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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la demiAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbole --^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symboie V signifie "FIN". Lea cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmia i des taux de rMuction diffirants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd k partir da Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche k droite. et de haut en baa. en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaira. Lea diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thcde. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 LxvA Q-Q . \&S,'£) MSQILL UNIVERSITY I LIBRARY . Acc. Nopam. not Ace. date 1 92 9 lit! !!• !i'i"; ■'ill' . iiuinm 'I '' ', iiJiii&f-'V/' 'i'li! M li'l- !!t! II to' rogress is slow. The day of great things is at hand, but how many see it not ! If anything in education needs re- forming altogether, it is the methods of medical education. From the beginning to the end of u medical course real know- ledge can only be gained by the direct use of the senses, hence laboratory work of all kinds, in which I would include that of tho dissecting-room (morphological laboratory) and the hospital wards, must largely occupy the student. As soon as didactic lectures, instead of helping a man to acquire knowledge for him- self hy observation, and to work up the facts into sound gene- ralizations, load the mind with purely abstract conceptions, and hazy, ill-comprehended ideas, they become a positive injury and not n benefit.. Is there a medical school in existence that can claim that correct methods are fully carried out ? McGill is well to the front as compared with the best. But let us be candid. If I make to-day a few statements not of that lauda- tory character so common in this country, I hope I shall not be credited with less love for my own University or rcy own land than those who only boast of our present attainments. A syateai that crowds so much work into four sess'ons ; a system that expects so much at examinations ; that keeps men listening to lectures of one hour each from 9 a.m. to ti p.m., with the exception of a busy period of a couple of hours at the hos- pital and one hour for lunch, I do unhesitatingly declare an educational monstrosity and a fearful imposition on young, un- developed natures. This is not the way to develop men, but to dwarf or distort them ; and that our students are not more in- jured is evidence of the strength of their constitutions. No students work so hard ard so cheerfully as medical students, and none are more handicappel by educational blundering. Gentlemen graduiktes, I am sure yon feel the truth of these remarks ; you have groan jd under the weight you have had to carry ; and even the best men amongst you have felt it too heavy. You have been conscious of trying to keep in form for examination a vast mass of details which you have not digested nor even comprehended ; and yet you have had greater advan- tages than most students in Americt, for the acquisition of know- ledge and for mental development in the right way. The term I have just used, " development," raises a question I would urge with all the earnestness of which I am capable. Man has a complex organization, and any system of education that fails to develop all the parts of his nature harmoniously must be to a greater or less degree a failure. There are a few universities on this continent that look after the physical devel- opment of men wifely ; a few others whose methods for the training of the intellect are to a large degree in harmouy with 8 the best knowledge on that subject we possess. But where is the university anywhere in the world that harmoniously develops the whole man ? Not one — absolutely not one ! In all that relates to the social, the aesthetic, the moral, we are far behind. This is painfully evident in the medical course. A student is to a professor an intellect to be addressed to be trained to a certain extent if you will, and to be very thoroughly examined periodically. The professor is to the student a state- ment-supplying mechanism, to be satisfied at examinations by a due return of the ideas furnished. Of all teachers a medical faculty should look to the body. But where is the medical school in which physical culture in the best sense is insisted upon ? What provision is made to develop the social and moral, the highest parts of the man, and on which his future usefulness so much depends ? In the winter evenings, if you pass near the theological colleges which flank McGill on each side, you may perhaps see the students partaking of their tea comfortably together. They evidently have both domestic comfort and social intercourse, and we are glad of it. Why should the Arts, the Science or the Medical student be turned out of his father's house to make his way as best he can in a large city without, in most instances, a single acquaintance at the outset ? We have a fearful responsibility, I feel personally, and the hour is at hand when we must grapple with the problem ! Among McGill's ' many wants, none seem to me so acute as the need of the em- bodiment of this principle of harmonious development of all the parts of the student's nature. McGill needs, on these grounds, a building which shall permit of the students of all the faculties' meeting in a great dining hall and in the amusement and read- ing rooms, the apartments for physical culture, etc., with which it should be provided. Here the professors might mingle with their stur'.jnts— man to man. It would do both good. This requires money ; but four hundred subscriptions of 1500 each would ensure the erection and furnishing of such a building. Are there not four hundred men in Montreal with enough patriotism and paternal feeling to subscribe the requisite amount ? For the evils that beset our methods in the training of the t 4 9 t i intellect of the medical student, the speediest and surest remedy would be a faculty composed of men devoting themselves, as is the case in medicine in some other countries, and in some of the other faculties of our own University, wholly to college work. Such a state of things implies endowed chairs, etc. Already on this continent there is one richly endowed medical school of the character indicated, gradually bursting into the vigor of a growth unwonted in the history of medical teaching on this side of tae Atlantic. And McGill has reason to be proud that a graduate of her own (Prof. Osier) has been chosen as one of that care- fully selected few that are to man and pilot the new ship. Where shall the next such school *•- ? In the face of the magniBcent endowments to this Univb. :.y of one great-hearted man ; and to the citizens by himself and a fellow in grand and good works, of a noble bequest for the erection of an institution the use- fulness of which all acknowledge,— in the face of these deeds by two of Montreal's citizens, who shall set bounds to the supply of means from the whole body of citizens, especially for what one of McGill's benefactors has called " the essential profession?" The students that McGill has and cares to have are ready for the changes I have brieHy sketched as desirable ; in fact, many of her present students groaning under the impositions of the present are fondly looking for better days ; though it may be they see but dimly in their youth and inexperience what should replace the present ; but that there are some great changes devoutly to be wished is felt by the mass of the students but too keenly. Gentlemen graduates, I am sure you participate in these views and feelings ; hence I have thought it not an improper time to give utterance to them, believing that you will endeavor to hasten the day of better things, while still grateful for what you have received, and quite conscious that your own Alma Mater is not in the rear of the best of her neighbors. What I am trying to make clear is that all universities are behind ; and that, as re- gards methods of intellectual training, medical schools are espe- cially in need of great and speedy reforms. But you are, perhaps, aware that one of the sources of embar- i\ 10 rassment to the universities of this country just now is the result of the interference either directly or indirectly, of professional bodies with their independent and largely irresponsible examining boards, which are not content with merely examining, but wish to dictate how students shall be taught. This latter is an entirely unjustifiable assumption of power. Those best qualified to judge of raethods of training, etc., are those actually engaged in the work and not, with all respect to them, the busy practitioners of the land destitute of experience in such work. That such men should be appointed examiners of students taught by spe- cialists ,s at once a gross injustice to the universities and the students as well as in itself an absurdity. Now, gentlemen, if withm the next few years, or at any future time, you should be offered the position of examiner in some of the primary subjects on boards of such constitution, will you accept the position on the plea that if you do not some one equally unqualified will: or will you sacrifice for your university, your country and your convictions any temporary personal advantage ? Prove your self a moral vetebrate and say, " No," as a protest against such anomalous practices. For my part I think your course is clear. But you are under obligations to your country and your race of even greater importance than those you owe your Alma Mater, and i must not linger on your relations to the University But before quitting this subject, you will, I am sure, join with me in one remark : That whatever changes may take place in the medical teaching of McGill University in the near or remote future, we do not hope to see in the members of her faculty men that will spare cheerfully more of their time and energy from their mam work to their college duties than do my colleagues ; nor that any future head of McGiU Medical Faculty will embody m himselt such a rare combination of professional ability, high sense of honor and justice, such integrity, such devotion in the interests of his profession and his university, or such rare ability as a lecturer, united with lofty aims and with an almost youthful enthusiasm, as did the late Dean.* vy> Ml t I 11 i t Gentlemen, I musk congratulate you on the prospects that loom up, to my eye clearly, before your chosen profession. Such is the progress of biology and allied branches, as chemistry, that within the next two decades, and certainly well within your lifetime, Medicine must be so transformed in every respect, and especially as a science, as to be scarcely recognizable. I have often thought that one of the best realizations that our profession could experience is the slight degree to which medicine has been a science at all until within the last ten years. And even as yet, witness the isolation of the various subjects in a medical curriculum, and the consequently increased difficulty in learning and the loss of energy from disconnected thinking which lasts beyond student-life and handicaps the practitioner all his days. Older literature is fast becoming shelved. The principles of Biology, vitalized by the great doctrines of organic evolution, will surely— let us hope speedily— like a ferment transform the whole. At present you hear Httie of biological principles out- side of one or two lecture-rooms ; but in less than twenty years they will dominate the teaching in every department, not except- ing the hospital ward. Nor will it be in the form of crude, un- verified statements, but as accurately ascertained facts. From what a height the teacher and practitioner of that day will sur- vey the vast field ! How much easier his classification of facts, how broad and how clear his principles ! I congratulate you on that unification and correlation which is taking place, notwithstanding old prejudices, in the diflTerent departments of medicine. Dental surgery and comparative, so-called, veterinary medicine, are being carried along on that same wave of progress on whose crest human medicine is riding. Until men perceived that disease was not an entity but a con- dition, varying with the organism affected, it was impossible to see the connection between the different branches of the science or to understand that as nature is one so must all science, in- cluding Medicine, when complete, be one. The dental and the veterinary surgeon and the practitioner of human medicine should no longer stand apart. The claims alike of science, our apeechless companions and fellow-creatures the lower animals 12 and of ^an himself, cry aloud to ua all to unite our forces in the battle agamst disease, and to attain unto a better li^ht and ! broader knowledge. Gentlemen, it m.y be mZttZl n McG.ll, s.t .n the same lecture-rooms, work in the slmJ laboratories, and pass the same examinations in the priZy departments, as the students of veterinary and denf»l « ^ to understand wh, these branches of the^oJeln 11 hlfZ' have chosen arc not more closely united p™„;.ir ^? interest, of the public de.andi.foIgJ.^^rit^.ra.Tc'''' mun,cahilit, of disease f.„„ a„i„,^„ ZZTZZ will do you good and him good ; and if he is not 7 a C:j-::r;-f:rair:^^^^^^^^^^^^ .»«s,o„ of the physician is ,„;,„„« disera A:„l, Ju to-dav H.-a 1, 1 J "^espects than his representative of in science. *' "''°'' """""""i'J. particularly be both. "^ ' ^"'"'■® physician muPt f t 'I t 4 18 Gentlemen, you leave us to-day well abreast of the knowledge of your time. But allow me to remind you that only the fleet runner can fully keep up in the race. Industry well directed, a mmd free from prejudice, ever ready to entertain, though not necessarily to subscribe to, every now thing, will keep you in the safe path of progress. And begin at once this career. Never cease to be students of books, and, above all, of the book of Jiature, ever open, yet sometimes hard to read. You will of course, encourage all forms of learning and especially all depart- ments of science, for no one can tell whence the next great advance may come. The limits set to an address of this kind prevents me referring to many matters of great importance in the details of your career as practitioners ; but I think you must at some time during your student life have either heard or read advice on many of these subjects. In this unresting age old things seem to be passing away and all things becoming new. Every man is a unit-force in the civilization of which he forms a part. He either retards or accelerates the car of progress. In addition to the physician's obligations as a preventer of disease by direct consultation with individuals and families, he owes a great duty to that portion of the human race that, from a multitude of causes, is unable to think out and work out its own salvation. What, then, is the duty of the profession to the great ignorant, degraded, compara- tively helpless, mass of our fellows. According to some we are each to look to himself ; each develop himself ; and these people find a refuge for their selfishness under some ill-understood quo- tation, such as " The survival of the fittest." They would have us believe that their position is supported by the now no longer despised doctrines of evolution. Such views may harmonize with their " evolution," but not with that of the noble Darwin ! Survival under a given environment is a mark of the fittest. But who make the environment for these unfortunates ? In great part their fellow-men ; and unless they make it as good as their light and opportunities permit they are unjust to their less for- tunate brethren. With ail kinds of resource, whether of wealth, talent, learning 14 or aught else, comes an inalienable responsibility. We can no more get nd of it than of our being. The meLalT ofession has, by v-rtue of special knowledge, a peculiar responS ! the,r fellows both as a profession .nd as individuals Th far' great ev s at the very roots of human progress understood a equatoly on y by medical men, not to speak of he r sect knowledge of hyg^ne, by which they are eminently qualild to warn and d.rect the public. And unless the medicVpro ■ sin soon speaks out on some of these topics in language that anTot be m,sunderstood, surely the very stones will cry'out r We have all sorts of combinations in these days in the sun posed .nterests of special classes. But who has /e ieani of^ meetmg of capitalists with the direct obiert ./'.'?^^'^«^ « to alleviate the condition of their leTsfoi^^^^^^ WKo„-. L , . lortunate lellow- creatures ' Where or when have scientists or physicians met to decide unn plans spj^admg the rays of a wholesome knowledge in noisome places ? We may boast of our civilization as we will buHo ong as there are, on the one hand, gross ignorance of sen J ruths by vast masses of mankind, squalor, poverty and a Im of degradation m our very midst ; and on the other masr the benefit o the possessors only, all being perfectly content hat thmgs should so remain ; and so far as tte' one sideTs « cerned should mcrease, it seems to me that we have yet t learn the very elements of a high civilization. There mav be h! who can understand how a physician who doesTo Ze tha g^ the rounds o h,s practice discharges his whole duty to his ellows But on purely sc.entific grounds, if no other, I am^ unab e t Tee how any man can be true to the potential nobility and gr^^^^^^^^^^^ of h,s nature who allows himself to become and remaif 117' d.agnos>ng prescription-writing mechanism, or a neuriscu mass co-ord-nated to manipulate a scalpel or a saw ! To be t only means the atrophy of the best part of man's nature If these doctrines seem new it is because they are so old They are opposed neither to nature, nor science, nor the tea h nfeli: t : trf •''""^"^- ^' P^y -b-"^«d homage to" intellectual ab.hty m our age. But though we admire the fox f i t I t i 16 for the cunninir by which he secures his prej, or the shark for his teeth, we do not respect them for these endowments; and if 80 why should we respect the man who, like the shark, uses his abilities to get the advantages in the race of life without refer- ence to the results to others. I have never been able to under- stand It. I cannot respect such men. Such deference is a form of material worship, inherited from grosser ancestors, to be domi- nated as speedily as possible to higher principles. Gentlemen, I address those remarks to you in the hope that you may not wait for older men to move ; but that you may be induced, possibly, to initiate independent action yourselves on higher grounds than have been hitherto generally recognized. But shou d you do so, I cannot promise you that your equals or others will strew flowers in your path. You will probably bo much misunderstood, and as a consequence you may bo subjected to some of the many forms of refined persecution of our day. you may expect to be called an " extremist," a " visionary " a « dangerous radical," or perhaps a " crank," a term now often applied by stupid people to those they are incapable of under- standing. But take your stand. You may live to see your dreams realized ; but if not, you may enioy the satisfaction of teeling that you have, in some degree at least, assisted in human progress. Gentlemen, a word in regard to your relations to the schools of our land If there is anyone who, by virtue of his education, his special knowledge, and his method of viewing things, is fitted to make one of a school board, it is the physician with a broad, hberal education. But how few of our profession occupy such a position. I think I am correct in stating that in the largest city in the Dominion not one physician has sat upon her school board for twenty years, although there has been a great plethora of the members of another learned profession. Your lot may be cast in a small place. The teacher, the preacher and yourself may be the sole representatives of the higher culture. Form a triumvirate for mutual help, and unite your forces in the cause of civilization. Drop into the school-room occasionally: «n.nt a few encouraging words to the teacher. Make him see, if he 16 does not, that great destinies are in his hands ; smooth his often rugged path ; show the communitj that education, Hke all else tiiat pertains to man, must be in harmonj with the laws of his physica organization. It seems to me that your privileges and your obligations are, in this direction, great Finally, gentlemen, though men differ on'this subject and on that, there 18 one on which all are agreed. Mankind, of what- ever race, language, religion or place in the human scale, unite to respect and love the man that alleviates human suffering - who prevents or wipes away the tear of pain, of bitterness,' of repentance, or any form of misery. Graduates in medicine of 1889,"this is your privilege, a part 4^