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MlCIOCOrV RESOIUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i
^ dPPLJCD_irvMGE_Jn
^^^. '6^3 East Mam street
^S i"6) «a2 - 0300 - Phone
S:= ('16) 28a - M»9 - fa.
REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION
1913-18
VOLUME III: INSECTS
PART K: INSECT LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF AMERICA
By FRITS JOHANSEN
( 670
I 'i 1 3
C2t
V . 0<">3
pt .K
irriAWA
THOMAS MfLVEY
PRINTER TO THia KINGS MOST EXCELLENT MAJIOSTT
1921
;hh'H'd NoVili.bei 7,
Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 191.^-18
>OI,l MK i: .>ARK\TI\I': 0» TIIK KXPKIIITIOS. I.Tt .
F'urtA. Noirrill-HN l-AUrV, l:»l.l Iv Hv ViII,mlniurSti(BnH*m i/n nrrimrnlmnl.
I'art U. .SorniKUN I'AUrV, UM) Hi. lly Ituilolph Mnrtin Amlcmon ,lni„,i„„,iii,m>.
VOLl'Mi: II: MAMMALS A\D BIKDM.
IVl A. MAMMALS Ol' Wl.STl.iiX Aid TIC AMKUK'V. lU Umli.lpl, Ma.lin Aii,|,.|-.,n.
. f hi i"t imrulnin '\
I'lirl U mUDS 111- WlSTI-KN Ali' IK' \MK1U< \. liv I!. M. Aii.l.r-.ii ami V. \ 'iavcrni r
. . Ain iirtparatwn).
VOM MK III: INSMTS
I\ I HKDICllnN. Hv i'. (,,,r.|,,n ll.wiif ih-iir.l llnumh.r to, i:i2<i)
Pun A. <()1,1.i:m|(i)|.A. Hv.Iii-''u-.\\ ri.ixiiii 'hauMJuli, lO, IUI9I
I'lirl II. .NKVuldU'll itOlU INSISTS Hv Nullum Hank!. {hnucd Juhi II . 11)19).
I'l.rt r. Dll'lliU \.
( ruiir-llirs. I»y C'linrl.'S V ALvuiidir.
Mu^c|iiiiii( .. Uy Ilurrisfin (1. I).\ur.
Diliii'ia 'c\cluiliii« ■ripulhlai' uihI I'lilici.lac'i. H\ ,1. li. .\Ial
I'lirl I). MAI.I.i>|'|IA(iA A.N'li ANdIM.I KA.
Mali.ipliaKa. I»y A. W. Huknr.
Auiiphira. By (J. 1'. l-.rri- iin.l C. H. 1'. Nun all ih-iird S, iiUmlnr (?, lUlln.
Part i;. COLLdl'IKHA.
I'iirr>i Iii,-i i(s, iiirluiliiiK Ipiilii.'. CcraiMlivi iilar. aii.l iiupri'.-liilai . liv .1. .M. S«aini'.
('iiriiliiilai' mill Siiplijiluiv Ity il.C. I'all
< uninc'lliilai', Llutcridui', Clirv.'oiiiic'lidui' ami liliv mliiipliura. dvuludinK Ipidad.
»y C. W. l..hK.
DvliKiidac'. Hy J. n. SlirTinan, Jr
Part I IIKI'IITKUA. Hy Kdward P. \ anDiuc,
Pan ' . IIVMl'.NOPTKKA ANO PLAN I' (iAI.I,.'^.
SawMil•.^. ( Tcnllip'dincjid.-a). Ity AIia. I). Mac< •illivray,
Para-iitii' llymimiptiTa. IJv < '|,arlc.-i T. liriics.
Wa^piand ltci«. ISv 1'. \V. I, .Sluiiiii.
Plan; (;ull9. Hv i:. P..rt.-r I'llt. . . .
Part II SPIDKKS, MITKS AND M V UlAPI >I )S.
S|iidiTi. by. I. 11. KniiTton.
Mitf-. lly Nathan Hai.k.-i
.MyriaiicMU. My Haipli V. ( 'liaiidM-rlin .
il^suiii juhj ;.;, I'juh
. , ,(/>.««(■(/ July 11. ItnO}
Part
Purl
Pan
Pari
Part
Part
IV t
Part
I'arl
i'art
Part
Part
Pan
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Pan
Pan
I'arl
Pari
Part
I'arl
Part
I'ait
(/6M/ii/ .\u,iiiili( I 3, lUlU).
(l.-siifd Jiihi i;. i;il9).
I I.KPIDOI'TI'.KA. liy Arlliur (iilison th.-uiiljiinuan Id, lOSfit.
I ORTllOl'TKKA. Uy K. M. Walk.r il.-..u>;! Krpliwhrr .i. lanx.
K. INSKCT l.lli; ON THi: \M:sri;HN AI!( TK ((lAsr ol AMKKKA. Itv Fril-
.lolian-rn .
Un preaa)
VOLl.MK IV: BOTANY
A. I HL:.-iH\\ATi;i{ AI.tlAK AM) I HtSIlWATl.U l)|AToM.<. Hy Clmrl.s W. L..«c.
iln prepnratttjrt).
li. MAHINK AUIAK. By P. S. Collins i/n prfporaliowi.
C. I I N(il. Hy John Dcarn'v.^ (/n preparaljim).
1). I.ICJIKN'S. By C. K .Merrill lU iireparalhmK
i;. MOSSi:s. By l{. S. .iilliaiMs Cnxucd t'rhruary 8, lOll).
VOLI'ME V: BOTANY
.v. \.\.SCri,.\U PLANTS. Hy ./anus .M. Maroiin and Til. o. Holm ./«;»■<■.«).
B. ( iiNTIUBlTlONS TO TllK MOHPHOLOdV, SVNONVMV. AND C.KNERAL
DISTRIHITIOX OF AUCTK PLANTS. By Th.-o. Holm (/norm).
C. (:I;N|;KAL notes on arctic VKCKTATION. Hv I ritsjoliansen. iln jntiiamtwnl.
VOLl ME VI: FISHES, TIMCATES, ETC.
A. I'ISIIIOS. Hy r. .lohansi n ihi iircparalwn).
B. .\S( IDl.SNS, ETC. B.\ A. (i. Hiint-iiian i/„ iirrparalwn).
VOLl.ME VII: t'Rl STACEA
A l)i;( APOD CHrSTA<EANS. Hv Marv .1. Ralhl.iin iL-^u,4 Auau-^t IH IDIH)
B .-<CH1Z0P01) CKIST.ACEANS. By Wald.. 1.. S.hiiiin 'Is-wtl SepUmbvr tl, t9IO\.
C. CI MACl'.A. By \V. T. Caiman [Issuai Octolier 1.5. I9KI
I). ISOI'ODA. Hy P. L. Hoono il '^urd NoremhrrlO. I9i0).
E. .\MPillP01).\. Hy Clannip U. Shocmakpr {I xucd .Seplnnbi-r 7, 1920)
K. P V( ■ NOCIONI DA. Hy L.-on .1. Coir i/,,^„c<i Januari, 3. 1921).
tl. Eri'HVl.l.oPODA. By K..l,.l,a:.s,-n (In prepo,-alion).
II. CL.VDOCERA. By Chanrcv.Iudax- (hsuid .lune. tS 1920).
l.OSTRACODA. Hy U. U. Sharp,. ' (In prep.iral„m).
IHtESHWATEK COPEPODA. By C. D«ij;lii .Marsh a.-.'ued April SI 1920).
K MARINE COPEPODA. HyA.Willry {hnurd June tH. 19KI).
I.. PARASITIC COI'EI'ODA. By Cl,arl.> li. U il.-^.n t^hfued August b. 1920).
M.CIRRIPEDIA. Hyll. A.Pilst.ry (.In pnpaniHonl.
REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION
1913-18
VOLUME III: INSECTS
PART K: INSECT LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF AMERICA
By FRITS JOHANSKN
fes3F^
n 11 .\^\ A
TllM.MAS Ml'I.ViOV
PKi.NTKi: TO Tin: kiN'js must i;m- ■!.i.':Nr mmisi-y
i65;»-i
I--*.-u*?(l *'ovember 7, IWl
Insect Life on the Western Arctic Const of America
l».\ I Kll» .|ii||AN>K\'
lllhnlllliU
fr
I'll.' I
.riiiury rovrnd |,\ i|h.( :iii;i.liMii Ani ic Ia|h ,||ii,,h, I!i|:{ Is ,ir.t,|
■oiii Wriiim.ll Ul:,iiil ijilMti'it htitii.lr 71 ■l.-m
\Vf«l ' <
III. I.
inuitiH
r MI,.TI:i lu lirlicu l:,ll.| roiiii.l liorl li of th.' (alia.lJMll Alrtir .ir-llil..!
(fthoiit li.titii.li' SO lUuri
Much of iliis ,ii(',i, liM«
Kni-. iii.itli, loiiu'itii.li' KM) ticjjrn ^i w»'^t
ilruri'i'!.
:i|l£..
i'X|M'ilitioii>. iiiKl frimi mihh' l.ic:,iii
••\iT \v:i!4 pis-cd (inly on ,|ii|i or iliiriiii: sIimI
inu<l(
ii'M nil CO
ll.rl
Kf
lon^ of inii'ct^. or pl,inl« vm
Tlu-
lAiHiiition \\;
iivlili'il iiiti
nortliirn cxi.loriiii; principillv tlic Antn
;i tioitlii'rn ;in(
iiitli
■rn p.irt\
thr
tllM'.tl' lox of ll
Nihtrn invi -liuMtf.l tl intiiinit ,1
II mil I '.•in.nli in Ari'tic .•irrtiii'cl
II' n;.liir.ili-.| of I
K.irhik, " oil \\ r.Miijill i<l,' nil,
p.'irly were lo>t. Imt tin- f
owiiiK to the jijdli l.ijti
III' tiorlliiTii pirt 1
III 11*11. till' I'olll'l
<'o;«t
'r. .1;
IK'>.
Owinij to till- iinfor-
Mi
vith tlii
'•w -(Mcinit'ii^ rollci'ti'il l.'.iir h-.v
iiiiili' up to then liv that
l{i'|H>rts on nil the nili
in w hiiji fhi'v were I'minil
r .-I rol)-iii|(.r:ili|c v.-illli
im.
xpi'riiiii'nts u-.-rc ni.'i.ic with mori' thin n hunilnil
»<pi'i'ini<'ns :ipp(.irin ihi- volmn
to tht' ililfii'iiltiiw ini'iilcnt to ;i trip of thi^ il
ii'iriiiK
v.'.noiis infill,, ,.!(.._ jiiit owinK
t'xpcriniintH were Mii'ccssfnl.
Icxription, only a (piartrr of th
ini'-^tiK , lions \\r
;it:
Trlh'r. Aiask' (.1
ily AiiKiiNt. j!»|:
CiinuU'n hay, Aiii.-ka (S.'pttinl.ri , l!»|;{ to .|i
I'M tl
Dcmarciitioii point, Alaska (May. liMti
Ifrrsch.'l islanil. Yukon (.luly, I'tltand August. I!M(i).
Peninsula south of Dolphin ami rnioii .st
(AuRiist, ion ti),Julv, l<M<i).
r.'iit, Xorthwi'st Tirrito
Lower part of ( 'o.ipcnninc river. Northwest Territ
am
T
line nisects were eoll.'ileil in Alaska at .\.
at ('a|)e Hathurst Mel
irilories I
I.,',t.
Krl
iru.'irv
i!l
i.ii.
illil IVelrl
erritorie.s.
ori.'i islainl ami Coronal ion (iulf, Nort '
In ti
II'
present article the natural eomlition
localities arc deserilied, hut d
th
ife in
Ih
ll
th
ri))livc Kcotiraphical details ;ire omitted. \,ith
us sines of reports ,s inchided a list of IhnveriiiK plants, l.v The,,. Holm and
."'?",''■, •■""' VeKet.-ilion is, therefore, referred to onlv wh
it 'ttfeets i
the I
Ue ,1. M. M
iiscct lif,-.^ The rt'Kion where the forest insect
lansition /.one between the arctic and the suh.'irct
s Were found lies in
. , . ' ' '■••'- I*' ■ Ll, ,1 II, 1 I 111- .iiio.ii riie,
t le harreii urouiuls, and at .some dislanee from the eoasf I...
this r<.|.ort because the forest insiets are described in the'repi
ie, on till' boundary of
lit it is inclinled in
To this report are added dat
ill the Caiiadi
an Arctic archipelago, and
I rcK.'irding insect life
irt on (."oleuptera.
on some of the isl.mds
insects and tho.se of (ireenlaml
a comparison is ni.ide between tl
'Til
r ri'port i« orii^nally subniitti-.l In ili
rpoidl i:i!o iiiiixT-oniil
-Sfc map or Wi
■'Spi-ciflr pit
Mail. nil anil Hoi
lulhiir has bei-n ctiiHiilcnihl
lurin til i-Mirfi.riii i,, iji,- otlji-r ri..p(.rts nf tlii' .scri.„
Kti-rn Arrtl. r,,:,^t „f ArtTTir-i, Fig i, p, ^lK,
V 111! ilown ami has been
imt tUentificatinns in tlip
u>.m— ij
(Sec Vul, V, Part A, Vascular 1
pri^sent paper are from collections determined by
lantH. )
4k
Canadian Arctic Expedition, lOlS-lS
BOUTH SIDE OF SEWARD PENINSULA. ALASKA (NOME AND TELLER)
in i^s\l^':^:liZ^.Z::.:^^^^^^ ^° "^" ^^^'•"»-^ ^'^'^ ^-^^er description
two sandspits on the smithern of which Teller is slated^ia'rk he entr^^^^^^^^
Grantley harl.our, which s continued by a channel to Imuruk lake
wither!/? i"" T«' •'"•^: "" ^T ^''^^ '^^"^'^ t'^^ ^•''i' «o"S'«ts of Kravel and sand
xvith grass-tufts and flowering plants including Papnver niidimule Chamaerium
i^tifohu^>,ArUmis,a and Honckenyia peploidfs; the tundra, best deve opedT
&!"'/' characterized by creeping willows, Varcx, etc A few Targer
depressions (some artihcial) contain water even in August (PI V fie 1) W
west o the town a large lake stretches almost across^he sandspit^" separated
fe fT""^^'-' ^'''^'T ^y ** '^'""P' '^»d ^^O'n Port Claimce by sand Sis
This lake IS a case of recent marine formations, for marine dbtoLs are found
wi h' an1,uUc4To Port n°"'P''^ ''^f * "' '^' ^l'^' '"^''^ '" IsSsh^ws a lagoon
witn an outlet to Port Clarence and connected at high tide with Grantlev h-ir
hour, bince that time the ends of the lagoon have been E in bv be^^h
pSaa/e^ncfS/'" ""''' "'' ^'^''^ '''^ '^'^'^^ ^ -"P'« «' "-^^ - the
:„f On the other slides the lake is surrounded by low hills and elevated tundra
ntersected by small streams, which carry the melting snow rnspSt^me but
late^are dry The depressions of the higher tundra enclose a fewSsn which
are mosses //ipp«ris, Utricularia, etc.; and in the gulches amonL the hml and
m shelter of the banks, willov^s attain a fair size, thotgh not sH^ as at Xomo
Hippuns, Carex, etc., cover most o.' the lake shore, growing on mud or ErZl"
?P1 .,%.T) ''''"'''' "''"'■ *"'*''''" *^' '"""^ ""^^'^•^ surrounding tundra.
Insects were very plentiful here, but some of the plants olentiful .t \'nir,«
were absent, owing, perhaps, to the higher altitude. ^ ^°"^
fr. th V .^ ''''*^ ^°'f °^ this part of Seward peninsula may besL be comnared
but mtl^fs'?'"' '"T^ '"■*^'S.;j"*? *h^ Mackenzie delta beyo^nd the tre"Et
but little IS known of insect life in either of these districts: '
„r« Si- ^"'I'u l'?u' phmate, and general nature of the Nome and Teller area<!
LLriSde - ''"■■ '"'"* "^' " ^"' '"'^''^ '' identical. The fresh-wSr
. (a) On the surface: CoUembola, and swarms of peculiar flies (Hvdronhnruj,
ngmjeruB) jumping around like the well-known ^vltSu^ SvdrZt^
Emnhu, sujn,g,n), mites, .piders (Pardon ,U,Mu), md colfemboK to
Inned Life on the Weskin Aicltc Coast of Amtrica 5k
various insect larvae (diptcra, rspeci.iUy tipulids, and coluoptera) anil more
Becretive living insects (elatcrid and carabid beetles Elaphrux riparius, imam
brunmpcrinis, Fterosticus vindicatus, P. simiUs, Peophila csfh.schohii, lianbidium
complanulum, small homoptera, etc.). The finding of nivriiipods is interestiiiR,
because it is the most northern record so far of this order on the .\merican'
continent. On the tundra itself an occasional hairv lepidoptcrous larva mav
be seen, and tiny mites, spiders (Micranrda crassimana, Tinetirus tirnnncus
and hcmiptera; or a phryganeoid (AvalmUa mnrginata) resting its frail hodv
on a grass-leaf. Curculionid l)o<.tles are also at work as larva> or adult< and 'a
great number of flies are seen, among which the caribou bot-Hv, ()tdrmu,i,nn
[Hypoderma) iarn)id),\i> perhaps the most interesting, owing to its l)iimbl..hee-like
appearance and life history. Various species of bumblebees (liombiisk[ibi/dlux
B. polaris, li. sylvunla, li. plenralis, li. liiconim, B. Jrigidus) are all attracted
to Lpilobmm spicalum and other flowering plants (Iris. Aconitum, Ddphin-
lum, Leguminosa;, Campanula, I'alladaris, etc.), when the male willow catkins
have fallen off. The plant which attracts most of the insects at Nome hi, how-
ever, the impo.sing Heradeum lanatum, which in protected places is more than
SIX feet high and spreads its enormous, sweet-scented cymes towards the sim
On Its flowers a number of different Hies collect, the tipulid, Dirranomi/ia alas-
caensis, a phryganeoid {Lunnrphdiif: sp.), Vespa marqinata, and the big green
saw-fly, Rhodogasler religua; also various ichneumonids, butterflies, and moth*
as bun/mus palacno chippewa Kdw., Eucosma sp., and other microlepidoptera.
lew fmtterflies are seen at the end of August, but an easilv scared geometrid
inotfi {Lygns destmata L.) is very common at that time. Hwarms of mosquitoes
{Aedes sp.) make themselves felt rather forcibly in the shelter of the gully-
banks or over the various ponds and pools on warm, quiet davs. Theshrubin- wil-
lows harbour a variety of insects. IMites and saw-flies make galls in the leaver
or thr latter are fastened together by a small lepidopterous larva, which
skelctomzes the sides of the leaves thus turned inwards. Lithecolldis C) larv;e
mining in the leaves of Petasitr.s, Artemisia, Saxifraya, etc., were also oi)served,
and a spider with its web between plant leaves, spinning some of these together
as a breeding chamber, where the eggs and recentlv emergeil voung may be
found at the end of August. " . « j
On the tall willow-bushes in the gullies inland the leaf-eating or gall-forming
sawfly larva; (sometimes infected with chalcid parasites) are foutul. A grey,
ball-shaped nest of Vespa marginata is occasionally suspended from the lowl-r
branches or trunks of these small trees, and partlv hidden bv the foliage or
vegetation, but may be obtaineil with less risk from the inside of old tin (lans
or boxes which may be lying around.
Vegetation and insect life in the hills back of the coastal tundra are scantier
than on the lowland. Apart from flies and mosquitoes, everywhere present,
the most characteristic insect is the bumblebee, but spiders, mitcs, collembola'
small beetles., moths, and cranefi; s are also found.
Various small arthropods are also found under driftwood and other washed
up material on the beach.
The wingless parasites (mallophaga, fleas and lice) on birds, mammal, and
human beings, and the foreign insects introduced bv whites during the last
two decades complete the insect-life in this region.
FROM BERING STRAIT TO POINT BARROW, ALASKA
Little is known of the insects in this region, and no collections were made
by the Canadian Arctic Expedition.
The flora and insect-fauna of this region seem to have the same gener.al
character as that east of Point Barrow, except perhaps the inner part of Kotzebue
sound, where the flora is said to be unusually luxuriant, and the insect life cor-
respondingly richer.
6k
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
A few insects were collected at Point Barrow (ciipe Smvth), hv the Unitcfl
States International Polar Expedition (Murdoch), and have lucn provisionally
identified by Hiley, in the report of the said exjiedition (Washington, 1884),
as follows: —
f'hirotiuuitus sp.
Srntophaf/a sp.
Tachlnld (Euphorooeral)
.in'ftomyifi s[).
Tipuli'1 {Ctrimithora sp. )
fan, Entomol., 1917-1918.
'I inula foracinn Alex.
Conlylurtl sp.
Ocitcmayrna tnraiuH
T*hrMr:it}t'(iid
Porlid {Leptocerita sp.)
Itonthiis tHodrral lift
" fijilricoltt
t^rorrni.t finwcuntis
Dnsychira roasi
A mttrtl obtiitia
<.'hrysonielid
y Dipli ni
I N*»'Mrnpl..lHJ(i.«.
1
V IIynu*noptt'r;i.
Lepiiloptpra.
{ Co;.?opt<ra.
C().\ST HKTWEKN roiXT B.AnROW AND M.VCKKNZIK DKLT.\
The Arctic mountains stretch from cape I.ishmne to the Miickcnzie delta
and their foothills nicrfie gradually into the coas'-d iilain that reaches the
Arctic ocean. 'Ihe beach is formed, sometimes Ivy tundra lihifTs u!i In ;J(I feet in
height and sometiim's by low alluvial i)lains fritifed by sandpits and lagoons.
The chains of islands otf the coast have a similar composition. The width
of the coastal pl.dn is greatest at point Harrow, where it is more than l.")()
miles, hut decrea>es to the southwest, so th.at the mountains jire within
12 miles of the ocean at .i i)oint east of the 1 Ust meridian, and the foothills
sometimes usurp the place of the i)lain. The rivers, some very large, of this
part of .\laska and Yukon receive many tril)i!taries from the foothills, and when
these lateral creeks have finally been left behind, the watercourses run fairly
straight to the ni)rth. for the hills along the Mackenzie delta im'vent an eastern
outflow. (Iround ice is f(Min<i to varying ih'pths. especially west of Camden
bay. The vegetation is the tyi)ical Arctic tundra, best (leveloi)ed in valley-
bottoms and in the extensive coastal swamps where most of the many lakes or
ponds are .situated (PI. V. fig. -J). An enormous (luantity of driftwood, from
the Mackenzie, lines the beach at certain places, and the coastline is subjected
to a continuous erosion bv waves or screw-ice ;it some parts .and upbuilding by
sand and gravel at others. Kven where the coastal l)lain is missing, as east of
Stokes point, lagoons, sandbars, and gravel .s))its are formed at or near the
mouths of river.-.. Shingle point is a conspicuous e.\am])le of this, presenting
a shelter for boats.
Herschel island' and the coast opposite and eastward are well covered by
vegetation, which is surprisindy abundant on low or protected parts.
The developments of plant and insect life are so intimately connected that
the study of one involves the .study of both, and .also, of cour.se, of climatic
conditions, the influence of which has been dealt with in the report on climate
and in Mr. F. W. L, Sladen's report.^ The development of plant-life es])ecially
affects the non-i)re(lacious insects such as certain coleoptera, diptera and the
lejadoptera, sawHies, and bees.
Such plants as mos.ses, Cussiopc, Saxifrniia, lianuncnhts, etc., whidi, during
the melting of the snow, are immersed in water, bear green or new leaves at the
beginning of May -earlier than is the ca.se with those i)lants that draw their
power only fro' the sun.
1 For topn^raphi.M! iU'>*t;ripf on s<
-Report Cana<lKii\ An-tio I'ixpod..
f liool. Surv., C.Tii.. Sum. licpl.. 191,'.
l!>ir.-lS. III. G. 1919.
p. 236, J. J. O'Neill.
Insect Life on the Western Arctic (Joasl of America
7k
Apart from mosses and p;rasses and Cyperacse whose first new loaves arc
less easily noticed, new leaves and buds were found on plants as follows:—
rAMDKN BAY TO DEMAHCATIOX roi.vT, 1914
May t-JO
f'rrasfium alpinum
Hmprtrv.tn nigrum
f.fdum paliifttre
C<i,\sio2)e tctrngona
May Zl-Sl
Armaria pcploides )
Martensia marifima J^buds only.
Potci\tiUa pulcheila }
Saxifrafja decipiena
CochJcaria groenUindica
June 11-20. Nuw leavers:
Sali.i pulih rn
N. rclicuUOn
Itannnruhis nivalis
.1 nr-mnnc ptn'riji-mi
Taraxacum Ij/ratum
,1 rh inisiii roi,nit'i
Papaver muiicaiile
lirtitts iiti'-ffyifttlia
Lupinus nootkatensi.t (buds only)
1 lujH > iiri's aljiitn'<<
Ciirrr sinus.
PriuiHln borrnlis
Fhnii ii.t }n<>liis
Epilobium latifoliuvi
May 11-20
Vacdnium cacftidtosMyn
Oxytropi.'i nigrescent ']
Betiila glandulosa (-Iraf-bu-ls only.
I'l '/.'!(. (irj.y hinata J
Saxi/ratjn opiiftsiti folia (new leaves.
I Mm .'.-V.t.rl.rd).
S. hieraciifolia
h> yds intitjtifolia
June 1-tO. New Ir;ivea :
Viirious r.'iryoiihyllacea
s<ijijrn!jtt (e.:
■' Compositre
l'fjdicnlan,s Itinatit
Pyrnla ftvandirfora
Oryria dujyna
Calthn paiustria
A'(/«i.sf,'Km arvcnsc (buds only)
>(ili- piitrhiit I o?i!y bills I
i(ip}ivris LHlif'irui iou!\ I'Uds)
JiDic -H-yt. New leaves:
XfcUaria I'wiiipi s
> 'Ir^tf fira}4iis
Pnlcnioiiium borcale
PetasUea frigidn
Lloi/ili'i .-^fi <,i inn
I' iihii.s t ha null i.nn us
f\ nipt ' rum niifiinn
.<?. bmnrhiaJift
S triruspulata)
From July onward all tiie plants have new U'aves.
Flowers of the following plants were fount!. See nlso Vaseuhir Phmts
<*<»Ile('ted in Arrtie North America hy the ''({joa'' Expedition t^Ostenfeld, 11)10).
June 5-i
Sitli.r jmhlira i fcni.ib')
h^riophorum vaginatum
Saxifraga oppnaitifolia
June tl-li
Siilii jnilrhra (mule)
f.ycitpodium St hi go
I'anuHrnhut nivtilis
A nrmone puri'i/loia
Snli.v Ixicliardsonii (male and ftr.iPio)
June 17-20
Salix rotundifolia (male and female)
X. oralifolin var. raiudrn.tis ( iralf
ard ft male)
Cochlcaria groeiilandica
O.ryria digynn
(iryfrnpis nigrrsrrns
Potentilla pulchelta
Pfdiruinria lauatn
Dryas integi ifolia
June 21-2^
Draba alpinn. 1). ftadniiensis
I}., yrru^jia nini « .•»* eiw*
June 27 -BH
Papaver nudicaiile
Casaiopc tetragona
Primjita horcalis
l.lotfiliit M ral imt
l'ii{ir>ili! JIM (trrt ica
I'niiiinriiiits ftntph nrrus
Caltha palusfris
I'ftasiihs frifjiila
S(ii;.r mit ulata
Sn.rifritga nt'ist>in<ina
June 2'.i-.tO
rt(lir:ihir:.s .^lulrfl' a
f 'iirrr rnriffnrii
Polygonum viviparutn
f.nrnlti vi rails
Alsine arntica
Silene acaulis
July 3-7
F.inphorujH an gust i folium
K. Srhfurhzrri
f'arijr rioitla
Lngotis glanca
Polemonium bnrcale
Cerastiuni alpinum
Ranunculus PaJlasH
L<tt rifrofifi hir<i U(s
8. decipiena
f.>il)i,ius v'uitkatcnsis
Phaca frigida
Parrya macrocarpa
8k
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
July It
Artcmiula vomala
July rt
Taraxacum lyratum
Alopecu-ma alpinua
As;rauutu3 alpinus
S. hienicmolia
Snww rea anauttifolia
I'f *' '■■iilaHn riipitata
Eutrema eiluardaU
sitlldriii humi/iuia
Sa.i !fintja rrrnua
/.iit'hvis aprtnln
8rn€cio at ropurpureua
Bierochloc pauciflora
Carer rcdHtta. C. stana
hii^ula spicata
Hippuria vulgaria
July «fi-f» (Martin point, Alaska)
/--'''y/mirs niollia
aiyceria (enella
Svdum rhotHola
^■'f ftti-'f UtnniinR
Br.Hanthua peploidaa
Carex riituria
I'tircx incurva
Inipoiitia Fhcheri
Mtrtensia maritima
etc.
\iii/i'.it .! I fey reef, Alaska)
Draba nivalis
AiTliinroslia lati/olta
f'rrpls mi, HI
Epil.ibinin laiifolium
Festuca ovina var. brevifoHa
f'ofi iirrlirn
Androaace Chamaejaame
Flowers of Enipetruin nigrum were found on 'Shw 6, 1914, but this niav
navc hcen a 1013 flower.
Observations on flowers were also made at Shingle; point and on Ilersehel
island, \ukon, in the beginning and middle of Augu.-t, 1014 and lOKi. The
vegetatit)ii at these two loealities, and at others equally close to the Mackenzie
delta, IS apparently a week or more earlier than along the coast west of the
International boundary line.
No new flowers were observed west of :Mackenzie delta after August 21.
The Compositae and grasses are the dominating ones in the end of August.
From the beginning or middle of September the frost gradually kills off
the flowers and green leaves, and about the end of September, when the first
snow has fallen, the dead fruit-stems and !ei-,(-s are the main plant parts
observed, though hibernating leaf-buds are sometimes seen.
INSECT LIFE ON ALASKAN ARCTIC COAST
Ocluher, 1913, to April, 1914.
Insects are scarce along the Alaskan Arctic coast after October and are
found only under stones and driftwood, or by digging in the frozen tundra or
cutting h(jles in the freshwater ice. Entomological investigations in northeast
Greenland have shown that the hibernation of insects in that region' is very
similar to that of insects in northern Alaska, though the American Arctic is
richer in the number of species, which are mostly ilifTerent from the CJreenlandic.
The main objective of the hibernating insects is to find, before the snow
and frost come some place where the spring w..ier can best be avoideil. They
therefore take every advantage of cover especially of those places likely to
become free of snow in the early spring. In this, not all are successful, but
they are more likely to be found, during the winter, on such exposed localities
thar on lower ones that have a better vegetation (PI. Ill, fig. 1). An exception
is, however, formed by ce.Uin larva;, such as large diptera, e.g., tipuhda, which
hibernate down in the ground until the medium surrounding them thaws.
Aquatic insects and larvae that inhabit water all through the year endeavour to
bore themselves into the mud, and failing this, are killed, and hibernate only as
eggs when the water freezes to the bottom.
Insects hibernating in the latter part of September, of course remain in
that state during the winter, though probably in decreased numbers, a great
many being killed when the temperature falls to zero Fahrenheit. Most hiber-
nating insects can withstand temperatures down to HO degrees below, and the
mortality may be ascribed rather to factors in the life-cycle of each particular
insect than to the cold.
•See Meddelelaer om QrSnland, Vols. 19 (Delchmann) and 43 (Johnsen).
Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coast of America
9k
In the fresh waters of northern Ahiska insects and larva> are almndant,
even in winter, as compared with those on hind. They were ohservcd in frozen
ponds and lakes and in a warm creek, a tributary to Sadlerochit river, back of
Camden bay. In a pond only 4 f<'et deep, on which the ice was 10 inclii s thick
on October 9, many copepods, Limnocalanus jahanseni Marsh, ostracods, and
other minute animals, and a numlier of midpe larva; were found. Fond-; such
as this would, of course, freeze to the bottom later in the winter. From a neiph-
bouring stream a perlid nymph was obtained from beneath the ice. Examina-
tions of the lakes and ponds in spring and early summer led to the conclusion
that the following forms hibernate in or near fresh water: —
Aquatic dlptera -larvire (espocially tipulicU and muscids),
DytlBcld— beetles.
Tiichoptera — larw and perlid larvte.
MuMijuiioea — fctnalt's, ;i u-w (Attics
Various niidKe l.'irvaj.
llydrachnid mites.
sp.).
The warm creek back of Camden bay has its source in three sjirinjiS, at
the foot of a mountain about 2o miles from the coast, and flows for a few miles
nearly parallel to Sadlerochit river before joining it. Its rather luxuriant
vegetation consists of grasses, sedges, anu green alga;' on the sandy and muddy
bottom, and of an algaj-crust and mosses, as a carpet, on the subnierged stones.
Parts of stones just abov(! water carried a white crust of siliceous or calcareous
alga;, and stones above high-watermark, had a luxurious growth of lichens. The
water at the source was steaming and had a temperature here of about GO
degrees F., but became colder as the stream was descended. The steam and
the open character of the strf^am contrasted strangely with the surrounding
snow-clad, silent tundra (November, 1913).
In this warm water (above 3o degrees F.), a .lUmber of grayling, Thymallus
signifer Rich, and trout were seen feeding on the rich invertebrate life, which
consisted of larvce of midges, perlids, and phryganeoids. A species of phrygaiieoid
larva; typical of streaming water, was living inside gravel cocoons attached to
the underside of the stones. There were also many aniphipods (Gainmarus
limnmis) and small clams (I'/sliUiiin) and hundreds of snails (Lymma capernta)
were clinging to the mosses and alga;. All the.se, with many microscopic forms,
made an unusually rich animal collection.
Apart from the insects found in the warm springs and creeks which keep
open all winter, there appears to be no difference between insect life in the up-
land ;uid that at the eoa.st, except that some species {Hombu.f, Vcsjia, and ants)
take advantage of cliff-crevices or old bark on the taller willow trees, to build
their nests or to hibernate as larva;. Ob.«ervations up the Sauierochit river
were, however, made in November, at which time the cold had killed most of
the insects, and much snow covered the ground.
In the reports of the various specialists, information is given concerning
the seasonal occurrence of the various insects in their immature stages; and it
will be seen that the life history of insects is much the same in the Canadian
Arctic as m more southern latitudes. The following tentative table summarizes
very roughly the facts concerning the hibernating of arctic insects, not
including parasites: —
' Sea this series of reports. IV, Part A. Freshwater Algae and Freshwater Dieatoms.
^
IOk
Canadinti Arctic I'Jxfjedilion, 1913. 1 8
dnl.r
Kaniily
< intiopipra. . . .
Neuropterolda.
l/'liiiliijitrra.
)'.|>i.T.-i
'■"I."|it..ra...
"> "■> "■'lUiTa.
Uhyniliot.l.
^•enus
\lTiiliil I., . . .
I'M'i.l:!-, . .
'•^r'li' iriprldpp
^'••c iloptcra
I'rii ho|itfr:i. .
Miill, rili.s .
Sawflipii
' 'S MM. I »,IS|.S
I'.'irrtjjtjr uaspH
li'itiii^'.ra
'I"iiifp|it,.ra
''I* robins.
Hlbiinaio as
VyniphM:"
Larva (N'ympliK)
Larva (Nymi.hs)
Larva (Nymphs)
-arva (I'll),.,;)
|"'rva. Papa (y). i„m^.„ , o,
'.arva
Larva (Pupa?)
I Ml tlu.s.. „i,h i..,,.va and pupa
Mae, H in frosh water and
.n til,. t'r.,und, pxi>.j,t mo.s-,
'|Ult<„s.
JAll othrr., and mosquitnes. , ImaRo.
'. Larva, pupa, o- Tmago
' i..arva or pupa.
A few queens.
l-a-\a?
-N'ymph.s7
.N'ymiihs j,
i
spcnrs not yt f.,,,,,,!. \..r A , , 1, /♦ ^P<'''»'< nrv ont. ..m,! ..,|s„ „1 I
♦h.' .I,.,t. «iv,.„ an. ...rml ,';. .';;7;'i'' '•""'•'tions. I„ tho r„,.,i„, l„nvovo
'■'", <>Ii(i.iii\ tor Hi(. nioro c.mnii.ii f„rn,^.
licciinning of Ma,/, i.n,
tho n,„„t!,. Proluhlj m1..o invsent. hut wtc not .,oti,.,..l until l.,t.'r in'
'PL,. ..»l 1-1
still fmnttl in plaCt tul^sL^'^n.^'^n^'Hll "''•/"?• ^"'''•''■^- ""'' ""'"^ '"•<'
-.' the winter, keepin, innn....,!;: ii ! ^^^ ^ lil'^' t.n,:::':;;;f ^-'-""-
.l/»V/f//p of Mn,/^ ii.>i
pletely and l,cK,.,n to crawl •iroinV/l' 'T-ff" V'T '""'"■. "'^■*^'"«l "P con
f"l. The tlav w,:.. .-.Im .,,1 «?'.■- /^'^'""^V*" ■•';"• >t were unsucce^s-
Coar. hut warn.r .3. .,ree« K.} One! l^ Jii .5^l4^ Hiei'^C;^^;;::^ !
1
I> (?)
Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coatit of Amfrira | Ik
kopt to the south »u\v of the house when' tho tlicrinorncfcr, himKiiiK fr''i>, sliowcd
♦C (h'grccs F. at 2 p.m.; on the rcfu.sc ht-aps oufsidi- the house the two siimlliT
siM'cics (Fuccllin aririiformin and Sc^itilln bniiinipeniiiK) wvrv I'oninion; all of
thcin were very much alive.
Karly in May owin^ to the snow and hihernation period the tundra |>rovi(U'd
poor results in in.seets, Itut a few days htter, l)ettei result.s were ol)taiiied. I'uder
driftwood many coliembohi of different sizes, white, orange, and violet were
found, a ! various small spiders, wifii ckk eoeoons of spiders and mites. The
small fly, Saililln lininnliuinn.t favoured speeiallv the driftwood on moist, sandv
Kround earahid I.eetles werv se(.n, and youn^ h.niiptera (Chil<>x„iitln s .si, lhit,is\
eoloured as de.ad >;rass and difheult to catch, as were some smaller flies wifli a
siniih.r haliitat.
.Muscid l.'irvip iRhiimiihiiniiiiii sp.), oniiine or ureen sawflv \\\\\w (.Xiniuinni, .
mniKH ciKjilaliis). in traiis|)arent j)Ui)atin>; c()ci;ons in a special'littl.' ci I! communi-
eatniK with the a'- various beetle larva' or pupa', and sm;dl staphvlinid and
caraliid heeths, et> .. were found in snow-free in()>s-pillows; and, on the tundra
plants, the hairy larva- of ;dl sizes, and cocoons ivith larva' or pupa' of the niotli
GiliKuphorii riisai and prol>ai)ly, jiLso, of Hijphniiiiii (il/iinii. Sometimes these
cocoous contain only the larva- or pui)a' skins or e^Ks i^on the outside) from
previous years, or the pui)a- cases of the i)arasitic tiichinid flv, iEuiihoron ra
(ji'hilii). Spiders and leafhop])ers tChilo.rdiilhi s) are common in the crass.
A sm;,ll Icpidopterous larv:. is also seen. It has ji hrown colour, hut is p.der
on the veiitr;,! si.lc; it his ;( chitinous-l.rown head and necki.and and .l;irk
thoracic feel. It sjiiiis two willow le.ives toyether and skeletonizes them, rcniiiin-
inu in-ide where the l.irva' evidently hihernate.
In the now completely melted tundra ponds ,ire smaller, loiisidcupil fijes
(Hnilrophonis/) and a numl.<-r of diflVn'at '-ollemiiola (r„il,ii„ miiini.nt. l^aU.m.i
pah(Ktn.s, etc.) wliii-h ate of three sizes. The sm.dlest and most common are Mack-
Idue; some, a little hir^er ,are Rrey-I rown, and .1 few the largest— are grei'ii.
Smaller dyliscid oeetles (.{(inhiis- i,firiiiiili,is. //yilrojinni.-^ fnimimlis, II. t„r-
UiricHs) are husily investiKatinjj; the mud. Tiny,' dark red water-mite^ move
rapidly around 111 the water, propelled hy their li:.irv legs, and seircliiiic for tlieir
pn-y, of which the l.rownish midne hirvu- (Tiini/pu.-: s)).?) which wrinjrli' alo-ij;
ne.'ir the surface are i)r()l)alily the most important. Cravviinn ,,„ the muddy
bottom .are other somewhat iarger watermites with tile-red bodv ;ind dark
l)urph' legs: and dark coloured ■nidnc larva- inside mud tubes. .Most conspicuous
are the bi); (ii|)terous larva' uipulids, etc.); one species (St!i<i,ropis sp.) keeps
lt.s loiifi, hairy, tinal processes surrounding the spiracles spread out at the surface
;ind floats thus in the water; or it wriggles along over the mud bottom, with the
•fan closed: tmother species digs, with its head and l;iteral "legs" consniciious
furrows itunnels) in the mud, the larva- when working being completelv hidden
at one end of the furrow. Other larva\ found dead, perhaps belong to the genus
Tipidii.
The temi)erature of the pt. :.; mud at o i).m., May 21, lill4. at Demarcaticm
point, wa.s ,'),■). 5 degrees, or 1.").5 degrees warmer than the atmosi)here. The
ponds, though sometimes free of ice in early May, occasionallv freeze over again,
but this ai)pears to have no efTect on the aipiatic animals, though alternating
freezing and melting may continue until June.
End of Maij, 22-31
Insect life during this period is very similar to that observed in the few j)re-
ceding and following days. The weather was cold and hazy cr rainy, and not
favourable to rapid development of uisect life. Some plants get lu-w leaves
about the beginning of :May and niu.-t of them by the end of Mav, .so that,
apart from i)redacious and carrion-feeding forms, the insects found in May are
only larvae or pupa-, the imagines first appearing when the flowers come out in
June.
12k
Ca„a,Uan Arctic Expedition, 1913-18
June 1-9
''.'"*Pt"'K tl"' flifsnifntioiicd asannfirinff in Af,.,. f, •
ol.8erv.-(l on JJarter islan,! V lu fl, ''" '*""'•' "^ "''■"- '"'w.-v.t, wore
early seasons, the lio„.,..s que. ns avT.e'^oi^t Pr'iv'fi '^ , ^\' '^««^PtionMll>'
U> 7 c;i;;;;;;^lK;J^ ^•'Jlllf «,:eH-;;P^^^ "-^ ^) ; • 3 .„. lon«, Austere.,
dnrk antenn ,. and lega an.l ar fln«i, 1 . H''" ''''"''''^ "^ '»8«- 'J'I"'V have
i'lly 'iorsally, of waxJ^ ^rev . ■ eS:'"'.^^^^^^ ''f' " ^^hite-Rrey "coat" Vspe, i-
larvae of a transparent [^ih or ve..w ,[^'- '^'''i^'' W'-rm-like mycetophilil (?)
etc., are foun.l in' rotten drift „"rod "" *-■"'""•"' ^"'"''^^^ '•oUcnibola, n.ites,
tipuih^;rS;;;,r:'fh:"i!ihl;dt""' r""''^ '^'^t ^^ -'-p^era ana
small oranKe-eoloured C Vi; j ," ' ^; ^ ^, i' P^.'^' 'T'ders, mite.s, etc., and
sphagnum leaves, are found ^"'''''" '" **"-' '^o^''^ of wet
bu.n;!i::he"%rffS^/;rT*;rL^r ,^"^ ^IT «-* t"-- are queens of
fl.Kht the first days, but later fe«l7o' the ;i most^v ,n strong speed and high
of Salix just out. ^ °" ^^"^ '""'^ "atl^ns of the various species
and Sli^SS^eSS^ASr^ PyrastriMc) are now also out. A hlaek
on the tu^u^ra^vhon SrSfi'lhotHs; nu'r""' ?^ '^' ^'^^'''' ''^J' "'--
'tway^ The first nawHiL, ^'.^/ro'r.^/^ i "Z
etc., i-n^r ^t^S;hS^i;j!:;r^;^f I --- "^f-^.
beetle (C7,r,,so,«./; ..^.i/i) arefou d o 'Z't'l'"''""'/ °'' I'h'-.v-nelid
(^- ..c.., etc.), small hemipter^rlt::; 111^ S^il^.l^ltSS'^of ^Sl!;;::
dytiscid-beetles, mosquit'o and ti>:;rd'i:;r4 JniL's, eTJ!" *'-"='^°P**'™- '"--.
June BISO
adult1*(SL:"t? X.- eto' moluS T?*^ 7. o"t-the first tipulid
imagines (Eucosma spX Se"mT Zth ^7 .i^'^'l 'P''' ^"^^ t'^eoid
hyperborem) are characteristic of n^ces h^vinl rr.f ^''l ^^.^'niptera (Euscelis
etc.), in shelter of tundra4.>uff. wK th^' m^^^^^^^^ vegetation (Salix, grasses,
protection (brown). On apDroach the mi^r T^ ^''"l ^'"'''^^ ^^"""d «««'' colour
swirl, .nd suddenly drop, Wc^ makes thlm'^'^P^u^ ^^'."P '"^ '"^ fl"ttering
Bomb, ^ arc.Vu. quLs aVv^atuT^ aS'^a^fete r^e" atoTu^r ''' ' '
Insect Life on the Western Arrlir CiinM »/ Aim rim I3k
On the tundra plants arc V!irio\is hrmiptora (h'usrrliH hi/iurhonus, Ctila-
canthia lr>jhomi, etc.) and spiders* (Xystini.s himnruhitus, I,!in>m ?ip.); the Li/rom
makes a funnel-shaped web in fissures of the Kiound, in wliich it taiics refiiy;e, often
first dropping its prey consistiuR of tipulids, Hies, l)eetles, or other si)iders; the
Xyaticua are fountl auiong leaves. Now and then a decomposed dead animal
harbouring museid-egKs or hirvje attracts the beetle Siliiliu lapiionicn. On
driftwood sticks or dea(l leaves are cakes of red mite crks (liryohid praetiosn)
from which the equally red larva* will emerge in a few days. ("onspiciiou> also
arc the larva; and cocoons of (hjnacpliom rnxKi. The fir^^t moths of this si)ecies
now emerge, unless parasitized by the tachinid fly iEuriihorvnra ijiiidii) or by
an ichneumonid wasj) (Amblytchif sp.). Of the former (Hy) a^ many as six pupa
cases may be found together with the larval >kin of the lepidopterous host;
.some of the cases contain the dead fly-i)Upa (pale, with grey liairs and legs, eyes
red-brown) ami attached to it six or more para-itic chalcid larvip, which later
emerge in August through small holes in the pupa case of the fly. Or the
(lynacphora cocoon may contain the dead lepidopterous larva or pupa, which
on opening will be found to contain a fat, white i.clmeumonid larva tilling out
moat of the ho.-it, the internal parts of which it has devoured, while the .skin of
the c:iierpiUar ho.st protects it from drying up. Sometimes the parasite kills the
(hinu< i'hvra larva before the latter succeeds in inaking its cocoon and pupating;
it is then found that the ichneumonid pupa (anoUier species?) has spun itself
to the ground, the caterpillar skin above i)roteeting it from di.scovery by birds
and other enemies.
By digging, or in plants, various larvjE or pupce of insects (weevils, tipulids,
etc.) may be observed.
The freshwater ponds and lakes now contain a rich liiV. Crancflies, emerging
from their pupa cases, Hoat <m the surface, or Hy over the water, when not
resting on grass leaves, etc. Swarn;3 of small Hies swarm or spring on the water
surface; often they are seen in copulation. 'Ihe first perlid adults crawl up
on grass leaves above the water .and leave behin<l the nymphal skins on the
surface. Swinmiing in the water are thousands of mosquito larvic now grown
considerably (Aedcs sp. etc.), copepods and the nauplii of the common pliyllo-
pod {Hmncliinecta paludosn), besides mites (Ciufipes revjhardi), etc. Crawling
or resting on submerged logs, etc., are the large red Chironomus larva; in their
mud tubes. They are now pupating, the pupa emerging from its tul)e to the
surface where it floats on one side, until it has shed its larva skin and can assume
a vertical position.
July 1-10
The following insects are now seen: —
Klies Rhamphomyia er^nacio^dea
S)mthu3 30d(lU3
.\riria boreatia
I'horbia brevilantis
I'iophila borenli^
llnlanobia fi't
Tipnla subnictica "l Craneflles with
Titjula arctUn [lan.plis of tiiltt-s
Stvuerojiis pnrrii f (Hydraclinlds?)
j'richyphonn brevifiircata J nn snrne of t^em.
Sawlliis (AtiKiuronematua sp.)
Trhnoiimon tly (on willow plants)
Midges Tanypus alascenaia
Chironomua sp.
Mosquitoes Aedes nearcticiu
Bumblebees linmbus sp.
Butterflies Iiienlhia frigga alaakenait
B. frlaoa Improbo
II. polarU
f'oliaa hecla glacialis
Moths DIaaemia alaakalia
Eiicosma sp.
Gj/naephora roasi
Hyphorala alpina
ItK
Canadian Arctic Ejcpi.Ulion, lOlS-ls
to .vo„ u„ ,.r. Ar.,u„,| ,l....s.. ,,.;,";,, ''u'''"" '"" '." "'-■ "'"'ir win^. an
A<l(liti(»n!i|
Uumbl.h..
HulllTllhH. .
insects (il)s(TVf(l;
Jiihl 11 1 1
iid'ord.s
«""«»«» Mrbyallua
■ "'' "''"-■< rhinn Irn
t'nliii.l iiiiKlr/i
■ I'lllll ,l,,lilllu
'■■"'''■'" I'l fifriiltn
K'xkI colour im.foctiun
to ccrtjiin (lies and
. •'^•■attcrcd driftwood
inuToicjiidoptcra.
'I'lic poud.s, innnv <lrv or n.-irl,.
coi.c„.mIs, n.ctannnplii of lira Zi tol\:Tr "'" "■^""' "f" <'<" -".-.ils inifc-
A few i.re.JMcious l:irvii"of WMt.r I !i ''"'",''""'' worms, dvtiscid luvtl J . '
H^face feed on the ailnnl,:;;' -iilll^'^ii^^- ;;;--^f -i skins l!aU:^:i,Z
; rop ..ff. l.„t the fen.aie; V^ ^ " 1, f he" '"I'" 'V'^'- '^^'^ '"'^ <' ^ t^
throughout the uinfi.p Tl, • '"' ^eedwool c(„n,.s imf ,., . , '"^
n-1.' ...tMns. „:r\here^r.:::::^;:i!:^'--!ri'''>;/^^
hirva' (different species) Iw.rin., , ^f'"''"' ^^'f' other (lowers l.ut the ^../i
««iis on the wiiio,i ic^^vis r';^;'!^';;^:^!^ "' ^'^'^ ^^™"'^ -^'^i- -v.:;:;;!^
JiiiU 2J 31
^'^'^r'\V^'''''^ ph.nts (/>„,„,„, ,„,,,„„,^
I'ave MHshed (hnu.rinR .,r nearly o. Tin heT'""/''^"''"' ''"''"""" ^P- ''t" )
O,. Herschel island the follow ng e et^t d'in' 'mv ^""'^ "''"'^ ""^^"^^
Flies:
Rhamvhomyla her^fchcIH
'' '"iiacivaiiva
McldHoniomn sp.
Phorbid sji.
Lhiinnphiira sp
f';'"'""'''""'" ruHndrira
f-.ippp,,,),, I ;
ton-is
In Ponds iin.l I.^kcs
Clad.mcia Uinphnia. etc J
Amphlpods (Oammoru. «mnaeu»i
/A ,, , 'T«» "mnaeu.) f Midges) ■■•"• >^n^ lanypMj,
willows: the larv.v e-it th,;,. • ) '''^'' '" ♦'"■ ''''rmle "•iH-i,-- 'f .V,
3^1- or ,h,..,,ki,,^;,t,'■;;■£; ■»;;■;!;;• ■■.Vjroi, »„,,,„„. H,,,,^
Initrct Life on the \\'c»lfrn Arrlir <'oii>t d/ .imirutt
I5k
TIh' twii larKi' iiMitliM, iiH' iirctiiil Hiiiihormti iiliniin ,iiiil tin' lyiniiiitriid,
(I'Diiiit'iihora r<»A.«/, iipjM'nr at iilioiit tliiw time. 'I'ln'huir.\ liii\;i'<if fli r timlifliciilt
to ili!<titiKiiix|i. i-H|)i'('i.'illv :iH the ciiloiir of ttii' llMir^< rti:iiiK<' Mftcr i r|i riioiiltiiiK,
hut di'iicrnlly the lliii>hiiiiiia liirvir lire tin' hir^'T .'iriil l.irk the vi'llnu li.'iir-^|>iiii'?i
on .thi' iiiiiMlf of till- liiirk. no tli:it it>< colour is luori' uiiil'oriiilv linuvii. 'I'lit'
Iiujiii of the lliiphimiia is liiiM iiitd I'o.'il-lijitck and l;ir(fi'r tli:iii th.-it of thr (liinin-
fthitrn. Thi- lliiiihoniin cocoons, also, an- larucr iihout the size of a piitcon'M
I'KK '>»<l "lore pcrtVct. with the outer jivtr smoother ami whiter tliMti the
lirownish. more closely s)>un (mm'ooii of the (ilium phoni. Hi/iihiiiiiin appe.srs to
lie i|uite free from the t;icliniil parasite Ku iilmrini rit ijrliilii anil almost tree from
ichneumoniii parasites, liut the (iijiiiii i>hiirii is attacked liy liolh. In spite of
thi«, (hiiKifjihiiiii is the more aliundant. 'I he males first appear ■ntive and
well di'Veloped. and when the fi'inaies a|ipear. copulation at once ..es plice,
thou);h the female is in a criimiiled .^tate, and >•.> little developed that they
can only crawl aiound. The 'irst act of tin- females, after lieinn left l>y the
male, is to lay their eujts.
At ^lartin point, Alaska, at the end of July, I'.tll, examination was made
of the extensive laKoons. They contain alioilt (i inches of hracki^h water,
coverinjj a bottom sonietinies sandy, sometimes gravelly, and, in the dee|>er
places, mud(ly, the mud lieinu maiidy the tiihes .md excrement of ri'd Chini-
tiomiis li.rvii". Some of the jiomls contained lloatinn m.asses of jcreen. thri'ad-like
al;;a'. • >n the water were flies and the common lilue rollemliola; in the water
were the fry of a sculpin {Oiicnciiltitx iiiiiulririiniis), water-l>eelle larva', copepods
(KiinjUinom si)., etc.), many full ({n v,ii male .iml female lliiinrhniictn juilmloss!
anil Ijpiiliinix (iniiinn of v.'irious sizes, liesides the comm m Diiplnun piiUr.
Some i.f these lapmns weie at hijjh tide c >ni ected with tin luach water; and
the tetnperatiireof th.eir water was during tl e middle of the il;iy .'ihout .")() decrees
!•'., though the lemper.af ure of the air was only around freezinn ))oint.
Aiiijiist I Id
Several mure plants (IJoi/iliii. liiiiiiiiiriiliis. I'lirnja, Eiilniiid, I'ali nnniiiim,
etc.) of importance to insects finish their tlowerini; at this time and are replaced
by flowers of a Kroat luimlier of Coinpositsi'.
AlKJllst 11 10
On Iferschel island tlyiiiK insects were few. The herry-like jialis on the
leaves of ll'.e various species of Salix (>'. rlrliiinhnini, S. niKiloniiii, S. rtlinildln,
etc.) caused l»y sawfiy larva (I'tnitiiuid sp. ' were ver\ common, from the size
of a i)iidieail to that of a heali, the larva' inside heinn of a correspondind si:!c.
The c'l .)ur of the larva' w:is pale yellow; the head dark tircy. eyes black, thoracic
li'ti.-i Jitrht urey. .\dults of several species were reared from them and emerged
in the followinu July.
The ponil.s contained a rich life of invertebrates, of which the large phyllo-
pods {Urdnchirnda pdliidiisa) various cladocera (Kitri/rcirn.t. etc.) and copeiiod.s
(I)idptniniix, etc.), small midire larva' and phryganeoid l;irva> in tuiies. snails
{Aplrxd hi/pnorum), and worms were the most common (PI. Vll, tigs. 1-2).
AiKjusl 21-31
Insect life is rapidlv declining, especially among the less hardy (neurop-
terc'ds, lepidoptera, mos(ii'itoes. wasi)s. sawflies) few of which are t-een on the
win^ though others (flie?, coleoptera, lee.s, hemiptera) are still numerous.
l«iK
Canadian Arctic EiptdUion, tOtS-tS
Srptembfr t-SO
hy tlif iM'Kiiiiiiiid of Soptomljor, 1013, tlu- fir«t nlgm of wintt-r wire i»ppar«Mit.
On Sc'ptcmlKT :<, a liiii<liiiK wiis miuli- on Spy iHluiid,' oin- of thr Joiu'.t i^liimls off the
Colvillf (U'lta.whin- tin; onlv iiiiimiil lift- noticed wuh ii fi-WMiiiiill n\iulvTn ( T i/nho-
cratttuH HpilHhirijirixiH) in plant tuft;*, iind roionir.-* of m\iM Krcy-violel collfnilK)lH
tottollHT with II f<'w olinoihaiti' worniH ami lly larva- uniUr tin- wawhcd-up layer
of ulna- around Ihr lar({<> laKoon. A fi'W of tin- more hardy inwftH (Hien, t-tc.)
ii.-i" Mtill on thi- winn on warm, calm ilays, IxKid.M a niimlu r of inwctx on the
uronnd. Tlu- hairy ('.iiiimphnra or llinihiimiti larvii» nn- craw linR arouml looking
lor iiilMrnatinn 'juartcrn.
The clo!<t' of rtiimmcr arrives b«>tween tho end of August, at point Burrow,
■Hid the miildle «>f Septcml>er, at the Maekenzie delta, tho point Iwing nlwut
one degree farther north than the delta.
In the mitliUf of Septeniher, lOKJ, winter had wt in nt Camden hay. At
the end of the month an orcasiiinal ,varm day may melt much of the snow, and
insects, though in their <iuarte"-H for the winter (see lielow), are more lively.
Insects' on the wiiiK are ai>sent, hut Saitilla liniiuiiix niiis, seemingly associated
with tlu' excrement of mice {Mlrrntnit sp.), whose burrows are common, may lip
found under ilriftwood. Small spiders, mites, and Colleniliola, beetles, cara-
bidae, staphyhnidae, tin- I ter in colonies, ChnjHnmda suhmlaitu. dytiscidae,
besides lirva- and )>upae of these beelh's are also seen in moss-i)dlow8 (lieetle
puia> often in si)eci;d small cells), and nnniv empty pupa cases .and cocoons
of Hies and hynu-nopti'ra. Ily-larvir, etc. The hemipteron (Chiloiaiithcg ntd
Intiis) seems to' be one ol the few insects moving around freely at the middl.' ot
September. A cocoon with a sawtly larvie was fouml (m a willow branch; but
most of the sawllifs now hibern.ite in the grounti or among dead leaves.
Large rlaterid (?) larvic are present among plant roots in frozen ground
and minute orange dipterous larva> bore in the root of Pidia-lnris. The
depth at whi.h the larva- of the common tiptdids hibernate is interesting. '1 hey
are found not only in the moss, but about on'' inch below the jilant cover, in
solidlv frozen " muck." TIk' larva makes, belore the ground fre.-/es, a cell a
little largei than itself and communicating wHh the air. In this cell the stift-
frozen larva 'ie, heads uppermost, awaiting spring.
All these hibernating insects on cold days seem to lie frozen still or hardly
move, but when brought into a warm place will liven up ag.ain. The temper-
ture of the snow-covered ground is generally one or two degrees warmer than
the uir.
MACKliNZIE DELTA TO CAFE BATHURST
Trees (not willows) ?row farther north along the Mackenzie river than in
other parts of the Ame.ican Arctic except in the region north of (ireat Hear
lake and in the Arctic moinitains. North of the woods the delta is one maze
of low, flat, alluvial i.slands covered with dense thickets of willows and alders
which gradually diminish in height and luxuriance as the outer rim of the islands
is approached (PI. II, fig. D- Hills c(nitinue south along the cast branch of
the delta and on the exposed small islands Garry, Pelly, Kendall, Pullen,
Hooper etc but evervwhere the soil is mud and clay. Little is known of the
vegetation in these " barren " parts of the delta, and only a few insects have
been collected. Plant and insect life seems to be the same both erst i nd west
of the delta.
Some hj^menoptera and coleoptera were collected by R. M. Anderson',
1910. in the barren and wooded parts of the Mackenzie delta.
iVwetatlon 1» very scarce on this B^niy IsLind.
»"My Life with the Eeklmos" (V. Btefansaon), New Tork. 191!, Appendix p. 44».
Innret Life on the HVWwn Arctic Conut of Amrrira
17k
Jtidginn from tlic cliriiiitir roiKlitiiMiN, ami tlx' ^i/t' aiitl cxtiiiMion of the
willoWM, Ixitli tlic VrKi'tnlinll iillii tlir illnc-ct life ltm.'<t lie unUMIlallv tlixuriallt, ut
li'iiHt un tliiiH*' portiiiiii^ of till' ixlamlx in thn tloltii ^\hi('ll arc not Hooiled in tht*
tiprinu, or arc not too far from tin- mainland.
'I'okcr p(]int i iliuut the tvistcm limit of MHckcnxic fldta. Tlu' coast is
low and Hat N^ith niinicroux lakcn and poudM. Sonic of the i^hmd-i. ^mU t\n
Nicholson isl'ind, and (toiiifs such as Maitland point, caj"' |).'dliousic, arc, how-
ever, hinlic "nd consist (i| .slate or clay. I'artlicr iidaiul, the -o-callid " mild-
volcaiiocH " arc a characteristic feature nf the country, 'riie coast lietwccn
N'ichoUon isl.and and cape I'lathurst presents jjcntly .swelliim hills, as hi):h un
2(X) feet :i couple of miles from the lieacli. and with much Vi'Hetation.
It may lie aftsumed that the proximity uf thi^* part of the coast to the
Markcn/ie delta with its eonip.iratively warm and lonK summer, and to the
woodx tlicrr' anil aloiiK the Eskimo lukus and Ander.si.n river farther east, favours
vegetation and insect life.
The east coast of Hathurst penin.'^ula pn scnts sterp, slaty iliflTs, hut the
we.st coast and the two Itaillie islands which it laces, are compo.sed mainly of
tundra iilulTs underlain in places liy ({ruund-ice.
( 'ape liathurst — villa(ie and harlxiur is situated at the end of the peninsula
on a louK s|iit of crivel and sand, who.se sliinKh' Kears no lichens, proving that
the sea .sometimes covers the spit. Where the spit joins the tundrii is a helt
of tundra sods and barren muck left tiv the sea, and the blulTs are steeply cut
by uullies niade by water in the sprinj;. 'riiese jiullies merife into swainp.\
depressions between the hinher part.s of the tundra, south of whiidi the
typical lui !ra stretches fa"- inland.
The I'ollowini' oisects, etc., were noted at ('ape M.athurst: -
MoKil.tttncii (Aidra nrarcticiifi}
Ilrl,'rril ..Itl-i.I buittlin, utC.)
Mlrrolepldoptera
Bumblebee*
S;< wtlv ! u \ f I l'"}ii<i . hi «[' )
Midge and water-beetl* larva
I'"!" I' "l< I ' W "!'• •'I' I
Cladocera (Vnphnia, Chydoms, Kurycenw)
,**iiii,iH {.It'lrxa hypnorum)
W'i'friis ( t.ninbricutua, Itenlra, Ptc. )
COAST FROM FRANKLIN BAY TO STAFVI TON i, Y
The following insects were collected at I.a:i(;ton bay by V. Stcf.msson and
R. AI. Ai\derson, HilO-ll. (See "My Life with the" Eskimo,' p. 419, and
Re] nrt of the Canadian Arctic I'xpcdition, 1913-18, vol. iiij,
ilelanoplua frit)idu,i {gr.'isshopper) . .. uitlmptera
Ilombua sytvicoln (Jiini> 1.".. 1910). .. |i> ii itinptiTa
PIrroatirhua agonua ")
P. hvperborcua !
Amaru brunniprnnia ( ' ■"'^''i"'*
Carabiui chamiasntiia '
GalrruceVa dccorn i ,, ,, ,
Haltici bimarpinata ( lirysim^lld.p
CoTinrlla quinqtieno'ala ),,,,,■
r „„!,iloria f I .wcln. l!..!iu
3frlanap;iila longipea ( Hiipreetldte
Siliihn lapponira ( Silphii'.liB
f.rininia (lemelluJi 1
/. ritpurimia } liliynropliora
Trionlophu* tte/aiMJon4 J
The vegetation and insect life in this section are somjwhat similar to those
west of cape Bathurst Stcfansson states in " My Life with the Eskimo "
that n-.osquitoes became numerous at Langton iiay by June 20, and that, by
the end ot July, the skins of caribou are full of holes made by the escaping bot
16576—2
]Sk
Canadian Arctic Exiuililion, IHI.i-iS
Hv. wlii,-h jin.ws l,,„!,.ath tl.<- hido during winter On tlw • ' ■„.. I'
t»- ...ast 1,...„. to show ou,..rop: of ^olonllt:: in "iJ i:,;'::,,,' l'^^^^ VUr
or w ':.nf;;:titrn:;;;.ter;:n^ ;':;T'ty;rr-''/' ''"'■"-": — "^
tiri'ly al,s..nt, l.ul. inland m„ss. J nwl li -^<'"- /'"■ Ix'acii, v.-gctation is en-
arc scon. KMrtl.n^ d n I v ■! f ,H , f ' ""'■'"'/"'"' '"• ^nxijrmjn bicuspidula
and in tl„. .onncKinL^ tund,..;.*' a„,mr,.nt, n.ainly Mnn.n.l pon.l.
in....ts, etc., won : ,.l,si.rved; ' '""' '■'"""'^' '"■ "^""^''"^t- ''^''<' f""-vi>'>~'
Diptora: .Irrfr,, ncarcticua
Hhii, II, ihininji,, ruiiscrvntivn
Aririit liiirfiill.i
llrinilii's l.i, liiii lliiK
(Mite) ndcUa nrcUca
Spidprs (a f.w)
Fairs- shrimps (Branrninrvtn patudoaa)
hero in Mav,- 1(11.1 i. . , t„i l" /.n « f''' •^'"■'•"■"■"^ ^^oro oolloetod
.nid.e larv. and .nail dijito^:;:^ Sit' i.^^iir ai;;:;':;; t.;:^';::;.^:"^ -""•
UEHNAUn liAIUiOlU •(•<)( KIUUX l-orVT UiK\
aronn, small Donds (i,r,,l..,l,h- ..ii i.; i ^'R't.iiion. I ho xojrotation j;,-,nvs
the hnuldor /n/h ,.,■,''■'( ."'*;" ■\"''":"' ",'' '."-'-'■"»^-. -.r aroni.-l
..-urod o.lHT dark'; rdrirr: „;"''""" ' '" ?" ^^"' '"'^ ^^■"'■•'
worms (.1/o.sv„r/n///7„,,v /W™ A' / ; "'■''"""•^■). and son.e oliKoohaot.-
ivlandM '■'"";-"'l"' "^ ""' <:"'"""•>■ "' Jii'mard l.arhour ..r„n..r M,„.l,.,!inr rinntr-
a:*^,'3nrsii>i^
•fa^
Insect Lift on the U't stent Arctic Coast of Amcrini
I9k
Wifli the fxccptioii of ( !, mtrv island all the i.-lai.<ls in tlic ..utcr hailxmr at
IJcrnanl tiartxiur arc coinpciscd of Kravcl, sand, and liouldirs and arc less Uiaii 2.j
feet hinli. Chantry i.'<laiid is aixnit S.') feet liifrh and of a composition similar U,
the liijrhcr part of the m liiii'ind mast.
The rock exposnn's and areas covered l)y liinesloiie frasmenis arc iiarr-ii of
venetation. exccjit for liclien>. ainl vejrctation is hest developed in the valleys
and on the sandy slopes, iround the |)onds or lakes. ( )n < 'hanlrv i>land arc found
most of the plantt< and insects rei)rc.sentcd on the mainland. Tlie smaller i.«l,ind>
in the outer harbour, however, are too cxj)osed for the developmciit of much
vcRctation and are nii.ahle to support some of the plants found on the mainland
Consequently, their iriMcl life is also very limited (PI. \]1I, fiu. 2).
The followiuK insects were collected on the harbour island duriuK the middle
of .May, l!)i:).
Irlinrumnn suluralig (wasp)
Spiilir.s (Liirti.sn sp. )
f'.ii-;ibi(l ln-( tu-s tAnKii-fi brunniprnni-i}
L*pldopterou» and dipterous pupal Bklng
(•n Chantry island wore collected in the niiddl"' of June, I'.lKi:
Homhua spp. (B. aylvicota, etc.)
Kliiintf piioyfi l;irv{«) Lepidoptora
Cnllembola
MycetophiliU larvie
.\fi)s(|uitoes and Miidtji-.s (larva- iiml .lup.u)
I-i.vtIscids (udulls and l.uviv)
-Mites (IliUlla ilc'iiiiiii.i. riiiiiii sinlli. nirriiiis ni</l::inli. H liihuiilin iit , s nihrri
^*oIu■pod^l tVilrlojifi nulfpnisi
t »st!'aco(Is
riadncrra t Duiilinia sp, )
.\r\vly born naU|)lii and metaii;iuplii of the fairy-shrimp [lirniii-lininln
imliiiliisii\ were found liidinu jimona; the stones in some oi' the jionds on Ciianlr\-
island. The leniper.ature of the marjiin water in the pond- at .'ibout 2 p.m.
w;is .")() decree- I', i.air 44 decrees !•".). There was a consi(leral>le difTi'renee in ihi
ponds in reKnrd to invertebr.ate life, those on the hi<;her part of the island lieinu
very barren of life.
.\ comparison of the weather during .Sptendnr of lUI I ,ii:d I'll.") .ind it-
inlluence i)|)on the vcKef.ilion and insect life ;il Hern.ard harbour is interestinji.
In I!tl4 the generally niilil weather allowed plant- to ki ip their Mowers and iipen
their seeds far into the month, and to live until October. .MthoUfth snow fell
in the Latter half of the ii" 'ith, most of it so<in melted, ,and freshwater pools ilid
not freeze over until the nd of the month. The more hardy of the insects,
coleoptera, hemij)t(>ra, and also spiders, moved freely around on the <rround.
thoufih few flyinjj insects were seen after the lirsl week Of Se])tember.
Hut in l!tl."> stormy and wintr.\- wc.ilher pre\ailed duriiu; the first fortnijrlil,
re-ullii'.fi in the immediate and lastini; free/in-;- (,ver of land and water and the
subduinj; of pl.ant .uid insect life. 'i"he milder weather at the end of September
was not -udicient to re.-uscitati- llii'ni.
VK<ii;rvT10\ .Midi \1) HKK.NAUII MAUUolK
I -u- Vt-fit';iiii)ii foiiiid here is similar to that o;i the foa.-i faillier ue-i, and
will be treated in the same wa\ here (conip.are p|). 7-8).
li'.-)70 -2J
2()K
Canadian Arctic Expedition, l9tS-l8
1915
Xew Leaves obaerixd:
April.
Saxitraga tritnupidata (Inner leavea; middle of month).
8. oppoMifolia (Inner leavea; end of month).
/J. 1/(1.1 inliijiijiilin (iiiiiui l.-.ni-.-), cmi of iiiumh).
Matj (Middle nf M„nllt).
tfnxitnuiu opp"«iiif„li,i , i.u.l :,;,,,.«; only uli'ii in ..r near iiuUinu' water).
8. trUmsptdata (bud leavea).
;i/(ry (KiKf 11/ Month).
Cvraatlum alpinum (gravelly places; bud leaves).
Vaxitiupc tclKujciia (Lml li^an .■- . only wlivn in or ii.ar mplUne \yater).
June.
Potentaia ntvaa (leaf buds; June 10).
.ln(<),s/,i),/i.i//.,.v ,ili,i,ni ,!,:.%.>.. .I'in.v 10: :i:s.. old leaves and berries).
filrnc nrimlis {some new li:tves ; .lune II).
Iiryii.i init (in/nlia (some mw Ic ivis ; Juno 11).
Mosses (soMw ncv.- leaves; .lune H).
.■li(e/jii,vi,i lii/iierborin (new le,.v(s : June 20, where exposed to 'he sun).
Hhoiloih luhun lappominiii (some new leives ; June 2.'!).
Ht-nila (/.'iiiK'i'/o.Mi (nrw leav.s: June iS ; also old eiakins).
Klpwv.9 »)tn//j,9 ( nt-w leaves; .Tunc 21).
llryiiii iliiiyna (new leave.s ; J wo 27).
.S'd/i.r rnirvlnld (new leaves; .lune 27).
Oxytrnpis sp. (new leaves; June 27).
Varex acii-puidva, C. rvpvalris (new leaves; June 2S).
1,'imiinriillis rifflni.i (new leave."; June if}.
July.
Statice armeria (new leaves; July 2).
/•.'/(iiohium liilifoliiim (new leaves; July (!)
1913
First Flouers observed:
Saxijraga opposittfolia (June 7 on hilltops, June 12),
Nd/ij iiii'ilnrum ( itrst male eatkins ; June 23).
.4)>emo«« parviflora (June 28; in shelter of boulders).
I-'t.ilii'uliiris Ifinttta (June 2b).
Draba nlpiiiii (June 2S).
Sdlix aiiiiloifin (lirst female catkins; June 2S)
July l-lS.
Eriphoi'um Scheuchsieri
/i>.ui).9 intcyrifolia
O.rj/irnpifi arctobia
Potentilla nivea
Arctdstaphylos alpina
Parrya macrocarpa
Andrnance Chamaejaama
lUayn piirpuraacena
(Vir'.r sttbspnthnrea
Astragalua oftorfffinorum
l.rsq}irrf'Ua nrctica
Silrne acaulia
Oryria digyna
Eriophonim anguitlfoHum
Strlhuia longipea
1*UiMtni)o lanceolata
Antennaria Candida
K'jiiisrftnn arvrnse
.1 lofimirtis alpinuJi
Statice armeria
CmitiUeja pallida
Papnver nndieaula
Erigeron oompoaitua
Ualianthua peploidea
ttriiy.ifirnvi Mrjrkensii
Saxifraga dec<p(«n*
Ch ryxn nthrm ii m integrifoUum
Oeraatlvm alpinum
July '«-»/.
.1 rteyttisin hypcrborca
Carex acii-pioidea, C. rupeatrta
'J'araxitrmn cfrntaphorurn
Ranunculus affinis
Lychnis affinis
Drata corymboaa
flrsperLt pntla.tii
Baxi/raga tricxtapidata
Astrafjalu-f atpinus
Pcdifidaris capitafn
Oxytropia campeatria, O. nigret i»
Lyrhnia npctala
Pedicularis audetica
Senecio frioidva
Androsncc srptrntrionnlia
StiHx piilchrn (male and female;
perhaps earlier).
nrnba nivnlia (perhaps earlier).
SriliT reticulata (male and female).
Fhodndindron lapponicum (perhaps
earlier).
Betula glanduloaa (young catkins).
Cataiope tetragona
OTVtrov's RoaW.i
Polygonum viviparuni
Fpilobium latifolium
Stellaria humifuaa
f^iaymbrium aophioidca
wrmmmi
«!P^H
mmmmmmm
wm
Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coast of America 21k
The flowering poriod, Kciicrally speakinR, is about oiio month for each species.
A few ol)serviitioiis relating to tliis matter, of such vital importance to the
insects, are };iven:
7.9/5
liiddle of July.
Siilijc anulni :(in ; mnlo catKlns iliLpi).!!.
Eriphorum Schcuchxerij unripe fruits.
End of July.
Unlir piilrhra: irrilc tritUiii!! dioiip...!.
Eiinphnnim anriustifotium; unripe fruits.
nrfjinilinij uf AnOUSl.
nrjiyin ditiyna; unripp fruits
Anemone parviflora (June 28; I.i shelter of hoiildprs).
Drahit iiiidlis; unilpc fruit.s.
Midillr nf August.
Drijas iuh III ifidin : unriiip fruits (a low fU.wpis).
Sn.iifroffa nii)insUifolin : tinripe fruits
/■■'('/ nf Anoiist.
Andviifitio SI iiiriifrinnrilis: Mtirii . fruits.
Juiintf ppp. : unripe fruitp.
Carex Kpp. : unripe fruits
All loshtplniUts iiipiiia; unripf >iuits.
I'lilii iihii if huiala; uniivc Iru.l.'-' la Uw fltjwirs).
St piciiibtr
Thoiitrii nio.-^t of the plaiit.s have fini.-heil their bloom, eomjxi^itae :in(i gia.~ses
are ,-^till in llowcr. If a seveie frost comes, as in I'Jl"), aliout the middle of the
month, many of the plants will fail to ripen their seeds, Init otherwise it is possible
for tlie flowers of many of the species to finish the cycle. Besides the species
given aljove as havifH!; finished their tiowering during .Inlv ami August, s(>eds of
the following were I'lillected during September, 191.").
Various frr.i.ssis (i:;;imus, Alopecurua, Port, etc.)
CocJilearia groenlandica
Eriffcron covtpuailus
Oxittropis nigresccna
Taraxdrum ccrniophorum
I'cdienlaria Pt>p.
A:-t' iiii<<in sp.
Lychnis affinia
Ai ineria vitlga"is (Statice armeria)
10 to
Tile first flowers of Saxifraija oppositifolia were found the last days of May
on a south exposed, snow-free slope, and from Salix nnglonim the catkin.s hail
just einiTged. The earliest llowering plants {Saxifratjii, PeiUculnris, Ammorie,
Drnba, Eriupliorum, etc.) al.so had Hower buds now fl'.UO). ():i ,luiio U, Salix
pulchru had the i Ic catkins of the size of a big pe;i.
By the middle of June the first flowers, the male catkins, of Salix anglorum
were out on ( 'hantry i,>liind, and some days later, June 20, those of Salix pulchra.
The first flowers of the following species were found:
Dyuns integrifolia
AJidrosa.ce CIianLuvjaame
PedicuUiHs lanata
Oxyria digyna
J^inc tt-tS.
Ijcsqucrelta nrcUca
ftriiha aipma
llraya purpurascens
Eriopharum Scheuchzert
22k
Ciiiiiiilinn Airlic Kxpcdilioii, l'.H,]-lS
* >■' yt inftis tti'fhihitt
I'arryn aictica
I'.iihi iiiii h:ihiiirilmi
sihut lliltHtiH
Mtili' rmiis iiliiiim.t
CiKhlrnna ijiatnlunilUa
\ III nil, • I iiiirviftiirii I |ir
.\rrtustil)ihylo» ntpiiHt
sti'llaria longijus, S
".' iflriijii.s I itii,i„ si ri.s
Cantillcia paUidii
.1 ' /( hll.sill ItUlIf I'lllHI II
lamiuiiic trinuioiiii
I'lipavcr niiiliviiiile
I'IhiiIiIi/ii linir, nliilii
Astragalus nhnrifihioi vin
IhsluriM imlliitiii
i'arix spp.
KHophiinim iifiiislifnliiim
Ifiniiiiii iiliis iilfin-
Kquisrlum arvente
IHiniliiilinili-itii iiiiiiiuiiiiin
f^otcntitln Hpp.
Jul]/ l-l.-i
!]■'■
■ 1.'.)
.l.ahly
Iialily faillcr).
Iiumlfusii
l^ntirnUli-is .spp,
t'rimula titrirttt
Fi iiji iiiii rii.iifinsil IIS
♦•;irlk.r ).
Hajrilraiiii inrnsiiiiluhi .
Lychnis aptinla
Chilis. iiiDii iiniii, hill ijrij, ilium
Staticv tiniiriia (i)robabl} eiirli.'r>
Saxifruiin hin-uius, S. ri'ruluiHs
I.iirhHis affinis
'I iii-tii itriiiit I I . nlii[iliiiriiiit ( pi i)I,i.i>!\
r'MrlitT),
Ilaliiinlhiis peiiloitles
I iiiliiisiii , .,1 III, Hhiiiiialis
Mertcnsin MiirilUim
Unlir iiliriiliilii
Ariiira illiiitut
lirahii niittlis
Aniciiiiariii ul/niia
Ki-iyri-iiii nnitliirus
Stncfio pilliislris
Crrasllitiii illfiiiiiini
I.NSKCT I.IFK
Ohaii-ratioiix li,r W'inhrx U)l .'^-1.; ami l!)l'i-U!
Iiisecis arc scam' in tlic n.^Klihourhood of JJcrnard liarl.our from OctolMT to
April mclusivr. I'h,' l.cst (■..llcctiiifi; places (luring the winter are under the
sUniKles -mostly limestone -r-utieiiliriy upon penin>iilis and points where
various oraiiKe or olive-eoloured collemhola, l)esid,.s sin ill reddish mites {liniohla
inaetioxo). and the conimon smdi spirlers are common. Of ctlier inseetsOnlv
small hemiptrra. flies, stiphylinid heetles. i)eetle-larva', or eaterpiH' ami
occasionally a frozen tipulid larva were observed.
Xo insects were seen on the wing, hut parasitic insects, hoth , mallophaifi
on the hirds. and the He is and lice on the mimm ils and Eskimos, were ol.served
M()st con.spuuious. how.-ver, are the larvae of the l,ot-Hv [Ovd> maqnm tamndi)
in the canl)ou (Hninjifn- (tirticus). In November, the Krul)s are iibout 1 mm
loiiK, and are fouml under the skin or in the muscles of their host Thev were
about 2 mm. lontj and were encysted on the inner .side of their host's skin and in
ti<" mu.scles. Ihe biKKcr ones hid already p(>rfected their emerp;eiic.. hol,.s
throufrli the skin ;iiid hid then- posterior end (spiracles) turned tow,-.rd tiiese
opemnns.
The lakes and ponds (oufaiii ;i larfje amount of invertebrates duriii"- tlii'
winter, rho injects secured in these lakes were m.-iinlv midfji' larva' or |)upa' in
their mud-tubes (T<iniit4irsiix sp.) the samt- st.ines of tri<hoi)tera and
iieuropteroids, perlids, etc., prol)ably are also present, besides water
{[.ilinlia /), '((.sy;, etc,).
Tile summer weather at Hernird harbour in Ktlti bewail aliout the end of
May, but wintry weather predominated during the (irst half of June, with tlii'
net result that insect and plant life was c(msiderablv retarded, though eulier
than in 1915.
.\f(ii/ 1-U). ini.'i
( "ollemboia, (/.>.'o/e/(/(; rlriih's, Kiitoinohnjd (■«»//m/)v;/((, etc. ), tarabid ( l.ihln sn
etc.), and staphyliiiid beetles were noted. Emjitv hviiienoptera coi ns were
very common under stones. These cocooii.s and the emi)tv flv-pujjaria aUo
touiid under stones or amoiifj jilants, an- inmi the i)revioiis year', or still older.
Mail l-:ri, 1010
Flies came out, but became numerou: onlv with the warm weather Thev
probably n^present in.lividuals which hibernated as adults. Ou patches free (if
snow, caterpillars and smaller more occult living insects mav he see- (PI IK
fig. 1). ■ ' ' '
other
mites
'jKas«>«si
liimcl Lifr nil tin Wislirn Arrlir < itiisl of .1
iwriiii
'i:\K
M'ui n-i(t. nur,
The firfit fly was iiotic'cd on May 18 and on (lie .same ilav a lainc ( proliiLly
liilifrnatinK) ,)ara>itic was)) {Irliiiiinnii siitiinilist an.l colIcin'lH.la. niitcs {lidilin
■l,iril)lni.s), .small si)i.lcrs, (■atcr|)illar.s l)cctlc larva', oaraliid- i.\m,ii;i hniin,i-
IX. tints, etc.). all illi.lcr loose, tiat stones. Two of these eatcrpiiiars were oKserved
on July 11 to he iKirasitized iiy hyinenopterous larvie; three oilier calerDillar^
pupated .luly Li-l'll. '
Mill/ .'l-.it. lOlG
^[!m\• file:
ut on May 21, both the liiij l>ii
lie t'lH l>lue ;ind two sni.iller speeies.
caraliid heetles. sjuders, and an iehneunionid wasp were notieed on this day, ami
the coniinon colleinhola, spiders, mites, eateriiillars. and dipterous larva". These
<lipterous larva" iTiptila nrrtlca, etc.) were pl.aced for r('ariiin ( .Xo. 1()()} and
m;ide fr;,;ieries in the sand in the jar before pupatinn in June. Parasitic
hynienopteroiis hirva" wert" noticed in one of tlu" craiie-llv larva", hut elTorts to
rear it were unsiiccessfid. Four adults iTipiiln arctica) i'nu'rued July 7. One
-pecies of cater))illar was ahout I cm. lonn, and occurred in numhers crawlinj;
on a snow-free, <lry sand dune n("ar the heaeh. These l,irva> had jx'rhaps hiber-
nated and they made their cocoons in June. One of the liig sj)i(lers iLiironn sj).i
wa- cauRht on .May 31 in its fimn("l-shai)ed web. The mouth of this web w.-.s
•ibout 2 cm. in diameter.
The usually warm weather favoured the development of insect life in fresh
water; collemlx.la (l.vttomn palustri.'<, Sininthiiri(li:s (Kimiticiis. etc.), surface-
spiders, copepo -. dytiscrid beetles {Cnlijmhvloi ilnlohraluts) x\w\ mites '((/(//i/w/xi
limnK) were ob-^.Tved. Freshly-hatched mos(|uito larvu' (Mili.s sp.) 2-4 mm.
limg, wen" notieed on May 31, or eighteen days earlier than in lOlo. On the
same day various dytiseid beetles [H iiilmimniK sp., ('ollaitihius i,ii<iinvnliirix.
Aqiihuft nifiripalpi.-i), oligoehaete worms (Hcnhd sp.) were also seen, as wi-re
tipulid (?) larva", midg(" larva", and tlit" empty i)uparia of .Xfiiddiinn oWt/m.
May n-il. 1!)U'>
The following additional insects W("re noted:
Cnrnliif] h.-orl'-p \.\n.nrn hn nititopn)
.'Jpitiois (see above).
W. .-vHs I tri'lh u)i,ln'S .sN /(f ((.s.-xoti (
Flies (Phoimia roeriilea and a minute "jumping" tlj )
md it is, tlieretor.'.
Observations uere
Parasitic insects are not greatly intiuenced by wea'her
unnecessary to deal with them under monthly subdivisions, w,,.,, . ,.,i,.„,., >,,
made of the two (lipt("ra that infest the caribou. .Vll efforts to rear these grub.-
from larva' were unsuccessful, although several metiiods of rearing wen" tried.
Some of the almost full-grown larva' were i)lace(l on fr("sh caribou U'eat. soni<" in
l)its of caribou skin with larva' //( .^itii, some in a jar with sand, and even a whole
e.iribou skin containing grub.s was rolled up to i)p vent drying. The grul>s -.vere
never brought through thi i)upal stage, .although some were kept um .riore than
a year. The field <)bs("rvati()ns agrei" with the account given by (;. M. Dougbi-
on the c'lriliou betw("en (Ireat Hear l;ike and ('o))permine river!'
Two female adults^ were caught at Hernard harliour Julv 14. lOKI. The grubs
in the eariboii skins examined at the end of Afay. 1(11,") and MIK), were very
niunerous jind all big. Only two, not full grown, larva' (22 mm. long! >vere f<iiin(i ;
they were wholly white except the light brown fring("s of body spines and (he
dark brown, apical head dot and terminal si)iracles. .Vll tl • other larva" were
from 2o to 30 mm. long; thi" younger (smaller) of these had the chitinous he.id,
the terminal s))iracles. and the body-snines dark brown, .'ind tine dots of lisrhter
•Dougla.s. (!. Ji.. • I.,;inil.s Forlorn." mil, .• ; pli .toKr:.i>li of grul--inivsted carihun .»liin.
- <Filrmnri,iia im-nniH (I.inne).
24k
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19i3-l8
Trom this lattrr stage thore wero all Rrarlrs of transitions to the chirk n.in-n
(pre-puiKP^ see hehnv); the main eoh.ur of the larva^ eiian^i./^^rnl ,yE
wh te to a ( irty .row,., an.l tinally to ahnost l.laek { post-la r vie V-'Pt) he
K-b^^oin^hi rk'^yr^'^'rr^^r''''"^^''' "■ -f ^'-'--"^ the*.!};;.;!;;;!:" ;.^;
as, hf.ome hlaek. In the hlack-hnnvn post-larv:r r,,re-p,ip:r) the -olour of
hea.l s,„raHes. an,l !.n,ly-spin.s shades into that of ih. uhole larva
so .,;■ "\"'''f'""'« " < !'■ "■"■v:-- now takes ph,ee, the I.TMiinals heing refracted
hat the seKuu.nts he teles.opirally on,, in^iue tt„- .,ther. The hodv- pines
n.l .o.lv-tuhenles. torn,erly so pronounee.l in fnil «rov n larvce, seen, to s k
II, so that the seKments ,■„•.. sn.oother and tl,e transversal dianu'ter of the ,„ "t-
T ri.;;v"'^:ki:,'';n ' ' r i"""^* '"^ '"■•^" "'i'""^^" ""—•"■ lon^n.u.'*. 'o .
Uic lar\al skin dues and i,eeon„.s nioiv ehitinized and stiller, so as to nrnteet
hepnpa ,ns,de. <„ th,. post-larva, onl six were found in the. skins ,. he
I'l.-xk eolour o tl... pup., shows thn.imh ,ts enelosing cvst. thoied, the evst is les!
pron..uneed than .n the yonnger larva-, heeanse the «,,! K h f-, , tm H
frun ,tse.xit-ho e, hidden l.y its host's hairs. .\ few of the ..x:t-hol,.7we , r 1
e,,i,,ty (exe..pt for the ,n.l, exeren.ent) and the ..yst in.ide (fo , ,..l -' h ' i i .V
rZn.linJ ski';;: """'"" '"■"•""' ''"^ '"^^'*^ '''"' ''"•'"-"■ '•"■>"*.'-"« to the snr-
it see.n.'fi!.*,'; '/.'^'''''f'".;'' "^ !*!' *'{« annoyaneo an,. p,..in cans,.,! l,v these R,„hs,
he .^ }t ""'';"" '•"'" ^''■''' ''""•'''>■ "f"-'- ""• P'i'-asites drop ont Hv
the end of Jjin, no ^rn.hs a,e in the skin, the holes theN n.ade are almos le'iled
and ,t m..,v he assn.ned that the pi.pa- leave the e..,-.(,o„ ah' u the e of Ma
and hoon the«,-onnd oral.ont a n,onth hefo.e th.. thes appe..,r. Life , the latfe-
tap IS proi.al.ly only short and exeh.sively devo.ed o eopnlatio .a ,d the
laymK of eg^s on the caribou's hai.., after whui. the grnl.s Lre th.-o'.^ the
l.v Jr"'l"H'\?ii^^'''i'"" ■^•"■'T'"^ "^^'^'^ "'■''"'"" '^ •'''^'' "" ''•■^"■i'l' i'iontified
ok; \l', ; r --^^ ( 'Phfnomm sp. an.l w.as not,.,l ;,t the en.l ..f .^Fav.
S^ndtn. ,;■ - Vr'ly,,-^"='^'l' 'h'^^olves l.y the a,.l ../ th.-i,: U,,!! -
hooks .,,,.1 h.ani; siispen.!...! i he s,nall.^st ones we,-,, white-vellow, with r.-.l-
oZ- 1,,::";::;!';;'-' -•■-'^-VPi-t'-''^^ '>I-'k j-vs, a,,,! anal spi,.ael.i The
n tl n 1 ^l'""-^ 'la,-ke.-, an.l K,ey-I,la..k .l,.t pi^nent on ho .L.rsal <i,le
of the hody s,.(rn,en s. 'Ihe ..l.lcst ones ha,l still ,n,.„' hla.'k pisr.nenr fes,,eeia Iv
This is p,-.,bal.!y the Tnhnnm larva- al.out wliieh C.renfell w.ites an.l whieh
he fisuies u, h,s l,.,ok on Lal.nt.lor. The c«.s a„. lai.l in the n.,.tr Is of he
oa,-ilM.u, and the arnhs p,;ol,al.ly spend all the.r .,n,e in ,he nasal .n.-lS
an.l nesophaRel passaji.s of their host. 'ontmai
June 1-iO, Win
A wo.A-il {Lepyru. pnlw.tris) was fonn.l on .J,,,,.. I. an.l <he fii'st l.mnl.lel.ee
(Bond>us hypcrhorcu.) was .,hserv.-d. The ,,on.|s viel.led n.i.lw i,r age
d.pton.us larv». .Son.e .,f these latter have a hai.il of >n„d-l,n,TowinK 1 ut one
spmes see.HS .. he n,ore .lependent ..n air, for .t oceas.onallv eo ,'es t le
surfa..e with the fiv.; long, eiliate.l a|.pendages that s,„T.,u.,d the sni acles
sprea.l in star-hk.- fash,,.,,. The adhesi.,,, of the surfaee an.l the h ry .mpS
ages app..ars to be sufhei..,.t to keep the whole larva- snspen.le h, t h s
wTter" vti "'^l^' l"'?."""^'-' ,'"■ *"■" !,"',""T'"^' 1'''^'' «'■*" i" "- '""'i "f shallow
water. JJ\T)>{'U| (ici'tlpc nrwl o tci»*'il] 1 viVL- vr- ! IX- ' i 'i
June 8 th,ee c.iterp,llars collected at the harhour, wc,e plaee.l for eari.^.
One, a large nake.l larva, had evidently been washe.l out f.o.'i its feeding ground
'%'>;:>^fMS&mmaamssmmt^j ^^^T^^^ir^AsmtisiB^
Insect Life on the We.stern Arc'ic Coast of America 2r.K
by n.dti,>K water A month Inter if was in only its post-larv:.l .tau,- ,,m,| ha.l
mn.le ,ts roroon; .t djc.l later. Another, ai.o a naked larva, hut onlv ' f ho
size, tonn.l in its weh, pupated twelve davs later; and the iinac V „. M
enierse,! July 10, 11.10 (ll,.arinK 113;. The third, 'more h irv u n ' I " .''^^
hut no iinaiio emerged. •' i"i''""" "aur,
On June 10 a caral.id larva was plaeed for rearinir. 1( pupated \u.ru.( k
hut the wn.auo was not discovere.l until Septen.her (IJearinu 1 .5). The hal'ifs
of a dipterous ami lepidopterous hirva horin^ in the f|ower-slcM> an.! ,• of
thn r. nunon fed,culr,ris ln„nt,, were noted. The dipterous larva o • ■ ,i"i
only tin u,,per part of the p,th and lies hidden there, often several ., J," "r
the younger larv;a> in grooves in the pith, the older in a hurrow reserni,;,,'/ m-
made by the lepidopterous larva. ' lese dipterous lirve -ind ., C.w i;,.;
eolleced .|";h^ JO-,. 191.i, were ph.eed fol^*;;"^:.^ XaH ^'V^.^ 'M'^
emerged J,,ly b Other larv* w.-re eollecle.I Julv i.i-18, l!)lo, an.l pu • * ed
three months later, but came no farther ■ -wio i)up.ii< d
The borii.K .'aterpillars were of a nmall speries, nake.l an.l of a brownish
colour; hey mined both in tl„> pith and in the upper part of the kno r ,
of the pl.n,t. ANhen this larva h.as the whole step, to hself, it b.irr w „ he
top through which the trass is pushed out; but it stops burrowing ju , "hort
of the ••..amber" with the .hpterous larva, and then makes its hole m\he out
par of the .stem or in the upper part of the root. In V.Hh the.,- la n- wen
hrst notie..,! in July, but in 1<»IG on June 10. The larvir kept for v , .? ,m.2
pup.tin« cocoons on July 7, HMO, but never pupated, lo,^ e ,• " ...^ ±
to keep whole infested y-'c/Hv/Zans plants. (-•«-"<>' ".s w<u niaile
June 1-10, 1915
mill ^e.ith.'i A brown ichneunu.md w.is|) (Opiu.m sp.) was ciuuht inhin i
■n.d the next day, farther i.,land, many of the coinmon earabid bee h s •, ,! ! i
arva. several spulers and s„,all, white collembola and two caterpillars O
of these naked caterpillars proved, later, to be parasiti/.c.l and Th b;....^ ]
{A,Mi„UU, sp.) i.upa; were discovered Julv 11 the adults en.er-nn.r I, 1 i
Au«u~t Jt> (Hearing 4(.a). The other naked catJrp lb lie n^^M J., ^ ^
cocoon a week after it was ..ollected ami pupated Julv 5 1- .V t e n.'^o ct
small «rey n.oth with black cn.^hands on ihe wings) eme,;,';! AuKu't 10 '^l^'
llie stomachs of mse.tivorous birds (I'nsseres. plovers, etc ) which ■irrived'
a Wnard harbour from the month of Jun.- on. w,;.. ..xann ,..,1 Tl ^L ,, it
o t u.e buds m hndin^food is astomshin.; that they do no! sta ve "' Sp
L.H ' 7 ,'"'"! ''''•^•'. -''-"■■'•"li'"H'l larvae. an,l half a d„zen car^bid
!:;:t:ter;;ihir:^l:mt^\ r^i,'^;r ^•"- ''''-'''-'' '"■'"'^ """ - '- ^''-'-^
June 11-30, WW
Humbh'bees (queens) are now seen frequeiillv and arc often infected with
the parasitic mitos (Parosilus hombonun) attach.>d mainlv to e ve ■ V 1 s ,
catkms of he common will,)w (Sahx amih.rum) not rip.-nmL' until after luiie 1 -f
s ot nnd r^ a.e common, the hemipters now not found' exch.sivd de
in^atin. cell utnler a loose' fiat ^t^-. ' U wa^ "^l^ce "fo ' .:.;;:i„f ^ 'l2^f
month Mer '"' "'^^' "' ^"^"^' '' P"^^*^^^ ^'^ '>eefle emerged aboi?^^
•Jt)K
('iiiiiiiliiiii .[iilir Exjii ihliiiii . l!>t.i-IS
III the liiul our civi'k iM-rlid liirvii- \v«ic iioiinMl. In t|i,- ponds iiiom|iiiIo
liirvii' (.!(•'/«'.< s,».) were iiliiiost full mown: tlii.>c pliici'd lor rcnriiiB i No. KM)
Im'Uiiii pup.iliuu two (liiys later, and llir adults ..iiicrijfd <luriiiu llic lirst wt : k
ill .liily. I.aruc dipterous larvii' I tipulirli liurn.winK in the tiiiid were also m-c;.
.hiHi II .'(), lui:,
t>li .llllie IS, the lirst l.umhlel.ee- ((pleeiisi ol' the vear were iiotieed l.ut
none were eautiht. (in the same day some small (lies \l-'iinlhii i,u>itli/„'/iiiis)
were seen hall iuinpinu. hall' llyinn on the loose sand of -in exposed slo|ie.
Minute diptera were observed on a siiow-free, «ravellv Hat. I. lit thev did not
eoiiKreKate in swarms, 'rhoiinh tlyinn inserts wer.> few. lar«e numl.c's of other
iilseets we.-e found umh-r stones, in plaiils, ele. In sueh places the earlier
('aialiid beetles, spiders, mites, eolleinbola. >-,r.. besides an occasional weevil
or insect larva i tipuliihe. curciilioiiida', iieiuafida'). were frecpieiit. In rotten
driftwood were found the mite Hliiujidln ijiliila and ditTercnt colleiubohi [Oiichi-
iirus I '-piiiKiiiliis, Arhonihs tiillhrrfii . etc.). ( '.•d.'rpillars found uiuler stones.
on plants. I'tc.. were pl.iced for reariiijj. One of these (U.^arinn .">!) proved to
be parasiti/.ed. but lived for about two months, and even bejfan its cocoiui ;
when two large hymeno|)terous cocoons burst forth, their host died, tlioUKJi
slowly. Ponds JMcame richer in iiivertebrates as the month progresses. At
tir.st only a few eolleinbola ilsotntmi itnlnslri.i) are .seen upon the water, or a
couple of dyti.scid beetles are busily diKiriuK or swimmin<; in waterholcs. Mud-
and fresh\vater-id(ja' support a rich life of microscopic tmimals (worms rotifera
etc.). '
Mo.st of the tempoi-iiry ponds are barren of microscopic life; if seems to be a
(piestiou of siiitiibility of the bottom mud more tiiaii of aiiytliiiin else.
On June IS. collenibola (AchiirKlcs (iriiintiis. Fi>homia iiuiKhiiH-itUiUi, Tdni-
(■<intli(llii wiihUjnni). dytiscid-beetles. or larva' ;iiid inanv copeitods (Ci/cloiis
mmiiiiis] were found in a pond. iind. the first time this vear, inos(piito larva'
i.ledr.s nitiirliciiif) only n few days old and :i-\ mm. Iiuik. Some of the niosciuito
larva' were pl.aced for rearing (He.irinn .")!!): -.A the end of the month the l;ir(ie,st
had (loiible their leiitrth. and they bewail pup itinc ten d.ys later. The first-reared
iinanines emerged in the middli' of July; their pup:, st.ijje is thus of very short
diiriition. In the mud of this pond were found two d;,ys later a white di|>ter()Us
larva an<l wliite olijjochaete worms; the w,-,ter tiinperatiire was then II I
dcfirees ]■'.. (.■lir ;H2. 1' de(;rees I'., noon),
JlUK .'I .lit. lull!
The first fem:de inosipiiloes (.IcWt.v -p.) .'ippeared on .liine I'l. and bv llie
end of the month became iiuiiieroiis and veiy aniioyiiin, especially in low-lying
and sheltered [ilaces. The first cr;;ne-tiies iTipala' >]>.. etc.) were also noticed
on June 21. and their number ra|)idlv increased. Klies. of course, were .'dso
comnion. and tlie bumblebee (pieens linnihus xiiinc ila, li. unilinriiis. etc.) were
busily enjiasreii on ihe eaily flowers. .M.-iny siiiaP midges were noticed idiove
or in the cro-k outlet .
\arirus spiders (newiiorn. pale, grey brown; 'rn/tticiis fihitun. etc.). mites
iScutovoifex >iiiin>fi'iniiriilii!<). eollembola. caterpillars, etc.. were prevalent.
An almost dry pond contained, the list davof the month, besides the usual
dytiscid beetles ai.d mites ( 7V(/,/(;.s .>7(-///i. many ilytiscid larva- about Imin. long,
and a number of mos(piito pupiv {Atilrs ncariici. <). but very few mos(iuit()
liirvir. More interesting, however, were the entomostraca, naniely. both sexes
of the phyllopod, linuivhinida imlinlosa, now almost full grown. Younger stages
(it the .same iiraiicliipod were IouikI in a iuackisii pond, .•ind many voung v.-ater
tioiv.i (Dnphiiiii i)nl<:T), midge larva" and pupa' were found among' the thread-
algip in the creek outlet. In the creek back of the harbour the imagines iXfiiioiini
13RP5?^^SS?
.7wm
///M(7 l.ifi nil III, W, si, III Ai-rlii- r,„isl „f ,\i
27k
s|,.i .nirrmnt' tron. imtImI „y.n,,l,> w.n- „„h.r,|. Tlir .,vn„.l,s vvr.. .MMwIini.
ijl. un th. M,„u-s ,n t ho ,T.M.k \tt,u.h..,l t., Hum. ston.K i,v Ihrir nv.r M.,.t„ri:.l
«•..,•,. s, twiK to«..l her „n rarl, st.,,,.. mm,1 wl,.,. th,. M •. uvr- lilt-.l, .I,- larv,,-
irlras,., tlH.ir ho .1 an.l tn.-l to sl„, off. Win.,, pla..,! in a m.Ml.l.r iImv ,o,.I,I
.■MMly.lm. , up t M. Kla.< l.v H,..a,.l of thrir t hora.ir ,...,.. rah -warl-IrK- a,„l 1 „■
.u.tonal .l,sk at th..,r | ,.,..1, .onwwl.at allrr f h.. .nannrr of a >,.,....,■ w or .
Or t(.,..v uo„|.l .pn, thn.a,i> fro,,, t|,.. wM,.r-s„rfar.. to tl... insi.l, of ,|„. J^,
.•.,1.1 as,...,i,| o„ tlu',,., I,,ll lh,.y a,v ,iol al.lr to float with.l.t tl,..s.. t|„v,,.K \VI,..„
at ,p. tl,..M. arva. atta.^h,.,! tl„„,s,.|vf. to ,1,.. Kla.s „,■ to th<. ,hr...„|s l,v tl„.ir
.m,| ,UA aiMl k.pt tl... l,o,ly ..t,a,«ht o,.t or at >oi,„. aii^l... t )„|v tl„.„ an'
hrn- la,„o„s j.h.moM. mils to I,.. s,.,,, on th.. .xpa,..!...! „...k. Tl...... .,r..
toM...I ,ip •iii.i st,-..t,.h..,i ..,it. ,,„.. at a tin,... ,..„.lin,i„„.iv, with varvi„ij .,i,i,.k-
,,.-: th..r.. ,> al,out o,,.. >....o,„|lM.tw....n tw.. ■•st,.ok..s," >i„„.|,a„.-.o,Mv with
III.. „iaxilla., iMit th.. lalti.r ii,ov. i.oth toK«.th(.r,
Th.. p.|w..rful an.l vari...l uu-aus of I.M.oniotio,, |,.,-s..>>...| l,v i|„ >,. si,ii„|ii,N
IS . u. t.. tl,..,r hvMiK ,„ nuwiUK waf.r. th.- s.-anily .,f whi-'h a,..„.,i.l M,.r„ar''
h:.tl...ur at this p..no,l pr..l.ahly .'xplains th.. s,.ar,.itv of th.. fiv {■•..rth.r . ■,.
th.. sp,.,.„.> I, v..ry .•.,mni..„. KiTorts to r..ar th.. larva- w.-rr- ntisii..,....ssf„i, ' '
./liin .'i-jD, unr,
I'lyihM; iiis.-cis now art- ..ft.-n nnt with t Homhn.s ii,„l,„i;i,s. ,■(,. , all .mi.-ns
vari.M.s th..s. ,.t,-.) I.nt th.- .naj..rify of i„.s..,.ts an- still „po„ th.- k,.,,,,,,,!. '
11,.- ix.n.ls an.l lakes ar.nm.l the hai-lM.ur. the lak..> iM.Jim .,nlv i,.,rtlv fr....
..t I.-.-, w.-r.- ..xain,n...l. In th.. pon.ls w.-r.- th.- ..oni.n.,,, ,n..s.p,it., iarva- •' !''/<>
M,>/,/Wwm,njmiatta..h...l t.,Krass l.-av.-s .,r as .-n.pty .sh,.lls npun tl„. mn.l
iM.lt..,,, ,lyt.s,.„l l,....tl,-s. nu.lK,. h.rva- tuh.-s .,f ..a.l.lis-fli.-s, ..f., an.l tw.. ki, .
<• u.„..r m,t,-s. ( n,- of th.-s- ,ni„.s iTIn,,,. .Uln I 1 H nun. 1.,,,^. has U k
.■v.s, an.l a n.un.l ai„| Hatt..n...l al..h.m<-n of a hri^ht ros.. ,.olo„r h is alw.,v^
s.-..,, .■rawl,n«ov..rth.. t.ui.l l.otto.n. Th.. oth.-r n,it.. iCmrl,,,:. r,i„l„n:li) is l.iss
tI'M' .mn. lonj: an. has th.- I.all-shap...l alMlon,.-,, til,.-r,.,l with th.- l.-^s an.l
- . ..-Iljt ...I'ax st.ll ,lark.-r. It ,s no, so oft.-n s.-.-n .-rawlin^. I.,„ ^,,.,.„,.al!v pa.MI..,
with all IS l.,nK-hairi-<l Icfr.s, rising „r sinkiiiK in th.- water at will
1... lars;.- lak.-s contain various tri.-hoptoroiis larva- in tht-ir tnl-.'s; ih,.N will
.•itta.-h tl„-,ns,- Iv.-s ev.-n to a l.ait.-.l ho.,k. Th.- usnal .Ivtis.-i.l lM...tl..s an.l
\.-iiioi,s .ni.ls.- larv* U h,r„n„m„s ,sp.. ,-„-.). and th.- Iarfi,.r ".liptcrons larva- an-
r..s..n . ( rawlii,K on th.- h..tt..m in the marginal wat.r a,.- p.rli.l I: rva-
y.nphsi, ,-v..l,-ntly n,-ar th.-ir final transformation, for ..v.r ,1,.- ,s„.,w .-..v.-inur
h<. Ilk.. ,.... one nul.l .lay (.J.in.. 2.".) a n,.n,l„.r of in.aKin.-s .l'„,,nii, ,„.nrti,;,
r I .a hly oi th.- sam,- sp,.,.„.s w.-r,. s,..,, ...awlins with winjr, aln.a.lv, l,u, ,„„
ill> .l..%.-lope,|. lh,-y may hav.- ...m,.. „p th,-o„Kh .-ra.ks in tl,.. i.e. or IVo.i,
i "i.I'-;^!';i>"i"'^"'i''i""7-, T'"' •"'•'•'■'!-' i" ^^'"''l' "'••> 'rawl..! in.li,.at...i
an 1 i>t„„ti ,. kiioxyl,-,lK,. o| ,h.. lo,....t,..n ot th.. sh..n., ..v,, if th..v ;.,■,. t-.r ..iit on
tlie h;k, . I l,..y p.Tlir.ps mak.. tor the sho,-,. to .-opnlate, l„it th.ir lite as im; LMn..s is
prok-.i-ly v,.,-y shoi-t TI„-<... -nonths l.|t.r in th.. s:,n,.. lo.-,litv. si.nih.r inst..n....s
.11 on a 1: rjj,.r s,.al,-, we,-,- s.-en. only it was th..,, tri.hopt.'n.ns iniaKin..s. On
f, ,'l f~i, '""■' |'"11''"'''"1:' l/',../-/,v, minntici. et... i ass.„,l,|,.,| i„ hirK.. eolon-
(>. 111.. tiill-n,-own l,lu.. .m..s ..arryins th.-ir small, hn.wn, voiin- ..nes on their
'.•ieks ,,, (rn-l... style-. Minut... ji.mpinK-fiyinK Hi,-s w.-r.. also ...mmon. .\ larK.-r
, .M.tv 1 ■?' .-'.'i T"""V"," '':'"' ''■■''*' " "'"'^''" '"'"""■• "="■ '■"•""' '"i"'^ "" t'l..
I eiitral >ii|.. of the hrst ab.l.iminal rinns.
./■;///,' !■!(!. <fili:
^Iany tloxyers an- out, r.-snltin^r in a ^reat iimnb. r of inse.ts. The flviiiK
tv,?ie.Uf'!lr''; ""''^' ;''"""-fliV'- •ni''^"'''- =""• nK,s,,uito..s. Th.- eran.-flies-aro
t,\pi.al.,t <lr> tun.lraplae.-san.la,-.-fr.-.|u.M,ton|).m.ls. ( )f hvm.-nopt.-ra vario.H
28k
Canadian Arctic KxpeJilion, lOl.i-ls
iehiK iirnonids uiiii ji?i occiisiomil -nidv <!,'„,... .■
l^utt..rtlH.H,unvM,,p.^.^r,l, £ Vin..L. /'''■'''"• '"'^
(><mi,s . hi,r,.,.>t..riMt <• ,.f Irv V ,.. r.^ «1 ' I '^ '•'""l>n'<'''<l>.'.'i. ^ „f Hnntli.s ^nui
yu. of «..t tu, . Ir, M „ ,? . 7? "/'"■ ;''"r ''••'"■■'".""«^ "P-i"^ rharartor-
Jir.nUnx Hi.s , nh f . mr' ul.il ' 7'"."'.' '''■''[••'.•••'■•■"'■nr .,f t.m.ln. HU,„„p.
iar«.., .,„„„,, ,„.,„, ,i r,,;,, /i.:,t '};;'/:;:;: ™j;:',f, -"„""■ ■'■""
spun t<i stones, plants, etc. J>.^nni ui>\\ vuuTuvn frotn tin.' cocoons
Of Kioiiii. I insects, various catcnullars s|)i,|er.; ,„;.,.. |„„ n
soon. A small heniipteni rO;//,,,^,//.s i. '' ul/h Ire ',. I '■'; "*';•■ "'■■'>■ '"*
inpiantt.,fts;itis'lescrilM.dun.h/nextp'L'c ^^^^^^^^^^^ "'^
F. ../''iiis^rhis;;;,:':;; vi;':;' orih'"' ?^''' 'f •■" -'' ;V'" ••"'• -- -^ '''•^--
-n... .ly hIVva. a;:ra U';; nil !, '^ ^T! v'^n. n' nT''? ""'"•'"' ^T
Attempt, to re:ir tliem were uitlw.nt u,, i ' ' '''' "* various kinds.
dytiseill beetle (^;::JwrL2nwn:'s:;^^ '"'""^ 'i ''"■ 'f'^"
on the mil '. ■- ,ttotn hut the letter nVef. 7/ ? , ' ""■'■ "■'■'■'' K-'th'-niiH f"<-.l
not tnanv on o... st no il/p ,! }';: f'"',"" ;;"'•" -■•'"."red over .stones,
tlK' -Kills" protrud nrfrorn t e' r f''^^*'.'"'''' ''X^he pointed end of its cone,
I.MvinK easv acce s o\ [^ "vate ''7;; '' ;"'^"'""'-' ''.t the other end, the pupa, thu.;
".idses were collected. n h e ike s t r f '^ ' luronnmos n'.ul uihor
freshlv-emerKcl ini,lces ww, seen Ho' in ' " ;"""' ^"''"1 '"•■'*''-^ "^ ''*'■•"'•
•■•nd siipplyin, food tor the i;ratl ti.'^l eT!;''k''''l^^''''''?^'''^^^ a "carpet,"
kille.! I,v i.anisit.- for on n ,e I V '"'**" ""'^ ''^"1 P<t1i.i|.s I.een
((/^..y.,;:'r,,n,e..,e.iVn:m the ' ^^.r' ; ^.£,::z :•'"""'■"• -•"''■ —
Pletely open lake had ,.au.scd their dc/.th ' "" "'"' ""^' •■'^'"-
Ji'li/ I 10, 1015
t>H- paras(tic mites \,a::t t:i:::nn ^i^^^i^ ;i^.: w;':v:^Mh;'n''r'' ^'^''
catkins .-inc the iiower'? of the e,. .„..„>„ i> ) \ ', ^"^ *'"■ "'•'''' ^villow
mites on the lovers wti.tn^^^^^^ ?"'",■ '"'I'^'viour ot the
chum to the h.irs of the "hS thoSur n dr n- ''" ""•*'" '"""■ ''''"' '■''"'-■^
drop on onlv when their host is n^ in^. ^\ l i >'' V'l'^ '" 8"''^' ='"'' t'lov
the'fiowers moved f elv roun tletl r ''i '^:'^"«-'"ff'"- '^"^ ^t'*-' "'it''.^ on
used as .■on.stantiv vihra in," eele s ik ', r'^^ ''"""' 'Kl''''^' ''^''"^
scratched the ahdomen with their l.^s ;' ,' ''^l^ " "''t<""^- They fro.piently
perhaps hoen left on the flowers nteth' ■'"T '''"'""' ^■'\ ^^^'^- '^'^ey had
to which th"v en V ,tt"; .[ 4^^^^^ wore waitinc for a bnmhiei.ee
caught and nn.nv f the butterflU^s Imr n. U'T''. ""^"'" *'y'"«»0Ptera were
appear. Moths and Col^r^^Tl^-^^^'Z ^Z\:^t:Z.
In^fct L,fe on the Wf.hrn A rrtic Coast of A nurica 29k
Krcat v,.ri...,v of Mi,.., rn,, -Mi " i , . i , h i^'.n '.'""' T^V^ """ ' "
w..rc s..,.i, l.ilv <( Mt »l, I, Vl • \ "'• 'f"' '"tliiK ni..s,|.iltn..s (. ,,/,7( ,sl.. )
M.n .J.iu J, at tlu- h.irhour, i.ii.l .s.„,i, l„.,:,me triHiMeHoin,. '
quito^.tv;; rLd/Sli. '' *" ''"■■ '^'•' ''•^"''^••''' '"^^■- -'"' »'-- '"--
wore tr,.ul,lesome ii". sheltered nirro?- H ). ' -^f"-^'!"' ocs (.It,/.. „e,nclic,<^-^
ured T V m'?/"""'" '•"V"''":,^'^'"'"»«"« ^^/'/rW.r.;.) tarandi', were c ^
found heVe. '"'^*'""*^ ^°°^ ^""^ <»''' phyllopods ( liranchinecta paludosa), al«>
.JHk
J "hi II ill, ii.i:,
in.< .■!":::n.';;;;„::;,^;^;"-' »".riH.ur i. ..,,. ,., ,. ,,.
^)i;:^:" ,./;*- "' :.- :;;.^;:';;'r:.,r"..:::'-"-' -"" '"■'•- <--
• lt» « . /'Mo/t||.i ^.,. i.i... '•-'('.•■
rin' IkIIohii,^ (I, j„
'■'!'>« IIU-(»|||...
'■I'hiiin riiiilii. ,
/'*»< hi,
■•*«. H|>., A;,,t,„, ,
;-"-: an:r';l..:^''!;;;-;^;'j--'' ';f.;.. mi... ,7-, /,„/, ,.., „ .,,
-.v.^s,fro„.whi..|MlM'v„„!;;i' , ;;^^^^^^^^^^ '":" ''"l-if.-l ..,. 'l..a.l „ ll,
"linK-l.i.rrows will, „i.| ,', *^ ' ,"' "'"'■'' '""' ""' i"«Ti..r of ,.r..vi ,■ ' „r
"'< r ,.n..v ,.„l„.r spi,!,.,.. ,„.„„.,, ,', !' V^ ' ^ '; "'I' '•■•••'•>...« .■«K-sa,.k., ,|..v ,r
:'W-ly„.K tl.r,.,,,,. „,„, ^^ ...v/ir^'^ •:;''''''""'• «l''''''l.'r.m (ir,„lv sp„,
I-" P«'rlia|..s a protfcfiv,. «, i r ''"K'"<'rroii,Mf n„.ti,,„ i-i,:^ ,.• . •""""
£t:r:;::-;;i^l;'sli^;i!^JtVf^''MT^r:,t:^;l;:;,,;IS^
fli i.Ti.l ,-.,l.,„r. \„, "],':,■' l'-'f-li"li|"T. ,vlii,.|, i,„„,,, ji ,,,„.,„,,]"
— l»",«' ■r.;.'..i„k. 71,: ,„„| .li,,,,.;, „"',;' '.":'■'"- "'"■"• „'.
w,T,.„i.„„i„„.,.,i. Ti,,.,„i,'," *:;■;'. ""'"r"''"'-'"!'"""" ""-i..
' ' '"■"■" ""■ "'" ■-■---"' 'i-''s;;"c:';x';!^s^;: j
i
I
1
5«_-^Jl'»*J"V.-.<t*.
UK (l.viiig
■iiM lire
I willow
■ Hjiidcrx
'»r Itiii-
'. >i»nii'-
Hi'Vdiir
. ■ Thr
"pilll of
OI'OOII
l-.v il„.
I' tll.1,1-
I'f' I'OIII-
''f ion IIS,
iCIiiln-
idoptcr
use its
sli.lrs
lilcs ill
Mriiin,
fi'iind
Is .-iimI
illo\\>.
IS lllc
i!ti:.,
y y..|-
• ■ailsc
lit' or
IllUllr
'-■-lO,
rruiit
Tuns
rli.ls.
were
i;if(T
;ilso
'ixiii
. red
'II ra,
Is or
own
TI!!:':.;:?^:j'^J::t:.''!''''V -•'•''"• /'''•'.''-''^ -.1.. ,1... „..,.. i„ni-
1..1C r,.,„„i„. Il„„ii,„ " ""' ""■ l'"C«"""" -tr, 1,1,. , ,„„ „„„i„
••' (r"i:iv':-.r.';!,i l;'J;'.;";:,'t;;,;":™;.' ': ' -' '■ ■■ - « ■■■.
•/«/// // .;/, /,v/,7
/;ni;;\';!:,':.."r!..y;;':-. /'•''''='•••'' •''■". *- ♦»"• -..i-Mi.' -r .iuk.
II." first l.I".mnn«ortlu:';:ruS..;'I.'''A,!''/'*'^^'-' ^'^''" '^^ '" ^V'"''"-""i/' "i<l,
'I- I..—.. ^ ' . ;'l'.<ni.||. M (.S/.s,/,„/„-,,,m SI,., vlr.) on whirl,, proi.al.ly
I I , " , ■ "" < ' 'I' ii>i ii- i.^lsl
''"■.l.'Tva. f.Td ,,„d vv|,i,.|, ,1... I,,,,^,,, „:,.„„ ,„ „■,..,,
-■''---I '" ro,,..n s,.d-n...,, j.u ..oidd ,,0,1,., ;:,.r.i
Amjii.-t I II), 1 1) I,;
Hiiri.hl.l.,.,^ ,lu,mh„^ vn )
S.1\vtli...s
>n, ^^? " ?• """"" "■■ *l'eio;,.,,Klottr,^
M
iiscid tniinK<'ls wi-n
I-ytucna aiiuilo)
'<■ )
M,>B(|ultoe.<! (Aides sp.)
N<Mjr(iptiriji<i im.-iBlnrs
The Ciihas inLl /;n >itlii!i prefer l,,w
I H. moths an. fo„„d on ehnvy orKrav.llv MulFs or
I'-s tronhlosonic th;in in Jnlv
Sawfly
ii|'<m the IcMV(
Krassyjand orKrav,! >u,,,,„r.ini.' (lowers;
slopes. I'he Mlostpiitoes :ire
uillou- rv / •* «'IIows. A larger sawflv
"illow _(.S„/,.r piilrhnn from „|,ie!,.
fe<l
"11 th
"I- m.ikiiin K.'ills
e.'ives (,f l)llsh^
•wil, diffieuity <lisi,nKu,shed. Ftforts to it.r i.",\' ""■ ■'"' •.''"■•^'•'•'''■'■. it is
l-"I..itin^ ,taKe. Oetoher. m:^ iVl'ZlT*''^T^ "o tar.her than the
-nes, spiders, ..eetles. ^d r i h :H;'':;r:^; , 'i; ■ f, ''''' '"""""" ^^i''^'"!-!-
IfiA.^ - -^ 'f.£SSCli
.■4l:riTtwl"
.•V>
'■*«'
•TT
32k
('anddiUn Ardic Kxpeditimi, t!JI,i-lS
()ii tlic miiinin 111' the linu'ki.-'li pond, now "luch smaller, iinngincs of My-
(hirina iilisciini were captured. Ihiipty, lio- .. j, p pa cases of the same speciea
floateil ()ii the siirl'aee, showing that ' i r\ ^^ii:. had hut lately emerj^od.
Dytisciil heetles. midne larva;, eopepoi -. /'///.•,',! iltx (female now with two
winter entjs), and almost fiill-nrown ' ■< • ,, ,« piiliiil.ond (female with
cKtJsj were found in the p(in<l. I'he liotto... ol a larger pond iidand, consisted
of a thick lay<'r of brown detritus mud between the scattered stones and ('(inx
vegetation. In or on the liottom were many larva- and pu])a' of midfjes (Tdniijtiis
SI)., etc.), beetle i.arva', and tiie common red watermite (Ciiirltxs niiilturdi).
Jii the bifj creek at the harbour on Aufinst ti, sniuis (Aplexa liiiinionui), perlid
and ephemeroi(l-nym])hs, turbelhiria and llijdra sp. were coUecteil.
Aitijust 11 M, l!)l.->
The llyiiif; insects obscrv(!d were: —
Uiimb!' b. , s iHitmlni^i sifh'jtoht. I'. Uf'iihorrus, li. arctirtts)
Butiprilea (Colios sp., llritithid sp., 0< "cis s^p., Ercbia sp., Lycacna sp., Chrytophanua
Kp. )
M..i|i- . \<i,<rtn s|... ,■!,■ 1
\\ ii.'^ps. |t;u.(sitir il.unitiis iK.^ ,< aiis, l)UHlf» nin,lrst ns, !•'<•.)
.s ( wllioa
Ci.iiu.lli.s ( lilliiia yp.. lie.)
I''lh'S ( .l/»fit.r«i.v/»»nui sp . v\c.)
l''ll' s, lilMi'k I SiKluliitm :<]' (
.Mi<IiriH (IWco'hrti uyislatnt
\n ephcmeroid iiiiano was ciptured on the llith, just emerjiinK from its
nymphal skin
On the f^roir.d. or ujjon plants are various spiders: the female of the biji;
f.iirosii species now c;irry their newborn youiiK in the ej^j; cocoons. .Mites
(RhiKjidiii (}ilida) and colleml)ola are frequent. In plant pillows are found
various (ly jjupie and Icpidopterous chrysdides or cocoons: if the latter be a
(h/nni ithiirii it may cont.iin instead of the lepidoi)terous |)tii)a> the diied-out
c.aterpill.ir and .iliout a dozen tachinid (I'JiiphiirDnra sp.) i)ui)ari.i. Hencath the
surface are larva- of the common tipulids, and under stones, .■iii occ.isional brown
sliiR, Aiiriiiliniii.r liiiprrboirKS. leaves of th(- various willows ;ire often infected
by nall-mites (Eriophijcs sp.), forming small i)rickly swcUinj^s. Tin- sawtly larva-
are most conspicuous upon the willows, the larger species with its post-larval,
red colour, tuid the sm;dler boring in th(! female c.itkins; these latter pu|)ated
the followiuf; .Fune, but Rot no further.
On the m.arnins of the two ponds on the rid-^c, about 101) feet high, southwest
of the harbour, brown detritus-mud is i-xposed. The ponds (contain a number
of invertebrates, including a few males of Lcpidiirus ardicufi; most of the
females c f this crustacean liave now deposited their epps.
Tin- larpe creek at the harbour is now nearly dry. Hero wer(> found
turbellaria (now with "winter e(ips" inside), perlid, and ephcmeroid nymphs and
colonics of Slmnlium pupa-, attached in running water to stones, nioss, and
jira.s.s-stems, the stones being more popular on account of the similarity in colour.
In fact it is most diflicult to detect th(>se jiupa- unless they conKregate in large col-
onies, when the two white, free gill-plumes on the head of each individual show-
up in the water in undulating streaks. The pupa-cases (.\uRiist Iti) were mostly
empty, but some of them contained the inijia- which were infested with <me or
more minute, bright-red nymphs (tliree leg pairs) of a watermite, crawHng over
th« dead pupa. They represent probalily the larval stage of one of the common
hydrachnids. The comparative scarcity of black flies at Bernard harbour may
bo due to the snuill amount of streaming freshwater, an clement necessary for
the c.implete development of the in-sect. Conditions m.ay differ farther to the
east, judging from the great annoyance travellers liave" reported from black
flies there.
AiKjiixl .'I. .11. HH.'i.
■■V.\w
I>llil«''s Mnil Ill(.s(|ui(u<.s. \„ ,.l)lic.n,.r,.l,l ';,'."""-"" ~ ' ''/'"/" >|.. '. Kill Icuvi
-Hi s„,:,ll wasps ..„ w,i,.„, „l!„„s • ' H^"n "■' "•^"'' ••""""•""'•
' lii-!is„i,h,nn,s s|,.i aiT lc\v,'|- •i„,| il„. (t „ ' ■ ^ ■" ""''^ /-.' ■ -inn s,,.,
pi;;:;;;:'""""^ '/-/.-... is s ',a,„/-;,..,„';:„,y;;; ,,:,,;:,,::;■ :'x;ij';';;:
^^ i:;^.tn':r:r;i::lr:x;:;;- :r^'' ■"■ -r'^- ^i ^- -"
"Us s,i,;,||,.r (|i,.s I sv,/ ■"'"""■•'' ■'"■ Y'<'i'. a,i,l „„ ,|iv tii,„|,,i
i's ,n,pa sk,„ J;,,, :;,.;::[;.,:; ';::■.: t '" v:;';;:: V '"v';""'7'-
rs, ;;. '^:!t.:-J:z;:ir:. r- -""-r'' '-'-!- •!:;•' :;:;;:;;
:•"■• ''-'-In.!, wa,.,s,,ii';i^j, t :,. ; ;:'';:r;7'"'r' ""•=''"''^' -'"■-■iMHa,..
I.i,\:f, dr. ",i,i,„!r III,.,,! ,.,i|,,„„,sl,:i,.M a,,. I ,IvI,s,m,I
<'t'-,n„„,| I,,.,.,.,. Il„. s„,all ,i,„.„
I Ml' l'IJ,|,,,l|||l, |,|;|, '
-»aii,p Ml,!,,, ciiii,
liMvi,it; a l,,clallic
' 'ill' 1)1 till.,,, 1,;,,| -ji],
s,i,all ci-ali-spi.lc-s
I)
-t'/;//-x/ -H)-.!!, I!) I ;
'""i« 'l;i> pi'iiuil a,„l ||„. fiis, |,,.,||-„f s,
111- "I'M' p..ss,l.|,. ..niv i„ I'M 1. \,,,u,,,, u-,Vl,' ' iT ;■', "'7''-^''"""s ..., „,s,.,-
"-.-s a„,i i.y ,i„. i.,.i„vio,„- i.r , ,; t , ?' ";" r"""> "'■ ">■""
s!...i.'rs,,,,i,,.s,a..dn,ii,.„,i,„;;s. ■,,,,, ;;,r;;'"^
Mnall ^M„ov..s i„ ,1,.. sa„ , ,.,, ■,',*- ^"'"'""' ."'' '••"' ■•'l''''"ly'"X-'.-.va.,'i|
'-l.'ill.vtl.,>^.all,,.i,,.s,/.;^^ J^^^^^^^^ •7"";; "' ""• ^viUiuv |..av,'. „•,.,■,■
I'-; K^iis w...... p,...,..i f.„. ,...a,-i;:,';M , , ; ::;'.!;;:'■ ''o'';"i'"' 't ^r^"^ '--•
'■""•"I'"''^'-"I<-I>l iM<'lH','kl,y(l„.s,.i„s,;
(•(>
I'l'.'i. Ii'p,ili)pri,.,a, a„i|
Sijtl, n/li( , I -Id, I'll ;
""iiiu to tl„. i„j|,| „-,,„|„.,',
^7''— N. I„„ „n ,.,-a„..- li,. hii,' 1, ,'.'.'■ .'""^■lUUoi.s ,.1,,/,.. .,„,,v,,.,,„
(.Va//,,.v ./,„„■„„„„,,, "•• """'"•'".l« >P.. I.nnnophom sp., a.„l a s,„all,.,' sp,Ti,'.
.\l„0„n ,1„. jr,,Ml„,| i,,..,,,,
j.;^....^Ma...ap,,.i..,..;.-;,;:;:;'^;;t^^^^
I(i.'i7!t .j
34 k
CuiiiuIkiii Airfir Expi diliitn, i:>l.l-IS
Siptiiiilur ll-.'ii, l.'tl'i mill iinr,
Tlic few insects collcclcil were mostly CMtciiiillais, licctlc*. spiders, mid
tipulid liiivie. No llyiiiji iiiseets weic seen.
Scittvmbtr ..'1-30, Wli
Xoflyiiiniiise( ts were seen. T'nder loose stones viiiioiis heel lesund caterpillars
were found. The small stapliylinids were more lively than liie earahids iAiiinrii
hnnniipnniis, etc.). 'i'he weevils lay motionless iintij touched, when they moved,
hut slowly. Sm;dl spiders, tnites, and colleinitoia showed few si<;ns of hihernatini;
I-arfier s|)iders had inadt; filohidar wehs hetweeii the sand and firavel: the size of
the wel) ill i)roportioii to its hnilder. hut never laint'r than a walmit.
Siitli iiihrr 21-U), 191')
The hrackisli pond was frozen over. The depth helow the ice was ahout [i
feet, and the mud from the hottom tiave a strong odour of sulphuretted hydronen.
In the water were many dead mid(;e larva', "winter entt-s" of Dnplmiit judex.
and rose-purple eopepods iKiirylrniorii ciuKiilfii.iin} often carryiii); their ecK^-
The l.-irne lake southwest of the harhour was covered with ice over which
liuiidreds of imajrines of a hij; caddis-fly {('IiHosHijiiki pntrlrritii) were crawlinn-
They must have just emerged or perlia|)s heen tempted from their hihernatinji
places 1 V the mild weather. The occurrence of these rather frail iinaflines in
such numhers is surprising; they inoliahly heloiin to the same s[)ecies as the large
larva' found in this and other iiearhy lakes. A male spider, also, was .seen crawl-
ing over the ice; the .same two kinds of arthropods were noticed, a week later,
crawlinir over freshwater ice at Cockhurn point, a few miles away, and, the
next day, upon lake ice at the harhour.
The hin lake of the harhour was found to have a maximum dei)th of 20 feet ;
it was frozen over hy the 28th. Two days later a .samph' of sand from the
bottom showed a crust of jireen alga' and detritus and contained red-brown
midge larva- in their sand-covered tubes, besides worms (/,(/' fi-iciilii.'^ varic-
gatu.s), etc.
Wi:.sT SIDIC l)F ConON.VTION OVLV ( IXCHDINd THIC LOWI'R COPPEHMI.Ni; HI\ I;k)
East of Rernard harbour the coast shows little change, consisting of gravel
or sand, with boulders and outcr(/i)s of limestone beds, l.iston, Sutton. Lambert,
and Douglas island in I)ol|)hin and liiioii strait have the same composition,
though the limesto .■ (dolomite) is morj|])revalent than on the maiidand.
The east side of the mouth of Coppermine river is a sandpit jirojecting from
a low. gravelly tundra-plain lying at the foot of the clay hills and the west side
is iormed by an ext<'nsion of the gr;ivelly clay haid\S ahout !()(» feet high which,
farther inland, form both sides of the river.
The east side of the I51oody fall gorge is formed by very steei) and high
cliffs. i)ractically without veget.ation; on the west side, the vegetation (scrub-
willows, etc.) is best dcveloi)ed ui)on the lower clitTs.
Above Bloody fall the rivt i- widens and both sides have high, gravelly, and
sandy clilTs, generally steep and barren hut sometimes suiiporting good vegeta-
tion including scrub-willows up to (i feet high. Iidaiul from Kscajie rapid.s the
hills attain their highest point. .Along the river the slopes support the tundra
plants, and "niggerheads" are common.
South of Escape rapids the northern limit of trees is represented by a few
diminutive white spruce which from this point increase in number and size,
especially in small creek valleys joining the river, where some of the trees are
about 12 feel high. 'I hey gradually decrea.se in .size and immber as the valley
is ascended, until they disappear altogether.
l'>-rtl.ifro,>thcW,sUrnA,.,;„.r„n.l„f. ,,,,
r.v...- '■'Thi: ii;t;';;:;:'':;:,;'^^;';,r;'''r'^' /"?•""• ••■•'•""•"■• f-"-- ".. Z
W'.v y.Mrs ol,|. ,.,,,,1 tl,.. |,.trK,.st m sf , Vv, '" '"'"' ''''^' *" '"' ^'•'<"<t
in.r,.,s M.ul vn-y iVvv voun^r tr^.w .;■,,.,, ' "' ""i "''''''^ w,.,-,. ,.„,M,.k,.,| hv
;;;n;;n..n,i ...... which w.r.. as -n..::'^i;r ::.-''■;; •:>;::^';,fj;;;::;';:;.;;n;i
H.n;*r;^:;.:;ri;.:::'.;;;;-:.:i':;;;;:::;;-
i»m,.. ,.„„ »ki,„, „ .hHr .,;!,.: ,» ;;"""•» "i .i,,. ,i,.,„i ,„,,». „,,„i
!is uimii the (load trees. i'tttle>, were not nearly s,, numerous
'...n.;;'''ui:''';n/^:iS,l:;-« -;;r l;^;,;s-,.r--,r — ■'•■ The .....
I.; iMmewere heavily parasitized l.v in.n t.est ""^"/"'/.s. Most of
''lit Mil eflorts to rear were unsueee.ssful. ' ' '"'^nopterous insects,
Of harmless insects a few s.n.H,- l..>,
•-void galleries; they w^n.', ^^1^^"^^ Z:^'- ^'T^^'']'^^'^ - t'"' —.-
'I'.rsal stn.aks: tl... larKc. light KreenTI T^'^\ " ''^^''^ '"■"^"'' ^^i"' ''^'rk.
'"i'Ki™".'"»";u!;;::r:;r'S\;;::;*,'-^ ■'■"-^. ...-
a::;.;';;;;"/ri. ^;;;;::;;i;-,;;^;;„,r,;;; "■• i"f !:«' !;i™r s",;;,^^
.>>'"-tl,: and Hichanlson (Antic '4..ircWnrFvno';''~'r' ' •"'* =''"'"'* fi7M2'
^::-.-„ the same regioi as ^^i^l^:'&.^:\^trZ:^''^'' "^- ^'"^
3(j3-.-,.
'■t !■:. Cii!,
"I^r^WcaT"' '°"f ^■"^"adei;' February. i91o
=pt-'ra, by J. M. Sw.
ine.
16579—3}
'MiK
( (iiKliliiiii Airlir ICxjH'dildiii. nil.i-IS
Apiirl fruiii the forest insets, tlic insect life aloiin tlx' west si.le .if ( nio-
ii.itioii anU ail. I tlie l-.w.T ( opiMMiiiiiw is prohahlv verv similar to that at l'..>ri.,M<l
harliour, tlioiitjli the iiiosquit.x's, ete., I.ee.)ine inor.. troul,les.,iiie farther s..iitli.
XUTIl .-IIIK .IF t Oli.tSATION .a LK ( I\( l.l 1)1 N.; HATHfUST IM.KT. V.lKTll
l>K I,ATHrrK tl7J OKiiUKKS NOKTHI
< )\viiijr to th.' inil.ler climate, venetati.in aii-l insect life iietw.'eii ( ■oppermiin-
river .M.(l Mathiirst inlet are at least a wee . earlier than at Mernar.i harbour
and c.ssation of plant life is, prohably, later (i'l. II, li^. 2). Very few insects
were secured hv |!revi.)us expeditions. Hanburv .•ollected ' utteriii.s the
earliest ones, api)'.rently at cai)e .Marrow. June 2ti, while Hies, spid.'rs'.tc
were n..tice.l on .iune 10 (K,.nt peninsula), an.l th.' (irst mosquilo..s at Lew.-
islaii.ls on June 1'7.' Ins.M'ts .aptured by the Canadian .Vrctic Kxijedilion w.-.v
in..stly picked up .■asu;illy, but from them an.l from t!ie narratives of llauburv
It may be assumed that the ins.-ct life is practicallv the sam.- as at Bernard
harbour. I he pau.ity ot v.'jjetation un maiiv of th.' rockv islands causes a
scar.'ily of in.sect life (PI, \, fij;. j).
Helow is a list of inserts scciire.l by Hanbiirv an.l bv m.'inbers .>! th.>
M.iitlK.rn i)arty of the Canadian .Vr.'tic lixpe.iiii.in; th.' latter .)nes aiv from
ir.'c river an.l (.ray bay, m July, an.l fr.im cap.' Harn.w (i'l. \ iiir •') an.l
Hathurst inlet in August an.l Septemb.'r.
.\l-aillllMicl.'U I SpickT ./..!/( r;.v-l sp. 7 1
/ " (siiialltr)
.'■ili'cillli-la, .
Il.vnu-nnptera
Uipti'ia. , . .
(■ Tiiihiihi))hnx sti fniissoiii
I Silphn laj>in>ni<it
•i Cdnibus chtiniissfmis
\ Cnoinclla nufiarnrin
\ l>v.-itiscid
\ Hombiis sulvicoia
I EuHfa (irrtira
\ TipuUi iiiclwa
t ■^imuUuin simili.t
f Anttft rirhdrdsonii
■' ii}fphoru 1 fcs*%va
Asitildtus crcifcraiiai
f'iihn-jd sp.i
lirrnthis rhurcilra
ffiff!l*i iittfiiiihn
" poiaris
Colins hoothii
hrrln^
I " prlUlne^
I " vii.strs'i
I Krvhin flisa
I " fas<-i(it(0
I " rossi'i
I (irvris horr^
I ■■ SI tnideai
I^»'liidoiJi,-iM ( hiUit-rnips) .
' .Stoiired \>y H.tnlmry,
Tlio s;nv-Hi*'s were n-urcd from lurvie rollcctcd in jjalls an Icmvc
Snh.r
■■■ •••■•1^- '''IK' I'll III ^ttii.-- iiii n.i%(-r^ ij| ,Tuit,(
reticulata at .•aj).' Harr.)w. August 14, 191."). They i)Ui)ateil tUv followiiif: Jiin.',
and the adults emern.'d ,i few .lays lat.'r (Hearing 90).
In summer the m.is.piitoes seem t.) be much m.tre num. ■r.ius an.l tr.)uiil(>
some al.Mig the south si.le .)f Coronati.)n gulf than they are along Dolphin an.l
I'ni.di strait, proinibly ii.'cause the lan.l near the coast is less barren, an.l more
sheltrrr.l from summer winds off the ice. In the vicinitv of Hood river and
the neighbouring i)arts .if Arcti.' sound and Rathurst inlet the black Hies ISimu-
'/rfff* were numerous eiiougli to be trouhlescmie ii. late August and early
September, a rare thi* _ n other parts of the Arctic coast Avith wl : h I am
familiar." (R. M. Atideson.^
1 Hanbur.v, Daviil T.. S|>.)rt and Travel in the Northland of Caiuida. 1905. p.
4
I"s<rn.if, unth, Wrslrr. Arrl.rCu„s,..f
■ \iniririi
■iTK
On Hunks is|
^K' IK AKrim.Ki.Acu
•■I "■•illcctioii (if insects, etc
nHkins.t ...p.. K..11.',; ;:; V r , "^h h *■"■■ "=!^ "'="'•■ '■>• ^f- <;■ n
" .'I'/'s.' inserts l.av,. I,,.,,, .leirnni,;.,!;,,'^ •'""",« ^ '"'-" f/'"'"//,.v.' ,„„„•
I'""" '■'>■•<■''> w<T<. .•„l|,.,t..,| |<)|(: ,v ' ['^" "Ill's /wlans.vnamn-, „f f/,,,„„.'
f Ks wen. c.lle.ted „„ Kiuif Ch.isVi.m uwl?! "S /•/•(;/,»» i,.!,vhr„,,h,ln. .•,n,l
A js. o all insee.s e,.llee.e.1 1. hi /'i ',";'••'>■ '^'•■";.''.' ''> "- -^^a.ne pa,,v'
' ■" ' ' ''I'lXi'ls helow.
;;.'.u.J/SiklU/!i: m:;;';";,:'^^^^^ that ..t tl. „.ainlan.l
Al:iMi ilia , ,
Ai- iti. ... 2 S|i;(!,.|s
Coll.Miili,,!;, ^ XoilK (
Trichoptera. . .Xiin. | But l>.ith ..ni, ,..,,,,.,, ,
I'liryRancokl.
"Ifoptcni
H> nit ruiprt-r;! .
nii,i,i:i
'■•I'vif. in laiibc:
•*^:i''lnli;i|i|,,,.
Hiittcrtli.-
Mnths
K'llls on willow l.aves
yiombuH sp. ,s,.,.n: no sr... n,„„s
I 0,d„i„ii,jr,ui ri„„,un (,,nh
I Tiinytiirsu-n sp.
• ' nUniiiKid nriticn
\ Myiladiui obscurn
I ■'irutorilKign furcatit
I TiiiKliil lai-va'
• Kl.-as from Arctic |,ai,.
[ -Iri/yiutis <h<irii Irit
! " pitUn-is
j " h'WDii nliixki :i.iit
■ '. <'<>u,is urrin a;«, i,.;;,v
I " nastrs
I A'i-<i)i« fa.tiUilii
I l.yidind nqiiilii
( /'■■<!/thni)hora u.ifci,,,
I .V"(>"ca orrifrrnriii
I THanio sp.
I .llOTlVrt ::uroi!i,l,i
' l.llijris ilesHtuiti,
\l!>Jtu„phnrn ros.ii (nnlv cocoon)
' " richnrilanni
caterpillar).
I»I5>, anJ
""•'^ ' ' ^"--iit and „f C.n.nati.in gulf.
'""-^'•- south si;ie-;;n^;ipi;:;,':,!;nV-;y '-.n a_w-.;k ;,. a .....th .a... tha,,
'|H5: dmoIlTweek lat!'"th^n .Jt 'Iw"h ^ T" "'"" [T ^''" «^^' ''"- ^f-" 23
-»ir. Jenness writes tliat th<. fir^t c v ■ ■!« dt
inai tiK first Saxifroga oppositifolia
V ."i- tli.it «;„.. „„iii 1 •
pvarrns ,.„ drying nieat. J, 1 •->. ' , V'u firT'""" ■'"'•' ''■ *''"^ "'"' •^''*^'"'l *"
''•■••a>ne nun.erous an.l annoving u • n ,': , 'T''''^'"'^ ^^V'' ■"^'"''" -Ji'lv 8
were kill.vl by frost on the night of
:ikk
( iinitiliitii Airlir F.X(tiiliti«n, I'.HA-IS
i.1:M KAI. (.\K< IK INSi:( IS)
A cDiiiparisdii of the iiisccfs fouiiil in the American Arctic and of those
found in ( Irccnland, is interesting. Dr. I. ( '. Nielsen lias compared tlie insect
fauna of the west coast of < Jreeiilaud with tliat of the east coast.'
Owinc lo the severity of the chniate on tlie e;ist coast of ( Ireeniand as
compared witli tliat on the wi'st coast, insect hfe is less jilentiful, inchidinj; less
than half the nuniiier of lepidoptera, one-third that of coleo])1era and hynien-
optera, one-fourth of hemiptera, one-sixth of dii)tera, and one-tenth of iieuroj)-
teroids. Ortlioptera and thysanoi)tera are only found on the west coast and
arc re])resented l>y sinph' species (Atnijxis uml Trortin, Fd.iiviilo, lilatta. and
I'hijuuinis) all jirohalily introduced. No beetles (except perhai)s staphylinids)
are known on the east coast north of about 75 decrees north.
With the exception of Strepsi])tera, most orders of insects are re])reseiited
in (Ireeniand, but f.ar from all families. Ninety \H'V cent of the hymenoptera
are ichneumonids. the remainder, sawtlies and bumblebees; the lieetles are
mainly those feeding upon i)lants. decayed matter, niiiuite artiiropods, or
wateriieel'es. The hymeno|)tera, lepidoptera, and hemiptera depend on
land venelation but most of the neuro|)teroids- and many of the diiitera pass
the e irly and lonjier |>art of their life ii\ fresh water. Many of the diptera also
belontj to iilood-suckiiff sjjecies feeding ui)on liskimos and otiier mammaLs or
upon decayed matter. Uecent Danish authors j;ive the followiiiu list of the
ditTerent orders of i.sect> found in (ireeniand;
I)iptii;i . . , ,
H.viiienoi)ti-r;i
MuIIophaga
lrfpi(ioptera.
Coleoptera. .
t'nliPmbnla. .
Miti>-^
riliniil 17(1 spcci.s
■10
40
i:!
({f'?lliptr):l about
.\<Mir»'pivrui(ls "
Sui'turia "
.Sipliuiii-uUilii
I'hysKpini.i <i!il\
t i!-thnpf.-r,a **
1 2 .spcclt^s
10
i;
s
1-L>
l-'J
Spifl(-rs.
. nt))Hit
'J"he ill^ects of ( Ireeniand are \ery siniilar to those so far lound in the Amer-
ican Arctic, thounh the eastern ])art of the American .\rctic h.as a far more
severe climate th^n the correspondinj; decrees of latitude in the western ])art.
The limit of spruce, or ot isotherms is. therefore, a bet'er southern boundary on
•.vhich to base c<mciusi(Uis than ;iny ))arallel of latitude Owilifi to the intimate
connexion between pl:.nts and insects the tree limit is preferable, especially as
the data availalile are iiisuHicient to warrant the use of isotherms as a base.
The country not forested is known as the "barren grounds" and reaches as
clos(> t(» the pole as ex|)lorers have attained. Forest insects cannot, of course,
invade these {iirounds. The next insects to sto]> are the (irasshojjpers and i)rob-
ably also the other families of ortlioptera.' No orthopter.a have bc'ii found in the
( 'anadian ,\rctic archii)ela(io. I'roin the Arctic mainland the onl.\' fjrassho])pers we
secured were a sjiecimen of .\cridida', said to have been caught near the divide
of the .\laskan .\rclic mountains, within, or near, the limit of trees, and the
specimen of Mrliiii(iiih(.-< frl(iiiliiK secm-ed by Mr. V. Stefansson in the sumnua- of
1911 in the vicinity of I.annton bay. The absence of (irasshopjiers in the Arctic
is very noticeable and not easily accounted for. It cannot be the absence ot
suitable food, for iir;;ssliop])ers eat almost any vegetable, and vegetation is
• "The ins ot.i of the Dan'naik HxiJCililinii.' MeiMi'lclsi r nni iJtociilan,!. vol. 4;!. ]). ',:,.
•Till' inse.'ts of lii.'^t Ci-eiiil.inil," McmMi-i.Uit oin Cioriilaiiii, vol. L'9. pp. 3t)i;-36H. See also
\V. Lunilbfcli : •■Kn'.oiKOlog riiilcrscig. i West Ciotnlanil. issy-9n,' MiiPlil. onl IJlo.nlamI, vol.
VII, pi>. 13'.'-ll; anil W. LumlbfcU ami K. HenricUsi'n in ■Toiisptctus fauna Krofnlamlica,
Land anihro|io<l.s." Meildel oni fjroenland, vol. 22, p. 797, IdlS; and W. Lundbeik : "Notitser
orn Grinlitnd.s fiitoniolog. Fauna," pp. 2~-^i.
T r s, |.;,-,!t- -i-rr-Ti'Mii'ls L-,u>,|— , rV]^•KV:tll.!:■ „k Slr:t:i.U)r. ,1s .\rthropudi.r." in i'.ink
•Naturhist TiUacg til en guographist og Statistisk Hi-.skrivelse af lironland," 1857, pp. 50-71.
2 Trichoptffa ar.- the (»nly neuropttToid.s known from the east coast.
■5 The Forficula collertcd on Parry's and Koss' voyages was probably introduced.
^:::n!c!:,Jt:::'z;;i.'::z'z^;]X"'"' • "t " ■-■■■" '»>■ '«■ »
that til.. ,.KKs ..|,v h.i.l •.l.,ut , m,, , .> .. 1 ilM.raat.. as nymphs, aiul
l-'rhaps not s„m..i,.nt f , nvn.,r , '^^" .'•""'^nn.n^r sunMncr months aiv
^".^a«.. was pro .al, v introdu,....!. if th. i.l..,>,iti,.ation is o .i • ' '^"" '
''n.,.li.la., rhvn. no ' , , .1 '''■'■^'>'^' '"•'tt'T an.l thos,. .Iin.,.tlv <chrvs-
'1='') <l.'I.w.l.-nt,o .;,.., ;^,^^ " .n.l.r..,.t V (plant-li,v-f,.,.,l,.rs, co<.cin,.lli.
^^.so.a.nortl,asth..fMnlv ;V,,,hv^^^^^^^^^ '""'" '"'"'■'" '"•'•>' *'" ""*
.l/»vv,/,/,„„,„ W'.s X,.'r ,1 •- <^ I '"'i^ "!'"" """■'' """"t.M.ru^u.isn.s.
rryjp,.,„Lln l^X:t^a2ul'v^^^^ - Vl-xandra tjonl;
111 which fivsh water is i,.,. fr..,. . . , , i • '•^'"" """'• 1 •'<• -liminishnin p,.rio<is
'" th.. I'vcntual !l^ a ; ram / "f ; ''S;;"' I .'' approach,..! n.ay 1... r..hu...l
i)ytis.a.ls wen. ,;o„..ct!.;i ..n Parrel an., A.l'r^o;:;;;!, s"^'""' """""" "'^*^•■^^•
the fllnl; :; ;a;:hir;j!:7";::;:::i;:,in;:;p:!;r;;;;'V""''''^^^ ='-" '^r '^ -^-''^-^
«" as far n.,rth as th,. .n,,r.. h^ 1. . • . c„ ; i- ' *-'-'';'''" '•'•'V-'T I'^'>'"''''y <1" "ot
""• iMmilv of n..nr, ,, er. id Ih,.^^^ , a ,h.p..|a^r... I'he tri, h,,pt..ra is prohal.ly
i^;:t-;ivKiBS^™^^
I'.-i'asitic upon mammals .in.! hinis I -, '■ ""f -- ami c...il,.mliola, ami msccts
■nnl the same s,.eml t ht he e' s^;^; 'r'j'V:''"''' -« far north as there is land;
I'Utterdif.s an.l moths) „ref. rri,,; .,»/ , '* 'V""' "' ^^'"^ '''I'l'lotera (both
tl..' ln*,'hest lati les s?^ '" ^i' ; V''^"^^ ^' '"='>■ \>^ ''««"med that at
Kennedy-l{.,l„.so„ ehan els h .^e Vt er 1 r U '*"'"'' ''"\^H "" '"'^'^ ''^''^ »f
fauna toRether with s" v5i,.s h^„ 1 / "%""'"''"'^^^^ ''"'^ of the insect
"linutehe.niptera „,ileotl.r;< ^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^ '""' '""■""^''^ ^^'^I''^' 'I'l^tera, and
"in.'.'^-f fhro^.i^.r^'r;'; ?i?:T:".'^„?'f'-^.'h•■'t a,l ,he 3/e,„„op„« species „...,
' w'lt '^""«"'""0 known from Vat.' 72° N lone 94" \v'r'^^,...
the
IS
S. Patkard, Jr.,
i
Insrrtl.if. ,„ ,h. \^<sirn,.\,,H,,„„s,,.fA„„,,,„
4lK
f>is,rl 1.,/, on HV.v/,,„ A rrhv I nn.l „f .{„,.,;, -n
■ I" '1' lii^,, t I. II,
<:iK
^■■'- 1 Klv on />,■„„,, flo„v,. .,„rn.,.l h:„l,.,„r. Nnrtl.w, h, T,.rri,..,i..< Julv
l;M . I I'll,.!.. Iiy ;;. K. U |Ki„s ) '
Fig, 2. Mos<iuitoes attacking dct;.
wakiJiV'"'"'"'' "'"'•'' "• "''■ "'*""" ''*' '' "■
Insul I..,. „„ ,h. \\,.,.,„ .\,,ia(oasi,: Am.ruu
V,x
•>■ l,M,,l lit.
ft Ml ft
!■'''■ 1 Ar.tli; WllU.w
nt-,ii no
litl, ..,,.1 of Itkhi.rd ,.iand. June, i,.,.. , n,..|., I,j j j u NViliT
' ■H'lintiuii i;u|f.
I'fcv,
J
r>,.s,rt Ufv on the Wrslrrn Arrlic Cast „f Am, rim
Alrlir Jnjirtt r.ifc
■J 7k
I'l.ATE in.
Flu. 1. Winter coiidit
-ns.. \Vin,l-s«,.,„ ,„n,lrM |,|«ffs at Cnllinso,, „„„„ xh«|,., ..,,,,
ru.,y L'l. „.u. ..•1„„., by K. .r.,,.,„.e„., '
Kin.
2 Ijirly siirinsr. Snow
mellin(f on tundra at Duiiiarcat
I91t. (I'hoto by V. Johanscn.)
ion point. Alaska, May 13,
'»''<'^"-if<'ontlu\V,..t,m.\Mir<;,„M„f.
I iinrini
I!IK
\iilii- Ills, I I I if,.
I'HTK IV
r
J"".:'.. .Jm';;"';,:;::;;"',;';:;;^^;^ •^""^-n ..o:,,,. a:.,u«. i
16579-4
In.tct Life on Ike Wester,, Anlic Coa.sl of A men,
51 K
Airllc Itucct Life
Plate V.
Pic. 1.
■run,„.a<me„atT..,.er,,.,„tC,ar..no,.,,A,a.K.. K..in„,.,.
a-hotj by ,J. J. o-.Will.,
■ is^--' A-
'' '^'" *UBust, n»i:i
Fig. L>. ri,a.s
^tal fiintini st
--.■■n.;;;„:;:;r:;o^::,r;"^- '"-■ ^'-^- •'-^ -
^
16579—4}
^'"'"■''-•''"""" »■-"'■" I'-'^w ^..-.i V<v,
")3k
'lir /„.„, , I If,.
I'l.VTK \[
Sn|llluv,.st
---."■"■^^t-^'-i.j;:: -""■■« '•■-'■
-■ Vk'tori,-, isi;,n,i 1)1, loir t,- l,n-..
I mini t)y It Jennpss. )
r'
Insect Liff o>, the Wextrn, Arctic Coost of A
mcricn
55k
■ trrti, Injtilt r.,fr
I.ATE Vlt.
Kio. 1. Arctic
■■oaM a, Kin.^ „„i,„. Yukon. Earth-sUcU,. August. 1»1 .. ,,.,,0,0 by
J"lir. It. C.ix.) '
Fio. 2. Inlan.l erully on Ilersc
hoi Island. Art-tie ooa.t of Yukon T,.rrito,v. Juh- », joig
(I-hoto by P. Johansen.) "•
r
Insut Lift i>„ Ih, iVtshrn ,(,,7/<' ChisI ,„ .| „„,,,„
I" 'I' /lM(.( /.I/,
• ><K
!■> Ill \ II I
Fi«. 1. Arcc ooa.t near cap- farr,. x,„.,„.v,., T,.,,:,.,,..-. i ,„- „, ,„,^
(Photn by (;. H. Wllkins.)
Fli!. i. Dolnmit
Territories. June :;i, 1916. ( 1-ho.o by K. Johan.s.n.)
r''
Imecl Lifi ,11, Ihr HVx/ ,,i Anh'- ( <„i.st „/ .tm. /•/<•«(
5yK
.1,1 /(, /ii». , > I ,/,.
I'l >rK IX
Fl... 1 .S.io» n.,.ll„,« al H.rn;„.l l.^irl,..,, , . \orlh«.."( T rnli.n...
I 'X- I I'hotn l>y F. J..luiii»n )
M.iy I'l. i:i|'. X ite
N
FiO. 2. Brook f.i by ,„oltln,f snowbank Bernard harbour, Northwest Territories July
12, 1915. (Photo by F. Johansen.)
IiiKcd Life nil the ]V<dein Aidk Tod.-V of Aiiuiiai
OlK
Arrlir In.sKt Life
Platk X.
^
Ki<:. 1. SiirfM
iif ili il)as.' ishii .1 in I •ni-..iKitii>!i \i\M. Niirtliw. si r, .rilorhs. Man-h
I'J. ilUrt. ( riioti) 1)> F. .lohansiti)
r\
Fic " Cape Barrow Jiartmur, rirmiation KUit. Typical granite fnntiatiDn of eastern part
of Coronation guif -ind Hatluirst iiiat. AugiiRt 12, 1!>15. (I'lioto by C H. Wilkini- )
aaafadafet
^
u:-:'
ReF<
liiiiiiiiiiiiiii
3 9004 02404783 8
I'url A. ..,
T 'T
1
>.I•-l^■ .»( 1
M3-I8.
i :eniht r •;, lf)!9)
1 //( prt jKtr-itiiiii
i^v
I'art It < Kl'Il ALOI'ODA AM) I'l i;iii p|>( .1)A.
< 'cplialnl)..,!;!. Ity S S. Mini,,
I'tciiipoila liv U I ( lapii "
I'art I). HKYOZOA. Ilv H. C. (i„i;„n H^-u:! A,,rd H. 19:,,..
I'urt !■;. ItOTAToHIA. Hv II. K.llurrinK i/n ;.r,;Mr,.(„« i.
I'art K. CHAKTIKINATIIA. Hv A. ( ; ll,H,N,„a„ . i/«/y>..
•art (;. AI.CVdNAIilA AND A( TI N A 1(1 A I v \ r Wrrill <ln pre,.ar^t..,nK
Part II. .Mi;i)l SAI-: AND CTIAOI'IK .It \ Hv' H iV H J,^ u ,; (/ipr,*.;.
Tart .1: I'OHIFKHA 'hi i>reixir„l,on'.
VOM MK l\: .WXKUns, P.IKASITIC WOKMS. PKOTO/.dWM. KTC.
I'urt A: liI.lG(>(H.\i:rA.
I.unil.ricuiiilar. Hy Trunk .Sjniili.
lindiytraii.lav. Hy I'aul S. Welch. .
I'art H: I't iLYCIIAKIA. Hv liulpl. V. CliamlM .||
I'art C: JII HT \I)INI;a. Hv .1. I'. ,M,H,rr
'>■•' '*• V//!'J'.^'"'^-^- "•'•■ ""'n'l \<liai..l.frlin .
'art I-,; AfANTHOCKI'IIALA. Hv II. .1. Van < I.
I'art I : NKMATODA. HvN.A.(ol.l,
I'art (;-H: TKKMAToD.V AM) cliSTOUX H
I'art I: TfRBKLLAHIA. Hv A. Hasall
I'art J: GOHDIAfKA
Part K: NKMKUriNI
I "
I
A. !{.(■,,
Is.^ltr.l Sffilnnhrr .?'), VtVJ'.
h^ittd Sinmnh(r !H, VJSit ,
. './--Ki'i Fi'iriuinj -',, ;,9,'; I.
'I'^urd Junr in, lyjii,.
ll.i.'U'd April 7. V.IJt)'.
■ • . - hi pn jinwlion ).
.,7m/'i/ t'fhruaiy i, lH2lj.
</« prritanition).
•art K: NKMKUriNI. Hv Haipl. V. Chambcrlin ,;
'art I.: SPOUOZOA. Hv .i. V. .Mavor '""""""" In pnparalimt.
•artM:KOUAMIMKKKA. Hy ,1. A. (^u.ilnian : : : ' hs,..! rl^rll^-^rlH^K
VOUMK X: PLANKTON, il YDKiXiKAPII Y. TII>K.S, KTf.
Part A: PLANKTON. Hv Alb( rt Mann , , >
Part B: .MAKINK DIATOMS. Hv L W Bailrv ', pr.pamtior,).
Part (•: TIDAL OBSERVATIONS AND UESllTS Hv W H..II !).«..„ ,/ i 'A". '',"'"! '".'.T'-
Part 1): HVDH(X;K\PUY i»r..^i i- 1 ■■>. «> «. Hell DuH.'on (/.x-i,.j/ Odoitr (, IflUh.
'In pnpiiiiiliuii).
YOLl'MK M: (iKOLOiiV AMI (;I';0(1RAPHY
Par, A: THE^ GKOLOO V . JK Till: ^MU.IK : COAST Ol' CANADA, U KST OK TIIK KKNT
Par, B: MAPS AND C;k..i:mii,:-A l/ N-VrKS.' ' By KennHl^t ;. Chip,na„ ancr'^rT'S^lx:
f/fi ftn ii'initiutij.
VOLI MK XII: IJKE OF THE COPPER KSKIMOS
THi: Lin; ok TIIK COPPF.R LSKIMOS. By I)..I,„n.s. 'Up,r,.i
VOUME XII.: "-"VSK^^rHARA^TOi^TU^S^^ OK THE
Part A: THKl'HVSU-.ALfHARA<Ti;iUSn(SOI- THEWLS^^^^^^
PartB: THi; OSTi:OLOGV OF THi: WKSTKRN AND CKNTRAL iisKIMOS. *''""■''""■""''"^•
Part C: TKCHNOLOGV OF THE COPPER ESKIMO^'*'' •'"'"' *'""'''■"" ' In preparation ■ .
\ i O Or. JITfJM f lit ' ,
Part A:
VOLl .ME XIV: ESKIMO FOLK-LORE AM) LAXGl AGE
'■ '''^i^:^!^T^>^'h;^&^kV''^J}^^'^^' ^"^ MACKENZIE DELTA, AND
Part B: COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR- AND VOCABCI \RY t)!' THF F SkWo" PiVtlTv^':
Bv D.Ssa''^''"''" ■ '■"'' mackenI:!^: I)eIV{;\nd''c .\ronation'^\xk
(In prepaniion .
VOLl'ME XV: ESKIMO STRI.NG FIGl RES AXI> SONGS
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(In prepijr.iis^m).
VOLIME XVI: ARCHAEOLOGY
CONTRIBL-TIONS TO THE AliCHAEOLOCi V OF WESTERN ARr TIC AMERICA,
{To b€ }iie pared}