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Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour dtre reprodult en un seul clich6, 11 est f ilm6 h partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de heut en bas. en prenant Ie nombre d'imagea n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustraht la m6thode. 12 3 — 1— — Li»»— 1— — i— ^— — I 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jk fv ::, \ From the United Servira Journal. REMARKS ON THE DEFENCES AND RESOURCES OF CANADA IN THE EVENT OF A WAR. BY CLAUDIUS SHAW, ESQ.. K. S. T., LATE Of THE ROYAL ARTILLERY. At this time, when all eyes are turned to the other side of the Atlantic with so much anxiety, and from the very great probability there is just now of an eruption between Great Britain and the United States, a few remarks from a person who served in Canada during part of the last war, and remained several years in that country, when he visited, on duty, every military post in both prov- inces, and had particular opportunities of making observations, may not be unacceptable. When the last war with the States broke out, all the disposable British troops were engaged in the Peninsula, and those under Sir George Pro- vost, the Governor of the Canadas, were very few indeed, and they dispersed over some thousand miles of frontier. The force consisted only of two regular regiments of the line, 4lBt and 49tb, and some provincial and foncible corps just raised. The militia were quite unorganized, and some among them were considered a little disaffected ; but this last number was small. The gallant and lamented General Brock was the first to set the example by commencing hos- tilities. He, with one wing of the 49th, part of the 41st, and a few unorganized militia, made a dash from York, and captured Detroit. He was following up his success in other parts when death put an end to his career in the moment of victory ; and thus fell a man universally beloved and es- teemed by all parties. Soon after this a war of extermination was waged along the frontiers. A party of Americans crossed the Niagara river at Fort Georgo, near where it falls into Lake Ontario, and set fire to the village uf Newark, as it was then called— Niagara at present. It was in the most inclement season of the year, the beginning of February, the ground covered with snow, and the thermometer several degrees below zero, when the American general, M'Liire, and his myrmidons, crossed the river. Arriving about four o'clock in the morning, they gave the inhabitants notice that in two hours they would commence burning, and that they might do the best they could in that time. What were the i;oor people to do? All the young men and horses were away towards Burlington, fifty miles off; there was nobody but old men, women, and children. Some were sick in bed— two women had actually been confined that very night — yet off they must go. No house or village near. Through the Black Swamp lay their road. About four miles off were some farms ; here the poor creatures crept, but there was not accommodation for the inhabitants of a whole village. Some of them had to go more than twelve miles before they could get shelter. Their road was well illu- minated ; for the burning houses shone brightly on the white snow. This act was not long being avenged ; and the American villages of Buffalo, Lewiston, and Blackrock, soon shared their fate. It is nut our intention here to enter into a detail of events which occurred during the last war, though we may have to revert to them occasional- ly, but more to use them as examples of what have happened, and might occur again in the event of hostilities. We will, therefore, take s cursory view of the defences of the province in the first instance, beginning at Quebec, as below this the security of the St. Lawrence must be trusted to our never-failing wooden walls. The position of Quebec and its works are so strong, and the country so difficult of access, that there is not the least probability of its being at- tacked by American troops ; and the river may be considered perfectly secure from aggression till we come to the Montreal district. The southern part of the district of Montreal is one most vulnerable point, and has always been the seat of war since the earliest period that Euro- pean arms have been used on the western side of . the Atlantic. . . This frontier is intersected for a considerable distance by a navigable river and IvXnf, of which Lake Champlain is the most impoitant and re- markable in history. On a small isfand, Isle Auz Noix, we have a considerable fortification, which would prevent shipping frorji going up the River St. John's to Charobly, which wa&^,«ir. important ,te'r n I»At \^ ^A \ V^ sV.O ;} 'f\ kibt^j:-' Si? THE DEFENCES AND BESOURCES OF CANADA. 77 post durinf; the ^ast war, and head-quarters for a regiment of infaniry, one of cavalry, and a force of field-artillery. But though we may hold thoM points, the first step to be taken is tu seize upon the Crown Point. In the event of a war it must become British by right of conquest and tenure ; for without it we lose the command of this lake, which is so important an object in Canadian war- fare. It was the want of this that caused our misfortune on this lake in 1814, and made our ar(ny, composed at that time of the best soldiers in the world, retire before a few half-disciplined Americans. Had Commodore Downie succeeded, the success would have been complete ; but, inde- pendent of the loss sustained by his death, it was next to impossible he could have been victorious. His vessel was (juite new, badly found, worse manned, and his cannon of ditferei-t calibies. The crew was principally composed of Canadians, who mostly spoke French, and the few English saihtrs there were could not be understood by them ; be- sides, they were all strangers to each other. The business tm the lake was soon decided, and the troops ordered to retire. This last there was not the least occasion for, at least, not till the fort was destroyed. This will be borne out by Generals Brisbane, Power, and Robinson ; and last, not least, the American General Macomb told the writer of this article that he was just about giving orders to his men tu retreat, and was never more astonished in his life than when he heard the British bugles sound one, and saw them com- mence to move off. This retreat of eighteen miles caused the light company of the 76th to be entirely cut off and made prisoners, their captain killed, several others killed also, and more ord- nance stores and ammunition lost than in both the retreats from Talavera and Burgos, besides an immense quantity of men who deserted. This country must l)e well known to many offi- cers now serving in Canada, as it was pretty near the scene of the late rebellion. This is an advan- tage ; because, in the case of another fix with Brother Jonathan, this ground is likely to be again the scene of conflict. We will now return to Montreal. During the last war this was quite an open place, without any fortification whatever. Soon after, the island of St. Helens was purchased by our government, and strongly fortified. It is not quite a mile from the city of Montreal, and serves not only to quarter our troops out of town, but also defends the ship- ping. The river is navigable so far from the ocean for vessels of considerable burthen ; and in the summer there is daily steam-communication from and to Quebec ; though it was not till the close of the war that the second steamer was built. Above St. Helens the river expands to a great width, forming a beautiful sheet of water across to Longueil and La Prairie. Above this are very formidable rapids; and goods, &c., are now transported to Lachine, a distance of seven or eight miles, by canal. Formerly everything was carried over in small Canadian carts. The scenery from this point is most beautiful ; above Isle Perault the Uttowa falls into the St. Law- rence. The banks above this are well defended, as there are some very strong rapids between this and Coteau du Lac, which is a considerable work. From the Uttowa a canal, called the Rideau Canal, has been formed since the war; so that stores, &c., may be forwarded to Kingston with- out being exposed along the frontier on the banks of the St. Lawrence, as before. It is remarkable that the Americans should have allowed us to pass stores, as we did, in open boats, during the whole war. Not only commim stores were sent up this way to Kingston, but the whole frame of a frigate, the Psyche, which had been built in England, and sent out in pieces to Quebec or Montreal, there unl«)aded, and sent by carts to Lachine ; from thence they were embarked in batteax, and sent up the river to Prcscott or Fort Wellington, where an immense raft was made. A battalion of marines, and two light guns, untlcr an officer of artillery, were placed upon it, and taken through the Lake of One Thousand Islan«l8 to Kingston, where the raft was taken to pieces and formed into a frigate, without the loss of any material part. So particular were our government at home that nothing might be wanting to equip the ship fully for sea, that they even took the pr<;- cauticm of sending out staves for water-casks, on the fresh Lake of Ontario ! And a merchant ia Kingston was able to recognize his own private mark upon some of the timber, which he had sent to England from Canada some time previous. It is to be hoped that, in the event of another war, our people at home will learn a lesson from past experience, and be a little more careful. This frigate cost government one million of pounds sterling ! This raft has run away with us to Kingston before our time, so we must return again to Coteau du Lac, From here the river is not easily crossed by any number of boats, on account of the rapids ; yet there are some important points to be consid- ered. Where the 45° of latitude strikes the St. Law- rence is the spot where the United States come first u|ion the St. Lawrence, close to the Indian vil- lage of St. Itegis, nearly opposite our town of Cornwall. And from this point the treaty of Ghent determined that the boundary-line between the British and the Americans should be the centre of the water-communication, as far as the Lake of the Woods, and Rocky Mountains to the south of the river Columbia, in about 42^ of north latitude, —that is, the river ; where the exact boundary may be we in our ignorance cannot pretend to decide at present. The Scotch settlement of Glengarry is near this place. Here the loyalty of the inhabitants was always conspicuous, as they raised a most effec- tive corps of light infantry, which was highly dis- tinguished during the war. Near Glengarry is an island which is very im- portant, and, owing to some blunder among our cominissit)ner3 for the survey of the boundary line, it was given over, by a decision of the emperor of Russia, to the Americans. This island lies a con- siderable distance from the mainland, or nearest island north, but then the water is very shallow on the British or north side — we remember stick- ing in the mud in an unarmed gun-boat — while on the other side there is plenty of water to float a fri- gate. Our surveyors were not ordered to sound the depths of the streams ; and, as it appeared that the channel was triV/e enough, the island was given over without the least remark. Though many of the people on the adjacent shores were aware of this blimder, we never heard of its being rectified. In the event of another war, from the circum- stance of the transport going round by the Rideau canal, it would not be of so much consequence as formerly, yet it might be important, in the event of wishing to push troops up in a hurry, and 78 THB DEFENCES AND RESOURCES OF CANADA. BhouliI be taken posfifiSBion of immediately. A detachment ofiho i;allaiit suns of thu Iliciilanders could always hold it ; as no douht they have the proppr hliiiid in thtir veins. At all events the mat- ter should he jiiv(;stifratud without loss of time. For ahout ihirly miles ahovethis the river keeps pretty full of rapids, til! within a Kliort distance of rrescotl, a small villajyo near Fort Welliiiifion. This work was constructed iluriiiff the last war. It was very hadly planned from itio lirM, heinjj only a S(|r surround- ini; parapet, only served to mount a few ^muis on, to keep the American villajje of Ojideiishur^'h in order. Tho rtver here is very narrow, not much above eiijht hundred yards across. The village of Prescott, bcintf at the foot of the steam naviga- tion from ]vin ; the Montreal, 20 ; Niagara, 12 ; and a large store-ship, or transport, besides schooners and gun-boats. When the ships were in harbor there w as all the stir and bustle conunon to such scenes ; there were hundreds of ship-carpenters in the dockyard, with all the usual accompaniment of riggers, sailmakers, et hoc gniux timni", Tho peace came, these ships were all laid up in ordi- nary, and most probably by this time they have dis- appeared altogether; as they were built of unsea- soned limber, it h not probable they could have held together all this time. The Americans had a similar establishment at .'^acketl's Harbor, about twenty miles up the lake. They had about the same number of ships as we bad, though none so large as the St. Lawrence. Tluiy used to cruise across the mouih of the Hay of Kingston every Suiulay evening, while the St. Lawrence was building, bragging that as soon as she was ready they would meet our fleet outside the Ducks (islands so called.) At last the St. Lawrence was launched, and ready for sea ; she sailed, and all the fleet with her, one wing of the UOth Ilegiment on board, acting as supeinuinerary marines — they were to be left at Niagara, if they got there. Great was the anxiety of the Kings- lonians awaiting the event — not a soul was in tlieir beds after daylight — the fleet sailed — the people cheered — and anxiety was dej)irtrd in j every countenance. Every noise that was heard j was taken for a gun ; everybody started at the I least sound ; but no c^^» was heard till the garri- 1 son-gun at sunset, 'i'he fleet passed the Ducks, I but no Ikotlier Jonathan was there — he cither for- got to cmne out, or did not choose. He never assigned any n.-ason. So in a few days our fleet returned, after throwing in provision and supplies to our forces on the Niagara frontier, and neither saw tir heard of the enemy. Some months previous to this Sir George Pro- vost had made an attack on Sackett's Harbor, which succeeded in every point except one ; there a small blockhouse still held out. Our troops had landed with but little resistance, the Americans were retreating, we could have had their dock- yard in flames in five minutes ; but no, our com- mander ordered tlie men to retire and rt end)ark, without setting fire to tho dockyard, or doing tho least injury to anything. There was, how- ever, the extraordinary scene of two hostile armies back to back ! There was a gallant little afllliir further np the lake, at Oswego, where a small dockyard, stores, &c., were destroyed. The shores of Ontario are mostly precipitous clay banks, till they come near Toronto ; the country round is now well settled, and there are some iiourisliing villages, such as Coburgh and Hamilton, scattered along them, though there is no harbor or place of any importance till arriving at Toronto. Here is a considerable bay, at the end of which is the city ; it is shallow, and only admits small ves.sels. There is a fort upon the rising ground within the bay, too far from the town tu be of any service to it in case of need. The American troops eflfectcd a landing, and the Uritish troojis evacuated, the magazine blow- ing up just as they were about to take possession ; the American general and several of his men THE DEFENCES AND RESOURCES OF CANADA. 79 being killed, the rest reembarked. and the Brjti*li troops gallantly returned fcuia a distance, and kept potsessiun. At the back of Toronto, there is a considerable settlement, which extends u|t Yonge xtreet, about seventy inilea back to the sliorcs of Iliing suttlenient almost all the way. We must now proceed to more classical ground, on the Niagara frontier. The mouth of the river lies about twciily-ihrce miles nearly south of Toronto. On its right hank is the American fort of Niagara; tiiis is one of tiie oldest buildings in this country, having been built l>y the French, on their first selllemeut, as a defence against the Indians. It is a very large and strongly-built edi- fice, the walls, especially near the lower part, being extremely thick ; it is three stories high, and guns are moinitcd on the top ; but it is proba- ble, if they were of heavy calibre, that tlieir own firing would injure the building. This is sur- ro'inded by some njodern fortifications and bar- rack?, and altogether makes a very respectable fort ; it eomplutely eumiuauds the entrance of the river. It was carried by a gallant covp dc main last war. A party oj" the UH)th Uegiment, under Major Hamilton, crossed die river about two miles up, where tliero was a ijeinl ; they disembarked, and caiiglit the i)arty relievinir an aiivanced sentry. Tiniy had left the gate open behind ; they were made to give the countersign — an odlcer and a few men dashed er and lower lakes will be destroyed. About eighteen or twenty miles higher np are the towns of Sandwich and Windsor ; the Ameri- can city uf Detroit is immediately opposite the lat- ter (ilacc. This is one of the oldest places in tht» country, having been settled by the French soon after Montreal. There is a fort here, but it is badly placed, having been intended only as a pro- tection against the Indians ; it has but a poor com- mand over the river, it is some distance hack, and stands high, yet it serves as a depot for arms and troops, from which they could easily be trans- ported up or down the lakes, or sent across to plunder on the Canadian shores. Detroit formerly belonged to the British by eon- quest : but by a subsequent treaty, it was given, with Fort Niagara and some other places, to the Americans, in 1791. Lake St. Clair is at the npper end of the De- troit ; it is so very shallow, that vessels of 100 tons burthen find some difficulty in getting through it, as they stir up the mud the greatest part of the way. The river Thames empties itself into it ; some of the best land in the province is on the banks of this river. At Chatham there is reserved ground for building a fort on, at a point where the river branches off. There was some skirmishing here, when General Proctor retired from Amherst- berg and Sandwich. Tecumselh, the great Indian chief, was killed on the occasion ; his loss was severely felt at the time, as he possessed abilities of the highest order. It would far exceed our limits to enter into details here. The river St. Clair joins the lake of that name with Lake Huron. It is a fine rapid stream. The Americans have a fort on it, at the entrance into Lake Huron, and we had one nearly opposite. Lake Huron may safely be called one of the great lakes, from its extent and depth. There are many fine islands upon it, especially Michilimacki- nac, St. Joseph's, and Drummond Island. The first is a very old settlement, and was taken possession of by our fur-traders, as a depot. It belongs to the United States ; we took it from them last war, and kept possession of it till the close. St. Joseph's was made a British settlement after Mackinac was given over to the Americans, and we always kept a garrison there ; but finding that Drummond Island, though a poor barren rock, was more advanfaceous as a military post, we took possession of that also, and withdrew the garrison from the more fertile place of St. Joseph's, After being at considerable expense in fortifying it, im- proving the harbor, building barracks, &c., the Commissioners for the Boundary Line discovered that it belonged to the Americans ; and we were obliged to give it, and all our improvements, to Brother Jonathan. No doubt he will now avail himself of them. This is the end of the navigation from Lake Erie, as the rapids of the Sault Ste Marie, be- tween Lakes Huron and Superior, intervene. The distance is not very great, but the difficulties of the channel are too many to be easily made navigable, li «' RTANZAS. 81 "» a i> and It waa not thought of in the former wan, as this point seenx^d to put a limit to our proceediitff further; but now we may say we aro only halt- way, as we hnve to hrealc nt- w (ground before we can s«!t upon thu dnbatahio land of Orejjon. Utifore, luiwiivcr, Icavinj; Laku Huron, wo must also remark tlio ports nf PcnetantruiHhinc and NottawaKafra. Thcso have linen already mm- tioned as lyini; nearly north of Turnnto alioiit sixty or rij^hty miit^s. Tho country is well sntticd, and troops and stores could Im more eanily conveyed to this part, for tho service of Lake Huron, than in any other way, and coninuinicalion kept up hettcr with head-quarters, whether at Toronto or Niai;a- ra, as infonnation rould ho ({uiekly transmitted viA Yoiiije Sirett (the name of the road, about seventy mileo loii<;) ; besides, therr; is ^ood winter accommodation for the sliips at these places. Little is known beyond the shores of Lake Huron to any hut tho fur-traders of the Hudson's Bay Company. Tlie writer of these articles hav- ing often fallen in with these people, gained some hearsay knowledge of this country. The first place where the traders put up at is Fort William, a station built by the North-west Company, where they received the furs from the hunters and traders, ami stored the (roods they received from Montreal and the Canadus, embark- ing the furs hero acrain for those places. The Hudson's Day ('tunpany denied the right of the North-weat Company to trade or hunt in certain districts, which they had been in the habit of doing for years. As the people in this distant region considered themselves almost out of the pale of the laws, they determined to bring the matter to an issue i-t et armis. On the reduction of some foreign regiments, De Meuron's and De Watteville's, the two rival companies enlisted several of the men, who, with stune of their offi- cers, went up to the North-west Territory, as it was then called ; and the business did not finish without some bloodshed. Fort William was sur- prised, the principal partner of the North-west Company and some others taken prisoners, and carried down to Canada. Between war and law, the North-west Company was obliged to coalesce, and formed one company, under the title of the Hudson's Bay Company. It will remain to be seen what steps our govern- ment will pursue as to taking possession of the Oregon Territory, and of keeping the Americans from it ; but the distance is so great, that this cannot be effected without some difficulty. For in the first place, let us suppose troops on Lake Huron, there arc no means of transporting them across Lake Superior ; and even if there were, how are they to be conveyed to the foot of the Rocky Mountains through a country without a house or the least accommodation fur them ? All their provisions would have to go with ihem, and there are no beasts of burden fit for the service. Pemican is bad food for English soldiers.* Sup- posing these difficulties to be overcome, it would take near a whole summer to move a regiment to the foot of the Rocky Mountains — say nothing of getting them over. This scheme must be aban- doned. The other way of getting to the Oregon, via Cape Horn, is so tedious that it would be next * Pemican is dried meat, chopped up, and mixed with grease ; it forms the principal food of the fur-traders. to impossible to think of doing anything in in etiirierit manner on that side. Tlii'rc la nevertheh'Hs an effective body to bo got on the spot, via., the Traders, and their chil- dren the Bois Brulc scru- pulous about employing tho means in our power to protect the jiroperly which they would deprive us of! Depend upon it, if it was not worth having, they never would have thought of taking it : and if it is good for them, it is equally so for us. It ia also most certain that there is no advantage, how- ever mean, that they will not take against us ; and if we wish to prosper in this business, we must not be particular a« to tho means we may employ. From the Amultt. STANZAS. Why are springs enthroned so high, Where the mountains kiss the sky? 'Tis that thence their streams may flow, Fertilizing all below. Why have clouds such Iof\y flight, Basking in the golden light ? 'Tis to send down genial showers On this lower world of ours. Why docs Jod exalt the greatt 'T is that they may prop the state ; So that toil its sweets may yield, And the sower reap the field. Riches, why doth he confer t That the rich may minister, In the hour of their distress, To the poor and fatherless. Does He light a Newton's mind? 'T is to shine on all mankind. •Does He give to Virtue birth ? 'Tis the salt of this poor earth. Reader, whosoe'er thou art, What thy God has given, impart. Hide it not within the ground ; Send the cup of blessing round. Hast thou power ? — the weak defend ; Light? — give light : thy knowledge lend ; Rich ?— remember him who gave; Free ?--be brother to the slave. Called a blessing to inherit. Bless— and richer blessings merit : Give— -and more shall yet be given : Love, and serve— and look for heaven. vic [f^^ ^n^ p% THI CRUSADB AND THE CCKSE. From tk* CInelimul Ouaiia. THB CRUSADE AND THE CURSE. The National Intelligencer quoted some days tffo M article of uura on the crusade against Mexico, and the " Uniun," in transferring it to its columns, roinaiks : " The facts, then, are these : the I^mdim Timrs was taking the part of Mi;xico agniimt our own country. It sought to oncourage Mexico, even into war, by telling her that she might worst us in the canapaign ; that she need not dread an inva> •ton ; that we had not moro troops than were necessary to g:irrtson our own posts ; wo had none to spare for the invasion of Moxico. Was it not right in uh to cxposu the hluuuer into which the London Tinina had fallen ? to warn tlie British ministers, to warn Mexico herself, against the cun- Mquences of acting ujion these erroneous views? to entreat (irc.it iiritain not to med-'' "ith us; not to stirniilalu Mexico to hnstiliti> ' force tia to takeC'alifornia, and therP*' . us to keep it ? Was the spirit r> article, in attempting to pr* injuries it would bring on . it wrung in us to tell though we might not h: /c yet volunteers would »tart the bugle by ihc govk)rnni Sufficient to overrun M Montezuma, and conqu of our .th all the iong? Was ■ M Times that, f troops enough, the first sound of J the U(iite