IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // / / !<= £p. i" ^ :/ 1.0 I.I 1.25 SIM ilM " IM IIIII2.2 1116 12.0 1.8 U lllll 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ V \\ % V ^'Ia. «■ c> ^> ?0 % n? n WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ €^< Q- CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculie Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Colouied ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows oi distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 fiimdes. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es J Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachet^es ou piqu6es □Pages detached/ Pages d^tach^es □ Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Qualitd in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont h\h filmdes d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. n Addivional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; a This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y ' 1?X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Nova Scotia Public Archives L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Nova Scotia Public Archives ails du difier line iage The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illus' ration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — *► (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur l.i dernidru image de cheque microfiche, selo.n le cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, plannhes, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre leproduit en un seui' clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. rrata to pelure, nd n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 • 6 V I m^ ■m n^ UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY REVIEW OCCUPIED WITH SUBJECTS OF CURREJfT THOUGHT FIRST QUARTER, 1590 COWTKKTS: I. Autochthon (Poem)— By Charles G. D. Roberts, M.A., Professor of Engli'sh Literature, King's College, Windsor, N.S. <; II. The National Sentiment in Canada— By John George BOURINOT, CM. J., LL.D., Clerk of the Commons, Par- liament of Canada. III. The Canadian Sugar Combine — By W. J. Ashley, M.A., Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto. IV. Browning's 'Sordello'— By W. J. Alexander, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of English Literature, University of Toronto. V. Proposed Municipal Corporations in Upper Canada, 1794 — By Thomas Hodgins, M.A., Q.C., Master in Ordinary. VI. New Work in Psychology: i. Method ; 2. Psycho-Physics; 3. Psychometry— By J. MARK BALDWIN, M.A., Ph.D., Prof, of Logic and Moral Philosophy, University of Toronto. VII. Titles of Honour in Canada— By J. D. EDGAR, M.P. VIM. Bi-Lingual Texts: A Resume of the Discussion. IX. The Morpho-Maniac : Is the Physician Responsible? X. Notes and Comments. — The University Fire — ^The Work of Re-construction — Weather Predictions — Recent Anti-Mor- mon Legislation — The Rhyming Mania, etc., etc. [SINGLE NUMBER, §0 CENTS PER ANNUM, $2.00 CommunicaUons to be Addretmed P.O, Box 298, Toronto 'C I EXPIRATION OF LEASE REDUCTION OF STOCK DEING desirous of largely reducing our stock, we will for a short WHILE make LIBERAL DISCOUNTS in nearly all Departments. As we have been careful to keep our stock up to its WELL-KNOWN STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE, this will offer a rare opportunity to Librarians, Teachers, and general readers to secure Standard and Choice Works at Most Favourable Rates. Gentlemen who eannot call on us are requested to correspond. Every Department of Literature is represented on our Shelves, and we have also some choice specimens of Canadian A and American A wwthy notice of Collectors. WILLIAMSON & CO., PUBLISHERS & BOOKSELLERS TORONTO. , i) t"- ^■-- 7-^ »■-/.■ . Wi' THE NATIONAL SKNTIMF.NT IN CANADA THE NATIONAL SENTIMENT IN CANADA SOME years ago the serenit) of that useful institution in London which has been founded in the interest of colonial development and imperial union, known as the Royal Colonial Institute, appears to have been for a moment StiJly disturbed by the title of a paper which I had the honour of contributing to its proceedings. Taking then as always a natural pride in the progrc-s of my native country, and having an unswening confidence in her ability sooner or later to take a high position among the communities of the world, I endeavoured as far as I was able to show what the sagacity of her statesmen and the energy of her people had already achieved in the course of a few decades of years, and to indulge in some sanguine predictions of the bright future that was evidently in store for the Dominion. The audience was composed, as is usually the case at meetings of this Society, of many distinguished gentlemen, who were quite ready to admit the truth of all the paper set forth in praise of Canada and to wish her in eloquent terms every success in peopling and developing the northern half of this Continent. But some of these gentlemen — not Canadians, of course — as I have said, had their mental equilibrium affected because this paper bore the title of "The National Development of Canada." From the comments that were passed on words written innocently, one would have imagined that a serious blow had been levelled at the integrity of the Empire. My representative on this occasion, the Honorary Secretary, now Sir Frederick Young — for I was not in England at the time — considered the matter of so much gravity that he explained that I was not only a true Canadian but a loyal supporter of imperial connection. Whether the title was apt or not, it certainly conveyed the exact meaning of the essay, and on numerous other occasions since then it has been used without ?.-«aii UNIVEKSITV OUARTEKLV KliX IliW ly" objection in many iMiglish periodicals, even in that staiulard old organ of Church and State, the Qiuirtcrly Rcvicic. What I meant then as always was explained in the few words which Sir Frederick Young read from a letter which was written at his own request to soothe the lacerated feelings of the Society : " We have already made such great progress that Canada possesses many of the attributes of a nation, and the time is fast approaching when statesmen must decide whether these national elements are to resolve themselves into the empire at large or into a separate power." These explan- atory words appear to have satisfied the super-sensitive members of the Society and there is little doubt that they retired to their clubs and homes in the proud consciousness of having placed Canada in its proper place, and given some additional guarantees for the security of the British Empire. If I refer to the subject again it is because there are perhaps some persons even now ready to take exception to tjic use of the word "national" in connection with Canada. I One can hardly believe it, however, in the face of the fact that "we have made such progress of late that \\'e ha\e already a " National Policy " as the emanation of the wisdom of a political party now in power for many years — a "National Policy" which is essentially Canadian in its scope and intention and places English commercial interests on the same footing that it places those of any other country that is foreign in the real sense of the term. The words which were read at the Colonial Institute may be considered the key-note of this paper. No one who considers the political de\elopmcnt of Canada within a century and less, but must recognize that there has been a Destiny shaping her ends steadily in the direction of national advancements In the early autumn of 1 792, the first represen- tative asscmoly of the new province of Upper Canada held its first session on the banks of the picturesque Niagara River in a humble wooden building which has long since disappeared. In the same year, in the month of Hecember, the French Canadians found themselves represented for the first time in THE NATIONAL Sf.NTIMNET IN CANADA 5 a lc|;islativc asscmbl)' which was fonnall)' opened in an old stone builclin[4', lont; known as tlie Bishop's I'alacc, in the nei;j;hbourhood of Prescott Gate. Hy this time, the province of Xew l^iunswick was ict;ulaii>' constituted but it was still without repi"esentati\e institutions. In Xova Scotia the first leL;islati\e assembly came toi^ether in 1758, or 34 years before a similar lei:;islature inet in Canada. Prince Edward Island was separated from Xova Scotia in 1769, and its first house of assembly was called toijjethcr in 1773. In those days the total population of the five pro\inces did not exceed two hundred and fifty thousand of whom at least one hundred thousand were French Canadians and Roman Catholics. Of this population probablx- fift)- thousand were United Empire Loyalists who had adhered to kini^ and country with true fidelity and courage tluring the war of indepentlence in the old Thirteen Colonies. Quebec, Montreal and Halifax were the only places of importance in P>ritish Xorth America. Xewark, now Niagara, was an insignificant village which did not long retain its dignitj' as a political capital, but soon abdicated in favor of York, which, in those days, showed no evidence whatever of the remarkable prosperity that it was to exhibit as Toronto in the closing days of this century. The establishment of representative institutions in British North America may be justly considered the first decided move in the direction of that political development which was eventually to create a federation full of vigor and hope. It stimulated the political energies of the people at large. For many years a great contest, we all know, was waged in the several provinces, and especially in Lower Canada, for the extension of political privileges and the establishment of popular government. When the constitution of 1792 was given to the two provinces, Lieutenant-governor Simcoe, who opened the first legislature at Newark, declared it was intended " to make the new constitutional system an image and tran- script of the British Constitution." But this promise must seem illusory when we proceed to review the practical operation of the political sj'stem that lasted from 1792 to 1840. While UNivERsiTv ()L'arti:ki,v Ri:vn:\v it was certainly a rccoLjnition of the political rij^hts of the people, at the same time it was wanting' in the most essential clement of the lCni,dish constitution — the responsibility of the executive to the parliament. The provinces were excitetl for )'ears by a contest between an executive authority, noini- natcd by and dependent on the crown, and the represen- tatives of the people's house who systematically asserted their claim to control the public finances, and to have a voice in the administration of public affairs, in accordance with the principles of the iMit^lish c(Mistitutional system. The difficulty in all the provinces was (gravely complicated by the anta<4on- ism shown to the assemblies by the let;islative councils, nominated and controlled by the executive. This contest for popular ri<,fhts, which was fouL,dit out in British North America during the first half of this century, stimulated the mental vigour of the people and brought forward many statesmen of large breadth of view and great constitutional knowledge — statesmen who distinguished themsc'ves in a momentous era of constitutional agitation, which was never practically settled until the concession of resjwnsible govern- ment after the union of the Canadas in 1840. It is an interesting fact that, in those times of intense political conflict, the French Canadians who, for one • mdred and fifty years, had been subject to an autocratic system of government — resembling in its essential features the government of a province in France — displayed as much insight into the principles of political freedom and as complete an appreciation of local self-government as if they and their fathers had been born and bred under the influence of English insti- tutions. The inhabitants of the old English Colonies were never more powerful advocates of the rights of a people in an iMiglish community to govern themselves in all matters of local concern than were the leading men of the French Canadian race who were not even permitted under the French regime to appoint municipal councillors and meet hi public assemblies for the transaction of business of mere ordinary concern. r\ ^ I r ■ • /..>^ Tin: NATIONAL SliNTIMLNT IN CANADA The union of 1840 was the next important move in the political progress of the I'rcninces that now constitute the Dominion. The report which bears the name of Lord Durham, but which really was written by a man equally astute, Charles l^uller, thoroughly exposed the causes of the rebellion of 1H37-38 and explained clearly and emphatically the principles that should guide the government of England in their policy towards a people who so fully recognized the value of local freedom. The publication of this document was soon followed by the union of 1840 and the concession of responsible governinent in the complete sense of the term in the next few years. The provinces were at last given a real " image and transcript " of the British constitution — not a mere semblance like that which won the encomiums of the first governor of Upper Canada /., It is true responsible government was not granted in a single day or even in one year, but it soon worked itself out the moment the British government agreed to its leading principles in the famous despatch written by . Lord John Russell, when colonial secretary in 1839,10 Mr. Poulett Thomson, afterwards Lord Sydenham, l^y 1848 all the provinces were practically in possession of a system of parliamentary government as understood in England. The people's house had full control of the people's purse, and chose a committee of their own to carry on the administration of public affairs. From 1 841 to 1867 the provinces increased in population and wealth, in intellectual vigour, and in all the elements that goto constitute national strength. Not a year passed without some additional recognition being given to the imperial authorities of the ability of the people of the provinces to manage every matter affecting their local interests. Year by year it loosened its control over its dependencies and taught them to cultivate that self-reliance and self-confidence without which no com- munity can e\er become great and prosperous. Then followed the federal union of the provinces as the natural sequence of their political progress. The difficulties between the French and English sections of the old province iS 8 LM\KRSIT\ (.)LART1;RLV RLVIKW of Canada were no doubt the prime moving cause that led to the Quebec conference of 1S64 that brout:;ht about the union ; but it is also quite certain that below the declared motives of the conference la)' deep in the mindsof Canailian statesmen the conviction that the future inte^nitj' and security of Canada, as a separate and proj^ressive communit}- on this continent, dei'ended on bringint; tot^^ether all sections into a anion which would t^ive the central goxernment control ( ^r all matters of fjcneral or national import, and at the same time leave the provincial ort^anizations such powers as are necessary to carry on their administration of local affairs with efficiency. I'or years such a union liad been urged by the most thoughtful men of Ikitish America, and its necessitj' was shewn most forcibl)- as years passed when e\ery effort to have railway communications and intercolonial trade proved futile on account of the impossibility of reconciling the diverse interests and rivalries of the provinces. Commercial reasons had powerful influences on the consummation of the Canadian federal union just as the}' had in bringing about "the more perfect union " of the American States. It has been truly said by a sound constitutional authority* that "the consolida- tion of the industrial interests of the United States has proved to be the strongest bond of the federal state " ; and the founders of the Canadian Confederation at once recog- nized the necessity of bringing the provinces into commercial as well as political union in the earliest possible moment. If there were any tloubts before on the subject, the repeal of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1864 ^^'^s a significant warning of what lay before the people of British American Colonies if they continued isolated much longer from each other. The necessity of being in a position to organize promptly and decisively measures of self-defense was shown them by the Fenian raids. The threatened invasion of New Brunswick in the spring of 1866 had no doubt some considerable influence in reconciling the people of that province to the * Von Hoist's Constitutional Law of the United States (Mason's trans- lation), p. 136. i TlIK NATIONAL SKNTIMKNT IN CANADA JL..V^': schcnT^ of the Quebec conference which they had hesitated to accept for several months. So it happened that out of the very circumstances which were apparently calculated to do much injury to Canada her people learned lessons of wisilom and self-reliance, and were stimulated perhaps more rapidly than otherwise would have been the case to carry out their scheme of national development. The imperial L,fovernment, in conformity with their policy since 1S40 towards their self-Ljoxernin;^ colonies, resijonded lieartilv to the wishes of the people of the provinces ; and aI*'iouL;h there were a few statesmen and publicists who bcli^ d that this chantje was but another step towards colonial independence they reL,farded the aspirations of the people as natural to communities full of political life, antl L;ave a willini^ support to the formation of a New DoiTiinion in America, which was far to surpass in all the conditions of greatness that Old Dominion, recallinj^ the name of the famous Mnglish Queen in whose reign English adventurers first sought the mysterious West and laid the foundations of the supremacy of ICngland on the seas. Ne\er was a great revolution effected more quietly than this federal union of Canada ; and yet it involved the destiny of half a continent, and placed an insu})crable barrier to the ambition of the great I'ower to our South. 'pAvctity-two years have passed since the consummation of the federal union of 1.S67, and the results that have been achieved are such to attract the attention of the world. The Dominion of Canada now comprises a country with an area onl}' little less than that of the United States, including the \ast territory of Alaska, and possessing an acreage of fertile lands in the North-West beyond that owned by our neighbours. It is true we have not the rich tropical regions of the South, with their cotton and sugar, and orange groves. Ours is a Northland with a climate in many respects like that of the Eastern, Middle and Western States. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island represent Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Quebec lO UNIVERSITY OUAKTKRLV RFA'IEW invites comparison with the climate and scenery of New Hampshire, Vermont and eastern New York. Ontario fairly evokes a contrast with the fairest districts of Western and Northern New York and of Ohio. The province of Manitoba and the district of Assiniboia are more fertile than Minnesota and the Dacotahs. In the Territories of Alberta and Saskat- chewan, and even probabl}' on the banks of the Mackenzie av ' Peace Rivers, there are opportunities for mixed farming, foi die raising; of large herds of horses and cattle, that cannot be surpassed by Texas or the great Territories of the United States. The western lands of the Republic arc being rapidly settled and exhausted, but in the great North-West of the Dominion, whose productiveness was only made known to the world as it were yesterday, there is room for many millions of souls, and for the settlement of numerous states as prosperous and populous as Wisconsin, Michigan or Minnesota, and offering, it is claimed, great advantages over the Dacotahs in climate, in fertility of soil, and in the quality of grain. A railway which, for rapidity and perfection of construction, for superiority of equipment, and for the comfort and convenience it offers to tourists can hardly be surpassed, now carries the traveller across the continent to the beautiful shores of l^urrard's Inlrt, where a city of ten thousand souls, with a. spacious park, electric lights, blocks of fine warehouses and elegant residences, waterworks and other necessities of civilized communities, has grown up within three j'ears, and is destined to be, its founders believe, a great emporium for th ~ tea, silk and other products of China and Japan. In every province of Canada there is now a perfect network of railways which owe their construction mainly to the large subsidies in money and land given them by the Dominion and Provincial go\ernments. The Dominion owns a system of canals superior to those of any country in the world. Cities like Toronto and Ottawa are increasing at a rate hardly exceeded by the most enterprising American communities, antl one in the far west, the capital of Manitoba, has now a population of between thirty and forty thousand souls though !i TlIK NATIONAL SKNTIMKNT IN CANADA II it has only sprung into existence since 1870. The govern- ment of Canada has cxiiibitcd a surprising amount of energy and enterprise in completing those great public works, which are absolutely essential to the de\eIopment of the whole country, although in doing so a large debt has been accumu- lated. Of this debt, however, the people do not appear to make any loud complaints, since it is clear to them that it is intimately connected with the progress of the Dominion. If Canada is to hold her own in competition with the United States it is only by affording such facilities to capital and population as will induce themjto come into the country and developc its various resources. /Manufactures have grown up in , every .section under a s\-stcm o( protection to Canadian productions which resembles in essential respects the system still in operation in the United States although less burden- some in the weight of taxation and less vexatious in its '-III operation and details.^' Not onl>- has a \aluable system of manufactures been thus artificially stimulated but what is still more valuable in many ways, a considerable intercolonial trade has been developed as one of the most useful results of confederation. l-Jut the great hope of Canada lies in the opening up and settlement of the rich territories of the North- West. Tlie history of the West of the United States is now repeating itself in the Canadian territories. One of the serious weaknesses of the proxinces of the Dominion for years has been the steady efflux of their people into the American union where the great manufacturing and industrial enterprises of the country have afforded oi)portunities for regular employment which, until cjuite recently, could not be found in the relatively less enterprising and wealthy com- munities of British America. But now, with the rapid development of a great manufacturing industry and the consequent exhibition of larger enterprise in ever}- part of the Dominion, and with the opening up of the North-West, the reasons that formerly existed for this unfortunate emigration of our best men may be considered practically at an end. In the United States the same movement of people seeking 7> 12 UNIVERSITY (^UARTLRLV RKVIKW !: I new homes has been going on for half a centurv' and more, but happily for their prosperity it has been from their own East to their own West. It is only recently that the Canadian people, or the world outside, have known that the Dominion has a western region fully equal, if not superior in some respects, to that of the American Commonwealths. Now the bone and sinew of Ontario and the older provinces have opened up farming settlements, and built prosperous towns and villages from the head of Lake Superior to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains and are even crossing those natural barriers into the rich valleys and table-lands of British Columbia. Like the New l^ngland migration to the West, the Canadian settlement from the English-speaking provinces is the most valuable that could be possibly made in a new country. Each band of settlers takes with it the practical knowledge best suited to the countr\', and forins a nucleus around which the European immigrant, ignorant of the best methods of farming under a condition of things quite new to him, finds it to his profit to establish himself The man from Ontario takes with him an intimate acquaintance of an excel- lent municipal s\-stem and a capacity for local government, which are invaluable in the organization of new territories and provinces which are being carved out of that great western region from which Canada now expects so much. The history of Ohio, Indiana, and of many a western State which owes all the sound elements of its prosperity to the New England migration is now being repeated on the banks of the Red, Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Rivers of the west. In fact the tide of national development is now slowl}- , and steadily forcing itself to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. '\ Five millions of people now inhabit this country where, a century ago, the total population did not exceed a quarter of a million. These people on the whole enjoy an amount of prosperity which ma}' compare favourably with that of their progressive American neighbours, who have so long received the bulk of British and European emigration. The .system of government is well adapted to develope their industries and ^,r,fi^-^'-yfj:-^r ■^^ Tin; NATIONAL SENTIMENT IN CANADA 13 teach them self-reliance. Each province enjoys a system of sclf-i,fovcrnment which gives it control of all those provincial and purely municipal affairs which naturally and conveniently appertain to a local administration. These affairs arc admin- istered) by a lieutenant-governor, and executive council, a legislature, and municipal councils, all acting within a sphere of well-defined functions. Over all the provinces is placed a central government which has control of all questions of national import like commerce, defence, fisheries, and public works of Dominion interest. The control of the North-West Territory is exclusively in the hands of the Dominion authorities, who may carve out new provinces and establish therein all the machinery of government. The arrangement of the tariff is a matter entirely within the control of the Dominion Parliament, and the Imperial authorities no longer claim the right to interfere in any way even though the taxation may weigh heavily on certain classes of British manufactures. The volunteer forces of Canada are fully equal to the internal defence of the country, and now in times of peace the presence of a fleet and a few troops at Halifax is the only visible evidence of British supremacy in Canada. The ability of the united provinces to cope with internal difficulties, and to do their full share in case of foreign aggression, has been clearly proved in the North- West region, where a nascent rebellion was crushed in a few weeks by the intrepidity of the Canadian volunteers, whose rapid march for thousands of miles at a most inclement season into a wilder- ness country is among the most remarkable achievements ever performed by relatixely inexperienced troops. All these facts are so many evidences of the national development of a country whose political history as a British dependency goes back only to the latter part of the eighteenth century. To all intents and purposes Canada possesses many attributes of a sovereign independent State. England only retains the appointment of a governor-general as the head of the executive authority in the Dominion, and the right to disallow acts of the Canadian Parliament whenever they may interfere 14 UNIVERSITY ()UARTt:RLV RP:VIh;\V > { - with matters of cxclusivcl)' imperial jurisdiction. Canada cannot dircctl}' enter into and perfect treaties with foreiL;ii powers — that beint; an act of Soverei(;nty — but her right to be consulted and represented in the negotiation of treaties immediateh' affectintr her commercial interests has been rcpcatcdh' recognized within the last thirty years. The Canadian Parliainent cannot alter the written constitution-, known as the Dritish North America Act of 1867, except bj- the authority of the British Legislature from whom that instrument emanated ; but the Act gives power to the several provincial legislatures to amend their respective constitutions within certain limitations. The decisions of the Canadian Courts are not final as ther*.- is an appeal to the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council — the Supreme Court . , . of the Empire in certain cases ; and even this reference is . SjX^'y Y only allowed with certain restrictions for it is not the practice •^^,:'-] C \to refer mere abstract questions of law to this Committee. V \' The Canadian Parliament has even successfully withdrawn criminal cases from the jurisdiction of the Imperial Court* — another illustration of the determination of Canada to assert its independence in all matters of Canadian concern. A still stronger assertion of the legislative independence of Canada, within the constitutional limits of the British North America Act of 1867, can be found in the history of the Copyright Act,t which was passed by the Canadian Parlia- ment in the .session of 1889, and which conflicts with Lnperial legislation passed on the same subject previous to 1867, and applicable to the Colonies. It is emphatically asserted by the Dominion government, in its correspondence with the Imperial authorities, that "as regards all those subjects, in respect of which powers were given to the Canadian Parlia- ment by the British North America Act, the true construction of that Act is that the Canadian Parliament may properly * See Doni. Stat., 51 \'ict., c. 43. Hourinot's "Federal Government in Canada," p. 68, note. Can. Se.ss. F., 1889, ^'o- 77- t See the able report on the Copyriji^ht Act by Sir John Thompson, Minister of Justice. Can. Sess. P., 1890. No. 61. •¥ <^)f\ '^ •»it;*iT#»'*i«W!*ff THE NATIONAL SKNTIMKNT IN CANADA 15 anada orcign ght to rcatics been The itutiotr, cpt by 11 that several itutions madian 5 of the c Court cncc is practice nmittce. thdrawn :,ourt*- to assert Jcncc of h North of the I ParUa- Imperial 867, and LM-ted by with the DJccts, in II ParUa- truction properly ;rnment in Thompson, *..M^:^ i legislate without any limitation of its competency excepting the limitation which Her Majesty can alwa\s impose by disallowance, and excepting also the control b}' Imperial legislation subsequent to the Constitutional Act of 1867." A..,i^'')^^\'\\ , Canadians are not likely to take exception to views which are ^ "' V/ r in perfect consonance with their right of control o\er all •' ' ' \^ matters of Canadian concern ; and, in referring to the subject ^ O" "' here, I wish only to show how, year by year, Canada is ever asserting her powers of self-government, even if in doing so / , ;^^ '■ i f • ■'' r ^ *2 -, -' she takes away, in a measure, from the supremacy of the "77 Imperial Parliamenbl I ^■''iJ. I'^^J / With the recora oT the past before them, Canadians look ^'forward confidently to the future of their country. The same spirit of energy and hopefulness that has heretofore animated them in developing their wide domain in the face of the great attractions offered to capital and population by their enter- prising neighbors is certain to enable them to hold their own on this continent and to give them eventually a foremost position among the nations. In view of such honourable achievement it would be strange if there is not a growing national spirit in all centres of thought and activity. We see it in the constant use of the word " national " applied to every movement that is essentially Canadian and in the pride that is taken in every Canadian success. We see it in the larger aspirations and the higher patriotism that are animating a large body of our people and especially of the young men proud as they are of their parentage, at the same time are beginning to feel a natural gratification in the reflection that they are Canadian. It cannot be denied that there is much yet to be won in this particular — that a feeling of colonial dependency clings to some of us — that we still think the insertion of an article in an English periodical or the praise of the Times or the Atlic/ucu/n as beyond any encomiums we can receive from a purely Canadian source, however high it may be. These are, however, natural feelings which must ever linger among us ; they are inseparable from the pride which we must always take in that England from whom we, like all -/ i i6 UMVERSITV ()UAKTKRLV REVIEW i ! I I ,A N.> yv T 1 y the world, have received the noble heritage of a free govern- ment and a noble literature. Such an attachmeni. and respect for l*2ngland should alwajs be in our hearts whatever our future may be ; but there should not be a readiness to ignore Canadian thought and Canadian merit simply because they are not English — to depreciate Canada because it is not Eng- land. Canadians have no reason to be ashamed whenever they arc brought in any way into competition English- men in this country ; and whether it is a quesuiwii of hard work or of intellectual struggle they are not the ones behind. Xo fact perhaps more clearly shows the growth of the national idea among Canadians than the work which is being done by the literary men of Canada. The French Canadian writers have until recently been chiefly noted for the interest that they have taken in their own country which has so attractixe a record from which to draw inspiration for history, poetry and romance. The best history in some respects that has been written by a Canadian is that by Garneau, but its very scope and spirit arc not Canadian in the real ;;cnse of the word, but simply provincial or sectional. A wider national spirit appears to be slowly growing up among French Cana- dian writers and they arc even grasping the idea that Canada should mean a great country stretching between two oceans, having diverse nationalities, ■ ut animated from one end to the other by a national impulse, originating from and sustained by a feeling of common interest. The English Canadian writers arc certainly, as a rule, Canadian in spirit and truth,— as ready to recognize French Canadian i.s English genius and none are more so than the poets of whom Canada has reason to be proud. / The collection of Canadian poems recently issued in London,* gives a fair idea of the strong Canadian or national sentiment that is making itself felt in the Dominion. Curious enough, however, let me observe here, it ignores the most spirited poem that was ever written by a Canadian. I refer to "Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, in * Songs of the Great Dominion — Selected and edited by W, D, Light- ball, M.A., of Montreal. i/' 1;rtf^''^'f ,,''^^''^^-f''^'^ ■-JXWSrt •► TIIK NATIONAL SENTIMENT IN CANADA 17 spirit uTlish an ad a K)cms ong in the icre, it by a )\vc, in Lisht- which he pays a noble tribute to the pioneers who laid the foundation of our country's greatness, and which should certainly be placed at the head of those verses quoted, as embodying the spirit of " a new nationality." We would indeed be unworthy Canadians should we forget all wc owe to the Past and its heroic men. •' Not here ? Oh ! yes, our hearts their presence feel ; Viewless, not voiceless, from the deepest shells On memory's shore, harmonious echoes steal : And names, which, in the daysj^one hy, v.vre spells, Are blent with that soft music. If there dwells The sjjirit here our country's fame to spread. While every breast with joy and triumph swells. And earth reverb'rates to our measured tread, Banner and wreath should own our reverence for the dead." The patriotic fervour that distinguished the poems and S; eeches of the eminent poet and statesman, whose eloquence always stirred the hearts of his countrymen and who, more than any other man, gave to Nova Scotia political liberty, has not died away in these days but finds itself living in the poems of Mair, Roberts, Sangster, Kirby, Lighthall, Wilfred Campbell, " F'idelis," Bliss Carman, Lampman, and many others who show a deep love for Canada, its history, its —scenery and its national movement. .■ In Canadian contributions to American and English periodicals, in pamphlets, in historical writings, and in the coluinns of the press the same key-note is touched from time to time, and we see a disposition to encourage a national feeling and give Canada a higher position in the world. It is true there are exceptions, and I have now in my mind a brilliant writer who has for years made Canada his home and might have- associated his name to all time with the country of his adoption had he chosen to sympathize with the natural aspirations of her sons in their struggle for national life instead of indulging in melancholy criticisms of the present and gloomy visions of the future. I l^ut it will here be urged that there can never be a united national sentiment in a country where there is steadily growing / "'-t'' 1 >* .-■ /.Cil- •"> ■3 "J i r 18 UNIVKRSITV (lUARTERLV RF.VIKW up a powL'rful French Canadian nationality, adhfM'in^j; with remarkable tenacity to its lanL;uat;e and institutions, and having distinct interests which may constantly clash with those of Enj^lish Canada and brin<,^ about eventuall}' in the opinion of the pessimists a war of races like that which sullied the pa<;es of our history previous to 1840. Xo doubt there are some persons narrow-minded and sectional, I must believe, v.ho would see French Canada in the position of inferiority occupied by their compatriots who live on the banks of the Mississippi with its devious bayous, by the Lakes of the Atchafalya, or " On tlic Acadian coast and the prairies of fair ()|)el()usas." Regret it as some may, the die is cast. Th? time has long since passed when that gradual amalgamation of the two races that is now going on in Louisiana, or which happened long ago in England, can take place in Canada. From the day the Quebec Act was passed, down to the present, the French Canadian has been firmly established in the country he first won from the wilderness, and has received guarantees for the preservation of his national characteristics which cannot now be disturbed by ill-timed attacks upon the institutions he values most highly. Canadians must calmly and honestly accept things as they are, and labour earnestly in a spirit of compromise to reconcile all the jarring elements of this confederation just as they have been successfully reconciled among the mountains of Switzerland. It is not strange that jealousies and rivalries at times arise between the two races that inhabit Canada but the time is passed, we all should hope, when differences of race and religion can be stimulated into the bitterness of word and deed that existed previous to 1840, which was a turning point in the history of Canada ; for from the moment Canadians, irrespective of nationality, were granted a full measure of self-government, and the French Canadian felt he had all the rights of manhood, the statesmen of all races and sects and opinions have laboured to build up a new England on this continent with a sincerity and zeal that have already produced encouraging results. The Tin-; NAIIONAL SKNTIMKNT IN CANADA 19 .r with IS, and h with • in the : which o doubt . I must sition of on ti\e , by the ills." has long the two happened m the day lie French ;ry he fii'^t CCS for the annot now tutions he :\ honestly a spirit of ts of this reconciled itrangc that le two races ,hould hope, lulated into ous to 1840. ,a ; for from ^lality, were the French le statesmen i to build up •ity and zeal :sults. The existence of a fc icnil unicin has given the I'lench Canadians complete control of their own proNiiicc and the right to maintain their speci.il institutions, antl as long as its principles are maintained we have the best possible guarantee for the harmon\- and' integrit)- of the ilominion. Their best men know that absorption into the United States would be a death- blow to their influence as a French Canadian people, and the history of their compatriots in Louisiana would be eventually reproduced in their own case. They are roati)' to work out their own destin\' in unison with their ICnglish co-workers in the dominion, and no sagacious man amongst them asserts so impossible or suicidal a scheme as the foundation of an independent French nationalits' on the banks of the St. Lawrence. The brilliant leader of the opposition in parlia- ment only voiced the sentiments of his compatriots, conservative as well as liberal, when he said c^i+te vee^HtUi in the presence of a large iMiglish audience in the city of Toronto: "If there arc an\' amongst m\' fellow-countr)'nien who ha\e ever dreamed of closing themselves into a small community of F^-enchmcn on the banks of the St. Lawrence, I am not one of them. It would be an act of black ingratitude if, after we had sought from England the privileges and rights of P>ritish subjects, we arc now to reject the responsibilities of such subjects. If having sought the protection of Britain to grow strong, we were, when strong enough, to attempt to stab the friendly hand, and refuse to cast in our lot with those who are fellow-countrvmcn of ours, and whose birthright we claim as our inheritance. When confederation was established it was not intended that it should be based upon the humiliation of any one race ; that any one should give up its character- istics ; but it was expected that though e\cry nationality might retain its individualit\', \-et that all would be actuated by one aspiration and would endeavour to form one nation." Looking then at the present condition of things in the Dominion, the great area it occupies and the wealth already won from the eart'^ and the sea, the self-reliance of the people, the truly Canadian spirit that is abroad, the hopeful ! > I .,vr„ 20 ir; UMVKkSITV ()UAKTL;KLV kkview and spiritctl utterances of French as well as l*'nt,'lish Cana- dians, we can quite understand \\h\- so much interest is taken in the future destiny of this country and why there is a feeling of unrest increasing,' in Canada, /it is because we have alread}' attained so lar^e a measure of self-government, and have e\en assumed the attributes of a scmi-indcpendcnt nation, that Icat^ucs have been formed in the principal centres of thought and action to place the relations between the parent state and its dependencies on a more secure founda- tion. The idea of an imjjerial conference of representatixes from all parts of the Kmpire is now under consideration, and ere many months pass, in all probabilit}', we shall see what immediate prospect there is of reconciling the diverse opinions on the subject, and reaching some common line of action^ It is not necessary to review the arguments that are being heard from day to day in support of the principle of federation, but we can clearl}' see that the one which most forcibly influences the minds of the advocates of this grand conception is the rapid national development of the depend- encies and consequently their increasing tendency to isolation from the parent state. It is even urged by man\' thouglitful men, that the empire cannot keep together man}- }'cars longer, that its dependencies must eventualK' become independent but nations unless all sections are enabled to unite on a basis which will pre.seiTe the system of local self-government which each community now possesses, and give them, at the same time, the rights; of full citizenship, and a voice in imperial affairs. No doifbtthere is much force in the argument that is drawn from the rapid political development of Canada, and other dependencies of England. In endeavouring to turn the current of this development in the direction of imperial con- solidation, the federalists of the present day may be aptly compared to Pownall, Shirlex', Otis and other sagacious public ! I ^'' V ,\ men who advocated during the last century a similar scheme in the common interest of Great Britain and the Thirteen ^ '0 Colonies. The ill-advised, tliough perfectly legal, measures of IT the British government, wc know^ were not the primary cause TlIK NATIONAI. SliNTIMI'.XT IN CANADA 21 C'ana- cst is re is a ISC we ntiicnt, )cndcnt centres .en the foutula- ntativcs ion, and sec what diverse n line of , that arc incip^c of lich most [his grand ,c depend- o isolation thoug\itfu\ ju-s longer, cndent but on a basis ncnt which .t the same in imperial ncnt that is ;anada, and to turn the mpcrial con- ay be aptly icious public nilar scheme ;hc Thirteen measures of •rimary cause of the rising of the old Colonics. As wc careful))' review their histor\' we can see how events had been steadily shaping themselves for the assertion of their independence, and tliat the temper of a people brought up in the perfect freedom of a new countr)-. and in the possession of self-government, practi- cali\' uncontrolled by the power or authority of the imperial state, was ready to assert itself in a vcrj' decided wa>' the moment it was consideretl their rights and privileges were in jeopardy ; and that the largel)' sentimental tie which bound the greater pcM'tion of the people of the parent state was found to be very frail when it came to the vindication of what they believed to be their liberties, as a free communit}', or to the resenting of real or fancied wrongs. The mistakes that were made last century b\- l^nglish statesmen can never be repeated in these da\-s when there is such a perfect understanding of the relations that should exist between the parent state and its self-governing dependencies ; but at the same time there is obvious danger of falling into the equally perilous error of neglecting the signs of the times and making no effort to divert the stream of colonial development in a direction of greater strength and security to the whole Empire. Colonial development should be made to harmonize with imperial unity. Xlic strength of Canada should mean the strength of England, f f'^ '~) / .'i.,...? (.^ When Ve come, therefore, to consider the efforts of Federa- tiem Leagues to create an imperial feeling throughout the dependencies of the crown, the stern rebuke which meets every mention of amiexation to the United States as "the manifest destiny " of this country, the national or Canadian sentiment that Is training ground from Cape Breton to Van- couver — a sentiment which the patriotic utterances of Mr. Laurier show us has as strong a hold on the Erench as on the English Canadian mind — we camiot fail, in view of such facts, to see that there is a current of human thought stendily running through the minds of the Canadian people and draw- ing them gradually, to claim larger responsibilities commcn- .surate with their national growth. But that time is still .1 22 LM\ i:ksiT\ ( •iAKTi;ki.\- ki:\ii;\v f I fill" off, ill all probabilit}'. Canailians Iiavc )-ct a j^nvat work before them in tlevelopini,' ;iiul peopliiiL; tlie vast region of the XortlvW'est. whose pros[)erity is naturall)' associated with their clearest hopes and aspirations. A few N'ears nuist see a nioinentous chant,'C in tlie counti")' which stretches to the Pacific Ocean ; and with the success of its bokl plans of internal development, with an e\er-incrcasin^ trade with all the world, with a population of ten or fifteen million souls animateil by lofty impulses, the Dominion will be hardly content with that position of inferiority in the* lunpire which the advocates of imperial federation are so earnestly pointing; out from time to time. Let us hope that out of the chaos of opinions there will be exolved some feasible plan which will enable all the communities of the I'jnpire to meet and organ- ize for the security and advancement of their common int( rests. . Let us hope we shall yet see Canada, to quote a phrase of the Premier of Canada, " A nation within a nation"; that is to say, active!}' e.\ercisin_Lj all the attributes of a nation as a part of the British lunpire. The development of the Dominion, as the years pass by, must assuredly briiiLj with it a sense of national ambition which will require recoL,Miiti(Mi, and the Canadian who has won so noble a hcrita^^e for himself in the rivalry with the ambitious Power to the South will claim to be as worthy of a share in the councils of the world and in the work of national activities as the man who lives in Scotland or England. Kvcry thoughtful Canadian is already commencing to feel a sense of responsi- bility as he surve}'s the present position of his country and the tendenc)' of the events that are shaping its destiny. If this cljange does not take the direction of strengthening the Empire, of a union of equal, self-governing communities, united in a powerful federation which will almost realize in grandeur the poet's dream ; at least Canadians must always hope and trust that, with the assumption of larger rcspon- .sibilities as the logical sequence of the position they have won for themselves on this continent, they will be able to maintain with the parent state such an alliance — a solemn league and Tin: NATIONAL SliNTI.MKNT IN CANADA f..r; ' ^^" vk on :cd ust to s of I all ircWy ,hicb ntvng los of ;h wiW ,inmon , quote ithin a DUtcs of ,(ipmcnt y bvinu veqvuvc noble a [>o\vcv to „ in the ivitics as houi;btfu\ vcsponsi- untvy and ^stiny- ^f Acning tbc ^•nmunitics, rcalixc hi ust ahvays ^cr rcspon- Ty have won to mahitahi \cague and covenant, in fact as will be a source of sticnjj;th to them both, and at the same time give conclusive evidence of their gratitude to the parent to whom they owe so much. lUit it is not necessar)' to continue longer in what some may consider a vein of mere visionary speculation. The present position of Canada has man\' ailvantages, and it would he mere foil}- to entertain an\' scheme . that would immcdiatel)' threaten and eventual!}' sever tnc ties that now bind us to iMighuul. 1/ I''or the present, and some time to come, Canadians nnist \iursue with energy and hope- fulness the work in which they are engaged, of establisliing more firmly the foundations of their federation, of harmon- izing and reconciling sectional difficulties, of making the prairie the, scene of never-ceasing industrv, of securing the principles of sound government, respect for law, electoral purity, the sanctit}- of the home, and intellectual culture. Confident of their ability to hold their own on this continent, and to win for themselves a high place among the nations, the Canadian people w ill perform the duties that lie nearest to them and demand their best thought and enerj^y, and will look forward to the future with that tranquility which 's the natural outcome of self-reliance and self-gcn-ernment. " Awake, my country, tlic liour of dreams is done I Doubt not, nor dread the j,^reatness of thy fate, Tho' faint souls fear the keen, confronting,^ sun, And fain would Ijid tlic morn of s|)lendour wait ; Tho' dreamors, rapt in starry visions, cry, Lo, \on thy future, yon thy faith, thy fame I And stretch vain hands to stars, thy fame is nigh, Here in Canadian hearth and home and name ; — This name which yet shall grow Till all the nations know Us for a patriot peoi)lc, heart and hand, Loyal to our native earth, our own Canadian land."* * "An (Ulu (or tliu Caii..iliati Coiiffdcracy,'" Ly Cliark's G. I). Roberts. John Ghorcie Boukinot. /