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Section IV, 1888. 
 
 [ 63 ] 
 
 Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. 
 
 V. — Notes mi the Nova Sivtia Gold Veinn. 
 
 / / 
 
 By if Gilpin, Jun., A.M., F.CJ.S. 
 
 (Re-Kl May 28, 1888). 
 
 Ill this (oniKMtiou I iifcd not dwell upon the iigc, extent, nnd <reneriil ir;'olo<,Meiil 
 reatures of the Nova Seotia gold lields, iis they have been r.-lcrred to al-eady hy several 
 writers, and the labors of thti Geological Survey will in a few years preseii the pnl)li<' 
 with full particulars on all these points. 
 
 At lirst it was believed that the gold-bearing quartz })odies were properly -lassilied 
 as beds, as they conformed to the bedding of the strata ; but now the general opinion is 
 that they were, roughly speakini^, contemporaneous with the foldings whi<h characterise 
 the district I am referring to, and that, occupying lines of minimum pressure along the 
 anticlinals, they are bedded veins. The consideration of this view lends an interest to 
 them when they ar* observed, under those conditions of formation, to present many of, 
 if not all, th«', characteristics of lissure or " cross-country veins." 
 
 The last report - ?f th f G;i jmd4afl -03TfTgi?tH- ganTy ^uii i'nr'wOik uom^u ine eastern 
 part of Nova Scotia, divides, in accordance with the views of Mr. John Campbell, the 
 auriferoiis measurt^s into two conformable groups : — 
 
 (1) Upper or graphitic and ferruginous slate group. 
 
 (2) Lower or quartzite group. 
 
 The upper group contains little beyond varieties of slate, ofti'ii highly metamorphosed, 
 graphic, ferruginous, and tali'ose, and is at least 4,000 feet in thickness. 
 
 The lower group is made up of alternations of varieties of slate with beds of com- 
 pact quartzite, and is, according to the report, about 11,000 feet thick. About the middle 
 of the section, in the eastern districts, the slates are most numerous ; and they <'arry the 
 greatest number of auriferous veins about the middle of the section. 
 
 It is noticeable that this great mass of sediments is very decidedly non-calcareous, u 
 few beds only at diil'erent points showing the presence of calcic carbonate, which it should 
 be noticed is also not a prominent ingredient in th(! veins. 
 
 The section holding the gold-bearing veins does not d lifer from those above and 
 below, except that the slates are perhaps more prominent, and the quartzites liner grained. 
 The veins vary in thickness from one half an inch up to six feet, and are very nuuierous, 
 a st'ction of 8;")0 feet at Mount Uniacke showing thirty-one veins. It has been observed 
 that the relation of the auriferous strata to the overlying slate group is similar at many 
 points. But I believe Mr. Faribault is the lir.st to present the true horizon of the auri- 
 ferous portions of the lower group. From his measurements it lies at a distance below the 
 upper group of about 2,P(>0 feet, and extei'ds down to a depth of about H,000 feet. 
 
 Considering the foldings of the strata vertically as well as horizontally, the dejith of 
 
 ^ 
 
64 
 
 (ilLPIX ON NOVA 
 
 tho ground poriuiltiiii;- Ui<' tonnatiou of veins would !»<' uicaKurcd liy tht? lin»! where Ihts 
 |m'8Hurc in (he synclinals < ounlerbalancod tlu' rclifl" allbrdi'd by the antirliual clevatious. 
 Wliatcver n])))roxiniati(iM lin'on-iical ralculatioUH may allow to this line, in view ol" tho 
 Ihitkiicss ol' the sir.ila iiuncrnrd in thcsi- niovenicnts, it may sal'cly Im' assunu'd that i( is 
 at a depth beyond tlie present rea«h ol' the miner. Mr. V. 15. Ihilkely in a paper read be- 
 fori' the riiiladi'lpiiia (Isst) meelini; ol' the Anieriean Institute ol' Mining' Enuineers on 
 the intrusive bedded I'elsite dykes ol" Fjeadville. Colorado, puts this view as follows :^That 
 the ai)pliealion to rock beds of a tan<rental pressun^ leads not only to their foldini>' but to 
 their partial separation, and in this eonne.tion LTavily beeonies an important factor. 
 
 The followiui"- linure, taken fr«»m his paper, n-preseiits an iib'al anticlinal fold pro- 
 duced by Die horizontal for.-.- PP. Thus the resuUant F P" of this force asapplied at 
 O and O', shows an uplill applieil ecpially to all the strata, which is con.seqiiently exerted 
 with increasing' ell'cct uixm the ui>i»ermost sheets, causinij' a tendency to separation of the 
 strata. The force of gravity is repivseuted by GO, GO", audit is evident that at tho 
 
 ^ p 
 
 Fio. — An ideal anticlinal fold. 
 
 suuimil and at the foot of the anticlinal, as at O Othis w'hole force is exerted in a direc- 
 tion at right aiiiiles to the bedding planes of the structure, its whole ettbrt l)eing exerted 
 to prevent a separation ol the strata, while at other points, midway between tho foot and 
 summit, at O", the force tjuis exerted is much less. .Vn analysis shows that the force 
 exerted at riuht anules to the plane of the stratification is directly proportional to the 
 cosine of thi' auiile of dip. and is reprcsi-nted by G' O" 
 
 Slratiuia])hically. the Nova Scotia veins conform to the conditions implied in such 
 foldinii's. The i)resent surface of a irold held may be represented as a horizontal section 
 of an anticlinal, in some rases drawn near to its apex, but freciuently so low down as to 
 expose nearlv all the beds of the gold-beariuur horizon. Mininti' explorations in numerous 
 districts have shown thai veins, several inches thick at the surface, gradually thin and 
 disappear within short vertical distances, that "cross cuts" driven at various depths 
 below the surface have intersected veins which did not outcrop, aiul that some few veins 
 have maintainefl nearly uniform dimensions to depths varyinu' from 800 to 700 feet, the 
 maximum dei)llis as yet attained in our workinjrs. The lateral thinning out of a vein is 
 often seen to be succeedi'd by the commemement of another a few^ inches or feet to one 
 side of the line of its course, as well as the passage more m less ibrupt of the plane of a 
 vein thro\mh a bed of rock to resume again its normal dip. Similarly, veins have been 
 known to turn almost at right angles across the strata for a distance of a few foot or yards, 
 
SCOTIA GOLD VKINS. 
 
 and then to rcKUini? their regular coiirhc. It imiy he noted that those hiHt-uiontioued 
 irregularities are generally accompanied ]»y dianjres in value. Incidental to tho flexures 
 of the strata are irret>ularities in the dimensions oi' the veins, corrugations of the wallH, 
 cross leads, feeders, etc 
 
 It need not, however, he assumed that the movcnieiils of llic strata were either abrupt 
 or continuous, rather they were slow and inleniiitlcnt. Tho lillHn<>' of the iissurcH was, 
 generally speaking, continuous, and as each opportunity was olfered the proia'ss of 
 vein-dej)osition began. The relative dates of the secondary disturbing forces cannot be 
 given, but the latest known evidence of marked action in tlic ])rovince is the Triassic trap 
 of the Ihiy of Fundy, which apparently did not alfect tlie aurifenms measures lying a few 
 miles away from it. 
 
 The fact that the auriferous nu-asures of Nova Scotia are at many points interrupted 
 by masses of granite, has been frequently refeircd to as haviiiu' a <lirect l)earing on the 
 metalliferous values ofthe veins. It is known iliat in several cases the g(>id-l)earing veins 
 butt against granite, but under sucli conditions ni» diaiitre in their values I'or better or for 
 worse has come under tin- writer's notice. The granite protrudes in the strata with ••om- 
 paratively little disturbance, havinsr, as it were, melted its way through. The evidem-o 
 is in favor ofthe granite beini>- later than tlie foldings, altliough it has frequently pressed 
 itself along the bedding planes for coiisideralile distances. Tiiis view is boriu> (uit by the 
 sections at Mosselaiul, near Tangier, at C'»mntry Harbor Narrows, etc., where the i)rox- 
 imity ofthe granite has iu)t atlected tlie values ofthe veins. Tiie varyinu- i)roportions of 
 sulphides of iron, copiu'r, lead, zinc, etc., under these coiulitions^ not Itcinjj unukittl Uy 
 predominance of any i)arti<;ular mineral. Nor is tTn- (piarlz tilling clumged from its normal 
 character beyond any slight variation due to metamorphism of the small percentages of 
 lime, e^^c., commonly occurring in it. In this conmM^tion the summaries given by Von 
 Cotta in his "Treatise on Ore Deposits," oll'er a striking contrast. 
 
 The granite itself has not yet yielded any noticeable metallic deposits, although fre- 
 quently holding irregular veins, lillcd witli quartz, felspar, etc. ; nor have any contact 
 segregations been observed near it. An exception, however, to this rule is noticed at 
 Dalhousie, Queen's Co., where copper ores occur in veins in granite. The intrusive dykes, 
 etc., ofthe neighbouring Devonian, on the contrary, are fn-quently associated with metal- 
 lic deposits. 
 
 This fact may, p(>rhaps, be safoly brought forward to exi>lain the surprise of miners 
 from abroad when they find that the ground close to the granitic nnisses and dykes does 
 not prove specially metalliferous. In Cornwall, for example, the strata have been elevated 
 by the granites, not inaptly described as now protrudiim- like islands, and mantle round 
 them. The granites penetrate the slates much as they do here, and present them usually 
 with greater d«'grees of metamorphism, and the metalliferous values of the strata apjx'ar 
 to be due to the " Elvans," as already noticed in the case of the Nova Scotia Devonian in 
 some localities. But in this province, the granites, presumed to be later than the strata of 
 Oriskany age which they penetrate and metamorphose at Nictaux, were not accompanied 
 or followed by tho enriching dykes such as are found in the Di-vonian of Salmon River, 
 Lochaber, rdsou's Lake, etc., a few mih-s to the north of thi' gcdd measures. 
 
 When these veins are considered as unaffected by the proximity of granite, and as 
 surface veins not penetrating to underlying and possibly metalliferous strata, it would 
 
 Sec. IV, 1888. 9. 
 
9R 
 
 66 
 
 (ilLPlN ON NOVA 
 
 appi'iir that tlu? vein iiialtfr hiiH bfcn di'rivfd from tin- iiicasurcs encasing thfin. Tho 
 cross vrius iiavr not, lu-cn llir im-ans of iiUrodurinjj Ihc niintTalM, for tlicy, as wvll as tho 
 faults, arc ohscrvt'd to shift and break veins already mineralised, and th«y seldom exert 
 any appreciable eifect on their values. The former not iinfreciuently show the gold 
 canght in the l)re!iks us Miioolhed out or " slirkensided" pliites. In a specimen from tho 
 Albion Mine at Montagu, where a break had intersected a very rich portion of the vein, 
 tho smoothed plate of gold had a superlicies of several square inches, and a thickness of 
 about one quarter of an inch. The knowledgi' of these facts has in som<! districts pre- 
 vented the exi)ense usually incurred when breaks of the strata are met, for tho inclination 
 of the pay ground being known, the barren portions of veins could be avoided. 
 
 To the miner, the most interesting and important point alxmt a vein is its "pay" 
 ground. When it is considered that the thickness of thi- worked veins averages from 
 three to ten im-hes, and that their values vary from one <piarter of an ounce to live ounces 
 of gold to the ton, it is evident that he will make little profit unless his workings extend 
 into the ri<her zones, carrying over considerable spaces an approximation to the higher 
 values. I believe that in this province scarcely any veins have been tested ev<'n super- 
 licially, unh-ss they showed at their outcrop rust or some of the more common sulphides, 
 BO accepted has beconu^ the axiom that otherwise there is no gold in them. 
 
 The metallic compounds chara< terising the veins are sulphides and arsenides of 
 iron, galena, blendi-, copper pyrites, oxiile of iron, copper glance, native copper, molyb- 
 denite, etc., found more or less disseminated throughout the vein, with small amounts 
 of <Told At certain poi^s, following the lateral extension of a vein, are met zones where 
 these compounds are more abundant, and the gold is concentrated. As many as four of 
 these rich zones or " chimneys ' have been observed on a nearly straight line forming 
 the axis of one or more veins. In a few instances, two distinct " pay streaks " or chimneys 
 have been met in the samt^ vein. 
 
 The zones occupy longitudinally in the veins a space varying from a few feet up to 
 several hundred feet. Transversely, the vein is not alfected in width by their 
 presence, although som. "times the slate wall contains feeders and nodules of quartz rich 
 enou"h to crush. The zon<'S sometimes pass abruptly into poor quartz, yielding from a 
 trace up to two pennyweights, or the percentage of gold gradually diminishes until 
 mining becomes proiitless. It has been observed that when a zout* "takes" in suddenly 
 on one side, it diminishes gradually in viilue as the workings approach the other side, 
 but this can hardly be given as the rule. The shape of thest^ pay streaks is extremely 
 irreo-ular; they have, however, in all cases a d«'cided dip, which is generally the same for 
 all those occurring in a given district. Thus they dip to the oast at Oldham, Uniacke, 
 Waverley, and Isaac's Harbor, and to the west at Montagu, Lawrencetown, and Renfrew. 
 
 The at companying sketch ' of the workings in a pay streak at Montagu will servt* to 
 show the irregularity of their form and the general dip. Mining was discontinued at 
 the lowest portion when the quartz ceased to yield a profit, although the perceutagt- of 
 gold was still decidedly greater than in the surrounding quartz. 
 
 In the Albion Mine at Montagu, the vein was little mineralised, but whenever copper 
 
 < 8ketcli from paper on Nova Scotia Gold Fields, read before tiie North of Eiiglaud Institute of Mining 
 Engineers by tlie writer. 
 
SCOTIA fJOLO VKINS. 
 
 67 
 
 <^- 'J 
 
 pyriti's WON met gold wiih found in its vicinity, snnif lots of qunrtz yielding 50 or., to th<' 
 ton. Tlu'Nc finds were lollowid hy barren inttrvals, bO lliat the liniith <ii the pay stnak 
 whiili extended over several liundred i'eet, eonipriNed poor quartz, holding rieh local accu- 
 niulationa. In other veins in the Konie diHtricl, ursenicnl pyrites predominates, and the 
 gold occurred both I'ree and enclosed in the niis])ickel. In other veins the same eccentri- 
 city oi" occurrence has been observed. Thus at Oldham, a lead yieUb'd one nugget ol' 
 GO oz., and a considerable expenditure showed only barren ground, 
 
 WheJi the relation oi' these rieh zones is studied, it is iound that no rule guides their 
 connection with tlm surrounding strata. In common with all opened sections ol" veins 
 I'requent " lueders " ol' (juartz are thrown out, and ol'ten parallel veins obliquely cutting 
 the strata intersect or unite with them. As a rule the intersecting or uniting veins iin^ 
 jiot themselves auril'iTous or prove enrichers ; the I'l-eders when directed into bodies of 
 rock not intersected by veins are often auriferous. In one ease a vertieal cross load or 
 feeder, some lii'ty feet long, turned ami ran east in a bed of slate, dividing into throe veins. 
 These thn-e veins were not rich, while the cross leatl yielded handsome returns to a con- 
 siderable dej)th when it pinched out. The size of the vein does not alfect the presence of 
 the pay chimneys, a vein not exceeding one-half an incli in thickness, having yielded very 
 good returns over a considerable 8i>ace. An instance has been noted where, at a consider- 
 alde depth, accident revealed at a distance of a few inches from a worked lead, a thin, 
 paraUel vein of quartz having a sui»erficies of a few hundred square feet, and so far as 
 observed totally unconnec'ed with it, but riihly charged with gold. 
 
 It not uufrequently happens that the workings of a mine embrace in a width of two 
 or three feet, two or more parallel leads, one of which only is valuable. Here, apparently 
 there have been succi-ssive oi)enings, only one of which had directed to it the gold-bearing 
 agencies. The contemporam-ous iilling of fissures as they opened one after another would, 
 possibly, explain the last two cases. 
 
 The theory of the undulations would assume that, near the anticlinal, axis the veins 
 would prove, comparatively speaking, larger and more persistent. The well-known 
 Dutferin Mine of Salmon IMver, Halifax Co., is a good example of this. It is situated near 
 the axis of the district, and its width varies from two to twelve feet, and at its eastern end 
 where it attains its maximum thickness it forms two " Saddle Backs " branching out as it 
 goes down. From this mine, which has been worked horizontally about 1,200 feet, and 
 vertically about 250 feet, aboiit 55,48:5 tons of quartz have been taken out, yielding 2t,814 
 ounces of gold, the average yield per ton varying from live penny-weights to two ounces 
 to the ton, and no pay streak being recognised. It has also been remarked of several 
 districts, where the foldings have been pushed to cause overturns of the strata, that the 
 veins are, as regards size and persistency, best adapted for mining. 
 
 In a few cases leads of moderate size have been traced on the surface for several hun- 
 dred feet, and hav(i yielded at all jioints on their course, aiiKmnts of gold constant but not 
 large enough to tempt the miner's ambition. There ar(> also met in numerous districts 
 large veins of compact milky quartz, containinur little mineral matter, and yielding to the 
 stamp mill no returns. These veins are probably among the latest products of the fold- 
 ings, and serve to complicate the study of the subject, unless it be conceded that some 
 essential of heat, time, etc., by its absence or presence, prevented the accretion of the 
 metals, etc. 
 
68 
 
 (ilLlMN ON NOVA 
 
 Tho profiodiiif? roinarkH havo had rofcronct' cxduHivi'ly to tho Vfiiis which, ho far as 
 our iiiiiiiiig cxpi'iicncf lias tfoiic, rivitl in imi ciilritily "t vului', locally and lyciicrally, 
 the coiiiiiKiii iisNurc or ,scirrr<^atc(l dcpo.sits. and arc in sonic dislrictN ctjiuiliy disturbed by 
 laultH. There is a distinction of int|>ortanc«! to be drawn here, i. e. that, while in a true or 
 rroHHTountry vein the Icnjfth ol' urround perniiltinir the formation of pay cliiniueys is very 
 great, in the Nova Sii»tia veins, the lontritutlinal sjjace is comparatively limited when 
 considi-red in reference to a series of riih pay u;round zones. The jxtwer oriirinally exerted 
 
 at any point to pcrniil tli >nditions favoring the formation of a vein, was modilied at u 
 
 short distance to yield similar conditiouH at a point more or leH8 to onu Hidt> of the plants 
 of the first consich-red vein. The result, th«'refore, iu that theoretically veins iiro rupn^- 
 Kcnted as thin laminu* with I'uds almost overlappinir. I'ractically, the miner in our gold 
 districts, ignores this consideration, for while he deserts a vein as soon the quart/ proves 
 unremunerative, his next attack is directed to the nearest outcrop hu linds that presents 
 promise of profit. 
 
 Hitherto the niiniiiir industry has been almost exclusively oct^upied with thi'se small 
 Veins, and the returns, aithouiili saiislactory to liie individual miner, are seUhun equal to 
 the expectations of cxtensiv<ly lapitalised i «uupanies. However, as economy in the ex- 
 traction of rock and in the amalgamator's art is steadily advancing, the questitin of 
 proiitalde mining is gradually iinding its most satisfactory solution in the low grado 
 ores. In several districts practi<al tests liave shown that over considerable areas the 
 slates hold gold in amounts greater than at oth«'r i>oints. This greater richness of the 
 slates is n ot accompanied by any cliaiige in the strata or its veins, beyond, iMirhaps, an 
 enlargement of the beds of slnTe, This extra percentage of gold in the slates does not 
 interfere with the values of the veins penetrating them, but it may, I think, be fairly 
 -stated that they hold their gold contents more evenly distributed then elsewhere, and aro 
 not marke<l by decidedly ricli /.(nics. The Ix'ds of quartzite are, as elsewhere, but feebly 
 auriferous. The slates contain numerous vt-inlets of quartz, frequently auriferous, and tho 
 layers of the slate often contain thin luminai of gold. The values of these slate belts vary 
 lip to five pennyweights. It may be said that gold is almost invariably present in the 
 slates of the auriferous horizon, as frequent mill tests have shown a return up to half a 
 pennyweight, and assays invariably show traces. 
 
 The beds of quartzite are seldom an object of interest to the miner, unless they carry 
 quartz veinlets, which are sometimes auriferous. It has b(>eii observed that many beds 
 carry very minute crystals of iron pyrites, forming in some cases perhaps two per cent, of 
 the ma^.«. Under such conditions, small amounts of gold can be detected. Assays nuide 
 by mr of quartzite from mining operations which did not show any metallic admixtures, 
 yiek^od barely traces of gold. 
 
 If it were permitted to consider the auriferous strata lying comparatively undi.'siurbed 
 and traAvTsed by true lissure or cross-coiuitry veins, and the quartz filling to have taken 
 place, the «onditions presentt'd to the miner \A(Hild have been of veins more or less en- 
 riched when passing across the alternations of quartzite ami slate forming the ordinary 
 ground, and having extensive enrichments in the spaces just referred to as forming low 
 grade ground. Such a view of cross-country veins in the Nova Scotia gold fields is 
 fairly in accord with the results met elsewhere, and in fact, veins of this class occasionally 
 
 , 
 
SCOTIA fJOLl) VKINS. 
 
 mot in tht' upp»'r or whitt' diviHion of th»' gold Htruiu, wltirh Ih ffobly auritt-rouH, do curry 
 Hinall aiiiounts of ^nU\ over lOiiNidcniblc iliNtaiKvs. 
 
 From llit-m' roiisiiliTatioiiN it would appear most prohalilf that th<* Hourcc ot" tlu' ifold 
 in tlif Nova S<otia iioitl vfiiis .shoiiM l»i' ^oiiiihl in lin- inmicdiali' fntasinif strata. From 
 the I'act that tlii' niiijority <>! woiki'*! vi-iiis prcs-nl slali- nn on«' xnU; and iiuarlz. rti-., on 
 th<> oth*>r, it would appear that th<> diviKJon lin*- h<'tw>*cu strata ol'NUrh dili'iiinu' lUxiliility 
 oH(*r«'d the rcadicNt plan*' of openin^r. If the qufHtions, then, l)f raised which nnitfrial 
 furnisln-s tlic jjold, an answi-r may In' Nought in tin- consideration of which wt>uld l»o 
 uiohI likely to receive and retain it. 
 
 So I'ar as the suhji'ct has received attenti«in, the slates appear to he Ihe source of the 
 gold. The metal, in common with various metallic compounds, nuiy have been carried 
 und depowited in the various layers as they were forming. That which fell in the sand 
 would, prestiniably. for the greater part, accumulate in the underlyina- bed of denser 
 ujaterial, forming the lirst .stage in the concentration now presented. In this connection, 
 the fact that arsenical compounds of iron are present in large amounts in the veins in 
 several districts may be referred to as an interesting example of the local segregation of 
 an element which is, perhaps, most abundant in rocks approximating in age those now 
 under consideration. It is also i'recjuentiy observed, that wliiiethe vein is attached to, and 
 passes into the slate, the junction with quarlzite is well dejined. 
 
 Prof, llynd, in ri'porting to the provincial government ou the Wuverley gold district, 
 und assuming the veins to be contemporaneous quartz beds, considers the gold of the 
 pay zones to have been contemporaneously deixtsited in them as 1«"<1>j ''roiiiMMiie^ji;^ 
 
 trolling cause, such as the presence of vegetable matter. It may, pTrluips, be more rcidily 
 understood that the gradual deposition of gohl from currents in the betls of (lay or mud 
 und sand might, through spi-cial currents, be acc«-lerated or specially increased at certain 
 points, and that from this enriched material the veins derived their "pay streaks." The 
 discovery of rich zones in any lissures vein is, 1 believe, seldom a matter of calculation 
 beyond, laterally, the nature of the encasing strata, and vertically the shape o| the lissure 
 permitting of <irculations favoring the deposition of nu-tallic accumulations. 
 
 The points referred to in these notes have u bearing on a qtiestion ol' the greatest 
 importance to the Nova Scotian aold miners, whether a pay streak in a vein is likely, after 
 failing in depth, to be succeeded by another. Hitherto, no attempts have been made to 
 solve the problem here, and the (Jovernment has been iVequeMtly uri>ed to test the 
 question by deepening some shaft worked in one of these pjiy streaks to a depth of, say, 
 cue thousand feet. It is assiimed that by taking the line of the greater axis of the pay 
 streak, rich ground may be found agiiin after a barren interval, or that by a vertical 
 sinking another underlying and distinct zone may be reached. 
 
 The plausibility of tho argument may be conceded in speaking of lissure veins, but 
 ill these veins, whi<'h have, so fur as mining experience has gone, very definite limits, and 
 a limited <han(;e of lateral enrichment, owing to their great nund)er aiul proximity, its 
 application should be cautiously re(H>ived. If some of the veins have rii-h zones, due to 
 lateral enrichment, the persistence of the line, however interrupted, of the underlie of the 
 zouos, would depend on the original (conditions of deposition of the gold as a sediment. If 
 it wore possible to reconstruct a chart of the ocean of those days, or to assign any direction 
 to its currents, then some foundation might be secured for applying a rule to the courses 
 
70 
 
 (JILl'IN ON NOVA SC^OTIA GOLD VKIN3. 
 
 and (liiiifiiNinnN of the pay strcakH. An yet no ininini; company haH pfono to any exponno 
 ill tt'Ktiiip; tho qut'Ntion ; the only stt-pM in this dirfrtiou arc tho olmcrvatiouH that in HOftio 
 dintriils the varionH pay Nlrcaku havf occurred aloni,' a vt-ry limited liorizon of tht! bcdH. uh 
 il at that point of time, in the oritrinal deposition, the j^ohl had heen introdiuM-d more 
 j.lenliruliy. and over an extended area, and that in other districtH the best payini? j^round 
 lies in Mocks, not on tlie same line, ])ut to the rii^ht or left of an axial line running 
 longitudinally throu<^h the diNtri(;t. 
 
 OiUlfVki -aM **» ♦ .^^/l-OI**^ 
 
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 L«a 
 
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TruiM. n S. C, ISS8. 
 
 S-r. IV. I'liilv III. 
 
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