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MACF.EOD 1900 I ,■■ *ft ■^'WA'H £t..„ajfew^4UiafA ' 4, ' m^ S i-4 .*' ' ?•■-••, ^^' kiS'fi ''I - * t Mi' President Charles Ora Card, Fioneer and Founder of Cardston, Alta., and Ecclesiastical Bead of >the * ' Mormon^" Church in Canada. , Kl picturesque • Cakdston and Environments 1 ' I • t ■■! i i ■ . i ! .. -..' ^-i Alta.y : \ ■ A STORY OF COLONIZATION and PROGRESS SOUTHERN ALBERTA. J- , -*^ . J .;?,. r\RDSTON, N.W.T. N. W. MACLEOD 1900 ' i •I I Entered AocordinK to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year Nineteen Hundred, by N. W. Macleod, in the Ofllcxi of the Minister of Agriculture. \ > i INTRODUCTION. Southern Alberta lias for, many years been noted as one of the finest stock countries in the world. It is now conceded also to be a magnificent region for the establishment of homes. All who have located here have succeeded in temporal affairs ; they have tilled the soil, reaped harvests in accordance with that which they have sown ; have made themselves comfortable homes, built villages and hamlets and become an important facfor in the development of the great North- West. The extensive irrigation system recently inaugurated by the Canadian North- West Irrigation Company in Southern Alberta — a system that extends from a point on the St. Mary's river, not far from the international boundary line, to the new town of Stirling on the railroad fifty miles north-eastward — has given a greater impetus to the settlement of this particular region than has heretofore been experienced. Many hundreds of "Mormon" immigrants have settled upon the land in this district during the past yeay and become citizens of the Dominion. That they will be loyal and progressive is incon- trovertible, as are their industry and enterprise. The majority of the " Morrrion " people came hither from Utah, where they and their forbears made the sage-brush valleys in the heart of the Rocky Mountains to smile with bounteous harvests, to be ornate with golden orchards and happy homes, until the very face of earth became beautiful as any Eden. Those who first came to Southern Alberta have, during a residence of thirteen years past, been true to their traditions, and have transformed a vast area of this undulating and semi-prairie land into fruitful fields, thriving hamlets and happy homes. Cattle browse on a thousand hills, sheep by thousands revel on magnificent stretches of country on which the most luxurious grasses grow, and the " Mormons," them- selves, have been builders and pioneers of which any country might be proud. The following pages tell the story of the incipiency and development of the settlements in this marvelous region, and the pictures speak in language more potent than the most eloquent tongue, of the people's grit, determination and industry in the great work of colonization in which they are engaged in Southern Alberta. > r 1 IMCTl'RKSQUE CARDS'I'ON AND HNVIKONMENTS. FOUNDIN(J A COLONY. TT was on September 14, 1886, that Charles Ora Card came from Logan, Utah, U.S.A., to explore part of British Columbia and Alberta in .search of a locality in which to establish a home for himself and a company of his compatriots, and his selection resulted in the birth of Cardston. Nowhere else, .so he believed, could he find a more inviting place than did he here in Southern Alberta. He camped at the mouth of Lees Creek on October 24, 1886, in company with Bishop Isaac Zondel and Elder James W. Hendricks. The richness of the soil, the limitless areas of luxuriously grass-clad plains, the reasonable accessibility to timber and the copious streams of water appealed to his judgment, and here he decided to cast his lot. Having reached this decision, the party returned home to prepare for their removal to the' selected land. The reports they carried across the international line were of the best. Never in all their travels had the little party seen a balmier clime nor a more enticing spot than when they viewed the region wherein Cardston now stands. The hills were clad in emerald green, and in the evening, as in the morning, the Titanic masses of the Rocky Mountain range limned against the curtain of the sky, took on more glorious tints than Nature's painting on a shell. The grand Old Chief Mountain, whose summit has never yet been reached by man, towered before them as a bulwark of safety, and the lofty snow-clad peaks and serried heights seemed grander to the pioneers than an army with banners, while the air was pregnant as with a benediction. The whole scene reminded them of their far-off home, and they decided that surely this was the promised land. And so another party was formed, consisting of President C. O. Card, President Thomas E. Ricks, of Rexburg, Idaho. Bishop Thomas X. Smith, of Logan, Utah, and Elder Neils Monson, of Hyrum, Utah, and on returning here they selected the present site of Cardston for their settlement, President Card choosing for his own use what is now the north half of the present town site. The party at once busied themselves putting in gardens, and 8 PICTURESQUE CARDSTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. remained on the ground till May 3rd, when they went back to meet their families, after having left L. S. Allen and nephew in charge, both having arrived two days before. Messrs. John A. Woolf, J. A. Hammer, Bishop George L. Ferrill, of Smithfield, Utah, and E. R. Miles, with their respective families, returned with the pioneers, and the com- pany reached here on June 3, 1887. Two weeks before, however, Johannus A. Anderson, Samuel Matkin and Thomas R. Leavitt and families had arrived, and these, with the later-comers, soon ploughed up the land and put in crops. President C. O. Card and party were met at St. Mary's river, which was then at swimming depth, by Sergeant Brimner, of the North- West Mounted Police, who kindly piloted them across, Mr. Card having tv/o waggons, J. A. Woolf also two, and the other three families one each, making seven waggons in all. The sergeant was exceedingly obliging and told the party that the boys up at the settlement were just ripping up the ground like h for more than a mile. President and Mrs. Card and the other new-comers were most cordially received by the neighbor- ing ranchers, especially Mr. Ash, Mr. Barker, Mr. Donovan, Mrs. Shaw, Miss Shaw (now Mrs. Harper), Mr. Derenze, Sergeant Gotter (who was then a rancher), and Corporal Harper, who succeeded Sergeant Brimner in command of the St, Mary's detachment. President Card arrived in Cardston June 3, 1887, and on Sunday, June 5th, the little company held a m jting in a tent 12 X 14 feet, and on the Sunday followisug a Sunday school was organized. There were then eight families on the ground, with teams, waggons, cattle and farm implements. In the fall of the year 1887, Bishop Daines and J. E. Layne, who had come early in the season, were joined by their families, and on December 10th, Npiils Monson, Joseph Ricks and John Roberts arrived with their families, while Henry L. Hinman, his son Lewis, Mcrgan L. Hinman and O. L. Robinson also came in the fall ahead of their respective families. The population of the little community was then about ninety. They built roads into the mountains, constructed a meeting-house 20 x 20^ feet, ten cab'ns and a dugout, got out fencing and busied themselves in arranging their surroundings for the winter. The meeting-house was completed on January 24, 1888, and the people indulged in a grand house-warming, having a great time of rejoicing. The mus.cian on this occasion was Jacob Workman, now of Leavitt (a new town adjacent to Cardston), who played on a mouth-organ ; but sweeter music '\ ■ 3 S < '' .' ■:*■. i^ J ^ ^ ^ FOUNDING A COLONY. 13 by far than that of any instrument was that which was throb- bing in the people's hearts. It was just twelve years ago in last September that the town of Cardston — the eastern part of it — was laid out by J. A. Woolf, J. A. Hammer, Bishop Ferrill and E. R. Miles, under the direction of President Card, an improvised compass, devised by one of the carpenters, being used for the purpose. President Card drew the first plan of the town, making sixteen blocks to a quarter section of land, the blocks being thirty-four rods square, with streets laid out at right angles ninety-nine feet wide. When the town was first laid out, however, it comprised only three tiers of blocks, twelve blocks in all, each lot seventeen rods square with four lots to the block. The first settlers having plowed and planted the ground, raised oats, potatoes, turnips and other vegetables, to sustain themselves the first winter, President Card raising about one hundred bushels of oats on a patch of land about one and-a-half acres in area, and this, too, without irrigation. The other fami- lies raised various quantities ; and as there was but little money among the people, more than three-fourths of them were forced to obtain their support from the soil. A way was opened up, how3ver, through the kindness of Mr. Cochrane, of the Coch- rane Ranche Co., near Cardston, who needed the services of several men ; and in October, 1887, the people turned out almost en masse to put up fifty-five tons of hay for Mr. Cochrane, from whom they received $6.50 a ton, while others were also engaged building fences and at other work on Mr. Cochrane's ranch. This timely assistance put quite a sum of money in circulation, and enabled the people to buy the necessaries of life, for which they sent to Lethbridge, about fifty miles away. It was almost imperative that the new community should look about for means of providing themselves with fuel for the winter, and coal was discovered about four miles from the settle- ment. Wood was also obtained from the banks of Lee's Creek. On February 16, 1888, President Card, J. A. Woolf and Bishop George L. Ferrill, started on a trip to prospect for coal, and pro- ceeded up the creek. President Card's horse slipped on the ice and fell, and President Card hnrt his knee and ankle quite severely. The three prospectors were making easy progress, Mr. Card hobbling along on the frozen creek, when they discov- ered one of Mr. Cochrane's bulls lying down in a little bend of the creek. As he was separated from the herd. Bishop Ferrell thought the animal was injured, and expressing his sympathy 14 PICTURESQUE CARDSTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. p. '-» "I 111! :• started for the bull to make an investigation. President Card cautioned his companions against going too close to the animal ; but the nearer they got to it the farther away on the slippery ice did President Card hobble. Just then Mr. Bull became interested ; and as this was his busy day, he bounded to his feet, and with an angry snort and a vehement swish of his tail, he lowered his head and started to clear out the intruders. The bull had a frozen foot that day, or Bishop Ferrill would undoubtedly have made close connections for the realms above. The bull escaped uninjured ! The three prospectors, however, soon gathered themselves together and proceeded farther up the creek, with a result that a small vein of coal was discovered about six or seven miles from town. And thus the people were well provided with fuel for their use and comfort. A number of the settlers, in company with President Card, while on their way to attend a church conference in Salt Lake City in the fall of 1891, had the privilege of riding on the first through train from Lethbridge to Great Falls, Montana. They boarded the train at Marias and rode to the terminus of the Great Falls and Canada railway, the completion of which has since become of incalculable value to the growing community, and put a different aspect on affairs. The patriotism of the new community was also demonstrated by a rousing celebration of Dominion Day, July 1, 1887, and with full gratitude to the Destiny which had shaped their ends and brought them to this delectable land, with loving allegiance to the Crown and an invincible faith in God and in themselves, the people laid the foundations (building better than they knew) for a city and a commonwealth that shall, from their present combined population of nearly 3,000 souls, rise to magnificent proportions, extend in every direction, increase in numbers and yet become one of brightest gems in the Dominion's diadem. This is the inevitable destiny of Cardston and Southern Alberta; for when the immigration from Utah and the Rocky Mountain States is completed, and the tens of thousands of the people now in Great Britain and on the continent of Europe are directed hither, there shall be cities and towns spring up and prosper second to none in the Territories, and Cardston will be the metropolis, with Lethbridge as the chief and flourishing entre- pot. ♦ ♦ # Such was the beginning and such will be the future of Cardston. I I ient Card le animal ; i slippery 11 became )0 his feet, lis tail, he lers. The •ill would [\e realms themselves 1 a result : or seven vided with ident Card, Salt Lake )n the first ana. They inus of the ' which has community, monstrated . 1887, and their ends g allegiance themselves, they knew) leir present magnificent umbers and on's diadem. lern Alberta; zy Mountain } people now are directed and prosper will be the Lshing entre- le future of ^ >0 "53 j 1 ,111 1 Three Oener9 * l!ll .-"V-r*.. «■• y. o v. PROGRESS OF CARDSTON. 25 -■'■liik past year, and building operations are booming even now. A spacious amusement-hall will be completed at a cost of about $5,000 before this appears in print ; a handsome business block is ready for occupancy ; two new drug stores are in courae of ei*ection ; a large, substantial structure has been built for a new feneral merchandise and hardware store ; a fifteen thousand ollar roller flour mill is ready for operation ; a new barracks for the North-West Mounted Police is in contemplation ; a new postoffice and immigration building is in view ; and, in the near future, work will commence on the erection of a magnificent edifice for public worship — a tabernacle, that it is estimated will cost $25,000. Other buildings of minor importance are also in course of construction. AH of this shows, as could be shown in no more emphatic way, that Cardston is enjoying a period of unparalleled pros- perity. The town is extending rapidly to west and south, the northern limits being close to the Blood Indian Reservation, so that extension in that direction is at present impossible. A board of trade will probably soon be organized to foster and promote the commercial and industrial interests of the town ; a new bank is projected ; and it is believed that ere long the rail- road will extend its line to this 'district, giving more convenient and cheaper transportation facilities. Taxes, though seemingly somewhat high, are in reality comparatively low, because the assessed valuation of property is far beneath its actual value. The district enjoys most excellent educational and religious facilities, Cardston having a well-conducted school, with large attendance, and three noted teachers, of whom John Ross, B.A., is the head — a Presbyterian church, with an able pastor in the person of Rev. Gavin Hamilton; besides the " Mormon" church, of which J. A. Hammer is the bishop, with William Wood and William Duce as his counselors. C. 0. Card, is President of the " Stake," or the whole church in Southern Alberta, and Thomas Duce and O. A. Wooley are counselors to him. The community is a religious one, with nothing whatever of fanaticism ; for long ago the " Mormon " people were taught by sad experience, through persecution and bloodshed, the value of religious tolerance and liberty : and all denominations are free to establish themselves in their midst, assured of every courtesy and respect. There is also much culture and refinement among the inhabitants, and music and art are given every encourage- ment. In fact, every condition testifies to the morality and high ill :,!:| 26 PICTURESQUE CARDSTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. standard generally, of the population. The people are sociable, warm-hearted, generous and hospitable. Being the commercial, financial and ecclesiastical centre of this great commonwealth, which the " Mormon " people have built up, Cardston has forged rapidly ahead, and must always maintain supremacy as the chief distributing point for the entire region. When it is remembered that the first settlement of the town took place only thirteen years ago, and that little effort had been made until last year to induce colonization on a large scale, the growth and rapidly increasing prosperity of the town to its present status is indicative of a marvelous development for the future. For when so much has been accomplished in the past in so short a time, what may not be done when the resources and attractions of the place have been increased an hundredfold, and organized effort is made for immigrat'on hither on a larger scale than ever before — an immigration that this year will be counted in the thousands ? The " Mormon " people know, as few other communities do, the value of irrigation, and with continued and increased development and cultivation of the country round about, Card- ston sees before it, not " as in a glass darkly," but clear and inspiring, a future greater and grander than any other in Southern Alberta. Surely this is the promised land ! ■ ■fs. llii 1 NEIGHBORING HAMLETS. It must not be inferred from the foregoing pages that Cardston is the only village in the commonwealth. There are numerous settlements progressing rapidly all around. They are being substantially built up, and offer many inducements to people in search of pleasant, permanent homes. Five miles to the south-east is the new hamlet of Mtn&, which is fast developing into a village of no mean proportions, and already boasts one of the finest buildings for public worship of any community similar in size. There is also a splendid school building, in which is conducted a well-attended school by Mr. A. McDonald, a capable and painstaking teacher. The village also has a good-sized general merchandise store, con- ducted by Mr. Hyrum Hansen, who enjoys a large and lucrative trade. A Government creamery has been in active operation in jociable, jntre of )le have , always le entire ,he town h&A been scale, the vn to its t for the the past resources adredfold, ler on a this year anities do, increased )Out, Card- clear and ^ other in pages that There are They are icements to st of iEtna, proportions, blic worship a splendid ;d school by icher. The „ store, con- ^nd lucrative operation in V ^ I |:IJ I »s "« •^ •9 s ^ O ^ ■^Kd 6 ^ C) 2* •«* «0 -« ■Jj a V s ^ Su ^ 2^^ jj o ^ -? ** i~ « O 5 '^ era a Sj ■?» s o ^ iS *< a ^ ^ ^ li'liyiHI, it* c h I 101 bui ; tre ' i ,di u lot hu k M ^:. ie. NEIOHBORINQ HAMLETS. 81 the neighborhood during the past veer, under the direction of Mr. J. A. Dangerfield, which proved a considerable boon to the people, all of whom are chiefly engaged in farming and stock- raising and are prosperous and happy. There are many elegant residences in .^cna, the largest and most attractive of them being Mr. R. A. Filling's, Mr. Shaw's and Bishop Hansen's. Mr. Pilling is one of the most substantial citizens of the place, as indeed are the others, and his home, situated close to the banks of the broad and sparkling St Mary's river, as viewed from the heights on the other side of the stream, forms a strikingly Eicturesque scene. So, also, does the chai ming tree-embowered ome of Consular Agent Shaw, a picture of whose place appears elsewhere in this book, and many others are equally attractive I in various ways. A community composed of such men as [Bishop Hansen, Hyrum P. Hansen, Richard A. Pilling, Richard Pilling, William Perrey, George M. Hudson, C. F. Jenson, Morgan L. Hinman, P. R. Skower, Daniel K. Greene, Jolm jFurman, the Cooks', Matkin's, Leishman's, Gregeon's, and many others, all of whom are enterprising, progressive citizens, must [inevitably become great in importance and develop soon into a [busy, bustling, populous town. Lots and lands are cheap, and bhe present population numbers /about 400 souls. Leavitt, to the west, is another flourishing hamlet, and is iow taking on a more than usual degree of importance. A post ;)ffice has just been established, and the place is gradually being lecked with the convenient habilaments of a town. The Leavitt Brothers, of this ward, are busy erecting a commodious building in which to establish a mercantile business, and there |ire other flourishing bnsin esses carried on. A good school is admirably conducted by Miss Tracy Ball, who belongs to the noted scholastic Ball family of Ontario. There is a progressive qhurch organization, which looks after the temporal and ||)iritual wants of the growing community ; and a flourishing Sunday school. Frank Leavitt is bishop, Charles Quinton and khomas R. Leavitt are his first and second counselors respec- |vely, and A[r. Spence is the Sunday school superintendent, jhe good people of Leavitt extend a cordial invitation to all 3e''ing permanent homes to come and join them in the work of lilding up an attractive, prosperous town. || Mountain View is the most populous settlement next to ||ardston in this immediate district. It is situated about ^*venteen miles distant from Cardston, close to the foothills of 8t PICTURESQUE CARDHTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. I V' lillJIiili the Rocky Mountains, and near to large areaH of good timber. It has a fine stock country around it and is picturesque and inviting in location. There are excellent religious and educa- tional facilities, both the Presbyterian and " Mormon " church having meeting houses, and there is a good public school in charge of a competent teacher. The inhal)itants are progressive and comparatively well-to-do, as a rule, and, like all other " Mormon " comnmnities, are industrious and enterprising. The bishopric is composed of V. I. Stewart, bishop, Joseph H. Gold, first counselor and James S. Parker, second counselor, who preside over " Mormon " ecclesiastical affairs, while the Rev. Gavin Hamilton, of Cardston, provides spiritual food for the Presbyterian communicants. There is a good general merchan- dise store conducted by Samuel J. Layton, who also is post- master, and a thriving business is done. The town is growing and expanding to such an extent that the larger stock men are moving their hords farther away into the open country. There is plenty of room; however, for all intending settlers to make their home amongst the people, and town lots are cheap, whilst taxes are infinitesimal. Close to Mountain View the little village of Caldwell is located, and it is a place of unusual vigor and enterprise, its inhabitants making bold efforts in the line of progress and inducing increased population. The site of the town is quite attractive, and the place is being substantially built up. Theie are many cosy, comfortable, well-appearing homes, with spacious lots, and a new mercantile business has just been established by Messrs. James A. Terry & Son. These enterprising citizens are also engaged in operating the only sawmill in the district and logging crews have been busy the last few months getting out logs for the present season's run. Lumber and building material are, therefore, conveniently at hand, and the townsite company is offering every inducement to people to come and settle there. The bishopric of the ward consists of D. E. Cald well, bishop, James A. Terry, first counselor, and D. H. Cald well, second counselor. Kimball Ward is the name of a new ecclesiastical divisior. which embraces all of the country south of the St. Mary's rive to the boundary line, and east to the Milk river ridge. Tli ward is composed of branches, or groups of ranches, that wi' ultimately be formed into distinctive settlements and ward and at present comprise a population of 230 souls. The leadiii xl timber. cBque and tud educa- )n " church ; school in progressive 3 all other ising. 'f^® ph H. Gold, iselor, who ,\e the Rev. :ood for the al merchan- also is post- 1 is growing ock men are ntry. Then^ lers to make 8 are cheap, f Caldwell is enterprise, its progress and town is quite ilt up. There , with spacious established by .rising citizens in the district, months getting c and building id the townsite le to come ano s of D. K. CaW- nd D. H. Cald jiastical division St. Mary's rive liver ridge, il); anches, that w ^^ lents and wavd^ - lis. The leadiu "H pI Mia I I *' ■ *" Mrs. Zina Young Card, Mrs. Susie Young Oates. Two brilliant and noted daughters of Brigham Young, the former the beloved "Aunt Zina," of Cardston, Alta., and the latter the talented Editor of the " Young Woman's Journal," of Utah, U.8.A. !!:i! f^- NEIQHBORINO HAMLETS. 37 settlers are John M. Dunn, Jedtdiah H. Kimball, Don Kimball, James H. Taylor, Hugh R. Sloan, L. Spencer, Carl L. Anderson, D. S. Duiiuaii, William T. Ainscough, Thomas H. Woolford, Magnus Holm, J. R. Kimball, the Pilling families, James L. Taylor, and many others of equal worth. The ward was organized on Sunday, December 25, 1899, by Patriarchs Henry Hinman and J. A. Woolf, and President Thomas Duce, of Card- ston, the programme having been arranged by President Charles O. Card pr'=*vious to his departure for Utah that month. Mr. John M. Dunn was made bishop of the ward, which, at present, alLj includes the branches of Duncan and Anthony. There are many model ranches in this district, and the people are contented and industrious. Coming down th e canal towards the railway, which is fifty miles distant, we arrive at the new town of Magrath, situate ahout half-way. This town was settled only about nine months ago (in May, 1899), but its progress has been most noticeable. Already it has a population of fully 300 substantial farmers and stockmen, while about sixty neat and attractive dwellings have been erected; some of them have as many as seven and ten rooms respectively. Several men of considerable wealth have located here, and altogether a splendid "vitnre for the place is assured. All around the town there is a mtignificent stretch of rich, level land, comprising thousands and thousands of acres, all susceptible to irrigation, and in this neighborhood there is no likelihood of congestion for many years to come, notwith- standing there will be thousands of people locate there during the next few years. Land is selling here at present for three to live dollars an acre, but as soon as the canal is in active operation, which will be within the next three or four months, the land will rapidly increase in price. A large mercantile establishment has been for several months enjoying a prosper- ous trade, which is increasing every month. The company has just completed a new two- story building, the lower part being occupied by the store, and the upper room for school and meet- ing purposes. The bishop of Magrath is Levi Harker, his first counselor Ammon Mercer, and his second Mr. Bennett. An excellent day school is conducted by Zebulon W. Jacobs, a talented teacher, and under his care and direction the pupils are making rapid progress. Mr. Jacobs is a nephew of President and Mi-8. C. 0. Card. He is also the Magrath correspondent of The Cardston Record. The town presents a bustling, go- ahead appearance, and ere long it will be one of the chief towns m 88 PICTURESQUE CARDSTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. of Southern Alberta. The proposed new railroad will connect the town with Stirling and Cardston this year, it is thought, and bring with it increased advantages. Stirling, on the railroad, and also on the great Irrigation Canal, is another prosperous settlement, only ten months' old, it having been established in April, 1899. It, too, is progressing rapidly and promises to be an active business centre. A large general store has been opened by Theodore Brandley, a man of high character and substantial worth, and here every necessity of life almost, can be obtained at moderate prices. Building operations are active, and the town is most attractive in appearance. It already has a population of several hundred, and is assured of a heavy increase before many months shall have passed away. Some of the leading spirits of 'e place are Bishop Theodore Bradley, and his two counse.ors, Messrs. Faucett and Grant, Leonard .G. Hardy, formerly bishop of a Ward in Salt Lake City, William Hardy, who is also superin- tendent of the Sabbath school, and the peou^** generally are of broad, progressive caliber, resourceful and enterprising. An excellent public school is in good running order under Mr. Schutt, a man of high mental attainments, and is well-attended. Stirling is a good place to live in, and will ere long take a prominent position among the towns of this growing common- wealth. THE COUNTRY'S ADVANTAGES. Southern Alberta may aptly be described in the langu- age of Holy Writ, as " a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths, that spring out of valleys and hills: i land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness; then ^ -uit not lack anything in it." It also stands unrivalled aui jr j the stock countries of the world. The country is level, ope^ prairie in the eastern portion, but it is much broken along the western side by the foothills of the Rockies. Cattle and horses graze out all the year round, instinctively finding shelter in the bottom lands whenever needed, and hay is easily and cheaply secured as provision for weak stock. With good management the profits to stockmen are large, in late years $35 to $40 per head being paid for steers on the ranges, the animals only costing their owners the interest on the original investment iti connect thought, rrigation 18 old, it ogressing A large El man of necessity Building ractive in I hundred, Qths shall } place are 8, Messrs. shop of a JO superin- lUy are of rising. An under Mr. 11-attended. ong take a ,g common- i the langu- ountains and ^nd wherein uit not lack Hi/' the stock lA prairie in the western horses graze tielter in the and cheaply management ^35 to $40 per animals only investment in ;i 1 ., n ■t< '. ,• f V' •'- .i Chauhcey Edgar Snow, Bather of Cardston, Alta., and son of President Lorenzo Snow, of the '* Mormon" Church. r * ■* THE country's ADVANTAGES. 43 stocking the ranch and their share of the annual roundup. Large bands of young stock are annually brought in from Ea&tern Canada and some of the Western American States, to be fattened on the ranges, the profits being sufficiently large to amply recompense the re-shipment, after fattening, to Europe and other eastern markets. Mixed farming is successfully [carried on pretty generally throughout the district, and will largely increase as irrigation operations are extended. At various places the dairy industry is rapidly developing. Though a large portion of Southern Alberta is bare of timber for fuel, this lack is amply compensated for by an inexhaustible supply of coal of excellent Quality, which crops out at many points (along the steep banks of the streams that plentifully water the I country. I The principal towns of Alberta are Lethbridge, Macleod, lOkotoks, High River, Cardston and Pincher Creek i" the south, fCalgary in the centre, Canmore, Anthracite and Banff in the west, and Olds, Innisfail, Red Deer, Lacombe, Wetaskiwin, South Edmoaton, Edmonton, l^^ort Saskatchewan and St. Albert dn the north. i CATTLE RAISING. I There are countless herds of fat cattle on the ranges of l^Southem Alberta which, at any season, are neither fed nor l^heltered; cattle, too, which in point of breeding, size and 'general condition, are equal, if not superior, to any range ittle in the world. Shorthorns, Herefords and Polled Angus 3lack and red of the latter), are the chief breeds. There are %|ome Holsteins and Ayrshires, but they are not generally used ;lxcept where dairying is the main desideratum. For the small , jtock breeds, where dairying and beef producing must naturally hand in hand, probably a good milking strain of Shorthorns rill be found the most profitable. To illustrate the class of cattle produced, it may be mentioned liat a train load of four-year-old steers from the Cochrane ranch, ifter being driven 140 miles, and shipped by rail 2,300 miles Montreal, weighed at the end of the trip on the average 1,385 )unds. Four-year-olds and long threes have, during the past )ur years, netted the owners from $40 to S45 on the range ; Jjbiree-year-old and good cows, $32 to $37 each; old cows, from li24 to $28. Calves from six to eight months' old are worth $10 ^ $14. Bulls for breeding purposes are imported chiefly from j|le eastern provinces of Canada and Great Britain. Breeding in I 44 PICTURESQUE CARDSTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. I iliiiw ill hill i enterprises for furnithing bulls, under the management of experienced men, would doubtless prove profitable ventures, and several are already being carried on, furnishing a class of stock not exceeded by many of the older established breeding farms of the east. The outlay in cattle ranging is meeting with satisfactory and encouraging reward, there being ready sale at the ranches. In Northern Alberta this branch is but in its infancy, but is developing rapidly. The local market annually consumes from eighteen to twenty thousand beeves, with a growing demand, while the great markets of the world are within easy access. The number shipped for England is annually increasing. ' HORSE RAISING. In breeding horses, Alberta occupies a somewhat similar posi- tion to Canada that Kentucky does to the United States. Owing to the high altitude, the dry and invigorating atmosphere, short and mild winters, and its nutritious grasses and inexhaustible supply of clear, cold water, it is pre-eminently adapted for breeding horses, and the .A.lberta animal has already become noted for endurance, lung power and perfect freedom from hereditary and other diseases. There are in Alberta several grades of horses, varying in point of quality from the hardy Indian pony (cayuse) to the beautiful, well-formed thorough- bred. Thoroughbreds from Great Britain and Kentucky, Clydesdales from Scotland, Percherons from France and trotting stock from the United States, have been imported at great expense, and the result is that the young horse of Alberta will compare with any in Canada, and finds a ready market in England and Belgium. Good three-quarter bred Clydes and Shires, which at maturity will weigh 1,400 to 1,600 pounds, have been selling, at three years' old, readily for $75 to $85. Good quality of other classes bring from $40 to $100. During 1896 Alberta-bred horses carried off all the prin- cipal events they were entered in in Montana and other Western States against fastest stock of North-western America. SHEEP RAISING. For sheep, there are thousands of acres of rich grass lands, well watered, and adapted in every way for first-class mutton and fine wool, where cold rains and dust storms, so injurious to the fleeces, are almost unknown. There is a railway through jinent of ventures, I class of breeding ting with iy sale at but in its , annually !8, with a world are Ingland IS imilar posi- tes. Owing phere, short lexhaustible adapted for ady become eedoui from lerta several 1 the hardy d thorough- Kentucky, France and en imported ng horse oi nds a ready quarter bred ,gh 1,400 to f readily for [from $40 to all the prin- |a and other sin America. Residence of Customs Officer Shaw, Cardaton, Alta. m grass lands, l-class mutton injurious to [way through t il m jm I .if' Sitperintendent M. I). Hammond. j -^ -^ «> « V "'Vl I . )< ! ' .1 THE COUNTKY's ADVANTAGES. 51 the centre of the grazing hinds and markets for mutton and wool are within reach. The clear, dry, bracing air of the coun- try Huits sheep, which suffer from little or no disease. Sheep mature early, owing to the tine quality of the grass. To winter them safely, good, warm, roomy sheds, plenty of hay (ten tons to the 100 head), and attention, are all that is wanted. The popular breeds are Shrops and Downs, and in most cases they are crossed with Merinos. During the last decade many hundreds of thousand cattle, sheep and hones have been raised in the southern half of Alberta on the rich grasses, without any feeding or shelter other than the .shelter found along the hill- sides or in clumps of trees on the bottom lands. The cattle and sheep when taken off' the pasture are fat, and fit for any butcher's shop in the world, and the horses are in capital 1 condition. MINERALS. Alberta possesses untold wealth in her immense mineral [deposits. For years past gold in paying quantities has been [found on the banks and bars of the North and South Saskatche- [wan and in the Pembina, Smoky, Macieod and Athabasca rivers. Jold colors are found in many streams and rivers in Alberta, jftrge veins of galena have been located, which are pronounced by experts to contain a large percentage of silver. Capital iftlone is wanting to make them treasures of wealth to the coun- try. Copper ore in enormous (juantities has also been found, ;|iai(l to contain sixty per cent, of pure copper. Iron ore has been cfli.scovered in various parts of Alberta. A forty-foot seam of VJbematite iron, said to contain sixty-seven per cent, of iron, ^exists at the base of Storm Lountain, quite close to the Cana- iBian Pacific Railway line, und other large seams exist in the ^ijfacleod district, in the vicinity of Crow's Nest Pass. As to the quai^tity of the ooal deposits of Alberta, it is impossible to form iiny es*;imate, the whole country being underlaid with ricJv ifleposit" of anthracite, bituminous, semi-bituminous and lignite. ~?he coal mines already discovered are of sufficient extent to ipply Canada with fuel for centuries. Lignites are now mined Medicine Hat, Cypress Hills, Red Deer, Otoskiwan, Edmon- )n, Sturgeon river and Victoria, and are obtained at the pit's louth at from 65c. to $2.50 per ton, according to the demand — Hie greater the sale, the lower the price. The semi-bituminous mined at Lethbridge (where $1,500,000 have been invested), )t Hole, Milk River Ridge, Woodpecker, Crowfoot and Knee i |u 'Ml 52 PICTURESQUE CARDSTON ANO ENVIRONMENTS. Hill Creek, and is obtained at from $1.50 to $3.00 per ton. The true bituminous is mined at Waterton river, Pincher Creek, on each of the South, Middle and North branches of the Old Man liver, Sheep Creek, Fish Creek, Bow river and Canmore, and fetches similar prices to the semi-bituminous. Anthracite is mined at Anthracite (four miles from Banff), and is sold aboard cars at from $2 to $5 per ton, according to grade. There are extensive collieries at Lethbridge, Canmore and Anthracite. The Government issues permits to mine on Dominion lands at the following royalties : Ten cents per ton for lignites, fifteen cents for bituminous, and twenty cents for anthracite. Soft coal is so plentiful that the certainty of a cheap fuel supply is assured to Alberta for all time to come. There are almost innumerable veins of coal in the neighborhood of Cardston, and all of the settlements are within easy distance of first-class coal. It may also be of interest to state that good oil wells have recently been discovered in the Kootenay district, about thirty- five miles froii» Cardston. The oil oozes over a large area, flowing over a rocky bed until the waters of the Kootenay lake are reached. There are five natural reservoirs of the petroleui.. on one section of land all close together, and this is taken as an indication that at or near this pomt the main flow will be found. While there are large quantities of the petroleum continually oozing into these reservoii-s, a large amount seeps down hill to the creek banks, as it passes through the sub-strata of the soil, and gives one some idea of the volume that proper development would secure. As it is, fully forty gallons of the oil can be drawn from the reservoirs in a day. The oil is said to be superior to neatsfoot oil for many purposes, and it is estimated that a strong flow could be obtained at a depth of 150 feet, The work of development, however, has not yet begun, as sufficient capital has not been secured. A gentleman who recently returned from the " Ceded Strip,' which was acquired from the Blackfoot reservation a little more than a year ago, and reports that there was much mining activity in that district. This camp is about thirty miles soutli west of Cardston. He states that there are some extremclv promising mines in that locality, and contracts have been let by a syndicate to run a tunnel on the Josephine and Bull's Heac mines. This will soon be followed by other developments on a large scale which will demonstrate the richness of the mines ii that rich section. These mines have been known to exist to: many years prior to the opening of the " Strip " and ar ' 'v on. The :3reek, on Old Man aore, and tiracite is Id aboard There are Anthracite, n lands at tes, fifteen ycite. Soft I supply is are almost f Cardston, ,t' first-class wells have ,bout thirty- , large area, jotenay lake le petroleui" : taken as an ft'ill be found. 1 continually down hill to a of the soil. development le oil can be is said to be is estimated of 150 feet, et begun, as J Ceded Strip,' [n a little mor-^ much mining ty miles south ame extren\ely itve been let by fd Bull's Hertc Wopments on a If the mines " rn to exist to Jtrip" ai^d ar ,: 1 Stjlveder Low, of Carddon, Clerk of the Alberta Sttike. ! I ^ !>«. 00 -3 l::; > . I I ^ ^ THK COUNTKYS ADVANTAUKS. 59 principally owned by men wlio have been patiently wuitinjj the time when they could obtair. the coveted posHession. The precious metals have also been found in close proximity to Cardston, not ouly in ledges and fissure veins but in aurif- erous gravel beds, known as placer diggings. The fact that mining implements of early prospectors have been picked up close by the base of " Old Chief Mountain," sluice-boxes also having been found in that section of the country, shows that gold must have been found in paying ((uantities; but the sluice- boxes must have been constructed and used long before Cards- ton was in existence; and it is quite probable that hostile Indians were the cause of these pioneer miners' exit. Yet it may be that other fields were more alluring, and that with suffi- cient dust secured from some unknown placer diggings in the neighborhood of Lee's Creek, they took their departure satisfied. Who can tell ? Nevertheless, the evidence of these early mining operations exist to-day ; and while no serious effort has yet been made to discover the exact location of these auriferous beds, which were undoubtedly some distance from the creek, it is only a question of time when they will be found. IRRIGATION AND FARMING. When once the great Irrigation Canal from the St. Mary's river to the town of Stirling — a distance of fifty miles, and thence to Lethbridge, a farther distance of thirty' miles — shall have been completed, it will bring under cultivation many thou- sands of acres of as ricli. land as can be found anywhere. In the more humid districts in the vicinity, and south of Cardston, cereals are raised without irrigation in rich abundance, notwith- standing the fact that the area cultivated is comparatively limited. But the vast region stretching away from Cardston to the north for fifty miles, will, with irrigation, prove to be equal to the wheat lands of Dakota, if not in their extensiveness in the quality and average quantity of the grain produced per acre. Moreover, it will be demonstrated that nowhere in the North- West can diversified farming be jarried on to better advantage than here. The possibility of fruit growing on these farming lands would also be established as being both a profitable and desirable industry in connection with agricultural pursuits. There are several places in Southern Alberta where fruit-trees do not thrive, because of altitude and climatic conditions, but it has been conclusively proved by actual results that, in Cardston .^ 60 l'ICTUUE.syUE CARDSTON AND ENVIRONMENTS. und neighbor hood, cultivuted Hinall t'ruitH grow and bear splen- didly. It in also conceded that this district leads in the beauty and bounteousnesH of its garden truck ; and the most luscious, large and piquant strawberries are also grovn. The strawberry also grows wild everywhere in such ({uantities as to be beyond the capacity to estimate, the very hay-fields looking like a field of blood when the hay is cut, with the juices of this queen of berries painting the soil. Of the cultivated kind, Mrs. Zina Young Card, of Cardston, last year raised strawberries as large as the best California berry, but hers possessed more piijuancy and deliciousness than that. As to currants and gooseberries, Mr. J. A. Anderson, of Cardston, had bushes last year whose branches were broken by the load of fruit they bore; while in garden truck, Messrs. J. A. Woolf, William Wood, Bishop J. A. Hammer, and others, fairly revelled in the luxuriousness and variety of their vegetable crops. President Thomas Duce also had one of the finest vegetable gardens in Cardston last year. Potatoes, turnips, corn and beets are produced in prodigious quantities, all without irrigation, in this part of the district ; and it is no dream to say that with the irrigation canal in operation, passing, as it does, through thousands of acres of the richest land and through a district milder and better adapted for agri- cultural and horticultural pursuits than the older settlements in many respects, the results will be marvelous. The region between Stirling and Magrath, two new thriving and prosperous towns located on the canal, is about two weeks earlier than the region around Cardston in the ripening and harvesting of fruits and crops ; and with abundance of water, which the canal insures, it must surely be transformed into a veritable Eden. While the district is principally a stock country, the greatest and more universal benefits to the various communities will be derived from diversified farming ; and as this is the intention of the thousands of settlers who have come here, and the many thousands who are preparing to come in the near future from the Rocky Mountain States, the prosperity and rapid develop- ment of this great region is assured. The Canal Company offers intending settlers every inducement foi the irrigation of theii" lands and at minimum cost ; and as there are thousands of acres available which can be secured at nominal prices, no place in all the North-West presents more unbounded promise of success, happiness and prosperity to all who cast their lots with us, if they bring faith and industry with them, than does this part of Southern Alberta, ,v splen- B beauty luscious, rawberry e beyond ke a tield i (jueen of Sdrs. Zina 8 as large piquancy osebei'vieH, ear whose ; while in ishop J- ^• usness and , Duce also 1 last year. prodij;iou8 istrict; and n operation, the richest ^ed for agri- fttlements in The region (I prosperous lier than the ing of fruits ih the canal ble Eden. the greatest nitiea will be e intention ot ,nd the many 1- future from apid develop- ompany offers ■ation of their ;8and8 of acres no place in all ise of success ots with us, it )e8 this part ot 5 4, I s S 1 .IS I •i Robert HamHhottom, J. P., Notnty Pnblic and Comtninnioner^ Catddon, Alln. \ <*:!; 'A ^ § 4 % (ttr :.V' the of BIOGRAPHICAL AND COMMERCIAL. fBhl KATHKU OF CAItDSTON. Charlen Ora Card, To President Charles Ora Card, is due all honor for the successful establishment, under Providence, of the flourishing settlement of Card- ston and surrounding hamlets. The sagacity of his selection has become clearer with the unfolding of the years, and seldom has greater energy, indomitable will and personal sacri- fice been called for than that which has characterized the labors of President Card, with the aid of his cultured and devoted wife, Mrs. Zina Young Card, in fostering the growth and promoting the prosperity of this commonwealth. Charles Ova Card was born on November 5, 1889, at the confluence of CAnavSargia and Sugar Creeks, in 'ssiau Townsliip, Allegany County, State of New York, and ived there till eight years of age. He then accompanied his jgarents to Park Centre, St. Joseph County, Michigan, where the Ipmily resided for tliree .md-a-hulf years. Here the subject j|F this brief sketch attended the county school, but was again lied to accompany his parents back to the old home in Ossian 'ownship, New York. They stayed but a short time there, However, proceeding thence to Whitney's Crossing, Burns 'pwnsiiip, New York, where they remained till April, 1856. e you '^ man had then attained the age of seventeen, and d receiv his education at the public schools of the various ||>unties in which his parents had sojourned, but in the year t mentioned, 1856. the family turne book. He is bishop of the Cardston ecclesiastical ward of tlit " Mormon " Church, and is a comparatively wealthy stock-raistr and a shrewd business man. He is a stockholder and directo: in the Cardston Co., Limited, the pioneer mercantile institutio: of the town, and was the first Overseer of t^e village, bein. unanimously elected to that honorable position. Under hi I'ftfime the town has rapidly improved, and an era of notal'; families ^ard was •'8 family President r of 1887, nis which ardston. O. Card. development y have they owing flo^^ on the water is Josiah A ^e pages of tbi il ward of tl ly stock-raisi! Ir and directo [tile institutio; village, bein, in. Under hi lera of notiiV ^ s a; •^ 6 s a .2 Rev. Oarin HnmiUoHf Preabyterian Minister of Cnrdston, Altn. * I .:i|:i: |(|(M>UAi>HI«'AL AS1> COMMKKCIAL. n development usherod in. The genial bishop and his estflrined wife are typical of CardHton's ujohI Hul»Mtantial pooplf. REV. OAVIN HAMILTON. The pastor of the Cardston PruHbyterian Church, Kov. Gavin Hamilton, whose portrait appears herewith, was bom in Njw Brunswick and educated at Dalhonsie Collesfe and Theoloi;ica' Hal Halifax, He had charj»es at Brookfield, Nova Scotia, and Dalhouaie, N«;w Brunswick, but resij^ned his last charge on account of throat troubkn and came West tor the l)enefit of his health. He located at Macleod, September 5, 1891, and took charjjo of the Presbyterian church at that place. His prede- ces.sor had a congregation of on\y five people. The prospects seemed rather grim. The first six months of his pastorate only $50 revenue was derived from the church, and Mi Hamilton was also permitted to sweep out the church hini.self for a whole year. But perseverance finally overcauie, and the next year the revenue was increased to 6646, while the year following it mounted up to SI, 200. At the end of the fii-st six months tlie congregation wjis increased from five to ninety, and the attend- ance thereafter increased to an average of 100. Mr. Hamilton came to Cardston on April 2!i, 1897, when no manse or church except the " Latter-Day Saints " was in exist- ,}?L«nce. A lot was bought, however, from Sterling Williams, and |*the present manse completed on December 15, 1897. The 'Wchurch edifice was also finished and the first service.'* held on ^June 19, 1898. The Kev. J. P. Grant, of Maple Creek, preached jijn the afternoon and evening, and there were about 200 people 'present. The church is conveniently fitted up and is .supplied ^with a good organ. The cost of the lot and >K)th buildings was ^ .^2,250, the building being done by J. C. Cahoon, now of the r iumber firm of Rose & Cahoon. The manse is a neat, substan- iP^pial building of six rooms, and nicely finished. The first church board was organized on Sunday evening, February 18, 1900, consisting of five members. J. J. Orton is chairman, J. C. Johnston is secretary-treasurer, and the other members are L. H. Bonnell, R. M. Armstrong and H. D'Arc. Services have been held regularly ever since the church was opened, and services liave aLso been held alternately at St. Mary's and Mountain View, by Mr. Hamilton. There is, there- V ^IP*"^^' considerable traveling in this field to be done, from twtnity- «ve to thirty-five miles a day once each week. The church at 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 76 IM("rrUK.S00, most ol months had I, and a paid ,s conducted ory building; 894, and the lis structure demands of ■nade to the J experience e north sidt snse stock o e trade done is prodigious, .rdston Roller half-interest mple marrietl nard, and the •2 %> ^ ;■■■♦ •if. f Heher S. Allen, Leading Memhnnt, Qodston, Attn. *'A M ■/x '\m m dimmissioner Hi'trhin>'r, of thf Noffli-lVpxt Mounted Poliie, m ini ui Mi daJ I .iam BUMJUAI'HICAL AND COMMERCIAL. 83 iweddin^' took place on April 2. 1889. She also wore the first [tlress juade in Cardston from ffoods hion^dit to town by the )ioneer store, and tlie genial manager, I'resident C. O. Card, irave her a stick of candy for advertising his goods. SAMUEL II HORNER. Cardston's first .saddle and harness-n)aking store was estah- Bshed in the fall of 1898 by Mr. 8. H. Horner, who removed rom LethWridge, where he had been in btisine.ss for a period of iglit yearH. He wtus born in Dublin, Ireland, but came to Canada when young in years. He learned his trade in Hamil- )n anil Dundas, Ontario, and became expert at the business. Ir. Horner then joined the North-West 5lounted Police force,, id remained with it for fifteen years, and when he resigned he jld the rank of Saddler- Major. As a thorough saddle and irne.ss-maker, Mr. Horner has no superior in the North- West, id since Iwating in Cardston, has met with well-deserve>, %' om w Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V % ■V \\ u^ [v A'4[> J/rs. .;. A. Wool/. ROBERT RA.\lSBOTTOM, J. P. The subject of this sketch w>',s born at Liverpool, England, August 17, 1866, and was educated in the English Church School 3nt of leuien, of the be in- unten- for his plished rress of entified the up- ^re and xcellent ent and :o., Ltd., H estab- irdston's abin by ,rd. Mr. est hotel ^Voolf, a another \'00lf. 1, England, lirch School Jdtnes P. Lo^v, liecrettiry and 'fieasurer of the . Cardston Company^ Limtted. m m MM! o a -I fSMEdUUttHMMMi, mmi BUSINESS MEN AND FfRMS, 99 and Liverpool Collej;e. He lived in Liverpool till he was eij,'hteen years of aj^e and then came to Cana^ a, settling in Ontario. Here he remaine^ a i^ .i} 7*1. V. Albert J. Gay, of Cnrdston, Alta. I t ■\. m '*>' ss •^ ^. THE MHEAT IKUIOATION CANAL. 115 for use in any manufacturing establishment, or for sale; provif land far as i 290,- ention, [ town- le Mor- } acres, ng will sprung es each, tlement. flocked ,r. 1900, engineer lillion of ineering fcw from owing in [lent has ,ter there ► miles of la by 147 r supply jxtension e natural ady as a )rth-We8t have in develop- JOUTHERN the con- is due for it is like- with the snes along . progress, icial inter- ave on the The Pile Driver at Work en Constriction, of Beadgates at Intake of Irrigation Canal. \% m t». ■'■%■• .i -^ • S- Samiiel H, Horner, one of Curddon's lending business men. klj, ,!{il' i a s CONCLUSION. A cordial invitation is extended to all people to come^ to Southern Alberta. The climate is genial and balmy in summer, and but little snoyr falls in winter. Excellent crops of wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes and all the hardy vegetables are raised, with or without irrigation, according to locality, and as a stock country there is no better in the world. Southern Alberta, in th ) language of Holy Writ, is " a land of brooks of wat*^". of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness ; thou shalt not lack anything in it." It is the promised land. s a. S 3 3 3 a I Norman^W. Maclevd, Editur and Publisher of " The Gardston Ricord," Gtirdifton, Altn. t*J 9 The. KiinhuU Bii>Hi>'rs, V'udsto)', Alta. c a '<< -is Mark Spencer, of the Menantih Finn of Spenrer S: iddnrd, Cardsfuu, AUa. From fin' early Photograiih. '* '"I J Mr. E. T. Hose, Architert, Bniidn^ Etc., Cdi'isttin, Alta. ^ v«t t ■ • I'homis Aiktmin, I'/iotoyrapliHi, Canhfon, Alf •2 !6 5h V ■? 35 i- 1 w ' ' ' j^^^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^l 1 'A V J^jKfjk^ r^ it: ^ *■ 'US0 W eI • m- ^^Bti ' M. ^^Bo^". . SV ^H "1* i W''' ,-f^'^i^' ' 1 ' ft. m ■'il,;*'mj,^. n'' ' '■BJn$ ' E^^^^Hlu ■ ,^- ■' • ■ f - - *i V ^ J ■4 I