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 (' N T HI R U T 1 N S 
 
 TO 
 
 TIIK MINERALOGY OF NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 HV 
 
 PROFESSOR HOW, D.C.L., 
 
 UNIVEIISITY OF KIN(J'S COLLKGK, WINDSOR, NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 1. 
 
 IN the present scries of coiunmnications I propose giving 
 such analytical details and other information interesting to 
 the mineralogist as have accumulated during several years' study 
 of the minerals of Nova Scotia, and have not appeared in my 
 previous papers*, and such as I may continue to obtain. In a 
 succession of articles in the Transactions of the Nova Scotia In- 
 stitute of Natural Science, the mineralogy of the province is 
 being considered from an economic point of view f. In the last 
 
 * These papers are the follow nig : — 
 
 "On the OcciuTonce of Natrohoroealcite ill (iypsuin of Nova Scotia" 
 (Silliman's Journal, 1857) 
 
 '* Analysis of Faroelite and some other Zeolitie Minerals occurring in 
 Nova Scotia" (Silliman's Journal, 1S58). 
 
 '• Analysis ami Description of Three New Minerals from Trap of Nova 
 Scotia" (Edinb. New Phil. Jouni. 1859). 
 
 " On an Oil-Coal from Pictou Co., Nova Scotia" (Silliman's Journal, 
 and Edinl). New Phil. Journ. I860). 
 
 "On Gyrolite occurring in Traj) of Nova Scotia" (Edinb. New Phil. 
 Journ., and Silliman's Juurnal, 18()l). 
 
 " On Natroboroc'ilcite and anotlicr Borate in Gypsum of Nova Scotia " 
 (SiUiman's Journal, 18()1). 
 
 " On Pickeringite occurrinsi; in Nova Scotia " (Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc. 
 1863). 
 
 " On Mordenite, a New Mineral from Trap of Nova Scotia" (Quart. 
 Journ. Chem. Soc. 1864). 
 
 t "Notes on the Economic Mineralogy of Nova Scotia" (Trans. Nova 
 Scotia Institute, parts 1 & 2). 
 
 iPii 
 
TT- 
 
 I ' 
 
 mmmlm 
 
 2 Di'. How on the Mincrolnjitj iff Novn Scofia. 
 
 of these 1 clcacril)e(l the ores of manganese and t lieir uses ; and I 
 select for the first snl)ject in the present series of papers t\u'.sc 
 ores, more particnlarly with reference to their chemical composi- 
 tion and mineralogical characters. 
 
 Maiignniti'. — This species occiu's abundantly at Chcverie, on 
 the south shore of the Basin of Minas, in Hants Co., where it is 
 found in nodules, sometimes of considerable size, on the beach, 
 about twenty rods above high-water mark, and on the upland 
 nearly two miles from the water. It is also met with at Walton, 
 some miles to the east of Cheveric on the Petite River, where I 
 have pieke'! it up in the liclds, and where a bed of it is said to 
 crop out in a low hill on the river-side. It is mostly of compact 
 crystalline structure, of a dark-grey colour, gives a brown streak 
 and ])o\vder, and has hardness a little above 5. In the comj)aet 
 pieces sinall cavities are sometimes found, lined with black lus- 
 trous prismatic crystals affording a browii streak ; these most 
 probably consist of the essential elements of the s])ccie8. The 
 mineral is associated with barytes and ealcite, and sometimes 
 with pyrolusite. The geological formation of the surrounding 
 district is lower carboniferous; the prevailing rocks are gypsum 
 and limestone, sometimes containing magnesia, the latter being 
 that in which I believe the ores of manganese always occur in 
 this part of Nova Scotia. 
 
 A specimen from Cheverie was analyzed : the water and 
 oxygen were determined by ignition in connexion with a tube 
 filled with chloride of calcium ; the amount of binoxide of man- 
 ganese was ascertained by the oxalic-acid process, and the corre- 
 sponding quantity of sesquioxide calculated ; the siliceous gangue 
 containing a small amount of barytes was estimated by action 
 with hydrochloric acid as a solvent for the soluble constituents, 
 among which were a little iron and baryta, which were not 
 
 hr.Hr jii-v*'' 
 
 lur.. /«'' 
 
 /,., 
 
 weighed. 
 
 The results were these : — 
 
 Water lO'OO 
 
 8681 
 114 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese* 
 
 Gangue 
 
 Oxide of iron, baryta, and loss. 
 
 2-U5 
 
 100-00 
 
 The amount of oxygen lost on ignition was 3'57 per cent., and 
 the theoretical loss, in the change of the Mn"^ 0** found into 
 Mn^ C*, is 3'01. These numbers leave no doubt that the mineral 
 is the hydrated sesquioxide of manganese or manganite, the theo- 
 retical composition of which is — 
 
 • Binoxide found =47"7'^' 
 
 
I 
 
 Dr. How on the Mineralogy of Nora Scotia. 3 
 
 considered to be of the age of the Hudson-River group, about 
 Merigotnish in the eastern part of the provinec. It is of an ash- 
 grey colour, a somewhat schistost structure and dose texture, 
 adheres slightly to the tongue, and fi-els rather soapy on smooth 
 surfaces; it has a glimmering lustre, and is most readily cut 
 with a knife; its hardness is l-.'), its j)owder and streak are grey- 
 ish white. From the circumstance of excellent soft but tiriu 
 pencils, nmch prized for writing on slates, bi ing made from it, 
 it receives its local name. Analysis shows it to belong to the 
 clay-slate family ; it was at fiist taken for pyrophyllite, the com- 
 pact variety of which, used in the United States for making pen- 
 cils, it much resembles. It also in some respects agrees with 
 agalmatolite, with which the compact pyrophyllite had been con- 
 founded before Brush pointed out that they were really distinct 
 (Silliman's Journal, July 1858, p. G9). Its specific gravity is 
 2-71. In the following analysis, although the finely powdered 
 mineral was fused with about four times its weight of the mixed 
 alkaline carbonates, the alumina was not perfect /i/ separated from 
 the silica, but the quantity retained was not large enough to be 
 material. The presence of potash and soda was proved by fusion 
 with chloride and carbonate of barium, and subsequent .esting 
 with bichloride of platinum in alcohol. The iron is given as 
 protoxide, because it was found that after fusion an exceedingly 
 small amount of peroxide was present, which might have been 
 formed in the process. The results obtained were — 
 
 Silica (retaining a very little Al^ O'^) 60-53 
 
 Alumina 23-01 
 
 Protoxide of iron 5-30 
 
 Potash and trace of soda .... 4-39 
 
 Magnesia 1-42 
 
 Water 5*35 
 
 loo^o 
 
 which have a general accordance with those found in the analyses 
 of clay-slate given by Dana (Mineralogy, 4th edit. p. 510), 'one 
 of which is as follows, the specimen examined being a bluish- 
 black clay-slate from Roth waltersdorf: — 
 
 Silica 61-73 
 
 Alumina ...... 19-55 
 
 Protoxide of iron ... 8'5 !• 
 
 Lime 0-55 
 
 Potash ..... 4-81 
 
 Magnesia 1-08 
 
 Water 3-74 
 
 99-99 
 
 /S 0^6/5 
 
T^ 
 
 ■MBfa 
 
 4 
 
 Dr. I low on the Mincralnpi/ of Nitra Srofia. 
 
 sions of which have not, so fur as I know, l)C'oii fully niach; ont, 
 but which have afforded many tons of g(»od ore. Thr whok; 
 thickness of the hmcstone hohlin*^ nianij^anesc is estimated at 
 about 300 feet. 
 
 The minerals associated with pyrohisitc atTeny Cape are iron 
 ore (brown hematite, 1 beheve), barytes, and eahitc. The first 
 of these is occasionally fotiiid at the line of junction of the ore 
 and rock, which, as before mentioned, is sometimes red. The 
 barytes is of pure-white colour, is often disseminat(!(l in vary- 
 ing quantity through the pyrolusite, and is probably con- 
 stantly present in all but the |)ure crystals of the species. The 
 calcite is also occasionally imbedded, in transparent crystals, but 
 more often exists as an incrustation; it sometimes forms speci- 
 mens of great beiiuty, when it lies in opakc snow-white mannnil- 
 hiry masses of finely-crystidline structure, or in ])iles of nail- 
 head crystals, half an inch or an inch across, of grey or snow- 
 wh. .e colour, on black lustrous masses of well-erystallizcd ])y- 
 rolusite. 
 
 The pyrolusite fourid at Walton is sometimes attached to 
 brown hematite in a reddish limestone resembling that at Teny 
 (!ape. 
 
 The forms of the mineral are various. It is generally highly 
 crystalline. The masses at Teny Cape are sometimes of a grey 
 black and consist of closely-packed fine long fibres, sometimes 
 are made uj) of bunches of stellated short crystals, and often of 
 distinct and lustrous jet-black crystals with ])erfect terminations : 
 all these varieties yield readily to the knife. The Tietou ore 
 (found at a distance of about seventy mil(;s) is coarsely fibrous. 
 The greater p:irt of that from Walton is in soft, black, lustrous, 
 short crystals; or" specimen, however, has been met with almost 
 cry])to-crystallinc in sLructiire and of bluish-grey colour, closely 
 resembling the ore from Saxony. A very similar specimen from 
 Andierst, Cumberland Co., forty miles from Walton, gave on ana- 
 lysis in the air-dry state, 
 
 Water 
 
 Jiinoxide of manganese 
 Gangue and loss 
 
 0-61 
 
 97-04 
 
 2-35 
 
 100-00 
 
 The insoluble ujatter (gangue) was brownish white, and most 
 probably consisted of barytes. 
 
 I have no doubt that sj)ecimens of the greatest possible purity 
 could be selected at Teny Cape. I have examjned a good many 
 samples of dressed ores, and have connnonly found from <S0 to 
 93 |)er cent, biuoxide ; a specimen obtained at a depth of 50 
 
 t. 
 
 liteii^ 
 
 
 
r« 
 
 Dr. How on the Mineralogy of Sora Scotia. 5 
 
 lliliimon in Cn/cite. — Tins iiitt-iTstinj; addition to tlir minerals 
 of the province was nnide by W. Marncs, Ksq., Mining Kn^.'-'uer 
 of llalil'ux, who kindly funiislud me with specimens, and gave 
 me some details as to its node of occmTence. It is found in 
 Inverness eo., Ca|)e Breton, in an elevated range of altered roeks 
 in which the lower carboniferous strata are apparent. Limestone 
 is aljundant but very much altered, and rests ut a high angle of 
 inclination on altered black shales containing much pyrites; 
 gypsinn also occurs in the neighbourhood. 
 
 The miiurul is dull black externally ; it breaks with a con- 
 choidal fracture, giving a very brilliant jet-black surface. It is 
 scattered in separate masses on the surface of a highly siliceous 
 rock, containing j)yrites among calcite in six-sided prisms and 
 in dog-tooth crystals. Some of these nuisses are an inch or 
 more in length, of rounded outline, and lie free , others, smaller, 
 are nearly surrounded by groaps of crystals ; in one case a mass 
 is imbedded in a nearly transparent crystal ; and sometimes the 
 calciti! when broken ex|)oses u brilliant surface of enclosed mi- 
 neral. These masses look occasionally like a drop of black wax 
 melted on to a crystal of calcite, and are sometimes jjcrfectly 
 globular. It is brittle and affords a .lack jjowder. In a closed 
 tid)e it softens, swells, gives a bituminous odour and u little oil. 
 On platinum it swells up and burns with a smoky llame to a 
 bulky black porous residue, not having the coherence of coke, 
 and finally leaves a very small ash. It sinks in benzine and 
 Hoato in bisulpliide of carbon ; so that its specific gravity is pro- 
 bably about 1-1 : it dissolves to a small extent only in these 
 menstrua, and after being boiled in them is readily' jjowdered 
 under a glass rod. It cannot be distinguished in appearance 
 from the Albcrtite of New Brunswick^ the mineral which has 
 been called Albert coal and New-Brunswick asphalt. It resem- 
 bles this mineral also in being slightly affected by benzine; but 
 it dissolves somewhat less freely in bisulphide of carbon, which I 
 find to become rapidly coloured on Albcrtite, esj)ecially when 
 heated (this property does not seem to have been noticed in the 
 discussion as to the character of tliis mineral). Side by side 
 with Albcrtite on an iron plate on which tin had been melted 
 for a short time, it smelt of bitumen^ became tough and some- 
 what elastic, and finally rubbed down to a brownish-black powder, 
 while the Albcrtite scarcely smelt, but also became tough and 
 somewhat elastic under a glass rod, and rubbed down to a black 
 powder. I regret not being able to compare the composition of 
 these minerals : Professor Anderson of Glasgow was kind enough 
 to undertake an ultimate analysis of the Cape-Breton bitumen, 
 but at the close of the combustion an unfortunate accident de- 
 prived him of the results. There appears unquestionably to be 
 
A* 
 
 6 
 
 Dr. How on the Mineralngy of Nova Saitia, 
 
 Kisclioff (Quart. Jourii. of Science, Oct()l)er \HC)l, p. G88) in h 
 Hjxiciineu of pyrolusite fVoni an uiiinentioned locality. 
 
 The majority of the localities afFordin;^ pyrolusite in this pro- 
 vince arc almost certainly known to belong to the lower carboni- 
 ferous beds; the country-rock of the ores lias not in all cases been 
 made known. I saw last aunimer, in a locality about live miles 
 from the quartz and nuuijjanite con'i;lomerate bi;t'orc mentioned, 
 which may be of New Kiid Sandstone a/^e, a hard hif^hly ?*iliceou» 
 rock, apj)arently (piartzitc (contiguous to slate), from which about 
 a ton of ore, consisting of pyrolusite and jjsilonulane, had been 
 recently taken. 
 
 IFad. — This is found in various parts of the province, some- 
 times in abundance. One specimen, of black colour, Innn a con- 
 8id(!rable bed situated, 1 believe, to the east of Halifax, gave me, 
 when dried at !212^, 5(5 per cent, binoxide ol' manganese, a great 
 deal of iron, a little cobalt, and a large quantity of insoluble 
 matter. In s^pecimens of brown "|)aints" 1 have found from 11 
 to 20 per cent, binoxide of manganese, the greater part of the 
 residue being water and |)croxide of iron. 
 
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