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It !■ •aia that Boadicea took poison, in the year 61 to escape falling into the hands of Ihe Romans ' 3- Roman Influence.— The Romans opened up the country, built roads and towns, taight the Britons the arts of peace and maintained itw and order To keep back the PictS and Scots, who dwelt m the northern part of the island, they built fh«!?n^, f Pr'""* ^^r' "'^"^ '"^ rebellion, and thu.' the country became dependent on the Roman arms for protection. During the Roman period Christ lanity was introduced by some missionaries, and in the course of iime both Britons and Romans became Christians In 410, the Roman soldiers werrw^h! drawn to defend their provinces nearer hoHW» THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD 449-1017. Oharacten,tics.~Con3tant strife, and the Introduction of self-governing institutions. "'""cuon wi?hdIwtl^?TiVLn^^^ '^^ then .ettled in the lanrt r™ ^ °'^**' »"'* of *h.~. »-ii-_ 1 .'"'■. Company after oomnanT driwig ihrBri^rt^theTerrr 1 'rtl "°"n?,f '^• w.« th«. tnU. of the BnISL!!ju■;:^^A.S,- THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD. T\ Opening up the East to commerce. HENRY 1—1100-1135. u ?k"^ '•~"^" *^® '^^^^^ of Willinm n his brother feenry seized the crown Eo knew he mus^ gove n well If he would retain it. He imprisoned Wilham 8 adviser. Flambard, recalled Anselm. ^sued a charter of liberties, and pleased the English 2^T'P'% ?^'^' *^^ Qaughter of Maicolm of Scotland. Robert returned from the Holy Land and claimed the throne, but was defeated and taken prisoner at Tenchebrai, in 1106. He had his eyes put out and was imprisoned until his death. Henrv ruled well m many ways. He administered justice, granted charters to many towns, and allowed the Clergy to select their own bishops, although thev irwT''^"* *° ^"^ ?°"*8^ ^°^ ^^^'^ ''*«d8 Henry's Tr^lJl ^^'7''^'^'''''''^^ *" 1120, so he left his ovQwn vo 1*155 «aaghter, Maud. STEPHEN— 1136-1154. Stephen, a nephew of Henry I., became king ITOBMAN PHBIOD. m6 visit the 1 a cloth Jated the i^ere ten nt to us / joined ; leading [. was a but they >Ie. Qs lived. beoftUM ihe noble» iid not wish to have a w^ man to rule aver them. Civil war began, and David of Scotland came to Maud's assistance, but was defeated in the " Battle of the Standard," in 1188. The war went on for several years, and at last Maud was forced to leave England. During this time England was terribly oppressed by the robber barons, who, taking advantage of the war, built castles and plundered the people. At last, on the death of Stephen's eldest son, it was arranged Ihat Henxy, »on of Maud, should succeed Stephen. li his be must )risoned ^nselm, Englxsh 3olm of r Land 1 taken lis eyes Henry justice, ed the h they [enry's aft hie king THE PLANTAGENE7 .-^ERIOD. 115i-i399. Henry II, — Gran-ison of Heury l Richard I. — Son John — Brother - Henry III. — Son Edward L— Son Edward II. — Son Edward III— Son Richard II. — Grandson 11 j4- 1189. 1189-1199. 1199-1216. 1216-1272. 1272-1307. 1307-13'>7 1327-1377. 1377- 1399. Charactfristics.— The growth of Parliament and of Lim- ited Monarchy ; the Feudal System in its prime. HENRY 11.-1154-1189. I. Henry II., though absolute, was one of the greatest of English kings, and tried to rule his people well. He restored ordei and compelled the barons to tear down the castles built in Stephen's reign. The judicial system ho organized was the model of oui own ; and his laws were wise and good. Trial by Jury was introduced by Henry„ He wished to have the clergy tried in tiie regular courts instead of in 'uhe church courts, and made his friend, Becket, Arch- bishop of Canterbury in order to have his assistp^nce in bringing about this change. Becket opposed this 80 bitterly thab he had to flee from England. On his,, return he was murdered. During this reign the eastern part of Ireland was conquered by the Eng- lish. Henry was a veiy powerful king, as he ruled over many French provinces, as v^ell as over England and part of Ireland. The last years of his reign were ■addened by family discord. X'HW ftJka'l ti.iJHSiSiW1 fHKlOD, ii;>»»l) KTJ^flUNJY D0K1N16N5 Of ■HE-NPiYIl. J- ir ABITISB BISTORT VOTM. a. Thomas Becket— Williwn I. had allowed •he clergy to have their own courts, but the plan had not worked well. Henry II. determined to have the clergy tried in the regular courts, and in orde» to brmg about this reform, he "inade his chancellor, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbuiy. Beoket as chancellor had served the king well, but he opposed thit change. In 1164, the " Constitu- , tions of Clarendon " were drawn up, making the required reforms. All the bishops consented. Even Becket gave in ; bu*^ he seon repented and was as much opposed as evex. The kmg became so angry that Becket had to flee from England. After gii years he returned ; the quarrel re-commenced at once, and in 1170 Becket was murdered by four knights. '' ^u^'t^^^ Conquest of Ireland.— For centuries the Jnsh chieftains had been almost constantly at war with one another. In Henry^s reign one of the chieftains the King of Leinster, came to England for help. The Earl of Pembroke, surnamed "Strong- DOW, went over with an army and conquered the eastern part of Ireland. In 117\ Henry II. went over and received the homage of the Irish chiefs. Ihis was only the oci' --^*nor of the conquest of Ire. land; the real conoue^. .. .n Elizabeth's reiffn— fo"** centuries later. RICHARP 1.— 118».ll»t. KiChard I. spent only a few months of his ten years- leigu in jingiand. He was a great warrior, and was surnamed ' fhe Lion-Heart." The chief event of this reign % ajs the Third Crusade, of which Richard '^/as one of th- leaders. The en sade failed. TBB PLANTAGENBT PBBIOD. Id m^d on his Way home Richard waa shipwrecked and taken prisoner. On the payment of a large ransom he was released, and he returned to England. He died of a wound received in a petty war in France. JOHN— 1199-1216. 1- John was the worst king that ever sp.t on the Engli^^ throne ^'i^b icnow nothing good of him. He muranrer' ais nephew, Arthur, to secure the Eng- lish crown, -tna on refusing to be tried before the French icing lor his crime, he lost his French pos- sessions. A quarrel arose about the appointing of a new Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Pope placed England under an "Interdict" from 1208-1212. But John did not care. The Pope then called on the King of France to dethrone him, and John in cowardly fear became the Pope's vassal, which dis- pleased the English but saved his crown. John oppressed his people so much that in 1215 they rose under Archbishop Langton and compelled him to sign " Magna Charta " or the Great Charter, grant- ing the people their rights and liberties. John waa very angry and prepared to take revenge. The barons called on Louis of France to help them, but just then John died. 2. The Interdict (1208-1212) -The Archbishop ©f Canterbury had died, and the monks had secretly elected a successor. John compelled them to elect another. The Pope set Imth aside, and caused Stephen Lanoiion to be eJooted. John would not allow Langton to come into Kqgland, and the Pope placed the country under ai> ** Interdict." For four years nearly all religious cernnonies were sus- pended ; no pray«n were oflfered i th« churches, and Ili;||lj i M to IBITISH HIST0U7 NOVlta. the dead weio h\aied in ditches and meadows without. funeral service. At last the Pope deposed John and called on Philip of France to dethrone him. In abject fear, John submitted, received Langton, and gave his kingdom up to the Pope, receiving it buck as a vassal. 3- " Magna Charta" (1215) is the great chartei of English liberties, which the barons compelled John to sign at Runnymede, securing the rights of all the people, and limiting the pov/er of the king. Some of the chief clauses were :— (1) The king could levy no taxes without the con- sent of the bishops and barons (parliament). (2) No man could be imprisoned or dispossessed of his lands except on the lawful judgment of his peers. (3) Justice was to be administered to all. ' A.rchbishop Langton was the leading patriot in securing this document. It was a definiio statement) of the rights of the people, but it made no w^rovlsion for enforcing them. HENRY III.— 1216-1272. I. Henry III. was but a child of ten when hie father died. The nobles rallied round hun, and drove out Louis and his French troops. During th«^ early years of his reign the country was governed by regents. Henfy was a ^eak king, and depended luainly on his favorites, most of whom we- .foreigners. At last, in 1258, the barons met and drew up the famous Provisions of Oxford, demanding : (1) That the king should have a council of advIaHra. (2) That t lie castles granted to foreigners should be given back to ''nglishmen. (3) That 99 grande!-'* ^irmies ever lee" hv an ii-ngusi' ^mg ; but he was corn pietei)' ciei«- u* J by Bro"', m the Battle of Bannockburn. 13x4, which secured the indepeii- dence of Scotland. ^.DWAED II.— 1 ->07-1 32T. lidwar I il. was idle and tend of bad oompan- ions. His promise to carry on the war against tlis» Scots, which iie mad? x his father, was forgottfi. Hf allowed ^ c^ tc regain their independence, mitfering * teiable defeat at their hands in the Battle of Bannockburn, 1314, Hi? vvite, Isabel)? ot France, and his nobles raisea an army against him and deposed him, placing his son <^n '.ho wlirone. He wat? afterwards murdered. EDWARD III.— 1327-1377. I. Edward III. became king when a mere boy, and for the first three years ms mother and her favoriie, Mortimer, ruled. Early in his reign Ed- ward laid claim to the French crown by right of his mother, although the claim was worthless, for by the Salic Law, the succession could not pass through a woman's claim. This gave i'ls*^ to the famous " Hundred Years' War," which lasted, on and oflF, for nearly 100 years. In 1340, Edward gained a naval victory at SluyS, and in 1346 the French were routed at Cressy, which was followed by the tftking of Calais in 1347. The Black Prince^ Edward's eldest son, who had wou great fame at Cressy, defeated and took the French king, John, prisoner at Poitiers in 1356. In 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny put an end to th« war for % time^ v« BRITISH HISTORY NOTSa. Edward giving up liis claim to the French orown in return for certain French provinces. Tlie war soon broke out again, and little by littl , the English lost most of their French possessions. A torrible plague called the "Black Death," swept over England in 1348. So many people died of it that there was a great scarcity of laborers. For many years there was a struggle between landowners and laborers, and harsh laws were passed to 1 cep the latter down. This reign is notable for the rise of English literature, the niost noted writers being Wycliffe, the Reformer! and Chaucer, the Poet. 2. John Wycliffe was the forerunner of the Reformation in England. He translated the Bible into English, and boldly spoke asrainst Roman inter- ference with English aft'airs. JFIia followers were known as Lollards, and in after years many of them were put to death as heretics. Wycliffe, however, was safe, as he enjoyed the friendship and protection of John of Gaunt, the third son of Edward III. RICHARD II.-1377-1399. I. Richard II. was the son of the Black Prince As he was only a boy when he ascended the throne, a council was appointed to rule. In 1381, the peas ants of England revolted under Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, and marched t3 London. They asked : (1) For the abolition of the poll-tax, which Had been first levied in the reign of Etlward III. ^2) Th \t villeinairn ahnnM l^ aK/^i;<,k»^ ' - J-.- — — — -».— .. .«ji»-^^ (3) Thr.t the peasants should be allowed to pay tneir rent in money instead of giving part in labor. The revolt was crushed and the leaders were put to death. In the end, however, the people got wha» fHE PLANTAGENET PERIOE 25 they wished. Richaid ruled well for several years and made good laws, but afc last he began to rule absolutely and the people turned against him. In 1398, a quarrel arose between the Duke of Norfolk and Henry, son of John of Gaunt. Richard in- terfered and banished both. The next year Henry returned to recover his father's estates, which Richard had seized. The king was in Ireland at the time, and on his return ho was dethroned by the Parjinment, and Henry was made king. Richard waB iiuon afterwards murdered. vr ■ J 'i LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 1399-1461. Henry IV. Grandson of Ed, III. 1399.14ia Henry V.-Son . . . 1413-1422. Henry VI.— Son . . . 1422-1461. THE YORKIST PERIOD. , 1461—1486. Edward IV.— Son of Duke of York 1461.1«fc^. — uldward V.— Son - . . 1483. Richard III. — Uncle . . 1483-1486.' Oharacteristics.—Qroyvth of Parliament for a time; 8:radual abolition of Villeinage ; destruction of feudal System ; founding of the •• New Mon- archy." HENRY IV.— 1399 1413. Hi:nry IV. received his crown from Parlia- teent^ and to secure his position he had to keep in favor with the Parliament and the clergy. The House of Commons gained the solo right to grant money to the king; to please the Church the Lol- lards were persecuted, William Sawtre being the hrst person put to death for heresy in England. Henry had much trouble with the Percies— th- Eari oif Northumberland and his son—and with the Scots and the Welsh ; but he was successful against m 1402, and Shrewsbury in 1403. 4U LANCASTRIAN , PERIOD. me; 1 of ion- rlia- in The ant Lo\- the nd. thft the nst HENRY /.— 1413-1422. Henry V. was a very popular king. Early in his reign he granted to the House of Commons the concession that their petitions, no\*^ called bills, were not to be changed by the king before he absented to them to make them law. The persecution of the Lollards was continued in this reign. The French king being insane, Henry revived the English claim to the French throne and prepared for war. In 1415, he took Harfleur and won a great victory at Agincourt. Three years later Rouen was taken after a long siege. Just at this time the Duke of Burgundy was murdered by friends of the Dauphin, the French king's son. The Burguiidians in revenge went over to Henry's side, and in 1420 the Treaty of Troyes was signed, by which Henry was appointed Regent of France and heir to the French crown, and was to marry CatV'»rine, the daughter of the French king. Two years later Henr , died. HENRY VI.— 1422-1461. I. Henry VI. was only a y< ar old when his father died. His uncle, the Duike of Gloucester, a selfish, quarrelsome man, ruled in England, while another uncle, the wise Duke of Bedford, became Regent of France. The French war continued, and the Enslish connuered all France north of the Loire. While they were besieging Orleans in 1428, a peasant girl named Jeanne Dare, or "Joan of Arc," who claimed that she was sent by God to crown the Dauphin, pla«ed herself ai the head of the French '^k BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. toroes, and raised the siege. She won maay victories over the English, but, being taken prisoner, she was burned as a witch in 1431. Soon after, Bedford died and the English rapidly lost ground. Burgundy went over to the side of Prance again. In 1 445, Henry VI married Margaret of Anjou and gave up the province of Anjou to his father-in-law. Normandy was reconquered by the French in 1449. At last the war came to an end in 1453, and Calais was the only French possession left to the English. In 1450, there was a rebellion under Jack Ca.de, the people demanding : — (1) Free elections. (2) That the foreign favorites should be sent away. (3) That there should be a change in the king's iwivisera The rebellion was put down and Cade was killed. The last event of the reign was the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. Henry was deposed in 1461, and was murdered ten years later. 2. The Hundred Years' War.— Edward III. claimed the crown of France and went to war to en- force his claim. The chief events in the early part of the struggle were a naval victory at Sluys the battle of CreSSy, the siege of Calais, and the battle of Poitiers. The Treaty of Bretigny, 1360, put an end to the war for a time. Soon it recommenced, and before the death of Edward the English had lost nearly all their French postiessicns, although the war continued into the reign of Richard II Henrv V, revivpri f.ha />)aini f,^ *l>« "u _K throne, and after a few years' war, in which the principal event was the battle of Agincourt the Treaty of Troyes, in 1420, brought about a'tew porary peace. After Henry's death the French wa» LAKCASTRIAN PERIOD. 29 was lenewtjd, and the English power increased. Jeanne Dare first turned the tide of success against the English, and after the year 1428 thrir power de- clined. Little by little they lost what tliey had won, until, in 1453, when the struggle ended, Calais alone remained to England. 3. The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485).- The Duke of York had a better claim to the crown than Henry VI., as he was "** descended from the sccond and fourth sons of Edward III., while the Lancastrians were descendants of the third son. York had been heir to the throne until the birth of Prince Edward, son of Henry VI. In 1454, Henry became insane and York was made Protector, but on the King's recovery he was driven from court. He then took up arms, claiming the crown, and thus began the famous civil war, known as the Wars of the Roses — the Lancastrians wearing a rod rose *and the Yorkists a white rose as a badge. They lasted over thirty years, during which there were twelve battles fought. In 1460, the Duke of York was killed at W^akefield, but lils son Edward con- tinued the struggle. AfLer tlu^ bloody battle of Towton Moor in 1461 Henry lost his thn)iie and was succeeded by Edward IV., t he first of the York- ists. The Earl of Warwick, the " Kinguiak»^r," was a Yorkist at first, but, becouiing offended at Ed- ward IV., he went over to the Lancastrians, and suc- ceeded in restoring Henry VI. to the throne. In the battle of Barnet, however, in 1471, he was defeated and slain. Soon after, Henry VI. and his son, Prince Edward, were murder* d, and the Lancastrians were completely overthrown for a time. The last battle was at Bosworth Field in 1485, when Henry Tudor, the leader of the LtuxcastrianB, defeated aii« •lew Richard III. 30 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. Results of the Wars of the Roses.— (1) Most of the great nobles of England were killed, and the king gained almost absolute power , (2) The F«adaJ System was completely swept away. EDWARD IV.-.1461-1483. 1. Edward IV. carried on the war against the Lancastrians with great energy, and overthrew ^ hem in several battles ; but while the nobles and their fol- lowers were fighting, the middle classes were growing rich. The great majority of the nobles had been slain in the Wars of the Roses ; the clergy were afraid of the spread of LoUardism ; and the rich com- moners thought only of themselves. All these causes combined to increase greatly the power of the king, and he ruled with an iron hand. Edward IV. was rich from the confiscated estates of Lancastrian nobles, from forced loans, fines, and " benevolences " or presents, and thus was able to rule without the aid of Parliament. Thus rose what is called the New Monarchy, which lasted until the revolution in 1688. An important event of this reign was the introduction of printing into England by William Caxton. 2. William Caxton, who had been on the con- tinent for some years, returned in 1476 and set up the first printing-press in England. He printed all the English works he could secure, and placed them on sale at a reasonable price. He translated many works and printed them in English, and iiad a great influence on the form of our literary English. He was patronized by kings and nobles. Printing paved the way for the Reformation, as the Bible waa oa« pf the earliest books priiiiad 34 BRITISH HI , TORT NOTEt.. in their service many liveried retainers, who formed a little army ready to do the bidding of their master, ro lessen the power of the nobles Henry VII. abol- ished this system of mainten? nee. TTENRY VIII.— 1509-1547. ? I. Henry VIII. was handsome, gay, and well eaucated, and was very popular in his younger days. He was exceedingly selfish, and in his later years be- came very brutal and tyrannical. Henry was am- bitious, and soon spent his father's savings in his foreign wars. Scotland attacked England twice in this reign ; in 1513, James IV. and the flower of his Dobihty were slain at Flodcen, and in 1542 James V. was defeated at Solway Moss. Henry's chief advisers were Wolsey, Cromwell, More, and Oranmer. Wolsey, failing to secure the king's divorce,, lost power, and died in 1530, After his fa/l the king's adviser for several years was Thomas Cromwell, who aided in bringing about the Refor- mation, and placing the king as Head of the English Church. But he, too, fell and was beheaded. In ills earlier years Henry was a strict Roman Catholic and replied to Luther in defence of the Church. For this he received the title of " Defender of the Faith " which our monarchs still bear. Even after the com- mencement of the Reformation he retained many Roman Catholic doctrines. Henry had six wives two of whom he beheaded, two he divorce J. one died and one survived him. He died in 1547, leaving the throne to his son Edward, then to Mary, the daugh- ter of Catharine of Arragon, and then to Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyu. TUDOR PERIOD. 35 :> formed r master. II. abol- md well »er days, ^ears be- was am- ;s in his twice in er of his n 1542 Henry's ore, and > king's ^f ter his 'homas J Refor- English [ed. In Catholic, ch. For Faith," ihe com- d many : wives, ne died 'ing the daugh- izabeth, 2. THumas Wolsey was Henry's tirst adviser. He became Archbishop of York, chancellor, cardinal, and, lastly, papal legate, and he hoped to become Pope. He always endeavored to strengthen the king's power, and to gain honor and wealth for him- self. He avoided, as much as possible, calling Parliament. Henry at last grew tired of his wife, Catharine Cf Arragon, and wished to get a divorce. Wolsey dared not oppose the divorce fearing to lose the favor of the king ; he dared not favor it for fear of Catharine's nephew, Charles V. of Ger- many, who had promised to aid him to become l^ 'pe. In the end his double dealing was found out, and he was stripped of all his political offices. A year later he was arrested on a charge of treason, but died on his way to London (1530). 3« Thomas Cromwell became the king s secre- tary in 1530, ard for ten years labored hard to in- crease the king's power. He was a hard, stern man, and spared no one that stood in his way, and his term of office was a period of terror. The best and noblest of the land went to the block. Even Sir Thomas More was beheaded. The great work of his time was the bringing about of the Reformation in England. In 1533-4 he had two acts passed by Parliament, the .first forbidding the payment of "first fruits" to Rome, and the second "The Act of Supremacy," making Henry Supi "me Head of the Church. The clergy were forced to acknowledge Henry's supremacy, appeals to Rome were forbidden, and soon after the king got his longed-for divorce. In 1536 thfl RTn.i^lp-.r ■"iri"'?»°.t'^,r''eH werp. suD'^rfip.p.p.d. Three years later the larger ones also were abolished, and the king and many nobles were enriched with the spoiL But a new court party was arising, the 86 jRlliSH HISTORY NOTES. religious changes were giving new energy lo the peo- ple, and the revival of parliaments opened up the avenue for action. Ab last Cromwell's enemies gained the upper hand. The match with Anne of Cleves, a Protestant princess of Germany which he arranged, was distasteful to the king, and Cromwell v/as ac- V used of treason by his enemies and was executed. 4. Thomas Cranmer gained the favor of J enry VIII. by saying that the divorce should be referred to the Universities of Europe instead of being left to the Pope. He was made Archbishop of "^ Canterbury in 1533, and soon after granted Henry a divorce from Catharine. He was a zealous Reformer, and had the Bible translated and read in the churches. He also favored the suppression of the monasteries. He was one of the principal advisers of Edward VI., and aided in drawing up the Forty-twO Articles of Religion and the Book of Com- mon Prayer. In Mary's reign he was arrested and burned at the stake as a heretic. 5. Marriages of Henry VI 1 1.— Henry had six wives : - The first was Catharine of Arragon, who was the mother of Mary 1. She was divorced in 1533 The second was Anne Boleyn, the mother of Elizabeth. She was beheaded. ^':* Trr" 'o^'",-^^"^ Seymour, mother of Ed- ^u y^- , ®^® '^''''^ ^^ ^^'« ^'"^e o^ Edward's birth The fourth, Anne of Cleves, was divorced, ihe fifth Catharine Howard, was beheaded, band ^ Cathanne Parr, survived ti^r hus- 6. The Reformation— Wycliffo had stronffh opposed the Pope's interference in Englinh affairi but the Reformation was brought about in Englanr TUDOh PERIO. 3T the peo- i up the BS gained Cleves, a irranged, was ac jcuted. Eavor of hould be istead of bishop of Henry a i-eformer, in the 1 of the Ivisers of rty-two ►f Com- isted and nry had who was in 1533 other c/ of Ed- I's birth, ;d. laded. inr hus- Jtronglj afifairS) Snglanr by Henry's divorce. Laws were passed forbidding appeals to Rome, and the payment of "first-fruits" to the Pope, and also making Henry VIII. Supreme Head of the Church, Then the monasteries were suppressed. Henry was by no means a Protestant ; he retained many of the old Roman Catholic belief ^ although a few, such as the invocation of saints and prayers for the dead, were rejected. Both Roman Catholics and Protestants were put to death for not accepting the king's beliefs. In the reign of Edward VI. a great change took place. All laws against Lollards and Protestants wei e repealed ; images were destroyed ; mass was abolished; the Book of Common Prayer, which con- tained the church services in English, was prepared ; and the Forty-two Articles of Religion were drawn up containing the creed of the Church of England. In Mary's reign the Roman Catholic religion was restored, and there was a fierce persecution of Protestantf. On the acoesBion oi Elizabeth the Church was brought back to what, it was in Edward's reign, with a few exceptions— the Prayer-book being changed somewhat, and the forty-two Articles being reduced to thirty-nine. The clergy had to acknowledge Elizabeth's supremacy, and «.ll people had to attend tbe English Church services. Thus the Reformation was completed. EDWARD V 1.-1547-1553. Edward VI. came to the throne at the age oi ten. His uncle, the Duke of Somerset, was made Protector. An army was sent to Heotlaud in 1547 to to loroe a, marriage b«twe«a Edward and jousig 38 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. M^ Queen of Scots. The Scota were defeated afc Pinkie, and in anger they sent Mary oflFto France. The chief feature of this reign was the growth of the Reformation, in which the king, Somerset, and Cranmer were zealously engaged. Mass was abol- ished, and services were conducted in English. Gar- diner and Bonner, two Roman Catholic bishops were placed in prison, and Latimer and Ridley took their places. These changes created much dis- content, and there were several risings throughout the country. Somerset at last lost power, and was suc- ceeded by the Duke Of Northumberland. The kings health failed in 1553, and Northumberland, in fear of Mary, who was a devout Roman Catholic, persuaded Edward to leave his crown to Lady Jane Grey, the great grand-daughter of Henry VII., to whom Northumberland had married his son. MARY I.— 1553-1558. ' Mary L— The effort to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne failed, and she and Northumberland were beheaded. The religious work of Edward's reign was undone. The Pope was again made Head of the English Church, and Roman Catholicism was restored. In the latter part of the reign there wfcs a persecution of the Protestants Cranmer, Lat- imer, Ridley and hundreds of lesser degree wore burned at the stake. In 1554, Mary married her *;?"?!"' °^*^»POC„Spain, a match that was much OisiiKea by t,r.o English. Mary's reign was short. J *?"7*°« neglected her; her people disliked her ; •nd the loss of Calais, the last English possession in Mnnoe, tiled her cup of sorrow. She died in 1568. TUDOR PERIOD. 81 ELI^^ABETH.— 1558-1603. I. Elizabeth was warmly welcomed to the throne, and never lost her popularity during her long reign of 45 years. She had difficult work to do. At the beginning of her reign there existed discontent and religious strife at home, and war and defeat abroad. Besides, Mary Queen of ScotS claimed the English crown. Elizabeth chose wise counsellors, and soon the condition of affairs improved. The difficulties of her position made Elizabeth more de- pendent on parliament, and the House of Commons now began the long struggle to recover their old power, which ended only with the Revolution in 1 688. The English Church was again separated from Rome, and the people were compelled to conform to the services as contained in the Prayer- book and to acknowledge Elizabeth as Head of the Church. Elizabeth for many years avoided foreign wars, and was thus able to keep down taxation and make her people prosperous. This reign was a time of great maritime enterprise, and English sailors were found on all the seas in 1587, Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded after an imprisonment of nineteen years. The next year the " Invincible Armada," sent out by Spain to conquer England, was almost destroyed, and England then became "mistress of the seas." The last important event of the reign was the com- pletion of the conquest of Ireland by Lord Thrill nflrtw "V—J' A,.*?®, Puritans.— The Church of IDngland. as established br Elizabeth, was not extremetTf h" Queen wished m> take a middle position, and so ;H,nd both Roman Catholics and extren**- P^totestanU « -'^ BRITISH HibTORT N0^_^, her way of worshipping. Many of the Jatter wisned a purer form of worship, ?.nd ao became known as Puritans. Their high ideal of life and their devo- tion to right were strong points in their character, and they furnish some of the noblest names that grace the page of history. 3- William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, had held ofece during the reigns of Henry Vlil., Edward VI and Mary. When Elizabeth came to the tlirone he became Secretary of State, and served Iier faithfully during the rest of his life. He was cautious, and, rr ^*;® '?"*'*'"' was anxious to avoid foreign wars Hf. aided m bringing about many reforms, and much of the glory of Elizabeth's reign is due to the wise c.ounE<^U and acts of Cecil. He died in 1598. 4. Mary Queen of Scots was the most beauti- ful woMiRn ot her time, in Europe. She had been urought up in France, where she had married the Dwupmn, afterwards Francis 11. She was soon left fr widow, and returned Uy Scotland in ISfii. Her second husband, Lord Darnley, was murdered, and Mary married the man who was regatded as t^ dQurderer. The Scots, in horror, drove her from the throne, and she fled to England in 1568. She was a dangerous rival of Elizabeth, having claimed the English, crown, and so she was held a prisoner for mneteeu years. Her religious friends never ceased plotting to gain her freedom and to overthrow Eliza- beth. At last, in 1587, she was beheaded. . 5 The Spanish Armada (1588).- Many Span- ish vessels had been cantured bv Enaligli T^rivn*— and thousands of English had aided the' Dutch in their struggle for liberty against Philip of Spain. Eager for revenge. Philip fitted out a jjreat fleet "' 13c ^uips, ifuliy tuanaed and comm»»'" -"i by tb«» TUDOR PKRIOD. 41 best oflBcers of Spain, to conquer England and re- store the Roman Catholic religion. To meet this fleet the English had but 8o small shipS- The English admiral was Lord Howard of Effing- ham, and under him served Drake, HawkinS, and Frobisher. A running fight was kept up along the English Channel, and at Calais fireships were sent among the Spanish vessels. The Spaniards fled to the north in alarm, and the English, following them up, prevented them from returning. A terrible storm arose from the south and they were compelled to sail around the north of Scotland. Storms com- pleted the destruction of the great fleet. This vic- tory gave England confidence in herself, humbled the power of Spain, secured English independence and protected the Protestant cause. 6. The Conquest of Ireland— The Irish took no interest in the Reformation ; they remained strict Roman Catholics. Early in Elizabeth's reign they rebelled under Shan O'Neill, but the rising was put down. The English tried to force Protes- tantism on them, and this produced great discontent. At last, in 1595, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, rose in rebellion with the assistance of Spain. The Earl of Essex, who was sent to crush the rising, foolishly made a truce with the Irish and returned home. He was stripped of his offices, and Lord Mountjoy was sent over. He put down the rebel- lion, and since that time the whole of Ireland has been subject to English rule. TV,. 13^a4-c 'US. i»v*^n ^ writers. national excitement always produce gieat The religious changes, the discoveries, and the defeat of the Armada thrilled the English people, and this rtiga ii one of the brightest periods of Englisb Literv 42 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. ture. Shakespeare, the prince of writers, wh* understood human nature so well, belongs to this period He wrote many plays which are acted and studied all over the world to-day. Edmund Spencer IS one of the greatest of our poets, his chief work being *«The Faerie Queene." 8. Progress in Elizabeth's Reign—When J^lizabeth came to the throne she found England weak and divided ; at her death th« country was strong and United. Under her wise rule England became very prosperous. Improved methods in farm- ing doubled th^ products, and manufactures and com- merce were extended. After the fall of Antwerp in the NetherHnds, London became the great market of the world Exploring expeditions were sent out, and colonies were attempted in Newfoundland and Virginia. Each parish was made responsible for its own poor ; and comfort and even luxury were found J^ot ^T^^ ""^ ^^^ P"°P'^- The Bible became the W)ok ot the nation, and Protestantism was greatly ex- tended This is justly considered to be oneo**->., most gionous reigns in English history STUART PERIOD. 1603-1714. m m James I.— Son of Mary Queen of Scots - . . . Charles I. — Son (The Commonwealth) Charles II.— Son of Charles I. James II. — Brother - (William III.— Son-in-law and nephew Mary II.— Daughter of James II. Anne, Daughter of James II. 1603-1626. 1625-1649. 1649-1660. 1660-1685. 1685-1688. 1689-1702. 1689-1694. 1702-1714. Characteristics.— The struggle between King and Parlia- ment—Parliament victorious. JAMES I.— 1603-1625. I. James I. of England was also James VI of Scotland. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, and great-grandson of Henry VII. He received' the crown solely because of his birth. He believed firmly in the "Divine Right of Kings," as he called it, that 18, that the king received his power from God and no subject should dare to limit it. The Puritans were very strong in the House of Commons, and they were determmed that Parliament should regain the power It had before the Wars of the Roses. James was equally determined to have absolute power, and so tnere was continual trouble. The king also de- wred a union with Spain and a marriage between Pnncc Charles and n Spanish princess. This waa bitterly opposed by Parliament because Spain was a 43 44 BRITMH HISl .RT NOTES. Roman Catholic country. In the end the match \fas broken cCt and Charles was married to Henrietta Maria of France. James, unlike Elizabeth, chose bad advisers, the chief being Carr and Villiers. The Gunpowder Plot and the Translation of the Bible were also important events of this reign. 2. The Gunpowder Plot (1605) was a plot by some Roman Catholics to blow up both King and Parliament at the opening of the session. A room under the building was stored with powder, and Guy Fawkes was to light the fuse at the proper time. The plot was discovered and many suffered death for it, and very harsh laws were passed against the Roman Catholics. • 3- Translation of the Bible.-During the Tudor Period several translations of the Bible were made. James I. caused another to be made, which was finished in 1 6 11 , after several years' work. This, ujider the name of the Authorized Version, or King James' Version, is the one still in common use. 4- Sir Walter Raleigh was a noted courtier of •Elizabeth's reign. He tried to found a colony in America, which he named Virginia, after the queen. Early in James' reign he was concerned in a plot to put Arabella Stuart, a cousin of King James, on the throne. For this he was sent to the Tower, where he remained for twelve years, filling in his time by writing a History of the World. In 1616, he was releasea on the promise that he would reveal a gold mine in South America ; but Raleigh's object) was to brinff about a nnarrpil wif.h Sr^nir, or,/^ j-k-- break off the Spanish match. Reaching' America he »t once gotMnto a fight with the Spaniards, and re- turning without gold, he was beheaded on the old charge of ♦^^reason, but really to please Spain. STUART PERIOD. tl 5. The Ihirty Years' War (1618-1648) was waged between the Boman Catholics and Protestants of Germany. The leader of the Protestants was James' son-in-law, the Elector of the Rhine, who had married Elizabeth Stuart. He was the father of Prince Rupert and the Princess Sophia, after, wards noted in English history. James gave little help to his son-in-law, though the English people were strongly in favor of joining the Protestant side. 6. The Pilgrim Fathers were a company of Independents, who made their famous voyage in the Mayflower in 1620, and founded the colony of Massachusetts. They had gone to Holland, but were dissatisfied with the foreign surroundings, and so came to America to secure civil and religious freedom, with English associations. They were the founders of the New England States. 7. James' Favorites.— The first was Carr, £arl of Somerset, a wicked and dissolute man. He be- came concerned in a murder, and was obliged to re- tire from Court. The next favorite was Villicrs, who was created Duke of Buckingham. He was no statesman, and was very unpopular with the Eng- lish. He was murdered early in the reign of Charles I. 8. Sir Francis Bacon was a noted lawyer and writer in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. He fell under the displeasure of Elizabeth by opposing a subsidy which had been asked of Parliament, and, though a nephew of Cecil, he received no preferment during the queen's life. In James' reign his ability i"Cv;vi;iiii' ] iix: r ^^A Chancellor, but was impeached before the House of Lords for taking "presents" (bribes). He was stripped of all his offices and condemned to pay a heavy fine, bnt the fine was remitted by the king. BRITlSa HISTORY KOTK»» CHARLES I.-1625-1649. ,.,^ ?^^^?^S ^' "^^ courtly and religiout, bat ikft ills father he was stubborn and wished for abso' lute power. Early in his reign he was compelled to sign the famous Petition of Right, but he after- W'ards continued to levy taxes on his own authority ifiooT 7 a/aI.''^ 'V!f ^?T^ Ship-Money. From 1629 to 1640 he ruled without parliaments, and his chief advisers were Strafford and Laud. An effort to force bishops on the Scots brought about the sign- ing of the National Covenant in 1638. In 1640 Charles called the famous Long Parliament After two years of disputing, a civil war broke out, ir irhich in 164°/ "^^^ ^^^«^^d- He was tried and beheaded iJ' lb P^<=^*iO" Of Right (i628).-Charley 1. ^t into debt on account of a war with France, aud he called a parliament. The members would not grant R^hT^ T^'rt-T'"-^^ '^^"^^ *^^« Petition of x\lgnC- Ine chief provisions were: of pirhTn^ent ^ ^^''^ ^° ^^ ^^"^^"^ without the consent ill i^pP^^so^ ^as to be imprisoned unjustly. 3 Soldiers were not to be billeted upon the people (4) There was not to be martial law in time of peace. rJA ^A P°"^^s Wentworth, Earl of Straf- ford, had been opposed to the king as long as Buck- mgham lived, but on the death of that duke he at once swung over to the king's side. From 1633 to ■; '/" "^^^^"" a- i-ora-jLieutenant. His system, which was to rule with the assistance of a standing army, he called Thorough. He ww ba- Keoded m 1641 on the charge of treMon f VrtTARl PBBK^ 47 4. Archbishop Laud had charge of Church a£. tRirs. He hated the Puritans, and again introduced into the church services many of the old practices which had long been cast aside. His interference in Scottish church affairs caused the signing of the Na- tional Covenant. He was arrested in 16il, and after four years' imprisonment was beheaded. 5. Ship-Money (1 634-1 63S).— Charles took many ways of raising money, the most noted tax being Shjp- Money. This had been an ancient tax laid on coast counties m time of war, ,0 raise a fleet. Charles now levied it on every 20\mfj It was objected to be- cause — (1) The king had no authority to levy the tax. (8) This was a time of peace. (3) Inland, as well as coast counties, had to pay the T ^u ^ ^^^*8 thought to be for an army, not a fleet. J( hn Hampden refused t(f pay the tax, but the judges— tools of the king— decided against him. 5't f National Covenant (1638).— The king and Laud wished to force bishops ou the Scots, and ©rdered a liturgy, or regular church service, to be read in the Scottish churches. Kiots started in Edin- burgh, and the Scots rose in a body against the Ranges. High and low signed the National Covenant declaring their determination to resist the •hanges, which they called popery. The signers were ealled Covenanters. 7- The Long ParHament— In 1640, Okarles G&ii«d the ramous Long l-arliament, so named because it was the longest in English history. It compelled the king to acknowledge that it could not be dis- Bolred without its own consent, and it 3at with cer- tain interruptions for nineteen year». Among ite 4b BRITISH HISIORT ITOTU. noted members were Pym, Hampden. Vane and Cromwell. The Star Chamber, and the Court of High Commission were abolished and Ship-Monev was declared illegal. In 1641, the Parliament drew op the Grand Remonstrance, a statement of all Charles misgovernment. In 1648, those member, who were favorable to Charles were excluded by Col Pride. (This is called Pride's Purge.) The remain.' der, mcknamed the Rump, appointed a High Court of Justice to try the king. In 1653, the Rump was/ expelled by CromweU, but in 1659 it was recalled by General Lambert. The next year the membera ordered a new election and then dissolved. 8. The Civil War.— The king's party were called Cavaliers, the leaders being the ting and Prince Rupert, his nephew. The Parliamentary party were called Roundheads from the Puritan practice of clipping the hair. The leader was at first the Earl J!f, .Essex, but afterwards General Fairfax *nd Oliver Cromwell commanded the army. Cromwell was the leader of the famous Ironsides— a regiment of cavalry. The first events of the war were the in- decisive battles of Edgehill in 1642 and Newburv '"^A u' -"^ ^^^^' *^® Parliament got the Scot? to aid them and promised to make Presbyterianism the estabLshed religion of England. At Marston Moor m 1644 and Naseby in 1646, the king was totally defeated. Charles then gave himself up to the Scots, but they handed him ovt^r to the Parliament. 9- John Hampden was a noted patriot of the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He refused to pay ohip-Money and the case was tried, but the judges decided against him. He was a prominent member of the Long Parliament, and was so active ^ against the king that the latter tried to arrest him along «ri«h STT71.1T PBBIOD. ir lonr otheri. Ha joined the KoundheadB in the Civil War, and was killed in a skirmish at Chalgrove Field in 1643. "THE COMMONWEALTH," 1649-1660. • 1. The Commonwealth. — Immediately after the death of Charles I. the Rump abolished the office of king, and also the House of Lords, as being useless and dangerous. A Council of State was appointed to govern the country. Bradshaw was made President of the Council, and Cromwell, Fairfax and Vane were among its members. In 1653, the Rump was expelled by Cromwell, and the same year he became Protector, and governed with success for five years. On his death in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, became Protector, but being unused to such a trying position h .on resigned. General Lambert was aiming at uue Protectorship, but his plans were frustrated l-y General Monk. After the dissolution of the Long Parliament in 1660, the Convention Parliament invited Prince Charles over as king, and thus the leriod of Enghnh history known as the Commonwealth was ended. 2. Prince Charles. — In 1649, the Royalists of Ireland rose in favor of Prince Charles, son of Charles I. Cromwell was sent over and in the sieges of Drogheda and Wexford the Irish were put down with great cruelty. In 1650, Charles came to Scot- land, and on promising to accept the National Coven- snti was made kins' Cromwell was sent north, and defeated the Scots at Dunbar. In 1651, Charles and the Scots suddenly marched into England, and had got as far as W^orccster when they were overtaken and utterly routed, Charles escap^ to Fraooe after many adrenturea. «>0 BRITISH HISTORY N0TJ5S. 3. Oliver Cromwell, " The Uncrowned King"^ of England, was a member of Parliament in 1628, when the Petition of Right was passed, and again, of the Long Parliament in 1640. When the civil war broke out he became the leader of the Ironsides, and then of the whole Parliamentary army. He took a prominent part in the trial of Charles I., and was a member of the Council of State in the Commonwealtl He put down the Royalists of [reland and Scotland in 1649-1651. In 1653, he ex- pelled the Rump and soon was made Protector. For five years he ruled with energy and success. He made many good laws, and there was prosperity in his time, but little freedom. His foreign policy was brilliant. The Dutch fleet was defeated in several battles by Admiral Blake ; Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards in 1655 ; Dunkirk was taken from France; and the persecution of Protestants in Frunce was stopped. Cromwell died in 1658. 4. The Restoration. —After the resignation of Richard Cromwell, General Lambert recalled the Rump, and in 1660, after ordering a new election, the Long Parliament dissolved. The Convention, as the new parliament was called, was composed mainly of Royalists. The House of Lords again assembled and Prince Charles was invited over from Holland to be king. This event is known a» th« Restoration. CHARLES II.— 1660-1685. r»i «__ TT J. V'iiu.ilv.o 11. had everythiiig in his favor at first, biit he was top fond of pleasure to make a good ruler. He never ceased to aim at absolute power, Ottt be was too much afraid of losing his throne ir STUART PERIOD. 61 of press the matter far. England soon lost the high place she had won in Cromwell's time, for the Dutch easily defeated the English fleet. Charles was secretly in the pay of Louis XIV. of France, and so got money for his pleasures. In this reign we find the rise of the political parties, called Whigs and Tories. Charles' adviser at first was the Earl of Clarendon, but afterwards a body of men known as the Cabal directed the aflfairs of state. The chief law passed in this reign was the Habeas Corpus Act. 2. Disasters:— In 1665, the Great Plague swept over Europe. In London alone it is said that over 100^000 people died of it. In 1666, occurred the Great Fire of London. The city burned for three days and a great part of it was laid in ashes. It was a blessing in the end, for it cleared out the plague, which still lingered in dark and foul corners, and wider streets were laid out and better houses were erected. A Dutch War went on in the early years of Charles' reign. The English f hips were in bad re- pair, because the money voted by Parliament for the navy was spent by Charles in his pleasures, and of course, the English fleet was defeated. The Du*ch then sailed up the River Thames and burned the shipping along the shore. 3- The Earl of Clarendon was the most noted adviser of Charles II. He held office during the early part of the reign, but was compelled to resign. He afterwards wrote " The ilistory of the Great Re- bellion." His daughter married James, Duke of York, afterwards James TI.^ and became the mother of Queen Mary and Queen Anne. 4- Secret Treaty of Dover (Ifi70).-Pftrli»- 6» BRITISH BISTORT KOTEfl. ment wished an alliance of European nations to check the power of Louis XIV. Charles, instead, sold hiinseif to Louis by the Secret Treaty of Dover. Its terms were : (1) Charles agreed to declare himself a Boman Catholic and aid Louis in all his schemes against the Netherlands. (2) Louis was to pay Charles .£300,000 a year and furnieh an army to put down the English should they rebel. 5. The Cabal —During the years 1667-1673 the king's advisers were Clifford, Arlington, Buck- ingham, Ashley and Lauderdale. Their initials make the word Cabal. These ministers ruled so badly that ever since, the term has been applied to any secret union of persons who further their own interests by dishonest means. 6. The Popish Plot —In 1678, a preacher of low character, Titus Oates by name, came forward with the story of a Roman Catholic plot to murder the king and set up a Roman Catholic government. The story was not true, but at the time many be- lieved it, anpl quite a number of innocent Roman Cathol' s suflFered death. Strict laws were passed against them, all of that faith, except the Duke oi York, being excluded from both Houses of Parlia- ment. These laws were in force until 1829. 7- Whigs and Tories.— These parties arose in .the latter part of the reign of Charles II. The Whicrs were opposed to James, Duke of York, and wished to keep him olF the throne= Most of them favored his daughter Mary, who had married the Prince of Orange, although some were in favor of the Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles. The Tories were in favor of the Duke •! STUART PERIOD. 58 tions fco instead, £ Dover. I Boman kinst the fear and uld they 1673 the Buck- ■ initials 'uled so )plied to leir own icher of forward murder rnment. lany be- Roman "i pass^ed Duke qI Parlia- irose in I. The rk, and r)f them ried the n favor e son of 3uke •i Vork, and in after years of his son, the Pretender. The Whigs tried to pass the Exclusion Bill to prevent James from succeeding to the throne but they failed. For this the great Whig cities lost their charters. 8. The Rye House Plot.— The chief members of the Whig party formed a plot«against the Govern- ment. A small section of these formed another plot to murder Charles II. and the Duke of York at a lonely spot called the Rye House. The plot was found out and Russell and Sidney were beheaded. The Whigs were cotnnl* .^ly overthrown and the Tories had things > own way for the rest of Charles' reign. 9. The Habeas Corpus Act (1679) provided that no person should be kept in prison longer than a certain time without being brought up for trial (Often, in times of rebellion or great public excite- ment, this act is suspended for a time.) Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned for nineteen years without a trial, Sir Walter Raleigh for twelve years, and Archbishop Laud for four years. Such a thing would be impossible in Great Britain now. 10. Religious Laws, etc. 1. The Corporation Act (1661).— All persons holding office wore to be members of the Church of England. 2. The Act of Uniformity (1662).— All clergy were to be ordained by bishops and give full assent to all contained in the Book of Common Prayer, or give up their livings. Over 2,000 ministers were thus turned out of their positions and were after- wards known as Dissentcrs. 3. The Declaration of Indulgence was issued I 54 BRITIB ElBTORT NOTU. by Charlen II. m 1672. He wished to give Catholics Parliament forced him to recall the Declaration. nffll • M^^^^.^^' (1672)._A11 persons holding t£y 'dS not "^-'"^'.rZ *^ '""^^ '^^ O'^^h that r^^Lr nu u^^'*? *^' doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and were also to take communion aooordmg to the Church of England ""^^"^^o^ JAMES II.— 1685-1688. I. James II. was a Roman Catholic, but he took of Enin7Th' *n 1'^' ;^5 «"PP«^^ *^« Church of Lngknd. The Duke of Monmouth at once ZtZ"^"""' '^ «'^ the throne, but he was defend tL)^^^^/^'iZ ^^^ beheaded. James was now at the height of his power, and he determined to do away with the Habeas ^Corpus Act. to get a We army, and to have the laws against Roman Catholics removed. He attacked the liberties of the Church tte ?£^ '"^ the Universities, and turned even the Tories against him. Although warned of his danger by the Pope and by Louis XIV., he wen blindly on His Declaration of Indulgence in 7688 r?^* tr^ *^^ ^"^1 Of the Sevin Bishoos v^hich ended in « defeat for the kSg Wmtmot throne. He landed m England in 1688, and James f™Tf;r^°"' T^"^' *""^' ««^ *« France. S •vent 18 known as the Revolution. 2^ Monmouth's RebelHon— in irak ^u^r^-.u^ In' tKiSr? Q "^^"^ "^ ^'""^^r^ to'get'thrthrS'e^ In the battle of Sedgemoor he was defeated, and being t.k«a prisoner, wai beheaded. Judfire Jeffries WM then Mnt down to tk« lotne of the ri^ STUART PBBIOD. 55 .1 ing to try the rebels. This has been called the Bloody Assize from the cruel punishment that was meted out to the prisoners. Jefl&ies was a cocrse and brutal man who delighted in passing heavy and cruel sentences. Hundreds of the rebels were put to death or sold into slavery for a term of years, while others were imprisoned, fined, whipped or tortured. 3. Trial of the Seven Bishops— In 1688, James issued a Declaration of Indulgence, and ordered it to be read in all the churches. The king had no authority to issue such a document, and so his order was obeyed by few. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six bishops sent a petition to the king protesting against it. The king had been angry enough because his order was disobeyed ; he was now furious. The "Seven Bishops" were ordered to be tried for " false, malicious, and seditious libel," but they were acquitted by the judges. The English were wild with joy over the defeat of the king. 4. The Revolution (1888). -James II. had promised to respect the laws of the land and to sup- port the Church of England. He broke his oath in many ways, and the people of England became thor- oughly roused against him. Seven of the most noted bishops and nobles of England sent a secret paper over to William of Orange, son-in-law of James, aaking him to come over and drive James off the throne. He landed in 1688, and James fled to Prance. A Convention Parliaiuent was called, and it met early in 1689. The Declaration of Rights was i:::cii uiu.vii. up, liiuoCriing X,liG 3it.kC16IiXi iluiitS UiuQ liberties of England. Its principal provisions were afterwards embodied in the Bill of Rights. William and Mary then b«^came king and queen. Thus the Revolution was eifected without bloodshed. The i M BRITISH HISTORY WOTBS. Struggle had gone on through four reigns, and ended in victory for the people. WILLIAM in. (1689-1702) AND MARY IL (1689-1694). I. William was quiet and distant in his manner, and was not liked by the English, but he ruled according to law, and that was all that was ex- pected of him. James II. landed in Ireland and made an eflFort to regain the throne, but he was defeated in the " Battle of the Boyne," 1690. The Jacobites, or followers, of James, were put down, but they continued to plot against William's government. William's great purpose in life was to break the power of Louis XIV., and the most of his reign was taken up with a French war. Queen Mary died of small-pox in 1694. Several important acts were passed in William's reign, the most noted being the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement. 2. The Jacobites in Scotland we^^ led by Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, a cruel oflScer, who had become notorious in the perse- cution of the Covenanters. He won several battles in 1689, the last being at KilHecrankie, where he was killed. After his death, his Highland followers went homo and peace was restored. 3- The Massacre of Glencoe.~The Highland ^ — ,.,,,,™, pccivii/ii ii vuxij Luvs. vnti oath of allegiance before Jan. Ist, 1692. Macdonald of Glencoe was a little late. William was misin- formed about the circumstances, and soldiers were sent to Glenooe to punish Macdonald. For several li I STUART PERIOD. 67 tn© I I days the soldiers were hospitably treated by the clan ; then one night many of the people were treacherously murdered by their guests. This crime, which was caused by jealousy between the Campbells and the . Macdoualds, has left a stain on William's reign. 4. Jamej in Ireland— In 1689, Tyrconnel, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, invited James II. over, and a Parliament was called at Dublin. James laid siege to Londonderry and Enniskillen, but after a gallant defence of three months he gave up the siege of the former, and at the same tim^ his troops were defeated at Newton Butler by the Enniskill eners. In 1690, William crossed over to Ireland and won the battle of the Boyne, and James fled to France. The subjection of the Irish was completed next year by William's generals, the chief events being the battle of Aughrim and the siege of Lim- erick. Harsh laws were passed against the Irish Roman Catholics, and great lyimbers of them went off to foreign countries. 5., War with France (1689-1 697).— The power of Louis XIV. had become so great that a Grand Alliance of other nations was formed to humble France. England was one of these nations, and William was at the head of the allied armies. The English fleet won a great victory over the French off Cape La Hogue in 1692. On the continent the war was carried on in the Netherlands. More than once William was defeated, but he quickly and skil- fully repaired his losses, and was a match for the best of his enemiea. At lust iiouis agreed to acknowledge William aa king, and this led to the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Its chief terms were :— (1 ) France gave up all her conquests of the pr*- ▼ious twtuty years. M Mi 1 i' i \l WillUm WM ftoknofrledfed Xing «f (8) Lo«ia XIV. promlMd io tMM giTiaf aU te /•meg IL la hit efforts to reoorer th« thron*. 6 The Bill of Riji^htt (1689).~It« ehUf provl. (1) Th« king mul nol Iatj tazM witlumt fi* Ma- il o< Parliunent. (1) The peopU mAj pttitiMi th« kdnf and dUtl iben to Parliament froolj. (8) ParliMBMAt mmj dobalo witlMNit ioor of p«»- idbment. (4) Tho AdminiitratioB of jvitioo — th% MtwJ try- ing of oMoi in oonrV— mtuit not bo tamporod with. (6) Vory hoATj finei and oruol and mnuraal poniah- oaautt irero not to bo infliotod. 1. 6) Anyone who ia a Roman Oatholio, or who li ■iArrl«d to a Roman Oatholio, oan not bo Bororcji^ ttf. Knf land 7. The Act of Settlement (1701) was passed because William had no children And Anne's children were all dead. The provisions were : — (1) After Anne'a death the crown was tc go to Sophia of Hanover, grand-daughter of O'ames I., and her heirs if Protestant. (2) The Sovereign of Eng]»nd must belong to the Church of England. (3) Judges were to hold office for life, or during good behavior, not, as formerly, at the royal pleasure. 8. Minor Acts:— (1) The Toleration Act (1689) allowed Protes- they could hold no office in the army, the nAvy, or the government. (2) The Mutiny Act (1689) provided for the pay of the army for one year, and arranged ^at tho STUART PERIOD. officers of the army were to form courts to try oflfenders— deserters, disobedient, etc This Act -nust be passed every year. (3) The Triennial Act (1694) enacted that a gen- eral election was to be held at least every three years. ANNE- 1702-1714. I. Anne was a dull, but well-meaning woman, who was ruled by her favorites, the chief one being the overbearing Duchess of Mariborough. The War of the Spanish Succession raged through- out the greater part of this reign. The Duke of Mariborough, the English general, completely de- feated the French. In the early part of the reign the Whigs were in power, but ia 1610 the Tories came into office, and they brought the war to a close. An important event of this reign was the Union of i^n^^"Jl"^S ^"^ *^® Scottish Pariiaments, in 1 « 07. The Tories intended to make the Pretender king on Anne's death, but before the Queen died she put the government back into the hands of the Whigs, and so frustrated the plans of the Tories. 2. War of the Spanish Succession.— The King of Spain died childless in 1700, leaving his vast dominions to Philip of France, a grandson of Louis XIV. As Prance was already too powerful, an alliance of other nations was formed to deprive the French of this territory. The Duke of Marl- borough was made leader of the English Torces. xie was an exceedingly able general, brave, gentle, even of temper, and kind to prisoners of war. Aided by Prince Eugene, ho won the battle of Blenheim m 1704. He also won victories at Ramilies in 1706, Oudenarde in 1708, and Malplaquet in 60 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. 1709. The war -vraa carried on in Spain also, the chief event being the capture of Gibraltar in 1704. The Peace of Utrecht closed the war, the chief terms being : — (i) England received Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Acadia, and Hudson Bay Territory. (2) The Pretender was to leave France, (3) The Sovereigns of England, as provided by law, were to be acknowledged by Louis. (4) The crowns of France and Spain were to be for- ever kept separate. (1) Scotland was to have 45 members in the House of Commons at London, and 16 members in the House of Lords. (2) There was to be freedom of trade be<-ween the two countries. (3) The Scots were to have their own form of church government (Presbyterian), and their own laws arid law courts. (4) One sovereign was to rule over the whole country, which was now called Great Britain. BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 1714— to Present Time. George I. — Great Grandson of James 1 1714-1727 George II.— Son 1727-1760 George III.— Grandson r . • 1760-1820 George IV.— Son 1820-1830 WiUiam IV.— Brother 1830-1837 Victoria.— Niece 1837-1901 Edward VII.— Son 1901-1910^ George V.— Son 1910- (Edward VII. really began a new dynasty.) Oharact€ri8tics.—Deyelopment in civil and religious lib- erty ; in colonization and commerce ; in inven- ' tlon and manufacturing. GEORGE L— 1714-1727. 1. George I. was a son of Sophia of Hauover. He strongly favored the Whigs, as they had sup- ported him, and that party remained in power dur- ing the reigns of the first two Georges. This is called tha " Fifty Years of Whig Rule." In 1715, the Jacobites made an effort to put the Pretender on the throne, but they failed. A noted event of this reign was the South Sea Scheme, which was very popular ; but soon the company failed, and thousands wei-e ruined. The greatest statesman of this reign was Sir Robert Walpole, who was Prime Minister for many years. The chief laws passed were the Riot Act and the Septennial Act. George died while travelling in Hanover. 2, The Fifteen, — In 1715, risings took place in England and Scotland in favor of James Edward.- the Pretenderr but the battles of Preston and Sh«ri£fmuir ended the rebellion. Several woblea 61 li- 62 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. and others of lesser degree were put to death far their share in these risings. 3. The Riot Act (1715) enacted that any unlaw- ful assembly of persons that did not disperse on the command of a magistrate became guilty of felony and might be tried for it. Besides this, the crowd or mob could be dispersed by soldiers. 4. The Septennial Act (1716).— By this act a general election was to be held at least every seven years, instead of every three years, as before. This law is still .in force. The ministry of that time was unwilling to face the people so soon after " The Fif- teen," and so lengthened the term of Parliament. 5. The South Sea Bubble— In 1711, the South Sea Company was formed to trade in the South Seas. In 1720, the Company entered into an agree- ment with the Government, by which they were to pay oflF the National Debt, and grant the Govern- ment a bonus of £7,500,000, in return for the mono- poly of the trade in the South Seas. The Company promised enormous profits, and the " scheme " be- came very popular. All classes invested in stock. Shares rose from £100 to £1,000, and the people went wild with excitement. Early in 1721, the whole scheme fell to the ground and thousands were ruined by it. 6. Sir Robert Walpole had protested against the South Sea Scheme, and as he had great skill in money matters, he was made Prime Minister in 1721, and held the position for over twenty yearn. lie bribed members of Parliament and othors, and so kept himself in power. He was very Jealous of others of ability, and contrived that no other great man should be in the Government. His policy was to keep England out of war, and the country b«oam« m BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 68 very prosperou* in his time. Owing to his misman' agement of the Spanish War he was compelled to resign in 1 742, but he received a pension, and was raised to the peerage. GEORGE II.-- 1727-1760. he 1. George II. was a very stubborn rn?in, bu did not interfere with his ministers, lie wa^ ;' ~11 .^»:«A.» /^M*«A^#« Mrnn j^^^*^:«« It A«iArl in ^VlO VAC! T* A Hi ail pax LS. '^AilA^i.li rmrc wi '-|-.t-.- - — . j 1758-1760, the Briti.h being led by Generals Wolfe and Amherst. In Europe, the British won a naval victotv in Quiber'l Bay, and also the battle of Minden. By the great battls of Plassey, 1757, BBUHSWICK PERIOD. •B successes Clhre won for Britain the large and fertile province of Bengal in India. The Peace of Paris in 1763 closed the war, the chief provisions being : — (1) France gave over to Great Britain, Canada and all her other possessions east of the Mississippi, except Louisiana and the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. (2) Spain gave up Minorca and Florida to the British. 5. Clive. — Robert Clive was sent out as a clerk in the employ of the British East India Company at Madras. Dupleix, the governor of the French East India Company, wished to drive the British out of Madras, and war broke out. Clive became leader of the British troops, and Dupleix was defeated and re- turned to France. In 1767, Fort William was taken by Surajah Dowlah, Nabob of Bengal, and the British prisoners were shut up for the night in a wretched dunge'^n called the Black Hole. Out of 146, only 23 were alive the next morning. Clive was sent with an army to take vengeance, and at Plassey he won a signal victory, and conquered the great Province of Bengal. • 6. The Methodists. —This great religious body rose in the reign of George II. - The leaders were George Whitefield, and John and Charles Wes- ley. The name was given them on account of their strict method of living. In the early part of the century, religion in England was cold and powerless. The Methodists commenced a mighty revival that did much for the whole country, and its eflfects are still fslfc in all i^arts of the wtjrhl. OEORGE III.— 1760-1820. X. George III. was a grandson of George II. He Wm very popular with all classes, but he wished to ♦ IIR1T18H HISTORY N0TK8. il ! .'i I govern in nls own way, and this brought nothing but disaster in the early part of the reign. In 1775, the thirteen colonies in America revolted and won their independence, but the voyages of Captain Cook partly made up for the loss by adding Aus- tralia to the Empire. The latter part of the reign was occupied by a mighty struggle with France, whose Emperor, Napoleon, was utterly overthrown. From 1812 to 1815 there was a war with the United States. Under Warren HaitingS and his suc- cessors the British power in India grew fast. George was insane during the last nine years of his reign and his son George, Prince of Wales, acted as Regent. > • 2. The American Revolution (1775-1783).— To aid ill paying the cost of the fcseven Years' War it was proposed to tax the thirteen British colonies south of Canada. The colonists objected, as they were not represented in the British Parliament. The Stamp Act of 1765 ordered that all legal docu- ments in the colonies should have stamps placed on them, but strong opposition to this led to its repeal the next year. Other taxes, however, were imposed on such articles as tea, lead and glaSS, and at last, in 1775, the colonists rebelled. An attack was at once made upon Canada, bub it failed, and the Americana were driven it the next year. On the 4th of July, 1776, the colonies declared their inde- pendence. The principal events of the war were ( J ) )the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, (2) the surrender of a Britiiih array under Burgoyne at Saratoga, 1777, and (3) the surrender of another ^ritiBh army under Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781. The Ameri- oans, under their great loader, George WashinK- ton, were entirely suooessful. Towards the Wtef BltUlirtWIOE PBBI09. 67 part of the war the French aided the eolonists, while other European countries wer« at war with Great ■ Britain. By the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, which ended the struggle, Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, and Spa i re- ceived Florida and Minorca. 3. William Pitt, the " Great Commoner," waa a noted statesman of the reigns of George II. and George III. Being made Secretary of State in 1757, he carried on the war against France with great energy and brought it to a successful close. Canada was conquered, and many orilliant victories were won over the French. Pitt resigned early in the reign of George III., and was afterwards created Earl of Chatham. Pitt was much opposed to the p]an of taxing the colonies, but he was never in favor of granting them their independence. He died in 1778. 4. William Pitt, " the younger," a son of the "Great Gommonei-," was a statesman of ability. He became Prime Minister of Britain in 1783, when only 25 years of age, and held office during nearly the whole of tho next twenty years. His chief opponent was Fox, a talented but dissolute man. Both died in 1806, Pitt being broken-hearted, over the successes of the French under Napoleon. 5. Warren Hastings. ~ The Anglo Indian Em- pire waa founded by Robert Clive and grew fast dur- ing his time and that of his successors. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India, ruled "*""** B'«^**^ »uuii,y. owme t»i nis avts w«r« imisn aiid unjust; however, and on his return to England in 1 784 he was impeached before the House of Lords. Tbe trial lasted over seven years. He was at last acquitted, but his defence cost him a fortune. For ab BRITISa HISTORT HOTIl. his great services he had expected to be raised to Vhft peerage, but he was disappointed. During the re- maining years of his life he enjoyed a yearly pension of M,OOQ from the East India Company. 6. AuiStralia.— While the British were losing their thirteen American colonies, they were gaining vast tracts of land in the East. Captain Cook ' made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean. He ex- plored part of Australia, and discovered many •islands. He also took possession of Australia and New Zealand for Great Britain. In 1779, he was murdered by some natives of the Sandwich Islands. A few years after this Australia was chosen as a penal colony. The first settlements were made at Botany Bay, near Sydney. These Australian col- onies have grown fast, and are now among the most important of the British possessions. 7. Union of the British and Irish Parlia- ments (If 01).— From 1782 to 1800 the Irish en- joyed Home Rule, that is, Irish aifairs were under the control of the Irish Parliament. The great Irish leader was Grattan. The Irish Catholics, however, were not allowed any share in the government, and in J ^^98, they rebelled. They received a little help from France. At Vinegar Hill the rebels were routed, and the rising was put down with great cruelty. It was thought wise to bring about a union between the British and Irish Parliaments, and Pitt, by extensive bribery, induced the Irish Parliament to consent to the Act of Union, which came into force on Jan. ISt, I8OI. The Irish were to have 100 members in bhe Imperial House of Commons, and four bishops and twenty-four lords in the Houstt of Lords. 8. The French Revolution.— The people of BRUSrilWIGK PBRIOD. «f France had been oppressed by heavy taxation, and in 1789 they rose in arms. The King" and Queen were imprisoned, and after a time were beheaded. Many nobles met the same fate, and a Republic was set up. Most of the other nations of Europe united to put down this revolution, but thoy failed. 9. Naval Victories. — In the war growing out of the French Revolution the Biitish won many vic- tories. At Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, the Spanish fleet was defeated, and in the same year the Dutch fleet was defeated at Camperdown. Admiral Nelson's great victories over the French in the ** Battle of the Nile " in 1798, and over the Danes at Copenhagen, or the " Battle of the Baltic," in 1801, added much fame to the British. His last noted victory was at Trafalgar in 1805, where Nelson was killed. Kere the French and Spanish fleets were almost completely destroyed. 10. Napoleon Buonaparte, a native of Corsica, and the most noted Frenchman of this period, was-ar thorough master of the art of war. He invaded Egypt in 1798, and defeated the Mamelukes in the " Battle of the Pyramids," but his fleet was de- stroyed by Nelson in the " Battle of the Nile." After Napoleon's return to France, he was made Consul *id then Emperor. The Peace of Amiens, in 1802, gave Europe a breathing-space. Soon Napoleon planned an invasion of England, but the destruction of his fleet at Trafalgar, in 1805, compelled him to give up his intention. Tiien, in. the Datties 01 /iusteriitz in 1805, aim jena iii 1806, ne crushed Austria and Prussia. An attempt to place his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain brought on the Peniniular War. In 1812, Napoleon led an Mrmy of 500,000 m«Q into Russia, but the burning I m TO BRITISH HISTOST NOTBS. 'Id.il- iiiiii !|M' 1 of Moscow by the Russiens compelled him to retvreat in Djid-wincer,'and only a few thousand of his soidiers ever returned. In 1813, Napoleonic defeat", at Leipsic, and had to resign his throae and reurw to Elba. In 1815, he suddenly crossed over to Fra 'ne and was (v; :o more proclaimcMl Emperor, but in the battle of Waterloo, he was utterly crushed by the British under the '}«ike of Wellington, aided 1 y the Prussians. Ko w/ ' then canished to St. Helena, wiiere he died Iv- i8'?l. 11. The Peninsular Waj: (1808-1814) was caused by the Einpf-ror Napoioon attempting to place his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spaniards called on the British for aid, and in 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards the Duke of Wellington » was sent to Spain where he won a V ory at Vimitro. He was then recalled, and Sir John Moore, who succeeded him, won a victory at.Corunna in 1809, in which he was killed. Wel- lesley \vio nnlrlrllo «1oqciAJ Kll f- l»f»^- ^'rlO Iftn- -1, IS.TT3 r_r\,-±iVi ? t.'V^-t Vf»V* **t«^«».»--' "i*^f«?»T^'"'j i..... s.c^w *.&•«. .3Sfc« oring people. 3. Other Important Acts :— The Act for the Abolition of Slavery (1833; provided for the emancipation of all slavM in the BRUNSWICK PERiOj.. 73 British colonies, more particularly in the West In- dies, where they were most numerous. Their owners received £20,000,000 as compensation. Clarkson and Wilberforce were the chief agitators for this reform. The Poor- Law (1834) ordered the building of workhouses, and all persona unable to support themselves were to be sent to these places. The Municipal Act (1835) provided that the mayors and aldermen of all cities and towns, ex- cept London, were to be elected by the rate-payers. Statements of the money spent were to be furnished by the councils every year. VICTORIA.— 1837-1901 . 1. Victoria was the daughter of the Duke of Kent, the brother of William IV. She was only 18 years of age when she came to the throne , but she made an excellent ruler and was very popular throughout her long reign — the longest in British History. In 1840 she married her cousin, Prince Albert, upon whom, the title "Prince Consort" was conferred. He died in 1861, and for forty years she mourned her loss. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and soon after Great Britain became a Free Trade ci )untry. For several years the Chartists agitated for certain reforms, most of which have since become law. The chief wars of thti reign were the Crimean War (1854-1856) and the South African War (1896-1900). The Indian Mutiny; 1857-58) led to reform in the government of India. This reign was an era of great political and social reforms, some of the most important b»ij' the Second Reform Rill (1867), the Third Reform H (1884), the Ballot Act 1S70), The Irish Land Act ( »V0), an'* *«^" Education Act (18:' \ 74 BRITISH HISTORY NOTEi. 2. The Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846).— Foi many years a struggle had been going on in Ensrland to bring about Free Trade, by whic^ y j,t;^. urn- merce would no b be hampered by duties. The leaders in this agitation were Richard Cobden and John Brig^ht. TJ.e Corn Laws of 1828 imposed a sliding scale of dutit i on foreign grain entering England, that is, the dujj was low when the price of grain was high, and !nrh when the price was low, so as to keep the price of grain more regular. In 1846, Sir Robert Peel was able to repeal the Corn Laws, and the duties on //rain were gradually abolished. Soon the duties on other articles were also removed, and now Great Britain is practically a Free Trad^ country. 3. The Chartists were a body of men who, in the early joars of A^'ictoria's reign, agitated for the adoption of what they called the " People's Char- ter." This document called for six reforms : — ( ' ) Vote by ballot. (2) That a man might be a member of Farliam«)nt without having land of hia own. (3) That the country 8 .-dd V divide into equal electoral districts. (i) That all men should have votes. (5) That there should bf u. general election ever^ year. (6) That members of Parliament should ^0 paid. Of these, the first three have since beCwUie law. In 1848, the Chartists proposed to nti a monister was their last siiow of strength. 4. llie Duke of Wellington was one of the most noted generals of modem times. He first won fame m India. Then he was made leader of the BRUNSWICK PBRIOI 76 46).— Foi 1 Enfirland Jhe leaders bnd John I a sUding England, grain was BUS to keep L«46, Sir )rn Laws, abolished. removed, 'ree Trad^ m who, in ed for the I's Char- L8 : — Wliamont into equal ■ ion every 1 ho paid. yjme law, a monister t. Thia >ne of the i first won lei of the I British troops in the Peninsular War, and drove the French army out of Spain. In 1815, he led tJhe British forces in the great battle of Waterloo, in which the power of Napoleon was finally crushed. From 1828 to 1830 he was Prime Minister, but was not a successful political leader. He was so much opposed to reform that he became extremely unpopular. After his resignation he again came into favor with the people, who loved to call ■ n the " Iron Duke ** and the " Hero of a Hundred Fights." He died in 1852. 5. The Crimean War (1854-1856).-The Em- peror of Russia demanded that the Christians of Tur- key should be placed under his protection, and on the refusal of the =!tiltan war was d^iclared. The British, French and S -dinians intertered in favor of Tur- key. The allieu rmies invaded the Crimea. The chief events of the war were the battles of Alma, Inkerman and 'i^^^laklava, and the siege of Se- bastopol. Thi^ last v s the greatest fortress in Southern Russia, and w iken aiter a siege of about a year. During the wintet there was much suffering among the soldiers. Florence Nightingale and other women came as nurses, and aided much in al- laying the sufferings of the wounded. The Peace of Paris closed the war. Its principal provisions Were : — (1) The subjects of the Sultan, belonging to the Greek Church, were placeoen Mtablif u*d and eduoatioo is compulsory. The oewil 80 JiRITISH HI8T0BT KOTSSj paper is « regular visitor to eveir homiL ^im i^ able prices. With aU these ttidvmhtttoLZ^SZ generation should be qualified t)0«e^ ftJ^SS and be worthy to have a voice in tht dlwrttaiSX affairs of so great a natioo. ^^»mm m mm During aU these years the BrMih Arain fc^, r .^T'"*. ? ****** "^ influence SStoSr she stands without a peer-oneqSled in h£2? Her hardy sons have been ezdbnnff aU DartcTX ^orld, and "DarkeetAfrici^S^^^P^^^ enterprise and blessed by their missionarv soirk^ Many good laws have iLn mS^S^ old Arbitraf on is proposed instead of d justice •.sadmini.fcered in the courts. .. „ mimina upon the 'Golden Age." It reL ^^'ing ^hether Britain's sons will show themselves worthv JeHoemlHrxsof a n<,ble race and hand down S paired, their grand and glorious heritage ' The movement f,,r the Extension of the franchise m Britain ],as been a lon^. hard struggle At first, the franchise was limited to 'he land-owners, then it was extended to the burgers or citizens of certain chartered towns and cities. ^ In 1832, by the First Reform Bill, the privi- iCK'e was extended to members of the "middle class who were paying a stated rental in town? «A« ■^";;"''^'^' ^/J'e ti'^^ principle of representa- tion by population was recognized by the re- distnbutum of the constituencies. In 1867, by ^xlONSWirK PRRIOij .^1 thf SeiJond Reform Bill, the franchise was ex- tended still further, by reducing the rental to be paid'in counties. In 1884, the Third Reform Bill adopted the principle of Manhood Suffrage, and the struggle has now been ended, for Lloyd George has ex- tended the Franchise to Women, who, in the Great War, have so amply demonstrated their right to be recognized as citizens of our great Empire. Bsitain in Egypt. When the Suez Canal was completed, in 1869, by Lesseps, the French Engineer, it was one of the triumphs of the world, and France was justly proud. In 1871;, word came that the Khedive of Egypt was about to place his shares in the Canal upon the market. By arrangement, these shares were purchased privately for the British Govern- ment and, since that time, Britain has had a controlling interest in the Canal— "her key to India" — which she has kept open to the com- merce of the world. To protect her interests there, Britain had to step in and restore order in 1882 and, since that time, she has exercised a protectorate over that land of Turkish misrule, maintaining law and order to the great advantage of Egypt. At first, this was very displeasing to the French and led to the Fashoda AfTair, which nearly caused war between the two onunt.ripe • buf they afterward came to an understanding that developed into the friendship which has since been a blessing to the world. Mm 82 BRITISH HISTORY NOTEt The /ransvaal Colony— Cape Colony— the J^ape of Good Hope— was formerly a Dutch Colony which fell into the hands of the British dunng the Napoleonic struggle ; but the Boers hated Britain and British rule and after the abolition of slavery in all British possessions many of them treked north, across the Orange and the Vaal rivers, drove out the natives or made slaves of them, and formed settlements. In 1852, Bntain acknowledged the indepen- dence of these Settlements. • In 1856, they formed the South African Re- public in the hope of establishing a central government and law and order ; but the task became impossiMe. The settlers refused to pay taxes, the pUDlic debt grew year by year ; and, added to this, there was a constant struggle with the natives, who appealed to Britain for protection. Finally, in 1877, with the consent of the Boer authorities, Britain annexed the country, and assumed the public debt. In 1879 the Boers, taking advantage ot the Zulu War, rose in arms and the British forces suffered reverses at Majuba Hill and elsewhere. The Gladstone Government then came to terms and, in 1881, granted self- government to the Transvaal Republic, but under British suzerainty— it had internal self- government, but Britain retained charge of her foreign relation?! as a meane of tiro.tp^Mpc hsr other interests in South Africa.' In 1883, Kruger became President. A limited franchise had been adopted r#^r>c»ccio" ^^ /-.i-»/afa. — — ^-^ ^ *_^*^_ «^ ^.^ — . — — ,i\,.4 ^.f , ,^ .^,j ^^. tions were carried on — now here — now there- engagements that in other wars would have been considered as operations of prime impor- 88 aRITISH HISTORY NOTES tance; but, in this war, were dismissed with a passing reference. The Western front, the Eastern front, the Italian front, the Serbian front, the Salonikan front, the Egyptian front, the Mesopotamian front — each had its great army, and each carried on operations of grave importance. The Magnitude of the Battles has been ap- palling. Battles such as that of the Marne and the Aisne extended over scores of miles, while some of the battles, such as the Somme and Verdun, continued for weeks and even months — a _ succession of military operations until one side or the other was worn out and "desisted or retired, i vnally, in 19 18, the war on the Western front iieveloped into one great battle, from theN ,.'^' Sea to Switzerland— one allied army under L :-■ supreme command of that French military genius, Marshal Foch, now striking here and now there, till the German battle-line was smashed, their forces demoral-- ized ; and, beaten to their knees, they were asking for peace on any terms. The Cause of the War can be traced to the exalted opinion Germany had of itself, as being composed of super-men ; and, tickled with this thought, all classes of that country entered into a conspiracy to secure world mastery by mili- tary force. All Germany — men and women — scientists, artisans and laborers — joined in this conspiracy to place " Deutchland ueber Alles"; and on every public occasion they drank to " der Tag" when their desires would be realised. m THE GREAT WAk 89 Bismarck, the Man of " blood and iron** was, perhaps, the father of this great con- spiracy against the liberties of the peonies of the world ; and it has been a long tune in developing. Called to office at the time of the struggle for democracy in Germany, during the fifties of the last century, I set to work (i) to make the King supreme in Prussia ; (2) to -create a united Germany, with Prussia at Its head ; and (3) to make Germany the dominant force in Europe. Thoroughly un- scrupulous, he was not at all nice in the means he employed in accomplishing his purposes. Treachery, intrigue and the use of force aided^ his great abiHty in the accomplishment of his - definite purposes. The first object he attained by enhstmg the people in the second, and the war with Denmark in 1864 and with Austria in 1866 were important incidents in this step • while the war with France was a very impor- tant step towards the second and third objec- tives, uniting the Germans into one Empire, convincing them that they were invincible and demonstrating to the rest of Europe the mili- tary strength of united Germany. World Power, the dream of Wilhelm II. and his people, was the next logical step ; but Britain^ was in the way and Bismarck did not entertain it. He said he knew many ways of getting into England, but not one — way of getting out. It was, perhaps, over this very point that Wilhelm and Bismarck parted com- pany in 1890, the nation siding with the Kaiser. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k /, O i/. 1.0 ^i^ IIIIM I.I 1^ m lUUU IL25 111.4 2.2 2.0 u 1.6 V, ^-' ^;; v: 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S«0 (716) •/'3-4S03 '^ rtV ^v « V ^^" < jtRITiKE HIi»TORV NOTES S^nce 1890, t..e work of planning for "the day" rtas ^ .ae definitely on— Austria, Italy. Rou- manm, Bulgaria, and Tuikey being brought into hne ^or the coming struggle. In 1879, the Dual Alliance was consummated : and in 1882, tlie Drtibund was formed. Turkey was caught in 1890, and the German rulers of Koumania and Bulgaria could, tney thought, be depended upon to do their part in the work. Thus a Mitteleurrpa extending from the North sea to the rersian Gulf would be established. rue Gernian Preparations for the Coming War were treachery personified, (i) It organ- ized Its man-power into a standing army and crea red a navy tar beyond its necessity. (2 ) Its scientists and artisans applied themselves to the preparation of devices for war-guns, ex- plosive? and Rases. J (o Its devjT on ^g the perfecting ot the Zeppcan was thac they mi^ht ha ve a means of reachmg England, t w wl th military neccs:\^ as the first consideration, its means of ttansportatiot, by land and sea were planned. (4) Vast supplies of stores were ac- cumulated ready for the day when they would see fit to spring the trap. (5) A spy system was organized and maintained that supplied the fullest knowledge of what was going on • and most minute maps were prepared for the conduct of the war. Even the coming cam- paigns were planned to the minutest details. xiG^ couiu tno wjrid have been so biind to all these pfeparattons t The conception was so Horrible as to be considered unthinkable. THE GREAT WAR 91 The Outbrtak of the War tv„«i,: h ^ ininking Russia would be ^Inw in Jl^.;- "^^ mto action Germany planned to «tack Ira'f burg, where the Frenfh (or ffica^Cs'^wernot ga£eeSr-.rlr^S-e?^ One by one other nations entered the war— Arabia. Roumania. United Sfa^«o ril-Vi J^^^^.^' ranama, Bolivia, Greece LiWio "'u^T-V- '^r °^' 92 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES I Errors in the German Calculation : ^u' ^aIu"^^'"^ ""^^ ^°^^ ^^°°^ f^o«i the Strug, gle, and the German fleet was checkmated from the beginnmg. 2. The Serbian resistance was not negligible but for a time, was more than a match for the Austnans. 3. Belgium did not submit to the violation of her neutrality. 4. The French and British had time to pre- pare. Pans was defended and the Germans were compelled to withdraw. 5. The Russian forces did not take so long to mobihze/but attacked the Germans at once ^nfl" qT^fT^'^T^^'^^y?^ *^^y expected in India and South Africa did not take place, and the Irish and labor difficulties were soon left in abeyance in Britain. 7. Canada and the other great overseas Dominions entered heartily into the st- -.rgie 8. The "contemptible little Britis rmv" became a most formidable part of the army of the Allies. -^ 5" .P® .'^^nes it scattered on the open sea and Its U-boat operations were not so com-"" pelhng as it thought they would be. 10. It was unable to capture the coast of Belgium and Northern France, from which to ai^ct operations against Britain, i .f^ p ,G.erman Advance.— Having advanced into Belgium, the German battle-line evf««^o^ in the torm of a great arm from Strassburglo beyond Brussels, and began its extending and THE GREAT WAR 03 encircling forward movement, Ptid bv sheer force of numbers, compelling the Belrians French and British to retire from the l?e of Mons, where the British and German forces first met. and also where the last engagement of the war was fought. Day after day the re tirement continued till the Marne was reached halle^dTheTtr ^^^'li ^^ ^^^^ ^he Mn^was Ai.^Su'^ *^''°^^ ^^ck and, retiring to the hoM its' placr " "^^^^^' ^^ trench-wfrfare t: shlr^f ^^' V" *^\Westem Front in 1914. By sheer force of numbers and superior equipment the Belgian forces were driven back Ind when underTencr'^- ""/ty ^^^'^ ^"^ the BrTtish under *^rench joined battle with the enemy DaT bTdav th ^A^n-^"^ '' ^^P^^-^ '^-^b^^^- ^ay by day the Allies retired and the enemv advanced towards Paris for a week Sn reaching the Marne. within sight oTfts eoal back^"l7th:?; ttn'lhe^r ^^ ^^( f"^ ^^^]tP'^^^ ofThHictii: to I^ rriftLTr^^ Fren^ch^res t^re^f-n" . " The Dash for "the Sea."— La^e- ir f v,. t7„,, tiie enemy made a dash for their' seconVob Franirl'^thThe ''' ^^^^'^^"i andTonhet r ranee, with the seaports of Dunkirk and 94 BRITISH His I OB : Vtt.. Calais, from which they might carry on o^er* we?e fou'Sr' ^'^•"^^'• .^anyen^me^^s Yores in^wboh .^^^^^'^^ ^« ^^e First Battle of Ypres in which the enemy was defeated, while Thf?]alV°*° '^% ^^^^^ ^f *h« Germans front Jrf^^**f° ""^ .'?'S, on the Western fart nf : ^"-i^ "^^^^^ ^^^^^^y hampered by ack of ammunition and high explosives, whil the enemy was well supplied. The French earned on operations in Champagne and Lor- wlthn.?"^ *"'^ to take the St"^ MihieTsa]ie„; without success. In April, the British began the Second Battle of Ypres and it was in one of these engagements that the enemy first used poisonous gas. The Canadian forces were the h^M ^° ^^P^"^"ce this terrible device, but they hfntlr^l ^'"^ ^°' ^^^^ ^^y« ^«d we;e able to li Tult t^r^ '° ^^^^}' ^°^ ^ ««^«"d tLe in July, the enemy had another surprise— in S/i^"**. ^'-^ ^^^^ °^ ^hese devices en^ In ioT? f°i,^^ o """'^ temporary advantage. Jn 1916, the Crown Prince made a most desperate effort to break the French line and the^'ro^Jfff' '"1^^ "^« unsuccessful and Tn Ir' ""lu^^ ^" ^°'h sides was appalling To relieve the pressure at Verdun, a counter: offensive was launched on the Sonine in Ju'v This battle lasted on into November and it was here that the British first usTd 'tanks * The loss of men in this battle 15; Pcfiv^.f"^:* neariy h million and a half of men:" Later Fn the yeur. General NeviUe was made (Sm" THE GREAT WAR ^6 mander-m-Chiet of the French Army and ^.T^'^fKJ''^'^ ^^s honorably retired with the title of Marshal of Prance teSSe^bX'f ""' T'^ ^^' ^ succession of ternble battles mostly won by the Allies Early m the year the operations of the A ifes the Hmdenburg Line, whch they thought thev had made impiegnable. and leaving a devas^ tated country behind them. The very fmH trees were destroyed. ^ Amonf/ the important engagements might be mentict,ed the famous battle of Vimy Wdle which was won by the Canadians. The French The Campaign of 1918.— Russia had now withdrawn from the war and Germany wa^ able to concentrate all her forces, includingThe effoTon'^tTrw ' ^"^ ?^^^^^' ^^' --- «^p'--e tL fiSi.h o^f ^S"" ^'u^^*^ ^°P^"g to smash THe Wntish and French Forces before the o'rT'M ^T'' "°^^^ '"^^^ themselves felt ^e^ond^YttL f^'^ ^^" fi^«* ^ff^^^ive. the pfcardv 1. * °^*^^^ ^°°'°^«» '^^s launched in Picardy, hoping to break the line and isolate he French and British forces; and S though ne Abies were exoecting th^ o^f-i^ i' --- ?- oelled'To^ ^'''^ '^^' the"B~riFisbwe;; Tom! broken andlh^ 7-^^' ^^" ""« ^^« ^^^^s: Drojcen and the dnve was not halted until the w 96 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES enemy was within six miles of Amiens, on the railway hne that runs directly to Paris. Gen- eral Foch was then put in supreme command of the forces of the Allies. In April, the second offensive, the Battle of Lys, was launched in Flanders, hoping to crush the British forces and capture Calais. The loss m life was appalling, but the price was grimly paid and the line was held. In May, the third great offensive was launched, in Champagne, and was not halted till the enemy had again reached the Marne. But aU these victories had been bought at a great cost of life. In Jujy, the fourth and last German offensive, the Second Battle of the Mame was launched. Foch was ready and the experiences of the former battle were repeated. The American forces were called into action at Chateau Thierry. The advance was held, then the enemy was compelled to retire and was driven back as far as the Aisne. The Battle of the Last Hundred Days. — The offensive now passed into the hands of the Allies and a series of sledge-hammer blows were delivered, now here, now there, but all working under the command of Foch, much territory being gained and many prisoners and f'uns captured, while the loss in killed and wounded was demoralizing to the foe. In AUffllSt. thft firRt r>f fVlOCO Af^rrao « .« 1^_ ^u ^^^^ Picardy, and was a complete success, the Canadians particulariy distinguishing them- THE GREAT WAR 07 selves. It was only by great skill that the enemy was able to extricate itself. Soon the British held the line they had held before the sf Mi^f 1^'T- '^^ Americans captured he St. Mihiel sector and gradually the Hindenburg line was reached, and then smashed. ThI Allies were making preparation for a great for- ward effort, m November, when th? enemy a.ked for an armistice, which was granted on November nth and the war came to a close The War on the Eastern Front.-On August Pm^sia' a'nd'?' ^f'"'''''' ^^°^^^^ ^^'^ ^asl Prussia, and for a time, overran the province until they were defeated at Tannenberg by Hmdenburg He then invaded Russia but Another Russian army, under Brussilof and h^r^Iwri?^'^ ^f^^^^^ ^^^ ^^Ptured Lem thrfatlned Tc^'^ ^^' besieged and Cracow under hL.I^""'?? ^'"^^ °^ ^ ^^^11^°" men, under Hmdenburg, then came io help the Austrians. An advance was made on Warsaw from the south-west, but it was driven bacT leavmg a devastated district behind. AnS advance was made on Warsaw from the north- • west and resulted in a second defeat and a similar devastation of the district. effnrf^® P""? ^^ '^'5 a third unsuccessful fljln^' ,^^.^e to take Warsaw. Przemvsl -^o .ai.cu uy tne Russians, but powerful Ger- tie .trn"!?''^"^"?,^' under Mackensen entered the struggle. Following his policy of concen- 96 BRITISB HISTORY NOTES tratJng special force at selected points ha to fpii tnl*^%^''f '^° ^^^^^s were compeUad taken and th. t'^^^^ ^^^ ^'^^"^^^ ^e?e re tfon «nH t ^^^^'^"^ ^'''^^'' ^^°^t of ammuni- tion and supplies, were driven back. Then Warsaw was taken, Poland lost and the Ger^ ^ruZT^^^z '""'^ ^^^^^^ '^ '^^^^^^ fen|vn»^^^^ under Brussilof, was taken to relieve the pSl sure at Verdun. Lutsk was captm-ed and G^ica and BukowJna overrun, captS over 358,000 pnsoners, while of course the Russran loss was verv heavy. Lack of guns and mun^ cemben''''^ ^^^ "^^""'^^^ to a close i^De- o«^^^'^'^ *^® «"smanagement in the supplies and munitions caused discontent. In Mitfch the revolution broke out. the Czar abSed and the members of the royal family were im- pnsoned and af^.erwards murdered. K^^nsk^ c^red a republic. Finally. Lenine and Trot- sky emissanes of Germany, rose to power. The Russian amy was demoralized by propa- IZti^""^ ^^^^ °^ ^?PP^^^S' a«d finally an armistice was granted. In February, igiS the Germans again invaded Russia, but there was no organized rpsicfa^^o n^uJn^- -.^. Brest-Litovsk was'sign^rby whicrRussS gave up Kurland, PoLd knd'^LrthtSiia.^d ■f..-\ --T ™» GSIAT W*k «9 evacuated Finland and Ukraine aort ffc- n t The aJf^/r^^^''^ was'TLeSln''* ^• Alfe- drfe^nt S:i*fi^%''^<='"'one of the late the Geman naito /?■'* **=* ^^^^ t" iso- for a time, isolated rdders did LTm= ''^^ damage. A GennTnwaf fleet Zh-*^"* . The Battle of Jutland. 1016 . u important naval battW?nt' waT "^i^"^"? the Josses on each side were heatv fL r ^"""^^ were defeated and fled from S^ ^ ^^""""^^^ under the cover of halp nn?^- S® ^Pfagement fleet to trv concli,«;-«o « vu •/ f *"® German Britisncr^isSs bvt;-^L^^ '*' ^^* *^« loss of small Trif?o'rt*s'TXr&^^^^^^^^ I wa^sljfefS ^^^'-' ~e?t eV'^S I hT^ts K.^.^ .%ll *.°._^nng Britain to ■ some regard was Da?HT^';l'''"^^"^^- At first, sengers Ind crelrTnf f ? *^^ '^7'"^ ^^ ^^e Pas- last thev entSed InL^^ ''^''^^''' ««"^' but at entered upon an unrestricted U-boat 100 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES w.Sk ^tto'fr^"'^'' ^^1 p^^^^^^^r ships T »«L • u -^^^^ warning, the sinking of the r^allTn^u-''^ °"^ °f th« ^ost terrible out- rages of aU history, when over a thousand men women and children were killed o?d?ow^ed German Atrocities included air raids thp shellmg of defenceless towns, the shootiAe of hostages the murder of Edith Caveh and Captain Fryatt, attacks on Red Cross atten dants, the shelling of hospitals. tl.^SnkfnP of passenger ships, the torpedoing of Cta & '^^ "^"f^^^^ ^^^y °^ civilians to fo?ced abor, the outragmg of women and girls the use of poisonous gas and liquid fife The an| i^^^^^^^^S^^^^^ Encouraged by the success of the Russian offensive. Roumania entered the war i„~ The King who was considered a tool of Ger many had d ed very suddenly and h°s su«cell.; was favorable to the Allies. Instead of ^n operatmg with. the Salonika forces to overcome' Bulgana. she invaded Transylvania. For a time she was successful, but Hin,i„.K„i°a„5 Mackensen soon defeated their army anTorer ran the country. Early i„ i,, ; Romania Ta" TEE GREAT WAR 101 the end of the war. ^°^^^ °^ ^^^ enemy to Italy and the War t~ Allies. directi4hS"forL"»i ?*^ ^ T^^d the the Trentino to regSn the Lif '?' ^"'*™ i" she made ProgressTough Sat iffin,"!? ''""'^ tamous region In t^.a tiT ^'^cult moun- centrated I lame armv ;,*!k^"/'"^°^ con- commenced a mShtvX-- ^'■°"*'''' a°d the Italians and retaW »n*Vt'^'=T''8 back gained and also a krgrt"^.tf,'fT?f ^t^ *>««" ing the city of Venicf Th. d '^'y- "I'-eaten- just at that point iomoened ^^'T °?^°=i^« send reinforcements to H,ii "l® Austrians to the Italians ag"fn beSn tL?^'^'™ ^'•°°* ^"d In August loi, l^f *''^"^ advance. ganda wMch destroyed /?^ ^ '<=T' P^P^" Italian army Austri7= • ""^ ™°'"^'« of the attack an"fhe diSter Sr "^'^^ ^ desp^ate The Italians were dr ten bi?tT?^"°,,?'='=""-»d- agam Venice wal thrl^ren^d*^ Tt:!}ZY'"' ■Prance came to their ber. Venice, the Italian line held and^t^^V '■"^<='' suffered a terrible drfeat ^ Austrians =ive olTioTmile'Ltr^n ''^^^'^ -" °ffen- Austrian di^st^r of?he pTa™ ^.^^'^^^ *"« the Italians, supported bv^^fi^f-'r" , ""f "''I P'ete defeat of the'tStn^^y.^^re" 102 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES was asiced for, and granted, on terms which shut Austria completely out of the war— the third of the enemy allies to give in. Serbia and the War. At first Serbia was more than a match for Austria, menaced as she was by the Russians on the Eastern front, but gradually numbers and equipment told, and the ill-equipped but heroic little Serbian army was defeated ; and when Bulgaria entered the struggle imp I s the conquest of disease-stricken Serbia was completed, with most appalling outrages. Her army was taken away bodilv in ships and transferred to Salonika. The Gallipoii Expedition was undertaken to force the Dardanem? capture Constantinople and sever the enemy's communication with the East. Delay followed the decision and the enemy nad time to strengthen positions already almost ;mnrognable. -Three battleships we/. lost and 100,000 of our finest troops sacrificeo CO no effect. Then the troop? were transterr?a to Salonika, where a French- British army was operating against Bulgaria, with the same ob- ject in view, and at the same time, to prevent Greece from joining the enemy. It was at this front that the first break was made in the enemy's ranks when Bulgaria asked for peace. When Turkey entered the War, 19 15, it was a direct menace to British interest in Egypt and India, and three expeditions were planned t-_- ixivvt. vnio iiiciiucc Lu £jgy^z etna tne buez Canal, to Mesopotamia, and to Gnllipoli, while a Russian arm v. under the Grand • Duke taa GREAT WAR les T^ks Fa!:>f^*il^ '^^''® committed by . . succe'rful «n/^ *^*'^ exoeditions was finally succe.tful. and til* A,abs. who had been lov^ to the cause of the Allies, wett r^jogTzed 5 det^rt^^'^^ acknowledged as anS^J! Beaten in Mesopotamia f 1 Palestine in,,. tht S?nnH J*?, "^ *° ** '°=' P«ace terms- the Sggle '"' """"^ P""*" t» <1^°P °« «" The War in Egypt— Since i8»., Eneland ho. held a controlling interest in tie sSfi cS,S^ her "key to India," which had beenTomnt^T^ by Lesseps in .869. The di,?«btnce "f .8«f compelled her to occupy the count^^and main mu °'"^^''', «°<1 «•>" 'he has done ev« Z^ When Turkey entered the ww? Br^tlS C" the Bn•n^•^?'''"; 'ro^'^ were'sTn" toVa^ The wi^'/'n'?,"" **'^' important re^n the R R B* * """Tfy. called by Germany interest^t' iZ." '^'^, ™°'«» to Brit^J inrerests in India, as well as Eevot • nnA it, for^' a'sSed the'r? ' B,"«=hTnd' r„°d^S undertook this .Klj^ ' HtlefL Vd .'^e Tr.v' and captured Bagdad, joLlng tori, ;^tl VS victonous Russians ad«ln""5 1° ^. J"'j' 1^« 104 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES P { %) 4!" I dent country. Then, in 191 7, the rrocess 01 cleaning the Turks out of Palestine began under AUenby, capturing Beersheba, Gaza, Jaffa, and Jerusalem, and. in 19 18, completely routing the Turkish troops at Nazareth and taking Damascus. Palestine was thus recovered from the terrible Turkish rule, and steps have since been taken for the return of the Jews to their former home. Hoping to ^et a good slice of Serbia and per- haps to hunUJiate its old rival, Bulgaria was led by Ferdinand, "the fox of the Balkans," to join the enemy, in 19x5, and assist in the ternble Serbian atrocities ; it was also a factor in the defeat of Roumania. The Salonika Operations were directed agamst Bulgaria and Turkey to sever German communications with the East. In 1918, these operations on the Macedonian front, now under d'Esperey. became active. Progress was made all summer till, in September, the Bulgarian army was completely routed and Bulgaria asked for peace, surrendering itself uncondi- tionally into the hands of the Allies— the fi^st link to break in the enemy's chain. The United States and the War.— Very eariy ir the war friction began between the United States and Germany and continued during 191 S and i9i6--the procl.mation of the block- ade zone around the British Isles— the loss of America^ livwo i« fVio o.'^u.'^^ ^r i_ ^.i. _ , ~ * '■' •■2:--- -;;i--i:ig xji VCoCiCio tilt' torpedoing of the Lusitania— the export of munitions to the Allies— the interferenca of ■fliii GRKAT War 105 enemy aliens in American nfFmVo +i, motion of strikes a'dTc'ts of desUdonTo- thfl'-^TT ""^^ '" ''"^ United States- tne a.mmg of merchant vessels— unrestricted' U-boat operations and the Mexican intn'Sjes severed a'^f^' '^ '••.'^'■"°"^*''= relaUoS^ere severed and in Apnl war was declared At first the United States applied herseff to sun Plymg munitions and loins to the Al, Ls ^" Pe s^rwifr''^'*"'' '° ^"™P« «"d General wMe tlf« r '^•°°° ""="• '^as sent to Europe whOe the German vessels interned in American ports were seized. An army of half a mS rnd"'t'Srt'^%f'^^''™ "'-''■ wascalCfor mmions If firft ';r^''''l '""'^'"^ "> three o,flrti.lL 1 ^' •'!"'^'' American troops were quartered along with the forces of the otW Alhes to learn the methods of war and in rtl andTak? t'"?,"^^^ ^^^^ *° take their ^art- That conclLlnV" "'^Allies' great defenSve Sprn^'rira^S:['a^d^Si — t nf '""^''"" tl^e <^™™" jewels and a la4e "nwunt of money in German gold. allied te'rS^'"'" '"^Tf* the evacuation of al! tSp. lo^ ^""1-' ^^^«P'^"es. warships, sub- were glad to get peace on any terras, and their 106 -RITISH HISTORY NOTK, moTitZ ^^"'•''''^ civilization thus came to a most ignommious end— no single one of all reignmg houses in Germany remaining ^Ji^\l7\^^T' ""^ P^^^^ ^^^^ A^^tria, Bul- gaiia and Turkey are not yet settled (July include ;"' " ^^"^' '^ ^'^'' ^^^^ ^«'^^i^y (a) The return of Alsace and Lorraine. P 1^^ J/^^ recognition of the independence of Luxemburg Poland enlarged), Bohemia, and the Russian staS^' (c) The loss of all its colonies. (d) The sur-ndcr of its fleet and submarine craft n l^'^ '■^^^"f ation of certain things stolen in the war. Germany.^ abolishing of compulsory military service in (g) The reduction of its army and navy (ei't^Id'Jestf '' ''" fortifications along the Rhine' (i) The payment of a large indemnity. (j) The restoring, ton for ton. of the shipping destroyed. (k) The internationalizing of the Saare Valley-the coal mines to be given to P'rance. ^ tnecoai fin^LJ^l^"'"'^ ^'"^ granted certain control of Germanv's finances, business, and transportation. «rmany s (m) The institution of international labor standards tr4"ties^^' ^""""'"^ °^ ^^' ^"^^'^" ^"d Roumanian is St ?St7d. "''"""' ''^ ^^^"^ °^ ^^^^-"«. b«t fo/the^wIl^S r"^"."^^''- ^°'' ^^^l- t^ose responsible tor th( war and the outrages committed in carrying it on. MISCELLANEOUS. 1. The British Constitution is the whole body of public law, customs, and decisions which define the powers of government. It is diflferent from that of Canada in that it is not contained in one formal document. 2. The British Government consists of three branches : — The Sovereign (hereditary). The House of Lords (hereditary and appointed). The House of Commons (elective). ^ A ^i^^P'"^^^"****^^ Government is one elec- ted by the people. *i.^\>?^.^^^P°"^^^^^ Government we mean that the Ministry must have the support of a majority of the members of Parliament or resign office. 5. By Party Government we mean the practice of choosing all the members of the Cabinet from one pohtical party. This originated in the reign ol Wil- liam III. ** ^' ^u^ Ministerial Party is the party in power. 7. The Opposition is the party in Parliament which IS opposed to the Government. It watches and criticises each act, and aims to secure the reins of power. 8. The Prime Minister, Premier, or Leader Of the Government is the person to whom the Sovereign has intrusted the management of the affairs of the nation. . 0. The Cabinet or Mim'sf rw ia fKi» k«^»t ^« who advise the Crown and otherwise carry on the government. Each Minister has charge of one branch ©r department ^i State. 107 « ^^ BRITISH HISTORY NOTES 10. A Coalition Ministry is one^..o«e members B-re drawn from more than one of the parties in Par- liament. 11. When a new Parliament is wanted the Sov- ereign issues " writs " to each constituency calling upon the electors to choose a representative at a ce* tarn date fixed for the election. 12. A Constituency or Electoral Division is a part of the country which sends one or more repre- sentatives to Parliament. I3« The Electors are those who are qualified to vote for a representative. This qualiticatiou to vote IS called the Franchise. Manhood Franchise gives a v^te to all men over the age of twenty-one years. The vote is now taken by Ballot. The ©lector is thus free to vote for whom he pleases. 14. The Candidates are those who are endeavor ing to secure the position of member of Parliament • the one who receives the majority, or the highest number of votes, is declared elected. The candidate who has no one to oppose him is returned by accla- mation. 15.. A General Election is one in which every constituency must chouse a representative. 16. A By-Election is one in which a single con- stituency chooses a representative. It is held be- tween general eleations, when on account of death, re- aagnation, or unseating of a member of Parliament, the constituency is left without a representative. 17. To convene or summon Parliament is to call the members together to discuss the affairs of the *^ation. iS. A Session is that part of the year during which Parliament deliberates over the affairs of ^ nation and frames its laws. MISCELLANEOUS t/jg TIo^JL^n^P^^^^'' '^ *^® Person chosen by the ^21^ ^^"^T''' ^ preside over its sessions:^ He must be a member of the House. ^n?'^/"* prorogue Parliament is to close it at th« end of a session. Any unfinished business held ov^ ^aT^^^^ '"''^^^ °^"«* be taken up as if noth n^ had been done about it. F »» « noting 22. To dissolve Parliament is to dismiss the members and call anew or general electioT .«:-** i**®. ^^ereign convenes, prorogues and dia- ^wrplS^^r^^^ '^' ^-"-'^^ adVurnsItt dr^oJfLl^^^''^ from the Throne is the ad- dress of the Sovereign at the opening of Parliament It « prepared by the Ministry,^nd reviews the work of the year, speaks of the foreign relations of the ^to^be brought up for consideration during the , 25. A Policy is a statement by a party of its SrPltn'rr' ^ ^^y Ea'ch^'po^tt ad^Jhl^K^^^ ^°"*^y °^ * ^**i«^ i« the plan adopted by the Government for the purpose of raiT- mg a revenue. F"tp«*e 01 raia- Kwi: 7^'if ^",V^^^« '^ "**' financial statement made by the Chancellor of the ExcheaiiBr af ^^H ^^ of Parliament. ^c^equer at each session m^' to vtu^^^T^^^K"^^ ^^« *h« statement inade to Parliament of the expected receipto and 110 BRITISH HISTOKY NOTES 'T Excise i^fr''r'"T '"'"■• ^--uingyear. liquors. ° manufacture, ., tobacco and i^^-o^^T.zvz.::;''' •"' «°°'" -"'-* wifh^tpayilrttvi'of''"" interchange (that is, countries. * ^^ °' commodities between .ifev.Cd°on JhiTmoort^^f "■ ''^'""* '>'«'' <•»«" paMonthe^t :rt"^---^^ - be custm^or'^S?: Jf„tieX"h1 £'-'•''''• ,"" dustries.l„^irrtS,.*"°"8'' *» protect home in- revenue tariff "' °* '"""^- ''igher than a are^lhe^i"?™^!^ ?^ *''^ "°"^«= (Hansanl) § An Arf ^r =^*«,'?«"t »' « Proposed law. It ia tin aTaw IrltatX"'" ^"'^ "''■^"'""«)- 39. The Mover is the on«i wli.. «^ „ .... duces H Bill in Parliament ' r -t— "r intro- -1^VL'L^^rolY " *'^ ^'^'^ who support th. uing year, irticles of >aeoo and Is coming i (that 18, between ?h duties the pur- iting out I with a es to be ich the upply a lich the ome in- than a tisard) ites, or ouse. .w. at has jceived ative). intro- ■tAth« MISCELLANEOUS 111 T^ird ^XsTZTjiZIt^' Second «d House. ""'^ ^"^s naaj onginate in either A th:Z^^J'^,''^'c^lGrea^ Britain in- of Canterbury and York aL * ^'> ^^? Archbishop, members, thlt is, those tho*"'^**'"''ex-Officio Council by virtue'of their hoIH*"" '""'"^^^ ^^ ^he certain other offices. B^mtlt^^^r ^^'^''S held, number of others who Z^ ^^^% ***®^« are a larte at pleasure. ^^^ *"« appointed by theSo^reS , 45. The Civil Lief ;o *u ^e expenses of CiVlGovL;^^^^^ pay. the salaries of CahTnT m- '^ *'^'" '"^'^^^ *<> officials engaged in the vSus^'^^'*!^ *«d other Government. *"°^ departments of the I-rds or Hou« of Co^^fi. J^ ^^^^ House of "quorum. °°* *" ""embere constitute m*lkrSSforoS?J^'*j,'fe P'-«« -lopte,? »"*>■ it hw ^^.vi?'!?*.*'" debate on a auJ^ ouBsion. ""■ " ™a«>«»bie amount 'of' "dL Person thf^^tit'tlj^''" *' "'•'<■«» by which . "^ «^pHv«i of hi. ;::;:"n;r^-xtt2 112 BRITISH HftTORY NOTES in the ordinary courts of law. The Earl of Straf Commona. The most noted impeachment in Britiih History is that oi Warren HaSings. Th« EdHcational Publi.hina Co.. Limited 30 Shtit^r Street. Toronto Supplementary Exercises For Ail Subjectsin All Grades Everytbing Sent Post Paid on Receipt of Pri cn r u ^ GEOGRAPHY Twenty Outiine Maps (5H x 8 inches)^* ' * : r?^^^^\'^F^''J^''^^* Southern Ontario, r^±?, ?^*'^^ n^^'P^®* ^'^'t^d States, Canada's Three Trans-continental Railway Lmes. J^c each. No order taken for fewer than 20 maps. Full set of 20 maps Iq- M^^^^Py^* Canadian Transcontinental Raiiway * M HISTORY ''^ Bntish History Notes ,a Canadian History Notes. " ' * ' J, ' Greek History in Brief .. . |5 Komaa History in Brief jf Canadian History in Verse Jo _. GRAMMAR Exercises in Grammar for 3M and 4th Classes (Grades V., VI., VH. aau VHI.) ; Ha^ Places m Grammar Made Easv " A v«I .Sth Class (Grades K. and X.) ... ^q Vmf ^iJ^u^i^F ^th Class (Grades ^hi. and vm.) Pubhshed in two pan»— First term, 56 pages n% _. — ^^ V5 pages . 0$ EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHINQ CO., 36 ShPter Street, Toronto