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 Canadian Inttituta for Hiatorical Microraproductions / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductiona hittoriquaa 
 
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tMCMOCOn RBOWTION TBT CHABT 
 
 lANSI end ISO TEST CHART No 2! 
 
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 ■ "f>> *a2 - 0500 ■ Phon» 
 
 i"6) 288 - ^98^ - To. 
 
EXHIBITION CIRCULAR No. 41. 
 
 (June, 1915). 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. 
 
 J. H. GRISDALE, B. Agr., 
 
 Director. 
 
 W. L. GRAHAM, B.S.A., 
 
 Ass't. Div. of Field H jsbandry 
 
 DIVISION OF FIELD HUSBANDRY. 
 
 "f 
 
 ■niE DRAINAGE OF THE FARM 
 
 BY 
 
 W. L. Graham. 
 
 instSled"'' °^ '^" '"'"'^^ ^"^ ^'■^^'^y'"8' ^^^"''« "'>tained from the drains 
 Why is the practice of underdrainage not more general.' 
 9n^~ p'^''"'^ '^^ ^^''^^'^ °^ underdrainage are not generally known 
 
 4th.— Because of the scarcity of labour. 
 
 fn F^JnH'^^ ^"!? Practical Benefits Resulting from Drainage? 
 
 renders it capable of retain! nl r.^^^: ■ ^'^ change in texture of the soil 
 
 dun•npdr?SIrdlrcriTs^l^c7„p™L7e^• "'"' ^"''P'^' '^ ^^^^" "p- 
 of d?iinsXropir'Le S accurTelv7"d'^T ----^ thorough system 
 rapidly as to "preeent'eri'lsiS^tt^hi"^^ ''""^ ""^ "^^^^^^ -'"f^"^ "> 
 
 notSiis tfr5:S:s h;^;;i^-;:,^i;:fi^'' s^rr ^'r- r" 
 
 spring or early fall frosts "^'«^'ng "« the m)iI. Much less harm from late 
 
 ■Hi 
 
 'I 
 
 s 
 
 i1 
 
(A) 
 
 (B) 
 (C) 
 
 (D) 
 
 irroifl HIa/ A \r^' "^ ^^'"^ premises is increased :-More vigorous 
 growth, roads and walks are improved and sustain travel much better 
 m.li L ^isease among farm animals is decreased :-Sheep and other ani- 
 mals are less subject to disease when pastured on well drained soil 
 ,o- t *:,?''^"'2^'"« ^'■e not wasted by surface washing:— By the action of thp 
 sSe "''' ''' '"""'' ^''■''"'' '"'" ^''^ ^°'' '"^'^^d of passing off oveJ th^ 
 H„.iS ^T^'^m" the Profits from the land:-\Vaste lands are made pro- 
 ainVhetThl'ufrofttlfne^^^^^ '"^ ''--^ ^'^ ^^^^ °^ ^ '-£ 
 What are the Most Important Factors of a Permanent Tile Drainage 
 
 The Outlet:— The efficiency of underdrains will depend largely UDon the 
 completeness of the outlet provided 'argeiy upon the 
 
 Two Essentials:-(1) Of such capacity that it will not run full more than 
 twenty-four successive hours. 
 (2) The general plane of the drains discharging into the 
 ~, c- „ .. , .'^ should be above the average flow line. 
 
 The Fall or gradient for the drain :-It should be as much and as uniform 
 as po^ible and not less than 2 inches in 100 feet if this can be secured 
 The Size of t.le:-They should be large enough to remove in 24 to 48 
 
 thp?.l .V^'^'ir^'".' "^J*^" ^'^^'''' ^^'"« 'il^^'y to occT The greate? 
 the fall the smaller the tile that may be used, but it is not advisahlftn 
 use smaller tile than 3 inches in diameter advisable to 
 
 Good Tile:— Should be hard burned giving a clear ring when struck free 
 from lime, smooth, straight, thick with square cut ends and true circuar 
 (E) Denrn? "i^'l V,^^'-'^''^^^ ^T'^ ^^»" ^e made, which will exclude sHt 
 (E) Depth at which Drains should be laid:-The depth to which water should 
 
 fhe Son^' te!" ^n"^ "'^' ''^ 'f ^■".' "^ '^^ ground water changes with 
 the season. Where fields arc underlaid w th sandy subsoils it is imnnrV 
 ant not to draw the water down far into the sand ^ '*" 
 
 Ihe depth of drains is usually 21^2 to 3 feet 
 
 d'lLrce be'S::rundS;;:'''^^^ '^■-^^ ^"^-^^ ^---'- ^he proper 
 thl dSni'^^''"'" '^'"' '^'^'''^ "^^^^^ ""^y '^"^ ^'^'■""Sh the subsoil towards 
 iol Zu^ ^^P^^ ^t which the drains are placed. 
 
 SLid^r^bTeTrcolation"!' '"^""" ^^'"^^"^ ^""^"^^'^ ^^^^^ ^« P-^uce 
 In general practice for field crops, it is usually sufficient to place the lines 
 
 ?. rlt "" f " '°i ^" ^'"''- ^P^"- ^" favourable casea they may K even 
 further apart and in special cases as close as 30 feet 
 
 Drain Outlets :-Should be turned out of the course of the surface over 
 &^tSSeVr7m^S luS^e fc" ^''^ ^ ^'^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 Sied wi't"h7n Z Tf' T "^''^ "^r "^ '""^^ drains Jischafge. pro- 
 vided with an outlet for the escape of the inflowing water Thev are 
 
 ITlanl "" " ^''" ''' ^""'^^ " '^"^"«^d °^ -h-^ a soil contains ^uch 
 Joints :--¥ and T jut ,ns are made at many factories and should h^ 
 secured when possible. A badly made joint will greatly impai the 
 efficiency of both lateral and main to which it is joint-d. 
 
 (F) 
 
 (G) 
 
 (H) 
 
 (I)