k'V^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 & 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 ■- illM 
 
 ■ 50 ™"= 
 
 •I "^ 
 
 ^ 140 
 
 ■Si Ibb 
 
 M 
 
 2.0 
 
 U III 1.6 
 
 q 
 
 * 
 
 <p 
 
 /^ 
 
 %■ 
 
 ^h 
 
 .I^J^? 
 
 '^V. /> 
 
 
 O 
 
 7 
 
 M 
 
 Photographic 
 
 „Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 f 71 A ) OTO-ilcnl 
 
 Q 
 
 V 
 
 ^9) 
 
 .V 
 
 o 
 
 
 - If- 
 
 -0^' 
 
 '^b^ 
 
Ar 
 
 t!? 
 
 €&r 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 O 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usjal method of filming, are checked baiow. 
 
 
 
 Coloured covers/^ 
 Couverture de coulaur 
 
 Covers damaged/ 
 Couverture andommagie 
 
 n 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaur^e et/ou peilicul^e 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 ^e titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Carres g^ographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que biaua ou noire) 
 
 r~| Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en cotieur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relit avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion la long de ia marge intdrieure 
 
 Blank laavts added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certair. *s pages blanches ajoutAea 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas ixi filmtes. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppltmentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilteu. exentplairs 
 qu'il lui a ati posisible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-^tra uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquAs ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 
 Colourad pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 [~~] Pages damaged/ 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Pages endommagtes 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurees et/ou pellicultes 
 
 Hages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 i \/i Pages ddcolor^es, tacheties ou piquees 
 
 Pages dttachjes 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of prir 
 
 Qualiti inigale de i'imprersion 
 
 Includes supplementary materii 
 Comprend du materiel supplamontaire 
 
 On^y edition available/ 
 Seuia Edition disponible 
 
 Th« ( 
 to th 
 
 The i 
 poss 
 of th 
 filmii 
 
 Oriqi 
 begii 
 the \. 
 sion, 
 oth«{ 
 firat 
 sion, 
 or tl!< 
 
 r~7 Pages detached/ 
 
 I 1 Showthrough/ 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 r~] Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 r~| OnJy edition available/ 
 
 The! 
 shall 
 TINU 
 whic 
 
 Map! 
 diffei 
 untjri 
 bagir 
 right 
 req-' 
 metn 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partieltement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet derrata, une pelure, 
 etc.. cnt iti fUmiaa d nouveau de faccn i 
 obtenir la meilleure imrge possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmt au taux da reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 H^PT^^l- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w^m^m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
Tbo copy filmed hwm has ba«n rsproducMi thanks 
 to ths ganerosity of: 
 
 The Novr Scotia 
 Legislative Library 
 
 L'axamplsira filmi fut raproduit grdca i la 
 gin^rositA da: 
 
 The Nova Scotia 
 Legislative Library 
 
 Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality 
 possibia conaidarin^ tha conditiori ^nd la^ibility 
 of tha originai copy and in kaaping with tha 
 filming contract spacificationn. 
 
 Laa imagaa suivantas ont 4ti raproduites avac la 
 plus grand soin. conipto tanu da la condition at 
 da la nattar A da I'asamplaira film*, at en 
 eonformiti avac las conditions du contrat da 
 nimaga. 
 
 Oriqinal copiaa In printed papar covars ara filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and anding on 
 the last page with a printed or illuatratevi imp^-ee- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriata. All 
 other otiginai copiaa are filme<i beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and anding on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The laat recorded frame on each microficiia 
 shall contain the symbol —^••(meaning "CON* 
 TINUEQ' ). or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever appliea. 
 
 Laa axemplaires originaux dont la couvertura art 
 papisr 33t impdm^ sont film^s an coinmen^dnt 
 p«r le premier plat at an tarminant soit par la 
 derniire page qui comporta una emprainta 
 d'impraasion ou d'illustration, soit par la second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous lea autras sxamplairas 
 originaux sont film4« an commenqant par la 
 premiere page qui comports una smprsinta 
 d'impreasion ou d'illustration at en terminant par 
 la darniire page qui comporte une telle 
 emprainte. 
 
 Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 demlAra image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cao: le symbole — »> signifle "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole ▼ signifle "FIN". 
 
 Mapa. platee, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratioa.' Thoae too large to be 
 antirely included in one expoaure ara filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames aa 
 req- S-ad. The following diagrama illustrate the 
 metnod: 
 
 Lea cartea, planches, tableeux. otc. , peuvent itro 
 filmte i dee taux de rMuction diff Arents. 
 Lorsque le document eat trop grsnd pour itra 
 reproduit an un saul cliche, il est film* A partir 
 da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite. 
 et do haut en baa. an prenant le nombre 
 d'Imagee n^essaire. Las diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la m^thode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
I« 
 
 . »\ 
 
 m 
 
 mmm 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ^OVA SCOTI4 
 
 PROVINCE HOUSE 
 
 J ,. 
 
 \ 
 
m 
 
 mmm 
 
 I 
 
 WAR IN THE EAST: 
 
 The Principals in the strife; and 
 its* jrobable kme, 
 
 A L E O T U H 3S , 
 
 OELlTERi;i> IX CIIARLOTTETOWX, AIRIL ^6. 1654., 
 
 BEFORE THE 
 
 MUTl AL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 BEV. J. B. NABBAW^t 
 
 mi 
 
mmmm-*i 
 
 .fJSS*<8#«t^J4.-JSi^^^_ ^jjjj,^^^^^. 
 
 ^f^ 
 
 i 
 
 ikx.x^.«— 
 
mmm 
 
 THE 
 
 WAR IN THE EAST 
 
 THE PRINCIPALS IN T'HE STRIFE; AND ITS 
 
 PROBABLE ISSUE. 
 
 A LECTURE, 
 
 DELIVERED IN CHARLOTTETOWN, APRIL 28, 1854. 
 
 BEFORE THE 
 
 ^MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, 
 
 \ 
 
 J I 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. J. R NARRAWAY. 
 
 I. 
 
 ■I 
 
 ii 
 
 CHARLOTTETOWN : 
 
 POWER PRESS OF GEO. T. UASZARD, QUEEN SQUARE, 
 
 1854. 
 
/ 
 
 / 
 
 ■MMMtMiililHM 
 
 N 
 
 <r 
 
 ,.1 
 
 III 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 r] 
 
 t] 
 
 ^h. 
 
 <f? i 
 
 ti 
 n 
 a 
 r< 
 f( 
 
 tl 
 
 u 
 
THE 
 
 WAR IN THE EAST: 
 
 The Beiligerents ; and the probaUe issue. 
 
 A LECTURE. 
 
 The man who k VLdiiferect to his country's fame 
 and fat ;, r^ imwcrthy of her protection and care. 
 Could a Briton, cr a British subject prove thus un- 
 patriotic, he -w'ould m^rit the abhorrence of every 
 rightly constituted miiid, — for cold, indeed, and 
 dead to every generous emotion, must that heart be 
 that remains unmoved in the presence of the splen- 
 did memorials of Britain's glorious past; that can 
 survey her commanding station in the van of civili- 
 zation, of science and of freedom, without admira- 
 tion ; or can behold the dark clouds of angry strife 
 now gathering over her pathway, without a profound 
 and anxious sympathy. A sister colony has but 
 recently given expressive utterance to her sympathy 
 for the mother land, in tones which will delight the 
 illustrious wearer of England's crown, and thrill 
 with feelings of kindred loyalty the brave hearts of 
 the distant dwellers on the outermost boundaries of 
 British rule. Nova Scotia, by the unanimous vote 
 of her Legislature, assures the Queen of England of 
 unswerving loyalty, and gladly assumes to herself 
 
.is*-.^j&si,.=fc*- - 
 
 •« THE WAR 
 
 the task of defending Her Majesty's forts and pro- 
 tecting her arsenals, should the gallant soldiers who 
 now perform that duty be required at the seat of 
 war, to sustain on the ensanguined field their coun- 
 try's fame. 
 
 And we, insignificant as is our isolated Island- 
 home, both in extent and population, cherish feel- 
 ings of the deepest interest in all that affects the 
 glory and prosperity of our fathers' land. At this 
 moment Great Britain is in deadly conflict with the 
 greatest military power on the globe, fighting the 
 battles of national freedom, national progress and 
 national right. We desire to knoAv who are the 
 parties by whom England has been drawn into this 
 contest: what interests she has involved in the 
 struggle ; and we shall attempt to conjecture what 
 may ultimately be the issue thereof 
 
 Turkey and Russia are the principals in the Avar. 
 There was a t me when Turkey was the mightiest 
 existing empire-— a time when her possessions were 
 vast, her armies invincible, and her power the terror 
 of Europe. Under the sway of Solyman the Mag- 
 nificent, the Ottoman flag waved in triumph from 
 Algiers to beyond the Euphrates— from the farthest 
 extremity of the Black Sea to Greece and Epirus. 
 And though sadly mutilated on almost every side 
 since then, Turkey is still an important member of 
 the family of nations. She is bounded on the north 
 by the Caucasus, by the Black Sea and bv Russia; 
 on the west, by Austria ; on the south, by the Medi- 
 terranean and by Arabia ; and on the east, by Per- 
 sia. Within these boundaries lie some of the fair- 
 est and finest portions of the whole earth— rich in 
 natural resources — rich in commanding positions- 
 richer still in historic associations. These are lands 
 of surpassing interest to tiie scholar. Egypt is there 
 —Egypt, the birth-place and nursery of civilization 
 —along the banks and valley of whose fructifying 
 
 -"^ 
 
 
 wm ' " 
 
 ■ ' 
 
1 -iifeEBBfe iF 
 
 tmmmmcms^SfU 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 ^ 
 
 river he entombed the gigantic ruins of the temples 
 of Carnac, of Luxor, of Edfou— Egypt, which once 
 could boast of the proud City of the 8un, of Mem- 
 phis, and Thebes with her hundred gates; and 
 Avhich still owns the mighty Pyramids, around 
 whose hoary summits circling centuries have rushed, 
 and at whose base powe/ful nations have fought for 
 victory or for life. Nineveh, whose site was for- 
 gotten, and whose sculptured chronicles are only 
 now disclosing to the antiquarian's curious eye the 
 secrets and conquests, the life and the religion of the 
 empire of Ninus ; and '-Babylon, the glory of the 
 Chaldees' excellency." with her wonderful walls, 
 her brazen gates, her temple of Belus and her hang- 
 mg gardens,— Nineveh and Babylon, both seats of 
 ancient and universal monarchy, were sepulchred 
 in the soil over which the now waning crescent 
 dimly shines. These are the countries, in part or 
 m whole, over which, from the days of Nimrod, the 
 bloody tide of conquest hath ebbed and flowed with 
 monotonous regularity, as the passionate children of 
 the south, the fierce shepherd warriors of the north, 
 or the cruel tyrants of indigenous growth have in 
 turn been victims or victors in hateful war. Here 
 Alexander was born— here his chief battles were 
 won— here his vices, mightier than his valor, slew 
 the conqueror of the world. 
 
 Sacred to poetry, embalmed in deathless song, 
 and never on earth to be forgotten, are the haunts 
 of the Grecian muse. Near the Hellespont, in which 
 Leander perished and vvhicii Xerxes bridged, stood 
 Troy— here for weary years Agamemnon ranged 
 his Grecian host— here Ulysses counselled— here 
 the Grecian champion overcame the Trojan hero 
 —here rival Gods and Goddesses in human form, 
 as Poets sang, mingled in fratricidal strife— here 
 were wrought deeds of wondrous heroism which 
 mimortal genius hath enshrined in immortal verse. 
 
6 THE WAR 
 
 Within the Turkish boundaries also the snowy 
 Olympus, seat cf imperial Jove, rears its lofty head 
 — here too is the sweet vale of Tenipe— here flow 
 the Halys, ihe Hebrus, the Meander. And the lands 
 which Grecian muses sang. Gre'^ian art adorned. 
 Ionia in Asia Minor in its painting and sculpture 
 and architecture rivaled the finest productions of 
 the pencil and chisel of the artists of Athens and 
 Corinth. These famed lands which have wither- 
 ed away beneath barbarous war and brutal misrule, 
 were at different periods as distinguished for com- 
 merical opulence as for power and science and art. 
 Gaza and Tyre, whose merchants were princes— 
 Sidon, Damascus, Baalbec and Palmyra, Alexan- 
 dria, long the commerical emporium of the civilized 
 world, and Constantinople, with other cities scarcely 
 inferior to many of those, were once renowned for 
 their wealth — the indusrial treasures of distant and 
 numerous lands. 
 
 But more venerable to the Christian'c heart than 
 to any others are those ancient countries. On the 
 western borders of the Turkish Empire perhaps 
 once flourished that delicious garden in which 
 
 •' the criiped bioaks, 
 
 Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold, 
 With mazy error under pendant shades 
 
 Ran nectar ;" 
 
 and where the First Man fell beneath the tempter's 
 power. Betv/een the Tigris and the Euphrates 
 dwelt Abraham when the command of God bade 
 him go forth ^* not knowing whither '-his footsteps 
 might tend. There spent Jacob his long servitude 
 for love of Rachel. Ishmael and Esau grew and 
 prospered in the land now lying beneath the 
 Moslem's feet. There also towers aloft that awful 
 Horeb which trembled at the voice of God, when 
 He descended to its cloud-pavilioned top. And 
 
Kr^^^^R'iS 
 
 (^ 
 
 IN THE EAST. / 
 
 " beautiful for situation, the joy of the wliole earth 
 was mount Zion, the city of the Great King.'- How 
 solemn, how touching, liov/ subduing the memories 
 which wake with the names of Bethlehem, of Naza- 
 reth, of Bethany, of Calvary! The cedar still 
 vv'aves on liebanon — the dew stills rests upon Het- 
 nion — "the Uttle clond" still rises from the shores 
 of Carmel — the grapes ripen in Eschol — and the 
 rose yet Dlooms in Sharon, The Assyrian and 
 Chaldectn, the Persian and the Greek, the Roman 
 the Saracen and the Turk have swept over these 
 glorious countries — but the genial dim the fertile 
 hills, the fruitful vales, the irrigati:ii., rivers, the 
 navigable seas, and the commanding positions re- 
 main unclianged. 
 
 Of this Ottoman Empire Constantinople is the 
 centre and capital : and most worthy is It of this 
 high pre-eminence. Situated nearly midway be- 
 tween the enuator and the pole ; holding in its hands 
 the keys of two great navigable seas, around whose 
 shores are stretched m almost boundless extent, the 
 richest lands known to man, and into whose waters 
 are poured the floods of the Don, the Dnieper, and 
 the Danube, the Po, the Rhone, the Ebro, and the 
 Nile; majestically rising upon seven hills, which, 
 give grace and beauty to the promontory which 
 they crown ; nearly surrounded with water, easily 
 accessible, and easily defended ; with a magnificent 
 harbour in which the fleets of the world might 
 safely ride, — Constantinople justiiics the choice of 
 its great founder, who made it the seat of empire 
 when the Roman dominion had reached its point of 
 culmination. The dedication of Byzantium by 
 Constantino the Great occurred about the year 
 A. D. 334. Its imperial founder gave it the name 
 of New Rome, but a grateful people attached to it 
 the more appropriate designation of Constantinople, 
 by which name it has been known to western 
 
 i 
 
 O-v.. .. * 
 
 rc-sr^rkSv ' 
 
 %^ . - . 
 
,fAllttef:ff^/- ^■-.■tf'S8W)t;.-- ■'jyifMl'iWMM 
 
 .^ 
 
 3 THE WAR 
 
 Eiirepe ever since, amid all the vicissitudes of its 
 fate. This new mistress of the Roman world con- 
 tinued to be the seat of the Eastern division of the 
 Latin Empire more than a taousand years after 
 Old Rome was sacked by Alaric's valiant Goths. 
 
 Whence came the rude people that now hold 
 sway over so large and fair a portion of the domin- 
 ions of mighty Rome 7 In the sixth century an 
 enslaved tribe of central Asia, toiled at the forges 
 which blazed on the slopes of the Altai Mountains, 
 wheie they fabricated arms for the dominant horde 
 which oppressed and despised them. At a favour- 
 able moment, under the guidance of a brave and 
 skilful leader, the subject race rose upon their op- 
 pressors, and after a fierce and bloody contest, 
 almost exterminated them. Pursuing a rapid course 
 of conquest, the victorious warriors reduced to their 
 sway the countless hordes which roamed over the 
 pastoral plains of northern and central Asia ; and 
 they founded a great Scythian Empire which reach- 
 ed from the Oxus lO the frozen north, and from the 
 fi-ontiers of China to the boundaries of Persia. This 
 powerful people became known to the Roman 
 world under the name of Turks, when Justinian sat 
 upon the tottering throne of the ancient Coe&ars 
 which was steadied for a time by the genius and 
 valour of the great Belisarius ; and when the fame 
 of the Sassanidae was more than sustained upon 
 the throne of Persia by the brilliant qualities of 
 Nushirvan the .Tust. The Turkish power continu- 
 ed unbroken for about two hundred years, after 
 which the Turkish race was scattered in independ- 
 ent connnuuities from China to the banks of the 
 Danube. These northern shepherds were often the 
 slaves, the warriors, and not imfrequently the 
 masters, of the degenerating dynasties of Western 
 Asia. Among the princes of Turkish blood, that 
 thus supplanted the native possessors of a foreign 
 
 ■MWta i Bww 
 
 *l ""-i.liWP^'S 
 
 "W 
 
H. 
 
 «»«»»« jw,»,j-j,^ jj^;y ,» .m:.'im.„iJBm^b.mr «^.i^-te,^y.^^^«^,;Jl.l«^l^w,.».^■:J^«w»^ 
 
 IN THE EAST. 9 
 
 throne, ranks pre-eminent Mahmiid, the first Ma- 
 hommedan conqueror of Hindostan, the unsparing 
 rifler of its almost fabulous treasures, and the in- 
 flexible enemy of its debasing idolatry. 
 
 In the former part of the eleventh century the 
 grandson of Seljuk, a Turkish Chieftain that had 
 with his friends and vassals fled from Turkestan, 
 was chosen by lot to ascend the throne of Persia, 
 just rendered vacant by a Turkish victory. The 
 chosen warrior, Togrul Beg, did honour to the 
 choice by the exhibition of those barbaric virtues, 
 which delight a brave but savage race. Two other 
 great princes in turn succeeded Togrul Beg — Alp 
 Arslan and Malek Shah under whom the Seljukian 
 Turkish Empire obtained its widest limits — from 
 Cashsar on the borders of China, to the vicinitv of 
 Constantinople. Upon the death of Malek Shah, 
 the Turkish Empire was torn to fragments by civil 
 war, from the confusion of which arose three King- 
 doms, one of which, still ruled by a descendant of 
 Seljuk, had Nice for its metropoUs — a city situated 
 in Asia Minor, • hundred miles from Constantinople. 
 In ihe course of their conquests the Seljukian Turks 
 captured Jerusalem; and by the barbarities they 
 inflicted upon the Christian pilgrims and clergy in 
 that venerable city aroused the fierce fanaticism of 
 Europe, just begini^ig to emerge from its state of 
 ignorant barbarity. 
 
 At nearly the commencement of the thirteenth 
 century the pastoral hordes of central Asia were 
 again maddened with the lust of universal conquest ; 
 and under the leadership of Zenghis Khan, his 
 lieutenants and his successors rolled the bloody 
 and devastating tide of savage war frrom the Sea 
 of Japan almost to the shores of the Baltic. In 
 this terrible deluge the Seljukian dynasties all pe- 
 rished. But the Tartar power soon vanished from 
 Asia Minor, and scarcely one hundred years from 
 a2 
 
■iMHiii 
 
 10 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 the first victory of Zinghis, Othmaii, n Turkish 
 robber chiet' whose father had served the last of 
 the Seljukian princes, descended through the passes 
 of MoiiQt Oiympns into the plains of Bithynia, 
 and laid anew the foundations of Turkish domi- 
 nion, which, after its founder, bears the name of 
 the ( >ttomaa Empire. 
 
 A succession of valiant and able princes secured 
 the extension of the Ottoman power on every side. 
 The feeble provinces which yet submiitted to the By- 
 zantine sceptre were rudely torn away. The nations 
 between the Danube and the Adriatic were reduced 
 to Moslem sway Amurath the First instituted 
 the celebrated bands called Yens^i chert, or new 
 
 liers, corrupted into Janizaries. These invmci- 
 biv troops, were in the first instance, composed of 
 the flov/er of the captive Christian youth from the 
 hardy races that inhabited Bulgaria, Servia, Bos- 
 nia and Albania — they were educated in the faith of 
 the Koran, and carefully trained to arms : and they 
 bore the silver crescent of the Osmanlees triumphant 
 over many a terrible field of blood. But in the 
 year 1402 Bajazei the Turkish Sultan, surnamed 
 The Licrhtninc. was utterlv defeated by the dread- 
 ed Tamerlane, another T'ogul conqueror who emu- 
 lated the example of the renowned Zinghis Khan. 
 
 The Turkish power, though well-nigh uprooted 
 by the terrific tempest, survived its losses, and shot 
 forth more vigorously than ever. In the year 1453 
 Mal^omet the Second took Constantinople, termina- 
 ted the mockery of a Greek Empire, and made the 
 captive city the seat of Ottoman rule. 
 
 For a considerable period subsequent to the 
 capture of the City of Constantine, the Turks kept 
 Europe in constant aiarm. They subdued the 
 Ukraine ; they swept over Hungary ; they invaded 
 Italy; Rhodes, though defended by the Knights of 
 St. John who performed prodigies of valour, fell 
 
 ir viW'' "Mt i jiJUHJMn -.mam 
 
'■■■'^^^SiSai^'mA^e^^^t^l^^ 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 11 
 
 before the overwhelming assaults of the Ottoman 
 legions : Candia after one of the most fiercely con- 
 tested sieges known to History yielded to Turkish 
 valour ; Egypt, and the land of Hamiibal, of Augus- 
 tin and of Cyprian lay at the foot of Ottoman 
 supremacy. 
 
 But the Moslem waves broke in vair upon the 
 rocks of Malta ; the pale crescent went down in a 
 sea of blood at Lepanto, where Don John of Austria 
 destroyed the Turkish fleet, and delighted the 
 Roman Pontiff", who exclaimed iii ecstacy, when first 
 informed of the Ottoman disaster, " There was a 
 man who was sent from God, and his name was 
 John." The Polish Hero, Sobieski rolled back the 
 tide of Mahommedan victory from the gates of 
 Vienna ; and Prince Eugene, the worthy compeer of 
 our own victorious Marlborough, terribly avenged 
 the wrongs of Christian nations at the battle of 
 Zenta. 
 
 At last the well disciplined forces of the Chris- 
 tian Powers, obtained permanent superiority in the 
 art of war, over the dashing Spahis of Asia Minor, 
 and the unprogressive obstinacy of the factious 
 Janizaries. Statesmanship and genius seemed to 
 have deserted the sons of Othman. Feebleness and 
 stupidity in the cabinet, were but poorly compensa- 
 ted by stupid valour, and imbecile leadership in the 
 field. The invincike Turk, long the terror of 
 Europe, sank beneath its contempt. 
 
 Stripped of important territory by Russia on the 
 shores of the Black Sea and on the north of the 
 Danube ; weakened by losses which enriched Ve- 
 nice, Poland and Austria, enfeebled by its own 
 rebellious vassals, who broke the fetters that bound 
 them to the Ottoman throne ; Greece independent; 
 Northern Africa gone; Egypt, and Syria, wrested 
 from its grasp ; — the Turkish Empire appeared to 
 be dyinq- of inanition, or patiently waiting foi death 
 
 ^B 
 
■J - ■'" r : 
 
 12 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 beneath the next assault of its hungry and rapa- 
 c" )us foes. 
 
 The first Othman Princes were most able rulers, 
 many of them, successful warriors down to the 
 time of Solymap the Magnificent, who died in 1566 
 — himself the ablest of them all. Unhappily for 
 Turkish greatiiess, this Sovereign, desirous of pre- 
 venting the recurrence of the rebellions so often 
 caused by Princes of the Royal blood, ordained 
 that in future, the heirs of the Turkish throne, 
 should be confined to the harem, and educated 
 among women and slaves, till they were draw^n 
 from their seclusion, to sway the sceptre of states- 
 men and heroes. The consequence of this change, 
 has been visible in the marked degeneracy of the 
 Turkish Sultans, who have, since the death of 
 Solyman, been enthroned in the Golden Gate. 
 
 In 1826, the Sultan Mahmoud destroyed the Jani- 
 zaries ; these turbulent troops having often strangled 
 the sovereigns, who sought to restrain their violence 
 or improve their organization. The Turkish Sul- 
 tan is an absolute Rulei— he is the Commander of 
 the Faithful, the supreme spiritual head of the 
 Orthodox Moslem Faith. There is no class of 
 nobles in the Ottoman Empire. All Turks are 
 nominally upon a level. All Christians were 
 regarded as an inferior race, not permitted to serve 
 m the Ottoman armies, and compelled to pay a 
 degrading poll tax— they were not permitted to give 
 testimony in a Mahommedan court of justice, and 
 were often the victims of crushing misrule. Within 
 the last twenty years, however^' most remarkable 
 improvements in the condition of the Turkish 
 Empire, have taken place. The army has been 
 disciplined and trained, according to European 
 tactics, of which improvements, in the recent con- 
 tests on the Danube, the Turks have reaped mani- 
 fest advantage. Commerce has been considerably 
 
e:».MH«..a«a.».»it*.»..„..,..«m^.»a«^ 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 13 
 
 extended. Religious liberty has been largely in- 
 creased. The capitation tax has been abolished. 
 The Christians of all denominations are being raised'' 
 to an equality with those who long oppressed 
 them. 
 
 The population of Turkey in Asia, is, at least, 
 three-fourths Mahommedan, of which the larger 
 part is of the Turkish race. But in Europe the 
 Christians form by much the larger portion of the 
 inhabitants of the Turkish provinces. Wliere no 
 census is taken, it is impossible to arrive at a 
 correct estimate of ^he population ; and concerning 
 Turkey the most conflicting statements are put 
 forth. One of the latest authorities on this subject, 
 estimates the entire population of the Ottoman 
 Empire, including the Danubian Principalities, 
 Egypt, Arabia, and Syria, which are scarcely more 
 than nominally Turkish, at 34,50(),00(), irrespective 
 of those doubtful dependencies at 14,090,000. 
 
 We will now direct our attention to the great 
 nation, with whose gigantic forces Turkey has 
 been necessitated to commence an unequal strife. 
 Russia is the secret dread of continental Europe ; 
 but slie has no charms for the scholar or the student. 
 You turn in vain to her gloomy, repulsive and 
 barbarous past for ought to awaken enthusiasm or 
 to gratify the taste. In the palmy days of the 
 Roman Empire, the barbaric world was divided 
 into three great sections, differing from each other 
 in language, in appearance and in customs. One 
 great family of barbarous tribes roamed over the 
 wide territory which lies north of the (3xus, and 
 stretches from the Caspian Sea, to the frontier of 
 China. From these vast regions came the Hun. 
 the Turk, and the Tartar. Another rude and 
 powerful race of men, tall in stature, noble in aspect, 
 fair in complexion, fearing death less than servitude, 
 cherished their wild valour in the dark forests of 
 
u 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 Germany, around the fiords and amid the snows of 
 Scandinavia. From these then rugged regions, 
 issued forth the brave forefathers of the now pohsh- 
 ed nations of Western Europe. Midway between 
 the haunts of the Tartar, and Teutonic races wan- 
 dered the fiUhy hordes of Sarmatia. On the wide 
 plains which lie within the boundaries of the Volga 
 and the Vistula they found ample scope for rapine 
 and war. In the centre of this immense country, 
 over which for dreary ages had rested thick clouds 
 of impenetrable darkness, were laid in the ninth 
 century the foundations of the Muscovite rule. 
 Ruric, a Scandinarian chieftain from Jutland it is 
 said, inspired by the same love of spoil, and of 
 conquest which promted his daring race, at that 
 period, to seek wealth and fame in distant adven- 
 tures, migrated with his brothers and their followers 
 to the land of the Russ. By energy and cunning 
 this warlike chief hi 862, established himself as 
 Czar of Russia. His descendants occupied the 
 Russian throne for more than seven hundred years. 
 Diu'ing this long period, and for a century longer, 
 Russia was almost unknown to the progressive 
 nations of Europe. Immersed in barbarism and 
 superstition there was but little in common between 
 her and those nations which had risen upon the 
 ruins of the Roman world to a high eminence of 
 superstition and science. But during less than two 
 hundred years, under the early princes of the house 
 of Rtiric, the Russians, descending the Dnieper in 
 numerous vessels of rude construction and dimini- 
 tive proportions, four times in vnin assaulted or 
 attempted to capture Constantinople. Always baf- 
 fled in their main object, they yet inspired with 
 terror the eifeminate Greeks, who trembled behind 
 the walls of Constantine, alarmed by the prophecy 
 that in the last days the Russian should possess 
 Constantino[>le. 
 
»t««!S.^i-M..M*.«,J«.g.' .«..afcM.te«l^ 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 15 
 
 After various unsuccessful attempts by Missiona- 
 ries from the Greek Church, at last under the reign 
 of Vladimir the Great, Christianity according to the 
 Greek ritual, became the religion of the Russian 
 monarchy. In the thirteenth century, the Russians 
 sank beneath the victorious march of the Tartar 
 cavalry ; and for two hundred years were enslaved 
 by Tartar tyranny. 
 
 In 16S9, a few months after William, Prince of 
 Orange, had accepted the English Crown, thereby 
 terminating the long continued strife between the 
 parties who sought to reduce the English liberties 
 beneath the sway of absolute despotism, and those 
 who sought to extend and guard them by additional 
 constitutional guarantees — a few months after this 
 important epoch, a new era dawned for Russia in 
 the accession of Peter to the throne of Muscovy, 
 This distinguished Monarch, animated by tlie 
 desire of placing his country upon a level with the 
 great civilized nations of the world, displayed an 
 energy and comprehensiveness of view, coupled 
 with a tenacity of purpose which terminated in the 
 most astonishing results. The story of his life 
 reads more like the fabulous creations of oriental 
 romance, than the truthful history of a real prince 
 of the seventeenth century. After tremendous con- 
 flicts with Sweden, whose troops long invincible 
 were led by that warlike madman, Charles XII. — 
 Often defeated, yet never losing hope, fortune at last 
 recompensed Peter^s perseverance with brilliant 
 success — the fatal battle of Fultowa broke the power 
 of Sweden, and gave to the Russian hero lands and 
 ports on the Baltic Sea; acquisitions long coveted, 
 and once acquired, with the speed of magic turned 
 to the best account. St. Petersburg rose upon the 
 banks of the Neva as if by enchantment. The 
 monarch who had wrought with his own hands in 
 the dock yards of Amsterdam, and Portsmouth^ 
 
 » ^^ 
 
ti 
 
 16 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 soon gave Russia a navy. The Arts were naturali- 
 zed, — Schools were founded, — Science was fostered, 
 and a spirit of progress breathed into the sluggard 
 Sclavonians of the Sarmatian plains, which threw 
 off the chilling incubus of innumerable ages. 
 
 In the year 1762, Catherine II ascended the 
 Russian throne, and though a much worse woman 
 than the Tudor Elizabeth, she was as able a sove- 
 reign as the English Lioness. During the thirty- 
 four years of Catherine's reign, the boundaries of 
 the Russian Empire were immensely expanded : 
 and its population, which at her accession was 25, 
 000,000, at her death, amounted to 36,000,000. 
 The rule of Alexander, the great admirer and then 
 the great antagonist of Napoleon, still further 
 enriched the Muscovite territory. The share which 
 Russia had in the overthrow of the French Colos- 
 sus, gave to the northern giant a preponderating 
 influence in European councils and policy. Suc- 
 cessful war against Turkey in 1828 and 1829, in 
 which the Russian forces swept through the moun- 
 tain passes of the Balkan, the natural bulwark of 
 the Golden Horn, threw the enfeebled Turk at the 
 feet of the mighty Autocrat of the North. Since 
 1815 especially, Russia has assumed an attitude of 
 inextinguishable hostility to national freedom and 
 constitutional liberty, wherever her brutal armies 
 could overwhelm, her perfidious diplomacy distract, 
 or her Ural gold corrupt. 
 
 The vast territory over which Nicholas now 
 holds iron rule, extends from the Islands of the 
 Baltic to the north-western coasts of America, and 
 from the Arctic Sea to the mouths of the Danube, 
 and the valleys of Georgia— at least one-tenth part 
 of the habitable earth. At this moment the popu- 
 lation of this great space cannot be less than 65, 
 000,000. And though immense portions of the 
 Rus>sian dominions may be forever irreclaimable to 
 
 •wWHf' 
 
 ■f*a«i((?™- 
 
 
 ^ -. 
 
■— • > 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 17 
 
 the purposes of man, yet a very large proportion of 
 Russia's 7,000,000 of square miles possesses a soil of 
 unsurpassed fertility, capable of sustaining a popu- 
 lation many times greater than at present is there 
 found. The Caspian, the Black, the Baltic, and 
 the White Seas, are under Russian dominancy, and 
 are all connected with each other by a system of 
 river, and canal navigation. The Government of 
 Russia is a pure despotism — the will of the Sover- 
 eign is absolute. The only restraints upon the 
 exercise of that will are the feebly- felt public opi- 
 nion of Constitutional Europe, and the dread of 
 assassination by maddened subjects. Of the 
 65,000,000, which submit to the sway of the Em- 
 peror of all the Russias, 45,000,CKX), are serfs or 
 slaves. There can be no doubt but tiiat in a defen- 
 sive war Russia could raise an army of a million of 
 men. More than three-fourths of the Russian sub- 
 jects are members of the Russo-Greek Church. 
 In the provinces torn at different periods from 
 Poland alone, there are now 20,000,000, of souls. 
 
 The Author of the work entitled. Progress of 
 Russia in the East," describing that progress, has 
 the following statements: — "Her acquisitions 
 from Sweden are greater than what rem.ains to 
 that kingdom. 
 
 «' Her acquisitions from Poland are nearly equal 
 to the Austrian Empire. 
 
 " Her acquisitions from Turkey in Europe are of 
 greater extent than the Prussian dominions, exclu- 
 sive of the Rhenish Provinces. 
 
 "Her acquisitions from Turkey in Asia, are 
 nearly equal to the whole of the smaller states of 
 Germany. 
 
 " Her acquisitions from Persia are equal in extent 
 to England. 
 " Her acquisitions in Tartary have an area not 
 A3 
 
18 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 inferior to Turkey in Europe, Greece, Italy, and 
 
 Spain. 
 
 "The Russian frontier has been advanced towards 
 Berlin,— Dresden,— Munich,— Vienna and Paris, 
 about 700 miles; Towards Constantinople, 500 
 ixjiles— towards Stockholm, 630 miles— towards 
 Teheran 1000 miles." 
 
 We will now refer to the causes which have 
 involved these nations in the miseries and guilt of 
 war. Louis Napoleon, raised to supreme rule in 
 France, in pursuance of the policy which prompted 
 the overthrow of the republicans who held sway in 
 Rome, and the restoration of the Roman Pontiff to 
 his throne, obtained a firman from the Ottoman 
 Porte, declaring him, Louis Napoleon, Protector of 
 the Holy Places. Under the influence of French 
 diplomacy, which did not hesitate to threaten hos- 
 tilities if its demands were not complied with, cer- 
 taiii privileges were accorded to the Latin Church 
 which had previously been shared in common 
 with the Greek Church, or possessed by the Greek 
 Church alone. These privileges seem to the eyes 
 of a distant Protestant of the most trivial kind. 
 Thus did they appear to the judgnient of the 
 Ottoman Porte. The Moslems of Syria have long 
 gazed with wonder and contempt at the unseemly 
 and violent struggles of Greek and Latin Christians, 
 who have in murderous strife stained with Chris- 
 tian blood the floors of the venerable Church of the 
 Hoiy Sepulchre- Mahommedan police has often 
 kept the rival worshippers of the same God, from 
 cutting each other's throats on what was deemed 
 to be the very grave of the Redeemer of the world. 
 The Czar professed high indignation at the favor 
 shewn to the followers of the Latin Church ; and he 
 sent one of the highest dignitaries of his Court, 
 Prince Menschikoff, to Constantinople to demand 
 restitution or reparation. By the judiciQUs aid of 
 
 — yr" 
 
 
IK THE EAST. 
 
 19 
 
 the English and French diplomatists the question 
 of the Holy Places was satisfactorily settled by the 
 admission of Menschikoff himself. But meanwnile, 
 this worthy representative of his rapacious master, 
 endeavoured to alarm the Sultan into a secret 
 treaty which, under penalty of Russian vengeance, 
 was to be kept from the knowledge of the other 
 European Powers. There were dignity and courage 
 enough left in the bosom of the descendant ol 
 Solyman and Othman to reject the ins ilting pro- 
 posal. Then it was that Menschikoff, with unheard- 
 of insolence of speech, of manner, and of purpose, 
 openly demanded a Convention to be entered into 
 with Russia by the Sultan which should have the 
 binding force of a solemn treaty. The object sought 
 through such Convention was, to all intents and 
 purposes, to make the Czar the virtual luler ot 
 those Christian subjects of the Porte that belonged 
 to the Greek communion— these m the European 
 provinces of Turkey, are at least three-foui s ot 
 the population. Had this demand been compued 
 with Turkey was lost. Consequent upon the 
 Turkish refusal to commit national suicide, a pow- 
 erful Russian army crossed the Pruth, and took 
 military occupation of Moldavia and W allachia, 
 tributary dependencies of the Ottoman Porte. 
 From these transactions arose the Eastern War. 
 • Can charity itself believe that Russia was influ- 
 enced in her demands, and in her subsequent pro- 
 ceedings by a pious regard for the sacred scenes ot 
 the Saviour's birth and burial ; and by a generous 
 sympathy towards her fellow religionists^ ot the 
 orthodox Greek rite ? We have seen that for more 
 than half a century, amid all the vricissitudes ot 
 rising and falling dynasties around her, Russia had 
 pursued an unwavering course of aggrandizement, 
 --that Turkey, both in Asia and m Europe, had 
 been bereft of some of her most valuable provinces. 
 
ftr i Miaii« i-i:.- i c iii i i M !i it i i-^ i isp i f tr 
 
 20 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 But it was not enough that the Black Sea was fast 
 becoming a Russian lake — that the mouths of the 
 Danube were guarded by Russian cannon, or al- 
 lowed to become unnavigable through Muscovite 
 craft or negligence — that Servia was nominally 
 under the Ottoman sway, but virtually under Rus- 
 sian influence — that Moldavia and W^llachia were 
 half Russian already— all this was not enough. 
 The crescent still glittered over the dome of St. 
 Sophia— The Othman race still ruled around the 
 Golden Horn— and the Straits of the Bosphorus 
 and the Hellespont sealed the Pilediterrancan 
 against the fleets of Sebastopol. Since the founda- 
 tion of the Russian monarchy, Constantinople had 
 been the object of the ScaUonian's panting desire- 
 Nicholas mistook desire for destiny. He was 
 weary of waiting to clutch the coveted prize — there 
 was danger in further delay. Turkey whom all 
 men had thought dying, seemed to have passed the 
 dangerous crisis of her fate. She had survived the 
 loss of Greece. Egypt was no longer an object of 
 dread. The latest discoveries in the military art 
 were being introduced into the Ottoman armies; 
 and discipline was superseding insubordination. 
 Commerce was rapidly extending. Steamboats 
 were plying upon the Turkish waters. The era 
 of Rail-Roads and Electric Telegraphs was dawn- 
 ing upon the taciturn Turkman, Newspapers 
 were discussing politics in the Turkish capital. 
 Mohammedan fanaticism* was uyiug out; and the 
 causes of Christian discontent were expiring. Pro- 
 testantism fresh from Republican America had a 
 legal standing in the dominions of the Sublime 
 Porte; and built churches on the banks of the 
 Euphrates and within the walls of Constantinople. 
 An Anglican Bishop wore his mitre upon Mount 
 Zion ; and a Protestant ministry was re-lighting— 
 re-trimr • the quivering lamps of Smyrna. The 
 
 
 i#^:''''*l|^llg^..t^4yWiMlli 
 
h 
 
 1 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 21 
 
 w^ 
 
 generous Sultan had dared to give an asylun>. to the 
 patriots of Hunr,iry. 
 
 There was progress everywhere. Turkey might 
 be regenerated — nay become Protestant and free. 
 If Egypt, -'basest of kingdoms," had awakened to 
 new Mfe, why mi^ht not Turkey do the same? 
 Besides, France had founded a powerful colony in 
 Algiers— she might extend her conquests, and th«^ 
 granary of Ancient Rome might again be enriched 
 with golden harvests. The increase of French 
 power in that direction might be destructive to 
 Russian interests, and a barrier to Russian a iiilition. 
 The Autocrat deemed it high time to be up and 
 doing. He quietly ^ut energetically made vast 
 preparations. The hour seemed to be propitious. 
 An excuse for quarrel presented itself. He could 
 exhibit hin:self to his umnqiurmg minions as the 
 c^^mpion of the Church whose temporal Head he 
 claimed to be. He might expect but little inlerrup- 
 tion from neighbouring nations. Sweden and Den- 
 mark were too impotent to breathe disapprobation. 
 Prussia owned Nicholas's brother-in-law for Ring. 
 Austria owed her existence to Russian aid, and 
 could not forget the services that brought captive 
 Hungary to her feet. Fra^ace, if united in purpose 
 and policy with England, could trouble his dreams 
 —but would England trust the man whose uncle 
 had died in St. Helena, and against whose dreaded 
 ambition she had armed her militia?— would France 
 ever forget or for[;ive the victors at Waterloo '? But 
 England herself had borne a principal part in the 
 destruction of the Turkish fleet at Navarino ; had 
 sanctioned Russion aggrandizement on the Drnube. 
 England too was busy in her workshops— at her 
 looms, in her dockyards and at her mines. Peace 
 Societies were lulling the British Lion to sleep. 
 Cotton-lords, with Cobden as their prophet, were 
 declaring that England's great mission was to forge 
 
22 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 !t:i 
 
 ploughshares and print calicos for all mankind. 
 Palmerston, whom Russia had never been able 
 either to frighten or cajole, was no longer the guid- 
 ing genius of England's foreign policy. Aberdeen 
 was the Autocrat's ''much esteemed friend;" and 
 Aberdeen was England's Prime Minister. Besides 
 in particularly confidential conversations with the 
 British Ambassador, Nicholas had striven "to 
 come to an understanding" with the British Govern- 
 ment respecting the disposal of the effects of the 
 sick Moslem when ne should become defunct. True, 
 the British Government was unable to perceive 
 those symptoms of rapid decay which the skilful 
 Czar detected so clearly — but might not the certainty 
 of possessing Candia and Egypt operate favorably 
 on British vision 7 The opportunity appeared to be 
 too ripe and too tempting for Nicholas not to pluck 
 
 it. 
 
 Rejecting every proposal for peace, and for the 
 withdrawal of his forces from the Danubian Princi- 
 palities, the Czar has stooped to the most contempt- 
 ible and unblushing falsehoods in furtherance of 
 his objects, or in justification of his acts. " He has 
 exhausted every modification of falsehood." He 
 presumed to publish to the world the mendacious 
 statement that his occupation of the Principalities 
 was in consequence of the appearance of the Anglo- 
 French fleet at Besika Bay, in the vicinity of the 
 Hellespont— all Europe knowing the utter falsity of 
 the assertion. 
 
 Violating the solemn laws of Heaven, committing 
 robbery upon the territories of an unoffending 
 Sovereign — with the lust of conquest in his heart, 
 and lying words upon his lips, he calls upon the 
 pious and enlightened serfs of his semi-barbarous 
 realms to exclaim— "O Lord our Redeemer ! whom 
 shall we fear? May God be glorified, and His 
 enemies be scattered." 
 
 .# 
 
 BB CT ji'i f i i- """ ^ M '» m 'm » 
 
Miiii 
 
 HMiif 
 
 IN THE EAST 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 Hitherto, in this great struggle, the Sublime 
 Porte has acted with dignity, wisdom and courage. 
 The Turks have never been cowards; and now 
 better arms and better disciphne are placing the 
 Ottoman troops more upon an equality with the 
 armies of the Russian Despot, than formerly. 
 Many important successes won by the Turks dur- 
 ing the course of the strife, demonstrate this. 
 Nevertheless, there is no hope that Turkey, imaided 
 by her western alUes, could ultimately withstand 
 the mighty armaments of the north. The Turks 
 have never won fame upon the Sea. The fleet of 
 Sebastopol forcing the Bosphorus, and the navies 
 of Sveaburg, of Revel and of Cronstadt, sweeping 
 through the Dardanelles, would meet in the har- 
 bour of Istamboul, — while an army of two hundred 
 thousand men, which had poured its irresistible 
 masses over the range of the Balkans, thundered 
 upon the walls, and hurled its iron-storm upon the 
 minarets of the Moslem Capital. Turkey would 
 bite the dust. 
 
 Would the conquest of Turkey by Russia be 
 beneficial to the inhabitants of the Turkish Empire 7 
 Not in a religious point of viev/ — the Christians of 
 Turkey, are, step by step, obtaming every religious 
 right to which they are entitled. Not for the Jew, 
 who cannot " forget thee, O Jerusalem," would the 
 change of masters be for the better — the numerous 
 Jews of Russian Poland fare not so well as those of 
 Turkish Syria. Not for commerce would it be 
 better that the northern Bear should make his den 
 in Constantinople — tiie Turkish tarifl" is one of the 
 most moderate in the world — the Russian tariff one 
 of the most restrictive. Assuredly not for the ad- 
 vantage of civil liberty, of political freedom would 
 the Russian knout take the place of the Ottoman 
 bastinado. Both the Sultau and the Czar are des- 
 potic sovereigns^-'but the absolutism of the Czar is 
 
 ■^■Tv^-' ■■^'!i5'».a»sssjs'»i?^--: 
 
 
 IMMI 
 
u 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 more energetic than thpt of the S^uitan; and the 
 municipal institutions of Turkey, with time and the 
 kindly sympathy of more advanced nations, might 
 more readily and naturally be expanded irto self- 
 governing appliances than ough that Russian cen- 
 tralism permits. 
 
 But if Nicholas weie enthroned at Constantinople, 
 in what aspect would Russia appear to the other 
 nations of Europe and of the East 1 The phantom of 
 of a Greek Kingdom would vanish like a morning 
 cloud. The woody slopes of newly acquired 
 mountain regions would give ships; and the sea- 
 loving people of the Grecian coasts and Grecian 
 Isles would furnish seamen ; which with the Baltic 
 Squadrons would ensure to Russia an overwhelm- 
 ing supremacy on the seas. Turkey subdued; 
 Persia, already weakened by Muscovite conquests, 
 would fall speedly and ignobly. Syria is the high- 
 way to Egypt — one campaign would give to Russia 
 the land of the Ptolemies. The waters of the Red 
 Sea and of the Persian Gulf would float the navies 
 of Russia. The Russian Flag would wave 
 in triumph over the fortresses that guard the 
 Afghanistan frontier of Persia. The dashing 
 Afghan would be compelled to recede before the 
 Cossack and the countless bayonets of the hardy 
 North. Russian gold and the proverbial perfidy 
 and cunning of Russian diplomacy would corrupt, 
 and then excite the native races of Hindostan 
 against British rule. Russian fleets could land the 
 veteran legions '^ the Czar on the banks of the 
 Ganges, while upon the banks of the Indus the 
 scattered British regiments would be bravely bat- 
 tling against the mighty hordes that had rushed 
 down from the Highlands of Asia to prey upon the 
 passive millions of Hindostan. In such a conflict 
 England might be able to call to her standard on 
 the Indian plains, five hundred thousand men of 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 W ilW.m i' 1 fmm m At i m 
 
IN THE EAST. 
 
 25 
 
 > 
 
 whom fifty thousand might be British — could the 
 Sep^/ 3ven if loyal to British supremacy, be trust- 
 ed in \e shock with the hardiest race of Northern 
 Europe? To my mind it is clear that in such a 
 tremendous struggle India must be wrested from 
 the British Crown. For at the first disaster which 
 befell England's armies, a cloud of enemies would 
 rise around her gallant bands ; and subject nations 
 that now tremble at her power, would then hasten 
 to avenge their overthrow. India lost — the supre- 
 macy of the seas departed from dear Old England — 
 her commerce crippled — her liberty threatened — she 
 must descend to the humble position of a third-rate 
 power. 
 
 More fatal still to Austria than to Britain would 
 be the triumph of Russia over Turkey. In full 
 possession of the Danube, and the Turkish provinces 
 which lie adjacent thereto, it would be a mere mat- 
 ter of taste whether the Austrian territories should 
 be incorporated with the Muscovite dominions, or 
 still be nominally ruled by a scicn of the House of 
 Hapsburg — the shadow of the Czar. Italy both by 
 land and sea would be accessible to Russian am- 
 bition; and in its divided and degenerate state 
 would present few obstacles to Russian progress. 
 Prussia and Germany are even now overshadowed 
 by the northern terror that stands threateningly 
 upon their borders. Of Denmark it seems unneces- 
 sary to speak — the early haunts of the Sea-Kings 
 have always produced good seamen — they would 
 help to man the Russian navies. ' 
 
 But France, so compact — so powerful — so bril- 
 liant and brave — could she not cope with the hordes 
 of the Czar? — not if embattled Europe marched 
 under his banners. 
 
 In short, it appears as though Turkey is in reality 
 the battle ground of the mighty principles of free 
 dom and despotism. Let Russia engorge herself 
 
KauKouMMk, ' ii>.«»iWi>wMwMiHI!<i''MfMiil^M^; 
 
 i-f 
 
 26 
 
 THE W AR 
 
 with Tuvkey— let this d- iigerous Power entrench 
 herself on the Thracian Bosphorus, and silently lay 
 deep tho foundations of her rule in Western Asia ; 
 and Russia will have a more favourable and mar- 
 velous concurrence of position and power and pros- 
 pect for the establishment of Universal monarchy 
 than had the mighty Tartars of Zenghis Khan 
 whose terrible cavalry swept from the Chinese Sea 
 to the Vistula. 
 
 England and France are alive to the dangers 
 which threaten them — they comprehend the mag- 
 nitude of the interests involved in the pretensions 
 and preparations of the Czar. Happily in this 
 case the national safety and the defence of the right 
 are identical. But had it been otherwise — had the 
 Sultan of Turkey, been the agressor — the wanton 
 destroyer of the peace of nations — England and 
 France, unless infatuated, could not allow Turkey 
 to become Russian prey. Turkey is the Thermo- 
 pylae of civilization — of himian progress— of na- 
 tional freedom — it must b^ defended at every 
 hazard. England and Frai ^.e would be compel- 
 led to fight Russia, even if hey permitted her to 
 subdue Turkey — to fight under vast disadvantages. 
 The all-but-perfect unanimity of the public senti- 
 ment in England, in reference to this War, rests 
 upon the not-openly-expressed but profound con- 
 viction that British glory, British power and British 
 freedom haye a mighty stake in the st^'ife. Too 
 reluctant to believe in the rapacious designs of 
 Nicholas have English statesmen been— too dilatory 
 in meeting with promptitude the exigencies of the 
 case — the massacre at Sinope should have been 
 prevented — the line of the Danube, ought to have 
 been defended. The enthusiasm of a'.' lasses in 
 England, Lath girt up the energies of the nation,— 
 and War, now fully entered on, we may expect to 
 be prosecuted with vigour— we hope with success. 
 
IN XUK EAST. 
 
 27 
 
 # 
 
 The gallant men who to fight their country's battles 
 have left their glorious home — the asylum of bro- 
 ken-hearted patriots — the palladium of constitution- 
 al liberty — carry with them not only the honour of 
 their country, but the admiration, the respect, the 
 sympathy, tfie heart-prayers of every true British 
 soul from u r. illustrious Ijady, the model English 
 mother t.al '/ears her ancestral crown, to the. 
 barefooted urchin in the streets whose thin blood 
 warms at the sound of the fife and drum. What 
 more touching than the prayer ot the aged veterans 
 of Greenwich Hospital, with the wear and tear, the 
 scars and snov\^y locks of three score-years and 
 ten, craving their sovereign's permission to go forth 
 on the briny deep, to fight her battles against the 
 common foe. One could wish that Arthur Wellesley 
 with his patient valour, his comprehensive general- 
 ship, his eagle glance, his prompt decision, were 
 back to his country in her hour of need from his 
 quiet slumbers — back as when in full development 
 of his great powers he overthrew the most brilliant 
 warrior of modern times. But one of Wellesley's 
 most distinguished Captains will at the head of 
 England's hosts, we trust, fully sustain his former 
 fame. 
 
 But since the death of Nelson at Trafalgar, En- 
 gland has had no worthier son "to guide her march 
 upon the mountain wave" than Charles Napier 
 who will, all men believe, achieve whatever Provi- 
 dence shall permit to caretul deliberation, cool self- 
 possession and an almost miraculous daring. He 
 has led into the Baltic the most powerful fleet that 
 ever floated upon the deep. It w'U be a magnifi- 
 cent sight to see such troops as those of England 
 and Prance, side by side, deiending the sacred rights 
 of nations, and of human progress : and it is a strik- 
 ing exhibition of the vicissitudes of human aflairs 
 that the heiress of Georse HI. finds her firmest and 
 
%i>m»fiiK»D»mMmm>«um^mi *aHKte8 
 
 28 
 
 THE WAB 
 
 faithfuUest ally in the heir of Napoleon Bonaparte 
 in a mighty struggle of nations in which the most 
 precious interests of Great Britain are at stake. 
 
 The stirring historic recollections associated with 
 the theatre of this war — the power and renown of the 
 combatants — and ^he mighty interests involved in its 
 issues, fix the attention of all men upon it. What 
 will be the results ? — is an enquiry upon every tongue. 
 I do not address myself to this question in the light 
 of prophecy ; I shall not attempt to expound the 
 mysterious symbols of the Apocalypse, or to int^^rpret 
 the dark, the sacred dreams of Daniel ; — I am incom- 
 petent to the task. I am familiar with the theories 
 of the principal schools of prophetical interpretation. 
 I dare not say that none of these have guessed the 
 meaning of the sublime visions of the ancient seers 
 in regard to the grand outline, or some of the most 
 prominent features of the dimly-shadowed course of 
 Divine Providence ; but I have no assurance that 
 even the first principles of their systems are correct. 
 And although many learned and holy men have spe- 
 cially devoted themselves to the study of sacred Pro- 
 phecy ; and some of them have produced Avorks 
 exhibiting much learning and great ingenuity, and 
 Avhich, as intellectual productions, command respect, 
 — yet no department of Biblical science has been 
 more crowded than the walk of Prophetical Inter- 
 pretation with vain, self-sufficient and frenzied pre- 
 tenders to a knowledge of unravelled mysteries — 
 pretenders whose loud-sounding dogmatism has been 
 clamorous and imperious in proportion as it has been 
 accompanied by a logic that dispensed with all the 
 rules of philosophical induction — that was bold in un- 
 supported assertions — that in trivial coincidences saw 
 undoubted corroboration, and in fanciful analogies, 
 irrefragable evidence. I mean not by this that the 
 Christian believer should not prayerfully study the 
 
,y 
 
 IN THE HAST. 
 
 29 
 
 Propliecies of tlie Holy Word, — far from it ; I only 
 mean, that I cannot attempt to inform you what will 
 be the issues of the Eastern War from my study of 
 the Sacred Oracles ; — that I cannot confide in the 
 truthfulness of any of the theories of interpretation 
 which have been put forth, — some of them may be 
 in part correct, but I have no satisfactory evidence 
 thereof Providence is the unerring interpreter of 
 Prophecy ; and the man, or the nation that shall be 
 found at the post of duty, " doing justly, loving mer- 
 cy, and walking humbly with God," will be prepared 
 for all the disclosures of that Providence, startling 
 and unexpected as they may prove to be. 
 ^ As a student of History, reasoning from the prin- 
 ciples which History develops, and from the position 
 and power of the nations interested in the War, I 
 shall modestly, under different suppositions, enquire 
 into its probable results. I have already indicated 
 the opinion, that if Turkey were left to fight her bat- 
 tles unaided by the Western Powers, she must ulti- 
 mately be wholly subdued ; and that then if Russia 
 w^ere permitted quietly to fortify her position ui the 
 East, and to add the vast resources of Turkey and 
 Greece to those already in her possession, Eussia 
 would have the finest prospect before her of Univer- 
 sal Einpire in the Old World that ever presented 
 itself in the history of man — an Empire that might 
 reach from the waters of the Atlantic that roll in 
 upon the coast of Portugal and the sands of the Bay 
 of Biscay, to the eastern shores of Japan, which are 
 laved by the Pacific waves ; and from the North-west 
 Cape of Siberia to Cape Comorin, on the coast of 
 Malabar. 
 
 England and France, as I have already shown, 
 could not, unless smitten with judicial blindness, per- 
 mit Turkey to fall if it were in their power to prevent 
 it. But England and France will put forth the whole 
 
30 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 power of their empires to defeat the Russian designs. 
 Very much will depend upon the positions which 
 Austria and Prussia may finally take, whether the 
 War be short or protracted. The contiguity of Aus- 
 tria especially to the chief scene of conflict, gives her 
 great importance in this struggle. If Austria and 
 Prussia were to unite heartily with England and 
 France in requiring Russia at once to withdraw her 
 forces from the Principalities, and make peace with 
 Turkey, relinquishing at the same time all pretensions 
 to the right of interference in the internal affairs of 
 Turkey, whether that right has been guaranteed by 
 treaties formerly wrung from the Porte in the hour 
 of disaster, or only recently put forth by the ambi- 
 tious Czar, — if Austria and Prussia would unite with 
 the other Western Powers to insist upon this, and 
 follow up the refusal of Russia to comply, with the 
 march of a hundred and fifty thousand men into 
 Wailachia, the immense Russian army now manceu- 
 vering on the north and south banks of the Danube 
 would be surrounded on all sides by superior forces, 
 arid captured or destroyed. Without the aid of Prus- 
 sia this could be easily effected. Were Austria to do 
 this, she would endear herself to the civilized world 
 —to the friends of freedom all over the earth. Aus- 
 tria has only to cross her Transylvanian frontier, and 
 she cuts off Russia from the bace of her operations 
 aiid the supplies and remforcements, which the Rus- 
 sian armies can only obtain by land, because the allied 
 fleets prevent all communication between the Russian 
 ports on the Black Sea and the Russian armies along 
 the Danube. This decisive step on the part of Aus- 
 tria would break the chain of tutelage in which she 
 has of late years been bound to Russia. It is of the 
 utmost importance to Austria that her great river, 
 the Danube, should not remain in Russian hands. 
 But it may be enquired, whether Austria could safely 
 
IN THE EAST. 
 
 31 
 
 act with such decision ; — coukl she venture to send 
 more than a hundred thousand men to the field of 
 combatj when Hungaiy and Lombardy are ripe for 
 rebelHon, and eager for the moment when vengeance 
 shall be consummated upon their oppressors for the 
 atrocities of Havnau and Jallachich, the treason of 
 Georgey, the violation of ancient constitutions, and 
 the cold-blooded cruelties which Austrian mini- 
 ons have perpetrated under the reign of martial law ? 
 
 Let the young descendant of Rodolph, that wear? 
 the crown of St. Stephen of Hungary, give back to 
 the gallant Magyars their venerable Constitution ; — 
 let him throw himself upon the people, and rule for 
 them, and not for the mighty Spoiler of the North, — 
 and the sons of the men, who, against mighty odds, 
 swore fealty and devotion to the brave-hearted Maria 
 Theresa, will rally around the standard of the House 
 of Hapsburg, and burn with martial ardor to meet 
 the brutal legions that trampled down the honor of 
 Hungary in the dust. Let the Emperor of Austria 
 relax his iron rule in Lombardy, — let him permit the 
 glorious count./ that is being suffocated beneath Aus- 
 trian despotism to breathe freely, — to regain a mode- 
 rate share of freedom, — to regain the right to speak, 
 to read and to hope ; — let him do this, and the Lom- 
 bards will swell the Austrian ranks as grateful volun- 
 teers. 
 
 But it is doubtful whether humanity can eyj act 
 more from Prussia and Austria than timid neutrality. 
 The heroic age Las passed away from the Houses of 
 Hapsburg and Brandenburg, — respect for the liber- 
 ties of men never characterized those dynasties. Des- 
 potisms in dotage, like ^hat of Austria, are blind in 
 their selfishness, and cruel as they get weak ; hence, 
 while they are c wards al^road, they are doubly 
 tyrants at home. Let, then, Austria and Prussia 
 remain neutral, in our next supposition : what, in 
 
■aiiiiii 
 
 t 
 
 32 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 such a case, might we reasonably expect ? The miU- 
 tary resources of Turkey, France and England com- 
 bmed are greatly superior to those of Russia. The 
 soldiers of England and France are the best in the 
 world- and they are the best officered in the Avorld. 
 The navies of England and France are more than a 
 match for the fleets of all nations besides. Every 
 thing tluit science, and art, and bravery, and skill can 
 contribute to render the forces of Exigland and France 
 irresistible, will be secured. The Russian ships of 
 war will rot in their harbors, or be swept from the 
 face of the seas. And I cannot but think that, unless 
 there is miraculous generalship on the part of Rus- 
 sia, and miraculous imbecility on the part of the 
 Allies, the Russians will find the state of affairs some- 
 what altered from what existed in 1 829, when, hav- 
 ing command of the Black Sea, (England had herself 
 inflicted a death-blow upon the naval power of the 
 Porte in the battle of Navino,) Russia overcame the 
 brave, but ill-disciplined Moslems, and might have 
 stormed Constantinople itself Now, the Russians 
 are powerless by sea ; while, wherever it may be pos- 
 sible for the Allied fleets to assist military operations, 
 the Allied armies will possess the advantage of such 
 aid and co-operation. A hundred thousand French 
 and English soldiers between the Danube and Con- 
 stantinople, with the Turkish forces — which, number 
 for num])er, have proved themselves, so far, every 
 way equal to the Russian soldiers — will hurl back the 
 invaders to the left of the Danube, and then chase 
 them beyond the Pruth Sebastopol will probably 
 be bombardod, and its fortresses dismantled, or hand- 
 ed over to the Sultaii. I'he heroic Circassians, fully 
 armed, and supplied with munitions of war, and aided 
 by the movements of the Turkish Asiatic forces, ^\dll 
 rush forth from their strongholds, and make sad ha- 
 voc in the ranks of the Russian army of the Cauca- 
 
mim!mi0mm^- ^m^m^-^. 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 33 
 
 sus, now cut off from the Euxine. The Anglo-French 
 fleet in the Baltic will overawe th*^ Northern Powers, 
 Sweden, Denmark and, to some extent, Prussia, and 
 preserve them from the pressure of any overwhelming 
 display of force by which Russia might att mpt to 
 alarm them into alliance with her. That fleet will 
 also hermetically seal the Baltic against the egress of 
 the Russian Bdtic ships of war, which, but for the 
 presence of the Allied navy, would be off to the Me- 
 diterranean, sustaining Greece in an onset upon the 
 Porte, cannonading Turkish cities, or preying upon 
 the commerce of the Allies. Another important ob- 
 ject which will be accomplished by the combined 
 fleets in the Baltic, will be the diversion from the 
 principal seats of war of an immense number of the 
 best troops of the Russian army, to keep Poland quiet 
 and to gandson the chain of fortresses which line the 
 gulfs of the Russian Baltic. If nothing more than 
 these objects were to be accomplished by the mighty 
 armaments of Britain in the northern seas, they 
 would prove of immense advantage to the Allies in 
 the general conduct of the War.^ But the country 
 whose unequalled naval glory was chiefly won by 
 such heroes as Blake and Drake, Rodney and Howe, 
 Duncan and Jervis, and that embodiment of naval 
 courage and genius, Horatio Nelson, — the country 
 that inherits the fame of these heroes will not be con- 
 tent if Napier, leading the most powerful fleet Eng- 
 land ever sent to sea, do not win an earldom, by 
 striking a blow at the insolent Autocrat which shall 
 resound throughout the world. He will do it, and 
 avenge the cowardly and ruthless carnage of Sinope. 
 
 The position which England and France have 
 assumed in relation to this War, — the important part 
 they will sustain in it, — ^the stipulations in favor of 
 the Christian subjects of the Sultan they have made 
 with him, — will place the Czar at great disadvpata^e 
 
<' *-f | ii iii " i ^i 
 
 34 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 in his attempt to make it appear that this is a war of 
 religion in favor of the Orthodox faith. None but 
 the most besott of Russian serfs will be deceived 
 by the plea of defending the Orthodox faith. The 
 first disastrous event of magnitude to the Russian 
 arms may lead to the assassination of the Czar : and 
 he who, in his proud ambition, sought the crown of 
 Universal Empire ma} find instead a bloody grave. 
 Tradition asserts that assassinatioii is the usual mala- 
 dy of which the occupants of the throne of St. Peters- 
 burg die. A hew sovereign would probably adopt a 
 new policy, and make peace. Upon the supposition 
 that Austria and Prussia remain neutral, it seems 
 tolerably certain that the Russians will be driven out 
 of the Turkish territories — that the mouths of the 
 Danube will be recovered from Russian sway — that 
 the navies Avhich, w4th immense pains and expense, 
 Russia has created, Avill be destroyed — and the de- 
 grading treaties which formerly bound T 'rkey to 
 Russia fiunf ■ to the winds. 
 
 But it is Sy no means certain that Austria and 
 Prussia, will remain neutral, or if not neutral that they 
 will take the part of Turkey, France, and England. 
 In the nefarious partition of unhappy Poland, Rr ..la, 
 Austria and Prussia, were accomplices; and it is 
 anything but impossible that Russia, may succeed in 
 tempting her former fellow-robbers to aid her in the 
 intended dismemberment of Turkey. Prussia, it is 
 true, from its position could not take a olice of Tur- 
 key — but she might hope for, and Russia would 
 readily promise, the addition of, Holstein, Mecklen- 
 burg, and Hauov-er, possession of which would greatly 
 strengthen Prussia. 
 
 Austria too might not be insensible to the proffered 
 bribe of new provinces in Italy, Germany and Tur- 
 key — Parma, Modena, and Tuscany, might be 
 offered in Italy— Bavaria, and Wesxphalia in Germa- 
 

 P|| i !f l!li,i i «i-i i wim 
 
 IN THE EAST 
 
 35 
 
 ny — and Senia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and part of 
 Albania — or from Widin on the Danube to the Gulf 
 of Drino on the Adriatic Sea. Would Russia hesitate 
 to offer such a bribe if by it she deemed her&elf sure 
 of obtaining Constantinople, and all that Constanti- 
 nople would ensure to her ? Would Austria hesitate 
 to accept so mighty a bril)e if it were held out to her ? 
 Suppose then that under vsuch inducements Prussia 
 and Austrii*, were to make common cause with Rus- 
 sia, what would be the possible issue ? Alas ! a long 
 and terrible strife in which all Europe must be 
 arrayed on one side or the other would then ensue — 
 a deluge of blood would roll over the continer^t from 
 end to end — a deluge in which the land-marks of 
 many nations would be swept away, and many shat- 
 tered thrones of the old world sink like lead. Aus- 
 tria and Prussia could oriii:*- no naval resources to 
 their ally. The overwhein;liig naval strength Oi' 
 England and France would -^emain undiminished. 
 The character oi tlie War would assume a new 
 aspect — it would not, of course, be a religious war — 
 nor would it be simply a war between the \\.>it of 
 ambition on the one hand, and the determination tsj 
 stay the courr,e of a too powerful Autocrat on the 
 other — it would be largely a war of principles — a 
 war of peoples against their oppressors, led on by Eng- 
 land and France. In the commencement of the war 
 in this aspect the Despots Avould have on tht Danube 
 the ad'.antage — th:^v could pom- along the banks of 
 that river four hundrev thousand armed men. For a 
 time the combined armies of Turkey, France, and 
 England might be compelled to act on the defensive, 
 and be content with defending the fortresses and 
 passes that bar the way to Constantinople. But as 
 the war proceeded Britain would be driven by the 
 sad necessities of the case to appeal to the peoples 
 that Q oan beneath the yoke of Austria and Russia. 
 
36 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 The Rhenish Provinces of Prussia would at onoe fall 
 into the hands of Franco. A few British s Mm nf 
 
 ToX T n^' f"™"^""" • with the Sardinian army, 
 
 Ion itt A %"*" ^r^^'-^^' ^"^ "^« i» insurrection 
 upon Its Austrian tyrants— the women-flowers of 
 Vienna of ignobly scourged out of the vallef ?rf thi 
 
 V 'rf?'^ ^'"'f? ^™"''' '•^-«^» ''ft "P their heads 
 •uv> ./?h!^R^;'°"^^8■"^•^j''y""% l^eneath the 
 ' -on f Rf ltV"and on the lagoons of the city 
 
 freedom wlfl ''^'''T*^ if '^.^ "-while the paeans of 
 treecU^ni wculd be re-eclioed from the fretted roof of 
 the Church ot St. Ambrose. Hungary that lifted 
 .p her voice m vain to the old world a/d to the new 
 when t^e swarm of Northern loou.sts was striS 
 her ot every green thing," and driving her, bleeding 
 at every pore, to the feet of Hapsbm-g tyranny- 
 
 KosS^ri^'r":' "^* j'^y ^^ thei„i'o"Lf 
 
 Ko suth and Liberty, when Kossuth and Liberty 
 
 hal be aided with English gold, armed with Englil 
 
 blood ^"'^.^^^^'-e^l > English heroes on the Herd of 
 
 bol ^f-'^Tf 'l'""''^^^y ^"'1 t'^^ow aside her 
 
 ioice of rl-'"f ' *r*'' ^T' '^^'- ^''^'^t"-'^' ^vhen the 
 voice of a kindred people, rolling over from Ano-lo- 
 
 bS& f !" ' T" 1'^'- ^"»« *° hasten to the 
 
 f F^H , ^*'/''%*" loiig-violated liberties of 
 
 «ie Fatherland. Sweden, rejoicing in the opportu- 
 
 " estel tV^'n??""^ T"" "'■ ^''' «'°1'^" provinoeB, 
 
 B wl T- '"■ '" '}T^"'''' '^y^y the Russian 
 ±" .1, will strike manfully for Finland. The broken- 
 
 iT ". I 'f ;r'' 1 ^"''■^"'' "^" ---^ their waiHng, 
 ajHl Old themselves with, gladness." The spirit of 
 Kosciusko, the mouniful genius of their dismembered 
 
 t^-rior Li'"', *"' * " 'y'' °^"°^^ Jespairing Polish 
 «ai lois to beckon them on to victory or death in tlie 
 
 ot If rt '°,r'^ *'''^"- "-tivesoi4om the tjra it 
 ot the eavth, Th,. con,,uered Moslems and Chris- 
 
JJ.JL. 
 
 ''""'"' 'III 
 
 IK THE EAST. 
 
 37 
 
 
 bans of Persian provinces, the brave children of 
 Oeorgia and the daring Circassians, handsomest of 
 human kina, will strike for their deliverance from 
 Muscovite sway. Perhaps Persia will be ik1 ce" 
 
 ha. df TIf r"' ^°'' ^^'T\^f^^^^ «t the Russian's 
 hands All Europe will be deluged in blood. 
 
 m.I^'" T ^'""f"' "°°'' ''^^" have subsided, Italy 
 may take her place among powerful nations ask 
 united and enfranchised count?y_Germrny may b^ 
 reconstructed into a puissant Empire wkConsS 
 utional guarantees-Sweden may -^ith DeZark 
 become a great Northern Power as it former- 
 ly was-France may have extended her boun- 
 dary to the Rhine-Poland may have come out of 
 her grave, wakened to vigorous life-Him^ary may 
 have gamed independence and extension oiJrS 
 -Russia shorn of many provinces, many ports and 
 
 1 . t [n".^T'p ^ "° '""^"^'L^ '''™^ *° the nations- 
 Austiia and Prussia may have perished— En<rland 
 in possession of Candia, paramount in the MeC 
 ranean-and Turkey re-entering upon her caree of 
 progress, justifying the interest flit upon her behalf 
 and the lavishexpenditnreof blood andtreasure made 
 for her preservation. It thus appears that if 
 Austria and Prussia, or Austria withom Prussia 
 take the part of the Czar, a general and protracted 
 war must inevitably ensne-that in a gcS war 
 there will be a general outburst of popular enthu- 
 siasm for freedom; and a general overturn of Con- 
 tmental dynasties and Kingdoms. Aided by the 
 
 do bt, I think, but France, England and Turkev 
 will emerge from the bloody struggle triumpham 
 . We may then couclnde that if Ai^tria ai7pras: 
 sia make common cause with the other Western 
 Powers, the strife will be short and comparative y 
 bloodless-if Prussia and Austria remain strictly 
 neutral, the war will be longer, but certain to issue 
 
7> 
 
 38 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 m the discomfiture of Prussia— if Prussia and Aus- 
 tria side with Russia, the struggle will be terrible 
 but decisive, and these two Powers will have sealed 
 their own destruction. A short time will determine 
 what position these governments will finally assume. 
 I have thus indicated my own opinion that under 
 any contingencies likely to occur, Turkey will not 
 fall by the hand of Russia. It does not follow 
 therefrom that th., Turkish Empire will preserve 
 Its present form, or its present dynasty. Mahom- 
 medanism has long been on the decline; and cer- 
 tain measures lately adopted will still further 
 weaken its influence. The capitation tax npon the 
 Christian population has been remitted— Christians 
 Will of necessity be drawn into the ranks of the 
 Ottoman armies. Christian testimony will be ad- 
 mitted before Moslem courts of justice, which was 
 not formerly the case. The va.t revenues which 
 filled the coffers of the Mosques will be appropriated 
 to the use of the state. Protestant missionaries and 
 Protestant influences will everywhere throughout 
 Turkey be multiplied, and perhaps vast accessions 
 made to Protestant communities. The scattered 
 sons of Jacob may possibly return to their ancient 
 home ; and beneath Jewish industry the hills and 
 vales of the Holy Land '' ma> laugh for joy and also 
 smg.' The crescent may gradually wane and 
 vanish before the cross— the son of Othman himself 
 may become Christian. Constantinople may yet be 
 renowned as the venerable capital of confederated, 
 emancipated and progressive states. The German 
 puppet that is enthroned at Athens will never sway 
 a Byzantine sceptre at Istamboul. 
 
 The nations of Europe are repenting the lavish 
 sympathy which was thrown away upon the Greek 
 patriots thirty years ago. Greece is but the sha- 
 dow of a mighty name. There is no probability 
 even if Turkey, torn by faction should fall to 
 
 
 iftt*-!^ 
 
. f "■-.■SBIWM* J,&,fF4*B,,,,^,_, . 
 
 IN THE EAST. 
 
 89 
 
 I 
 
 pieces, that a Greek Empire could ever be resusci- 
 tated at Constantinople. Should Turkey fall, En- 
 gland herself with her mighty fleets might retain 
 possession of the Golden Horn— a stream of Anglo- 
 Saxon immigration might plant the English power 
 and name along the Hellespont, and arts and Com- 
 merce might again flourish in Icnia. 
 rJ^^^lrl^ appears most probable that the political 
 liie of Turkey will be indefinitely protracted— that 
 protected from northern rapacity, and imbued with 
 the European spirit of enterprize— gradually per- 
 meated by the influence of a purer Christianity than 
 she has known since the days of St. John Chrysos- 
 tom, her institutions liberalized-— her rugged fea- 
 tures rounded into form— her people swept onward 
 with the current of progress— Turkey may yet take 
 the stand among civilized nations to which her 
 wondrous natural resources, if fully developed, and 
 her unrivalled position, if improved, would entitle 
 her. Nevertheless it may be the inscr^nable pur- 
 pose of the King of Kings to permit the northern 
 Autocrat to triumph— to absorb Turkey— to over- 
 whelm Persia— to drive the gallant troops of France 
 and England into the sea— to sweep from the Ocean 
 the mighty armaments of the Queen of the seas— 
 to lead the northern serf, the rude Cossack, and the 
 wild Tartar, to the shores of the Atlantic; while the 
 despairing patriots of Continental Europe shall pine 
 away in Siberian deserts or bleed beneath the lacer- 
 ation of the Russian knout,— all this may yet be 
 though I believe it not. But should these terrible 
 calamities befall mankind, the sons of Britain will 
 not stay long to weep useless tears over the dust of 
 Alfred, of Hampden and Chatham— at the tombs of 
 Nelson .md Wellingtc^i and Napier— they will 
 gather up their sacred relics and their immortal 
 memories, and passing over the seas, will pour 
 themselves into the boundless territories held by 
 
40 
 
 THF WAR IK THE 
 
 EAST. 
 
 the earth, and in somp f """l "" 'he despot rf 
 Pieces «,eir hated rule '"^"'^^'^ 'i°"'- break ,? 
 
i 
 
 t 
 
 r 
 
 ler auspices, 
 Saxon Em- 
 ' despots of 
 I' break in 
 
 sg-^to. .^.'3