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 1 
 
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 6 
 
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Bird's Eye \'ievv of Toronto . 
 Armoury ..... 
 Arms and Mott- of Toronto . 
 Chl-rciiks — 
 
 Methodist Metropolitan Church 
 
 St. Andrew's Church 
 
 St. James' Cathedral 
 
 St. Michael's Cathedral 
 City Hall (Old Buildinir) 
 City Hall, The 
 
 Entrance to City Hall 
 
 Main Corridor, City Hall 
 
 Stained Glass Window, City Hall 
 Government House 
 Horticultural Gardens . 
 Industrial Exhibition Ground 
 Massey Hall . 
 
 Mayor Lyon Mackenzie (1834) 
 Mayor John Shaw (1899) 
 Normal School Building 
 Osgoode Hall 
 Parliament Building 
 Toronto University 
 Trinity University. 
 Windmill, the Old . 
 York Pioneer's Cabin 
 
 P.\C5E. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 9 
 
 23 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 
 '7 
 32 
 34 
 36 
 
 35 
 27 
 25 
 16 
 28 
 9 
 '3 
 
 •9 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
«| I !■ I w^ ,1 IPMI^mi^ 
 
 i 
 
 Toronto, 
 
 Historical, Descriptive 
 .nd Pictorial. 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEXANDER ERASER, 
 
 Author of •• Historical Sketch of Toronto." " Historv of T<,ronto." Etc. 
 
 Compilfd and Published by the Authority of the 
 
 CITY COUNCIL. 
 
 Under the Direction of the 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL OF TORONTO. 
 
 flR5T SERIES. COMPLETING FIVE THOUSAND. 
 
 i 
 
 ^^tor.c >^;^ X 
 
 ^^ 
 
 MBRARY 
 
 MAY 23 1956 | 
 
 TORONTO: j 
 
 PR|jj*.^^Y R. G. McLEAN. .' V *» 
 
 ^Ji^mn end W^^ 
 
■ Bill I ■■ I T- 
 
 r 
 
 Entered aceordinsf to Act of the Parliament of Canada in the vear 
 one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, byJALEXANDKK Fka'skk, 
 in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. 
 
...CONTENTS... 
 
 P/.GK. 
 
 I.— Historical Sketch .... 5 
 
 Boundaries Extended . .10 
 
 Capture of the Town, 1813 . 8 
 
 Confederation of the Piovinces. 11 
 
 Eastern Gap F"ormed . . . .11 
 
 First Mayor and Council. . . 9 
 
 First Railway Promoted . .11 
 
 F"irst Weekly Market ... 8 
 
 Incorporated as a City, 1834 . g 
 
 Industrial Exhibition F"ounded, 
 
 1878 M 
 
 Mayor and Council of 1899 . . 12 
 
 .Name Chanj^ed to York, 1793 . 7 
 
 Old Residenters 9 
 
 Orig'inal Town Plan .... 7 
 
 Original Names of Streets . 7 
 
 Police System Inaugoirated, 1814 9 
 
 Prince of Wales Visit, i860 . .11 
 
 Seat of Government Removed . 10 
 
 Self-Government Granted, 1814 9 
 
 Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 
 1884 II 
 
 Site of Town Selected, 1793. . 7 
 
 Valuation of Property, 1834. . 10 
 
 II -MiNiciPAL Progress and 
 
 Government 13 
 
 >3 
 '3 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 City Boundaries Extended . 
 
 Present System Adopted, 1896 
 
 Board of Control .... 
 
 St rinding- Committees 
 
 Administration : The Depart- 
 ments 
 
 Treasury : City's Financial 
 
 Standing 14 
 
 Works Department . . . .15 
 
 Assessment and Other Depart- 
 ments 
 
 Protection Against Fire 
 
 Police Department 
 
 1^ 
 16 
 
 III 
 
 r-A City of Ho.mes. A Centre 
 OF Tr.wel 
 
 Art Gallery 
 
 Climate,, etc. ... 
 Convention City .... 
 Hotel Accommodation 
 Industrial Exhibition. 
 Natural Surroundings 
 Out-door Sports .... 
 Outlying Resorts .... 
 Public Parks . . . . . 
 Railway and Steamboat Lines 
 Situation of the City . 
 The Stage, Theatres, etc. . 
 Street Railway Service . 
 
 Toronto Island 
 
 Winter Residence .... 
 
 AGE. 
 
 '9 
 
 30 
 
 «9 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 20 
 
 27 
 20 
 
 30 
 30 
 26 
 28 
 
 IV. 
 
 Population 16 
 
 PiBLic Blildings and Insti- 
 
 TLTIONS 33 
 
 Churches 42 
 
 City Hall and Court House . 32-37 
 
 Colleges 39-41 
 
 Education Department 38 
 
 High Schools 42 
 
 Hospitals and Charities . • ■ 39 
 
 Libraries 38 
 
 Osgoode Hall 38 
 
 Parliament Building • ... 37 
 
 Public Schools 42 
 
 Separate Schools 42 
 
 The Press 43 
 
 V. — Indlstrv, Commerce, 
 
 Finance 44 
 
 Banks, Loan and Insurance 
 
 Companies 45 
 
 Factories, etc 44 
 
 Freight Transportation ... 46 
 
 Live Stock Trade 46 
 
 Retail and Wholesale Trade . 44 
 
■ mwM« w fm 
 
 o 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 o 
 
 t- 
 
 ll. 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 
 u 
 
 >■ 
 
 Ul 
 (0 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
Toronto: 
 
 ^ ^ THE QUEEN CITY. 
 
 I.— HISTORICAL. 
 
 
 TORONTO has a record second to none in the Muni- 
 cipal, Educational, Ecclesiastical and Commercial 
 affairs of Canada. She lays no claim to a long, 
 historic past, bristling with great event and stirring 
 incident, nor does she boast landmarks on which 
 the mold of ages has engraved its impression. Yet 
 her story, if not inscrolled on the page of classic 
 antiquity, is interwoven with glowing legend, the 
 romantic creations of picturesque or poetic fancy, devoid 
 neither of passion nor pathos, in the domain of love or war; 
 while to the student of the curious, the short chapter of her 
 early topography offers material o( some historic value.. For, 
 long ere her site had been staked out by Governor Simcce, nation 
 met nation on the shores of her beautiful bay to rendezvous for 
 raid and rapine, or to smoke the calumet of peace ; and later on, 
 when the pale-face sought adventure or gain, on the great Indian 
 trails, he bivouacked with the friendly Hurons at Toronto, — the 
 most important port between the Georgian Bay and the outlets on 
 the south-eastern shores of Lake Ontario. The fierce struggles of 
 the warlike Iroquois for racial supremacy resulting in the exter- 
 mination of the Hurons, and the martyrdom of the Jesuit mission- 
 aries, fill a chapter of horrors and of heroic sufferings, as do the 
 energy and stratagem of the Voyageurs, one of pioneer enterprise. 
 It was then, in 1749, that Toronto was first organized as a white 
 man's centre of trade by the erection of a wooden fort, protected 
 by a stockade. It was named Fort Rouille, after the Colonial 
 Minister of France then in power. Around this post a small com- 
 munity of French and Indians sprang up, and a few hundred acres 
 of land were cleared. The British colonies to the south also sent 
 out their intrepid traders, and thenceforward the strife was not 
 between the Wyandots and Iroquois, but between the British and 
 
6 
 
 HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. 
 
 the French, and Fort Rouille was the centre o( intri£i;-ue and plot, 
 if Ip»%s rniel not loss calculating^ than those ofthe stolid children of 
 the forest. Fort Rouille, sometimes known as '* Fort Toronto," 
 and " The Old French Fort," was destroyed in 1759 by the instruc- 
 tions of (lovernor Vaudreuil, so that it mi^ht not fall into the hands 
 of the victorious Britons. It was situated at the south-western 
 
 YORK PIONEEH&' CABIN, EXHIBITION GROUNDS. 
 
 corner of the Industrial Exhibition grounds of to-day, and a 
 memorial pillar near the Pioneers' Cabin now marks the spot. 
 
 But Toronto entered upon the stage of throbbing modern life 
 just before the beginning of the progressive nineteenth century, 
 and she has kept pace with its majestic onward march. She is 
 essentially a modern city, and the enterprise and achievements of 
 
HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. 7 
 
 her citizens as displayed in extensive and varied commerce, in her 
 magnificent buildings, her palatial mansions, her unrivalled 
 climate, and her beautiful natural surroundings, are her crowning 
 glory and the source of her especial pride. 
 
 Lieut. -Col. John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant-Governor 
 of Ontario, in 1793 selected the site on which the city of Toronto 
 stands, with the view of building a Capital for the province. The 
 first settlers of the prospective town were the Corps of Queen's 
 Rangers who arrived from Queenston, in August, 1793, followed 
 by the governor in the same month. During the fall of 1793 and 
 the winter of 1794 Simcoe lived in a canvas tent which had 
 belonged to Captain Cook, the famous navigator. Of this first 
 "Government House" of Toronto the facetious Bouchette says that 
 although its substance was but frail, '* it was rendered exceedingly 
 comfortable, and soon became as distinguished for the social and 
 urbane hospitality of its venerated and gracious host, as for the 
 peculiarity of its structure." On the 27th August, 1793, the 
 Lieutenant-Governor changed the name of the place from Toronto 
 — " A place of meeting*" — to York, in honor of the Duke of York, 
 the second son of King George IIL, at that time engaged in the 
 war with France. The camp was located near the mouth and on 
 the western bank of the river Don. Two Indian families of the 
 Mississaga tribe with their wattled wigwams had settled on the 
 bay before Simcoe's survey was made, but no other human 
 inhabitants were found. So energetically, however, did the 
 Lieutenant-Governor set to work that before he had left the Province 
 in 1796 the place had taken on the appearance of a growing town. 
 
 The original town plan was in the form of a parallelogram, 
 the boundary streets being, on the west, George Street; on the 
 south. Palace Street ; on the east Ontario Street ; on the north, 
 Duchess Street. It may be interesting to recall the meaning of 
 the early street nomenclature of the city. George Street was 
 named after George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Duchess Street, 
 after the Duchess of York, Frederick Street, after the Duke of 
 York, Caroline Street, after the Princess of Wales (Queen 
 Caroline), Yonge Street, after Sir George Yonge, Secretary of 
 State for War, and Simcoe Street, after the founder of the city. 
 
 •According to Rev, Dr. Scadding—" Toronto Past and Present "-the word 
 "Toronto' is of Huron origin, and means, "A place of meeting" He quotes 
 Sagard's " Dictionary of the Huron Language," published at Paris in 1632, in which 
 "Toronton" is given as meaning in French, "beaucoup" or "plenty," applied to 
 men as well as to things, and applicable to the rendezvous of the Indian tribes. Lake 
 Simcoe, at that time was Lake Toronto, the Humber river, Toronto river, and by the 
 name Toronto the Otonabee and the Trent rivers were also known. 
 
8 
 
 HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. 
 
 'HE first meetinjEj o( the Upper Canada Legisla- 
 ture was held in York in 17CJ7 and was opened 
 by President Peter Russell, who carried on the 
 administration durinj^ the interrej;;num betw .en 
 Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe's departure in 1796 
 and Lieutenant-General Peter Hunter's arrival 
 in 1799. Alter President Russell, old Russell 
 Square and Peter Street were named. The 
 year 1803 is interesting" in the history of the 
 city as the year in which the first weekly market 
 was established, by the setting apart of about 
 five acres of land for the purpose. On a portion 
 of* this site St. Lawrence market is built, and 
 the city still owns the land, from which a large 
 revenue is now derived. St. James Cathedral had 
 its beginning this year, in which also a visit was 
 paid to the town by the Duke of Kent, whose daughter, 
 then unborn, was to become Victoria the greatest of British 
 monarchs. 
 
 The aggregate value of the town property then was ;;^i4,87i 
 and ;£^62 were paid in taxes. The area was 420 acres, and the 
 population 456. In 1807 the first public school was established 
 and it still flourishes as the Jarvis Street Collegiate Institute. The 
 surrender of the town to the Americans in 1013 was no disgrace 
 to the citizens who were left practically unprotected by the acting 
 Governor and Commandant, General Sheaff"e. Britain and the 
 United States were at war, General Hull had surrendered, Brock 
 and Macdonell had fallen at Queenston, and in pursuance of the 
 campaign Commodore Chauncey and General Dearborn made a 
 descent on York, on their way from Sacketts' Harbor to Fort 
 George. The soldiers landed at old Fort Toronto after a stubborn 
 resistance by a few regulars, the Militia and Indians, and marched 
 on the town. General Sheaffe withdrew the garrison and made 
 for Kingston leaving only the small militia corps behind. Sergeant 
 Marshall fired the powder magazine, the explosion of which 
 wrought death and damage to the invaders, but the handful of 
 citizens in face of a superior force wisely capitulated. Private 
 property was respected, but the public stores were seized and the 
 Parliament Buildings were destroyed. In the fight, about 52 
 Canadians were killed and 87 wounded, the American casualties 
 being about 200. The town was occupied eleven days. Three 
 months later Commodore Chauncey took possession of the town 
 
HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. 9 
 
 ' ~^ >^ ai^-ain, when the ordinary rules 
 
 ^^ ^^ ^ of war were disregarded and 
 
 / r* ^ll^ neither property nor the per- 
 
 .' ■"'"'f^ ' sonsof the citizens werespared. 
 
 / ^ The General Hospital was 
 
 ' */^ I originated in 1814 and muni- 
 
 ^\ w - ■» ,. ^w cipal self-government was con- 
 
 r.'^:>. ferred upon the town by an 
 
 ^ /•■>^ ^ ^'-'t of '87, in which provision 
 
 ^ ^"w^ ^^^^ made for police regula- 
 
 1 ▲ » ^ i'j# tions. Business was extend- 
 
 ing and the prosperity of the 
 citizens attracted the attention 
 of the country, during the 
 / second decade of the century. 
 
 ,^ Among the leadin;if men, the 
 
 y more familiar names were, 
 
 Rev. Dr. Strachan, Thos. 
 WM. LvoN MACKCNzic. ESQ.. Scott, Johu McGill, Dummer 
 
 , TOBONTo-B Finar MAvoR. Powell, Osgoode, the Bald- 
 
 wins, Jarvises, Ridouts, Allan, 
 Shaw, Cameron, Macdonell, Mercer, Cawthra, Jordan, Post, 
 John Small, Wm. Chewett, Draper, Emsley, Boulton, Bidwell, 
 Hagerman, Denison, Robinson, Rolph, and shortly afterwards, 
 that of Mackenzie. 
 
 Incorporation of the City, — From 1824 to 1834 the population 
 increased from about one to nine thousand with a goodly variety 
 of industries, and in the latter year York was incorporated as a 
 
 city with its old name "Toronto " restored 
 to it. Mr. Jarvis, member for York, 
 introduced the bill for incorporation into 
 the Legislature in February, 1834, and it 
 became law on the 6th of March following. 
 Under its provisions the city was divided 
 '*y ^Mi l^iiP into five wards, the names oi which and of 
 "^Jwl^^mwSL their representatives were: St. Andrew's, 
 K^^^^^^^^T T. D. Morrison, John Harper, Aldermen ; 
 jtgr\^ John Armstrong, John Doel, Councilmen ; 
 
 St. David's, Wm. Lyon Mackenzie, James 
 Lesslie, Aldermen ; Franklin Jackes, Colin Drummond, Council- 
 men ; St. George's, Thos. Carfrae, Jr., Edward Wright, Aldermen ; 
 John Craig, George Gurnett, Councilmen ; St. Lawrence, George 
 
lO HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. 
 
 Munro, George Duji^g-an, Sr., Aldermen ; Wm. Arthurs, Lardner 
 Bostwick, Councilmen ; St. I atrick's. Dr. John Rolph, George T. 
 Denison, Sr., Aldermen ; Joseph Turton, James Trotter, Council- 
 men. Dr. Rolph resigned his seat before the first meeting of the 
 Council ai^d Dr. John E. Tims was elected in his stead. This 
 Council mei for the first time on the 3rd of April, 1834, and on a 
 vote of 10 to 8 (Dr. Rolph being absent and Mr. Mackenzie refrain- 
 ing from voting) Wm. Lyon Mackenzie was elected Mayor. He 
 was not only the first Mayor of Toronto, but the first who held 
 the position of Mayor in Upper Canada. Rev. Dr. Scadding's 
 estimate of his character as Mayor seems to be judicious and fair : 
 — "An able, vigorous and sensible organizer, who, with a spice of 
 Oliver Ciomwell in his composition, and much of the insight of an 
 Adam Smith into the arcana of social science in his understanding, 
 grappled boldly, and, as will be allowed on all hands, successfully, 
 with the great difficulties of the situation." The city's motto: 
 "Industry, Intelligence, Integrity," was designed by Mayor 
 Mackenzie. 
 
 The first assessment of the city was made in June, 1834, and 
 the returns amounted to ;^i86,882, St. David's Ward leading. A 
 tax of 3</. in the j^ yielded a revenue of ;£2t^^6.os. 6d. Such were 
 the ways and means on which the city began its career of wonder- 
 ful development. The western boundary was Peter Street ; the 
 eastern the river Don, and but few houses had been built north of 
 Queen Street, then known as Lot Street. An outbreak of Asiatic 
 cholera this year, proved a most fatal visitation, the death rate 
 being one in twenty of the population. The city was the object of 
 attack in the Mackenzie rising of 1837, but theaflFair ended without 
 damage to property, except the burning of one house in Rosedale, 
 and without much effusion of blood. Montgomery's tavern, Yonge 
 Street, was the rendezvous of the revolutionists ; here it was that 
 Lieut.-Col.Moodie was shot, and that Anderson died of his wounds: 
 and these associations have given the place a more than local fame. 
 The troubles of '37 were the outcome of popular discontent with 
 the system of government, and one of the results of the uprising 
 was the union of Upper and Lower Canada, recommended by 
 Lord Durham. The union was effected in February, 184 1, and 
 Kingston, instead of Toronto, became, for a time, the capital of 
 the united Canadas, to be in turn succeeded by Montreal, Toronto 
 and Quebec. In 1849 the government offices were removed from 
 Montreal to Toronto, and it was agreed that Toronto and Quebec 
 should alternately be the seat of government. The great fire 
 
HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. II 
 
 which swept away the centre of the city, Nelson, King- and Duke 
 Streets and St. James church being destroyed, occurred this year, 
 and the eastern gap, by which the island is formed In Toronto Bay, 
 was scooped out by the severe storms. Next year, 1850, witnessed 
 the inauguration of the railway system, of which Toronto is now 
 the centre, when F. C. Capreol's Ontario, Simcoe and Huron 
 railway scheme was accepted, the first sod of which was turned 
 by Her Excellency Lady Elgin in the following year. The ever- 
 green Esplanade Question, still alive in municipal politics, was 
 first raised in 1853, and two years later the Grand Trunk Railway 
 connected Toronto with Montreal and the seaboard. An event of 
 great social interest was the visit in i860 of His Royal Highness 
 the Prince of Wales, who was nobly received and entertained. 
 Memories of the visit, with the accompanying fetes, in which were 
 expressed loyalty to the throne, are still fresh in the recollection 
 of many of the citizens, and the event occupies an outstanding 
 place in the history of the city. With the confederation of the 
 provinces in 1867, Toronto again became the capital of Ontario, 
 and, once and for all, the Provincial Government took up its 
 quarte s in the old metropolis. The period following" until 1884 is 
 noted chiefly for the marvellous advance made in population, in 
 all lines of business, and in public institutions, the chief event 
 being the founding of the Industrial Exhibition in 1878, and the 
 Hanlan rowing championship of the world in 1880, the demonstra- 
 tion in connection with the latter being on a large, public scale. 
 The Semi-Centennial of the city was worthily celebrated in 1884, 
 the citizens co-operating with the Council in making the demon- 
 strations successful. The prominence to which the city had 
 attained and the character of its people may be judged by a passage 
 from a speech of the Marquis of Lome, who with Her Royal 
 Highness Princess Louise, and His Royal Highness Prince George 
 of Wales (now the Duke of York), had paid a farewell visit to the 
 city in 1883 : 
 
 "Toronto is one of the most prosperous of the young cities of 
 the continent. It has 100,000 people, is becoming the centre of a 
 rapidly extending network of railways, and has an importance 
 already great, and which must become far greater in the future. 
 * * * The people are essentially British in character, having 
 an intense pride in the successes which have hitherto crowned 
 their efforts and blessed their province." 
 
 In the celebration of the Centennial of Ontario in 1894 Toronto 
 naturally took the leading part, and though at that time not fully 
 
12 HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND PICTORIAL. 
 
 recovered from the effects of a severely felt depression in business, 
 her uninterrupted progress was taken as the best illustration that 
 could be given of the great development of the natural resources 
 of the Province of which she is the Capital and with whose 
 progress she has so easily and steadily kept pace. 
 
 From Mayor Mackenzie in 1834 to Mayor Shaw in 1899 thirty 
 Mayors have presided over the administration of the city. The 
 names of the Mciyor and Aldermen for the present year are : 
 
 Mayor, — John Shaw. 
 
 Aldermen, Ward I. — H. R. Frankland, James Frame, Joseph 
 Russell, W. T. Stewart. 
 
 Aldermen, Ward II.— John Hallam, Thos. Davies, Daniel 
 Lamb, F. S. Spence. 
 
 Aldermen, Ward III.— Bernard Saunders, R. J. Score, O. B. 
 Sheppard, N. L. Steiner. 
 
 Aldermen, Ward IV.— Wm. Burns, W. P. Hubbard, James 
 Crane, Edward Hanlan. 
 
 Aldermen, Ward V.— F. H. Woods, R. H. Graham, John 
 Dunn, A. R. Denison. 
 
 Aldermen, Ward VI. — Dr. Adam Lynd, James Gowanlock, 
 J. J. Graham, John M. Bowman. 
 
 Board of Control,— His Worship the Mavor, Aldermen Wm. 
 Burns, Dr. Adam Lynd, F. H. Woods. 
 
II.— Municipal Progress and Government. 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 '*'^J^H 
 
 Kl 
 
 .ifl 
 
 fbm-f ■ 
 
 
 <^*UM 
 
 Ihls^^^^K^^^^^^I 
 
 
 
 fj^i^ 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 JOHN SHAW, ESQ., 
 Mayor of Toronto, 1899. 
 
 .ARLV in the history of the 
 City extensions were made 
 to its boundaries. In 1797 
 the eastern limit was extended 
 by a tier of acre lots on the 
 east side of Ontario Street, and 
 the western Hmit, between 
 Front and Queen Streets to 
 York Street. J n 1 798 the town 
 limit was extended from Front 
 and Queen Streets to Peter 
 Street. In 1817 and in 1831 
 there were large extensions 
 westward and northward, with 
 the increase of the population. 
 Since 1883, when Yorkville was 
 annexed, Leslieville, Seaton 
 Village, Brockton and Park- 
 dale, flourishing suburban 
 centres have been brought 
 within the boundaries of the 
 Corporation of Toronto, which now contain an area of 10,391 acres 
 or 16.2 square miles. As the boundaries extended, so did the 
 number of wards increase, until instead of five as in 1834, there 
 were twelve in 1890, but the Council Board having become too large 
 the system of representation was consolidated in 1891 by reducing 
 the number of wards to six and the number of Aldermen to 24. 
 The method of ejecting the Mayor has varied also. In 1834 the 
 Mayor was elected from among the members of the Council, then 
 a change was made to election by a vote at large of the electors ; 
 this again was changed, and again reverted to and prevails at 
 present. The City government gradually developed in accordance 
 with the requirements of the community, adapting itself to the 
 times. In 1896 a radical change was made in the system, by 
 which a Board of Control was formed, consisting of the Mayor, 
 ex-officio, (chairman) and three Alderman, elected by the Council, 
 to whom a special allowance is made for their services as Control- 
 lers. Their duties include, among other things, preparing the 
 estimates, awarding contracts, nominating officers of the corpora- 
 tion and other important matters. Their reports to Council can 
 be altered only by a two-thirds vote of the Aldermen present. It 
 
14 MUNICIPAL PROGRESS AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 exercises great power in the adminstration of civic affairs, practi- 
 cally filling the position of an executive body. Besides the Board 
 of Control the business of the City is carried on by Standing" 
 Committees of the Council, viz. : Committee on Works, Committee 
 on Property, Committee on Fire and Light, Committee on Parks 
 and Gardens, Committee on Legislation and Reception. 
 
 The Court of Revision before whom all questions relating to 
 the adjustment of assessment comes, is composed of three mem- 
 bers, consisting o( the official arbritrator, ex-officio, one member 
 appointed by the Mayor and one by the City Council. 
 
 The Local Board of Health is composed of the Mayor and 
 six ratepayers, not necessarily Aldermen, who direct the Medical 
 Health Officer in the discharge of his duties. 
 
 The Departments controlled by these Standing Committees are 
 conducted by experienced officers, who are held accountable for the 
 efficiency of the works carried on under their supervision. The 
 head of the administration is the Mayor, who, as the representative 
 of the whole people, obviously exercises great influence over the 
 policy of the Council, and authority over the civic officials. The 
 centre of the system is the Treasury Department, the head of which 
 is the principal officer and advisor of the Corporation, through the 
 Board of Control, in all matters relating to the monetary and 
 financial operations of the City, and is the custodian of the City's 
 Seal. He is also charged under statute with the duty of protecting 
 and maintaining the City's financial credit at home and abroad. 
 The growth and standing of the City commercially and financially 
 are mirrored in the Annual Reports of the Treasurer. Those for 
 1898 show the value of real and personal property to have been in 
 1888 $98,514,463, and in 1898 $126,700,000, or an increase of 
 $28,185,537, and a revenue from general taxes and local improve- 
 ment taxes, in 1888, of $1,643,854.46, and in 1898, of $2,656,089, 
 or an increase of $1,012,235 in ten years. In addition to these 
 revenues there was raised from properties owned by the City, and 
 from other sources, such as license fees, in 1888 $550,700, and in 
 1898 $717,081, an increase of $166,381. The controllable expendi- 
 ture in 1898 amounted to $1,077,852, and the uncontrollable expen- 
 diture for the same year, to $1,786,001 . The total amount of money 
 passing through the Treasurer's hands, including all net financial 
 transactions amounted to the large sum of nearly $8,000,000. The 
 corporation owns property exceeding $13,000,000 in value, while 
 $22,160,000 is the estimated value of property within the City, 
 which is exempted from taxation, mostly under statute, but some 
 
MUiMCIPAL PROGRESS AND GOVEKXMENT. 1 5 
 
 of which would be taxable under certain contingencies. The City's 
 iinances are allowed to be in excellent condition, and the securities 
 are sought after as sound investments in the United States and 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The great spending department is that of Works, which deals 
 with all public works, and the City's water supply. At its head is 
 the City Engineer. Under his care and supervision are the main- 
 tenance of 256 miles of Streets, of various pavements, macadam, 
 brick and asphalt ; 228 miles of sewers, 248 miles of water mains, 
 225 miles of gas mains, 120 miles of underground electric conduit 
 and 80 miles of steam railway track. He is responsible for the 
 condition of 4,288 miles of over-head electric wire, of 87 miles of 
 street railway track. He is the official who, on behalf of the City, 
 regulates the speed of the street cars, and the accommodation fur- 
 nished to passengers. 
 
 The water supplied to the City is of excellent quality, and is 
 taken from the depths of Lake Ontario by a steel conduit, through 
 which it is forced by pumping engines having a capacity for pump- 
 ing more than 40,000,000 gallons daily. The supply is stored in 
 Rosehill Reservoir, which covers a bottom area of more than 40,000 
 square yards, one-third of which is laid with concrete, and around 
 the banks of which is one of the loveliest of Toronto's many lovely 
 parks. The cost of water averages from $260,000 to $265,000 
 yearly, while the revenue from this source averages $454,000, the 
 difference between which is absorbed by a Sinking Fund, interest, 
 and the general revenue of the corporation. 
 
 The Assessment Department is under the charge of a Com- 
 missioner, who, in addition to the duties ordinarily connected with 
 his department, is empowered to negotiate terms with manufac- 
 turers wishing to locate in the City; and deals with valuations an 1 
 claims for land damages. The other heads of Civic Departments 
 are the City Clerk, the City Solicitor and the City Counsel (who is. 
 head of the Legal Department) ; in addition to whom direct account- 
 ability devolves upon the Medical Health Officer, the Chief Engineer 
 of the Fire Brigade, the Street Comn/usioner, the Park Superin- 
 tendent and the Commissioner oi' Markets and City Property. 
 
 For the protection of property from fire the City is welt- 
 equipped. The Fire Brigade numbers from 170 to 180 trained 
 men, graded and officered. There are one central and fifteen 
 branch fire stations, some of which are handsomely constructed 
 buildings. The total outlay on the brigade in 1898 was $107,850. 
 The streets are lighted by electricity and gas, in the proportion of 
 
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^«9|ip^fVi(qHi)« n 
 
 MUNICIPAL PROCIRKSS AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 17 
 
 THE OLD CITY HALL. 1844-1899. 
 
 three to one, the cost of which (paid to private companies) exceeds 
 $104,000. The police system is admittedly ^ood, and the obser- 
 vance of law and order is so general as to attract the attention ot 
 the stranger. The system is controlled by a Board of Commis- 
 sioners, consisting of the Mayor, the Senior County Judge and the 
 Police Magistrate. The force numbers 260 disciplined men under 
 the command of a Chief Constable, assisted by a Deputy Chief and 
 six Inspectors, one in charge of each police precinct. 
 
 The population of the City is placed, exclusive of its populous 
 suburbs, at 235,000, and it is rapidly growing. In 1834 the popu- 
 lation was 9,254, in 1841, 15,000, in 1851, 30,775, in 1861, 45,000, 
 in 1871, 56,000, in 18S1, 86,000, in 1891, 181,000, and in 1899, 
 235,000. The bank Clearing House total for 1896 amounted to 
 $342,031,851.00, in 1898 to $437,661,651. The commercial ratings 
 have reached 6,500, while the \alue of goods imported rose from 
 $20,000,000.00 in 1896, to $25,244,405 in 1898. 
 
 Such is the record of a century, creditable to the past, en- 
 couraging for the future. 
 
-A City of Homes. A Centre of Travel. 
 
 TORONTO has been correctly described as a city of homes. 
 Its situation and fine cHmate, as well as its many natural 
 advantages, have much to do with its pre-eminence as a city 
 of beautiful residences. It is favored in its location, l\nig- as it 
 does in latitude 43" 39' north, and lonjj^itude 79" 24' west, and on a 
 g-ently undulatin^^ slope leadini^ from the shore of Lake Ontario to 
 the summit of a ridi,'e about 260 feet hig'h. This rid<je forms, at 
 once, a break-weather on t le northern or stormy side, and a useful 
 iil'radient for health purposes. The climate is probably the most 
 equable and delightful on the American continent. It has an 
 accepted reputation for its salubrity and invig-orating- power. The 
 cool breezes from the lake have a moderating" effect in summer, 
 when only an occasional day is uncomfortably warm, and the 
 sheltering ridges disperse j northern winds in winter, so that 
 neither the extremes of heat nor of cold are experienced. The 
 
 ONTARIO PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS. 
 
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 HOMES— TRAVEL, 
 
 OSGOOOe HALL. 
 
 advantages of such favorable conditions are apparent, and are 
 illustrated by the large number of people who year by year make 
 their homes in the city or spend the summer holidays there. But if 
 pleasure and health be derived from the climate, much genuine enjoy- 
 ment also can be obtained from the natural beauties of the parks, 
 ravines and country in the immediate vicinity, and from the fine 
 appearance of many of the well-kept residential and business 
 streets. Scarborough Heights rise sheer from the lake, a bold 
 headland, which breaks the horizon at the extreme eastern boundary 
 of the city. Here are Victoria and Munro Parks, popular resorts, 
 accessible by the city street car service, and provided with shelters 
 from sun or rain, and with the harmless amusements which delight 
 young 'ind old alike. Near by is the Country Hunt Club, a 
 handsomely built and elegantly furnished rendezvous for the ladies 
 and gentlemen who ride to hounds and enjoy rross country runs. 
 The Don Valley stretches to the north-east, its winding channel 
 marking the landscape, and containing bits of charming scenery 
 difficult, for simple beauty, to be equalled in any land. The 
 
HOMES — TRAVIiL. 
 
 21 
 
 Rosetlale Ravines and Reservoir Park, to the north, give a back 
 j; round of variegated foliaj^e in summer and of snowy terraces in 
 winter, the solitude of which is threatened by the expansion of the 
 city, the loveliness of the place inducing people to select it for a 
 dwelling place. High Park is one of the finest parks on the 
 continent. It is at the western limit of the city, conveniently 
 reached by street car, and is a favorite resort. It was the gift of 
 the late Mr. J. G. Howard, 
 architect, who was long con- 
 nected with the city. The 
 park contains 320 acres of 
 liill and dale, brook and 
 pond, densely wooded ra- 
 vines and natural glades. It 
 is kept in a state of nature, 
 but the roads are well-graded 
 and no more beautiful place 
 lor driving could be desired. 
 Mr. Howard's house stil 
 stands in the park, an object 
 
 ST. JAMES' CATHEDRAL. 
 
22 
 
 HOMES — TRAVEL. 
 
 St. Michael's 
 Cathedral. 
 
 of interest to the visitor. A massive stone mausoleum near the 
 house, erected by himself, covers the remains of the donor and his 
 wife. The iron railing- surrounding the mausoleum formed, at one 
 time, part of the railing around the historic St. Paul's Cathedral, 
 London, England. The ship in which it was conveyed foundered 
 in the St. Lawrence on the w^.y out, but Mr. Howard employed 
 divers and recovered the railing and had it brought to Toronto for 
 the purpose for which he had first designed it. The beautiful 
 Grenadier Pond is on the Howard property and boating and fishing- 
 can be had on it. A little further west is the Humber River — of 
 old, Toronto River — a favorite resort for picnics, excursions, 
 pedestrians or canoeists. The scenery is quiet but none the less 
 beautiful because of that, and together with the fishing the river 
 
 
HOMES— TRAVEL. 
 
 23 
 
 METROPOLITAN METHODIST CHURCH AND ST. MICHAEL'S CATHEDRAL. 
 
 aflFords, the walks and drives along the banks or farther afield, few 
 places afford more promise of enjoyment from a day's outing. 
 Returning to the city three parks still claim attention, of which 
 Queen's Park is the most central and important. The southern 
 entrance is by one of the finest avenues on the continent, College 
 Avenue. Leading from Queen Street it is nearly one mile in 
 length, 120 feet in width, and contains about ten acres of land. 
 It was laid out in 1829 or 1830 by the University of King's College, 
 now Toronto University, and planted with rows of trees, which have 
 grown heavy and wide-spreading. Through the avenue are a 
 centre drive, a bicycle path, a gravel and a cement foot path and a 
 road for heavy traffic. The boulevards are sodded and kept in 
 fine condition, and on the parts unused for traffic or travel rustic 
 seats are set up tor the weary to rest. The park itself is commodi- 
 ous and beautifully laid out. The chief feature in it is the 
 large Parliament Building, the home since 1893 of the Ontario 
 Legislature and the government offices. It is also the valhalla of 
 
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HOMES — TRAVEL. 25 
 
 of all but one of the statues erected in the city, the exception beinq;" 
 that of Rev. Dr. Ryerson, the educationist and divine, which has 
 been appropriately placed in the ground of the Educational Depart- 
 ment. The statues in Queen's Park are : (i). One of the late 
 Hon. Geo. Brown, M.P., for long one of the most powerful 
 political leaders in Canada. He founded the Toronto Globe, the 
 organ of the Reform Party, and was a great journalist as well as a 
 political leader and orator. He was shot by a disappointed 
 employee in 1880 and died from the wound. The statue, said to be 
 a good work of art, was erected two years later. (2). One to the 
 memory of the soldiers who fell in the F"enian Raid of 1866, at 
 Ridgeway. It is called the Volunteer Monument and was unveiled 
 on Dominion Day, 1870. With the earth work on which it stands 
 it is forty feet high. It is a three-storey composite stone structure, 
 surmounted by a figure of Britannia with spear and shield. The 
 sides are ornamented with panels bearing the Royal Arms of Great 
 
 HORTICULTURAL GARDENS. 
 
26 HOMES — TRAVEL. 
 
 Britain and those of Toronto and Hamilton, while on the fourth 
 panel is an inscription settings forth the cause why the monument 
 was erected. (3). One of Sir John A. Macdonald, the celebrated 
 political leader and Premier of Canada, stands at the southern 
 entrance, commanding a view of College Avenue. It was erected 
 in 1892, the sculptor being Mr. Hamilton McCarthy, Toronto. 
 (4). One to the volunteers who fell in the North- West or Kiel's 
 rebellion of 1884. The sculptor is a young Toronto boy, named 
 Walter S, Allward, and this statue is his first ambitious work. 
 The money for it was subscribed by the ladies of Canada, headed 
 by Mrs. Fletcher, Toronto. To the west of Queen's Park are the 
 university grounds, containing the magnificent University College 
 Building, Library, Biological Buildings, School of Practical Science, 
 Wycliffe College, and farther north McMaster University and 
 Victoria University. 
 
 The Horticultural Gardens are situated between Carlton and 
 Gerrard Streets, with Sherbourne Street forming the eastern bound- 
 ary. The gardens cover an area of ten acres, beautifully laid out 
 with flowers and trees. They were first opened to the public by 
 H. R. H. the Prince of Wales in i860. Within the grounds is built 
 a large hall or pavilion constructed of wood and glass with iron roof. 
 It is 75 feet by 120 feet. It has a fine gallery and stage, and is 
 surrounded by a promenade and verandah coniiccted by glass doors. 
 Connected with it is a large conservatory of plants and flowers. 
 The structure cost $200,000, and a handsome iron fountain in front, 
 $5,000. The hall is used for public meetings, s(3cial events, and the 
 local flower show. It is the property of the city. 
 
 Further east is Riverdale Park, a welcome breathing spot on 
 the west bank of the Don. It has been carefully laid out and is 
 gradually becoming a very attractive and beautiful addition to the 
 number of parks the city can boast. Ketchum Park, Stanley Park, 
 Duff"erin Park, Bellwoods Park, Riverside Park, are others which, 
 while fulfilling a useful purpose, do not call for remark. 
 
 Across the Bay lies Toronto Island, a natural breakwater from 
 the winter storm, and a place of residence and resort in the summer. 
 The part known as Hanlan's Point is named after the family of the 
 famous rowing champion, Edward Hanlan, who occupied the place 
 for many years. Here are Hanlan's Hotel, a large summer house, 
 richly furnished, and the sporting and recreation grounds of the 
 Toronto Ferry Company. The amusements attract large crowds, 
 who, while enjoying the cool air from the lake witness the sports 
 in the arena, or listen to the music furnished by the city bands. 
 
HOMES— TRAVEL. 
 
 27 
 
 GOVERNMENT HOUSE, SIMCOE STREET. 
 
 At what was known as Gibraltar Point stands the lighthouse, erected 
 in 1809 by Lt. -Governor Gore. Island Park is at the centre of the 
 Island and is being extended by filling in process and reclaiming 
 works. Already it is a wide, expansive tract of land, with velvety 
 green verdure and beautiful willows. It is a favorite resort for 
 mothers and children seeking fresh air and quiet in the course of 
 the day. At the eastern end of the Island public baths, known as 
 Wiman baths, were built many years ago, and there are also an 
 hotel and cottages. Many citizens occupy summer cottages on the 
 Island, which is famous as a health resort and a pleasant place of 
 summer residence. 
 
 The facilities for out-door enjoyment are many and these parks 
 are not only within easy reach of every citizen by street car or ferry, 
 but are within or touch the city limits. 
 
 The railway and steamboat lines connect Toronto with many 
 desirable summer resorts, resting places and famous water scenes. 
 A day's outing enables one to visit Niagara Falls, either by land or 
 water. The sail across the lake is a delightful one, and the large 
 
*JIIBUfl<llt,|i '»)!. '»! W-ll'» 
 
 28 
 
 HOMES — TRAVEL. 
 
 saloon equipped steamers are fitted up most comfortably. Niagfara- 
 on-the-Lake, old (Newark), Fort George, Fort Mississaga, Queens- 
 ton Heights, Brock's Monument are objects of interest on the 
 Niagara River en route to Niagara Falls. Lome Park, Long Branch, 
 Oakville, Burlington Beach and Hamilton are of still easier reach, 
 and excursion arrangements are in force every season. The expense 
 of such outings is small, there being competing lines to cater for 
 the travelhrs' patronage. The hotel accommodation is excellent 
 and the prices are reasonable. Not only does the city afford many 
 surpassing advantages to those who spend their holidays or who 
 convene in annual assembly there, but so many short pleasure trips 
 for fishing or shooting can be so easily arranged from it as a start- 
 ing point that it is fast becoming a great tourist and convention 
 centre. Then, it is the recognized starting point for those wlio 
 wish to travel the Province on a grander scale. Muskoka with its 
 varied scenery, its waterfalls and lakes, its summer hotels and 
 fishing grounds ; the Nipissing district and the Upper Ottawa River, 
 the Georgian Bay, the great Lake Routes, and the trip eastward by 
 the Thousand Islands are most conveniently reached by Toronto 
 trains and steamers. In winter the weather is comparatively mild, 
 
 MASSEY HALL. 
 
TIP ■■ inwpi B> I II I 111?"' "•^'"wfi SI lyi "ippTF^Hpiwr^" 
 
 HOMES — TRAVEL. 
 
 29 
 
 a few weeks of severe weather beino^ the average experience. Tlien 
 liie is thoroughly enjoyed. The social side is cultivated and to the 
 pleasures of the home circle are added the amusements afl'orded bv 
 the theatre, the music hail and the ball-room. Winter visitors now 
 form quite an accession to the population. 
 
 As a convention city Toronto has the advantages of convenient 
 railway connections, splendid hall and hotel accommodation. 
 Massey Hall, erected by the late Mr. Hart A. Massey, in memory 
 of his son Charles Albert, and held in trust for the benefit of the 
 citizens, is not only commodious and centrally situated, but is also 
 comfortably furnished and is in every respect suitable for the holding 
 of large gatherings. It has a seating capacity of 3,500. The Queen's 
 Hotel, Rossin House, the Arlington Hotel, Walker House, Palmer 
 and Iroquois are among the modern hotels of the city, affording 
 comfortable lodgment and entertainment to visitors, while the 
 street railway service, which will be described at some length, is 
 so complete as to render travel through the city both cheap and 
 expeditious. 
 
 Spring Horse Show* — The Spring Horse Show, held in the 
 Armories, is a great social function as well as an exhibition of the 
 best horse flesh in Canada. The event has maintained an unbroken 
 popularity and is one of the great happenings of the year, attracting 
 visitors from all parts of Ontario and from the adjacent States of 
 the Union. 
 
 Industrial Exhibition. — But the great attraction of the year is 
 the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, held on the first and second 
 weeks of September. Occasionally the number of visitors who pay 
 for admittance to the grounds exceeds 300,000. It was established 
 on its present basis in 1878 and has grown in importance and extent 
 every year until now it is the greatest and most successfully managed 
 annual institution of the kind on the continent. 
 
 Toronto's Regiments*— The military spirit has been always 
 strong in Toronto, and of its regiments the citv is justly proud. 
 The infantry, consisting of the Queen's Own, tht Royal Grenadiers 
 and the Highlanders, is a splendid body of men, ' ne former wearing 
 the green of the rifles, the latter the tartan kilt and accoutrements 
 of a Highland regiment of the line. T'^e Field Batteries, Garrison 
 Artillery and Body Guards are also excellent corps, and the District 
 Schools for Infantry and Cavalry, in which the regulars of ine 
 Canadian Militia have their quarters, are considered second to none 
 in Canada. The Armory in which the regiments are accommodated 
 
30 HOMES — TRAVEL. 
 
 and in which they are mustered and drilled, is spacious and well 
 provided with the necessary equipment. The building' is situated 
 on College Avenue and is a very large structure. 
 
 The Military Institute also on College Ave., near the Armory, 
 is an organization, the object of which is to promote military interests 
 gfenerally, is a useful club with an admirable library. In front of its 
 handsome building are two bronze nine pound 4.2 inch calibre can- 
 nons which proclaim the character of the Institute to the passer by. 
 
 Out-door Sport*— -To citizens and visitors alike, the attractions 
 of out-door sports are available. The Ontario Jockey Club's annual 
 races at the Woodbine are the leading turf event in Canada. 
 Lacrosse, baseball, cricket, golf, curling, hockey, shinty and foot- 
 ball clubs are numerous. The curlers are a strong' body of business 
 and professional men, and six clubs have expensive rink buildings 
 and club houses, viz.: Victoria, Granite, Caledonian, Prospect Park, 
 Moss Park and Parkdale. The Athletic Club, an imposing building- 
 on College Street, and the Athenajum Club on Church Street, arc 
 also noted homes of sport, and the County Hunt Club's House as 
 already mentioned, occupies a beautiful position beyond Victoria 
 Park. 
 
 The Theatres, etc* — The stage is generously patronized in 
 Toronto, there being three flourishing theatres, the Grand, the 
 Princess and the Toronto, with a seating capacity of at least 5,000. 
 Music and Art, twin sisters of the stage, have reached a high 
 standard locally, the former finding pretentious homes in the Con- 
 servatory of Music and the College of Music, and the latter in the 
 Art Gallery on King Street West, the headquarters of the Ontario- 
 Society of Artists, whose annual exhibitions of pictures are growing 
 year by year in importance. 
 
 The Street Rail'way* — The contract for the first street car 
 service in Toronto was awarded in 1861 to Alexander Easton, 
 Vorkville, and called for a system of tracks extending from Bloor 
 to King Streets on Yonge Street, from Bathurst Street to the 
 River Don, on King Street and from Shaw Street to Yonge 
 Street on Queen Street. The fare for the journey was five cents. 
 The franchise was leased for thirty years. From Mr. Easton the 
 franchise passed to a Company, then it became part of the Bowes 
 estate, from which the Kiely Company bought it for the compara- 
 tively small sum of about $48,000. Sir Frank Smith secured control 
 about 188 1, and continued President oi' the railway until th.e expiry 
 of the Easton lease in i8qo when the City assumed charge in 1891. 
 
HOMES — TRAVEL. 3 I 
 
 The franchise was leased to the Kiely, Mackenzie, Everett syndi- 
 cate, on the stem of which the present Company was formed with 
 Mr. Wm. Mackenzie as President. The lease provides that a 
 percentage of the gross receipts and a rental for mileage be paid to 
 the Corporation, the former on the following scale : 
 
 On all gross receipts up to one million dollars, eight per cent, 
 per annum ; between one and up to one and a half millions, ten 
 per cent. ; between one and a half and up to two millions, twelve 
 per cent. ; between two and up to thr^e millions, fifteen per cent., 
 and on all gross receipts above three millions, twenty per cent. 
 The street railway mileage is 85 miles, on which $64,000 rental 
 was paid in 1898, and on the gross receipts for tltet year, the sum 
 of $98,631 was paid. Twenty-five tickets can be bought for one 
 dollar and passengers are entitled to free transfers from one car to 
 another on one continuous journey, so that the city may be travelled 
 from end to end for one fare. There are cheaper rates during 
 certain hours in the morning and afternoon to accommodate em- 
 ployees and school children. 
 
 
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 THE ARMOURY. 
 
^ 
 
 IV.— Public Buildings and Institutions. 
 
 CITY AND COUNTY BUILDINGS. It is almost twenty years 
 since the question of a new City Hall was first discussed. 
 In 1880 the accommodation afforded at the old municipal 
 building- on Front Street was considered inadequate, and the 
 necessity of a larger building" was recognized. In 1883 a joint 
 committee of the City and County Councils was appointed, the 
 result being the recommendation of a suitable structure in which 
 the County and City business should be carried on. Later on the 
 scheme was changed to one providing for separate City and County 
 buildings on the same site, in addition to the Court House. In 
 1884 the site was finally selected, and at the session of the Legis- 
 lature following', power was obtained by the City to issue debentures 
 to the amount of $300,000 for the purpose of proceedings with the 
 work. The plans submitted by Mr. E. J. Lennox, architect, were 
 adopted. Tenders were in part accepted, but in 1887 ^ recom- 
 mendation by the architect, that instead of two separate buildings, 
 one structure should be erected, was adopted. The estimated cost 
 of the building- then was $1,405,034. For the site the sum of 
 $227,000 (including land arbitration fees) was paid. In 1889 an 
 additional sum of $600,000 was voted by a large majority of the 
 ratepayers. The total cost (not yet definitely settled) is estimated 
 at about $2,500,000, for which one of the finest buildings on the 
 continent has been secured. The County of York, which shares 
 the accommodation provided, pays interest on one-fourth of 
 $400,000, the amount originally agreed upon by the County as 
 sufficient for its needs. 
 
 As now completed, the New City and County Hall is an 
 architectural triumph. It is a structure of which the City feels justly 
 proud. It is situated on Queen Street, at the head of Bay Street, 
 and although the centre of the site is not exactly opposite the 
 centre of Bay Street, the plan has been drawn so as to place the 
 chief feature of the buildinof, viz: the Tower, in a direct line with 
 the centre of that Street. It is in the Romanesque style and is of 
 magnificent proportions. Its entire length is 290 feet, and its 
 depth 275 feet, and the site contains 2 9/10 acres of land. 
 There are three divisions, the centre, and the eastern and western 
 wings and four main stories, but in certain parts the height of 
 the walls allow of five or even six stories. The height of the facade 
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 The main floor is inlaid with tiles in artistically designed mosaic 
 work. The panelled ceiling is richly moulded and is supported 
 on an avenue of from 30 to 40 Myceneean marble columns. The 
 corridor walls are embellished by imported Pavanazzo and other 
 Italian marbles, and a start has been made to adorn them above 
 the marble wainscotting with mural paintings, portraying national 
 and historical scenes and events. On approaching this corridor 
 through the massive stone arches forming the main entrance, a 
 magnificent stained glass window meets the eye. The accompany- 
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 Twelve life size figures comprise the principal jfroup, which illus- 
 trates "the union of Commerce and Industry." In the main 
 central panel are two figures, one a female, typifying ••Commerce," 
 wearing a civic crown, the Canadian ensign occupying her left 
 hand, while her right is clasped in that of the other figure, " In- 
 dustry," which is symbolized by a stone carver, standing on the 
 steps of a dais. Behind him are his brothe; workmen, carpenter, 
 iron-worker, laborer, etc. The figures in the left panel represent 
 Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, each having a distinguishing 
 trophy, and further exemplifying the extent of Toronto's com- 
 mercial intercourse. Building and shipping industries are shown 
 by views of the Old and New City Halls, and distant vessels, while 
 across a broad expanse of sea the sun (Prosperity) bursts forth with 
 its far reaching rays of light and hope. The City Arms occupy 
 the upper central panel, on either side of which are figures indicative 
 of Peace and Honor. The Romanesque ornamental details are con- 
 spicuously well-designed and being painted in monotone, the higher 
 coloring of the figure portion of the work is harmoniously accen- 
 tuated. The window is one of the largest stain glass windows on 
 this continent. 
 
 The staircases leading from this corridor are wide, easy struc- 
 tures of handsome wrought iron with marble treads and brass and 
 nickel-plated finishing. The corridor on the second floor is of the 
 same general design as that described above, but less elaborate in 
 finishing and decoration. The city council chamber is located on 
 the second floor. It is forty by fifty feet in size, and at one end 
 there is a commodious gallery. The ceiling is in one span, richly 
 finished in moulded cornice, cantilever blocks and architrave mould- 
 ings. The dais on which is the mayor's chair is backed by a tri- 
 panelled canopy of richly carved oak. 
 
 The building contains the civic offices, the county offices, the 
 police court and offices, the county and high court rooms — spacious 
 chambers — with their necessary offices, the public, separate and 
 high school board rooms and offices — in short, the entire civic and 
 county staff" of officials is housed here. 
 
 The corner stone was laid by Mayor Clarke on the 21st Nov., 
 1891, and on the 27th of May, 1899, Mayor Shaw took up his 
 official quarters in the building, being the first to enter upon its 
 occupancy. 
 
 The Scat of Government — The Parliament Building comes 
 first in order among the government institutions. It occupies one 
 
38 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 of the finest sites in the city, on the rising- ground in Queen's Park, 
 facing the wooded vista of College Avenue. It is a massive pile, 
 of composite Romanesque architecture, built of brown stone, four 
 stories high, with elaborate exterior decoration. The Legislative 
 Assembly meets in a spacious chamber, plainly but effectively 
 furnished, and containing four galleries. The departments of 
 government are here housed. From the tower, which is open to 
 visitors, a sweeping view is commanded of the city and of Lake 
 Ontario which lies in front. 
 
 The Provincial Education Department occupies St. James 
 Square, an open area of about eight acres. The building which 
 faces '"rould Street is Roman-Doric in style and is an imposing block 
 of brick work, in front of which is a statue of the founder of the 
 public school system of Ontario, the Rev. Dr. Ryerson. Within 
 is the Ontario Archaeological Museum containing a fine collection 
 of Indian relics and articles of historic value and interest, in the 
 gathering together of which the curator, Mr. David Boyle, has 
 borne the burden and heat of the day, chiefly as a patriotic duty. 
 
 In Osgfoode Hall^ the High Court of Justice for Ontario, has its 
 headquarters. It was begun in 1829 and completed in sections, 
 the last being finished in 1859. It is named after Hon. Wm. 
 Osgoode, the first Chief Justice of Upper Canada. It is a stately 
 edifice, designed in Classic style. The facade is of cut freestone, 
 pillared and capitalled. Situated within a beautiful enclosure of 
 lawn and green sward, on Queen Street, at the head of York Street, 
 the Hall is one of the sights of the city. It is the property of the 
 Law Society of Upper Canada, incorporated 1797, under whose 
 management a valuable law library, handsomely housed, has been 
 formed. On the corridor walls are many fine oil paintings of 
 learned judges who have occupied seats on the High Court bench. 
 
 Government House^ the official residence of the Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Ontario, is a large mansion situated at the corner 
 of King and Simcoe Streets. The grounds surrounding it are 
 beautifully laid out, and on the lawns notable social events in the 
 history of the ciry have taken place. Pictures of some of the 
 early Governors of the Province find here a fitting home. 
 
 Public Libraries* — There are several libraries of a more or less 
 public character in the city. Chief among them is the Toronto 
 Public Library situated on the corner of Church and Adelaide 
 Streets, whose large collection of books is free for the use of the 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 39 
 
 citizens. It is an admirably managfed institution and to those 
 interested is well worth a visit. The library ot* the Ontario 
 Legislature is housed in the Parliament Building-, and that of the 
 Law Society in Osgoode Hall, both valuable, special collections. 
 That of the Canadian Institute, an institution incorporated for the 
 promotion of historical, literary and scientific research, contains 
 many valuable volumes not easily obtained elsewhere. 
 
 Hospitals and Charities. — Toronto does not lack in benevolent 
 institutions. The General Hospital is a large establishment now, 
 which dates back to the days of small things, when it was situated 
 on John Street. It stands on Gerrard Street East, having a 
 frontage of 170 feet, and on the same grounds are the Burnside 
 Lying-in Hospital, the Mercer Eye and Ear Hospital. St. Michael's 
 Hospital on Bond Street, Grace Hospital on College Street, the 
 Western Hospital on Manning Avenue, are also institutions of 
 excellent repute and usefulness. Among the many charitable 
 institutions are the House of Industry on Elm Street, St Vincent de 
 Paul, with it's nine branches all doing excellent work, the House of 
 Providence, the Home for Incurables, the Infants' Home and 
 Infirmary, the Boys' Home, the Girls' Home, the Haven, ihe 
 Orphan's Home, the Hillcrest Convalescent Home, the News Boys' 
 Lodgings, and the Industrial Relief Society. Last, but foremost 
 among them, is the Sick Children's Hospital on College Street, 
 established by the efforts and liberality of Mr. John Ross Robertson, 
 M.P., proprietor of the Evening Telegram, whose interest in the 
 welfare of children deserves all praise. In addition, the national 
 societies, such as the St. George's, St. Andrew's, St. Patrick, Irish 
 Protestant Benevolent, Catholic, German and others, whose objects 
 are benevolent and national ; and the churches also distribute money 
 and provisions to to the poor and needy of the city. 
 
 Educational Institutions* — The history of Education in Toronto 
 would be the history of the City. In 1791, 200,000 acres of land 
 were set apart for a University in Toronto. In 1807 the Old 
 Grammar School — now the venerated Jarvis Street Collegiate 
 Institute — was opened. In 1827 the charter of King's College was 
 received, and from it Toronto University nas grown, with a proud 
 reputation in the world of learning. The present College building 
 was begun in 1S56 and completed in 1858, the total cost being 
 $355,907. In 1890 it was partially destroyed, but was restored by 
 public subscription, which friends the world over contributed In 
 connection with the College are the Biological Building, costing 
 
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 $129,745 (1890), Gymnasium Buildinj;-, $30,000 (1894), Chemical 
 Building-, $82,000 (1895). The corporation consists ot'a Chancellor, 
 Vice-Chancellor, Professors and members of Convocation for the 
 time beingf. Affiliated with the University of Toronto are. Univer- 
 sity Collegfe, Victoria University, Knox Colleg^e, St. Michael's 
 Colleg-e, WyclifFe College, The Toronto School of Medicine, Dental 
 and Music Colleges. 
 
 Victoria College is connected with the Methodist Church and 
 before its federation with the ^^niversity of Toronto, was located 
 at Cobourg. It occupies a fine ouilding in Queen's Park. 
 
 Knox College is a Presbyterian Institution and now confines 
 its work almost without exception to theological studies. It 
 occupies one of the finest situations in the City on Spadina Avenue, 
 and the building is a handsome white brick structure. 
 
 St. Michael's, a Roman Catholic College, near St. Basil's 
 Church, is one of the best educational institutions in the country. 
 It is well manned and modernly equipped, and has won a wide 
 reputation for the high standard of its course. 
 
 Wycliffe College represents the Low Church Anglicans, and is 
 a vigorous, successful, theological seminary, situated in Queen's 
 Park near the mother University. 
 
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 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Toronto University, originally a close Anglican. The foundation 
 stone was laid in 185 1 and it was opened a year later. Trinity 
 Medical School and St. Hilda's College are in connection with it. 
 Its charter empowers it to confer degrees in Arts, Law, Medicine 
 and Divinity. The building is a fine specimen of architecture and 
 the grounds, on Queen Street West, are extensive and beautifully 
 situated. 
 
 McMaster University faces Bloor Street West. It and Trinity 
 have remained independent Universities. It is named after Hon. 
 Senator McMaster, Toronto, who endowed it most liberally. It is 
 connected with the Baptist Church and has power to grant degrees 
 is Theology, Arts and Science. 
 
 Upper Canada College is one of the oldest Toronto schools, 
 dating from 1829. In 189 1 a new building was c-ected on a com- 
 manding eminence and hill crest where it stands a monument to 
 the public spirit of Hon. Geo. W. Ross, M.PP., Minister of Educa- 
 tion, who stood by it when it needed powerful friends. It is 
 proudly called the Eton of Canada. 
 
 The city is further siipplied by many private schools and 
 colleges, by three collegiate institutes of unsurpassed excellence 
 in Canada, and with fifty-six public schools and ten separate 
 Roman Catholic schools, which, with a technical school, draws from 
 the civic treasury about $600,000 a year. The attendance in the 
 public schools is about 35,000, including about 5,000 in the kinder- 
 garten department. The teaching staff exceeds 600. Text books 
 and school supplies are free. The separate schools are attended 
 by about 4,919 pupils and the teaching staff numbers 94. 
 
 Leading Churches* — Of religious denominations the Anglican 
 is the strongest, numerically, having from one-fifth to one-fourth 
 of the church population of the city, and forty-two churches. The 
 leading congregation and the chief as well as the oldest church is 
 that of St. James Cathedral, dating from 1803. As it at present 
 stands it dates from 1849, and on its erection, enlargements and 
 renovations, the sum of about $220,000 has been spent. 
 
 St. Michael's Cathedral is the principal Roman Catholic church. 
 It is situated on a site formed by Bond and Church and Shuter 
 Streets. To Bishop Power, the first Roman Catholic bishop of 
 Toronto, belongs the honor of beginning and almost finishing the 
 building, which was dedicated in 1848 by Bishop Charbonell, his 
 successor. Its style of architecture is Gothic, and its spire is a 
 beautiful specimen of the builder's art. Other notable Roman 
 Catholic churches are St. Paul's, the oldest Roman Catholic church 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 43 
 
 in the city, St. Basil's, on St. Joseph Street, St. Patrick's, St. 
 Mary's, St. Helen's, St. Peter's, St. Joseph's and Our Lady of 
 Lourdes. 
 
 The Methodist Metropolitan Church is surrounded by extensive 
 g-rounds which form a beautiful square or park. They are situated 
 on Queen St. East and Church St., and the church being in line with 
 and between St. James and St. Michael's Cathedrals, forms as it 
 were a link in a chain of prominent churches. The church is of 
 striking proportions and is surmounted by a tower 30 feet square 
 and by several turrets. The seating capacity is from 2,500 to 3,000. 
 The cost of construction was about $150,000. 
 
 St. Andrew's Church, on the corner of King and Simcoe Streets, 
 is by common consent accorded the leading place among the 
 Presbyterian churches. The style of its architecture is Middle 
 Norman, in keeping with its Scottish traditions. The edifice is 
 built of gray stone, relieved by red-brown stone facings, polished 
 red granite pillars and arches. Three large arches, highly orna- 
 mented and semi-circular, are on the North side, facing King St., 
 on each side of which is a massive pointed tower. The building is 
 surmounted by a large feudal tower, rising to a height of 116 feet, 
 commanding a wide prospect. St. James Square Church, is also 
 a notable building, and- among others deserving special notice are 
 Knox Church, Old St. Andrew's, Jarvis St., Cooke's Church, 
 Westminister Church, Bloor Street Church, Erskine, Central, 
 Chalmers, College, Parkdale, Oak Street and West Church, all of 
 which are important churches. 
 
 The Press. — There are three daily morning papers, viz.: The 
 Globe, founded in 1844, in the interest of the Reform party, the 
 Mail and Empire y founded as the Mail in 1872 as a Conservative 
 journal, and the World, started in 1880, and conducted as a Conser- 
 vative paper ; and four evening papers, The Telegram, The News 
 and The Star. The Globe and the Mail and Empire are conducted 
 with conspicuous ability, arid have attained to a metropolitan 
 position and influence not equalled by any other newspapers in 
 Canada. The other papers mentioned are good speciuiens of 
 journalistic enterprise and success, exercising an influence for good 
 in the community. 
 
I IV I mil)inifuifmrm«)tt II ■ii^w_wiiNi"i^yr"'»»"5r-y7 
 
 v.— Industry, Commerce, Finance. 
 
 As the home of industry, Toronto stands second to no city of its 
 population on the continent. Its lines of industry can be 
 numbered by the hundred, and its teeminj^ population make 
 comfortable livings in its factories, shops and stores. The Massey- 
 Harris Mfg. Company, whose headquarters and works are situated 
 on KintJ- Street West, employ 2,200 men, and their agricultural 
 implements reach almost every quarter of the civilized globe. 
 The E. & C. Gurney Foundry Company, and the Kemp Mfg. Com- 
 pany are large establishments, the one in heavy and the other in 
 light iron goods. Machine shops and boat-building yards such as 
 those of the Bertram Engine Works and the Poison Company give 
 emplovment to large armies ot men in a rapidly growing enterprise ; 
 while in another line of manufacture, the great distillery of Gooder- 
 ham & Worts, and the many breweries are of gigantic extent and 
 importance. Factories, into the products of which lumber enters 
 as raw material, abound, and the furniture manufacturers of the 
 city have sustained for sixty years the pre-eminence then won for 
 them in Canada, so that now a large and growing export trade is 
 being built up, while such establishments as those of the Cobban 
 Mfg. Company, the Northey Mfg. Company, A. R. Williams, 
 W.H. Petrie, the Canadian Rubber Co., J. D. King & Co., the 
 Charles Rogers, Sons & Co., Menzie, Turner & Co., the J. J. Mc- 
 Laughlin Mineral Water Co., the Julian Sale Co. are a mere few 
 which represent lines of industry that are prosecuted with enter- 
 prise and success in this city, whose chief charm and characteristic 
 are not her factories, but the features with which industrial wealth 
 can beautify and supply a flourishing city. 
 
 Toronto's trade and commerce include every line of mercantile 
 pursuit and business which is common to great centres of trade. 
 The wholesale warehouses are many and flourishing, and their 
 goods are distributed to the trade from ocean to ocean. They 
 form a most important part of the city's business life, aff"ording 
 employment to a large number of men. The largest retail houses 
 in Canada are located in Toronto. The Robert Simpson Co., the 
 T. Eaton Co., W. A. Murray & Co., need only be mentioned to 
 bring the great departmental stores of Canada to mind. These 
 
T 
 
 INDUSTRY, COMMERCE, FINANCE. 
 
 45 
 
 CORNER YONGE AND QUEEN STREETS. 
 
 huge establishments, and others that could be instanced, are models 
 of system and modern methods in their management, are thriving 
 hives of industry, and the three mentioned together employ from 
 4000 to 5000 hands. The first named establishment occupies a 
 building of palatial proportions in the very heart of the city, at the 
 corner of Queen and Yonge Streets, a point at which the visitor 
 can well see the life and bustle of the city. The building fell a 
 victim to fire, as did the surrounding buildings in 1896, but the 
 energy and enterprise of the late Mr. Simpson, who founded the 
 business, were not to be overcome by the disaster, great though it 
 was. He built the present structure, which is by far the most im- 
 posing of Toronto's retail houses, on a larger scale than before, 
 and it suitably adorns the second busiest street crossing in the 
 city, the busiest being that crowded thoroughfare at the intersec- 
 tion of Yonge and King Streets, of which the Dominion Bank, 
 
46 
 
 INDUSTRY, COMMERCE, FINANCE. 
 
 the Lawlor (Grand Trunk Ry.) the Janes and the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway buildini^s occupy the four corners. 
 
 The financial institutions, the banks, insurance companies, the 
 loan companies, are conspicuous on account of their magnificent 
 office buildings which form a striking architectural feature of the 
 city streets, and they are prominent in the country on account of 
 the magnitude of their transactions. Toronto is the financial 
 capital of Canada. In it are located the headquarters of the great 
 monetary organizations of the Dominion, — institutions the volume 
 of whose transactions, it is stated, exceeds that of their Canadian 
 contemporaries in any one city. 
 
 The live stock trade has been especially prosperous and is now 
 a very large business, engaged in by a class of men who have made 
 for themselves a name for integrity and enterprise and success in 
 an extremely onerous calling. 
 
 As far back as 1803 Lieut. -Gov. Hunter established the first 
 public market in Toronto. Since that time Toronto's markets 
 have had repeated enlargements and at the present time a market 
 scheme, providing for additional accommodation on a modern 
 plan, is in the hands of the architects, the people having voted 
 $150,000 for the purpose at the last municipal election. Toronto 
 is surrounded by a most fertile country, the products of which, by 
 team and railway and by the radial railways at present promoted, 
 find an easy way to its market, and the new market, when erected, 
 will prove of great advantage and benefit to the general business 
 of the city. 
 
 This business prosperity is to no small degree assisted by 
 the admirable facilities for transportation the city commands by 
 land and water, the latter soon to be further improved. The city 
 is indeed a great railway centre, and if projected lines to the north 
 and north-west should be carried to completion, connecting the 
 Hudson Bay with the city direct, and adding to the lines already 
 touching the Georgian Bay, the increase in trade can only result in 
 an enormous advance on the prosperity now happily enjoyed. 
 
 The future holds a bright prospect. The record of the past 
 is one of steady progress under difficulties which have vanished ; 
 the present is one of opportunities which are not being neglected, 
 so there can be no doubt that public spirit and enterprise will 
 alwavs stand as a bulwark behind the common weal. 
 
 
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 23 1956 
 
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