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WJ^-
^GIOGSAPIY^
BY JAMES MONTEITH
^/^W/'r^/, /OA- rSJ^ /AT CANADIAA^ SCHOOLS
BY R, DAWSOK, B. A,, T. C. D.
^T0S0NT0s3«-
iSntereit, woonling to Act or l-aniaufnt, In tbe oiBofl of the MIo
later of Agriculture In the year 1886. Hy Tmt Casadi,
4» PUBLnillHO CoMPlItr (LnciTliDI.
The mpthofl adopted in this little book leads the younjy learner to
look at things around him in such a way as to learn something about them
and from them ; thus developing his reasoning powers, by his individual effort.
The author has acted upon the principle that tlae best way to help a child is to
show him how to help himself.
The pupils are encouraged to observe, examine, discover, inquire, and read. They
ride, Avalk, and talk with their teachers or par(>nts, who show them natural objects
on the road, in tlie fields and wotxls, and at the sea-side.
The easy, conversational, and varied style of presentation will, it is hoped, make
this study jjleasant and effective.
Beginning at the school-grounds, the children go over their county, province,
country, continent, and the world.
Special attention is directed to the large type, clear, open pages, and the illu.stra-
tlons, which are executed in the highest stylo of art.
The maps are beautiful. They show the standard time at the top; height of land
and depth of water, in profiles, or sectional views, at the bottom; and comparative
latitude on the sides.
The largest city in each country is distinguished from other cities by being
printed in larger letters.
Highlands, lowlands, and principal products are shown in small charts.
Snob foot-notes are given as will aid the teacher in adding interest to the lessons.
The writing exercises, with language lessons, teach by means of journeys and voyages.
SiS:smm^ET^ismss!sitg
being
GEOGRAPHY IN THE FIELDS AND WOODS.
""-'i-fiK**-'.'ftfKaHn I hut . -^
LESSON ONE.
I' Iw""';",?"''' * ''™°''"' '" ■""• '^^ "'«' >" t^k* " long walk,
brook. ^° "'" "' ^"™ *"''^^' ""•""S'' *•■» <l-k forest, and along V the
8. "We shall cliMl, the hill, and run down into the valleys between the,,,.
will oniAs ;i,;»Ze;'irthSSi:: ""^'^"' -" ^^--« ^- ^ ^-
go ii,e,e a.e four p,-„,c,pal directions, north, east, south, and west
-:;iaeeTh:;rsrHC xi- r„:re:r" -- -" -- -- -
7. 'I W,th your left hand point to the place where the sun sets. That is west.
north i:'i~::! tTei^zrhir;:? -" '°™'^ ^"^ -^^ -^ "-- *^«
9. ToTOds jhiol, of ll,c« poiats or directions ia the front ot vo„r «hool ho„.^ ?
Name one of the strc* or read, near jour .chool-h„„«,. i„ what drrection, does it lead ?
FARMS,— A RJVEK, — A SHOWER.
I
10. " OutHide i\\yy city or town, you may see faniw ou which wheat, com, potatoes,
ami many other things are cultivated.'
11. " You may see, alao, fields where cows, oxen, horses, and sheep graze, and dark
forests or woods, whose great trees of pine, oak, spruce, he jilock, maple, walnut, or
chestnut, are cut down and afterwifl-ds sawed into Ix.ards and posts."
12. " Without COWS, we should have no milk, butter, or cheese; without sheep,
we should have no wool ; and without trees, we should have no furniture, wagons,
sleds, or boats."
13. The class, after passing several fields, came to a bridge under which flowed
a stream of water, called a river.
14. Looking up the river, or in the direction from ,.hich it flows, all observed
a mill, whose great wheel was turning over and over.
16. Reaching the mill, they asked leave of the m .iler to enter, for the rain had
begun to fall in big drops.
16. Inside the mill, they saw a great, flat stone, as large as a cart-wheel, turning
round and round on another stone. Through a hole in the upper millstone, the miller
let in wheat. This was soon ground into flour, which came out over the edge of
the lower millstone.
What has been taught in LoHson Ono,—
Tin- t'oHV principal points or dirvetioiiH tire north, rust, south, and west.
The east is where the Sun rises; the west, where it sets.
The farmer raises wheat, corn and vats, besides pottttoes and other reyetables.
Bread is made front flour.
Flour is ground wheat.
Meal is yround com.
We yet milk from the cow and wool from the sheep.
A river is a stream of water flowing through the land.
NOTES FOR THE USE OF THE TEACHER.
The attention of tho clasa may bo called to the principal
streets, buildings or places in the neighborhood, with thoir
Uirectious from the school and from one another, — the loca-
tiou of the city, town, or village, with its public buildings,
mills and factories, and their several uses.
At 13 o'clock, or noon, our shadows point exactly
toward the north. This is always the case in the North
'I'eniperate and North Frigid Zones, and sometimes in the
Torrid Zone. In the South Temperate and South Frigid
Zones, the people's shadows at noon point toward the
south.
Midway between north and eapt is northoaal ; betv-'een
south and east, southeast ; between north and west, north-
west ; and l)etweon south and west, southwest.
' Wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, rice, and barley are
called grain, because they are all small, liartl seeds.
Can any of you toll how wheat, corn, and ric(! are made
into food ? How is com planted ? How are jwtatocn planted ?
What fruits grow In your neighborhood ? How is each
usfd or prepared for food?
* Qrazinj? means feeding on grass. Mention some ani-
mals which graze. Does a dog graze? A cat? A cow? A
goat?
What parts of a house are made of wood ? Wl.at kinds
of wood are used in making chairs? Tables? Pianos?
Windows? Shinirles? Floors? Routs? Wajrons? Fences?
A MJLL,-i\0 RAIN, NO LIFE. -LAKES, ETC.
LESSON
1 W O.
1. Som«' of the boys were niuoli inter-
ested in watching the iuu<'hinery while it
UU.S ill motion.
2. The miller took them to the great
wheel outside which turned the wheels,
belts, and rollers inside the mill. He also
showed them how the water-wheel itself
was turned by water from the stream
above it
\\ " VVli;, . ' asked one boy, " did yon build
this wall of logs across tlie stream?" "So
that I may have enough water at all times,
even in dry \>t'ather," replied the miller."
4. Here a little girl wanted to hurry
oiit and gather wild flowers, saying, " She
wished it would never rain."
5. "Let me tell you," said the Teacher. " that if there were no
ram, there would be no flowers, grass, trees, food, drinking water
or people; in sh«.rt, no life of any kind on the Earth; the whole
land would be a desert, and as dry and barren as a dusty road in
summer." *'
mi,.l.f„af, f r f;; ^"^*''^'' ^^**J« ^ri thought that if there were n. rain people
might get water from the rivers and lakes.' ^
7. "Oh no," said the Teacher; "if rain should not fall on the land, all the rivers
lakes, ponds, sprmgs, and wells would become dry « '
showertanrri;tyf ' ^' *'^^' ^'^^ "^' ^'^^ ^^'^"^^ "^^'^^ ^^"^^ -P^-^ ^^
fnrl"^'' you know," asked the Teacher, "where the rain comes from, how it ^ets
far above your h ead, and falls so gently on the grass, gardens, and farnis V "
A Mill.
*« \ ^'.'k' Vf "' ''*"'' '' """^ " ""l-dam. It is built
to hold buck tho water of a stream.
Beavers are little animals which live on the banks of a
Btmim. m the water as well as on land. They construct
dams by cutting down trees with their teeth, filling in the
spaces between the logs with branches, stones, and mud.
I he object 18 to secure a suiHcient deoth of waf^r f. hp -''r
from freezing m winter. Beavers invariably cut such trT^s
as will fall into tho water and be carried bv the Htream to
the place selected for their houses. They" are fine swim-
mers and divers.
» A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. A pond
is a small lake. ^ La„j „„ ^jj,^,^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^
and barren ; it is called a deaert.
The machinefy in in(j:$t mills is now moved by steam
instead of the water-wheel.
6
CLOUDS AND WINDS, — THEIR USES.
10. " It comes from the clouds," answered all.
11. "True; but where do the clouds come from^" All were
silent, and they were still more astonished when she answered for
them, " From the ocean."
12. "How can that be?" asked a bright little fellow who had
bfithed in the surf at the sea-shore one sununer. " The water of the
ocean is salt and rain water is fresli," and his eyes sparkled, as he
thought he had found a mistake in the Teacher's statement.
13. "A very sensible question," promptly and pleasantly replied
the Teacher. " The heat of the Sun changes the water at the surface
of the ocean into vapor, ^vhicll is so light that it rises in the air.
The salt, however, is heavier than air ; therefore, it remains in the
ocean
1
IliPlDS.
14. Vapor is always fresh, because the salt
cannot rise with it.
1 5. Vapor rises and forms clouds, which fall
in the form of rain as soon as the cold
makes them too heavy to float any longer
in the air.^
16. "Can any of you tell me how the
clouds are carried from over the ocean to
places far away from it { " Several said, " By the winds." ^
17. Just then the rain ceased, and all started oif in high glee. "Oh, see ! " shouted
one of the boys, "the mill is on fire. Smoke is coming out of all parts of the roof."
At this, the others laughed heartily, for they knew that what appeared as smoke was
only vapor, or the rain drying up.*
What has been taught in Lesson Two,—
Without the ocean there would be no tmpor.
Without vapor, no clouds.
Without clouds, no rain.
Without rain, no people, trees, grass, or animals.
' A pupil should always bt> commended for any sug-
gestion wliieh indicates tliat his mind is at work on the
Bubject, and that he is thinking independently.
' Some of the pupils may have seen vapor rise from
boiling water, and afterwards found it changed back into
drops of water on the inside of u window, or ou tho oulblde
of a pitcher of cold water.
3 Clouds are not very far above the Earth — not so high as
the tops of some mountains. A cloud so low as to touch tlie
surface of the Earth is called a fog or mist.
* Vapor rises not only from the ocean, but also from
water everywhere on the Earth. Wet, moist ground be-
comes dry by this process, culled evaporation.
Pronounce statement, not munt ; laugh, Mf, not laf.
SPRINGS, -WATERFALLS. — TREES.
LESSONTHREE.
tl,. ^' f h^^T"!! ^^r-n^'f' ''^^'^ '^'^ ^^"^^ «"'^"^'- «"d smaller as
they chtnbed the h.ll, they at last reached its begiuuiug, or source
which IS a spring.' ^ ouuioo,
2. One of the boys made a little boat, and threw it into the
stream near the sprmg. ''That boat," said the Teacher, "may
ijave ii long and curious voyao-e."
3. "It may sometimes float smoothly under overhaiiffinir
bushes or past beautiful flowers, then rush down over Jii..h, steep
and dangerous places, called rapids." °
4. "It may be d-^hed over a waterfall, or it may be
carried over the miL s ^vheel."*
5. " It may afterward glide on deep, smooth water, past
^^ llages and cities, and at last quietly enter the great oiean,
which 18 the largest body of water on the Earth." ^
6. While they were sitting on the ground near the spring,
all joined in a conversation about their bread, butter, cakes
and other things which they had brought ^vith them
abol; ^e:,t'a tZ, '''''"' ''''''''" '''''' '^''^ -^''-
b;et;::ti:VsarS^^^ ''''' -''' '- '-^ '-- ^^-^ -- - cave,^ or is made
10 ""I'ol'b ' f ' '"'i" ''" "'"' "^ "-^ ^^^*^"» "-^-^ " N-e knew,
on the ground ^ Z ::^''^ "^ '" '"^ ''' ^'''''''' " ''^^' --"' ^"^ ^^-gs are
A WAT'iRFALL.
waterfall, cataract, or cascade
rears T; T ^ T ^"""^ ''""'"^^ l'"'"*'"! "^••^'7 t«'o
years. It flourishes only m a wai-m cliniato. SuRar is made
also from beet-root ; it is as clear and sweet as the Lost loaf
sugar. Beet-sugar is made and used chiefly in France
' Some salt mines are very deep, and have underground
streets several miles in length. They are lighted by lan.,«
wliich arc kept constantly burning.
• Salt water from the ocean, or from salt springs and
wells, 13 put mto large pans, kettles, or reservoire, and then
heated either by firo or by the sun until the water is all
Changed mto vapor, whicl. rises and leaves the salt behind
alwaysLr"'" "' '"'"' "" '" '''"' ''"'' ^'^^^ ""
8
A MA P A ND A RE VIE W.
11. All said "acorns."^ And the older boys said it must be an oak-tree, for acorns
are the seed of the oak.
12. Near by, was a little plaut which one of the boys pulled up by the root.* " What
is this ? " he asked.
13. "It is the beginning of a sugar-
maplt^ tree — a tree from whose sap maple
sugar is made," replied the Teacher; "the
seed is still attached to the stem of tlie
plant."'
14. "But," aslced another, "how did the
seed get here \ There is no such tree near it."
15. "A very good question," remarked
the Teacher. " The seed was so light that the
wind caught it as it left the tree and brought it
to this spot. Seeds of the maple and some
other kinds of trees are carried in this way a
long distance before they fall to the ground." *
16. "In thus scattering seed, the wind
helps to cover the land with trees and flowers
and grass."
17. The next day, one of the girls went
to the blackboard and drew from memory
a map of the school-grounds and the places a iup op .cho-.l-oko^ds .nd vickixv
they had visited. (Piclwe on page 3.)
What has been taught in Lesson Tliree,—
Withont rain there would be no sprinys.
Without springs, no rain.
The so'-rce or beginning of a river is a spring.
Parts of a river which flow rapidly are railed rapids.
Where water falls over a precipice it is called a waterfall.
An ocean is tlie largest body of water on the Earth.
We get sugar from jtlants ; salt, from salt ivater and suit mines.
Winds blow clouds and seeds over the land.
' A'-eorn§. '•' R(J&t, not rut.
' Maple sugar is made from the sap, which drops or
trickles through a hole bored in the tree.
■> Tiiistle-seeds, which are burrouuJeJ by a Ii(;{ht, downy
substance, are carried long distances by the winds.
To nnderstand the directions on a mnp. it ehonld be laid flat on
a table or held level in your liandc, with the top of the page toward
the north. North doev not mean up ; it is sometimes higher and
sometimes lower than south. .\ boy climbinif a tree goes up;
an apple falliiig from u tree, or a bloue iliopped into a well, goes
down.
A LITTLE BO
Y'S LETTER TO
HIS FAT J//.;
H.
9
Aid flat on
ago toward
higtier and
goes up ;
well, goes
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EEVIEW OF LESSONS 1, 2, AND 3.
What did it contain? Of
Have you ever seen a field ?
what different uses are fields ?
Whatisafortst? Mention some forest tr«». iw .,
some of their uses. ^*- Mention
What is an orchard ? What fVnW *,„ i
What fruit trees have yot. on?^ ea" aZ T. '"" ^"^ '
ture^ How are different fruit's 'l^^^Vl^T "" ""=•
eac t TonTstrr'!' ''"'"''^- ^" ^"'^^ ^^^ '^^ -'- of
does tStie'jr s-rr""^ '--^^'^^ ''"'-^•^- ^^ ^^h.
aniIrd:t:X',':^'°:rr.'"--fo-food? Pro..hat
Fron.whatanin.rdoT;e;r;:t:i1I """"T' '^^'^•^"''' I
" we r, X material to makp our clothes?
What
:^i
fishr?"* ""'' ""' '"""^ "" "»"-* ""«' '"•• '«o<i?
Name and point to each of thn i,i.i««i. i
points of the compass. What „ar . '' '"■ ""''""'"
north? South? Ea«t? ^1'?' '"""P "'P''««*'"'«
Mention some place or huildintf ix.wi. *
East? South? West? '^""^ """'' "^ )"'«' whool ?
..in ! Ho» I. „u m.do o, ..l.taln J, ' " "" "" "" '"
GEOGRAPHY AT THE SEA-SHORE.
LESSON FOUR.
1. The next excursion was to tlie sea-sliore ; and as that was a long way off, the
class took an early train one day in summer.
2. On their way, they all looked out of the car windows at everything which ap-
peared curious or strange.
10
PLAINS,- MO U NT A INS, ~ THE OCEAN, ETC.
. '1
e "' * **'^ ^^""^ ^"'""^'^ ''■*^''^ on t'i« loxv and the level lands
4. Another noticed that the corn was not fully grown • and a third ««iM f) I ..
streams were smaller than they ^vere in the spring "'"^ *^"* *''"
1. There were bodies of ]a„,l „„,! water i„ almost eve.v ' shape '
«aUed'm„''^^'t'''"* broad level ^ traet,' of I„,k1, culled plains; nn.l very hj.l, hnj,
«UJed mountains,' which ai-e much hiaher than hills
8. Between the hilk and n.ountai.s were low lamls, called valleys
11. One nver flowed into a lake, which is a body of water having land all aronnd it
the land. ^ ^ ''^y' ''^''''^^ '" ^ ^^^y of water reaching into
f J'hi^i^to^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ '''-''' ''-'' ^ '-- ^«^^- ^* -e or .ore springs, and flows
15. Many seas, gulfs, and bays are like great arms of the ocean.
What has been taught in Lesson Four,-
A plain is a level tratf of hnitl.
A mountain is a vast eUvotion of land
A l.ill is hioh lana, b„t not so ln„U as a mountain.
A valley ,s low land betaken hills or mountains.
2he best farms are on plains or in valle„s.
Alafce is a boa„ of water u,lnel, has land around it.
Itivers flow into lakes and from lakes.
The water of rivers and most lakes is fresh.
The abater ofjulfs and ba„s rvhich open into the ocean is .alt
Tnewnter^fbays whieH open into fresh water lakes is Zf
i^^l notlev'U. » Tracts, not tracks. « Mounfinz.
^n rt, 17" •?i," T *^'°'"'"'^ "" " P'-^'" ' On a n,o,.nt.
x^ ?" ^ ^'''^''' """ J'"" "^^ ^''^v. The largest
... w. «„.. o, wc .™ -r , =ri;::x^-— - f i^~E
1,™ . . ^^f"''^ « small quantity of wa..r ,.„ n
Slate .or „„ j^ janie uud «iightly raising one aidp „f u ~
n,a.v see how rivers flow frL fakes, aSd i ^ an, d r e'tZ
north, east, south »r «,«=♦ -m.. u . ^ airection.
!'. W"MW|W''j/:/3x.?-^^
IfjiLSiiil^fJ
12
VOLCANO, ISLAND, ISTHMUS, ETC.
LESSON FIVE
1. The Teacher, pointing to the large bay on
left, said, " That steamboat will cross the bay and
enter the narrow passage, called a strait, whie'
connects the bay with the ocean."
2. Far in the distance is a long row of mount-
ains, extending further than the eye can reach;
that row is a range or chain of mountains.
a. "Oh, look!" said a little girl, "a great
column of smoke is i-ising from the top of one of
the mountains."
4. " That mountain," replied the Teacher, " is
volcano. It sends out fire and melted stones, called 1
5. "The opening or mouth of a volcano is called a
crater."
Cbateb of a Volcano.
6. A fountain which spouts forth
boiling water is called a geyser.
_ . . " On the right, is a portion of land
having water all around it; it is called an
island.
_^ 8. " On the left, is a portion of land having
water nearly all around it ; it is called a penin-
sula.
9. « The peninsula is connected with the main-
land by a narro^v strip or neck of land, called an
isthmus."
Wliat has been taught in Lesson Five,—
A strait is a narrow passaae of water connectlny two
larger portions of water.
A volcano is a mountain tvhich sends out fire and
lava.
An island is a portion of land surrounded by water.
A peninsula is a portion of land
almost surrounded by water.
An isthmus is a narrow neck of land
^fy„,^i>cting two large bodies of
land.
/tatt
SATOfV ON MOUNTAINS;-COMMERCE.
13
S I X,
LESSON
1. " In the distance, you may see clouds
«nd rain."*
2. "Why," asked one of the boys, "are
the tops of the highest mountains \vhite» while
their sides are dark { "
3. "The reason is that their sides are cov-
ered with trees, while their tops or peaks are
so high and so cold, that the vapor near them
18 turned into snow."
4. "See, see!" exclaimed all, as they
watched a balloon which rose rajjidly fi;,ni
the city. A man in the basket ^)f tlie balloon
was waving flags, but he was soon almost out
of sight.
5. " Will he find it cold up there ? " " Yes •
the higher he rises, the colder he will find it."»
6 Looking out upon the ocean that calm*
bright day, one of the boys said« that he
should hke to be a sailor, for then he could
easily v.sit distant countries and cities, see
strange people, and trade with them.
Ship, ai-e sometime, eault iu Z S * ." ™^'' '° ■*'"■ "' '* '" ">-'">'•
from the riggin., „, a^fc „ /'°',T' ",''™ ™'''" "'-^ "°>™ »« '^e deck Iv
ve«l, teani: £ ^iinnfi„rt"lt''..*'' ™™^ """'' '""-^ "^ "■" --"^
^'^^r^^t'^^^ltlT *"»«''*, ''-™"><' l'^* "• ^ a sailor, c,,a„ged
^■> ^^ ''"^ ocean very deep ? " ' o ^
9. " In some places it is verv depn Tf ..!„
-ndi„g on top o, one aaothe ' t^J\^.:^Sl depTh^ '^''""'' "'•"*'
An Ocean Steamer.
rein may be falling at Hn^e nla.^. il ^tV."- ? ''^
iew nules d.:atant ti.e sun Jyt lilt " ' '^
' Bas'ket, not 6a«'/t/<.
» No niatter how l.„t the weather nmy be at the f,K.t of
a very high mountain, y.., would find it .-nUler and colder
as J ou approached its top. ^ Calm, k.in,, not Um.
' Sed, not m. • The average depth is 16,000 feet
JiO UND.
10. The Teacher then pointed to
the northwest, and said, " Far off on
the horizon, or where the sky seema
to meet the Earth, is a steamer;
and near it appears a sail with the
top of a mast."
11. " Oh, yes," replied all in great
alarm ; " the sail is right down in the
water, the ship must be sinking ! "
12. No, no ! that is a ship just coming in from some distant country. Watch
it as it comes nearer, and you will soon see the lower ^ ~-
sails and afterward the ship itself. It will appe^ ^
Just like the other ship in full sail which is nearli^
under the balloon. {See picture on page 10.)
13. "Why did we not see the body/
of the ship as soon as the top-sail and
topmast ? "
14. " Because the ship was so far away
that its body was beyond the curve of|
the Earth's surface; thus proving that the
Earth is round like a ball."
15. Now look along the edge of the land,
or where it is washed by the ocean;
is the coast or sea-shore.
16. The points of land which extend into the
water are called capes.
17. A high, rocky cape is called a promontory.
What has been taught in Lesson Six,—
Tlio coldent part of <i mountaiu is its top or peak.
Very hiyh peaks are always covered with snow.
Commerce is the buying, selling, and exchan„in„ of articles or goods of different places.
The ocean is an easy highway for travel and trade.
The depth of the ocean is equal to the height of the mountains.
The coast or shore is where the land is tvashed by the ocean or by a bay, lake, etc.
The topmast and topsail of a ship coming in from see are seen first, because the Earth «
round like a ball.
A cape is a point of land extending into the tvater.
A promontory is a high, rocky cape.
:-.i,
DEFINITIONS CONTRASTED AND R E I'
IE WED.
15
LESSON SEVEN.
DEFINITIONS CONTRASTED.
1. A continent is the larj,'-
est division of land. ° ^ _ .^^<
An ocean is tlie largest " UtttMi^^'
division of water.
sur-
t&fcir
2. An island is land
rounded hy watei-.
A lake is water surrounded
by land.'
3. A peninsula is land al-
most surrounded by water.
A gulf or bay is water al-
most surrounded by laud.
4. An isthmus is a narrow
neck of land connecting two
larger portions of land.
A strait is a narrow passao-e
of water connecting two larger portions of
"Water.
5 REVIEW-Pointont on both the picture
ciiul the map, a rnouutain,-a volcano,-a hill -
L'untain '""^r '' '^'^ ^^^— « ^«^— 'a
ana a hill ? Between a hill and a plain ^
6. Point to a lake,-an island. How do they
^.^T^^Zr-' --^ - — nL
do \^ ^°'h .V "" '^^^^^"--to an isthmus. How
PiCrUBE OF THE DIVISIONS OP LiNU AND WATER,
••♦'•IX.-
have «,reams o,. rivers, flouin,. i„,o ,I..„, 3 out o?^^''
Tl.e top of n mountain is its peak; i,s foot is its ba«
A wide strait is called a channel, or sound.
u cape IS a promor.i.i'y.
Map op tub Divi8,on,, of Land and Watei^
16
OUR SCHOOLGJiOUNDS. — OUR COUNTY.
NOVTF.
1
>
z
w
X
n
m
^^^
School. <='i, \v^^
Broad Strect.
SOUTB.
LESSON EIGHT.
OUR SCHOOL-GROUNDS
1. A map shows how places are situated
witli respect to one another. Here is a map
of our school-grounds.
2. To tell how any place is situated, you
may give its direction from some other
place, or you may name the places which
surround it.
3. To locate the school-groumls showu on
this map, you may say, on the north is
Wilson's Forest ; on the east, is Mill River ;
on the south, is Broad street ; and on the
west, is Main street.
Instead of the abovo model, the pupils may draw a map of their own sohool-groirnds. To mention in this way thu
limits or bounds of a place, county, state, or country is to bound it. Thu class may liore bo exorcised on bounding their
village, town, city, or county, a map of which may be drawn on the hiacliboard, or on paper.
4. Which is tlio largest building in our neighborliooil ? In wliat direcHon is it from us? In what
directiou does the river or brook near us flow ? » Make a model of our school-grounds as directed below.*
i5. Each pupil may write a letter about his or her school-jfrouuds,— the surroundings,
size, and shape,— the trees on or near them,— the size of the .school-house, the materials
of which it is built, and the piac^ where those materials were obtained. (Seep. 9.)
LESSON NINE.
OUR COUNTY.
C. "What is the name of the county we live in ? By what is it bounded on the north ? East? South?
West? What river, or brook, flows through it? In what ciiicccion does it flow? What (if any)
mountains, or hills, in it? What lake or pond? What valleys? What part of our county contains
forests? Plains? The best farms? What do they produce ? What fruits are raised? What large
mills and factories in our county? What other large buildings ? In what direction is each (naming
them) from us ? Make a model of our county as directed below.
7. Write a letter about the ^'ruits of our county,— how they grow,— how they are
used or prepared, and about one of the mills or factories.
' Care should be taken to show that rivers flow in dif ■
ferent directions — north, east, south, west, etc., but always
downvrard. Then the class may see tliat a river can flow
north as well ae south.
° To make a model, or to ishow the surface as it really
is, — Ist, take a piece of board and mark on it tlie boundaries
of the school-grounds, county, state, or country; 2d, locate
and build up the mountains with wax, putty, dough, wet
i
sand, or wet earth ; and form the slopes and valleys : 8d,
lay down white threads to represent rivers, and pieces of
white paper to represent the lakes, bays, etc. Or, go out on
the ground with a spade, trowel or knife, and proceed on a
larger scale as above directed, except^ that the hollow places
and channels which are rut to represent lakes, bays, rivers,
etc., may be filled with water. If the river channels be
properly formed and are filled at the source with water
Ol'Rj>^OVINCE,-OUR COUNTRY, ITS MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS
17
on In this way tho
on bounding their
(1 US ? In what
directed below.^
mrroundings,
the materials
•ieep. 9.)
East? South?
What (if any)
county contains
I? What large
8 each (naming
low they are
B and valleys : 3d,
rere, and pieces of
Btc. Or, go out on
and proceed on a
; the hollow places
akes, bays, rivers,
river channels be
iource with water
LESSON TEN.
« WW .u . °"^ PROVINCE.
«. vv nat 18 tho namo of our province ?
•urrouud or bound it. J', i o or luree nvrs, tw., or thrw, larKo cities, the rlvein, Julies, etc., wl.ith
By what is our province bounded on tho north ? On tho oast ? Snnfl. 9 \v . . ,i, ■
Mention its moinitainH, -its hirjrest rivpr« , fi i . ■ ^^™*- (^ """^ to mh;
bound it? Further north'or sou "r 4t ;T: i: w V "iT " "'"!'"' """ ^"^" '"••'^""'■^ ^^"''"
sledding ? IH it often cold enough for k t , , ? C f """'" '"""' '"" ^'"' '^'^''^''""'^ ""^l
Mention tl... nan.es of sun.e I<inds of tre hich t nv i H '"/ f""; ''" ^"''' """^^^ '''"'"' '^
any of them usdul to us ? What i.i uls of f , i \r /, ^"''''^' "^ '""' '"■"^''"■"- ^« ^''« '^"'••< o^
/ood for people? Fur horses;lc ,-, ' "^^^ Wh.t ,.lants of our province yiei.l
clothing is made ? What mities are in our iroincWI.t ^ P'tnt. yield substances from wl,i,b
brat«l falls, springs, bridges, curiosities plcCHL-l^^^rre^^^^ ^''""' -'-
Mention two or three of the leadii < riilron.l! // "^ '''^'^ '"""'"'« '" ""'• Province ?
province v In which city does tie W L i^^ n^^^^ ' ' I T "T ' ^^'"^•' '^ ^'>« '"P-* ^^7 i" our
of our province. Who il tho LieuteS-^^Z^ rrghVsroffirTf^^"^''""'- '''f '' ''" '"^'''
9. Write a letter abcntt the work of a fa;mer or oftli'll ""7
turer, or of an ii-on-fo under, or of a minerTr of a i^nt^ ' ^' °^ ^ '°""" n.Hnufao-
ijiiiitr, or Oi a leather manufacturer.
LESSON ELEVEN.
OUR COUNTRY.
10. What 18 the name of this country ? Draw a
map of it like this. By what country is it bounded
on the northwest? By what ocean on tlie east ? By
what country and lakes on tl.e south? By what
ocean on the west? What great river flows east ?
VVliat range of mountains in the western part of
the Domm.on of Canada ? Between the Rocky
Mountains and Hudson Bay are two great rivers of
^ nt' T^l'^l ""^^ "■"' *''^"' "'^"'^^^ Which flows
into the Arc ic Ocean ? Into what water does the St.
L wrence Riyer flow? In what direction does it
M Which IS the largest of the five great lakes ^
Mark on your drawing the place where our
province is. In what pari; of this country is if 9 v. ... -
mountains is it? On which side of " VLn f "'7 T r ^ '•''"" '^ ''• Nearer which chain of
Stand up and face tlie north; i you tiU^ frivol ^'!'^*/;.'-^''*-°" ^^m us is the Nelson River?
reach? If you should travel in a s iiLrly dteS^ wha "1 f ,"v' '''"' "^^"' '^^ ^^^' ^'^'^ ^-'
" airc ction. what state, or lake, or territory would you reach ?
^Seot iZl'w'uTdt*Xd" "'"'"'"^ ''"' '"p"""" I "•=«- -''•' "« ^^^^^^-^~^^^i'^^^^^~:i^^
Rivers with their pper and lower courses waterfalls ' l7"' ^^''''^d "n navigable water, or near rivers, besid,^
«p.ds. and deltas ; lakes with their inlets and outitsftt' | Lar^rhlrt ScT" "^' ^'"^ "^ ''^''''' *" ^""^^
18 OUR COUNTRY, ITS MINES. FARMS. d^\if FORESTS,— OUR GRAND DIVISION.
di^o
LESSONT^VELVE.
OUR COUNTRY.
1 1. From tlio i^^'AHcea of Quebec, Novii HooUu, ,»nd Ontario, mt'ii got gri-iit, (|iiiiiititicH of iron, cottl,
liiul oil; along the Ho«ky MmintiunH iinil nortii of Luke Huiiorior, tliey get gold and wHvit; mid in the
iinini'iiso flt'ldrt iit'niir hroiid Dominion, nifii ruirto wool, wheat, corn, iiotatouH, and other things ncccHsarv
I'ltr our dotliing nr our food. There are plenty of [liiie, spruce, niaiilc, and other trcen, iioth North and
South, and on the mountaiuH, which Miii)ply us wiih luinl)or for huilding our Iiousch and ships.
From wiiat |iart of this Dominion d(» iron and e >al come 'if (lold and wilver?
What plant supplies us with most of our clothing?' Atis. Cotton. From what plants do we got
most of our food ? From what part of Ontario do we get coal-oil, and suit!'
Our country is a part of the Grand Division called North America.
lli. Wrltt! a It'ttor iibuut our cotiutry,— the kiiitl <>!' winters and suiiunei'H wo l)avo,—
Jiow barley, corn, wheat, potatiK's, and heets are howu or planted,— how high they jfrow,
when ifathered or dug or cut, and how ijrepurod for uao,— about lt« iuhabltauta.
LESSON THIRTEEN.
OUR GRAND DIVISION.
l.'l. In what Grand Division do wo live ? Draw a
map of North Amc-ica like this one. What ocean
north? East? West? What sea south ? What tw.
Itiiys north? What gulf south? What strait north-
west ? What great chain of mountai.is in the west ?
Which is the most northerly country in North
America ? What Territory in the norrliwcHtern part ?*
N'ame the four largest countries in North Amer-
ica? Which joins the United States on the north ?
On the south? In what country is IInds(m Bay?
If you should travel or sail north from Canada to
Greenland," yu would tind the weather colder and
colder ; hut by going south, you would find it warmer
and warmer from day to day. Far north are icebergs
and snow all the year; while far south oranges and
flowers may be found at any time growing in iiu-
open air.*
Stand up .nd point in the direction of the United States.— Greenland.— Alaska,— Mexico.
North America is a part of the Western Continent ; the other part is South America.
14. Write a •■ ..ter about our Continent, Tuiminj? a country which l.s colder tiian ours;
then one or tw. >i ich are wanner. Tell where Icebergs are formed and where oranges
grow.
B«"
' Linen cotnos frc" 1? "r, uu"!" is a plant ; ■■ • ilen clntli-
In^ from wool, whicli vc- got l li alieep; silk, ■: ,m the silk-
worm, and leatlier, from anima;». Flax grows in Ontario.
i rpjjp ;,n!r.!': nf tlis strait west of Alaskft i« iiropfirly spelled
Bering, not Behring. ?-onounce-Beer ing.
• Large portions of Greenland are always covered with
snow. (Ireat masses of ice fall or elide from the shore into the
water and float for great distances ; they are called icebergs.
* Such fruits as oranffes, lemons, bananas, and pine-
apples, cannot grow in places which have very cold winters.
^ te
\
■^
1 s
"'^^
^i
Or-^ COVTfArj^XJ,-0(r/i H E MI ^ P H F. R F .
LESSON Ff)URTEEN.
OUR CONTINENT. CALLED THE «rERTERN CONTINENT
IS. On winch continent, d. wo Umi?
Dniw a mil]) of tlio WeNtcrn Continent
.;V"**J*« ^}'^f ';'^ '«"'«« i» i' :' Whn't «co„n o««t
of.t? We.t? Isorth? Ho„th? What great cimin
of iMountmns on (ho wcatom ei.lo of South America '' ,
Whutgreut riverin Sot.th America? h, whut.lireetio.i
• .H..S It ) .Mv ? In what direction does the MisHissi,,,,!
flow;' Wimt capo oust P What eupo nouth ? AV'hat
isthmus connects Xortli and South America ?
Our continent and parts of tho Pacific, Atlantic
Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans, form tiie Western
Hemisphere.
Stand up and point toward tho Atlantic Ocean,-
the Pacific Ocean,-tho Arctic Ocoan,-ti.o Antarcti,
Ocean.
I'l. Wrlto a letter which shall cr.ntiiiii
thcHo w„r,iH: ('unHdlHn.-riiitea Stat....s,_
North An,erJc.a,-Snnth Anicrlcn.-At hintic
Ocean, -lcc,_lttrtfe8t uceaii,-wild auinmls.
LESSON FIFTEEN
OUR HEMISPHERE, CALLED THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
1.. In which hemisphere do wo live? "i^^JWiHi'HERE.
Dmw a circle and within it ],laco our continent,
with tho names of it.s two Grand Divisions and of tho
oceans which aio jmrtly iu our hemisphere. Mark
tho houndaries and name of tho Dominion of Canada
.Vhut polo or i,oint is at tho most northerly part
of the hemisphero ? At tho mo.st southerly part ?
W hat lino or circle h drawn across the hemisphere
half way between the North and Soutli Poles '
Does the Equator cross North America, or South
Amonca ?
or J^^'.'jJ^'^^^^l'^^'fPheron.o-in? Ans. Half sphere
or half globe. Which is the ^ther hemisphere ?
An.. The Eastern Hemisphere.
19
the pJfo H 7 ?''*'*° ''^' "' ^^'^ ^^■'^t^'" Hemisphere is
dr7r/«.t ?'':""* '''•''"~™'°f""«P^g««'«n» the
aotted imes ; thus showing olearlv Imu, ,K» *^^ v.~-=-'
joined to each other and form one" round ii^KlVcalk-ruTeGtor
20
OUR
WORLD, ITS COUNTRIES AND PEOPLE.
LESSON SIXTEEN.
OUR WORLD, CALLED THE EARTH.
18, What is the shape of our World ?
Oa what part do people live? Ans. On the out-
side or surface.
Of what is the surface composed?
Is there more land than water, or more water than
land? ,, „^ ,
What is the great body of land on the ^\estem
Hemisphere called ? A ns. The Western Continent.
Of what is the Western Continent composed ?
Wliat is the great body of land in the Eastern Hemi-
spliere called ? Am. The Eastern Continent.
Of what is the Eastern Continent composed ?
Which is the largest of the Grand Divisions?
Ans. Asia, the home of the yellow and the
brown people.
Of what people is Africa the home? Ans. Of the
black people. , , . tp
What Grand Division is the home of white people f Ans. Europe.
W an3 the white people in America ? Ans. Descendants of Europeans.
2: is the land on'the^Earth divided among the people ? Ans. nto eountr^es^
What are the people together called who govern or ru e m a count y . ^«.. A na^^on. ^^^
How do nations differ from one another chiefly? Ans. In their language, laws,
occupations. . ^^^^^ Farming,^ manufacturing,:^ mining,' commerce,
^ilcntion some of their occupations.
and fishing.
Look at both hemispheres and say which has the more
land —which has the more water. What ocean is east
of North and South America? What ocean is west of
Europe and Africa? This is the ocean which people
cross when they go from our country to Europe.
19. Write in a letter what you have learned
about the shape of the world,-what are on its
surface,-about the people of Europe,-the
people of Asia,-the people of Africa.
1 The fanner raises wheat, corn.nnd other grains, als.i potatoes
and other vegetables. Those are called vegetable products.
■' The manufacturer makes cloth, iron, furniture, books, etc
These are called manufactured products.
s The miner takes from the ground, gold, silver, coal, iron, tm,
copper, etc. These arc called mineral products.
The merchant buys and sells the products of the farm, mme,
mill, fnctnrv. foundry, etc. .
The most useful and healthful of all the occupations ,9 larmmg.
SIZE AND ..lOUONS OF THE
EARTH.
21
dress, and
commerce,
lias the more
3cean is cast
ail is west of
liich people
to Europe.
xve learned
b are on its
iurope,— the
ca.
IS, also potatoes
e products.
uro, books, etc
r, coal, iron, tin,
tlie farm, mine,
tione is farming.
LESSON SEVENTEEN.
OUR WORLD,_ITS SlZE,-HOW IT MOVES
c-wd by steamen, which go onl" f as S .n";^/ '""^ '''''^ '" '''^^^^ ^^^^ -"'^ '-vo .o .,.
If you should make your top spn^Ln IT abZ '^ "" •' ^^^^^^^i^^-
table neat- it. edge, you would s'e L morons "L^tho;: of The M ^^"°"^''* '^"^"'^ ^'^ '^^"""^ *^«
If you should place a lamp on tlio table between the middlo nnd nnn i ; , ,
the bright half of the top toward the lamp would 2re" " th dav and tt "" ' "Tf "' *'° ^"" '
The heat ou the surface of our WoM on,r.l f V I ^,' "" opposite or dark side, night,
degree of heat. This is because tl s! W Ti/rw^th LoT' T VT '"^ ""* "'^^'^^ ''^^ --
direetly opposite the «un, making it the S::^: r/lLr^;^:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^'^'^ ^^
Thb Son's batb strikino the EiTrn inn=t«,. j u ■~-^^^^^^'
J he Snn'o TnTTo „j._:i.- -1 . . ,
mi o , --'-'""""•' "J' ""--Bpray on lUe picture.
the people clothe themselves with the sk nl of fhl . . u ^^ ^""'^ ^°^*^ ^"gid Zones. Tl.ere
Half way between the Torrid Zone and thi fl7' ^J"""'' ""'^ '''''' "''™'^'«-
not so hot as the Torrid Zone nor so o d a 'l FriSfn ^'^"Tr'" temperate Zones, which are
Questions.-If cars could go around f ^01!? fT"' ^' ^'''' '" ^^' ^"'^^ Temperate Zone.
i^asMi
TJfE^ WESTERN HEMISPHERE,
\V
\o\
»""' \A
- 1
<ri
a
^C.St.Roque
^ /v
hi
<^ LI
/
^^^
/vw\
\ A fa. \
-.^^
■4^
/
y
Feet
10.
TIC OCEAN
16(100
10000
1000
6000
iuyyo
ISOOO
luooo
A -
23
LESSON EIGHTEEN.
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
America, the Andes. ^ ^^^ ^"^^^ Mouutai„H, un(J that in South
6. The largest river in the ^^■orl,I is the Amazon.
Wi ., u LESSON NINETEEN
What large bay west of Greenland ' Whnf k • •
America? What riv...fl ^ '^°"*'' America.? What rivpr ia • ^, """ ""^ '"""ntains in the
river in South teS::,^^ wI ti X^in t /^'m "'*'! V^^ "^' ^orth
isthmus connects Korth and V h a^'^"'^*"'" " ^^^'^^ is the large t'^ver ft ..^'f'^^'^P' ^ ^^^^^
In what direction do 1 "''•/'"'-^"^'^ " ^'^^^ strait northS of n' , ?"' .'^'"'"*''^"- What
AND BELOW THE Map-,?,' r*"j "" ^'"^«^''' '^=«VE
'ines. drawn from tl,e \or,l, f m o ' "'' ^'^"•lians. or
Pip«. 4 and 5 are Pa ° f ??' """^ S^'^'^^^"
siiow the distances north and soutl,
toward you. and fig. /«.« J ' Zta^''\''''''^
turned toward you. '"' ""' «""Hi Pole
Pigs- 6 and 10 shn«' tl.c P
P.r.l].l.„,L„l.ad,rt,fc|, Zl'li.""^' '^• "■" "««IP"I
^\
A
"Ol
N.
N.E.
c..
E.
s.
k
TIf£ EASTERN H E Afl S P H E R E ,
25
LESSON TWENTY.
THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE
1. The Eastern Hemisphere contains n.ore land than the Western
^^Z !S:r^ '' '"''' '' -'-' '^^ ^-- ^^-tinent, .hi! contains Europe,
Ant.Ji;\)S::irr:srtiCo^^^^^^^ ^-'^^' ^^^-^- --^e, a.,
thro«V^I;'^ " ^" ''-' '"^-'^'^'-^ ^^ -rth of the Equator, which passe.
6. Asia is the largest division and Europe is the smallest.
^, , . QUESTIONS ON THE MAP
What ocofiii ;s north of Enrone and Aw,;., ? t? *. p a • „
Asia ? What ,c,y l„,.ge „ bot^l™ eX' »n , A.lf^'° vh?" ?/ """I" ™" ^«™ ' ""..«. o,
most iiorllierly of ll,o large rivers ot Asi . » w7 , 1 ' • "' ^"" ""■'' "' Africa ? Which is tho
™e.„ Sea ? Whieh is til largei Mat , hat 'l^I^Twir t '''™" ""^ "°"^ ■■"° ">e Mc^i ^r!
Wi,.t large island southeast of AWea ■' wL two 1 * f '""'"' ' "''»' ''I""''' <^t of Asia »
l.igl.est mountains in tho world are i , A L Co I ""' t, "" """'^ '' 'I'" E'l"at„r ? ? ,»
Afnea? In what grand division are the Ali^Mltai,,: T' '"'" ""-^^ ■""""• °'' "■""-"i- "e i,!
wi:;;ri^°"ti,r:rtiir:etn!f"ThLhi^^^^^^^ ^^'^--^ orAfriea.
aver, or the Una Biver ? The C.ulf.of Guinli't SJ^^Z^ %^Z, '"'" M ^ '''" ''°"^°
irnte tho names of tluee seas of P„. ' '"■ ""'"S"-"""?
A-i^-me namo of one ,ar.e uZ, Z^^-;:rl^^-"l f™"' ""■^-° '»-^» -utho.,t of
-~neo„ oo.tai.„. t. ..„. Of 1- — -^^^^^^^
r^^-C^.^^y^^^
C^>
-n^^^
Explanation op the Figubes or Diagrams - Fir. i
'C2 ^i? ^'-^'^ ^"^"' ^^'""'^ ^"'^ -'^ ^ J-oi- •
Pifi' i^7""/P'''P°i"^«i "onh, east, south.and west.
Pig. 3. East and west; fig. 4. north, northeast, etc.
^nrfT^" : ^"^•'"""^ "» &l"bes a.i 1 maps ; fro.n the Equator
« ,s toward the North Pole, south is toward theSouth
Rg. 6. Map of a part of a hemisphere
easterll'"'"""^"^'' ""^ ' " '^ "°^^-''' -rtheastern.
Figs 7 and 9 show day on one half of the Earth wlien it
IS night on tho opposite lialf.
Fig. 8. A mariner's compass, which contains a needl.,
tol^ld^theiLt^ " *""• ''^ "^^^ «"""-- - P"*-
The sectional view at tho bottom of the map show, th.-,
comparative height of land and depth of the ocean along
is about equal to the greatest depth of the ocean, 6^ miles
,»>»>
soo'^
v^
Rl,
NORTH AMERICA.
27
LESSON
ONE.
Draw a Tnap of North America like
this small one: first, mark its outline-
then, its gulfs, bays, straits, capes, islan.ls'
mountains, rivers, and countries.
Whut ocean north of North America ? East ?
\V est ? {See map on opposite page. )
Wliat very large buy in the Dominion of Can-
ada .'' ^V hut lurge bay west of Greenland ?
^Uat large gulf south of the United States ?
What country south of the United States ?
What group of islands north of the Carib-
bean Sea? Which is the largest island of the
\Vest Iiid^es? What large island east of Canada?
Jiast of Greenland ?
Where is Alaska ? What strait west of Alaska?
If you should cross Bering (beer'ing) Strait
from Alaska, at what continent or Grand Division
would you arrive ? What strait connects Baffin
Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ? Hudson Bay
wi h the Atlantic ? Gulf of Mexico with the
Atlantic? G. of St. Lawrence with the Atlantic?
LESSON TWO
Baffin Bay,-New%undland,-Cu.;:Tok;^^^^^^^^^^ d^ec.on it is from you,-Bering Strait,-
Gulf o Mex.co,-Lake Superior,_the Pacific^O eT-th;l^S ^^^"""^f "^-Mississippi River,-
What warm country in North Amorir-n i. i x. , ^*'^'^*''^ Ocean,— the Arctic Ocean
C|-ossed by the Arctic Circl pI ,tirhTtrir?^'J'' ^'''''' '' ^"^"^-^ What colZuntries are
-.. ... .■» ... _.,, ,, ,, ,„,., „„;„ (f-^.- :::::!::;;i:':!^:2]:i::r '"" ""
LESSON THREE
In what part of x\ortli America are furs obtained ' Cnttn. ,
WHCe the names of the countries o "^ '^^ '^ ' ""' '^^^^ ^ '"'^^'"'"'-'^ ^
Oraw on the blackboard slate, or If ""' ""^ °' '^^^^ ''^^'^^'^■
then, a line to represent the'surfac; of ?he w TT^ ''"' '° ^^^^^'^^"^ *^^ ^-^-el;
-Ue and complete the following sentences • "^ ^^^"^ "^ ^^^"^^^^ ^^
"''• saiua from Halifax to Me^,,„ „„ „,^ ^
r»».>^^ ' ' " "'* Ocean, tfirnurt/i v.„ •■
/our c»T^)*=#
I «nrf
-I n«d
LESSON FOUR.
1. North. America is of more interest
to us than any other part of the Earth,
because we live in it.
2. It extends from the burning, or Torrid
Zone, into the frozen, or North Frigid Zone. Its
greater part is in the North Temperate Zone. '
^.
COl^ft'l
^"^'OJ^TH AAfKKICA. .„
■ 4. Its v,wt plains, ,i,„i„.,l In it, „mi,-»tii. rive,-, .t,,,! ,i„.i,. , , ,
eiionii„us cr„|>s „f „l,eat f„ri, ^ ,»,.„ i r " ""'".v liraia-lie», v el,!
o. Its southern or warm nortinn^ ».; n .; ' '
other ,le]id,.u.s fruit. Portions y.d.l c-.ttcn, suj^mr, urauu^.s, l.anuuas. ,.,.,1
v.ater.s of tbe Arctic Ocean withonf • ""'" "ortlnvunl t<» the ice.covere<l
-iddleof theeo„ti„entZ;ri^L:rtir;T'^"^^''"^""= ''"^ ^'* -•"- ^^'«
Heveral ranges of mountains ' ^""^' '^*'"^^' >'"" ^^'''"l^l ^^^ve to cross
Central America, aLT vt : ie! ,S^ 1,; 'r'''™ """""''•= "'"'^ "■ ^'^'^ •
and ,„o>v are unknown. ' " "'"' """'"■'' fc"-"" »" "^ )ear; there, i.-e
to th!' Jnis ,'r;„vri: ::;rt7st: ^"'■' -' - ™""'^-''- '^ "•■•■■'"• - -'i. -om
„ n. The north wind, ILvlrrtTZ'r"''""'™*'' ''■"'"' '''-'I-'-'
"Tre.r;"t:: frr ^-^^"^^' -:<:':™r " "^-
Atlantic, along onr eastern o^ ft . t^Z T'"" T"!' " "■"'™^'' "'"" *'»' "< 'i">
aj^wa™e,^tln^h^^^^^ IWo „,„. P„ei«„ ,„„,
Dlaf^H »=<o- •ii'foimu, Ontan.,, ami other
On nccount of the warm, moist climate and f;r,ilo .oil of
tl^ .outhorn part of the United States, n.ore and better
and cunng of tohacco require great skill. Sauff is ,-~d
from the leaves of the tohacco plant '
Hemp is the thread-like flhre o. tbe bark of „ plant
30
NORTJI AMERICA.
LESSON FIVE.
i;{. The priiiei|ml wild animals of the north are the walrus, white hear, and Heal ;
of tlie central partn, tlie bison, the musk-ox, the grizzly bear, wolf, and deer; and of
the south, the alligator.
14. When Columbus' discovered Nortli America, in the year 14i>"J, the oidy i)eoi)le
here were Indi.-ins; some were savage and others were civilized. After that, white
people came from Europe, con([uered tlie Indians, and took possession of the land.
15. The country we live in is called Canada, or the Dominion of Canada. It
formerly belonged to the French, who ceded it to (freat Britain, by the Treaty of Paris,
17(i3. "The British North America Act, 1867," passed In the Hritisli I'arlia-
ment, provided for the confederation of the several Provinces, or Colonies, into the
Dominion of Canada, which now ccmtains seven provinces, five districts, and three
territories.
16. The English language is s])oken everywhere in Camida; })ut French is chiefly
used in the province of Quebec. Our })eople are brave, hardy, active, and intelligent;
excellent schools are found throughout the entire country.
17. In the United States, south of Canada, tlie Eng'i.'-h language is also spoken; but
in Mexico, Central Amei-ica, and the AVest Indies, wiiich wei'e long ago taken from
the natives by Spaniards, you Avill hear only the Spanish language.
18. The coldest country in North America is Greenland, where the Danish
language is s])()ken. Alaska, Avhich l^elongs to the United States, is also very cold
except near the southern coast, which receives warm wdnds from the Pacific Ocean.
What we have leanietl about North America, —
Ha northern part is always cold. Valuable furs are obtained there.
Its southern part is altvays hot. Cotton, suyar-cane, and orauf/es grow there all the year.
Its u'estern part is very high and mountain<ius. It is rich in gold and silver.
Its central and eastern jtarts are mostly level and fertile. Whea' forn, and tobacco grow there.
The highest mountains are the Rocky, Sierra Nevada, and Cascade Mountains,
The Alleghany ^fountains contain coal, iron, and pcfvolcuu).
' Columbus was wnl by Spiiiii. After liimcamo Cab'ot,
from England; Vcrrnziini iirr-iih-ziih' nee), from France;
Naivaoz (ndr-vci/i'eth), from Spain ; and Hndson, from tho
Netherlands.
America was named after Amerigo (iih-mdh-ree' go), who
wrote (ho first description of the New World. He came
here several years after Columbus.
Mexico was taken from civilized Indians, long ago, by
Spaiiiiirds, under Cnr'u-v,. It is now .1 republic. Central
America comprise.i several small republics.
Bananas are tho most important of tropical fruits.
They grow in bunches on a plant or stalk which much
resembles a lily.
Tho cochineal {coch'i-neeh is a small insect, resembling
a lady-bug, It lives on the stalk and leaves of a variety of
tho cactus plant. When the insects have all teen removed
from tho plant, and dried, n beautiful red dye, called car-
mine, is prepared from them.
Maize, or Indian corn, is native to the New World.
It is the largest grain crop of the United States.
iir, and seal ;
ser; iind of
only j)eo])le
tliut, white
\e liiiid.
iaiiada. It
iity of Prti'iM,
•itisli Purlin-
es, into tli«
, luid three
ch is chieily
intelligent ;
spoken ; but
taken from
the Danish
HO very cold
Ocean.
the year,
o f/i'otv there.
trnpicnl fruits,
ilk which much
nscct resembling
;m of a variety of
ill l)een removed
dye, culled car-
;he New World.
tales.
ThPRo am animals of
y throo zones in which
Worth America is situated.
The Arctic region con.
tains the walru«, which
'« an enormous animal,
fifteen feet in length. It
« hunted for its tusks of
ivor> and its blubl,er, or
rat. which yields oil. The
;^J>lte bear is eight feet
".'ength; its value lies
in Its l)eautiful fur.
TlieTomperato region
contains the grizzly bear
of the Kocky Mountains,
^hich is the most ferocious
arumal on the continent -
tbe pralrie-^ojf.-t'he
niU8k-ox „f the Hudson
Bay shores; -and the
bison, or buffalo of the
Plmns. Bisons used to travel in m
menso herds, following a brave leadet
that J,r/"'^''^^"J'"''t«dsomuch huely
Sins rt" "" "'""" °" *'- ^^--^ern
Hams. They may be found, however in
Canada though fast disappearing. ' "
he bison is hunted for Its skin and horns
!„...... and for mere sport
■or °wH°^/ ^\^°' '*^°" <=°"*«'°« the
.-or, which ,s found in swamps and slu^
s roams. Thechief food Of thlalCS
Its skm IS made Into ornamental leather.
Caaada
Dominion i'AiuoAMKNT BmrDmos. Ottawa.
LESSONS ONE AND TWO
Draw DOMINION OF CANADA.
eastern southern! ^-^ ^l^n''Z!^l2s:Tav^tT '^' ""^^^"" ^°^^-^-^- ^^en the
Info ?t Zl""'^' ^'^''' ^^*^^^» Canada and the Un ted S. 7 '"'"J!"'^^^" ^ay ? Into James Bay?^
Into what gulf? What tributary of the St. L^ntnce flot h . ' n ''"* '"''^ ^''^' "^^^ ^«i»« them ?
From what mountains, and into what\v.ZlTJZ .'*'"''" ^"*'^"° ^"^ Quebec ?
How many provinces 'are th re Lw il S 1 T t'""^^"'^ ^'"^^ «^-- ««- ?
ourprovances? What colony besides CaL a i^hetiUSr';":.' ^ ^'''^^ ™ t^^ A-t
What, xts capital? What part of the mainllnd belongs to S'*M^^^^^^ ^"•'- Newfoundland.
Po nt toward the Atlantic Ocean ; the Arctic h ? ^"/'^"""^land ? J«s. Labrador.
Buy; he Gulf of St. Lawrence; the Stra ttf J ai/dJr^c^^'^'^' fT"^-^' Lake Ontario; Hudson
What IS the capital of the Dominion ? Of • I" ^^^'^^ ^^'r^ctions do they lie ?
nearest to us? i'omm.on? Of our province? Which is the largest city ? The
TnlZZlT"'''''^'' '^" '°"°"-^ --fences:
9mM»^^k
THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
36
V, then the
capes, four
)ay is wholly
fames Bay ?
trains them ?
pre the first
foundland.
ior.
10 ; Hudson
?
;ity ? The
'i brfnrfi
— oi/r train
' entered tin-
'■ port on the
Territorleii
na, arrivinf/
— Xalaml.
THREE
LESSON
1. You have studied the geog-
raphy of our own town, county,
and province (or territory) ; have'
climbed their hills, crossed their
plauis and rivers, and sailed on
their lakes. {See pages 16 and 17.) . '
2. AVe shall now take a closer
view of our country than avc had in
a previous lesson. {See page 17.)
3 Look at the relief map, and vou will see
that the great mountains and hiffhiands are in the
west, and that in the center and east, are immense
piams. {^^ee, also, the map on pages 32 and 33.)
4 Look at the small physical chart under the small "n.' \r
relief map below, and observe that the highlands in the west " '"
Quebec, 0«a«, Ha^iUo^^t^^r^J ^ S'^" ""^ '""'''''' ''--^'
J^}^^^^^^haveler^vnei\ about this country,-
J<« ««//We. /. r.rv /„y,/^ „„d mounMno^es in
the west, ana nearly level in the center
ana east.
Its elimate ts coM in the north, anrl temperate in
the south.
The hiffhlanrls are celel>rateU for „oia, silver,
ana other minerals; and the lowlands, for
grain and f raits.
The western highlands are much higher than
the eastern.
Winter in the Ouiiinioh
OF Canada.
Rblibp Map of Canada,
-iv«mi&4im-
mmm'.-tiimeiKmumm-w^-.t
14»*feU*a
I iii i I;
LESSONS FOUR AND F I V E .-ONTARIO
W, peuen line, ana the ^ru:^^::^:::^: ,nZ ^ 1^;^^' '"^ ^°^^^^^" ^^
write in neat, small letters the nnwe. of r.i.ZJr ^ *"""''*" *'^'"'' ^^'^
crowain. .1. hlots. ^---^ ^■^I^eLlSin^r;.:^^^^^ ^^^"^
How IS Ontano bounded on the north? East? South? West? "^ "''^''•^"^''^-^
the Ontario side. What canal joins oLwa wTth Kin.« , T S*"'"' *'^''^^ °*'^^'' ^^^utaries on
Supe^r with Lake Huron? bIj or ^J^ZTlIXZL'^'"' ^"^ ""' Lake Ontario? Lake
oi Pr^: EdTrdtort; f Se!: rLSfto:: ""'--r "^v ^^^* ^^ ^^^^ ^-^^^^^ ^-^
Name the cities in Ontario. (SeeTZ vIT 'i !.'" '"'^^ '""^''"^ ^" 0"^^"«-
- Make iists of the counti s on Lake hII ^t'T'^ *'''™- ^'"'^ ^^^'^ «» "^^ "«?•
on the River St. Lawrenc n the Ott^w! H^rl T'^^' •" °" ^^"^^ ^'''^ = «» ^^^^ 0"*-- =
five. How many unorganised distrir?:,„f;C'\w^^^^^^ ^"^- ^°^^-
Write and complete the following sentences :
On a rOYAOE from the Lake of the „, „
and other Ulan,l» In the same nroup. we ent^eA II a ^T '*'""''' "'« '«»•(/««« Ulan,' in Lake P„..i„„ ,,,
;:r„;"^': J'" -""■'• -^ '«^« — :?r:^rz_!T;:';:;: r'/r::;^^ "-" r ■'"■ -'■'''-•^^-" «^'V::
ports or and , entered the River „t the tJ,„7of i ' ''"'"" "''" '"*«• ?""»'"» the Important
. .W..Hce „„ the Jtlrer „.« „,„«„, ,„,„ Zak'—thfiliZ;' ""f """" "'''"-'""' '"" »'»"" "ndsUallow T^keSt
.'-•'=■'■*«« «^ «/.c c«.«.t across the connties or—'and—lto^Z't '"^ '"*" '"'"' *» «"
O NTAR J O.
39
A Xhe h,-„, ,„.od„„to a,e g,ai„, hay, fruit, ,.,k1 ve-etable». TI„„Ha„.ls „f H„„ 1, ,
cattle, and .i,.e,,, are reaml o„ the rich pastures. Lu,-«e ,,ua„t te o b ,t ', '"'
beef an, pork are annually e.,«rte<I t., Eagland, the U.^ted StlteTand eW,',; '
timber. In the .sprin, these are floated ^^Zt:^^^ ^^ T T7
boards, laths, and othe.' buiWinj, material. ' "" """
5. Ontario is fast beconiiijo- noted for its manufant.ni-o« M.. , ii ■
.....1 ^iojes a. ntai:;^ ^z:!::^ ^s:;:^ ^r- ---;,-.^^
atable .Mition to ^:t^^^ZrfC^' "''' """ ^™ " -•^- "
canals and lakes aflorll;:!:!:!: t^LO^tZ:" '"' '' ''""■^""" '"'^ ""'
8. The School System of Ontario is excellent Edn^.tin.. ;. +•
::;rai?ftt:n::f;i::S^
9. There are eleven cities in Ont.,i.;,v. t i. tt •,
Kingston, St. Catherines, Brantfor^ .^^Ip.rB^iS^^^^^
What we have learned about Ontario,-
I-V;S'
t)
•'» 72 ' .. \ .. H
f!anada.E'ibIishinsCo. Toronto
71 J.miglitiile WW^Bfrcijii f)r..cnv
'I I/Oiigiiiule W tsl ^■froiii Ciriiciiwicli
Grip. Printer!, and EriKravera, Toronto.
*^^mm4mmmm^t^m^^^Mi;m^mmm£mMmm
i^iiSSONS SEVEN AND E I G H T.- QUE B E C.
Draw a map of the Province of Q.iobec. (Jro^^»u' ^Ae r//r.c^,o„, /or Jfrrp o/' r?„,a,-io, p. S8.)
What river separates Quebec from Ontario? What land lies on tl.enortl. west? Northeast v South?
What province on the east ? What country ? Which of the states ? Point toward all these places
Nonr wH T Tn"''f'l "I"" ^"'^'" "^ ^'''^''- ^^''^* ''''' .'"'"^ ^'''^ 0"'"^'^ m^oJe Ottawa?
Near what c.ty of Quebec? :.ame three tributaries of the St. Lawrence on the north. The most
IToltl'V" 7"::. From wLat lalce does it flow ? Past what city ? Name two islands in
tLc^^.. n '■ 'i \v, • ^'"'T'"'- ^''"' "'^""^ "" *''^ ""''^'^ ^"'^ of Allumette Island? A.s.
The Culbute Canal \\ hat rapuls are on the St. Lawrence ? What canals carry vessels past them ^
What lakes are on the Ottawa ? On the St. Lawrence ? ^
What large bay is between Quebec and New Brunswick? Point in that direction. Where and
vdut . Gaspe? (Foyr answers.) What range of mountains ends here? In what gulf is Gasp6?
andQuebec? \V hat important point is near Kimouski ? Ans. Father Point. Make a list of the nine
comities on the Ottawa, with their county towns: the fourteen north, and eighteen south of the St. ll"
rence , the nineteen east of these, including the twelve counties of the " Eastern Townships » How
many counties have we nov reckoned ? There i ; one more ; where is it situated ? Point toward it.
Write and complete tlio following sentences:
-. mif/ ennf of the
7BU. '''""■"■"^, '" " '^•'•'^■«^ f'""" "'" "'•""!/'■ of Matta.,n on t„c Ottawa, north of the 4im. „f .
I'assina north of thiriMLZT ~T^'o^ "'" ^Tt ,' '"" ''"*'''* '"*"""" '"" '" -'""«"'"•" ««/'«'
:Jn,T.Zt" '"'""'!: ^" ""■ *""'"' "f "'" '*"""' ""' '•'«"* »"""• it »,ce..ar., for „« to
J'OIiTAOE lietweenthe rillaffen of
pri-ised down Lake des and the —
Irittir beiiiff a (/rrat liimher toirn at th .,, .„^ j„vpr
FalU w,re parsed „t thin point l,„ the aid of'the Ml'ides, or tilnZr c.,t
""' ' ' ) "'"' ; run t.'ie and
and Portnge
lake, past
mouth of the
-, >, ,„ >■< ,yro0,*f r/ Jftr lf« Iff
From the Intter point, with a eouple of portayex only, we
and , tlie most important towns in Ottawa County-the
Iliver, Just opposite . the capital of Canada. 'Hie
■Js. lii't-.i'Pi^n Otirtwrr and Quebec we sailed over
— Hapld.s; inid passed the cities of and
42
QUEBEC,
43
f/aHo, p. S8.)
ast p South ?
'SO places,
osite Ottawa?
1. The most
;wo islands in
sland? Ans.
Is past them ?
Where and
ilf is Gaspg?
m this colony
st of the nine
the St. Law-
hips." How
>ward it.
ntui enxt of the
mil I'ort ,
tK'tlmes ealletl.
; a little hetoto
iitnrji for tin to
riagc/i only, we
rn Cminty — the
^da. lite
ive sailed over
Eastern Townships"--,, nan.e ,.L ,, , , ? "'" ''""' •""""' '""I "' M,,.
™""t,, i, rL';;,:,s":;;i ■::„:;;,!;;'f «» '-t », ct,.,,,/,.. surface „• „.
r^r^'^^^'^o:^^^^ 1 *"^ .-«-
™.l ,„ „b„,„|„„ee, wl.ile the mmm;n,s tHb, ■.,• es H '■*■'"* '"'"''*'' ""' >"""-
for conveying the log, to tl,e «I,ip,,i„., port f I , r '" 'T:" '"'■'"■^' '-"'"'y ""■"""
4 Fi««Vn-r.«. 4? 1 • " ^ '"* ^^^'^^ am Quebec
7. Education is cordi.iIlv.n,.„ 7 ( ' """""'' "' *'«' «•"'"■
by the people. The :^::^L^^:Z^ ^^^^-TTT'-f ""«^*"->' "--port"'
the entire population) are attenlrr^ "'''"'''<"''''"»'■« ""b' <>Me fifth of
McGill Unive,^ .,, in keit of tit eafULrT- «!"-"""''•''"' and Conned
I"gher learning, and are worthy rivarof the ,f 1 '" .^t***' "■•" *<= <^W«' ^-ts of
8. Montreal is the largest aL 1 „7- ' ^""^''^ "' Toronto, in Ontario.
Q-bee .-s the „,ost .^ ttXd '^2 Tc ""r""™- <^'-''"'>' ''-)
--.~a.-::.s-t:-^^^^
r/,. P '''""^ learneci about Quebec -
;*f^^**«*«4fi*<A**«««ttwi^
T P* ^i ^i /"^ KT ^^
LESSON ELEVEN
What is the capital of New Bninsw.Vt 9 r^ u . •
c,ly U„t ihe „,„„,„ <,f „,i, ,i,„, ,„^^ '^l Cd«8° .Z? '5;,'";?" ■ '"■°' '""»'■'»"* -'■!»"
Write and complete the following sentences:
immi^mk^mmi^Mmmfimm^^^iAs,^.
4«5
.VA" ir UN U XS WICK,
LEbSON IWELVE.
1. New liniiiswuk in the luiycHt of the "Lower ProviiiceH," which (»iTiip> the
Atlantic Slope of the Dominion. It adjoinn the Province of Quebec on the north,
inul on the south it is connected with Novii Scotia by the Chignecto IsthniUH.
2. In the west and north it in hilly and Honiewhat riijrK'«*l. ^^»t reHeinl)les Ontario in
the reinainini; portions— the surface iteiiig <,'enerally un(hihitin<,' and nUypinf,' toward
the Hay of Fiindy on the noutli and the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the east.
;{. The soil is fertile, and yields abundant crops of grain, fruit, and vegetables;
coal, iron, and (»ther useful minerals arc found ; while innnense forests of pine still
cover a large portion of the interior, es[»ecially about the head waters of the St. John,
the Miraniichi, and their numerous tributaries.
4. The rivers of the north and east coasts are famous for their salmon flaheries.
The fisheries, too, of the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and tlieii- offshoots
are very valuable; more than three million dollars' worth being ca[)tured yearly.
5. Ship-building is another important industry, carried on chiefly in the dock-
yards of Chatham and St. John. Other manufactures are idso carried on, such as
those of cotton and woolen goods, l)oots and shoes, hardware and flour.
fi. The rivers of New Brunswick are in general short and ra[)id ; but the St, John
is navigable for large vessels as far up as Fredericton, the caj^ital, a distance of eighty-
five niilcG, and for smaller vessels to a distance nearly three times as great.
7. The Bay of Fundy is remarkable for the enormous height to which the water
rises at high tide— the difference between high and low water-mark being fully sixty
feet at the head of the bay.
8. The Gulf Stream, a stream of warm water vvhic^i flows from th< Gulf of Mexico
along the coast, and then across the Atlantic, renders the climate of the south of New
Brunswick much milder than that of the north and northeast.
What we liavo leariu'd abcmt Now Brunswick,—
It lies on thf Athnitic Slope of th< Ihnniniou. ami wan one of the first four provinces that
ftffreed to Join in the confederation,
ItH people are ehie/t/f oeeiipied in Inniherinff,
Fishinf; is next to Inmberinff anionf/ the indnntrie.-i of the province.
Ship-ltnihiinff and other ntannfactnres are carried on ejrtensivelff.
ItH climate in health It, and its soil productive; so that farming is successfully carried on, the
ordinary grain, fruits, and vegetables of the temperate zone being raised in abundance.
The rivers of New Brunswick are not navigable ejrcpt the St. John,
Its lakes are numerous, but small and unimportant: the only large one is Grand Lake, in
Queens County.
The Bay of Fundy is v mark able for its fisheries and its high tides.
trovlncis that
rand Lake, in
_ _ 7\SHIPriNq COAL
LESSONS THIRTEEN AND FOURTEF^,'
i.™„ "°"t.,:?°r . ^z r"""^ ^-^^^-^^ -"- ■
vi/u . fecotla and Prince Edward Islarul ^a- yy
What p.. ,„ce touclies Nova Scoliu , ,. n n . ! ^ '^'""' ''''•'■'■^'>^'''' -'' /^ /A9.)
nearly ...urates then, ? Wl.a / , ' J ^^^^ ^^ 'f '•^"-- J<.i"« <»...,„ P What Lo ... v
" waror ,„.,,,. it on tho south and s u ast ? ^0^7'"- ,""' '"'""' ''"'"'^ "^ ^^'-^ la If 1,^^^
of 'i; province, li, .„„, «,,,, „, thly plt;^ ""w laf S ""' "-^''-.^tern':, o
^V hat IS the mast important citv ,Jo,. ,^ ' , " ' /; "^'^ '"'r'>»r 's in St. (k-orirc's Bay '''
Po. harbor, and county if t ^a^ iS'L olt "f ' ^'""^^ ^"^' ^'''"^"' "^ ^''- «-tia What
^'- i% of Fundy. What important prTs ZtZV'Tl.'''''''' ^"'"^ "^° «ff«''""t.s at tho'heo^ «
' wtfr" 1""fi"" '-' ' ^"-^'- 1 1 . :f :^ '^ -- --'-ly of the. otrshootlV w!.
>Vhat low island cs offthp nnnvf „c \t c .
« hat strait ».|,arate. Prince E,l,„,r,l Ll^l , ' "" °""""'^^« '""I '»'""v lowM
. What IS tho capital of Prince Eclmird I«lai„l » Inl ? ''"■'' '''»"'' '» "rarest it ?
m..»rta„t towa on the east c„mI f STwS bnVf I t' T""'''' '"'"''""-yf «i,a, i, , L n,„st
P-.ce. ,t. count, to.n. „a.c a -is.t «,''' ^rLc?;;t r ^f tl ^^ ."liT" '-'°*^- "' '^
liptwevn these provh.res .,„„l
'" »'ul I'lHiit in
47
«re noted for thei^\''] ' * ""■"" ProvU.r,,, .„.,
tor thHr tuperlor iuauMry una inteHl„enr..
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-'• The climate of tliese m^.-Jt;,. • ^* Bntain m 1768.
chief farm products, „„ts, ba kv a , I „l/r '" ""^ "' "'" "*'«"• I''-«vi»ce/ The
" n on and elsewhere- They are known Z SZ T '"■"""°'' "'' "'' »"•
hundrrf square nnle,, forming the great IrerXa,^^^^^^^^ ?' """■" *'""' -™"
6. In consequence of their nunieron^ fl , , " ""'"'"" »' "'"■ counti'v
^-faring life, and ^Mp-^^iZslZtZ'lur f''V"°"'' *»^« """•™"y to 'a
Edwarf Island and Nova Scotia Yar Z, ^1,? N f T"f-''->'» both in Pri,,,!
t^:="«itrrtr r -- --^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - ^™^" ---
salmon, nmckerel, herrings, and lobLrrT'l "''• """^ ^"^""^^^ «"^^ e-^tensive- cod
eh.fly to the West IndieT'and t.^ S^C sttTs "^ ""'""^^ ^"-*'^-' ^^ -Por^e^
7 Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia i, ,1.
9. The Intercolonial an.l other raiWs in k ^ *' """■ '«"•
g^eat .mportance in developing these pZtZ It"" °"'^,'""' "'^ P' ^- 1- «• are of
™.i- nnder Korthn,„ber,and Strait, .orCT:rCS\rStTr:vr ^^^^^^^
The Gnlf stream re^ulers fJern^ "^ '"" I^on.nnon. ''
.,, , ^ '"'^"'"^"""^ ana more tiiiti,,,,* i, , " "'" <"'U dairs.
. ««<A:^,^/, herrotf,H, oystevH, and loh.ters.
LESSONS SIXTEEN AND SEVENTEEN.
MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES.
Draw a map of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. {J^ollow directions on p. 38.-)
What province lies east of Manitoba? What are the boundaries between these two provinces?
Which of tlie United States lies south of Manitoba ? What parallel of latitude forms the boundary be-
tween them ? What district lies west of the province ? Northwest ? North and northeast ?
What large river flows northerly through Manitoba? Name its most important tributary. In what
direction does it flow? Into what lake do the united rivers flow? What other large river flows into
this lake ? Name the other lakes of Manitoba. What large lake lies wholly in the province ?
What is the capital of the province? At the confluence of what rivers is it situated? On what
line of railway? Make a list of the chief towns and railway stations in Manitoba.
What province is west of these districts ? What chain of mountains ? Which district is east of
the Rocky Mountains? North of Alberta? East of it? What rivers unite to form the Mackenzie
River ? Into what ocean does it flow ? What lakes are drained by it ? What other rivers flow into the
same ocean ? By what river is Lake Winnipeg drained ? Into what body of water does it flow ? Wliat
district lies west of Hudson Bay? Wliat territory east of it ? In what peninsula is the most northerly
point of the continent situated? What is the capital of the Northwest Territories? In what district
is it situated? Name the other important settlements in the Northwest.
Write and completa these sentences:
Somf veaVH aao, two Indians started in a CANOE, from , «.« present -capital of Manitoba, which was then called
aZsauZ "own the imer to lake J-r«m I.aHe the,, entered the „reat River -— and paddled
, ana aauea nown tnt: Mountains, passing the months of its
thf sources or me ««.riric _,..,.. _,...., -tnn ~.ii^. .o"th "f the nrent lake of the same name. From
which Ihei.i wetU to its Junction witn thr ixfr-^r, • ' - j ..
this lake, they emerged hy the
, an old trading-post of the
Forts , , and , and ftnallu reached the
Itiver, sailed down its channel t.> the Great
— t^ompany. From Great lake they sailed down the mighty
■ Ocean through the TUJfDItAS of the North.
00
lake, which they entered at Fort
River past
CATCHJNG SALMON 0.
LESSON EIGHTEEN.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
northwest » What Ca JdlL"^ L' 1 "Lm m"^ »' *° Vf ""■ " "">"'"" '' «« «»
tho provineo ? What chain af mo,„>tain "pantos tl,I» wl ."v? ""'',''"'""'" H" "" lh« «i«t Bide of
the so„lh ? What is the bo,mdarv b tweo7thr» Wh t I^e • V"?^ """ """" '■»'"-» '' ""
Bnt,sh Col„.Hia:- Na.e the eoa;t ,vat„. thafa:pajrt;l'iZ.;t,' l^^ZS^' '"" "-'"« "^
LESSON NINETEEN
What groni? of islands bclonsrin'^ to RriH<!li rnln^K-„ r ., .
flows between them and Alaskatp Kamf \^^^^^^^^ f ^TT' ^'^'"^ ^ ^^^^ -«*-
What is the most important town in Ahia a" hlTsTuuat^i f' wl ^'"ZK " "'^ ''''' --^•
Coast Eange ? Name tl,e principal peaks in Br itishcl Ih t w . '""' "'" '"^''^^^ P^«ks in the
to the Rocky Mountains ? Throuof. what Pa does rr ^ n "^^ "'' """"""'"" '^'"■^ P^™"^!
Mountains? Name the other passes. wLt Mhe li V I'T/ ^""'"' «""'^'">' "'*««« the Rocky
Name the towns on the banks of these river Wlt,-« \"i ?' ^''"''''''' ^-^*' ^''"^f tribntarv ?
What is the most important town «: "l I „,rr."tk:T; tf f ^'7'"" ' ''""" '« '^ '"'^"'^^^^ '
of British Columbia, " ^^""^"^ '' ''"^ "^ ^''e other importmit towns and porta
9
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LESSON TWENTY
CoIu,nbia and the Pacific on the otl!e7 I r *'™1""'! '"' *'>" °"« »"'«• ,""1 with Bz-itish
-ti„„ 0, the globe, co„tai„i,',g as tlf ^ te :Xhe T ", it "" 'T' "''"'"■'•^
5. The niouths of the i-ivera floui,, • 7 I . "' "" ""'■'>' t<>g«'l,ei-.
taif the ,ea... The,.fo,:;;rw!ri: ^f t^w "1 ""^ '""^^ '"■• ■"- "■"
Magnetic Poie o, the Ch^^n?-:! rlnilTlaln:^: Z:'""'' ^ '"^
7. In the northern waters of f]m n •• , , ^ '"'^fe nets tin n.
and fur.be„-ing animal, of all ki.^dt .111 '"'"f "'^ •y^'''*' " ™'y «»«, warm down;
Outhesh„,«:ndi,l„„d,of t eSc he S'' '^^' ''"; ^"''''"'^ "'"^ »"-• I'-ter,
8. The Pacific „l„,,c, of the Ro W M ""^.^ '""."'"' ■"l'-'»""'te -e the E«,„imaux.
and rilve,.; the val^rof he F,ttC Tl"; "" ""'''' "°"™'-»W» 'I'-'&i- of gold
and the other m-ers of B.^ti h C^ „b \it rZ"" "" '"7'*"'^'^ *°''"'^; '""l '^-^
. a The bnmense coal-field« of V c L ^ 1"^: "'"'""'"'■' "'■"""•
a., .nexhanstible mine of wealth to fcTnhab t nf ' ""?■ f"!;'"' "'"'' '" ««'«'■»'• "ff™^
.l.em ,„ a mo. advantageon. positionriXL^ttLtlr::^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"»-
- -r:r;::rr ^^^^^^^^^^^^ --"-- - -. ...;..,.„„.,_
e A.M.
w
NUNIVAK I.
ru.ooo
-w.ooo
-5,000
■L^ l^"\::^ +1 I *>* --'j' !^'*o
''f«iM_ I«ngltucl(
"■:7>*rA
SM Z«1)<I
yn /fONG PEAK
^ ^ U/YpiKr« p.
MT8. \/
M IMS S I
}K.
CIFIC OCJE^J^ CAriFOBNIA j IfEVAJ>A ! UTAH I C OXOBABO
■^— — t _» ^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmLm^mmrmmmmmmiii^mmi^mm^^mim'mmmJmmm mmmmmffmm
Copyright by James M6int»U)v. — "."-'- —
l-> U., : . . , ,. ..;. . ■: . I, .. i 1 ;: U 1
a A.M.
56
UNITED STATES.
Relief Map or the Unitkd Statks.
LESSON ONE.
Draw a map of the United States on the
Haiue scale as that on paj^fes 54, 55. {Folluw /he
direcHotis on p. 38, c?iaiigiiig the words •* i-ouiitifn "
find *'eouHtf/ towns " to " statis" and '* tapitaltt."
What country lies aortli of tlic United States ?
VViiat are the boundaries between these two countries?
Wliat ocean lies east (>f tiie United States ? West ?
What gulf lies south? Wimt country? What lour
lalces between the United States and Canada ? What
great lake is entirely within the United States?
What great chain of mountains runs througii
Canada, the United States', and Mexico ? What ocean
is nearest to these mountains ? On which side of the United States ? What chains of mountains lie in
the east of the United States ? What great river drains the immense plains between these mountains
and the Rockies? What are its chief tributaries on the east side ? On the west? Into what gulf does
it flow ? What city is nearest its mouth ?
LESSON TWO.
How many states are there ? Ans. Thirty-eight. How many territories ? Name the only District
in the United States. What is its chief city ? What territory is separated from the rest of the country
by British Columbia? Name its chief city. Name the most western of the states. Its capital. Its
largest city. What state lies east of it? North? Name tlie territories. .4 ?<s. Washington, Idaho,
Montana, Wyoming, Dakota, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Indian Territory, and Alaska.
Wiiat are their capitals? What two panillel ranges of mountains lie along the coast of the Pacific ?
What large river cuts its way through them ? Between what state and territory ? What river flows
south into the Gulf of Calilbrnia ? Between what state and territory? Wliich is the largest state?
What country lies south of it? What river flows between them ? Make a list of the states on the right
bank of the Mississippi, with their capitals; also, of those on the left bank. Why is the right bank of
the Mississippi on the left-hand side as you look at the map? Is Ibi^ the case with all rivers ? Make a
list of the states bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. What are their capitals ? What plant that furnishes
a large part of our clothing grows in these states? Make a list of all the states touched by the Atlantic
ocean, with their capitals and sea-ports. What is the capital of the United States ? In what district
is it situated? In what direction? Point in that direction. What is the largest city in the United
States ? To what causes does it owe its wealth ? What is the largest city in Pennsylvania ? In Ma.«sa-
chusetts? Make a list of the states that border on Canada or the Great Lakes.^ What are the most
important lake-ports of the United States on Lake Ontario ? Erie ? Huron ? Michigan ? Superior?
On any of the waters connecting these lakes ? Name the connecting waters. Make a list of all the
states not included in any of the lists you have already made. Name their capitals, and chief products.
lutoAvhat groups are the United States generally divided? Ans. Six New England, or North-
eastern States ; seven Middle Atlantic ; ten Southern ; twelve North Central ; and three
Pacific States. Name the states in each group, the capital of each, and its principal products.
Write a .short account of any one of the states or territories, giving a description
of its physical feat'ares, climate, soil, products, cities, and Inhabitants.
ITh,. LESSON THREE
■ "ntinh/poTth'ofj'ui;V776 ''"',' "'"/'"'"■'' ■^""-' ''rf""ge<l to Great R,.> •'
-'• It IS c..,„,,„,„i ,,,. ,i,i,.(,,.„i.,|,f ' ""^"■'"■e «ill«l „ republic,
The population of t,,e «t,.e. ;:.:,,:„ ^.r:':!;;-;- "■"> "- .«.*-., Co.u„„.i„.
»• Tl,e coiinti'v is so l,„'..e H„,t ;, i ^ "' "" "'"■ »""■
kimi, and f.n.W.'es products .i;::'™':: Tf!'''" """""^^ "^ ^-y possible
Kr..at,„„,, of ..li,„ate are e„eou„t,.,.e,l • ,„„ ! 'T'"" '"""■' »"'"*-' «0"«l., "II t
wl" e orauges, bananas, „,,.es, an,l ^r^lS;^^,^ r""" ""' ■"'"'" ^^'«-4-
4. The countiT is rich in mi„„ , """ "'"""'I' "I'n m nii.hviutei-
CWifon,ia;sih.e/is,i:,S rin:^„r'»-*-, «"''' " "' -' "-ely i„
and the neishboring region,- ;, , "''" 'l"a"Hties l,y the rid, lode, of >J„f
-Lfleld., of PennsylvaSirind" ':ri;":i,:' ;™"™" .^"•"•» "' S-t p.^f^ io'^n? L"
de.na„d; and, n, short, every other mineral "'\'->'t n<<«"My to snpply the xvorlcF,
» 1 Tl - '
description
Bhire, Vennont, Mas J ,' " S j f^'"^' '^'-'^ ""-P-
•^"t. Tl.ey are celebrated fo; '"'"'' ""'' ^'"""^•««-
ci"llr of cotton, wclen a,d eL "f"»f«°t»«8, eape.
paid to education Cle't" f ".''•■ ^"'- *h^' "Mention
and for thoir fisheries an f C^l™ °' *'""' ^'"""erce,
♦Ho smallest state i„tl^uJon^^^ ''"°"'^' ^«^»"d -
Massaehusetts and Connecticut' ^ "'"' *'"V""«"""P'^>-ate ;
Ti.ese states wore settllw tl ; Pn""' ''''''' -'"™'^1
' The seven Middle a., ^'™ ^'^^'^'^'-s-"
York,Xe,vJers^^p'f,f 1 """"^ ®*«'^« i'"^' : Now
.inla, and vCt^l;. f™; ^^^.^7»^^^ Vi:
also i„ this section. In these ,„tfs"' °' '^°'"'"^"" '«
coal and Iron industries "t,""""^'"*^'* *''" ^''""f
and ship-building are "led o" T''' ' ^^'^^^-^
aided by excellent harhors and! si ' ''"' ""'' "'""^^•'
swamps of Sonth Carolina • sucar ;„ r ••
bananas, and other tr,>^l^^^' l^'T"]''; ^ °'-"^-->
turpentine, in the pi„„ ibrests o?S,- ! r" ' *"' '""'
"-nse droves of cattle are Lrdld !'":'"" 1 """ "»"
tlie wide, rollin,. plains of Texas ^ '"''"^"''' ""
Mii^:: oC^di^ Ke:;:rvr^" r--^
*•- ^^«ion; errlfs'^;f/:/;.-f-^»-6 states of
cereals are raised- horse Itl ' '""'' "'"^ °"'«''
P-ior.H.ality,abo;n Z\,T„?,fr'''' """ '"'^«' "^ «»■
find their wuv to tl^e 1! t ^ / *^'''" Pmirie states, and
^^. I-is. Cinl^ili^D S:rc"':^'^''''^"t"^'''^'•^''•
giant cities of the West Ln^Zl •■ '""' ■■^*'*'^'" >'°"n*?
riod on in Michigan and b> all H ? '' -tensively car-
-nuractures tre 'Cr In^h^C^ ""'"'"^'^^ """^
-.■niaX::%r;:inLT"' ^^-r -« ^--
mineral wealth ^„7^ •■ ^ "'"•' ""^^^^^ f*"- their
in a..und.nT Tt^soilt'LT ''Tf'''" """^ ^^"^
'arlv pleasant and Jut o„l t'n'p ' °"T"*' ''■■"'^■
""-i steadily increa8i„rt ade ^2 ITT" '"" " '"S'"
an., other places in ^^^e^::n: o7:l''t^'^:„^^^^^^^^
general are rich in „,i„erals and in past re '" '"
58
UNITED STATES,
LESSON FOUR.
5. The people are active, intelligent, and thoroughly progrenrnve. Education Ih
ora ally huLoLi in n..Ht of the states, lavishly in Hotne. Commerce and trade
r a ously pursued everywhere, and the desire for speculation seen, to be u.stu.ctive
TiriverBal- agriculture is carrie.l <.n with vigor and success u. every section ot
X t "locality having the character of its crops deternaned by its cluna e
^:i:iLati;i; the ingenious nature of the people is shown by the ^^^^^^^'^
of the manufactures produced in almost every state, especndly in New Lnghunl.
6 The foreign trade of the country is of vast proportions, and is carried on with
every civilized nation on the earth. The United .State, export more tl.ui they import
-that is, they sell more goods to other nations than they buy from those nations.
7 The shipping of the United States is not at all extensive. A good deal ot
their' ocean carrying-trade is done by Canadian and British vessels
8 The railway system <.f the states is very well contrived for the development
of L resources of "^he country ; the railway facilities of New York, Bostcni, Fhdadel-
phia, Chicago, an.l some other centers are unsurpassed and almost uneciualed.
ngitude ]
MEXICO, CENTkt/ j^/i.u,..
6t>
LESSON
If
ONE
Amerio;^;;;;;™L'';^t%':!;/':™''-''' »^--o. central
tlie West Indies,
w.nt,.,., ,,,. .,,,1, .,,„,i„^, „, _^_^'^J^|
you Hhould el
><»<)st. the
snow and ic
and
t' »i'e unknown. I
pris wrapped in furs and sk-dd
n winter, innteud <.f
H' f^uninier^ Jlen
'"'lis, aH in (
■'^eeinjir |),,ys
oranorc
.'""'*''^ "'"I '!'•' Xorth.'rn St
iiig down Hiiowcovered
"',u ill the ffard
ffJ'oinid.
lmn.-,Mn^r ,,11 tlu, ti
t'ns, and Jiftl
■ees, loses and other fl
utes, you AviJl
Nee
naked eliild
owers Idoon
ren
;•'• I'l-Hi-ing into the water on the heael
rolliny-
on tli(
-• Instead of
Heeing seals, wall
4. The Wp«f T T l't^oi>ie under the ruins.
Spauish language. They aTe ?W LTi''" i'c.""":'' '■""""™» ""■I i*!""''" »l*ak the
-- - ..: :;::::':::; :::"■"■ "- ■■' «— • >
9 t.H I
PaysO
Bj Bbeomcr
SOUTH AMEJ^n A.
01
LESSONONE.
I»nuv iui outlln.- of R,„„Ji A,nortr... . *^
""""• ■■'-- I -mnu,-" .v;«r,T' ""
' ' MH..I1 }.enns|,|,or.. i« South Anu-ru.aV , ,. . , ^'"
^\lmr, part of South A.. i • "'^^lui'Ht;' Narrowest ?
in thu rent of i, :^ ^ ^'" '"^ ^^'^ ^"'■^" "'«/M i" which xonu
Ai^'»>i"" if8 great ,-hain of mountains'^ Onul.l,l •. ,
these niouutaiuH th. ail the .nvut nv ... J '"'' '"'" «'
Into what do they ll,nv vH "' «""^'' An.erieu ri.se?
Auo,lH.,luKs several „.outl,<^w?,ieh7«i't; ' ' '"""'"" '''
LESSON TWO
What isthmus joins Noi-th America an.I Sooil. \ • .
tion tho longest and narrowest cotintrv r, ?" ^ ''°°° " "^'""'y "'^^ v/i.olo of Jini/il ? At
Write or .ueutlon the names of tho nHn • '""''^ ' ^^''^^e are chamon.i.s obtained ?
a voyage along the coast of the Atlantic -a.^rthT'''"? "'^''^^^ ^'"^ ^^'""^<^ I^-- on
Kach pupil may mention 1 r-nn t " ''"^^^ "^ ^^<' P^cifl<'.
-•^- Of south .n:,Hea ^^t^:^; !;,::;: :: ^^^""= °^' ^^'^ ^ •- - - -« ooun.
Draw a diagram or section of South v ?'^^°'''"-
comparative height of its mountaira^T'" '''""'"^ '^" '''"^'^^"^ °^ ^^« '--L or the
^..Zir """ ""'""'■"■ "'" ^''"""•"- —.-0:. . J.Z.!'; ■" "^"""'^^^'"^^ "'^^«^ t^« opposite map. •
lODajra * !».'«
62
SOUTH A METRIC A.
LESSONFOUR.
1. South. America i*t one of the most vvouderful parts of the world, 'j
, Let us see vvby. There is its long chain of mountains whose immense i
^ peaks reach above the clouds ; whose volcanoes make the night brilliant
SOUTH AMEJilCA.
63
3. The. :t::zir^tr^T'^''-^-
which are the selvas or fore.ta,"Iuektllf;r"''','' «"""'' ^ "'" '™'-W. "l"""
man's effort, to i«uetrate them' '"*'' l'"'""^' "'"' '«"gl«J "nes as to I,:„h:
5.' S:;: ::'•?"■': "'' ^^^^^^^ <" s-* ^-ty -d ™riety.
pampas, on.vhiehmimL/srerL."::':!':!'''''' "^'^'' "--^"^ <'y»'''"-' "..d
6. South America is like North A '.""^ "''""P '■'"'" »»'> g''»^e-
in having its great mountain chain ou'r^es'te™ Ir'l ''V"''??''''' '" *■" ■""■*'' ""d
y. It is unlike North \ • ■ ""'"'"=■*"= S'de-
in having its greater part in'th" Torrid'™' 'l'!°. *'"*'■ ^T,' «""'*'• ''''*^' ""'• "'!«<« ; »"<!
the North Temperate zone. """ '"'"'■ "'"'' ^oith America is mostly in
<^^l^'^:^::^z:xrt "n *?'' '-« -»- --"^
extends along the PacMc eoaat fron/ h S 1 tf " " "'' 'f^' "* *^^ ''»■'". -d
You would notice that the n.ountai„s tl 1 res ■ ^7"^° 'u' ^'■•"' »' ^^'S-"''".
reach the height of 20,000 to 23,000 feet aboveThl 1 \ '"'^^"^ *'"" P'"'"™ »'">
cues, towns, and villages are on this ,,£,, ! *'• ^"'' """^ »''" ^-^^ tl""
".ountains; and if you should trave Till!! , "' ""'™" ^''^^^^ "1' between the
who live at the foot or base of the 2 !„ ™Lt f ^"," "'""'? ""'' *'^' ""^ P-P'^
land, enjoy spring weather all the yea," " '"'"' "''"<' "'<«'« "^ 'te l»gh
■i-e^f ::i,::in^i^,^--i;;t,;:n.«°;^^^^ *^^f-^ ^^-e'> *-«. iong
"--^erhapsll^
' Length of thu Amazon, 4,000 niilc<j • «.i-ni, e -^
180 miles. The selvas ar, Zne .'vT^A """"f"
llanos hv t),„ r> • "'auicu Dj the Amazon; the
the Inna- j.^hl!,^ 1, 4 P"* °' ^'''^ ''"«''"'* residence of
-«• • ' •■ «!^'!. n..,00 rocr. aiW Potosi over 12 000 fp«f
64
SOUTH AMERICA.
LESSONFIVE.
10. The chief occupation of the inhabitants of the high regions of South America
is mining, for there is plenty of gold, silver, and copper in the Andes Mountains.
11. How are those deej) and dangerous ravines crossed \ Mostly on bridges made
of rope, wire, or of twisted branches of the vine ; but in some places on a great log
which alone spans the awful abyss.
12. Among the Andes occur dreadful earthquakes, which sometimes destroy whole
cities, the ground opening in great crevices or seams and swallowing up houses and
people by hundreds and thousands.
13. Except in tlie soutliern part of South America, no rain falls west of the
Andes ; that long, narrow strip of land, therefore, is a desert. Let us see why. It is
because the winds blow there from the Atlantic only, and the clouds and moisture
which they carry are changed to rain before crossing the mountains. These heavy
rains, to'i-ether with the meltinu; of snow on the mountain tops, form the numerous
rivers of South America.
14. Let us now leave the Andes and travel over the great plains. Except a few
short ranges of mountains along the northern and eastern borders of Brazil, we might
travel for months in all directions and see nothing but vast plains, so level that the
sluggish rivers scarcely know in which direction to ilow.^
15. Those plains through which the Orinoco and La Plata Rivers and their
tributaries flow, are in the wet or winter months covered with tall grass, while in the
summer they are dry, withered, and deserted.*^ Look at your map and tell what coun-
tries contain the llanos and the pampas.
16. You would see in some parts of the great plain or basin of the Amazon
grand forests from Avhich many beautiful and valuable kinds of wood are obtained,
and in other parts, wide plantations of coffee, sugar-cane, and cotton, besides countless
trees yielding tropical fruits, India-rubber, and medicines. What country contains
most of the Amazon and its uranches ?
' You raiglit sail from the Amazon to tlio Orinocci, and
very nearly all tlie way to the La Plata, because of the near
approach of their head- waters. In the rainy season, when the
rivers are full to overflowing, the head-waters of the Para-ia
and Paraguay are so near the sources of some of the jVmazon's
tributaries as to mingle their waters. Then you might visit
the three large rivers — Amazon, La Plata, and Orinoco^
without getting out of your boat, (fte pMuYe on page r,:.\
' These countries of the Torrid Zone have only tivo
Beasons — the wet (their winter) and tlie dry (tlieir sum-
mer). In the latter, there is no rain for six months.
Then the grass is dried \i|) by the scorching sun, the ani-
mals retreat to the mountains, and the reptiles bury them
selves in the ground to slee;) until the return of the ruin.
During the wet season there is rain every day, and sometimes
it rains so hard that the rivers overflow their banks and all
the lowlands appear like one immense swamp. The value
of the cattle consists in their beef, hides, tallow, and horns.
What is beef used for? What is made from hidesV
VThtkX are made from tnllow? \Vlnit are made from liorns?
Tlie horses t\w\ cattle of South America were originally
brought from Europe.
South America
)uutaiiis.
I bridges made
on a great log
1 destroy whole
ip houses and
^ west of the
iee why. It is
and moisture
These heavy
the numerous
Except a few
:'azil, we might
) level that the
vers and their
i, while in the
tell what coun-
f the Amazon
I are obtained,
sides coimtless
untry contains
)rching sun, the ani-
i reptiles bury them-
^ ivturn of the rain.
y day, and somotimes
r their banks and all
■ swamp. The value
>8, tallow, and horns.
3 made from hides V
re made from liorn.« ?
ericii were originally
66
SOUTH AMERICA.
i
LESSON si:^.
17. Let us visit the countries separately and see what else is very interesting^; but
observe first, that wherever we go we shall hear the Spanish language only, except in
Brazil,' where Portuguese is spoken, and in Guiana where English, French, and Dutfth
are spoken. You will see people who are chiefly of Spanish or of Portuguese descent,
besides Indians* and negroes.
18. AVe shall visit the capital of Brazil, which is the largest city in South America,
also Bahia {hah-he'ah) and otiier seaports, and see large and beautiful churches, many
fine schools, ind people remarkable for their politeness and intelligence.
19. We shall find the wild animals, reptiles, birds, and fishes to be very numerous ;
among them are the Jag-u-ar', puma or cougar or mountain lion, tapir, alligator, ant-eater,
rhea or American ostrich, condor, and the boa-constrictor, besides countless monkeys
and parrots.^
20. We shall learn that Chili is the most prosperous country in South America
because the jjeople are brave, hardy, and industrious.''
21. In Peru, w^e shall find grand mountains and beautiful plateaus ^vith a narrow
desert between them and the Pacific, but with vas ■, forests and mighty rivers between
them and the Atlantic.
22. The other high countries are the United States of Colombia, Ecuador,
and Bolivia, which also contain high mountains and rich t -as, dense forests and
broad pastures.'^
23. G-niana {ghe-ali'nali)^ which is divided between three differen t European nations,
is wondei-ful for its forests, wild animals, reptiles, monkeys, and beautiful birds.^ Except
Guiana and the Empire of Brazil, all the countries in South America are republics.
24. The Argentine Republic is remarkable for its great plains called J^ampas.''
' The aren of Brazil ;s aliout equal to that of the United
States, wliile the population is only one-tifth. The popu-
lation of Brazil is over 11,000,000.
^ Considorable i)rofit is derived from the vast herds of
cattle and droves of horses. It is curious to see how skil-
fully the Indians chase these animals and cajiture them by
tiirowing the lasso.
" The jaguur is 8|K)tted and resembles a leopard ; the tapir
is black and r^'sembles a large hog ; the ))uma or cougar
(koo'gnr) is sometimes called a mountain lion or California
lion ; the condor is the largest bird of flight in the world.
■• Chili contains rich minerals, and raises fine grain and
fruits, it is Bttid to bo one of the wealthiest countries, for its
size, in the world. It exports wheat, coftee, hides, wool; and
saltpetre. There an' many fine Rclinols in Chili.
Only a little while ago, a war broke out between Chili and
PiTii. Bolivia assisted Peru, but Chili defeated them both.
The hottest month in Chili and other countries south of
the Equator is January ; the coldest is August.
Before the discovery of America by Columbus, Chili
partly belonged to the Incas (Indian kings) of Peru. The
Incas were conquered by Pizarro and Chili remained under
Spanish control for .ibout 300 years, as did all the other
cxjuniriea of the Andes. After a war lasting several years
they became iudependent. All of these countries are now
republics.
' Prom almost all thes> n, & we obtain quinine,
India-rubber, co2ee, and ide^ Jhe most of the white
inhabitants live on the tabk iands ; the Indians, on the
eastern slopes of the mouutains.
' Guiana; among J'B products are sugar, coffee, cotton,
nnd Cnvenne pe]>per:
' You have already learned that the seasons of the Ar-
gentine Republic are juat the reverse of ours, and that its
jresting; but
ily, except in
a, and Dutfch
uese descent,
uth America,
arches, many
y numerous ;
jor, ant-eater,
883 monkeys
uth America
ith a narrow
vers between
L, Ecuador,
forests and
pean nations,
•ds.® Except
epublics.
d J)ampas.''
:ountries south of
ugust.
f Columbus, Chili
s) of Peru. The
li remained under
did all the other
;ing several years
;ountries are now
> obtain quinine,
lost of the white
! Indians, on the
jar, coffee, cotton,
fasons of the Ar-
ours, and that its
Bau.oov View showing the Selvas op t ii \ t ^
valuable timber. ' ' "* '" ^"''"B""'-'' '"""'^ ™ "'«» ''""^e forests of
WImt has been learned iilxmt South Amcrici _
II. n,.uo. are <,»«,„,„„ oramy p,„„„ aral,u.<l „y ,,., <yr„^„.
ITto, „.e nave winte,, tJTXZJf" ■"""'""' """"""'■' •"""••"■„, a„a Fel.r„„r„).
S,m,>Uh I, the Umgimm of all the comtIHe, exreM Braf^ll „..„ n.,
ZHv"" -r '''."'"'"' ''''™"'' ""'^ «'>''^''- Argentine
Republic ; Its capital is Buenos Ayres, its only largo city •
Its exports are hides, horns, and salted beef. '
Patagonia and Tierra del Puego belong partlv to Chili
and partly to the Argentine Republic, as shown on the map.
Ihe land is a desolate region, and the inlmbitants. clad in
skms of animals, are very wretched. They support them-
selves by fishing and hunting.
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-rjy-
E UROPE.
71
S
fm
,y-
Strait of Dover into the North Sea, past Belgium and the Netherlands (called also IIol-
land) to Germany. We can also visit Denmark, Norway, Scotland, Sueden, and ll..ssia.»
3. Or if we wish to see Italy, Austria, Greece, and Turkey, we must enter the
Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar; we may then sail into the Black
feea and reach Russia.
^ 4 You see from this, that the many seas, bays, and gulfs of Europe extend so far
into the land, that every large and important country is easily reached by ships; and
this IS one reason why the nations of Europe are so prosperous, powerful, and ^vealthy,
—it IS so easy for them to trade with one another.'
5. Europe is of far more interest to us than is any other continent, because most
all of our grain, cattle, fish, oil, and other products which we send away are sold in
Europe, and nearly all the useful and beautiful things which are brought to this
country come from there. Besides, Canada is a dependency of Great Britaili, although
our people are allowed to frame their own laws and govern themselves.
6. Let me tell you that our country was once a wilderness, iidiabited only by savage
Indians and Avild beasts, until it was discovered and settled l>y Europeans,— that It
was for a long time owned and governed by the French, -and that all the white people
here are Europeans, or the descendants of Europeans,^— espr ;: .^ly of the British.
LESSON FIVE.
7. Europe is like the United States in having a great many openings or arms from
the Atlantic Ocean, and in having four seasons and a temperate climate."
8. Its mountain chains, instead of being like great walls along its sea coast as
in South America and Africa, are short ranges jutting out toward the coast and
forming fine harbors for numerous ships.
9. The most celebrated mountains in the world are the Alps. Mt. Blanc, their
highest peak, is visited by travelers from every countr ni \\\q world.*
' A little gir], in making sucli a voyngo. wrote this letter
home : " We have not seen land for a wliole weeli. We
have seen only one ship besides our own. Some beautiful
sea-gulls followed our steamer all the time, ar.d a little
flying-fish tried to fly over the ship, but it fell upon the deck.
We saw :ome great icebergs, and four whales."
' Oi.";.' wo small countries have no sea coast. Which
aret'.c^
' It is said that a few people from Norway and Den-
mark first came to America eight or nine hundred years ago,
but did not stay long; and we know that about four hun-
dred years ago, Columbus came here with ships and men
froir. Spain ; and not long after, men came from England,
France, Portugal, and other countries. That is why you
find the languages of theso diffterent nations now spoken in
some parts of North and South America.
^ Mt. Blanc (meaning w/ttie ?«<!.) is always covered with
snow It is nearly 16,000 ft. high. Down the sides of the
Alps move great masses of ice called glaciers (gla'aeera),
and (.ften immense bodies of snow, called avalanches, slide
and ,'umble down, covering whole villages. Sometimes
travele.s are saved from perishing in the deep snow by the
good monks who live far upon Mt, St. Bernard, and who send
out their great, strong dogs to find and help them. Long tun-
nels cut through the mountains now enable travelers to avoid
the dangers and delay of crossing over those great heights.
inf^mim^tm- •-^'■m
72
EUROPE.
10. Observe that the countries niiich bonier on the Mediten-unemi Sen are very
luountuiiious, v/hile those that liorder <.ii tlie North and Baltic 8eart are Ioav and level.'
11. The s^reater part of the European plain is in RusHia ; here we find the hmgest,
river, the Volga.
1"2. The most celebrated rivers in Europe are the Riiine, the Danube, an*! the
lilioiie, all uf which arc led by the rains ami me'' ' of the Alps."
LESSON SIX.
13. We now c()in<» t«> tlie most woiiclerfiil part of the georrr.nphy of Europe. If
you should sail acros the Atlantic, directly west from the German Empiie, Eiiuland,
Scotland, Ireland, or Northern France, you would tjo i'lom <.?reat and pros[)erous nations
to ti cold, desolate ivgion called Labrador, \v here the inhabitants are snow-bound nearly
all the year. The.'^e people of Labrador are no further from the hot zom; than those
of the countries just mentioned.'^ Why, then, is this ilifference?
14. It is sini[)ly because a great stream of warm water Hows continually acro.ss
the Atlantic toward those prosperous countries, tud because warm winds blow over
them. This warm current of water is called the Gnlf Stream.^
15. Tlie principal products of the great plain .ire wheat and Hax, besides coal,
iron, tin, and sail; and of the warmer or southern parts, gra[)es, oranges, oliv^ and
other tropical fruits, besides silk and cork.* In the waters along the coasts of Europe
great quantities of fish are caught.
16. The animals of the cold regions include reindeei', which furnish the Lap-
landers with ilesh and milk for food, and skins f >r tents and clothing. Reindeer are
used to pull their owners' sleds o\'n' the frozen si iw.*
17. A favorite sport in Central Europe is hunting the fox, the wi'd boar. Mid the
chamois (sham' me). Besides these animals, there are the elk, bear, wolf, and an immense
bird, called the lanunergeyer (ldm'rn^r-<jiii-er).
' The Inttor constitute a great plain which extends from
the English Channel to the Ural Mountains, — about as great
a distance as that across our own Dominion from east to
west. Th i plains cover mori; than half of Europe.
* .Although none of tlicse rivi-s are so large as the Mis-
sissippi or Missouri, they are very useful for commerce, and
tlicir beauty is wo\i^"rful. The Rhine, especially, is cele-
brated. The histov}- of its fierce wars and battles, and of its
once strong but now ruined castles, its picturesque scenery,
together with the weird and wonderful stories told about
it, attract visitors from every nation in the world,
' Look at a globe or at the left margin :;f the map and
you may see that Newfoundland and Labrador are exactly
opposite the middle of Europe.
* Ueverse t'lii:. If this warm, ocean current (the Oulf
Stnam) ai. - the warm winds sliould be directed toward
L idor, in-rjnid of toward Europe, the former w-ould be-
en 3cre productive, and ; ' ^piTous, whili' the latter
V 1(1 be ic snow-bound and iteserted.
Silk \:> made by a worm or caterpillar, which feeds
on the leaves of the mulberry in
The salt found in Central Europe i- rock salt, dug from
mir^s- some of which are so large and si. deep that many of
the miners live there all their lives and never see sun or sky.
In other parts of the world salt is obtained from salt water
by eva[«jruiiQg the water, whirh leaves the salt by itself.
° In going down very steep places the reindeer is fastened
behind the slod. Can you tell why? {See tlw nexf picture.)
»ea lire very
uiul levtfl,'
the longest
ihe, niid the
Europe. If
■e, Eiiu'laiid,
rous imtioiis
DUiid nearly
; than those
lally across
i blow over
)esides coal,
oliv<"j and
I of Europe
h the Lap-
reindeer are
»ar, and the
an iininense
.rrent (the Oulf
:li reeled toward
inner would t)0-
vlii''' the latter
lar, which feeds
t suit, dug from
ep that many of
■ see sun or sky.
from salt water
salt hj itsri:',
1(1 eer is fastened
he next pict'ire.)
^iioDBniNliiuiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii' mui'.
visit the different
countries of Euro])e,
you would observe in laiye
r^ cities that the houses a high and
"^^ close together, and that the dress
of the people resembles our own; while
^- ; - in the villages the houses are low, and you
would think the dressea very odd, and in some
countries, very pretty.
.ixMHfak.
74
R U RO PR.
%
LESSON SEVEN.
19, Observe in England, its l)pnutifnl green lawns, fields, and hedges; its ivy-
covered churches and cottiiges; its coal, iron, and tin mines; its large and busy cities,
especially London with its celebrated buildings, Liverpool with the countless ships
which crowd its immense docks, and the cities (»f Manchester and Birnuugham where
cotton goods, hardware, atid other things are manufactured in great abuniUince.
20, Observe in Scotland, its lowlands 'of the south, its highlands of the north,
and its many beautiful lakes; also, its largest cities, Edinburgh and (rlasgow.
21, Observe in Ireland, its green fields, its farms, its linen factories, its fine city
of Duidin, the thatched cottages outside of its large cities; and that in all three of
these countries the English language is spoken, and that their large cities contain
celebrate<l schools and universities.' Belfast, Cork, and Limerick are important cities.
22, Observe in the Netherlands, or Holland, the lowlands, marshes, and foggy
weather; and the great dikes, or walls, which have been ))uilt to keep the rivers and
the sea from ovei-flowiug the land ; also the countless windmills, which pump the
water out of its canals ; and that the language spoken is the Dutch,
23, Observe in Q-ermany, its level and well cultivated fields, rich mines, and
dark forests; its beautiful capital, Berlin, and its commercial cities of Hamburg and
Bremen; its excellent schools; the skill of the people in music, and in making fine
watches, instruments, toys, etc., and their fondness for their country. Their lauguago
is Gennau, Some of our best immigrants come from Germany.
24, Observe in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, its fertile fields of grain;
its mines, forests, and pastures ; its grand mountain scenery, and its great river, the
Danube, on which is situated its capital, Vienna, one of the most beautiful cities
in Euro[H'. Visit its wonderful salt mines near Cracow in the north ; and notice the
wonderful variety in the languages and stj les of dress. Most of the people speak the
German language ; but the Hungarian language is spoken by many.
23, Observe in Switzerland, its magnificent mountains, beautiful valleys, lakes,
and waterfalls, its glaciers and forests, its cattle and sheep, and the large number of
persons engaged in making watches and wooden ornaments. The languages spoken are
German, French, and Italian, but mostly German.
' Ireland, which is now governed by England, was many
years ago independent, and had its own kings and chiefs.
It is said that long, long ago, a little boy named Patrick,
who lived with hia father on a farm in Scotland, was stolen
with Ollieir. V pirates and taken lu Irelund, wiiure he was
made to work liard for a long time for an Irish chief. He
escaped and found his way homo. He grew up, became a
missionary, and returned to Ireland, where he began the con-
version of tlie people from paganism. Wishing to show the
people who worshiped a stone idol how powerless it was,
he dealt it several ■ vy blows with a hammer, breaking it in
pieces. He is caiiuu lue patron saint of Ireland.
' Our steamers call at Queenstown or Londonderry, on
their way to Liverpool.
R U R OPE.
75
^es ; its ivy-
biiHy fitifts,
intless ships
igham \\'here
ance.
'f the north,
JVV.
, its fine city
all three of
ties contain
)rtant cities.
I, iuid f<»<,%'y
le rivers and
h puui]) the
1 mines, and
amburg and
making line
leir language
Is of grain ;
at river, the
utiful cities
1 notice the
lie speak the
alleys, lakes,
e number of
a spoken are
lie began the con-
ihing to show the
aowerless it was,
ter, breaking it in
iland.
Londondurry, on
LESSON EIGHT.
26. Obeerve in Russia, its vast frozen wastes of the north, its great foiest and
grain sections in tlie center, and its treeless, grassy plains or stt!j)pes of the south ; its
long winters and deep snows; and its many races of ignorant people. Only the
wealthy are educated. Russian is the language of the country.
27. Observe in France, its fine vineyards and fields of wheat, flax, and beet root;*
its silk factories in the city of Lyons; and \\w. endless variety of useful and orna-
mental goods and articles made in and around Paris, the gayest and most attractive
city in the world. \\\ this country the French lunguuge is si)oken.
28. Observe in Spain and Portugal, their extensive vineyards an<l forests, ,,as.
tures and wheat fields, and their hot, southeni sections which produce tropical fruits.
Their languages, Spanish and Portuguew, resem})le each other.
29. Obsei-ve in Italy, its beautiful scenery and mild winter climate; its olive and
orange groves, and vineyards ; its celebi-ated cities, especially Rome, which contains the
grandest cathedral' in the world, the residence" of the I*ope, and mugnificeut ruins.'* Visit
the city of Venice, and go through its many canals in a gon'dola, and sec^ that even its finest
houses are built on wooden piles. Walk through the deserted streets of Pomjjeii {pom-
pay'e) and climb to the smoking crater of Vesuvius. In Italy, tlm language is Italian.
80. Observe in Turkey, a people different from those of all other countries of
Europe— not only in their language, Avhich is Arabic, and in tlieir dress, which is 1
and flowing, but in their lazy liabits and dishonest ways of transacting buHin(^ss.
What lisiH been leiiriiod about Europe,—
Eufope is chicjijf in the North Tempei-ati- Zone; we ran vcnvh it hu rroHninu thv Atlantic Ocean.
It contains more inlets from the ocean and more urent nations than atitf other continent.
Its soil is productive chiefli) because of the mildness of its climate.
Its climate is mild because the Gulf Stream flows toward it, and mild winds blow over it.
Its principal products are tvheat, coal, iron, manufactures, and fruits.
Its most famous nations are Orcat Itritain, Gerntany, France, and Kussia.
Its most celebrated cities are London, Paris, Berlin, Itome, and renice.
Its countries which border on the Mediterranean Sea are high and mountainous.
Those which border on, Ihe North and Baltic Seas are low and level.
Its highest or moat moi' ntainous eountry is Switzerland.
Its lowest country is the Netherlands, also called Holland.
Its most northern country is Norway, and its most southern is Orrece.
ong
' Sugar used in France ia raado from beet root.
» St. Peter's. » The Vatican.
- The grandest of the rains are thoao of the Tcoman
Forum, whicli contained temples and arches of great size
a' ! splendor, and the Colise'um, the largest amphitheater
in the world, where men wprn compelled to fight wild
beasts for the uniuBcnicnt of the emperor and people.
Now uiid then, oilier ruiiiM lire dJMCovered by digging iiway
the immense heaps of rubbish which liavo covered them for
centuries.
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vi „ ,.™ LESSON FOUR.
\
1. Two boys went with their father
on a voyage to Asia. Before starting from their home
in Toronto, their father asked them to point toward
Asia : one pointed toward the east, and the
otlier, toward the west, — and both were right !
•'i^fi
^«
ir^^^
tTUll
ASIA.
79
one l,u,Kl,«l t,m.« a« „,aay inh,.l.ita„t. a! Ca',.l ' ' ''"* """"™" ''■""""''
«. Ihe boys saw men raakino- hpoi.H'+'ni ni • ' ^ " '
flsh for their ma»te,.. The 1^™™"!!! ^Hl T'' *' '^""*' -■''""-""•l <"t.h
water. The bo,, tiee,, the j::::::^^^^^^ z:^:^':!:!^;:^ - "^
The highest i««k i, MountTwL ^°''''*^'""' "■'»"'' '^ '^« WkI« i., the wori,!.'
.Ji^r^h^r^^z-s^-rs^ii^-v^^^
J2.2ema ami Arubiaaj^^ted for their .b,-_el™ate, a„,I J ,1^
the T,6™ „„,, E.,,l,«e. ,m,„. i„ Turkey .,..A»'" „„Jf:°"«
,«,rd .irf hcatod f„, ,!,„„. Small twij. „„ „„,-]« t„ i 6«"^7 " " ""'™- "■ '"-inl" •■•n.. Um 15 1„ m
which ihey ntiach themeelveR T.. .,„.„ ' """"^' '" »eef. ''>miiny ,aacos.fl,p„all Ihh,, wi,i,, ,1,., ., ' '*'" '^
80
ASIA.
LESSONFIVE.
13. The most fertile soil of Asia is in India, China, and the small countries south
of China ; there, the climate is hot and the rains are abundant. Cotton, tea, coffee,
rice, sugar-cane, pepper, indigo, opium, and dates grow abundantly ; some of which, you
remember, grow also in the Southern States of our own continent.
14. In India, many people ride on tame elephants, which do all kinds of hard
work for their masters. AVhile riding in this way, the boys had fine fun ^vatching the
monkeys jumping among the trees. You may see the boys in the picture, riding under
the famous banyan-tree. The branches of this tree drop shoots to the groimd, which
take root. India belongs to Great Britain, i-he Queen being " Empress of India."
15. The forests and jungles of southern Asia contain many wild animals, the prin-
cipal of which are the elephant, rhinoc'eros, lion, tiger, leopard, buffalo, and ta'pir ; also
many large and dangerous serpents. The rivei-s are infested with crocodiles.
16. From India, the boys traveled westward, over the hot, san<ly deserts of Persia
and Arabia, on camels. They passed several caravans, or companies of men, with camels,
carrying shawls, nigs, silks, dates, etc., to the towns, to be sold or exchanged for other
things. As camels can walk a long distance without drinking, and as their broad feet
do not sink into the sand, they are better than horses, for crossing deserts.
17. The boys saw, in many places, groves of tall palm-trees— the date-palm and
cocoa-nut-palm— and sometimes, they stopped in strange-looking cities surrounded by
walls and towers.
18 When they had crossed the continent of Asia, a steamer took them from one
end of the Mediterranean Sea to the other, through the Strait of Gibraltar, and across
the Atlantic Ocean, to the city of Montreal Leaving the steamer, they entered a car
and were soon home again, in Toronto, having made a journey arouna the world;
traveling all the time, westward.
What we have learned ahout Asia,—
Asia is on the opposite sitle of the Earth from us. It has night, when we have day.
It is the largest continent, and is twice as broad as the continent of North Amertca.
It conhiins the highest mountains in the world,-the Himalaya Mountains.
It eotiMins some of the largest rivers in the world,-the Yang-tse-Kiang and the Lena.
It is in three sones,-the Torrid, North Temperate, and North Frigid.
Its climate is very hM in the south, and very cold in the north.
Its southern part contains deme forests and plantations of tea, coffee, vice, and sugar-cane.
Its northern part contains vast, frozen swamps. These cover tJ: . northern part of Siberia.
Its ntidMe section contains dry, sandy deserts. These are in Chinese Empire, Persia, and Arabia.
It-i popnlatimi is as great as that of aU the rest of the world, and is mostly in China and India.
Its nations, tribes, and languages are numerous. Most of the tribes live in tents.
Its animals include the camel, elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger, leopard, buffalo, and tapir.
ASIA.
»l
intries south
D, tea, coffee, '
if which, you
inds of hard
watching the
riding under
round, which
India."
als, the prin-
l ta'pir ; ali^o
les.
rts of Persia
, with camels,
cjed for other
}ir broad feet
ate-pahn and
irrounded by
lera from one
\,v, and across
entered a car
i the world;
flatj.
fiea.
the Lena.
fftignr-catie.
of SiheriM.
m, and Arabia.
ina and India.
s.
, and tapir.
Tlie elephants of Asia are more easily
tamed than those of Africa. Their
tusliM of ivory are very valual)le.
The white elephant of
Siam is conaiderod a sucrud ani-
mal, and treated with almost as
much veneration as the king
himself The palace occupied
by the elephant is costly and
beautiful, and his attendants are
noblemen of the hijrhest rank.
Tlie Siamese show this rever-
ence to such an animal, iwcause
they think their deity, or false
god, rssides in it, in some mys-
terious manner.
The Chinese regard some ani-
mals as sacred, liecause they believe
the spirits of their dead relations
inhabit the bodies of some living
animals ; they think, therefore, that
cruelty or unkindness to a cat, dog,
or other animal would be the same
as to a departed child, parent, or
other relative.
The hide of the rhinoceros is
so thick and tough that a bullet
will not penetrate it.
A camel which has one hump
is called a dromedary ; one which
has two humps, a Bactrlun camel.
The dromedary is used, cliiefiy, as
a riding animal.
Tlie tiger, which is striped, is a
ferocious animal, found in India,
Malaysia, and the Malay Peninsula.
Many persons are killed, every
year, by tigers. Men go out on
the backs of tame elephants and
bunt these dangerous animals.
The leopard is siMitted.
TheEastern or Indian bufifaloea -
have th>>ir long horns turned back.
Many are tamed, and used aa
beasts of burden.
Arabia was, i:i former years, renowned
for its literature, men of learning, and
libraries. One of the queens of Arabia was
Sheba, who kicame famous from her visit to
King Solomon. More than 1,200 years ago
hammed, a religious fanatic, declared himp
prophet. Every year, thousands of Moham
ans from all parts of Africa and Asia n.«l<,
pi^Igrimages to Mecca, the birth-place of Mohammed
They are numerou., in India. Arabia, Turkey, and Africa
Iii
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AFRICA.
83
C. 0/ Oood «ope
LESSON ONE.
I>raw a map of Africa like this small one: first
mark xts outline, .vith Its seas, .^ulfs. and straits, .n.i
thc^^ Its mountains, rivers, c-apes, islands, and coun-
Inwhat directio.1 from u.s ia Africa? Point toward Africa
What contment north of it? Northeast? What ocean we:;;
and A^L' /"^" '"' ^'*'''"' '^^"'* "'"^ ^'"^'"i'"' ^"'^^^'^^"^ ^^--^
OcelT '''"' '""""'' *'" ^'^^'^•*''^'---^-' ^^^ ^ifcl' tho Atlantic
What gulf west of Africa ? What channel southeast ? What
krge island southeast? What cape on the north ? East? Wet
What two capes in tlie southern part of Africa ' '
Wht'f *^^7""*'^'"^ «f ^^frica near the coasts, or far inland ?
What two high mountains are south of the Equator ? What chain
of mountains m the northern part of Africa ?
LESSON T^VO
iUroughAvhat countries does the Nile flow? Tho Tr.n^^ 9 rru t.t- . ..
southern country in Africa^ To what Snn . '^"'"^ *'"' ^^"^* "^ ^^"'»^'^? Which is the most
LESSON THREE
Morotw Oe^rr AW '^'^^^ ^''^ ''^'^'''^'*^" '"■^'^' '^"^^ '"^"^^^ -™^ '>^ ^'- I'-<I"cts of Egvpt,-of
^ what part of Africa are diamonds obtained ? Ostrich feathers ? Ivorv ' Coffee ^
Write tlie names of ten countries of Africa- of five ]«ic^. • of a
rivens; of the products of Africa; often capital: ox otl^eT^w^s "''"^ "' '^^^^
posirma:. ''''''" ^'^"'"' ^"^ ^^^^'^^^ ^«^°- ^^■^-' - -P~d under the op-
Wrlte and complete th.^ following sentences-
^^m'-
5-iBttbw«Wt;«os^
84
AFJi J CA,
v'l .. •-
LESSON FOUR.
1. Africa is the hottest of
the continents and is the home
of the Negro, or bhick race.
2. It is remarkable for its im-
mense, barren plain, called the Great
rv Desert ; and for its savage tribes, its
wild animals, and a wonderful river, called the
Nile.
AFRICA
)Sj
Ij
m
'mil-
3. As you a; ' bout to start on a V()va<'e to Africn T Qh.,11 f.Ji i?
which you «l,„ul,i kuow about that cntL",,.' ' ' "" ■' ' '""■ """"-'
4. It is, chiefly, a vaat tal)le.lmi.l. Ita moiintaihs are near tli,. ,•„.,., ..i .„ . ■ i
low, „a™vv ,,laius, ex,e,„liu,, to ,he foot of the ..^1^^ ' "^ "''"''' "'■"
6. The highest mountains are iu the eart; Mount Ke„ia l«i„. the highest peak
... the yea, tee are .,e„„e forests a,„l c.tc.ive prairies, .narsh^fa'l^ML J ""'"
live ia citie, vvhich are ..rromuled bv^ wall, a^ t " . IK -V.ebet Mv" " • ''"''''^
a,id teut-villages. All have a brow,, oo,„plexio, ,u 1 ne^, , "'■''' "' *""•"
an.i black, straight hai,-. They are Bern,eL ",,1 A^lf ^ "™ l"'""'""" ""*»
12. Egypt, which IS also on the southern coast of tlie Mediten-u.P.n ^ • .1,
most important and interesting country in Africa. ^i«'"tena„ean Sea, is the
ed the Nile.
' Learn or read about the ruined temples and images
and tl,„ Hnn»en8e tombs .vbicli, for thousands of years c.n'
tmned the nm„„nics of Egyptian kings, queens, and princes;.
also, about Moses ana Joseph. UKM.tioned in the Scriptures
As you leave the rainless districts of Egypt and N ubia,
you w,n see more and more rain until you reach the region
at I ti,? fi^l'"' ""^"'^ f" ''''" '^"^ '" ^''-^'^ f- months
at a tune fillmg many large lakes and streams, which send
«r carry their water into the Nile. Central Africa was ex-
plored by tlie famous Livingstone, and afterward, by Stanlev
■ In various parts of Africa, the inhabitant: r,nise cuttle.
and sheep, and c.dtiv.t.. tlie sol!. Many tno:-. a. - civilized
but others, esi^cially those in the central and . ,u'hern parts'
oi tlie continent, are constantly at war withoneanother hold-
mg the prisoners as slaves, or selling them to Arab slave-
dealers. Arabs who live in the desert are called Bedouins
the Rrd^r^' ^"* °' *"' "°'^^ '' '"'"''' '"'■ '•'-' "^
The countries of Africa are governed by different nations
of Europe. Egypt, by Turkey an.l England ; Algeria and
Tunis, by Prance: Cape Colony and other countries near it
In'ffS """^ """^ ^"'"'''' "''° ''^^'^ possessions
I On the Island of St. Helen... a ce!ebr..r.d emperor died
n eide. Write a letter, and tell what you know about
tins emi)eror,-about the pyramids, -the sphinx
'0Wli^^^0^^
' i
86
AFH IC A.
LESSON FIVE.
IM. To travel through Egypt, you must K'uve \\w steaiiit'r at the city ol Alexandria,
the [trincipal sea-p(jrt of Africa, and tak»' the cars to Cairo ki'ro), the \.;ti»ital of Egypt;
and the largest city on that continent.
14. In Cairo, you will notice large moscpies (mOnJcM), high niin'a-rets, and its long,
narrow streets, crow<led witli i)eo[)le, camels, horses, and donkeys. Its houses are high,
an<l their upper stories and awnings }»roject far over the streets to keep out vhe burning
i-ays of the sun. Near this city, are the great pyr'amids and the sphinx, which are
among (lie wonders of the woild.
15. Sailing up the Nile, notice its high banks, and the long, nairow strip of land
on each side, whicli hK)ks so green and fertile, while beyond, and as far as the eye can
reach, is the dry, saixly desert. Learn why this river oveiilows its banks every year,
covering its narrow ^■alley with water and mud, on \vhich the Egyptian farmer sows
his grain and other see<l.
10. If you join ;i hunting-party, you will see, in Central Africa, herds of elephants
and giraft'es (Ji-rdfx'), and, [lerhapa, a leoi)ard, lion, rhinoc'eros, or an ostrich. In the
streams, you will find the cr'" . nle and the hippopot'amus.
17. When men cross th<' '-^i-vnt Desert, they go in large companies, called caravans,
so as to defend themselves frnivs the attacks of the fierce Bedouins (hed'whis).
18. In Southern Africa, .u'e diamond fields, extensive sheep and cattle pastures,
and farms where ostriches are reared for their plumes.
19. In the forests of Western Africa, are found the gorilla, chimpan'zee, and
monkey. On the Avestern coast, is a republic of negroes, whose capital city is named
after a former president of the United States. Who was he ? What is the name of
the re])ublic, and of its ca})ital ?
What we have learned about Africa,—
Af'fifH is the hottest grand divisioH of the Earth. Its (lyeater part is iti the Torrid Zotte,
Its most northern countries are in the North Tenipirvte Zone ; its most southern, in the South
Temperate Zone.
Central Africa has abundant rains, and, eonsequentfi/, extensive lakes, pastures, and forests.
North and south of Ventral Africa are r<iinless or desert regions.
Africa contains th- largest desert in the world. It is nearly as large as the United States.
Arabs, Berbers, and Egyptians inhabit the north ; negroes, the center and south.
The wild animals of Africa include the elei}hant, giraffe, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, lion,
leopard, antelo/w, and others. The elephant is hunted for its tusks of ivory.
Tlie most important country in Africa is Egypt, and its most important river is the Nile.
Egtfpf would be a desert, if it were not for the regular rise and, overflow of the Nile.
The most important cities in Africa are Cairo and Alexandria.
m-ii.
Alexuiulria,
III of Eg}'i)t;
iiiid its long,
ses are liigli,
rhe burning
K, which aie
^trip of land
I the eye can
I every year,
fnrnier sows
of elephants
■ic'h. In the
etl caravans,
iS).
itle pastures,
pan'zee, and
ity is named
the name of
'id Zotte.
, ill the South
and forettts,
ed States.
otaiHHs, lion,
the Nile,
file.
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HIPPOPOTAMI'
i<ry\y
i-fc-
\Vf
;azelle
.',X-
mffmi
Th., hippopotamus i. „ larffo ani,„ul. livi,,^. ,uost of tho time
-a the water Wl„.„ ,„„.,k,.,,, u is very «uvuge. It in found!
iho re>rion of tlie Nile onlv. fe • ii is lound in
The eazella in shy. tin.i.l, beautiful, „„,l «,ac-f„l.
ri.e goriUa nmeli resetnbir.s a human bein^, lie is feroeio-s
■HH vo,v stron.; bei„,M.l,lo to l,reak ,hid. l.rLhes o^t^ e^^^^^^^^^^^^
... lull u .nan at a .ingle blow. His heigh, i, „,,.„, ,,,;;!;;:
lie ostrich nuis with tlie fi,x>e,l of a race horse.
Ihe rhinoceros, noted for its horned nose, will kill even an
•'lephaiit. in combat.
_jn^Afric:,n lion i.s larf,er an.I s.ron^r.T than the Asiatic lion.
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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OCEANIA.
8y
LESSON TWO.
1. Oceania in unlike tlif other
grand divisions of the Earth,
because it consists entirely of
islands.
2. It is believed by many that
Asia, long ago, extended further
southeast than it does no\\-, and
that a part of it sunk below the
surface of the water; leaving
only those portions above the
sea which are now the islands
of Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and
other islands of Malaysin.
'^. All the islands included in
Polyne'sia (many {.elands) and
Microne'sia {small islands) are
volcanic ; many of them are yet
lofty and rugged mountains, bnt
others have sunk beneath the
sea, so that only the coral {hdr'-
al) reefs whicli encircle their
tops are above tlie surface.
4. These reefs, or islands of
coral, are like great rings, with
one or two openings through
M'hich the sea enters. The island
is called an atoll (^ tdll'),aiud the
inclosed water, a lagoon'.
5. Coral is con) posed of the
skeletons of small creatures,
called the coral polyp {pol'ip).
6. AVinds, waves, and birds
carried seeds from distant lands;
and, in this way, the islands
were covered with plants and
fruit trees.
90
OCEANIA.
i-ESSON THREE.
7. As nearly all the islands' of the Pacific
Ocean are in the Torrid Zone, and have an abnn'-
dance of rain, their vegetation is luxuriant.^
8. The date, cocoa-nut, and caniplior trees are
almost everywhere on these islands ; and in Malay-
sia, there are large plantations of sugarcane, cot-
ton, and coffee. These islands also produce cloves,
pepper, nutmegs, cinnamon, oranges, and lemons.
9. The inhabitants of this division are all
of a dark complexion ; but the various tribes differ
from one another in stature and in apj)earance.
Those in Polynesia are finely formed and ao-jee-
able in appearance,'^ while most of the natives
of New Guinea and the neighboiing islands are
deformed and hideous.
10. Australia, the largest island in the world, is called a continent. It is nearlv
as large as the UnitcMl States. It belongs to Great Britain.
11. Australia* has a rim of mountains, between which and the coast, the country
is fertile, but the inttM'ior is dry and barren nearly all the year. The white inhabitants
e of British descuint. They are engaged in raising sheep, or in mining. The south-
..astem provinces, Victoria and New South Wales, are celebrated foi- gold and wool.
Melbourne and S><lney are tiie most important cities.
12. Sumatra, Java, and a part of Borneo belong to the Netherlands, or Hoi-
land, Avhich, you know, is governed by the Dutch. The Philippine Islands beloi
to Spain.*^ They aie remarkable for active volcanoes and destructive earthquakes.
Av Atoll, wiiinii inolcwkh a Lacidon.
'g
ir
' Many centurii's nffo, wlii'nt n coral Island is now, there
stood a volcanic niountulii, ii(|fiiliiHt wliich the wavt'S of tlie
ocem H-nslied tlui i^ggs of tlio coral polyp. Here, they at-
taclied themselves to llio ro< k and soon devolo])('d their tree-
like forms ; buiiding upward, llttlo by litthi, and spreading
out their branches until they Intcrlocitod with one another.
But, while the mountain around whlcli the coral formed a
fringe slowly sunk, the coral kept on building its branches
upward, always k(wplng to tlie Burfiiee of tiie water. Finally,
the volcano entirely dlHuppeared, hut the great ring of
coral grew upward ; the ring marks the site of the sunken
island.
' Borneo is coverewl In many i)lace8 with dense forests,
thick jung-les of ferns and vlners, and iraincnso growths of
rattan and bamboo.
' Formerly, many of the inhabitants of these islands
were cannibals, or eaters of human flesh.
■* There are many salt lakes and marshes in the central
part of Australia, most of which dry up in the summer.
Southern Australia being in the South Temperate Zone, has
winter when we have summer.
If the Earth were a glass ball, and we could see
tlirough it, the people of Australia would appear as if they
wore standing or walking with their heads downward; we
would see the soles of their feet, and they would see tiie soles
of ours. When we have day, the Australians have night.
' The Philippine group comprises more than twelve
hundred islands, the largest of which is about the size of
Pennsylvania. This group was named after Philip, a former
king of Spain.
;)f the Pacific
liuve an abuii'-
xuriuut.'^
plior trees are
aud in Malay-
ugareane, cot-
trod uce cloves,
1, and lemons.
ivislon are all
i.H tril)es (lifter
11 apj)earance.
ed and agiee-
f the natives
ig islands are
It 18 nearly
:, the country
te inhabitants
The south-
)ld and wool.
lands, or Hoi-
Lands belong
hqnakes.
M of these islands
hes in tbe central
p In the summer,
jmperate Zone, has
and we could see
I appear as if they
ids downward ; we
would see the soles
lians have night,
more than twelve
about the size of
ei' Philip, a former
OCEANIA.
13. Their ~
products com-
prise coffee, sugar,
spices, indigo, and rice. Batavia in Java
and Manila in the Philippine Islands, are
the principal markets from which these
pi'oducts are exported.
U. The animals of Oceania include the kan-
garoo of Australia, and the elephant, tiger, leopard
rhinoe'eros, hippopot'araus, ta'pir, deer, buffalo (no;
himn.\ monkey, ape, and orang-outang, of Malaysia.
15. The birds and buttei-flies are the most beau-
tiful in the world. Among the former, are the
celebrated bird-of-paradise of New Cxiiinea and
neighboring islands, and the lyre-bird of
Australia. '
16. Crocodiles, lizards, and snakes
numerous.
are r^^
92
OCEANIA.
LESSON
FOUR.
17. Boi-neo, which is as large as On-
tario, coiitjiins immense forests of valu-
able timber ; besides gutta-percha {ijut-ta.
peiysr'ha)ani\ camphor trees. Kich mines
of iron, tin, aud diamonds also abound.
18. Java is the most densely i^opulated
island in the world. It is famous for
cojfee and spices.
19. The group of islands nearest
North America is called the Sandwich
Islands, or Hawaiian {ha-wi'yan) King-
dom. The native jieople are civilized,
and have good schools. Their govern-
ment is independent. Many English
and Americans live in Ho-no-lu'lu, the
capital. The chief export is sugar.
20. New Zealand i^ composed of two
large islands and several small ones. It
SO.NLBT m Malaysia. is inhabited chiefly by ^vhite people.
What we have learued about Oceauia,—
Oceania is conipoHed eatitely of islands. Most of them are in the Torrid Zone
The islands comprised in Polynesia and Mieronesia are of voleanie and eoral formation.
The coral reefs are the work of coral jiolyps which huift upward while the islands were slotvtu
sinking, '
The vegetation of tJiese islands comprises the date-palm, cocoa-palm, and other tropical trees.
Most of the inhabitants are of a brown complexion. Those of Xea' Guinea are black
Most of the people in Australia and New Zealand are white. Australia produces gold 'and wool.
Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and the Philippine Islands produce coffee, "ugar, indigo, and spices.
Tho animals of Australia are unlike those of any other
part of the world. Some sjiecies, like the o pos'sum, have
pouches in which to carry their young. The kan-ga-roo', one
of this species, liaa very short fore legs, but very long hind
legs. He moves by very long and graceful jumps. There
are many varieties of the kangaroo, some of which are as
tall as a man, while others are no larger than a rat. Some
of them (as tho belong) use tho tail for grasping anything
they wNh to carry. The plat'ypus, or dusk'-bill, has a
head like that of a duck, but a body like that of an otter.
The dog-hsaaed -ssrolf is commoa ; and, trim to his nature,
makes sad havoc among the sheep. The wSmTjat much re-
sembles a badger in its habits. The ban'dicoot is a timid little
animal, comewhat like u rat, but having large, straight ears.
The porcupine does not differ from the American species.
The e'mu or Australian ostrich is smaller than the
African ostrich. Wild turkeys and black swaus are
common. The 5p'ter-yx, a most singular bird, has no true
wings. It resembles the ostrich. This bird, when running
rapidly, uses its long beak as a cane. The lyre-bird is
named on account of its lyre-shaped tail, g.jme of the but-
terflies measure more than twelve inches across the wings.
Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania belong to Great
Britain. Pron. Cs'trich, not aus/trich; cOf'fee, not cavffee.
TOJ'JCAL GEOGJiAPJjy, WITH LANGUAGE
LES6 0NS.
93
I large as On-
)re8t8 of valu-
pt^rcha {guUa-
?s. Rich mines
\m abound.
»ely populated
18 famous for
anfls nearest
:lie Sandwich
'^i'yan) King-
are civilized,
rheir govern-
[auy English
o-no-lu'lu, the
is sugar.
posed of two
nail ones. It
te people.
nrinntion.
fls were sfowty
tropical treen.
'flack.
gold and tvooh
'«, and up ires.
soot is n timid little
arge, straight eare.
i.inerican species,
smaller tlinn the
}lack BwauB are
r bird, has no true
ird, when running
The lyre-bird is
E.jine of the but-
I across the wings.
I belong to Great
F'fee, not cawyee.
TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY. WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS.
railway station, libra, vstor Ind flcto "v ?,o ^ f^ V°7T' '"'"'' ''"'"''"^ '*°^' ^^"""" ''"''^""«- l^'^'"'^' l"''^«-.
own woras. Write .^V .Il^^r.^r^Lri^J^^.l^^u^r'^onS^irZ "^^^^^"""^ "^^-'^ ^^ '" --
.on.:- ^:rr t':r r;"° sr'a^>!?:r ^Tr''^'' ~ -^^ - --^ -- -'• —
draw a straight .Ino point ng east and west Th.l "' P""'^'"^ t"""'"''' ^^o north. A.tu.s this,
Are the grounds lovejor s^pu" / lu which U^ectloTdo ThT ''l ^"',"'^;1"" ''''^ """^ °^ ^^'^ school-roon.,
does the water run. From which dlrectlordSrtho Hver S^ ^" '' '*""' "' ^^""•" ""■'■'"^'-
...ar'/the^rtrrTor^i r„t:f.;%ra:ar^L7v.'^'^;::; inr^r '-^^-r^- ^- -^— --
Between .outh aucl dowuV Point ..p.-down, no.?h,-.o.ltu! ' ^^"^^''^"^^ ^'^^^^^'"^ »»"»' -"^ ".' '^
/. THK WORI.D.-Tho Karrh, the plohc, or planet. W. Hvo „„ its surface.
a. Shape, nearly round, like a ball, marble, or oranpe.
.„., -."^.Tu™ „frr;:i:ii\Tri:;r'i'. Lriri;-™"™- ■»"» - — ■•■ -
?. Write ,he „ames of animals useful for food ; for porformin« labor ; for our clothing
*. Wrtt. the names of minerals used for fuel; for making tools ana machinery ; for building our houses
does\^r;;^.rgrr;^;:ni^;rsZe;n:r\;rrf.r^::t:u^
:n :rrTverr thfir: b' r ''--" -^^ ^^ '^ -tairSefrirTt:^:: 2Z:::^:T:r^ :.:::;
^^^-^^'u'^:::;:^'Z::r^:ZJl'':^'o::'L^ -olsturo; depends on latitude, winds, and height above
.he sea-l^e. u.dl«ed .^^...^L^ X^^^Si^a:;:,:^ SS-:Z^::;rnr':r-^rt^-
South Fr^"' " "'''' °' "''''""' ^""''*'^' ''''''"'' ^'°'-^^ Temperate, South Temperate, North Frigid.
and 'o;\srarii^r:;a^'alnl:;n';egT;aTron^ 2B>. degrees on each side of the K.uator ; great heat
high tt.ount.alns; Inhabitantri^^doUrinrof rif ^Irp^e^fok""'"^^ "°^ *^^' ^^"^^^ '^^ ^^"^ ^^^ «'
usuaS m7dT"4;r'T.;Vd:drt? srirasrs'^^'^ri ^'^r ^'■'^'^ ^^-'^-^^ *^ '^^--^ ^- -^'^^'^-^ '-i'™--
nations enlightened and powerJul. ' ''""''"' '"^^^'f*"^^' e«^ergetlc. and of light co„>plexlon ;
.uow^per^Xfra^aTnTgh" ^ath^rmonthsTor Inh^r""^ '''' '^"^^^^'^ ^'^ ^^^^^ ''^--^- = '^ -^
in ..e. savage, but not wa^i.;:^;?^.^f ^r^^^^ 1 -^^l^^ ^ ^^/^ -;^
Of d"-anT":;t^riuUoT;;Iorrne;^rourd?h::u\°^ ^"^ ^^^^^ ^* ^°"-- ^^ ^^^ — ^^n
journey around the sun. once a year, causing change of seasons.
94
TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY, WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS.
II
l« M««.ur.u..«tH of di.l«ac..-DlHtuuce8 lueaHureU, una positions .luHcrlbeU In deBroes or latltuUe and
lon^ltudo; .o.ul aistanco uroun.l the Earth, 300 .le«m.s ; aistan.o IVonx poleH to Kquator. 90 .leKreJ"
/7. l..tHud., tho distance north or .south from the E<iUutor ; latitude of poles, uo dcKrees, heln^ at
Kroatest dlsttinco from Equator; length of a degree of latitude, 70 miles, nearly.
/«. I.cngl.ade. the distance east „r west from meridian of (treenwl,.)., or other selwted meridian-
length of d0Kn.e of longitude at the ICjuator, nearly 70 miles, deereasln^ toward the poles, where ItTu "
i». The liI«i..l.pl>ero., two eciu.il puns Into which the ylobe may bo divided.
»«. W..l.r.. IIe,„l.pl.„r.. sometimes ciUed New World. Land stu face embraces continents of North
Ataerlca, south Vttunica. portlo.t of Asia, Victoria Lan.l, the coral Islands of Polynesia, a.t.l Islamls of
?rcti: !!nl I'? ' "^"^ ''"''"*'"'' '""' '"'^'*"''- ^''"'' ""'•"^•" '^^omprlses parts ot the Atlantic, P tcltl
Arctic, and Antarctic Ocean. i"<ii»,
Afr.^' .^'T'u "•""'""•'«"• ^''nietlmes .ulUd Old World. Land surface embraces co.Ulnents of Europe, Asia
Africa, Australia, an. part of Oceania; Nova /embla, British Isles, Japan Islands, ,uul Madagascar Wate;
«urlaco comprises Indian Ocean a.td parts ^t Atlantic, Paeltle, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans.
1. NORTH AMKUICA.-S«.-f«ce.-Oreat mountains and highlands nn the west, and lower range In the
east; great plains In the nti.ldlo exten.llng f:-o,n the <M.lf of .Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, i.^e. 2% J.' J^
form*on*"arino~oast """^ P^'P^*"'^"^ f™'^'"^ 1" ""rth, less .evere l,i center, warm In south, mild and unl-
.■i. Product..-Pur and skins, lumber, grain, cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rice; gold, silver. Iron, coal
.•opper, lead, a.td salt ; exports lumber, grain, provisions, and petroleum to Europe.
4. A..lm«U.-(A<'<.ordh,g to /.o.ies.)_Walrus, white bear, seal, bison, moo.se, deer, wolf, beaver, alligator
w>,it«', ^*°P';-f'*"j%T»<i"^'f- ooppor-colore.l, savage and warlike ; Esquimaux, Inhabiting northern region., •
whl e inhabltatus, the descendants of Europeans ; an.l blacks, of Africa, inhabiting central and southern parts
originally brought to this continent as slaves, but ttow tioarly all free. Languages, Eut-opean and Indian
peopL rr iy-tf ^i:t:^c\:. :^::i^^:^::izz:^:^r' -''--• ^^'-^''- ^^-^^^
^naL:^^.::;^r::^-:;:zat::::r^^ ..ams. nanos,
f- Cllm«fe.-Hot m the north, with alternate wet and dry seasons; constant rains between Equaf v,d
Troplo of Capricorn ; cold In south ; western coast, mild and uniform.
... Pr„d..et..-lndia-rubber, coffee, copper, medicines, dye-woods, sugar, wool, diamonds, hides, and beef
4. Animau., etc.-Tapir. Jaguar, llama, cot>dor, boa-constrictor; hor.ses, cattle, and sheep
^^i^s:::1:i::!r:'^::;J-'i:1:-T^ of Portuguese descent.
Erench; and in all the other countries of ^^71.^ slianllh^mLrr^ta^^^^^^
capi^i;^r ie =^1^- rr;— r--r:/rr^^^^ - -
/. BUl«>PE.-Snrtoce.-,So.ithern, or high Europe, mountains with high plateaus; northern or lower
Europe, level plains sloping toward the north. (.See map, p. es.) norunern. or lower
5. Cllniale.-Southern and western parts, mild and healthful, modified bv winds from wovrv, ^
currents and drifts; and from the Great Desert of Africa; northern part, cold and moi.t ' "'"'^
3. Profliict8 — (iraln, iron, coal, silver frnit xo-ino aiiir n„„„ .
articles, cloth, wine, fr^it. ' ' ' ""''" ' "'^P"" *° ^^''^^^ America, manufactured
4. A..I,„„U.-Reindeer, wolf, wild boar, bear, chamois; horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs
5. Peop,e.-Chietly of Caucasian race, highly civilized, educated, and powerful; Magyars (..orTJo.., inhab-
iting Hungary, of Mongolian descent, as are also the Lapps, the Finns, and the Turks proper.
6. Wri,. a short description of each country, its surface, climate, plants, products animals neonle
and their occupations. Xame the capital of each, 'and one or more principal cities ^^^^^^^. People
ir 1
ONS.
oi' lutlruilu auU
.'Sfrees, beliix at
)<:tca ruei'idlan :
■»ere It Is 0.
nents of North
and Islands of
tlantlc, I'a<afl(!,
)f Europe, Asia,
igascar. Water
p rango in tho
i'ei? map, p. liu.)
mild and uiil-
'■er, Iron, coal,
iver, alllKator.
•theru re>?lous ;
southern parts,
and Indian.
dlmalu, plants,
plains, llanos,
n Equat' • md
Ides, and beef.
;guese descent,
'rench Guiana,
'erywhere.
le name of Its
lakes.
ern, or lower
warm, ocean
manufactured
Ks.
•"fjor*) inhab-
ilmals, people
TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY, WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS.
95
i. ASIA. — Hurftioe. — frozen
mountains and Ul.n, bar,.. ,.JZZ lt^lZ^::trr'^lC":uo:r«crr" '" '^""^'"'■■" """"•'"•
Caspian .Sca has no outlet to the ocean. U^eemap.T^O) *^ southern part; roBlou about
«. cn„..e. Very , Old In north, cold and dry'm oe:tra. ro.ion, hot and mo.st In south,
opium, r^n- r""'""*'"' •"^"'' •'°"""- ^"-- -''• -^-. ""'^. -^'^'^•'-s: exports to North America, loa. s.,k,
4. Anini«lg._Relnde
or, camel, elephant, buffalo, lion, tiger, leopard, tapir
wan^r.:rtH^:;'in :arnr:; i:;::r™= ^nriu/r ij;''"^'""; •"'™"' '- -^"^^^^^ ""->■ —^^ -
rice and fish. oututm pu.t generally civilized, of Mongolian race; tholr food is chiefly,
city L;^::;:.j;;/''v;::-i-;:;~-:--:.^_a_c^^ .,„, , ,„., ..^ ,^^ ^,^^^^^,^^^
the mountain and river systems of Asia.
and
1. AFIIICA.-Surfacc-Northern coast, mountainous and dry • north
southern. dlversUled by high mountains !..,.„» ,,.„„.. ^'".^.' "°''''.
^alleys. (,V((« map, p. y^,)
by high mountains, large lakesT'SeJer^; 'i^i.l'Vemrv;' '"' '""'''= '^°"'" ^""^''^
V. C..a.a.e._,lot and dry in the north, hot and moist in the central region
S. Pr„..„cU._Ivory, dlamon.ls. ostrich-feather., coffee, cotton, dates, gum a.'.'ubic
^. A„.„.„u. e.c.-Elephant. hippopotamus, camel. Hon. gorilla, giraffe, .obra. ostrich crocodll.
*. P.op,.,.-ln the north, swarthy complexion and half civn..«„ • u/ .... J.! ^ ' ! '^"' °''''''' ^"'•^''"*'-
<igo tribes
Of the NeZ";r:rt;:n::ut^:r^,:::n;:;^;:^,r" ^-■-'-•-'^= -^ -e centra, regio... sav'
nesla
^-^i^^r^iir-i^^^rir^-rr- ■— — ■ -- -
elephant, tapir, orang-outang. exports,, spices,, rice, cortee, sugar, dye-woods; animals,
3. Me,.n.M.. Comprises New Guinea and Caledonian Islands; sur
oC
degraded type. New Guinea was' sr;rt,;;r;;;r:hrrrembiC.' Th'""' T""'*^'"°"^ = ^''°""'- "^••^-'
I THE fllQHEST MODUTAUIS IH TEE WORLD,
THE UKGEST CITIES Iff THE WORLD.
NO. OITIBS.
POPUI.ATI0N.
1. London (68) e,000,000
2. Paris (68) 2,270,000
8. Pekln (76) 1,600,000
4. New York (51, 55) 1.500.000
6. Canton (76) 1.800,000
6. Berlin (68) 1,112.000
7. Vienna '68) 1.104.000
8. Philadelphia (54, 55).. 1,000,000
9. Tientsin (68) 930,000
10. Calcutta (76) ononnn
NO. MOUNTAINg. „jj
1. Everest (76) 29,000
2. Aconcagua (60) 23,900
8. Chlmborazo (60) 21,424
4. Sorata (60) 2l'286
5. lUlmani (60) 21,149
6. Kenia (82) ' 20,000
T. St. Ellas (26) 16,500
8. KlUma Njaro (82) 18,500
0. I'opooateptl' (56) 18,600
10. Elboorz (68) 17^796
THE LONGEST RIVERS IN THE WORLD.
1. Amazon (60) 4,„jo
2- Nile (82) 4^000
3. Mississippi (.■lo) 8,160
4. Missouri (.32) ^^qq
5. Niger (nfjer) (8a) g.Voo
6. Congo (82) 2,600
7. Yang-tse-Klang (76) 2,500
8. Lena (76) o .f,-v>
10. Amooi'' (76) 2
200
96
/•Oy/C'^Z GEOGRAPHY, WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS.
OUTLINK MAP OF THi: I>OMINI(»N OF CANADA.
Ou.Cea .y these lines, mar. with m. thfrrilllLfJ ;/ ;t dI'"'"'*'^^ "' '"""""'"' ™'^^'^^'^ '^'^ *^« ^^P-
provr„ee"TtrSors :re";rto"or :r . °Lr 0^;;'::: La";; '^" 'r *"- ^^ ^"""^^^'- -^ -«
proline, rf|,ewce.. «nrf t.mtori., are outllneTon yoJ; map ''°'^''^*"^''« °^ ^^^"^ = "^"^ «° on, until „« «..
impona^rr irorrr,Th?So"^i^^L':^'^"""^ ^"'^'^^^^'^ °^ ^^« «-<- --- -^ ^»^o.se of the most
4. Indloate the positions of the mountain ranffeg by heavy lines Ito-htiv frir,,™.! • i .^
principal W.er.. and then those of their more ImportantTZjH;,' " "" ""^ ' "^^'^ '""^ "^""^"^ ""' ^^'^
« M T.v**^ remalninK »«fc.». and shade them with very llRht horizontal lines.
«. Mark the routes of the principal ratlroaa^ by single lines in red Ink
;;.rirrx7r:<;r7LTLr "^ "^'^^•^ "^•^^ —' ^-^ — .»....„.:. jrr„:s:
dltrer^ntThZs^of w^t^rlJr"'' ''''^ ''""'*"'" *' ^"'^ "'^"'^ ""* "^^"^ *^« ^^^^^ ^--^--- «^-. ^^
two JdrhaSIst^ove tru^ck'bS^fZ m.;.""' "" ' •"" "' """"""' "' ""*" °' ""' "^^ "^"^ *"'"'° ■*" ^'-^ '»*•' -'"'"«'■
^ONS.
)*>
>
M
^StftL^velj
~'anada, iiages 82
Bd on the map.
lundarles of the
on, until all the
ose of the most
>e courses of the
■k the positions
I.
sv the map.
amlH, eapfs, and
roirn«, and porta
peninsulas, lath-
)vlnces, etc., In
I the 90th meridian,
wlu-v« *^i
3 3286 02646407 9