«.nt. The erosion wuich the country has undergone, whether by the operation of glaciers or rivers, or both, has led to the removal of vast quantities of H>ck, •nd it is a subject for consideration as to how much has been thu« wmoved, and whether such removal involved any productive coal- measures or not. In the river valleys and along the coast are the natural sections which aftord the only information, short of bonng, which the region offers, and these need to be carefully studied and com- pared The evidences of displacement, whether by differential move- menu involving large areas, or confined to particular line, determining faults, require consideration. The fossils, obUined at many different localities, need to be compared, with a view to determine the honzons they represent. And, finally, a comparison of the coal-beanng rocks of New Brunswick with those of Nova Scotia, where the system is so much better displayed and has been so long and carefully studied, is of the utmost importance, for such comparison should tend to show whether the surface rocks of New Brunswick are the representatives of the lower portion only of the coal formation (in which case it would be useless to seek for serviceable seams) or of the middle or upper. The data afforded by r- borings need also to be collated and com- pared. In the following pages an attempt will be made to discuss the ques- tion of possible coal supply from each of these several stand-jwints, with the exception of that of a comparison of the Carboniferous •ystems of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, which will be the subject of another and concurrent report by Mr. H. S. Poole. uaiT. I TOPoasArar TOPOORAPIIV Evar cinee the publication, lomt) forty jr%n tgo, of Prof. J. P. R< Utiun M Imhyo ciMtioal work, ratitled " Coal and iu Topography ". th« inti- IliJ,?,^*' *" maM relatiombip between the turfaee features of a coal producing country and its underground itruoture has been recogniird, and the ■tody of the one, regarded aa capable of throwing imporUnt light upon the other. This is more markedly true of a highly disturbed and partly roounUinous region like that of Pennsylrania, to which the abo^e named work mainly applies, but even in the case of a om- paratively flat and unchanged district, such as is represented by the central coalfields of New Brunswick, some valuable deductions may lie drawn from the recognition of thi« relation. 'i'he coal-field in qu- .-tion has the general form of a triangle, of which *'""" ""• two sides, converginii vestwardly, are boun !ed by pre-Carboniferous h" 1. 1!* "* "*' rocks, highly disturbed and altered, while the third, forming the bane of the triangle, and having a length of about one hundred and forty miles, has no natural barrier other than the Uulf of t.. Lawrence. As compared with the hill ranges which confine it, the tract is, with few exceptions, low, and, except for river valley*, it presents no marked inequalities of surface, while, as compared with the sea, its elevation would probably rai«ly exceed six hundred feet and the general average would not bo over four hundred. It is thus a ,ireat peneplain with a gentle eastward inclination, of which the irregularities are the results of erosion rather than of differential movements. At the -%me time, a -Minor study of the drainage system shows that, as subordinate ' )e jjeneral ""''"'•«'""»• form of a broad and shallow basin, several minor undola a may be distinguished, separated by low divides, of whicL Mome ai . oi ancient and others probably of comparatively recen*^ oriarin. The contrast of level exhibited by the centra; «»? field as compared with that of its bounding sides is \ ry xoticeable ..r^rever opportunity of surveying one from the other is .^^c ded. Thus, from Spring Hill or other high land north of Fredericton, looking to the south and south-west, the eye appears to wander over a great plain, through which the St. John river winds a tortuous course, until in the disUnce the picture finds a natural setting in the range of Lower Carboniferous and older hills which bound the coal-field in that direction, ko, as viewd from the ridge north of Moncton, known as Indian ridge, .so uniform is the surface and relatively so low, that again all minor inequalities be- come lost, and one looks in vain for anything by which the local mono- tony of the landscape may be broken. Finally, along the line of the Inter- 8 M HBW BRUNSWICK •oenery. Minor deprecaions. Level tyi« of colonial Railway, from near Monoton to the vicinity of Bathurst, the flat unbroken character of the country, with consequent imperfect drainage, determines, except at a few points, scenery wholly devoid of interest, and the tract is also for the most part unfitted for cultivation. Even where, as in the case of the Nashwaak and Miramichi rivers, a more attractive type of scenery prevails, and good farming lands occur, these are almost wholly confined to the river valleys, the hills bounding which, as seen from the opposing side, appear nearly level-topped. Of the several minor depressions indicated by drainage, the follow- ing may be noted as of importance in relation to the subject of this report, viz :— 1. The Oromocto tract, including the whole of the Carboniferous area west of the 8t John river in Sunbury and York. 2. The Grand Lake basin in Central Queens. 3 The Nashwaak area in York. 4. The S.W. Miramichi area, and (5) the Gulf area, includ- ing the valleys of the Richibucto, Buctouche, etc., to which, perhaps, are to be added the region of the Baie des Chaleurs and that of Shediac and Dorchester. It is not yet certainly known whether in all case- the divides separating these areas are results of surface changes, due to glacial or later agencies, or whether, as indicated in some instances by Dr. R. W. Ells, they correspond to the results of deep soated movements, but, in the case of the Grand Lake basin at least, the geologic boundary is nearly coincident with the physio- graphic cne, and this may be true of others also. The highest divide would appear to be that lying between Cross creek, a tribuUry of the Nashwaak, and the S.W. Miramichi at its junction with the Taxesi, the elevation here, according to the levels of the Canada Eastern Railway, being 566 feet. The general conclusion suggested by the above review of the topo- graphy of the main New Brunswick coal-field would seem to be that the conditions connected with its origin were uniform, or nearly so, over the greater portion of its extent, such diversity as now exists being the result of causes operating long subsequent to the time of disposition of the strata occupying it. Hence, what is true of one portion of it is presumably true of all. Seams of coal, if existent, would be expected to spread widely, with little variation in thickness. If the strata at one point are those of the inferior or barren measures, it would seem probable that other portions are not far from the same horizon. It does not, however, follow that because the formation is Oonclusionif Note— Between Newcastle and Bathurat the mean elevation of the plateau ia 414 feet, the summit on the Intercolonial Railway being 521 feet. Between Moncton and Barnahy river the ]ilateau has a lower mean elevation on the line of the railway of 266 feet. 9 ■ »*n.»»] ER03ioy proved by boring to be thick (or thin) at one point, it is necessarily so in others, as the horizontal strata may and probably do rest on an uneven floor of older rocks, and will be thick or thin, as the inequali- ties of the latter oome near to or retire from the surface. The thickness may also, to some extent, be an accident of deposition or erosion. ER08I0V. In any consideration of the Carboniferous system of New Bruns- Former wick It is always important to recognize the fact that the representa- ^T?.**' ""'*'»' tion of that system now revealed is but a fragment, relatively small oLw;^""''" of what it once was. In the first place, it is obvious that the great central basin, widen- ing to the eastward, did not, in Carboniferous times, terminate with the present gulf coast. Everywhere that coast is low ; everywhere the adjacent waters are shallow ; and at no point in the Gulf of St. Law- rence east of New Brunswick are they deep. Prince Edward Island 18 separated from the mainland only by narrow straits, and the rocks of that island are largely, if not wholly of newer strata. About Bale Verte the Carboniferous rocks of New Brunswick become continuous with those of Nova Scotia, while rocks of Lower Carboniferous age crop at Smiths and the Magdalen islands and skirt the western coast of Newfoundland, part of the western shore of Cape Breton and the southern shores of the Gasp^ peninsula. Thus, all around the portion of the Gulf of St. I^wrence inclosed by the districts referred to, rocks belonging to or not widely separated from the Carboniferous system occur, and suggest the conclusion that they were at one time continuous over the intervening area. In other words, the portion of the widespread Acadian Carboniferous formation now above the sea-level is but a small fraction of its former extent while much the thickest and deepest, and presumably the most pro- ductive portion, is now either submerged or worn away. Nor is it only in this direction that there is evidence of loss. Carbon fer«„K Around the other borders of the great central basin, where the older °""'""- rocks come out from beneath those of the Carboniferous system, there is abundant evidence that these latter once spread more widely. Thus along the western edge of the coal-field in York and Sunbury, in Cork settlement and about Oromocto lake, the edge of the Carboniferous peneplain is in the form of a long and steep escarpment, overiooking the valley of the Magaguadavic river, occupied by pro-Carboniferous rocks, while isolated patches of the first named system are found much 10 M KSW BRUNSWICK farther to the westward, indicating a former con«iderable extension in that direction. To the north of Frederioton also, in the valley of the Keswick, above Cardigan station on Gardens creek and in Myshrall settlement, the same conditions may be observed. Moreover, some of the isolated Carboniferous areas in this direction are so situated as to indicate that rocks of this age at one time covered a large portion of northern as well as central and southern New Brunswick. Thus, in the parish of Prince William, in York county, occurs a small area of coal bearing rocks, resting unconformably upon what are believed co be Silurian slates, and upon granite, the interval between them and the great central coal-field being not less than thirty miles. So, be- tween the two main branches of the Beccaguimic river, in Carleton county, and at a distance of about fifty miles from the central basin, is a similar isolated area, of considerable size, while the distribution of boulders indicate that several such areas exist between the last named river and the Lower Carboniferous tract of the Tobique. It is alto- gether probable that these were once connected with each other and with the central fiel.l, for their elevated position, much higher than any portion of the latter, as well as their structure and relation to the subjacent rocks, are against the supposition of their representing Elevation of basins of original and separate deposition. The elevation of some of some of the ^.j^^^ higher Carboniferous rocks is nearly one thousand feet above the oarboniierous ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ Ordinary level of the coal-measures in Queens and Sunbury may possibly in part be accounted for by differential movements, it can hardly be doubted that the facte given indicate an enormous amount of erosion, and the removal of Carboniferous rocks from vast areas once covered by them. This vast erosion is to be assigned to several periods. It is certain that after the time of deposition of the Lower Carboniferous strata, they were largely denuded, for at several widely separated points, as at Prince William in York county, and Coal creek and Newcastle in Queens county, the coal-measures rest on the eariier Palajozoic rocks, without the interposition of Lower Carboniferous deposits, as though the latter had first been swept away. Some of the coarse grits again in the upper part of the coal measures have been observed (by Mr. Poole) to contain rounded fragments of coal, indicating the breaking up of seams of the latter subsequent to their formation. It is pro- bable, however, that a large part of the waste is to be ascribed to the glncial period, all parts of the coal-field showing abundant evidence of exce sive glaciation, while the amount and distribution of the drift has been largely influential in determining the distribution and thick- ness of the mantle-covering, as well as the course and character of the existing drainage channels. rock*. Period of erosion. KR08I0N 11 M The subject of erosion U of interest in another way. The channels Br«.ion last referred to, together with the coastal .•^ections, afford, with the ""^^y- exception of borings, almost the only information obtainable as to the nature and arrangement of the rocks of the district. The details of these sections in the gray rocks will be discussed in the sequel, but it may be point«Kl out here that in no case is any considerable thickness of strata revealed, and it is probable that all in the centre and eastwanl represent nearly the same horizon. Among Natural them, as affording a nearly complete natural section, albeit a shallow »«=»*°""- one, across the larger part of the central basin, may be mentioned those afforded by the Nashwaak and Miramichi valleys, traversed by the Canada Eastern Railway, along the sides of which, and often for considerable distances, the cut edges of the strata sre exposed in nearly vertical bluffs, sometimes 100 feet in height or more. In eastern Queens county similar bluff exposures characterize the Newcastle and Salmon river streams, while in western Queens and Sunbnry they are repeated in the tributaries of the Oromocto, in the Otnabog and elsewhere. In most instances the eroded beds are those r.f the coal-measures (gray sandstones «nd conglomerates, with thin seams of coal), but on the Newcastle river the underlying Lower Carbonifer- ous and volcanic rocks are revealed, while on Co;il creek and some of the tributaries of the Canaan river, .still older Palseozoic rock.s have been brought to view. At no one point is a thickness of more than 150 feet of Carboniferous rocks exposed, though, even with a slight inclination, a lengthened .series of exposures may represent much more than this. The coast sections illustrate the same feature.», though in a different CoaBt way. By far the most instructive is that afforded by the shore of the '"*"™"- Bale des Chaleurs east of Bathurst. Here for a distance of fifteen miles or more, especially between the villages of Clifton and Grand Anse, the shore presents an almost continuous series of nearly vertical bluffs, from twenty or thirty to nearly one hundred feet in height, while in places, as at Grand Anse, small adjacent islands exhibit the same precipitous character. Here too the inclination varies so little from horizontality that only by following some easily recognizable bed for a considerable distance can the fact of inclination be made evident At various points along the gulf sho re, as at Carraquette, Church point XOTK. 1— The term coal me.«ure8««u«^ in thi, report sipiifie, „o more than the series asiiociated with the small seams of coal in the province 2. Clifton station is 119 feet and Grand Anse 79 feet above sea level 3. The whole thickness represented in the coast section between Clifton and .Shinpe. gan has been estimated at about 400 feet. 12 M NEW BBUR8WICK and the inner part of Miramichi bay, shore bluffs occur, but are less hif(h and leas continuous. Most of this latter shore is very low and without exposures. ATTITDDK8 AND UNCONFORMITIES. Horiiontalit^ o( meuuren in central area. tirand Lake b)uin. Exceptions to horizontality. It will be readily understood that in any study of the coal forma- tion, whether from a merely scientific or from an economic stand- point, the positions occupied by the strata, considered both by them- selves and in relation to diSeient divisions of the system, are of the first importance. In the great central Carboniferous area, as already pointed out in the discussion of its topography, the strata exposed to view are, with rare exceptions, nearly horizontal. In the very numerous sections exposed along the line of the Canada Eastern rail- ^y, following the vt. leyc of the Nashwaak river, Cross creek and the Miramichi river, this is very conspicuous, as it is also about the shores of Miramichi bay and north- ward. It would however seem, as is more clearly indicated in the coastal sections east of Balhurst, that over moat portions of the central field there is a gentle inclination eastward or towards the St. Lawrence gulf. It is also quite certain that there are minor undulations, though partly owing to the prevalence of false bedding and partly to the want of continuous outcrops, t\ieat> foldings cannot always be clearly made out. One fairly distinct basin is that of which Orand lake, Queens county, is the centre ; this being indicated not only by the reverse dips clearly seen on its northern and southern sides, but by the fact that on each of these sides the rim or margin is shown, at least in part, by the coming to the surface of inferior beds. It is very prob- able that the valley of Coal Branch, in Kent, represents another ba^in, possibly continuous with the last, and having as its northern margin the swell of land lying between the valley referred to and that of the Miramichi. Doubtless, still other basins exist, butthe^ are so shallow,and at the same time so concealed by soil and forest, that their recognition is difficult or imfmssible. While very low dips are, as stated, characteristic of the central basin, some notable exceptions occur. Of these, one of the most remarsable is to be seen upon the right bank of the St. John river about four miles above Fredericton, \khere, over a small area, rocks, not distinguishable in character from the nearly flat coal-measure sandstones, not far off, have an inclination approaching verticality. MILIT.J ATTlTUDn AND DNCONPORMITIEa 13 M Thi. is probably the result of local faulting such as would be likely to occur nenr the border of the Cfcrboniferous tract. The approximate horizontality of strata in the central artsa referred Unconfonnitr to above, applies both to the L— er Carboniferous and the overlying coal-measures. These are, therefore, in apparent coniormity. Never- theless, a sort of unconformity is indicated, first, by the frequent occurrence of irregular masses of trap between the two. indicating downward movemente and dislocations prior to the deposition of the gray beds ; and secondly, by the fact that the latter beds rest upon different members of the Lower Carboniferous at different places or even upon still older rocks, the last named beds being wholly wanting. Examples of this relation occur north of Fredericton. It is also important to notice that even where the beds are still Faulu horizontal, the rocks of the coal-measures are frequently intersected by vertical faults. These are quite common in the hills about Fredericton as they are also along the Nashwaak valley and elsewhere. Most of them seem to be of insignificant amount, but it is not improbable that there are some of considerable magnitude. For instance it is difficult otherwise to account for the peculiar outline or border of the Carboni- ferous system as .,een north-west of Fredericton, where, upon the east side of the St. John river and its tribuUry. the Ke.swick, the pt«- Carboniferous rocks are abruptly cut off by Carboniferous sediment* which, with great suddenness, are made to occupy upon one side of this line an area some ten miles wider than upon the other. In the Kings coun y basin, both the Lower Carboniferous and Carboniferous rocks are usually inclined at low angles, but here exceptions are to be found Thus, while along the Narrows of the St. John river below the Boar's Head, in the Minister's Face opposite Rothesay and elsewhere, the teds (^wer Carboniferous) are in low undulations, to the east of Rothesay they dip quite steeply, their basset edges forming a series of sharply projecting reefs. About Dansinane. where the surface rocks are those of the coal-measures, the dips are moderate (from 5= to 14°) but with indications of considerabh faulting, and stil! furthor east in the direction of Petitcodiac, like conditions prevail. In Westmoreland county a remarkable illustration of local distur- Di.turbanc bance and unconformity is to be seen in the vicinity of Lute mountain ^' ^"'^''"' and Indian ridge, north of Monct«n. ^' The rocks of the first named ridge, as seen in the 'Gorge ' are coarse and hard brownish-red conglomerates, of Lower Carboniferous age, upon the north side of which are heavy beds of gray sh^le. under- lying the overturned conglomerate. Still further north is a ridge of H 14 M HEW BBCmWIOK felaite brecoiis together with h»rd chloritio granitoid rock, bearing iobm reMublance to an altered grit, and probably an expoeure by denuda- tion of a ridge of pre-Cambrian rocks extending eastward from ridge* Albert .h«l«. of simUar age in Kitigs county. Separated from the last named ridge by a somewhat pronounced vaUey, is Indian ridge or mounUin, which, to a large extent is made up of a very dark gray shale, which in general aspect strongly recalls the 8 mantling and concealing all older strata. But to the south, in the vicinity of the old pre-Cambrian ridges of Albert county, along a corresponding tract in Westmoreland, and finally along the Bay of Fundy trough in both these counties, evidences of physical disturbances in uplifts and dislocations become marked and general, especially as regards the lower Carboniferous strata, while erosion has given to the details of distribution great irregularity. Through the same erosion also, the Albert shales are brought conspicuously into view, and the correct interpretation of the structure of the region is complicated by the uncertainty as to the true age of the latter. This is not the place in which to discuss this question, but it may be observed Albert county. ATTITUDES AXO UHCOMFOBMITI 18 15 M in panniig that if the view recently pat forth, namely that theae shales are Devonian, be the correct one, it will neoeasarily follow that the same view must be applied to the heavy beds of conglomerate which at various points, as Elgin, Mapleton and Belliveau, are found beneath them, and yet which, except as to position, are indiatinguiahable frum the Ixiwer Carboniferous conglomerates found elsewhere. All the strata of Str»u highly the region, whether below or above the Albert shales, are, like the '""''"*'• latter, highly inclined and broken by numerous faults, but, as else- where, the movements thus indicated would seem to have taken place prior to the deposition of the gray beds (Millstone Grit), of which the in- clination is much lower and more regular. The tract about the old Albert mines, which close by, adjoins the preCambrian hills, is one especially remarkable for its disturbed .}ndition, not the shales only, but the associated rocks, excepting those of the millstone grit, showing great diversity of inclination, while th«( latter caps them all uncon- formably, and with a dip which rarely exceeds 10 . Upon the eastern side of the Petitcodiac river, in Belliveau and Taylorville, the red rocks associated with the Albeit slates show the same diversity of attitude, ranging from 15= or 20° up to 80°, while the millstone grit beds, as in the peninsula between the Petitcodiac and Memramcook river, show but a very gentle and regular inclination. In reaching the Bay of Fundy trough and the region about Dor- chester, the rocks of the Millstone Grit formation are also found to have been affected by the moveoients under review. This is especially true along the Albert county coast, where many fine examples of tilted broken and unconformable strata may lie seen. A few of these may be more particularly referred to. About the plaster quarries at Hillsborough the Lower Carbonifertjus HilUborough. limestones and gypsums resting on conglomerates, are apparently in a series of low undulations, with dips not exceeding 30°; but upon two sides at least these are bounded by faults, bringini,' down overlying gray beds to the same level. At Hopewell cape nre the wonderful illustrations of marine erosion, known as ' The Rocks,' wherein mas- sive brownish red conglomerates of the Lower Carboniferous, dipping shoreward at angles of 30° or 40° and forming bluffs ranging from ten or twenty to one hundred feet in elevation, have been and are being cut by the sea into all sorto of fantastic forms. At Marys point are Marys po.nt. bluffs of gray and purple sandstone dipping 8. 20° W. < 4.5', in which extensive quarrying operations were at one time carried on, and similar beds, abounding in plant remains, occur at New Horton, but hera they dip S. 40° L. < 30°. Between the two, bright red Lower Carboniferous mm 1« M 5RW BRUKBWICK Cnxt leotion at Alma Mutdatones and oonglomentM are quite conspiouoM, and are appar- ently conformable under the gray measuree. So to the westward, between New Horton and Two Islands, the red and the gray beds form parallel belte, of which the harder strata, becoming gradually more highly tilted, expose their basset edges in prominent ridges, separated rap. KaraR^. by narrow trenches or valleys, all parallel to the shore. Approaching Cape Enrag*, the dips rise to 70* or 75% while at the cape itself, the strata, which are here gray beds, with fossil plants, thick fireclay beds and thin seams of coal, maintain this high dip. Along the shore of Salisbury cove, at Waterside, the coast section is interesting ascxhibiting the unconformable overlappingof Carboniferous conglomerate by Triassic strata in the form of very soft brightted sandstones dipping S. 40* E. < 20 , but with some irregularity and indications of a low anticlinie. Another interesting coast section is that of the shore jusi east of Alma, including the conspicuous promoi u.i of the Owl's Head. For about half a mile from the Alma beach, tue nearly vertical bluffs are composed of gray sandstones containing many large trunks of trees, more or less carboniied, with also some heavy beds of shale, the whole dipping S. 20* E. < 22«. In nearing the head proper, however, where the blufis are much higher and quite precipitous, this dip declines until the beds become nearly horizontal, only to rise in the opposite direction, and with such rapidity as, in a short distance, to make the gray beds not only vertical but reversed. Finally, this over- turn is cut off by a fault, and along the fault the grey are met by red beds, mostly conglomerate, which slightly overhang the former, while their surfaces on and near the line of contact show abundant slicken- siaes, stained by manganese oxide. The former wide distribution of Carboniferous sediments in the Bay of Fundy trough, and the extent to which these latter have been affected by disturbances of later origin, are further illustrated by the occurrence of such sediments in isolated patches along the northern side of the bay and their generally tilted and faulted condition. The most considerable of these areas are those of Quaco and Gardners creek. As the details of their structure have been fully described in eariier pub- lications and have only an indirect bearing upon the special subject of this report, they will no» be further considered here. Quaco and Gardnere creek. ■AILIT.J aCB-DITMIOJS 17 M SuB-DlVISIOXS OF TIIK CARBONirRROUS StsTBM. Before proceeding further in the consideration of the Carboniferous system of New Brunswick, it will be necessary to refer to the sub- divisions of the system as recognized elsewhere, and especially in the Province of Nova Scotia. In the reports and maps of the Geological Survey, it has been usual Geological to regard this system in New Brunswick an embracing three principal 7'^^ members, somewhat strongly contrasted in lithological characters and ' '""""'' conditions of origin, viz: the Lower Carboniferous, the Carboniferous proper or Coal-Measures, and the newer or Permo-carlwniferous, the first consisting of reddish sediments, with evidences of a generally marine origin, the second mostly of gray or purplish, rarely red beds of marsh or fresh water origin, and the third again showing a pre- dominance of red tints, though with< it the morine limestones, gypsums and salines which distinguish the Lower Carboniferous for- mation. In the " Acadian Geology " of Sir William Dawson (1868), ArranRem^nt the Carboniferous proper was further sub-divided into the " Millstone 'iT«i^!5,^^{2ka Grit series "and the " Middle Coal formation ;" while with the marine limestones of the Lower Carboni^rous division were associated, under the name of the Lower Coal-Measures (in addition to some beds resembling the Middle Coal-Measures) the bituminous deposiu known as the Albert shales. It has already been stated as regards th« peculiar shales last men- Age of Albert tioned that there is at present a growing tendency to regard them as »•"'«■• of Devonian rather than Carboniferous age, being the equivalents of the fish-bearing and fern-bearing rocks of the Baie des Chaleurs, though very unlike them in their physical aspect?. It has also been stalled that there are serious objections to this view ; but as the ques- tion is mainly one of the interpretation of fossils, and has little or no bearing upon the main subject of this report, that of the true coal- bearing rocks, it need not be further considered here. The doubtful beds in question being thus eliminated, the rocks which lie above them are very easily and clearly divisible into two great groups, viz., the Lower Carboniferous formation and the Carboniferous proper, or Coal-Measures, while another, viz., the Upper or Permo-carb^ni- ferous is less certainly distinguishable. The characters of these several sub-divisions may be briefly summarized as follows :— Lou^r CarboniferoH».-Tho lowest beds of this formation, as here „„,„, ,„„ ,^ limited, are usually coarse conglomerates, their composition and hence "■erates."*'" 13— M— 2 18 M nw BBumwioK their general •ppeeranoe varying with the nature of the rocki npun which they reat. They are. however, in almoat every .n.tance of • reddiah colour, varying from a clear rich red to a dark brownwh red. They are «»ually alw much harder than Mmilar beds higher in the ■eriea, and in places are much eUined with oxide of manganeM. The cement u alway. to some extent, and often very markedly, calcareous. At some points, as at Quaco Head, St, John county, similar conglom- erates are underlaid by betls of limeetone, but the principal limestone strata are situated at the summit rather than at the base of the form- aUon. The conglomerate, are usually followed by or interstrat.fied with sandstones, also usually of a reddish colour and markedly calcare- ous. Higher still the beds become finer, embracing shaly and marly deposits, upon which in many insUnoes rest beds of gray flaggy, some- Umes bituminous, limestone and heavy beds of gypsum. Between these higher beds and the basal rocks of the coal formation (Millstone Gnt) it is common to find extensive sheeU of igneous rocks, sometimes .n the form of compact diabase, sometimes as a vesicular or amygdaloidal ash rock, and sometimes as claystone or rhyolite; but such plutonio masses are not confined to the summit of the formation, being some- times, as at Qiaco, near its base. Where igneous rocks are associated. a. at Quaco, and Hampstead, Queens county, with limestones, the latter have been more or less completely converted into marble. Thickne,. The thickness of the Lower Carboniferous system varies greatly, but. S&T .««rfing to measurements made by Dr. B. W. Ells m Albert and crboniferou,. ^^^^^Ji^^j^ ^ ^«,hes in those counties about 5,000 feet. Its thick- ness in the central basin is probably much less. CoalMeasures.-The contrast between the above described rocks and those of the coal formation is, in the central counties, usually very marked, the bright red colour so characteristic of the one being re- placed by an equally characteristic gray colour i'»^t»»« "^^f^j''**" *' the same time the strata cease tobe calcareous. The baaal beds of the coal formation are especially noticeable as being very light coloured, and alu,ost entirely made up of well-rounded pebbles of wh.te quartz. Conglomerates which are somewhat less coarse occur also higher in the series, but with them are beds of coarse sandstone and thinner beds of shale, with, in places, thin seams of coal. Upon the shore of the Baie des Chaleurs about fifty feet of fine shales, gray, green or red in colour, with limestone nodules, extend for several miles in the coasUl chfTs about New Bandon, resting upon gray sandstones, but over the larger part of the central coal-field the absence of fine sediments is a notice- able and unpromising feature. General absence of phalea. ■AIUT.] COAL MIRBI, COAL CSOPI AMD BORIiroa 19 M Though gray it the prevailing colour in the rocki o( the coal formv Pun-W tr^u «on. it u HMesMry to add that it it. not nnfrequently replaced by a dark purple tint Occaaionallj alao the beds are ntdditb, but where thu U the caae it ii always a question whether the roekn lo coloured are not of the next diviaion, viz., the newer coal formation or Permo. carboniferous. The only daU available with regard to the thickness of the coal- Thickn««, formation in the Central Basin is that to be derived from boringf. ?ir^,i,« particulars of which will be given later. The gieatest depth attained at Grand lake wa.400 feet At Dun«aone, in Kings county, adepth of 1,200 feet was reached, apparantly all in the Carboniferous. In Westmorland county north of Moncton, a depth of 700 feet has been reached in apparently Carboniferous strata. In Albert, where the strata are more highly tUted, the Carboniferous rocks alternate by duplacement, with Lower Carboniferous beds, but never attain anv considerable thickness. Upper Carboni/erou^ (Permo-oarboniferous l)._In the geological survey maps of Southeastern New Brnnswick, a conwderablo area bor- denng fiaie Verte and portions of Northumberland strait, and xtend- ing thence across the Chicgnecto peninsula to Cumberland basin and Shepody bay, is referred to under the abovo designations, while in the accompanying report (1884) its author, Dr. R. W. ElU, describes the group as consisting generally of soft reddish or purple brown sand- stone, gnts and shales, resting unconformably upon either the Millstone Ont or the Lower Carboniferous. Upon the western side of the Meran- Unconfonnity goum peninsula, where one of the unconformable contacts is well exposed they are estimated, by the suthor named, to have a thickness of 1.250 feet. As seen in the vicinity of Sackville, they are said to resemble very nearly the sandstones and associated beds of Capes Bald and Tormentine, and of Prince Edward Island. As the strata in question have not b^n to any extent personallv studied by the writer,and as they enter largely into the comparison of the Carboniferous rocks of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, a subject to be independently discussed by Mr. H. S. Poole, it will not be neces- sary further to describe them here. COAL MINKS, COAL CROPS AND BORINGS. Of the various operations for the removal of coal, the oldest, as well Grand Lake as the most important and instructive, are those of the Grand lake **""• 13— 11—2 J 30 M RBW niVMtWICK yiM of a»t Win in Qiw«n. county. A deUiW d-wription of thU r«gion •«! th« work done therein wmj be found in the Report of Prog«« of the Geologionl «r»ey lor 1872-73. The m^ facta we •• foUowe : With an e.tiin*ted »ree (including the NewcMtle coel-fteld, th.t of Salmon river end Coid of crfek), of .bout 112 «iu«e mile., the thickness of the coal formmtion in the Grand Uke bwin hu been .up- poeed not to exceed 600 feet, end to include but one workable «enm of ooiir-ith • usual maximum thickne-. of only 26 inohoe, «P"*«*«B neT«rthele«s with due allowance., an aggregate of nearly 165,000,000 ton. The «traU being nearly horizontal, the .light variation in the Mtual thickne- of the coal expoeed. together with a careful .tudy of the awociated strata (we report referred to above) leave, little doubt that the n.any opening, made reveal in all caw. the same bed. while all att«mpM by boring to ascertain the existence of more deeply Mated bed. have led only to negative reeults. At the «ine time thew bor- ings taken in connection with such natural exposures as are afforded by the river trenches of the dUtriot, furnUh some information o* great importance in its bearing upon the proUble thickness and capacity of the coal-bearing rochs elsewhere. Of the«. stream action, the uioet imporUnt is that of Newcastle river. At the ' forks ' of the stream, which enters Grand lake on the northern side, and at a disUnce of about five miles from Newcastle bridge, the centre of the principal coal-workings of the district, the rocks expoeed to view consut of con- glomerates which, by their bright red colour, calcareous character and the fact of their association with doleritic and other igneou. accumulations, show that they are the representatives of the Lower Carboniferous system or marine portion of the coal formation. In accordance with the same view the»e red rocks and their volcanic associates are, as elsewhere in the province, directly overiapped by coarse gray quartzose beds, which mark the base ot the coal-measure, proper or Millstone Grit;' all these strata dip southward or to- wards the lake at a low angle. Thus a northern rim or margin to the Newcastle basin becomes determined. On the southern side of Gra^.d lake a similar margin is indicated where corresponding coal measures, on the south side of Waskademoak lake, are found resting on the metamorphic hills and dipping northward. Finally, to the eastward of Grand lake, on Coal creek, is . considerable area in which slates, of Devonian age or older, come to the surface. Thus at three points, situated respectively north, east and south of the principal coal-work- ings at Newcastle bridge, strata older than those of the coal formation Direction and are exposed and form the natural rim of the basin. Observing further auKleof dip. jj,e dip of the beds on either side, which, though small, leads, as i^trueture uf Neweutle ooalbaain. Southern margin. «^M«/ Jmitm M^^^emtU^ JWifer ■Vnrcsu/Ap /'^rik*. «M ! Km^rfJt' Sfttf &tM^k Z o p u u t K (0 < iii Hi 22 M NKW BRUH8WICK on Newcastle cre«k, to the gradual replacement of the red by the gray beds, it is only necessary to consider, in connection with this dip, the distance through which it is exhibited, in order to have the data from which to calculate the depth of the whole basin, or that which would be required at any one point to reach the underlying and older rocks. This condition of things, if existing, would be such as is in- dicated in the first of the accompanying diagrammatic sections : It will be seen, however, that this conclusion is based upon the suppo- sition of conformity between the Lower Carboniferous rocks and those of the coal-measures, but when put to a practical test this is found not to be in accordance with observed facts. For in drilling through the last named measures at and about Newcastle creek (See Appendix) the latter were indeed found to have been passed through within the depth expected from calculation, actually at little over 200 feet, but the cores brought to the surface, instead of being those of red Lower Carboniferous sediments, as expected, were found to consist of slates similar to those outcropping at the surface along the course of Coal creek. Thus, while the facts abundantly indicate that the basin is in all probability a shallow one, they also indicate that its floor is far from being uniform, either as regards the nature of the rocks corn- Evidence of posing it or the level at which these stand. Both at Newcastle bridee and at Coal creek the coal-measures rest horizontally on pre Carboni- ferous, probably Devonian, rocks, and the whole Lower Carboniferous formation, elsewhere of such great thickness, is wholly wanting. Moreover, if these points represent, as is probable, the crests of ridges subsequently buried by Carboniferous sediments, it may be the case that between the ridges were originally more or less deep valleys, and that while the coal strata burying a ridge might be very thin above the latter, or, as at Coal creek, be entirely removed by later denudation, a short distance on either side of such a ridge a deep valley might exist, and the depth of the coal measures filling such valley be of corresponding proportions. This second view of the question, based upon the known unconformity of the coal measures to the Lower Carboniferous formation and the ex- tensive erosion of the latter, is presented in another section, which, as in the case of that previously given, is theoretical only so far as relates to the parts concealed from view. If we now pass from the Grand lake or Newcastle coal basin to other parts of the broad central coal field, we find that, so far as out- crops and openings near the surface are concerned, they throw but little additional light upon the question of the total thickness of th» cool-formation or its productive capacity. untT.] COAL MINEB, COAL CHOPS AND BORINGS 23 M i In the area west of the St. John river, (a minute desicription of Area we»t of which may be found in the Report of Progress for 1872-73) the most river"**" important exposui-es are those of Clones settlement, near the sources of the Nerepis river, in Queens county. Several seams of coal, in one instance of about three feet, occur here, but the situation, in the bed of a brook, is such as to make the relations of the beds obscure and the removal of coal difficult. It is however worth noting that the FoMil,. general succession seen in this vicinity closely parallels that of the Newcastle basin, Ix)wer Carboniferous strata, such as occur about the head waters of the Nerepis river, and consisting of dark red conglo- merates and limestones, being capped by dark olive-gray doleritic and amygdaloidal beds, above which the base of the coal formation is re- presented by gray conglomerates and grits, of which the former con- tains pebbles of limestone carrying Terebratala saeeulus and other characteristic Lower Carboniferous fossils, while the :!lones shales, like those of Newcastle, hold rerjains of ferns, viz : Cardioearpa, Cordaites and Naiadites, of ordinary coal,measure types. Indications of uncon- formity between the different members of the system also occur, while, again as at Grand lake, pre-Carboniferous rocks may be seen to pro! trude through those of Carboniferous age, indicating the uneven bot- tom upon which these repose. Of the somewhat numerous outcrops of coal which have at different Coalontcrop. times been observed in other portions of the area lying west of the St. John river, as on the North-west Oromocto, near Tracy station. (5 inches) on the Otnabog and Mersereau brooks (1 foot), it will not be necessary to speak particularly here, as they reveal no new facts of importance, and the seams themselves are of insigni6cant thickness. The strata everywhere lie at very low angles, are usually of coarse com- position, and, as regards the coal-formation proper, apparently of no great thickness. This latter conclusion may be drawn from the study of the western escarpment of the coal-measures in the vicinity of Cork settlement and Tweedside, as well as from the results of boring opera- tions at Three-Tree creek, near Fredericton junction. In the bluffs of the former the nearly horizontal beds consist mainly of the coarse white-quartz conglomerates so characteristic of the Millstone Grit : at the latter, where a depth of 600 feet was reached, red beds began to appear within 300 feet of the surface. The above observations refer to the counties of Queens, Sunbury and York. We have now to consider what may be learned from coal Y.^u-m crops and borings in the more easterly counties of Kent, Northum- '=""""•'"• berland and Gloucester. 24 M HEW BBUM8WICK Recent borings. Borings at Cocagne river. Dunsinane, Kings county. Of coal crop* many instances are known, but with one possible exception they are too small to be of any importance. The exception referred to is that of C3oal Branch in Kent county. The occurrence of coal at this point was known as early as 1849, when it was examined by Dr. James Robb, who expressed his belief that it might "prove to be the same as the one at the head of Grand lake, from which the sandstones pass continuously, but in an undulating manner." The scam observed was about 15 inches thick and the inclination of the beds N. W.< 10'. More recently (1900) boring operations have been undertaken in the same vicinity by the " Canadian Coal and Manganese Company " under the direction of Mr. Follies, who states that they have drilled through two seams, viz., one of 18 inches occurring 60 feet below the surface and a second of 3 feet at a further depth of 44 feet Allowance must, however, be made for the fact that the bori i/m were effected with a churn drill and there- fore liable to serious misinterpretation. It was the purpose of this company to sink a shaft to the lower of these seams, but results have not been made public. It may be added that the river exposures show but one seam. A second locality in the county of Kent at which boring operations for coal have been carried on is that of a small brook about two miles from the bridge over Cocagne river. Upon the side of this brook is a pit about 9 feet deep showing 7 inches of coal, overiaid by gray shales, and the site of the bore hole is but a few rods distant from this. The depth reaoh.J was 900 feet, but the particulars of the . borings I have been unable to obtain. As tending to confirm the belief that, as a consequence of horizontal deposition upon a floor made irregular both by plication and erosion, the rocks of the coal formation, though thin in many places, may be much thicker in others, a glance may now \ye taken at the facts revealed in the Dunsinane coal area in Kings county. Of compara- tively small e.xtent, this area, like that of Queens county, was also for a long time supposed to be of insignificant thickness, forming only a shallow basin over the Lower Carboniferous rocks which outcrop upon its several borders. The strata being known, however, to include seams of coal (one, 22 inches out-cropping at the surf ice, and another, 12 inches, ten feet and a half lower), the wish t.. thoroughly prove the ground again led to the undertaking of borings, but with the result that, instead of finding the basin shallow, as had been supposed, the drill actually reached a depth of 1,291 feet, the beds passed through being the coal-measures at the top follow, d by gray beds nearly to the ■msti BAIur.] COAL MINES, COAL CROPS AND BOBINOS 25 II bottom when a few red beds were passed, these latter only being ap parentlj Lower Carboniferous. * ^ oit?fi™t*^„l"ir-'''T^.*°' '"'^*' *' * P"'"* ''»" " •»"« *«»«' Shiver "-'"-"f pit (first opened in 1864, on the seams referred to above) and 6 400 *"""^ Slrtll"^''?' '''• '"''""'^ onefootof coalatadtpThofls^ to that of sSoV". "'■'*"^'" t'*''' ''^ *=°'''y •""*»«' ** -"»«» depths to that of 800 feet or more. The locality was visited by the writer at and 1.000 feet. These were mostly sandstones, varying more or less in ^xture, somet mes becoming ooarso ,rits or fine'conglomeraJs b^t aUays some shade of gray, and not diflFerin, in any'way f„,m the Ms usually characterizing the coal forn=ation elsewhere. If different the lower strata penetrated were, upon the whole, finer than the IT' "a '"f :^f ««''«f 1 be^«. three or four feet thick, of fine dark shale. An official log of the boring,, carefully compared with the cores sent to the Department of Crown Lands at Fredericton, is given in the sequel It is impossible to c aw from these any other con elusion than that the rocks passed through, with the exception of the very lowest, are those of the coal formation, though probably pertain! .ng mainly to its lowest member, the Millstone Grit. ^ Outcrops of bituminous coal in Albert and Westmoreland counties w » a..few and unimportant, while the oc-cunence over large aTa": •-""''"" indll tw" "^ r """ ""'^'' "^^'^'^ ^y d^nudLn, would nd.cato that even where they are concealed by the gray measures the thickness of the latter is but small. Among such outcro'X ence may be made to one visited by the writer in company wL M HS. Poole upon Mill brook, in Fairview settlement, (wo miles and a half from the town of Dorchester, and which has be.:, laid bare bv the manage, of the Intercolonial Copper Company. The am™ very inferior, a^ut eight inches thick, and rests u^n fire clay ani griy ^E < o? •; T rr^^" ^^ «-^- -"^^'--, 'dipping' ., t : ■ *^^ ''"''"' "■■« '"""^^ «<-■'*'««. teeth and l^nes uf with plant remains, but the latter are badly preserved. 8mal seams of coal have also been observed in the vicinity of Shediac and at vaTL points aU,ng the Albert county coast, but many of those reported a ntton in ;^ """" °' '*■" *'"»''^- Oir the col of New No. Morton, Uorton, in the same county, a seam of coal, six feet in width has '^'^" been stated by residents to be exposed at times beneath th'tida ""'"""• muds half a m.le or so from shore, and the fact that the locality i withm sight of the Joggin, i„ Nova Scotia, would, if suKstuuti. fe,^^ 26 M iriW BRCHBWIOK JBorinfraat Luti moun- tain. At WibonB. give to the obeervation peculiar interest, but the bed itself is difficult to locate, and, if at all, only in early spring or after severe storms. Boring operations have been carried on quite extensively in Albert and West-noreland counties, but the object in view has been the dis- covery of t Ibertite and petroleum rather than of bituminous coal, and the strata pt netrated have been for the most part the Albert shales and associated L iwer Cwboniferous rocks. At a few points, however, the borings have beca in the coal-measures, and the object sought rdinary coal. Among such borings are some made in the vicinity of Lutz mountain, nine miles north of Moncton. The soH^alled " mountain " has already been described in this report as consisting upon its southern side, as revealed in the transverse ravine known as " the Ckirge," of coarse red conglomerate of Lower Carboniferous age, and inclined north- ward at a high angle. Of the borings referred to, two upon the farm of Peter Wilson were to the eastward, while another, upon the Harris property, was to the westward of " the Gorge," the interval being about two miles. In the bore-holes at Wilson's, which were but li' : . removed from the base of the Lower Carboniferous ridge, the records, as might be expected, are remarkable chiefly for the abundance of reddish sediments, indicating that the strata penetrated are either Lower Carboniferous or of a transitional character. Thus, in one bore- hole (No. 2) reddish marls were met at a depth of only 39 feet, and between depths of 200 feet and 600 feet, rocks of this character were the prevailing ones. At another hole, attaining a depth of 625 feet, the first 125 feet were through grayish beds, sometimes becoming purplish, while below this, red beds became increasingly numerous until below 450 feet all the strata were of this colour. In the boring at Harris', on the other hand, which is more distant from the Lower Carboniferous ridge, the prevailing colours are gray and purple, with hardly a trace of red, even the lowest beds, at a depth of over 700 feet, being thus tinted. In all the borings referred to, the rocks are either sandstones or shale.s, with but little conglomerate, and that only in thi;> layers. FOSSILS. Importance of ^^ previous sections of this report an attempt has been made, by fonila. the study successively of the topography, erosion, lithological charac- teristics and differential movements of the Carooniferous rocks, as welt as by reference to the results of mining and boring operations, to reach some practical conclusions as to the thickness of the Carboniferous sys- tem in New Brunswick and the occurrence or otherwise of workable coals. At Harris'. ] F0881L8 27 coals. Uponthui question the nature of the ««ocmted fo8«iU, usually the met .mportaut means of fixing geological horizons, would naturally be expected to throw i„,portant light But a, in the case of the evidence ^re«ly considered, the conclusions to be derived from tho organic ZZZ" V ^f'" f """"'' ^-'-"•'«~- «eas ar, far fron. satis- ISZd U . r '!"'"'"' ""^ "■" "' ^'^y P— «d, as large .nd g«^ collections have been made at Grand lake, Three Tree creek. follv r.L°V ^""'''^ andelsewhen,, and these have been care- fully studied by competent authorities, especially by the late Sir W Dawson, but many of the forms described by him are pecrliar to New Brunswick „ad hence not comparable with those elsewhere. Besides, authoruies are themselves at variance as to how far particular group Iro! :Z, :'''''"' «; ^^^-^^ horizons. Upon the one iLd.'a l.i.repane. group of rooks not previously referred to in this report, found in vari- "' "««^ ZZT 1 .^ *^"'"' ~r'^' *"'* •'* P"*^'^"^ ^^^- described .s naTr ^^l\ TV^" '■*""''* "^ investigations in the field a..d Ltin W , i"' '^^ '"^''^ "^ ^'^ ^™- I>»--") has quite «c«ntly been claimed to be Carboniferous, even though highlv meta- SenT "r r '^ r*"^ ^^ -doubted Lower Car'bo^iferous have been variously referred to the Millstone Grit, to the middle coal whTt;rc t : """" °^ ^'--carboniferous group, while e^n retthe vert ^. T*'™ " ""''' ""'^ '""^ "P-'-t-i ^^an here, the vertical range of species and the value of them in fixing time limits are subjects of much discussion. * t„!ff! "" w- °* **i' r'""* '"P^" '^'^ °°' '««' *hat he is prepared in th 1 7 ®T'"'^ **" P'^P*^^' *''«'*^°'^' «'«'^Jy 'o give here, 1' u""' '"'' "^ '^' '^"^ "»"•"='«'. especially at the locali ens) obliqua^ Brongt ; C. (? Neuropteris, ingens, L. 4 H A"™ ZZmT7' ""-''r^ «-inberg;8phenopSrism:nZ l>awson, S. iatior. Daw.; S. gracUis. Brongt.; S. artemisifolia, 28 M HBW BRUmWICK Foasila from Baie dea Cbaleiirx. Fosails from Three- tree creek. Brongt, ; Alethopteria lonchitica, Steinberg ; Beinerlia Goapperti, Daw». ; Paleeopteris Hartii, Dawi. ; Lepidodendroa Fiotoense, Daw. ; Lepido8trubu8 cquamMns, Daws. ; Cordaitea borasoifolia Corda ; C. ■implex, Daws. ; Cardioearpum bisectatum, Daws. ; Halonia t Of the above list, those in italics occur al upon the shores of the Baie des Chaleura, about Clifton and New £andon. In this latter region are found a'so the following species not discovered at Grand lake :— Sphenophyllum saxifragifoliuni, Stein ; Nenropteris Loshii, Brongt. ; Odontopteris Schlotheimii, Brongt. ; Sphenoteris Canadensis, Daw. ; S. obtusiloba ? Brongt. ; Alethopteria nervosa, Brongt. : A. muricata, Brongt. ; A. pteroides, Brongt ; A. Serlii, brongt. ; A. grandis, Dawson ; Cordaites simplex. Remarking upon the above collections, Sir William Dawson (m 'Acadian Geology,' p. 241) observes that those from the Baie des Chaleurs are * supposed to belong to the lower set of coal beds in the Middle Coal Measures'; 'those from Grand lake to the upper set of beds.' To the above lists, as originally given by Sir William Dawson, it is now necessary to add, from the Grand lake region : — Dadoxylon materiarium. Daws. ; D. Acadianum, Daws. ; Calamitea dubius, Artis ; Alethopteris nervosa, Goeppert ; Neuropteris Loshii, Brongt. ; Fecopteris oreopteroides, Brongt. ; Lepidodendron Lepido- phloris. The following list of species is from collections made by the author of this report at Three-tree creek, near Fredericton Junction, and which were identified by Sir William Uawson : — Neuropteris flexuosa, Steinberg ; N. cordata, Brongt. ; Fecopteris arborescens, Brongt. ; Fecopteris oreopteroides. Stern., or an allied species ; Fecopteris abbrcviata, Brongt. ; F. allied to F. hirta ; Sphenopteris latior, Dtws. Odontopteris squamosa, I^sq., or a re- sembling species ; Cyclopteris fimbriata, Lesquereux ; Lepidodendroa Fictoense, Dawson ; Lepidostrobus : Cordaites borassifolia, Unger ; Annularia equisetiformis, L. and H. ; Catamites Cistii ; Brongt. Rhabdocarpus ? Sir William Dawson remarks that the above plants are of the middle coal formation, and similar to those of Grand lake. It may be noticed that, in the collections above referred to no occurrences of .Sigillaria or Stigmaria are noted. It must not, how- F088ILa 29 ever, from this be inferred that these are abe-st. The omiaaion i» probably wholly accidenUl. It i, cerUin, at least, thnt species of Sigillana occur at Grand lake, while large tree trunks, s'.me of which at least are sigillariae and others lepidodendra, but bolh poorly pre- served, have been observed over many portions of the coal field. In the clifb upon the Bay of Fundy shore, as at New Horton, Cape Enrage and Alma, the occurrence of large drifted tree trunks is especially common, and include, besides SigiUaria, Stigmaria, Lepido- iUniron and Dado^lon, stems of tree-ferod of the g.mu8 Meyaphyton. In the finer sediments or shales, upon the other hand, here occasion- ally met with, remains of NaxadiUit are sometimes to be found. In J'usril track' the sea cliffs of Owl's Head, just east of Aluia, upon the Albert county coast, an interesting impression was noticed by Mr. Poole and the writer, of which the nature and origin are obscure. It is upon the flat surface of a large block of sandstone detached from the pre- cipitous face of the bluff, and is in the form of two perfectly straight and parallel furrows, each 4 inches wide, about 16 inches apart and about 10 feet long, the space between the furrows being marked by rather regular but obscure depressions, roughly arrange.1 in pairs neariy at right angles to the furrows. The general appearance at a dutanceof afewyards is that of a huge track, possibly that of a gasteropod, but the nature of the animal producing it, if reaily thus formed, is very problematical. Of other animal remains found in the Carlwniferous rocks, we have only to mention shells of SpirorbU, resembling S. carbonarius. found in the shales at Grand lake, and the remains of teeth and scales of Ganoid fishes m similar beds near Dorchester. Coprolites of fishes- also occur. Of the fish remains referred to (found on Mill brook, Fairview set- Fi«h «.,„ai,„ tiement, two miles and a half from Dorchester) Dr. Whiteaves writes u"',"*'')' m a letter to Mr. Poole :— IwUtater. •Judging by the "Acadian Geology," these would seem to be • scales and teeth of Bhhodus, presumably of B. lanci/er ; a tooth of I>*plodus^^ppaventlyoiD. penetrans; and two teeth of a Ct.noply. chius, perhaps of C. crialatua. .u ' ®i"»'" T""*""' ^^ described and figured on pages 209 to 21 1 of the "Acadian Geology." On page 211 of that publication teeth of Dxplodus penetrans are said to occur in the "roof of beds of coal near and above the New Glasgow conglomerate, and on the roof of the lutun coal. 30 M N>W BRUNSWICK What the very curious and interaating oone-like organism, with larger, sculptured, imbricating scales at one end, is, I have not lieen able to find oat, but it gives me the impression that it may be a cirrhipede allied to Plumulitet. Some of the other organisms also I have not been able to make out.' CondiuionB arrived at. Practical bearing. Obnkrai. Sdmmart akd Pkaotical Suooistions. In preceding pages the coal problem of New Brunswick has been considered from a number of different standpoints. We may now summarize the conclusions which these several discussions would seem to suggest, and point out some methods of further investigation by which, it is thought, the prewnt uncertainty as to the productive capacity of our coal-fields may be determined. 1. Topography. — The approximate uniformity of elevation of the rocks of the coal formation over such vast areas, including nearly one half of the superficies of the province, evidently points to corresponding uniformity of conditions of deposition over the same areas. Hence, if holding productive seams, these may be expected to have wide horizon- tal distribution, or, if barren at several widely separated areas, to be probably unproductive throughout. This view is in accordance with the facts observed at Grand lake, where all the openings are undoubt- edly upon the same seam ; and the close correspondence with the latter of the seams observed at Coal Branch in Kent, suggests the idea that these also represent about the same horizon. From another point of view the topography of the Carboniferous tracts has a practical bearing. It is evident that the very regular triangular form of the great central basin is the result of its inclosure between two great divergent lines of pre Carboniferous uplift, of which one coincides with or is parallel to the general trend of the great Appalachian uplifts of eastern America, while the other, turning more to the eastward, helps to form the Acadian protaxis which from early times, as now, shut in the depression of the St. Lawrence gulf. The regularity of this divergence and the absence between the two arms of any prominent intermediate elevations would favour the idea that such elevations never existed, while at the same time any minor undula- tions would be likely to conform in direction with that side of the triangle to which they approximated in position. Indications of the existence of such buried undulations are found in the islands of slate protruding through the Coal formation on Coal creek and the Canaan river, in Queens county, and perhaps, as pointed out by Dr. Ells, in W'*!ig,' " r-] SDMMABT AKD PBACTICAL SUOOUTIONS 31 M the untioline obMrved along the eaatern shore of Kent county and in the outline of the north ihore of Prinoe Edwaid Island. The exict location of such ridgea, ai determined by future borings, will, as u evident, constitute an important element in the search for coal, the •traU directly above them being necessarily, (as at Orand lake) quite thin, while in their lee, as would seem to have been the case in the Pictou district of Nova Scotia, were present those conditions of shelter and of subsidepce which were must favourable for the production of thick beds of coal. 2. ^rofiow.— FacU given upon an earlier page indicated that the Kffettof rooks of the coal measures were not only laid down upon a floor greatly •""'<»"• eroded, but that they have themaelvea suffered a great diminution of their volume by a like agency. Originally continuous with straU of similar age upon the other shores of the St Lawrence gulf, they have by submergence and denudation been disconnected with these latter. At the same time their vertical thickness has been greatly reduced, a loss which might involve an important group of coal producing strata. In the Bay of Fundy trough, it can hardly be doubted that such a loss actually occurred. 3. AUilude* and UnconJormUie».—\erj low inclinations or absolute Prevailing horizonUlity are the prevailing features of the great central basin ; J^\"^i^i„ somewhat greater irregularity and higher dips are met with in the ° ™ Kennebecasis and Petitcodiac troughs ; great diversity and high dips distinguish the areas bordering upon the Bay of Fundy. A slow sub- sidence accompanied by a gradual and widespread accumulation of similar sediments are indicated in the first case. Great differential movements, accompanied by important dislocations, mark the regions nearer the coast. As these however, are later in origin then the beds affected, they had little bearing upon the amount of coal which was formed. The unconformities are more important as bearing upon the question of unciual accumulation at different points, the possible thickness at any one point being (as at Grand lake) determined by the attitude as well as by the erosion of the beds below. Unconformity is indicated (1) between the Albert shales and the ordinary Lower Carboniferous sediments, (2) between the Lower Carboniferous sedimentaries and the felspathic and diabasic rocks which frequently cap them, and (3) be- tween the preceding rocks and those of the Millstone Grit. In the central basin, however, such unconformity U usually indicated by partial removal of the lower beds and by overlap rather than by any discordance of dip. 32 M VBW BnCHIWICK Ocncrel |jniv»hrnc« alookne ■adimenU. Colour of beck. yaturt of Sedim»nU.— In tnTelMuK exteMively over tha etwl-field of New Bninawick, one ounot help being •track by the general preval. enoe of bed* of a come character. Naturally theM wonW be more prominent but not more persiatent than thoee of a flner and aofter nature, but this fact cannot altogether account for the comparative infrequency of sbaly beds. Such bedi do indeed occur, and upon the shore of the Bale del Chaleurg are very conspicuously developed, but as a rule, over nearly all parte of the ooal-tield, tht beds exposed, even in riwr sections, are either conglomerates or coarse sandstones. Such coante beds of irreguUr thickness are, of course, not favourable to the occurrence of coal, indicating the prevalence of conditions other than such as led to the formatiop of the latter. Conglomerates consisting largely of white quartz pebbles are especially abundant around the borders of the great central coal ar-a, and appear to mark the base of the coal measures, though in the Pictou coal-fleld beds of this character are found in the upper coal-measures, over the thick coal seams. The colour of the beds has also important bearings ; first in the fact that reddish colours, as due to the non-removal of iron compitf'r.iio. ..t exist as to how far the occurrence of particular species of planU should Z'^'^uZl^: be, re,'arde ^^ .14 M 5fBW BHl'NXWIRK CtMl Illinium' "tirrmtum'. FurthtT iitTfxsarv. Miniinj and Burivij O/mralioiu. — Mining for co*l in New Brniiiwiuk hM practically l)«en oinHned to th« Grand lake reftion and to beds but littlR removed from the surface. The operation* there condncted prove the wide horizontal extension of the strata, l>at throw little direct light up>ii the thickness of the latter. This, howover, ha* been tested by boring, with the result of showing that in that portion at least of the ^reat coal basin the measareti are thin, and are without other seams of cnal than the one long worked near thn surfac*-. The holes ranged in depth from 170 to 400 feet, and in the deeper ones the cores brought up consisted of shales (prohiibly Devonian) fhowing that un- derlying pre-Carl)oniferou8 rocks hwl been reached. At Three-Tree creek also, bed* below the Coal MeaAure-s were reached at 300 feet or lens. These factH, taken in connection with u Htudy of surface outcropti and Htratigraphy, Meeiii to indicate that alarg(> part, if not the whole of the coal-bearing rocks in Queens, Sunbury and York, are of shallow depth, and hence unlikely to contain large Heanis of coal. On the other hand the boring operations at Dunsinane, in Kin>;s county, failing even at 1,1'00 feet lo reach the luuie of the Carboniferous system, shows that even in small basins and at no great distance from pre-Carbonif erous ridgei), the coal rocks may attain considerable depth. It is not yet definitely known, however, that the increaserl thickness is accom- panied by any large increase in the nunilier and sizn of coal-Mams. The reuiaining areas are those of the eontern counties, Northumberland, Kent and Weiilmorland. No mining operations of any extent have been carried on in this region and the results of >H.rir ^ -nade onl' at n few points and for different objects than that of obtaining coal, are inwjn- clusive. The tools used have l)een churn drills, the logs have been kept by those not fully acijuainted with their nature and importance, even the terms used in the description of borings are not alike and often wrong, and the Ixiring sites have been selected with little reference to the geological structure or characteristics of the districts in which they have been placed. This portion of the province therefore, which upon other grounds would seem to bi- the most promising, is that of which, a.s yet, the least is known. In view of all the facts now before u.s there would seem to be only one way of finally settling the still doubtful question as to the thick- ness find capacity of the New Brunswick coal-field, viz., by borings undertaken in those parts which have not yet been satisfactorily proved. It is not probable that much more can be gained by trials of this .sort in the western section of the central coal-field, but it is at least possible that a more favourable set of conditions may be found to exist to the eastward and especially along the shores of the Gulf of ] itUMMAIIV ASfU PKAOnCAL •UlifiKimoNH 3.-. M St. Lawrence. To deterinirt thin, u methiHiicsl nertea o( boi mg*, with u diamond drill Uking up ^lid corea, iliould be made at diHereiit pointa Utween Monctonand Bathur«t, with at leant a few othem well located in the Mirnniichi aud Kuctouohe vHlley*. Fr»)in what Imn l>een will it will be obvious that there are but few if any feuturts at the iiurfao« which can be of much aiuiMtance in determining the most favourable location for trial. Each boring would afford presumptive evidence for a oonniderable area around it, and a series of nuch li.ileii i-oull adiuixtur.; with foreign raatU'i which has previously done so mu.-li t.. di [ir.-.;i;iip this c.»il in the eyes of coiiHuiiiers. In return for the aid .illl,rd.-.l (,y the /government, the company Uuilding (he raad I. imls itself to esta.,- lish on the line .,f railway a plant eapal.le of mining an avera-e of not less than •'iOO tons ..f coal per day. f)win^' to the proximitv ..f t^ie seam to the .surface_,it i.r. point. d.K-s it lie U-neath more than CO feet of cover, and usually this is much less- the coal can in many ca.ses In- most re..dily obtained by stripping, and machinery will he en.ploved which will allow of this being done with great rapidity. When 'ux, deep for this purpose, the coal may still be removed with compar.ativeiy little labour by simply cutting trenches from the side of which the coal is removed for a certain distance, and the undermined soil-cap then allowejet:t of fiitur rK'Vt- loimiiiit. As beariug further upon the subject of future developniert, I may be pfinriitted to express here my sense of some difficulty, in the study of the Carboniferous tracts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia arising from the unfortunate method of delineation adopted in the older survey maps, viz., the selection of arbitrary parallel lines to indicate the distinction between sub-divisions of the system. Not only is it almost impossible and very wearying to the eye to separat«> these, where the areas are small and irregularly associated, but the parallel barring being much more conspicuous than the boundary lines, con- stantly suggests lines of .strike which are false and very misleading. In formations like those of the .Millstone <{rit and Coal-Measures, where strikes and dips are of the utracst importance to the prospector and miner, everything which would tend to lead to incorrect im- pressions should be carefully ri voided. As the P<'rmo carboniferous is in these maps already distinguished by difiFerence of tint, it would be well if a similar method could in future maps Yh> employed for the Lower Carboniferous also, e.specially as this latter forin.ition is so strongly contrasted in its natural coloration, in the nature and origin of its sediments and its relations to agriculture. APFiJNDIX Pt'lll.ICAl IOX.« KKI.AIINi; .« niK C ARHOXIKKRIUS .SVSIKM UK NkW HkL'XSWKK. .a -a? ■5 Al.rahfiiij (ie>^ner. First Report on the (;.-ul„j.icfil Survey ..f tlic Province of New lirunswioU — .St. John, l.S.i'J. Abriham Oesner. Second Rpjiort, l.'<40, " " Thiril Hpport, 1S4I. " " Fourth Report, 1842. Dawson. Sir.). W. The All)ert Mine, New Brunswick, .lounul ..t Ofologiail Society of London, 1 S.'jS. Acadian (Jeology. 1st Edition, 18")."). 4th •' 1891. The r»wer Carhonifeious Coal .Measures of ]!riti.sh North America. !l)id. \X'>X. The conditions of the Accumulation of Coal, an^l the Coal Flora of Nova Scotia and New Hrnii.-:wick. Thid.. 1807, Relation of the I'pper Cai Measure.-^ or Nova Scotia t„ the Permian. Ibid.. 1874. Carl)oniferous Fishes from New Ihunswiik. Can Naturalist 1878. Ifand-lM)ok of Canadian G.>oloj;y. Montre.il, 188!). L. W. Bailey. Report on the .Mines and .MiiMtals of New Bruiis^ wick. Frederictoii, 1804. Ohservations on the (ipolosy of Southern New Brunswick, with map. Printed hy Le-is|.itur.' ..f N. 1!. Frederic- ton, 18t)r). <»ii Ihi- .Mineral R.^soura - of Ne« Br.iiiswi.k, Can.idi.ui Miniiinand Mciliaiiical lievic-v. |s;i| . l!e|H.rt on tl,.^ (;eol,.:,'y ot Southern N.I!., 187U7I. (iclo :;ical Survey of Canadii. On the Carhoniferou'- System of N. It., 1s7l' 7,i. -Il.id. 38 M NBW BBUNSWICK Report on the Lower Carboniferous Belt of Albert and West- moreland counties, N. B. With map and section, 1876 77.— Ibid. On the Mineral Resources of New Brunswick. — Ibid., 1899. O- "'•eological Contacts and Ancient Erosion in ^uthern and central New Brunswick. — Pro. Royal Society of Cana- da, Vol. 1, 1884. On progress of geological investigation in N.B. — Ibid., 1889. R. W. EIIr. In the Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada. On operatiuuH in boring for coal at Newcastle creek, N.B., 1872. On the Lower Carboniferous Belt of Albert and Westmore- land Counties, N. B., 1876-77. On the Geology of Southein New Brunswick, in Charlotte, Sunbury, Queens, St. John and Albert counties, 1878 79. On the Geology ot Northern and Eastern New Brunswick and north side of Bay des Chaleurs, 1880-81. On the Geology of Eastern Alljert and Westmoreland Coun ties, N.B., and of portion of Cumberland and Colchester Cjunties, N.S., 1K8.5. A History of New Hrun.swick Geolojty, .887. The Carlxmiferous Ba.sin of New Brunswick. Trans. Royal Society, 1901. The Geology of the Proposed Tunnel under Nurthuml)erlanti Straits, N. B. Trans. Royal Society of Canada, Vol. XI, 1893. Geo. F. Matthew. Report on the Carboniferous System of New Bruns- wick. Geol. Surv., Can., 1873. Report on Geological observations in southern New Bruu!>- wick Geol. Surv., Can., 1877. West- , 1876 . 1899. irn and Cana- , 1889. N.B., itinore- irlotto, 187f<- ck and Coun Chester Royal Mjrland a, Vol. Bruns- Bruns-