CIHM Microfiche Series (■Monographs) ICIVIH Collection de microfiches (monographles) Canadian Inttituta for Hiatorical Microraproductions / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductiona hittoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. n Coloured covers / Couverlure de couleur I I Covers damaged / Couverture endommagde □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes g^ographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other matenal / Reli^ avep d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela i\a\\ possible, ces pages n'ont pas ^t^ f ilm4es. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: D D D L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a i\6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-§tre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^tho- de normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagees D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages d^color^es, tachetdes ou piqudes I I Pages detached / Pages d^tachdes |/| Showthrough / Transparence [Tf Quality of print varies / D D D Quality in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M film^es d nouveau de fa9on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont film^es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. This Ittm Is filmtd st the rtductlon rstio ehscktd btlow / Ct documsnt «( iitms au taux da raductlor Jndlqu4 ci-dtttous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x >/ 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x M The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the aenerositv of: to the generosity of: Library Agriculture Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol <-^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grSce d la ginttoslti de: Bibliotheque Agriculturi Canada Let images tuivantes ont iti reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec let conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la ccuverture en papier est imprimie sont film^s en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen9ant par la premiiro page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la derniira image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbola — »> signifie "A SUIVRE". la symbola V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atra filmte i des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour ttrm reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est film* A partir da {'angle sup4rieur gauche, da gauche k droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaira. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mith de. 2 3 5 6 tMCMOCOn RBOWTION TBT CHABT lANSI end ISO TEST CHART No 2! I.i Itt lii 1^ ■ 37 in 1*0 i25 i 1.4 2J 2.2 |2jO 1.6 A APPLIED ItVHGE I '6^3 tost Matr Slrtet "■vfint*. Htm vo,t, 14609 USA ■ "f>> *a2 - 0500 ■ Phon» i"6) 288 - ^98^ - To. EXHIBITION CIRCULAR No. 41. (June, 1915). DOMINION OF CANADA. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. J. H. GRISDALE, B. Agr., Director. W. L. GRAHAM, B.S.A., Ass't. Div. of Field H jsbandry DIVISION OF FIELD HUSBANDRY. "f ■niE DRAINAGE OF THE FARM BY W. L. Graham. instSled"'' °^ '^" '"'"'^^ ^"^ ^'■^^'^y'"8' ^^^"''« "'>tained from the drains Why is the practice of underdrainage not more general.' 9n^~ p'^''"'^ '^^ ^^''^^'^ °^ underdrainage are not generally known 4th.— Because of the scarcity of labour. fn F^JnH'^^ ^"!? Practical Benefits Resulting from Drainage? renders it capable of retain! nl r.^^^: ■ ^'^ change in texture of the soil dun•npdr?SIrdlrcriTs^l^c7„p™L7e^• "'"' ^"''P'^' '^ ^^^^" "p- of d?iinsXropir'Le S accurTelv7"d'^T ----^ thorough system rapidly as to "preeent'eri'lsiS^tt^hi"^^ ''""^ ""^ "^^^^^^ -'"f^"^ "> notSiis tfr5:S:s h;^;;i^-;:,^i;:fi^'' s^rr ^'r- r" spring or early fall frosts "^'«^'ng "« the m)iI. Much less harm from late ■Hi 'I s i1 (A) (B) (C) (D) irroifl HIa/ A \r^' "^ ^^'"^ premises is increased :-More vigorous growth, roads and walks are improved and sustain travel much better m.li L ^isease among farm animals is decreased :-Sheep and other ani- mals are less subject to disease when pastured on well drained soil ,o- t *:,?''^"'2^'"« ^'■e not wasted by surface washing:— By the action of thp sSe "''' ''' '"""'' ^''■''"'' '"'" ^''^ ^°'' '"^'^^d of passing off oveJ th^ H„.iS ^T^'^m" the Profits from the land:-\Vaste lands are made pro- ainVhetThl'ufrofttlfne^^^^^ '"^ ''--^ ^'^ ^^^^ °^ ^ '-£ What are the Most Important Factors of a Permanent Tile Drainage The Outlet:— The efficiency of underdrains will depend largely UDon the completeness of the outlet provided 'argeiy upon the Two Essentials:-(1) Of such capacity that it will not run full more than twenty-four successive hours. (2) The general plane of the drains discharging into the ~, c- „ .. , .'^ should be above the average flow line. The Fall or gradient for the drain :-It should be as much and as uniform as po^ible and not less than 2 inches in 100 feet if this can be secured The Size of t.le:-They should be large enough to remove in 24 to 48 thp?.l .V^'^'ir^'".' "^J*^" ^'^^'''' ^^'"« 'il^^'y to occT The greate? the fall the smaller the tile that may be used, but it is not advisahlftn use smaller tile than 3 inches in diameter advisable to Good Tile:— Should be hard burned giving a clear ring when struck free from lime, smooth, straight, thick with square cut ends and true circuar (E) Denrn? "i^'l V,^^'-'^''^^^ ^T'^ ^^»" ^e made, which will exclude sHt (E) Depth at which Drains should be laid:-The depth to which water should fhe Son^' te!" ^n"^ "'^' ''^ 'f ^■".' "^ '^^ ground water changes with the season. Where fields arc underlaid w th sandy subsoils it is imnnrV ant not to draw the water down far into the sand ^ '*" Ihe depth of drains is usually 21^2 to 3 feet d'lLrce be'S::rundS;;:'''^^^ '^■-^^ ^"^-^^ ^---'- ^he proper thl dSni'^^''"'" '^'"' '^'^'''^ "^^^^^ ""^y '^"^ ^'^'■""Sh the subsoil towards iol Zu^ ^^P^^ ^t which the drains are placed. SLid^r^bTeTrcolation"!' '"^""" ^^'"^^"^ ^""^"^^'^ ^^^^^ ^« P-^uce In general practice for field crops, it is usually sufficient to place the lines ?. rlt "" f " '°i ^" ^'"''- ^P^"- ^" favourable casea they may K even further apart and in special cases as close as 30 feet Drain Outlets :-Should be turned out of the course of the surface over &^tSSeVr7m^S luS^e fc" ^''^ ^ ^'^ ^^^^^^ Sied wi't"h7n Z Tf' T "^''^ "^r "^ '""^^ drains Jischafge. pro- vided with an outlet for the escape of the inflowing water Thev are ITlanl "" " ^''" ''' ^""'^^ " '^"^"«^d °^ -h-^ a soil contains ^uch Joints :--¥ and T jut ,ns are made at many factories and should h^ secured when possible. A badly made joint will greatly impai the efficiency of both lateral and main to which it is joint-d. (F) (G) (H) (I)