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CAl MS lbYMR23 
 
 ENGINEERING 8. SCIENCP 
 U^RARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO 
 
 ^" LIBRARY 
 
 Bauer man, H. 
 
 Re J or t on the geology of the country 
 nerr the forty-ninth parallel of 
 north latitude west of the Rocky 
 Mountains 
 
aSOLOGICAL AND NATURAL SIST0E7 SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 ALFRED R C. SBLWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., P.G.S., Director. 
 
 RE PORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 GEOl^OGY OF THE COUNTRY 
 
 NBAB THB 
 
 FORTY NINTH PARALLEL OF NORTH LATITUDE 
 
 WEST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 FROM OBSERVATIONS MADE 1859-1861 
 
 '&^^' 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 ^^■■ 
 
 .!0^' 
 
 BY 
 
 H. BAUERMAN, F.G.S. 
 
 GEOLOGIST TO THE NORTH AMHUICAN BOUNDARY CX3MM1SSI0N. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 DAWSON BROTHERS 
 1884. 
 
 89608 
 
 PKOI'EKIY OJ IHl ll>^KAPY 
 UNiVtRSJIV Of VVAlLktO'J 
 
sp— 
 
 L 
 
tmaimmiM 
 
 NOTK. 
 
 Tho Geological Siii-vey in indebted to Mr. H. Bauevman for tho 
 privilege of |)ul)lisliing his report on tho geology ot the country near 
 the 49tli parallel west of tho Rocky Mountains. This report, though 
 prepared l>y Mr. Buuorman in connection with tho Boundaiy Com- 
 uiisHion E.xpedition of 185i)-lHfJl, has never been printed, which accounts 
 for tho fact that no refei'once has been made to it in the repoi'ts of tho 
 Geological Survey on British Columbia, the first of which appears in 
 the Report of Progress for 18T1 72. Tiie western portion of tho coun- 
 try in the vicinity of the 4!Hh parallel, described by Mr. liuuerman, 
 is included in the area of the map actionipanying my report of ISII, 
 and while some pages of Mr. Baiierman's report, such as those describ- 
 ing the travelled route from Hope to Vermilion Korks and the valley 
 of the Similkamoen, refer to lines examined l)y me ami described in 
 1877, it has been thought best, on account of the priority of his obser- 
 vations, t(i print Ml'. Hauerman's report in its entirety. P]ven in this 
 western portion of the country, however, Mr. Bauerman gained access, 
 by means of trails cut by the Commission, to many points in the imme. 
 diate vicinity of tho boundary-line, which have since been practically 
 inaccessible ; and if his report had been available at the time of the 
 publication of the map above referred to, it would have enabled the 
 geological boundaries along its southern edge to have boon drawn with 
 considerably gi-eater accuracy. 
 
 TIk^ report is hei-e printed almost exactly as prepared by Mr. 
 Hauerman, though, with his ])ermission, a few alterations and 
 corrections in names of places, distances, etc., have been made. 
 The bearing of the more recent systematica observations on the 
 geology are indicated, whei'o it appears desiral)le, in foot-notes. 
 In reproducing Mr. Baucrman's sections, his originals have been 
 exactly followed in the outlines an<l accompanying notes, but the 
 colouring has been changed so as to conform to that adopted on the 
 adjacent maps already' published by the tfcological Survey. This 
 change also enables the Cretaceous and Tertiary age of parts of the 
 series, — points rendered evident by the subsequent examination of the 
 country to tho north of tho 4nth parallel — to bo brought out cleai-ly. 
 Tn addition to the study of Mr. Buuormau's report, it may be added, 
 that the writer has had the oppoitunity of examining his original suite 
 of specimens, now in the museum of the (xeological Society of London, 
 which has facilitated the exact correlation of the rocks referred to 
 by him with those described in the reports of the Geological Survey. 
 
 GHORGE M. DAWSON. 
 
 **8Sitoi*'»-'^^' 
 
^mm^mrnmm^^^dzin^iL^i 
 
■'..yi^w<i'm'i-J>y. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON TIIH 
 
 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY 
 
 NHAR TIIH 
 
 FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL OF NORTH LATITUDE 
 
 VVKST OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 
 
 The country imnu'iliutoly iidiiicent lo tlio 4t>tli i)iii-:illcl of iiortli ''""'''"•!■' 
 latitudo, on tho wcsfcrn hiMo of Iho continent of Amorica, which formn''^"^''"'"'^- 
 the subject of the present communication, is in the first phice remark- 
 able for its excessively iMifff,'c(l profile, as with the exception of a belt 
 of terraced plains bordering' tho sea and extending: for a short distance 
 Inland, it presents a continuous succession of steej) mountain rid;i;es, 
 which are furrowed by the deeji, narrow and tortuous valleys of tho 
 Eraser and Columbia Rivers and their tributaries; the former flowing 
 from east to west, while the latter usually follow a general nortii and 
 south course. 
 
 The most important among tbo moimtain ranges, orographicaily 
 considered, are two in number. First, the maii\ chain of the Jiocky 
 Mountains which forms the eastern terminus of that portion of tho 
 boundary-line which the commission was instructed to define, and 
 divides the Pacific waters from those of Hudson's Bay and the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Second, a western chain containing a few snowy summits, 
 which occasionally rise to a height of about !t,000 feet above the sea 
 level. This is situated on the northerly prolongation of the Cascade 
 Mountains of Oregon, and divides the waters of the Praser River, and 
 in part, of tho streams flowing into the Gulf of Georgia from those 
 discdiarging into the Pacific in much lowei- latitudes through the basin 
 of the Columbia River. 
 
 The sti-eams of the westem slope of the Cascade Mountains are mostly Rivers, 
 small, consisting of one principal tributary of Fraser River, the 
 
ti II 
 
 ItillTISII ('l)l.t'MIUA. 
 
 Similkniuoon. CliiliiUwi^yiik, iiiid hdiiio iinimjiortaiit. Itrooks wliicli ciiiply tliomsolvort 
 into Soiiiialiinuo Hiiy. On (lio oiustorn liicu, tliu liilmtiirios ol' (lio 
 Coliimhiu urc (»f nioro iinporUvni'o. Tho first of tlioHo wliich is 
 oncoiintorod urUM-croswlnj^ I ho t-hain, is (lui SdiiHi Siniilkamocn, wliicli 
 orij^inaU's in tliiTo small lakes \'vt\ Ity tho molting of the snow on liic 
 llozanion Mountains, at u lu'iylil of noarly i),{HH) tout al)ovc tiii^ sua lovol, 
 and HowH in an oaslorly and northoastoi-jy direction for forty-two niiios, 
 when it joins tlu^ Tulanifon, a stream of al)oiit tiio samo sizo, wiiicii 
 rJHOs ill latitude M°, a little to tlm oastwani of i<\)rt ll(t|)e. Tiio 
 united waters of theso two streams torin the main Similkameoii, wiiieh 
 tiiicuH a soiithcastorly diroetion, recoiviii^ ont^ j>rinei]»al atlhiont, tiie 
 Ashtnoulou, in its passage, and Joins tho Okanagan, after a eourso of 
 uhout sixty-two miles, at a point aliout throo miles south of the lower 
 
 okaniwan. end of Osoyoos hako. Tho Okanagan is one of the most eonsidi^-ablo 
 of tho norlhorn trihutaries of the Columliia. It rises in latitude 50° 
 25', and flows through several long and comparatively narrow 
 lakes, the largest of which is ahout sixty-nine miles in length. At tho 
 crossing of the HMh jiarallel the waters of Osoyoos Ijake are 757 foot* 
 above tho Hoa level. This is the lowest ground found in tho basin of 
 the Columbia within British territory. 
 
 KettlcRiycr To the eastward of the Okanagan three great tributaries discharge 
 into the main stream of the Columbia on or lu^ar to the boinidary- 
 lino, one of them coming from tho woat, the other two i'vora tlie cast. 
 The first of tliese is the Newhoialpitku or Kettle Hiver, which rises 
 in latitude 4!l° 4t)', near the Okanagan, i nd has a total length of one 
 hundreil and five miles. For a considerable distaiue it follows a very 
 tortuous course, crossing tho boundary -lino three times; but for tho 
 last twenty miles it flows nearly duo south, and joins the Columliia 
 
 l'c'j'lI>""roillo about two inilos above Fort Colville. The two streams coming from the 
 eastward are the Pond D'Oreille or Flathead liiver or Clark's Fork of 
 tho Columbia, of which the mouth is nearly opjjosito to Fort Shepherd and 
 close to the boundary-lino; the other is tho Kootanio orFlatbow River, 
 which falls into the Columbia about twenty-three miles further north. 
 The courses of these two rivoi's form irregular serpentine curves, the 
 longer portions being generally parallel in direction to the main chain 
 of the lioeky Mountains, while, in the shorter ones, tho passage through 
 the numerous |tarallol ridges is generally ctl'cctod by a continued suc- 
 cession of small falls and rapids. That portion of tho boundary-lino 
 which lies between the Columbia at Fort Shepherd and tho western 
 crossing of tho Kootanio River, a ilistance of about fifty miles, is the 
 most inaccessible part of tho whole. There is no practicable route 
 
 A. 
 
 *880 feet by more recent burometrio observation.''. 
 
] 
 
 KollESr tlltOWTII. 
 
 7 II 
 
 iivailiililn luiUvoon Mkimo ixiiuls othoi- tliiin tlio ciniiituiiH uno ria Foil 
 
 Colvillo iiiid Ihu S|M)l<iui Valloy, ii ilislanco of 220 miles, Tlio total 
 
 ion/^th of tlio courHK of Iho IViid D'Oroillo IJivor Ih al)out ;{70 milcH, 
 
 that oftliu Kootaiiio alxiiil .'if)!) inilos. 
 
 As (lie wliolo of tliu cimiilry in moro or ii^ss tiiicklv wooded, (IkmiiosI ^V I''l 
 
 , , 1,111 "I'll >■"<'• "I" "I 
 
 iioticoahle ol tlio i>liyHual loadiroH, next lo (ho k1w4>ooI (lu-f^roimd and ii'imiry. 
 
 tlio direction of tlio wiitor-courHOS, is tho cliaructcroftlioforont^nnvtli. 
 
 On tlio vvo.storn plateau and Hoawunl faco ol' (ho CaHcado l{iiiii,'e, as 
 
 well iiH in tho valloy of the Skagit — a Hniall river which llow« tliroii^^li 
 
 thehoartof that chain — Iho forowt is eonipoHod |ii'inci])ally of Iho 
 
 Donf^las Hpruco (Ahies Douglasii), sovorul larj^o siiocics of pines and 
 
 the wostorn codar (^Tluija (ji<jantea), all very doiiseiy packed tocfiUher, 
 
 with a thick iindor^rowth of willows ami vine-maple. There is no 
 
 open ^rass land in this section of the country other than the marshy 
 
 alluvial plains liordorin^ Sumass Lake, which are Hiilijoct to annual 
 
 ovcrllow from (he (lood-waters of Krasor Kiver. In the valley- of (he 
 
 iSimilkanioon, the characteristic tree is tho lar;L(e red harked yellow pine 
 
 (Pinus jiondcrosa), which flourishes up to uhout -1,((0() feet ahove the 
 
 sou level. At lower levels it is usually found in scuttei-ed ^roujis (»f 
 
 thi'oe or four ti'oos on a dry gravelly soil, whi(di supports a i^rowlh of 
 
 course hunch-^rass. On the Okaiiagan, at Osoyoos Lake, largo timher- 
 
 trois are almost entirely ahsont. Tho <froHnd is sandy and covered with 
 
 alkaline ctlloresconcos, with 11 growth of small cactus, sago and other 
 
 plants characteristic of the lava-coveri;d desert of Iho (Jolumhia, fnrlhor 
 
 to tho south. On the hills lying to the eastward ofOsuyoos Lakt', the 
 
 larch, (Larix occidentalis) is first soon in (puuitity, and it is found 
 
 abundantly from this point eastward, in the Kcttlo and Columbia 
 
 valleys, associated with Abies Dou<jlasii and Pinus ponderosa, grouped 
 
 in small clusters as noted above. Tho last mentioned species is lound 
 
 as far eastward as tho head of Tobacco Kivor, beyond the eastern 
 
 crossing of the Kootanio, where it is seen for the last time at about 
 
 4,000 feet above tho sea level. It attains its western limit at about 
 
 tho same altitude on the eastern faco of the hills above Siniiikameen 
 
 Iliver on the road to Fort Hope. The thickest forest on the lino 
 
 is found between tho Columbia and the western crossing of tho 
 
 Kootanio lUvor, in the district already noticed for its inaccessible 
 
 character. Most of the hills that rise to a greater height than 4,000 Li,„|,,„,c,rp5( 
 
 feet above tho sea level, are distinguished by j)arlicular species ofKrowth. 
 
 conifers, which are not as a rule found in the lower grounds. In the 
 
 Ashtnoulou and Kocky Mountains, the upper limit at which forest 
 
 trees are found is about 0,500 to 7,000 foot, a belt of stunted lairhos 
 
 being usually present between those levels. 
 
 In addition to the two groat mountain ranges which shut in the basin Mountuin 
 
 rmigos. 
 
 rrs^j^ 
 
 m^ ■'*i^ 
 
J' 
 
 8 B 
 
 BRITISH rOLUMHIA. 
 
 Anhtnniilnii 
 Mountain. 
 
 of tli(< Coliinihiit, thtii'o ui'o olhors of minor iiiipDrliiiKHi williiii Miat iirou; 
 and it will lioro l>n ('oiivt'iiicrit to rolbi- to llio wiiolo of them hy namo, 
 ill oidi>r Iroiii wont IoouhI. 
 
 OiMoade lUnne. Kii'nt, the CiiHciuio Iiun^(^, wiiicii, iw lias iilroady boon wtatod, is tlio 
 noi'thiM'iy oxtunsioii of that bouriii;; the saino nainu in Oro^on, and iH 
 dividt'd into two |Miii(i|tal |iiiils \)y the SUn^it Ilivcr. Tlii^ wostiMii por- 
 tion contains tlio liigli«-Ht Niimniits, and may lu^ called tln^ ( 'liilnUwcynk 
 chain, at'tcr tlio name of tiic principal stream to which it gives y'lm). 
 The oastern part may ho conveniontly distiiigiiishod as the llo/amon 
 chain, that iioing the Indian name for its most prominent peaks. 
 Noxt in order come the Okanagan or Ashtnonloii Mountains, which 
 tirst divorgo from the eastern face of tho main, Cascade Kange near 
 the Yakima I'asH, in Lat. 47°, but are alK)ut tilly miles <listant fntm 
 it on the lioundary-lino. They reach a height of nearly H,t)lll( feot 
 on the line, but do iKjt appear to rise to any ginuit height or to bo 
 easily distinguished north of the .Similkamecn River. The mountains 
 between the Okanaga uul (Columbia Jlivers do not appear to form 
 
 EMternrangoc. parts of any of the gre.i. noi'th and south systems of lower latitudes; 
 and the same may be said of those lying between the ('olumbia and 
 Pond D'Oreille Uivers, as in both caHCH they abut southward against 
 the high table-land of the Sjxjkan. The latter chain is, however, 
 situated ncai-ly on the northerly ])rolongalion of the Mluo Mountains 
 of Oregon. TlicHo ridges, in spite of theii' low elevation, not t^\coed- 
 ing 6,0t)0 feot at the highest points, are very inaccessible. They 
 posHoss no ])racticablo passes loading to tho eastward, and the whole 
 traffic of tho district is deflected by thom through the Spokan Valley. 
 Between tho western and eastern crossings of the ivoolanie i{ivcr, 
 the mountains rise in places to a height of nearly 8,000 feot, but like 
 those last mentioned thoy are without any good oast and west valleys. 
 Tho range bordeiing tho eastern side of that river is a very important 
 one. It is parallel to the main chain of tho Rocky Mountains, and 
 contains several largo, bare and snowy peaks, in the district south of 
 the second Kootanio Crossing; further to the north it is called, on 
 Blackiston's map, Galton's range. It ilivides tho Kootanio waters 
 Rocky Mnun- from those of tho Flathead Rivei-. Tho last and most oastei'ly of the 
 ranges is tho main chain of tho Rocky Mountains, which divides tho 
 Columbia waters from those of the Saskatchewan, and is accompanied 
 by a smaller parallel ridge which does not extend north of the eastern 
 entry of tho South Kootanio Pass, and encloses tho basin of Chief 
 Mountain or Watorton Lake. Tho smaller i-idge contains the peak 
 known as the Chief's Mountain, and forms another important water- 
 shed, namely of the Saskatchewan and Missouri liivers. 
 
 tains. 
 
 f 
 
I • 
 
 f 
 
 MuiNMAN.] oboorai'Iik; kkati'kes. 9 B 
 
 Tlio tolluwint' nniL'li IIhI oi' (lio nriiuipal (litVoroiicos of lovol <>n thoi.iHtof 
 
 ... . . • 1 II II.' •■ 1 1 olumtioiK. 
 
 lino LCiVv s ii tiiii' idiui ol I lie morn cDiisKliM-alilo iiiululiiluniH ol (ho 
 
 ground''- :-- 
 
 1. ('iiNtiuliw.C liiliikwoyiik or wusUirii nmj;*', (liinluml) ><,"<•(» foot 
 
 'J. Skatrit Vivlloy I,'i<i0 " 
 
 a. CiiHcadoH, lIi(/.iiiiioii or (MtHlorn eliiiin, (IdnlioHt) 7,.'')i«t " 
 
 4. HoiirroM ofSiniilkiimoou liivor, (ulMiiit) ■\,S(H) " ' 
 
 5. Aslitiioulon or Okunajjuii MountainH (lii^dioMt) 7,.')(K» " 
 
 (J. Okaiia^'an Vall(<y, <»Hoy(M)s I-iik(» TriO " 
 
 7. Koltlii Uivor IMoinilainH tlii^rliost) r),(KI(t " 
 
 H. Coluiiil.ia Valloy.FortSliopliord 1,4(K) " 
 
 !». I'ond D'On^illti MoniitaiMH (IiIkIiohI) n.noo " 
 
 10. Kn()tiuii(\ liivor, \\(wti(ni <'ro.sHiiin 1,700 " 
 
 11. Mountains ((MKl of YaUli Uivor (liij.'luwt) 8,400 " 
 
 J'J. Flatlioad Vall(<y at (ho lionmlary Cron.sin^' 4,00f» " 
 
 13. Hocky Mountains, hiniioMt lH^akH noar lino 1(1,000 to lL',()(i() " 
 
 14. Wat^jruiiod at oastorn ond of IJonndary l.ino 7,44ii " 
 
 With (lio oxc'0|»tiun of a tow of Uio liiffliost, points in tlio (Jascado mid Snow [lateliort. 
 
 Rocky Mountain chains tho mass of tho mouiduii.s cotno wltidn (lio 
 
 (hickly woodod roj^ion. Vory little snow remains on any of the peaks 
 
 after (ho middle of .1 uly. 'riieio are, however, ii few small glaciors in Mio 
 
 ('hiliikweyuk and Hkaifit monntainH. In (he former they are seen on 
 
 slopes havinf:; a northerly exposure down to within ahout 4,50(1 feet of 
 
 tho bea level. On t!io Skagit side (he lower limit is ahout 'j.OOO feet. 
 
 In the Eocky Kountains tho glaciers <lo not como below the level of 
 
 •7,000 foot and are if possihlo more insignilicani than those of the 
 
 Cascades. 
 
 Tho country tho physical foatiiies of which have been noticed in thoUoncral 
 
 •^ ' "^ . 1 . . I character ol 
 
 preceding pai'agra]>hs, presents, with tho oxcoption ol drittand super- rock«. 
 flcial deposits, and a few patches of Tertiary and Ci'etaceous sandstones, 
 a succession of unlossilifei-ous, slaty and crystalline rocks, most of the 
 former being more or loss metamorphosed. Besides these two small 
 massos of fossiliferous limostone of Carboniferous or Devonian age are 
 seen in the Kootanio and Upper I'-lathead valleys. 
 
 Tho nroi)ablc order of succession among the slaty and other rocks, "cncral 
 is shown in tho two accompanying diagram sections. They have boon 
 constructed by tho combination of obsei'vations made on the lines of 
 travel in the vicinity of the 4!Mh parallel. Tho ditference of distance 
 between the various points measured on an east ami west line is em- 
 ployed instead of tho actual road distances, as the latter are in many 
 cases nearly pai-rallel to the apparent sti'ike of (he rocks, and would 
 
 * Mr. Uauermann writes that those, with other olovations in tho report, haviriK boon obtained 
 banimctrically, and without oomparativo roaUings olsowliore, must be rogi.rded as approxiiuato 
 only. 
 
i 
 
 10 n 
 
 BRITISH C0I;UMI11A. 
 
 I>pseriiili(iii ot 
 sliortor st'ctiiiii, 
 
 Point Kdliorts 
 am! Suiiiiiss. 
 
 I'^ll'UilSS 
 
 Miiiintaiti. 
 
 Ihofolbro, if cm])loyod, rondor it iiocosHaiy to i'c[)fosout tho bods im 
 unduly fluttoucd. Tlic dip.s projci'lod jirc somewliiit Ntcopoi- than lho80 
 acuaily soon, in oi-doi- lo correct (lio (hiclcncss for (he (ivc-fold vorlica'. 
 ajupliticalion of llio scale. The lon^'er Bcclion follows the ILudson's Bay 
 Company's l»rigade-trail fi-oiu tiio Fraser Jlivor ut Fort Hope to tho 
 Soutli Ivootanio Pass of the Rocky Mountains, while the shorter one 
 includes tliat portion of the iioundary-line which lies lietween tho soa 
 coast and the Siuiilkaiueen River, wiicre u joins the former. 
 
 At tho western end of tho shortci- section tho sandstones of Cretace- 
 ous age, whidi contain coal ut Nanaimo, are seen in tho clitls of Galiano 
 island, \vhicli, like tho majority of tiie adjacent islands olV tlie coast of 
 VuKcouver Island, presents a steep mural face un the western side, 
 while on tho eastern shore thoro is a thinly wooded plain sloping down 
 to the watoj' at an angle of about 10° or 12° in the direction of the 
 dif) of the beds. On (he mainland, these sandstones are hidden by drift 
 chi}', whi' h is seen in v ;ical clilV-secti(.ns at Point Uot)erts rising io 
 a height of about one hundred and fifty feet, accompanied by large 
 transported bouldoi's of granite, syenite and other crystalline rocks. 
 A similar bonlder-dritt is seen at various points along the shores of the 
 Strait: of Fii.a. Tho clay is somewhat calcareous and of a light blue 
 colour when freshly exposed, but generally bloachcs under the action 
 of tho atmosphere. Tho sections are often of considerable height, 
 forming clitt's which when seen at a little distance, bear a certain 
 resemblance in foi'm and colour (o the chalk headlands of tho English 
 Channel. 
 
 To tlic eastward of Point l?ol)er(s, the couidry lying between Scmiii- 
 moo and (he Siimass Mountain is covci'e<l with a thick forest, growing 
 on coarse ilrift gravels which rest on blue boul'Ki-clay. The ground, 
 for tlie whole distance of thirty-live mil ' oetween these points, is for 
 tho most part flat and swampy. The gra- els are arranged in broad, flat 
 terraces, the clay below being exposed only in the beds of the streams. 
 The Cretaceous rocks of Nanaimo are probably present beneath the 
 drift covering. The evidence in support of this view is, however, but 
 small, the only known section being a patch of (jiuirtzose sandstone 
 which is exposed in the bod of a brook about a mile north of Now 
 Westminstei- on tho Fraser River. Further to tlie north, on the shoi'os 
 of Burrard Inlet, similar coal-bearing sandstones have been found, some 
 of the bods containing dicotyledonous leaves, '- 
 
 After leaving the coast j)lalcau, the (irst of the nietamorphio rocks 
 are seen in the curious isolated mountain that lies on tho western side 
 of Sumass Ijake. This is made up of dark groen sandstcmos, in which 
 
 •These lire of'Tertiary ukc 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 s^^i^"^'. ,-M^!a« 
 
■ 
 
 BAUEflMAN.J 
 
 SlIMASS TO ClllLUKWEVUlv l.AKK. 
 
 II It 
 
 almoHt nil llio Hodimoiitary chanictcr.s havu boon otliiccd, tlio appiiront 
 dips being voiy contradictory and rarely ponsiKtent in tlio samo direc- 
 tion for more than a lew yards. Those roclis have been altered by 
 greenstone dykos which arc exposed on tlir sides of the lull in great 
 numbers. The same kind of altered rock forms the western side of thetJcbwcltzaLiiko 
 ridge dividing SiimasH from Schweltza Lake, where a few bands of 
 haitl .siliceous black slate are assoc'iitod w^ith the dark groen sandstones; 
 the intrusive .'ocks being also represcniod by numerous dykes of syi-nitic 
 greenstone. The dill' .sections on the western shore of Si'liwoltza Lake 
 jiroaont a .series of hard white .sandstones with alternations of blanchetl 
 cluy-slates ami white felspathic conglomerates, the whole dii)jtiMg 
 north-north-west , at a very high inclination (from It*" to Hf)"). On 
 the opposite or easlorn shore of the lake, regularly stratified rocks 
 arc soon for tlie first time. They aj-e thinly lamiiuitcd, black, sandy- 
 shales and sandstones, and are expo.sed in very large (|uantities, show- 
 ing sections from 1,500 to 3,00(( feci in v rticul height. The dips are 
 vary regular in a south-south-easterly dir' tion at sloj)es of ;iO' to 40°. 
 The same series of black shaly beds is continuously exposed in the cliffs y'^y|'|'^'j!^,"''J"'* 
 of the Chilukweyuk Valley foi- about twenty miles to the eastward of 
 Schweltza Lake. In the higher parts they are a.ssociatcd with bods of a 
 bluish-grey limestone, which presents a less perfectly laminated chai'ac- 
 ier, being like tho limestones in the motamorphic rocks of Vancouver 
 Island, somewhat concretionary in structure. They di]) with groat 
 regularity to tho oastwai'd at slopes between 'MT and 10''. There does 
 not appear to bo any passage between the lower part of the scries at 
 Schweltza Lake, and the highly metamoi-phic and uptiltod rocks on 
 the western shore, though they arc only about half a mile aj)art. The 
 latter ai'o pr bably unconformable and infci'ior in position to the former. 
 No fossils have boon found after a search in tiiree of the most likely- 
 looking spots among the finer gr, Incd portions of the black .shales at, 
 Schwolt/.a and the Chilukweyuk V^alley. Patches of carbonaceous 
 matter and minute gy|)sum crystals are very commonly present, and 
 tlio joints of the hardei- beds are generally covered with apowdroy 
 incrustation of allophane or some allied hydratod silicate.* 
 The (Jhilukweyuk, in the valley of whicli sections of tho slates are Chilukweyuk 
 
 Iv.vor. 
 
 seen, is tho most rapid of all the stroanu in the country. It flows out 
 of a lake about five miles long and a mile broad, situated in the western 
 range of the Cascades, and after falling through a heighl of 2,000 feet 
 in about thirty miles, joins the Fraser River neai- the head of tho tidal 
 waters. Near tho lower or northern onil of the lake, the slaty rocks 
 
 • It is probiiMo, IVom t'os.'^iU since ol)taiiiLMl uii tlio Cllilukwejuk, tiiiU ii piiif iit least ol' tlie.su 
 rocks lire of trotaccous age. 
 
 ,.^*«ppr^. .,^«*^«a„-; 
 
12 H 
 
 BRITISH (M)UJMniA. 
 
 ("liiliikwovuk 
 Ijukc 
 
 Cliiliikwcyuk 
 Aliiiiiitaiii. 
 
 \V;iti'i>lifil 
 ridne west of 
 SkiiKit. 
 
 aro iiiU'riiipli'ii \>y a ^roat mass ofsyonilo, tlii> coidact Imtwcoii llic two 
 boiim maikod by a liai'd laininaUMi hlai-k ami white (luartzoso nlale, of 
 somowhat <j;iioiHsic cliarac'lof. 
 
 Tlui syi'iiili' of ('iiiliiUwcyiik Ijal-'c liinns a belt of Imlwi'on Ibiic and 
 live mill's in biradth, mrasiirod t'nim wol to oast. It is rtMiiai'kaliio 
 Cor its lianlness and irnularily in mineral romposition, Itoini^ a tinely 
 crystallim' mixlnie ol' wliito and |>ink Iclspar, willi a small (piantity of 
 (|iiar(z and wclllnrmcd crystals of liornliU'ndc, of a sonunvliat hIoikIoi' 
 I'olumnai- ty|H'. Crystals of Mark mica aiv seldom seen. In somo 
 placo.s llio syenite is <livi<led by a system of Joints, whieli aic arranged 
 so as to produce a kind of imitative stratitieation, having a regular 
 noi'thweslerly <lip o| ahoiil 15"; but no vell-detineil lamination or 
 foliation is anywhere visible. It is from Ibis mass, oi- olhtii'sof similar 
 compo.silion, that the prineipal |tart of the erratic blocks which are 
 found scattered over the coasts of tiie mainland and the southern ]iortion 
 of Vancouver Island have been derived. The (!hiluk\veyuk syenite is, 
 in Ibis latitude, the nearest point to the coiiwt presenting a supply of the 
 requisite maleiial''-. 
 
 The highest granite [wak in the mountains surroumling ('iulukwc- 
 yuk Lake is on the western shore. It rises to a height of (!,r)7(> feet 
 above the sea hn'cl, the summit presenting a nearly vertical clitV-faceof 
 abont 1,2(1(1 Ice! in total height. In this clilVtwo tlnn l>lack dykes are 
 seen penetrating tiie syenite. Fron\ fragments picked up at llie foot 
 of the slo|)e they ap|)eai' to be dark ([Uart/o-felspathic porphyries or 
 elvans containing large white felspar crystals, and similai' in character 
 to the elvan dvkcs louiul in the gneiss of the lower part of the Columbia 
 Valley. 
 
 After ci'ossing the syenite, thi^ next rock encountered to the eastward 
 is near the latitude-station of the Ciiuckcbelui .i. It is a bard, highly 
 micaceous and (piartzo-se gneiss, showinir irregular wavy laminations, 
 which have their pi'ineipal inclination toward the east. On the top of 
 the dividing lidge between tiie Chilukweyuk and Skagit waters, a kind 
 of outlying mass of slaty rocks is seen above the gniiiss. These rocks 
 are chieliy earthy clay-slates with conglomerates of gneiss, sandstone 
 anil slate pebbles; and jturple slates, containing epiilote ami ealcitcf 
 The structure of this outlier is not well seen, for at the top of the 
 ridg(> and for some distaiK'e on each side, the rocks are bidden by a 
 thick talus of rubbi.sh, in addition to which the height (t,'7(>()) is insuffi- 
 
 • (Ndic liy Mr. liniicniiiiii) In H"iH sycnilic iHnililcrs were visililo in cxlnionliimry nmiiln'rf 
 in fiiiii TU'iir llu'diwn nf Violnria. Since tliiil time tliuy liavo lieon liiriicly drawn u|iiiii lnr a .iiipiily 
 111' l>nililini; nnilcrial divini,' lo IlicKrcn! casi' willi nliii'li ihi'y can Ih- Mown Id picco-, and thu 
 aiisoncc iil' any nllicr Huilalilc laiildinii slnnc in llic iinincdialc vicinily. 
 
 t'l'lu'sc il(mlille8.-< represent an oullycr nl' llic Ijdwcr I'rclaccmii! rockf, which cuimiiDiily occur in 
 similar |iositiuii!< in parts ol' lhi» rvKiuii lurlhor tu thv north' 
 
 r-'-ni^vt^-^ 
 
 *^jii*%w^-:i».--1f^ 
 
I 
 
 BAUERMAN.] 
 
 SKAOIT VALLKY — ll(i/AMEN. 
 
 I.-i H 
 
 ciont to cloai- (lio doiisc! Coivst. The lutlor iiicoiivcnieiicii ha.s, liDWovor 
 boon in jKirt obviuUnl bybuHli (iroK, whicli have biiriilotl' tliuwholo ot'lhc 
 trees for about two miles, oxjJOHiiifz; u fine nectiou of the moiuitaiuH on the 
 opposite sido of the pass, on whicii there are tliree small glaciers on 
 northerly slopes, all very much furrowed and broken, liumediatoly to 
 the south of this point tlie nuiuntains rise to grout heights, and the 
 largest observe(] glacier, estimated at about a mile in length, descends 
 from theiu, giving rise to a stream ait ng the valley of which the descent 
 to the Skagit is ellected. The gneiss is continuously exposed neaily 
 down to the river, whei'o it is concealed by the gravels of the valley. 
 
 The Skagit, on the boundary-line is a small stream, oidy lilty yards Skii«it River, 
 wide. It rises about tiflceii miles east of Fort Hope and Hows tln\)iigh 
 a narn)W o})cning between the highest summits. Its course is at lirst 
 south, then eastward, and it falls into the northern part of Paget Sound. 
 
 The ford on (he trail is about 1, <!;")() feet above the sea level. The 
 mountains on the west side of the river rise to a height of nearly !),(M»0 
 I'eet. Their sides show seven small glaciers, the lowest being about M'H'K'n.ins oust 
 G, 000 feet above the sea level. The i-iver flat is about two miles in Valley. 
 width and is covcied by a thick growth of timber, principally cedars 
 of large size, with an undi'i-growth of willows. After crossing the 
 river-tlat, which shows a few low terra' 'cs, the trail rises up the siile of 
 li, steep bill covered with thick small brush and Iniriit tindjcr foi- more 
 than 4,000 feet, when it reaches the watershed and follows the lo|)s of 
 the ridges on the north side of a steep-sided ravine in which (he Simil- 
 kameen Iliver rises. On the opposite or southern side are several bold 
 nioun(ains of black slate. In the hollows between them are three 
 small glaciers which are rcmarkabU' for the brilliant biiic colour of 
 (heir ice. Tht> lower extremity of one of these glaciers is wasted into 
 a hollow or ca\ern. Tmmeiliately above the ci'est of t'le ridge at tlu-ii' 
 head of the pass, ai'e (wo very remarkable peaks of black slate, which 
 rise precipitately to a height of about 1,R()(» feet abovt^ the watershed. 
 They iwo called by the Indiiins " Ilozarncii " which name has been 
 adopted for the j)ass and the ridge ol'which they are the culminating 
 |)oints. The rocks of (his dis(ric( are principally black sla(es ranging 
 ill (extiire from soft earthy shales (o (he Imrdcst lydiaii slnnc. \t\ llie 
 Skagil Valley the exposed scclinns show iioitli west ward dips :i( angles 
 varying lu'twetMi Tr>° and (iO*^. (he lower angles ])revailing as (he trail 
 rises above (he river. On (lie water^bcil (bey have (urneil over and 
 iiu'linc a( an angle of (JO'' towards the norlh-e;is(, a dircedon of dij) 
 which is jteisis(en( lor some dis(ance along (be pass, al'(cr wliieh (he 
 l)eds are bent into smaller and more irregular curves. Aboiil (he 
 middle of (he pass the sla(cs are pierced by dykes of a coni|)ac( rock, 
 which appear as if in(cis(ialilied. bii( (lieii' true nadiro is seen in cioss 
 
 ?#te:^^- -^^tmi^mm- 
 
14 n 
 
 imiTISII COLUMHrA. 
 
 Heclion, wliich sliows (hem Hplittiii^ ainl riiiuifyin^ across tho lamina- 
 tions anioM^ ilw oldi'i' I'ocks. At this |)oint a low itlack and irregular 
 impressions somewhat resembling plant stems were found in a hod of 
 sandstono. They are prolialiiy pseudomorphs after staurolite or andalu- 
 site crystals. Tho contortion seen to the east of this |)oint is accom- 
 Soutli Simill<ii-i)iii,ied with (as far as can l)c seen) a general westerly inclination. As 
 far as tho mouth of Roche River, cherty or hornstono-like metamor- 
 phic hods, ])rol'alily originally sar.dstonos, and conglomerates of a green 
 colour are soon.* The same rocks arc continuously exposed in tho vallc}' 
 of the South Similkamecn, with a southerly dip, uj) to within five miles 
 of the Peseyton river junction, whore they are succeeded hy a small 
 mass of grey syenite which, preserves its massive character for a mile 
 and then hecoMies gnoissic. The gneiss is flanked hy soft talcose and 
 micaceous slates at tho junction of the two streams. The mouth of 
 Roche Rivei- is H,45.S feet, and that of the Peseyton 3,060 feet ahove tho 
 sea level. Tho valley lR>t ween these points is tilled with thick masses of 
 gravel containing a large <[uanlity of pebbles of the green conglomer- 
 ates. They are cut through in many places by the river, forming 
 nearly vertical ditfs from titty to eighty feet in height. 
 Monntnins cust After receiving the Peseyton the valley of the South Similkamoon 
 "^'''""""""^'''" takes a nearly northerly course, but in order to continue along the 
 boundary-line the trail turns to the eastward, crossing a steep hill 
 fi,;{;{0 feet in total height above the sea level, known to us as Ptarmigan 
 Hill. This summit is the culminating ])oint of tho ground lying between 
 the I'oseytcn, South Similkamccn, Ashtnoulou and main Siniilkameen. 
 It is maile up of stratified masses of blue tiachj'tic ])orphyrics, with 
 a few brocciated bods of a siniilai mineral conijiosition, dipjting north- 
 north-west at a slope of 50°. f 
 
 The junction of the porphyries with the talcose micaceous slate ol 
 Peseyton is not seen, the nearest dips, however, indicate considerable 
 unconformity^ The western side of the bill is very swampy and 
 covered with bui'iil and fallen tinibci'. On the eastern side it is covered 
 by a coating of a remarkably fine gravel, and a forest ofsmall dead pine 
 sticks which conceals all the rocks on the descent to the Ashtnoulou 
 River which is struck at a point H,!)'}Q feet above the sea level. In the 
 Ashtnoulou Valley, green, red and grey quartz-porphyries are seen in 
 large (|uantitics. They are well stratified, having a west-north-west 
 di|) of 50" which noaily cori-csponds in direction and inclinatifm to 
 Ibat of the porphyries of Ptarmigan Hill. Theyare underlaid by beds 
 
 * The rook.i east of tlioSlfH(?it, alxivo tle?<Tibc(l, form tho southorn extension of a oonsidor- 
 iihlo areii of Fjowit CictiicemiH. See Htport of I'rotrrc.'s, 1S77-1SVS, p. lOo. H. 
 
 f Tlii.s is th« wostern oilgc of ii biwin of Tertiary volcanic! rooli.", which are more fiiUy ile8eril)cd 
 in the sueeecilint? paraKrii|ih. 
 
 Asliliioiilou 
 Valley. 
 
 i 
 
J 
 
 MUCRMAN.] 
 
 A.sUTN()Ut,(tlr MOUNTAINS. 
 
 of a very coiivHo conf^loniovuto, tlio liir^cst oC (luMucludod inasscH being 
 gmnilic. Sovcnil ol' tlio Hiuiillor pcbhk'.s jifc cnwtcd with a (liiii coal- 
 ing of ciialccdoiiy rcHombiing dried gum. The sumo kind of incrusta- 
 tion is Hcon on the pebblo.s in the gravels of the h)wor Cohimbia Valley 
 at Fort Vancouver. 
 
 The conglomerate Ijist mentioned rests upon the western ^'*^'K" (J'ranito'ni'i" e 
 of the Ashtnoidou graidte, a mass which is exposed along the 
 boundaiy-lino I'ov a breadth of fourteen miles and forms in this 
 latitude (he whole of the mountains called in a preceding paragraph 
 the Ashtnoulou oi'OIvunagan chain. In a north(U'ly direction "t is seen 
 in undiminished magnitude in the main Similkameen Valley; and to 
 the south it is exjjosed almost continuously on the western side of the 
 Okanagan V^alley, down to the junction of (hat river with the Columbia, 
 a distance ol' about sixty miles. I'idike the syenite of (Jhilukwcyuk 
 Lake, the Ashtnoulou granite is of an exceedingly variable composi- 
 tion. Near the mouth of the Ashtnoulou it contains red and white 
 felspar, quai tz, black mica and hornblende. The micaceous j)ortions 
 are the sol'test and oiler least rtssistanco to the action of the atmosphere. 
 In the valley leading up to the latitude-station, many masses of mica- 
 slate and other metamorphic loeks are seen. 'J^he largest one is of a 
 dark green hornblende-slate with nearly vertical laminations, into 
 which the granite sends oil' many small veins. In some of the veins 
 the hornblende present appears to be derived from the altered rock, as 
 the crystals of that mineral are developed in dense masses near the 
 wall of the vein, which is tilled wilh a granular mix(ure of red felspai" 
 and hyaline ([uart/. In the mountains immediately above (he Ashdiou- 
 lou latitude-station, which I'ise (o a hcighl of about ^,^M) feet above 
 the sea level, the granite changes into a mixture of (jiuvrtz and felspar. 
 The <iuart/ occurs ))rincipally in large black or white crystals, some 
 of them measuring three inches across (he basal plan(>. 'I'he felspar 
 is usually found in dull cleavable masses of a dirty jtiuk colour', and 
 more rarely in small, well-developed red ciystals. A compact variety 
 of the same <[uartzo-felspa(hic substani'c is found tilling small veins in 
 the rotten reddish-grey s^enKe which surrounds the coarsely ci'ystal- 
 line mass noticed above. From the top of the Ashlnoilou Moiuitains 
 the granite is seen to the eastward fornung low and occasionally flat- 
 topped hills, which tei-minate in a tremendous clifl-face between t,(l(M) 
 and r),0(K) feet in vertical height on (lie \vcs(ei'n side of the Similkameen 
 Valley, ojjposite to Ilayne's House.* The flat-topped form of the inter- 
 mediate hills is produced by a set of tiearly horizontal divisioiud planes, 
 which render the granite liable to scale off in flaggy nuvsses when 
 
 * Now iibiindoned, the cuntom bouse being situated Curt tier west at OcoyooH Like. 
 
Ill H 
 
 lllUTlSII COLIUIUrA. 
 
 Doscriptioii (if 
 lunger section. 
 
 exposed to the action of tlie atmoHplioro. A few " (ors " iind projecting 
 blocks arc also seen, but they are mostly small and insignificant. 
 
 Tlio slioi'ter section (crmiiiatw at the SimilUaniceii Kivcr by a Junc- 
 tion with tiio longer ; tiio western portion of the latter showing a 
 similar class of rocks which arc exposed on the brigade ti-ail — in part 
 the new waggon road — ironi Fort Hope iiy tlia Similkameen. It is 
 consti'iictcd in a similar mimuer to the first. 
 
 The town oi' Fort J lope, where the long section commences, is 
 situated on a small gravel Mat about one hundred and forty feet above 
 . the sea level, at the .southern end of the great gorge made by the 
 
 Fraser River in its jyassage thi'ougii the mountains. The cliffs at the 
 back of the town are composed of gneiss and mica-slate of very finely 
 laminated character and usiudly syenitic. The probable dip of lami- 
 Rocli? east of nation is about RO'' in a northerly direction. There are many small 
 
 Fort Hope. . . . , , , . , , ... . , 
 
 granite veins intruded nearly in the i»lanes of lamination. About two 
 miles out, on the waggon road, a grey folsi)athic granite is seen in 
 large masses. This rock resembles the Chilukweyuk syenite in 
 colour and hardness, but it is associated with another variety which 
 is often largely crystalline from the presence of coarse ]ilales of mica. 
 The granite is seen sending off small veins from its eastern edge 
 into a mass of black clay slate, altering the latter for a short dis- 
 tance into a dark bluish-grey ([uariz rock. A line joining the syenite 
 of Chilukweyuk Lake to the granite of lAul IIo])e, would if ])ro- 
 longed in the same direction pass through the granitic and gneissic 
 rocks exposed in the gorge of the Fraser River between Port Hope 
 and Fort Yale. The distance between these points is alxmt fourteen 
 miles ill a nearly north and south line. From Fort Yale to Chiluk- 
 weyuk Jjake is about thirly-tive miles. 
 
 About twenty miles from Fort Hope, another mass of syenitic granite 
 is seen, and between it and the former one the black metamorphic slates 
 are disposed in a Hat anticlinal arch, the (li])s near the western granite 
 being towards the south-west, while near the I Tib mile post on the wag- 
 gon road, tiieir direction is between south-east and east-north-east. The 
 eastern granite is a nearly compact white syenite, whi'di is rendered 
 porphyritic b}' a few small hornblende crystals. There is a thick Ik 1 
 of limestone in the slate which is alti-red at the contact into a kind of 
 laminated blaek ami white ([iiarti'. rock, and a little further away from 
 the junction into a mixture of carbonate of lime with white radiating 
 Basin of Croin- masses of tremolile or actinolite. After leaving the syenite, which 
 
 ceous rocl<s. , , /• I , M • • 111 1 II • 1 i' 1 1 
 
 forms a hoss of ahoiit one mile in width, agreat thicknessof dark green 
 slaty rocks is seen arranged in a synclinal fold-'- in the mountains to the 
 
 Tntni.-iivo 
 gniiiite. 
 
 • This is the ea.itern eilue of the Lowor Cretaceous urea previously alluded to. Tlie route here 
 folloiviMl Is tlmt described in llio Ui'poit of Proifress to wliich reference has already been made, 
 
IB 
 
 N.] 
 
 SIMII-KAMEEN VAI-LKY. 
 
 17 B 
 
 oastward of tho Ska/^il. Rivor. 'Die dips of thoso l)cdH appear to iiici-oaso 
 in steopnesH towards tlio coiitro of tlio s^'nclinui, tholiighest imlination 
 l)oin<jj alioiit, "0°. Tiio uppei'mosl l)od is a con^lonioratc! niado up of 
 l^roon and hlaeiv slato and ([uailz pebbles, all well rounded. On I lie 
 oastorn side of t he axis tlio dip is to tho north-wont, the inclinations being 
 somewhat loss than those of the western side, and continually diminish- 
 ing until wo reach a small swampy Hat about tjKtO feet aliove the sea 
 level, siluated nearly midway between the Skagit and Similkameen 
 valleys, where the slates are underlaid by a tinoly crystalline syenitic 
 gneiss, which does not appear to be associated with any granite veins, 
 or to show any otiiei' symptoms of the vicinity of a granite mass/i= The 
 eastern face of the slope on llie descent to the Similkanieen is covered, Onpissio and 
 nearly to the top, by a smooth coating of gravel, chiefly made up ofrocko. 
 porphyritic fragments, which entirely conceals tho rock beneath except 
 where a few dykes of I'elspathic porphyry and some hyjiersthenic green- 
 stones form small projecting riilges. This gravel covering continues 
 nearly down to the level of the South Similkamecn Rivor, where there 
 are exposed bods of a dark green altered rock, with a few thin inter- 
 stratitications of a blue argillaceous limestone, the whole having a south- 
 easterly dip. Those green beds are very compact, showing no granular 
 texture. They contain a few hornblende crystals. It is probable that 
 tho h_>iiersthonic greenstone seen higher up (m the hill may be a more 
 completely metamorphosed condition of tho same rock. 
 
 The Similkameen Jtiver is formed by tho junction of two smaller Roelcs of Simil- 
 streams, the South Similkameen ami the Tulameen. The junction takes 
 place near the point where the brigade-trail reaches the valley and is 
 locally known as the Vermilion Fork. Near this place sections of unal- 
 tered sandstone, containing the remains of land plants, arc seen in both 
 of the ti'ibutary valleys, and will be noticed in a subsequent paragraph. 
 About a mile below the Junction, vesicular green and grej' felspathic 
 rocks are seen in the main valley, di|iping at (!()° to tho nortb-nortli-east. 
 Some of tho beds are rudely columnar, and large masses of quartzoso and 
 rod felspathic porphyries, also ajiparontly stratified, arc associated with 
 them. This series of beds is ])r()bably the representative of the quartz- 
 porphyries and other trappean rocks seen in the Ashtnoiiloii Valley, 
 and on the top of Ptarmigan Hill, and it occupies a similar position with 
 reference to the granite which comes to the s n f.u'c further to the east- 
 ward."!" The latter rock is penetrated by several red felspar-porphyry 
 dykes near its western oilge. 
 
 A considerable extent of the main Similkameen Valley is occupied by Qranitio area, 
 the northerly jirolongation of the Ashtnoulou granite, as tho river cuts 
 
 • Tliis junction is a faulted one. Soo Report of Progress 1877-78, p. 03 B. 
 
 t These roclts and the s.andstoncs above referrod to arc now Iviunvn to be Tertiary. 
 
 m^ -'■-*•'- 
 
«■ 
 
 Mi. 
 
 mm 
 
 18 B 
 
 BRITISH rOLITMBIA. 
 
 Trough of 
 
 metamorphic 
 
 rooks. 
 
 obliquely nt-rosM it. The total length of the exposed st'ction is about 
 nineteen miles, which distant-e is divided into two unequal portions of 
 fourteen miles and two miles, the intermediate space of three miles being 
 filled by a small and disturbed synclinal of slaty rocks.* The larger or 
 western mass of granite is of a hard and finely crystaline character, 
 containing both mica and hornblende with white and red felspar. The 
 smaller mass is also syenitic, an<l both are ])en(!t rated by numerous 
 felspar-porphyry dykes. The trough of black slaty rocks occurring 
 between the two granite masses differs from the included fragments 
 Been in the Ashtnoulou district, the disturbance being chiefly mechani- 
 cal, with but a slight amount of mineral alteration. It consists chiefly 
 of black pyrifous slate, with some thin bands of blue limestone at the 
 oastei-n side. These limestones have been considerably affected by the 
 granite at their contact with the smaller mass. The junction is marked 
 by a semi-crystalline quartz-rock containing cr^-stals of troinolito and 
 mica. Further away from the intruded mass the limestone is con- 
 verted into a mass of crystals of carbcmate of lime. This is for 
 the most part palo in colour, but still shows ii-regular streaks and 
 patches of its original tint. Associated with it are thin radiated masses 
 of actinolite and a few brown lime garnets. The coarsel}- ciystaline 
 portions of the limestone are very slightly coherent. Fj'om the readi- 
 ness with which the constituent crystals of calcite are cleaved, they are 
 very readily acted on by the weather, and run down into a kind of coarse 
 sand, forming a talus which lies at a much lower angle than those of the 
 harder rocks surrounding it. In addition to the chemical changes, there 
 appears to have been a considerable amount of mechanical disturbance, 
 as the lower beds of the limestone are much broken up and recemented 
 into a kind of breccia by carbcmate of lime and brown iron ore, the 
 former mineral sometimes occurring in large crystals in the cavities 
 between the fragments. The dij) of the limestone beds at the eastern 
 contact is 34° in a direction of N. 80° W. ; but the slates above them are 
 turned up at a much higher angle, andtowai'd the middle of the trough 
 they appear to be folded back upon themselves, the contortions being 
 rendered very apparent by several thin bands of white qnartz-rock 
 interstratitied among the hard black slates. The latter are often much 
 stiiined with iron rust from the decomposition of the contained pyritic 
 nodules. From the fact of the occurrence of the greatest amount of 
 metamorphisra with the smallest amount of inclination at the eastern 
 edge, it may be that the principal disturbing foi'ce has been exerted by 
 the gi-anito on that side, the beds being compressed and driven back 
 upon the portion lying to the westward. Porphyritic dykes are also 
 
 ' Seo Report of Progrcsa, 1877-1878, p. 84 B. 
 
X 
 
 ■AUIRMAN,] 
 
 SIMIFiKAMEKN VALLEY. 
 
 19 B 
 
 seen in tho bliicU ulatos, one of thom, a fino-grnined gi'oonstono, occur- 
 ring in tho middlo of tho Hyncliniil, and probably filling a fault, an tho 
 Mlato in broken up into a coarHO breccia cemented by thin quartzoso 
 strings along (he j)Ianes of contact. 
 
 That portion of the Siinillcamoon Valley which Hoh between the oaHtern simiikamoon 
 edge of the granite (a point hIx miles west of the mouth of tho Ash I- granite ina»8. 
 noulou River) and llayne's house near the boundary crossing, is 
 tilled with great masses of slaty rocks which are mostly very siliceous, 
 comprising black lydian-stone and hornstono of various colours, 
 usually rod or purple with green and white bands in loss quantity. Tho 
 dips, as far as they can be trusted, show a south-easterly inclination, 
 but this is accompanied by a considerable amount of contortion as seen 
 in the small transverse gullies. There are also in places two systems 
 of strongly developed divisional planes which make more prominent 
 features than the Hup[)osod original bedding. A fiiw fragmentary 
 patches of limestone are seen high up in the hillside near the lower 
 end of tho valley, and from their similarity in position with those seen 
 in tho Chilukweyuk Valley, they may bo taken as marking the upper 
 part of the slaty series.* Near Kayne's house the granite of the A.sht- 
 noulou mountains crosses the river, and appears under the form of a 
 tine-grained white syenite full of small strings of ejiidotc. Fibrous 
 serpentine of a bi-ight green hue has also been found in the mountains 
 near this place. 
 
 In the hills lying botwcon the Similkameen and Osoyoos Lake, in Osoyoos Lake 
 TT 11 1 .. , 1 1 t I -I- 1 1 . and vicinity. 
 
 the Okanagan Valley, tlio sections sliow llie black siliceous slates lying 
 
 in a trough of contoj-tion, on beds of gneissic mica-slate, the latter 
 
 occupying the high ground in the centre of the hills. On the western 
 
 shore of the lake are seen thick beds of a coarse granitic conglomerate 
 
 with a dip of 70° in a direction E. 25° S. ; :.bout a quarter of a mile 
 
 back they have boon sharply folded over, and lie at nearly as high an 
 
 inclination in a westerly direction. A thin band of xtremely hard 
 
 felspathic jtorphyry is intruded in these beds near the boundary 
 
 crossing. On the same skle of tho lake a bed of sandstone is found 
 
 which is stained bright gicen for a short distance. This is produced 
 
 by carbonate of cojjper resulting from the docomjjosition of a 
 
 minute quantity of copper pyrites scattered through the rocks. No 
 
 detined copper lode could be found in the immctliatc neighbourhooil. 
 
 In the Similkameen Valley, below the boundary crossing and nearly 
 
 down to its confluence wilii (he Okanagan, black and green slaty rocks 
 
 are exposed continuously. They are contortetl in a similai' manner to 
 
 • Tho rocka above described are supposed to bolonn to the (\1che Creek scries of the provi- 
 sional cla!<siflcation of 1871. 
 
 v^p^..^- ^^^-^iiip^^ 
 
20 K 
 
 HRITIHII rnr.UMHIA. 
 
 Book Creek. 
 
 tlioNO Hdt'ii oil tlio hill Iriiil, Imt no ^iioiHHic i-ocUh ioinc to (In* Miirtaco. 
 Larch Tree Mill ^^" Hn) oji^tfrn siilo oC OHoyous IjuUo, wliicli in aiioiit two iiiiloH 
 widti, tiicic is 11 tiiliil cliiiii^t' in llic iiiiluif ut'llui iocUh, h voiy I'oai'Holy 
 Ijiiiiiiiiilcil ^iM'iss, lull of Iji !■;;•(•. cryslals ot' t'«)ls|)ar, |»rovailiii!,f. Tlio )lii> 
 oC tlio lamination is norlli wi-st ahoiit 25'. Altoiil a niilo liirllu'r lo 
 llie oasluani, at, apoiiit alioiil allioiisaiul lent, aliovo IliclaUc, il cliaiif^oH 
 to If)" in an (lastorly diroclioii.* 'Plui siiinniit of tlic ridj^o diviilin^ 
 tlio (>l<an!i,i;an tVoin llu* N(*\vlioial|)ilUii or Kottic rivci- is known as 
 " Lairli Tree Jlill " tVoiii its hoin^' I Iks lirsl point on tlic lino at which 
 Jjariv oci-lilcntalis is soon in (inantily. It is about :i,!HH) t'cct ahovo 
 the Hou Icvol. Tlio slope for nearly tiie wliitlc distance Irom Osoyoos 
 is covered with tine ijravels and liiown sand. On the eastern side, on 
 the descent to K'ocU Creek, the Mack slates with a Ihw thin iiands of 
 (juurtzose eongloinorate are occasionally exposed, Imt over (he greater 
 part of the ground they arc hidden, only a f'ow hard porjihyry dykes 
 jirojecting (Iirongh the Miperticial deposits. At Rock ('reek (heOolville 
 trail tirst strikes the .Ncwhoialpitkii, which rivor, as has already boon 
 stated, follows u very tortiioiiH course, crossing the hoiindui-y-line thrro 
 times, and finally falling into the ('oiiimhia about two miles to tho 
 north of Fort ('olville. This area is remarkable (bi- the extreme chur- 
 aeter of the motamorphism of the rouks, as well as tor the great profu- 
 sion of intruded porphyritic dykes, greenstones, syenites and elvans 
 which are foun<l jionetiating the slaty and gneissic rocks inditforontly 
 throughout this eiitii'e portion of (he valie^'. In (he narrow gorge of 
 Ilock Creek the black slates are exj)oscd in steep cliffs with a .south- 
 westerly dip. Further to the eastward, thoy are associated with some 
 thin shaly and irreguhir bands of limestone, which are seen dipping 
 first alioiit 5° to tlu^ nnrth-noi-th-west and about four miles further 
 on 4° in an easterly direction. Ojiposite to the town, of Rock Creek, f 
 largo masses of a very finely crystalline greenstone in an obscurely 
 stratified condition, are found. They are somewhat like the inter- 
 stratified greenstone seen in the J{ocky Mountains, but bear very 
 little resemblance to the rocks of a similar character in their imme- 
 diate vicinity. About eight miles oast of Rock Creek, a hard dark- 
 green quartzose conglomerate in a highly metamorphosed condition 
 is accompanied by a bed of im|)erfcctly columnai' greenstone. The 
 .jtosition of these beds is above the slates of Rock (Ji'eek. The com- 
 parative position of tho rocks in this district is, however, very 
 obscure, as the sections rarely give good dips, from the prevalence of 
 
 Iliglilj; mcta- 
 morphic rocksi. 
 
 * Tlioso rooks resemble some of tho.-ic on tlio Shuswup Lakes, ami arc probably Archuan. 
 t A milling camp, long since abandoned. 
 
 
2 
 
 BAUEDMAN.] 
 
 KKTTI.K VAM.KY. 
 
 21 n 
 
 irro^ulai' ji»iiits nitd Hccoiidiii'v divisionul pianos masking tliii (I'lui linoM 
 of Htnililication. liitlioaiMC of tlio t^iuH'iiHtoiios of IJock Crook tlio 
 uvMoMi'o appours t(i lu> alioiit. u(|ually diviiU'd l>otwoon iiitriiNioti luul 
 iiilcrsti'alilicatioii. 
 
 Aliiiut tlirci' niilos Ih'Iow llic I'iimI lioiindary crossing of NowlioialpilUiMinolHdlo rookn. 
 Uiv»M', ifiioissic rockw attain iiiiiko Micii" appearance, and they are sctui 
 continuously for about forty miles, up to within about twonty miloH of 
 the mouth of the river, 'IMu'V include examples of almost every variety 
 of j^ranitic and syonitic giKMHs, (|iiart/ rock in thin itands and a dark- 
 j^rcen lioinlilende slato, thu whole heinjf linely laminated, and arranged 
 ill numorouH nmall and irroguliir (•(•Mlorlions, Foi-aNhortdistanco, tioiu* 
 the centre of tbo mass, a di|) of laminatidn is obsei-.abU^ at low aiif^les 
 of inclination, and ranifing in ilirection luitwecn south-west and north- 
 noi'th-west, and in this part of the section most, of the ilykos of porjdiyi'y Dykes, 
 and greonston*!, whicdi are exce|)li(inally numerous, are intruded in the 
 lines of lamination. HomtMif the more homoiifncoiis of these inti'iided 
 masses wi'ather out into thin tile-sbaj)e(l lamina' duo to irrei^ular 
 eleava<^e-|)lanos \vlii(di cross (lie mass ohli(|iudy to the walls of the 
 vein. Near the ca>tern eil^fe of tlus gneissie rocks, dykes of granite 
 and nncaceous purpliN I'ics arc^ more abundant than the purer feispatbi(^ 
 vai'iolies sei-n further to the westward. In some places the granitic 
 dykes are so well laminated, that they api)ear, when seen along a line 
 ofsti'iko, to form part of the gneissic beds themselves. A remarkable 
 example of this kind of structure is seen in the great bend of the 
 Kettle Jiiver, wliei-e, in u ditf of well laminated and thinly bedded 
 mica-slate, interstratitied with bands of a white ([uartz-rock of a j)ris- 
 niatie structure, and irregulai- masses of dark-green hoi'iiblendo slate, 
 thin iieds of a tinely <'rystailine gneissoid rock containing garnets are 
 seen near the top of the section. When seen on a ti'ansverse section, 
 the bands of this ro( k are observed to cross everyone of the other bods 
 in the section at a considerable angle, thus proving them to be merely 
 intrusive masses. The dip of the lamination, and probaiily of the 
 original st ratitication of the latti'r, is north iiorlb-wcst at an angle of 
 about 10°, while thai of the i\y '<es is much higher and is obli(pie to the 
 walls. The ai)pearance of this clitf with its regular alternations of 
 (liuirtz-rock and nodular masses of hornblende, is strangely suggestive 
 of its original scidimenlary (diaract(!r, ([uarlzose and siliceous bands 
 standing for siliceous .sediments of various degrees of purity, while 
 tlu! lenticidar lK)rid)lendic masses may be taken to re|)resent alternating 
 and irregular patches of clay. Instances of gneissic lamination in dykes, 
 have been ol)siu'ved in a few otiii'i' places in the same neiglibourhooil, 
 but it is nowhere so strongly markeil as it is in the example cited 
 
 -■■■•■■ - ■ i'---i- ^.■■-^«^i.i;,> 
 
 Mill ii'rr'^iiin-iiii-ifiii&iifiV'i''*''- 
 
 
>.. ^ Mr» 
 
 ii 
 
 '§mm 
 
 22-n 
 
 imiTfSH rOMTMBIA. 
 
 ^wor Kottio 
 pulley. 
 
 Slaty and cal- 
 oereou^ rooks. 
 
 OoIvlUe. 
 
 ReuiRrknble 
 contortion. 
 
 Section in 
 Colville Mill 
 Viillcy. 
 
 above. At tlie third boumlary croHBin^ of Kottio Rivor, Iho i^noiMH 
 Ih hnnl and (irmly liimitiiitod witliout riiucli rontortion, iiftctr which 
 a di'.ri< rottoii mica slato, full of gariustH, and voi-y much coiitortod, 
 prt'vaiJH. 
 
 Aftor loaving tlio ^iioIhh a groat maHs of wlaty and calcaroouH rockH 
 Ih oncountorod in tlie lower part of i\w Kottio Rivor valloy. It oxtondu 
 in a HOiith-oaHtorly diroction for al>out tifty-dvc ndloH acrows tho 
 Coliind)ia to tlio head of Iho (/'homikano Valley, tho liedH forming an 
 irregular Hynclinal with a conHideraido amount of contortion on the 
 wotttorn Hido. Tho IowohI momhorH of thirt MorioH are hedw of rather 
 Milicious HhitCH and slaty limestonoH of a light green colour, which are 
 oceaMionally variegated with white and bhick lines of lamination. Tho 
 dip is to tho Houth-east at about 50° inclination. Further to tho eastward 
 and next in order in the scries, come h a mass of black and bluish-gi-ey 
 slate of a somewhat sandy texture, containing well foi-med crystals of 
 iron pyritoH. Associated willi these aro a few thin limestono bands, 
 resembling those seen in the lower part of the Similkamoon Valley. 
 These beds ai'c more contorted than the green series below them, and 
 are occasionally nearly tlat. At the mouth of the river the dip is again to 
 the south-oast. On the right bank of the Colund)ia opposite Fort Colville 
 there is a thin bed of a puie white crystalline marble, at the top of the 
 black slates, which is seen at intci'vals occu])ying the same position 
 highci' up the river towai-ds Fort Shcpheid. Above tho white lime- 
 stone comes the quartz-rock of the Kettle Falls. This is a white mica- 
 ceous and <iuartzo8e slato, divided by well marked planes of stratifica- 
 tion and nearly vei't leal joints, into flaggy or prismatic blocks. Thetiner 
 laminations ot the individual beds are, however, extremely contorted in 
 very small and shaip turns. In some '.nstances the lamina' are twisted 
 into serpentine curves, in which case the straight ends aro usually 
 broken through at the tails of the S-curved portions, such fractures 
 being generally accompanied by a small vertical dislocation. The total 
 thickness of this rock is about 500 foot. It occupies both banks and 
 the bed of the Columbia at tho Kettle Falls, and is seen in small ridges 
 sticking up through tho alluvium of tlie plain im which Fort Colville 
 is built, for about half a mile to the eastward of the river. In the clitt's 
 of tho left bank of tho Columbia Valley, in the hills above them, and 
 in those above the north side of the Colville Mill Valley, the rocks 
 exposed are argillaceous and sandy slates and sandstones, with a few 
 thin slaty bieccias and conglomerates, and a number of thick lime- 
 stone beds of a more or less impure or concretionary character occur- 
 ring at intervals throughout the whole series. The following is a more 
 detailed list of the apparent succession in ascending order in a line 
 
■AUINMAN.] 
 
 OOLVIIiM: Mn,t, VAf.LEY. 
 
 23 B 
 
 from nortli-woHt to Moiitli-oiist Iroiu llio ;;tioisH of Kottlo Rivor to tlio 
 top ol'tlio Hyrinliniil in tlio Mill V^iiiloy : — 
 
 1. iinum Hlat«w and linuistonoH. 
 
 2. Hluck ami hliiish-^rroy nlatoH with indiidod crystalH of Iron 
 pyrittw and s(llll(^ tliin liiiuMtono i)an<ls, <li|>piii^ llrHt to S.H.K., tliun 
 8.VV., tluMi Hat, and linaily dil>pin^; H.K. n^ar tin* tiioiitli of tlio rivor. 
 
 'X VVIiito cryntallinit inarhlo with siliinotm loaf-liko (llinH, or very 
 thin buds. 
 
 4. Slaty quart/, rocik of tho K(»ttlo FallH. 
 
 5. ( iriHin ahaly liinoHtoniM and calcaroouH shaloH (loft hank of tho 
 Cohnul)ia). 
 
 0. Fino't^ruinc^d hluiHh-^roy Hhalos with irro^ular doavagu and thin 
 bodH of (liui Mlaty (■oii^rl()ni(<rato. 
 
 7. BhiiHh-Kn^y NJaty liiodHtono with Hoino bandH of black slato. 
 
 H. Thickly boddod and contoHod blim arjfillacoouH liineatonos, with 
 afbw thin intt^rioodiat** bods of a calcarcuiin broccia. 
 
 9. Kino-j^rainod liard yolluw .sand.stoncvs apparently niado up of 
 j;raniti(^ ornnoissic debris. 
 
 10. Hlu(i ar>?illacooua liniestijno, vory impure and Hlaty, tho upiM3r 
 IkkIs nuich hardi*n((d by infiltration of silica. 
 
 11. Hard nlaty broccia containinK frajjnionta of black silicious slato, 
 white (juart/.-rock in clay slate. 
 
 Tho sumo kind of contortion in lamination accompanyini;; regular 
 sti'aliticution thut is seen at tho Kottlo Falls, occurs in tho higher parts 
 of tho section, more ospeciully in tho thick limostone bods in Nos. 8 
 and 10. Tho bods in Nos. 5 an<l (5 form a small flat anticlinal arch at 
 tho eastern edge of tho Columbia Valley. They are broken through by 
 numerous greenstone dykes which usually follow a north and south 
 course. Tho largest of these intruded masses is about 200 yards wide, 
 forming a prominent ridge for about two miles along the valley to the 
 Bouth of the falls. 
 
 Tho conglomerate. No. 11, is the highest bed in the synclinal. It is 
 very hard and is much altered by silicious infiltration and affected by 
 cross jointing. Further up the Mill Valley tho dips assume a westerly 
 direction, bringing the limestones again to the surface. The beds have, 
 however, changed in mineral character, a nearly uniform mass of finely 
 laminated, white, slaty and calcareous rock taking tlio place of the 
 thick blue limestones with interstratified sandstones and conglomei-ates 
 seen in the western sitlo of the trough. About two miles south of the Granite ma»». 
 United Stales military ])Ost of ( "olville, a small granitic mass breaks 
 through tho limestones, and is exposed on a very obliijuo section as far 
 as the Little Pond D'Oreille River. The i-ock is remarkable tor its ex- 
 tremely rotten character, due to the rusted and decomposed state of 
 the felspar of which it is chiefly composed. The lower or »\iity members 
 of the series are exposed below the limestones in the upper part of the 
 
■xay... >t^ 
 
 24 B 
 
 HRlTtsn COLUMBIA. 
 
 Columbia 
 Valley. 
 
 Chemikane to 
 iSpokaii. 
 
 Spokan River- 
 Uiisiilt?. 
 
 Colvillo Mill Viilloy. Tlioy ivre nearly vertical, having been apparently 
 compro8^'e(! botween the Little Peiid D'Oroille urariitc and that of the 
 Spokan lying liirthi^r east. The suppDsc'd L'(|iiivaIont of tiie quartz- 
 roek of the Kettle Falls, appears as a l)and of pure wliite (piurlz. The 
 slates are mostly very silicious. The higher beds ure covered with 
 rusty stains from decomposed pyi'ites, the lower ones are chiefly black, 
 brown and purj)le jaspiiiious slates or lydian-stones, bearing a consider- 
 able resemblance to the beds seen in the Similkameon Valley. The 
 granite of the Spokan, like that of the Little Pend D'Oreille, is very rot- 
 ten and concretionary, weathei-ing down into i-ihU''/ sphei'oldal blocks. 
 At Chemikane bridge a small neetlle or ooelisk i)rojects from the face of 
 the clitf. It is formetl of a pile of soft decomposing blocks, which are 
 held together by a number of small interlacing veins tilled with a com- 
 pact mixture of felspar and (juurtz. Siniiiai' veins are seen at intervals 
 along the Chemikane Valley down to its junction with the Spokan. Li 
 the valley of the Columbia River, to the north of Fort Colville, the 
 black pyritic slates form ine mass of the river-cliffs as far as Fort 
 Shepherd, and in thelowei' part of the Pend D'Oreille Valley they are in 
 •". very much disturbed condition, and the intruded greenstone and 
 syenitic masses are more numerous than they are at Colville. The 
 limestone series appears in its pro])er place on the Pend D'Oreille and is 
 largely develojicd in the thickly wooded mountains to the eastward of 
 Salmon River. At the I'end D'Oreille latitude-station, the dij) is towanls 
 the south, and it is probable that the lower boundary of the series 
 follows a direction nearly parallel to, .'ind a little to the eastward of, the 
 Columbia from Colville to this district. A curiously speckled, black and 
 white sandy beet .ip|)eai's to be of common occurrenje in the upper 
 part of the thick limestom >*. 
 
 In passing from the vallo ■ (if the Chemikane to that of the Spokan 
 River, the ti'ail crosses a low ,>i;ss. with a marshy flat at the summit 
 iietween the low granite iiills. The graidte is of a rotten andconci-e- 
 tionary character, presenting many overhanging and perched blocks 
 which are very slighly coherent and scale otiintoa kind of coarse sand 
 under a very feeble pressure. 
 
 The Spokan Uiver tl' ws tliroi'.gh a bi'oad valley I'osembling an old 
 estuary, bordeird oy hills of 1 „'»()(> to 2,5(10 feet elevation. Toward the 
 .s(mth the great lava covered table-land of the Columbia e.Ktends in an 
 unbroken stretch for about '17)0 miles. Tlu' basaltic lavas form! ig the 
 greater part of the surface of the plain, aie represented on the Spokan 
 by some large outlying patches whii h flank the graiute mountains up 
 to about 400 feet above the river level. They are also seen in smaller 
 masses at various points along the (Jliemikanc Valley, and one small 
 fra'-'ment is found within the drainage area of the Colville Mill Stream. 
 

 MMH 
 
 BAUERMAN.] 
 
 SPOKAN AN1> KOOTANIE VALLEYS. 
 
 25 B 
 
 Following the courHC of the Spolvtin llivor, the concretionary olianuter 
 of the granite continues up to the noi^lihoiirhood of Phmt's liouse. 
 Here the i-ock becomes harder and a gncissic, structure is developed, 
 accompanied by the separation of hirge mica and f'clsj)ar crystals. 
 
 Near the edge of the wood on the Spolcan jjrairic, the same coarse Gni-iss. 
 gneiss is seen and a tinei- variety is found on the eastern side of the 
 Pend iJ'Oreille V^allc}' opposite .o Siiiyakwateen, the ferry at the lower 
 end of the Pend D'O.'eiilc Lake. The dip of the gnoissic lamination is 
 S. 30'' W. at Plant's house. On the Pend U'Oreille the direction is 
 S. 15° E. 
 
 In the district between the Siiiyakwateen Crossing and the fii'st.fj"i["o^;'lf " 
 ferry on the Kootanie lliver, there is a very small i'mount of evidence J^"*""- 
 as to the nature of the rocks. The pass is in a wide valley tilled with 
 gravel and blown sand, between low hills which are rarely visible from 
 the trail. The gneiss is seen at the top of the highest hill on the north 
 side of tiie valle}' neai- the watershed of tiie two rivers. The country 
 bordering the Pend D'Oreille Lake near Slnyakwateen i> one of the most 
 thickly wooded parts of the line. The ground is flat, and is intersected 
 by deep and sluggish streams which are liable to sudden overflow from 
 summer rains. The largest timber on the line is seen in the thick wood 
 at Pack Jiiver, where the (."alitbriiiaM sugar-pine (PZ/ti/s .Lambcrtiana) 
 attains a height of 310 feet, and cedar trees are found rivalling those 
 of the Cascade Mountains. 
 
 At the first or Chelemto Crossing of the Kootanie River, the gneiss Chdemto 
 
 „ •,• 1 , ^i • • • I • I • Crossing of 
 
 IS of a more granitic cliaracler, containing irregular micaceous lamina- Kootimie. 
 tions and much felsj)ar. The prevailing dip of the lamination is towards 
 the south-east, but this direction is not constant, l)eing combined with 
 much contortion. At the mouth of the Mooyie Eiver the slaty rocks of 
 the Kootanie Valley are seen for the first time.=i= They are bluish-grey ^'"'J'^^'''''^- 
 and green finely granular silicious slates, and form steep cliffs f'l om 150 to 
 200 feet in height, the laminations dipping (iO° in the direction E. 10" S. 
 On the right bank of the Mooyie, a curious boss of hy])ersthenic green- 
 stone is seen, intermediate in position between the slates and the 
 gneiss. A similar case of a greenstone dyke being intruded at the 
 immediate contact of the slates and gneiss is seen about five miles 
 below (north ) of C'helcmto, where hardened black slates are altered 
 into a kind of mica-slate, the mica forming small ilark green rounded 
 masses, in a lighter coloured base. I'^rom the Mooyie River eastward ?.'""> ''•Riv''''o 
 
 . . . . . , Kootimie Post. 
 
 as far as the l\ootanie trading jiosf, the sections present a succession of 
 uiifossiliferous slaty rocks and sandstones which are arranged in large 
 folds of contortion as shown in the section. Many of the changes 
 in dip are so sudden that they an' iirobably accompanied by fracture 
 
 * As the result of observations in 1883, these rocks are probably Cambriau. 
 
J 
 
 26 B 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
 
 siirtaccH. 
 
 Trappean rocks i 
 
 and dinlocation of the rocks. After passing the green silicious slates 
 between Mooyie and Yakli Rivers, the beds become darker in colour 
 and more argiUacoons, containing nodular masses of iron pyrites and 
 showing cavities whore these have been removed by decomposition. 
 
 Rippie-raarkod -^ feature seen for the first time in these beds is the presence of ripple- 
 marked burfuccf which arc of almost constant occurrence throughout 
 the Kootanie Valley as far as the trading post. At the second crossing 
 of the Kootanie, some beds of hard, green sandstone are seen. They 
 ajjpoar to be perfectly homogeneous on a fresh surface, but sliow small 
 irregular false-bedding in green and white i[uartzose sediment, with 
 included fragments of slate, on a weathered face. There are associated 
 with these beds some laminated white and black shales with small con- 
 cretionary points of carbonate of lime, which pass into an impure 
 limestone, i;i which the carbonate of lime is intermingled with argil- 
 laceous patches in folds resembling the markings in the molar tooth of 
 an elephant. There are very few intrusive dykes in this part of the 
 country, only a single one having been observed to the east of the 
 Mooyie Eiver. There are, however, several apparently intersti-atitied 
 beds of amygdaloidal and compact trappean rocks, between the second 
 crossing and Kootanie post. The most remarkable of these is a com- 
 pact felspar-i'ock containing crystals of mica, hornblende and magnetite. 
 Near the Kootanie post the slates are gi-een and silicious, and are 
 arranged in broad inclined steps across the valley dipping at an angle 
 of 20" in the direction N. (JO' E., all with ripple marked surfaces. 
 
 Tobacco Piiiins. At the Kootanie trading po-st the valley suddenly witlcns, the hills 
 receding foi' about lour miles from the river. The intermediate S2>ace is 
 filled with flat-topped gravel terraces, which are known as the Tobacco 
 Plains. In the mountains lying between the Tobacco Plains and 
 Chelcmto, and in the upper part of the Mooyie Valley, the I'ocks 
 are similar in character to those seen in the Kootanie Valley and are 
 probably arranged in a somewhat similar manner, the sections are, 
 however, of small value, as they are only seen at rare intervals, owing 
 to the thickgrowthof small timber which is almo>i universally present 
 and is nearly as etfective in concealing the rocks as the drift gi-avels 
 in other places. 
 
 The high mountain which rises about 6,000 feet above the river on 
 the west side of the Kootanie at the Tobacco Plains crossing, is made 
 up of bluish grey slates with a belt of ci-ystalline rock containing 
 large starry masses of actinolite near the summit, probably a repre- 
 sentative of one of the interstratified trajjs seen at a lower level fuither 
 
 Tobacco Plains to tlic eastward. To the east (jf the Tobacco Plains, between the Koo- 
 
 River. tanie post and the Flathead River, bluish-grey, gi-een ami purple clay 
 
 slates are seen along the gorge of the Tobacco Eiver, through which the 
 
J 
 
 '•] 
 
 FLATHEAD VALLEY. 
 
 27 B 
 
 trail is can-ied. Tho dips are chiefly north-east, Hk)pe 30°. The flaggy 
 surfaces of the beds are covered with ripple-marks and impressions of 
 sun cracks. Near the summit of the dividing i-idge, they are veiy red 
 and sandy, containing numerous pseudomorpbio impiessions of salt 
 crystals atnl some fossil-like markings, wbicli liavo however been pro- 
 nounced by Ml. Salter not to be of organic origin. The top of the pass 
 is flat and swampy on the Flathead side of the slope. The dip of the 
 red beds is 20° in the direction K 10^ W. About 300 feet below tbe^. . 
 
 Limestone 
 watei'shed on the descent to the Flathead, tho trail suddenly crosses auutlye""- 
 
 series of bluish-grey limestones which are exposed continuously on 
 the slope to within a short distance of the alluvial gravels of the Flat- 
 head R'ver. They ai-e very hard, thickly bedded, and are divided 
 into large blocks by open joints which are often filled with quartz 
 crystals. The dip is 8° to 10° in an easterly direction. Mr. Salter's 
 remarks on the fossils from these beds are appended as a note to this 
 report. 
 
 They were chiefly found in a very compact bed in the middle of the Fossils, 
 section, where they are exiwsedoii the weathered faces. At the lower 
 end of the section, the liiliestones rest on a thin patch of false-bedded 
 quartzose sandstone. Near the top of the hill they are lying uncon- 
 formably on the i-ed beds containing salt crystals. The limestones are 
 cut through by the bi-ook that runs down to the Flathead Eiver, form- 
 ing vertical cliffs varying in height from about twenty-iive feet at the 
 bottom of the hill, to about 200 feet about half way up, whei'e the 
 fossils are principally found. 
 
 Other beds of ^Carboniferous age are seen in the Ivootanie Valley Carboniferoui 
 north of the Tobacco Plains, overlying the green slates with intei-- 
 stratified trajjs. They differ very much in appearance from the Flat- 
 head limestones, being principally argillaceous, the limestones occur- 
 ring only in thin rubbly seams of a black colour. Only a few fossils 
 have been found in them. The dip is north-east about 30°. Tho highest 
 observed beds of the section are coarsely laminated quartzose shales 
 with bands of black chei't, possibly representing the millstone grit. 
 At this point the trail turns off into the Mooyie Valley, but as Dr. 
 Hector found the Carboniferous limestone furthej- north in the Koo- 
 tanie Valley, it is probable that it is continuous over the intermedia.te 
 space. 
 
 The main chain of the Eocky Mountains lying to the eastward ofthe j^o^t^y 
 Flathead River, is made up of slaty antl sandy beds resembling those Mountains, 
 seen north of the second Kootanio crossing, and in the pass of Tobacco 
 River. The transverse valleys of the Akamina Brot)'< and the South 
 Kootanie Pass follow the strike of synclinal folds in the rocks. In the 
 former the cliffs rise on each side of the stream like walls in particol- 
 
28 B 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Mdiiiits Y 
 iiiul Kii'liy 
 Spciicu 
 
 Aknmina 
 Viillfy. 
 
 omed masonry, and arc cut hack at intorvak into semicircular hollows 
 whicli usually contain Hmall lakes. Tlie projectin<5 ridges which divide 
 those basins may bo taken to roprosont the hutti'esscs, while, to com- 
 plcto tlio aiialoucy, (lie nuinil clitVs arc crowned wilh masses of rod shales 
 standing lor pinnacles or biitfross-caps. 
 iinoii '['|>o h'.mlu'st mountains near tlio pass are those named Mount Yarrell 
 and Blount Kirliy and Spcnco on Blackiston'smaj), near the western face 
 oftiie rann'o.* Tiio tirsl named rises about (),')()() feet al)ove the b'lat- 
 lioad Ilivor ami is cinliroly composed of well sti'atitied materials, prin- 
 cipally shales and sandstones, the liighest beds being of a brilliant red 
 colour. At the tinal latiluile-station on the watershed, the rocks bear a 
 strong resomblance to those seen in the ridge dividing the Kootanie 
 and Klathead llivers. They ai'c green and red ai'gillacoous shales and 
 sandstones with subordinate bands of limestone. Some of them are 
 cleaved, but all are rip])le marked and covered with the impressions of 
 sun-cracks. The limestone is of a very peculiar character, being made 
 up of spheroidal concretions which present on faces of weathering a 
 confused series of ii-regularly concentric i-inged masses, in whicli a 
 stellar or radiati'd structure isoeeasionally developed from the presence 
 of aetinolite crystals. At the toj) of the hills above the limestone at 
 tiie latitude-station, a height of 8,r)(t() feet above the sea level, very red 
 sandy shales resembling those of Mount Yarrell arc found. They are 
 in many j)laees thickly coated witli mieact'ous lucmatite.f Near the 
 base of those red rocks thiee interstratitied beds of a columnar gi'cen- 
 stcme or diorite are seen. The higher ones are very compact in tex- 
 ture and (jf a dark-green colour. They are occasionally vesicular, 
 having crystals of Iiicmatite (iron glance) in the cavities. The lower 
 bed is an amygdaloid of a dark reddish colour, the vesicles being lilted 
 with carbonate of lime crusted with green earth. Pseudomorphous 
 crystals of rock salt are also found in the red beds, together with some 
 concrctiary nodules beai-ing a rough resemblance to fossils, none of 
 which can, however, ho pronounced to be of organic oi-igin. A 
 curiously furi'owod slab from tiiis locidity has been submitted to Mr. 
 Salter, who is of opinion that the markings have not been produced by 
 burrowing annelids. On the nothern side of the synelinal forming the 
 valley of the Akamina, tiie red beds are seen at the tops of the hills 
 o})posite tiie latitude-station, but the limestones are not exposed, being 
 iiidden by the rough talus of the upper beds. 
 
 At the summitof (he Indian trail in the South Kootanie Pass, about 
 7,000 feet uiiove the sea level, fragments of one of the greenstone 
 
 • 8i'e (leolii).'y niiil Kcsonn'es nf the tilth I'anillcl. l"*"'', for a inori' dctaileil aceount of the rofks 
 eastward frniii this point. Tlu' sections iiifliulo beds t'loui tlie Caiubriaii to the I'riassic. 
 t Those arc i)robably 'I'riassic. 
 
N.l 
 
 THE ROCKy MOITNTAINS. 
 
 29 K 
 
 lar hollows 
 hich divide 
 ilo, to com- 
 >f red shales 
 
 )unt Yarrell 
 kvestcrn face 
 vo the Fhit- 
 lerials, prin- 
 briiliant red 
 rt)i'lis bear a 
 he Kootanie 
 iH shales and 
 of them are 
 upressions of 
 •, being made 
 weatherinii; a 
 ^ in which a 
 I the presence 
 3 limestone at 
 evel, vei-y red 
 d. They are 
 ).-|- Near the ' 
 lumnar green- 
 ompael in tex- 
 ally vesicular, 
 j. The lower 
 
 les being til'eil 
 send(jmorphouH 
 
 tbor with some 
 fossils, none of 
 lie origin. A 
 bniitU'd to Mr. 
 H'U produced by 
 nal i'orming the 
 ops of the hills 
 I exposed, being 
 
 anie Pass, about 
 ■ the greenstone 
 
 ed account of the rocks 
 I) the Triassic. 
 
 Chiof Miiun- 
 
 l,ako. 
 
 bands are thickly scattere<l aliout the siu-faco. They are probalily K„st »i(,pp<>f 
 nearly in itlace. In the descent from this point to the HulValo Plains, '<""•""''■ P"-"'- 
 (ho trail ci'ossos a mass of blue, concretionary limestone at about the 
 same level as that seen at the summit latiliidc-station. It is |)i'obably 
 the same beil brought up by the longitudinal anticlinal of the main 
 chain. Lower down the hill a peculiar condition of the red beds is 
 seen, in the form of hardened clays ot a blood-red colour, alternating 
 with thin partings of a grcenisli-grcy i|iiart/,-rock studded with small 
 cavities containing grains of (|uarl/ and tlaUes of micaceous lacmatite. 
 The whole resembling an altered mass of red marls with their green part- 
 ings. They arc overlaid by a thin bed of very crystalline greenstone.* 
 
 At Chief ^Ii 'intain Lake, the clitfs in a noi'th anil south direction, 
 along the eastern shore, expose the tblds of the ti'ansverse synclinals hiii 
 in the plane of the concretionary limestone, which is contorted into a 
 W-shaped curve between the eastciu mouth of the South Kootanie Pass 
 and the south end of the lake. The limcstoiu> is bore underlaid by beds 
 of purple and green siiicious clay-slate much contorted, with an inter- 
 calated limestone which contains fragments of ([Uartx and large nodu- 
 lar masses of chert. Ripjile-marked surfaces are commonly seen in both 
 slates and lower limi'stone. This is the last and most easterly section 
 which was examined by the North American Boundary C'ommi.ssion. 
 
 The probable thickness of the upper bods of the mountains, i.e., the 
 
 concretionary limestone and overlying red and green beds and dioritic 
 
 lavas, is about 2,200 feet. 
 
 In comiiarinii; the I'ocks seen at different points alon"; the line of the Comparison of 
 
 rock series* 
 larger section, the most apparent and striking difference is that between 
 
 the unaltered beds of shallow-water origin cm the eastern side of the 
 S])okan gneiss, and the generally metamorphic sedimentary masses 
 lying to the westward of that axis. In the Fi-aser IJiver district, the 
 locks of the Chilukweyuk Valley, which arc the least altered of any of 
 those lying to the west of the Columbia Eiver, have probably been 
 (lepo«itcd in deep water, as shown by their very thin laminations and 
 the fineness of the sediment. The l)lack slates and crystalline lime- 
 stones on the Fort Hope road are sufficiently near in resemblance to 
 the Cliilukweyuk beds, setting aside the metamorphism produced in the 
 latter by intruded greenstone and granitic masses, to allow of the 
 assumption of these two being eipiivalenl.f 
 
 The black and varigated siliceous slates of the Similkameen 
 Valley, are probably again rejjresentatives of the lower part of the 
 
 •Sec ,<icction up. Cil. These lower rcil \n'<h iiro at ii ilifl'erent horizon, and iire jirobaljly 
 Cambrian. 
 
 t A pariiKrapli, in wliieli tlie iiRo of the prreen lieds forminfr a synelinal east of tlie Sliiipit is ili.«- 
 
 cMssed, is licre omitted, as tliey have, since Ijeeii shown to l)e Lower Cretaceous. See Kcport 
 
 oTTProgrcss, 1877-78,'.and Trans.; Royal Soc. of Canada, 1882,!Sec. IV., p. 81. 
 
30 B 
 
 RRITIHH fMlMIMIUA. 
 
 Comparison of Chilukwoyuk Hlatos, as they are of a similar ttno toxtiii-e, boin^ altered 
 by silicification into a black chert, and do not contain any of the thin 
 bands of liinoslono by which the iippor |)art of tliat nerios is diwtinf^- 
 iiishcd. Tiie limcstoncH that ai'o present on the Siinilkaracen are very 
 thin and concretionary. To the eastward of Larcli Tree Hill everything 
 Ih hidden by sands and gravels, but the black slates of Rock Creek are 
 jirobabi}' c<iuival(Mil in |)()si(ion to those of the western valleys, as they 
 arc similar in texture and contain thin limestone seams. Tiiis part of 
 the section is, however, much confused I)y the presence of intrude<l rocks 
 and other marks of disturbance. On the east side of the great bend 
 of Kettle River, the mass of rocks in the Oolville basin is equal if not 
 larger in amount than that in the Chilukweyuk Valley. The succession 
 is also a similar one, the gneiss being overlaid by green slates with 
 thin limestones, which are succeeded by sandstones and shales contain- 
 ing thick bods of limestone resembling those in the upper ]iart of the 
 western series, with this tlitferenco, that they have probably been 
 deposited in shnllowdr water, as they are less purely calcareous and 
 there is a more rapid alternation in the mineral charactei' of the inter- 
 mediate beds from clays to sandstones ami conglomerates, than is usual 
 in the western district. The variable charaetci- of the limestones is 
 further shown by the change of the thick blue beds of one side of the 
 synclinal into white and shaly ones on the other. 
 
 On the eastern side of the Spokan gneiss, the slaty rocks of thoKoo- 
 tanie Valley have only one feature in common with those of the 
 Columbia — the preseiue of interspersed crystals of iron pyrites. The 
 great limestone beds are entirely wanting This is most likely due to 
 the shallow-water origin of the Kootanie beds, which is abundantly 
 proved by the presence of ripple-marked surfaces, and as the higher 
 parts of the section contain large quantities of thin false-bedded sand- 
 stones, it is probable that the shallowing went on as these were deposited. 
 The coneictionary "elephant's tooth " limestone of the second Kootanie 
 Crossing appears to mai'k a new set of deposits, as it is above this point 
 that amygdaloidal and other lavas are found interstratitied with red 
 sandy shales, containing hrematite and numerous impressions of salt 
 crystals. 
 
 A similar mineral character aM<l oi-derof ai-rangement prevails in the 
 upper beds of the Rocky Mountains, and if wo assume them to be equivar 
 lents,* we must suppose that the greater part of the Kootanie Valley 
 
 Beds of the 
 
 Rocky 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 . • The conclusions stated in this paragraph, are based on the assumption of the identity in age 
 of the Red rocks of the vicinity of the Kootanio Valley, with those of the upper parts of the 
 Rocky Mountains near the tilth parallel. The remarkable litholoKical resemblance of these rooks 
 might fully justify this hypothesis, which was, indeed, iil one time entertained by the writer. It 
 has, however, been iirovcd by the exploration of ISH.'i that these red rocks arc widely separated in 
 age, the former being, as stated in a previous note, probably Cambrian, the latter Triassic. 
 
 m^^'y^-- '^:-' 
 
BAUERMAN.] 
 
 AGE OF ROOK SERIES. 
 
 31 B 
 
 rookH are actually present in the R'jcky Mountains ; the mountains on 
 the western side showing a pile of Htratifiod deposits more than *1,00() 
 foot in height. In J)r. Iloctiir's map, in Ihodooloirical Society's Journal, 
 (18(51) Carbon ifei'ous i-ocksare marked as (occurring in the South Koota- 
 nie Pass, but there does not appear (o be any evidence for this view, 
 as the rod beds, itc,, forminj^ the mass of the rocks in (hat district cer- 
 tainly contain no fossils of (Jarboniforous or an}' other atio. The (Car- 
 boniferous I'ocks of (he Kootanio Valley nor(h of (he Tobacco Plains, in 
 addition to their veiy argillaceous character, are only conformable to 
 the Kootanio slates in amount of dip and not in directi(m. The great 
 outlier of the Flathead Valley, which is (he nearest mass of Carbonifer- 
 ous rocks to the main chain of the Rocky Moun(ains. is markedly 
 unconformable to the red beds on which it rests, is very compact and 
 uniform in composition, and is of deep-water oi-igin, presenting no 
 indications of concretionary sti-uclure, false-bedding, or ripjde-marked 
 surfaces, all of which are seen in the concrcticmary limestones of Chief 
 Mountain Lake. 
 
 As to (he age of the slaty rocks, it is impossible at present to form ji ProhnbionKoof 
 
 , . . * ^ slaty series. 
 
 positive opinion. In Dr. nec(or's map, the Kootanio slates are assigned 
 to the Iluronian period, probably from the fact of their containing no 
 fo'!'^}ils. Sir W. K. Logan has also (in conversation) suggested that 
 probably most of the western beds are of that age. By comparison of 
 the collection of Canadian rocks made by Dr. Sterry Hunt, of the 
 Canadian Survey, now placed in (he Museum of Practical Geology, 
 with that of the North American Boundary Commission, the following 
 points of resemblance and ditference have been obtained : — 
 
 1. The gneiss of the Spokan strikingly resembles (he typical Laurcn- 
 tian gneiss of Canada, both being veiy coarsely ci-ystallino and 
 porphyi'itic with rod felspar. The presence of garnet crystals is also 
 common to the Canadian specimens and those from the great bend of 
 Kettle Eivor. On the other hand, the grey j)orphyritic gneiss of 
 Osoyoos Lake, and the finely laminated variety of the same i-ock from 
 Moodio's prairie, are conditions that are not I'opresented in the Cana- 
 dian collections. 
 
 2. The Ilui'oidan series of Canada is mostly comjiosed of quar(z-^"™,'ifiJroni|i,,. 
 rocks, while the supposed beds of that age on the Pacific side are prin- 
 cipally slaty. In some cases, iiowever, as in the Similkameen Valley, 
 
 they are suiticiently siiicious to bo only distinguishable from quartz- 
 rock by their slaty structure and dark colours. 
 
 3. The interstratified greenstones of the Rocky Mountains are very 
 much like those that occur in a similar mannoi* among the Iluronian 
 rocks of Canada, and do not al all resemble those found under similar 
 circumstances in the Lower Silurian rocks. 
 
 
l\ 
 
 32 B 
 
 HIUTlHIl rOMIMHrA. 
 
 4. Tlio maiinoc in wliicli inicaceous liiPiniitiioocciirH as a coinpononl 
 of tho I'l'il liods ()(■ till' lioclvy Mi)Uiitiiins is to ii (uu'hiiii I'xiont pai'allolod 
 in ilu) italiiarilo, or slaty i-ocks of Oaiiaila, wliich aro in jilaooH 
 entirely (lomposcd of that niinei-al. Those luttoc nvc, howovor, of 
 Louei' Sihii'ian a^e. 
 ' The followini.^ are the estimated thicknesses of some [)ortioiis of tho 
 
 motaniorphie i-oeks in (hose areas in which it is possihlo to^ive thorn : 
 
 1. Sehweltzii to Ohilukweyiik Lake, Mack slates and thick lime- 
 stones aliout 2t,0n0 leet, ostimiited at an averai^o slope of 10° for 
 t\venty-eifj;lit miles. 
 
 2. Western limh of tho Colvillo synclinal, from the Ivottlo Falls 
 *[uiirt/i-rock to the top eonmlomorivtos, iiboiit t-1,000 foot. Estimated !it 
 an averai^c iA".\0° for ei^ht miles. Prohaldy with the tliicikness of the 
 hhick and ffreen slalcs liclow them, which are contoi'tiMl, the amount 
 of these beds is c([ual to those in tho Chilukweyuk Valley. 
 
 ;{. Kootanio slates from Mooyie River to tho concretionary lime- 
 stone at the second crossing, 15,0()(( feet. This is a very roun'h estimate 
 obtained by proloni^ing the curves of contortion obtained from the 
 observed dijis. It is very probable, from the rapid change in the dip 
 which occui's near the middle of the valley, (bat there ai-e dislocations 
 of the beds in (bis ai'ca. 
 
 4. Concretionary limestones red beds and <lioritic bivas, about 2,200 
 feet, an es(ima(e ob(aincd from the mountains of the South Kootanio' 
 Pass. 
 Terfinr.v .icries. Tertiary deposits. — The nios( cimsiderable deposit of fresh water beds 
 of Tertiary age oecuri'ing within the basin of the Columbia, is that 
 seen at the confluence and in the valleys of the two branches of 
 the Similkameen River at Vermilion Fork.* They are coai'so 
 sandstones made uj) of very sligldly worn detritus of the neigh- 
 bouring Asbtnoiilou gi-anite, above which are beds of (ine white 
 sandstone containing twigs and fragmen(s of the wood of coniferous 
 trees, and earthy carbonaceous shale or imperfect coals, containing 
 plant remains and ma.sses of retinite or amber similar to those seen 
 in the Cretaceous coal of Nanaimo in V'^ancouver Island. The dip of 
 these beds in the Tulameen V^alley, at tho Forks, is about 8" in a north- 
 east direction. No other Tertiary beds are seen in the Similkamoen 
 Valley below this point. 
 
 In (lie Kettle River Valley, about eleven miles east of Rock Creek, 
 another patch of supposed Teiliary tleposits is o.xposed on the north 
 side of the liver by an accidental slip of the covering gravels, \n a 
 place where the bank has boon cut down to form a waggon road. The 
 
 Vprmilion 
 Forks. 
 
 Kettle River. 
 
 * Sec Report of Progress, 1877-78, p. 129 B. 
 
 1_ 
 
eAUERM«N.] 
 
 HUI'EHl'IClAl- UKI'CISITS. 
 
 33 B 
 
 1 in ])livcos 
 lowcvcr, of 
 
 lioiis of tho 
 jrivo thoni : 
 lliirk Umc- 
 , of 10° lor 
 
 Kotllo KallH 
 KstimaU^'l at 
 [•kncss of the 
 tho amount 
 
 tionnvy Umo- 
 [,U!j;h estimate 
 ned from the 
 ,gi- in Uie (rn> 
 ■0 (liBloeationH 
 
 m, iU'Out 2,200 
 ;(jiith KootaniC 
 
 •csh water beds 
 lumina, is that 
 ■o l)ranehcs of 
 voy are coarse 
 9 of the neigh- 
 ^ of tine white 
 „\ of conifei'ous 
 oals, containing 
 r to those seen 
 nd. The dip of 
 ,,ut 8° in a north- 
 tho Similkamcen 
 
 it of Rock Creek, 
 )sod on the north 
 I'injj; gravels, in a 
 
 ag 
 
 rifon V 
 
 ■oad. The 
 
 j'ock — which contains carhonaocous fragments — is u course slialy sand- 
 Hlono made up of tin- waste of a Iclspalhic rtttk, prolialily furnished liy 
 one of the intruded poi-phyrios in the adjacent motamorphic rocks. The 
 iieight of the HOction is abuut twenty loet. The heds dip (iO" wouth- 
 eust, and arc exposed for a clear h'ngth of ahout fifty yaids, wlieii they 
 are conipk'toly hidden hy llie supertieial deposits. 1( ma}', therefore, 
 bo supposed that these rocks are present over u considerable portion ni' 
 the Kettle Eivcr Valley, although hidden by deposits ot a more recent 
 )ici'iod. No Tertiary i-ocks are seen in the Columbia V^dley in the 
 neighliourhood of Kort ('olville. 
 
 In thoSpokan Valley, on tlu' eastern face of the low pass that comes Spokim Valley, 
 from Chemikane, a small outlier of sandstones is seen about .'{()(• feet 
 above the river. The sediment ap|)cars t<^ have come from some dis- 
 tance, us it contains small rounded and angular grains of (piartz and 
 flakes of clay slate and mica. The cementing matei-ial is earbomite of 
 lime. This outlier is very small as the rock is only slighly coherent 
 an<l has in great pai'l been decayeil by tho action of the atmosphcM'c. 
 
 Another fragment of loosely coherent sandstone is found on the 
 Spokan River, close to the mouth of the Little Spokan. Jt is made uj) 
 of the debris of the a<ljacent coarse rotten graiute, and scarcely ditters 
 in ap|iearance from the rocks from which it has been derived except by 
 the piTsencc^ of irregular planes of stratification. 
 
 Superficial Deposits. — The superficial deposits of the Fruser Rivei- and Supprii(!iai 
 its triliiitarics r\ear tho sea, are principally derived from the reiiistribu- 
 tion of the blue boulder-elay ot' the northern drift period. This is 
 especiallv the case in the Chilukweyuk A'^alley, where blue clay hills, Vicinity of the 
 with an occasional thin coating of coarso granitic gravels, form second- 
 iiry ridges bounding the river :ind rising to a height of 400 to t!0(> feet. 
 In Viin<'ouver Island, about 201) feet of sand and gravel, getting cotirser 
 in the higher beds, is found resting on the eroded surface of the 
 boulder-clay. These gravels are in many phices covered by rtiised 
 beaches made up id' friigmenis of bi'oken shells exactly resembling 
 those Ibrming the modern beat h. They are found close to the shore 
 at heights varying between six and ten feet Jibove the present high- 
 water lines, Further inhind they are seen at higher levels up to about 
 fifty feet, tit a <lisl;mco ot'ncarl}' a mile from the present shore lino. At 
 New Westminster, raised shell beaches tiro Ibund in a similar position, 
 capi>ing gravels and clay clitls about thirty feet above tho river. 
 Boulders of groy syenite arc found in grotit numbers at New West- 
 minster and Point Roberts. On the western ftice of the riilgi^ dividing 
 Schweltza Lake from Sumii->, there are a few boiddcrsof a jiispidiousand 
 scrjjontinous rock which have their outer faces polished. They are 
 perched on the hillside about 500 feet above tho prairie. Probably many 
 
-"T!SS 
 
 ■I 
 
 III II 
 
 niiiTiHii I'oMTMni.v. 
 
 ('iiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 Viill.'v. 
 
 Terraces. 
 
 Hiinilar hlocks hit bcutturoil ii\>n\>f tliu face of llic hill, Imt tlioy cannnt 
 li(> Hccii Croiii 11 liiNlaiicc dn aicoiiii) nl'llic tliitk Toit'st wliicli prevails. 
 
 Ill tlic valley of (he Cnliimliia, ami in IImisc of IIh |ii'iiiti|iai liihii- 
 laricH, (lie ^mvflM lionUd-iii;^ llie rivers riHe lo ('(iiiKidenilile lieij^lils on 
 tliu HuiiUs oi' llio l)orilerin;{ moiinlaiiiH. Tliey aii^ usually arran^e<l in 
 Hleep Hal tn|>|M'(| terraces. Al llie inoiilli ol' Metlinw K'iver, a slreain 
 wliicli falls inli) IJie ( 'o|iiiiil>ia almnl Dxir miles lielow llie eoiiHiieiiee of 
 the ()Uaiiai;aii, I lie re are lliirleeii |irinei|»al liiii's of terraeos, the ^^roiitoHt 
 • lillereiiee of lieiy:h( lielween any two lieinu; ahoiil one hiindred ami 
 twenty feet. The total heiuhl of the whole series is ahoiit, l,(l(M» feet. 
 The iinliviihial terraces are rarely continuous a( the same level for 
 more Ihan KM) or ,^»(M» yards witluMil hreakiiii;' dowi: into smaller or 
 Heecuidary lerraees. On tlm ()l\ana.i:;an Uiver, which Hows through the 
 wiliest valh'y in the country, measiirini:; in places ahoiil t\velv»> miles 
 fromclitrto clitl', the lerr.aces horderint; the river up to ahoiil 2tlO feet 
 altove i(. are olteii fnun two to three miles in hreadlh and eoiiliiiuous 
 at. the same h'v»d for eii,dil or ten miles, 'fhese ^real Mats are usually 
 iinpreifiialed lo a cf)nsideralile depth with aiUalino salts. There are a 
 few small laUes upon them in the spring; time, which later in the year 
 are dried hy the sun. icaviiii;- a while crust of carhonaie of soda. 
 
 [ii the widest pari of the SimilUameen Valley, hroad terraces are also 
 Keen on (lie lefl liaiik of the river. Near the Ashliioiiloii Ihi' i:;ravel 
 banks are steep, narrow, and slope al a small ani;ledowii stream. 'Phey 
 are only seen in the hollows lietween pi'ojecliiii;' points ^t^' rock and are 
 strikiiii^ly like railway emlianknu'iits. Jn tlieColiiinliia \'alley, at Fort 
 Colviile, ill addition to well marked lines of teri'aces iMtrderiiin' the 
 river, traces of older ones are visihie on tin- rinlit hank up lo a height 
 of lu'arly 1,HOO t'eet almve the pi»'>cnl water-level. Tlie lower ones 
 and those liorderinn' the plain on which the Ifiidson Hay Company's 
 estalilishment is l)uilt, are formed of a lincly laininaled marl tilh'd with 
 nodular coiicrelicnis, some of which assuine the very unusual torms of 
 crescents and perfect rinns. This clay is usually only expo.sed at low 
 levels, ami is eovt'ri'd hy a coarse gravi'l made of fragments of slaty and 
 erystalline rocks, ahove whiidi is a coaling of hlowii .sand. A I the river- 
 level thehlown sand is from f(Uir to eight feet thick, forming a smooth 
 surface, hut on the left sidi> of the valley, near the Kettle Falls, about 
 2.^)0feet ahove Ihem. I here are curious indications ol' old sand dunes, 
 the surfaces of which havi" become compacted and are now overgi'own 
 with large trees, luit the steep-sided gullies in the drift hillocks arc 
 still 2)hiiiily diseerniMc. 
 
 The frontal slopes of the gravel terraces .at ("olville, are eoiitinually 
 undergoing alterations from the action of the atmosphere. Thegreatesl 
 amount of moditieation ia etl'eeted by the Hliding of groat masses of 
 
 .ffT^S??^' 
 
\wy ninnot 
 •li |)ri'V!iilH. 
 I'ipal It'iliii- 
 
 ir;iii^i'il ill 
 r, :i sd'ciiiii 
 
 (IlllllCIIll' of 
 
 lie ^roiitoHt; 
 iiidt'cil ami 
 
 l.itOO foci. 
 J lovol lor 
 Htnallor or 
 liroii^li tlio 
 vi'lvo milos 
 III -JiMt foot 
 conliiiuoiis 
 iii'(' usually 
 linrc aro a 
 ill I III' youi' 
 <)(la. 
 
 L^OHart' also 
 (lie ii,rav(>l 
 cam. 'I'lioy 
 ick and are 
 ley, at. Fort 
 (loriiii;- tlio 
 lo a iu'iglil 
 lowor ones 
 Company's 
 
 lilinl with 
 I t'orms of 
 si'd at ioAV 
 f slaty and 
 t the rivi'i'- 
 5 a smooth 
 alls, about 
 luul diiiu's, 
 o\ci'i;'ro\vn 
 illocks are 
 
 'onlinually 
 licu;reutost 
 L miiHses of 
 
 1 
 
 AliniI.'KllOI!S OIIAVKI.H. 
 
 :i5 li 
 
 snow over tlu-m during' I he spiiii;;' I haws. A fow tiaiis|ioilt'd lioiildrrH()ii,i.|,ii 
 of syt'iilic icnuiitf ar*- sci-ii at various |(((iiils in the hills on the north" "" '"" 
 sidi' of the Colvillo Mill U'ivcr, and in two |ila<-(>s llu* rocks are faintly 
 
 scored with line irrc;;iilar ;,N'ooviiii;s. 
 
 'I'lieir direction, as far as can li 
 
 seen, is froni north to soiitli. 'I'lic height of |lu's(> poinls is ahoiit 2, (KM! 
 fe((t alxive llu^ sea-levt 1. ( )iic other instance only of ice inarkiiif^ was 
 
 OllS(>l'\('(l 
 
 it 
 
 II tlie ( )l<:iiia<;'aii liivcr, alioiit 
 
 ninlwav 
 
 l>.-t 
 
 ween 
 
 Talii!<. 
 
 Osoyoos and the moiilli of the river in ahoiil the same latitude as 
 Colville, hut at a iiiucli lower level. 'I'lie iiiarkin<(s are seen on the 
 fail' of a white limestone ellj]. They follow the course of the valley. 
 
 ( )ii the Spokaii plateau several small hoiilders of uranite arc seen l^rnitic 
 anionn' the hasaltic f.^iavels ahoiit twciil\ miles south of the ( 'hcniikaiii' 
 granite hills, the nearest source from whith they could have l)een 
 derived. On the left hank of the Similkaniccn, alKUit six miles helow 
 the AHlitnouloii, a very peculiar nrraiif^enienl of i he rliif talis is worthy 
 of notice. The clitVs, which are formed of a purple Nili<ioiis "slate, 
 nearly ((iiartz rock, are l'acc(l tin' more than two-thinls of their heinht 
 hy conical mounds nf fiiinnients. Th«i hijfhest. is ahoiit !tlll( feet 
 high. The larger masses that have reached the lower gravel tcrracres 
 in the hot torn of the valley, arc extended in long lines along iht' front 
 edge of the terrace; for ahoiit CAM yards down the valley. Some of the 
 hloeks are of great size, measuring fr(Hii (I,(l(i(l to S, ()()(( ciihic feet. In 
 the main chain of the Ifocky Mountains there are a few small glaciers. 
 The lowi'sl is alioiit (i.lKin feet ahovc the sea le\el, hiii no ice niarkiiigs 
 or transported hlocks uro anywhere ajtparent in the .South Jvooiunio 
 Pass. 
 
 Aurifemis graiuls. — Gold is generally present in the lower level 
 gravels of the Frascr, the Similkameen, Tend D'Ori^ille, Kettle and 
 Coliimhia Rivers. The principal points at which workings have heeii 
 carried on ure as follows : — 1. In the gorge ol h'raser liivcr. north of 
 Fort Hope. 2. In the south hranch of the Similkameen, near Viiy 
 milion Forks. ;{. in the lower |iart of theSiniilkaineen \'aile\, hel ween 
 llaynes' House and the Okanagan. I. At l.'ock and lioiindary ( 'reeks, 
 two small trihiituri(>s of lilt; Kettle Ii'iv(>r. fi. In the lower part of the 
 Pend D'Oreille N'alley, near Fort Shepherd, and (it h, at \ arious points on 
 the Coliimhia hetwcen Fort Shepherd and h'ort ('olviile. 
 
 At Rock Creek IIk- ground worked was the gravel tilling the 
 hed of the stream, the greatest thickness heing ahoiit si.xleeii feet, 
 with an average hiradth of twenty-live feet. 'I'he claim allowi'd to 
 each digger was one hundred feet, following the hed of the stream, 
 and including the whole hreadth of the valle}'. Three or (iuir adjacent 
 claims were usually worked as one ad\cnlure l'\' the united strength 
 of the cluimants. The method of working is very simjile. After 
 
 UiiUI lii'iiriiiK 
 
 rcciiiiis. 
 
 Koik ('rcc'l< 
 mines. 
 
 ^^^St^^ 
 
'M II 
 
 liUiTrHU roi.iiMiitA. 
 
 Miiilii III' 
 workiiiK. 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 Hiiiiniliirv 
 Creek uiiiios. 
 
 ilivcrtiii^ tlio Htroain tn (tiif side in order to gi'l ul (lio gDld-licaring 
 ^'nuiini, u rocliiii^'iiliir Iroii^li of lioiinls cidlod u hIuIco {h hoI up in an 
 iiK'liiHMl |)oHitioii on rough hIoiic piors, and a Ntri<aiii of walor iu 
 kt^pl coiiNlanlly flowing llii-ougli it. Tho gravol lakon out lA' tlio 
 lioil of llio slrt-ani is tlirown on a roiigli grating hiad«> of liars of 
 pino Avnoil placed alioiil Iwo inclios apart, vvhidi is tixod at llio 
 upper end of tlie Hliiico. Tin* larger sloneM aro Uttpt \nwk by the 
 grating, and are removed from tinn- to lime liy lln> tiller, l>y meanH 
 of a four pronged steel fork. Tlie lloor of tin; sliiieu is lined with 
 similar loiigitudinal gratings. The gold and other hoavy uuiterials tall 
 into the hollows hetweeii the liars of the gratings whero they are pi'o- 
 teeted from thi^ seoiir of the ( iirriMit of water passing over thoni. in 
 some eases hoards with shallow traiisverso notches which are tilled 
 with mercury are used in addition to and ultcrnately with the gratings; 
 an arrangement which is locally known as the Hungarian rillle. in 
 order to get- out the whole of the gi'avel it is necessary to provide some 
 means of drainago as the hole gets deep, 'i'his is etVeded liy a small 
 undorsliot wheel placed in the free current of the e.\it water of lh«! 
 sluice, which lifts the water from a sump at the lowei- imuI of the claim, 
 liy means of a chain of buckets. The sluices are usually sot up at 
 much higher slopes than are geiiorally employed in dressing machinery 
 in European mines, the primary (dtject being to obtain a rapid current 
 and consequently jiower to woi'k ovei' large quantities of material in a 
 short time, irrespective of the loss produced by such a method of 
 working. 
 
 Some of the Rock Creek minors estimated the loss of gold at about 
 half the total contents of the rough ground. The washing is cai'ried 
 on continuously for a period varying from three to six days according 
 to the richness of the stutt' woi'ked, when the water is stopped oft' und 
 the contents of the sluice are collected, 'i^hey are of two kinds, fluid 
 amalgam, from which the gold is obtained by filtrati(jn through buck- 
 skin and ignition of the solid alloy of golil and mercury remaining; 
 und auriferous black schlich or sand, which is cleaned from magnetite 
 and other heavy minerals by hand-washing in a wrought-iron pan, in 
 the usual mannci-. In the month of September, ISHl, about 3(10 men 
 Were at work at ]{ock Creek, their average earnings wore stated to be 
 about twenty to thirty-two Hhillings each, daily, but in the following 
 September the phice was deserted. At lioundary (^reek, about seven 
 miles below Eock ('reek, the workings were commenced a little later, 
 but were abandoned at about the same jieriod, all the miners being 
 drawn away by reports of the extremely rich deposits of the Cariboo 
 country near the head of the Fraser River, and on the Salmon Rivei* in 
 Oregon. The diggings on the South Branch of the Similkameon were 
 
AN.] 
 
 AtUUKKOUS UIIAVELS. 
 
 37 B 
 
 cliicllv tarrioil on liy Cliiiiamon mid woro i\\-<(> nlinMiloiicd iit llu' l)0<.;in- 
 iiiii^ ol' tlio wiiiltT ill IS(il. Oil (lit' liUWiT SiiiiilkiiiiK'fii ami oIIut j^„„,„ 
 largo riv(M's, tlio poriitil of woi-kiii'^ [h limitoil ((• llio rariy Mpring ^^,1 f^'m'""'"****"' 
 the autiininaiKl i-arly wiiitor inoiillis, liclni-oaiid aClor tlio aiiiiiial lldodw. 
 Tiio grmiiid wasliod is tjiat lyiiiii' lit'twi^oii iiigli and low water -nun k 
 an<l as niiicli of tin; ordiiiai_\' ln^l ol' tlu' rivor as can In- litiil l>aic liy 
 running out wing-dam« from llio sliort'. On tlic I'cnd D'Oroillc Jtivor Bp^,^,, y-org ne 
 c'oiisidcralilo (|iianlity olgold has liuon olilaiiKMl I'roni tlic small and '*'*'""• 
 irri'^'ular dcposils liroii^dit down iiy (lie rivor in flood timo, and lodgod 
 in the hollows on tin' rounhciicd cdgi^s of tlio slaty rooks, 'i'lic dress- 
 ing nuicliinory omployod is the urdinaiy ('alifoniia ora<llo or rockor, 
 in wlii(di from two and a half to tliroo tons of rough gravel oan ho 
 drossed daily. In oriloi- to colloet lino gold when using the rockor, ills 
 customary to uso plates of cop])or covei'oil with a thin lilni of mercury, 
 or when this is not ohlainahle to cover tho tail-hoard of the rocker 
 with silver lialf-doljar pieces amalgamated in a similar manner. In 
 tliei'eiiil l)'Oreilie N'alley, during the season of IMH, the gravel terraces 
 lying ahove the proseiil high-water level wero sucfessfiilly worked lor 
 gold, as iiiiich as (J2() per man pi'r diem hiiviiig hei-n ronlizod by 
 working sluices on ground ahmit twciitv -tive foot ahi". he river. 
 On till' Coliimhia Hiver near l''oit Cnlville the lowot level ■ uvels only 
 aro vvorko<l, and even to roach these it i> necessars "trij) oH' 
 
 tlie overlying cover of blown sand. At lIHls Bar. in tho gorge ol J!|,*,|';'j, JX/i^;;; 
 Fraser J{ivor near Fort Yale, high level gravels are workcil. At this 
 ])lace a riido stone inorlar of unknown Indian workmanship was found 
 in one of the gravel terraces, it is said at ahuiit thirty teet below tho 
 surface and about forty feet from the face of the slope. In the gold 
 di'ifts of Thompson Uivor elephant remains aro found. A single molar 
 tooth from this locality i> in the po^sosion of a surgeon in Victoria, 
 Vancouver Island. 
 
 The g<dd dust obtained on the Fraser Ifiver is principally of a iow pl'ifcfcr "f 
 degree of fineness, about r,n,",i re|n'esonting the average of the assay 
 value, or percentage composition S(j gold, 10 silver, 4 copper and 
 oxidisable substances. The alloy is princi|ially siKt'i- and cojjper. 
 Tho samples from the higher parts of the Fraser \'alley aro associated 
 with osmiridiiim. ])latiimm, rutile, magnetito, black spinel ami garnet. 
 The throe latter minerals ai-e often found in di>tinct but minute crys- 
 tals. Tho scales of gold are, in the southern localities, mostly of small 
 size, rarol}' exceeding one tenth of an inch in diameter, and are gener- 
 ally very much smaller. This very fine variety is called by the miners 
 " float gold," and can only be collected with great difficulty, as it parti- 
 cularly liable to be carried away by a rush of water, instead of sinking, 
 owing to the large surface of adhesion presented by the scales as com- 
 
38 B 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Relations to 
 rook series. 
 
 pared with their individual weightH. Another and more formidable 
 source of loss, lies in the fact that many of the scales are covered by a 
 coating of rust, which protects them against the solvent action of the 
 mercury when amalgamation is used. 
 
 There does not appear to be any direct relation betwt. the mineral 
 character of the rocks forming the walls of the valleys, and the greater 
 or less abundance of gold in any of the localities noted above ; thus, in 
 the lower diggings on Fraser River, the country is formed of gneiss 
 and granitic rocks, at the Chinamen's (Jiggings, near the Vermilion 
 Fork, of Tertiary or Cretaceous clays and sandstones; at Rock Creek 
 and the lower part of the Similkameen of black slate ; and at the 
 mouth of the Pend D'Oreille of the black slates, limestones and 
 syenitic greenstones of the Colville series. This fact, together with 
 the generally small size of the scales of gold obtained, leads us to sup- 
 pose that most of these gravels are only the remains of older drifts 
 lying further to the north, a supposition that is well born, out by the 
 increase in size of the fragments of gold in higher latitudes. Thus the 
 gold dust of the Cariboo country, in latitude 53° north, is made up of 
 coarse lumps often i to | of an inch in liiameter and equal in size to 
 the bulk of the selected nuggets obtained in the preceding years at 
 Queenel River and at points near the Iv ad of Thompson Rivei-. It 
 is also difficult to suppose that the gold can have been derived from 
 the slaty rocks, as the quartz veins in them are few and insigniticant, 
 unless it had resulted from the decomposition of the contained iron 
 -pyrites, which is not a very probable source. 
 
 Very pui-e galena of a moderately argentiferous character occurs on 
 the Kootanie Lake, yielding by assay 83 per cent, of lead with 20 oz. 
 of silver to the ton. The specimens wen obtained from Mr. A. C. 
 Anderson, of the Hudson's Bay Company at Victoria. The locality is. 
 however, practically ina"ces«ible, the only means of approach being 
 by the K(jotanie River, which is barred by falls and rapids near the 
 mouth and can only be navigated liy light canoes. 
 Silver at Hope. At Fort Hope a large quartz vein has been found on the right bank 
 of the Fraser River. It contains at the outcrop a small quantity of 
 iron and copper pyrites associated with an earthy black copper ore 
 (probably resulting from the decomposition of an argentiferous fahlerz) 
 some of which yields about 40 ounces of silver to the ton. A level was 
 commenced on this lode in .September, 1861, but Avas subsequently 
 abandoned, owing, I believe, to the high price of driving, from the hard- 
 ness of the ground. In tl. . llairison River Valley, Di-. Forbes, R. ]!^. 
 reports the presence of traces of silver in many i^laces, but neither the 
 native metal nor any of the known precious ores of silver had been dis- 
 covered in quantity up to the end of 18G1. Many so-called silver ores 
 
 Argentiferous 
 galena. 
 
•e formidable 
 covei-ed by a 
 action of the 
 
 the mineral 
 id the greater 
 ove ; thus, in 
 led of gneisB 
 lie Vermilion 
 
 Eock Creek 
 ! ; and at the 
 lestones and 
 )gether with 
 da U8 to sup- 
 ' older drifts 
 , out by the 
 8. Thus the 
 
 made up of 
 ill in size to 
 ing years at 
 n River. It 
 lorived from 
 insigniticant, 
 ntained iron 
 
 er occurs on 
 I with 20 oz. 
 
 1 :\rr. A. C. 
 
 locality is. 
 roach being 
 ds near the 
 
 right bank 
 quantity of 
 copper ore 
 oiif< t'alilerz) 
 A level was 
 ubsequcntly 
 iia tiiehard- 
 )rl.es, R. N". 
 neither the 
 ad i»cen dis- 
 silvei- ores 
 
 BAUERMAN.] 
 
 BASALTIC PLATEAU, 
 
 39 B 
 
 were brought down to Victoria from this locality during the autumn 
 of 18G1 by a travelling Mexican miner. The bulk of the specimens, 
 however, were ordinary crystalline rocks, such as hornblende slate with 
 a little iron pyiites, hornblende ciystals, &c.,and as a silver mania pre- 
 vailed in the town at the time, it was difficult to persuade the would-be 
 speculators, even by actual assay, that these so-called ores were utterly 
 worthless. 
 
 « Basalts of the Columbia. — The table-land th"<^ extends southward from plateau. 
 the Spokan River down to the Dalles of the Columbia, and eastward 
 from tlie inner face of the Cascade Mountains nearly to the head of 
 the Snake River, is entirely covered with volcanic substances, basaltic 
 and trachytic lavas, tutfs and conglomerates. The most abundant ol' 
 these rocks is a species of scoriaceous basalt which extends, witliout any 
 marked change in mineral composition, over a space measui'ing 220 
 miles by 150 miles, or about 33,000 square miles. Th( best sections in 
 this countiy are those seen on the road from the Dalles to Fort 
 Okanagan* by the right bank of the Columbia, the basalts and ashes 
 being well seen in the tiansverse ridges dividing the valleys of the 
 Nachess, Yakima and other tributarv streams. At the Dalles, the •^>'<',',ion iit the 
 white chaliv-like ashes are seen above the basalt, the lower beds con- 
 taining thin bands of hard red conglomerate. These white beds contain 
 remains of diatomacea*. but it lioes not seem to be quite clear whether 
 they are of fresh-water or marine origin. On the right bank of the 
 Columbia the ashes torm a grassy hill about 2,500 feet high, the higher 
 beds containing fragments of opalized wood, which are thickly strewn 
 over the surface. The conglomerate beds at the bottom of the series 
 contain large fragments of a grey trachytic porphyry often several 
 tons in weight. On the high ground between the Yakima River andTiiiikncssof 
 the Columbia, at Wenatchee River, tiie basalt and ashes together make J,',!iu"i',fi5. 
 up a mountain mass 7,000 feet in height. This is probably a jout their 
 maximum thickness. On the Spokan plateau, the basalt forn i a gently 
 inclined plane between the Sjiokan Valley and Walla AValla. having a 
 soutlierly slope of about one in 500. The sections exposed in the i-avines 
 ami water-courses show a nearl}- horizontal or slightly undulating strati- 
 fication, combined with an irregularly columnar structure. Where the 
 bods are nndulatod, the columns are usually arranged in a radiated 
 manner, the i-ays <liverging from tlie inner to tiie outer face of the curve. 
 The white ashes are seen on the lava-plain about half way between 
 the Spoiam Ferry and Walla Walla, forming rounilotl outlying hills 
 from 200 to 500 feet in height. They are entirely covered with grass, 
 30 that the rock can only be obtained by digging. It resembles the 
 
 • See Geology of Central Waahington Territory by Oibbs in Pacific Railway Reports. Vol I. 
 and Geoloity of V. S. Exploring Expedition by J. D. Dana. 
 
 
40 H 
 
 BHITISII COLUMBIA. 
 
 Erosion. 
 
 Courses of 
 rivers. 
 
 white ashes of the Dulles, but usuiiliy contains angular fragments of 
 the underlying basalt. The presence of these white ash outliers, us 
 well as the basaltic ones noticed in the Spokan and Cheiuilcane valleys, 
 furnish, as well, a measure of the enormous amount of donudation to 
 which this country has been subjected in recent times. The basalt is 
 of comparatively modern date, as it overlies Miocene Tertiary strata at 
 Walla Walla and it is evident that the valleys of the Spokan and 
 Chcmikano had been excavated before its eruption, as the outliers are 
 found at IJie lower levels as well as high up on the hillsides. The pre- 
 sence of marine infusoria in tlic Avhite blutl's, necessitates a great 
 amount of subsidence foi' their deposition — at k>a9t 2,50(1 feet at the 
 Dalles — and it is probably during re-elevation that they have been 
 removed from the Spokan plateau and tiiat the terraced gravels of the 
 higher valleys have been arranged in their present forms. After the 
 removal of tiie ashes, the denudation of the basalt has probably been 
 ettected l)y the streams, as it is easily decayed away owing to its 
 columnar structure. W'ry tine exam])les of tliese valleys of erosion 
 are seen on the Yakima ami Untenun (?). The latter, a small brook 
 only about ten feet wide, is l)oundod hy vertical walls about 500 
 feet high. Many old river courses are also found on this rock. The 
 most im])ortan( is llie well-known Grande Coulee oi- old ehannel of the 
 Columbia, whieh is tifty miles long, eleven wide at the north end, and 
 ■bounded by nearly vertical dill's HOO to 1.000 feet in height. 
 
 There is one curious featuie in the eastern tributaries of the 
 Columbia whicji is desei'ving of special notice. The Colvillc Mill 
 IJivei', the i'end D'Oreille and the Kontanie all flow in a generally 
 northerly direction for the latter part of their coui'ses, and ibrce 
 their passages into the Columi)ia over great obstacles ; — thus the 
 Colvillc Mill Stream has a fall of seventy feet over rocks about two 
 miles above its moutli, the Pend D'Oiville presents a succession of 
 .step-like falls and rapids for about tive miles above its month, and the 
 Kootanie is not luivigable at its noi'thern end from similar obstacles. 
 The watersheds between these streams, on the othei- hand, are 
 almost imperceptible, not being marked by transverse rock-i'idges 
 or any salient feature in the north and south valleys, it may, there- 
 fore, be urged Avith a fair show of probability, that at some former 
 jiei-iod the two tbrmer rivers, and perhaps, also the latter, discharged 
 their waters through the Spokan Valley, which, li-om its great size, 
 far exceeding that of the Columbia at Colville. appears to have per- 
 formed a more important otlice in the drainage of the ccmntry informer 
 times (hai' it dcjes at present. 
 
 Mr. Clibbs, of the United Stales Commission, has suggested the 
 probability of a similar change of iliainage having taken place in the 
 
 ^^.^„-^,^. 
 
AM.] 
 
 PALiEONTOLOaiCAIi NOTE. 
 
 41 B 
 
 Okanan'iin ViiUey l)y tlio diversion of watoi's wliieh now disciiav^c by 
 the Frasor and Tiionipson llivers. Siicii a (d\aiige would account for 
 the i^reat size of tlie valley, whi(di is now occu])ied by a eomimnitively 
 insii^iiifieant stream. 
 
 The ((uestion of the probalde orif^in of the tcrraeed ,i;Tavels of theTemicos. 
 Columbia, as well as those of the Saci'amento Kiver is discussed in the 
 geology of the U.S. Exploring Kxpedition, pp. 171--. i'rof Dana, how- 
 ever, does not uj»pear to have been awai'e of the great heiglit of the 
 terrace-levels in (he liigher ])arl ol' the Columbia Valley. 
 
 the 
 the 
 
 ;.I.ST ol' I'OSSIL.S I'lto.M THE CARllONirEROlIS OUTLIER (N TOE FF-.VTHEAU raliuontoln 
 
 Ifii'iil iKite. 
 VAI.I.EV, «V .1. W. SALTER, ESQ., F.Cl.S. 
 
 Rrtzia Ver)U'uili(tnn (Hall (ieology of biwa. pi. 2;^, lig. 1.) 
 MmchoneUa mutata ( " " " j^l. 2;}. tig. 2.) 
 
 AtluirissuhtiUta. 
 
 " (allied to ,1. squamosa.) 
 Spirifer Keolaik (Hall (Jeology of Iowa, pi. 24, tig. 4). 
 
 " setigeruti 1 (Hall (Ieology of Iowa, pi. 27, fig. 4). 
 Productus seiiureticulatua, 
 
 " (a small spiny sjiecies like P. aculeatus or P. spinulosus). 
 
 Flat bi-yozoon (resembling Ptilo(l)Ct)/a). 
 Plvurotomaria. 
 
 Emmphalus (impression (>!' a small foi'm resembling E. carbonarius, 
 probably young of E. htiis.. (Hall Geology of Jowa, pi. 12, tig. 7a). 
 Archeocidaris (sj)ine). 
 Aciinocrinus (stems). 
 Platycrinus (coral ])late). 
 Lifliostrotion ) 
 
 Zaphreatis ^ Fi^agments, mostly' transverse sections. 
 AuloplujlUtm 3 
 
 Most of the fossils are very fragmentary, the best l)cing procured 
 from weathered blocks of a very hai'il and compact grey limestone. 
 The lietzia at the head of (he list, has been identitied by Air. Davidson, 
 but with a mark of doubt, as there is u depression down the centre of 
 the dorsal valve, iind the furamcn ami ht'aks are lai'gei', so as to give a 
 sonii'what more oblong shape In (lie shell (ban (hat of tht' tigured 
 specimen from Iowa. The striations ;igree closely. Thi- Spirifer 
 referred provisionally to S. setigerus, is a small transverse species, 
 smooth, with a very slightly raised sinus and numerous short inter- 
 I'lipd'd imprcsscil slriu-. Hall's S. netii/crus, ? has no ilctined sinus, 
 whereas it is well detined in the specimen from Flathead Valley. The 
 striation is, however, much the same in the specimens from both 
 localities. 
 
42 B 
 
 HRITrsiI COLUMBIA. 
 
 Only three sj)eeinieiis were <il)liiiii('(l fcom llio liinestono in the 
 Kootunie Valley north oC tlic Jliidson's Buy Company tnulin<f post. 
 Tlioy are only iragnienta, sncli as a spirifer (like S. nlteniatus) with 
 a very sliglilly raised, hut well defined sinus, lilnjnrhondla, a hir<^o 
 (•oarsely-i'ihh»'(l species. Sfre/itorhi/nchiis i-esenihlini;' Orthis robusta 
 (Hall, (leology of Iowa, pi. 5, lig. US). 
 
 In aeeordunee with a very general character of American mountain 
 limestone tassils, all the specimens are of small si/e. (Jrinoids are 
 remarkably rare. 
 
 W5 
 
 irfjsra 
 
 :.»•'- »,,.<-*i* 
 
10 linu'.stono in tlio 
 ipjiny trading post. 
 «S'. a/fer/iatiis) witli 
 'hynrhoiiella, i\ lui-iro 
 i"M- Orthis robusta 
 
 ViiUM-icun Tnonntain 
 size. C'i'inoids ai-o 
 
 ^j£..r^n.:^-m,-:-^jm 
 
 ^AL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 iNAOAN R. 
 
 LAB 
 
 Hard porpnijrl 
 syeni'ic (;»«mi. 
 
 '■ porphyry. 
 
 Explanation of Colours. 
 
 !%'r\'vi ^»'M«Mt (.Chiefly volcaw ] 
 
 I Miocene (Sedimentary i 
 
 Oretaceoua. 
 
 □ Palaoioic (General colour.) 
 Includes Nicola Group of Geol. 
 Survey JSepoHH and Triasaic at 
 Summit of Socky Mountains 
 
 ANIE RIV 
 
 e: 
 
 \B 
 
 I I PalMizov: (mtamorphic.) 
 
 Archctan (probaUy.) 
 Igneous liocka (Aoidic.) 
 ^^;R!Srs^37;5'/^ ^^1 ^ff»toua Rocks (Basic.) 
 
 ■een /aUf^hedded tanda 
 'arty all the bed$ are rii 
 
 , OR 
 
 •tanie Post t 
 leights expressecl 
 
 ,„^:^r;.r::^^''-'«''"'^ ^-^ n^r-,,. .,..,,„„ , 
 
 'Hl'.U 7'^tr\■^■ 
 
 CADE M 
 K RIVER. 
 
 6fl70. 
 
 OK AN AG AN R. 
 
 
 frt^H fyrnitif: yvtr 
 flaggy tHtiilona it 
 black elvan dyket 
 
 t an altered condition 
 ''■t uifU granite, «een a$ 
 d white KlUceou* roek. 
 
 I THE 
 
 G RE 
 
 THE SURUND UTHOCBAPHIC CO WONTRtAL 
 

 yBF55irj^W^';tii'jr^.,iTOMkW /Jkmmi''Vtm: 
 
 F/i2M®.Vi'.- 
 
 CASCADE MOUNTAINS 
 
 ASHTNOULOU AND OKANAGAN MOUNTAINS. 
 
 w 
 
 FRASSR BIVER. 
 
 SKAOIT RIVER. 
 
 4400 
 
 SlilILK4MEEN RIVER. 
 
 HiY.VKS HODai, 
 
 1200. 
 
 rOBT BOPg, 
 
 •aMI«. and rnv*raIJm« h>-rrcln aiiJ roti»iltut..-air »/ 
 
 UiMtttnnf. gr4tn and blacK ilutr above 
 
 Urt4n»lona mltirlng 
 
 Fin4 »hd eonrtt Fintlp crHttallin^ ukde 
 
 mkUt igcHili'' grtHU$. tf*ntf alttrlHg r.MfilMM. 
 
 Fiutlfi ttyttaliint 
 
 tirtm ailtrtd SnHdtUmri and *haU% 
 mmtttonrt Jnd ei/Htalnlun liffnlt* 
 tkinUmfton*! 
 
 ti^ktt I') of traeki/Ue yorphgriti 
 and MifprrilMtttf rtirkJumiHft 
 yrtyitting boatf tkrvttgh gravtU 
 
 Vttieular amd iwrpli^ri 
 
 Blafk t't/ritir tlatf BlaeJt. red. jfurpfc and j/rcert tiUct(»i> cf jy-ilafet, Black and yifn «t>ii 
 
 Afitf blue litHtktnn*. • ikuving thin Unticular patckt Htur fAi top* 0/ ■loir ^Htk cnaiu yri 
 vilJIj/ CoittoftBd the tUJfe. fonillnmrrate <i< r.ni' 
 
 eontaiixing co/tf>rr ^'t 
 ' ' Qrt^ ayf nfl< 
 
 ^^^ containing fpidote. 
 
 OKANAQA 
 
 OS0TOO9 LAKK 
 
 Unr* fntiiHglarl mom** <•' m'UrKt mn-jU A>9tNrini 
 
 •nrf T«i jrfiu«* pwTj**^ V« '"-niHHfr lAr»*wi grnnUt 
 mmdUaU. 
 
 Ha 
 
 »irti 
 
 /fUputkK porpkgrg. 
 
 PEND D'OREILLE MOUNTAINS. 
 SPOKAN RIVER. 
 
 PEND V'ORSILLB BITgR. 
 
 KOOTANIE 
 
 PLAitT'a Bouaa. 
 
 SINVAKWATEFN 
 
 fiapoT. 
 
 .<--,:'':; .^':A-vy;.v^v■v■',';.^;Jl^>^;■^^'/V\C''ov^v',>^^^/^- — ^■^--^'^v>vJf^'^^'^:lvvJ^yAl-^:.'-.^^^^^-;»>:~v:/^ ->'' -o^\;^ft^ '" ^ 
 
 Bere Xk* granitic roeks begin t<t thote gnriiiic lautination 
 and large mtea ergttaU. 
 
 Tke ralttp httteeen Singakmatet* and Cktltmto la 
 JUted tcith luperficial grattU, and it for th» moil 
 part dtnttl^ vacdtd. 
 
 Imrjulnrli, Inmtnated Dark hlufek i/reu elay-ilattt iHik pfrilte noduUe. alternating vitk hard ttn/<iUf-ht 
 
 fraiiitic and ^geftitlc (piaMi ; white ihatei and concrttionarg UmeitoHte. near the Second Vroeeing. S'-artu alt tkt 
 
 nn^ly ertielailint grernetonm 
 
 at the contact o/tlatM and gneiei. 
 
 SECTION FROM FORT HOPE, FRASER RIVER, TO WATERTON, 
 
 Constructed from observations made on the Brigade trails from Fort Hope to Colville, from Colville to the Kootanie 
 
 Horizontal Scale, lO milet to on Inch. Vertical Scale, 10,000 Jut to an Inch. Height! t 
 
 ERASER RIVER. 
 
 C A S C A I 
 CBILUKWETUK RI 
 
 w. 
 
 OIUAIO ULIXD. 
 
 ouu or oioBau. 
 
 rOIKT B0B»T8. SIUtABHOO BIT. 
 
 £i£a 
 
 "^dUfc^ 
 
 Bard tixndeton*; Orrtat%ove 
 foal errit* of Sanaimo 
 
 Crouiuf tmertd wUh gravel urra»4M «w«rl^ng drift claw «ri(lk ftouMm. The cJ«y U aceoHonattf 
 MjMMcd on tk« hrooke. On tke Ftaetr Biter. y^alU4d ehrll htachta found a&tii.( the gravete. 
 At /*o(nl Jioh0rt*. h'ivlderi ar« lerg num 
 
 Hi-i'ily nt^farHurfthte qrren and w*if« 
 tandiloite* roniilom^ratr* and ilatf 
 htdr full of grrr II ttone ditkee 
 
 finflf liii'iinatcd htark tkalte and eandttonrr 
 H l(A Ari/i of concretionary limealcma in tke 
 Upper part. 
 
 ntf nHuv(um of ('Mltihrefiuk r. 
 
 ■'* yri 1,' (itfr h(w iri/t .■''!»• 
 
 Ifrrft I 
 0aggv 
 llaek 
 
 Proiahl^ an aUerni 
 at Mnta-t nillt grat 
 Mact and white lUi 
 
 SECTION FROM POINT ROBERTS, ON T 
 
 SKETCH SECTIONS ACCOMPANYING 
 
 M^i 
 
QEOLOaiCAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 KANAOAN R. 
 
 LABCB TDP.t BILL, 
 3964. 
 
 NEWHOIALPITKU OR KETTLE RIVER. 
 
 COLUMBIA R. 
 
 CBIUIKANI BBIOOI. 
 
 Hard ^orpkyritU ANrf 
 )|rertf'ic gr.tisi 
 
 httftiat . fhc ntralifiration i* vetjf ah" 
 frvM thtfpriat amount u/ mriamur/ikiim 
 
 •Zi 
 
 
 ttnoll dgkf rodmOiy .V. A J 
 
 TAN IE RIVER. 
 
 2MD cnOBBINO, 
 lOOTANlG B. 
 
 #S3?5^^55^^^^^^f' 
 
 irA a (en /(i{'r-b«(i(/ed »andttont» with laminaltd hlazk nnd 
 1. A'^arly alt th» b4dt art rippU-marktd. 
 
 aT»»H»tont. npparnntl^ 
 
 tnter§trati/tta. 
 
 Onaiai, fuartiU: nUea- and homhl«nd»ilat4, aUJinalg iaminaiad 
 and irregut'trt^ euntorted. (fretnitont and ftUpalkic porpkpry 
 dgkn in verg ffrtat nutnhtri. bulk in gnelt* and lAaiy rocka. 
 
 rntrvtiv* granilt vflni 
 ttilh gntiuielamtnation- 
 
 and Mark pjfMnc 
 iartji ^uurtA vain 
 
 Slatts thitftiitnti 
 caiearcau* ftrfci 
 Uard eonfflo'mirattM 
 dbnpM ^itartxrock of 
 tk9 Xtirl« FatU. 
 
 nd 
 
 nt tttnntt 
 
 JiitrtM-rnrL a 
 lack tilictou 
 
 »iUtk 
 
 vary nUMMraiM 
 ffant '?otiglomcrat€* ^ 
 abofn iiuartM ropk uj 
 Ike KttlU FatU 
 
 ilai*t 
 Soft mUm granite. 
 Bottfn ytnsttattd •i*nrtH« hm: r 
 /eUpiUkle fd'jr hg rfyl'i v/ ma4»irn 
 ffraniti. /eUiiar intk infr^^itm^d 
 nQaulft 0/ nunrtt 
 
 Dttaektd outUrrt of Aajtilt iir« 
 verf nuMnroit' alon<i th» Spokan 
 and Ck>,Hik-%nt Valirgi. 
 
 FLATHEAD RIVBR. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 SASKATCHEWAN R. 
 
 J386. 
 
 Sandg ■liKc* witk inter»tratijlfd /ni(.;-fan bfdi. covtred ** red und grtm Httie /ofHiftroMM 
 tanJf bed*. All wrjf/ull o/ rtppltmarkt and pfudomvrpSi e/iatt cryttalt. Utnftontt. 
 
 f^nnpacl /rUoalMc trap 
 ivitk iitagnelile. 
 
 Orfrnttont 
 omygdaiotd. 
 
 Purplf and gretn iluly landifonM. rtd tkalei ar.A conoretionary 
 Un»ttont*. Mtith inUrttrati^td haialUc t^ap. T\t top h«d» art 
 •Aolf rtd mndttmtM verg muth cruafd with micaee<nu iron art. 
 
 Explanation of Colours. 
 
 '-'•'. *»'J Miocent: H'hUjtu voicaate t 
 Mioetne (Stdim«ninr\t t 
 Cntactout. 
 
 Z] 
 
 Palitopiic (Qfneral fclour.) 
 
 ItiflutUt Ni<<)fa Oroitpuf Otni 
 
 Summit 0/ Hocky Mnunlains. 
 
 j I Paiaotoir. (iUtamorphic t 
 
 Archaan (probaUy.) 
 Igruoua Rockt (Aeidit. ) 
 Iiftwnu Rockt (Basic ) 
 
 )N, OR CHIEF MOUNTAIN LAKE, ON THE BUFFALO PLAINS. 
 
 Yootanie Post and the South Kootanie Pass of tlie Rocky Mountains. Projected into an East and West Line. 
 
 Heights exprested in feet above the tea level. Broken Unci npreient vxiter-couT»e$. 
 
 SCADE MOUNTAINS, 
 
 ASHTNOULOU AND OKANAGAN MOUNTAINS. 
 
 rUK RIVER. 
 
 SKAGIT RIVER 
 
 g7Q0. BotAHiK run. 
 
 sr'flLKAMEESf RIVER. 
 
 «S70. 
 
 VCBILUltWITHE 
 
 <\',>v!S LAVI. 
 
 2062., 
 
 rTiRMIOAN nILL. 
 
 6331. 
 
 ^/^^: 
 
 
 
 OKAXAOAN R. 
 
 net 'rr'fi Ayni'dc gr.intlt fttU ff crmrtt 
 
 Kaggt dliitlona in jilacfu. TTtin 
 Uaik elvan dvk*i in ttranitf. 
 
 •obahi.1 ,iM attered condition o/thfte btd' 
 MHla-t ftilh granite. 4e«n tu a laminattd 
 icA and white tiUctoM* rvcA. 
 
 ' Grff quarfloat ffnent. 
 irregutartg laminated. 
 
 Black ilatft and green altertd 
 tandtionr* and eongtomtratt*' 
 
 it the ttpoftkt paf iM a mmi of eartkg clag-tt^*t 
 and conglomerate tuntaini^ eoicffe. 
 
 : Ontn ttXcf 
 OntUtit tgtrUt*. 
 
 
 S)!fnitit granite containing levtral targe fntanijled naiies o/ 
 allfrnd rofki (mJea- amd homblendtilate) in the tatleft 
 I /urlker to (Ae north. 
 
 Bard green and rtd quarlMporp' rritt, Bout* t/ ecartt granitic rock 
 over c«ar<« C9nglom»ratt tt/grtuUttftbhltt. 
 
 )N THE GULF OF GEORGIA, TO OSOYOOS LAKE. 
 
 NG REPORT BY H. BAUERMAN, ESQ., F. G. S. 
 
 THE BURLOND LITHOCftlPHIC CO MONTnCAL