IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 {./ m y.. m. ■/a LL 1.25 |50 l™^" 6" 2.5 12.2 18 U 111 1.6 PhnfnnrQnViir» Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 # iV iV \\ ^9> V A V 0^ CIHM Microfiche Series (l\/lonographs) ICIVIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microroproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques T H E <- / ^iVi/i^mj&ii WJ^- ^GIOGSAPIY^ BY JAMES MONTEITH ^/^W/'r^/, /OA- rSJ^ /AT CANADIAA^ SCHOOLS BY R, DAWSOK, B. A,, T. C. D. ^T0S0NT0s3«- iSntereit, woonling to Act or l-aniaufnt, In tbe oiBofl of the MIo later of Agriculture In the year 1886. Hy Tmt Casadi, 4» PUBLnillHO CoMPlItr (LnciTliDI. The mpthofl adopted in this little book leads the younjy learner to look at things around him in such a way as to learn something about them and from them ; thus developing his reasoning powers, by his individual effort. The author has acted upon the principle that tlae best way to help a child is to show him how to help himself. The pupils are encouraged to observe, examine, discover, inquire, and read. They ride, Avalk, and talk with their teachers or par(>nts, who show them natural objects on the road, in tlie fields and wotxls, and at the sea-side. The easy, conversational, and varied style of presentation will, it is hoped, make this study jjleasant and effective. Beginning at the school-grounds, the children go over their county, province, country, continent, and the world. Special attention is directed to the large type, clear, open pages, and the illu.stra- tlons, which are executed in the highest stylo of art. The maps are beautiful. They show the standard time at the top; height of land and depth of water, in profiles, or sectional views, at the bottom; and comparative latitude on the sides. The largest city in each country is distinguished from other cities by being printed in larger letters. Highlands, lowlands, and principal products are shown in small charts. Snob foot-notes are given as will aid the teacher in adding interest to the lessons. The writing exercises, with language lessons, teach by means of journeys and voyages. SiS:smm^ET^ismss!sitg being GEOGRAPHY IN THE FIELDS AND WOODS. ""-'i-fiK**-'.'ftfKaHn I hut . -^ LESSON ONE. I' Iw""';",?"''' * ''™°''"' '" ■""• '^^ "'«' >" t^k* " long walk, brook. ^° "'" "' ^"™ *"''^^' ""•""S'' *•■» t'ather," replied the miller." 4. Here a little girl wanted to hurry oiit and gather wild flowers, saying, " She wished it would never rain." 5. "Let me tell you," said the Teacher. " that if there were no ram, there would be no flowers, grass, trees, food, drinking water or people; in sh«.rt, no life of any kind on the Earth; the whole land would be a desert, and as dry and barren as a dusty road in summer." *' mi,.l.f„af, f r f;; ^"^*''^'' ^^**J« ^ri thought that if there were n. rain people might get water from the rivers and lakes.' ^ 7. "Oh no," said the Teacher; "if rain should not fall on the land, all the rivers lakes, ponds, sprmgs, and wells would become dry « ' showertanrri;tyf ' ^' *'^^' ^'^^ "^' ^'^^ ^^'^"^^ "^^'^^ ^^"^^ -P^-^ ^^ fnrl"^'' you know," asked the Teacher, "where the rain comes from, how it ^ets far above your h ead, and falls so gently on the grass, gardens, and farnis V " A Mill. *« \ ^'.'k' Vf "' ''*"'' '' """^ " ""l-dam. It is built to hold buck tho water of a stream. Beavers are little animals which live on the banks of a Btmim. m the water as well as on land. They construct dams by cutting down trees with their teeth, filling in the spaces between the logs with branches, stones, and mud. I he object 18 to secure a suiHcient deoth of waf^r f. hp -''r from freezing m winter. Beavers invariably cut such trT^s as will fall into tho water and be carried bv the Htream to the place selected for their houses. They" are fine swim- mers and divers. » A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. A pond is a small lake. ^ La„j „„ ^jj,^,^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ and barren ; it is called a deaert. The machinefy in in(j:$t mills is now moved by steam instead of the water-wheel. 6 CLOUDS AND WINDS, — THEIR USES. 10. " It comes from the clouds," answered all. 11. "True; but where do the clouds come from^" All were silent, and they were still more astonished when she answered for them, " From the ocean." 12. "How can that be?" asked a bright little fellow who had bfithed in the surf at the sea-shore one sununer. " The water of the ocean is salt and rain water is fresli," and his eyes sparkled, as he thought he had found a mistake in the Teacher's statement. 13. "A very sensible question," promptly and pleasantly replied the Teacher. " The heat of the Sun changes the water at the surface of the ocean into vapor, ^vhicll is so light that it rises in the air. The salt, however, is heavier than air ; therefore, it remains in the ocean 1 IliPlDS. 14. Vapor is always fresh, because the salt cannot rise with it. 1 5. Vapor rises and forms clouds, which fall in the form of rain as soon as the cold makes them too heavy to float any longer in the air.^ 16. "Can any of you tell me how the clouds are carried from over the ocean to places far away from it { " Several said, " By the winds." ^ 17. Just then the rain ceased, and all started oif in high glee. "Oh, see ! " shouted one of the boys, "the mill is on fire. Smoke is coming out of all parts of the roof." At this, the others laughed heartily, for they knew that what appeared as smoke was only vapor, or the rain drying up.* What has been taught in Lesson Two,— Without the ocean there would be no tmpor. Without vapor, no clouds. Without clouds, no rain. Without rain, no people, trees, grass, or animals. ' A pupil should always bt> commended for any sug- gestion wliieh indicates tliat his mind is at work on the Bubject, and that he is thinking independently. ' Some of the pupils may have seen vapor rise from boiling water, and afterwards found it changed back into drops of water on the inside of u window, or ou tho oulblde of a pitcher of cold water. 3 Clouds are not very far above the Earth — not so high as the tops of some mountains. A cloud so low as to touch tlie surface of the Earth is called a fog or mist. * Vapor rises not only from the ocean, but also from water everywhere on the Earth. Wet, moist ground be- comes dry by this process, culled evaporation. Pronounce statement, not munt ; laugh, Mf, not laf. SPRINGS, -WATERFALLS. — TREES. LESSONTHREE. tl,. ^' f h^^T"!! ^^r-n^'f' ''^^'^ '^'^ ^^"^^ «"'^"^'- «"d smaller as they chtnbed the h.ll, they at last reached its begiuuiug, or source which IS a spring.' ^ ouuioo, 2. One of the boys made a little boat, and threw it into the stream near the sprmg. ''That boat," said the Teacher, "may ijave ii long and curious voyao-e." 3. "It may sometimes float smoothly under overhaiiffinir bushes or past beautiful flowers, then rush down over Jii..h, steep and dangerous places, called rapids." ° 4. "It may be d-^hed over a waterfall, or it may be carried over the miL s ^vheel."* 5. " It may afterward glide on deep, smooth water, past ^^ llages and cities, and at last quietly enter the great oiean, which 18 the largest body of water on the Earth." ^ 6. While they were sitting on the ground near the spring, all joined in a conversation about their bread, butter, cakes and other things which they had brought ^vith them abol; ^e:,t'a tZ, '''''"' ''''''''" '''''' '^''^ -^''- b;et;::ti:VsarS^^^ ''''' -''' '- '-^ '-- ^^-^ -- - cave,^ or is made 10 ""I'ol'b ' f ' '"'i" ''" "'"' "^ "-^ ^^^*^"» "-^-^ " N-e knew, on the ground ^ Z ::^''^ "^ '" '"^ ''' ^'''''''' " ''^^' --"' ^"^ ^^-gs are A WAT'iRFALL. waterfall, cataract, or cascade rears T; T ^ T ^"""^ ''""'"^^ l'"'"*'"! "^••^'7 t«'o years. It flourishes only m a wai-m cliniato. SuRar is made also from beet-root ; it is as clear and sweet as the Lost loaf sugar. Beet-sugar is made and used chiefly in France ' Some salt mines are very deep, and have underground streets several miles in length. They are lighted by lan.,« wliich arc kept constantly burning. • Salt water from the ocean, or from salt springs and wells, 13 put mto large pans, kettles, or reservoire, and then heated either by firo or by the sun until the water is all Changed mto vapor, whicl. rises and leaves the salt behind alwaysLr"'" "' '"'"' "" '" '''"' ''"'' ^'^^^ "" 8 A MA P A ND A RE VIE W. 11. All said "acorns."^ And the older boys said it must be an oak-tree, for acorns are the seed of the oak. 12. Near by, was a little plaut which one of the boys pulled up by the root.* " What is this ? " he asked. 13. "It is the beginning of a sugar- maplt^ tree — a tree from whose sap maple sugar is made," replied the Teacher; "the seed is still attached to the stem of tlie plant."' 14. "But," aslced another, "how did the seed get here \ There is no such tree near it." 15. "A very good question," remarked the Teacher. " The seed was so light that the wind caught it as it left the tree and brought it to this spot. Seeds of the maple and some other kinds of trees are carried in this way a long distance before they fall to the ground." * 16. "In thus scattering seed, the wind helps to cover the land with trees and flowers and grass." 17. The next day, one of the girls went to the blackboard and drew from memory a map of the school-grounds and the places a iup op .cho-.l-oko^ds .nd vickixv they had visited. (Piclwe on page 3.) What has been taught in Lesson Tliree,— Withont rain there would be no sprinys. Without springs, no rain. The so'-rce or beginning of a river is a spring. Parts of a river which flow rapidly are railed rapids. Where water falls over a precipice it is called a waterfall. An ocean is tlie largest body of water on the Earth. We get sugar from jtlants ; salt, from salt ivater and suit mines. Winds blow clouds and seeds over the land. ' A'-eorn§. '•' R(J&t, not rut. ' Maple sugar is made from the sap, which drops or trickles through a hole bored in the tree. ■> Tiiistle-seeds, which are burrouuJeJ by a Ii(;{ht, downy substance, are carried long distances by the winds. To nnderstand the directions on a mnp. it ehonld be laid flat on a table or held level in your liandc, with the top of the page toward the north. North doev not mean up ; it is sometimes higher and sometimes lower than south. .\ boy climbinif a tree goes up; an apple falliiig from u tree, or a bloue iliopped into a well, goes down. A LITTLE BO Y'S LETTER TO HIS FAT J//.; H. 9 Aid flat on ago toward higtier and goes up ; well, goes I -^^i^^-C?^^ 'i^: ^^W/^-^^/i^ ^l^^-^^^^y^^JrU^ i(^^ ^di^^^'T^i -^t^^ym^Jl. T '-a^', ^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^W^^,^ ^^2^^^, ^-^^^^^^^n-t^u/^. EEVIEW OF LESSONS 1, 2, AND 3. What did it contain? Of Have you ever seen a field ? what different uses are fields ? Whatisafortst? Mention some forest tr«». iw ., some of their uses. ^*- Mention What is an orchard ? What fVnW *,„ i What fruit trees have yot. on?^ ea" aZ T. '"" ^"^ ' ture^ How are different fruit's 'l^^^Vl^T "" ""=• eac t TonTstrr'!' ''"'"''^- ^" ^"'^^ ^^^ '^^ -'- of does tStie'jr s-rr""^ '--^^'^^ ''"'-^•^- ^^ ^^h. aniIrd:t:X',':^'°:rr.'"--fo-food? Pro..hat Fron.whatanin.rdoT;e;r;:t:i1I """"T' '^^'^•^"''' I " we r, X material to makp our clothes? What :^i fishr?"* ""'' ""' '"""^ "" "»"-* ""«' '"•• '«octing two large bodies of land. /tatt SATOfV ON MOUNTAINS;-COMMERCE. 13 S I X, LESSON 1. " In the distance, you may see clouds «nd rain."* 2. "Why," asked one of the boys, "are the tops of the highest mountains \vhite» while their sides are dark { " 3. "The reason is that their sides are cov- ered with trees, while their tops or peaks are so high and so cold, that the vapor near them 18 turned into snow." 4. "See, see!" exclaimed all, as they watched a balloon which rose rajjidly fi;,ni the city. A man in the basket ^)f tlie balloon was waving flags, but he was soon almost out of sight. 5. " Will he find it cold up there ? " " Yes • the higher he rises, the colder he will find it."» 6 Looking out upon the ocean that calm* bright day, one of the boys said« that he should hke to be a sailor, for then he could easily v.sit distant countries and cities, see strange people, and trade with them. Ship, ai-e sometime, eault iu Z S * ." ™^'' '° ■*'"■ "' '* '" ">-'">'• from the riggin., „, a^fc „ /'°',T' ",''™ ™'''" "'-^ "°>™ »« '^e deck Iv ve«l, teani: £ ^iinnfi„rt"lt''..*'' ™™^ """'' '""-^ "^ "■" --"^ ^'^^r^^t'^^^ltlT *"»«''*, ''-™"><' l'^* "• ^ a sailor, c,,a„ged ^■> ^^ ''"^ ocean very deep ? " ' o ^ 9. " In some places it is verv depn Tf ..!„ -ndi„g on top o, one aaothe ' t^J\^.:^Sl depTh^ '^''""'' "'•"*' An Ocean Steamer. rein may be falling at Hn^e nla.^. il ^tV."- ? ''^ iew nules d.:atant ti.e sun Jyt lilt " ' '^ ' Bas'ket, not 6a«'/t/<. » No niatter how l.„t the weather nmy be at the f,K.t of a very high mountain, y.., would find it .-nUler and colder as J ou approached its top. ^ Calm, k.in,, not Um. ' Sed, not m. • The average depth is 16,000 feet JiO UND. 10. The Teacher then pointed to the northwest, and said, " Far off on the horizon, or where the sky seema to meet the Earth, is a steamer; and near it appears a sail with the top of a mast." 11. " Oh, yes," replied all in great alarm ; " the sail is right down in the water, the ship must be sinking ! " 12. No, no ! that is a ship just coming in from some distant country. Watch it as it comes nearer, and you will soon see the lower ^ ~- sails and afterward the ship itself. It will appe^ ^ Just like the other ship in full sail which is nearli^ under the balloon. {See picture on page 10.) 13. "Why did we not see the body/ of the ship as soon as the top-sail and topmast ? " 14. " Because the ship was so far away that its body was beyond the curve of| the Earth's surface; thus proving that the Earth is round like a ball." 15. Now look along the edge of the land, or where it is washed by the ocean; is the coast or sea-shore. 16. The points of land which extend into the water are called capes. 17. A high, rocky cape is called a promontory. What has been taught in Lesson Six,— Tlio coldent part of z w X n m ^^^ School. <='i, \v^^ Broad Strect. SOUTB. LESSON EIGHT. OUR SCHOOL-GROUNDS 1. A map shows how places are situated witli respect to one another. Here is a map of our school-grounds. 2. To tell how any place is situated, you may give its direction from some other place, or you may name the places which surround it. 3. To locate the school-groumls showu on this map, you may say, on the north is Wilson's Forest ; on the east, is Mill River ; on the south, is Broad street ; and on the west, is Main street. Instead of the abovo model, the pupils may draw a map of their own sohool-groirnds. To mention in this way thu limits or bounds of a place, county, state, or country is to bound it. Thu class may liore bo exorcised on bounding their village, town, city, or county, a map of which may be drawn on the hiacliboard, or on paper. 4. Which is tlio largest building in our neighborliooil ? In wliat direcHon is it from us? In what directiou does the river or brook near us flow ? » Make a model of our school-grounds as directed below.* i5. Each pupil may write a letter about his or her school-jfrouuds,— the surroundings, size, and shape,— the trees on or near them,— the size of the .school-house, the materials of which it is built, and the piac^ where those materials were obtained. (Seep. 9.) LESSON NINE. OUR COUNTY. C. "What is the name of the county we live in ? By what is it bounded on the north ? East? South? West? What river, or brook, flows through it? In what ciiicccion does it flow? What (if any) mountains, or hills, in it? What lake or pond? What valleys? What part of our county contains forests? Plains? The best farms? What do they produce ? What fruits are raised? What large mills and factories in our county? What other large buildings ? In what direction is each (naming them) from us ? Make a model of our county as directed below. 7. Write a letter about the ^'ruits of our county,— how they grow,— how they are used or prepared, and about one of the mills or factories. ' Care should be taken to show that rivers flow in dif ■ ferent directions — north, east, south, west, etc., but always downvrard. Then the class may see tliat a river can flow north as well ae south. ° To make a model, or to ishow the surface as it really is, — Ist, take a piece of board and mark on it tlie boundaries of the school-grounds, county, state, or country; 2d, locate and build up the mountains with wax, putty, dough, wet i sand, or wet earth ; and form the slopes and valleys : 8d, lay down white threads to represent rivers, and pieces of white paper to represent the lakes, bays, etc. Or, go out on the ground with a spade, trowel or knife, and proceed on a larger scale as above directed, except^ that the hollow places and channels which are rut to represent lakes, bays, rivers, etc., may be filled with water. If the river channels be properly formed and are filled at the source with water Ol'Rj>^OVINCE,-OUR COUNTRY, ITS MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS 17 on In this way tho on bounding their (1 US ? In what directed below.^ mrroundings, the materials •ieep. 9.) East? South? What (if any) county contains I? What large 8 each (naming low they are B and valleys : 3d, rere, and pieces of Btc. Or, go out on and proceed on a ; the hollow places akes, bays, rivers, river channels be iource with water LESSON TEN. « WW .u . °"^ PROVINCE. «. vv nat 18 tho namo of our province ? •urrouud or bound it. J', i o or luree nvrs, tw., or thrw, larKo cities, the rlvein, Julies, etc., wl.ith By what is our province bounded on tho north ? On tho oast ? Snnfl. 9 \v . . ,i, ■ Mention its moinitainH, -its hirjrest rivpr« , fi i . ■ ^^™*- (^ """^ to mh; bound it? Further north'or sou "r 4t ;T: i: w V "iT " "'"!'"' """ ^"^" '"••'^""'■^ ^^"''" sledding ? IH it often cold enough for k t , , ? C f """'" '"""' '"" ^'"' '^'^''^''""'^ ""^l Mention tl... nan.es of sun.e I« '"P-* ^^7 i" our of our province. Who il tho LieuteS-^^Z^ rrghVsroffirTf^^"^''""'- '''f '' ''" '"^''' 9. Write a letter abcntt the work of a fa;mer or oftli'll ""7 turer, or of an ii-on-fo under, or of a minerTr of a i^nt^ ' ^' °^ ^ '°""" n.Hnufao- ijiiiitr, or Oi a leather manufacturer. LESSON ELEVEN. OUR COUNTRY. 10. What 18 the name of this country ? Draw a map of it like this. By what country is it bounded on the northwest? By what ocean on tlie east ? By what country and lakes on tl.e south? By what ocean on the west? What great river flows east ? VVliat range of mountains in the western part of the Domm.on of Canada ? Between the Rocky Mountains and Hudson Bay are two great rivers of ^ nt' T^l'^l ""^^ "■"' *''^"' "'^"'^^^ Which flows into the Arc ic Ocean ? Into what water does the St. L wrence Riyer flow? In what direction does it M Which IS the largest of the five great lakes ^ Mark on your drawing the place where our province is. In what pari; of this country is if 9 v. ... - mountains is it? On which side of " VLn f "'7 T r ^ '•''"" '^ ''• Nearer which chain of Stand up and face tlie north; i you tiU^ frivol ^'!'^*/;.'-^''*-°" ^^m us is the Nelson River? reach? If you should travel in a s iiLrly dteS^ wha "1 f ,"v' '''"' "^^"' '^^ ^^^' ^'^'^ ^-' " airc ction. what state, or lake, or territory would you reach ? ^Seot iZl'w'uTdt*Xd" "'"'"'"^ ''"' '"p"""" I "•=«- -''•' "« ^^^^^^-^~^^^i'^^^^^~:i^^ Rivers with their pper and lower courses waterfalls ' l7"' ^^''''^d "n navigable water, or near rivers, besid,^ «p.ds. and deltas ; lakes with their inlets and outitsftt' | Lar^rhlrt ScT" "^' ^'"^ "^ ''^''''' *" ^""^^ 18 OUR COUNTRY, ITS MINES. FARMS. d^\if FORESTS,— OUR GRAND DIVISION. di^o LESSONT^VELVE. OUR COUNTRY. 1 1. From tlio i^^'AHcea of Quebec, Novii HooUu, ,»nd Ontario, mt'ii got gri-iit, (|iiiiiititicH of iron, cottl, liiul oil; along the Ho«ky MmintiunH iinil nortii of Luke Huiiorior, tliey get gold and wHvit; mid in the iinini'iiso flt'ldrt iit'niir hroiid Dominion, nifii ruirto wool, wheat, corn, iiotatouH, and other things ncccHsarv I'ltr our dotliing nr our food. There are plenty of [liiie, spruce, niaiilc, and other trcen, iioth North and South, and on the mountaiuH, which Miii)ply us wiih luinl)or for huilding our Iiousch and ships. From wiiat |iart of this Dominion d(» iron and e >al come 'if (lold and wilver? What plant supplies us with most of our clothing?' Atis. Cotton. From what plants do we got most of our food ? From what part of Ontario do we get coal-oil, and suit!' Our country is a part of the Grand Division called North America. lli. Wrltt! a It'ttor iibuut our cotiutry,— the kiiitl <>!' winters and suiiunei'H wo l)avo,— Jiow barley, corn, wheat, potatiK's, and heets are howu or planted,— how high they jfrow, when ifathered or dug or cut, and how ijrepurod for uao,— about lt« iuhabltauta. LESSON THIRTEEN. OUR GRAND DIVISION. l.'l. In what Grand Division do wo live ? Draw a map of North Amc-ica like this one. What ocean north? East? West? What sea south ? What tw. Itiiys north? What gulf south? What strait north- west ? What great chain of mountai.is in the west ? Which is the most northerly country in North America ? What Territory in the norrliwcHtern part ?* N'ame the four largest countries in North Amer- ica? Which joins the United States on the north ? On the south? In what country is IInds(m Bay? If you should travel or sail north from Canada to Greenland," yu would tind the weather colder and colder ; hut by going south, you would find it warmer and warmer from day to day. Far north are icebergs and snow all the year; while far south oranges and flowers may be found at any time growing in iiu- open air.* Stand up .nd point in the direction of the United States.— Greenland.— Alaska,— Mexico. North America is a part of the Western Continent ; the other part is South America. 14. Write a •■ ..ter about our Continent, Tuiminj? a country which l.s colder tiian ours; then one or tw. >i ich are wanner. Tell where Icebergs are formed and where oranges grow. B«" ' Linen cotnos frc" 1? "r, uu"!" is a plant ; ■■ • ilen clntli- In^ from wool, whicli vc- got l li alieep; silk, ■: ,m the silk- worm, and leatlier, from anima;». Flax grows in Ontario. i rpjjp ;,n!r.!': nf tlis strait west of Alaskft i« iiropfirly spelled Bering, not Behring. ?-onounce-Beer ing. • Large portions of Greenland are always covered with snow. (Ireat masses of ice fall or elide from the shore into the water and float for great distances ; they are called icebergs. * Such fruits as oranffes, lemons, bananas, and pine- apples, cannot grow in places which have very cold winters. ^ te \ ■^ 1 s "'^^ ^i Or-^ COVTfArj^XJ,-0(r/i H E MI ^ P H F. R F . LESSON Ff)URTEEN. OUR CONTINENT. CALLED THE «rERTERN CONTINENT IS. On winch continent, d. wo Umi? Dniw a mil]) of tlio WeNtcrn Continent .;V"**J*« ^}'^f ';'^ '«"'«« i» i' :' Whn't «co„n o««t of.t? We.t? Isorth? Ho„th? What great cimin of iMountmns on (ho wcatom ei.lo of South America '' , Whutgreut riverin Sot.th America? h, whut.lireetio.i • .H..S It ) .Mv ? In what direction does the MisHissi,,,,! flow;' Wimt capo oust P What eupo nouth ? AV'hat isthmus connects Xortli and South America ? Our continent and parts of tho Pacific, Atlantic Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans, form tiie Western Hemisphere. Stand up and point toward tho Atlantic Ocean,- the Pacific Ocean,-tho Arctic Ocoan,-ti.o Antarcti, Ocean. I'l. Wrlto a letter which shall cr.ntiiiii thcHo w„r,iH: ('unHdlHn.-riiitea Stat....s,_ North An,erJc.a,-Snnth Anicrlcn.-At hintic Ocean, -lcc,_lttrtfe8t uceaii,-wild auinmls. LESSON FIFTEEN OUR HEMISPHERE, CALLED THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 1.. In which hemisphere do wo live? "i^^JWiHi'HERE. Dmw a circle and within it ],laco our continent, with tho names of it.s two Grand Divisions and of tho oceans which aio jmrtly iu our hemisphere. Mark tho houndaries and name of tho Dominion of Canada .Vhut polo or i,oint is at tho most northerly part of the hemisphero ? At tho mo.st southerly part ? W hat lino or circle h drawn across the hemisphere half way between the North and Soutli Poles ' Does the Equator cross North America, or South Amonca ? or J^^'.'jJ^'^^^^l'^^'fPheron.o-in? Ans. Half sphere or half globe. Which is the ^ther hemisphere ? An.. The Eastern Hemisphere. 19 the pJfo H 7 ?''*'*° ''^' "' ^^'^ ^^■'^t^'" Hemisphere is dr7r/«.t ?'':""* '''•''"~™'°f""«P^g««'«n» the aotted imes ; thus showing olearlv Imu, ,K» *^^ v.~-=-' joined to each other and form one" round ii^KlVcalk-ruTeGtor 20 OUR WORLD, ITS COUNTRIES AND PEOPLE. LESSON SIXTEEN. OUR WORLD, CALLED THE EARTH. 18, What is the shape of our World ? Oa what part do people live? Ans. On the out- side or surface. Of what is the surface composed? Is there more land than water, or more water than land? ,, „^ , What is the great body of land on the ^\estem Hemisphere called ? A ns. The Western Continent. Of what is the Western Continent composed ? Wliat is the great body of land in the Eastern Hemi- spliere called ? Am. The Eastern Continent. Of what is the Eastern Continent composed ? Which is the largest of the Grand Divisions? Ans. Asia, the home of the yellow and the brown people. Of what people is Africa the home? Ans. Of the black people. , , . tp What Grand Division is the home of white people f Ans. Europe. W an3 the white people in America ? Ans. Descendants of Europeans. 2: is the land on'the^Earth divided among the people ? Ans. nto eountr^es^ What are the people together called who govern or ru e m a count y . ^«.. A na^^on. ^^^ How do nations differ from one another chiefly? Ans. In their language, laws, occupations. . ^^^^^ Farming,^ manufacturing,:^ mining,' commerce, ^ilcntion some of their occupations. and fishing. Look at both hemispheres and say which has the more land —which has the more water. What ocean is east of North and South America? What ocean is west of Europe and Africa? This is the ocean which people cross when they go from our country to Europe. 19. Write in a letter what you have learned about the shape of the world,-what are on its surface,-about the people of Europe,-the people of Asia,-the people of Africa. 1 The fanner raises wheat, corn.nnd other grains, als.i potatoes and other vegetables. Those are called vegetable products. ■' The manufacturer makes cloth, iron, furniture, books, etc These are called manufactured products. s The miner takes from the ground, gold, silver, coal, iron, tm, copper, etc. These arc called mineral products. The merchant buys and sells the products of the farm, mme, mill, fnctnrv. foundry, etc. . The most useful and healthful of all the occupations ,9 larmmg. SIZE AND ..lOUONS OF THE EARTH. 21 dress, and commerce, lias the more 3cean is cast ail is west of liich people to Europe. xve learned b are on its iurope,— the ca. IS, also potatoes e products. uro, books, etc r, coal, iron, tin, tlie farm, mine, tione is farming. LESSON SEVENTEEN. OUR WORLD,_ITS SlZE,-HOW IT MOVES c-wd by steamen, which go onl" f as S .n";^/ '""^ '''''^ '" '''^^^^ ^^^^ -"'^ '-vo .o .,. If you should make your top spn^Ln IT abZ '^ "" •' ^^^^^^^i^^- table neat- it. edge, you would s'e L morons "L^tho;: of The M ^^"°"^''* '^"^"'^ ^'^ '^^"""^ *^« If you should place a lamp on tlio table between the middlo nnd nnn i ; , , the bright half of the top toward the lamp would 2re" " th dav and tt "" ' "Tf "' *'° ^"" ' The heat ou the surface of our WoM on,r.l f V I ^,' "" opposite or dark side, night, degree of heat. This is because tl s! W Ti/rw^th LoT' T VT '"^ ""* "'^^'^^ ''^^ -- direetly opposite the «un, making it the S::^: r/lLr^;^:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^'^'^ ^^ Thb Son's batb strikino the EiTrn inn=t«,. j u ■~-^^^^^^' J he Snn'o TnTTo „j._:i.- -1 . . , mi o , --'-'""""•' "J' ""--Bpray on lUe picture. the people clothe themselves with the sk nl of fhl . . u ^^ ^""'^ ^°^*^ ^"gid Zones. Tl.ere Half way between the Torrid Zone and thi fl7' ^J"""'' ""'^ '''''' "''™'^'«- not so hot as the Torrid Zone nor so o d a 'l FriSfn ^'^"Tr'" temperate Zones, which are Questions.-If cars could go around f ^01!? fT"' ^' ^'''' '" ^^' ^"'^^ Temperate Zone. i^asMi TJfE^ WESTERN HEMISPHERE, \V \o\ »""' \A - 1 e Mc^i ^r! Wi,.t large island southeast of AWea ■' wL two 1 * f '""'"' ' "''»' ''I""''' <^t of Asia » l.igl.est mountains in tho world are i , A L Co I ""' t, "" """'^ '' 'I'" E'l"at„r ? ? ,» Afnea? In what grand division are the Ali^Mltai,,: T' '"'" ""-^^ ■""""• °'' "■""-"i- "e i,! wi:;;ri^°"ti,r:rtiir:etn!f"ThLhi^^^^^^^ ^^'^--^ orAfriea. aver, or the Una Biver ? The C.ulf.of Guinli't SJ^^Z^ %^Z, '"'" M ^ '''" ''°"^° irnte tho names of tluee seas of P„. ' '"■ ""'"S"-"""? A-i^-me namo of one ,ar.e uZ, Z^^-;:rl^^-"l f™"' ""■^-° '»-^» -utho.,t of -~neo„ oo.tai.„. t. ..„. Of 1- — -^^^^^^^ r^^-C^.^^y^^^ C^> -n^^^ Explanation op the Figubes or Diagrams - Fir. i 'C2 ^i? ^'-^'^ ^"^"' ^^'""'^ ^"'^ -'^ ^ J-oi- • Pifi' i^7""/P'''P°i"^«i "onh, east, south.and west. Pig. 3. East and west; fig. 4. north, northeast, etc. ^nrfT^" : ^"^•'"""^ "» &l"bes a.i 1 maps ; fro.n the Equator « ,s toward the North Pole, south is toward theSouth Rg. 6. Map of a part of a hemisphere easterll'"'"""^"^'' ""^ ' " '^ "°^^-''' -rtheastern. Figs 7 and 9 show day on one half of the Earth wlien it IS night on tho opposite lialf. Fig. 8. A mariner's compass, which contains a needl., tol^ld^theiLt^ " *""• ''^ "^^^ «"""-- - P"*- The sectional view at tho bottom of the map show, th.-, comparative height of land and depth of the ocean along is about equal to the greatest depth of the ocean, 6^ miles ,»>»> soo'^ v^ Rl, NORTH AMERICA. 27 LESSON ONE. Draw a Tnap of North America like this small one: first, mark its outline- then, its gulfs, bays, straits, capes, islan.ls' mountains, rivers, and countries. Whut ocean north of North America ? East ? \V est ? {See map on opposite page. ) Wliat very large buy in the Dominion of Can- ada .'' ^V hut lurge bay west of Greenland ? ^Uat large gulf south of the United States ? What country south of the United States ? What group of islands north of the Carib- bean Sea? Which is the largest island of the \Vest Iiid^es? What large island east of Canada? Jiast of Greenland ? Where is Alaska ? What strait west of Alaska? If you should cross Bering (beer'ing) Strait from Alaska, at what continent or Grand Division would you arrive ? What strait connects Baffin Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ? Hudson Bay wi h the Atlantic ? Gulf of Mexico with the Atlantic? G. of St. Lawrence with the Atlantic? LESSON TWO Baffin Bay,-New%undland,-Cu.;:Tok;^^^^^^^^^^ d^ec.on it is from you,-Bering Strait,- Gulf o Mex.co,-Lake Superior,_the Pacific^O eT-th;l^S ^^^"""^f "^-Mississippi River,- What warm country in North Amorir-n i. i x. , ^*'^'^*''^ Ocean,— the Arctic Ocean C|-ossed by the Arctic Circl pI ,tirhTtrir?^'J'' ^'''''' '' ^"^"^-^ What colZuntries are -.. ... .■» ... _.,, ,, ,, ,„,., „„;„ (f-^.- :::::!::;;i:':!^:2]:i::r '"" "" LESSON THREE In what part of x\ortli America are furs obtained ' Cnttn. , WHCe the names of the countries o "^ '^^ '^ ' ""' '^^^^ ^ '"'^^'"'"'-'^ ^ Oraw on the blackboard slate, or If ""' ""^ °' '^^^^ ''^^'^^'^■ then, a line to represent the'surfac; of ?he w TT^ ''"' '° ^^^^^'^^"^ *^^ ^-^-el; -Ue and complete the following sentences • "^ ^^^"^ "^ ^^^"^^^^ ^^ "''• saiua from Halifax to Me^,,„ „„ „,^ ^ r»».>^^ ' ' " "'* Ocean, tfirnurt/i v.„ •■ /our c»T^)*=# I «nrf -I n«d LESSON FOUR. 1. North. America is of more interest to us than any other part of the Earth, because we live in it. 2. It extends from the burning, or Torrid Zone, into the frozen, or North Frigid Zone. Its greater part is in the North Temperate Zone. ' ^. COl^ft'l ^"^'OJ^TH AAfKKICA. .„ ■ 4. Its v,wt plains, ,i,„i„.,l In it, „mi,-»tii. rive,-, .t,,,! ,i„.i,. , , , eiionii„us cr„|>s „f „l,eat f„ri, ^ ,»,.„ i r " ""'".v liraia-lie», v el,! o. Its southern or warm nortinn^ ».; n .; ' ' other ,le]id,.u.s fruit. Portions y.d.l c-.ttcn, suj^mr, urauu^.s, l.anuuas. ,.,.,1 v.ater.s of tbe Arctic Ocean withonf • ""'" "ortlnvunl t<» the ice.covere'"" ^^'''"l^l ^^^ve to cross Central America, aLT vt : ie! ,S^ 1,; 'r'''™ """""''•= "'"'^ "■ ^'^'^ • and ,„o>v are unknown. ' " "'"' """'"■'' fc"-"" »" "^ )ear; there, i.-e to th!' Jnis ,'r;„vri: ::;rt7st: ^"'■' -' - ™""'^-''- '^ "•■•■■'"• - -'i. -om „ n. The north wind, ILvlrrtTZ'r"''""'™*'' ''■"'"' '''-'I-'-' "Tre.r;"t:: frr ^-^^"^^' -:<:':™r " "^- Atlantic, along onr eastern o^ ft . t^Z T'"" T"!' " "■"'™^'' "'"" *'»' "< 'i"> aj^wa™e,^tln^h^^^^^ IWo „,„. P„ei«„ ,„„, Dlaf^H »="J, the oidy i)eoi)le here were Indi.-ins; some were savage and others were civilized. After that, white people came from Europe, con([uered tlie Indians, and took possession of the land. 15. The country we live in is called Canada, or the Dominion of Canada. It formerly belonged to the French, who ceded it to (freat Britain, by the Treaty of Paris, 17(i3. "The British North America Act, 1867," passed In the Hritisli I'arlia- ment, provided for the confederation of the several Provinces, or Colonies, into the Dominion of Canada, which now ccmtains seven provinces, five districts, and three territories. 16. The English language is s])oken everywhere in Camida; })ut French is chiefly used in the province of Quebec. Our })eople are brave, hardy, active, and intelligent; excellent schools are found throughout the entire country. 17. In the United States, south of Canada, tlie Eng'i.'-h language is also spoken; but in Mexico, Central Amei-ica, and the AVest Indies, wiiich wei'e long ago taken from the natives by Spaniards, you Avill hear only the Spanish language. 18. The coldest country in North America is Greenland, where the Danish language is s])()ken. Alaska, Avhich l^elongs to the United States, is also very cold except near the southern coast, which receives warm wdnds from the Pacific Ocean. What we have leanietl about North America, — Ha northern part is always cold. Valuable furs are obtained there. Its southern part is altvays hot. Cotton, suyar-cane, and orauf/es grow there all the year. Its u'estern part is very high and mountain and its blubl,er, or rat. which yields oil. The ;^J>lte bear is eight feet ".'ength; its value lies in Its l)eautiful fur. TlieTomperato region contains the grizzly bear of the Kocky Mountains, ^hich is the most ferocious arumal on the continent - tbe pralrie-^ojf.-t'he niU8k-ox „f the Hudson Bay shores; -and the bison, or buffalo of the Plmns. Bisons used to travel in m menso herds, following a brave leadet that J,r/"'^''^^"J'"''t«dsomuch huely Sins rt" "" "'""" °" *'- ^^--^ern Hams. They may be found, however in Canada though fast disappearing. ' " he bison is hunted for Its skin and horns !„...... and for mere sport ■or °wH°^/ ^\^°' '*^°" <=°"*«'°« the .-or, which ,s found in swamps and slu^ s roams. Thechief food Of thlalCS Its skm IS made Into ornamental leather. Caaada Dominion i'AiuoAMKNT BmrDmos. Ottawa. LESSONS ONE AND TWO Draw DOMINION OF CANADA. eastern southern! ^-^ ^l^n''Z!^l2s:Tav^tT '^' ""^^^"" ^°^^-^-^- ^^en the Info ?t Zl""'^' ^'^''' ^^*^^^» Canada and the Un ted S. 7 '"'"J!"'^^^" ^ay ? Into James Bay?^ Into what gulf? What tributary of the St. L^ntnce flot h . ' n ''"* '"''^ ^''^' "^^^ ^«i»« them ? From what mountains, and into what\v.ZlTJZ .'*'"''" ^"*'^"° ^"^ Quebec ? How many provinces 'are th re Lw il S 1 T t'""^^"'^ ^'"^^ «^-- ««- ? ourprovances? What colony besides CaL a i^hetiUSr';":.' ^ ^'''^^ ™ t^^ A-t What, xts capital? What part of the mainllnd belongs to S'*M^^^^^^ ^"•'- Newfoundland. Po nt toward the Atlantic Ocean ; the Arctic h ? ^"/'^"""^land ? J«s. Labrador. Buy; he Gulf of St. Lawrence; the Stra ttf J ai/dJr^c^^'^'^' fT"^-^' Lake Ontario; Hudson What IS the capital of the Dominion ? Of • I" ^^^'^^ ^^'r^ctions do they lie ? nearest to us? i'omm.on? Of our province? Which is the largest city ? The TnlZZlT"'''''^'' '^" '°"°"-^ --fences: 9mM»^^k THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 36 V, then the capes, four )ay is wholly fames Bay ? trains them ? pre the first foundland. ior. 10 ; Hudson ? ;ity ? The 'i brfnrfi — oi/r train ' entered tin- '■ port on the Territorleii na, arrivinf/ — Xalaml. THREE LESSON 1. You have studied the geog- raphy of our own town, county, and province (or territory) ; have' climbed their hills, crossed their plauis and rivers, and sailed on their lakes. {See pages 16 and 17.) . ' 2. AVe shall now take a closer view of our country than avc had in a previous lesson. {See page 17.) 3 Look at the relief map, and vou will see that the great mountains and hiffhiands are in the west, and that in the center and east, are immense piams. {^^ee, also, the map on pages 32 and 33.) 4 Look at the small physical chart under the small "n.' \r relief map below, and observe that the highlands in the west " '" Quebec, 0«a«, Ha^iUo^^t^^r^J ^ S'^" ""^ '""'''''' ''--^' J^}^^^^^^haveler^vnei\ about this country,- J<« ««//We. /. r.rv /„y,/^ „„d mounMno^es in the west, ana nearly level in the center ana east. Its elimate ts coM in the north, anrl temperate in the south. The hiffhlanrls are celel>rateU for „oia, silver, ana other minerals; and the lowlands, for grain and f raits. The western highlands are much higher than the eastern. Winter in the Ouiiinioh OF Canada. Rblibp Map of Canada, -iv«mi&4im- mmm'.-tiimeiKmumm-w^-.t 14»*feU*a I iii i I; LESSONS FOUR AND F I V E .-ONTARIO W, peuen line, ana the ^ru:^^::^:::^: ,nZ ^ 1^;^^' '"^ ^°^^^^^" ^^ write in neat, small letters the nnwe. of r.i.ZJr ^ *"""''*" *'^'"'' ^^'^ crowain. .1. hlots. ^---^ ^■^I^eLlSin^r;.:^^^^^ ^^^"^ How IS Ontano bounded on the north? East? South? West? "^ "''^''•^"^''^-^ the Ontario side. What canal joins oLwa wTth Kin.« , T S*"'"' *'^''^^ °*'^^'' ^^^utaries on Supe^r with Lake Huron? bIj or ^J^ZTlIXZL'^'"' ^"^ ""' Lake Ontario? Lake oi Pr^: EdTrdtort; f Se!: rLSfto:: ""'--r "^v ^^^* ^^ ^^^^ ^-^^^^^ ^-^ Name the cities in Ontario. (SeeTZ vIT 'i !.'" '"'^^ '""^''"^ ^" 0"^^"«- - Make iists of the counti s on Lake hII ^t'T'^ *'''™- ^'"'^ ^^^'^ «» "^^ "«?• on the River St. Lawrenc n the Ott^w! H^rl T'^^' •" °" ^^"^^ ^'''^ = «» ^^^^ 0"*-- = five. How many unorganised distrir?:,„f;C'\w^^^^^^ ^"^- ^°^^- Write and complete the following sentences : On a rOYAOE from the Lake of the „, „ and other Ulan,l» In the same nroup. we ent^eA II a ^T '*'""''' "'« '«»•(/««« Ulan,' in Lake P„..i„„ ,,, ;:r„;"^': J'" -""■'• -^ '«^« — :?r:^rz_!T;:';:;: r'/r::;^^ "-" r ■'"■ -'■'''-•^^-" «^'V:: ports or and , entered the River „t the tJ,„7of i ' ''"'"" "''" '"*«• ?""»'"» the Important . .W..Hce „„ the Jtlrer „.« „,„«„, ,„,„ Zak'—thfiliZ;' ""f """" "'''"-'""' '"" »'»"" "ndsUallow T^keSt .'-•'=■'■*«« «^ «/.c c«.«.t across the connties or—'and—lto^Z't '"^ '"*" '"'"' *» «" O NTAR J O. 39 A Xhe h,-„, ,„.od„„to a,e g,ai„, hay, fruit, ,.,k1 ve-etable». TI„„Ha„.ls „f H„„ 1, , cattle, and .i,.e,,, are reaml o„ the rich pastures. Lu,-«e ,,ua„t te o b ,t ', '"' beef an, pork are annually e.,«rte, ,„ >■< ,yro0,*f r/ Jftr lf« Iff From the Intter point, with a eouple of portayex only, we and , tlie most important towns in Ottawa County-the Iliver, Just opposite . the capital of Canada. 'Hie ■Js. lii't-.i'Pi^n Otirtwrr and Quebec we sailed over — Hapld.s; inid passed the cities of and 42 QUEBEC, 43 f/aHo, p. S8.) ast p South ? 'SO places, osite Ottawa? 1. The most ;wo islands in sland? Ans. Is past them ? Where and ilf is Gaspg? m this colony st of the nine the St. Law- hips." How >ward it. ntui enxt of the mil I'ort , tK'tlmes ealletl. ; a little hetoto iitnrji for tin to riagc/i only, we rn Cminty — the ^da. lite ive sailed over Eastern Townships"--,, nan.e ,.L ,, , , ? "'" ''""' •""""' '""I "' M,,. ™""t,, i, rL';;,:,s":;;i ■::„:;;,!;;'f «» '-t », ct,.,,,/,.. surface „• „. r^r^'^^^'^o:^^^^ 1 *"^ .-«- ™.l ,„ „b„,„|„„ee, wl.ile the mmm;n,s tHb, ■.,• es H '■*■'"* '"'"''*'' ""' >"""- for conveying the log, to tl,e «I,ip,,i„., port f I , r '" 'T:" '"'■'"■^' '-"'"'y ""■""" 4 Fi««Vn-r.«. 4? 1 • " ^ '"* ^^^'^^ am Quebec 7. Education is cordi.iIlv.n,.„ 7 ( ' """""'' "' *'«' «•"'"■ by the people. The :^::^L^^:Z^ ^^^^-TTT'-f ""«^*"->' "--port"' the entire population) are attenlrr^ "'''"'''<"''''"»'■« ""b' <>Me fifth of McGill Unive,^ .,, in keit of tit eafULrT- «!"-"""''•''"' and Conned I"gher learning, and are worthy rivarof the ,f 1 '" .^t***' "■•" *<= <^W«' ^-ts of 8. Montreal is the largest aL 1 „7- ' ^""^''^ "' Toronto, in Ontario. Q-bee .-s the „,ost .^ ttXd '^2 Tc ""r""™- <^'-''"'>' ''-) --.~a.-::.s-t:-^^^^ r/,. P '''""^ learneci about Quebec - ;*f^^**«*«4fi* the Atlantic Slope of the Dominion. It adjoinn the Province of Quebec on the north, inul on the south it is connected with Novii Scotia by the Chignecto IsthniUH. 2. In the west and north it in hilly and Honiewhat riijrK'«*l. ^^»t reHeinl)les Ontario in the reinainini; portions— the surface iteiiig <,'enerally un(hihitin<,' and nUypinf,' toward the Hay of Fiindy on the noutli and the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the east. ;{. The soil is fertile, and yields abundant crops of grain, fruit, and vegetables; coal, iron, and (»ther useful minerals arc found ; while innnense forests of pine still cover a large portion of the interior, es[»ecially about the head waters of the St. John, the Miraniichi, and their numerous tributaries. 4. The rivers of the north and east coasts are famous for their salmon flaheries. The fisheries, too, of the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and tlieii- offshoots are very valuable; more than three million dollars' worth being ca[)tured yearly. 5. Ship-building is another important industry, carried on chiefly in the dock- yards of Chatham and St. John. Other manufactures are idso carried on, such as those of cotton and woolen goods, l)oots and shoes, hardware and flour. fi. The rivers of New Brunswick are in general short and ra[)id ; but the St, John is navigable for large vessels as far up as Fredericton, the caj^ital, a distance of eighty- five niilcG, and for smaller vessels to a distance nearly three times as great. 7. The Bay of Fundy is remarkable for the enormous height to which the water rises at high tide— the difference between high and low water-mark being fully sixty feet at the head of the bay. 8. The Gulf Stream, a stream of warm water vvhic^i flows from th< Gulf of Mexico along the coast, and then across the Atlantic, renders the climate of the south of New Brunswick much milder than that of the north and northeast. What we liavo leariu'd abcmt Now Brunswick,— It lies on thf Athnitic Slope of th< Ihnniniou. ami wan one of the first four provinces that ftffreed to Join in the confederation, ItH people are ehie/t/f oeeiipied in Inniherinff, Fishinf; is next to Inmberinff anionf/ the indnntrie.-i of the province. Ship-ltnihiinff and other ntannfactnres are carried on ejrtensivelff. ItH climate in health It, and its soil productive; so that farming is successfully carried on, the ordinary grain, fruits, and vegetables of the temperate zone being raised in abundance. The rivers of New Brunswick are not navigable ejrcpt the St. John, Its lakes are numerous, but small and unimportant: the only large one is Grand Lake, in Queens County. The Bay of Fundy is v mark able for its fisheries and its high tides. trovlncis that rand Lake, in _ _ 7\SHIPriNq COAL LESSONS THIRTEEN AND FOURTEF^,' i.™„ "°"t.,:?°r . ^z r"""^ ^-^^^-^^ -"- ■ vi/u . fecotla and Prince Edward Islarul ^a- yy What p.. ,„ce touclies Nova Scoliu , ,. n n . ! ^ '^'""' ''''•'■'■^'>^'''' -'' /^ /A9.) nearly ...urates then, ? Wl.a / , ' J ^^^^ ^^ 'f '•^"-- J<.i"« <»...,„ P What Lo ... v " waror ,„.,,,. it on tho south and s u ast ? ^0^7'"- ,""' '"'""' ''"'"'^ "^ ^^'-^ la If 1,^^^ of 'i; province, li, .„„, «,,,, „, thly plt;^ ""w laf S ""' "-^''-.^tern':, o ^V hat IS the mast important citv ,Jo,. ,^ ' , " ' /; "^'^ '"'r'>»r 's in St. (k-orirc's Bay ''' Po. harbor, and county if t ^a^ iS'L olt "f ' ^'""^^ ^"^' ^'''"^"' "^ ^''- «-tia What ^'- i% of Fundy. What important prTs ZtZV'Tl.'''''''' ^"'"^ "^° «ff«''""t.s at tho'heo^ « ' wtfr" 1""fi"" '-' ' ^"-^'- 1 1 . :f :^ '^ -- --'-ly of the. otrshootlV w!. >Vhat low island cs offthp nnnvf „c \t c . « hat strait ».|,arate. Prince E,l,„,r,l Ll^l , ' "" °""""'^^« '""I '»'""v lowM . What IS tho capital of Prince Eclmird I«lai„l » Inl ? ''"■'' '''»"'' '» "rarest it ? m..»rta„t towa on the east c„mI f STwS bnVf I t' T""'''' '"'"''""-yf «i,a, i, , L n,„st P-.ce. ,t. count, to.n. „a.c a -is.t «,''' ^rLc?;;t r ^f tl ^^ ."liT" '-'°*^- "' '^ liptwevn these provh.res .,„„l '" »'ul I'lHiit in 47 «re noted for thei^\''] ' * ""■"" ProvU.r,,, .„., tor thHr tuperlor iuauMry una inteHl„enr.. — 1 Q 9 Q « ;z; '^ ^ i « ,3 «> H Q i 35 3 J 8 3 s 1 a Q 5 1 a » = 1 ^ ■ 3 u S ;«; M 35 An g C9 l\ « 1 ^ <>»> ^v tM / s / 1 -*^ «XF ^'J^ s c?v^ — ^S^^'^'^v^ ^; <^\ —J ^ < ^-^^-f'" ^rr^'^ - r^<^ s 5 ^ ■- -J -'• The climate of tliese m^.-Jt;,. • ^* Bntain m 1768. chief farm products, „„ts, ba kv a , I „l/r '" ""^ "' "'" "*'«"• I''-«vi»ce/ The " n on and elsewhere- They are known Z SZ T '"■"""°'' "'' "'' »"• hundrrf square nnle,, forming the great IrerXa,^^^^^^^^ ?' """■" *'""' -™" 6. In consequence of their nunieron^ fl , , " ""'"'"" »' "'"■ counti'v ^-faring life, and ^Mp-^^iZslZtZ'lur f''V"°"'' *»^« """•™"y to 'a Edwarf Island and Nova Scotia Yar Z, ^1,? N f T"f-''->'» both in Pri,,,! t^:="«itrrtr r -- --^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - ^™^" --- salmon, nmckerel, herrings, and lobLrrT'l "''• """^ ^"^""^^^ «"^^ e-^tensive- cod eh.fly to the West IndieT'and t.^ S^C sttTs "^ ""'""^^ ^"-*'^-' ^^ -Por^e^ 7 Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia i, ,1. 9. The Intercolonial an.l other raiWs in k ^ *' """■ '«"• g^eat .mportance in developing these pZtZ It"" °"'^,'""' "'^ P' ^- 1- «• are of ™.i- nnder Korthn,„ber,and Strait, .orCT:rCS\rStTr:vr ^^^^^^^ The Gnlf stream re^ulers fJern^ "^ '"" I^on.nnon. '' .,, , ^ '"'^"'"^"""^ ana more tiiiti,,,,* i, , " "'" <"'U dairs. . «« the Great — t^ompany. From Great lake they sailed down the mighty ■ Ocean through the TUJfDItAS of the North. 00 lake, which they entered at Fort River past CATCHJNG SALMON 0. LESSON EIGHTEEN. BRITISH COLUMBIA. northwest » What Ca JdlL"^ L' 1 "Lm m"^ »' *° Vf ""■ " "">"'"" '' «« «» tho provineo ? What chain af mo,„>tain "pantos tl,I» wl ."v? ""'',''"'""'" H" "" lh« «i«t Bide of the so„lh ? What is the bo,mdarv b tweo7thr» Wh t I^e • V"?^ """ """" '■»'"-» '' "" Bnt,sh Col„.Hia:- Na.e the eoa;t ,vat„. thafa:pajrt;l'iZ.;t,' l^^ZS^' '"" "-'"« "^ LESSON NINETEEN What groni? of islands bclonsrin'^ to RriH' "'*««« the Rocky Name the towns on the banks of these river Wlt,-« \"i ?' ^''"''''''' ^-^*' ^''"^f tribntarv ? What is the most important town «: "l I „,rr."tk:T; tf f ^'7'"" ' ''""" '« '^ '"'^"'^^^^ ' of British Columbia, " ^^""^"^ '' ''"^ "^ ^''e other importmit towns and porta 9 ■ \1WWl**'V,i, (-"•^j?*/ ^ ^^^^^^ a C3u ^^•>f^ ^^^ Wjo ^"c/l 1 lO*" 1 "'V'^njo^X ■— N 1 \ J? g-s S- 183 % s O -; 1< \ 5 l> ^ * 3 1 1 i I i 3 ^ I ^ !^ d ^ « / 5 i ;j i i^ 2 si § H a H ^ e 3-^/ 9 . 1 s o LESSON TWENTY CoIu,nbia and the Pacific on the otl!e7 I r *'™1""'! '"' *'>" °"« »"'«• ,""1 with Bz-itish -ti„„ 0, the globe, co„tai„i,',g as tlf ^ te :Xhe T ", it "" 'T' "''"'"■'•^ 5. The niouths of the i-ivera floui,, • 7 I . "' "" ""'■'>' t<>g«'l,ei-. taif the ,ea... The,.fo,:;;rw!ri: ^f t^w "1 ""^ '""^^ '"■• ■"- "■" Magnetic Poie o, the Ch^^n?-:! rlnilTlaln:^: Z:'""'' ^ '"^ 7. In the northern waters of f]m n •• , , ^ '"'^fe nets tin n. and fur.be„-ing animal, of all ki.^dt .111 '"'"f "'^ •y^'''*' " ™'y «»«, warm down; Outhesh„,«:ndi,l„„d,of t eSc he S'' '^^' ''"; ^"''''"'^ "'"^ »"-• I'-ter, 8. The Pacific „l„,,c, of the Ro W M ""^.^ '""."'"' ■"l'-'»""'te -e the E«,„imaux. and rilve,.; the val^rof he F,ttC Tl"; "" ""'''' "°"™'-»W» 'I'-'&i- of gold and the other m-ers of B.^ti h C^ „b \it rZ"" "" '"7'*"'^'^ *°''"'^; '""l '^-^ . a The bnmense coal-field« of V c L ^ 1"^: "'"'""'"'■' "'■"""• a., .nexhanstible mine of wealth to fcTnhab t nf ' ""?■ f"!;'"' "'"'' '" ««'«'■»'• "ff™^ .l.em ,„ a mo. advantageon. positionriXL^ttLtlr::^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"»- - -r:r;::rr ^^^^^^^^^^^^ --"-- - -. ...;..,.„„.,_ e A.M. w NUNIVAK I. ru.ooo -w.ooo -5,000 ■L^ l^"\::^ +1 I *>* --'j' !^'*o ''f«iM_ I«ngltucl( "■:7>*rA SM Z«1)A ! UTAH I C OXOBABO ■^— — t _» ^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmLm^mmrmmmmmmiii^mmi^mm^^mim'mmmJmmm mmmmmffmm Copyright by James M6int»U)v. — "."-'- — l-> U., : . . , ,. ..;. . ■: . I, .. i 1 ;: U 1 a A.M. 56 UNITED STATES. Relief Map or the Unitkd Statks. LESSON ONE. Draw a map of the United States on the Haiue scale as that on paj^fes 54, 55. {Folluw /he direcHotis on p. 38, c?iaiigiiig the words •* i-ouiitifn " find *'eouHtf/ towns " to " statis" and '* tapitaltt." What country lies aortli of tlic United States ? VViiat are the boundaries between these two countries? Wliat ocean lies east (>f tiie United States ? West ? What gulf lies south? Wimt country? What lour lalces between the United States and Canada ? What great lake is entirely within the United States? What great chain of mountains runs througii Canada, the United States', and Mexico ? What ocean is nearest to these mountains ? On which side of the United States ? What chains of mountains lie in the east of the United States ? What great river drains the immense plains between these mountains and the Rockies? What are its chief tributaries on the east side ? On the west? Into what gulf does it flow ? What city is nearest its mouth ? LESSON TWO. How many states are there ? Ans. Thirty-eight. How many territories ? Name the only District in the United States. What is its chief city ? What territory is separated from the rest of the country by British Columbia? Name its chief city. Name the most western of the states. Its capital. Its largest city. What state lies east of it? North? Name tlie territories. .4 ? •' -'• It IS c..,„,,„,„i ,,,. ,i,i,.(,,.„i.,|,f ' ""^"■'"■e «ill«l „ republic, The population of t,,e «t,.e. ;:.:,,:„ ^.r:':!;;-;- "■"> "- .«.*-., Co.u„„.i„. »• Tl,e coiinti'v is so l,„'..e H„,t ;, i ^ "' "" "'"■ »""■ kimi, and f.n.W.'es products .i;::'™':: Tf!'''" """""^^ "^ ^-y possible Kr..at,„„,, of ..li,„ate are e„eou„t,.,.e,l • ,„„ ! 'T'"" '"""■' »"'"*-' «0"«l., "II t wl" e orauges, bananas, „,,.es, an,l ^r^lS;^^,^ r""" ""' ■"'"'" ^^'«-4- 4. The countiT is rich in mi„„ , """ "'"""'I' "I'n m nii.hviutei- CWifon,ia;sih.e/is,i:,S rin:^„r'»-*-, «"''' " "' -' "-ely i„ and the neishboring region,- ;, , "''" 'l"a"Hties l,y the rid, lode, of >J„f -Lfleld., of PennsylvaSirind" ':ri;":i,:' ;™"™" .^"•"•» "' S-t p.^f^ io'^n? L" de.na„d; and, n, short, every other mineral "'\'->'t n<<«"My to snpply the xvorlcF, » 1 Tl - ' description Bhire, Vennont, Mas J ,' " S j f^'"^' '^'-'^ ""-P- •^"t. Tl.ey are celebrated fo; '"'"'' ""'' ^'"""^•««- ci"llr of cotton, wclen a,d eL "f"»f«°t»«8, eape. paid to education Cle't" f ".''•■ ^"'- *h^' "Mention and for thoir fisheries an f C^l™ °' *'""' ^'"""erce, ♦Ho smallest state i„tl^uJon^^^ ''"°"'^' ^«^»"d - Massaehusetts and Connecticut' ^ "'"' *'"V""«"""P'^>-ate ; Ti.ese states wore settllw tl ; Pn""' ''''''' -'"™'^1 ' The seven Middle a., ^'™ ^'^^'^'^'-s-" York,Xe,vJers^^p'f,f 1 """"^ ®*«'^« i'"^' : Now .inla, and vCt^l;. f™; ^^^.^7»^^^ Vi: also i„ this section. In these ,„tfs"' °' '^°'"'"^"" '« coal and Iron industries "t,""""^'"*^'* *''" ^''""f and ship-building are "led o" T''' ' ^^'^^^-^ aided by excellent harhors and! si ' ''"' ""'' "'""^^•' swamps of Sonth Carolina • sucar ;„ r •• bananas, and other tr,>^l^^^' l^'T"]''; ^ °'-"^--> turpentine, in the pi„„ ibrests o?S,- ! r" ' *"' '""' "-nse droves of cattle are Lrdld !'":'"" 1 """ "»" tlie wide, rollin,. plains of Texas ^ '"''"^"''' "" Mii^:: oC^di^ Ke:;:rvr^" r--^ *•- ^^«ion; errlfs'^;f/:/;.-f-^»-6 states of cereals are raised- horse Itl ' '""'' "'"^ °"'«'' P-ior.H.ality,abo;n Z\,T„?,fr'''' """ '"'^«' "^ «»■ find their wuv to tl^e 1! t ^ / *^'''" Pmirie states, and ^^. I-is. Cinl^ili^D S:rc"':^'^''''^"t"^'''^'•^''• giant cities of the West Ln^Zl •■ '""' ■■^*'*'^'" >'°"n*? riod on in Michigan and b> all H ? '' -tensively car- -nuractures tre 'Cr In^h^C^ ""'"'"^'^^ """^ -.■niaX::%r;:inLT"' ^^-r -« ^-- mineral wealth ^„7^ •■ ^ "'"•' ""^^^^^ f*"- their in a..und.nT Tt^soilt'LT ''Tf'''" """^ ^^"^ 'arlv pleasant and Jut o„l t'n'p ' °"T"*' ''■■"'^■ ""-i steadily increa8i„rt ade ^2 ITT" '"" " '"S'" an., other places in ^^^e^::n: o7:l''t^'^:„^^^^^^^^ general are rich in „,i„erals and in past re '" '" 58 UNITED STATES, LESSON FOUR. 5. The people are active, intelligent, and thoroughly progrenrnve. Education Ih ora ally huLoLi in n..Ht of the states, lavishly in Hotne. Commerce and trade r a ously pursued everywhere, and the desire for speculation seen, to be u.stu.ctive TiriverBal- agriculture is carrie.l <.n with vigor and success u. every section ot X t "locality having the character of its crops deternaned by its cluna e ^:i:iLati;i; the ingenious nature of the people is shown by the ^^^^^^^'^ of the manufactures produced in almost every state, especndly in New Lnghunl. 6 The foreign trade of the country is of vast proportions, and is carried on with every civilized nation on the earth. The United .State, export more tl.ui they import -that is, they sell more goods to other nations than they buy from those nations. 7 The shipping of the United States is not at all extensive. A good deal ot their' ocean carrying-trade is done by Canadian and British vessels 8 The railway system <.f the states is very well contrived for the development of L resources of "^he country ; the railway facilities of New York, Bostcni, Fhdadel- phia, Chicago, an.l some other centers are unsurpassed and almost uneciualed. ngitude ] MEXICO, CENTkt/ j^/i.u,.. 6t> LESSON If ONE Amerio;^;;;;;™L'';^t%':!;/':™''-''' »^--o. central tlie West Indies, w.nt,.,., ,,,. .,,,1, .,,„,i„^, „, _^_^'^J^| you Hhould el ><»<)st. the snow and ic and t' »i'e unknown. I pris wrapped in furs and sk-dd n winter, innteud <.f H' f^uninier^ Jlen '"'lis, aH in ( ■'^eeinjir |),,ys oranorc .'""'*''^ "'"I '!'•' Xorth.'rn St iiig down Hiiowcovered "',u ill the ffard ffJ'oinid. lmn.-,Mn^r ,,11 tlu, ti t'ns, and Jiftl ■ees, loses and other fl utes, you AviJl Nee naked eliild owers Idoon ren ;•'• I'l-Hi-ing into the water on the heael rolliny- on tli( -• Instead of Heeing seals, wall 4. The Wp«f T T l't^oi>ie under the ruins. Spauish language. They aTe ?W LTi''" i'c.""":'' '■""""™» ""■I i*!""''" »l*ak the -- - ..: :;::::':::; :::"■"■ "- ■■' «— • > 9 t.H I PaysO Bj Bbeomcr SOUTH AMEJ^n A. 01 LESSONONE. I»nuv iui outlln.- of R,„„Ji A,nortr... . *^ """"• ■■'-- I -mnu,-" .v;«r,T' "" ' ' MH..I1 }.enns|,|,or.. i« South Anu-ru.aV , ,. . , ^'" ^\lmr, part of South A.. i • "'^^lui'Ht;' Narrowest ? in thu rent of i, :^ ^ ^'" '"^ ^^'^ ^"'■^" "'«/M i" which xonu Ai^'»>i"" if8 great ,-hain of mountains'^ Onul.l,l •. , these niouutaiuH th. ail the .nvut nv ... J '"'' '"'" «' Into what do they ll,nv vH "' «""^'' An.erieu ri.se? Auo,lH.,luKs several „.outl,<^w?,ieh7«i't; ' ' '"""'"" ''' LESSON TWO What isthmus joins Noi-th America an.I Sooil. \ • . tion tho longest and narrowest cotintrv r, ?" ^ ''°°° " "^'""'y "'^^ v/i.olo of Jini/il ? At Write or .ueutlon the names of tho nHn • '""''^ ' ^^''^^e are chamon.i.s obtained ? a voyage along the coast of the Atlantic -a.^rthT'''"? "'^''^^^ ^'"^ ^^'""^<^ I^-- on Kach pupil may mention 1 r-nn t " ''"^^^ "^ ^^<' P^cifl<'. -•^- Of south .n:,Hea ^^t^:^; !;,::;: :: ^^^""= °^' ^^'^ ^ •- - - -« ooun. Draw a diagram or section of South v ?'^^°'''"- comparative height of its mountaira^T'" '''""'"^ '^" '''"^'^^"^ °^ ^^« '--L or the ^..Zir """ ""'""'■"■ "'" ^''"""•"- —.-0:. . J.Z.!'; ■" "^"""'^^^'"^^ "'^^«^ t^« opposite map. • lODajra * !».'« 62 SOUTH A METRIC A. LESSONFOUR. 1. South. America i*t one of the most vvouderful parts of the world, 'j , Let us see vvby. There is its long chain of mountains whose immense i ^ peaks reach above the clouds ; whose volcanoes make the night brilliant SOUTH AMEJilCA. 63 3. The. :t::zir^tr^T'^''-^- which are the selvas or fore.ta,"Iuektllf;r"''','' «"""'' ^ "'" '™'-W. "l""" man's effort, to i«uetrate them' '"*'' l'"'""^' "'"' '«"gl«J "nes as to I,:„h: 5.' S:;: ::'•?"■': "'' ^^^^^^^ <" s-* ^-ty -d ™riety. pampas, on.vhiehmimL/srerL."::':!':!'''''' "^'^'' "--^"^ <'y»'''"-' "..d 6. South America is like North A '.""^ "''""P '■'"'" »»'> g''»^e- in having its great mountain chain ou'r^es'te™ Ir'l ''V"''??''''' '" *■" ■""■*'' ""d y. It is unlike North \ • ■ ""'"'"=■*"= S'de- in having its greater part in'th" Torrid'™' 'l'!°. *'"*'■ ^T,' «""'*'• ''''*^' ""'• "'!«<« ; »" cues, towns, and villages are on this ,,£,, ! *'• ^"'' """^ »''" ^-^^ tl"" ".ountains; and if you should trave Till!! , "' ""'™" ^''^^^^ "1' between the who live at the foot or base of the 2 !„ ™Lt f ^"," "'""'? ""'' *'^' ""^ P-P'^ land, enjoy spring weather all the yea," " '"'"' "''"<' "'<«'« "^ 'te l»gh ■i-e^f ::i,::in^i^,^--i;;t,;:n.«°;^^^^ *^^f-^ ^^-e'> *-«. iong "--^erhapsll^ ' Length of thu Amazon, 4,000 niilc • "'auicu Dj the Amazon; the the Inna- j.^hl!,^ 1, 4 P"* °' ^'''^ ''"«''"'* residence of -«• • ' •■ «!^'!. n..,00 rocr. aiW Potosi over 12 000 fp«f 64 SOUTH AMERICA. LESSONFIVE. 10. The chief occupation of the inhabitants of the high regions of South America is mining, for there is plenty of gold, silver, and copper in the Andes Mountains. 11. How are those deej) and dangerous ravines crossed \ Mostly on bridges made of rope, wire, or of twisted branches of the vine ; but in some places on a great log which alone spans the awful abyss. 12. Among the Andes occur dreadful earthquakes, which sometimes destroy whole cities, the ground opening in great crevices or seams and swallowing up houses and people by hundreds and thousands. 13. Except in tlie soutliern part of South America, no rain falls west of the Andes ; that long, narrow strip of land, therefore, is a desert. Let us see why. It is because the winds blow there from the Atlantic only, and the clouds and moisture which they carry are changed to rain before crossing the mountains. These heavy rains, to'i-ether with the meltinu; of snow on the mountain tops, form the numerous rivers of South America. 14. Let us now leave the Andes and travel over the great plains. Except a few short ranges of mountains along the northern and eastern borders of Brazil, we might travel for months in all directions and see nothing but vast plains, so level that the sluggish rivers scarcely know in which direction to ilow.^ 15. Those plains through which the Orinoco and La Plata Rivers and their tributaries flow, are in the wet or winter months covered with tall grass, while in the summer they are dry, withered, and deserted.*^ Look at your map and tell what coun- tries contain the llanos and the pampas. 16. You would see in some parts of the great plain or basin of the Amazon grand forests from Avhich many beautiful and valuable kinds of wood are obtained, and in other parts, wide plantations of coffee, sugar-cane, and cotton, besides countless trees yielding tropical fruits, India-rubber, and medicines. What country contains most of the Amazon and its uranches ? ' You raiglit sail from the Amazon to tlio Orinocci, and very nearly all tlie way to the La Plata, because of the near approach of their head- waters. In the rainy season, when the rivers are full to overflowing, the head-waters of the Para-ia and Paraguay are so near the sources of some of the jVmazon's tributaries as to mingle their waters. Then you might visit the three large rivers — Amazon, La Plata, and Orinoco^ without getting out of your boat, (fte pMuYe on page r,:.\ ' These countries of the Torrid Zone have only tivo Beasons — the wet (their winter) and tlie dry (tlieir sum- mer). In the latter, there is no rain for six months. Then the grass is dried \i|) by the scorching sun, the ani- mals retreat to the mountains, and the reptiles bury them selves in the ground to slee;) until the return of the ruin. During the wet season there is rain every day, and sometimes it rains so hard that the rivers overflow their banks and all the lowlands appear like one immense swamp. The value of the cattle consists in their beef, hides, tallow, and horns. What is beef used for? What is made from hidesV VThtkX are made from tnllow? \Vlnit are made from liorns? Tlie horses t\w\ cattle of South America were originally brought from Europe. South America )uutaiiis. I bridges made on a great log 1 destroy whole ip houses and ^ west of the iee why. It is and moisture These heavy the numerous Except a few :'azil, we might ) level that the vers and their i, while in the tell what coun- f the Amazon I are obtained, sides coimtless untry contains )rching sun, the ani- i reptiles bury them- ^ ivturn of the rain. y day, and somotimes r their banks and all ■ swamp. The value >8, tallow, and horns. 3 made from hides V re made from liorn.« ? ericii were originally 66 SOUTH AMERICA. i LESSON si:^. 17. Let us visit the countries separately and see what else is very interesting^; but observe first, that wherever we go we shall hear the Spanish language only, except in Brazil,' where Portuguese is spoken, and in Guiana where English, French, and Dutfth are spoken. You will see people who are chiefly of Spanish or of Portuguese descent, besides Indians* and negroes. 18. AVe shall visit the capital of Brazil, which is the largest city in South America, also Bahia {hah-he'ah) and otiier seaports, and see large and beautiful churches, many fine schools, ind people remarkable for their politeness and intelligence. 19. We shall find the wild animals, reptiles, birds, and fishes to be very numerous ; among them are the Jag-u-ar', puma or cougar or mountain lion, tapir, alligator, ant-eater, rhea or American ostrich, condor, and the boa-constrictor, besides countless monkeys and parrots.^ 20. We shall learn that Chili is the most prosperous country in South America because the jjeople are brave, hardy, and industrious.'' 21. In Peru, w^e shall find grand mountains and beautiful plateaus ^vith a narrow desert between them and the Pacific, but with vas ■, forests and mighty rivers between them and the Atlantic. 22. The other high countries are the United States of Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, which also contain high mountains and rich t -as, dense forests and broad pastures.'^ 23. G-niana {ghe-ali'nali)^ which is divided between three differen t European nations, is wondei-ful for its forests, wild animals, reptiles, monkeys, and beautiful birds.^ Except Guiana and the Empire of Brazil, all the countries in South America are republics. 24. The Argentine Republic is remarkable for its great plains called J^ampas.'' ' The aren of Brazil ;s aliout equal to that of the United States, wliile the population is only one-tifth. The popu- lation of Brazil is over 11,000,000. ^ Considorable i)rofit is derived from the vast herds of cattle and droves of horses. It is curious to see how skil- fully the Indians chase these animals and cajiture them by tiirowing the lasso. " The jaguur is 8|K)tted and resembles a leopard ; the tapir is black and r^'sembles a large hog ; the ))uma or cougar (koo'gnr) is sometimes called a mountain lion or California lion ; the condor is the largest bird of flight in the world. ■• Chili contains rich minerals, and raises fine grain and fruits, it is Bttid to bo one of the wealthiest countries, for its size, in the world. It exports wheat, coftee, hides, wool; and saltpetre. There an' many fine Rclinols in Chili. Only a little while ago, a war broke out between Chili and PiTii. Bolivia assisted Peru, but Chili defeated them both. The hottest month in Chili and other countries south of the Equator is January ; the coldest is August. Before the discovery of America by Columbus, Chili partly belonged to the Incas (Indian kings) of Peru. The Incas were conquered by Pizarro and Chili remained under Spanish control for .ibout 300 years, as did all the other cxjuniriea of the Andes. After a war lasting several years they became iudependent. All of these countries are now republics. ' Prom almost all thes> n, & we obtain quinine, India-rubber, co2ee, and ide^ Jhe most of the white inhabitants live on the tabk iands ; the Indians, on the eastern slopes of the mouutains. ' Guiana; among J'B products are sugar, coffee, cotton, nnd Cnvenne pe]>per: ' You have already learned that the seasons of the Ar- gentine Republic are juat the reverse of ours, and that its jresting; but ily, except in a, and Dutfch uese descent, uth America, arches, many y numerous ; jor, ant-eater, 883 monkeys uth America ith a narrow vers between L, Ecuador, forests and pean nations, •ds.® Except epublics. d J)ampas.'' :ountries south of ugust. f Columbus, Chili s) of Peru. The li remained under did all the other ;ing several years ;ountries are now > obtain quinine, lost of the white ! Indians, on the jar, coffee, cotton, fasons of the Ar- ours, and that its Bau.oov View showing the Selvas op t ii \ t ^ valuable timber. ' ' "* '" ^"''"B""'-'' '"""'^ ™ "'«» ''""^e forests of WImt has been learned iilxmt South Amcrici _ II. n,.uo. are <,»«,„,„„ oramy p,„„„ aral,u.Uh I, the Umgimm of all the comtIHe, exreM Braf^ll „..„ n., ZHv"" -r '''."'"'"' ''''™"'' ""'^ «'>''^''- Argentine Republic ; Its capital is Buenos Ayres, its only largo city • Its exports are hides, horns, and salted beef. ' Patagonia and Tierra del Puego belong partlv to Chili and partly to the Argentine Republic, as shown on the map. Ihe land is a desolate region, and the inlmbitants. clad in skms of animals, are very wretched. They support them- selves by fishing and hunting. '■.!TT1 > Vi < < ¥ $ ** ^-' " ■ 1 ..0 1 .i « '.! ■ -i,,' ;1 •>? , --I 1 -«-- K*:* *^^«^ ) #'^ '* 1^. O < ^ i, § —a i 1-3 -:/ 1-1 "!» I O .' ,** _-<^ « i .31 i-v S4 & /^ ■ ■f. y 3 ( 6 S^;^ ■ ?■■ [ c./ '"■ } ^JV^ CO 1 ^ )• g 5i ":i I o '' -", 5 *. \v-: \ t-H / \ )« 5 s *> :. 1 1 ./ J 5 U, *; X r^ \ \/ \ -^ C V^? ■£» •^ n *=e; rlE-] Ills III ro-Hn n? Nor ■*^ c _ to ta '^ , B *- a, -^^U ^ S S S -1^ h Tt £ ^ s ~ s ® „ c Z ^^ «J a- 5 &0 tc ^ o c/) § g^ W ^^.-^ w J -" o tu c a tt^ ^ tH eS « » O) '#'r=Ja!effl»S5pSf -rjy- E UROPE. 71 S fm ,y- Strait of Dover into the North Sea, past Belgium and the Netherlands (called also IIol- land) to Germany. We can also visit Denmark, Norway, Scotland, Sueden, and ll..ssia.» 3. Or if we wish to see Italy, Austria, Greece, and Turkey, we must enter the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar; we may then sail into the Black feea and reach Russia. ^ 4 You see from this, that the many seas, bays, and gulfs of Europe extend so far into the land, that every large and important country is easily reached by ships; and this IS one reason why the nations of Europe are so prosperous, powerful, and ^vealthy, —it IS so easy for them to trade with one another.' 5. Europe is of far more interest to us than is any other continent, because most all of our grain, cattle, fish, oil, and other products which we send away are sold in Europe, and nearly all the useful and beautiful things which are brought to this country come from there. Besides, Canada is a dependency of Great Britaili, although our people are allowed to frame their own laws and govern themselves. 6. Let me tell you that our country was once a wilderness, iidiabited only by savage Indians and Avild beasts, until it was discovered and settled l>y Europeans,— that It was for a long time owned and governed by the French, -and that all the white people here are Europeans, or the descendants of Europeans,^— espr ;: .^ly of the British. LESSON FIVE. 7. Europe is like the United States in having a great many openings or arms from the Atlantic Ocean, and in having four seasons and a temperate climate." 8. Its mountain chains, instead of being like great walls along its sea coast as in South America and Africa, are short ranges jutting out toward the coast and forming fine harbors for numerous ships. 9. The most celebrated mountains in the world are the Alps. Mt. Blanc, their highest peak, is visited by travelers from every countr ni \\\q world.* ' A little gir], in making sucli a voyngo. wrote this letter home : " We have not seen land for a wliole weeli. We have seen only one ship besides our own. Some beautiful sea-gulls followed our steamer all the time, ar.d a little flying-fish tried to fly over the ship, but it fell upon the deck. We saw :ome great icebergs, and four whales." ' Oi.";.' wo small countries have no sea coast. Which aret'.c^ ' It is said that a few people from Norway and Den- mark first came to America eight or nine hundred years ago, but did not stay long; and we know that about four hun- dred years ago, Columbus came here with ships and men froir. Spain ; and not long after, men came from England, France, Portugal, and other countries. That is why you find the languages of theso diffterent nations now spoken in some parts of North and South America. ^ Mt. Blanc (meaning w/ttie ?« tlie most woiiclerfiil part of the georrr.nphy of Europe. If you should sail acros the Atlantic, directly west from the German Empiie, Eiiuland, Scotland, Ireland, or Northern France, you would tjo i'lom <.?reat and pros[)erous nations to ti cold, desolate ivgion called Labrador, \v here the inhabitants are snow-bound nearly all the year. The.'^e people of Labrador are no further from the hot zom; than those of the countries just mentioned.'^ Why, then, is this ilifference? 14. It is sini[)ly because a great stream of warm water Hows continually acro.ss the Atlantic toward those prosperous countries, tud because warm winds blow over them. This warm current of water is called the Gnlf Stream.^ 15. Tlie principal products of the great plain .ire wheat and Hax, besides coal, iron, tin, and sail; and of the warmer or southern parts, gra[)es, oranges, oliv^ and other tropical fruits, besides silk and cork.* In the waters along the coasts of Europe great quantities of fish are caught. 16. The animals of the cold regions include reindeei', which furnish the Lap- landers with ilesh and milk for food, and skins f >r tents and clothing. Reindeer are used to pull their owners' sleds o\'n' the frozen si iw.* 17. A favorite sport in Central Europe is hunting the fox, the wi'd boar. Mid the chamois (sham' me). Besides these animals, there are the elk, bear, wolf, and an immense bird, called the lanunergeyer (ldm'rn^r- made by a worm or caterpillar, which feeds on the leaves of the mulberry in The salt found in Central Europe i- rock salt, dug from mir^s- some of which are so large and si. deep that many of the miners live there all their lives and never see sun or sky. In other parts of the world salt is obtained from salt water by eva[«jruiiQg the water, whirh leaves the salt by itself. ° In going down very steep places the reindeer is fastened behind the slod. Can you tell why? {See tlw nexf picture.) »ea lire very uiul levtfl,' the longest ihe, niid the Europe. If ■e, Eiiu'laiid, rous imtioiis DUiid nearly ; than those lally across i blow over )esides coal, oliv<"j and I of Europe h the Lap- reindeer are »ar, and the an iininense .rrent (the Oulf :li reeled toward inner would t)0- vlii''' the latter lar, which feeds t suit, dug from ep that many of ■ see sun or sky. from salt water salt hj itsri:', 1(1 eer is fastened he next pict'ire.) ^iioDBniNliiuiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii' mui'. visit the different countries of Euro])e, you would observe in laiye r^ cities that the houses a high and "^^ close together, and that the dress of the people resembles our own; while ^- ; - in the villages the houses are low, and you would think the dressea very odd, and in some countries, very pretty. .ixMHfak. 74 R U RO PR. % LESSON SEVEN. 19, Observe in England, its l)pnutifnl green lawns, fields, and hedges; its ivy- covered churches and cottiiges; its coal, iron, and tin mines; its large and busy cities, especially London with its celebrated buildings, Liverpool with the countless ships which crowd its immense docks, and the cities (»f Manchester and Birnuugham where cotton goods, hardware, atid other things are manufactured in great abuniUince. 20, Observe in Scotland, its lowlands 'of the south, its highlands of the north, and its many beautiful lakes; also, its largest cities, Edinburgh and (rlasgow. 21, Observe in Ireland, its green fields, its farms, its linen factories, its fine city of Duidin, the thatched cottages outside of its large cities; and that in all three of these countries the English language is spoken, and that their large cities contain celebrate S3 -- S g ^53 £ 2 p o s a ■S ® O ►*< eg CD 1> S5 J 5 'S '3 e;5 o a ;3 S "^^ ^ _o '^ I— H ca CO *" S t^ f* S o S bb g. ^ - E 5 = O 5 «) SV, X _ 2 I' o = • g ^ ::; be o C3 O 2 J Ci= 03 c3 *Ki > > '^ ?= S= r^ • S ;5 _, -ks es o ft 5S P ^ -Ai "S p -w a:' 1^ o £ S'3'^• ^ rS = '3 rt '^ ^ -3 ^ t^, ^ '5 8 t § « is be =8 OJ a -2 m S M o w W a -*^ is S8 ~ 5 .2 •^ -^ 03 r/, O e S. a :ii 2 ;2; I ^ I o o ^ 5 .2 "^ ">. rr, g, E, i 9 « ^ C4 a.' _ 2 a o c es o .a ID CO 03 ^C8 -2 ^ = c £ 9) s .2 '« a ft fl :« aj .7; C (S _: fl "" .-e a; V. c "3 M 03 be aj C _ rfl a ^ +-' c o ^ a o fl :3 =2 C !* ^^-i t- o a,5... < ^ 2 53 •« b- S' = ^25 I .2 o " i; «- -^ 5 c J § .2 § ^ t, ^ ^ m « c ^ J= -t? ^ ^ -C c tn ^ -C O) ^ s*^^ - W IS O o ^ ^ ^ o q3 fi CI •M -*! fl c 3 O s« s a, 77 s o V ^ •5 5 * .■5 * £ 8 c c -a o) .60 o 3 03 O J2. 53 .- OS CO 05 tfx 2 S ^_, 0.1 o g g -G 43 53 w - - *^ tS " &° =« OJ a CO = F i s -^ S 5 ^'^ -c '-' '~' 3 3 ^ > o r2 fl a OJ (-4 a bft JS •fl *• -M -4^ a ^ a -s •-' fl o •- O) S 03 -ui — ta 08 -a -c bo is :3 fl a> NUlMtO ~< '^^)^ >(fl' 1^^ '1L-.# "^'N*/*!, •7 'fi'',^. <:Bi^ ^i>v'^ r'ffe^ .-^" ■^"o.-. \ ^^J »w»» C/lA, '«a 'Cf ^^. vi „ ,.™ LESSON FOUR. \ 1. Two boys went with their father on a voyage to Asia. Before starting from their home in Toronto, their father asked them to point toward Asia : one pointed toward the east, and the otlier, toward the west, — and both were right ! •'i^fi ^« ir^^^ tTUll ASIA. 79 one l,u,Kl,«l t,m.« a« „,aay inh,.l.ita„t. a! Ca',.l ' ' ''"* """"™" ''■""""'' «. Ihe boys saw men raakino- hpoi.H'+'ni ni • ' ^ " ' flsh for their ma»te,.. The 1^™™"!!! ^Hl T'' *' '^""*' -■''""-""•l <"t.h water. The bo,, tiee,, the j::::::^^^^^^ z:^:^':!:!^;:^ - "^ The highest i««k i, MountTwL ^°''''*^'""' "■'»"'' '^ '^« WkI« i., the wori,!.' .Ji^r^h^r^^z-s^-rs^ii^-v^^^ J2.2ema ami Arubiaaj^^ted for their .b,-_el™ate, a„,I J ,1^ the T,6™ „„,, E.,,l,«e. ,m,„. i„ Turkey .,..A»'" „„Jf:°"« ,«,rd .irf hcatod f„, ,!,„„. Small twij. „„ „„,-]« t„ i 6«"^7 " " ""'™- "■ '"-inl" •■•n.. Um 15 1„ m which ihey ntiach themeelveR T.. .,„.„ ' """"^' '" »eef. ''>miiny ,aacos.fl,p„all Ihh,, wi,i,, ,1,., ., ' '*'" '^ 80 ASIA. LESSONFIVE. 13. The most fertile soil of Asia is in India, China, and the small countries south of China ; there, the climate is hot and the rains are abundant. Cotton, tea, coffee, rice, sugar-cane, pepper, indigo, opium, and dates grow abundantly ; some of which, you remember, grow also in the Southern States of our own continent. 14. In India, many people ride on tame elephants, which do all kinds of hard work for their masters. AVhile riding in this way, the boys had fine fun ^vatching the monkeys jumping among the trees. You may see the boys in the picture, riding under the famous banyan-tree. The branches of this tree drop shoots to the groimd, which take root. India belongs to Great Britain, i-he Queen being " Empress of India." 15. The forests and jungles of southern Asia contain many wild animals, the prin- cipal of which are the elephant, rhinoc'eros, lion, tiger, leopard, buffalo, and ta'pir ; also many large and dangerous serpents. The rivei-s are infested with crocodiles. 16. From India, the boys traveled westward, over the hot, san>ir long horns turned back. Many are tamed, and used aa beasts of burden. Arabia was, i:i former years, renowned for its literature, men of learning, and libraries. One of the queens of Arabia was Sheba, who kicame famous from her visit to King Solomon. More than 1,200 years ago hammed, a religious fanatic, declared himp prophet. Every year, thousands of Moham ans from all parts of Africa and Asia n.«l<, pi^Igrimages to Mecca, the birth-place of Mohammed They are numerou., in India. Arabia, Turkey, and Africa Iii i SECTION ON THE C S ji N St.lHOta... I. ^^—^^^ EQUATOR "f.QAMBAnAaAHTTn] /Imt.kcni* tiVLFOFUVtSEA msas VMS Copyright by Jame^WoiikUh, •am 4(in: 1 H,v i^t^nimcr .|70« Mill , \ y C.Ouardafui hlVO MWHITim h a v" 87 ^ooo ID, CM AFRICA. 83 C. 0/ Oood «ope LESSON ONE. I>raw a map of Africa like this small one: first mark xts outline, .vith Its seas, .^ulfs. and straits, .n.i thc^^ Its mountains, rivers, c-apes, islands, and coun- Inwhat directio.1 from u.s ia Africa? Point toward Africa What contment north of it? Northeast? What ocean we:;; and A^L' /"^" '"' ^'*'''"' '^^"'* "'"^ ^'"^'"i'"' ^"'^^^'^^"^ ^^--^ OcelT '''"' '""""'' *'" ^'^^'^•*''^'---^-' ^^^ ^ifcl' tho Atlantic What gulf west of Africa ? What channel southeast ? What krge island southeast? What cape on the north ? East? Wet What two capes in tlie southern part of Africa ' ' Wht'f *^^7""*'^'"^ «f ^^frica near the coasts, or far inland ? What two high mountains are south of the Equator ? What chain of mountains m the northern part of Africa ? LESSON T^VO iUroughAvhat countries does the Nile flow? Tho Tr.n^^ 9 rru t.t- . .. southern country in Africa^ To what Snn . '^"'"^ *'"' ^^"^* "^ ^^"'»^'^? Which is the most LESSON THREE Morotw Oe^rr AW '^'^^^ ^''^ ''^'^'''^'*^" '"■^'^' '^"^^ '"^"^^^ -™^ '>^ ^'- I'-rion of tlie Nile onlv. fe • ii is lound in The eazella in shy. tin.i.l, beautiful, „„,l «,ac-f„l. ri.e goriUa nmeli resetnbir.s a human bein^, lie is feroeio-s ■HH vo,v stron.; bei„,M.l,lo to l,reak ,hid. l.rLhes o^t^ e^^^^^^^^^^^^ ... lull u .nan at a .ingle blow. His heigh, i, „,,.„, ,,,;;!;;: lie ostrich nuis with tlie fi,x>e,l of a race horse. Ihe rhinoceros, noted for its horned nose, will kill even an •'lephaiit. in combat. _jn^Afric:,n lion i.s larf,er an.I s.ron^r.T than the Asiatic lion. 1IIK- ■/ '& mm ':'■ /. ^^RICBES; W*f^^: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe /. {./ ^ f/. ^ fA 1.0 1^1^ 12.5 1^ bS 12.0 2.2 11:25 i 1.4 6" I.I 1.6 V <^ /; *^ \'^ V rlluiuj^apiuC Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4* \ ^ sv \\ fv ^ \ "^^ ^ ,.v <^ (A ^ s 1W !i :T\^ 52 o '*,* ^ a a aujo3 OCEANIA. 8y LESSON TWO. 1. Oceania in unlike tlif other grand divisions of the Earth, because it consists entirely of islands. 2. It is believed by many that Asia, long ago, extended further southeast than it does no\\-, and that a part of it sunk below the surface of the water; leaving only those portions above the sea which are now the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and other islands of Malaysin. '^. All the islands included in Polyne'sia (many {.elands) and Microne'sia {small islands) are volcanic ; many of them are yet lofty and rugged mountains, bnt others have sunk beneath the sea, so that only the coral {hdr'- al) reefs whicli encircle their tops are above tlie surface. 4. These reefs, or islands of coral, are like great rings, with one or two openings through M'hich the sea enters. The island is called an atoll (^ tdll'),aiud the inclosed water, a lagoon'. 5. Coral is con) posed of the skeletons of small creatures, called the coral polyp {pol'ip). 6. AVinds, waves, and birds carried seeds from distant lands; and, in this way, the islands were covered with plants and fruit trees. 90 OCEANIA. i-ESSON THREE. 7. As nearly all the islands' of the Pacific Ocean are in the Torrid Zone, and have an abnn'- dance of rain, their vegetation is luxuriant.^ 8. The date, cocoa-nut, and caniplior trees are almost everywhere on these islands ; and in Malay- sia, there are large plantations of sugarcane, cot- ton, and coffee. These islands also produce cloves, pepper, nutmegs, cinnamon, oranges, and lemons. 9. The inhabitants of this division are all of a dark complexion ; but the various tribes differ from one another in stature and in apj)earance. Those in Polynesia are finely formed and ao-jee- able in appearance,'^ while most of the natives of New Guinea and the neighboiing islands are deformed and hideous. 10. Australia, the largest island in the world, is called a continent. It is nearlv as large as the UnitcMl States. It belongs to Great Britain. 11. Australia* has a rim of mountains, between which and the coast, the country is fertile, but the inttM'ior is dry and barren nearly all the year. The white inhabitants e of British descuint. They are engaged in raising sheep, or in mining. The south- ..astem provinces, Victoria and New South Wales, are celebrated foi- gold and wool. Melbourne and S>!?:r ^Tr''^'' ~ -^^ - --^ -- -'• — draw a straight .Ino point ng east and west Th.l "' P""'^'"^ t"""'"''' ^^o north. A.tu.s this, Are the grounds lovejor s^pu" / lu which U^ectloTdo ThT ''l ^"',"'^;1"" ''''^ """^ °^ ^^'^ school-roon., does the water run. From which dlrectlordSrtho Hver S^ ^" '' '*""' "' ^^""•" ""■'■'"^'- ...ar'/the^rtrrTor^i r„t:f.;%ra:ar^L7v.'^'^;::; inr^r '-^^-r^- ^- -^— -- Between .outh aucl dowuV Point ..p.-down, no.?h,-.o.ltu! ' ^^"^^''^"^^ ^'^^^^^'"^ »»"»' -"^ ".' '^ /. THK WORI.D.-Tho Karrh, the plohc, or planet. W. Hvo „„ its surface. a. Shape, nearly round, like a ball, marble, or oranpe. .„., -."^.Tu™ „frr;:i:ii\Tri:;r'i'. Lriri;-™"™- ■»"» - — ■•■ - ?. Write ,he „ames of animals useful for food ; for porformin« labor ; for our clothing *. Wrtt. the names of minerals used for fuel; for making tools ana machinery ; for building our houses does\^r;;^.rgrr;^;:ni^;rsZe;n:r\;rrf.r^::t:u^ :n :rrTverr thfir: b' r ''--" -^^ ^^ '^ -tairSefrirTt:^:: 2Z:::^:T:r^ :.:::; ^^^-^^'u'^:::;:^'Z::r^:ZJl'':^'o::'L^ -olsturo; depends on latitude, winds, and height above .he sea-l^e. u.dl«ed .^^...^L^ X^^^Si^a:;:,:^ SS-:Z^::;rnr':r-^rt^- South Fr^"' " "'''' °' "''''""' ^""''*'^' ''''''"'' ^'°'-^^ Temperate, South Temperate, North Frigid. and 'o;\srarii^r:;a^'alnl:;n';egT;aTron^ 2B>. degrees on each side of the K.uator ; great heat high tt.ount.alns; Inhabitantri^^doUrinrof rif ^Irp^e^fok""'"^^ "°^ *^^' ^^"^^^ '^^ ^^"^ ^^^ «' usuaS m7dT"4;r'T.;Vd:drt? srirasrs'^^'^ri ^'^r ^'■'^'^ ^^-'^-^^ *^ '^^--^ ^- -^'^^'^-^ '-i'™-- nations enlightened and powerJul. ' ''""''"' '"^^^'f*"^^' e«^ergetlc. and of light co„>plexlon ; .uow^per^Xfra^aTnTgh" ^ath^rmonthsTor Inh^r""^ '''' '^"^^^^'^ ^'^ ^^^^^ ''^--^- = '^ -^ in ..e. savage, but not wa^i.;:^;?^.^f ^r^^^^ 1 -^^l^^ ^ ^^/^ -;^ Of d"-anT":;t^riuUoT;;Iorrne;^rourd?h::u\°^ ^"^ ^^^^^ ^* ^°"-- ^^ ^^^ — ^^n journey around the sun. once a year, causing change of seasons. 94 TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY, WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS. II l« M««.ur.u..«tH of di.l«ac..-DlHtuuce8 lueaHureU, una positions .luHcrlbeU In deBroes or latltuUe and lon^ltudo; .o.ul aistanco uroun.l the Earth, 300 .le«m.s ; aistan.o IVonx poleH to Kquator. 90 .leKreJ" /7. l..tHud., tho distance north or .south from the Eero., two eciu.il puns Into which the ylobe may bo divided. »«. W..l.r.. IIe,„l.pl.„r.. sometimes ciUed New World. Land stu face embraces continents of North Ataerlca, south Vttunica. portlo.t of Asia, Victoria Lan.l, the coral Islands of Polynesia, a.t.l Islamls of ?rcti: !!nl I'? ' "^"^ ''"''"*'"'' '""' '"'^'*"''- ^''"'' ""'•"^•" '^^omprlses parts ot the Atlantic, P tcltl Arctic, and Antarctic Ocean. i",it«', ^*°P';-f'*"j%T»dor, boa-constrictor; hor.ses, cattle, and sheep ^^i^s:::1:i::!r:'^::;J-'i:1:-T^ of Portuguese descent. Erench; and in all the other countries of ^^71.^ slianllh^mLrr^ta^^^^^^ capi^i;^r ie =^1^- rr;— r--r:/rr^^^^ - - /. BUl«>PE.-Snrtoce.-,So.ithern, or high Europe, mountains with high plateaus; northern or lower Europe, level plains sloping toward the north. (.See map, p. es.) norunern. or lower 5. Cllniale.-Southern and western parts, mild and healthful, modified bv winds from wovrv, ^ currents and drifts; and from the Great Desert of Africa; northern part, cold and moi.t ' "'"'^ 3. Profliict8 — (iraln, iron, coal, silver frnit xo-ino aiiir n„„„ . articles, cloth, wine, fr^it. ' ' ' ""''" ' "'^P"" *° ^^''^^^ America, manufactured 4. A..I,„„U.-Reindeer, wolf, wild boar, bear, chamois; horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs 5. Peop,e.-Chietly of Caucasian race, highly civilized, educated, and powerful; Magyars (..orTJo.., inhab- iting Hungary, of Mongolian descent, as are also the Lapps, the Finns, and the Turks proper. 6. Wri,. a short description of each country, its surface, climate, plants, products animals neonle and their occupations. Xame the capital of each, 'and one or more principal cities ^^^^^^^. People ir 1 ONS. oi' lutlruilu auU .'Sfrees, beliix at )<:tca ruei'idlan : ■»ere It Is 0. nents of North and Islands of tlantlc, I'a?lous ; southern parts, and Indian. dlmalu, plants, plains, llanos, n Equat' • md Ides, and beef. ;guese descent, 'rench Guiana, 'erywhere. le name of Its lakes. ern, or lower warm, ocean manufactured Ks. •"fjor*) inhab- ilmals, people TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY, WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS. 95 i. ASIA. — Hurftioe. — frozen mountains and Ul.n, bar,.. ,.JZZ lt^lZ^::trr'^lC":uo:r«crr" '" '^""^'"'■■" """"•'"• Caspian .Sca has no outlet to the ocean. U^eemap.T^O) *^ southern part; roBlou about «. cn„..e. Very , Old In north, cold and dry'm oe:tra. ro.ion, hot and mo.st In south, opium, r^n- r""'""*'"' •"^"'' •'°"""- ^"-- -''• -^-. ""'^. -^'^'^•'-s: exports to North America, loa. s.,k, 4. Anini«lg._Relnde or, camel, elephant, buffalo, lion, tiger, leopard, tapir wan^r.:rtH^:;'in :arnr:; i:;::r™= ^nriu/r ij;''"^'""; •"'™"' '- -^"^^^^^ ""->■ —^^ - rice and fish. oututm pu.t generally civilized, of Mongolian race; tholr food is chiefly, city L;^::;:.j;;/''v;::-i-;:;~-:--:.^_a_c^^ .,„, , ,„., ..^ ,^^ ^,^^^^^,^^^ the mountain and river systems of Asia. and 1. AFIIICA.-Surfacc-Northern coast, mountainous and dry • north southern. dlversUled by high mountains !..,.„» ,,.„„.. ^'".^.' "°''''. ^alleys. (,V((« map, p. y^,) by high mountains, large lakesT'SeJer^; 'i^i.l'Vemrv;' '"' '""'''= '^°"'" ^""^''^ V. C..a.a.e._,lot and dry in the north, hot and moist in the central region S. Pr„..„cU._Ivory, dlamon.ls. ostrich-feather., coffee, cotton, dates, gum a.'.'ubic ^. A„.„.„u. e.c.-Elephant. hippopotamus, camel. Hon. gorilla, giraffe, .obra. ostrich crocodll. *. P.op,.,.-ln the north, swarthy complexion and half civn..«„ • u/ .... J.! ^ ' ! '^"' °''''''' ^"'•^''"*'- 10. Amooi'' (76) 2 200 96 /•Oy/C'^Z GEOGRAPHY, WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS. OUTLINK MAP OF THi: I>OMINI(»N OF CANADA. Ou.Cea .y these lines, mar. with m. thfrrilllLfJ ;/ ;t dI'"'"'*'^^ "' '"""""'"' ™'^^'^^'^ '^'^ *^« ^^P- provr„ee"TtrSors :re";rto"or :r . °Lr 0^;;'::: La";; '^" 'r *"- ^^ ^"""^^^'- -^ -« proline, rf|,ewce.. «nrf t.mtori., are outllneTon yoJ; map ''°'^''^*"^''« °^ ^^^"^ = "^"^ «° on, until „« «.. impona^rr irorrr,Th?So"^i^^L':^'^"""^ ^"'^'^^^^'^ °^ ^^« «-<- --- -^ ^»^o.se of the most 4. Indloate the positions of the mountain ranffeg by heavy lines Ito-htiv frir,,™.! • i .^ principal W.er.. and then those of their more ImportantTZjH;,' " "" ""^ ' "^^'^ '""^ "^""^"^ ""' ^^'^ « M T.v**^ remalninK »«fc.». and shade them with very llRht horizontal lines. «. Mark the routes of the principal ratlroaa^ by single lines in red Ink ;;.rirrx7r:<;r7LTLr "^ "^'^^•^ "^•^^ —' ^-^ — .»....„.:. jrr„:s: dltrer^ntThZs^of w^t^rlJr"'' ''''^ ''""'*"'" *' ^"'^ "'^"'^ ""* "^^"^ *^« ^^^^^ ^--^--- «^-. ^^ two JdrhaSIst^ove tru^ck'bS^fZ m.;.""' "" ' •"" "' """"""' "' ""*" °' ""' "^^ "^"^ *"'"'° ■*" ^'-^ '»*•' -'"'"«'■ ^ONS. )*> > M ^StftL^velj ~'anada, iiages 82 Bd on the map. lundarles of the on, until all the ose of the most >e courses of the ■k the positions I. sv the map. amlH, eapfs, and roirn«, and porta peninsulas, lath- )vlnces, etc., In I the 90th meridian, wlu-v« *^i 3 3286 02646407 9