^^.

0%/ '4m

o^s

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

iM m
iiM 111^2

i^ 12.0

1.8

Photographic

Sciences
Corpomtion

1.25

1.4

1.6

^ 6" —

►■

"q>

23 WeSi MAIN STREEl

WLBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions

Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

1980

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, dre checked below.

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage
sont indiquds ci-dessous.

The

to tl

The
pos
oft
film

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

□ Covers damaged/
Couverture endommag^e

□ Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul6e

□ Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

□ Pages damaaed/
Pages endommagies

□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es

Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu^es

Ori{
beg
the
sior
othi
firsi
sior
or i

I I Coloured maps/

□ Col<
Enc

Cartes gdographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black}/

re de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

□ Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion l9 long de la marge int6rieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela ^tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 film^es.

□ Pages detached/
Pages d6tach6es

□ Showthrough/
Transparence

□ Quality of print varies/
Qualit^ in^gale de I'impression

□ Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplementaire

□ Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par jn feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fapon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

The
sha
TIN

whi

Mai
diff
enti
beg
righ
req
me'

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl6mentaires;

v/'

10X

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio ch&cked below/

Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous.

14X 18X 22X

26X

30X

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

Dana Porter Arts Library
University of Waterloo

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

L'exemplaire film6 fut repruduit grdce d la
g6n6rosit6 de:

Dana Porter Arts Libraiy
University of Waterloo

Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettet^ de l'exemplaire filmd, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimde sont film6s en commengant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une ampreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, seJon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmds en ccmmengant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame ori each microfiche
shall contain tl.e symbol — ♦- (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — «► signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre
filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd A partir
de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m^thode.

12 3

CAl MS lbYMR23

ENGINEERING 8. SCIENCP
U^RARY

UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO

^" LIBRARY

Bauer man, H.

Re J or t on the geology of the country
nerr the forty-ninth parallel of
north latitude west of the Rocky
Mountains

aSOLOGICAL AND NATURAL SIST0E7 SURVEY OF CANADA.
ALFRED R C. SBLWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., P.G.S., Director.

RE PORT

ON THE

GEOl^OGY OF THE COUNTRY

NBAB THB

FORTY NINTH PARALLEL OF NORTH LATITUDE

WEST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

FROM OBSERVATIONS MADE 1859-1861

'&^^'

^"^

^^■■

.!0^'

H. BAUERMAN, F.G.S.

GEOLOGIST TO THE NORTH AMHUICAN BOUNDARY CX3MM1SSI0N.

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT.

MONTREAL.
DAWSON BROTHERS
1884.

89608

PKOI'EKIY OJ IHl ll>^KAPY
UNiVtRSJIV Of VVAlLktO'J

sp—

tmaimmiM

NOTK.

Tho Geological Siii-vey in indebted to Mr. H. Bauevman for tho
privilege of |)ul)lisliing his report on tho geology ot the country near
the 49tli parallel west of tho Rocky Mountains. This report, though
prepared l>y Mr. Buuorman in connection with tho Boundaiy Com-
uiisHion E.xpedition of 185i)-lHfJl, has never been printed, which accounts
for tho fact that no refei'once has been made to it in the repoi'ts of tho
Geological Survey on British Columbia, the first of which appears in
the Report of Progress for 18T1 72. Tiie western portion of tho coun-
try in the vicinity of the 4!Hh parallel, described by Mr. liuuerman,
is included in the area of the map actionipanying my report of ISII,
and while some pages of Mr. Baiierman's report, such as those describ-
ing the travelled route from Hope to Vermilion Korks and the valley
of the Similkamoen, refer to lines examined l)y me ami described in
1877, it has been thought best, on account of the priority of his obser-
vations, t(i print Ml'. Hauerman's report in its entirety. P]ven in this
western portion of the country, however, Mr. Bauerman gained access,
by means of trails cut by the Commission, to many points in the imme.
diate vicinity of tho boundary-line, which have since been practically
inaccessible ; and if his report had been available at the time of the
publication of the map above referred to, it would have enabled the
geological boundaries along its southern edge to have boon drawn with
considerably gi-eater accuracy.

TIk^ report is hei-e printed almost exactly as prepared by Mr.
Hauerman, though, with his ])ermission, a few alterations and
corrections in names of places, distances, etc., have been made.
The bearing of the more recent systematica observations on the
geology are indicated, whei'o it appears desiral)le, in foot-notes.
In reproducing Mr. Baucrman's sections, his originals have been
exactly followed in the outlines an<l accompanying notes, but the
colouring has been changed so as to conform to that adopted on the
adjacent maps already' published by the tfcological Survey. This
change also enables the Cretaceous and Tertiary age of parts of the
series, — points rendered evident by the subsequent examination of the
country to tho north of tho 4nth parallel — to bo brought out cleai-ly.
Tn addition to the study of Mr. Buuormau's report, it may be added,
that the writer has had the oppoitunity of examining his original suite
of specimens, now in the museum of the (xeological Society of London,
which has facilitated the exact correlation of the rocks referred to
by him with those described in the reports of the Geological Survey.

GHORGE M. DAWSON.

**8Sitoi*'»-'^^'

^mm^mrnmm^^^dzin^iL^i

■'..yi^w<i'm'i-J>y.

REPORT

ON TIIH

GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY

NHAR TIIH

FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL OF NORTH LATITUDE

VVKST OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS,

The country imnu'iliutoly iidiiicent lo tlio 4t>tli i)iii-:illcl of iiortli ''""'''"•!■'
latitudo, on tho wcsfcrn hiMo of Iho continent of Amorica, which formn''^"^''"'"'^-
the subject of the present communication, is in the first phice remark-
able for its excessively iMifff,'c(l profile, as with the exception of a belt
of terraced plains bordering' tho sea and extending: for a short distance
Inland, it presents a continuous succession of steej) mountain rid;i;es,
which are furrowed by the deeji, narrow and tortuous valleys of tho
Eraser and Columbia Rivers and their tributaries; the former flowing
from east to west, while the latter usually follow a general nortii and
south course.

The most important among tbo moimtain ranges, orographicaily
considered, are two in number. First, the maii\ chain of the Jiocky
Mountains which forms the eastern terminus of that portion of tho
boundary-line which the commission was instructed to define, and
divides the Pacific waters from those of Hudson's Bay and the Gulf of
Mexico. Second, a western chain containing a few snowy summits,
which occasionally rise to a height of about !t,000 feet above the sea
level. This is situated on the northerly prolongation of the Cascade
Mountains of Oregon, and divides the waters of the Praser River, and
in part, of tho streams flowing into the Gulf of Georgia from those
discdiarging into the Pacific in much lowei- latitudes through the basin
of the Columbia River.

The sti-eams of the westem slope of the Cascade Mountains are mostly Rivers,
small, consisting of one principal tributary of Fraser River, the

ti II

ItillTISII ('l)l.t'MIUA.

Similkniuoon. CliiliiUwi^yiik, iiiid hdiiio iinimjiortaiit. Itrooks wliicli ciiiply tliomsolvort
into Soiiiialiinuo Hiiy. On (lio oiustorn liicu, tliu liilmtiirios ol' (lio
Coliimhiu urc (»f nioro iinporUvni'o. Tho first of tlioHo wliich is
oncoiintorod urUM-croswlnj^ I ho t-hain, is (lui SdiiHi Siniilkamocn, wliicli
orij^inaU's in tliiTo small lakes \'vt\ Ity tho molting of the snow on liic
llozanion Mountains, at u lu'iylil of noarly i),{HH) tout al)ovc tiii^ sua lovol,
and HowH in an oaslorly and northoastoi-jy direction for forty-two niiios,
when it joins tlu^ Tulanifon, a stream of al)oiit tiio samo sizo, wiiicii
rJHOs ill latitude M°, a little to tlm oastwani of i<\)rt ll(t|)e. Tiio
united waters of theso two streams torin the main Similkameoii, wiiieh
tiiicuH a soiithcastorly diroetion, recoiviii^ ont^ j>rinei]»al atlhiont, tiie
Ashtnoulou, in its passage, and Joins tho Okanagan, after a eourso of
uhout sixty-two miles, at a point aliout throo miles south of the lower

okaniwan. end of Osoyoos hako. Tho Okanagan is one of the most eonsidi^-ablo
of tho norlhorn trihutaries of the Columliia. It rises in latitude 50°
25', and flows through several long and comparatively narrow
lakes, the largest of which is ahout sixty-nine miles in length. At tho
crossing of the HMh jiarallel the waters of Osoyoos Ijake are 757 foot*
above tho Hoa level. This is the lowest ground found in tho basin of
the Columbia within British territory.

KettlcRiycr To the eastward of the Okanagan three great tributaries discharge
into the main stream of the Columbia on or lu^ar to the boinidary-
lino, one of them coming from tho woat, the other two i'vora tlie cast.
The first of tliese is the Newhoialpitku or Kettle Hiver, which rises
in latitude 4!l° 4t)', near the Okanagan, i nd has a total length of one
hundreil and five miles. For a considerable distaiue it follows a very
tortuous course, crossing tho boundary -lino three times; but for tho
last twenty miles it flows nearly duo south, and joins the Columliia

l'c'j'lI>""roillo about two inilos above Fort Colville. The two streams coming from the
eastward are the Pond D'Oreille or Flathead liiver or Clark's Fork of
tho Columbia, of which the mouth is nearly opjjosito to Fort Shepherd and
close to the boundary-lino; the other is tho Kootanio orFlatbow River,
which falls into the Columbia about twenty-three miles further north.
The courses of these two rivoi's form irregular serpentine curves, the
longer portions being generally parallel in direction to the main chain
of the lioeky Mountains, while, in the shorter ones, tho passage through
the numerous |tarallol ridges is generally ctl'cctod by a continued suc-
cession of small falls and rapids. That portion of tho boundary-lino
which lies between the Columbia at Fort Shepherd and tho western
crossing of tho Kootanio River, a ilistance of about fifty miles, is the
most inaccessible part of tho whole. There is no practicable route

*880 feet by more recent burometrio observation.''.

]

KollESr tlltOWTII.

7 II

iivailiililn luiUvoon Mkimo ixiiuls othoi- tliiin tlio ciniiituiiH uno ria Foil

Colvillo iiiid Ihu S|M)l<iui Valloy, ii ilislanco of 220 miles, Tlio total

ion/^th of tlio courHK of Iho IViid D'Oroillo IJivor Ih al)out ;{70 milcH,

that oftliu Kootaiiio alxiiil .'if)!) inilos.

As (lie wliolo of tliu cimiilry in moro or ii^ss tiiicklv wooded, (IkmiiosI ^V I''l

, , 1,111 "I'll >■"<'• "I" "I

iioticoahle ol tlio i>liyHual loadiroH, next lo (ho k1w4>ooI (lu-f^roimd and ii'imiry.

tlio direction of tlio wiitor-courHOS, is tho cliaructcroftlioforont^nnvtli.

On tlio vvo.storn plateau and Hoawunl faco ol' (ho CaHcado l{iiiii,'e, as

well iiH in tho valloy of the Skagit — a Hniall river which llow« tliroii^^li

thehoartof that chain — Iho forowt is eonipoHod |ii'inci])ally of Iho

Donf^las Hpruco (Ahies Douglasii), sovorul larj^o siiocics of pines and

the wostorn codar (^Tluija (ji<jantea), all very doiiseiy packed tocfiUher,

with a thick iindor^rowth of willows ami vine-maple. There is no

open ^rass land in this section of the country other than the marshy

alluvial plains liordorin^ Sumass Lake, which are Hiilijoct to annual

ovcrllow from (he (lood-waters of Krasor Kiver. In the valley- of (he

iSimilkanioon, the characteristic tree is tho lar;L(e red harked yellow pine

(Pinus jiondcrosa), which flourishes up to uhout -1,((0() feet ahove the

sou level. At lower levels it is usually found in scuttei-ed ^roujis (»f

thi'oe or four ti'oos on a dry gravelly soil, whi(di supports a i^rowlh of

course hunch-^rass. On the Okaiiagan, at Osoyoos Lake, largo timher-

trois are almost entirely ahsont. Tho <froHnd is sandy and covered with

alkaline ctlloresconcos, with 11 growth of small cactus, sago and other

plants characteristic of the lava-coveri;d desert of Iho (Jolumhia, fnrlhor

to tho south. On the hills lying to the eastward ofOsuyoos Lakt', the

larch, (Larix occidentalis) is first soon in (puuitity, and it is found

abundantly from this point eastward, in the Kcttlo and Columbia

valleys, associated with Abies Dou<jlasii and Pinus ponderosa, grouped

in small clusters as noted above. Tho last mentioned species is lound

as far eastward as tho head of Tobacco Kivor, beyond the eastern

crossing of the Kootanio, where it is seen for the last time at about

4,000 feet above tho sea level. It attains its western limit at about

tho same altitude on the eastern faco of the hills above Siniiikameen

Iliver on the road to Fort Hope. The thickest forest on the lino

is found between tho Columbia and the western crossing of tho

Kootanio lUvor, in the district already noticed for its inaccessible

character. Most of the hills that rise to a greater height than 4,000 Li,„|,,„,c,rp5(

feet above tho sea level, are distinguished by j)arlicular species ofKrowth.

conifers, which are not as a rule found in the lower grounds. In the

Ashtnoulou and Kocky Mountains, the upper limit at which forest

trees are found is about 0,500 to 7,000 foot, a belt of stunted lairhos

being usually present between those levels.

In addition to the two groat mountain ranges which shut in the basin Mountuin

rmigos.

rrs^j^

m^ ■'*i^

8 B

BRITISH rOLUMHIA.

Anhtnniilnii
Mountain.

of tli(< Coliinihiit, thtii'o ui'o olhors of minor iiiipDrliiiKHi williiii Miat iirou;
and it will lioro l>n ('oiivt'iiicrit to rolbi- to llio wiiolo of them hy namo,
ill oidi>r Iroiii wont IoouhI.

OiMoade lUnne. Kii'nt, the CiiHciuio Iiun^(^, wiiicii, iw lias iilroady boon wtatod, is tlio
noi'thiM'iy oxtunsioii of that bouriii;; the saino nainu in Oro^on, and iH
dividt'd into two |Miii(i|tal |iiiils \)y the SUn^it Ilivcr. Tlii^ wostiMii por-
tion contains tlio liigli«-Ht Niimniits, and may lu^ called tln^ ( 'liilnUwcynk
chain, at'tcr tlio name of tiic principal stream to which it gives y'lm).
The oastern part may ho conveniontly distiiigiiishod as the llo/amon
chain, that iioing the Indian name for its most prominent peaks.
Noxt in order come the Okanagan or Ashtnonloii Mountains, which
tirst divorgo from the eastern face of tho main, Cascade Kange near
the Yakima I'asH, in Lat. 47°, but are alK)ut tilly miles <listant fntm
it on the lioundary-lino. They reach a height of nearly H,t)lll( feot
on the line, but do iKjt appear to rise to any ginuit height or to bo
easily distinguished north of the .Similkamecn River. The mountains
between the Okanaga uul (Columbia Jlivers do not appear to form

EMternrangoc. parts of any of the gre.i. noi'th and south systems of lower latitudes;
and the same may be said of those lying between the ('olumbia and
Pond D'Oreille Uivers, as in both caHCH they abut southward against
the high table-land of the Sjxjkan. The latter chain is, however,
situated ncai-ly on the northerly ])rolongalion of the Mluo Mountains
of Oregon. TlicHo ridges, in spite of theii' low elevation, not t^\coed-
ing 6,0t)0 feot at the highest points, are very inaccessible. They
posHoss no ])racticablo passes loading to tho eastward, and the whole
traffic of tho district is deflected by thom through the Spokan Valley.
Between tho western and eastern crossings of the ivoolanie i{ivcr,
the mountains rise in places to a height of nearly 8,000 feot, but like
those last mentioned thoy are without any good oast and west valleys.
Tho range bordeiing tho eastern side of that river is a very important
one. It is parallel to the main chain of tho Rocky Mountains, and
contains several largo, bare and snowy peaks, in the district south of
the second Kootanio Crossing; further to the north it is called, on
Blackiston's map, Galton's range. It ilivides tho Kootanio waters
Rocky Mnun- from those of tho Flathead Rivei-. Tho last and most oastei'ly of the
ranges is tho main chain of tho Rocky Mountains, which divides tho
Columbia waters from those of the Saskatchewan, and is accompanied
by a smaller parallel ridge which does not extend north of the eastern
entry of tho South Kootanio Pass, and encloses tho basin of Chief
Mountain or Watorton Lake. Tho smaller i-idge contains the peak
known as the Chief's Mountain, and forms another important water-
shed, namely of the Saskatchewan and Missouri liivers.

tains.

I •

MuiNMAN.] oboorai'Iik; kkati'kes. 9 B

Tlio tolluwint' nniL'li IIhI oi' (lio nriiuipal (litVoroiicos of lovol <>n thoi.iHtof

... . . • 1 II II.' •■ 1 1 olumtioiK.

lino LCiVv s ii tiiii' idiui ol I lie morn cDiisKliM-alilo iiiululiiluniH ol (ho

ground''- :--

1. ('iiNtiuliw.C liiliikwoyiik or wusUirii nmj;*', (liinluml) ><,"<•(» foot

'J. Skatrit Vivlloy I,'i<i0 "

a. CiiHcadoH, lIi(/.iiiiioii or (MtHlorn eliiiin, (IdnlioHt) 7,.'')i«t "

4. HoiirroM ofSiniilkiimoou liivor, (ulMiiit) ■\,S(H) " '

5. Aslitiioulon or Okunajjuii MountainH (lii^dioMt) 7,.')(K» "

(J. Okaiia^'an Vall(<y, <»Hoy(M)s I-iik(» TriO "

7. Koltlii Uivor IMoinilainH tlii^rliost) r),(KI(t "

H. Coluiiil.ia Valloy.FortSliopliord 1,4(K) "

!». I'ond D'On^illti MoniitaiMH (IiIkIiohI) n.noo "

10. Kn()tiuii(\ liivor, \\(wti(ni <'ro.sHiiin 1,700 "

11. Mountains ((MKl of YaUli Uivor (liij.'luwt) 8,400 "

J'J. Flatlioad Vall(<y at (ho lionmlary Cron.sin^' 4,00f» "

13. Hocky Mountains, hiniioMt lH^akH noar lino 1(1,000 to lL',()(i() "

14. Wat^jruiiod at oastorn ond of IJonndary l.ino 7,44ii "

With (lio oxc'0|»tiun of a tow of Uio liiffliost, points in tlio (Jascado mid Snow [lateliort.

Rocky Mountain chains tho mass of tho mouiduii.s cotno wltidn (lio

(hickly woodod roj^ion. Vory little snow remains on any of the peaks

after (ho middle of .1 uly. 'riieio are, however, ii few small glaciors in Mio

('hiliikweyuk and Hkaifit monntainH. In (he former they are seen on

slopes havinf:; a northerly exposure down to within ahout 4,50(1 feet of

tho bea level. On t!io Skagit side (he lower limit is ahout 'j.OOO feet.

In the Eocky Kountains tho glaciers <lo not como below the level of

•7,000 foot and are if possihlo more insignilicani than those of the

Cascades.

Tho country tho physical foatiiies of which have been noticed in thoUoncral

•^ ' "^ . 1 . . I character ol

preceding pai'agra]>hs, presents, with tho oxcoption ol drittand super- rock«.
flcial deposits, and a few patches of Tertiary and Ci'etaceous sandstones,
a succession of unlossilifei-ous, slaty and crystalline rocks, most of the
former being more or loss metamorphosed. Besides these two small
massos of fossiliferous limostone of Carboniferous or Devonian age are
seen in the Kootanio and Upper I'-lathead valleys.

Tho nroi)ablc order of succession among the slaty and other rocks, "cncral
is shown in tho two accompanying diagram sections. They have boon
constructed by tho combination of obsei'vations made on the lines of
travel in the vicinity of the 4!Mh parallel. Tho ditference of distance
between the various points measured on an east ami west line is em-
ployed instead of tho actual road distances, as the latter are in many
cases nearly pai-rallel to the apparent sti'ike of (he rocks, and would

* Mr. Uauermann writes that those, with other olovations in tho report, haviriK boon obtained
banimctrically, and without oomparativo roaUings olsowliore, must be rogi.rded as approxiiuato
only.

10 n

BRITISH C0I;UMI11A.

I>pseriiili(iii ot
sliortor st'ctiiiii,

Point Kdliorts
am! Suiiiiiss.

I'^ll'UilSS

Miiiintaiti.

Ihofolbro, if cm])loyod, rondor it iiocosHaiy to i'c[)fosout tho bods im
unduly fluttoucd. Tlic dip.s projci'lod jirc somewliiit Ntcopoi- than lho80
acuaily soon, in oi-doi- lo correct (lio (hiclcncss for (he (ivc-fold vorlica'.
ajupliticalion of llio scale. The lon^'er Bcclion follows the ILudson's Bay
Company's l»rigade-trail fi-oiu tiio Fraser Jlivor ut Fort Hope to tho
Soutli Ivootanio Pass of the Rocky Mountains, while the shorter one
includes tliat portion of the iioundary-line which lies lietween tho soa
coast and the Siuiilkaiueen River, wiicre u joins the former.

At tho western end of tho shortci- section tho sandstones of Cretace-
ous age, whidi contain coal ut Nanaimo, are seen in tho clitls of Galiano
island, \vhicli, like tho majority of tiie adjacent islands olV tlie coast of
VuKcouver Island, presents a steep mural face un the western side,
while on tho eastern shore thoro is a thinly wooded plain sloping down
to the watoj' at an angle of about 10° or 12° in the direction of the
dif) of the beds. On (he mainland, these sandstones are hidden by drift
chi}', whi' h is seen in v ;ical clilV-secti(.ns at Point Uot)erts rising io
a height of about one hundred and fifty feet, accompanied by large
transported bouldoi's of granite, syenite and other crystalline rocks.
A similar bonlder-dritt is seen at various points along the shores of the
Strait: of Fii.a. Tho clay is somewhat calcareous and of a light blue
colour when freshly exposed, but generally bloachcs under the action
of tho atmosphere. Tho sections are often of considerable height,
forming clitt's which when seen at a little distance, bear a certain
resemblance in foi'm and colour (o the chalk headlands of tho English
Channel.

To tlic eastward of Point l?ol)er(s, the couidry lying between Scmiii-
moo and (he Siimass Mountain is covci'e<l with a thick forest, growing
on coarse ilrift gravels which rest on blue boul'Ki-clay. The ground,
for tlie whole distance of thirty-live mil ' oetween these points, is for
tho most part flat and swampy. The gra- els are arranged in broad, flat
terraces, the clay below being exposed only in the beds of the streams.
The Cretaceous rocks of Nanaimo are probably present beneath the
drift covering. The evidence in support of this view is, however, but
small, the only known section being a patch of (jiuirtzose sandstone
which is exposed in the bod of a brook about a mile north of Now
Westminstei- on tho Fraser River. Further to tlie north, on the shoi'os
of Burrard Inlet, similar coal-bearing sandstones have been found, some
of the bods containing dicotyledonous leaves, '-

After leaving the coast j)lalcau, the (irst of the nietamorphio rocks
are seen in the curious isolated mountain that lies on tho western side
of Sumass Ijake. This is made up of dark groen sandstcmos, in which

•These lire of'Tertiary ukc

s^^i^"^'. ,-M^!a«

■

BAUEflMAN.J

SlIMASS TO ClllLUKWEVUlv l.AKK.

II It

almoHt nil llio Hodimoiitary chanictcr.s havu boon otliiccd, tlio appiiront
dips being voiy contradictory and rarely ponsiKtent in tlio samo direc-
tion for more than a lew yards. Those roclis have been altered by
greenstone dykos which arc exposed on tlir sides of the lull in great
numbers. The same kind of altered rock forms the western side of thetJcbwcltzaLiiko
ridge dividing SiimasH from Schweltza Lake, where a few bands of
haitl .siliceous black slate are assoc'iitod w^ith the dark groen sandstones;
the intrusive .'ocks being also represcniod by numerous dykes of syi-nitic
greenstone. The dill' .sections on the western shore of Si'liwoltza Lake
jiroaont a .series of hard white .sandstones with alternations of blanchetl
cluy-slates ami white felspathic conglomerates, the whole dii)jtiMg
north-north-west , at a very high inclination (from It*" to Hf)"). On
the opposite or easlorn shore of the lake, regularly stratified rocks
arc soon for tlie first time. They aj-e thinly lamiiuitcd, black, sandy-
shales and sandstones, and are expo.sed in very large (|uantities, show-
ing sections from 1,500 to 3,00(( feci in v rticul height. The dips are
vary regular in a south-south-easterly dir' tion at sloj)es of ;iO' to 40°.
The same series of black shaly beds is continuously exposed in the cliffs y'^y|'|'^'j!^,"''J"'*
of the Chilukweyuk Valley foi- about twenty miles to the eastward of
Schweltza Lake. In the higher parts they are a.ssociatcd with bods of a
bluish-grey limestone, which presents a less perfectly laminated chai'ac-
ier, being like tho limestones in the motamorphic rocks of Vancouver
Island, somewhat concretionary in structure. They di]) with groat
regularity to tho oastwai'd at slopes between 'MT and 10''. There does
not appear to bo any passage between the lower part of the scries at
Schweltza Lake, and the highly metamoi-phic and uptiltod rocks on
the western shore, though they arc only about half a mile aj)art. The
latter ai'o pr bably unconformable and infci'ior in position to the former.
No fossils have boon found after a search in tiiree of the most likely-
looking spots among the finer gr, Incd portions of the black .shales at,
Schwolt/.a and the Chilukweyuk V^alley. Patches of carbonaceous
matter and minute gy|)sum crystals are very commonly present, and
tlio joints of the hardei- beds are generally covered with apowdroy
incrustation of allophane or some allied hydratod silicate.*
The (Jhilukweyuk, in the valley of whicli sections of tho slates are Chilukweyuk

Iv.vor.

seen, is tho most rapid of all the stroanu in the country. It flows out
of a lake about five miles long and a mile broad, situated in the western
range of the Cascades, and after falling through a heighl of 2,000 feet
in about thirty miles, joins the Fraser River neai- the head of tho tidal
waters. Near tho lower or northern onil of the lake, the slaty rocks

• It is probiiMo, IVom t'os.'^iU since ol)taiiiLMl uii tlio Cllilukwejuk, tiiiU ii piiif iit least ol' tlie.su
rocks lire of trotaccous age.

,.^*«ppr^. .,^«*^«a„-;

12 H

BRITISH (M)UJMniA.

("liiliikwovuk
Ijukc

Cliiliikwcyuk
Aliiiiiitaiii.

\V;iti'i>lifil
ridne west of
SkiiKit.

aro iiiU'riiipli'ii \>y a ^roat mass ofsyonilo, tlii> coidact Imtwcoii llic two
boiim maikod by a liai'd laininaUMi hlai-k ami white (luartzoso nlale, of
somowhat <j;iioiHsic cliarac'lof.

Tlui syi'iiili' of ('iiiliiUwcyiik Ijal-'c liinns a belt of Imlwi'on Ibiic and
live mill's in biradth, mrasiirod t'nim wol to oast. It is rtMiiai'kaliio
Cor its lianlness and irnularily in mineral romposition, Itoini^ a tinely
crystallim' mixlnie ol' wliito and |>ink Iclspar, willi a small (piantity of
(|iiar(z and wclllnrmcd crystals of liornliU'ndc, of a sonunvliat hIoikIoi'
I'olumnai- ty|H'. Crystals of Mark mica aiv seldom seen. In somo
placo.s llio syenite is <livi<led by a system of Joints, whieli aic arranged
so as to produce a kind of imitative stratitieation, having a regular
noi'thweslerly <lip o| ahoiil 15"; but no vell-detineil lamination or
foliation is anywhere visible. It is from Ibis mass, oi- olhtii'sof similar
compo.silion, that the prineipal |tart of the erratic blocks which are
found scattered over the coasts of tiie mainland and the southern ]iortion
of Vancouver Island have been derived. The (!hiluk\veyuk syenite is,
in Ibis latitude, the nearest point to the coiiwt presenting a supply of the
requisite maleiial''-.

The highest granite [wak in the mountains surroumling ('iulukwc-
yuk Lake is on the western shore. It rises to a height of (!,r)7(> feet
above the sea hn'cl, the summit presenting a nearly vertical clitV-faceof
abont 1,2(1(1 Ice! in total height. In this clilVtwo tlnn l>lack dykes are
seen penetrating tiie syenite. Fron\ fragments picked up at llie foot
of the slo|)e they ap|)eai' to be dark ([Uart/o-felspathic porphyries or
elvans containing large white felspar crystals, and similai' in character
to the elvan dvkcs louiul in the gneiss of the lower part of the Columbia
Valley.

After ci'ossing the syenite, thi^ next rock encountered to the eastward
is near the latitude-station of the Ciiuckcbelui .i. It is a bard, highly
micaceous and (piartzo-se gneiss, showinir irregular wavy laminations,
which have their pi'ineipal inclination toward the east. On the top of
the dividing lidge between tiie Chilukweyuk and Skagit waters, a kind
of outlying mass of slaty rocks is seen above the gniiiss. These rocks
are chieliy earthy clay-slates with conglomerates of gneiss, sandstone
anil slate pebbles; and jturple slates, containing epiilote ami ealcitcf
The structure of this outlier is not well seen, for at the top of the
ridg(> and for some distaiK'e on each side, the rocks are bidden by a
thick talus of rubbi.sh, in addition to which the height (t,'7(>()) is insuffi-

• (Ndic liy Mr. liniicniiiiii) In H"iH sycnilic iHnililcrs were visililo in cxlnionliimry nmiiln'rf
in fiiiii TU'iir llu'diwn nf Violnria. Since tliiil time tliuy liavo lieon liiriicly drawn u|iiiii lnr a .iiipiily
111' l>nililini; nnilcrial divini,' lo IlicKrcn! casi' willi nliii'li ihi'y can Ih- Mown Id picco-, and thu
aiisoncc iil' any nllicr Huilalilc laiildinii slnnc in llic iinincdialc vicinily.

t'l'lu'sc il(mlille8.-< represent an oullycr nl' llic Ijdwcr I'rclaccmii! rockf, which cuimiiDiily occur in
similar |iositiuii!< in parts ol' lhi» rvKiuii lurlhor tu thv north'

r-'-ni^vt^-^

*^jii*%w^-:i».--1f^

BAUERMAN.]

SKAOIT VALLKY — ll(i/AMEN.

I.-i H

ciont to cloai- (lio doiisc! Coivst. The lutlor iiicoiivcnieiicii ha.s, liDWovor
boon in jKirt obviuUnl bybuHli (iroK, whicli have biiriilotl' tliuwholo ot'lhc
trees for about two miles, oxjJOHiiifz; u fine nectiou of the moiuitaiuH on the
opposite sido of the pass, on whicii there are tliree small glaciers on
northerly slopes, all very much furrowed and broken, liumediatoly to
the south of this point tlie nuiuntains rise to grout heights, and the
largest observe(] glacier, estimated at about a mile in length, descends
from theiu, giving rise to a stream ait ng the valley of which the descent
to the Skagit is ellected. The gneiss is continuously exposed neaily
down to the river, whei'o it is concealed by the gravels of the valley.

The Skagit, on the boundary-line is a small stream, oidy lilty yards Skii«it River,
wide. It rises about tiflceii miles east of Fort Hope and Hows tln\)iigh
a narn)W o})cning between the highest summits. Its course is at lirst
south, then eastward, and it falls into the northern part of Paget Sound.

The ford on (he trail is about 1, <!;")() feet above the sea level. The
mountains on the west side of the river rise to a height of nearly !),(M»0
I'eet. Their sides show seven small glaciers, the lowest being about M'H'K'n.ins oust
G, 000 feet above the sea level. The i-iver flat is about two miles in Valley.
width and is covcied by a thick growth of timber, principally cedars
of large size, with an undi'i-growth of willows. After crossing the
river-tlat, which shows a few low terra' 'cs, the trail rises up the siile of
li, steep bill covered with thick small brush and Iniriit tindjcr foi- more
than 4,000 feet, when it reaches the watershed and follows the lo|)s of
the ridges on the north side of a steep-sided ravine in which (he Simil-
kameen Iliver rises. On the opposite or southern side are several bold
nioun(ains of black slate. In the hollows between them are three
small glaciers which are rcmarkabU' for the brilliant biiic colour of
(heir ice. Tht> lower extremity of one of these glaciers is wasted into
a hollow or ca\ern. Tmmeiliately above the ci'est of t'le ridge at tlu-ii'
head of the pass, ai'e (wo very remarkable peaks of black slate, which
rise precipitately to a height of about 1,R()(» feet abovt^ the watershed.
They iwo called by the Indiiins " Ilozarncii " which name has been
adopted for the j)ass and the ridge ol'which they are the culminating
|)oints. The rocks of (his dis(ric( are principally black sla(es ranging
ill (extiire from soft earthy shales (o (he Imrdcst lydiaii slnnc. \t\ llie
Skagil Valley the exposed scclinns show iioitli west ward dips :i( angles
varying lu'twetMi Tr>° and (iO*^. (he lower angles ])revailing as (he trail
rises above (he river. On (lie water^bcil (bey have (urneil over and
iiu'linc a( an angle of (JO'' towards the norlh-e;is(, a dircedon of dij)
which is jteisis(en( lor some dis(ance along (be pass, al'(cr wliieh (he
l)eds are bent into smaller and more irregular curves. Aboiil (he
middle of (he pass the sla(cs are pierced by dykes of a coni|)ac( rock,
which appear as if in(cis(ialilied. bii( (lieii' true nadiro is seen in cioss

?#te:^^- -^^tmi^mm-

14 n

imiTISII COLUMHrA.

Heclion, wliich sliows (hem Hplittiii^ ainl riiiuifyin^ across tho lamina-
tions anioM^ ilw oldi'i' I'ocks. At this |)oint a low itlack and irregular
impressions somewhat resembling plant stems were found in a hod of
sandstono. They are prolialiiy pseudomorphs after staurolite or andalu-
site crystals. Tho contortion seen to the east of this |)oint is accom-
Soutli Simill<ii-i)iii,ied with (as far as can l)c seen) a general westerly inclination. As
far as tho mouth of Roche River, cherty or hornstono-like metamor-
phic hods, ])rol'alily originally sar.dstonos, and conglomerates of a green
colour are soon.* The same rocks arc continuously exposed in tho vallc}'
of the South Similkamecn, with a southerly dip, uj) to within five miles
of the Peseyton river junction, whore they are succeeded hy a small
mass of grey syenite which, preserves its massive character for a mile
and then hecoMies gnoissic. The gneiss is flanked hy soft talcose and
micaceous slates at tho junction of the two streams. The mouth of
Roche Rivei- is H,45.S feet, and that of the Peseyton 3,060 feet ahove tho
sea level. Tho valley lR>t ween these points is tilled with thick masses of
gravel containing a large <[uanlity of pebbles of the green conglomer-
ates. They are cut through in many places by the river, forming
nearly vertical ditfs from titty to eighty feet in height.
Monntnins cust After receiving the Peseyton the valley of the South Similkamoon
"^'''""""""^'''" takes a nearly northerly course, but in order to continue along the
boundary-line the trail turns to the eastward, crossing a steep hill
fi,;{;{0 feet in total height above the sea level, known to us as Ptarmigan
Hill. This summit is the culminating ])oint of tho ground lying between
the I'oseytcn, South Similkamccn, Ashtnoulou and main Siniilkameen.
It is maile up of stratified masses of blue tiachj'tic ])orphyrics, with
a few brocciated bods of a siniilai mineral conijiosition, dipjting north-
north-west at a slope of 50°. f

The junction of the porphyries with the talcose micaceous slate ol
Peseyton is not seen, the nearest dips, however, indicate considerable
unconformity^ The western side of the bill is very swampy and
covered with bui'iil and fallen tinibci'. On the eastern side it is covered
by a coating of a remarkably fine gravel, and a forest ofsmall dead pine
sticks which conceals all the rocks on the descent to the Ashtnoulou
River which is struck at a point H,!)'}Q feet above the sea level. In the
Ashtnoulou Valley, green, red and grey quartz-porphyries are seen in
large (|uantitics. They are well stratified, having a west-north-west
di|) of 50" which noaily cori-csponds in direction and inclinatifm to
Ibat of the porphyries of Ptarmigan Hill. Theyare underlaid by beds

* The rook.i east of tlioSlfH(?it, alxivo tle?<Tibc(l, form tho southorn extension of a oonsidor-
iihlo areii of Fjowit CictiicemiH. See Htport of I'rotrrc.'s, 1S77-1SVS, p. lOo. H.

f Tlii.s is th« wostern oilgc of ii biwin of Tertiary volcanic! rooli.", which are more fiiUy ile8eril)cd
in the sueeecilint? paraKrii|ih.

Asliliioiilou
Valley.

MUCRMAN.]

A.sUTN()Ut,(tlr MOUNTAINS.

of a very coiivHo conf^loniovuto, tlio liir^cst oC (luMucludod inasscH being
gmnilic. Sovcnil ol' tlio Hiuiillor pcbhk'.s jifc cnwtcd with a (liiii coal-
ing of ciialccdoiiy rcHombiing dried gum. The sumo kind of incrusta-
tion is Hcon on the pebblo.s in the gravels of the h)wor Cohimbia Valley
at Fort Vancouver.

The conglomerate Ijist mentioned rests upon the western ^'*^'K" (J'ranito'ni'i" e
of the Ashtnoidou graidte, a mass which is exposed along the
boundaiy-lino I'ov a breadth of fourteen miles and forms in this
latitude (he whole of the mountains called in a preceding paragraph
the Ashtnoulou oi'OIvunagan chain. In a north(U'ly direction "t is seen
in undiminished magnitude in the main Similkameen Valley; and to
the south it is exjjosed almost continuously on the western side of the
Okanagan V^alley, down to the junction of (hat river with the Columbia,
a distance ol' about sixty miles. I'idike the syenite of (Jhilukwcyuk
Lake, the Ashtnoulou granite is of an exceedingly variable composi-
tion. Near the mouth of the Ashtnoulou it contains red and white
felspar, quai tz, black mica and hornblende. The micaceous j)ortions
are the sol'test and oiler least rtssistanco to the action of the atmosphere.
In the valley leading up to the latitude-station, many masses of mica-
slate and other metamorphic loeks are seen. 'J^he largest one is of a
dark green hornblende-slate with nearly vertical laminations, into
which the granite sends oil' many small veins. In some of the veins
the hornblende present appears to be derived from the altered rock, as
the crystals of that mineral are developed in dense masses near the
wall of the vein, which is tilled wilh a granular mix(ure of red felspai"
and hyaline ([uart/. In the mountains immediately above (he Ashdiou-
lou latitude-station, which I'ise (o a hcighl of about ^,^M) feet above
the sea level, the granite changes into a mixture of (jiuvrtz and felspar.
The <iuart/ occurs ))rincipally in large black or white crystals, some
of them measuring three inches across (he basal plan(>. 'I'he felspar
is usually found in dull cleavable masses of a dirty jtiuk colour', and
more rarely in small, well-developed red ciystals. A compact variety
of the same <[uartzo-felspa(hic substani'c is found tilling small veins in
the rotten reddish-grey s^enKe which surrounds the coarsely ci'ystal-
line mass noticed above. From the top of the Ashlnoilou Moiuitains
the granite is seen to the eastward fornung low and occasionally flat-
topped hills, which tei-minate in a tremendous clifl-face between t,(l(M)
and r),0(K) feet in vertical height on (lie \vcs(ei'n side of the Similkameen
Valley, ojjposite to Ilayne's House.* The flat-topped form of the inter-
mediate hills is produced by a set of tiearly horizontal divisioiud planes,
which render the granite liable to scale off in flaggy nuvsses when

* Now iibiindoned, the cuntom bouse being situated Curt tier west at OcoyooH Like.

Ill H

lllUTlSII COLIUIUrA.

Doscriptioii (if
lunger section.

exposed to the action of tlie atmoHplioro. A few " (ors " iind projecting
blocks arc also seen, but they are mostly small and insignificant.

Tlio slioi'ter section (crmiiiatw at the SimilUaniceii Kivcr by a Junc-
tion with tiio longer ; tiio western portion of the latter showing a
similar class of rocks which arc exposed on the brigade ti-ail — in part
the new waggon road — ironi Fort Hope iiy tlia Similkameen. It is
consti'iictcd in a similar mimuer to the first.

The town oi' Fort J lope, where the long section commences, is
situated on a small gravel Mat about one hundred and forty feet above
. the sea level, at the .southern end of the great gorge made by the

Fraser River in its jyassage thi'ougii the mountains. The cliffs at the
back of the town are composed of gneiss and mica-slate of very finely
laminated character and usiudly syenitic. The probable dip of lami-
Rocli? east of nation is about RO'' in a northerly direction. There are many small

Fort Hope. . . . , , , . , , ... . ,

granite veins intruded nearly in the i»lanes of lamination. About two
miles out, on the waggon road, a grey folsi)athic granite is seen in
large masses. This rock resembles the Chilukweyuk syenite in
colour and hardness, but it is associated with another variety which
is often largely crystalline from the presence of coarse ]ilales of mica.
The granite is seen sending off small veins from its eastern edge
into a mass of black clay slate, altering the latter for a short dis-
tance into a dark bluish-grey ([uariz rock. A line joining the syenite
of Chilukweyuk Lake to the granite of lAul IIo])e, would if ])ro-
longed in the same direction pass through the granitic and gneissic
rocks exposed in the gorge of the Fraser River between Port Hope
and Fort Yale. The distance between these points is alxmt fourteen
miles ill a nearly north and south line. From Fort Yale to Chiluk-
weyuk Jjake is about thirly-tive miles.

About twenty miles from Fort Hope, another mass of syenitic granite
is seen, and between it and the former one the black metamorphic slates
are disposed in a Hat anticlinal arch, the (li])s near the western granite
being towards the south-west, while near the I Tib mile post on the wag-
gon road, tiieir direction is between south-east and east-north-east. The
eastern granite is a nearly compact white syenite, whi'di is rendered
porphyritic b}' a few small hornblende crystals. There is a thick Ik 1
of limestone in the slate which is alti-red at the contact into a kind of
laminated blaek ami white ([iiarti'. rock, and a little further away from
the junction into a mixture of carbonate of lime with white radiating
Basin of Croin- masses of tremolile or actinolite. After leaving the syenite, which

ceous rocl<s. , , /• I , M • • 111 1 II • 1 i' 1 1

forms a hoss of ahoiit one mile in width, agreat thicknessof dark green
slaty rocks is seen arranged in a synclinal fold-'- in the mountains to the

Tntni.-iivo
gniiiite.

• This is the ea.itern eilue of the Lowor Cretaceous urea previously alluded to. Tlie route here
folloiviMl Is tlmt described in llio Ui'poit of Proifress to wliich reference has already been made,

N.]

SIMII-KAMEEN VAI-LKY.

17 B

oastward of tho Ska/^il. Rivor. 'Die dips of thoso l)cdH appear to iiici-oaso
in steopnesH towards tlio coiitro of tlio s^'nclinui, tholiighest imlination
l)oin<jj alioiit, "0°. Tiio uppei'mosl l)od is a con^lonioratc! niado up of
l^roon and hlaeiv slato and ([uailz pebbles, all well rounded. On I lie
oastorn side of t he axis tlio dip is to tho north-wont, the inclinations being
somewhat loss than those of the western side, and continually diminish-
ing until wo reach a small swampy Hat about tjKtO feet aliove the sea
level, siluated nearly midway between the Skagit and Similkameen
valleys, where the slates are underlaid by a tinoly crystalline syenitic
gneiss, which does not appear to be associated with any granite veins,
or to show any otiiei' symptoms of the vicinity of a granite mass/i= The
eastern face of the slope on llie descent to the Similkanieen is covered, Onpissio and
nearly to the top, by a smooth coating of gravel, chiefly made up ofrocko.
porphyritic fragments, which entirely conceals tho rock beneath except
where a few dykes of I'elspathic porphyry and some hyjiersthenic green-
stones form small projecting riilges. This gravel covering continues
nearly down to the level of the South Similkamecn Rivor, where there
are exposed bods of a dark green altered rock, with a few thin inter-
stratitications of a blue argillaceous limestone, the whole having a south-
easterly dip. Those green beds are very compact, showing no granular
texture. They contain a few hornblende crystals. It is probable that
tho h_>iiersthonic greenstone seen higher up (m the hill may be a more
completely metamorphosed condition of tho same rock.

The Similkameen Jtiver is formed by tho junction of two smaller Roelcs of Simil-
streams, the South Similkameen ami the Tulameen. The junction takes
place near the point where the brigade-trail reaches the valley and is
locally known as the Vermilion Fork. Near this place sections of unal-
tered sandstone, containing the remains of land plants, arc seen in both
of the ti'ibutary valleys, and will be noticed in a subsequent paragraph.
About a mile below the Junction, vesicular green and grej' felspathic
rocks are seen in the main valley, di|iping at (!()° to tho nortb-nortli-east.
Some of tho beds are rudely columnar, and large masses of quartzoso and
rod felspathic porphyries, also ajiparontly stratified, arc associated with
them. This series of beds is ])r()bably the representative of the quartz-
porphyries and other trappean rocks seen in the Ashtnoiiloii Valley,
and on the top of Ptarmigan Hill, and it occupies a similar position with
reference to the granite which comes to the s n f.u'c further to the east-
ward."!" The latter rock is penetrated by several red felspar-porphyry
dykes near its western oilge.

A considerable extent of the main Similkameen Valley is occupied by Qranitio area,
the northerly jirolongation of the Ashtnoulou granite, as tho river cuts

• Tliis junction is a faulted one. Soo Report of Progress 1877-78, p. 03 B.

t These roclts and the s.andstoncs above referrod to arc now Iviunvn to be Tertiary.

m^ -'■-*•'-

«■

Mi.

18 B

BRITISH rOLITMBIA.

Trough of

metamorphic

rooks.

obliquely nt-rosM it. The total length of the exposed st'ction is about
nineteen miles, which distant-e is divided into two unequal portions of
fourteen miles and two miles, the intermediate space of three miles being
filled by a small and disturbed synclinal of slaty rocks.* The larger or
western mass of granite is of a hard and finely crystaline character,
containing both mica and hornblende with white and red felspar. The
smaller mass is also syenitic, an<l both are ])en(!t rated by numerous
felspar-porphyry dykes. The trough of black slaty rocks occurring
between the two granite masses differs from the included fragments
Been in the Ashtnoulou district, the disturbance being chiefly mechani-
cal, with but a slight amount of mineral alteration. It consists chiefly
of black pyrifous slate, with some thin bands of blue limestone at the
oastei-n side. These limestones have been considerably affected by the
granite at their contact with the smaller mass. The junction is marked
by a semi-crystalline quartz-rock containing cr^-stals of troinolito and
mica. Further away from the intruded mass the limestone is con-
verted into a mass of crystals of carbcmate of lime. This is for
the most part palo in colour, but still shows ii-regular streaks and
patches of its original tint. Associated with it are thin radiated masses
of actinolite and a few brown lime garnets. The coarsel}- ciystaline
portions of the limestone are very slightly coherent. Fj'om the readi-
ness with which the constituent crystals of calcite are cleaved, they are
very readily acted on by the weather, and run down into a kind of coarse
sand, forming a talus which lies at a much lower angle than those of the
harder rocks surrounding it. In addition to the chemical changes, there
appears to have been a considerable amount of mechanical disturbance,
as the lower beds of the limestone are much broken up and recemented
into a kind of breccia by carbcmate of lime and brown iron ore, the
former mineral sometimes occurring in large crystals in the cavities
between the fragments. The dij) of the limestone beds at the eastern
contact is 34° in a direction of N. 80° W. ; but the slates above them are
turned up at a much higher angle, andtowai'd the middle of the trough
they appear to be folded back upon themselves, the contortions being
rendered very apparent by several thin bands of white qnartz-rock
interstratitied among the hard black slates. The latter are often much
stiiined with iron rust from the decomposition of the contained pyritic
nodules. From the fact of the occurrence of the greatest amount of
metamorphisra with the smallest amount of inclination at the eastern
edge, it may be that the principal disturbing foi'ce has been exerted by
the gi-anito on that side, the beds being compressed and driven back
upon the portion lying to the westward. Porphyritic dykes are also

' Seo Report of Progrcsa, 1877-1878, p. 84 B.

■AUIRMAN,]

SIMIFiKAMEKN VALLEY.

19 B

seen in tho bliicU ulatos, one of thom, a fino-grnined gi'oonstono, occur-
ring in tho middlo of tho Hyncliniil, and probably filling a fault, an tho
Mlato in broken up into a coarHO breccia cemented by thin quartzoso
strings along (he j)Ianes of contact.

That portion of the Siinillcamoon Valley which Hoh between the oaHtern simiikamoon
edge of the granite (a point hIx miles west of the mouth of tho Ash I- granite ina»8.
noulou River) and llayne's house near the boundary crossing, is
tilled with great masses of slaty rocks which are mostly very siliceous,
comprising black lydian-stone and hornstono of various colours,
usually rod or purple with green and white bands in loss quantity. Tho
dips, as far as they can be trusted, show a south-easterly inclination,
but this is accompanied by a considerable amount of contortion as seen
in the small transverse gullies. There are also in places two systems
of strongly developed divisional planes which make more prominent
features than the Hup[)osod original bedding. A fiiw fragmentary
patches of limestone are seen high up in the hillside near the lower
end of tho valley, and from their similarity in position with those seen
in tho Chilukweyuk Valley, they may bo taken as marking the upper
part of the slaty series.* Near Kayne's house the granite of the A.sht-
noulou mountains crosses the river, and appears under the form of a
tine-grained white syenite full of small strings of ejiidotc. Fibrous
serpentine of a bi-ight green hue has also been found in the mountains
near this place.

In the hills lying botwcon the Similkameen and Osoyoos Lake, in Osoyoos Lake
TT 11 1 .. , 1 1 t I -I- 1 1 . and vicinity.

the Okanagan Valley, tlio sections sliow llie black siliceous slates lying

in a trough of contoj-tion, on beds of gneissic mica-slate, the latter

occupying the high ground in the centre of the hills. On the western

shore of the lake are seen thick beds of a coarse granitic conglomerate

with a dip of 70° in a direction E. 25° S. ; :.bout a quarter of a mile

back they have boon sharply folded over, and lie at nearly as high an

inclination in a westerly direction. A thin band of xtremely hard

felspathic jtorphyry is intruded in these beds near the boundary

crossing. On the same skle of tho lake a bed of sandstone is found

which is stained bright gicen for a short distance. This is produced

by carbonate of cojjper resulting from the docomjjosition of a

minute quantity of copper pyrites scattered through the rocks. No

detined copper lode could be found in the immctliatc neighbourhooil.

In the Similkameen Valley, below the boundary crossing and nearly

down to its confluence wilii (he Okanagan, black and green slaty rocks

are exposed continuously. They are contortetl in a similai' manner to

• Tho rocka above described are supposed to bolonn to the (\1che Creek scries of the provi-
sional cla!<siflcation of 1871.

v^p^..^- ^^^-^iiip^^

20 K

HRITIHII rnr.UMHIA.

Book Creek.

tlioNO Hdt'ii oil tlio hill Iriiil, Imt no ^iioiHHic i-ocUh ioinc to (In* Miirtaco.
Larch Tree Mill ^^" Hn) oji^tfrn siilo oC OHoyous IjuUo, wliicli in aiioiit two iiiiloH
widti, tiicic is 11 tiiliil cliiiii^t' in llic iiiiluif ut'llui iocUh, h voiy I'oai'Holy
Ijiiiiiiiiilcil ^iM'iss, lull of Iji !■;;•(•. cryslals ot' t'«)ls|)ar, |»rovailiii!,f. Tlio )lii>
oC tlio lamination is norlli wi-st ahoiit 25'. Altoiil a niilo liirllu'r lo
llie oasluani, at, apoiiit alioiil allioiisaiul lent, aliovo IliclaUc, il cliaiif^oH
to If)" in an (lastorly diroclioii.* 'Plui siiinniit of tlic ridj^o diviilin^
tlio (>l<an!i,i;an tVoin llu* N(*\vlioial|)ilUii or Kottic rivci- is known as
" Lairli Tree Jlill " tVoiii its hoin^' I Iks lirsl point on tlic lino at which
Jjariv oci-lilcntalis is soon in (inantily. It is about :i,!HH) t'cct ahovo
the Hou Icvol. Tlio slope for nearly tiie wliitlc distance Irom Osoyoos
is covered with tine ijravels and liiown sand. On the eastern side, on
the descent to K'ocU Creek, the Mack slates with a Ihw thin iiands of
(juurtzose eongloinorate are occasionally exposed, Imt over (he greater
part of the ground they arc hidden, only a f'ow hard porjihyry dykes
jirojecting (Iirongh the Miperticial deposits. At Rock ('reek (heOolville
trail tirst strikes the .Ncwhoialpitkii, which rivor, as has already boon
stated, follows u very tortiioiiH course, crossing the hoiindui-y-line thrro
times, and finally falling into the ('oiiimhia about two miles to tho
north of Fort ('olville. This area is remarkable (bi- the extreme chur-
aeter of the motamorphism of the rouks, as well as tor the great profu-
sion of intruded porphyritic dykes, greenstones, syenites and elvans
which are foun<l jionetiating the slaty and gneissic rocks inditforontly
throughout this eiitii'e portion of (he valie^'. In (he narrow gorge of
Ilock Creek the black slates are exj)oscd in steep cliffs with a .south-
westerly dip. Further to the eastward, thoy are associated with some
thin shaly and irreguhir bands of limestone, which are seen dipping
first alioiit 5° to tlu^ nnrth-noi-th-west and about four miles further
on 4° in an easterly direction. Ojiposite to the town, of Rock Creek, f
largo masses of a very finely crystalline greenstone in an obscurely
stratified condition, are found. They are somewhat like the inter-
stratified greenstone seen in the J{ocky Mountains, but bear very
little resemblance to the rocks of a similar character in their imme-
diate vicinity. About eight miles oast of Rock Creek, a hard dark-
green quartzose conglomerate in a highly metamorphosed condition
is accompanied by a bed of im|)erfcctly columnai' greenstone. The
.jtosition of these beds is above the slates of Rock (Ji'eek. The com-
parative position of tho rocks in this district is, however, very
obscure, as the sections rarely give good dips, from the prevalence of

Iliglilj; mcta-
morphic rocksi.

* Tlioso rooks resemble some of tho.-ic on tlio Shuswup Lakes, ami arc probably Archuan.
t A milling camp, long since abandoned.

BAUEDMAN.]

KKTTI.K VAM.KY.

21 n

irro^ulai' ji»iiits nitd Hccoiidiii'v divisionul pianos masking tliii (I'lui linoM
of Htnililication. liitlioaiMC of tlio t^iuH'iiHtoiios of IJock Crook tlio
uvMoMi'o appours t(i lu> alioiit. u(|ually diviiU'd l>otwoon iiitriiNioti luul
iiilcrsti'alilicatioii.

Aliiiut tlirci' niilos Ih'Iow llic I'iimI lioiindary crossing of NowlioialpilUiMinolHdlo rookn.
Uiv»M', ifiioissic rockw attain iiiiiko Micii" appearance, and they are sctui
continuously for about forty miles, up to within about twonty miloH of
the mouth of the river, 'IMu'V include examples of almost every variety
of j^ranitic and syonitic giKMHs, (|iiart/ rock in thin itands and a dark-
j^rcen lioinlilende slato, thu whole heinjf linely laminated, and arranged
ill numorouH nmall and irroguliir (•(•Mlorlions, Foi-aNhortdistanco, tioiu*
the centre of tbo mass, a di|) of laminatidn is obsei-.abU^ at low aiif^les
of inclination, and ranifing in ilirection luitwecn south-west and north-
noi'th-west, and in this part of the section most, of the ilykos of porjdiyi'y Dykes,
and greonston*!, whicdi are exce|)li(inally numerous, are intruded in the
lines of lamination. HomtMif the more homoiifncoiis of these inti'iided
masses wi'ather out into thin tile-sbaj)e(l lamina' duo to irrei^ular
eleava<^e-|)lanos \vlii(di cross (lie mass ohli(|iudy to the walls of the
vein. Near the ca>tern eil^fe of tlus gneissie rocks, dykes of granite
and nncaceous purpliN I'ics arc^ more abundant than the purer feispatbi(^
vai'iolies sei-n further to the westward. In some places the granitic
dykes are so well laminated, that they api)ear, when seen along a line
ofsti'iko, to form part of the gneissic beds themselves. A remarkable
example of this kind of structure is seen in the great bend of the
Kettle Jiiver, wliei-e, in u ditf of well laminated and thinly bedded
mica-slate, interstratitied with bands of a white ([uartz-rock of a j)ris-
niatie structure, and irregulai- masses of dark-green hoi'iiblendo slate,
thin iieds of a tinely <'rystailine gneissoid rock containing garnets are
seen near the top of the section. When seen on a ti'ansverse section,
the bands of this ro( k are observed to cross everyone of the other bods
in the section at a considerable angle, thus proving them to be merely
intrusive masses. The dip of the lamination, and probaiily of the
original st ratitication of the latti'r, is north iiorlb-wcst at an angle of
about 10°, while thai of the i\y '<es is much higher and is obli(pie to the
walls. The ai)pearance of this clitf with its regular alternations of
(liuirtz-rock and nodular masses of hornblende, is strangely suggestive
of its original scidimenlary (diaract(!r, ([uarlzose and siliceous bands
standing for siliceous .sediments of various degrees of purity, while
tlu! lenticidar lK)rid)lendic masses may be taken to re|)resent alternating
and irregular patches of clay. Instances of gneissic lamination in dykes,
have been ol)siu'ved in a few otiii'i' places in the same neiglibourhooil,
but it is nowhere so strongly markeil as it is in the example cited

-■■■•■■ - ■ i'---i- ^.■■-^«^i.i;,>

Mill ii'rr'^iiin-iiii-ifiii&iifiV'i''*''-

>.. ^ Mr»

'§mm

22-n

imiTfSH rOMTMBIA.

^wor Kottio
pulley.

Slaty and cal-
oereou^ rooks.

OoIvlUe.

ReuiRrknble
contortion.

Section in
Colville Mill
Viillcy.

above. At tlie third boumlary croHBin^ of Kottio Rivor, Iho i^noiMH
Ih hnnl and (irmly liimitiiitod witliout riiucli rontortion, iiftctr which
a di'.ri< rottoii mica slato, full of gariustH, and voi-y much coiitortod,
prt'vaiJH.

Aftor loaving tlio ^iioIhh a groat maHs of wlaty and calcaroouH rockH
Ih oncountorod in tlie lower part of i\w Kottio Rivor valloy. It oxtondu
in a HOiith-oaHtorly diroction for al>out tifty-dvc ndloH acrows tho
Coliind)ia to tlio head of Iho (/'homikano Valley, tho liedH forming an
irregular Hynclinal with a conHideraido amount of contortion on the
wotttorn Hido. Tho IowohI momhorH of thirt MorioH are hedw of rather
Milicious HhitCH and slaty limestonoH of a light green colour, which are
oceaMionally variegated with white and bhick lines of lamination. Tho
dip is to tho Houth-east at about 50° inclination. Further to tho eastward
and next in order in the scries, come h a mass of black and bluish-gi-ey
slate of a somewhat sandy texture, containing well foi-med crystals of
iron pyritoH. Associated willi these aro a few thin limestono bands,
resembling those seen in the lower part of the Similkamoon Valley.
These beds ai'c more contorted than the green series below them, and
are occasionally nearly tlat. At the mouth of the river the dip is again to
the south-oast. On the right bank of the Colund)ia opposite Fort Colville
there is a thin bed of a puie white crystalline marble, at the top of the
black slates, which is seen at intci'vals occu])ying the same position
highci' up the river towai-ds Fort Shcpheid. Above tho white lime-
stone comes the quartz-rock of the Kettle Falls. This is a white mica-
ceous and <iuartzo8e slato, divided by well marked planes of stratifica-
tion and nearly vei't leal joints, into flaggy or prismatic blocks. Thetiner
laminations ot the individual beds are, however, extremely contorted in
very small and shaip turns. In some '.nstances the lamina' are twisted
into serpentine curves, in which case the straight ends aro usually
broken through at the tails of the S-curved portions, such fractures
being generally accompanied by a small vertical dislocation. The total
thickness of this rock is about 500 foot. It occupies both banks and
the bed of the Columbia at tho Kettle Falls, and is seen in small ridges
sticking up through tho alluvium of tlie plain im which Fort Colville
is built, for about half a mile to the eastward of the river. In the clitt's
of tho left bank of tho Columbia Valley, in the hills above them, and
in those above the north side of the Colville Mill Valley, the rocks
exposed are argillaceous and sandy slates and sandstones, with a few
thin slaty bieccias and conglomerates, and a number of thick lime-
stone beds of a more or less impure or concretionary character occur-
ring at intervals throughout the whole series. The following is a more
detailed list of the apparent succession in ascending order in a line

■AUINMAN.]

OOLVIIiM: Mn,t, VAf.LEY.

23 B

from nortli-woHt to Moiitli-oiist Iroiu llio ;;tioisH of Kottlo Rivor to tlio
top ol'tlio Hyrinliniil in tlio Mill V^iiiloy : —

1. iinum Hlat«w and linuistonoH.

2. Hluck ami hliiish-^rroy nlatoH with indiidod crystalH of Iron
pyrittw and s(llll(^ tliin liiiuMtono i)an<ls, <li|>piii^ llrHt to S.H.K., tliun
8.VV., tluMi Hat, and linaily dil>pin^; H.K. n^ar tin* tiioiitli of tlio rivor.

'X VVIiito cryntallinit inarhlo with siliinotm loaf-liko (llinH, or very
thin buds.

4. Slaty quart/, rocik of tho K(»ttlo FallH.

5. ( iriHin ahaly liinoHtoniM and calcaroouH shaloH (loft hank of tho
Cohnul)ia).

0. Fino't^ruinc^d hluiHh-^roy Hhalos with irro^ular doavagu and thin
bodH of (liui Mlaty (■oii^rl()ni(<rato.

7. BhiiHh-Kn^y NJaty liiodHtono with Hoino bandH of black slato.

H. Thickly boddod and contoHod blim arjfillacoouH liineatonos, with
afbw thin intt^rioodiat** bods of a calcarcuiin broccia.

9. Kino-j^rainod liard yolluw .sand.stoncvs apparently niado up of
j;raniti(^ ornnoissic debris.

10. Hlu(i ar>?illacooua liniestijno, vory impure and Hlaty, tho upiM3r
IkkIs nuich hardi*n((d by infiltration of silica.

11. Hard nlaty broccia containinK frajjnionta of black silicious slato,
white (juart/.-rock in clay slate.

Tho sumo kind of contortion in lamination accompanyini;; regular
sti'aliticution thut is seen at tho Kottlo Falls, occurs in tho higher parts
of tho section, more ospeciully in tho thick limostone bods in Nos. 8
and 10. Tho bods in Nos. 5 an<l (5 form a small flat anticlinal arch at
tho eastern edge of tho Columbia Valley. They are broken through by
numerous greenstone dykes which usually follow a north and south
course. Tho largest of these intruded masses is about 200 yards wide,
forming a prominent ridge for about two miles along the valley to the
Bouth of the falls.

Tho conglomerate. No. 11, is the highest bed in the synclinal. It is
very hard and is much altered by silicious infiltration and affected by
cross jointing. Further up the Mill Valley tho dips assume a westerly
direction, bringing the limestones again to the surface. The beds have,
however, changed in mineral character, a nearly uniform mass of finely
laminated, white, slaty and calcareous rock taking tlio place of the
thick blue limestones with interstratified sandstones and conglomei-ates
seen in the western sitlo of the trough. About two miles south of the Granite ma»».
United Stales military ])Ost of ( "olville, a small granitic mass breaks
through tho limestones, and is exposed on a very obliijuo section as far
as the Little Pond D'Oreille River. The i-ock is remarkable tor its ex-
tremely rotten character, due to the rusted and decomposed state of
the felspar of which it is chiefly composed. The lower or »\iity members
of the series are exposed below the limestones in the upper part of the

■xay... >t^

24 B

HRlTtsn COLUMBIA.

Columbia
Valley.

Chemikane to
iSpokaii.

Spokan River-
Uiisiilt?.

Colvillo Mill Viilloy. Tlioy ivre nearly vertical, having been apparently
compro8^'e(! botween the Little Peiid D'Oroille urariitc and that of the
Spokan lying liirthi^r east. The suppDsc'd L'(|iiivaIont of tiie quartz-
roek of the Kettle Falls, appears as a l)and of pure wliite (piurlz. The
slates are mostly very silicious. The higher beds ure covered with
rusty stains from decomposed pyi'ites, the lower ones are chiefly black,
brown and purj)le jaspiiiious slates or lydian-stones, bearing a consider-
able resemblance to the beds seen in the Similkameon Valley. The
granite of the Spokan, like that of the Little Pend D'Oreille, is very rot-
ten and concretionary, weathei-ing down into i-ihU''/ sphei'oldal blocks.
At Chemikane bridge a small neetlle or ooelisk i)rojects from the face of
the clitf. It is formetl of a pile of soft decomposing blocks, which are
held together by a number of small interlacing veins tilled with a com-
pact mixture of felspar and (juurtz. Siniiiai' veins are seen at intervals
along the Chemikane Valley down to its junction with the Spokan. Li
the valley of the Columbia River, to the north of Fort Colville, the
black pyritic slates form ine mass of the river-cliffs as far as Fort
Shepherd, and in thelowei' part of the Pend D'Oreille Valley they are in
•". very much disturbed condition, and the intruded greenstone and
syenitic masses are more numerous than they are at Colville. The
limestone series appears in its pro])er place on the Pend D'Oreille and is
largely develojicd in the thickly wooded mountains to the eastward of
Salmon River. At the I'end D'Oreille latitude-station, the dij) is towanls
the south, and it is probable that the lower boundary of the series
follows a direction nearly parallel to, .'ind a little to the eastward of, the
Columbia from Colville to this district. A curiously speckled, black and
white sandy beet .ip|)eai's to be of common occurrenje in the upper
part of the thick limestom >*.

In passing from the vallo ■ (if the Chemikane to that of the Spokan
River, the ti'ail crosses a low ,>i;ss. with a marshy flat at the summit
iietween the low granite iiills. The graidte is of a rotten andconci-e-
tionary character, presenting many overhanging and perched blocks
which are very slighly coherent and scale otiintoa kind of coarse sand
under a very feeble pressure.

The Spokan Uiver tl' ws tliroi'.gh a bi'oad valley I'osembling an old
estuary, bordeird oy hills of 1 „'»()(> to 2,5(10 feet elevation. Toward the
.s(mth the great lava covered table-land of the Columbia e.Ktends in an
unbroken stretch for about '17)0 miles. Tlu' basaltic lavas form! ig the
greater part of the surface of the plain, aie represented on the Spokan
by some large outlying patches whii h flank the graiute mountains up
to about 400 feet above the river level. They are also seen in smaller
masses at various points along the (Jliemikanc Valley, and one small
fra'-'ment is found within the drainage area of the Colville Mill Stream.

MMH

BAUERMAN.]

SPOKAN AN1> KOOTANIE VALLEYS.

25 B

Following the courHC of the Spolvtin llivor, the concretionary olianuter
of the granite continues up to the noi^lihoiirhood of Phmt's liouse.
Here the i-ock becomes harder and a gncissic, structure is developed,
accompanied by the separation of hirge mica and f'clsj)ar crystals.

Near the edge of the wood on the Spolcan jjrairic, the same coarse Gni-iss.
gneiss is seen and a tinei- variety is found on the eastern side of the
Pend iJ'Oreille V^allc}' opposite .o Siiiyakwateen, the ferry at the lower
end of the Pend D'O.'eiilc Lake. The dip of the gnoissic lamination is
S. 30'' W. at Plant's house. On the Pend U'Oreille the direction is
S. 15° E.

In the district between the Siiiyakwateen Crossing and the fii'st.fj"i["o^;'lf "
ferry on the Kootanie lliver, there is a very small i'mount of evidence J^"*""-
as to the nature of the rocks. The pass is in a wide valley tilled with
gravel and blown sand, between low hills which are rarely visible from
the trail. The gneiss is seen at the top of the highest hill on the north
side of tiie valle}' neai- the watershed of tiie two rivers. The country
bordering the Pend D'Oreille Lake near Slnyakwateen i> one of the most
thickly wooded parts of the line. The ground is flat, and is intersected
by deep and sluggish streams which are liable to sudden overflow from
summer rains. The largest timber on the line is seen in the thick wood
at Pack Jiiver, where the (."alitbriiiaM sugar-pine (PZ/ti/s .Lambcrtiana)
attains a height of 310 feet, and cedar trees are found rivalling those
of the Cascade Mountains.

At the first or Chelemto Crossing of the Kootanie River, the gneiss Chdemto

„ •,• 1 , ^i • • • I • I • Crossing of

IS of a more granitic cliaracler, containing irregular micaceous lamina- Kootimie.
tions and much felsj)ar. The prevailing dip of the lamination is towards
the south-east, but this direction is not constant, l)eing combined with
much contortion. At the mouth of the Mooyie Eiver the slaty rocks of
the Kootanie Valley are seen for the first time.=i= They are bluish-grey ^'"'J'^^'''''^-
and green finely granular silicious slates, and form steep cliffs f'l om 150 to
200 feet in height, the laminations dipping (iO° in the direction E. 10" S.
On the right bank of the Mooyie, a curious boss of hy])ersthenic green-
stone is seen, intermediate in position between the slates and the
gneiss. A similar case of a greenstone dyke being intruded at the
immediate contact of the slates and gneiss is seen about five miles
below (north ) of C'helcmto, where hardened black slates are altered
into a kind of mica-slate, the mica forming small ilark green rounded
masses, in a lighter coloured base. I'^rom the Mooyie River eastward ?.'""> ''•Riv''''o

. . . . . , Kootimie Post.

as far as the l\ootanie trading jiosf, the sections present a succession of
uiifossiliferous slaty rocks and sandstones which are arranged in large
folds of contortion as shown in the section. Many of the changes
in dip are so sudden that they an' iirobably accompanied by fracture

* As the result of observations in 1883, these rocks are probably Cambriau.

26 B

BRITISH COLUMBIA,

siirtaccH.

Trappean rocks i

and dinlocation of the rocks. After passing the green silicious slates
between Mooyie and Yakli Rivers, the beds become darker in colour
and more argiUacoons, containing nodular masses of iron pyrites and
showing cavities whore these have been removed by decomposition.

Rippie-raarkod -^ feature seen for the first time in these beds is the presence of ripple-
marked burfuccf which arc of almost constant occurrence throughout
the Kootanie Valley as far as the trading post. At the second crossing
of the Kootanie, some beds of hard, green sandstone are seen. They
ajjpoar to be perfectly homogeneous on a fresh surface, but sliow small
irregular false-bedding in green and white i[uartzose sediment, with
included fragments of slate, on a weathered face. There are associated
with these beds some laminated white and black shales with small con-
cretionary points of carbonate of lime, which pass into an impure
limestone, i;i which the carbonate of lime is intermingled with argil-
laceous patches in folds resembling the markings in the molar tooth of
an elephant. There are very few intrusive dykes in this part of the
country, only a single one having been observed to the east of the
Mooyie Eiver. There are, however, several apparently intersti-atitied
beds of amygdaloidal and compact trappean rocks, between the second
crossing and Kootanie post. The most remarkable of these is a com-
pact felspar-i'ock containing crystals of mica, hornblende and magnetite.
Near the Kootanie post the slates are gi-een and silicious, and are
arranged in broad inclined steps across the valley dipping at an angle
of 20" in the direction N. (JO' E., all with ripple marked surfaces.

Tobacco Piiiins. At the Kootanie trading po-st the valley suddenly witlcns, the hills
receding foi' about lour miles from the river. The intermediate S2>ace is
filled with flat-topped gravel terraces, which are known as the Tobacco
Plains. In the mountains lying between the Tobacco Plains and
Chelcmto, and in the upper part of the Mooyie Valley, the I'ocks
are similar in character to those seen in the Kootanie Valley and are
probably arranged in a somewhat similar manner, the sections are,
however, of small value, as they are only seen at rare intervals, owing
to the thickgrowthof small timber which is almo>i universally present
and is nearly as etfective in concealing the rocks as the drift gi-avels
in other places.

The high mountain which rises about 6,000 feet above the river on
the west side of the Kootanie at the Tobacco Plains crossing, is made
up of bluish grey slates with a belt of ci-ystalline rock containing
large starry masses of actinolite near the summit, probably a repre-
sentative of one of the interstratified trajjs seen at a lower level fuither

Tobacco Plains to tlic eastward. To the east (jf the Tobacco Plains, between the Koo-

River. tanie post and the Flathead River, bluish-grey, gi-een ami purple clay

slates are seen along the gorge of the Tobacco Eiver, through which the

'•]

FLATHEAD VALLEY.

27 B

trail is can-ied. Tho dips are chiefly north-east, Hk)pe 30°. The flaggy
surfaces of the beds are covered with ripple-marks and impressions of
sun cracks. Near the summit of the dividing i-idge, they are veiy red
and sandy, containing numerous pseudomorpbio impiessions of salt
crystals atnl some fossil-like markings, wbicli liavo however been pro-
nounced by Ml. Salter not to be of organic origin. The top of the pass
is flat and swampy on the Flathead side of the slope. The dip of the
red beds is 20° in the direction K 10^ W. About 300 feet below tbe^. .

Limestone
watei'shed on the descent to the Flathead, tho trail suddenly crosses auutlye""-

series of bluish-grey limestones which are exposed continuously on
the slope to within a short distance of the alluvial gravels of the Flat-
head R'ver. They ai-e very hard, thickly bedded, and are divided
into large blocks by open joints which are often filled with quartz
crystals. The dip is 8° to 10° in an easterly direction. Mr. Salter's
remarks on the fossils from these beds are appended as a note to this
report.

They were chiefly found in a very compact bed in the middle of the Fossils,
section, where they are exiwsedoii the weathered faces. At the lower
end of the section, the liiliestones rest on a thin patch of false-bedded
quartzose sandstone. Near the top of the hill they are lying uncon-
formably on the i-ed beds containing salt crystals. The limestones are
cut through by the bi-ook that runs down to the Flathead Eiver, form-
ing vertical cliffs varying in height from about twenty-iive feet at the
bottom of the hill, to about 200 feet about half way up, whei'e the
fossils are principally found.

Other beds of ^Carboniferous age are seen in the Ivootanie Valley Carboniferoui
north of the Tobacco Plains, overlying the green slates with intei--
stratified trajjs. They differ very much in appearance from the Flat-
head limestones, being principally argillaceous, the limestones occur-
ring only in thin rubbly seams of a black colour. Only a few fossils
have been found in them. The dip is north-east about 30°. Tho highest
observed beds of the section are coarsely laminated quartzose shales
with bands of black chei't, possibly representing the millstone grit.
At this point the trail turns off into the Mooyie Valley, but as Dr.
Hector found the Carboniferous limestone furthej- north in the Koo-
tanie Valley, it is probable that it is continuous over the intermedia.te
space.

The main chain of the Eocky Mountains lying to the eastward ofthe j^o^t^y
Flathead River, is made up of slaty antl sandy beds resembling those Mountains,
seen north of the second Kootanio crossing, and in the pass of Tobacco
River. The transverse valleys of the Akamina Brot)'< and the South
Kootanie Pass follow the strike of synclinal folds in the rocks. In the
former the cliffs rise on each side of the stream like walls in particol-

28 B

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Mdiiiits Y
iiiul Kii'liy
Spciicu

Aknmina
Viillfy.

omed masonry, and arc cut hack at intorvak into semicircular hollows
whicli usually contain Hmall lakes. Tlie projectin<5 ridges which divide
those basins may bo taken to roprosont the hutti'esscs, while, to com-
plcto tlio aiialoucy, (lie nuinil clitVs arc crowned wilh masses of rod shales
standing lor pinnacles or biitfross-caps.
iinoii '['|>o h'.mlu'st mountains near tlio pass are those named Mount Yarrell
and Blount Kirliy and Spcnco on Blackiston'smaj), near the western face
oftiie rann'o.* Tiio tirsl named rises about (),')()() feet al)ove the b'lat-
lioad Ilivor ami is cinliroly composed of well sti'atitied materials, prin-
cipally shales and sandstones, the liighest beds being of a brilliant red
colour. At the tinal latiluile-station on the watershed, the rocks bear a
strong resomblance to those seen in the ridge dividing the Kootanie
and Klathead llivers. They ai'c green and red ai'gillacoous shales and
sandstones with subordinate bands of limestone. Some of them are
cleaved, but all are rip])le marked and covered with the impressions of
sun-cracks. The limestone is of a very peculiar character, being made
up of spheroidal concretions which present on faces of weathering a
confused series of ii-regularly concentric i-inged masses, in whicli a
stellar or radiati'd structure isoeeasionally developed from the presence
of aetinolite crystals. At the toj) of the hills above the limestone at
tiie latitude-station, a height of 8,r)(t() feet above the sea level, very red
sandy shales resembling those of Mount Yarrell arc found. They are
in many j)laees thickly coated witli mieact'ous lucmatite.f Near the
base of those red rocks thiee interstratitied beds of a columnar gi'cen-
stcme or diorite are seen. The higher ones are very compact in tex-
ture and (jf a dark-green colour. They are occasionally vesicular,
having crystals of Iiicmatite (iron glance) in the cavities. The lower
bed is an amygdaloid of a dark reddish colour, the vesicles being lilted
with carbonate of lime crusted with green earth. Pseudomorphous
crystals of rock salt are also found in the red beds, together with some
concrctiary nodules beai-ing a rough resemblance to fossils, none of
which can, however, ho pronounced to be of organic oi-igin. A
curiously furi'owod slab from tiiis locidity has been submitted to Mr.
Salter, who is of opinion that the markings have not been produced by
burrowing annelids. On the nothern side of the synelinal forming the
valley of the Akamina, tiie red beds are seen at the tops of the hills
o})posite tiie latitude-station, but the limestones are not exposed, being
iiidden by the rough talus of the upper beds.

At the summitof (he Indian trail in the South Kootanie Pass, about
7,000 feet uiiove the sea level, fragments of one of the greenstone

• 8i'e (leolii).'y niiil Kcsonn'es nf the tilth I'anillcl. l"*"'', for a inori' dctaileil aceount of the rofks
eastward frniii this point. Tlu' sections iiifliulo beds t'loui tlie Caiubriaii to the I'riassic.
t Those arc i)robably 'I'riassic.

N.l

THE ROCKy MOITNTAINS.

29 K

lar hollows
hich divide
ilo, to com-
>f red shales

)unt Yarrell
kvestcrn face
vo the Fhit-
lerials, prin-
briiliant red
rt)i'lis bear a
he Kootanie
iH shales and
of them are
upressions of
•, being made
weatherinii; a
^ in which a
I the presence
3 limestone at
evel, vei-y red
d. They are
).-|- Near the '
lumnar green-
ompael in tex-
ally vesicular,
j. The lower

les being til'eil
send(jmorphouH

tbor with some
fossils, none of
lie origin. A
bniitU'd to Mr.
H'U produced by
nal i'orming the
ops of the hills
I exposed, being

anie Pass, about
■ the greenstone

ed account of the rocks
I) the Triassic.

Chiof Miiun-

l,ako.

bands are thickly scattere<l aliout the siu-faco. They are probalily K„st »i(,pp<>f
nearly in itlace. In the descent from this point to the HulValo Plains, '<""•""''■ P"-"'-
(ho trail ci'ossos a mass of blue, concretionary limestone at about the
same level as that seen at the summit latiliidc-station. It is |)i'obably
the same beil brought up by the longitudinal anticlinal of the main
chain. Lower down the hill a peculiar condition of the red beds is
seen, in the form of hardened clays ot a blood-red colour, alternating
with thin partings of a grcenisli-grcy i|iiart/,-rock studded with small
cavities containing grains of (|uarl/ and tlaUes of micaceous lacmatite.
The whole resembling an altered mass of red marls with their green part-
ings. They arc overlaid by a thin bed of very crystalline greenstone.*

At Chief ^Ii 'intain Lake, the clitfs in a noi'th anil south direction,
along the eastern shore, expose the tblds of the ti'ansverse synclinals hiii
in the plane of the concretionary limestone, which is contorted into a
W-shaped curve between the eastciu mouth of the South Kootanie Pass
and the south end of the lake. The limcstoiu> is bore underlaid by beds
of purple and green siiicious clay-slate much contorted, with an inter-
calated limestone which contains fragments of ([Uartx and large nodu-
lar masses of chert. Ripjile-marked surfaces are commonly seen in both
slates and lower limi'stone. This is the last and most easterly section
which was examined by the North American Boundary C'ommi.ssion.

The probable thickness of the upper bods of the mountains, i.e., the

concretionary limestone and overlying red and green beds and dioritic

lavas, is about 2,200 feet.

In comiiarinii; the I'ocks seen at different points alon"; the line of the Comparison of

rock series*
larger section, the most apparent and striking difference is that between

the unaltered beds of shallow-water origin cm the eastern side of the
S])okan gneiss, and the generally metamorphic sedimentary masses
lying to the westward of that axis. In the Fi-aser IJiver district, the
locks of the Chilukweyuk Valley, which arc the least altered of any of
those lying to the west of the Columbia Eiver, have probably been
(lepo«itcd in deep water, as shown by their very thin laminations and
the fineness of the sediment. The l)lack slates and crystalline lime-
stones on the Fort Hope road are sufficiently near in resemblance to
the Cliilukweyuk beds, setting aside the metamorphism produced in the
latter by intruded greenstone and granitic masses, to allow of the
assumption of these two being eipiivalenl.f

The black and varigated siliceous slates of the Similkameen
Valley, are probably again rejjresentatives of the lower part of the

•Sec ,<icction up. Cil. These lower rcil \n'<h iiro at ii ilifl'erent horizon, and iire jirobaljly
Cambrian.

t A pariiKrapli, in wliieli tlie iiRo of the prreen lieds forminfr a synelinal east of tlie Sliiipit is ili.«-

cMssed, is licre omitted, as tliey have, since Ijeeii shown to l)e Lower Cretaceous. See Kcport

oTTProgrcss, 1877-78,'.and Trans.; Royal Soc. of Canada, 1882,!Sec. IV., p. 81.

30 B

RRITIHH fMlMIMIUA.

Comparison of Chilukwoyuk Hlatos, as they are of a similar ttno toxtiii-e, boin^ altered
by silicification into a black chert, and do not contain any of the thin
bands of liinoslono by which the iippor |)art of tliat nerios is diwtinf^-
iiishcd. Tiie limcstoncH that ai'o present on the Siinilkaracen are very
thin and concretionary. To the eastward of Larcli Tree Hill everything
Ih hidden by sands and gravels, but the black slates of Rock Creek are
jirobabi}' c<iuival(Mil in |)()si(ion to those of the western valleys, as they
arc similar in texture and contain thin limestone seams. Tiiis part of
the section is, however, much confused I)y the presence of intrude<l rocks
and other marks of disturbance. On the east side of the great bend
of Kettle River, the mass of rocks in the Oolville basin is equal if not
larger in amount than that in the Chilukweyuk Valley. The succession
is also a similar one, the gneiss being overlaid by green slates with
thin limestones, which are succeeded by sandstones and shales contain-
ing thick bods of limestone resembling those in the upper ]iart of the
western series, with this tlitferenco, that they have probably been
deposited in shnllowdr water, as they are less purely calcareous and
there is a more rapid alternation in the mineral charactei' of the inter-
mediate beds from clays to sandstones ami conglomerates, than is usual
in the western district. The variable charaetci- of the limestones is
further shown by the change of the thick blue beds of one side of the
synclinal into white and shaly ones on the other.

On the eastern side of the Spokan gneiss, the slaty rocks of thoKoo-
tanie Valley have only one feature in common with those of the
Columbia — the preseiue of interspersed crystals of iron pyrites. The
great limestone beds are entirely wanting This is most likely due to
the shallow-water origin of the Kootanie beds, which is abundantly
proved by the presence of ripple-marked surfaces, and as the higher
parts of the section contain large quantities of thin false-bedded sand-
stones, it is probable that the shallowing went on as these were deposited.
The coneictionary "elephant's tooth " limestone of the second Kootanie
Crossing appears to mai'k a new set of deposits, as it is above this point
that amygdaloidal and other lavas are found interstratitied with red
sandy shales, containing hrematite and numerous impressions of salt
crystals.

A similar mineral character aM<l oi-derof ai-rangement prevails in the
upper beds of the Rocky Mountains, and if wo assume them to be equivar
lents,* we must suppose that the greater part of the Kootanie Valley

Beds of the

Rocky

Mountains.

. • The conclusions stated in this paragraph, are based on the assumption of the identity in age
of the Red rocks of the vicinity of the Kootanio Valley, with those of the upper parts of the
Rocky Mountains near the tilth parallel. The remarkable litholoKical resemblance of these rooks
might fully justify this hypothesis, which was, indeed, iil one time entertained by the writer. It
has, however, been iirovcd by the exploration of ISH.'i that these red rocks arc widely separated in
age, the former being, as stated in a previous note, probably Cambrian, the latter Triassic.

m^^'y^-- '^:-'

BAUERMAN.]

AGE OF ROOK SERIES.

31 B

rookH are actually present in the R'jcky Mountains ; the mountains on
the western side showing a pile of Htratifiod deposits more than *1,00()
foot in height. In J)r. Iloctiir's map, in Ihodooloirical Society's Journal,
(18(51) Carbon ifei'ous i-ocksare marked as (occurring in the South Koota-
nie Pass, but there does not appear (o be any evidence for this view,
as the rod beds, itc,, forminj^ the mass of the rocks in (hat district cer-
tainly contain no fossils of (Jarboniforous or an}' other atio. The (Car-
boniferous I'ocks of (he Kootanio Valley nor(h of (he Tobacco Plains, in
addition to their veiy argillaceous character, are only conformable to
the Kootanio slates in amount of dip and not in directi(m. The great
outlier of the Flathead Valley, which is (he nearest mass of Carbonifer-
ous rocks to the main chain of the Rocky Moun(ains. is markedly
unconformable to the red beds on which it rests, is very compact and
uniform in composition, and is of deep-water oi-igin, presenting no
indications of concretionary sti-uclure, false-bedding, or ripjde-marked
surfaces, all of which are seen in the concrcticmary limestones of Chief
Mountain Lake.

As to (he age of the slaty rocks, it is impossible at present to form ji ProhnbionKoof

, . . * ^ slaty series.

positive opinion. In Dr. nec(or's map, the Kootanio slates are assigned
to the Iluronian period, probably from the fact of their containing no
fo'!'^}ils. Sir W. K. Logan has also (in conversation) suggested that
probably most of the western beds are of that age. By comparison of
the collection of Canadian rocks made by Dr. Sterry Hunt, of the
Canadian Survey, now placed in (he Museum of Practical Geology,
with that of the North American Boundary Commission, the following
points of resemblance and ditference have been obtained : —

1. The gneiss of the Spokan strikingly resembles (he typical Laurcn-
tian gneiss of Canada, both being veiy coarsely ci-ystallino and
porphyi'itic with rod felspar. The presence of garnet crystals is also
common to the Canadian specimens and those from the great bend of
Kettle Eivor. On the other hand, the grey j)orphyritic gneiss of
Osoyoos Lake, and the finely laminated variety of the same i-ock from
Moodio's prairie, are conditions that are not I'opresented in the Cana-
dian collections.

2. The Ilui'oidan series of Canada is mostly comjiosed of quar(z-^"™,'ifiJroni|i,,.
rocks, while the supposed beds of that age on the Pacific side are prin-
cipally slaty. In some cases, iiowever, as in the Similkameen Valley,

they are suiticiently siiicious to bo only distinguishable from quartz-
rock by their slaty structure and dark colours.

3. The interstratified greenstones of the Rocky Mountains are very
much like those that occur in a similar mannoi* among the Iluronian
rocks of Canada, and do not al all resemble those found under similar
circumstances in the Lower Silurian rocks.

32 B

HIUTlHIl rOMIMHrA.

4. Tlio maiinoc in wliicli inicaceous liiPiniitiioocciirH as a coinpononl
of tho I'l'il liods ()(■ till' lioclvy Mi)Uiitiiins is to ii (uu'hiiii I'xiont pai'allolod
in ilu) italiiarilo, or slaty i-ocks of Oaiiaila, wliich aro in jilaooH
entirely (lomposcd of that niinei-al. Those luttoc nvc, howovor, of
Louei' Sihii'ian a^e.
' The followini.^ are the estimated thicknesses of some [)ortioiis of tho

motaniorphie i-oeks in (hose areas in which it is possihlo to^ive thorn :

1. Sehweltzii to Ohilukweyiik Lake, Mack slates and thick lime-
stones aliout 2t,0n0 leet, ostimiited at an averai^o slope of 10° for
t\venty-eifj;lit miles.

2. Western limh of tho Colvillo synclinal, from the Ivottlo Falls
*[uiirt/i-rock to the top eonmlomorivtos, iiboiit t-1,000 foot. Estimated !it
an averai^c iA".\0° for ei^ht miles. Prohaldy with the tliicikness of the
hhick and ffreen slalcs liclow them, which are contoi'tiMl, the amount
of these beds is c([ual to those in tho Chilukweyuk Valley.

;{. Kootanio slates from Mooyie River to tho concretionary lime-
stone at the second crossing, 15,0()(( feet. This is a very roun'h estimate
obtained by proloni^ing the curves of contortion obtained from the
observed dijis. It is very probable, from the rapid change in the dip
which occui's near the middle of the valley, (bat there ai-e dislocations
of the beds in (bis ai'ca.

4. Concretionary limestones red beds and <lioritic bivas, about 2,200
feet, an es(ima(e ob(aincd from the mountains of the South Kootanio'
Pass.
Terfinr.v .icries. Tertiary deposits. — The nios( cimsiderable deposit of fresh water beds
of Tertiary age oecuri'ing within the basin of the Columbia, is that
seen at the confluence and in the valleys of the two branches of
the Similkameen River at Vermilion Fork.* They are coai'so
sandstones made uj) of very sligldly worn detritus of the neigh-
bouring Asbtnoiilou gi-anite, above which are beds of (ine white
sandstone containing twigs and fragmen(s of the wood of coniferous
trees, and earthy carbonaceous shale or imperfect coals, containing
plant remains and ma.sses of retinite or amber similar to those seen
in the Cretaceous coal of Nanaimo in V'^ancouver Island. The dip of
these beds in the Tulameen V^alley, at tho Forks, is about 8" in a north-
east direction. No other Tertiary beds are seen in the Similkamoen
Valley below this point.

In (lie Kettle River Valley, about eleven miles east of Rock Creek,
another patch of supposed Teiliary tleposits is o.xposed on the north
side of the liver by an accidental slip of the covering gravels, \n a
place where the bank has boon cut down to form a waggon road. The

Vprmilion
Forks.

Kettle River.

* Sec Report of Progress, 1877-78, p. 129 B.

eAUERM«N.]

HUI'EHl'IClAl- UKI'CISITS.

33 B

1 in ])livcos
lowcvcr, of

lioiis of tho
jrivo thoni :
lliirk Umc-
, of 10° lor

Kotllo KallH
KstimaU^'l at
[•kncss of the
tho amount

tionnvy Umo-
[,U!j;h estimate
ned from the
,gi- in Uie (rn>
■0 (liBloeationH

m, iU'Out 2,200
;(jiith KootaniC

•csh water beds
lumina, is that
■o l)ranehcs of
voy are coarse
9 of the neigh-
^ of tine white
„\ of conifei'ous
oals, containing
r to those seen
nd. The dip of
,,ut 8° in a north-
tho Similkamcen

it of Rock Creek,
)sod on the north
I'injj; gravels, in a

rifon V

■oad. The

j'ock — which contains carhonaocous fragments — is u course slialy sand-
Hlono made up of tin- waste of a Iclspalhic rtttk, prolialily furnished liy
one of the intruded poi-phyrios in the adjacent motamorphic rocks. The
iieight of the HOction is abuut twenty loet. The heds dip (iO" wouth-
eust, and arc exposed for a clear h'ngth of ahout fifty yaids, wlieii they
are conipk'toly hidden hy llie supertieial deposits. 1( ma}', therefore,
bo supposed that these rocks are present over u considerable portion ni'
the Kettle Eivcr Valley, although hidden by deposits ot a more recent
)ici'iod. No Tertiary i-ocks are seen in the Columbia V^dley in the
neighliourhood of Kort ('olville.

In thoSpokan Valley, on tlu' eastern face of the low pass that comes Spokim Valley,
from Chemikane, a small outlier of sandstones is seen about .'{()(• feet
above the river. The sediment ap|)cars t<^ have come from some dis-
tance, us it contains small rounded and angular grains of (piartz and
flakes of clay slate and mica. The cementing matei-ial is earbomite of
lime. This outlier is very small as the rock is only slighly coherent
an<l has in great pai'l been decayeil by tho action of the atmosphcM'c.

Another fragment of loosely coherent sandstone is found on the
Spokan River, close to the mouth of the Little Spokan. Jt is made uj)
of the debris of the a<ljacent coarse rotten graiute, and scarcely ditters
in ap|iearance from the rocks from which it has been derived except by
the piTsencc^ of irregular planes of stratification.

Superficial Deposits. — The superficial deposits of the Fruser Rivei- and Supprii(!iai
its triliiitarics r\ear tho sea, are principally derived from the reiiistribu-
tion of the blue boulder-elay ot' the northern drift period. This is
especiallv the case in the Chilukweyuk A'^alley, where blue clay hills, Vicinity of the
with an occasional thin coating of coarso granitic gravels, form second-
iiry ridges bounding the river :ind rising to a height of 400 to t!0(> feet.
In Viin<'ouver Island, about 201) feet of sand and gravel, getting cotirser
in the higher beds, is found resting on the eroded surface of the
boulder-clay. These gravels are in many phices covered by rtiised
beaches made up id' friigmenis of bi'oken shells exactly resembling
those Ibrming the modern beat h. They are found close to the shore
at heights varying between six and ten feet Jibove the present high-
water lines, Further inhind they are seen at higher levels up to about
fifty feet, tit a <lisl;mco ot'ncarl}' a mile from the present shore lino. At
New Westminster, raised shell beaches tiro Ibund in a similar position,
capi>ing gravels and clay clitls about thirty feet above tho river.
Boulders of groy syenite arc found in grotit numbers at New West-
minster and Point Roberts. On the western ftice of the riilgi^ dividing
Schweltza Lake from Sumii->, there are a few boiddcrsof a jiispidiousand
scrjjontinous rock which have their outer faces polished. They are
perched on the hillside about 500 feet above tho prairie. Probably many

-"T!SS

■I

III II

niiiTiHii I'oMTMni.v.

('iiiiiiiiiiiii

Viill.'v.

Terraces.

Hiinilar hlocks hit bcutturoil ii\>n\>f tliu face of llic hill, Imt tlioy cannnt
li(> Hccii Croiii 11 liiNlaiicc dn aicoiiii) nl'llic tliitk Toit'st wliicli prevails.

Ill tlic valley of (he Cnliimliia, ami in IImisc of IIh |ii'iiiti|iai liihii-
laricH, (lie ^mvflM lionUd-iii;^ llie rivers riHe lo ('(iiiKidenilile lieij^lils on
tliu HuiiUs oi' llio l)orilerin;{ moiinlaiiiH. Tliey aii^ usually arran^e<l in
Hleep Hal tn|>|M'(| terraces. Al llie inoiilli ol' Metlinw K'iver, a slreain
wliicli falls inli) IJie ( 'o|iiiiil>ia almnl Dxir miles lielow llie eoiiHiieiiee of
the ()Uaiiai;aii, I lie re are lliirleeii |irinei|»al liiii's of terraeos, the ^^roiitoHt
• lillereiiee of lieiy:h( lielween any two lieinu; ahoiil one hiindred ami
twenty feet. The total heiuhl of the whole series is ahoiit, l,(l(M» feet.
The iinliviihial terraces are rarely continuous a( the same level for
more Ihan KM) or ,^»(M» yards witluMil hreakiiii;' dowi: into smaller or
Heecuidary lerraees. On tlm ()l\ana.i:;an Uiver, which Hows through the
wiliest valh'y in the country, measiirini:; in places ahoiil t\velv»> miles
fromclitrto clitl', the lerr.aces horderint; the river up to ahoiil 2tlO feet
altove i(. are olteii fnun two to three miles in hreadlh and eoiiliiiuous
at. the same h'v»d for eii,dil or ten miles, 'fhese ^real Mats are usually
iinpreifiialed lo a cf)nsideralile depth with aiUalino salts. There are a
few small laUes upon them in the spring; time, which later in the year
are dried hy the sun. icaviiii;- a while crust of carhonaie of soda.

[ii the widest pari of the SimilUameen Valley, hroad terraces are also
Keen on (lie lefl liaiik of the river. Near the Ashliioiiloii Ihi' i:;ravel
banks are steep, narrow, and slope al a small ani;ledowii stream. 'Phey
are only seen in the hollows lietween pi'ojecliiii;' points ^t^' rock and are
strikiiii^ly like railway emlianknu'iits. Jn tlieColiiinliia \'alley, at Fort
Colviile, ill addition to well marked lines of teri'aces iMtrderiiin' the
river, traces of older ones are visihie on tin- rinlit hank up lo a height
of lu'arly 1,HOO t'eet almve the pi»'>cnl water-level. Tlie lower ones
and those liorderinn' the plain on which the Ifiidson Hay Company's
estalilishment is l)uilt, are formed of a lincly laininaled marl tilh'd with
nodular coiicrelicnis, some of which assuine the very unusual torms of
crescents and perfect rinns. This clay is usually only expo.sed at low
levels, ami is eovt'ri'd hy a coarse gravi'l made of fragments of slaty and
erystalline rocks, ahove whiidi is a coaling of hlowii .sand. A I the river-
level thehlown sand is from f(Uir to eight feet thick, forming a smooth
surface, hut on the left sidi> of the valley, near the Kettle Falls, about
2.^)0feet ahove Ihem. I here are curious indications ol' old sand dunes,
the surfaces of which havi" become compacted and are now overgi'own
with large trees, luit the steep-sided gullies in the drift hillocks arc
still 2)hiiiily diseerniMc.

The frontal slopes of the gravel terraces .at ("olville, are eoiitinually
undergoing alterations from the action of the atmosphere. Thegreatesl
amount of moditieation ia etl'eeted by the Hliding of groat masses of

.ffT^S??^'

\wy ninnot
•li |)ri'V!iilH.
I'ipal It'iliii-

ir;iii^i'il ill
r, :i sd'ciiiii

(IlllllCIIll' of

lie ^roiitoHt;
iiidt'cil ami

l.itOO foci.
J lovol lor
Htnallor or
liroii^li tlio
vi'lvo milos
III -JiMt foot
conliiiuoiis
iii'(' usually
linrc aro a
ill I III' youi'
<)(la.

L^OHart' also
(lie ii,rav(>l
cam. 'I'lioy
ick and are
ley, at. Fort
(loriiii;- tlio
lo a iu'iglil
lowor ones
Company's

lilinl with
I t'orms of
si'd at ioAV
f slaty and
t the rivi'i'-
5 a smooth
alls, about
luul diiiu's,
o\ci'i;'ro\vn
illocks are

'onlinually
licu;reutost
L miiHses of

AliniI.'KllOI!S OIIAVKI.H.

:i5 li

snow over tlu-m during' I he spiiii;;' I haws. A fow tiaiis|ioilt'd lioiildrrH()ii,i.|,ii
of syt'iilic icnuiitf ar*- sci-ii at various |(((iiils in the hills on the north" "" '""
sidi' of the Colvillo Mill U'ivcr, and in two |ila<-(>s llu* rocks are faintly

scored with line irrc;;iilar ;,N'ooviiii;s.

'I'lieir direction, as far as can li

seen, is froni north to soiitli. 'I'lic height of |lu's(> poinls is ahoiit 2, (KM!
fe((t alxive llu^ sea-levt 1. ( )iic other instance only of ice inarkiiif^ was

OllS(>l'\('(l

II tlie ( )l<:iiia<;'aii liivcr, alioiit

ninlwav

l>.-t

ween

Talii!<.

Osoyoos and the moiilli of the river in ahoiil the same latitude as
Colville, hut at a iiiucli lower level. 'I'lie iiiarkin<(s are seen on the
fail' of a white limestone ellj]. They follow the course of the valley.

( )ii the Spokaii plateau several small hoiilders of uranite arc seen l^rnitic
anionn' the hasaltic f.^iavels ahoiit twciil\ miles south of the ( 'hcniikaiii'
granite hills, the nearest source from whith they could have l)een
derived. On the left hank of the Similkaniccn, alKUit six miles helow
the AHlitnouloii, a very peculiar nrraiif^enienl of i he rliif talis is worthy
of notice. The clitVs, which are formed of a purple Nili<ioiis "slate,
nearly ((iiartz rock, are l'acc(l tin' more than two-thinls of their heinht
hy conical mounds nf fiiinnients. Th«i hijfhest. is ahoiit !tlll( feet
high. The larger masses that have reached the lower gravel tcrracres
in the hot torn of the valley, arc extended in long lines along iht' front
edge of the terrace; for ahoiit CAM yards down the valley. Some of the
hloeks are of great size, measuring fr(Hii (I,(l(i(l to S, ()()(( ciihic feet. In
the main chain of the Ifocky Mountains there are a few small glaciers.
The lowi'sl is alioiit (i.lKin feet ahovc the sea le\el, hiii no ice niarkiiigs
or transported hlocks uro anywhere ajtparent in the .South Jvooiunio
Pass.

Aurifemis graiuls. — Gold is generally present in the lower level
gravels of the Frascr, the Similkameen, Tend D'Ori^ille, Kettle and
Coliimhia Rivers. The principal points at which workings have heeii
carried on ure as follows : — 1. In the gorge ol h'raser liivcr. north of
Fort Hope. 2. In the south hranch of the Similkameen, near Viiy
milion Forks. ;{. in the lower |iart of theSiniilkaineen \'aile\, hel ween
llaynes' House and the Okanagan. I. At l.'ock and lioiindary ( 'reeks,
two small trihiituri(>s of lilt; Kettle Ii'iv(>r. fi. In the lower part of the
Pend D'Oreille N'alley, near Fort Shepherd, and (it h, at \ arious points on
the Coliimhia hetwcen Fort Shepherd and h'ort ('olviile.

At Rock Creek IIk- ground worked was the gravel tilling the
hed of the stream, the greatest thickness heing ahoiit si.xleeii feet,
with an average hiradth of twenty-live feet. 'I'he claim allowi'd to
each digger was one hundred feet, following the hed of the stream,
and including the whole hreadth of the valle}'. Three or (iuir adjacent
claims were usually worked as one ad\cnlure l'\' the united strength
of the cluimants. The method of working is very simjile. After

UiiUI lii'iiriiiK

rcciiiiis.

Koik ('rcc'l<
mines.

^^^St^^

'M II

liUiTrHU roi.iiMiitA.

Miiilii III'
workiiiK.

II
II

Hiiiiniliirv
Creek uiiiios.

ilivcrtiii^ tlio Htroain tn (tiif side in order to gi'l ul (lio gDld-licaring
^'nuiini, u rocliiii^'iiliir Iroii^li of lioiinls cidlod u hIuIco {h hoI up in an
iiK'liiHMl |)oHitioii on rough hIoiic piors, and a Ntri<aiii of walor iu
kt^pl coiiNlanlly flowing llii-ougli it. Tho gravol lakon out lA' tlio
lioil of llio slrt-ani is tlirown on a roiigli grating hiad«> of liars of
pino Avnoil placed alioiil Iwo inclios apart, vvhidi is tixod at llio
upper end of tlie Hliiico. Tin* larger sloneM aro Uttpt \nwk by the
grating, and are removed from tinn- to lime liy lln> tiller, l>y meanH
of a four pronged steel fork. Tlie lloor of tin; sliiieu is lined with
similar loiigitudinal gratings. The gold and other hoavy uuiterials tall
into the hollows hetweeii the liars of the gratings whero they are pi'o-
teeted from thi^ seoiir of the ( iirriMit of water passing over thoni. in
some eases hoards with shallow traiisverso notches which are tilled
with mercury are used in addition to and ultcrnately with the gratings;
an arrangement which is locally known as the Hungarian rillle. in
order to get- out the whole of the gi'avel it is necessary to provide some
means of drainago as the hole gets deep, 'i'his is etVeded liy a small
undorsliot wheel placed in the free current of the e.\it water of lh«!
sluice, which lifts the water from a sump at the lowei- imuI of the claim,
liy means of a chain of buckets. The sluices are usually sot up at
much higher slopes than are geiiorally employed in dressing machinery
in European mines, the primary (dtject being to obtain a rapid current
and consequently jiower to woi'k ovei' large quantities of material in a
short time, irrespective of the loss produced by such a method of
working.

Some of the Rock Creek minors estimated the loss of gold at about
half the total contents of the rough ground. The washing is cai'ried
on continuously for a period varying from three to six days according
to the richness of the stutt' woi'ked, when the water is stopped oft' und
the contents of the sluice are collected, 'i^hey are of two kinds, fluid
amalgam, from which the gold is obtained by filtrati(jn through buck-
skin and ignition of the solid alloy of golil and mercury remaining;
und auriferous black schlich or sand, which is cleaned from magnetite
and other heavy minerals by hand-washing in a wrought-iron pan, in
the usual mannci-. In the month of September, ISHl, about 3(10 men
Were at work at ]{ock Creek, their average earnings wore stated to be
about twenty to thirty-two Hhillings each, daily, but in the following
September the phice was deserted. At lioundary (^reek, about seven
miles below Eock ('reek, the workings were commenced a little later,
but were abandoned at about the same jieriod, all the miners being
drawn away by reports of the extremely rich deposits of the Cariboo
country near the head of the Fraser River, and on the Salmon Rivei* in
Oregon. The diggings on the South Branch of the Similkameon were

AN.]

AtUUKKOUS UIIAVELS.

37 B

cliicllv tarrioil on liy Cliiiiamon mid woro i\\-<(> nlinMiloiicd iit llu' l)0<.;in-
iiiii^ ol' tlio wiiiltT ill IS(il. Oil (lit' liUWiT SiiiiilkiiiiK'fii ami oIIut j^„„,„
largo riv(M's, tlio poriitil of woi-kiii'^ [h limitoil ((• llio rariy Mpring ^^,1 f^'m'""'"****"'
the autiininaiKl i-arly wiiitor inoiillis, liclni-oaiid aClor tlio aiiiiiial lldodw.
Tiio grmiiid wasliod is tjiat lyiiiii' lit'twi^oii iiigli and low water -nun k
an<l as niiicli of tin; ordiiiai_\' ln^l ol' tlu' rivor as can In- litiil l>aic liy
running out wing-dam« from llio sliort'. On tlic I'cnd D'Oroillc Jtivor Bp^,^,, y-org ne
c'oiisidcralilo (|iianlity olgold has liuon olilaiiKMl I'roni tlic small and '*'*'""•
irri'^'ular dcposils liroii^dit down iiy (lie rivor in flood timo, and lodgod
in the hollows on tin' rounhciicd cdgi^s of tlio slaty rooks, 'i'lic dress-
ing nuicliinory omployod is the urdinaiy ('alifoniia ora<llo or rockor,
in wlii(di from two and a half to tliroo tons of rough gravel oan ho
drossed daily. In oriloi- to colloet lino gold when using the rockor, ills
customary to uso plates of cop])or covei'oil with a thin lilni of mercury,
or when this is not ohlainahle to cover tho tail-hoard of the rocker
with silver lialf-doljar pieces amalgamated in a similar manner. In
tliei'eiiil l)'Oreilie N'alley, during the season of IMH, the gravel terraces
lying ahove the proseiil high-water level wero sucfessfiilly worked lor
gold, as iiiiich as (J2() per man pi'r diem hiiviiig hei-n ronlizod by
working sluices on ground ahmit twciitv -tive foot ahi". he river.
On till' Coliimhia Hiver near l''oit Cnlville the lowot level ■ uvels only
aro vvorko<l, and even to roach these it i> necessars "trij) oH'

tlie overlying cover of blown sand. At lIHls Bar. in tho gorge ol J!|,*,|';'j, JX/i^;;;
Fraser J{ivor near Fort Yale, high level gravels are workcil. At this
])lace a riido stone inorlar of unknown Indian workmanship was found
in one of the gravel terraces, it is said at ahuiit thirty teet below tho
surface and about forty feet from the face of the slope. In the gold
di'ifts of Thompson Uivor elephant remains aro found. A single molar
tooth from this locality i> in the po^sosion of a surgeon in Victoria,
Vancouver Island.

The g<dd dust obtained on the Fraser Ifiver is principally of a iow pl'ifcfcr "f
degree of fineness, about r,n,",i re|n'esonting the average of the assay
value, or percentage composition S(j gold, 10 silver, 4 copper and
oxidisable substances. The alloy is princi|ially siKt'i- and cojjper.
Tho samples from the higher parts of the Fraser \'alley aro associated
with osmiridiiim. ])latiimm, rutile, magnetito, black spinel ami garnet.
The throe latter minerals ai-e often found in di>tinct but minute crys-
tals. Tho scales of gold are, in the southern localities, mostly of small
size, rarol}' exceeding one tenth of an inch in diameter, and are gener-
ally very much smaller. This very fine variety is called by the miners
" float gold," and can only be collected with great difficulty, as it parti-
cularly liable to be carried away by a rush of water, instead of sinking,
owing to the large surface of adhesion presented by the scales as com-

38 B

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Relations to
rook series.

pared with their individual weightH. Another and more formidable
source of loss, lies in the fact that many of the scales are covered by a
coating of rust, which protects them against the solvent action of the
mercury when amalgamation is used.

There does not appear to be any direct relation betwt. the mineral
character of the rocks forming the walls of the valleys, and the greater
or less abundance of gold in any of the localities noted above ; thus, in
the lower diggings on Fraser River, the country is formed of gneiss
and granitic rocks, at the Chinamen's (Jiggings, near the Vermilion
Fork, of Tertiary or Cretaceous clays and sandstones; at Rock Creek
and the lower part of the Similkameen of black slate ; and at the
mouth of the Pend D'Oreille of the black slates, limestones and
syenitic greenstones of the Colville series. This fact, together with
the generally small size of the scales of gold obtained, leads us to sup-
pose that most of these gravels are only the remains of older drifts
lying further to the north, a supposition that is well born, out by the
increase in size of the fragments of gold in higher latitudes. Thus the
gold dust of the Cariboo country, in latitude 53° north, is made up of
coarse lumps often i to | of an inch in liiameter and equal in size to
the bulk of the selected nuggets obtained in the preceding years at
Queenel River and at points near the Iv ad of Thompson Rivei-. It
is also difficult to suppose that the gold can have been derived from
the slaty rocks, as the quartz veins in them are few and insigniticant,
unless it had resulted from the decomposition of the contained iron
-pyrites, which is not a very probable source.

Very pui-e galena of a moderately argentiferous character occurs on
the Kootanie Lake, yielding by assay 83 per cent, of lead with 20 oz.
of silver to the ton. The specimens wen obtained from Mr. A. C.
Anderson, of the Hudson's Bay Company at Victoria. The locality is.
however, practically ina"ces«ible, the only means of approach being
by the K(jotanie River, which is barred by falls and rapids near the
mouth and can only be navigated liy light canoes.
Silver at Hope. At Fort Hope a large quartz vein has been found on the right bank
of the Fraser River. It contains at the outcrop a small quantity of
iron and copper pyrites associated with an earthy black copper ore
(probably resulting from the decomposition of an argentiferous fahlerz)
some of which yields about 40 ounces of silver to the ton. A level was
commenced on this lode in .September, 1861, but Avas subsequently
abandoned, owing, I believe, to the high price of driving, from the hard-
ness of the ground. In tl. . llairison River Valley, Di-. Forbes, R. ]!^.
reports the presence of traces of silver in many i^laces, but neither the
native metal nor any of the known precious ores of silver had been dis-
covered in quantity up to the end of 18G1. Many so-called silver ores

Argentiferous
galena.

•e formidable
covei-ed by a
action of the

the mineral
id the greater
ove ; thus, in
led of gneisB
lie Vermilion

Eock Creek
! ; and at the
lestones and
)gether with
da U8 to sup-
' older drifts
, out by the
8. Thus the

made up of
ill in size to
ing years at
n River. It
lorived from
insigniticant,
ntained iron

er occurs on
I with 20 oz.

1 :\rr. A. C.

locality is.
roach being
ds near the

right bank
quantity of
copper ore
oiif< t'alilerz)
A level was
ubsequcntly
iia tiiehard-
)rl.es, R. N".
neither the
ad i»cen dis-
silvei- ores

BAUERMAN.]

BASALTIC PLATEAU,

39 B

were brought down to Victoria from this locality during the autumn
of 18G1 by a travelling Mexican miner. The bulk of the specimens,
however, were ordinary crystalline rocks, such as hornblende slate with
a little iron pyiites, hornblende ciystals, &c.,and as a silver mania pre-
vailed in the town at the time, it was difficult to persuade the would-be
speculators, even by actual assay, that these so-called ores were utterly
worthless.

« Basalts of the Columbia. — The table-land th"<^ extends southward from plateau.
the Spokan River down to the Dalles of the Columbia, and eastward
from tlie inner face of the Cascade Mountains nearly to the head of
the Snake River, is entirely covered with volcanic substances, basaltic
and trachytic lavas, tutfs and conglomerates. The most abundant ol'
these rocks is a species of scoriaceous basalt which extends, witliout any
marked change in mineral composition, over a space measui'ing 220
miles by 150 miles, or about 33,000 square miles. Th( best sections in
this countiy are those seen on the road from the Dalles to Fort
Okanagan* by the right bank of the Columbia, the basalts and ashes
being well seen in the tiansverse ridges dividing the valleys of the
Nachess, Yakima and other tributarv streams. At the Dalles, the •^>'<',',ion iit the
white chaliv-like ashes are seen above the basalt, the lower beds con-
taining thin bands of hard red conglomerate. These white beds contain
remains of diatomacea*. but it lioes not seem to be quite clear whether
they are of fresh-water or marine origin. On the right bank of the
Columbia the ashes torm a grassy hill about 2,500 feet high, the higher
beds containing fragments of opalized wood, which are thickly strewn
over the surface. The conglomerate beds at the bottom of the series
contain large fragments of a grey trachytic porphyry often several
tons in weight. On the high ground between the Yakima River andTiiiikncssof
the Columbia, at Wenatchee River, tiie basalt and ashes together make J,',!iu"i',fi5.
up a mountain mass 7,000 feet in height. This is probably a jout their
maximum thickness. On the Spokan plateau, the basalt forn i a gently
inclined plane between the Sjiokan Valley and Walla AValla. having a
soutlierly slope of about one in 500. The sections exposed in the i-avines
ami water-courses show a nearl}- horizontal or slightly undulating strati-
fication, combined with an irregularly columnar structure. Where the
bods are nndulatod, the columns are usually arranged in a radiated
manner, the i-ays <liverging from tlie inner to tiie outer face of the curve.
The white ashes are seen on the lava-plain about half way between
the Spoiam Ferry and Walla Walla, forming rounilotl outlying hills
from 200 to 500 feet in height. They are entirely covered with grass,
30 that the rock can only be obtained by digging. It resembles the

• See Geology of Central Waahington Territory by Oibbs in Pacific Railway Reports. Vol I.
and Geoloity of V. S. Exploring Expedition by J. D. Dana.

40 H

BHITISII COLUMBIA.

Erosion.

Courses of
rivers.

white ashes of the Dulles, but usuiiliy contains angular fragments of
the underlying basalt. The presence of these white ash outliers, us
well as the basaltic ones noticed in the Spokan and Cheiuilcane valleys,
furnish, as well, a measure of the enormous amount of donudation to
which this country has been subjected in recent times. The basalt is
of comparatively modern date, as it overlies Miocene Tertiary strata at
Walla Walla and it is evident that the valleys of the Spokan and
Chcmikano had been excavated before its eruption, as the outliers are
found at IJie lower levels as well as high up on the hillsides. The pre-
sence of marine infusoria in tlic Avhite blutl's, necessitates a great
amount of subsidence foi' their deposition — at k>a9t 2,50(1 feet at the
Dalles — and it is probably during re-elevation that they have been
removed from the Spokan plateau and tiiat the terraced gravels of the
higher valleys have been arranged in their present forms. After the
removal of tiie ashes, the denudation of the basalt has probably been
ettected l)y the streams, as it is easily decayed away owing to its
columnar structure. W'ry tine exam])les of tliese valleys of erosion
are seen on the Yakima ami Untenun (?). The latter, a small brook
only about ten feet wide, is l)oundod hy vertical walls about 500
feet high. Many old river courses are also found on this rock. The
most im])ortan( is llie well-known Grande Coulee oi- old ehannel of the
Columbia, whieh is tifty miles long, eleven wide at the north end, and
■bounded by nearly vertical dill's HOO to 1.000 feet in height.

There is one curious featuie in the eastern tributaries of the
Columbia whicji is desei'ving of special notice. The Colvillc Mill
IJivei', the i'end D'Oreille and the Kontanie all flow in a generally
northerly direction for the latter part of their coui'ses, and ibrce
their passages into the Columi)ia over great obstacles ; — thus the
Colvillc Mill Stream has a fall of seventy feet over rocks about two
miles above its moutli, the Pend D'Oiville presents a succession of
.step-like falls and rapids for about tive miles above its month, and the
Kootanie is not luivigable at its noi'thern end from similar obstacles.
The watersheds between these streams, on the othei- hand, are
almost imperceptible, not being marked by transverse rock-i'idges
or any salient feature in the north and south valleys, it may, there-
fore, be urged Avith a fair show of probability, that at some former
jiei-iod the two tbrmer rivers, and perhaps, also the latter, discharged
their waters through the Spokan Valley, which, li-om its great size,
far exceeding that of the Columbia at Colville. appears to have per-
formed a more important otlice in the drainage of the ccmntry informer
times (hai' it dcjes at present.

Mr. Clibbs, of the United Stales Commission, has suggested the
probability of a similar change of iliainage having taken place in the

^^.^„-^,^.

AM.]

PALiEONTOLOaiCAIi NOTE.

41 B

Okanan'iin ViiUey l)y tlio diversion of watoi's wliieh now disciiav^c by
the Frasor and Tiionipson llivers. Siicii a (d\aiige would account for
the i^reat size of tlie valley, whi(di is now occu])ied by a eomimnitively
insii^iiifieant stream.

The ((uestion of the probalde orif^in of the tcrraeed ,i;Tavels of theTemicos.
Columbia, as well as those of the Saci'amento Kiver is discussed in the
geology of the U.S. Exploring Kxpedition, pp. 171--. i'rof Dana, how-
ever, does not uj»pear to have been awai'e of the great heiglit of the
terrace-levels in (he liigher ])arl ol' the Columbia Valley.

the
the

;.I.ST ol' I'OSSIL.S I'lto.M THE CARllONirEROlIS OUTLIER (N TOE FF-.VTHEAU raliuontoln

Ifii'iil iKite.
VAI.I.EV, «V .1. W. SALTER, ESQ., F.Cl.S.

Rrtzia Ver)U'uili(tnn (Hall (ieology of biwa. pi. 2;^, lig. 1.)
MmchoneUa mutata ( " " " j^l. 2;}. tig. 2.)

AtluirissuhtiUta.

" (allied to ,1. squamosa.)
Spirifer Keolaik (Hall (Jeology of Iowa, pi. 24, tig. 4).

" setigeruti 1 (Hall (Ieology of Iowa, pi. 27, fig. 4).
Productus seiiureticulatua,

" (a small spiny sjiecies like P. aculeatus or P. spinulosus).

Flat bi-yozoon (resembling Ptilo(l)Ct)/a).
Plvurotomaria.

Emmphalus (impression (>!' a small foi'm resembling E. carbonarius,
probably young of E. htiis.. (Hall Geology of Jowa, pi. 12, tig. 7a).
Archeocidaris (sj)ine).
Aciinocrinus (stems).
Platycrinus (coral ])late).
Lifliostrotion )

Zaphreatis ^ Fi^agments, mostly' transverse sections.
AuloplujlUtm 3

Most of the fossils are very fragmentary, the best l)cing procured
from weathered blocks of a very hai'il and compact grey limestone.
The lietzia at the head of (he list, has been identitied by Air. Davidson,
but with a mark of doubt, as there is u depression down the centre of
the dorsal valve, iind the furamcn ami ht'aks are lai'gei', so as to give a
sonii'what more oblong shape In (lie shell (ban (hat of tht' tigured
specimen from Iowa. The striations ;igree closely. Thi- Spirifer
referred provisionally to S. setigerus, is a small transverse species,
smooth, with a very slightly raised sinus and numerous short inter-
I'lipd'd imprcsscil slriu-. Hall's S. netii/crus, ? has no ilctined sinus,
whereas it is well detined in the specimen from Flathead Valley. The
striation is, however, much the same in the specimens from both
localities.

42 B

HRITrsiI COLUMBIA.

Only three sj)eeinieiis were <il)liiiii('(l fcom llio liinestono in the
Kootunie Valley north oC tlic Jliidson's Buy Company tnulin<f post.
Tlioy are only iragnienta, sncli as a spirifer (like S. nlteniatus) with
a very sliglilly raised, hut well defined sinus, lilnjnrhondla, a hir<^o
(•oarsely-i'ihh»'(l species. Sfre/itorhi/nchiis i-esenihlini;' Orthis robusta
(Hall, (leology of Iowa, pi. 5, lig. US).

In aeeordunee with a very general character of American mountain
limestone tassils, all the specimens are of small si/e. (Jrinoids are
remarkably rare.

irfjsra

:.»•'- »,,.<-*i*

10 linu'.stono in tlio
ipjiny trading post.
«S'. a/fer/iatiis) witli
'hynrhoiiella, i\ lui-iro
i"M- Orthis robusta

ViiUM-icun Tnonntain
size. C'i'inoids ai-o

^j£..r^n.:^-m,-:-^jm

^AL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA

iNAOAN R.

LAB

Hard porpnijrl
syeni'ic (;»«mi.

'■ porphyry.

Explanation of Colours.

!%'r\'vi ^»'M«Mt (.Chiefly volcaw ]

I Miocene (Sedimentary i

Oretaceoua.

□ Palaoioic (General colour.)
Includes Nicola Group of Geol.
Survey JSepoHH and Triasaic at
Summit of Socky Mountains

ANIE RIV

I I PalMizov: (mtamorphic.)

Archctan (probaUy.)
Igneous liocka (Aoidic.)
^^;R!Srs^37;5'/^ ^^1 ^ff»toua Rocks (Basic.)

■een /aUf^hedded tanda
'arty all the bed$ are rii

, OR

•tanie Post t
leights expressecl

,„^:^r;.r::^^''-'«''"'^ ^-^ n^r-,,. .,..,,„„ ,

'Hl'.U 7'^tr\■^■

CADE M
K RIVER.

6fl70.

OK AN AG AN R.

frt^H fyrnitif: yvtr
flaggy tHtiilona it
black elvan dyket

t an altered condition
''■t uifU granite, «een a$
d white KlUceou* roek.

I THE

G RE

THE SURUND UTHOCBAPHIC CO WONTRtAL

yBF55irj^W^';tii'jr^.,iTOMkW /Jkmmi''Vtm:

F/i2M®.Vi'.-

CASCADE MOUNTAINS

ASHTNOULOU AND OKANAGAN MOUNTAINS.

FRASSR BIVER.

SKAOIT RIVER.

4400

SlilILK4MEEN RIVER.

HiY.VKS HODai,

1200.

rOBT BOPg,

•aMI«. and rnv*raIJm« h>-rrcln aiiJ roti»iltut..-air »/

UiMtttnnf. gr4tn and blacK ilutr above

Urt4n»lona mltirlng

Fin4 »hd eonrtt Fintlp crHttallin^ ukde

mkUt igcHili'' grtHU$. tf*ntf alttrlHg r.MfilMM.

Fiutlfi ttyttaliint

tirtm ailtrtd SnHdtUmri and *haU%
mmtttonrt Jnd ei/Htalnlun liffnlt*
tkinUmfton*!

ti^ktt I') of traeki/Ue yorphgriti
and MifprrilMtttf rtirkJumiHft
yrtyitting boatf tkrvttgh gravtU

Vttieular amd iwrpli^ri

Blafk t't/ritir tlatf BlaeJt. red. jfurpfc and j/rcert tiUct(»i> cf jy-ilafet, Black and yifn «t>ii

Afitf blue litHtktnn*. • ikuving thin Unticular patckt Htur fAi top* 0/ ■loir ^Htk cnaiu yri
vilJIj/ CoittoftBd the tUJfe. fonillnmrrate <i< r.ni'

eontaiixing co/tf>rr ^'t
' ' Qrt^ ayf nfl<

^^^ containing fpidote.

OKANAQA

OS0TOO9 LAKK

Unr* fntiiHglarl mom** <•' m'UrKt mn-jU A>9tNrini

•nrf T«i jrfiu«* pwTj**^ V« '"-niHHfr lAr»*wi grnnUt
mmdUaU.

»irti

/fUputkK porpkgrg.

PEND D'OREILLE MOUNTAINS.
SPOKAN RIVER.

PEND V'ORSILLB BITgR.

KOOTANIE

PLAitT'a Bouaa.

SINVAKWATEFN

fiapoT.

.<--,:'':; .^':A-vy;.v^v■v■',';.^;Jl^>^;■^^'/V\C''ov^v',>^^^/^- — ^■^--^'^v>vJf^'^^'^:lvvJ^yAl-^:.'-.^^^^^-;»>:~v:/^ ->'' -o^\;^ft^ '" ^

Bere Xk* granitic roeks begin t<t thote gnriiiic lautination
and large mtea ergttaU.

Tke ralttp httteeen Singakmatet* and Cktltmto la
JUted tcith luperficial grattU, and it for th» moil
part dtnttl^ vacdtd.

Imrjulnrli, Inmtnated Dark hlufek i/reu elay-ilattt iHik pfrilte noduUe. alternating vitk hard ttn/<iUf-ht

fraiiitic and ^geftitlc (piaMi ; white ihatei and concrttionarg UmeitoHte. near the Second Vroeeing. S'-artu alt tkt

nn^ly ertielailint grernetonm

at the contact o/tlatM and gneiei.

SECTION FROM FORT HOPE, FRASER RIVER, TO WATERTON,

Constructed from observations made on the Brigade trails from Fort Hope to Colville, from Colville to the Kootanie

Horizontal Scale, lO milet to on Inch. Vertical Scale, 10,000 Jut to an Inch. Height! t

ERASER RIVER.

C A S C A I
CBILUKWETUK RI

OIUAIO ULIXD.

ouu or oioBau.

rOIKT B0B»T8. SIUtABHOO BIT.

£i£a

"^dUfc^

Bard tixndeton*; Orrtat%ove
foal errit* of Sanaimo

Crouiuf tmertd wUh gravel urra»4M «w«rl^ng drift claw «ri(lk ftouMm. The cJ«y U aceoHonattf
MjMMcd on tk« hrooke. On tke Ftaetr Biter. y^alU4d ehrll htachta found a&tii.( the gravete.
At /*o(nl Jioh0rt*. h'ivlderi ar« lerg num

Hi-i'ily nt^farHurfthte qrren and w*if«
tandiloite* roniilom^ratr* and ilatf
htdr full of grrr II ttone ditkee

finflf liii'iinatcd htark tkalte and eandttonrr
H l(A Ari/i of concretionary limealcma in tke
Upper part.

ntf nHuv(um of ('Mltihrefiuk r.

■'* yri 1,' (itfr h(w iri/t .■''!»•

Ifrrft I
0aggv
llaek

Proiahl^ an aUerni
at Mnta-t nillt grat
Mact and white lUi

SECTION FROM POINT ROBERTS, ON T

SKETCH SECTIONS ACCOMPANYING

M^i

QEOLOaiCAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA

KANAOAN R.

LABCB TDP.t BILL,
3964.

NEWHOIALPITKU OR KETTLE RIVER.

COLUMBIA R.

CBIUIKANI BBIOOI.

Hard ^orpkyritU ANrf
)|rertf'ic gr.tisi

httftiat . fhc ntralifiration i* vetjf ah"
frvM thtfpriat amount u/ mriamur/ikiim

•Zi

ttnoll dgkf rodmOiy .V. A J

TAN IE RIVER.

2MD cnOBBINO,
lOOTANlG B.

#S3?5^^55^^^^^^f'

irA a (en /(i{'r-b«(i(/ed »andttont» with laminaltd hlazk nnd
1. A'^arly alt th» b4dt art rippU-marktd.

aT»»H»tont. npparnntl^

tnter§trati/tta.

Onaiai, fuartiU: nUea- and homhl«nd»ilat4, aUJinalg iaminaiad
and irregut'trt^ euntorted. (fretnitont and ftUpalkic porpkpry
dgkn in verg ffrtat nutnhtri. bulk in gnelt* and lAaiy rocka.

rntrvtiv* granilt vflni
ttilh gntiuielamtnation-

and Mark pjfMnc
iartji ^uurtA vain

Slatts thitftiitnti
caiearcau* ftrfci
Uard eonfflo'mirattM
dbnpM ^itartxrock of
tk9 Xtirl« FatU.

nt tttnntt

JiitrtM-rnrL a
lack tilictou

»iUtk

vary nUMMraiM
ffant '?otiglomcrat€* ^
abofn iiuartM ropk uj
Ike KttlU FatU

ilai*t
Soft mUm granite.
Bottfn ytnsttattd •i*nrtH« hm: r
/eUpiUkle fd'jr hg rfyl'i v/ ma4»irn
ffraniti. /eUiiar intk infr^^itm^d
nQaulft 0/ nunrtt

Dttaektd outUrrt of Aajtilt iir«
verf nuMnroit' alon<i th» Spokan
and Ck>,Hik-%nt Valirgi.

FLATHEAD RIVBR.

ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

SASKATCHEWAN R.

J386.

Sandg ■liKc* witk inter»tratijlfd /ni(.;-fan bfdi. covtred ** red und grtm Httie /ofHiftroMM
tanJf bed*. All wrjf/ull o/ rtppltmarkt and pfudomvrpSi e/iatt cryttalt. Utnftontt.

f^nnpacl /rUoalMc trap
ivitk iitagnelile.

Orfrnttont
omygdaiotd.

Purplf and gretn iluly landifonM. rtd tkalei ar.A conoretionary
Un»ttont*. Mtith inUrttrati^td haialUc t^ap. T\t top h«d» art
•Aolf rtd mndttmtM verg muth cruafd with micaee<nu iron art.

Explanation of Colours.

'-'•'. *»'J Miocent: H'hUjtu voicaate t
Mioetne (Stdim«ninr\t t
Cntactout.

Palitopiic (Qfneral fclour.)

ItiflutUt Ni<<)fa Oroitpuf Otni

Summit 0/ Hocky Mnunlains.

j I Paiaotoir. (iUtamorphic t

Archaan (probaUy.)
Igruoua Rockt (Aeidit. )
Iiftwnu Rockt (Basic )

)N, OR CHIEF MOUNTAIN LAKE, ON THE BUFFALO PLAINS.

Yootanie Post and the South Kootanie Pass of tlie Rocky Mountains. Projected into an East and West Line.

Heights exprested in feet above the tea level. Broken Unci npreient vxiter-couT»e$.

SCADE MOUNTAINS,

ASHTNOULOU AND OKANAGAN MOUNTAINS.

rUK RIVER.

SKAGIT RIVER

g7Q0. BotAHiK run.

sr'flLKAMEESf RIVER.

«S70.

VCBILUltWITHE

<\',>v!S LAVI.

2062.,

rTiRMIOAN nILL.

6331.

^/^^:

OKAXAOAN R.

net 'rr'fi Ayni'dc gr.intlt fttU ff crmrtt

Kaggt dliitlona in jilacfu. TTtin
Uaik elvan dvk*i in ttranitf.

•obahi.1 ,iM attered condition o/thfte btd'
MHla-t ftilh granite. 4e«n tu a laminattd
icA and white tiUctoM* rvcA.

' Grff quarfloat ffnent.
irregutartg laminated.

Black ilatft and green altertd
tandtionr* and eongtomtratt*'

it the ttpoftkt paf iM a mmi of eartkg clag-tt^*t
and conglomerate tuntaini^ eoicffe.

: Ontn ttXcf
OntUtit tgtrUt*.

S)!fnitit granite containing levtral targe fntanijled naiies o/
allfrnd rofki (mJea- amd homblendtilate) in the tatleft
I /urlker to (Ae north.

Bard green and rtd quarlMporp' rritt, Bout* t/ ecartt granitic rock
over c«ar<« C9nglom»ratt tt/grtuUttftbhltt.

)N THE GULF OF GEORGIA, TO OSOYOOS LAKE.

NG REPORT BY H. BAUERMAN, ESQ., F. G. S.

THE BURLOND LITHOCftlPHIC CO MONTnCAL