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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ca document est film4 au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X aox X 12X 1«X 20X 24X 28X 32X TlM copy Wmmd hw has h—n raproducod thanks to tha ganarosHy of: Library Division Provincial Archival of British Columbia L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grica A la g4n*rosit4 da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Tha imaoaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia conaidaring tha condition and iagibility of tha original copy and in liaaping «v!th tha filming contract spacificatlona. Las imagas suivantas ont At* raproduitas avac !a plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da l'axamplaira filmA, at an conformitA avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original capias in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original capias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad imprassion. Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast imprimAa sont filmAs on commanfant par la pramiar plat at mn tarminant soit par la darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la eas. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmf s an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darniAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shad contain tha symbol --^•' (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"). whichavar applias. Un das symbolas suivants apparaftra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la cas: la symbola — ^ signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, loft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las cnrtas. planchas. tablaaux. ate, pauvant Atre filmAs A das taux da rAduction diff Arants. Lorsqua la documant ast trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA. il ast filmA A partir da I'angla supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 S 6 o The Boundary between the British and the Russian Empires . on the North- West Coast of America. MEMOIR 3Y THE ST. PANCRAS FOllEIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE. {Frcm the " Diplotmtio Review" {Free Fre>i)for March, 1859.) Tni year jiut closed hu witnessed the erection of a British colony on the confines of Russia. Such a proximity might hnro been ex- pected to swskeu curiosity, if not vigilanco, and tu excite intercHt if not alarm. It has scarcely called forth a remark either in Parliament or the Fress. A glance at the map shows, however, that in this carelessness Kussia hab not participated, but that she has spent as much caro and thought on the Nortli-West Coast of America as upon any of those portions of the earth where she has strucgled for dominion or for existence. That glaueo will show the seaboard in the possession of Kussia, and maritime England shut into tho interior, and this by a cession, not of the interior to England, but of the coast to Uussia. This coast, extending for three hundred miles, Ittissiu, having B(.'curc4, does not occupy. The names untho map are familiar and significant — Cross Sound, Prince of Wales Island, Mount I'air- weather, and Admiralty Bay. In 18:22, a ukase was issued from 8t. Petersburg, declaring the North Pacific a close sea, and forbidding any foreign vessel to np' proach within ono hundred miles of the coaft. The ground taken was Kiissia's possession of the coasta, cm tho American side down to Sl° north latitude, and on the Asiatic to 1!)". This demand created in the United States alarm and iudignutiou. The Oovi'inment would have given way, but tho people would not. and the project was Set aside by the traders to that cousf putting guns uu board their TtHeli. On tlia 17th of April, lS2t, a Treaty was concluded between Russia nnd the United States : — An. I, ilcchiriHl llin rncillc Ocean o|i('n. An. II. fcirlwde (illiir party Id n--"t\ I's any isliibllslimciit (if Ihr oilier, witiuint till- |lt'rnlis^i^ln (iftin- liovrrnur ur Cnninianilor. .\rt. III. f(iiti:Hlt' llir AmcriciUi-s tu iti.iki* Mltinncnt.s north, or tiic Un.^^ians south of 54° W. On tlie2sthof IVbriiary, 1H2."), ii similar Treaty was made between Russia and Oreat liritaiu :— Art. I. and 11. wcri' llu' aarac \a in tlir .Vnu'ricau Treaty. Art, '' HI. 'I'lu: lino uf demarcation iK'twnn llu' poi-scHsions of ilu- hi^li ton- traetiii); parties, upon tlir cozwt ofllic eonliuent, and llie islands of America to Ihe uorlli-we'-l. shall lie dniwn in the iimniier fullowin^ ; — " ('uninieneinj; from Ilie HOUtliiTniiifiHt point of the i^laml called I'rinee of Wales l9laiul. wliieli [loint lies in the parullet of .'it to' uorlli lalitnde, ami lietwern IJll ' »!iil 133' west loniritiule (mcriiliaii of (Ireenwielii, the saiii line- shall aseeud to the north, idoiiK tliu etmiiiiel called Port land ('lianm>l, as far as the point of the continent where it strikes fiii' north latiluile ; from the last. mentioiii'sl point, the tine of drniarcation shall follou' the Miiniiiit of tlie nioiui- taiiis situated parallel to the eixist, as far as tlie point of inte.seetion of 111' west loiiKitiide (of the same ineriiliani: and, llnally, from the siud |Kiint of intersection, the said meridian line of I M , in its proluntfat ion as far as ttu Knir.cii Ocean, shall form the hinil In'tween the itiu'sian and llntish possessions on Ihe euiilincnl of America tu the northwest." Art. " I.X. With rsfrreuce to the line of deinaroalion laiJ down in the pre- ceding article, it is understood :— " 1st, That the island called Hrinec of Wides Island shall bcloni; wholly tn Rusiia. " :2ndly. Tlist wherever the sumniit of the niouiitains \thieli extend in a direction paraUei to the coast, fn^in .'iti north latttiidi> to the p iitil of inter- section of J W" west longitude, shall prove to Ik; at the dislaui't' ot more than ten marine leapues from the ocean, the limit betweeu Ihe British possessions and the line of (Mast which is to helont; to Hnssia. as ahove mentioned, shah he formed hy a hue parallel to Ihe windiiiLrs of llie coast, and which shall nevif ficffil th(^ di.slanee of ten marine leagues ihcrefrom '* Art. V. prolkihits cither parly from making seltlenieiits within the liouiiilarics of the other. This treaty was negotiated by Sir Stratfobi) Tanxiso, now Lord STKATKOiin UE RKUCl.rKrK. lie was first sent to tho United States 111 1821), nnd was appointed plenipotentiary in London in Novei.iber, 1H2H, lor negotiating with the United States concerning nil the ((uestions in dispute iM'tween tho two countries, including that of the North-West Boundary. That Treaty, however, was not ratified. In April, 1S24, the .\iuerican treaty with Russia was signed, and in November of tho same year he was sent to St, I'etershurg, when he signed the treaty above quoted from, on the 28tli of h'ldtruary, IS25. Thus, Russia claiim^d a sen whose coast was not hers, and obtained the coast as tho price of tho surrender of the claim. Sho w as (>i|iinlly fiuwerh^ss to ublain cither demand by arms. Ity this encroachment, lowever, she gi'ined inueli more than a position on the const of Amerieu. The possession of New Archangel, in Sitka, is one of great importance when taken in relation with her aciiuiaition of tin AniMor and her eucroaclimonts in the uorthernmosl oi tlie islands of .lapan, but a more immediate gain was the (|uarrel between Enghinii and tho United States conseijiient on the treaties with these powers lluBsia bad positively recognised England's claim to the territory unitli of .'51" 40', but she had coiiBtructivcly recognised that territory as belonging to tho United States. Such a luggeation was quite suffi- cient to give to their lust of territory a definite aim, anil when the treaty was on foot for the settlement of tho boundary between tho Pacific territories of Great Britain and the United States, tue cry of tho latter w.ia not for treaty rights, or even for maritime or territorial advantages, but " 54° 40' or fight," thut is to soy, the limits sug- gested by Russia. Tho treaty of 184(1, liowevor, gave to Great Britain all to the nc-th of 40°, and Vancouver's Island besides. Had the American claim been carried out, England would havo possessed hut one opening to the Pacific, namely, Simpson's River. A Russian fort would havo goarded the entrance on the north, while an Ainericau one thrcateneil it on the south. Tho strip of coast in the possession of Russia is, however, for tho most part actually in British occupation. Tho whole of the British territory in that quarter, up to tho time of tho establishment of British Culiimhia, was under the management of the Hudson's Bay Company, and in I8;i9 they took a lease from tho Russian Fur Com- pany of the Russian coast as high up as Crods Sound, in latitude 6S°. Sir Oeoiiuf. Siui'soN, the Governor of Hudson's Bay, says*: — "The British territory runs.alonn inland from the vpnst about thirty miles ; the Uuiisiaii territory riius along the coast ; wc havo the right of navigation lliroiiph'the rivers to the heart of the interior country. A inisiuidcrstunding existed upon lliat point in Ihe llrst instance; wc were ahout to establish a [lost u|Hm one of ilic rivers, which led to very scions diflleiiltics between the Unssian Amcrieiui Company and ourselves • wc had u long correspondence, and, lo guard against the recurrence of tlie,«e (lifficulties, it was agreed that we should lease this margin of co:'jj|, and pay tlietn n rent." Ho adds that they have the whole care of this territory, in which there arc no Russian officers. In ls54, England was at war with H'.issia. It might have been expected that tlie oceasiuu would have been seized to recover the territory we had so unaccountably lost. But this was not done: (111 the coiitniry, an arningeniciit was made to protect Russia. Sir (iKdiiiii: Sixipsi-.-, in his eviihnee before tho House of Commons, say.H : — "Q. l":i"<. -Mr, l,*Hin(;ni:KE ; During the Kite war which existed helwccn Kussia and Knglmiil, I liclicve that some arraugeineut wius made hctwccn you and the l(u.rtbern bouudory orii;iiinlly proposed for tbe Colony of Hritisb t'i)luinbia wom 'iS ' north latitude. 'I'bis would have deprived tbe colony of tbe navifjation o!' Simpson's Hiver, and would thus have eonetaleil for some years any arroneemeiils respecting tbo territory at it3 month, near I'ort Simpson. Simpson's Kiver has been made tbe actual boundarv', and it i.i to be hoped that, as thearticb' fstablisliinj,' British Columbia includes the country near Fort Simp- sou, there can bo no dispute ivbout tbo boniularies of that (^olony. Tbe strip i)f land, however, between Simpson's Uiver and Portland Channel, tlum<;b clearly Uritisb by tbe treaty, is iiol included within tbe bounilarics of tbe Coiony, and it included in tbe strip described by Sir (iKoiioi; SisirsoN as rented by tbe Hudson's Hay Company from liussia. When, tberel'ore, it is recoUcetcd what Kuasia lias already ebtaiucd on this coast by a claim void of any foundation, it is impossible to ignore tbe danger that may arise from a claim that bos already met with u recognition however uufornial .md unautho- riscd. It Bcems, tberelore, to be desirable that a statement of the ease .'■luMild be made at the Mpening of tbe next se9^i(lll, in tlie furiu of a petition to Parliament, to appoint u select eommitlee to iiupiire into this ease, and to obtain tbe production of tbe papers resiiei ing the iie^'uiiaiiun of the Treaty of 1n2o, and respecting any negotia- tions between the Hudson's Bay Company and tbo Uussian American I'lu* Company, and between tbo Kuglisb and tbo iiussian (ioserunients. CORKESl'ONDENCK WIT« Tr£ UOVEKNOU OF UIUSON's BAY. .Nu. 1. Sir, — In t)ic evidence yiveu by vou before a Cuiuiitittce 4it' the Ibiu!>e ot' ConiijU'ii!., Ill iuiswer to ({uotiutl V^'i*^, vim ^1:lte that tlic llmlsoii's Hay C^-ni- iiany lifive ff)r j(,nie time iiaiti rent to Kussi.'i for territory comiiu'iiciiiir near •'ori Sinii»^eii, in liitilude .'it^. ill liie Huimdary Treaty of Is-.'.'), hetwcpii Kiissin anil KnirLviii, the bounilnry is (t( lined as follows: — " Comttieaeini: trim Ilio soutbcrmno't poim of tin. land itobd Trinee nt* AVale:, island, uhieli )x>ui1 liet iu the puraUel of itl Ml north lutitude, .-old lieiwceii Kii and llio wr»t longitude, the >aid line blia'l a^oijid to tiic iioriii aloni: I'orlhuut Chaiiiicl, to llie point where it striu-^.*"! north latitude. I'ari of the territory the Kiidson's Day Coiiipan; mils from Kussia is thus ^outh f f the h, l^jS. Sir, — Ahsiuee from home preMiited ii.y makinir an iiuinediate ri-^dy 10 your b'llrr of the 13lh August last, » herein you call my attruliou to one of my ri-[ilies hi tVire the House ol' (v'ouinious (Jonnniltee oa Hudson bay Atfairs (S'o. loiiSi, iuuiiiel' ■ incideiit:dly iiieuliou tliat tbe Uussiau boundary uu the IVilii; coHM was ui i.uitude ;>4 . It il !■» iiiii appear to iiie that .strict accuracy w.is required in the matter, as ii.j i.oiitf ul tlic liuuudary wa.s simply to give the Coiumillcc lui idea of the extent ol" territory we leased from the Uuseians. No jutiiginnrv Inlenuitional lioundnry is pcrhafis -o ui-ll kiiowu on this continent as tiiat of Kusiiir on the Horth-wist eoast, in eim;rt|uenre of tlie extreire party in tlie Iniled Slates liaviiit; ehiiiurd all territory on that coast iiji to '\\ to', at l)ie liine of the discussion of tbo Oregon Treaty, It became a |,opular crv, " tifty-lour, forlv, "or light," It isjiist possible I may likve oiuiited the miKHfru iu my ausiwcr to Ihu Com- mittee ; altliDugb it is, I tbiulc, more probable tliat the short-hand reporter did «ot catch thcexncl figures. Whoever may h* to biatne, 1 trust no serious conae- ipienccs niav arise from tlie error, inusiiiueh as the huuudary is defined bjr treaty, and lias never, to inv knovvledgc, her ; culled in (jucstion by iilugloud, Ilussin, the United States, or any other nut on interested m the matter, Your obeUiaut Sarvtnt, Charles Jones, £sq., Secretary. U, SiHrsox. No. 3. £«»), never louehes llritish laud except to the north of the 56tb parallel. It is in no place an ' inmginnry" or geoeonlrio hue, but is first an arm of the sen, anil thru a line toinetiines less, hut never more, than ten marine leagues fnini Ihe sen. Yon do not contradict this statement, irsde by us in I'.io form of a ipiotalion from the Treatv, and vet too speak as if the actual boundary wen the parallel marked 5 1 'ill'. \t e are lieu ihlercil by this controilictinn, nad can exphiin it only by sup- posing that villi have lakeu, instead of the Treaty, the popular idea of it widch jirevails in the Ciiitetl Stales, Our alarm, however, was excited, not by your mention of the 5i', but ot Port Sinnisim. The land near fort Simpsou must meaii tbo laud on tlio Hritish side of Dixon's Kniraiicc, We cannot suppose that you would have thus deseribed any of the territory on the other side, Wo woiihl ri ipiesi In know whether any part of fhfi strip vim rent from Kus la exiciids to the south or east of I'ortiaiid Choimel, or of llie arm of the se;i uliieh exleiiils tlienre westward In Dixon's Kntraiiee, I enclose a ] on tile trnenmehineuls undc by Kussia on tlie British territory ou the ntirtH- west eoast of America, by wliieh you will see the dunffer which will Ictve .'icerueil I'rom the lease of (he lluiUoii's Itay Company, should that Ih' as you have drserihed it. 1 have, 4c,, ll.li. Sir (i, Simpson. C. F. JoNis, Sec. WITH TiiR rni.iixiAi. orrici. No. 1. The (oinmitlre call Ihe ntlentiou of the roloniid iSecretary ^August 31, Is.'isi to the evidence of Sir (i. SiMi'siiN, and request llul, if jHissibh', he will relieve iheiii Ironi their anxiety and show them tlutt llictr fears an; grouutUcss, No. i. Mr, II. MkoIvau: replies (Oetoher M, that: "in dctcriliini; the poaitior. of till- lliissiaii boundary, Sir Gkiikuk SiMr.sOK uses the words * ni hititudc .'it ' as citniprisiiig the whnie of that dci^rec up to hbtitiidc j.'i**, which Sir i:)owAun BlLvvkii LvnoN apprehends In be in uccordaiu"! with the usual laiiguuge." No. 3. The Comniittoe reply (Oct. It), llmt Sir (iiotsi SmrsoH speaiit of the strip rented from Utuisia ns beuiuuing near Fort Simpson ; that lort Simpson Willi the land near it is separated from Kiissin by an arm of liie sea, the boiuidury iniiicaled by the Tn.iiy. Iu order to Lniiw whether llrilish teni- tory has been recoguised ns Uiissijii, they request to know "what are the terms used iu the lease by which the strip of land is deliueii which tbe Uud- son's l;ay Coiti|)anv rent from tju.* Itussiiui Aiurricaji (^a^panv." No. I. Sir— With reference 10 your note of the Ulb ult., 1 am directed liy Secrc- iriry Sir 1'!, r»i i.ivKU l.rrtoN to .-lequaiiit you that he cannot underlAkc to supply you with extracts, or with dtserinlions of the lenns of bases held hj the Hudson's Uay t'oiiipany, 1 uni furtlier desired to state that, without in- teivliiig ,iiiy ibscourtisy to yon, us, indi'cd, the previous oorrcspomleuce wdl leslifv, Sir K, H, LrrriiN must explain that, whUe ready to give any informa- tion 111 his jKiwer to individuals whose private interests arc cniieeiued, aud when the inquiry is ui:ide for occ^u>ii luil or speein! pur|>ose«, he considers it in- ron.sislenl with the |iuhlic uiterest, and, therrfore, not noinpulihie with his duly, to maintuiu a systematic discussion of policy with private persons on the resiiective territorial rights of this and ot' foreign n:,tioiis, 1 uiu, Sir, your obedient Seivaul, f'harles Jones, Esq. Caiuiabvox. No. 5. EXTO-VIT:— A'o'cw'/T ilt, ISDS. The stntenient of Sir ttROBor, Sivrsos was apparently so improbable that we should not have ventured to bring it In your mjtice had it been mudo by any iilber person. Keeeiving it from such att authority, it was our duty tii oh- tai'ii from von, if possible, an authorilative contradiction, and, had such liceii possible, we cuiiuul ilouht that you would have given it. In si> duiiig you Hduld only have been following the rule laid down by vourself lu u hiUer to the .'Secretary of the Staleyliridge Committee, to give nilurmutiou in all eases where it is "desirable on [inlilic grounds that no niisconeeplioii sliotdd exist." Wcaie. llirrrfrirf, ilrisrii in il.e mmeluiiioll ihut lh« Hudsuii's Itay Conqiany have, so far as their aqrei-mcnt with the Kiissian Kiir Company enn effect it, iimde a saerillee of llritish territory, and that the idea ofrcsistinn an iiulici- piited Uussian claim is so cmlHimis:-int; to you that yon wish to avoid the sub- ject. 1 have the honour to be," Sir, Vuur obedient Servant, llight llou. Sir E. U. Lytlou, -M.P. C. F. Jonis, beo. \ OFFICE OF Tin: • DII-LUMATIC UEVIEW," t, EAST TEMI'LE CHAMBEUS. I iwH -dT le sliort-liaiul reporter did r, 1 trust uo si'rious conae- houiidar; ia ileflned bj 1 in (jucstion h; Kuglitud, stcd III the inaltvr. our obcUiuit ttarvant, 0. SmnoN. LoHdtn, Teb. 27, 1859. ittcr of the ^Sth Ootobtr, ioh jou buTc treated so I, tit«mont, whetht^r it nta wiu in latitude 54°" or r St. PetenburK (Feb. H, li of the 50tli {luriillol. It lit is Gnt au urm of the >, than ten marli:u Icngues ira.il' by us in llio form 19 if tlic nctuni boundary n explain it only by sup- 9 popular idea of it which nitiou of the 31', but ot it iiieuii the land on Uio CSC that you would have f the strip rou rent from nnel, or of llie arm of the nee. 1 enclose a ItaMir iaii territory ou the north- dancer wliioli will h.ivo ly, should that lie as you lave, &c., C. F. JoNU, Sec. iai Secretary (Angnst 31. It that, if possible, ho will their fears are i,'riiundle>9. u dcscriliine the poiitior. K's the wnrds ' in httitudo Lo hhtitudc i'i^, whieh Sir itccardaiu"^ Willi the usual IK 8lursOK speak I of the iipsou ; that lnri Simpson ly an arm ot liir sea, tbo low whether liritisli terri- . to knoMT '• wliat arc the IS detliiad uhicli lUu Uud- u tJoiiipnny." wt. .Sortulx-r Vi. 1S58. I., 1 am diriTteil liy S-erc- lie cannot uiulerloke to e teniis of le.vsrs held liy to state that, viitliout in- vioiis oorrcsponileiicc will 'eady to ^ivu ;uiy iiiforma- eri'stH are eoueeineil, and iir{)osefi, lie eoiitidi-n it in- , not compatible m ith his ritli iirivatc persona on the lions. cut .Servant, C.\lUiAllVON. A'owiVr a;t, ISDS. larently so improbuhle llmt tier had it been nuiile by rily, it was our duly to ob- ction, and, had >ueb been iven it. ill so doinK you u by yourself in a luUer to le iiiforiiiution in all cases .coiieeplion siuiuKI exist." lu) llutUuii's Jtay Coiitpnny 'nr Company ran cirecl it, iilra of'resiHtini^ :iii autiei- voii wish to avoid the suh- ," Sir, bodient Servant, C. !•'. Jusi H, bee.