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" The City 
 
 • ti?? 
 
 Below the Hill 
 
 A Sociological Study of a portion of the City 
 of Montreal, Canada. 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT BROWN AMES, B.A. 
 
 /iDoutreal : 
 
 THE BISHOP ENGRAVING pj^' PRINTING COMPANY, 
 169 ST. JAMES STREET. 
 
 isy7 
 
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 r 
 
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 •wwwiwwwww, 
 
 *"IMM<tMinit»M 
 
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 CONTENTS. 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 I Introduction, - . . ■* 
 
 II Employment, ------... g 
 
 III The Composition of the Family, le 
 
 IV Family Incomes and Workers Wages, . - - . . 21 
 
 V The Homes of the Wage-Earners, 27 
 
 VI Comparative Rentals, ....... ^^ 
 
 VII Density and Overcrowding, - . . . 4t 
 
 VIII The Poor of the West End, - - - - 49 
 
 IX The Death Rate, eg 
 
 X Nationalities and Religion, .... g- 
 
 Statistics of "the city below the hil r 1896 - - - 74 
 
Introduction. 
 
 The situation and boundarini of ''The City heloiv the Hiir' — Comparison with 
 ''The City abo-oe the in/l''-~How the fii^nres for these articks -were 
 ol>tained—]Vhy this district was selected —Lines upon which this 
 sociological investigation has been pursued— Purpose of these articles. 
 
 If one wore to draw a line across the map of a portion of the 
 city of Montreal, following Lagauchetiere street from its junction with 
 Bleury street to the Windsor Station and thence al(ni<,r the tracks of 
 the C.P.R. as far as the city limits, he would divide the south-western 
 half of our city into two occupied districts of nearly equal extent. 
 One of these districts, that to the west, is upon hi<;h i,n-ound ; the 
 other, that to the east, is in the main but little above the river level. 
 The former region, for lack of a better name, we shall call " The city 
 above the hill," the latter, in contrast therefrom, " The city below the 
 hill." To pass from the former into the latter it is necessary to 
 descend a considerable hill and with this descent becomes noticeable 
 •a marked change in the character of the inhabitants and in the 
 nature of their surroundings. Looking down from the mountain top 
 upon these two areas, the former is seen to contain many sjjires, but no 
 tall chimneys, the latter is thickly sprinkled with such evidences of 
 industry and the air hangs heavy with their smoke. 
 
 " The city above the hill" is the home of the classes. Within its 
 well-built residences will be found the captains of industry, the owners 
 
: I 
 
 of rciil estate, aiul those who labor with lirain rather tliaii hand, 
 Ilere in preflomiiiatiiitj; proportitMi reside the einployinj^, the profes- 
 sional and the salaried classes. The niamial worker in this (hstrict is 
 indeed rare, the Iionie of the poor cannot there be foiuid. It is the 
 exclusive habitat of the rich and of the well-to-do. 
 
 " The cit)' below the hill," on the other hand, is the dwelling 
 place of the masses. Here it is the rich man that one finds it 
 difficult to discover. Salaried and professional men are not entirely 
 lackini^, but even when to their number are added the shop-keepers and 
 hotel men, these together represent but 15 per cent, of its population. 
 " The cit}' below the hill " is the home of the craftsman, of the 
 manual waj^^e-earner, of the mechanic and the clerk, and three-quarters 
 of its populati(jn belont;' to this, the real industrial class. This area is 
 not without its poor, and, as in other cities, a submerged tenth is 
 present with its claims upon neighborl)' s)'mpath\'. 
 
 Most of the residents of the upper city know little and at times 
 seem to care less -regarding their fellow-men in the city below. To 
 many of the former the condition of the latter is as little known as 
 that of natives in Central Africa. With man}' of the upper city all 
 that they regard as of interest to or with effect upon their daily life 
 is located either in the section wherein they reside or that wherein 
 their dail}- business is transacted. To pass from the one to the other 
 only well ordered thoroughfares are travelled. From this beaten 
 track they seldom wander and of other regions they pos.sess little or 
 no knowledge. At this time in the world's history, when careful 
 observers and honest thinkers in every land are coming more and 
 more to realize what is meant by the interdependence of society 
 when those who study city life are each day more fully persuaded that 
 ordinary urban conditions are demoralizing and that no portion of 
 the communit)' can be allowed to deteriorate without danger to the 
 whole, when it is being proven over and over again by enlightened 
 municipalities that the public health can be conserved, morals 
 improved and lives saved by a right knowledge of local conditions 
 and the proper use of measures for their amelioration, it is opportune 
 that the citizens of Montreal should, for a time, cea.se di.scussing the 
 slums of London, the beggars of Paris and the tenement house evils 
 of New York and endeavor to learn something about them.selvcs and 
 
tliaii hand. 
 tlic profcs- 
 s district is 
 . It is the 
 
 10 dwelling- 
 nc finds it 
 lot entirely 
 weepers and 
 population, 
 an, of the 
 ee-quarters 
 This area is 
 ed tenth is 
 
 nd at times 
 
 below. To 
 
 c known as 
 
 per city all 
 
 ir daily life 
 
 lat wherein 
 
 o the other 
 
 :his beaten 
 
 ess little or 
 
 len careful 
 
 more and 
 
 of society 
 
 uadcd that 
 
 portion of 
 
 i^er to the 
 
 nlightened 
 
 ed, morals 
 
 conditions 
 
 opportune 
 
 ussing the 
 
 louse evils 
 
 iselves and 
 
 to unilerstand more perfect!)' the conditions present in their very 
 midst. 
 
 During the autumn and earl)- u niter of 1896, in an endeavor to 
 obtain accurate information along certain sociological lines for at least 
 a limited pf)rtion of the cit)' of Montreal, a house-to-house canvass 
 was made of the district alrcad)' entitled "the city under the hill." 
 An unofficial industrial census was taken by experienced men of the 
 area l\ing within the following boundaries : On the west Lagauche- 
 tiere street and the Canadian I'acific tracks, on the north St. Alex- 
 ander and McGill streets, on the east Centre street and a line 
 extended in the same direction as far as the ri\er, and on the .south 
 the city limits and Laprairie street. If one were to take a cit)' map 
 and describe thereon an oblong by means of lines connecting the 
 following points, \i/.., intersection of the CMM-i. by the cit)- limits, 
 St. Patrick's church, the middle of the guard piei, and St. Gabriel 
 church, he would fairU" enclose the area selected for examination. 
 This district, including part of the canals and ^v•harves, parks, streets, 
 etc., is about a square mile in extent and includes 475 acres dedicated 
 to purpo.scs of business or residence. Since nearly thirty-eight 
 thousand persons dwell and about seventeen thou.sand persons labor 
 therein, we have here sufficient material to enable us to strike rea.son- 
 able axerages and form fair conclusions. The enumerators were 
 instructed to obtain information upon the following points : regarding 
 each place of emjjloyment, the number of workers and their division 
 into men, women, and children ; regarding each residence the number 
 of families therein, number of rooms per family, number of persons 
 in family and the proportion thereof of adults, school children, young 
 children anrl lodgers, the rental paid, the wages earned, the sanitary 
 accommodation, the nationality, the religious belief and other similar 
 matters. The figures thus gathered were then carefully combmed 
 and tabulated. Vox purposes of comparison " the cit\' below the hill " 
 was also divided into thirty .sections and the averages for each section 
 worked out. This material forms the basis of the .series of articles 
 which, accompanied by illustrative maps appear in this pamphlet. 
 
 There are reasons why the region selected is especially adapted 
 to sociological investigation. It is naturally homogeneous, not as to 
 nationalities, but as to the social scale of its residents. It is a district 
 
oir THe . 
 
 » sscrtoAf. 
 : o y£o r/f, 
 
 the boundaries of which conform with natural conditions. C'Hinbthe 
 hill, crossin^r anywhere our western linnt, and one emerges at once 
 into the habitat of the ui)|)er middle class. Cross McOill street and 
 one IS forthu ith amon^^ warehouses and office buildinj^s. wherein no 
 residential population can be foimd. liexond Centre street lies that 
 special district of Point St. Charles, which is almost an independent 
 suburb by itself, bein-; sustained b\- emplo\nient furnished in the 
 offices and workshops of the (i. T. k. Only to the southward, as 
 one crosses Laprairie .' treet, or that inia«,nnar>' line in the vicimty of 
 Fulford aiul Dominion streets which separates the cit\- from St. 
 Cune.t,r(,ndc, does one ask wh>- our census stopped here rather than at 
 a point be\'ond. 
 
 One more consideration i^ives to the study of this .section an 
 added interest. The wa<,re-earners amoni,^ oi„- people are drawn 
 almost exclusively from three nationalities, the iM-ench-Canadian, the 
 Irish-Canadian, and the Briti.sh-Canadian. In this district, and in no 
 other considerable area throui,diout the entire cit)-, are the.se three 
 nationalities blended tot;ether in not very unequal proportion.s. The 
 study of any other workingcla.ss region would be the stud)- of but 
 one predominatin«,r nationalit)-. Mere we can stud>- a class rather 
 than a race. 
 
 Satisfied then that the district selected is one especiallx- adapted 
 to ^dve returns which ma)- fairl\- be taken to represent industrial 
 Montreal and may be u.sed when comparintj fi^nires with other cities, 
 let me in closinf,^ this introductory outline i,Mve the topics under which 
 will be treated the material made available by this census. 
 
 2. lunploj-ment, where furnished and to what extent. 
 
 3. The composition of the typical family. 
 
 4. I%amily incomes and workers' wat^^es. 
 
 5. The homes of the industrial cla.ss. 
 
 6. Comparative rentals. 
 
 7. Density of population and over-crowdin<j in the home. 
 
 8. The poor of the " West End." 
 
 9. The de th rate and .some of its les.sons. 
 
 10. Nationalities, their location and di.stribution. 
 
 There are amoni,^ the dwellers of "the city above the hill " not a 
 few, we believe, who have the wellfare of their fellow-men at heart. 
 
 /• 
 
 V >l-' 
 
oir THe H/L.1I 
 
 ,, II J I __|l -x-. 
 
 «'-^^.--i 
 
 
f/ 
 
 
 
 C M A R 
 
Map A 
 
 ''■r//£: c/yy bslow the: h/l±. 
 
 /raovs " fofUi-AT/of^ or « seer ion/. 
 
 
 ^ HA RUE 5 
 
who realize that there is no influence more elevatinjr than the proper 
 home, who acknouled-e that there is need for improvement in the 
 matter of housin- the ucrkin- chisses of this city, and who would 
 bj wiihn- to assist any movement of a semi-philanthropic character 
 having for its object the erection of proper homes for the famihes of 
 u'orkin- men. These persons are business men. They are not those 
 uho take things for granted. The)' require to have demonstrated 
 to them in black and white the local need for action and the 
 conditions-changing with every locality-to which it would be 
 needful to conform to meet the needs of the case, and, at the same 
 time, yield reasonable financial returns. 
 
 I^'or such as these this series of articles is especially intended 
 1 hope before man)- months to be able to supplement it with still 
 another paper, demonstrating, from actual experiment, that " Philan- 
 t iropy and 5 p.M- cent." in Montreal, as elsewhere, can be combined 
 
II. 
 
 Employment. 
 
 fV/ij' this should be the first matter considered—The figures o„ Map B. 
 explained—The four questions considered— ist. : As to ivhat portions 
 of the lower city are employing and what residential ; 2nd: Where 
 the chief industrial establishments are located and the amount of 
 employment they furnish : jrd : As to the character of the worh. the 
 proportion of women and children and the kinds of labor upon which 
 they are employed : 4th : As to ivhether the district furnishes homes for 
 all therein employed— Conclusion : Why this section is eminently fitted 
 for philanthropic investment. 
 
 One of the first matters worthy of consideration in our stud)- of 
 * the city belou- the hill " is the location and distribution, the quantity 
 and character ..f the employment therein furnished. We have already 
 learned that the district furnishes homes for nearly thirty-ei-ht 
 thousand persons, and we nou- further desire to ascertain where a'iid 
 how these residents secure that employment whereby they are enabled 
 to subsist. In choosin- a home, all other circumstances bein<,- equal 
 the wa^rc-earner prefers to locate in the vicinity of his daily work,' 
 and. therefore, unless counteracting conditions are found to exist, the 
 prevalence of centres of lar-c employment will be accompanied b>- 
 an abundance of dwellings not far distant. 
 
 Map H shows the area under consideration divided into thirty 
 •sections for purposes of comparative examination. Certain figures 
 will be noticed inscribed within the limits of each .section and these 
 
■'4 
 1 
 
 first clem:ui:l explanation Just above the Roman letters which 
 desinrjiate the section is set forth the number of phices therein 
 furnisln'ii!^ employment. Every cstabHshment, from the lar^'e factorj- 
 with several hundred workmen to the corner grocery which cmploy> 
 but one clerk, is here included as a place of empk>yp^ent. To the 
 left of the section luir ber is foun 1 the totality of persons therein 
 employed, to the right the nurri ler of " lab>)r jnits* " thercb)- 
 represented. In the centre we have the number o'" ' ''-i'- units ' per 
 acre, and below this again the average number ^ ^ " labor units " for 
 each place of employment. P'inally in the lower right hand corner 
 of the .section is a plus or minus quantity representing the excess or 
 lack of wage-workers employed compared with wage-earners resident 
 within the given section. The meaning of the figures on the map can 
 be made clearer by illustration : Take section I as an example. We 
 find that there are within its boundaries 6o places of employmen 
 wherein i69<S persons, represented b)' 1465 "labor units" are employed ; 
 that this section gives emploj-ment at the rate of 125^^^ " labor units " 
 per acre of territory; that on an average 24,^ "labor units" arc 
 assignable to each establishment; and lastly that 1441 mm' \\ii<fc- 
 earners obtain work within its limits than reside therein. 
 
 4^^"om these data we are enabled, bj- comparing the corresponding 
 figures of the several sections, to draw definite conclusions upon the 
 following matters : 
 
 1st. As to what sections throughout the district may be termed 
 " employing " and what " residential " and the location of these in 
 groups. 
 
 2nd. As to the location and distribution of the larger industrial 
 establishments and the amount of emploj-ment furnished throughout 
 the " employing belt." 
 
 * Tlie term " lalior unit '" is to lie thus undcrstooii : A man is taUcn as the unit of 
 measurement. A woman is regarded as representin<j 14 and a child % of this unit. Thus 
 four persons, one man, one woman and two children would represent two " labor units." 
 Where the number of "labor units," as in section lo, is nearly etjual to the number 
 employed, it is obvious that womar. and child labor in this section exi>t to a very inconsider- 
 able extent ; when, however, as is the case in section 2, there is apparent a great difference 
 between the left and right hand numliers, this signifies that here many women and children 
 find work. 
 
10 
 
 3rci. As to the character of the employment aiui the propor- 
 tionate amount therein of woman and child labor. 
 
 4th. As to whether the city undc. the hill employs more persons 
 than It supplies with homes. 
 
 1st. The total number of places of labor throughout the entire 
 area of " the city below the hill" is nxkoned at 1442. In these 
 establishments .6,237 persons fi id work, a fi-ure represented by 
 • 4.289 "labor units." This does not include the employers, ,vho 
 would probably number 2000 more. O^nino- to the first aspect of 
 the question, viz., the .separation of the sections into those of employ- 
 ment and those of residence, we observe at once that no section 
 \yithm the district fails to furnish at least some employment, thouLdi 
 the amcnmt may vary jrreatly from 1588 units in .section 16 to 3 units 
 m .section 9. If we arrange the sections in their order between these 
 extremes as follows : 16— 1—21 -4—29—27—1 1— 23— ->- ^•.— ^o - 
 19-5-30-17-28-26-3-13-24- 18-14-8-12125171,0 
 6—15—9, we find that the first si.xteen sections above quoted 
 (alone e.xxluding .section 17) provide employment for 14,000 persons 
 that is to say, contain 90 per cent, of all the employment furnished' 
 In each of the fourteen remaining .sections the number of persons 
 employed is le.ss than the number of wage-earners resident therein 
 The former group of .sections therefore, which have been distinguished 
 upon the map by means of parallel broken lines, may ri<ditly be 
 characterized as "employing" and the latter as "residential" localities 
 The location of these "employing " .sections is readily apparent. 
 Ihey will be found to occupy the northern and eastern portions of 
 our lower city. A band of territory not unlike a broad fish-hook 
 with Its point at Windsor street, its back at McGill street and its' 
 shank followmg the banks of the canal, will include the "employino- 
 .sections of the district. There are a ksv places of employment lyi.t 
 outside of this belt, but only four of the.se provide work for oxer' loS 
 employes, not more than twenty employ over 25 persons, and with ex- 
 ception of sections 24 and 6, nowhere outside of the " employing belt " 
 will the establishments of any .section average 5 " labor units " each. 
 
 2nd. And now, secondly, as to the location and distribution of 
 the industrial e.stablishments throughout the " employing belt " and 
 the amount of employment by them furnished. 
 
1 1 
 
 The district which lies between L;i<,muchetiere and \otre Dame 
 streets, stretching; from St. Alexander to Windsor streets, com- 
 prisMi^^ sections i, 2, 4, 11 and parts of 3 and 5 (but not including' 
 Windsor Station) in proportion to its extent furnishes more employ- 
 ment than an_,' other tht-ou^diout the lower city. Here are employed 
 4927 persons, equivalent to 4160 "labor units," which '/wcs an 
 averajre of <So " labor units " per acre. In this ^rroup of sections are 
 situated no less than 40 places of considerable employment, estab. 
 lishmcnts credited with at least 25 " labor units." Chief amon^r these 
 are E. A. Small & Co.'s wholesale clothin^^ establishment, and the 
 .shoe factories of The Ames-Holden Co. (Ltd.), Jas. Linton & Co., and 
 Geo. T. Slater & Sons in section i ; also the shirt factories of Tooke 
 Bros, and A. H. Sims & Co., with the Lang Matifg Co., makers of 
 confectionery, etc., in section 2. lk\sides these, several prominent 
 <irms of roofers, plumbers, makers of electrical supplies, etc., employ- 
 ii'g considerable labor, are to be found in this locality. 
 
 That district which is made up of sections 16, 21 and 22 ranks 
 next in importance, judged by the number of " labor units" per acre. 
 This group may be credited with 3428 units, or 61 to the acre. 
 Herein the nature of the employment varies greatly. In .section 16 
 the wholesale clothing establishment of H. Shorey & Co., the shoe 
 factory of The Whitham iManf'g Co., and J. M. Fortier's cigar factory 
 are the most important. In section 21, plong Mc<'-'!! street, are to be 
 found the cigar factories of Jacobs & Co., and Tasse, Wood & Co., 
 Tester & Co.'s candy manufactory, the establishment of the Montreal 
 Biscuit Co., and G. H. Harrovver's shirt factory, all employment 
 centres of considerable importance. Southward from McGill street 
 are Watson, Foster & Co.'s wall paper factory. Miller Bros. & Toms' 
 machine shop, Ives & Co.'s foundry, and the several works of the 
 Royal Electric Co.. with a number of les.ser foundries and machine 
 shops. Ivsplin's box ftictory on Duke street, and Davis' tobacco 
 factory on Dalhousie street, are the last outposts cf considerable 
 employment as one penetrates the residential portion of "Griffmtown." 
 
 Sections 23 and 27, which enclose the canal basin, furnish 
 employment to the amount of 1579 " labor units," but owing to the 
 extent of these .sections the average will not exceed 25 units per acre. 
 Section 23 contains the machine shops and metal working establish- 
 
12 
 
 fucnts of J. 6s:jk. Weir, Robert (lardiier 6c Sons, W. C. White, and 
 others. He)'oiKi the c.inal in section 27 arc the extensive nail works 
 of Peck, licnny & Co., Pillow, Hersey & Co., and the Canada 
 Hor.se Nail Company. Oj^ilvy'.s Royal flour mills, the Malleable Iron 
 C(jmpany's works, and the hcadtiuarters of the Sicily Asphalt Co. 
 are al.so to be found here. In simimer time one hundred men are 
 emploved about the locks and the canal basin, en^atfed in unloading,' 
 the regular river boats ; the (lovernment dry dock and the various 
 coal companies along the canal also are considerable employers of 
 labor. (The (1. T. R. offices and shops, although these emplo}' about 
 2000 men e.\clusi\c of trainmen, etc., are omitted from this calculation.) 
 
 Continuing along the east bank of the canal one finds half a 
 dozen extensi\e establishments between Wellington and Laprairie 
 streets. In this district the Canada Sugar Refinery is the largest 
 employer of labor. Next in order come Pillow, Mersey & Co.'s 
 rolling mills, Belding, I'aul & Co.'s silk mills, the rope-walk of the 
 Consumers' Cordage Co., the works of the Canada Switch and Spring 
 Co., J. W. Windsor's canner)', and the James Shearer Co.'s .sash and 
 door factory. These, together with several lesser establishments in 
 this district, will aggregate 1779 " labor units," or 23 to each acre of 
 territory. 
 
 The last district for examination in this manner is that com- 
 prising sections 26, 19 and 20, King west of the canal, from 
 Wellington bridge to the city limits. The northern portion of this 
 district contains several box factories and planing mills, and the new 
 station of the Standard Light and Power Co. In the vicinity of the 
 Seigneurs street bridge are MacDougall's foundry and Ogilvy's 
 Glenora flour mills. Southwest of these are the Montreal woollen 
 mills, the works of the Canada Paint Co., (irier's lumber yards, and 
 on the St. Cunegonde boundary line, the factory of the Singer Sewing 
 Machine Co. This district claims in all 1392 " labor units " or 25 to 
 the acre. 
 
 3rd. We will next investigate the matter of the proportionate 
 amount of woman and child labor throughout "the city below the hill," 
 and ask where and for what purposes this labor is employed. Of the 
 total number of persons to be found in its industrial establishments of 
 all kinds, 12,5 i i or "jj per cent, are men, 3266 or 20 per cent, are women 
 
13 
 
 and 460 or 3 per cent, are boys and frjrls. In order to disco\er those 
 sections wherein women and child labor is in lar^rer proportion we 
 have only to note where there is considerable disparity between the 
 total number employed and the number of "labor units " as set forth 
 upon the map. In sections 1, 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22. 27, 28 and ?o 
 this difference is most noticeable. In section 1 , where are the clothin- 
 and shoe factoric s, about 25 per cent, of those employed are women 
 and children. In section 2, which contains the shirt factories, 75 per 
 cent, of the workers are of this character. Section 16, because of 
 the clothin^r, shoe and cii^.ir factories within its boundaries, will be 
 .ound employing, out of 1957 pcrson.s. 730 or 7,7 per cent, that are 
 wv men and child workers. That section 21 and 22 contain 13 per 
 cent, and 28 per cent, respectively of labor other than adult male, is 
 due agam to the presence of cij^^ar and shirt factories. In the .sections 
 betucen William street and the canal female labor is rare owin- to 
 the heav>- nature of the employment. Beyond the canal, out of 305- 
 persons employed in sections 27 to 30, 253 are women and 270 are 
 boys and -n-ls. This is about 17 per cent, of the whole number 
 there at work. Both women and children may be found in consider- 
 able numbers in the nail work.s. The silk manufactory, the cannery 
 and the ba- works employ many women ; the sugar refiner)- emplo>-s 
 boys and the rope walk and the paint works man\- boN's and girls. 
 I he only establishment immediately west of the canal largely 
 employing this kind of labor is in section 20, viz. : the Mont^al 
 Woollen Mills, where 100 women are to be found. Several other 
 sections, such as 17 and 18, contain a high comparatiNe percentage of 
 this labor, but the number of persons in reality is not great. When 
 the industrial census, upon which the.se articles are based, was taken 
 grown lads capable of doing a man's work, were counted as men even 
 though not yet of age. This needs to be borne in mind as these have 
 been e.xcluded from among the child workers. Our " cit>' below the 
 hill." then, taken as a representative locality, goes to prove that in 
 Montreal the proportion of woman and child ucrkers is not nearly so 
 high as in the old land. Hut a little over one out of ever)- five of our 
 tndustnal workers belong to this category and of this fact we may be 
 justly proud. 
 
J4 
 
 4th. Our finirth thcinc is worlh)- of coiisiilcratioti before we 
 close this stud)' upon ein|)lo)ineiit in the (h'strict of our selection. 
 When our special census returns were totalled, it was found tiiat 
 while 16,337 pLTsons secured rej,Hilar work in the industrial establish- 
 ments of the district, onlv io,<S53 wa^fe-earners were reported as be- 
 lonj^in^f to the 7671 families therein resident. The inference from this 
 fact is that at least 53S4 waj^e-earners of the district with their families 
 have homes outside of it. To ascertain the correctness of this h)po- 
 thesis, the main a\enues leadin^^ north, east and south were watched 
 for several evem'nijs at about si.x o'clock and those passinjj; each way 
 were counted. The contents of the West Ward debouches into 
 McGill street, pas.ses up Hea\er Hall or Windsor street, and but little 
 of it remains for the ni^ht within " the cit)' below the hill." I^'our 
 people come up McCiill street and turn north for e\er)' one that comes 
 down on his way toward " (iriffmtown." Three persons turn north 
 alon^ C'raij^ street for every one w ho <4()es south. Standm^ at the 
 intersections of .St. Antoine, .St. James or Notre Dame streets b)' the 
 cit)' limits, one remarks that a constant stream pours outward towards 
 Stc. Cune^^onde and St. Henri, while few are those who are inward 
 bound, rhe travel across Wellington b'idge is nearly the same both 
 wa\s, though there is a slight excess of i,,ward ijound. Theemplo)'cs 
 of the G. 1". R. shops going northwest fr(/m Centre street are counter- 
 balanced by those going southeast. There can, therefore, be little 
 doubt but that, for reasons which we ma)' later on consider, fully 
 one third of those employed duriih^ the day within our district pass out of it 
 when the day^ work is done. Is it v\'isc to endeavor to keep these per- 
 sons within the district, near to their work, or shall we encourage 
 them to become citizens of outlying municipalities ? 
 
 We shall in future articles learn something regarding the 
 residential conditions which obtain throughout " the city below the 
 hill." It ii. sufficient, however, fur our present purpose to have shown 
 that the district is capable of sustaining, by means of the industries 
 therein operated, a much larger number of families than it at present 
 contains, and to affirm that, with suitable dwellings and proper civic 
 regulations, every wage-worker employed therein might also li\e in 
 comfort and health within ea.sy walking distance of his daily work. 
 This conclusion would seem to indicate that, if some central spot 
 were chosen (as that starred upon the map, which is within half a 
 mile or ten minutes' walk of industrial establishments employing 
 over I2,(X)0 persons), buildings thereon erected, if suitable and of 
 reasonable rental, would not long want for occupants, could not 
 fail to be a benefit to the workingmen and should form an investment 
 for the capitalist at once safe and profitable. This starred spot has 
 been cho.scTi and here the experiment will have a fair trial. Of the 
 result I will have more to say later. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 / J 
 
:ti()ii. 
 tliiit 
 hlish- 
 
 jlS l)C- 
 
 In this 
 nilics 
 
 tchcd 
 
«« 
 
 ^ 
 

 A\a p B. 
 
 
 
 
Ill 
 
 The Composition of the Family. 
 
 The subject outlined Statistical presentation of availahle data - The average 
 family —Explanation of Map C. — T/ie lodgers, and where they are 
 most numerous The typical family, 7vithout th<'. lodger element — 
 Variation in size of family — Possible cause for this variation —Two 
 pojjular ideas regarding it tested— Hoiv zvealth and poverty affects 
 the size of families- The larger family in the real industrial class— 
 The value oj this and similar information. 
 
 Having investigated, in the previous article, the subject of tlie 
 employment furnished throughout the district under examination, we 
 next turn from the study of tlie workshop to the study of the home, 
 and offer a few considerations upon matters affecting family life. 
 
 Two phr.scs of this subject naturally present themselves, since 
 two things are necessary to every home, the examination of the family 
 occupying and of the habitation occupied. This article is on the 
 former theme and is to treat of the composition of the family as it will 
 be found to exist in "the city below the hill." More fully explained our 
 task is to ascertain, 1st, the size of the average family and the local 
 variations from 'lis standard ; 2nd, the component parts of the average 
 family and the greater or lesser proportion of the several elements in 
 certain localities. We will also incidentally endeavor to discover and 
 trace the operation of several natural laws ; the object of the whole 
 study being to guide us to a right appreciation of propel residential 
 requirements for families according to the several localities. 
 
i6 
 
 In the first place we will make a statistical presentation of the 
 available data from which we are to draw our conclusions. In the 
 city below the hill dwell 7671 families. These families include 37,652 
 persons. Of these persons, 25,051 are from sixteen years of age 
 upwards and may be by us regarded as adults. These 25,051 adults 
 are divisible into three classes : the wage-earners, male and female, 
 numbering 10,853; the home-tenders reckoned at 11,720; and the 
 lodgers, who either may or may not be wage earners, in number 2478. 
 If we subtract the adults from the total number of persons, the 
 remainder, amounting in number to 12,601, will represent the 
 children, and this number is again divisible into children of school 
 age of whom there are 6948 and yonng children of whom there are 
 
 5653- 
 
 What then is the composition of typical family? Though it 
 may appear strange to the eye, this can best be accurately expressed 
 in terms of decimals. The average family contains 4.90 persons. 
 Of this number i..ii work for wages and are the family's suppr.t ; 
 1.53 remain at home and contribute more or less to its care. To 
 every third family there is assignable one lodger, who helps to swell 
 the family income, but who, further than this, does not enter into our 
 calculations. The average home contains 1.64 children; .91 is of 
 school age, while .73 is an infant in the house. 
 
 The.se proportions may perhaps be expressed more vividly if we 
 imagine block to a contain thirty such families. We should 
 then f^xpect to find in this block 147 persons, 42 of whom 
 would be wage-earners ; 46 of whom would be hom.c-tenders ; 
 10 of whom would be lodgers ; 49 of whom would be children, 
 of these latter 27 being of school age and 22 being infants at 
 home. We might carry the analysis of the wage-earning portion 
 still further. We noted in our study on employment that yy 
 per cent, of those employed were men and grown boys ; 20 per cent, 
 children. Of the 42 wage-earners above cited we might reasonably 
 expect that 33 would be grown males, 8 would be women and one 
 a child. 
 
 That there will be considerable variation from the average 
 family, when we come to a comparative examination of the figures 
 peculiar to the several sections, is clearly evident. These differences 
 
aro shown by Map C, to be studied in connection with this article. 
 By way then of explainmg the accompanying map let it be stated 
 that the figures directly over the Roman letters denote — carried to 
 the second decimal— the average family for that section ; that the 
 figures to the left represent the adult portion of this average family, 
 the number above signifying the proportion of wage earners, the 
 figures below the number of home-tenders ; that the figures to the 
 right show, when totalled, the entire number of children in the 
 avenige family, the number above representing the proportion of 
 school children and that below the proportion of young children ; 
 that the figures immediately under the Roman letters indicate the 
 proportion of lodgers which would fall to each family of the section 
 were it possible for these to be evenly distributed ; and finally, that 
 the figures at the very bottom, within each section, express the typical 
 family of that locality after the "lodger element" has been eliminated. 
 
 We have seen that the average family, all included, contains 4.90 
 persons. Upon examining the map we are struck by the fact that in 
 .several sections it very considerably exceeds this figure. The con- 
 spicuous .sections in this regard are 2, I, 5, 3 and 1 1. The.se sections 
 contain numerous boarding hou.ses, and 20 per cent, of their 
 population are lodgers. Now it is obvious that the presence in certain 
 .sections of such a considerable proportion of an element not truly an 
 integral part of the real family, and the absence of this element in 
 other .sections, renders comparisons unfair until the lodgers have, 
 from all calculations, been eliminated. This accomplished, these 
 .several sections, previously accredited with unusually large families, 
 will not now be found greatly to differ from the others, while our 
 typical family group will contain 4.6 (4.S9) souls. 
 
 Now, while the fact and extent of the variation between the 
 .several .sections is readily apparent, by the aid of the map, in respect 
 to such matters as the size of the family, the prevalence of lodgers, 
 the increase or decrease in the wage-earning as well as the home- 
 tending element, the number of the children and the relative propor- 
 tion of .school to infant population, it is a task far more difficult 
 to point out any rea.sonable explanation for the.se divergencies. This 
 is probably due to the fact that our " city below the hill " contains a 
 population which, in the matter of social condition, is in the main 
 
 n\ 
 
homogeneous. W'c find here no wealthy section, nor do we find a 
 real " slum district " to compare- with it. Take then 4.6 as the 
 average for tiie real family, and it is easy by comparison to note how 
 some sections surpass, while others fall below this standard. The 
 three sections which now lead the li.st for large families are Nos. 8, 10 
 and 6, all with o\er five persons. On the other hand, the four 
 localities where families are the smallest are 22. 13. 21 and 5, where 
 an average of 4% persons per family is rarely exceeded. Between 
 these extremes are ranged the other .sections, but the order suggests 
 little by way of a reason. 
 
 A comparison, however, of the figures of the several sections 
 may cau.se us to modify some preconceived notions and may indicate, 
 dimly shadowed, the working of certain natural laws which, though 
 subject to constant exception, appear to operate in the main with 
 tolerable regularity. 
 
 / We are accustomed to say for example that certain nationalities, 
 especially the French-Canadian, are remarkable for large ffunilies. 
 Tiiis may be true in other parts of the city, but it does not seem 
 to be -so for the district now i:mder study. The three sections, Nos. 
 8, 10 and 6, which rank first in matter of large families arc peopled 
 in almost equal proportions by English, Irish and French Canadians. 
 Of the four sections which bring up the rear section 22 is mainly 
 Iri.sh, section 13 is four-fifths French, whilst in sections 21 and 5 the 
 nationalities are nearly evenly divided. Again sections 17 to 20, 
 immediately below Notre Dame street, show much larger families 
 than do sections 12 to 15 just above it, yet all these sections are alike 
 preponderatingly French-Canadian. The size of the family in this 
 part of the cit>' does not then appear to depend upon nationalit>-. 
 We have also been accustomed to think that the poorer the locality 
 the larger the family. The poor man's chief wealth is said to consist 
 in abundance of children. Doubtless many individual instances may 
 be cited in support of such an hypothesis but averages for a consider- 
 able number of families, at least in the district we are examining, 
 tend to disprove this theory. Indeed, it is the contrary, rather that 
 appears to be nearer the truth. Three out of four of the sections 
 remarkable for the smallness of their family averages, arc at the same 
 time localities wherein the average family incomes are among the 
 
I'C find a 
 as the 
 lote how 
 •cl. The 
 OS. 8, lo 
 the four 
 5, where 
 Between 
 suggests 
 
 sections 
 indicate, 
 1, though 
 lain with 
 
 onahties, 
 famihes. 
 lot seem 
 ons, Nos. 
 '. peopled 
 rinadians. 
 is mainly 
 md 5 the 
 \y to 20, 
 - families 
 are alike 
 ly in this 
 itionality. 
 e locality 
 to consist 
 nces may 
 considcr- 
 iamining, 
 ither that 
 e sections 
 the same 
 mong the 
 
 19 
 
 lowest to be found. Extremely low income seems an accompaniment 
 of especially small families. The belt below Notre Dame street, where 
 families are large, is a region of better average incomes and fewer 
 poor than the belt above Notre Dame street, where the families are 
 not large. Nor, on the other hand, does the family in the best 
 sections, such as i, 2, 3, 6, and 9, exceed the average si/x, sometimes 
 even falling below it. Hence the law which appears to the writer to 
 be dimly apparent is in effect that neither wealth nor poverty is likely 
 on the whole to be accompanied by large average families. These 
 are rather to be expected among the middle industrial class, and the 
 average number of persons per household decreases as the social 
 status of the residents rises above or falls below this level. 
 
 Another matter which invites examination is the adult element 
 of the average family and its occupation. Our average family was 
 found to contain 2.94 persons no longer children. Of these 141 
 work to support the family, while 1.53 are .supported at home, where 
 probably in most cases by the performance of household tasks they 
 contribute their part. Here a law seems fairly apparent in that the 
 proportion of wage-earners seems gradually to diminish and the 
 proportion of home-tenders gradually to increase as one passes from 
 an examination of the poorer to that of the more well-to-do sections. 
 It is probably a fact that the poorer the locality, the greater the 
 pressure to increase the number of contributors to the family purse 
 while the richer the locality the larger the number of those who may 
 be allowed to remain at home. 
 
 As to the children, they are relatively most numerous in the 
 sections below Notre Dame street and least numerous in those above 
 St. Antoine street. As to the division into children of .school age 
 and infants, beyond noting the fact that the poorer the section the 
 more nearly equal are these two portions, and the better the section 
 the more the former exceeds the latter, we venture no conclusions. 
 
 The child element, in the typical famil>', we found to be expressed 
 by the figures 1.64. In an examination, made in connection with 
 this census, of 400 families among the very poor, this child average 
 was exactly maintained. This fact furnishes additional corroboration 
 of our claim that it is not among the very poor that the average 
 number of children will exceed the standard. 
 
20 
 
 It has been Jisked — " Has information such as has just been 
 presented anj' value other than as matter of sociolo^ncal interest ? 
 Its practical value appears to the writer to be this. Should the 
 time come when capital shall be ready to be invested in the erection 
 of improved industrial d\vellinf;s, it is evident that for its intelligent 
 expenditure, in this or that localit)', definite knowledge must be in 
 hand as to the personnel and composition of the average family 
 of the section selected. The number and size of the rooms to be 
 provided, in the improved dwelling for the average family, will depend 
 not only upon the size of the family, but also upon its composition, 
 since the larger the proportion of the adult or school-child element 
 the more the amount of space and air that will need to be allowed. 
 
 To make a success of this work of improvement we can afford to 
 allow no facts to be overlooked. Hence this endeavor. 
 
,.<*' 
 
31 
 
 IV, 
 
 Family Incomes and Workers' Wages. 
 
 J he umty yet scfnmfin;, of these two topics -Explanation of Map D- 
 The family mconw, all classes included- How localities van in thi, 
 respect -7 he individual income, all classes included - Some 'noticeahle 
 variations- The minimum and where it is found -The " Real 
 Industrial Class." -who compose it, how large it is~Thc family 
 income in this stratum of society -The imge of the individual worker 
 therein ~- An attempt at an average by sexes - Real value of this 
 investigation. 
 
 Examination into the question of the faniil>- income and the 
 remuneration of the wage-earner, when resident within "the city 
 below the hill," will form the subject of this, our fourth sociolooical 
 stud)-. Although allied topics these tuo themes may best be 
 considered separately and in the above order. With regard to each 
 we will first survey the field as a whole, then consider the character- 
 istics of certain localities and finally offer some suggestions regarding 
 the utilization of information of this nature. '^ 
 
 Let us turn first then to Map D. and familiarize ourselves with 
 the meaning of its figures in order that comparative examination 
 may become possible. Above the Roman characters, by which each 
 section is designated, is the amount of the average family income 
 therein per week, all classes included. Immediately below the 
 Roman letters is the average weekly income per individual for all 
 persons of the given section. To the left is shown, by percentages 
 
23 
 
 the division of the residents of th;it section into tliree classes, \i/.. 
 above — the well-to-do ; between -the real industrial class, and below 
 - the poor. In this article it will be niainl}- the middle class of 
 which we shall tnrat. The amount s])ecified at the bottom is e(|uiva- 
 lent to the a\era^c weekl)' famil)- income amon;; the " real industrial 
 class " ; while to the ri<fht is expressed the average wcekl)- earnings 
 per wa^e- worker amon^ this same order. The meaning of these 
 terms will become clearer as we procectl. 
 
 We have alread)- learned that there are 7671 fann'lies resident 
 within "the cit\- below the hill." As near as can be ascertained these 
 families recei\e, each week, an agt;re<j[ate amount of not less than 
 ei}4ht\--fi\e thousand dollars. This means eleven dollars per week to 
 each familw We have also found that these families include 37,652 
 persons. 'I'his ji[i\es, on an a\era^fe, an allowance of two dollars and 
 a (juarter per week to each individual. Eleven dollars per fniuily, 
 t7Vo and a (/itarter didlars per individual^ these then are the standards oj 
 average living in "■the city helow the hill." 
 
 Some secticjiis exceed, while others fall below this limit of avcra^ijc 
 income. Turning to the map and compariiiir the localities w ith one 
 another, we note that, as a rule, the familj- income is highest in the 
 ^roup of sections north of St. James street. The averaii^e here for 
 the ten sections, Xos. 1 to 10, is $12.64, ^^'th only two sections, vi/. : 
 5 and 8 falling below this figure. Section 9 leads the list with an 
 avera^^e of nearly $16.00 while sections 3, 6, 2, 7 and 4, in the 
 order mentioned, complete the list (jf the six best sections within 
 the entire nether city. Next in order of merit for generous incomes 
 are the belts between Notre Dame and William streets, sections 16 
 to 20, where the average family income is $1 1.41, and below the canal, 
 Nos. 28 to 30, showing a combined average of $1 1.42. Then follows 
 the strip between St. James and Notre Dame streets, sections 1 1 to 
 15, averaging $10.59. F'inally there is that group l>'ing between 
 William street and the canal, where the lowest group average of $9.26 
 is to be found. There arc six sections, with reference to belts, 
 where the average family income falls below $10.00. There are Nos. 
 12, 13, 24, 22, 21 and 23 with a range from $9.87 in the first to $8.03 
 in the la.st meatif)ned. As we shall .see when we come to study 
 
as 
 
 " povert}'," it is absence of the well-to-do aiul prevalence of the \er)- 
 poor which in these localities so reduce the a\era,i:je family income. 
 
 luo dollars and twenty-five cents, it will lie remembered, was 
 the amount detcrnn'ned upon as the a\eraL(e share per individual of 
 the weekly income. Comparison of famil)- with indi\itlual incomes 
 brinj^s out several noticeable facts. Arran^inj^" the sections in order 
 of merit, the northern strip is still found as a whole to ^ive the best 
 avera^^e per |)erson, but sections i, 5 and 8 have slipped down towards 
 the lower end of the list. Sections 12 and 13 niaUc a better showing 
 here than they flid in the matter of the famil)' incomes. Sections 21 
 to 2^, howe\er, still bring up the rear, and in these sections, com- 
 prising the major part of old Griffintown, one dollar and seventy- 
 five cents per week, or twciify-fh'e ants a Jay, is the amount upon 
 which the average resident finds it necessary to live. 
 
 Hut this paper is to ileal more especiall}- w ith the real industrial 
 class. It is then necessar}- that we determine who belong properly 
 to this order. .Among the families below the hill no less than I 176, 
 or 15 ':( per cent, of the total number, were classified bj- the canvas- 
 sers cither in accord with their own information or because of their 
 obviously comfortable surroundings, as " well-to-do," that is in receipt 
 of an average income of not less than $20.(X) per week, or a thousand 
 dollars a j'ear. This number included proprietors, managers, pro- 
 fessional men, store-keepers and a few families wherein the combined 
 income of several workers )ielded a generous income. It is plain, 
 however, that to include these, together with their profits or salaries, 
 when seeking to ascertain the income of the real industrial cla.ss 
 would unduly elevate the figures. On the other hand there were 
 discovered by the canvassers families to the number of 888 which, 
 for reasons to be studied later, were living upon incomes not exceed- 
 ing five dollars per week. These latter families and their meagre 
 earnings should also be deducted from the original figures in order to 
 prevent them from being unduly depressed by the presence of an 
 clement not properly belonging to the class now under stutly. The 
 " well-to-do " and the " submerged tenth," which together constitute 
 twenty-seven per cent, of the whole number, having been deducted, 
 there remains 5607 families to be by us regarded as the real industrial 
 class and as such examined. When then we ascertain that the.se 
 
24 
 
 5607 families have an a^^rc^ate weekl}- income of $57,139.00, wc 
 conclude that $10.20 per famil}-, or eiij^hty cents less than the amount 
 established as the average income when all classes were included, 
 e.xpre.s.ses the avera<je weekly income amon^ the real industrial cla.ss 
 of the nether city. By way of further verification, were we to select 
 the sixteen .sections, desi<^nated by imier broken lines upon Map D, 
 wherein 75 per cent, or more of the inhabitants are of the class in 
 question, we would find that the average for these was $10.07. From 
 $10.00 to $10.23 /<''■ ii'e(k, tlien, is the y.nmly income of the real 
 industrial class. As to variation on the part of the sexeral localities 
 from this standard, an examination of Map D. will make the.se 
 apparent to such as care to pursue their researches further. 
 
 One final matter requires consideration before we abandon this 
 subject. What is the average remuneration of the individual 
 industrial wage-earner in " the city below the hill ?" The amount 
 previously specified as receivable weekly by all the families of this 
 class was earned by 7794 persons giving an average of %'/.^l for the 
 earnings of each worker. Taking only the sixteen typical industrial 
 .sections before referred to and submitting their figures to a similar 
 test the result is $7.21, or twelve cents less. We are safe then in 
 concluding that between $7.20, and $7.35 per week, or about $1.20 
 per day, is the average wage per ji'orker, taking as a whole the real 
 industrial cla.ss of the west end We ha\e not accurate data upon 
 which to determine the approximate wage of the .sexes, but since in 
 our second paper we learned to expect to find in each group of wage- 
 earners 20 per cent, of them to be women, and 3 per cent, to be 
 children, this proportion being maintained, tb.ere would be, among 
 the 7794 mixed workers, 6000 men, 1560 women, and 234 children. 
 If the men earned $8.25 per week, the women $4 50 per week, and 
 the children $3.00 per week, it would account for the $57,139.00, the 
 total amount earned by the aforesaid 7794 mixed workers. This 
 estimate is but conjectural, yet it does not seem likelj- to be far wide 
 of the mark. 
 
 This a\erage per wage-earner of %7.t,t, is not maintained in all 
 parts of the nether city. This is apparent by a glance at Map D. 
 In this calculation, however, it is the average for the largest number 
 that is to us of most value and therefore we will not here call 
 
25 
 
 attention to the deviations in various sections. The study of poverty 
 yet to follou-, u'ill bring out local differences to better advantage 
 
 VVe u',11 not undertake a comparison of wages between Montreal 
 and other c.t.es. Nowhe:. else do I know of a study worked out 
 upon exactly similar lines. We may be able, however, when the 
 next Domm.on cen.sus is taken, to compare results with results, and 
 ascertam-what is of greater value-whether the number of the well- 
 to-ao ,s mcreasmg, the number of poor diminishing, and whether the 
 average wages of the real industrial class throughout " the city below 
 tne hill are advancing. If these conditions be then found present 
 we may consider that our city has truly prospered. The real measure 
 ot advance m any city is not the increase in the number of very 
 wealthy men, nor of handsome residences, but in the improved 
 condition of the middle industrial class. Increase in ability to 
 surround themselves with influences which improve the mind, morals 
 and health of this part of the community- means elevation forsocietx- 
 from Its foundations, whereby all above is also rai.sed. For signs of 
 such advancement we will all watch with eagerness 
 
 f'flPl 
 

 ,ri 
 
»o Workers Vi/mges 
 
 ^/o^ra THE AvemmoM vym«0orrnm 
 Of I. oivo/va ro f^cmt. //uot/t r^t/n. cx/*f> 
 
F'/rMic\ 
 
 PA/4/I.Y or /ILL wr 
 C^/vr^g a /rotv MUCH 
 
 a SCO »v= r»f /tveff/ici 
 o<r Tut /n/o4/i r»'. 
 
MafiD. 
 
 F'/TMICY /NCOMBS ii'>o WORKERS WMCES 
 
 fJtAf/^y or ALL wrfti/v fH£ Sm<riefr //vouir^f*.- \^oi9Hmm 
 
 C^/v^/r » /rotv MUCH ft^ neso o^Pofumrior, Lepr" fe/fctftr/tog or Pmm,t.i*.t 
 
 or THS ffl^OUS r^Timi. P»Mit-V, 
 
 truio weut. »■• »• «#»••«■) »to pdo/>u>« <-•«<:> 
 
V- ,^ 
 
 27 
 
 V. 
 
 The Homes of the Wage- Earners. 
 
 The theme outlined^ What the ideal home should provide - Map E explained 
 and illustrated ~i St : The niimher of persons per Imilding and 
 tenements per house here and elseivhere. Advantages and disadznntages 
 of the small house- 2nd : The rear tenement. Its prevalence, the 
 dan^^ers arising from it and the way to secure its abolition— 3rd : 
 The privy pit. Where most numerous. How it may he caused to 
 disappear. Why there is no excuse for its continued presence— 
 4th: The number of rooms in the average tenement. Local 
 variations. Comparison -unth Glasgow -Conclusion— The difference 
 between the average and the ideal home should constitute a summons 
 to action. 
 
 We are now come to the point where investigation is necessary 
 as to residential conditions in "the city below the hill." Hefore we 
 can take up the study of comparative rentals we inust know some- 
 thing regarding the differing accommodation which the several 
 localities provide. We have then as our present task to answer a 
 series of questions as these : — 
 
 1st. Does the industrial class of the west-end, as a rule, occupy 
 lofty tenement houses or small dwellin<rs ^ 
 
 2nd. Is any considerable portion of our pecjple to be found in 
 rear tenements ? 
 
 3rd. What sanitary accommodation do the sexeral localities 
 provide ? 
 
 ■ ( 
 
 f ', 
 
2<S 
 
 4t!i. How main' roo'ins, on an average, constitute a home and 
 how L,n'catl\' docs this number \ary with different sections ? 
 
 I think we will all a^ree that the ideal home is one where the 
 front door is used b)' but one famil)', where the house faces upon a 
 throu^rh street, where water-closet accommodation is provided, and 
 where there are as many rooms allotted to a familj- as there are 
 persons composing it. That this ideal is b)- no means universally 
 attained goes without sa\ing. Wy means of the accompan)ing map 
 we can note how far the different localities fall short of this flesired 
 standard and, having thus accpiainted ourselves with the extent of 
 the deficiency of each wc can more intelligentl)- consider in our 
 next article the matter of comparative rentals. A few words of 
 explanation, howexer, are here necessary with regard to map K. The 
 figures above the section number denote the average number of 
 tenements per dwelling house. The percentage to the right indicates 
 the relative proportion of front and rear tenements, the percentage to 
 the left the proportionate sanitary equii)ment, while the figures below 
 signify the average number of rooms to a famih' in the section 
 undur consideration. If, for example, we take .section i, the average 
 number of tenements, (families) to each residential building therein, 
 will be seen to be 1.46 ; of these tenements 89 per cent, front on the 
 street and 1 i per cent, on lanes or rear courts ; of the occupied 
 tenements 81 per cent, are provided with water closets and 19 per 
 cent, with privies ; while there are 6.28 rooms on an average for each 
 family. 
 
 It ma)' be of interest at the comniencement of our enquiry to 
 compare the number of persons per dwelling house, as a.scertained 
 for .several large American cities, with our figures in this regard for 
 the district under consideration. According to the United States 
 census, the number of persons to a dwelling hou.se in Philadelphia 
 w as 5.6, in Baltimore it was 6.2, in Chicago 8.6 and in New York 
 18.52. Taking into consideration the poor districts only in the.se 
 same cities these figures were advanced in Philadelphia to 7.34 
 persons per dwelling house, in Baltimore to 7.71, in Chicago to 15.51, 
 and in New York to 36.78. Now our "city below the hill" can 
 scarcely in fairness be contrasted with the former series of averages 
 for it does not contain the usual pro])ortion of larger residences occupied 
 
by siti^flc families, nor, on the other hand, can it be justl\- compared 
 with the so-called "poor districts" of the above cited cities ; it uonld 
 need then to be compared with a mean between the two series, and 
 so, when the average dwelliiii; house is found to contain ei^ht persons, 
 this fijjjure pro\es that " the cit)' below the hill," is rather one of 
 sinall residential buildings like l'hiladel|jhia and lialtimorc, than of 
 lofty tenements like New York and C'hica^fo. In fact, the average 
 house throuj^hout " the cit)' belov; the hill," accommodates two 
 families, one bein^ above the other below, as may be proven not oiiIn' 
 b)- observation but also by our special census which showed 4709 
 separate buildinj^s to contain S390 teneinents, or on an average 1. 78 
 per buildinj^. There is much variation between sections as to the 
 number of teneinents which the average jiouse in each contains. The 
 seven sections wherein this number is lowest, vi/., Xos. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 7, 
 and 8, ranging froin 1.25 to 1.58 are all to be found above St. James 
 street. On the other hand the se\en sections, wherein the average 
 number of tenements per building is the greatest — viz., Xos. 12, 13, 
 14, 15, 18 and 20— lie on both sides of Notre Dame street between 
 Chaboillez square and the cit\' limits. Nowhere, however, do we find 
 a section averaging more than 2.15 tenements per building, the case 
 in .section 13. The fact that the wage-earner of western Montreal 
 dwells in a small building is not without its effect upon him and his 
 family. It tends to make him independent and self-reliant, preser\ing 
 as it does all that pertains to separate famil)- life. This state of 
 affairs is without doubt more conducive to health and good morals 
 than if the many were herded together in huge caravansaries where 
 privacy was impos.sible. There are also, however, some disadvantages. 
 The small house means but few ratepayers per acre, and this on 
 expensive land, means high rentals or mean accommodation for those 
 who occupy. Small houses mean enhanced cost of heating, and since 
 it is easier to inspect a limitefl number of large dwellings than many 
 small ones, insanitary conditions are permitted to remain, in connec- 
 tion with small houses in out-of-the w aj' places, which would be noticed 
 and abolished b\' the authorities did they exist on a larger .scale. On 
 the whole, however, I am inclined to regard the advantages of the 
 small hou.se, occupied by few families, asoutweighing the disad\ antages 
 attendant upon this condition of living. 
 
 
30 
 
 
 2ik1. The sccotul task set for us is to answer the (|uery : Is any 
 considerable proportion of our people to be found in rear tenements? 
 It is somewhat difficult to define just what constitutes a rear 
 tenement. Those buildinj^rs faci' , upon back yards or courts, to 
 which entrance frotn the main street is !))• a covered passaj^e or a 
 narrow lane, where the buildin^^s are so concealed by those in front as 
 scarcely to be visible from the thoroughfare without, such are rear 
 tenements without cjucstion. In our investigation, however, we have 
 also come to regard man}- dwellings, facing upf)n a passage-way 
 (perchance dignified b)' the title of "A\enue" or "Terrace"), so 
 narrow and so remote from the street that the disachantagcs of the 
 rear tenement were all present, as entitled to be classed in the same 
 category. Including such the total number of rear tenements 
 discovered, in the course of our special census of the district, was S6o 
 or an average, if evenly distributed, of about one in ten homes for 
 every section. Certain .sections — .see map I*', such as 13, 12 and 11, 
 greatly exceed this average, the first with 39 per cent., the .second 
 with 29 per cent, and the third 23 per cent, of rear tenements. The 
 neighboring sections to the.se in the same lateral belt, viz., 14 and 15, 
 also exceed the average, as also do sections 1, 2 and 16. Section 9 
 is absolutely free from this evil, while .sections 6 and 10 arc nearly so. 
 The presence of the rear tenement always renders a neighborhood 
 less desirable for residence. It is not only bad in itself but it takes 
 up the space, light and air which properly belong to the house in 
 front of it. The rear tenement is rarely well built, and, being hidden 
 from the public eye, is oftimes |)ermitted to be occupied long after it 
 has fallen into such a state of decay that it is no longer fit for human 
 habitation. If one desires to find where drunkenness and crime, 
 . di.sea.se and death, poverty and distress are most in evidence in 
 western Montreal, he has only to .search out the rear tenements. 
 The typical rear tenement is either an ancient wooden cottage of the 
 rural hahitatd type or a two-storey building enca.scd in refuse bricks 
 and reached by rickety wooden stairs and galleries. It is high time 
 in Montreal that the majority of these hovels were condemned as 
 unfit for habitation, and that our City Council were empowered by 
 legislature tt) confiscate and demolish such as were rot, within a 
 reasonable period, torn down or removed by their owners. It is 
 
.!» 
 
 already within the power ot' the Cit)- Coiiiicil to prevent the erection 
 of further binkhn^s of this t} pe, and if we are to keep pace with the 
 advanced municipalities of the old land we must ^^o a stej) further 
 and <4ive to the civic authority, as representing,' the pubHc welfare, the 
 ri^dit to interfere e\en w ith what are know n as private interests and 
 vested ri.i,dus, w hen these latter are, as in this case, a menace to the 
 welfare of the coniniunit\-. Ihe rear tenement must •■o. 
 
 .^rd. W e now come to a consideration of the sanitar\' accom- 
 modation to be found in " the city below the hill." It will doubtless 
 be unexpected information to man\' of the citizens of the upper city 
 —where such a tiling is unknown—to learn that that relic of rural 
 conditions, tiiat insanitar\- abomination, the out-of-doijr-pit-in-the- 
 ^mumd privy, is still to be found in the densely populated heart of 
 our city. That the privy pit is a dan^^er to public health and morals 
 needs no demonstration, and set in "the city below the hill" more 
 than half the households are dependent entirely upon such accommo- 
 dation. This evil is naturall)- -greatest in the older residential 
 c|uartcrs w here manv of the dwellinjrs were erected before the day 
 of proper drainaj^e, and where the ideas of their owners, upon what 
 constitutes proper accommodation for tenants, are as antiquated as 
 their crumblinjr properties. There is a inap in my office whereon are 
 colored in yellow all blocks of buildings containing only proper 
 sanitary accommodation, and whereon the presence of the privy 
 abomination is designated by shades of purple from violet to nearly 
 black according to its [)revalence. The sections above St. Antoine 
 street are upon this majj mostl\- yellow. Between Mountain and 
 Richmond streets this favorable color comes down as far as St. James 
 street Heyond Canning street it again creeps down to Dominion 
 avenue. This irregular strip and occasional faces along St. James 
 and Notre Dame streets, are the onl>- considerable patches of yellow 
 color upon the entire map, are in fact the onlj- neighborhruxls of any 
 extent throughout the nether city where water-closet accommodation 
 is universal. Turning to map E wc note that the belt compo.sed of 
 .sections i to lo contains but 22 per cent, of privie.s, although 4 and 5 
 greatly exceed this average. Section 9 alone is wholly excm])t, 
 though section 6 is nearl>- .so. The second belt, made up of .section.s 
 II to 1 5, contains proper and improper .sanitary accommodation in 
 
 I 
 
3^ 
 
 I 
 
 llii 
 
 about c(|iial proportion. TIk- third belt, sections 1620, is sli^Hitly 
 inferior to its jMvdecessor, only 44. per cent, of the fainih'es here 
 havin^f water-closet privile^^es. It is reserved, however, for old 
 (iriffintovvn to surpass all other jocalities in unenviable pre-eminence 
 in this rej^^ard. Throu^diout that belt (see sections 21 to 26 on map 
 V.) onlv otw fivniiv in four have water-closet accommodation. In 
 certain sections of it (such as 22, 25 and 26) the proportion with 
 proper sanitary e(|uipment is but one tenement in every five. Nor 
 is there much improvement below the canal for the |)ercenta^e of 
 families usin^^ privies throughout .sections 28 to 30 reaches yz per 
 cent. On this score then the localities above St. Janes street are 
 most advanced in the process of ridding them.sehei of this evil, 
 those .sections bordering the canal and within the limits of (iriffintown 
 are most backward ami in great need of attention and ameliorating 
 effort. 
 
 The number of privies, throughout the entire city of Montreal, 
 has considerabl)' diminished during the past five years. Although 
 there are 1^0-day 3000 less of them than in 1891, the total number at 
 thebeginning of 1896 was still nearly 5800. It certainly does not 
 seem to me that the work of eradicating this evil is being pu.shed 
 forward with the energy and despatch which the urgency of the case 
 demands. The evil is still so wide-spread and abundant that only 
 drastic measures, born of persistent agitation, will suffice to extirpate 
 it. It is now (juite in order to prohibit the erection of further privies 
 within the city limits, and it would not be going too fiir were our 
 corporation to provide, by by-law, that, if, after a rea.sonable p'.M-iod 
 had elapsed — say two or three years from date — any landlord within 
 the city limits .shall thereafter continue to be the owner of a privy, 
 he shall be taxed for it at the rate of $10.00 per annum until he be 
 thus forced to abate the same as a public nuisance. There is no 
 excuse for permitting this evil longer to exist. There is not a street 
 or lane in our nether city which has not a water service. Only a few 
 small alleys are without a drainage system. Not one house in twenty 
 could plead exemption upon this score. But even if a water closet 
 in every home is a thing as yet unattainable, we can at least where 
 n^^cessary, adopt the Birmingham pail system, whereby all night-soil 
 is collected and removed once in every twenty-four hours. Even this 
 
33 
 
 iin|)r()\ciiiciit would rcmoxe main- of the most objectionable features 
 of the pris)' pit as ue Isiiow it. This much of an a(l\aiice we mi'^ht 
 at least make. Would that Montreal mij^ht enter the twentieth 
 century with this reform an accomi)lished fact. 
 
 4th. (^ur last consideration in re|^^u"d to the homes of the west- 
 end is with reference to the number of rooms the avera^^e family 
 occupies and how this number varies with different .sections. The 
 special industrial census, alreadj- so fre(|uentl\- referred to, showed 
 that the 7671 families in " the city below the hill " occupied 3^,543 
 rooms. It will be seen that the avera^^e is a trifle over five (5.02 ) 
 rooms per home. This indeetl compares favorably with other cities. 
 The best district in (ilas<jo\v averages but a trifle over four rooms 
 per family. The localitj- which makes the best showinj^ is section 9 
 which boasts y.yl rooms for e\er}- famil)-. The order of merit is then 
 as follows :— Sections 9, 3, 2, 6, i, S, 4, 10, 1 I, 5, 19, 14, 17, 16, 29, 7. 
 20, 23, 22, 30. 12, 21, 15, 25, 18, 28, 24, 27, 13, 26. 
 
 It will be seen that, with the exce]:)tion of No. 7, every section 
 above St. James street shows an axera^^e of at least 5j^ njoms per 
 family. In fact, the combined average of sections I — 10 is over si. \ 
 rooms per family. This hij^h average, however, does not characterize 
 the remaining portion of " the city below the hill." lM)ur and a half 
 rooms per famiiy seems elsewhere about the usual rule. In the belt 
 between St. James and Notre Dame streets the average is 4^^ rooms. 
 In ♦;hat belt which lies between Notre Dame and William streets it is 
 4f rooms. In old (iriffintown it is 4-,^jy, while across the canal it is 4'i 
 rooms. There are in all these sections a certain number of homes 
 occupied by families hardly beUinging to the real industrial class ; 
 probably if these were d<'ducted from the calculation we woukl find 
 the average home of the west-end industrial worker still to contain at 
 least four rooms. 
 
 Dr. Russell, the head of the Glasgow Health Department, 
 is responsible for the published statement that of every one hundred 
 families in that city 30 per cent, live in one room, 44 per cent, in two 
 rooms, 1 5 per cent, in three rooms, and only 1 1 per cent, in four 
 room.s and upwards. How far superior are the conditions which we 
 have been examining ? This can be demonstrated by comparing 
 with the above figures tho.se of that section of the nether city most 
 
34 
 
 likely to approximate similar conditions. Take, therefore, section 13, 
 where the average number of rooms reaches the lowest limit known 
 to our limited experience- a little under four (3.99) rooms per family 
 —and we find that in this section there is not a family living in a 
 single room, but 14 per cent, of the families having only two rooms, 
 31 percent, with three rooms, 31 per cent, with four rooms, 9 per 
 cent, with five rooms, while 15 per cent, with six rooms or more. 
 The comparison is overwhelmingly in our favor. 
 
 And now we have about covered the ground set apart for the 
 present stud}-. If we could imagine ten average families coming to 
 settle within " the city be.ow the hill " the division of accommodation 
 among them may be expressed as follows : One family might .secure 
 an entire house to itself, but nine families musv needs share theirs' 
 with another. Nine families might dwell facing the street, but one 
 would ha\e to live in the rear. Five families might have proper 
 sanitary accommodation, but as man>' more would have to put up 
 with t!ie pit pri\y. Three families might have six rooms, four families 
 might have five rooms, while the homes of the remaining three would 
 contain four rooms. This, then, represents the home average for the 
 dwellers of the west-end. There is still need for much effort before 
 the home average can be brought up to the standard of the home 
 ideal set forth in the introduction to this article. 
 
Map E. 
 
 THE HOMES of the WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 OF Tenements 
 
 TUSE. 
 
 >F ROOMS PER FAMir Y. 
 
 RICHT^ 
 
 r= { Above^Pehcentace of tenements fronting on streets 
 
 I. BELOW percent ACE FRONTING ON LANDS AND IN REARS. 
 
 LEFT= (1°°" 
 I belo 
 
 E^^PERCENTACE OFTENEMENTS WITH WATER-CLOSETS 
 W=^PEr:CENTACE OF TENEMENTS HAVING PRIVIES. 
 
 ! I 
 
 L... 
 
 J I 
 
 8/V, xr. 
 /?7.P 
 
 i^' 
 
 
 
Ab 
 BE 
 
 ---■•,• 1 
 
 J t — 
 
 
 
 
 -'/.si 
 
 
 9SV.^c 
 
 vn 
 
 
 fsy*p 
 
 
 
 
 6.^0 
 
 « 
 
Map E. 
 
 THE HOMES of the WAGE-EARNERS 
 
 BELOW —AVERAGE NUMBER OF ROOMS PER FAMILY. LEFT 
 
 Above=Averace Number of Tenements 
 
 PER DWELLING HoUSE. 
 
 Above=Percentace of Tenements fronting on streets 
 Selow percentage fronting on Lands and in rears. 
 
 _ I ABOVE=PEReENTACE OF TENEMENTS WITH WATER-CLOSBTS. 
 \ BELOW^ PERCENTAGE OF TENEMENTS HAVING PRIVIES. 
 
fa 
 
 sr 
 
 ai 
 cc 
 h( 
 cc 
 a.s 
 ea 
 
 ev 
 ex 
 
 av 
 fac 
 
35 
 
 VI. 
 
 Comparative Rentals. 
 
 ^/m/ a raaat n,ap l>y Mocks will show~A few senerahzations Map F. 
 and Us explanation-The average renlal Jor the typical home- 
 Variations according to situation -The belts compared -How sanitary 
 cjuipment affects rental values- What proportion rental takes of 
 income-Some instances of very low rentals-Recapitulation-How to 
 avoid the most common mistake of philanthropic investment in 
 workingmeti s homes. 
 
 In our preceding article ue considered the homes of "the city 
 below the hill •• We learned what the dwelling place of the average 
 tamily offered b>' waj- of situation, sanitary convenience and room 
 space. We noted also the local variations from the standard We 
 are now therefore prepared (ist) to enter upon a consideration of the 
 cost of such accommodation to the average family ; (2nd) to examine 
 how th,s amount varies according to the KKality ; (3rd) to consider 
 certam otner conditions which influence rental values, and, (4th) to 
 ascertain how large a proportion of his income the axerage ua-e- 
 earner finds it necessary to set aside for rent. 
 
 A map of the district under examination hangs upon my study 
 wall. It shows by graduated colors how rental values vary with 
 every block. Where the average family rental for a block reaches or 
 exceeds $20 per month a light lemon color is used ; where the 
 average falls below $5 per month a deep chocolate tint renders this 
 tact apparent. From lemon to chocolate are nine shades of color 
 
 
 ?! 
 
36 
 
 each representing- a lower rental as the color deepens. A glance 
 at this map sn<4^ests a few (generalizations. It is noticeable that 
 the bands of lighter color as a rule border the streets which run the 
 /i'/i}:;th of our nether cit)'. La^r.'iuchetiere street shows a hij^h rental 
 a\eraj,re for that portion within the district. St. Antoine street, 
 especially from Mountain street to the city limits, is also evidently 
 lined with residences of the better class. St. James and Notre Dame 
 streets, though occasionally showing a darker tint for a block or two, 
 indicate a hit;her than ordinary rental average. It is upon streets 
 runninjjj at right angles with these main thoroughfares that lower 
 rentals |)reclominate. The darkest spots of all, re[)resenting the 
 lowest rentals, will be found upon sh(jrt side streets, or blind alleys 
 and in rear coiu'ts. Near the cit}' limits these dark spots grow more 
 freciuent, but their presence here, as we shall see, is less ominous than 
 when the)' occur in localities nearer to the cit)' centre. 
 
 Map F, accompanying this article, regards our district as divided 
 not into blocks, but into sections. It deals with averages obtained 
 by grouping together a number of contiguous blocks. Conscxjuently 
 the higher rentals of the main thoroughfares are neutralized by those 
 of the less fret|uented streets, givmg a resultant not fairl)- representing 
 either class, but still of \alue for pur[X)ses of general comparison. 
 An explanation of this map is therefore next in order. Above the 
 Roman letters, designating the number of the section, will be found 
 the average rental throughout this group of blocks, together w ith the 
 number of rooms which that sum will here procure. Helow is the 
 average rental value per room. To the left is indicated the grade of 
 accommodation, estimated upon the proporti 'U of families in ever)' 
 hundred that ha\e water-closet accommodation. (Thus section 9, 
 every dwelling therein being properly ccjuipped, is graded at 100, 
 while section 22, with but one properly e(]uipped dwelling out of five, 
 is rated at 20.) To the right is .shown how large a proportion of the 
 average family income is required to pa)- the rent. With these data 
 before us we w ill take up our four points. 
 
 1st. If the rental for every family of the 7671 within the " city 
 below the hill," were equal, the amount would be about $<S.75 per 
 month. In return for this sum, as we have .seen, five rooms might be 
 ex[)ectcd ; there would be nine chances out of ten that the home 
 
 U\\ 
 
37 
 
 would be upon an open street and one chance in two that it would 
 contain proper sanitar\' coinenienccs. As this <rives an avera^ijc 
 rental value of $1.75 per room, were a fainil}' to need only four rooms 
 the rental should fall to $7.00, while for six rooms $10.50 would seem 
 a reasonable char^j^e. I am quite aware that a\era<;es, obtained by 
 combining the fii;ures of sections so different in character, are not of 
 iTuich real value, )et it is worth while noticini^ that for the real 
 industrial sections these [general estimates do not come ver)- wide of 
 the mark. 
 
 2nd. Great indeed is the variation from the average standard in 
 this matter of rentals. I-'or instance we have in section 3 an average 
 rental almost reaching $16.00, while in section 26 it is but $6.30 per 
 motith. Location is a most important factor in determining rental 
 values, and b)- grouping sections according to natural affinities we 
 ma\' measure the jjopular estimate of certain neighborhoods on this 
 score, (a) C'onsidermg as a whole that group of sections which lies 
 above St. James street, we find that here the highest amounts are 
 paid for rent. Sections 1 to 10 combined show a rental average of 
 $12.30 per dwelling or $1.94 per room. In sections 2, 3, 6 and 9, 
 about $15.00 per month is the ruling figure, while only in .sections 5 
 and 10 does the average rental fall below $10.00. lu|ually good 
 accommodation is of higher cost in the northern than in the southern 
 end of this belt. Thus, though only 81 percent, and S4 pe.r cent, of 
 the dwellings in sections 2 and 3 ha\e water-clo.set accommodation, 
 while ever)' residence in section 9 is suitably equipped, rents are 
 proportionate!)' higher near Windsor street than the\' are in the 
 neighborhood of the city limits, (h) With the exception of sections 1 1 
 and 16 — which, because of the hotels the)' contain, do not present fair 
 comparative averages — no section below St. James street, exhibits a 
 rental standard exceeding $8.50 per family. Taking that group of 
 eight sections which lie between Chaboillez scjuare and the city limits, 
 Nos. 12 to 15 and Nos. 17 to 20, the average rental is slightly under 
 $7.50 per family. As this is an industrial section par excellence this 
 estimate may be taken as fairly indicating the average rental for 
 families of the working class, (c) Between William street and the canal 
 the average rental falls to $6.67 per family, though it is just possible 
 that our fi'nires hardly do this locality justice owing to the custom, 
 
38 
 
 somewhat prevalent, of payiiij; lower rentals in winter and hitrhcr in 
 summer, (d) lielowthe canal therental averajre falls yet lower to $6.57, 
 for this amount, however, more room space bcin^^ here given than in 
 " Griffintown." A room costs less in section 30 than anywhere else 
 witiiin our nether city. It may be laid dow n as a rule that the rental 
 value per room will steadil}- decline as one draws away from the 
 employing centres and towards the outskirts of the city. It is evident 
 that the wage-earner who is blessed with a large family, and who can 
 pay but moderate rent, withdraws to the suburbs where alone he can 
 obtain the room space which his famil>' demands. This, doubtless, 
 accounts for the nightly exodus southward across the city line into St. 
 Cunegonde, noted in our .second article. 
 
 3rd. Hut location and room space are not the only matters 
 which affect rental values, the character of the accommodation also 
 exerts upon them a great influence. It is difficult in this respect to 
 compare the houses of one localit}' with those of another, but I know 
 of no better method than to rank the sections according to the 
 proportion of residences that they contain, having water-clo.set 
 privileges; for this test can be fairly taken as indicative of the 
 percentage of dwellings which are of recent and improved construction. 
 It is by applj'ing this test that we arc enabled partially, at least, to 
 explain the difference in rentals between such sections as 18 and 25. 
 There is not much difference between them as to location. In both 
 sections 4%; rooms constitute the average home, yet this accommoda- 
 tion costs $7.14 in section 18, and $6.43 in .section 25. The cause is 
 apparent when it is noted that in the former section 53 per cent, of 
 the tenements have water-closets, while in the latter section this is 
 true of but 20 per cent, of the dwellings. Further comparisons may 
 interest the reader. Take sections 1 3 and 26. l^:ach supplies 4 rooms 
 to the average family, but the cost per room in the former is $1.80, 
 while it is but $1.57 in the latter. Now section 13 grades 49 points 
 in sanitary accommodation, while section 26 is reckoned at only 19. 
 By this fact the difference of rental value between them is in part at 
 least accounted for. Again, contra.st .sections 12 and 30. The room 
 average for each is 4I. A room in the former costs $1.79, in the 
 latter $1.42. In .sanitary accommodation section 12 is reckoned at 
 42 and section 30 at but 22 points. Both situation and accommoda- 
 tion here and in general influence rental values. 
 
39 
 
 4th. It is interesting to note what proportion rental takes of 
 income, and hou- this proportion varies with chTfercnt sections 
 
 lakmy; the district as a whole, iS per cent, of the total eaminL^s. or 
 near y cnie d(,llar in every He, reaches the pocket of the la.ullord. 
 
 n the better sections of , upper belt this percenta-c is exceeded 
 In sections i. 2, 3. 4. 5. 6. ,. 8. 9 and 11 the proportion equals or 
 exceeds 20 per cent. Between St. James street and the canal it will 
 average about i6per cent, the sections near McGill street considerably 
 exceeding the figure, while those near the city limits falling below it 
 tnr the combined sections below the canal the average is but 13 per 
 cent. Nowhere else in our district docs rental take .so small a 
 proportion of income as beyond the canal. 
 
 The real industrial class cannot, as a rule, afford to pay more than 
 20 per cent of their wages for rent. It is among the well-to-do and 
 among the ver)' poor that a proportion higher than this will be most 
 frequently found. 
 
 There were .some surprisingly low rentals in certain quarters of 
 limited extent within " the city below the hill." Five dollars a month 
 for three or even four rooms in a rear tenement is not uncommon 
 Vhen, however, in the di.strict we are now considering, we find four 
 dollars for three rooms or three dollars for two room.;_unless it be 
 close to the cit,v limits^ we may be certain that the accommodation 
 lurmshed is of the poorest quality. Yet even as low as $2 for two 
 room.s was in several instances reported. One whole block, near the 
 city limits, contained 5; families, each occupying three rooms their 
 average rental being but $4.33 per month. 
 
 In ch.sing, let me re-state some of the more important conclu.sions 
 which wc have arrived at as a result of this study. 
 
 1. Tht^ average rental in " the city below the hill," is $r 75 per 
 month for each room, and since five rooms constitute the avera-e 
 home, our average family will pay $8.75 per month for rent. 
 
 2. Rental values are higher in the belt above St. James street 
 than elsewhere throughout the nether city. The value per room 
 gradually diminishes as one passes southward from McGill street and 
 approaches the city limit.s. Rents in Ste. Cunegonde and in St 
 Gabriel VV ard will be yet lower than in the districts wc have examined 
 
 3. Where location is of equal desirability the rental value will 
 
40 
 
 lamclv (lencrul upo.i .iccomm.Klation. ;incl this may be best tested by 
 ascenainin^^ the sa.utary e(,ui,..ne,U of the houses of the ,KM|ihborho,Hl 
 4 |M,r the (hstrict, as a whole, the proportion which renta 
 takes of i.Komc is .8 per cent. For famiUes of the real inch.stnal 
 class .6 per cent, is a fair average. Towards the city inuts the 
 proportion still further decreases. It is anion- the well-to-do and the 
 very poor that rental is pcr.nitted to absorb from 20 to 25 per cent. 
 
 " ''' One'of the mistakes most freciucntly made, in semi-philanthropic 
 efforts to provide homes for workin^^ people, is the buddm^ of 
 dwellinL.s /.. hi^h priced for the neighborhood. Incidentally th.s may 
 benefit the h.cality, though only those already fairly well housed can 
 take advantage of this better value. The bulk of the people hve as 
 before In such experiments the first cpiestion should always be: 
 What can the peoplo of the district aff.M'd to p;i>- .- the next, what is 
 the best value which philanthropic investment can furnish for thi.s 
 the current price? The.se questions well considered in advance will 
 minimi/.e the risk of financial failure. 
 
Ai. 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 !■ 
 
 i 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
Map f: 
 
 Among" ' />r Avr^Aee ^t^/rAi ro0 rue ttt r/n/v 
 
41 
 
 VII. 
 
 Density and Overcrowding. 
 
 The difference in meaning of the terms^-The three points to he considered: 
 Density, Oi^ercrowding and Vacant Property~~ist : Density—Montreal 
 compared zvith other cities. -The western compared 7vith other imrds- 
 The ^^city />eiow t/ie hi//;' its density.— Comparison of groups of sections. 
 How this density should be relieved 2nd: Overcnmding—The standard 
 for the nether city-Localities exceeding it.— The densest regions com- 
 pared—Instances of overcrowding— A remedy proposed— 3rd : Amount 
 of vacant residential property- Various causes for lack of tenancy. 
 The small percentage in workiugclass sections - Proof that suitable 
 d2vellings for tvorkino people are not too numerous-Conclusion. 
 
 Density and ovcrcro\vdin<,r, by which we mean two entirely 
 different matters, are to-day regarded by medical authorities as ex- 
 ercising so great an influence upon public health that these subjects 
 demand at our hands full and careful consideration. Density of 
 population is usually expressed in terms of persons to the acre. Over- 
 crowding has come to be regarded as referring to the number of per- 
 sons per occupied room. Were we to estimate the condition of a 
 neighborhood alone by the former test we might be drawn into quite 
 erroneous conclusions, since of two localities, having the same density 
 per acre, one may be occupied by three-storey dwellings with 
 abundant room space for all, while the other may be covered with 
 low-built hovels wherein the room space is wholly inadequate. Evidently 
 in such a ca.se the former locality would be far less in need of attention 
 
 |i 
 
i 1 
 
 I i 
 
 42 
 
 aid reformatory efforts than the latter. Density and overcrowding 
 must therefore be considered together, and such is the purpose of this 
 article, while we will also deal, in conclusion, with a third topic, viz. : 
 the proportion of vacant residential propert)-. 
 
 Let us first e.xplain the accompanying map G., to enable us, as 
 it were, to take inventory of the information at our disposal for a 
 comparative examination of the nether city upon these three points. 
 In each section the figures above the Roman letters show the total 
 population of the section, and the figures below the number of persons 
 per acre which this represents. This material will serve us for a com- 
 parative study regarding density. The figures to the right denot.- the 
 number of rooms per family, those to the left the number of persons 
 per occupied room. This data will aid us when we come to the study 
 of the subject of overcrowding. Finally in the lower right hand cor- 
 ner is to be found the proportion of tenements that were found to be 
 unrented in November last. The.se statistics will assist us in deter- 
 mining whether there is a demand for additional accommodation in 
 the section indicated. By means of broken diagonal lines the more 
 thickly inhabited portions are indicated upon the map, the greater the 
 density the closer being the.se lines. A dotted line marks off such 
 portions as are non-residential, though the space is still included in 
 the calculation of the sections. 
 
 1st. Havinglearned how to utilize the information set forth upon the 
 map, we are now jirepared to take up the subject of density. Judged 
 by old-world standards, Montreal is not a densely peopled city. It 
 will average throughout its entire extent about forty persons to the 
 acre. Neither are St. Antoine and St. Ann's wards — which are in 
 part included within "the city below the hill"— among the more 
 densely populated of our city. While St. Louis Ward averages 117 
 to the acre, St. James Ward, 96 ; St. Lawrence, 67 ; St. Mary's, 63 ; 
 and St. Jean l^aptiste, 56 ; St. Antoine Ward will only average about 
 47 and St. Ann's Ward 35 persons to the acre. Our "city below the 
 hill," which contains, over all, about 700 acres, a little over a square 
 mile, averages about 55 to the acre and were the population evenly 
 distributed could not be regarded as thickl>- inhabited. But when we 
 deduct, as we reasonabl)' may, the canal and wharves, the parks and 
 streets, Honaventure station and the non-residential section No. 2-], 
 
43 
 
 we find a total population of 17,6^t, persons upon abf)ut 400 acres, or 
 an average of 94 persons to the acre. This expression represents the 
 density of the "city below the hill." 
 
 Taking one hundred persons per acre, as a standard by which to 
 mstitute comparisons, we will examine the groups of sections which 
 naturally make belts of territory, {a) Least densely populated of allis 
 the belt made up of sections 28 to 30. Owing to the presence of 
 numerous industrial establishments along or near the east bank of 
 the canal, the residences here do not, as a rule, commence to appear 
 until the second or third block back from it. Consequently for the 
 territory between Centre street and the canal the population will not 
 exceed 65 per acre, while the only locality more densely populated 
 than the standard (having an average of 153 to the acre) is that 
 situated between Shearer and Island streets. {/>) No section throughout 
 the belt between Notre Dame and William streets, sections 16 to 20, 
 exceeds or e\en reaches a density of ico per acre. Between Barre' 
 and Notre Dame streets there is a thickly peopled strip of limited 
 extent averaging 160 to the acre : just beUnv Chaboillez square lies a 
 half acre on which reside no less than 174 persons ; and the northern 
 corner of section 20 exhibits a density of 190 per acre, but the rest of 
 the territory in this belt does not exceed the adopted standard, (c) Be 
 low William street, however, throughout sections 22, 24 and 25. the 
 average density exceeds the standard, reacliing 120 per acre. But if 
 one wishes to visit the most densely populated neighborhood in 
 "Griffintown " he will find it within the bounds of William, Colborne, 
 Smith and McCord streets, where an average of 173 per acre is attained.' 
 The single block with highest record is that wherein is situated No. 6 
 Police station, where 498 persons occupy less than 2', acres, giving 
 a density of 2 1 7 per acre, {d) The sections above St. James street"! Xos". 
 1^ to 10, vary considerably but average 104 per acre taken as a whole. 
 Sections 6, 8 and 10 show highest averages, with 140, 134 and 147 
 respectively. Section 1 1 appears to have a dense population, but the 
 pre.sence of .several large hotels therein, with transient occupation, 
 prevents us from being certain in our calculations regarding it. 
 
 {e) liut it is in the zone known as the "Swamp" that we find the 
 greatest density. Sections 12 to 15, which com ' 
 upon which buildings have beei 
 
 54 acres 
 
 or might be erected, have a joint 
 
44 
 
 populaticn of 8863 soul.s, or an average throughout of 163 to the acre. 
 Some areas of limited extent far exceed this belt average. Here are 
 the most densely populated localities to be found m all the city be- 
 low the hill." One of these special districts lies below the railway 
 track between Mountain and Lusignan streets, where ui less than 
 10 acres, dwell two thousand people. Another densel)' populated 
 locality stretches from St. Antoine to Notre Dame streets, between 
 Richmond and Seigneurs streets. St. Martin street runs through the 
 centre of it, and here a density of 230 per acre .s reached. 1 he 
 densest block anywhere discovered w.thin the -f^^^!'y^:^y^ 
 St Martin and Seigneurs streets, below the track, a bhnd alley called 
 liroux street traversing the middle of it. Here in a tr.fle ^er three 
 acres can be found 955 per.sons, or over 300 to the acre. Thmk ot 
 a thousand people residing upon a space the s.ze o one portion of 
 Dominion square. If the residents of this block stood m a row, allow- 
 in<. about twenty inches to each person, they would form one sohd 
 i,re completely enclosing the block on its four sides. It becc^es^ no 
 longeramatterof.surpri.se that upon election da>^ a single block in 
 he southern corner of St. Antoine Ward should be able to produ e 
 ten or even twenty times as many voters as an equal area above 
 
 Sheibrookc street. . 
 
 Two hundrcrf persons per acre throughout any considerable ex- 
 tent of territory is not an average which can be permitted, ni a cty 
 of small homes hl<e Montreal, without special vigilance ,n regard to 
 all that affects the public health. A district thus congested has de- 
 mands upon the civic chest for ex,>enditure upon amehoratmg ancl 
 preventa ive measures, not to be considered merely upon the bas.s o 
 The pn>portion of taxation which it bears. With fifteen thousand of 
 our fell'nv-citizens (between Mountain street and the cty hmtts above 
 Notre Dame street), having as their only breathing space scarcely an 
 ac"e, called Richmond square, what more ^"'"8 ->; "^ -'*";"« 
 the ^pproachin,; antuversary of ouv noble Queen can be devjscd than 
 o open an<l e |uip within this dcr.sely populated area a pubhc park 
 d mensions and adornment worthy the occasion ? Another means 
 of relieving the congestion would be to extend Albert street, as homo- 
 lo..ated, from H.mavenlure station to Canning street, open.ng a 
 
45 
 
 thoroughfare belf)\v the railway track. Something certainly should 
 be done to give the residents of the " Swamp " more breathing space. 
 2nd. The second phase of our questi(jn, the subject of overcrrnvdiii;^. 
 now claims brief consideration. Thi.s .study deals with the matter if 
 room space, and examines into the number of occupi,.;d rooms per 
 family and per individual. As has been demonstrated, a section may 
 show high density yet ample individual room space, .so that the 
 danger arising from the former cause may be neutralized by the latter 
 condition. The number of occupied rooms throughout "the city be- 
 low the hill " is almost identical with the number of persons. In fact, 
 the average would be about iJj rooms per individual. "One person, 
 one room," may then be regarded as the standard. Where, as in 
 sections i to ii, the average family accommodation exceeds five 
 rooms, there are as a rule fewer persons than rooms, liut ^Yhere the 
 home contains less than five rooms then more than one person is the 
 average for each room. Two sections, such as lo and 25, may rank 
 when tested according to density nearly upon an equality, but when 
 it is noted that in the former locality nine persons would have the use 
 of ten room.s, while in the latter eleven persons would occupy the 
 same number, it is exident that in the former .section the congestion 
 is far less dangerous than in the latter. When comparison was made 
 between what are called "Griffintown" and the "Swamp" upon the 
 matter of density, the latter was found to contain a considerably 
 higher average per acre than the former. If, however, the two local- 
 ities be tested by the number of rooms per individual which each al- 
 lows, it will be found that while the "Swamp" (sections 13 to 15) 
 averages 1.08 souls per occupied room, the more thickly populated 
 sections of "Griffintown" (Nos. 24 to 26) .show an average of 1.13 
 persons per room. Evidences of overcrowding are more apparent 
 in " Griffintown " than in the " Swamp." The locality which surpas.ses 
 all others in the number of persons per occupied room is .section 24, 
 where a family of five persons will average but four rooms. We also 
 noted that, as the city limits were approached, the density increa.sed ; 
 the number of persons per room, however, generally grows less, so 
 that the evil effects of the former condition are largely neutralized by 
 the latter. 
 
Iff 
 
 46 
 
 Instances of overcrowd in ^^ were not infrequently discovered in the 
 course of the industrial census, but their number was far less thaii 
 had been expected, in less than two per cent, of the families visited 
 was an avera-e of two persons per room reached, althou-h cases, where 
 five six seven or even ei^dit persons were huddled together in two 
 rooms, were discovered. Seven persons to three rooms was the con- 
 dition of more than a score of families. Eight, nine, ten, or even eleven 
 persons for three rooms ; nine, ten and eleven persons for four rooms 
 were found. The worst group of overcrowded homes was located on 
 St lames street, just beyond Fulford, where 41 persons occupied 20 
 rooms There is reason to beliexe that other parts of our city m this 
 matter are greater transgressors than those we have studied, but fov 
 lack of data we can make no comparisons. The laws of health 
 demand that in Montreal, as is already the case in Glasgow, over- 
 crowding be prohibited by civic enactment. 
 
 3rd The third and last point to be in this article considered is the 
 proportion of vacant residences throughout our nether city and what 
 is demonstrated thereby. Out of .S390 places of residence, 719. or 
 ■ibout Sy, per cent, were noted to be unrented and unoccupied in 
 November last, when our census was made. This means one dwelling 
 out of every twelve, and appears at first glance to be a large propor- 
 tion Local causes, however, accounted for lack of tenants m mr.ny 
 cases Thus, in section 2 it was uncertainty regarding the widening 
 of St Antoine street. In sections 7 and 8, where the vacant houses 
 are nearly all above St. Antoine street, the vacancy was occasioned 
 by their undesirable position, in that they were overshadowed by the 
 C P R track Were it possible to deduct such residences as are ten- 
 antless on account of similar local causes, such as were not erected 
 with proper judgment in making the rental fit the locality, such as 
 ■ire very undesirable on account of extreme dilapidation -were it pos- 
 sible to deduct these, it is probable that not 5 pcr cent., or ,/./ .,/. 
 /,>use in every twenty, would be unoccupied from other causes. 
 Ordinarily it is in the well-to-do sections that the percentage of unrent- 
 ed dwellings will run highest ; it is where the working people live 
 that inoccupancy is less frequent. A score of blocks, in localities of 
 the latter order, could be named wherein not a room is vacant. in 
 the more thickly populated portions of the "Swamp" and "Grithn- 
 
\w 
 
 47 
 
 town " only from 5 to 7 per cent, of vacancy is the rule. When, as 
 here, the number of persons desirous of residin<; within a ^nven local- 
 ity is .so <rreat that sixteen out of every seventeen available (lwellin<is 
 are regularly rented, it is quite reasonable to assume that were 
 modern dwellin<rs erected, carefull>- adapted to meet the needs and 
 the incomes of the local inhabitants, such buildings would rarely, if 
 ever, want for tenants. 
 
 In conclusion, we would affirm that "the city below the hill," as 
 a whole, is not over populated. There is still much available land 
 that might be built upon to accommodate that excess of wage-earners 
 which, as we found in article II, now find homes outside. Certain 
 densely inhabited localities are to be found, and such congestion 
 should be relieved b>' the opening of new streets and parks. There 
 does not appear to be great cause for alarm as to overcrowding—at 
 least, not m this portion of Montreal— but even here cases are 
 sufficiently frequent to demonstrate the necessity for regulations by 
 the civic authorities upon this matter. It is well that we have learned 
 the situation of the more densely peopled and more frequently over- 
 crowded districts, in order that these localities may be watched with 
 greatest care. The comparativel)- small percentage of uw.cnied 
 dwellings, among tho.se suitable to the real industriarda.ss, lead.s us 
 to conclude that capital judicious!)- invested in providing homes for 
 working people in "the city below the hill " would be almost certain 
 to earn reasonable dividends. 
 
ON of 
 
 toe «/ 
 
 14X5 
 
 \Ai 
 
 ' Ot N- 
 
 s: 
 
r 
 
/ 
 
 i. E fT" /V" of , 
 i. O W£-^ C Of^rVEf? ■■' 
 
Meip 
 
 a. 
 
 ftaoVS = rortll. ^Q^uLATlvn Off THF imcrtnfH 
 
49 
 
 vir. 
 
 The Poor of the West End. 
 
 117/0 lire the f>o(»-l Ifow ininwroiis an tiny! Where are I hey I Laeation 
 and dislrihiitiiPH-lLxplanation of Map If-- How to reckon comparative 
 poverty Wide diitrihiitiou oj poverty ''Grijfintou'n" and the ' 'Sjttuv/ip" 
 - Other like /oca/ities of smaller area - Where is poverty less freqiteiit .' 
 Do the well-to-do move out 1— Causes of poverty - Irregularity of work, 
 where most iu evidence I— The relation of the saloon to idleness and 
 want -Examination of ^roup of special families Composition of the 
 family Summary. 
 
 It is difficult to determine what shall constitute the low water 
 mark of decent subsistence in our "cit\' below the hill." Since a 
 dollar a day is regarded as the minimum wage for an unskilled 
 laborer, it would seem that $6.oo per week might be taken as the 
 point below which comfort ends and poverty commences. Hut a 
 dollar a day is by no means equivalent to $6.oo j^er week, since icw 
 arc those, amoi-.g this class of laborers, who can count upon regular 
 work throughout the year. It is also an undeniable fact that there 
 are frugal households, not a few, wherein $6.00 per week means 
 independence and comfort. Below $5.00 per week, however, it is 
 hardly possible for the weekly income to fall and yet permit of proper 
 provision being made for a growing ffunily, and although there are 
 tho.sc who do this also, and all honor to such as can, jet we may 
 safely fi.v the limit of decent subsistence at $5.00 jjer week and regard 
 such families as, throughout the year, earn no more than $260.00, as 
 properly to be termed " the poor." 
 
 
\l 
 
 50 
 
 Now that we have determined uponastaiidard of measurement, the 
 first quesiion to be asked the statisticiri of the "city below the hill" 
 is: — How many families are there in ihis district that fall below the 
 standard, in other words what is the extent of poverty? Of 7,67 1 
 families, in the area under examination, 888 or 1 1 4% stated in 
 November last, in response 'o the inquiry of our canvassers, that their 
 average weekl)- family income takin<^ the year as a whole, did not 
 exceed $5.00. This is then the "submerged tenth ' of western 
 Montreal and its examination will form the subject of this article. 
 
 The accompanying map H. is designed to furnish data for 
 comparison along these lines. An explanation thereof is then of first 
 necessity. The figures directly above the Roman letters represetit the 
 total number of poor families within the boundaries of the specified 
 section. 'I'he figures directly below the Roman letters, signify the 
 proportion of poor families within the boundaries of the specified 
 section, that is the percentage of poor families therein. To the right 
 is to be noted tlie percentage of families M'hose incomes arc not 
 regular throughout the year. To the left is shown the number 
 of well-to-do families- -whose incomes reach or exceetl a thousand 
 dollars a year — and below that again is the percentage of this class 
 to the wh(jle. hy these figures we can ascertain the location and 
 distribution of the poor, likewise of the well-to-do. We can also 
 examine the relative proportion of irregular incomes. 
 
 There are two sets of data furnished by map H., for comparison 
 between sections in respect to their poverty, viz:- the numerical and 
 the proportional statement. These, bj' no means, of necessity 
 correspond. A district may contain but few poor families and yet, 
 because thinly populated, may present a high povert}' percentage. 
 On the other hand a section wherein arc man)' poor .milies, 
 because densely populated, may not be promiiv.Mit when ranked 
 according to percentage only. In determinng then what districts are 
 of most unenviable pre-eminence as the luJntat of povert}', attention 
 must be paid to both the numerical and proportional statement. 
 
 The families of the poor are widely distributed throughout the 
 city under the hill. We do not here, find them as i i many ocher 
 cities, grouped together in a locality with clearly determinable hnits; 
 on the contrary, but one of our residential sections, \o. 9, ontains 
 
SI 
 
 none of this class among its inhabitants. The presence of the poor is 
 not alwaj's apparent. Sections oenerall)- considered to be wholly 
 consecrated to the well-to-do, contain, in out-of-the-way alleys and in 
 rear tenements, a small proportion at least of needy families. 
 
 Two considerable areas, however, those indicated by broken 
 lines upon the map, contain over half the poverty of the "city below 
 the hill." The.se districts are "Griffintown " and " the Swamp." 
 
 "Griffintown,"or rather that part of it which lies between William 
 <-ind Krcnnan streets, froin Grey Nun to Young streets, is the home 
 of nearly one thousand families, twenty-four per cent of whom, or one 
 out of every four, are /iviii}:: upon SS-oo per 7veek or even less. The 
 four .sections, Xos. 21 to 24, included between these boundaries, 
 contain 233 poor families or about one-fourth of the whole number 
 resident within our nether cit)-. No other district of equal extent can 
 surpass this cither in amount or proportion of poverty. 
 
 The " Swamp " district, from Chaboillez Square to the city limits, 
 and between St. James and Xotre Daine streets, comprising sections 
 12 to 15 upon our map. contains in all 191 5 families, of whom 221 arc 
 " poor." Although the number nearly equals that in the pre\ iousl>- 
 de.scribed district, it will be .seen that the poor families of the " Swamp" 
 constitute but 1 1>4%, or one-eighth part of the whole population, so 
 that the proportion is only half as large as in Griffintown. The two 
 districts above described, when taken together, account for the 
 location of more than half the poverty of the lower city. 
 
 Two other sections, of considerable extent, may be further 
 mentioned as containing more than the average proportion of 
 poverty. Section 16, which includes St. Maurice street, contains 40 
 poor families about 17, of the residential population, and .section S, 
 owing to the rear tenements off St. Martin and S-gneurs streets', 
 also contains forty poor families or 15 , of those dwelling therein.' 
 These two sections account for one-eleventh of the total amount, and 
 together with " Griffintown " and the " Swamp." or ten .sections in all, 
 leave but 354 pocir nimilies or only 40% of the -ooverty. to be 
 distributed among the twenty .sections that remain. 
 
 The two belts wherein poverty is of least frequent occurrence 
 are:— that above St. .\ntoine street, w here a large proportion of the 
 residents are well-to-do, and that between Notre Dame and William 
 
52 
 
 streets, south of Inspector, which includes the well-known l^arre 
 street section, and is occupied almost exclusivch' by the real 
 industrial class, with few among them fallint^ below the standard. 
 Section 9 alone, as prexiously stated, has' no poor whatever. 
 
 It has often been affirmed regarding old "Griffintown," and similar 
 districts, that as soon as a family becomes well-to-do it moves to 
 another locality. That this is the case appears to be corroborated b}- 
 the evidence of our census. Harely one hundred families, or but 7°/ 
 of the present residents of "(iriffintown," have an income exceeding 
 $20 per week. Of this number full)' one-half are grocers and saloon- 
 keepers whose business binds them to the locality. This fact is 
 unfortunate since it tends to reduce the general scale of living b}- 
 removing from a neighborhood such ameliorating influences as can 
 only be sustained where at least a fair proportion of the community 
 are of the well-to-do class. In the "Swamp," sections 12 to 15, 
 eleven per cent, of the families are of the $20 class, while in the belt 
 above St. James street 25% belong to this order. In no other district 
 does one find so many poor and so few well-to-do as in "(iriffintown." 
 This region appears to have been by the latter class abandoned to 
 its fate. 
 
 As to the causes of povert}', chief among them is insufficient 
 employment. Few arc the families where nothing is earned, although 
 there are such subsisting more or less worthily upon charitj-. Almost 
 without exception each family has its wage-earner, often more than 
 one, and upon the regularit}' with which the wage-earner secures 
 ein[)loyment depends the scale of living for the family. 
 
 One of the mitters investigated in our special census was this 
 irregularit}' of work. Although as fainilies in receipt of regular 
 incomes were regarded such as po.ssessed at least one worker 
 employed without intermission, and also all families which receiving 
 ten dollars or more per week for part of the jear, might be reasonabh' 
 ex[)ected to put aside sufficient to enable thein to get through the 
 remainder w ithout hardship, )et even with these regarded as "regular" 
 there still remained 1724 families, or 23% of the total number, whose 
 small incomes could not be depended upon as constant and regular 
 throughout the year. Of course this included man>- instances of 
 alternative trades, as for example, u hen a man is a brick-layer in sum- 
 
5^ 
 
 mer and a furnacc-,nan in winter, but still the ratio „f nearly one 
 Januly ,n every Jour withont steady work, scem.s alar.iiinolv hj.^h and 
 explanis much of the povcrt)-. The relative proportion of irre^'ularity 
 .n employment varies <rrcatly uith the localit)-, but i.icreases as one 
 approaches the water front. In the belt above St. James street, the 
 proport.on is but one family in ei^ht. between St. James and 
 Will, am streets it is one family in ever)- five, beyond the canal it is 
 one famdy m four, while between William street a.id the canal the 
 proportion .s two families out of every five. Think of it, of fifteen 
 hundred families in all "(iriffintown," six hundred do not know what 
 It 1.S to have a rc-ular income and steady work. It is not at all 
 .-nprobablc that these six hundred families could furnish nearly 
 an equal number of able-bodied men to any local enterpnse which 
 durm^^ the winter, would offer a lixin^r ,va<,re. With most of 
 the wa-e-earners of these families the programme for the year 
 ■s as follows:— Wc.rk upon the wharves in summer and odd 
 jobs of any sort durin- during five long winter month.s. When 
 sprmg arrives, overdue rent and debt at the cornei grocer)- have 
 •so mortgaged the coming summer's earnings that saving becomes 
 ■mpossible. This irregularity of work is doubtless the main 
 cause of poverty, for the prolonged idleness unfits manv a man for 
 steady work even when he at length succeeds in getting it. Once 
 irregular ahvaj-s irregular is apt to be true, and irregularity, demoral- 
 ization and povertN- is the orfler of descent. 
 
 It may not be at this point out of place to consider briefly the 
 hquor question in its bearing upon the subject under examination. 
 Whether the .sale of intoxicants is the cause of irregular employment 
 and poverty, or whether idleness and want bring into being and main- 
 tain the liquor stores we will not attempt to decide. This fact is, 
 however, apparent to the observer, that wherever poverty a.,d irre^ruiarity 
 are most f^revalenf, there the opportunities for drunkenness are most 
 fre,/uent. Throughout "the city below the hill," there are, all 
 told, 105 licen.sed saloons and 87 liquor .selling groceries. Of the.se, 
 28 saloons and 9 groceries are to be found in sections 3, 5 and 1 1, in 
 clo.sc proximity to the Windsor and I^onaventire stations, where it is 
 apparent that they are sustained more by the travelling public than 
 by the residential population. These sections can the- ' rly be 
 
 f 
 
f 
 
 54 
 
 eliminated from the calciilati(in, thus leaving 155 li(|uor stores to pro- 
 vide for the remainiiiL; 27 sections, whicli means on cin average one 
 for every 45 families or one for every 219 persons. This is an exact 
 thou^i^h startlint^ average for the "cit\' below the hill," 
 
 Turn now to an exainination of the localit}- between William 
 street and the canal, and what do we find in this regard? Where 
 every fifth famil)- is in povcrt\', where two out of every five fainilies 
 arc but irrei^ularl\- employed, the |)opulation sustains one licen.sed — 
 and no one knows how many unlicensed — liquor store to every 33 
 families, or one for ever\' 160 |)ersons. Look now, by waj- of com- 
 parison before leaviuL^ this subject, at the district beyond the canal, 
 sections 28 to 30, with a population similar in respect to nationality 
 to that of "Griffintown". Here one liquor store is deemed sufficient 
 for each group of fift}' families, one for every 240 persons, and here 
 also one finds but //(?//" the irregularit)' in employment, and but iwo-fift/is 
 the proportional amount of poxerty existent in the "Griffintown" 
 district just across the canal. Let this stand as exidence sufficient 
 that drink is inseparable from idleness and poverty and vice versa. 
 
 It will be remembered that, according to our industrial census, 
 the total nuinber of poor families was reckoned at 888 in "thecit\bc- 
 U)\\ the hill." Half of this number were by the writer selected as 
 material for a second anti more searching in\c.stigation, with a view 
 of more full}- examining the ciiaracteristics, conditions and cau.scs (S 
 our west-end po\ert\-. h'our hundred and thirty-six families were 
 sought for, and the first fact that was brought to the notice of the 
 investigator was that 46 families, or 10^/2 ', of the abo\e number, had 
 left their former abodes, within the two months between the first and 
 .second canvass, drawing attention to one of the sad features of 
 poverty's lot, viz., the constant necessit}- to mo\e on because of in- 
 ability to satisfy the claims of the landlord. If this ratio were main- 
 tained, and each month saw 5 of the poor evicted, in a year not 
 half these families could be found at the former addresses. 
 
 A second fact, made apparent In- the special investigation, was 
 that our west -end poverty was not the result of recent innnigration. 
 Ouite the reverse from what would have been the case in New York 
 or Chicago, hard!)' a dozen families were discovered that had not been 
 residents of the cit>' for at least three \ears. The vast majorit\' were 
 
55 
 
 old residents who had lived in Montreal for the greater part of their 
 lives. The presence of poverty, then, in the nether city is not charge- 
 able to any considerable influx of foreign elements. 
 
 In the case of 323 families inquiries were made as to the causes, 
 assigned by the pec^ple themselves, for their indigent condition. With 
 109 families, or 34% the reply was "irregularity of work." The wage- 
 earners were not without vocations but their employment was 
 mtermittent and often work ceased altogether for considerable periods. 
 With 87 families or 28% the answer was that the wage-earners had no 
 work whatever, nor did there seem to be any immediate prospect of 
 getting any. With 27 families, or 9%, old age had unfitted and 
 with a like number sickness had prevented the worker from earning 
 the requisite support. Out of these 323 families, among the poorest 
 of the poor, 62% claimed to be able to better their condition were 
 employment regular and abundant. That a certain percentage of the 
 answers given did not state the real facts of the case is quite probable. 
 Few are the families that will admit to a stranger that drink, crime 
 or voluntary idleness is the cause of their miser>', though in 7% of 
 the ca.ses visited drunkenness was clearly at the bottom of the trouble. 
 Still It is the belief of the investigator that the undeserving among the 
 poor form a far smaller proporticjii than is generally imagined.* 
 
 *The followi.it; clipping from "The Outlook" of May 8th, 1897, is of value for pur- 
 [loses of CDinparison: — 
 
 "The American Staiistical Association publishes the records of the Charily 
 Orgini/ation Societies of New Vork, Haltimore, and six smaller cities respecting the cause 
 of need among the families whose condition was investigated last year. In a condensed 
 form the results reached were as followed : 
 
 Chief cause of need. ^f'*" '''"''^- IJaltiniore. ^'ufj" 
 
 Percent. Percent. cities. 
 
 I 1 r 1 P"^'' i^ent. 
 
 Lack ot en-.ploynient 48 43 ^c 
 
 S'l^^loiess ,8 ,8 ly 
 
 Intemperance or shifilessness. . iS 13 30 
 
 Miscelhiiieoiis causes 1^ 21 -57 
 
 What is nolal.le about this tai)le is that in all these cities the want of employment 
 was believed to be the cause of distress in as many cases as sickness, intemperance, and 
 shiftlessness comiunetl. This, too, it must lie remembered, was among the families which 
 applied to public charities for aid. Among those which have i)een aided by the trades- 
 unions and by their own relatives, the prop..rtion of those whose need was due to the want 
 of regul.u work was doubtless much larger. One labc ■ union in this city paid " out -uf- work 
 beuelit '" to over one thousand families during the greater part of the recent winter." 
 
56 
 
 As to the composition of the family, out <.f 390famihes, S ucre 
 found wherein thehccul of the household was a widow, and 54c:ises where 
 the husband was too old or too ill to work, making- in all 140 families, 
 ,.,- s6 ' of the whole, that mii^ht be called "decapitated" family k^roups. 
 In 'about two-thirds of the families, or in 64;;, of the cases examined, 
 there was an able-bodied man in the house, oftimes more than one, a 
 man able to work and professini^ to be willin- to do so. If these 
 proportions mav be taken as fairly indicating" the avera-e amon- the 
 the families of the poor, it is evident that at least one-third of them 
 ire in indi-ent circumstances throu-h no fault of their own. Death 
 c,r disease ^lave so cripj^led the family group that it can no lon-er 
 unaided keep up in the fierce struggle for subsistence. C hantable 
 effort must come to the relief of such. With nearly two-thirds 01 the 
 cases, however, it is not charit>- that is demanded but a chance to 
 work Were emplovment obtainable these families would soon be 
 able to adopt a comfortable scale of lix ing. 1 f i)Hvate enterprise does 
 not furnish sufficient opportunity for willing men to provide for then- 
 families the absolute necessities of life, during the four cold winter 
 months, then the municipality, by careful!)- considered relief works 
 conducted at a minimum wage, should come to their assistance. 
 Still another matter, examined into by the investigator, was the 
 scale of living amongthese"p..or"familie.s. Of 39ofa.niliesv;s,ted, i9/„ 
 were classified as "comfortable" even upon slender means; 40^/, were 
 regarded as "poor but self-supporting," that is to sa\-, able to subsist 
 widiout outside help; 30 were considered as "ver>- poor" and likely 
 to need aid belore the winter ended; while 1 i were, without ciuestion, 
 "destitute" and rcciuiring immediate charitable assistance. If this 
 proportion be constant— and we have every reason to expect that it 
 would be so throughout the unvisited balance of the 888 poor families-- 
 then there are in " the citv below the hill" nearly one hundred families 
 in a condition of absolute destitution, while not less that 250 will need 
 to be helped before the arrival of spring.* This is a conservative 
 estimate, the actual destitution is probabl)' greater, it canhardl>'be less. 
 By wa>' of acquainting my.self in a measure with what was being 
 done through our various charitable institutions for the relief of the 
 
 ♦Tliis slnu'iueiu \v;>s piopaieil in I'cliruniy 1S97. 
 
57 
 
 suffciing poor, I sent to several of them a list coiitainincr the names 
 and addresses of needy families belon-int,^ to that special race or creed 
 which each society represented. 1 asked that the organization should 
 mdicate what names were already iij^on its relief roll. I'rom the 
 replies obtained I <,rathercd that a very considerable proportion of the 
 lamilies known to me, were alread\- bein- cared for by our charitable 
 lioards. The House of Industry and the National' Societies aided 
 the needy Protestants. The St. Vincent de Paul Societies a.ssistcd 
 the French-Canadian families in distress, especially the widows. 
 I he parish authorities seemed well acc|uainted with, and in many 
 instances were assistino- the worthy poor amon-;- the Irish Catholics. 
 Hut besides these there are als(, man\- independent oroanizations, 
 benevolently mindcfl <(roups and sympathetic individuals, all con- 
 tributin<,r to assist their sufferin- fellow-men. l^videnccs, however, 
 are not lackini,^ to prove that this bene\olent work frequently over- 
 laps with a tendenc)- to pauperize the recipients. This is a result 
 Ihat should be s^niarded a<;ainst with irrcatest care. I am stront,d)' of 
 the opinion that our <;reat weakness in the work of assistint,r the 
 worthy ])oor lies in lack of or-^anizcd effort amon^i; the charitable 
 bodies. Some Central Charit\- Hoard, upon which representatives of 
 c\ery race and creed mii^ht sit, should be here established. A joint 
 roll should be kei)t. There should be a sort of clearing house in 
 respect to relief effort, where e\er\- need\- case could be assigned to the 
 orgam'zation respoiisible for it and whcrebx' a family already in receipt 
 of help from one .source should not be further assisted from others 
 There is in Montreal abundant willingness to help those who cannot 
 help themselves, but it wants proi)er guidance and direction. 
 
 What now ha\e we endeavored in this article to .set forth on the 
 subject of the poor of the west-end? With regard to the district as 
 a whole we ha\e shown who are the poor, how numerous they are 
 then- location and their distribution. \Vc have also indicated where 
 poxerty was most fre(]ucnt and the ])roporti()n of well-to-do to be 
 found in working class sections. As to causes we have considered 
 irrcgularit\- of work, intemperance, decapitation and other factors, 
 and. b\- a more careful study of a group of poor families, brought out 
 certain characteristics and conditions. We have advocated municipal 
 relief work for the able-bodicfl and charity organization in dealing 
 with families incapable of self-support. Here then mav properh' be 
 brought to a close the present article. 
 
D *i V* fc,_ 
 
 X' 
 
 ■ ""K.' 
 
 / 
 
To — O*^* '**'•■ '" 
 
Ma 
 
 
MspH 
 
 TH£ /^OOR om'rMm. WEST £t^D 
 
 f^ldMf ^ Pmitctfur/t^a »^/'»/HH-'»t vtjrn //*/*# £ iy<.4/r •>« c a <wa| 
 
 &Xi.o*v » Pattern/^ rit(,m of f»om frnMH-ims i-t^f " Mvm0m» oa; avtrm ^K»cf»ir/tt* <" W«j.i-- »■" — "»'«'»»'••'*' 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 l^|2£ 125 
 
 ■ 50 ■^" 
 
 HI m 
 
 ^ no 
 
 12.2 
 2.0 
 
 I 
 
 11-25 i 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 0%. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 /^ 
 
 

^'i 
 
 IP 
 
 I' } 
 
 t< 3 
 
mmmmm 
 
 59 
 
 IX. 
 
 The Death Rate. 
 
 ^n accepted test of progress in sanitary science-It can he lowered- 4 l,i^~h 
 rate means unwholesome conditions-Comparative death rates, here and 
 
 tet^r^r' "''' ^'"' "''' ''■' "''^^'^" ''"' /- "^/- ->'■ ''-/-' 
 the hul -Comparison by belts in the nether city-The four localities 
 
 nuth h-:hest death rate-Summary of the conditions therein- 
 Conclusion. 
 
 The closer people live to one another" says Dr. Russell of 
 Glas,.ow, the "shorter their lives are." This statement needs no 
 proof, for It ,s universally admitted that urban condition.^ are less 
 conducive to <,.eneral sound health and long life than rural surround'- 
 mgs. V\,th natural conditions against the city, it is only hv tie 
 exerc.se of additional precautions that this handicap can be overcome 
 Now the test to which the cities of the civilized world by common 
 con.sent annually submit themselves, in order to determine how 
 succes.sful or otherwise each has been in the struggle against the^e 
 natural disadvantages, is a determination of the local death rate Ik' 
 means of a knowledge of the mortality of the municipalitN- " as a 
 uho e, a c.ty can compare itself with its neighbors and thus 'note its 
 relative advance along lines of sanitaiy science. Hv remarking u hat 
 region.s within its borders show a death rate higher t'han the ordinaiy, 
 that city can ascertain the sections that are lagging behind and hi 
 need of special attention. Thus a high death rate for any city or for 
 an)- particular region within it. has come to be regarded as a dan- er 
 
6o 
 
 I 
 
 siL;iial, ;i fin^i^er of warning- poiiitinL^" to tliat localitj- and declaring that 
 there must therein exist conthtions detrimental to the public health, 
 conditions which demand increased effort for their eradication or 
 improvement. And since it has been, durinj^ the past quarter of a 
 century, repeatedl}' proven, that the death rate can be materially 
 lowered, can be even reduced b\' half, through the amelioration of 
 local conditions, it gi\es us an added impulse for examination into 
 tlie real state of our own case, in the hope that to know our 
 deficiencies maj' be a step in the path towards their rcmoxal. 
 
 In this article we purpose, after a few comparative figures, 1st, to 
 com|jare the death rate of " the city above" with that of "the city 
 below the hill," 2nd, to critical!}' examine certain localities within the 
 hitter region wliich the test of high death rate brings into unenviable 
 prominence and finalh' to review the conditions of life which, in 
 pre\ious articles, we found existent in those sections where the rate of 
 mortalit)' is 'nigh. For the entire Dominion, during the year 1893, 
 fourteen persons out of every thousand was the j^roportion of deaths. 
 In the Province of Quebec this was higher, viz, 19 to the thousand. 
 During the same year about twenty-five (24.91) per thousand died 
 within the limits of the cit}- of Montreal. Quebec province exceeds 
 the Dominion rate, and Montreal city shows a record less creditable 
 than that of the provmce. In 1895, the last )ear for which the 
 official record for the entire cit>' is as }-et obtainable, the death rate 
 in Montreal was 24.81 to the thousand. Only twice before in our 
 civic history has it been so low, and we ma}- congratulate ourselves 
 upon the fact that since 1873 our civic death rate has fliminished no 
 less than fort\- per cent. Yet compared with other cities we have as 
 yd little cause for boasting. In 1894, the cities of London, Paris 
 and Birmingham could show that the}- liad reduced their death rate 
 to 20, Rome had reduced hers to 19.4, and Brussels to 18.1. Boston 
 in 1893, had a death rate of 24.02 and New \'ork of 23.52 and a 
 steaily decrease in these cities is also apparent. What has been done 
 el.sewhere in the lowering of the death rate should also be possible 
 fjv Montreal and a further reduction is expected and demanded. 
 
 (ireat are the variations of the several wards from the a\erage 
 death rate of Montreal. In St. Jean Baptiste ward the death rate 
 for 1895 was 35.51 per thousanfl, in St. Marx's ward it was 33.20, in 
 
6[ 
 St. Gabriel ward it w.is ^^ -.-, ^- , . 
 
 noticeable eisevvhcre O,,,- „ ,] "lannino si niptraiis 
 
 rate f„r H,e forme" , ^ T ' ""''''■ "'"' "^ '^'•"" ""-' <l™'h 
 
 Hviclen.,, .he e.: ^ „ t^t:^X"w7' "V" '""■' "'''■«■'• 
 not s„ .severe „„„„ |n„n-,n if, M ^ ^' ' "" ''■"" ''•"'''■"' ^'"^ 
 
 eourtesy „f th^C vet n''"^""' ''"''''""'""''■ '"^^^l' ""= 
 ■•«er.a,, the nnnbe ,;, '"''''"'''"' "^■■'™ '=™' ""^'bled to 
 
 year just cl„se<l f„r e„h I "'\'')^> "'"^'' '"">< I'l^'ce, during the 
 I"-"" Having/ „',„;: . rj"'"'f ^7'' "'""■" "-■ "<-■.■>,• bel„>r the 
 
 ''"t""lvthcdcHthrr„rrW,^ ,''"'-' '"''^"''^' "' <leter,„i„e, 
 
 '-;• -i;,n. Ma ''i;:;;^:::,:' t :; :;,^T.-''-\r'''''" ""^-^-^ 
 
 thirty sections „ ith « j.ici, „.e 1, l^ ^ "'"-''' """ ""-' ''•""e 
 
 the pop„lati„„ fo, e 1 T 'f ""''■' "^^'^-dy fantiiia,, shows 
 
 He,ewehaven,ateri Lie tt .';;'"'"' "" •™"- J"»' ^■'"-'■ 
 population of ,. .? f, "f ""'""■-■'" '^' '''"'''' '™"*<' ""-'U » 
 
 c.t>- beio. the^'h i ■ ^^ :;,;.": r;;;'r'r'"^"™"«'^ -"■- ■■'^- 
 
 that of either St. Ant';,iue^; St A,' C «^ V'"'"" ™"^' ^■■^''■'^^''''S 
 thou.sand. Though this r.te I '*' " ''"''^ '>"■ -^-47 per 
 
 does no, approaci '' T '"" '"'"" """ "^ 'h'-' '^^f')' •'> iarU 
 
 higher ti,a„',L . u!' ^^ i;';' "Z"'"''^ ""^^ ''""'- •' ^ ^'^1 
 
 make in this regard ta vee' 't " \\ ''""P^'"^"" "''-" «e can 
 above the hill." " St t " „' , ^ ^ ''=."" "'^' '""" »"'' -'l'^' -'v 
 
 ■«95. had a popu,ati„'V6;,r:rbT'^ '"■■''''' '•"""'" 
 P"P'ilatiou than this iu whic cC^ " l""hably l,as to day a larger 
 
 more starth,,,. |„ ha p ,f t T """''"' """''' '"-' ■"' ""^^ 
 
 -ide, accord-,, to ™r'crs',^;s:':;;;;r' ;™;" ^t"" "r- • 
 
 about 3o,oco pcrsous „ ill be found " V , '" '""' ""^ '"" 
 
 "llole warri is usualK. .bout ,- ' "'= ''"'"' ™"'' »""■■ 'he 
 
 that par. which .' bd UZt'TT ""' "" ''""" ™'^- ^- 
 
 "—'•'- -'--"r::c,;::;^:L;t- 
 
62 
 
 lower portion of the ward is higher than the avera^^e, by so much 
 will the rate for the upper portion of the ward be lower than the 
 avera^^e. In fact, the rate for the "city above the h.ll will no 
 exceed 13 per thousand. If then a rate as low as 13 per thousand 
 has been reached for a locality in Montreal occupied by 30,000 
 .people why can not Hie same be obtained elsewhere ? 
 
 Hut returninir to our stu^ly of the lower city let us see if the 
 average rate of 22.47 holds good throughout. This exammat.on may 
 best be conducted by belts. Sections i to 10 above St. James street 
 show a rate of 1975 per thou.sand ; sections 1 1 to 15, between bt. 
 lames and Notre Uame streets, a rate of 26.41 per thousand ; sections 
 ,6 to -o just below Notre Dame street, a rate of 23.32 per thousand ; 
 Griffintown or sections 21 to 26. a rate of 24.62 per thousand ; and 
 the belt beyond the canal, sections 28 to 30. a rate of 1441 P^^ 
 thousand The most creditable showing is made beyond the canal and 
 above St James street, the most ominous indications are those of the 
 " Swamp •• and of " Griffintown." The localities near the city limits, 
 notwithstanding the density of their population, seem especially 
 healthy and scarcely a block, beyond Seigneurs street, shows a death 
 
 rate equal to the average. 
 
 I have chosen four districts, of limited extent, whose boundaries 
 will not correspond with those of the sections with which we have 
 ..rown familiar, but which present a local death rate so much above 
 the average as to demand an examination into the attendant con- 
 ditions The first of these regions lies between Wellington. Grey 
 Nun Common and Brennan streets; the second between W/ilham, 
 Young Wellington and McCord streets ; the third between St. James, 
 Richmond, Basin and Seigueurs streets ; and the fourth between the 
 Bonaventure Station and track, Chaboille/. Square, Notre Dame and 
 Versailles street. They are shown upon Map I by broken diagonal 
 lines Here are the mortality statistics for the.se localities together 
 with certain data usually regarded as having an effect thereon. 
 Along with these figures are given the average of our nether city, 
 taken as a whole, in order that the differences may be apparent. 
 
 |i! 1 
 
63 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 ^ .r 
 
 
 
 
 u S 
 
 c: 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 E^ 
 
 
 2 -^ 
 
 
 J5 
 
 (Si 
 ■si 
 
 1-^ u 
 
 
 District i , 842 26, 30.87 54 
 
 2 I 2087 65 31.15 149 
 
 i 
 
 3 : 2532 86 33.96 170 
 
 4 2179 84I 38.54 134 
 
 "Thelcnvcr 
 ity 
 
 o q 
 
 I . 10 
 
 1.08 
 
 I .09 
 
 I . 10 
 
 37,021 832, 22.47 94|i-02 
 
 gftS 
 o - 
 
 c- o 
 
 •05 % 
 
 .04 " 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 Is 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 c .~ 
 
 
 c"."" 
 
 iiU 
 
 
 ki ■— 
 
 U 
 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 5 ; 
 
 y. 
 
 80 •' 16" 
 
 Mi.xcd 
 
 I Irish 
 
 ,;. .. ,;.Q.. ,, .. (French 
 
 ■ -' ^ •'I jCaiiiuhan 
 
 , ,, .. f French 
 
 59 ^7 \ (' I- 
 
 ^■^ ' I C aiiachan 
 
 •09-)i 51 " 15 " Mi.xefl 
 
 cy 
 am, 
 Ties, 
 the 
 ind 
 :)nal 
 thcr 
 eon. 
 city, 
 
 Here we have a series of death rates, for groups of blocks, 
 ranging" from 30.87 to 38.54 per thousand. It would be quite 
 possible to point out single blocks within these districts where the 
 death rate last \ ear greatl\- exceeded even these high figures, but 
 with areas of such limited e.xtent one can never be certain that he 
 is not dealing with exceptional circumstances not likely to be repeated. 
 In the above table, however, we have several districts, containing a 
 population exceeding two thousand, a sufficient population to 
 produce a stable average. In these four areas it will be noticed that 
 in the matter of population per acre, persons to a room, proportion of 
 rear dwellings and priv)' pits, the.se localities, almost without 
 exception, fail to furnish accommodation up to the standard of "the 
 city below th? hill." This failure without doubt is in large measure 
 responsible for the unusually high mortality which in these districts 
 prevails. Until such conditions as are remediable, as for example the 
 rear tenement and the privy, are legislated out of existence, and until 
 s.ich as are not wholly alterable, but which can yet be made less 
 dangerous, are ameliorated, we, of this city, have still reason for 
 agitation and effort. These four districts, and others like them, 
 demand our special attention until their death rate shall no longer 
 exceed the normal figure. 
 
f«TiiiTiiWir» 
 
 64 
 
 In conclusion I would ag.iin draw attention, 1st, to the fact that 
 the death rate for "the city below the hill" is far higher than it is for 
 " the city above the hill" ; 2nd, that certain specified localities within 
 our nether city, which combined contain one fifth of its total popula- 
 tion, exibit a death rate exceeding 34 persons to the thousand : 3rd, that ni 
 these and other similar localities exist conditions which are undoubtedly 
 responsible in great measure for this excessive death rate, and finally 
 that these conditions can be improved and ought to be miproved 
 since thereby a saving of valuable lives ma>' result. 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 
 fir! 
 i ¥ t 
 
 m 
 
M^ip / 
 
 « * p ■■■■ « 
 
 AOOV0 " A^O f='ut.fir 
 
 
 L__^ 
 
 ^— .* — . 
 
 IM03 
 
 VI 
 
 11 o* 
 
A/^ip / 
 
 « * ■ ■ * • 
 
 
 < — 
 
 /^o9 : 
 
 VI 
 
 11 o* ' 
 

 P.^jW'i'^;^.; 
 
6s 
 
 X. 
 
 Nationalities and Religions. 
 
 an In Mls-^-Jlu- three „„„„ c/eme,,,., „/ „„r f,.p„l„,i.m~n. 
 
 l>o| ul,it,on. C,„is,clcrc<l as a vvIk.Ic, the 7670 fa.nilic. llK-rcin 
 rcs,dcm ,nay be classified as f„ll„„,.. |.-,-enel,.(anacHa„, ",S i 
 C anadmn, .6,4 ; Mri.i.sh-tanadian, ,5y6 ; all .,the,s, .4.. Thus i. Iv | 
 be seen that 42 per cent, of the popcdatinn (taken by fan.ilics) is I^Vench- 
 anad.an; 34 percent, is Irish-Canadian; ., percent, is liritish- 
 Canad.an, and 3 per cent is „f other nationalities 
 
 1 hat portion of the lower city which lies above Notre I)an,e 
 s reet and belongs ,0 S- .Antoine wani is the ho.ne of 4307 fa, n es 
 » popnlat,on .s thns divided:-The French-Canad.ansmnnbe ■ 
 
 amd.es or 50 per cent.; the liritish-Canatlians nutnber ,079 families , 
 -'5 per cent, the Iri.sh-Canadians nutnber 9.6 families or 3, pe en 
 am <„,,„ n„t,„,„,i„.,, ,„,„l^^.^^ .57 families or 4 per cent. ThnT t 
 
 ::;; ^ir; .;" ■" *■: ""■ "= ""^^' "'^- '-'-nch-canadian.' ": 
 
 Zbined ""' • '^^ """■" •" ••■" """-'^ "■••tionalities 
 
 GronpinK the sections into belts, as has been ottr custom in 
 
 previous articles, we fir.d that the strip of sections. Nos. , to ,0 Ivi, "' 
 
V-hM^y!iU-Wi'!'f^iir9'^'i''w^mmmif mi (i^^ 
 
 66 
 
 above St. James street, has a population more evenly divided amont^ 
 the various natitnialities than any other region. Of the 2183 families 
 here resident, 791 or ^6 per cent, are Hritish-Canadian; 659 or 30 per 
 cent, are Irish-Canadian ; 628 or 29 per cent, are French-C!anadian, 
 and 105 or 5 per cent, belong to other nationalities. The Hritish- 
 C'anadians have a majority in section No. 9 alone, as is indicated 
 upon the map J. by means of crossed diagonal lines. This element 
 has a plurality in sections 2, 6, 7 and 8. The Irish-Canadians arc 
 nowhere in a majority but are in a plurality at the extremities of this 
 strip, namely in sections i and 10, in each case not far from their 
 jxirish church. The I'Vench-Canadians are nowhere in this belt in a 
 majority though more numerous than any other nationality in sections 
 3, 4 and 5. Upon map J, these variations can be noted, as the 
 strongest element in each section is that for which the figures are 
 placed over the Roman letters. 
 
 The strip between St. James and William, streets, sections 1 1 to 
 20, through the centre of which runs Notre Dame street, contains 
 3217 families. Of this number 2190 or 68 per cent, are French- 
 Canadian; 510 or 16 per cent, are Irish-Canadian, and 41O or 13 per 
 cent, are British-Canadian, with 107 families or 3 per cent, of other 
 nationalities. Here the French-Canadian is almost universally the 
 predominating element. Only in .section 1 1 does this nationality 
 fall short of being more numerous than all the others combined, and 
 although in sections 16 and ly the majority is narrow, it soon 
 becomes overwhelming as one passes to sections southward. 
 
 Between William street and the canal, sections 21 to 26, the Irish- 
 Canadian is the most important element. Here are to be found 15 17 
 families, of which 1047 or 69 per cent, are of Irish extraction. The 
 British-Canadian and French-Canadian elements are of nearly equal 
 strength in this district, the former numbering 239 families, or 16 per 
 cent, of the resident population, the latter 215 families, or 14 percent, 
 of the whole. Other elements here form but i per cent, of the 
 population. Sections 21 and 23 of this belt are but sparsely occupied 
 by dwellings, only 220 families being found therein. Along Grey 
 Nun and Common streets there is a considerable group of French- 
 Canadian families. In fact, this element is the predominating one in 
 section 21 and forms more than one-fifth of the population of 23. 
 
 ■ill 
 
<^7 
 
 lual 
 ;r 
 Mit. 
 Ithe 
 lied 
 Irey 
 Ich- 
 in 
 
 1-3 
 
 l^lsew here thi-()ii<jjh()Ut " Griffintfiw n " the Irish-C;inadians are in 
 majority, the proportion steachl)- increasinj^ as one approaches St. 
 Ann's Parish Church. 
 
 l^eyond the canal, sections 2S to 30, taken as a whole, show an 
 Irish-Canadian inajoritx' o\er all others. The ijojjiilation hero 
 nmnbjrs 754 families. Of thesj 398 or 53 per cent, are of Irish 
 descent; i<S5 or 24 per cent, of French extraction, and 1 5C or 21 per 
 cent, are British-Canadians. Only 15 families or 2 per cent, ma)' not 
 bj included am m.T these three nationalities. It is to be noted that 
 the French-Canadian element, with a stren<.^th of but 5 per cent in 
 .section 28, claims 24 per cent, of the families in 29 and, in section 30, 
 —which is partly in St. Gabriel ward— is the nKJSt powerful element, 
 comprisiuii^ here 41 [)er cent, of the total number. Beyond Laprairie 
 Street, in that part of St. (iabriel w.ird which is west of tlie rail wax- 
 track, the Frcnch-Canadains are in the lar^e maj(jrit\-. 
 
 I Ia\in;^' dealt with the three mam nationalities, let us now consider 
 briefly the number ami location of the forei|^n elements in "the cit}- 
 bslow the hill." These are here but 3 pjr cent, of the total popula- 
 tion, numberini^ in all only 242 f.iinilics. Of these the German and 
 Dutch number 94 families ; Russian and Polish, 70 ; Negro, 24 ; 
 Chinese, 18 ; Italian, 17 ; Scandina\ian and Danish, 17 ; Spanish and 
 l^eh^ian one each. The (Germans are to be found in almost every 
 section, especially along the avenues of trade. The Russians and 
 Poles, who are nearly all Jews, are found mainl}' along St. Maurice 
 street in .section 16 and also in section 11. The negro element is 
 nowhere numerous, but is to be found in greatest number above 
 Bonaventure Station in sections 5 and 6. The Chinese arc mainly to 
 be found abo\e St. James street. The\- have 14 laundries, a hotel 
 and a mission within the lower cit)' and arc usuall)' located upon the 
 main streets. Owing to our inabilitx- to obtain defim'te information 
 regarding then), the Chinese have been gcnerall)' .omitted from 
 pre\ious calculations. There are but few Italian families; section 16 
 contains si.x, section 5 includes three and section 1 has two. The 
 Scandinavians are scattered. The)' ha\e become, as a rule, merged 
 into the English Protestant element. In fact, the few families of 
 foreign lineage, within "the cit)- below the hill," exclusive of the 
 
^■K^^mm^f^ 
 
 ^^^^gyp^wjpwiWBBiiiPPJ 
 
 68 
 
 Chinese, cannot fail soon to be, if they are not already, so fully 
 identified with our native population as to be essentially Canadian. 
 
 Perhaps it may not be out of place, in view of the fact that we 
 possess considerable data regarding the various localities within the 
 lower city and now know the predominating nationality in each, that 
 we here turn our attention to a consideration of race characteristics 
 to see if any such, through our series of articles, have been made 
 apparent. I trust I may offend no one in so doing and that it will 
 be borne in mind that I am not giving opinions but stating facts. 
 Let us, for purposes of such comparison, regard .sections 12 to 20 as 
 the typical French-Canadian belt, since over two-thirds of the families 
 are of this race. These sections are shown by horizontal broken 
 lines on map J. The district made up of .sections 21 to 30 we will 
 call the Irish-Canadian belt, as here two-thirds of the population are 
 of Irish descent, being indicated on the map by perpendicular 
 broken lines. Sections I to i I we will call the "mixed belt," 
 containing as it does the three elements in nearly equal proportions. 
 Section 9, the only section occupied in majority by British-Canadians, 
 is hardly of sufficient extent to be compared with the other areas. 
 
 We have treated of many subjects in previous articles, we will 
 see how the.se three belts: — the French-Canadian, the Irish-Canadian 
 and the "mixed" belt, compare with each other upon these matters. 
 
 The average size of the family (after deducting the lodgers) 
 in the "Mixed" belt is 4.67 persons. 
 
 " " Irish-Canadian " " 4.57 
 " " French-Canadian " " 4.52 
 
 The average number of wage-earners per family 
 in the Irish-Canadian belt is 1.43 person.s. 
 " " "Mixed" " " 1. 4 1 
 
 " " French-Canadian " " 1.40 " 
 
 The average number of home-tenders per family 
 in the "Mixed" belt is 1.72 persons. 
 
 " " French-Canadian " " 1.48 
 " " Irish-Canadian " " 1.48 
 
 i 
 
69 
 
 The proportion of children under five )-ear.s of a-c in the 
 avera-e famil>' of the French-Canadian belt is i6 per cent. "^ 
 " " Irish-Canadian " " i6 " 
 " " "Mixed" " " ,3 " 
 
 The percenta^re of school children in the axcrajre famil)- 
 
 of the French-Canadian belt is ->o ) ^ 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " ... -'o 
 
 " "Mixed" " '. " ''■'''■ 
 
 16 p.c. 
 
 The proportion of well-to-do families amon- the population 
 of the " Mixed " belt is ' / ^^^ 
 
 French-Canadian " " 7^ 
 
 12 p.c. 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " 
 
 9 pc. 
 
 The proportion of families belonging to the "n^al industrial class- 
 in the French-Canadian belt is 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " „ 
 
 " "Mixed" " " ;^;}''"'^" 
 
 66 p.c. 
 
 The proportion of regular and irregular incom'-.s 
 in the "Mixed " belt is 8; p.c.'keo-ular and ,3 p.c. Irregular. 
 
 I^rench-Canadian " " 79 p.c. " " 21 pc 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " 64 p.c. " " 36 p.c. 
 
 The proportion of families, living upon $5.00 per week or less 
 
 among the total mmiber, in the Irish-Canadian belt is 1; p.c' 
 
 " " French-Canadian " " , , p.^ 
 
 " " " Mixed " " •• Q 
 
 There is a marked difference between the several nationalities 
 which compose our population in ability to comfortabI>- subsist upon 
 \ery small incomes. Of the poor families especially investigated 
 among the French-Canadians 62 per cent, were comfortable and in- 
 dependent even upon $5.00 per week. 58 per cent, of the British- 
 Canadians were in similar condition, but only 51 per cent, of the 
 Irish-Canadians of this grade were not in need of assistance. 
 
 The average family income for all classes 
 in the " Mixed " belt is. . . .$,2 54 ; per individual . . $2 36 
 
 French-Canadian "".... 10 73 ; " " ^ -,7 
 
 " Irish-Canadian " " looo- " " I " 
 
 .... !»_; yju , ..210 
 
70 
 
 The axcrn^c earnings per wage-earner 
 
 in the " Mixed " belt amount to $8 89 per week. 
 
 r'rench-Canadian " " ." 7 62 " 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " " 7 00 " 
 
 The average family income of the real industrial class only 
 
 in the " Mixed " belt is $10 92 per week. 
 
 French-Canadian " " 9 92 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " 9 <^7 
 
 The average wage per worker among the " real industrial class " 
 
 in the " Mixed " belt is $7 92 per week. 
 
 r'rcnch-Canadian " " 7 26 
 
 Irish-Canadian " " 6 89 
 
 The average number of rooms in the " Mixed" belt is 6. 1 3 per f.imily. 
 
 h'r. Canadian " 4.50 " " 
 Irish Canadian " 4.33 " 
 
 1 he axerage number of persons |)er occu|)ietl room 
 
 in the Irisli-Canadian belt is 1.09 
 
 I'^rench-Canadian " " 1.04 
 
 " " Mixed " " " ,S6 
 
 The axerage f;imil\' rental 
 
 for the " Mixed " belt is $12 19 per month. 
 
 " French-Canadian " " 7 56 " 
 
 " " Irish-Canadian " " 6 64 " 
 
 The |)roportion which rental takes of income 
 
 in the " Mixed " belt is 24 p.c. 
 
 h'rcnch-Canadian " " 171/; p_c. 
 
 " Irish-Canadian " " 1(3 p c. 
 
 The axerage death rate 
 throughout the hVench-Canadian belt was. .25 per thousand in 1896 
 " Irish-Canadian " " ..21 " 
 
 " " Mixed " " " . . 18 " " " " 
 
 As to the sale of intoxicants. In the 
 
 Irish-Canadian belt there are 26 saloons and 34 liquor groceries, or 
 
 one liquor shop for exery 179 per.sons. In the 
 
 " Mi 
 
7J 
 
 " Mixed " belt are 40 saloons and 24 liquor groceries, or I liquor shop 
 for every 198 persons. In the 
 
 French-Canadian belt are 39 saloons and .19 liquor <rrocerics, or 1 
 liquor shop for every 208 persons. 
 
 On the whole the " mixed " belt, from these comparisons, m <<es 
 the best showinj^. Incoiiits and wages, renta's and accomnK)dation, 
 are all upon a better scale there than elsewhere. The size of the 
 family and the proportion of the elements which compose \^ are ver}' 
 nearly the same in the French-Canadian and m the Irish-Canadian 
 belts. Among the French-Canadians is U) be found the largest pro- 
 portion of families belonging to the " real mdustrial class." Vov 
 density and high death rate the French-Canadians take undesirable 
 precedence; for overcrowding and poverty the Irish-Canadian sections 
 make the least creditable showing. Upon other points the comparison 
 between these two belts is, as a rule, more fa\orable to the former 
 than to the latter nationalit}'. 
 
 It has frequently been asked why a location in •' (iriffintow n " 
 should be selected as the spot upon which should first be tried in 
 Montreal the experiment of philanthro])ic investment in the form of 
 improved dwellings for the working classes. I think the foregoing 
 comparisons ha\e already given the answer. It is because in this 
 region the need at the present time is greater than in any other locality 
 within our nether city, and because if success can be here attained it 
 will be certain elsewhere. 
 
 In closing this article, the figures of our census respecting the 
 religious beliefs of the families in "the city below the hill" may al.so be 
 given without comment. 
 
 Belt I. Sections i-io contain 1237 Roman Catholic families, 
 893 Protestant, 41 Jew, 1 1 I'agan. 
 
 Belt II. Sections 11-15 contain 1790 Roman Catholic families, 
 302 Protestant, 31 Jew, i Pagan. 
 
 Belt III. Sections 16-20 contain 915 Roman Catholic families, 
 135 Protestant, 42 Jew, I Pagan. 
 
 Belt IV. Sections 21-26 contain 1229 Roman Catholic families, 
 285 Protestant, i Jew, i Pagan. 
 
 Belt V. Sections 27-30 contain 600 Roman Catholic families, 
 152 Protestant, o Jew, 2 Pagan. 
 
72 
 
 ; !i 
 
 By the above it will be seen that y^H per cent, of the families of 
 "the city below the hill" are Roman Catholic, 23 per ceiU. arc 
 Protestant, .01 1^ per cent, are Jewish, and about .ooj^ per cent, are 
 Pagan. Except in Belt I, where 41 per cent, are Protestant, this 
 element nowhere e.xceeds one-fifth of the population. Belt II 
 contains 14 per cent., Belt III 12 per cent, Belt IV 18 per cent, 
 and Belt V 20 per cent, of families belonging to the Protestant faith. 
 
 I trust that a fuller knowledge of " the city below the hill " may 
 result in the putting forth of more earnest and effective efforts for the 
 improvement of this district. 
 
 This investigation has necessarily dealt with but a limited 
 portion of our city, it has considered the case of barely one-sixth of 
 our population. If, however, besides calling attention to certain 
 local deficiencies the publication of this series of articles shall have 
 accomplished anything by way of impressing upon the main body of 
 our citizens the immense importance of collecting and interpreting 
 similar figures for the city as a whole, my main object .shall have 
 been attained. It is unwise, even if it were possible, for private 
 enterpri.se to undertake duties properly belonging to the municipality 
 or the State. It is the duty of our civic and provincial authorities to 
 .secure for us similar data with respect to the entire city. By means 
 of our civic servants, in the Police and Fire Departments and at the 
 City Hall, a civic census could be annually taken within at most 
 three days time. The task of obtaining accurate sociological 
 stati.stics might be accomplished with le.ss haste by our Assessors in 
 connection with their regular annual rounds, or should a special 
 department be required, an annual expenditure o^ a sum not 
 exceeding $5000 would suffice to .secure this much needed information. 
 
 Were we by such means enabled each year to accurately 
 determine what progress was being made in improving the general 
 condition of .society, were we able every twelve months to place the 
 finger upon every district which exhibited unhealthy symptoms, I 
 have faith to believe that our citizens would not be unwilling to take 
 the necessary steps towards betterment. 
 
STATISTICS OF **THE CITY BELOV/ TH 
 
 KMI'LOVNil'.N'T 
 
 
 
 KKSinKNCli. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 TIIK 
 
 1-A.MI1,\-. 
 
 
 
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 4 
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 y. 
 
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 — 
 
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 I 
 
 11. 
 
 60 
 
 1.698 
 
 1-235 
 
 454 
 
 9 
 
 1.465 
 
 [135 
 
 198 
 
 177 
 
 21 
 
 181 
 
 '7 
 
 M5 
 
 361.137 
 
 $2.19.! 
 
 |i8i 
 
 t.045 
 
 763 
 
 '257 
 
 294 
 
 '5' 
 
 '3' 
 
 212 
 
 %2 
 
 2 
 
 7-4 
 
 15 947 
 
 242 
 
 668 
 
 ^7 
 
 5^'^ 
 
 i '^' 
 
 121 
 
 103 
 
 18 
 
 104 
 
 '7 
 
 87 
 
 17 
 
 749 
 
 1.56:.' 
 
 104 
 
 645 
 
 , 465 
 
 124 
 
 166 
 
 IC2 
 
 78 
 
 175 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 9.0 42 231 
 
 160 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 195 
 
 J114 
 
 145 
 
 139 
 
 6 
 
 134 
 
 >» 
 
 108 
 
 26 
 
 974 
 
 2.'3^ 
 
 '34 
 
 722 
 
 556 
 
 167 
 
 245 
 
 106 
 
 60 
 
 '44 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 ^'•3'^i 
 
 1.264 
 
 1.054 
 
 191 
 
 19 
 
 1-54 
 
 132 
 
 166 
 
 '59 
 
 7 
 
 '57 
 
 9 
 
 101 
 
 56 
 
 93' 
 
 2.0^157 
 
 8.4 
 
 579 
 
 218 
 
 238 
 
 '44 
 
 ')' 
 
 123 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 '5-7; 90 
 
 457 
 
 39S 
 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 427 
 
 244 
 
 375 
 
 357 
 
 18 
 
 344 
 
 3' 
 
 186 
 
 '58 
 
 1. 94 1 
 
 3-2^^344 
 
 1.898 
 
 1.428 
 
 446 
 
 50 ' 
 
 226 
 
 244 
 
 = 481 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 lo.o: 13 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 163 
 
 279 
 
 277 
 
 2 
 
 262 
 
 '7 
 
 237 
 
 25 
 
 1.796 
 
 3.010 
 
 |.'62 
 
 1.405 
 
 948 
 
 39- 
 
 480 
 
 253 
 
 204 
 
 78 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 96 
 
 75 
 
 21 
 
 
 85 
 
 .92 
 
 30. 
 
 271 
 
 30 
 
 259 
 
 42 
 
 221 
 
 38 
 
 1.658 
 
 3.272 
 
 2S9 
 
 '•275 
 
 899 
 
 399 
 
 442 
 
 225 
 
 '5' 
 
 i ■'5^ 
 
 -> 
 
 8 
 
 10.0 
 
 26 
 
 147 
 
 106 
 
 40 
 
 
 126 
 
 1.78 
 
 283 
 
 257 
 
 26 
 
 253 
 
 30 
 
 '77 
 
 76 
 
 '•533 
 
 2- 736 
 
 253 
 
 '•343 
 
 9.6 
 
 397 
 
 496 
 
 243 
 
 184 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 1.2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ii 14 
 
 207 
 
 207 
 
 
 178 
 
 29 
 
 .78 
 
 
 1.372 
 
 2.650 
 
 .78 
 
 828 
 
 578 
 
 2,8 
 
 352 
 
 16c 
 
 90 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 ic I i.o 31 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 
 82 
 
 193 
 
 334 
 
 325 
 
 9 
 
 3" 
 
 23 
 
 250 
 
 61 
 
 1.72. 
 
 2.997 
 
 '3" 
 
 1.626 
 
 1.072 469 
 
 578 
 
 3'o 
 
 244 
 
 2S 
 
 
 1 1 6.8 09 
 
 ^75 
 
 587 
 
 86 
 
 2 
 
 630 
 
 129 
 
 224 
 
 172 
 
 52 
 
 209 
 
 15 
 
 "4 
 
 95 
 
 '•335 
 
 2-325' 
 
 2CO 
 
 1.115 
 
 829 
 
 288 
 
 325 
 
 160 
 
 126 
 
 216 
 
 2 
 
 12 10. 
 
 42 
 
 130 
 
 108 
 
 22 
 
 
 119 
 
 172 
 
 334 
 
 297 
 
 37 
 
 30' 
 
 33 
 
 '25 
 
 176 
 
 1.322 
 
 2.38: 
 
 301 
 
 1.425 
 
 927 
 
 410 
 
 448 
 
 246 
 
 2^2 
 
 69 
 
 -> 
 
 '3 t96 
 
 41 
 
 180 
 
 169 
 
 I' 
 
 
 175 
 
 i328 
 
 706 
 
 428 
 
 278 
 
 661 
 
 45 
 
 325 
 
 33(^ 
 
 2.639 
 
 4-763 
 
 661 
 
 2.901 
 
 1.866 
 
 910 
 
 880 
 
 576 
 
 459 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 14 14-7 
 
 5^ 
 
 157 
 
 142 
 
 15 
 
 
 '5° 
 
 276 
 
 534 
 
 461 
 
 73 
 
 496 
 
 38 266 
 
 230 
 
 2.364 
 
 
 496 
 
 2-399 
 
 '•583 
 
 769 
 
 714 
 
 494 
 
 322iICO 
 
 5 
 
 •5 9-5 
 
 49 
 
 76 
 
 57' 19 
 
 
 <'7 
 
 24450^^452 
 
 54 
 
 457 
 
 49,223 
 
 234 '-936 
 
 3-o'3 
 
 457 
 
 2.041 
 
 1.283 
 
 6i8 
 
 640 
 
 404 
 
 3541 25 
 
 1 4 
 
 16 20.4 
 
 '5' 
 
 '•957 
 
 1.227717 
 
 13 
 
 1.588 
 
 158 267 227 
 
 40 
 
 227 
 
 401 70 
 
 '57 '-312 
 
 2.007 
 
 227 
 
 1.184 
 
 8'5 
 
 ^16 
 
 335 
 
 '95 
 
 174 16^ 
 
 2 
 
 17 14.0 
 
 79 
 
 379 
 
 296 82 
 
 I 
 
 33^ 
 
 188 299 282 
 
 1726732 95 
 
 172 1.264 
 
 2.262 
 
 267 
 
 I 327 
 
 816 
 
 382 
 
 379 
 
 293 
 
 218 
 
 55 
 
 i 3 
 
 18.2.5 
 
 51 
 
 '73 
 
 141 
 
 32 
 
 
 >57 
 
 125 266 248 
 
 18249 
 
 17 131 118 1.057 
 
 1.778 
 
 249 
 
 1.201 
 
 736 
 
 316 
 
 392 
 
 2^ 
 
 212 
 
 28 
 
 i 2 
 
 '9 
 
 '4-3 35 
 
 557 
 
 495 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 526 
 
 130 212 192 
 
 20 
 
 '93 
 
 19 fi8 751 927 
 
 1.546 
 
 19^ 
 
 9' 3 
 
 609 
 
 285 
 
 298 
 
 146 
 
 '58 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 >4-5 38 
 
 631 
 
 483 
 
 .48 
 
 
 557 
 
 88 180 
 
 168 
 
 I 2 
 
 '57 
 
 23 65; 92i 722 
 
 1-123 
 
 157 
 
 785 
 
 5021227 
 
 252 
 
 160 
 
 '23 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 21 174 
 
 47 
 
 1,372 1. 187 
 
 177 
 
 8 
 
 1.27S 
 
 54 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 
 84 
 
 12, 38 
 
 45 362 
 
 62: 
 
 83 
 
 406 
 
 262 
 
 98 
 
 129 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 35 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 •-5 
 
 29 O47 476 
 
 .46 
 
 23 
 
 5^'2 
 
 '97 
 
 374 
 
 358 
 
 16 
 
 3S6 
 
 18I 72 
 
 285 1.597 
 
 2-533 
 
 356 
 
 '-595 
 
 i.c6i 
 
 470 
 
 524 
 
 263 
 
 271 
 
 67 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 '5-5 
 
 42 633 625 
 
 8 
 
 
 629 
 
 76147 
 
 146 
 
 I 
 
 136 1 1 40 
 
 96 614 
 
 912 
 
 136 
 
 646 
 
 430 
 
 .78 
 
 218 
 
 118 
 
 v8 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 '7-3 
 
 24 
 
 '73 165 
 
 8 
 
 . 
 
 169 
 
 305424 
 
 403 
 
 21 
 
 394 30 
 
 '05 
 
 289 1.64.S 
 
 2.540 
 
 394 
 
 '•955 
 
 '•'60543 
 
 567 
 
 436 
 
 359 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 14.0 50 
 
 119 
 
 97 
 
 22 
 
 . . 
 
 ro8 
 
 260 480 
 
 459 
 
 21 
 
 45^3° 
 
 90 360 
 
 1. 917 
 
 2.896 
 
 450 
 
 2.087 
 
 1.359672 
 
 630 
 
 382 
 
 346 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 285! 22 
 
 324 
 
 299 
 
 8 
 
 '7 
 
 309 
 
 56;ioi 98 
 
 3 
 
 97 
 
 4 
 
 '8, 79 
 
 387 
 
 612 
 
 97 
 
 444 
 
 291142J 
 
 134 
 
 87 
 
 66- 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 500 23 
 
 T.oqo 
 
 9'5 
 
 
 135 
 
 95c 
 
 ' 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 . . 
 
 3 
 
 • • 
 
 It 2 
 
 '2 
 
 15' 
 
 1 
 
 .I 
 
 '9 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 . . 
 
 
 2S 
 
 12.4 45 
 
 385 
 
 257 
 
 128 
 
 
 321 
 
 183 3 '3 29' 
 
 22 
 
 284 
 
 29 
 
 82 202 
 
 1.197 
 
 1. 89 1 
 
 284! '347 
 
 8SW39 
 
 398 
 
 275 
 
 189 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 21.8 
 
 39 
 
 1. 103 
 
 995 
 
 58 
 
 ^0 
 
 1.041 
 
 80 147 '33 
 
 '4 
 
 131 
 
 16 
 
 531 78 
 
 610 
 
 938 
 
 '3' 
 
 ^'59, 
 
 403 188 
 
 194 
 
 146 
 
 1 io[ 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 23.4 
 
 50 
 
 SM 
 
 362 
 
 67 
 
 85 
 
 417 
 
 ,200 
 
 368 
 
 344 
 
 24 
 
 33(i 
 
 32 
 
 75i26i 
 
 1 
 
 1.489 
 
 2.125 
 
 336; 
 
 i.6o? 
 
 1.022 
 
 5'2 
 
 466 
 
 316 
 
 264I 
 
 i 
 
 44 
 
 -» 
 0- 
 
 1 
 
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i^ THE HILL." (J896.) 
 
 INCOMKS. 
 
 NATIONALITV 
 
 AND 
 
 KKI.KJION'. 
 
 SUKKO ;Nn. 
 
 iXds. 
 
^ 1 
 
 
 
 Z.~ __»1i.X.«- 
 
AfA r/o/>fAur/£r s