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Maps, plates, charta, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom . aa many framea aa required. The following diagrama illuatrate the method: Lea cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fllmte A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre raproduit en un seul clichi. il ost film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauchr. de gauche A droite, at de haut en bas. on prenant le nombre d'images nteessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 THE HISTORICAL SYNTAX o OF THE ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ITALIAN. DISSERTATION Presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY OLIVER MARTIN JOHNSTON. TORONTO: RowsEix & Hutchison, 74 and 76 King Street East. 1898. i:.^r\- UNIVERSITY 0« ALBERTA LIBRARY TO MY DEAR PARENTS, TO WHOSE CONSTANT KNC0URAGE:MENT I AM GKEATLY INDEBTED FOK WHAT I MAY HAVE ACCOMPLISHED IN MY HTUDIE.S, THIS MONOGRAPH IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOB Introduction xi-xii I.— Chaptkr I.— Mixing of Tonic and Atonic Forms 1-27 ■^ •— ExampleB of irregular occurrences in the texts examined 1 -9 !• — Tonic forms in atonic position 1.7 o. — Single tonic pronouns in proclitic position . . 1-2 b. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; attach- ed to the verb 3 c. —Single tonic forma in enclitic position ; not attached to the verb 3.4 fi?.— Double forms in proclitic position, in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has l)een carried to the first pronoun 4-6 f. — Doulile forms in enclitic position, in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first pronoun 6-7 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position 8 3. — Union of two atonic forms in combinations where the second pronoun is usually tonic 8-9 a. — In proclitic position 8-9 h. — In enclitic position 9 Ji. — Resume g.jg 1. —Tonic pronouns in atonic position 9-10 a. — Single tonics in proclitic position 9-10 b, — Single tonics in enclitic position 10-11 aa. — Attached to the verb .... 10 66. —Not attached to the verb 10-11 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position , 1 1 3. — Double forms, in which the first is generally written as a tonic, but sometimes both are atonic . . 11-12 a. — In proclitic position 1 1 b. — In enclitic position 12 -G. — Discussion of tonic pronouns in atonic position 12-24 1. — In proclitic position 13-15 a. — me, te, se — remnants of the Latin accusative. 13-15 b. — el for il, a dialectical form 15 vl TAHLK OF CONTKNTS. J ■' PAOK 2.—mf and le in enclitic position Irt-IT a. — Attacheil to the verb 15-16 l.—mf and <« following imraedi itely after the veil) ftnd not attached 17 3, — Tonic foriMB that iuive a Hiniilar explanation in ])i'o clitic and enclitic ponition 17-24 a.~ne, the first |)erH«>n plural 17- IH h. — noi, voi, lui, In, foro 19-2(» c. — JMP lo, etc. ; tr lo, etc. ; se to, etc. ; me ne, le. vc, ne lie ; i/lielo, etc. ; i/lioyie. 20-22 il. — The second pronoun in these condnnations (no. c) is tonic ; 23-24 I), — Discussion of atonic forms in tonic position 24-25 1. — Introduced through dialectical intiuence 24-25 E. — Extent of the mixing of tonic and atonic forms 25 F. — Time of disappearance 25-26 CoNcia'.-sioNs 20-27 II. — CiurTKK II.— Uses of Atonic Forms in Atonic Position . . 28-60 A. — Examples of regular occurrences in texts exaniined . . 28-39 1 . — General couHtructions 28-31 a. — Single proclitics 28-29 an. — Before finite verbs 28-29 hli. — Before infinitives 29 b. — Single enclitics 30 aa. — Attached to infinitives 30 bb. — Attached to imperatives 30 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic position 30-31 2. — Special constructions 31 -39 a. — Single proclitics 31-35 b. — Single enclitics with finite verba 35-36 c. — Enclitics vciih che, dietro, addounn, dreto . .. 36-37 d. — Constructions common to proclitic and encli- tic position 37-38 e. — Double atonies, in which the direct precedes the indirect object in combinations where mi, ti, ri, vi stand next to lo, etc., la, etc. . 38-39 JS.— Resumti 39-4* a. — Single proclitics 39-41 b. — Single enclitics 41-42 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and encli- tic position 42 d. — Pronouns of address 42-43 e. — Double atonies, in which the direct precedes the indirect object 43- TAIJLE OF CONTENTS. Vii C — Discuaaion of Biiiyle atunica 43 .57 1. — In proclitio poHition 43-45 a. — Nominativea »', », ho', co', c', »//i, la, l\ (=la),le 43-4fl h. — Atouio prnnounH in liititUH 4.') 2.— In enclitic poHition 4r)-40 a. —Origin of mi, ti, si 4r)-46 3. — Constructions common to jnoditic hikI encliiiu poai- tioii (or partly proclitic and partly enclitic) . 4(5-57 ft. — Mixing of gender, ninnher, and person 46-4H aa. — MaMculine for feminine 4(5-47 /(/*. — Singular for plural 47 cr. —tii ( ^ ri) 47-48 6. — Uses of il, 7, and lo before the verb 48-49 c. — Position of atonic pronounM witlj tinite verbs 49-50 d, — Position of atonic pronouns with infinitives. , 5(^-51 aa. — Infinitives not dependent upon verbs. 50 hb, — Infinitives depending on verbs 51 e. — Reflexives 51-52 /. — Dative constructions 52-54 aa. —Dative with verbs 5'2-53 bf>. — Indirect object after adjectives 53 cc. — Dative of the possessor 53 dd. — Possessive strengthened by the dative 53-54 ee. — Dative of the agent 54 .'/. — Atonic pronouns of address 54-57 D. — Discussion of double atonies 57-58 1. — Arrangement 57-58 Conclusions 58(50 BlBLIOdKAI'HY 61-66 \^m»i|w;{al use of tonic for atonic forms ; in like manner the use of atonic forms after prepositions, or apart from the verb, will be considered as an equal encroachment of atonic upon the domain of tonic pronouns. With the position of the accented and unaccented Italian pronouns thus defined, irregularities arising from a crossing of the two will be easily recognized, tested and eliminated. My plan is to mention each construction separately. After a full list of examples has been given, a resum^ will follow, indicating the number of times a given phenomenon is found in each author examined. A. — Examples of irregular occurrences in teoits examined. 1. — Tonic forms in atonic position. a. — Single tonic pronouns in proclitic position. el = il: B2, p. 14.5. C'ormai le donne ch'el vedranno morto Ciascuna piu pietanza avranno in core. me = mi : O, Purg. XXI, 18, Poi comincio: nel beato concilio Ti ponga in pace la verace corte, Che me rilega nell 'eterno esilio ; DD. p. 3, E poi me disse : guarda el Lupatello. * For the occasional occurrence of the shortened nominatives i', i, no', vo\ e', gli, la, I', le as proclitics in the texts examined compare p. 45. 'For the use of the letters A, B, C, etc., in giving reference to the authors, compare p. 61. 1 . '^1 noi = ci ; U, 8, 3, 7ioi ha lasciati ; G, p. 28, tredici staia e mezo di o grano o di farina, qual noi piacese. ne = cl : QQ, Atto 3, Sc. 4, Perche, crudo destino, Ne disuni.sci tu, s'Amor ne stringe ; U. 1, 1, il mandarlo fuori di casa cosi inferino ne sarebbe gran biasmo. te = ti : U, 8, 7, te ha fatto agghiacciare ; Wi, kiiiie, io te parlo. vai = vi : P, I, 231, Cosi me, Donna, il voi veder, felice Fa in questo breve, e frale viver mio ; U, 6, 10, Se vol piace. se = si : L, p. 205. el tesoro diroma si era consumato en la guerra danibal ke non se trova da potere pagare li cavalieri. lui = lo : O, Inf. XXVI, 78, In questa forma lui parlare audivi. lei = la: P, I, 118, E lei vid'io ferita in mezzo '1 core ; . U,2,8, lei hebbero molto cara. loro'' = gli, li, le : U, 2, 6, il suo fiero proponimento loro aperse ; LL, I, 42, E come mi fu tolta, lor narrai. * In looking for this reference it will be necessary to count six pa forward from folio kiiii, as this system is observed in all editions divi according to folios. *Cy. footnote, p. xi. 6.— Sing^le tonic foime in enclitic position ; attached to the verb. me in rhyme : P, I, 172, E I'anyelico canto, e le parole Col dolce spirto, ond'io non posso uitar?He, Son I'aura, innanzi a cui mia vita fugge ; P, I, 236, L'aura serena, che fra verdi fronde Mormorando a ferir nel volto viemme, Fammi risavvenir quand 'Amor d'lemme 1*6 prime piaghe si dolci e profonde. me not in rhyme : P, II, 86, E pero mi son mosso a pregar morte, Che mi tolla di qui per ia,xme lieto. m' = ci : O, Inf. XIII, 87-89, Spirito incarcerato, ancor ti piaccia Di dime come I'anima si lega In questi nocchi; dinne, se tu puoi, Se alcuna mai da tai membra si spiega. te not in rhyme : DD, p. 181, Non consentir a far un tal micidio, Che sai ch'io t'amo assai piu che tu stessa, Per gloriar^e fatto un altro Ovidio. c. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; not attached to the verb. me = mi ; U, 5, 4, volesse Iddio, che tu non facessi piu morir me ; O, Inf. XXIII, 91, Poi disser me, ecc. noi = ci : O, Inf V, 106, Amor condusse 7ioi ad una morte. te = ti : I, p. 59, L'altrui giustizia non libera te. voi = vi : A, p. 95 V, Anchora d'amar voi non fui si acceso. lui = lo : 0, Inf XIV, 71, Ma, come io dissi lui, li suoi dispetti Sono al suo petto assai debiti fregi. ^Cf. 0, Inf. y, 29; Purg. Y, 30. lei = la: 0, Inf. XXI, 19, lo vedea lei, ma non vedea in essa Ma'che le bolle che il bollor levava ; _ U, 2, 8, e^li imaginuva lei di bassa condition. loro =gli, li, le : II, I, 144, Me so quanto il restar fusse lor caro ; BBB, p. 72, non parendo loro cosa conveniente che, a quell'ora, si trattenes.se pi^ a lungo. d. — Double forms in proclitic position in which the- tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the- first pronoun. me lo = m'elo : V. I, 30, me lo mostra ; II, II, 1G8, Rinaldo me lo viene a disturbare. me la = m'ela : P, II, 119, Ben me la die, ma tosto la ritalse ; V^. I, 29, Che me la manda chiedendo. me ne = m'ene : V. I, 22, Cristo me ne guardi. n ce lo = c'elo : Z, nov. 59, Che ce lo dia. ce la = c'ela : NN, p. 189, tale h la nostra vita, quale la natura ce la dece- essere poscia che noi venuti ci siarao ; NN, p. 101, se non che quelle cose, che la fortuna ci d^, esso dolci e soavi ce le fa essere. ce ne =r-- c'ene : J, p. 19, credemo bene ch'elli ce ne ffixk a piacere ; J, p. 21, giammdi ne ce ne miraremo drieto. te lo ~ Velo : V, I, 9, io^e^odiro; II, II, 32, Sai ch'altra volta te lo vofei dire.. iela-=fela: V, I, 12, io te la insegnero ; II, I, 26, Io te la gratterd, s'il ti bisogna. ie ne — t'ene : V, I, 32, io te ne voglio dire ; 11,1,30, e'n tulto te ne voglio confortare. ve Io = v'elo : V, I, 15, io ve Io dird ; II, I, 116, ve Io contero. i}e la = v'ela : UU, I, 26, ve I' ha rubata. :ve ne = v'ene : J, p. 60, noi non ve ne scrivaremo raai piue ; V, I, 15, Pur che ve ne piaccia. ee Io = 8'elo : K, p. 203, ma elli se Io sentia si presso, che non se ne osava partire ; Y, p. 135, se li gitto a* piedi. ee la = sela : H, p. 130, di che ognuno se la levo ; Y, nov. 9, se la pregava. se ne = s'ene : BBB, p. 18, se n'andd. glielo: Y, 1,245, glielo chiese ; BBB, p. 41, glielo raccomandava. :gliela : V, I, 180, tu gliela donerai ; V, I, 92, glie la leva. 1 • e (jliene : V, I, 88, Giannetto glie ne voile dare venti mila ; BBB, p. 32, certo nessun uomo di giudizio gliene avrette dato il parere. e. — Double forms in enclitic position in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first pronoun, but both forms being attached to the verb the accent is last. 1 me lo = m'elo : V, I, 30, convienmc/o vedere ; BBB, p. 33, raccontate-me^o un poco, me la = 7n'ela : LL, V, 139, hxarmela ; BBB, p. 73, datcmele ora. me TIC = m'ene : V, I, 55, menomene ; BBB, p. 154, impicciar-mcJie. ce la = c'da : DDD, p. 112, discorriamoce/a fra noi. ^^ ceme = c'ene: NN, p. 252, pura contentezza nel sonno medesimo procacciamo, e a pascere incominciance?u^ cosi sognando. te lo = t'elo : V, I, 58, • ' questo h un dire, tientelo sempre mai ; II, IT, 223, A dirtelo ad un tratto, io nol vo' fare. te la = t'ela : BBB, p. 209, dir^e^a. te ne = t'ene : KK, II, 230, tornariene ; ' KK, II, 263, pigliaifene. ^ me lo, me la, etc., are unaccented when joined to the verb, but are treated under the head of tonics, because their form is the same as the corresponding combinations before the verb where the second pronoun is- tonic. I ve lo = v'elo : K, p. 104, dirovye^o assai brevoinente ; BBB, p. 30.S, dovevo divvelo. vela = v'ela: BBB, ,j. 110, \a.8Ci&ndovela. ve ne = v'enfi : BBB, p. 72, ma nnche voi avevate proinesso di non fare scandoli di reinetteri'ene al padre ; BBB, p. 60, non ho piu bisogno di riguardi a parlarve?ic. ae lo = s'elo : Y, no v. 106, trovandose/o ; BBB, p. 07. presentandoseronomina lauten flir den Singular der zwei ersten Personen mi, ti, si streng nach den Lautregeln, wonach tonloses e zu i wird para 123." Taking this statement as a point of departure, it is evident that a leveling period was gone through before the final adoption of the single i-form ; for the passage of pretonic e>i was not complete in the earliest Tuscan monuments. Hence, we would be greatly surprised if we should not find an occasional sub- stitution of e for i until the law of pretonics became defin- itely fixed and understood in the language. An argument supporting this supposition is the frequent occurrence in Old Italian of e for i in the pretonic syllable not only in the pronouns, but also in other parts of speech"^. Now, if, according to Meyer-Lubke^ the pronouns mi, ti, si derive directly from Latin me, te, se, any form show- ing the original e in pretonic position will be explained as a remnant of the Latin accu.sative. The persistence of this case in Italian is not strange ; Italy being the home of Latin, and Italian writers using it instead of their own language to a very late date, it is natural that Latin forms > It. Gram., H 370. '^ Cf. Crentomazin Italiana del Primi Secoli. Per Ernesto Monaci. Fascicolo Prinio. Citti'i di Castello, 1889, p. 169, line 23 (A), ritenere ; line 23 (B), .retenere ; p. 184, line 53, desmonta ; p. 182, line 87,- aegnoria. Cf. also L, p. 199 : retornare ; p. 204, rfmanere. R, p. 203 : el piii sicuro ; p. 198, el sue tener. » It. Gram., H 370. 15 should live on in Italian. Just as the Latin neuter plurals^ mia, tua, 8ua, were preserved by the side of miei, etc. ; mie, etc., so weie the accusative forms me, te, ae kept for a time by the side of the new atonic formations wi, ti, si. b. — el for il a dialectical form. The use of el for il (< Lat. illum) as direct object of a verb is non-Tuscan, for the reason that in this dialect Latin i always remains in the pretonic- syllable. Then, since this form is found chiefly in texts where ])opular and dialectical occurrences are common (cf. K, L=', W*, AA, CC, YY), it is reasonable to suppose that it is a simple borrowing from some dialect in which it is a natural growth. Now, because the dialects of Southern France* show this form and because in W (an Italian text in which this phenomenon occurs one hundred and twelve times) is introduced a character who speaks in Proven9al, it is very probable that this was the dialect to make the loan. 2. — me and te in enclitic position. a. — Attached to the verb. Previous Treatment. Francesco Fortunio*, while defining the various rules for the use of pronouns, says : '' la quarta regola sera che questi pronomi oblichi me, te, se convertono e in i quando si congiongon al verbo immediatamente, come, dissemi, fecemi, consumati. Overo quando I o vero r precede i che ad et altro modo si dice, come ferirmi e ferirme, farmi, farme, valmi, valme." My objection to this statement is that it is simply an attempt to make a rule out of a mere coincidence. Perhaps this explanation occurred to the grammarian, because, in many cases, where the pronoun is united with a verb, it is joined to an infinitive, where the ^ Cf. L. Emil Mtnger, " The Historical Development of the Possessive Pronouns in Italian," pp. 28, 29. "■ Meyer- Liibke, It. Or., IT 123. "p. 198 : essa la terra ei diede. * U r : Poi si traerao per la drita via. « Cf. Bartsch, Chrestomathie Proveii^ale. Elberfeld, 1868, p. 419. ^Regole Gratnmaticali della Volgar Lingua, Siena, 1533, p. 17. 16 r naturally precedes. However, the occurrences in the texts consulted show that the letter preceding the pro- noun attached, was of no importance ^ While discussing this same question, Jacopo Gabri- ello^ remarks : " ii te veramente non fe stato da alcuno scrittore usato finiente ne la e, dico al verbo vicino, o ne le rime, o altrove che ej»li cada, perche da lui lontano sempre in e termina. II che certo mi pare cosa nuova a dover dire, che se io dico desiderarme, perch^ non mi si dee conceder medesimente il dire, desiderarie ? " This grammarian attempts no explanation of the point in ques- tion, but simply states that me, and not te, can occur in enclitic position. Upon the development of me in postonic position D'Ovidio^' says : " pfli aitar^ne, parme ecc. poet, (unico es. nella D. C. e il d'aUro non calme del Purg. VIII 12), non so se possan tenersi stiascichi d'una fase anteriore, o non piuttosto si riducano a semplici applicazioni della forma tonica {cfr. dissi lui, lor dissi), agevolate dall' esempio del rae ^ec. di altri dialetti (roman., pugliese ecc.) ed anche dalle frequenti alternative d' -^ ed- e ne'nomi e verbi (tu gride = gridi ecc.)." The theories of the scholar just quoted are suggestive and may have a practical value m the solution of the point in hand ; however, for the reason that the material collected supports neither of the conjec- tures offered, one is justified in seeking another explana- tion for the union of tonic me and te with verbs. These forms were first attached to the verb for rhyme. Of the sixty-two occurrences of me and te joined to the verb in the texts consulted, forty-four* are in rhyme, four- teen others in poetry and the remaining four in prose works (L and S), where the substitution of e' for atonic i is frequent. This makes it evident that these forms first arose in this position for the sake of rhyme, and were after- w^ard carried by analogy, aided by poetic license, to con- structions not in rhyme. * C/. W, aiiv : Et aparveme chosse nel dormire ; aiiiio, inissime alhor per la monstrata via. " Begole Grammaticali, venetia, 1548, fol. DJj. » Archiv. Qlott. It., p. 70, n. 3. * (7/. P, I, 172 : Col dolce spirto, ond'io non posso aitar»nc, Son I'aura, innanzi a cui mia vita fugge. » Cf. L, p. 204 : el fratello ; cf. el for il in S, edition of Bologna, 141)0' 17 6. — me and te following immediately after the verb and not attached. A sujjgestion that might explain the occurrence of all tonic pronouns in this position is that they may have been employed here for the purpose of individualizing in a moio marked way the person or object receiving the action of the verb for clearness and distinction. However, since the atonic forms generally emphasize the persons sufficiently well, it is very probable that the use of me and te in such constructions represents a mere develo|»ment of tonic forms in atonic position'. 3. — Tonic forms that have a similar explanation in pro- clitic and enclitic position. a. — ne, the first person plural. Caix-^, while discussing the origin of the first and sec- ond person plural, gives the following developments: not, vol > no\ vo' > 'WO, vo > lie, ve (by analogy to me, te, se) > ci, vi (in Tuscan by anal, to mi, ti, si) ; then, on ac- count of a confusion with ne (< indS) ni remained as ne until finally supplanted by ci. Opposing this theory is the statement of D'Ovidio', who says : " Toccando poi anche delle forme atoniche del plu- rale, noi persisteremo risolutamente a credere, che l' it. ne per'noi, a noi', o vi per 'voi, a voi' sieno seraplicemente gli avverbi (inde, ibi)." A similar opinion is that of Meyer-Lubke*, who claim* that the pronominal forms ci and vl have the same origin as adverbial ci and vl, and identifies ne ( = noi, a noi) with ne (< inde). The explanation proposed by the last two authoritiei* quoted is doubtless the correct one, being supported by the actual existence of indk" in Italian texts, meaning " us," " to us." But, granting the truth of the hypothesis, that 1 Cf. O, Inf. XXIII, 91 : Poi disser me ecc. ; Far. XXIV, 152, Cosi, benedicendomi cantando ; Tre volte cinse 'iiie, si com'io lac(|ue. Inf. XXIII, 50, Come il Maestro mio per quel vivagno, Portandosene me sopra il suo ^ elto. » Origini della Lingua Poetica ftalinna. Firenze, 1880, ''i H 93 and 207- « Archiv. Olott. It., vol. IV., p. 77. . * Cf. It. Gram., H 370. •Compare Meyer- Ltihke, It. Oram., H 370. 3 1 1 18 \. ■ ! i i ne, the first person plural, does derive directly from Latin INDE, the question still remains unsettled as to why the form ve, being employed regularly as the pretonic and postonic syllable, shows an e instead of an i. Neither of the theories ofllored accounts for the persis- tence ot this e oH ve in atonic ])osition. Now, the only construction in which ne is phonetic \h when it is used in enclitic position, where postonic' S (cf. INDE) remains as distinguished from pretonic^ S, which regularly > i. However, because the occurrences oi ne { = noi, (t noi) noted in the texts are mainly proclitic'*, ifc would not be a logical deduction to say that the examples in pretonic position were fashioned upon the comparatively few enclitic uses. In like manner, one may safely hazard the statement that ne, the first person plural, could not have taken its e from adverbial ne ( ni. Nor can pronominal and adverbial ne be analogical buildings upon the conjunction ne, if we accept the theory of Meyer- Lubke*, where he says: " L'oppos^ de et, c'est-a-dire nee, fait encor plus de difficultt?: Vitalien ne semble etre une forme atone." A better suggestion to account for this irregular develop- ment is to suppose that ne for ni arose first in construc- tions like me ne parlo ( = m'erme parlo)', where the second form is regularly tonic ^ and that the ne in m'enne, t'enne^ serine, etc , was afterward canied to constructions where the single form ne \v».^ employed as pronoun or adverb; ds, ne parlb. The conjunction ne is then a further analogical growth upon the ne and m'enne, etc., above indicated. n ii ' Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., 1[ 106. « Of. Meyer-Liibke, Jt. Gr., 1[ 123. » Cf. Table, pp. 9-12. * Gramviaire des Longues Romanes, Paris, 1890. • Cf. m'elo, t'elo, m'ene, t'cne, ecc, p. 21. « Cf. p. 23. Vol. I., 1[ 613. I 11) b. — noi, vol, Ini, lei, loro^. The frequent use of these toi.ic pronouns for the xjorresponding unaccented ones is a simple application- of tonic forms in atonic position. Just as ello ' and ella* were used in Old Italian for the articles lo and fa, so were tonic noi, voi, lui, lei, loro often substituted for atonic ci, vi, lo, la, gli, etc. Position of loro. With the exception of loro the pronouns mentioned above have always been placed either before or after their governing verb. Until the present century the place occupied by loro in the sentence seems to have been an uncertain and doubt- ful one. The Italian grammarians*, in general, have given the rule that it should follow rather than precede its verb. By comparing the table (pp. 9-12), it will be seen that the construction with loro both before the verb and loro after the verb were admissible until about the eighteenth century. It will be further noted that some writers, even in Old Italian, used the lat<: ^r construction to the exclusion of the former, and in the nineteenth century it seems to be a generally accepted law that loro shall follow its verb. The occurrences of loro before the verb may be e::plained cither as Latin survivals, or as being fashioned upon possessive constructions like le loro Jiglie, etc., where the pronoun precedes the noun to which it belongs. * loro has been cLassed heretofore as a regular conjunctive form, but for the same reason that noi, voi, lui, and lei are tonic, loro is also a tonic form, since it stands after prepositions just as the other forms in b. " Cf. II, I, 189 : Come astolfo lui vide in su la sella, A giostra fiera- jnente lo stidava ; V, II, 19.3, se io uccideru lui, lo mandeio all' inferno ; JI, III, 42, Non calse lei, ma cavolla d'arcione ; II, I, 233, Chinque lei valuta o le favella. •■' L, p. 203 : ello suo tempo. * L, p. 209 : ella guerra. " Cy. Biagoli, Grammaire Italienne, Paris, 1819, p. 146; Veneroni, le Maitre Italien, Paris, 1796, p. 105 ; Abbe Mugnozzi, Les £lemens de la J^angue Italienne, Paris, 1783, ^ 144j Fornaciari, Grammatica Italiana, Fireuze 1891, IT 1190, 20 ! ! I I ' Syntactical evolution of lui, lei, loro. Loro (< illorum) passes first from the Latin genitive idea to the Italian cune of indirect object, being later adopted" as the diiect object of a verb and subject of a sentence. The converting of the genitive lovo into the dative signification isexplainad by Schwan', who, while treating this form for the French, says : " Die N'erwendung des lat. Genitivs vmv Bczeichiiung eines Datiwerhaltnisses erkliirt sich vielleicht aus dem Gebrauch von lor-leur als Posses- sivum (vgl. •[ 411, 1). Man sagte z. B. vol ci lor chadd und bildete danach cist chastels lor apartient." The motive that led to the almost universal adoption of the tonic form loro in the position of unaccented gli and le was doubtless a desire to prevent the confusion of thej;e plurals with their singulars of the same form. The change of lui, lei, loro, from the dative function to that of the a* cusative and nominative was perhaps by analogy . to colui, colei, coloro'-, which were employed as diitcfc object of a verb and subject of a proposition early in the Italian. The first examples of lui and loro as nominatives found in the texts ou vs'hich the present study is based were noted in H., where loro occurs ten times as subject and lui thirteen times. However, the use of lui, lei, loro, as the subject of a verb did not become a regular usage until the time of Manzoni (EBB) in whose works the vernacular of the people plays so important a part. c. — me lo, etc.; te lo, etc.; se lo, etc.; me ne, te ne, se ne : glielo, etc.; gliene. Historical Treatment. With reference to these double forms Blanc' remarks : " Wenn die Pronomina 7ni, ti, gli, ci, vi, si, untereinander verbunden werden, bleiben sie unveriindert und getrenntr mi ti, mir dich ; ti gli, dir sie ; vi si, eueh sich; wenn sie aber mit lo, la, le, li, gli, und iionoun with a third person, neither of which is a reHexive. mc lo, etc ; te lo, etc ; se lo, etc. ; me ne, te ne, se ne = m'ello, etc. ; t'ello etc. ; sella, etc. ; m'enne, femie, s'enne. Proving the correctness of the orthography m'ello, etc, is, first of all, the preservation of ello, etc, and enne in the Southern forms portam-ille, portam-ella, vatt-cnne'-. Secondh'-, elo, etc, and ene for the ello, etc., and enne in question are still seen in the Tuscan combinations gl'ielo {—gli + elo), gliela {= gli + ela), gliene ( — gli -f- ene)'-. That this elo, etc, and ene are survivals of ello, etc, and enne and that the e was not thrown in as a mere glide, when these forms were combined with gli, according to Biagoli*, Mugnozzi^ and others, is evidenced by the fact that the e must have been present before gli developed, since this form could have arisen only before a vowels Thirdly, a similar usage appears in the union of the preposition and article in dello,nello, etc., which according to D'Ovidio^ .should be written d'ello, n'ello, etc. Here the i of in and di is pretonic and forms an exact parallel to the point in question. » Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV, p. 70, n. 3. Also compare Moyer-Lubke's .acceptance of D'Ovidio's theory in hi.s It. Or., Leipzig', 1890, U 374. " Of. D'Ovidio, Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV,, p. 70, n. 3 ; Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr.,t374. » Cf. Meyer-Lubke, It. Gr., 1[ 374. * Grammaire Italienne, Paris, 1819, p. 147. » Les tlUmeiis de la Langue Itcdienne, Paris, 1783, ^192. « D'Ovidio, Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 100. "> Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IX., p. 70, n. 3. 22 HI 1^1 !i I I w m Thus, from the reasons already ''iven the most logicaP deduction seems to be to suppose that me lo, etc., and me ne, etc., were once written meilo, etc., and menne, etc., the i being elided before e, and, because, in Old Italian the apostrophe was omitted, in tlie natural process of syllabi- cation the e was looked upon us belonging to the m, etc., rather than to the io, etc., and ne. The writing oH and n instead of -U- and -nn- in these combinations is due to the fact that the two pronouns in ma lo, etc., and me ne, etc., were generally writtei\ separate and hence the double conscmants could not stand as initial. The probable stages of this development are as Follows : Midlo, etc., mi enue, etc. > )iu'llo, etc. ; menne, etc. > mo llo, etc., me nne, etc. > me lo, etc., me tic, etc. j^_ (jlielo, etc. ; (jlirhi, etc. ; yliene -- gliello, etc., fjlielld, etc., (jiienne. The original form of these words was probably rjliello, etc., and (jiienne, this orthography being justified by the fact that the second pronoun in these combinations is tonic, as is shown by the e instead of an i' and hence the writing (jliello, etc. ( gli before the following e just as the article li > gli in gli amici (cf. li elo, le elo > li elo > glielo). Of popular origin are the sporadic occurrences of gliele^ employed for the different forms of lo and la*. ' Gf. Meyer-Ltlbke, It. Or., t 123. "■ Cf. Meyer-Liib'ke, It. Or., I 141. ■' Cf. U,9, 5: E tutto gliele gratfio (il viso) ; 2, 9, e presentogliele (i falconi) ; 2, 8, il conte con lagrime yliele diede (la tigliuola) ; 3, 3, plena di stizza gliele (a lei) tolsi di mano, ed holla recata a voi, acciocch^ vot gliele (a lui) rendiate. * Cf. Biagoli, Gram. It., Paris, 1819, p. 147 ; Blanc. It. Or., p. 252. 23 I S- d. — The second pronoun in these combination!* (No. c) is tonic. In regard to tho reason for the change of i to c in mc /o, etc., Biagoli' remarks: "Ce changomunt do 1' i en e se frtit d'aprtis nn principe gc'nt'ral d'harmonie, ([ui exigo « * Orammaire Italienne, Paris, 1819, p. 60. » Orammaire des Lanyues Romanes, vol. 1., IF 612. « Of. p. 21. *0/. L, p. 205, ello suo tempo; BB, p. 209, ella guerra; KK, p. 15, Credette quel cliella mridre diciea ; I, p. 11, E 'padre ed ella madre. II l< r 24 i)f the secotid clement of tlio former would apply equally well to the latter. The reason why the two Ts are preserved in dello, etc., and not in itie to, etc., is hecause in tlio former the two words were generally written as one, while in the latter they were separated, the tonic vowel of the second pro- noun being carried to the first, and, hence, the double con- sonants could not be kept as initial'. In the fourth place, it the clto, etc., and enne in these cond)inations were not tonic they would have > illo, etc., and uiiu'-. The enclitic uses of me lo, te lu, 8" lo^me ne, te ne, m ne, (fllelu, f/licnc, oiler no olijection to the statement that the Jsecond iorm in the correspond inj,' proclitic combination.s is tonic. In constructions liUe dhnic/o, dirtrlo, the verb being the more importiuit member of the compound retains the stress, while both jironoiuis are unstressed and hence enclitic according to the rule in Italian that no word can bear more than one tonic accent. However, the e is kept in darmelo, etc., by analogy to the numerous occurrences of the .same combinations in proclitic ]>osition. 1). — Discussion of (donic forms in tonic position. 1. — Introduced through dialectical influence. A suggestion offered to explain the substitution of tonic for atonic forms ; namely, tluit they arose from a simple mixing of the two at a time when the laws of syntax were not fixed, might apply here also. However, a most serious objection to this expls nation is the fact that the atonic pronouns are not lound in the position of the tonic until the time of Boccaccio. If this iiregularity is to be attri- buted to a mere confusion of the .unaccented with the accented pronouns, why did it n »t rxist in the earliest Italian monuments, when there wa.' a reason for such a mixing of forms ? A better ex|)lanation seems to be to account for this abnormal usage as a borrowing from dialects in which mi, ti, si are regular tonic forms. Strengthening this supposition is the argument that the first occurrences of atonic pronouns in accented position » C/. p. 22. « G/. Meyer-Ltibke, It. Or., H 123. Mil 15 were noted in U', whore are constantly employed popular formn and idioius. Thus, it i.s perfectly reasotiable to sup- poHo that Boccaccio used ml after prepositions under the intiuence of dialects like the Lombard and Piemontese, ami Sacchetti, writinjjj novels of a similar kind, adopted the usage of Boccaccio. Furthermore, the late origin of this construction, the few authors using it, and the long gap between Sacchetti and (Joldoni in wliosci works it is most frequent point to the working of extcjrnal inlliienceH traceable to individual authors rather than to a Tuscan development. E. — Kxtant of the mixlvfj of tonic awl atonic forms. By a glance at the table- it will be noted tliat the occur- rence of tonic pronouns in atonic position is found in the ■earliest texts of the language and continues down to a comparatively late date. It will be further observed that, although some authors used them to a much greatt-r extent than others, the usage was a general one and does not seem to have originated with any special class of writers. In addition, it may be said that the line of authors who adopted these irregularities was a continuous one, there being no notable breaks from their origin to their final disappearance, although a very perceptible decrease in their use is observable in the later periods. The usage of unaccented pronouns in accented position is represented as follows iu our texts: mi, U3, Wl, Z6. YY3.S. FFF; ti, YYC. • F. — Time of disappearance. Me, te, noi, voi, ne, lid and lei in proclitic position may be said to have disappeared for the most part from Italian literature before the sixteenth century. Se in this position was seldom employed even by the earliest writers and ceased to be used entirely about the fifteenth century. El is probably a Provencal' form and occurs only in B, K, L, W, AA, CO, YY and can be assigned to no special p -iods, for the reason that it may be used by any authui .iting .under the influence of this language. . * Blanc, It. Or., Halle, 1844, p. 20. « Cf. pp. 9-12. . » Cf. p. 16. c 26 l! 1 u! Of the three tonic forms found in enclitic position' attached to the verb, me was employed until about the time of the Italian Renaissance for the sake of rhyme, while te occurs only once^ and iw (meaning "us," "to us'*) ten times. In enclitic position not attacheci to the verb, me, te, voi, lu'', ^li are very frequent in Old Italian, being used spor- ad.itJly even in the present century; while noi, although spread over almost the same period as the forms just men- tioned, occurs much less extensively. The occasional uses of atonies in the position of the accented \ ronouns are distributed over the long period from Boccaccio t" Carducci. • Conclusions. From the examples and argument given on the preced- ing pages the following conclusions may be drawn : 1. — That me, te, se in proclitic position are remnants of th J Latin accusative that had not yet > mi, ti, si accord- ing to the general law that pretonic e> i. 2. — That el for il was used by certain Tuscan writers through the influence of the Proven^-al and certain Italian dialects, where this form was the regular oblique masculine singular. 3. — That me in enclitic position attached to the verb arose first in rhyme and was later carried to constructions in poetry where it was not used in rhyme ^. 4. — That the e of ne (< inde) used for the first person plural is by analogy to ne in combinations like me ne, te ne, se ne (= m'enne, etc.), where the second element is tonic and regularly preserves its e. This analogy was car- ried not only to all the forms of pronominal and adverbial ne, but also to the conjunction ne. 5. — That noi, voi, Iwi, lei, loro in proclitic and enclitic position are a simple application or development of tonic pronouns in unaccented position. The change of loro from the genitive to the dative function was by analogy to pos- sessive constructions, like la loro casa on which was built the kindred idea expressed by la casa loro apparti^ne. The further evolution of lui, lei, loro from the sphere of 1 Of. UD, p. 181. ^ Te occurs only once joined to the verb (c/. DD, p. 181). 27 the dative to that of the accusative and nominative is by analogy to colui, colei, coloro. 6. — That me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se Jo, etc. ; me ne, etc., should be written m'ello, etc., and that the reason wliy th^se forms are written with a single./ at present is because the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been transferred to the first and the two Is cannot stand as initial {cf. vie llo > me lo). 7. — That glielo, etc., and gliene are equivr.'.'^nt to glieUo, etc., and glienne, one I being omitted in modern ortho- graphy by analogy to the parallel comV»injitions me lo, etc Also, the gli in these double forms is the representative of masculine li (< illi) and feminine le (< illal:), both giving gli in hiatus with the e of the following word {cf. li crie, le ene > gliene). 8. — That the second form In the combinations m'ello, etc., and gliellp, etc., is tonic. 9. — That the use of atonic mi and ti in accented position is due to the influence of dialects in which these forms are regular tonic developments. IS 28 k . CHAPTER II. Uses of Atonic Forms in Atonic Position. ^■1. — Examples of refjular occurrences in texts examined. THE pronouns indicated below comply with all the con- ditions of atonies, showing unaccented forms and standing in conjunctive position, and are therefore per- fectly regular. After an example of each phenomenon has been given, a discussion of these pronouns will be taken up. 1. — General Constructions. The list of occurrences mentioned below represents the usage common to all the i)eriods of the Italian language, and hence merely an example of each kind will be cited, and no resume will follow. They include especially pro- clitic i constructions of the direct and indirect object of finite verbs where the adoption of atonic pronouns is the rule, with the exception of the occasional use of tonic^ forms immediately before the verb, or atonies as enclitics ', which special uses have already been counted*. a. — Single proclitics. aa. — Before Jinite verbs. mi : GG, p. 80, Questo mi prese, e questo mi mantenne. mi' : BBB, p. 16, mi displace. cl : O, Purg. XV, 104, Che farem noi a chi ne desira, Se quei che ci ama e per noi condannato ? ' Of. lo menu, mi parlo. -' Cf. ltd menu ; me parl6. ■' Of. menUlo ; parlummt. * Cf. resume of tonic forms in proclitic position, pp. 9-10 also r^sumS of enclitics with finite verbs, pp. 41-42. '■' The dative will follow the accusative wherever the two constractioiiB . are given. 29 ti ti VI VI ei : II, I, 94, Molte comoditft ci ha date Iddio Per ricompensa de Ic nostre pene. O, Inf. I, 123, Con lei ti lascero nel mio partive." II, I. 120, non ti converr^ morire. Z, I, nov. 4, dice all'Abate : io vi cavero di questa fatica, O, Inf. XXIII, 128, Poscia drizzd al frate cotal voce : Non vi dispiaccia, se vi lece, dirci Se alia man destra giace alcuna foce. si sing. : BB, p. 65, £ Carduin da lei non si diparte. si jphf.. : FFF, Ode Barbare, p. 23, poi si riabbracciano. lo after a final consonant : 0, Purg, IX, 81, E come I'occhio piii e piu v'apersi Vidil seder sopra il grado soprano, Tal nella fapcia, ch'io non lo sofiersi. io before s impure : 0, Inf. I, 1 10, Noi leggevamo un giorno per diletto Di Lancilotto, come amor lo stiinse. la : O, Inf. I, 109, Questi la cacceril per ogni villa. 11,1,82, Ma cosi nudo e furfante ed a piede, Fa cose da non creder chi le vede. n 9 6 ' cniali le parevano la piu dolce cosa del mondo. --"1 t'4 le k bb. — Be/ore infinitive constructions. 1. Negative infinitives used imperatively : AAA, I, p. 132, non ti turbare. 2. Infinitives depending on impersonal verbs : B, p. 27, ma non mi val seguire. 3. Infinitives depending on fare, vedere, sentire, udire, lasciare : A, p. 90 v, Amor d'incontra mi fa star sospeso. so t H ■ . ■,■!; I t h. — Single enclitics. CD iii' « c .,4 Z' dat. fern. sing. : LL, I, 21, Non risponde ella, e non .sa che si faccia Perchfe Kinaldo omai Vh troppo appresso. U, 'I, lo after a final vowel and before a single conso- nant. II: O, Inf. II, 31. chi il concede ? Inf. V, 110, Chinai il viso, o tanto il tenni basso. 7 ; O, Purg. I, 39, io 7 vedea. lo : II, I, 8, In viso Balagantc lo guardava ; O, Inf. VIII, 41, Per che il maestro accorto lo so- spinse. il^ and lo'^ equivalent to English so or it : WW, p. 2.59, Arminsi pure i Greci, Furo ingrati ad Achille, e il sieno a Pirro ; YY, X, 243, il sarete.— WW, p. 267, El giurer^ d'esser sostegno al figlio, E lo sar^ ecc. ; YY, I, 58 saro padre Per compiacerti, come ora lo sono Per consigliarti. i accu. plu.'' : 0, Inf. V, 78, Ed egli a me : " vedrai quando saranno Piu presso a noi ; e tu allor li prega Per quell'amor che i mena ; e quei verranno ; Inf. VII, 53, La sconoscente vita, che i fe' sozzi, Ad osrni conoscenza or li fa bruni. i indirect singular* : 0, Par. XXIV, 148, Come il signor ch'ascolta quel che i place, Da indi abbraccia il servo, gratulando Per la novella, tosto ch'ei si tace ; O. Par, XXIX, 17, In sua eternity di tempo fuore, Fuor d'ogni altro comprender, come i piacque, S'aperse in nuovi amor Teterno amore. ^ Gf. WW, p. 205. ^ Gf. WW, p. 256 ; ZZ, XIII, 276, 120 ; BBB, pp. 125, 263. » Gf. 0, Inf. XVlil, 18, Par. XII, 26 ; J, p. 3. * Gf. O, Inf. XXII, 73 : Inf. XXII, 127. 35 Dative of the possessor^ : WW, p. 260, gli saio padre ; AAA, VI, 68, non ti son figlio io primo ? gli fem. dnt. sing. : U, 2, 6, li quali le parevano la pih dolce cosa del mondo et la pill vezzosa, et non essendolesi Jinchora del nuovo parto rasciuto il latte del petto quelli teneramente prese, et al petto gii si puose, li quali non liti- utando il servigio, cosi lei peppavano, come la madre havrebber fatto ; O, Inf. XXXIII, 129 (Blanc, It. Or. p. 263). Sappi che tosto che I'anima trade, Come fec'io, il cor^o suo gli h tolto. b. — Single enclitics with finite verbs-. mi : N, p. 25, menbmmi sott'una freschetta folgla ; Z, nov. 4, e raderoi/imi la barba. UK CI ti. VI 81 O, Inf. VI, 23, Quando ci scorse Cerbero, il gran vermo, Le bocche aperse, e mostrocct le sanne. Inf. IV, 115, Traemmoci dall'un de'canti In loco aperto luminoso ed alto, Si che veder poteansi tutti e quanti. U. 6, 6, et havr6tti in reverenza ; U, 2, 5. dicoti, che poi che Iddio mi ha fatto tanta gratia. Prego?;i, siate accorti. O, Inf. IV, 98, volsersi a rae * Cf. DD, p. 134 ; TT, p. 104 ; WW, p. 266 ; AAA, I, 146, 161, 175. « Examples of the first and second person imperative are not given in this list because the unaccented pronouns are still attached to this mode in the persons Indicated. 86 It H > !;• ■■■■ I* lo: B, p. 43, Ma pur la fine facic^o laudato ; B, p. 43, E poi nel mezo avete^o sequito, Lo bon fenir vi de' essere in grato. /:P, I, 69, E miail per la via quasi smarrita ; p,n,6. Veiled eolei, ch* e or si presso al vero. la: O, Inf. XVIII, 94, Lascio/Za quivi gravida e soletta ; M, nov. 12, combatteo la citta, e xinHula, e lo pregio e I'onore n'ebbe David. li' : F, p. 68, present a pregare ; p. o6, concedeii di peecare. gli : O, Purg. XIII, 153, Tu li vedrai tra quella gente vana Che spera in Talamone, e perdera^/i Pii\ di speranza, che a trovar la Diana ; O, Inf. XXII, 71, E Libicoeco : Troppo avem softerto, Disse, e ^veHegti il braceio col ronciglio. Si che, stracciando, ne port6 un lacerto. le: V, 1, 15, comincioUe a mostrare e veli e borse ; 0,lnf. V, CS, Vidi Paris, Tristano ; e piii di mille Ombre mostrommi e nominol/e a dito. c. — Enclitics with che, dietro, oddosso, dreto. mi with che' : N, p. 20, questi h colui, chemmi si fa sentire. * Since case and number offer no assistance in the explanation of en-- cUtics, no distinction has been made between the singular and plural, or dative and accusative of U and gli. « Cf. N, pp. 25, 32. »^7 /mi with dietro: KK, II, 70, loro sempre venivano a lento passo dietromi ; KK, II, 175, deretrowii. ' gli with addoaso : KK, I, 114, e'i cavallo addoHHogii ; KK, I, 271. eglino tutti I'un sopra all'altro adtloHHogli. gli with drieto : Z, nov. 70, I'altro porco dvietogll ; Z, nov. 7G, gli fanciulli con le granato dvietogli. li with drieto : Z, nov. 84, raino, drieto^t parecchi passi gridava ; I, p. 6, elleno dietro^i co' bastoni. d. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic position. vi = le: EEE, p. 274, voleva la neve, camminam sopra. vi = gli: BBB, p. G, non potendo schivare il pericolo, vi corse incontro. la, indefinite^ : BBB, 384, coraincio a prenderse^a con Perpetua ; DDD, p. 14, dunque, a che serve pigliarseZot a cuore ? r = la indefinite : BBB, p. 65, V h chiara, che I'intenderebbe ognuno ; BBB, p. 130, "L'h dura," rispose il Griso, restando con un piede sul primo scalino, " V e dura di ricever ("e' rim- proveri, dopo aver lavorato fedelmente." 1 C/. BBB, pp. 209, 282 (four *mes), 232 ; DDD, pp. 112, 145. ,< '- s 38 i I - ■■ f f ' ri.'^ PronouTiH of a U, 5, 9 ; 7, 7 ; 10. 10 ; 8, 7 ; 8, 7 ; 8, 8 ; O, Inf. XXV, 48 ; 0, Inf, XVI, 44 ; Par. XXV, 89. « U, 3, 1 ; 2, 10 ; 3, 9 ; 7, 10 ; 5, 1 ; 5, 4 ; 8, 8. 39 ove cosl non fosse voi foresto viUaiiia a volermwt torre. t/ before ti': U, 5, 4, io il tl promotto ; U, 5, 0, ixGiiloti a tnonto. la before ti' : U, 3, 4, io la ti mosterr6 ; U.4.4, noi la ti diamo. il before vi'*; U, 1, 1, io il vi diro ; U,6, 10, d\rb\vi. ia before vi* ; U, 3, 6, ,. i. i, • ; • hora non credo io, cho voi crediate, cne lo La vi mandossi ; U. 2,9, ma ae le vi piacciono, io le vi donero volentieri. The following table gives a r^suin^ of the examples of the special constructions cited above. a. — Single proclitics. Atonic Nominatives. i' : B31, C, F9. H3, K2, M3, N46, 024, P3G1. R6, S2, U3. Vll, W8. X19, Y2, AA30, BB39, DD88, EE8, FF9, GG51, HHlO, II18. JJ. KK,LL2, NN5, PP81, QQ72. SSI14, TT148, UU6, XX17. -no'.- D2. X, PP, TT12, 0. w' ; N2, X, TT3. » Cf. U, 7, 9 ; 9, 5 ; O, Inf. Ill, 45 ; 0, Purg. XX, 40 ; Punj. XXXIII, 77; P«rj/. XXXIIT, 119. « Cf. U, 3, 14 ; 5, 2 ; 8, 7 ; 10, 3. » Cr/. U, 3, 3 ; 3. 7 ; 3, 7 ; 8, 9 ; 9, I ; 0, Par. XIV, 10. * Cf. U, 3, 6 ; 5, 1. f r * li % if I* 40 e': B7, C2, F9, HIO, 12. KIO. M2. N6, 013, P18, R7, S2. U2. VI 17, X4, V16, Z154, A A3, BB43, DD4, EE2, GG68. HH2 II33, KK31G, LL, MM2, NN4, PP9, QQ5, RR3, SS3, TT174, XX, DDDo, EEE, FFF26. gli sincr. : W, FF3, LL13, PP, QQ. TToS, YY2, DDDIO. gli plu. : W6, TT2, MM2. la: EE12, 117, KK19, LL, MMll, PP7, TT79, YY38, BBB19, DDD5. V = la : AA, PP2, TT34, KK, BBBG, DDD4. le : U2, V, AA, GG, KK7, MM8, TTIO, BBB6, DDD. Proportion of forms not elided when mi, ti, si, vi, lo, la, and the feminine pkiral le are placed in hiatus I KK'-^40%, VV75%. WVV25%, YY22%, ZZ28%, AAA (vol. VI.) 38%, DDD22%, EEE80%, FE'F28%^ il, 'I, lo following a final vowel and preceding a single consonant initial. il : A2, B9, C3, E, H, 14, K6, M31, 072, P48, Kll, S2, U455, V18, W4, X3, Y9, Z40, AAU. BBS. CCS, DD4, EE5, FF7, GG24, HH6, 11260, LL141, MM3, NN26, 0015, PP, QQ62, RR, SS42, TT6, UU42, WW29, XX22, YY5, ZZ4, AAA90, CCC16. 7 ; A, B9, Co, E, F4, K8, M16, N8, 06, P7l, R17, S7, U23, VIO, X4, Y, Z3, AA5, BB6, DDIO, EE6, FF5, GG16, II27, LL32, NN2, 0013, PP5, QQ2o, SS31, TT14, UU18, WW3, XX12, YY3, AAA23. — ^ Ci is subject to the same laws of elision as mi, etc., when it occnn before the vowels e and i, but it is always written in full before a, o and u. ' The percentage of elision in each author may easily be computed by subtracting the numerals placed to the right of the capital letters from r, hundred. ° In all the texts not mentioned the proportion of non-elision is less than 2%. iu\" Also compare Fornaciari, (Irammatica Italiana. Firenze 1879, p. 120 •■ Proclitiche : gli ed e' = egli, eglino, la = ella, le = elleno. - (Jf. Caix, Oriyini, If 91 : " Questa ci conduce poi alle forme n, quel, e', que', principahneute toscane, e frequenti gia in Guittone e nella sua Scuola." ' Cf. resume, p. 39. * Cf. Caix, Origini, "i 207. '' fo' occurs also in the oblique cases in K, pp. 27, 35, 42, 46, 01, 116 ; X, p. 43. " Cf. the 44 occurrences of gli in the popular writer TT by the side of the seventy-nine examples of the vulgar nominative la in the same text. ' Cf. Blanc, II. dr., p. 272 : " Jetzt ist der Gebrauch der, dass ella und Cf. table p. 40. 8 Cf. examples pp. 32-33. <* Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IX., p. 70. 40 I ic; (J i~ (I be possible, one is led to reject it for the reason that the pronouns in hanil can be explained on a purely phonetic basis. According to a general phonetic law given by Meyer- L'libke :i " Dagegeii wild e zu i : Jiori, ami = amea, chi- ruenti, Giovanni, of/gi - hodie, vedi =vide," me, etc., regu- larly > mi, etc., in postonic position. The junction of enclitic pronouns with the verbs upon which they lean is simply an orthographic representation of the sounds of oral speech ; the two words being articu- lated together, orthography in attempting to indicate pro- nunciation writes the two forms as one. .'3. Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic posi- tion (or partly proclitic and partly enclitic). (I, — Mixing of gender, number and per.son. (Id. — Masculine for feminine. The occasional u.se of masculine gli"^ for the indirect feminine singular le ( < P. L: illae) is best explainsd as deriving directly < ILLI ( = 0. L. masc. and fem. dat. sing.). Since the Latin shows both iLLi and ILLAE for the femi- nine dative singular, it is natural that gli and le, their re.speetive derivatives, should persist side by side until the former is supplanted by le, the Italian representative of the latter. An apparent confusion of gender may be seen in the sporadic use of the oblique masculine singular io* for la, where the masculine form merely expresses some quality of the feminine noun to which it refers, but does not stand in the place of the noun in the ordinary sense of a pronoun. Forming a striking contrast to the mixing of gender just referred to, is the strict preservation of the feminine in elliptical and indefinite constructions ; such as, vedersela, ]Kigarla, godersela^, etc., where the verb is accompanied by a pronoun without relating to anything before mentioned. > It. Or., 1[ 106. •' Cf. p. 35. •'• P. L. = Popular Latin and C. L. = Classic Latin. ^ Cf. BBB, p. 125 : Gertrude avrebbe potuto essere una monaca santa e contenta, comuncjue lo fosse divenuta. '" Cf. The French "i'o».s me ladonnez belle " and the Spanish "quien las sale Ian tane. " 47 in such idiomatic expressions, although some substantive is always understood, agreeing with the sense to which the pronoun refers i, there would seem to be a natural reason for a mixing of gender, since the omitted object to which the pronoun relates would not be kept in the mind of the average speaker and the idea of its gender would be entirely lost. The probable reason for the keeping of the feminine in such cases is that the expressions pa(/arla, etc., came to be a regular Italian locution and the speaker or writer adopted them as speech formulas without thinking of the gender of the omitted substantive. hb. — Singular for the plural. The masculine singular lo- is also used in referring to plural nouns in constructions where it stands in the predicate position, and expresses some attribute of a noun, just as is the case with an adjective. cc. — si ( = ci). A very free use of the persons is the construction with si, the third person reflexive, for ci, the first peison plural This construction is found only in W ' and doubtless origin- ated under the influence of the Lombard dialect*. A further mixing of persons may be seen in the use of the adverb vi^, corresponding to the pronoun vi, for the third person dative singular and plural in constructions where it refers directly to objects or persons before mentioned^ This syntactical irregularity is probablj^ a mere extension of the adverbial use of vi from the idea of place to that of persons and things. The adverb vi was already used in the sense of " there," " to tliat place," " to that part," etc., and by a. rtm/ to this third personal ^ For example, in vederseto something like la quentwne is implied. - Cf. ZZ, XIII, 276 : Che sono tutte malvagie, e se alcuua lo e meno, il suocero e la suocera lo saranno in sua vcce. Cf. ur : Poi d traemo per la drita via ; Ciir, Noi si trovamo giunti su lextremo ; piiiir, Noi se partimo et prendemo el camino. * Cf. Francesco Rinaldo, Avvertimenti Grammaticali. Modena, 1732: " Alcuni, speoialmente Lombardi, errano fiequentemente si, che corris- ponde al latino se, o sihi, per ci, che corrisponde a nos, o a nobis ; e cosi dicono si partimmo, si ferammo, in luogo di ci partimmo, ci ferammo." * For the use of ci in similar constructions compare D'Ovidio, Archil^. ■Olott. It., p. 78; Meyer-Lilbke, It. Or., H 371. ' Cf. M, p. 74 ; Fece a Marco una cosi fatta questione, credendo che Marco non vi potesse rispondere. 48 i I lb: V ) Hignification may have arisen its occasional substitution for the dative pronouns of the third person. b. — Uses of it, 7 and lo before the verb. With reference to the position of il and lo in Dante and Ins contemporaries Groeber^ saj's : "Es besteht vielmehr folgende Kegel iiir den Gebrauch der zwei parallelen Artikel — und Pronominalformen in den iiltesten Hdschn. der. Div. Com.: lo, li steht vor beliebigem Anlaut und hinter beliebigem Auslaut, i^, i vor einfachem Consonanten und nur hinter vocalischem Auslaut." It will be noted that the rule (quoted above, applies to il and lo both as articles an ?-i: . ,.5ft^ : 4,9 which il could stand was when the word preceding it ended in a vowel, and the word followinff it beijan witii n single consonant ; and, because even in this position, i7' and lo were used interchangeably, the parallel uses of these two forms in the const»*uction just mentioned have V)een counted with resu'ts as shown ))}' the table-. Such a r^sum^ indicates that il vvas preferred for the most part in poetry and lo in prose, the former disappearing entirely from prose literature in the course ui the si>:teentli cen- tury and from poetry in the seventeenth century. Hence, we may conclude with the statenient that Grijber's rule • relative to the position of il and lo as pronouns was not only the usage of Dante and his contempoiaries, but was the practice of Tuscan authors until the ])ronominai func- tion of il was finally lost in order to differentiate between the article and pronoun by the adoption of il* as an article and lo as a pronoun. After personal forms of essere the conjunctive pronouns il^ and /o* are used without variation for gender' or num- ber® in the predicate sense of it, or so, for the purpose of representing the condition or quality of an adjective or noun already expressed". c. — Position of atonic pronouns with finite verbs. Mussatia*" first announced the general principle, that in Old Italian atonic oronouns were always enclitic when depending on a finite verb standing at the beginning of the principal proposition, whether the sentence was declar- * Cf. M, p. 23 : Quelli lo mordea, e cosi il oonsumo. a Cf. p. 40-41. 9 Cf. p. 48. ■* Cf. il giorno ; io lo vidi. ' Cf. WW, p. 259 : Arminsi pure i Greci Fiiio ingrati ad Achille, e il sieno a Pirro ; YY, X, 243, il sarete. « Cf. XX, I, 58, saW) padre Per oompiaoerti, come ora lo sono Per consigliarti. ' Cf p. 34. « Cf p. 34. » For the same construction in French compare Whitney's French G'ram^ mar. New York, 1886, pt. II, p. 246. '" C/. Mixcellanea di Filologia e Liiujuistica. Firenze, 1886, pp. 255- 261. 50 % b ...s ative'.intenogativo'.iinperativo', subjunctive* used impera- tively, an insitions succeeding one another without con- nectives'. On tlic other hand, if the principal proposition did not begin with a verb, it was the rule to place the atonic par- ticles in proclitic position ^ 'i'lie rt'jis(jn for the use of enclitics with verbs standing at the bc'^^ijHiing of the principal proposition is, according to Mussatia", because the early writers did not wish to ljeieyata, ecc. U, 2, 7 : Mi place di raccontarci. Inf. II, 70 : lo son Beatrice ohe ti faccio amlare. Inf. I, 92 : A te convien tenero altro viaggio Rispose, pot clie lagrimar mi vide. U, 9, 5 : Credesse bene accender/o ; Y, p. 94 : pensa voler/o onorare ; P, I, 234 : spero vederlo oggi ; U, 2, 3 : lo ti posso nienare. LL, I, 98 : O che nou puoi aaper/o, o non schivarli. S, p. 291 : Desideriava di darla. Y, p. 58 : La donna lo incomincio a pregare ; KK, II : 380 to venne a vedere ; V, I, 76 : voile andare a vederto ; Y, p. 139 : e' comincio a pregar/«- r>2 % * ci, VI, si', the plurals also being employed as reciprocal^,- meaning " each otluT," " ono another," etc. /. — Dative constructions. aa. — J)ativo with verbs. In Italian just as in Latin, the case of an indirect object denotes the pt^rson to or /or which something exists or i;* done, designating tl o one uflected or interested, and gener- ally implying advantage or disadvantage. Some of the principal verbs governing the dative case in Italian are : 1. Verbs of renieuibering ', threatening'', persuading, dis- Huading*, eon(|ueiing\ jtardoning*. 2. All im])ers()nal verbs'. 8. In Italian as in Latin veibs accompanied by Kotis'^ hene^,male^" take the dative; hcne and male being written apart from the verb in Italian, while in Latin the three forms were united with the verb (c/. satisfacere, beiie- facerc, male/ 1 cere ). 4. Verbs used with the prepositions davante^^, avavti, innavzi, didro, upprctisit", «liremj)etfo, iiicontvo^', attorno, 8otfo^*, Hopra, dhuinii, etc., the prei)osition and verb be'ng written separately in Italian but corresponding to the Latin dative after verbs compounded with ante,2)08t,pvne, sub, super, etc. li- ' The reflexive xi imiHt not be confounded with the particle xi used as the sign of the paasive signifitiation of the verb or ai meaning "one," "people," *' they,' etc. ; as, .li racconta ; si scrive. ' Cy. P, I, 44 : Di chianmrmi a se non le ricorda ; LL, II, 47, I>i Hradamnnte piii non yli sovviene. ' Cf. LL, III, 12.3 : K' f/Zi niinaceia, ecc. * (!/. LL, V, 96 ; Molto (jli dissuase Malagigi. ' Of. LL, V, 260 : A Costantin del (juale era 3orelIa Costei si gitti^' a'piedi, e f)/i con((uise. " (y. LI/, IV, 4 : non (/li penlono. ' Cf. parere, sembrare, bastare, dolere, valere, piacere, dispiacere, nocere, preinere, convenire, degnare, niancare, cadere, ealere, coatare,. gravare, giovare. * Of. LL, IV, 274 : Di (juesto Ferrau le satixiece, » r/. V, I, l.S : Che tu le voglia hfn<\ '« Cf. V, I, 142 : Afi vuol male. * • Cf. LL, II, 12.") : Ma la maga gentil le va davante. ' - (/. LL, II, 78 : Ruggier, gli e apprtsso. . . . > ' Cf. V. II, 208 : on venne iiicoiitra. ^*Cf. NN, I, 12 : II destrier no/to ffli «ade.- 5. TranHitive V(!»'1>m goveniiji;,' tlio accuMntivo and dative^ case, when, tojjjether with the object of tlie action tliuie i« 4;xprcsHecl the porwon or thini,' to ov for wliich it is ""n- chen, 1890, vol. II., p. 573. '-' Cf. F, p. 6 : Dei dire chosa ch3 pondere c:..eas et ibi, si acliutus a domino vicero, fama vestrcz pietatis inradiet .... expedit namque, ut ego, qui sum servus vester et lilius, s» vicero, vobis domantibus regoum illud possedeam. 55 is seen in "Gesta KaroU^," where King Ciiarles is usually entitled voa. The explanation of the use of the plural vof< for tl.e singular tu is a difficult one. However, a suogestion that might account for it, is that it may have arisen by nnalogy to the use of V08, referring to collective- nouns or in addressing one individual of a class '. The carrvin< veslra seeunda fortuna. Castor, non potestia sine propinquoruni calamitate esse contenti ? *qy. Grimm, Deutsche, Orammntik. Gattingen, 1837, vol. IV., p. 299. 56 1 » S That tlie line of distinction between tii and voi had not, however, been clearly drawn, even at the Ijeginning of the Italian period, is evidenced by the occasional confusion of the two foims in addressing the same person'. With reference to the use of abstract substantives as a form of address, Schmaiz-' says : " Schon Liv. lasst ihn in kiihneren Wendungen zu, mehr noch Veil. V^al. Max. Tac. u. Plin. min., nnd so cntwickelt sicli hieraus die ofKzielle Titulatui-, Z. B. Yestva serrnifnft, etc. Vgl. Schoner, in act. sem. ICrlang. II., }). 490 ft'. Hierin leistetc das konstan- tinische Zcitalter d.as Mogliche; ja die christl. Kirche erobei'te sich nnnmehr eine Titulatur, und sd.nctitus tua ist seit Ende IV. saec. stehende Anrede der Bischofe.' Growing directly out of constructions where the abstract nouns above indicated were employed in address, is the .substitution of ella, etc., for roi, etc. Instead of repeating the substantives Hantitd, Eccellenza, Signovvi, etc., the speaker or writer used the third person feminine, clla'-^ (corresponding to the gender of the omitted noun), for the same reason that one employs a pronoun instead of a noun in any other case. On the date of the introduction of ella as the polite form of address in Italian, Blanc* remarks: "Erst mit dem IG. Jahrhundoi't fanot eine dritte, ietzt allofemein iibliche Anrede durch ella an." Proving the incorrectness of this statement and showing that ella was used in such con- structions at least two centuries before the time given by the grammarian just quoted is the occurrence of le, (dat. of ella) in V*, a novelist of the fourteenth century. Ella was first employed only in addressing popes, to which signification it was restricted until toward the end of the sixteenth centuiy, when its use was widened to include not only popes, but kings, emperors, princes and ' Cf. K, p. 76 : Con Dio v'accordarete, e voUio che tue te n'accordi con missere Jesii Cristo ; p. 82, amico mio, voUio che sappi che tu diei essere niolto lieto, quaiido lo no.stro 8ignore vi inanda del vostro peccato allegjeiiinento. - Cf. Miiller's Handlmch Miinchen, 1890, vol. II., p. 535 d. " Cf. KK, I, lo6 : Oraio souo qui a' piedi di Vontra Santitd, la quale e vero confessare, ch'eWa faccia tauto di grazia di darmi licenza, acciocch^ iTii possa confessare. * Vf. It. Gr., p. 273. ^ Vol. I., p. 211 : Kt ella presentandosi davanti al Papa, gli dieae Beatissimo Padre, Vostra SantUd sa che io mai non le ho voluto nianifes* tare di chi sieoo uati questi tigliuoli, ne ch'io mi sia. 57 other persons of eminence, being adopted still later as the usual address to ladies and as a mark of respect in gen- eral. At the beginning of the nineteenth century lei, the popular form for dla, was introduced into the literary language, and is the address most frequently heard in the popular speech of Tuscany to-day. D. — Discussion of double atonies. 1. — Arrangement. When a pronoun of the first or second ))erson stands next to the third personal forms lo, etc., and la, etc., the general rule obtains for the whole of the texts examined that the indirect object precedes the direct'. However, in Old Italian, before the laws of position were definitely established, the direct object was often placed before the indirect'-. Now, if the construction me lo dice is the regular Italian arrangement, how is the exception lo ■)Jii dice to be explained ? Since in Latin, just as in Italian, the general law governing the position of the combinations under discussion was, that the indirect'' should precede the te lo, etc., arising not because the Italian preferred the dative before the accusati\ ', but from a desire to place the ])ronouns of the first and .'rocond persons before those of the third person. With reference to the arrangement of double forms, 1 Cf. U, 2, 5 : lo te 7 vo cUro. ^C/.\J,l,l: loiYfidiro. 3 Cf. Terence, Euniichus, 1053 : Mihi illam laudas ? 897, Tibi illam reddat ? * Cf. Terence, Eunuchna, 749 : Uanc tibi do dono ; Andrea, 675 Ego, Pamphile, hoc tibi pro servitio debeo. 8 58 ft m ■tX h-t S neither of which is lo, etc., or la, etc., the following .state- ments may be made : 1. That mi and ci precede ti and vl ; 2. That mi, ci, ti, vi precede the retlexive si^ ; 3. That the partitive ne follows all the other forms given (Nos. 1 and 2). CONCLU.SIONS. As a resume of the discussion upon the uses of atonic forms in atonic position the following conclusions may be drawn : 1. That of the nominatives i\ i, no', vo', e\ (jli, la, l\ le, found in proclitic position in the texts consulted, i', i and e' are Tuscan, while the other forms mentioned are dialectical or popular. 2. That the general law governing the elision of atonic vowels in hiatus in both Old and Modern Italian is, that mi, ti, si, vi, lo, la lose their vowel before any word beginning with a vovjel or h, as contrasted with gli and the feminine plural le, which are elided only before similar vowels {gli before i and le before e), and the first person plural ci, which elides its i berore cor i but keeps it before a, o and u. Uf) to the sixteenth century the proportion of exceptions to the rules above given, was less than 3%, while the increase of non-elided forms since that period has been so marked that with the present writers of Italy the use of a long or shortened form seems to be optional. 3. That me, te, se > mi, ti, si in enclitic position according to the general law that postonic e>i-, and that all enclitic pronouns were written in conjunction with the verb upon which they cast the'r accent, as a result of the general tendency manifest in orthography to represent faithfully the sounds of oral speech. 4. That, in Old Italian, gli was sometimes confused with the indirect feminine singular le on account of a tendency to preserve both Classic Latin illi ( = masc. and fem. dat. sing.) and Popular Latin illae ( = fem. dat. sing.). 5. That, after personal forms of essere, il and lo are used for both genders and numbers in the sense of " it " or " so " when referring to some attribute or quality of a noun or adjective preceding. ^ Si precedes the demonstrative forms lo and la (cf. seto, etc.). « Cf. Meyer- Liibke, I(. Gr., f lOfi. 69 6. That, idiomatic expressions like vederla, pagavia, prenderla are to be explained as speech formulas in which the feminine pronoun first arose when the feminine sub- stantive to which it referred was either expressed or kept in mind, and that later, when the noun was entirely lost, the feminine pronoun was still preserved, because the ex- pression had become a legular Italian locution, and was employed without* thought of the gender. 7. That the dialectical use of ci and vl for the indirect singular and plural of third personal forms arose by an- alogy to the idea of a third person contained in tlio adverbs ci and vl. meanmg to it," " to them," etc., but not referring to anything before mentioned. Also that the further mixing of persons as seen in the occurrences of si for ci in W {cf. p. 47) is a borrowing from the Lombard dialect. 8. That Griiber's rule for the position of il and lo before the verb in Dante and his contemporaries ; namely, that il and i could follow any word ending in a vowel and pre- cede any word beginning with a single consonant, wiiile lo and gli (li) could follow any final letter and precede any initial letter, was the usage of Tuscan writers until the final disappearance of il (of. p. 49). 9. That until the fourteenth' century atonic pronouns were attached to all forms of finite verbs standing at the beginning of the principal proposition, as a result of the fact that the early writers did not wish to begin the prin- cipal sentence with an unaccented particle-. 10. That, when an atonic pronoun is governed by an infin- itive, the former is joined as an enclitic to the latter, if the infinitive is the subject of a sentence, dependent upon a noun or adjective, or, if it depends upon a verb with the preposition di or ^^er standing between the independent verb and the infinitive. However, if the infinitive depends upon a verb of making, causing, seeing, hearing, feeling, letting, permitting, the unaccented particles always stand in proclitic position, while they are attached to the infini- tive when the latter follows immediately after and leans upon any other transitive verb except those just men- tioned. Also, if the preposition a intervenes between the ^ The first and second person imperative including tlie imperative use of ecco have retained the atonic pronouns in enclitic position because the force of command requires that the most important word shall stand first. ' Atonies were also occasionally attached to dietro, addosso, dreto, che. ■\ CO p Q •* It I-"' b principal verb and the dependent infinitive, or if the infinitive depends upon any intransitive ^erb, the placing of tiie atonic form in proclitic or enclitic position i.s optional. 11. Tliat the Latin dative of the possessor, the posses- sive strengthened by tiie dative, the dative of the agent and tlie dative of interest, with the general idea of advan- tage and (hsadvantage, have been preserved in Italian. \'l. Tluit Latin tii has persisted in Italian as a term of endearment, displeasure, anger, hatred and inferiority, being employed most commonlN' in s|)eaking to children, lower animals, and in supplicating the Deity. With Jornandes in the ndddle of the sixth century begins the use of vos in addressing one person, being first applied only to emperors and kings, but later used as a title of respect in genoi-al. In the fourteenth century ella was first adopted in sup- plicating popes, wheti refeiring back to the abstract sub- stantive Santita, and toward the end of the sixteenth century its use was also extended ^o princes, nobles and >)thers of similar i-ank, gradually supplanting vol, which latter form has been restricted to the address to the reader in books, address toward equals with whom one is on very familiar terms, or toward servants. From the beginning of the eighteenth century dates the substitution of the popular form lei for the regular femi- nine nominative ella, the latter lemaining, however, as the polite form of address in written speech, while the former belongs to the language of conversation. 13. That, when a pronoun of the first or second person is placed next to the third personal forms lo, etc., la, etc., the general rule is that the indirect object stands first. How- ever, in Old Italian this rule was often reversed and the direct was made to precede the indirect object. Both of these constructions are directly traceable to the Latin (c/. p. 57), which generally shows the indirect object first, in combinations as above indicated, but not infrequent is the opposite usage, where the direct precedes the indirect object. 14. That in all other combinations of two atonies the first person always precedes the second and the first and se»--ond persons stand before the reflexive sl^. ' Si precedes the forms lo and la while ne follows all the other pronouns mentioned. CI BIBLIOGRAPHY'. 1. — Texts examined. The following texts constitute the bibliography (jf this dissertation; they include the works of representJitive Tuscan authors from the middle of the thirteenth to the end of the nineteenth century. Throughout tliis mono- graph reference to the authors will be given by the use of the capital letters A, B, C, etc., standing opposite their names. A. — Guittono d'Arezzo: (In) Sonetti e Canzoni di Divorsi Antichi Autori lo.scani in Dieci Libri Raccolte. Firenze, 15ii7. B. — Chiaro Davanzati : (In) Colleziune di Open: inaUte o rare. Ill, 1-177 ; 201-265 ; 387-:3>sj). C— Cino da Pistoja: In A, pp. 47-00, 133, 134, 186, 137. D. — Riccomano Jacopi : Libro della Tavola di Ric. Jac, edited by Carlo Vesme (in) Archivio Storico Itallano, S" serie, vol. XVIII. (1873). E.— Dante da Maiono: In A, pp. 72-88, 133, 137, 139, 140. F. — Albertano di Brescia : Volgarizzamento dei Tratti Morali di Albertano Giudice di Brescia. Fatto innanzi al 1278. Trovato da S. Ciampi. Firenze, 1832. G. — Ricordi di una Famiglia Senese del secolo decimoterzo (1231-1243). Pub. by G. Milanesi in Archiv. Stor. ItaL, Appendice, Vol. V. Firenze, 1847. H. — Ranieri Sardo : Cronaca Pisana di Ran. 8ar., Dall. Anno 962 sino al 1400. Pub. by F. Bonaini in Archiv. Stor. ItaL, Vol. VI., parte 2'\ pp. 73-244. Firenze, 1845. I. — Fiore di filosofi e di molti savi, attribuito a Brunetto Latini. Testo in parte inedito, citato dalla Crusca, e ridotto a miglior lezione da Antonio Cappelli : (In) Scelta di curiositd letterarie o rare, Vol. LXIII. Bologna, 1865. * As the most of the grammatical and syntactical changes in the Italian language took place before the sixteenth century, fewer texts have been examined for the Modern than for the Old Italian. 62 s IN' 14 % r J. — Lettere Volgari del secolo XIII, scritte da Sencsi. Pub. V)y Pnoli e Piccolomini in Scdta, ecc, CXVI. Bologna, 1871. K — Dodici Conti moral! d'Anonimo Sonese. Testo inec^ito del secolo XIII, pubb. da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, IX. Bologna, 1862. L. — Conti di Antichi Cavalieri : (In) Giormde Storico (Idla Letteratara lial'iana, Vol. III., pp. 192-217. Torino, 1881. M. - Le cento Novolle Antiche. Milano, 1825. N.--Guido Cavaleanti : Le Rime di Guid. Cav. Teste critico pubb. dal Prof. Nicola Arnone. Firenze, 1881. Also in A. O. — Dante : La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri, edited by G. A. Siartazzini, Milano, 189G. P.— Petrarca: Rime di Pet. 2 vols. Padova, 1819. Q. — Jaeopo di Pistoja: Statuti dell'Opera di S. Jacopo di Pistoja, volgarizzati I'anno MCCCXIII da Mazzeo di Ser Giovanni Bellebuoni, con due inventari del 1340 e del 1401. Pubb. da S. Ciampi. Pisa, 1814. . R — Bindo Bonichi : Rime di Bind. Bon. da Siena. Scelta, ecc, LXXXIL Bologna, 18G7. S. — Guido da Pi.sa : Fiore di Italia. Bologna, 1824. T. — Ricordi di Miliadusso Baldiceione de' Casalberti. Pubb. da Bonaini e Polidori in Archiv. Stor, Ital, Appendice, Vol. VIII., pp. 17-71. (First record 1339, last 1382.) Firenze, 1850. U. — Boccaccio : II decamerone. Impresso in Firenze per li heredi di Philippo di Giunta nell'anno del Sig- nore, M. D. XXVIL A di XITII del mese d'aprile. V. — Giovanni Fiorentino: 11 Pecorone. 2 vols. Milano, 1804. 'V\'. — Fazio degli Uherti : Opera di Faccio Degliuberti Fiorentino Chiamato Ditta Mundi. Venetia, 1501. 08 lb. 1. X. — Forestani : Storia d'una Fanciulla Tradita 1548. 11. — Biagoli; Grammaire Italienne. Paris, 1819. 12. — Veneroni : Le Maitre Italien. Paris, 1796. 13. — Mugnozzi : Les E'Umens de la Langue Italienne^ Paris, 1783. 14, — Fornaciari: Grammatica Italiana. Firenze, 1891. 9 86 r 15.. 10. 17.- 18.- -Jacomo Cabriole : Hegole Grnmmaticali. Venetia, 1 .')4o. -Caix : (fHtiervazwm t>ul Voculismo Italiimo. Fi- rcnzc, 1875. -Francoscu Uinaldo : Avvertimentl Grammaticali, Modena. 1732. -A. MuH.satia : (In) MiMcdlanca di Filoluyla e Linguia- tica. Fireii/o, 1880. 10. — Grimiii : Deutsche Grammatik. Gottingen, 1837. 20. 21.- 22.- 23.- 24.- Etienne : Grammaire de t'Ancien Fran^ais, Paris, 1895. -MUller : JLnidbiich der Klassischen Altertume- WiHsennchaft, 1890. -Jornnudes : Romana et Getica, (In) Monumenta Gerntaniae Ilistorica, vol. V. Berolini, 1882. -Schwan : Grammatik des Altf ran zi'machen. Leipzig, 1893. -Karl Hartsch : Chrestomatkie Proven^'ale. Elberfeld, 1808. 07 LIKE. I, OlivtT Miii'tin .lobtiston. was lioiri lu'ar Ha^trop, LouiHiaiui, October 17, IHOO. I was jrjadiiatod tVoin Mis- sisHippi College with the ileffiee of A.l>. in tlune, IS'IO; the t'ollovvint,' year I was I'lineipal of the Preparatory Doj)artinent in the college ahove mentioned ; the two suc- ceeding years I held the prot'es.sorship of English and History in the .sanu! college. Resigning tlie latter position in Juno, l(S|),*i, I enteied the Johns Hopkins University in Octoher of the same yy principal and first subordinate sul»jects, in which I followed the courses given by Professor A. Marshall Elliott, Doctor Louis Ernil Mengoi-, and Professor A. Raml)eau. As a second subordinate subject I studied History under Professor H. B. Adams, my examination in this sui)ject being on the Renaissance in Italy. The sunnuer of lHd4i I spent in Paris, engaged in Modern French .studies and in the preparation of my thesis. From May to August of 1895 I continued in Paris mv Modern French studies and the collection of material for my thesis ; from August to October of this year I spent in Florence, Italy, doing special work in Modern Italian. During the last two years of my course I have followed the lectures of Pro- fessor Elliott and Doctor Monger, and I take this oppor- tunity to express to both of them my appreciation of the able instruction, timely suggestions and wise guidance which they have so constantly given me in my work. From January to June of 1895 I held a Scholarship in the Romance Department of the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, and since June, 1895, 1 have held a Fellowship in this university. Baltimobe, Makylano, May 5, 1896.