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SIRE, In approaching your JMajesty, with feehngs of the most i)r()- fbiind veneration and respect, to depose, for the second time, the result of my humble topographical and statistical colonial labours, at the foot of the throne ; 1 feel deeply penetrated by a sense of gratitude for your ^Majesty's condescension in graciously permitting that my work should appear under your jNIajesty's exalted patronage and royal auspices. This distinguished honour, whilst it sheds lustre upon my humble, but zealous endeavours, to develop the many natural re- sources and improvable advantages of your ]Majesty's flourishing trans-atlantic dominions, must conspicuously mark your Majesty's IV DEDICATION. palfiiial M)li('itu(le for their loyal inliabitajits, and add a fnrtlicr inctMitivo to the ap})roved devotion and attachment that have ever characterized your ^Majesty's loyal subjects in that distant part of the empire, where the recollection of your iMajcsty's visit, in early life, is still alive in the breasts of the peo})le, and has doubly become the theme of congratulation since your ^Majesty's liappy accession to the throne of these realms. ^Vith sentiments of the deepest respect, attachment, and >ratitude, 1 am, SIRE, Your ^Majesty's most loyal, and most devoted, obedient subject and servant, JOSEPH bouchettj:. .>£?* PREFACE. ANTF.cr-nENTrA' to tilt? year 1759, the dominion of North Americ'i was (Hvided ahnost exehisively hetween the Kin^s of England and France ; the former possessing the innnense Atlantic seal)oard of the continent, the latter the territories along the horders of the gigantic " Flcuvc du Ctnittda,'' or River St. Lawrence. Ihit the con(|uest, gallantly achieved by A\'olfe on the memorable })lains of Abr'am, near Qnebec, left, subsequently to that event, but a slender footing to the French crown in America, whilst it at once extended the empire of Cireat ]3ritain from the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of the Pacific, and rendered it almost co-cxtensive with the whole northern division of the New World. England continued in the undisputed possession of these her immense dominions for a period of nearly sixteen years, when those revolutionary discontents broke out in the old colonies, which ended in the declaration of their independence, and the acknowledgment «^*i' the American con- federation as a free and independent state, b the treaty of Paris, ,'3rd of September, 1783. Whether the reduction of Canada accelerated the separation of the original British North American Plantations, by removing the check which the relative geographical position of the surround- ing French possessions w as calculated to produce upon the colonists, b VI pht:i'A("i:. it is difficult to say; but it is, perhaiJS, less pr()l)leniati('al ^vlictlicr Enj^land would lliis day have had to boast of her valuable trans- atlantic dominions, had not the victory of the Jhitish hero, who fell in the consunnnation of the con([ucst of Canada, preceded the birth of the United States of iVmerica, as one of the independent nations of the world. Certain it is, however, that the severe con- sequences of the loss of the British plantations were greatly miti- gated by A\'olfe's victory and the accession of the French colonies to the British empire, to which, not only from their intrinsic worth, but because of the political power and the connnercial advantages incidental to the possession of them, they have since become im- portant appendages. In the war waged by the colonies against the mother country, the people of Canada, although so recently become British subjects, resisted with fidelity every attempt that was made to seduce them , from their new allegiance, and with bravery repulsed every en- deavour to subdue them. Such devotedness was highly appre- ciated ; and England, at the termination of the revolutionary war, directed her attention towards giving increased consequence to her remaining possessions, with the design of drawing from them some of the supplies she had been accustomed to receive from the countries recently dismembered from the empire. It was some time, however, before the efforts of the mother country were attended with any degree of success, and a new order of things established, by which the languor that marked the growth of the colonies, as French plantations, gradually gave place to a system of more vigour iMiKrAn:. Vll in the a^ricultiival improvomoiit of the couiitiy, and a more active (level(»iKMnei\t of its coinnicrcial it'souvces. Yet, iftlic miineious oidinaiK'es of tlie Kiiifi; of T ranee, for the ene()ura«j;einent of aj^ri- culture and tiie re«i;ulation of comnierce, >vhieh are still extant, cjui be admitted as evidence of the interest with which the colony was then viewed, no solicitude a})pears to have been Maiiting on the part of the French gov(>rnment towards promoting the welfare of Canada. The slow advancements may fairly bo ascribed to the destructive wars of the aborio;ines, to the difficulties and embar- rassmcnts of incipient colonization, and the remote situation of the country (at that time no inconsiderable obstacle), rather than to any neglect or mis-government of her distant dominions on the part of France. If the British dominions in Xorth America be viewed merely in relation to their vast superficies, which exceeds 4,000,000 of geo- graphical square miles, their importance will become apparent, more especially when the manifold advantages of their geographical jio- sition are properly estimated. Cj lancing at the map, we see I3ritish sovereignty on the shores of the Atlantic, commanding the mouth of the most splendid river on the globe ; and, sweeping across the whole continent of America, it is found again on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, thus embracing an immense section of the New "World in the northern hemisphere, reaching at some points as far south as 41° of north latitude, and stretching northward thence to the polar regions. But the importance of these possessions should be estimated less by their territorial extent than by the b2 VUI PREFACE. 1' ,11 jj'. resources they offer, their eapaljilitics of improvement, the «;reat iiiereiis(! ot'ulueh their eonmierce is suseeptihle, ami the extensive field tliey present for emif^ialion. I'hc Ihitish Xorth American provinces occupy hut a com- paratively small portion ol' the a^<;'re;i;ate superficies of tlie whole of the Ihitish dominions in the ^vestern hemisphere; yet they cover ahout "iOOjOOO «feo^i'aphical s((uare miles, and contain a po- pulation which in roiuul nund)ers amounts to nearly a million and a half of souls (strictly 1,'>7. >,<)()()), and this |)0})ulation, takin4^' PREFACE. XI commercial liberty to her vast empire, at home and abroad, and has taken a new start in the race of nations ; whilst we, on the other hand, professing to be free, have restricted our own citizens in their intercourse with all the world *." To the importance of the colonies, in an agricultural and com- mercial point of view, has l»een superadded of later years, another consideration of no minor interest, which still further enhances their value to the parent state. The almost exhaustless field ottered in thel3ritish North American provinces for fresh colonization, points them out as the goal of emigration from the United Kingdoms, and they have in consecjuence become the favourite resort of tlu^ redundant population of the mother country. 'Ihousands of the sons of Ihitain arc, therefore, seen every year leaving their native shores to venture their fortunes in a more remote section of his Majesty's dominions, bearing in their breasts this inspiring consola- tion, that, although removed from the land of home — the protecting ivgis of a free, powerful, and happy constitution and government, is extended to the most distant as well as to the metropolitan regions of this vast empire. Indeed so generally and broadly has the tide of emigration flowed towards the Canadas, New lirunswick, and Nova Scotia, that a considerable portion of their population is composed of the natives of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the interests of those provinces have become proportionately iden- tified with those of the British isles. * Cambcrleng's Report to Congress, 1830, j). '2(). I XII PREFACE. 1 I. i ill ft: I '. I 'These various considerations combined, have incited the author of these vohimes to present to his Majesty's government, both at home and abroad, and to the j)ubHc of tlie empire, a Topogra- phical and Statistical Description of the British Dominions in North i\nicrica, together witli 'J'opographical Maps of Lower Ca- nada, and a Geographical ]Map of the Jh-itish Provinces in America. It is proper, however, to observe that he has far exceeded the plan which he originally contemplated ; his design having, in the outset, been confined to the publication of a Topogrtii)hical and Statistical Description of the ^ro^ ince of Lower Canada, with Mai)S. IJut having, in the prosecution of this design, discovered that, in the course of the Ion"- series of vears durino' Avhich he had been oc- cupied in collecting materials for this work, he had amassed and methodized a body of valuable statistical and geographical in- formation, relative to L'^pper Canada and the sister provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; and, deeply impressed with the utility of a work which should embody every possible degree of in- formation as to the British North American colonies collectively, he ventured, though not without sensations of the greatest diffidence, to push his project to a general consideration of the topography and statistics of the continental section of the Ihitish enipire in the New "World. In the general framework of the maps of I-ower Canada, Avhich are upon a large and explanatory scale, the author was materially aided by his previous topographical exhibit of that province, pub- lished in 1815, under the exalted patronage of his late IMajesty, then Mi i ; PREFACE. Xlll Prince Ecgcnt of tlie kingdom * : but the details are entirely new and compiled, with the greatest care, from numerous original sur- veys and documents of indubitable authenticity, that have enabled him to lay down every niinutia of topography. Jn adverting to the l)eriod of his former publication, the author feels impelled, alike by a sense of duty and of gratitude, to record, as a very feeble tribute of his respect for the cherished memory of his late lloyal Highness the Duke of Kent, the many and deep obligations under which he lies to that much lamented prince and munificent patron, whose characteristic urbanity of manners so miu'h endeared him to all who liad the honour of being known to him. The geogra[)hical maj) of the Jh-itish provinces, and of a section of the adjacent states of the American luiioii, accompanying the work, will, it is hoped, be found an interesting adjunct, from the scope of the country it embraces, as well as on account of the sources of in- formation w hence it was compiled. This map was constructed by the author's eldest son, Joseph IJouchette, Es([,, Deputy Surveyor-Ge- neral of Lower Canada, and must, like the other maps, be left in a * The followiiij^ uiianiinoiis resolve of the house of assembly of Lower Canada is a testimony of the eharacter of that work, whieh the author liopes he will he pardoned for inserting- here : " Resolved, That an humble address be presented to his spruce the o^overnor-in- chief, representing- the importance of the geographical and topographical maps of Joseph Bouchette, Esquire, Surveyor-General, and the losses he has sustained in pul)lishing them ; representing also the imporiance of those maps, both to his Ma jest if s government unci to the province at large ,• and praying his grace would be pleased to take the whole into consideration, and would also be pleased to indentnifij him for his services and losses by sucli grant of tlie lands of the crown as his grace in his wisdom may think fit."' I XIV PREFACE. :iii ''■II liPli 'f ;^:ii" great measure to speak for itself. It is but justice to the compiler, liowevcr, to mention the extreme laboriousncss \vith which, during three years, he attached himself to its construction, in the midst of active professional duties — the close investigation as to the correct- ness of documents that preceded their application, and the science with which he was capable of graphically ai)i)lying the information these documents contained. To this gentleman the author is also indebted for his scientific aid in the compilation of several parts of the topographical maps ; and it is a source of congratulation to him to have likewise to note the services of his third son, John Francis Houchette, Lieutenant, 68th Light Infantry, whose able draftsman- ship has so much contributed to the nicety of delineation, and to any degree of elegance the topograjihical maps of Lower Canada may be deemed to possess. Having said thus much in regard to the graphical part of the work now presented to the public, it may not be inexpedient to say something of the following volumes, and to give some account of the plan and division of the subject-matter they embrace, and the sources whence the information is derived. Upon the latter point the author may perhaps be pardoned for indulging in a little self-gratulation, from the confidence he must necessarily have in the correctness of the materials he had to work upon (especially as respects the local and statistical circumstances of the Canadas), as well from his constant residence in the country, as from the fa- cilities aiforded by the department over which he has, for thirty years, had the honour to preside. The valuable documents and LilJ VJ.IW**' PREFACE. XV official rccovds of the survey or-gcneral's office, which constituted tlie principal })ortion of the nuiterials used in the composition of his former work, and the free use of which he was })ermitted hy his INJajesty's colonial government, have heen again consulted, together with such new matter, arising from surveys since 1815, as has heen superadded to the topograj)hical information already recorded. These documents, however, were chiefly useful in the grai)hical part of the work, and furnished the mean^ of a correct deline- ation of the townships of the province. The feudal lands of Lower Canada, a large and important section of the colony, are delineated and described from original plans and documents in the possession of the seigneurs of the province, and to which the author has had free access. To tlu'se valuable materials were added the results of three official tours in 1820, 1824, and 18;37, the last of which em- braced the extremities of the settled parts of the country, and enabled him to enter minutely into an investigation of the statistics, and to collect important subject-matter for the topography of the province*. The replies of the gentlemen of the lloman catholic clergy to queries proposed to them on the state and re- sources of their respective parishes, and the explanatory answers of * The following extract may not prol)al)ly be deemed inadmissible, as a testimo- nial of the mode in which this branch of the author's public duties was discharged : — Sir, Castle of St. Lewis, Quebec, 8th July, Is'^S. 1 have not failed to lay before his excellency the governor-in-chief yoiu- letter of the od instant, transmitting the report of your proceedings, and the statistical returns prepared by you in consequence of his excellency's instructions conveyed to you by my C 2 XVI PREFACE. k the seigneurs, to circulars transmitted to them, relative to the settlements and statistics of their several seigncurial properties, have also proved of invaluahle assistance in the completion of the statistical department of the hook. These sources of information have furnished the General De- scription of the province of Lower Canada as well as the Topo. graphical Dictionary. There are many minute points connected with the topography of the country of perliaps less interest to the general reader, but of the first imj)ortance to those seeking for complete information as to the resources of the j)rovince, for the arrangement of which, as well as for the facility of reference, the alphabetical form affords distinguished advantages ; and this has induced the author to adopt the somewhat unusual plan of a dic- tionary, but which he confidently presumes will be found to com- bine many and important advantages, no less in comprising under one view all the particulars that can be required on any one point, than as leaving the general description unencumbered by matter, which to some might seem tediously minute, whilst the body of the work presents a summary account of the province, its resources, letter of the 10th August hist. And I am directed by his excellency to convey to you his approbation of the zeal and laborious diligence exhibited by you in collecting and condensing the multifarious, interesting, and useful information contained in the report and tables which you have now submitted. ♦ * * * ## * « « I have the honour to be, &c. (Signed) A. W. Cochhane, Sccrctarij. To Joseph Bouchette, Esq. Surveyor-GenvraL \V{ :i'l PREFACE. XV 11 and all that general information desirable to the more cursory class of readers. The description of the province of L pper Canada is derived from the substance of notes and memoranda made in that country during the late war, and from the knowledge obtained of it tluring an anterior service of six years, as an officer of the provincial Navy upon the lakes. To the information arising from these sources considerable additions have been made from documents that may be relied upon, both published and manuscript. The latter are chiefly of an official character, the former are to be found in ( lourlay's Statistics of Upper Canada, the reports of commissioners of roads and canals, public statistical returns, &c. The extensive field operations performed by the author on the frontier of New Brunswick in 1817, as his ^Majesty's surveyor- general, under the 4tli and 5th articles of the Treaty of Ghent, and several excursions into the colony connected therewith, sup})lied the bulk of the materials for the account of that province, though some obligations must be acknowledged to the author of a pamphlet, descriptive of the province, and published there, as well as to the intelligent sketches of ]Mr. jM'Gregor. The statistical branch of the description is principally derived from the public returns and statistical statements, framed under the direction of his Majesty's government, and subsequently published. The statistics of Nova Scotia are parti}' taken from the same source, and also from Halli- burton's history of that province, from which, in the historical sketch and general description of that country, considerable aid has •n — l! Hi Hi'. ■''Hi !'ti , Mil! fill XVI II rilKl'ACE. been (U'lived. I'lie notes niade by the autbor uj)on tlio soil, surtacc, and cHniatc of tbe ])rovin('e in 18 If), and memoranda ecllected an- teriorly to tbat j)eriod, wbile at Halifax on military service, bave furtber enabled tbe autbor, irom a i)ersonal kn' vohimes, and however the autlior may i'eel conscious of the imperfect manner in which the task lias been executed, he caiuiot repress the hope, that the defects of the performance will stand excused by the utility of the matter and the motive which in- volved liim in so arduous an undertaking'. The })rospect of li- terary fame, so powerful an incentive to many writers, yet so often illusory, oven when founded upon great erudition and classical attainments, has had no share in bringinfj? the autlior before tlu' tribunal of public opinion. His sole object is to be useful, by communicating to the world the substance of long and variously accumulated information, relative to the Ibitish trinis-atlantic do- minions, which he would have conceived it a dereliction of duty and of patriotism to withhold from the ])rcss ; feeling as lie does an additional incentive and encouragement from that liberal and en- lightened system of colonial policy that has conspicuously distin- guished the IJritish cabinet, and struck an im))ulse from the very centre of national prosperity to its remotest branches. lie has to lament, however, that the scope of his ai)ilities, even when aided by the pen of another of his sons, Robert S. ]\1. liouchette, Esq., a member of the Canadian bar, whose able assistance in the composition of the general work, he feels it alike a duty and a pleasure candidly and cordially to acknowledge, should have been insufficient to enable him to send forth the work clothed with all those advantages of arrangement, style, and illustration which might nil XX PUKFACE. I)c I'XjK'cU'd I'roin tliosc whose time and talents have been devoted to literary pursuits. Forty years of his lite have been passed in the service of his Majesty's ; then all hopes which mi^ht be founded on such advantages, he relies on his honest though luunble zeal to lay open, as far as his capabilities permitted, the vast, natural, and im})roval)le resources of a flourishing section of the liritisli eni})ire ; and should ins feeble endeavours have the good fortune to obtain ai)probation, for the design if not for the execution, his liighest ambition will be attained, and Iul dearest wishes amply gratified. h'i . ^i.i'i i COM i:nts or VOL. 1. CHAPTER I. Discovery of Aniorica by Columbus, Vora/zani, Caliot, and Cartior — Foundation of Quebec — Grant of Nova Scotia bv James I.— Surrendered to France UiIVJ — Yielded to Cromwell l(ir)4 — Ajiain jriveu u}) to France in Kiltli — And finally ceded to (Jreat IJritain IJl-' — Houinlarics of Canada and the United States in 17JIH — IKaiiularies as settled IttlO — Pretensions of Russia, and Convention with the United Stales, .Itli April, ]H;2I, instead of Hilt, as stated by error in note, jiage 1 1 — Present Houndar} of tlie Rritisli Possessions in North America — Thi' British Claim to the Houndary Line uo\\- under Umiiire advocated — American Pre- tensions confuted — Authorities referred to .... • Paj^e 1 CHAPTER II. Boundaries again geographically stated — Extent and Divisions of the British North American Possessions lying between the Parallels of Latitude 41" 47 and 7'!' north, and between tlieiV2nd and I41st Degrees of west Longitude — Face of the Ciajutrv comprehensively described — Di- vision into Provinces or Separate Governments — Indian Ciiuntry — Its Boundaries — Those of the Hudson's Bay Territory — Divisiim of Indian Country into Sections — § I. Ihulson's Bay — Southampton Island — Other Islands of the Bay — Its Shores — East IMain — Its Rivers and Lakes — Soil of this Tract — New South Wales — Its Rivers — Face of the Country — Trading Posts — § II. Lake Winnipeg— Other Lakes aiul Rivers — Trading Posts— Face of the Country, and Geological Peculiarities — Tract sold to the Earl of Selkirk — ^ HI. Its Bounda- ries, Lakes, and Rivers — Face of the Country and Soil — § IV. Extent and General De- scription — Polar Regions — Franklin quoted — Summary of principal Features — § V. Its Peculiarities succinctly described— The Rocky Mountains — Supposed a Continuation of the Andes — Comparison of tht IMountains of North America with those of other Parts of the Globe — Effects of a north-west Passage — Of a Canal across the Isthmus of Panama 27 r CHAPTER III. Upper Canada — History of its Settlement — And Separation as a distinct Province — Its present Boundaries and Division— Tabular Statement of its various Subdivisions — General Character of the Country . . . . . . . . .61 XXll CO.\Ti:.NI\S. I ij'l! w h CIIAPTEH IV. NiUiirnl DivisiiiiiN of tin' Pruviiicf — Hidm'H uf lii^li or Tablo Lund iliviiliiig tin- .Sources of Stri'iinis — Iiiiiij{iiiury Division into Si'itioiiH — ^ I. Enstcrn Si-ction, i-oinpriNiiijf Kimti'm, Ottawii, .lolinstowii, .Midliind, iind Itatlnirst DiNtricts — Uh Waters — Qnality of Moil — Itonds — I'oimlation— Towns — Kingston- Its Situation •Coninu'rci' — Ilarlionr — Navy May— Hay of (juiniti — I'crtli — Uy-To\vn — ^11. ('(ntral Section, Districts of I lonn- and Xeweastle — Waters and \\'ater-coniiii\inicati(mi«— Qinility of the Lands on tlieir Hanks — Population of till' Districts — York — Its Situation and Huildin^s— The ("tdlep- — Ilarliour — I'o|iu]ation — Hoads— § III. (iore, Xiajiara, London, and Western Districts — .\(.'};ref;ate l'o|iulatiou — .Si- tuation. Climate, Moundaries- Face of the (,'ountry — Soil — Forest Trees — Hivers — Indian •Settlements — Himds — Niajfara— Welliuid t'anal — Favourable geojirajjliical Position of tho Nia;{ara District— Lake Krie— Its .Sjinres. IFarlioiir^, Points, and .Settlements — Talliot .Set- tlement — Audierstl)Ur;{h— (ieneral statistical Summary of the Province — Tabular .Statements of Pojjulation — Table of Property and Produce — Prodigiously rapid Improvement of the Colony ......... Page 70 CIIAPTKH V. The ( anada Company- Charter and Cin'nts to the Company — Terms of the Grant — The Huron Tract — Its Townships— General Features — Town of Goderich — (fuel|)ii — General Distri- bution of the Canada Company's Territory throughout the Province .113 CIIAPTFH \ I. Government nd Constitution of I'pper Canada — Council and Legislative Assembly — Quali- fications of Alcmbers and of Electors — Courts of Law . .121 CHAPTER All. Princi[ial Waters of tlii' Canadiis —River .St. Lawrence — Its Course and Extent — Variou.s Nanu's of its ditrerent Parts — The (treat Lakes — Lake .Superior — Its tributary .Streams and I.slands — .Strait of .St. Mary — Falls— Lake Huron — Its .Shores traced — Islands — Tri- butary .Streams— Lake iNIichigan — River and Lake St. Clair — Strait or River Detroit — Its Islands— Lake Erie — Course of its Currents — Islands — Town of Erie — Roads in its Vicinity — Niagara River — Its Course traced — Falls of Niagara — ^Minutely described — The Whirl- j)()(d — Further Course of tlie River — The ^^'elland Canal — Eric Canal — Lake Ontario — The Rideau Caiuil — (ireuville Canal — Tiie .St. Lawrence below Kingston — The St. Lawrence Canal — Rights of Navigation on the .St. Lawrence — The St. Lawrence below St. Regis — The La Chine Canal — Montreal — The St. Lawrence below Montreal — lielow Quebec — The Traverse — Channels of the .St. Lawrence — Islands — The St. Lawrence in Winter — The (iulf —St. Paul's Island .120 ; I'ff; CHAPTER VIII. Lower Canada — Its geographical Position — Boundaries — Tabular .Statement of Divisions and Subdivisions — Superficial Extent — Tenure of Lands — Proprietary Division — General Character of the Country . . . . . .177 111 iril ^_>5J^ COMKNTS. XMll ( IIAl'Ti:i« IX. (ii'iicml Fucc t)f tlir Cniintry— Natural D(»i»i«>iis by tin- Hiilno of Ili'.'li IauuU — Tin- Province iiiirtlMif tli<> St. r«;i\vrt'iici' — Diviili'il into iiii.iniiiiir\ Sect inns —'I'lu' l'ro\iiu'c suiitli ci|' tlii' St. I,;n\ rciii'c simihiilv 'lividol — Jj I North ot' tlic St. fiiiwrt'iit'c - Coiiiitrv lirlwcni tlii' Otliiwii iiiid the St. Maiiric'i'— Coiirw of tlit' Ottawa— Mct'iifry on its Hanks Likis— I)i>m CliutH — Cliuiiilii re — KiiIIh of tlu' (in-al and Fiittlo lUiaiidii re — I'nion llridncs — ('ImnictiT of t!u> Country on tlu' lluiiks of tin- ()tt;nMi I'criodicid Uisin<;s — 'I'nw n-ilii|is on tlio Ottawa — Sctllcnicnts — Of two ('lassos 'i'own.-'liii) of (innvillc — Sfijjniorv of [.i;i I'cliti' Nation — Hull — rnsrttli'd liands — Po|in!ation of tiic Ottawa District — Country liclow Clialliani— Tract dcsiTilifd — Walrr-coiiiMiunicalioiis — .Soil, St'tllfuicnts, lloads - I'roji'i'trd Itoad — Town of Tliri'c llivors — I'ari.slu's aliovc 'riircc Hivcrs — \'illa).;t' of Jlcrtiiirr St. Kustai'lic — Isk'.Fisns — Isli- Hizard— Islf IVrrot — Islaiul of Montreal — History of its Si'ttlruu-nt — U'ator- connuuni('ation--Soil — Hoads -City of Montrral -History »( its Sctth-nitJUt — Di-siTiption — I'uMif fdificcs --Tin- Nc" ('atlii'dr;d— .Aliniitclv di' .irilicd — Sciiiinarics and Si^ls of Firarn- in;,'— M(iill ('olli'!.'t'--l'ol"ilalion llarlnmr -Country in tlir Mnviroiis— i-'crrit's -'I'aiiular Stall' ol'tlif Population of tlic Conntv — County of \'audrt'nil — |i. \H' — § H. Country lictwfrn till' St. ISIaurii'f and tlic Sa^iucnay — Po|iidation — Wcsti-rn Division of Country — ISivorH — St'ttlpniiMits — Soil — lloads— ( 'ity of Quflx'i'- Historical .Skcti'li- Sit nation- I''ortifu';ilions — Divisions — Po|mlalion — Pidilic Huildin^is — Tiif Castli' — .Monument to Wolfe iuid .Montcalm — Tlu- Catlu'drid — .Streets — .Markets — The LowcrTown — Sidiurlis — I' .nksofllu' .St. Cliarles and St. L:n\rence — Projected Pier — Pl.iins of Aliridiam- 'I'alile of .\ssessnients— .Stcaui- lioats — Ta'udar .Statenient of llieir Names. Tonnaj:e, and Pati's of FrL'ii;lit — Land-travellinfi — Tabic of Distances and Hates of Post.ip' — Ferry-lioats — Passa}.;e of the Hiver in Winter — Scenery of the Kuvirons — Country westward of (Jnchec — Ilivers- VuUs of .Alontniorenci — Country lietween the .Sa^iieuay ami tilt" .St. Maurice — Course ot" noiudiette's K\iiloratiiin — The Hiver .St. iMauricc — Otiu-r Hivers -(icneral Descrijitiou of that Tract of t'laintry — The Peninsula — Chicoutimi — Tadousac — Explorations of the Safjuenay — p. 2!{7 — § "'• I'erritory cast of the Sayucuay — (iencral Description — Rivers — Portnenf — King's Posts — Table of f.2, and fioui 1!11() to IflJJ — .Alanufacttires — (irnwtli of Flax anil Hemp — .Ma]ile Sugar — ."Mode ■ if pr(]iaring — ..Agricultural and Horticultural Societies .... 3()2 ( ii.\pri:u XIV. Temire of Lands — Seigneiirial (irants — Lands held under the .Seigneur— Seiguenrial Rights — Conditicins of holdiiig— 'I'eiiure in free and connnon Soccage — Lands granted to Leaders and Associates — Commission of Escheats — Canada ieuures Act 374 ( IIAPTKU XV. .Alilitia of Lower Canada — Feudal Origin of Militia Forces — .Strength of the Militia of the Provii.je — \'olunteer Corjis— Taliidar .Militia Returns of l}l(t7. 1J511, Uil.">, and 1H27 — JMililia Act, Idth (ieo. I\'. cap. '.) — Etticiency of the .Militia — Loyalty and Bravery — Clia- teaugnay — Lord Dorchester and Connnodnre Houchette — ^Tlieir critical Adventure during tlie W'm- of 177."> — Xeu Organization of the -Militia by Counties — Alphabetically ar- r. lilted ...... 3tt.'> m I'i J f CONTENTS. \xv CHAPTER XVI. Ontliiu' of till' Constitution, (lovornmcnt, iiiul Laws of Lower Ciinuda — I'laii of tlio (Jovitii- mont — Tlic Governor — Executive and Lejiislative Conneils — House of Assembly — Sittinjj.s, Business, and Powers of the Lejjislature — Sunuiiary of the Statute and C'ouinion Law of the I'rovinee — The Judiciary — Jurisdiction of the dill'erent Courts — Modes of Proceeding — Trial by Jury — Auieudnient of the Judicature contemplated Pajje 'MW CHAPTKU XMI. sketch of Manners, Customs, ami Character — Quotations from " ./ ('(iniiiliiin" — Condition of the Canadians — Attachment to their J5irth-j)lace — Sunday — Occnjiations in Spriufj — inde- |)emlence as to the Necessaries of fjifi' — Food — Hainient — Habitations — Annisenients — Weddiuj^s— Spcariiijj Fish l)y Toreh-lijj;ht — Comforts nf the People — Character — independent, •;enerons, polite, honest, but litij;ions — Compared with the American and the French Character — Population of the Townshii)s — C'ause of the Assimilation of their I'sages to those of the Anu-ricans — Industrious — Loyal — Easy in Circumstances— How composed — Society in the Towns — American \'isiters — Probable Extension of their Tours hereafter — Easy (.'ircum- navigation of the best part of North America ...... KKl SUPPLE.AIENT TO CHAPTER I. Boundaries — Award of the King of the Netherlands — Remarks thereon — Line 4.")" north latitude — Extraordinary Reservation of Rouses' Point — Friendly Negotiations may end in the Ado])tion of the St. John's River as an ritimatnm ..... 4l!» APPENDIX. Report of tlie Conunissioners respecting the Boundary, under the (ith Article of theTreaty of Client (ieneral Liformation for the (iuldance of Persons desirous of emigrating to Upper Canada Old and new Division of the Counties in the Province of Lower Canada List of the Members of the lifgislative Council of Lower Cana, with a List of the iAIembers of the Assend)ly from that Period .......... Instructions from His Excellency the (Jovernor-in-Chief, the Earl of Dalhousie, to Lieutenant-Colonel Bouchette, Snrveyor-Ceneral, relating to the Statistics of the Province in lii'2'J ■■■...... V2\ \-2\ 42.-) 42(i 4.^0 4;?2 s u XXVI CONTENTS. Mr. Sccri'tury Cuclinint' s Letter on the same Subject, ami an Extract of a printed Report from Lieutenant-Colonel Cuck1)iirn to the Right Honourable R. W. Ilorton, dated 17ch Sejjtcmber, 182/ ••....... 43,3 Brief and interesting Account of public Events in Canada from the Discovery of America 434 List of the Governors and Administrators of the (iovernment since the Erection of the Royal Government in 1GG3 ......... 447 Ri'tes of Pilotage for the River St. Lawrence ... .... 448 Regulations for the Payment of Pilotage above Bic to Quebec — Rates above the Harbour of Quebec .......... 44!) Lighthouse on Green Island in the River St. Lawrence — Rates of towage from Quebec to ^Montreal .......... 450 Taljles of the j)rincipal Articles of Import and Export at Quebec and St. John's from the Year 1824 to 1827 inclusive • • . • • • • .451 Table of Duties payable at the Port of Quebec ...... 459 Table of free Goods ......... 4(51 Table of Prohibitions — Jlemoranda on the Laws and Orders in Council . . . 4()2 An Account of the ordinary Revenues and extraordinary Resources constituting the public Income of the Province of Lower Canada for the Year ended 10th October, 1826 . 466 Public and charitable Institutions of Lower Canada ..... 468 Periodicals in Lower Canada ........ 469 Hemp in Canada ......... 470 Form of a Ceiisitairc's Title, or Model dc Bail a Ccns ..... 476 Canada Land Company's Prospectus ....... 478 Tabular Statement of the total Quantum of Lands granted in the Province of Lower Canada, and of the Lands reserved for Crown and Clergy, also the Quantity remaining vacant, within the surveyed Townships ...... 482 (ieneral Statement of the Lands granted in free and common Soccage in the Province of Lower Canada, and the proportional Reservation for Crown and Clergy, from the 26th March, 1814 .......... 483 AAvard, at length, of the King of Holland as the Umpire between Great Britain and the United States, to the settle Boundary under the 5th Article of the Treaty of Ghent, with Remarks thereon ......... 489 :ii '4 ?&:.I^i:' LIST OF PLATES. Frontispiece — Portrait Monument, Source of the St Croi Brock's Monument ( 1'igiivltvJ By-Town, Ottawa Ri\-er Union Bridges, Ottawa River Section and Plan of ditto Harbour of York Town of Godericli Town of Guelph . Section of Niagara River Monument to Wolfe and .Alontcalm Cl'iiinctlcJ CityoflMontreal f/7(wj Do, Do. CrUui) City of Quebec (T/ew'^ . City of Quebec (Plan) Falls of Montmorenci C^^'intcr Scene J Forges of St. Maurice St. Ilyacinthe \'i]]age f fide Top. Did.) Isle aux Noix and Fort ditto Fort and Basin of Clianibly ditto Kilburn's Mills, Province Line .litto Harrower's IMills jjtto Long's Farm, Temiscouata S. St. Ilyacinthe S. I)e Lery Chan.idy U'est Stanstead Pli. St. Jean, Port Joli Pag,. . N . (il . VM . ill . iV2 . f«! . 117 . J]» . 140 17;! i214 2I(i 241 2(>r, 2i',l .so:} •M)4 .'110 .•?14 322 Br'.in i uTi u U W^l' Jifl 'I if m CORRIGENDA. Page 11, in notii,fiii- 1814, read 1824. — 110, third line from the bottom, /or perennial, read iinnual. — WJtfor Godrich, read Godericli, wherever the name occurs. — 277) head-line,, /or county, read country. — 3.)], column of remarks in the Statistical Statement, J'or L' Joachim, read St, Joachim. The population of Quebec, six lines lower down, should be 28,000, instead of 30,000. — 3.52, last line of the table,ybc city, read county. — 3u3, column of remarks, tlie blank in the second line to be filled with .j,CX)0, as the poi)ulation of Three Rivers. !*!:, r I I, I Jill '|l 111 THE BRITISH DOMINIONS IN NORTH AMERICA TOPOGRAPHICALLY UESCRIBKD. CHAP TEH I. Discovery of America. — Historical Sketch and Bouiularies of tiio British Possessions. To Cliristopher Columbus assuredly appertains the honour of the memorable discovery of the New World in 1492 ; but that the American continent was altogether terra incognita up to the period at which he traversed the ^Vestern Ocean, seems not quite so certain, at least as regards the northern countries of Europe. The histories of Denmark, Norway, and Iceland attest the fact, tiiat nearly five centuries* before the existence of the great western continent was made known in the south of Europe, through tlie bold discovery achieved by Columbus, not only the coasts of Greenland, but the nortli- eastern shores of America, had been partially explored by adventurous northern voyagers, who formed a colony in the land of their new dis- coveries, of which records were preserved down to the beginning of tlie twelfth century f . What has since become of this ancient settlement, and what was the precise geographical situation of Vinland (for thus the country they settled in was by them called), are things that will most probably remain for ever unknown, although, from the general analogy of description, its locality is supposed to have been the island of New- foundland, or the southern coast of Labrador. * JIackenzie's Travels in Iceland, 1810, and authorities there cited. + Ibid. it \i* ii k h. ■.V !' "• m m i! n Pll!': h 1-1 2 BRITISH NORTH AMKRICA. ^\ny discovery, however, wliicli had tliiis fallen into almost utter ohlivion, eould not be considered as in any j; voyages westward mark the epoch at which America* became first known to the civili/ed world. Columbus having taken ])ossession of a great ])ortion of the new continent in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella t)l' Spain, Sebastian Cabot subse(|uently e\])lored the southern section of North ^\merica, on behalf of Henry \'II.. and thus secured it to the crown of Kngland. Mewing witli a jealous eye the valuable and then recently accjuired possessions of England and Sj)ain, Francis 1., King of France, as])iring to a partici])ation in these ad\ antages, equipped \'era/ani, a Florentine, then residing in France, who, after a fruitless attempt to cioss the ocean in \')2i, suc- ceeded, the following year, in reaching Florida, whence he coasted north- ward to the oOOf latitude, taking nominal pos,-;ession of the country, which lie called " New France f." Having, in a subsecpient voyage, returned to America, he was, soon after his landing on the continent, barbarously put to death by the natives J:, without having previously effected the establish- ment of a coK)ny ^. 'I'he further discovery of the northern parts of ^Vmerica was reserved for the enterprising Jacques Cartier, a Frenchman, who, bearing a com- mission from the King of Franc e, sailed from St. ]\Ialoes on the 10th ISIay, 1.3.'35, and ex])lored the river St. fjawrence, so called from his first entering it on St. Jiawrence's day, and ascended the river as far as IluchcJag-a, the Indian village then occupying the spot on which the city of Montreal now staiids. Cartier had visited the gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534, but did not attempt any discoveries beyond its shores, although he most probably, at that time, conceived a design and sketched a plan of operations, which were put into execution the year following. * The lU'w Cdiitiiu'iit v.as tliiis calli'il aftiT Anwricus I'c.spitchi.s-, a navigator in tlio service of Ferdinand of Arrajion, and the 'irst \\\w n;ade gr:M)hical delineations of the new discoveries. t Hi.-itory of Canada from its Discovery Smith, vol. i. p. 2. I Charlevoix, vol. i. p. 5!. § It is worthy of reiiiuik, that the pretensions and disputes of the three great naval powers of Europe — Ivigland, Frai.ee, and Spain— fcr territorial sovereignty in America, arose from the discoveries of three Italians, Colinid)us, Cahot, and W'razani, who were equally strangers to the countries whose renown the\ extended and whose commerce they enlarged. mi 1:,\, IIISTOIUCAL SKI'TCll AM) lK)rNDARIKS. 3 Tlius stood tlic discoveries of the New AN'orld, wlion tlic efforts of the FreiK'li to coloni/e Gmada became at leiis;th so far successful, tliat. in 1()()4, a Freiidi settlement was formed ; and. in KJOS, Cham plain, at the head of a small colony, laid the foundatit)n of thecity of (-^iiehec *, a little above the junction of the river St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, and thus conunenced the first permanent! European settlement in >>'orth America, on record t. The ])recise line of boundary which divided the territories formerly belonn'ino- to the crowns of Knuland and France in America seems never to have been distinctly defined. The voya<>es of discovery by the Kn<;lish and the French to the coast of North ^Vmerica, and their endeavours to form settlements on the new continent, had been nearly contemporaneous: and as both nations ind(>finitely claimed extensive dominions of which neither had the power of taking actual possession, it was soon discovered that the claims of the different ])arties were incom])atible §. In KJO.'j, the tract of country lying between the parallels of the 40th and 46th degrees of north latitude, and then known imder the name of xVcadia, was granted by Henry IV. of France to Monsieur I)e Monts ||, with a connnission of lieutenant-general; anil in l(j()6, three years after, a large section of the same territory was included in a grant, under the letters-patent of James I., to Sir Thomas Ciates and his associates, grant- ing to them the country comprehended between the .'34th and 45th degrees of north latitude, "■ that hehniged to Great Jiritaiu, or was not then possessed htj am/ other Christian prince or people ^f." Under the French grant of 1603, settlements were formed on the * Quebec, in Algonquin, signifies slrait. t In ir)41, Jiiajnes C'artier, as ciiptain-gencral, built a fort at Cape Breton. X 1'lie pilgrims landed at Plyni .lli, in New England, in 1(520. Chalmers's Political Annals, 4to. p. 82. § L'Escarbot thus describes the boundaries of Now France : " Ainsi notrc Nouvelle France a pour limites du cote d'ouest les terres jusqu'a la mer dite Pacifique au-deca du tropique de Cancer ; an niidi les iles de la Mer Atlantique du cote de Cube et I'lsle IIesj)agnole ; au levant la iVIer du Nord, qui baigne la Nouvelle France ; et au scptentrion cetto terre, qui est dite inconnue, vers la mer glacee jusqu'au Pole Arctique." — Vol. i. p. 31, ed. KJll. II L'Escarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, vol. i. p. 92. IT Chalmers's Political Annals, 4to. edition, p. 13. B 2 4 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Ill, coast, near tlic St. Croix and at Port Tloyal. in the course of tlie two followinj^ years ; and I)e IMonts, who was acconi])anied by Chain])l;rni and I'etrincourt, retained (juiet ])ossession of Acadia until their settlements were broken up, in KJl t, by the successful but iniwarrantable attack of Sir Sanniel Ar'illiam Alexander, the coinitry bounded towards the north, the cast, and the south, by the St. liawrcnce and the ocean, and on the west, by the river St. Croix. It was called Nova Scotia, and erected into u palatinate to be holden as a fief of the crown of Scotland. In HV2'}, Charles I. confirmed the grant to Sir ^^'^illiam Alexander, who, five years afterwards, sold almost the whole interest he had in it to Sieur St. Etiennc, a French hugonot, reserving the allegiaiice of the iidiabitants, who were to continue subjects of the Scottish crown ; but this stipulation seems to have been ineffectual, and the French retained absolute pos- session of the country f . The attack on Quebec by Kirk in 1628, and its surrender to British arms the following year, were unknown in Europe when peace was re-established in xVpril, 1()21); and Charles I., by the treaty of St. Ger- mains-en-laye, concluded in INIarch, 16.'32, resigned to Louis the XIII. of France the sovereignty of " Acadia, New France, and Canada" ge- nerally and without limits ; and, particularly. Port Royal, Quebec, and Ca])e IJreton t- Three years after the peace of St. Germains, the province of Maine, originally known in New England under the name of Somersetshire, was granted to Sir Fernando Gorges, and was bounded eastward by the Kennebec river : and as Acadia extended southward along the coast to the 40 ' of north latitude §, and therefore beyond the Kennebec ||, that * Cliiilniers's Political Annals, 4to eilitiou, p. 82. + Iliiil. p. 92. : Ibid. § Ibid. p. nm. II Ibid. p. 73-4. i m HISTORICAL SKKTCil AND norXDAHIKS. .') river must then luivc been t-oiisideii'd tin- eastenmiost limits of tlie New I'lij^liiiid ])Iimtati(>iis, and the boundary between the lMi<;iish ami Freneli territories in that])art ot'Ameriea. However, it appears that the wliole eountry west of the St. Croix Avas subsetpient' laimed by the Knulish as beinj; Avithin the coh)nv of Massaehusetts, while France manifested a determination to exelude them from the possession of the coimtry east of the Kennebee. ^\eadia liavin*;' been thus restored to tlu' Freneh, their sovereign granted to l)e Ha/illy the hmds around the bay and river St. Croix; and in 1().'{;5 tlie company of Xew France conveyed the territory on the banks f>f the river St. Jolin to St. Ktienne, whom we have alicady mentioned, and De la Tour, tlie lieutenant-general of the colony *. The New Knglanders, meanwhile, viewed the ])rogress of the French in their neighbourhood with jealous apprehension, Sedgewick, com- mander in chief of Cromwell's forces in Xew Fngland, ap})arently ac- tuated in a great measure by national antipathy, directed the arms destined for Manhattans against the French, who surrendered I'ort lioyal in August, KJ.j-t, and, finally, the whole of iVcadia, in conse(|uencc of the liberality of the terms of capitulation, yielded to his arms! . ^Vttempts were subseipiently made by the French, in negotiating the treaty of West- phalia, to recover Pentagoet (or Penobscot), Saint John, and Port Itoyal : but Cromwx'U, instead of restoring the concpiered country, granted it to St. Etienne, Crown, and Temple, under tlie designation of ^Vcadia, and part of the country comwouhj calli'd Xova Scot/a, extending south-westward to the river St. (Jeorge; at the same time erecting that territory into ;i ))rovince distinct from New Fngland, and appointing them hereditary governors of the country :|:. The confusion which here occurs in the a})pellations of the territories granted created some perplexity afterwards; Nova Scotia being in fact but a section of Acadia, and comprehended within its limits ^^. In IGGS, Charles II., in consideration of the cession of St. Christopher and other islands in the^Vest Indies, restored to France, by the treaty of Hrcda, Acadia, specifying the Penobscot river as its boundary * Cliulmers's Politiciil Annuls, p. Hil!. j Smith's History of Caiuula, vol. i. p. "»9. + Ibid, § Chalmers's Political Annals, p. 1)J8. 6 lunTisu xoirm ami-Iuca. on the west*; I'l'iiliiyoct, Saint .lohn. Port Hoyal, I-a Have, and C'a])e Sable lyinj;' within itf. The French had not possessed thi- country many years before the proximity and advancement of their settlements a<;ain aroused their New JMi^^hmd nei<;iibo\ns to acts of hostiHty ; and in !()!)() Sir William riii])ps, Avith ei<4ht sniidl vessels and SOO men, reduced I'ort Koyal and the whole coast between that place and the Xew Ku; restored them to the dominion of France. I'ort l{oyal, however, seemed doomed to bo the seat of per- petual warfare. In 1710 the fort Avas b<)nd)arded by Colonel Nicholson at the head of the New I'lnniand forces, and after a few days' resistance cai)itulatcd ; wlien, tooether with the whole country, it was sin-rendered to IJritish dominion ';, and the treaty of Utrecht, concluded ^larch and April, 1713, contirmed to (ireat Hritain, Hudson's Jkiy, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia or ^Vcadia irif/t it.s am'wnt Uniitfi j). The treaty of Utrecht having- thuso])erated a new partition of ^\nic- rica, and the value of those transatlantic ])ossessions becoming daily more evident, the boundaries to which they were henceforward to be restricted became ])roportionably important. Count de la (iaiissoniere, who suc- ceeded Admiral de la Joiujiiiere in the government of Canada, fully sensible of the expediency of assigning limits to the res])ectivc ternt(>rics of the two powers, detached an oflicer, with 300 men, to the froniier of Canada. JNI. de Celeron de IJienville, who was intrusted with the exe- cution of this service, proceeded to Detroit; and thence traversed the country to the Apalachian jNIountains, where he dej)osited under ground, at different stations, leaden plates, on which were engraved the arms of France, recording the fact in formal acts or proces-verbaux, which he submitted to La (^alissoniere, who afterwards transmitted them to France. The adoption of these decisive acts of possession was duly commu- nicated to iSlx. Hamilton, the governor of Pennsylvania. He was * Tnicts relating to America, 1770. I Smith's History of Canada, vol. i. p. 60, 61. § Twelfth article of the treaty. t Ibid. p. 393. IIISTOIUC'AI. SKi:i'( H AM) llOlM, Ull >. 7 rc(|iK'stc(l by La (Jalissonirrc's U-ttir, of wliiili Dc i roii was ' c hcarn to |)r()liil)it tlif iiiliiil)itaiits of liis proviiuv from trailing;- bcyoiul ll l)oiiii(ls wliii'li had brcii thus asserted and established, thi' I-'n-nch i-oiu ha\iiij'- eoimiiaiuh'd him to seize the merchants, and eoiiliseate the o(),»fl of those Avho mij^ht be diseo\ered earryin*^ on trade in the eonntries beyond the A])ahuliian or Alle_i>any Mountains, ineontestably belonninn- to the crown of France*. In the course of the njonientous and ])r<)tracted nen'otiations, ^\ hicli brought about the famous treaty of 17():{, we find tliat the Frencli ter- ritorial ))retensions in that (luarter, as understood and traced by thi- Mar(|uis de N'audreuil at the surrender of Quebec in 17;>J), were tacitly reruKiuished, as ])reviously assumed by La CJalissoniere, and that they were then described as comprehendin";', on one sidi', the Lakivs Huron, Michigan, and Superior; and the "said" line drawn to the Ked Lake, taking' in a serpentine progress the ri\er Ouabachi as far as its junction with the Ohio, then extended itself along the latter ri\er as far as its influx into the Mississippi!. This demarcation, not exempt from the eonmion fault of obscurity that generally pervades the descrip- tion of original boundaries, recedes therefore from the ^V])alachian and iVllegany Mountains westward to the Ouabachi or AVabache, leaving the intermediate country to (ireat liritain : and the treaty of 17().'i, finally determined the confines between the dominions of iiis nritamiic Majesty and the King of France to l)c a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi, from its source as far as the river Iberville, and thence by a line drawn tbrough tbe middle of the Lakes Marepas and I'ontchatrain to the sea. \N'ith regard to the northern limits of liOuisiana, claimed by the French as extending to the southern bounds of Canada, it ap))ears to have been es])eeially a subject of negotiation in the spirited dijdomatic corres])()ndcnce between the courts of Knglaiid and France in ■i7()l, how far such a claim could be recognised. Mr. I'itt denied the admis- sibility of the pretensions advanced by the Due de Choiseid on behalf * .Smith's History of Canada, vol. i. p. :2()!)-l(). i Answer of England to tlic ultimatum of France. 17''1. Collection of Treaties, vol. iii. I"'' - Nil , p' ' "VlI'M ,>• i! I »!•■''. (!'i,i,| I H IMMTISH NOirril AMI'.IUCA. of France, and assi-rlril tlit* ni'iitrality of tin- coiiiilrv lyinj;' l)('t\vi'i-ii (."anada and liouisiana, wliicli was oci-iipii'd by ninniTons indcpcndt'nt Indian tidus, ovir uhii'h nt'itlicr i-rown sIiduUI cxtTfise tlio right of sovereignty *. Swell were the boun(hn-ie.s of the Mn^lish and I"'reneli |)o,ssessions in America, previous to the peaee of ITH.'i, hy whiiii we lind that the New England phintati»)ns, of which Maine was tlie eastermnost, were bounded on the east by the Kennebec, and on the west by the Mississippi. It was not until the treaty of Paris in 17S;i that the northern limits of the country, recently under the dominion of Great Ihitain, aiul which had now become an independent state, were ever defined. Xor does it ap|)ear to have been necessary in a national ))oijit of view up to that jjcriod, the whole of the continent from Louisiana, northward and eastward, to the Arctic sea and the borders of the Atlantii-, haviii<;' been exclusively under the sovereiji;nty of the crown of Knglaiid, durinj;- the interval between the coiKjuest of Canada in IT.'jJ) and the recoi^nitiou of ^Vmerican inde- pendence in ITS.'i. IJy the treaty of 17SU the United States were divided from the IJritish and French dominions in America, on the west, by the river Mississi])pi from its source to the .'Jl" of north latitude, thence, by a line drawn due east on that latitude to the river Apalachicola or Catahouche. uj) the midiUe thereof to its junction with Flint river, thence by a straight line to the head of St. Mary's river and down the middle of that river to the Atlantic Ocean : on the east, by the river St. Croix to its source, and a line due north from thence to the highlands : towards the north, first, by such intersected highlands which divide the waters of the ocean from those of the gulfs, rivers, and bays in that part of the continent, as far as the north-westernmost head of the Comieetieut river; secondly, down that river centrally to the 45" of latitude ; thirdly, by that parallel until it strikes the river Iro(|uois, Cataracjui or St. Lawrence; and, fourthly, by a line continuing westward through that river and the great lakes to the north-westermnost point of the I^akeof the AVoods ; and thence, on a line due west, to the Mississippi. But it was afterwards found that such * Nogotiations for the Pcape of 17t>3. ^' \ '') "H I i ■'V noi'NDAinKS. 9 11 lino woulil lU'Ver strike \hv river, iis its liii;l\(st Wiitcrs did net »\teiul heyniul lat. i7 .'M» north, wliilst the point of (he I.iiInc of tlie WooiK, wlience tile line was to depart, stood in lat. M) -0 north, and then-fore 10 k p'oj«raphieal mili-N fmther north than the source of the Mississippi. 'I'he fourth article of the ticaty of London in I7IM ])ro\ idcd for the amicahle adjustiucnl of this anomaly, hut its intentions were nevi'r carried into etVect ; and the suhjei-t came under the considi-ration of I ,ord Holland and tlir late Lord Auckland, on »»ne side, and Mr. Munroe and Mr. i'ickerin^' on the otiier, durinK'e of the ^\merican ehjiiis nuist a])pear manifest: as all pretensions they started at that time to any ])ortion of the country west of the Missis- sippi nuist ha\e been perfectly i^ratuitous and uusu|)ported. their ac- kno\vledt;eil boundaries westward then bein^ the Mississippi itself. Hut the subsecpient ac(iuisiti()n of Louisiana by the Lnited States checked all decisive measures relative to boundaries, which mi^ht have compro- mised their territorial claims, or, to use the words of an iVmerican publication, attributed to an enunent statesman I, in assii>nin; the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, or if the said point shall not be in the said forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, then by a line drawn from the said ])oint due north or south, as the case may be, to the said ]);nallel, and from the ])oint of intersection, due west, aloni'; and witli the said parallel, to the Stony Mountains*." IJy the third article, the country on the north-west coast of Ame- rica, westward of the Stony Mountains, is left free and open for the term of ten years, from thetlate of the eon\ention, to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of the two powers, irilliouf. ncci'rllich'.s.s. ; tlierchij the chiiiii.s tvliich cither of the cotttravthi^ piiitif.H in'is^ht have to (tin/ portion of fiiich eoiintrfi. in IS^S the ti'rm thus limited expired, without any set- tlement having been ))reviously UKule to determine what should there- after be consiilered the partition of the territory on the shores of the north Pacific, and (ireat JJritain and the I'niteil States now rest their respective claims on that section of the continent u])on the sanction and authority of first discovery and occu])ation. Nor does the (juestiou depend u])on these two oovc'rnments alone, as may be seen by the cor- respondence that took |)lace in 1S1J2 between the Chevalier de I'olitica, the IJussian minister, at Washington, and the ^Vmerican secretary of state, by which the imperial crown of IJussia distinctly claims the north-west coast of ^\merica, tVom Uhoring's Strait to thea.'j'of north latitude. It would even push its ])retensions as far south as the 4{)' of north latitude, but iinaliy ad(>pts the .51 ', upon the ]>rinciple of a fair compromise, and the circumstance that this ])oint is eciui-distant from the Uussian settlement of Xovo Archangvlsk, on the one side, and the I'nited States' settlement, at C'ohunbia river, on the other. Thus it would appear, that, disregarding- the undeniable rights of the Uritish go. vermnent on the North .Vmerican shores of the Pacific, founded u])on the anterior and well-known discoveries of Cook, \'ancouver, luid ^lac- X Art. II. ■* si|i ri, r.oi'NDArvii-s. 11 kcnzie, IJussia and tlic I'nitrd States* would ]>r()(vrd io tlio iliscussion of tlioir t'\clusivi'7'//.v (loiiiiii'il, and dolil)i.'ratc'ly a])))oi'ti(>M to 1 1 km u selves an extensive territory, wliieli. on the i'aee of every i>'i(\ura|)liieal delineation of iVnieriea, bears evidence of its heinj;- a Uritisli diseo\ ery, survi-yed and ex|)lor(>d by Hritish oHieers and subjeets. and Avliose bays, rivers, islands. and liills are universally known l)y Mui^iisli names, several of wliieli were distin<>uislied bv the discoverers with the names of the ihen roval family of CJreat 1^-itain. In referrini!; to the historv of Uussian diseoNcries between Asia and America, as well as to the <;-eou,ra|)hical delineation of them under the direction and authority of the im|)i'rial academy of sciences at St. Petersburi>;. we find that they were chielly confined to the ex))loration of the archipelai>-o of islands, by which the st>a of Ivamtschatka is bounded to the southward, and that when Captain Hheriui;' discovered Mount Elias in latitude 58' L'S' | north, and Tscherikoir discovered what he sup])osed to be the ^Vmericau coast in latitude o(\" \ north, it A\as then very doubtful whether these ])oints were insular or continental J. Snb- secjuent voya<>es of Ib'itish ex])lorers, it is trui', have removed these doubts, and proved that Hherino's Mount St. l^lias was really on the continent; but they also established, that Tscberikofr's discovery in lati- tude ;5()" must have been an island. ^Vt ^NTount St. Klias should, therefore, terminate the jM'ctensions of Kussia on the north-west coast of ^Vnierica ; south of this point no ostensible B. { Ibid. p. 2i)2. c 2 1" 1 /v TVRITISII NORTH AMERLC'A. 14* I ; P^!" k\ i flii It extravagant in tlie extreme, and v.liolly witliout foundation. In ITH.'J, wlien tiiat vast and Hourisliing" republic first became a free and inde- })endent state, its dominions, as defined by tlie treaty of peace, were bounded to tlie westward by the Mississippi, l/ntil their acquisition of Ijouisiana, in IHO.J, they could not legitimately start any pretensions to the country beyond that river, founded upon the faith of treaties. It is oidy since the date of the recent exploring surveys of Captains Clarke and Lewis, in 1804, 1S(),7, and 1S()(), that they can claim any portion of the north-west coast of America under colour of discovery or occupancy. It is belie\cd, however, that they also rely upon the trading voyage performed by Mr. Ciray, in the American vessel that gave its name to the Coluhd)ia, also known by the name of Oregan river, some time antecedently to the surveys of N'ancouver in 179^; but the total inac- curacy of his sketcli of the mouth of that river induced a belief, not only that he never saw, but never was within five leagues of it*. Ijieutenant Uroughton, v, lio had been kit by \'ancouvcr, to explore this part of the coast, whilst he proceeded to another, did not hesitate, therefore, previous to his de))arture, to take formal possession of the river and the country in its vicinity, in his Britannic majesty's name, having, as he states, "every reason to believe, that the subjects of no other civilized nation had ever entered that river before f." IJut if it be insisted, that this bare recognition of land, merely, ])erhaps, from a ship's deck, be an ade<{uatc claim to discovery, it will not be denied that the voyages of Captain Cook, in 177H, along the ^Vmerican shores of the Pacific, abundantly establish the priority of the IJritish claims to those of the United States upon that coast; his discoveries having extended as far south as Cape Gregory, in latitude -iT 30' north, and much further north than the entrance of Columbia river: and, in 179'3, Sir Alexander Mackenzie traversed thcAvestern section of the continent to the shores of the Pacific, where he inscribed his name on a rock, with the date of his discovery, latitude 52' 20' 4-8" north |. I- * X'aiK'ouvor, vol. ii. j). (II!. i Ihid. ;j; This spot lu' t'imiul to Itc the chock u{ \'aiicoiivci''s cascade canal. ^Mackenzie's \'(iyages, 1). '^V.). I '■ t,;i BOUND AR IKS. 1:5 1 A tlu'ivinu' scttlenicii was soon afterwards formed at Columbia river, luuler the direction and auspices of the Canadian north-west com- pany, in direct connnunication with their settlements in Canada, and their inland trade extended southward, to the S])anish settlements of California, and northward, to those of the Russians at Xew ^Vrchangel. Up to the period at Avhich the north-west company became merged in the Hudson's Hay com])any, they had ui)wards of three hundred Cana- dians employed in the fur trade between the Kocky ^lountains and the sea, and, in fact, carried on an extensive export trade by the Pacific, from territories that appeared to them imdeniably to be, as they really were, a part of the IJritish dominions*. The rights of Cireat I'ritain wore, moreover, distinctly acknowledged by S))ain in the convention agreed to between the courts of I^ondon and Madrid shortlv before A'ancouver left the shores of England for ^Vmerica. Depredations had been connnitted by Spaniards in 17H}) upon IJritish settlements at Xootka, and the Spanish govermnent, by the con- vention, restored to the subjects of the British crown the country in the vicinity of Xootka Sound, of which they had been thus uidawfuUy dispossessed f. The instructions from the Board of Admiralty to \^mcouver limited liis discoveries and operations to that part of the coast lyiug between the ,'JO" and GO" I of north latitude, and contained positive injunctions not to explore the country south of the lowest latitude mentioned, which might then be considered the ultimate bounds of the Spanish claims. They have since extended their pretensions, and not without just grounds, to Cape Blanco, in latitude -IS" 50' north, at Avhich point it appears they have themselves stopped as their northern boundary on the shores of the Pacific ^. The BuiTisn i-osskssioxs in Noutii A:\rEUicA arc, therefore, divided from the adjoining territories of foreign states, whether under the authority of treaties or the right of first discovery and occupancy, by the following line of bouiukuy, more particularly defined on the geo- * NariMtivo of OccnriTiifcs in the liulian Countries, IfUH, ]). 124. t ^'aneolIVl'r — Introduction, vol. i. p. xviii. + Ibiil. § Currcsjiondonco between tlie Russiuu minister and tlie American secretary of state, Hii22. 14 r.inTisi[ xoirni .\:\irjMCA. M \i"- ■ ' j;ra})liic.'il ma)) ac'coinpaiiyiiig' tliis work, viz. from the mouth of tlie river St. Croix, in l'assaina([iio(ldy Hay, to its soiutc * ; tiicuce by a north meridional line forty-one miles to the highlands: along those highlands westward tt) the north-westernmost head of Conneetieut river; down the * ^\'ll:lt sliiiiild be tlcciiicil till- source of tlic St. Croix n;is (Ictoniiiiied l)y coiiiinissioncrs ill ]7i'!!, iiiulcr till' trcnty of 17i>4; and the point wlicnco tlic due north line should be started, the latitiuh' Ijoiiig 4.V* 'If!' i'" north, was denoted hy a cedar stake or jiicket, marked ST. X\'III. S'J'.. found at the head of a small stream. Five feet two inches soutli of it a yellow birch, about live feet eiu'ht inches in diameter, leaniiij; to the east, \\as hoojied with iron. A cedar loj;', at the foot of the birch, lying north-east and sonth-\iest, bears on the south-east side " 17!'7- S1L\'AXI'S S.VWVEI?." In examining the rind of the !>/(i:c(l or marked trees, the layers of bark were found to corres])oiid exactly with the date deciphered. In 1H17 the United Stiites' sur\('vor and his IJritannic iAIajestv's surveyor-general, under the treaty of Ghent, opened tlieir operations under the ."»th article liy erecting a new monument a few feet north of the former, consisting of a cedar ])iist, twi'b-e feet long and eight inches scpiare, with large rock.s on the east and west sides. The following inscription is carved on the nioiuiment ; — North face. " Var. U" r,r 2" west. " Col. .loji. I3oi(iii:tti;, II. 13. M. surveyor-general." South face. " John' Johnson, U. S. surveyor and S. G. V. S." East face. " Xi:w Hhl'Nswick, July 31, 1{!I7." ^\'est face. " Unitki) Statks, 31st July, 181 7.' The rocks are nuirked with the initials thus : East rn rock. "X. H. .Tuly ai, 1817 I. n." Western rock. '• r. S. July 31, iai7- J.J" From this niomnuent the boundary was departed due north by the surveyors jointly, and the c.rp/oriiiii- line prolonged, on a true meridional bearing, to the (jreat \\'agausis, or head waters of the Ristigouche, a distance of ninety-nine miles, four chains; and mile-posts were planted along its whole extent. The pcnudncnt line was not, however, opened beyond the twentieth mile, and terminated at the .Aladuxnekeag river. At seventy-seven miles, twenty-tive chains, ten links, tho exploring lino intersected the river St. John, passing two miles and a half west of the British military ])ost, at the Great Falls. In 1818 the line was exph)red, from the Wagansis, forty-seven miles further north, forming altogether an extended line of one huiulred and forty-six miles t>f actual measurement, admirably adapted as the base of a series of triangulations, by which the whole of the territory in dispute might have been trigonometrically surveyed, and a more perfect knowledge of its surface ac- (piired, than could be expected from ])artial, unconnected, and desultory operations, whatever might be the ability with which they may have been severally performed. « ml ? .i ^ ^ , St ^ S V. 4.5 : ^. . 3t ^ V , ^' ^ I* "* -N ^ . ■— ■ 'v 1 , ;; - i: * >* It 'N > -V s- -■> L •X > " .\ -" ■~s V -_ ,> '^ i >> S - ■v; •\ •^ s 'j X — <^ ;:^ < .-^ > ■^ : ^> 5 5 ^ ■s .^ ■^ :: s;; ■'■■ - ■ ■ ■;■ ■ie'^^^^®" '''ill ! 1 i: % f i^li!" I I BOl'NDAHIES. 15 •I Connecticut to the 45' of nortli latitude; tlicnce by that ])ai'allcl of lati- tude till it strikes tlic St. Liuvrence at St. Itegis; thence up the middle of the St. Lawrence to I^ake Ontario, and throu<;h tlie middle of the gi'eat lakes and their conununicatinn; waters, to tiie head of Lake Su- perior; thence to the north-west angle of the Lake of the ^Voods, in latitude 49" 20' north ; thence by a line due south till it intersect the 49' ))arallel of latitude, and along that |)arallel to the l?ocky Mountains ; tlience along that elevated range of mountains to the latitude 42' ."()' : and finally upon that parallel of latitude to the Pacific Ocean. On the west they may he considered as separated from the dominions of Kussia. in America, by a line from Mount St. Klias, du.' north to the Frozen Ocean. l}y the treaty between the Lnited States and (ireat Hritain, con- cluded at (Jlient in 1814, it was provided that conunissioners should be ap))ointed by both governments to ascertain and establish, by actual surveys and operations, the line of bouiulary between tlie territories of both states in America, from the source of tlie liver St. Croix to the Lake of the \\'oods, in conformity to, and in accordance with, the spirit of the treaty of ITS.'i. Conunissioners were in conse([uence severally a})))ointed by the two countries, to carry into effect the provisions of the 4th. ;5th. Gth, aiul 7th articles of the treaty of (ihent ; that ])art of the boundarv from St. Kegis westward being allotted to one set of com- missioners, under the (ith and 7th articles, and t!:e other part, from St. llegis eastward, to another set, under the 4th and .jth articles. Under the 4th article, the commissioners agreed to the followino- distribution of the islands in the IJay of Fundy aiul rassanuKjuoddy IJay: — (irand Manau and the isles east thereof in the J5ay of Fundv, to- gether with Canipo IJello, Deer and Indian islands, in Passamaciuoddy IJay, and the minor isles east thereof, were left to Cireat Hritain; Moose Island and the minor isles south and north-west of it remaining within the limits of the Ignited States. On the LSth of .lune, 1822, the conunissioners for the settlement of the boundary west from St. IJegis made their joint rejjort to their re- spective governments, and thereby amicably adjusted and determined so ftf"^^"' i !()■ ni{ITlSI[ NORTH AMI'UlC'A. !M imu'h of the frontit-r limits v»f both territories as fall uikUt the (Jtli article of the treaty. Hei!;iiinin^- at a stone inoiuimeiit creeted hy ^Xiiclrew Kllieott, Ks(|., in the year 1S17, on the south bank or shore of the river St. liawrence*. to indicate the ])()int at whieh the l.^th ])arallel of north latitnde strikes that river; the line runs north .'i.5" ()()' 4.5" west into the river, at right an;h the middle of the rivers, lakes, and wat(M' connnunications to the head of Lake Huron f. The imn use nndtitude of islands dispersed, not oidy in the St. I^awrence, but at the dischar<;e of the straits or rivers that connect the great lakes, nnist have rendered the ailjustment of this section t)f the boundary excessively intricate and embarrassing, especially as many of the islands were no doubt important as points of military defence or conniiercial ])rotection on the frontier, that cither ])arty would naturally be anxious to retain ^;. The relin(|uislnnent of Harnhart's Island by the l?ritish conunissioners, from its throwing the navigable channel of that section of the St. Lawrence exclusivelv Avithin the American dominions, * This nionuiiii'iit bwirs soiifh 71" -l.V U0Nt,;iiid is DMO vards (li^t;Ult from tiiL'>toiiu cluircli ill the Iiidiiin villaijo of St. Ileitis. t See tlic report of the commissioners, Aiijieiiilix ( Xo. 1.) X The ishimls most wortliv of note from tlieir m.ignitiule or imjinrtance, that fall nitliiii the Britisli (htminions, are Cornwall and Sliuik's Island; the Nut Islands; Caisson, Duck, Drununoml, and Slicep Islands; l^iwe's, (irenadier, and Hickory Islands, and (irand or Long Islaiul, all in the St. Lawrence ; the Duck Islands in Lake Ontario; Navy Island in Niagara river; in Lake Erie, ."Middle Island, the Hen and Chickens, the Eastern and Middle Sisters ; in Detroit river. Isle an Hois IJlanc, Fighting or (jreat Turkey Island, and Isle a la Piche ; S(juirrel island in Lake St. Clair; Belle Riviere Isle and Isle aux Cerfs in river St. Clair; and .'St. Josejih's Islaml in Lake Huron. Within the limits of tin; United .States are included Bandiart's Island, Lower and Upper Long Sault Islands, Chrystler's, (Joose-neck, and Smuggler's Islands, Isle au Rapide Plat ; most of the (xallo]) Islands; Tick, Tihhet, Chimney, (iull, and Hlutt' Islands; Wells, Cirindstone, and Carleton Islands, all in the St. Lawrence; (Jrenadier, Fox, Stony, and GoUop Islands in Lake Ontario: Goat, (irand, and Beaver Islands, and Strawherry, S(lua\^■, and Bird Islands in Niagara river: Cunningham Island, the three Bass Islands, and the M'estern Sister, in Liike Erie: Sugar, Fox, and .Stony Islands, and Hog Island, in the Detroit river: Ilerson's Lsland in river St. Clair; and in Lake Huron, Drununond's Island and Isle a la Crosse BOUNDARIES. 17 was c'onsidcrtHl an iin))ortaiit sacrilicv: l)iit tlic o\cliisi\c> possession of (iraiul Islo, which was k-f't to (iivat Ihitain, was estt'cincd an adeijiiatc C(iuivalfnt for its sunrndcr. The ojjerations in virtue of tlic soventli article do not ai)))ear to liave yet terminated, and .■ precise boundary from the head ol Lake Huron to the north-west extremity of the liake of the ^^'oods remains still undefined, beyond the description of it contained in the <;eneral terms of the treaty. In determining the geographical boundary between St. Kegis and the C'oimecticut river, it was soon discovered that the original de- niarcation of the 4.;th ])arallel of north latitude widely deviated from the true coin-se of that ])arallel, the position of which was carefully ascer- tained by the joint observations of the IJritish and i\merican astronomers employed on that service in 181S*. It was found that the pre-existing line was drawn almost wholly north of tiio true geographical bearing of that circle of latitude. The astronomical observations taken at diflerent stations have yielded the following residts : Tliey ])roved that at St. llegis the old line was actually 137.5 feet, statute measinv, north of the 45' of north latitude, and that KUicott's line was fJO feet too far north of the true ])arallel. At French ^Mills the aberration of the old from the new line was found to be 154 feet, the former lying north of the latter ; two miles and a half farther east from thence the new lino intersected the old, and travei'sed to the south, until it reached Chateauguay river, where its greatest southing measured J)75 feet. At Rouse's Point, on the shores of Lake Champlain, a considerable difference was discovered ; the new boundary passing 457() feet south * It is higlily desirable and important, for tlie peace and welfare of the frontier iiiluil)itants of both countries, that the boundary, thus determined and fixed at various points by astronomical observations, should be actually traced and conspicuously marked in the field, and mile-posts planted throughout its extent. Substantial stone jnonuments should also be erected at different stations: at St. Regis; Salmon river; the Chateauguay; the road at Odell Town; on the borders of the Richelieu and Missisqui Bay ; at Stanstead ; and on the Connecticut river; that no doid)t might thereafter arise as to the limits of both territories. It is presumed that sucli a mere demarcation of the boundary could be sanctioned by the local legislatures of the states of New York and Vermont and the provincial government of Lower Canada ; the chief stations being already astronomically established under tiie authority of the treaty of Ghent. D » tili, '' t II II :l' i: %': ' 11 1,;,. :i 1^ ! ii M Pi:'' H:i ^ ■' lit P I IS imiTISIl VOHTII AMKUICA. of the Coniu'r, iiiid involving in tlic ivliii(|ui.sliiiK'nt (»t' tlic triaiiu'iilar tract of territory tliiis formed, an Anuriean fort, wliicli has hi'en nej'lected since, and is iwnv in rnins. I-'nun tlie shores of Mississ(|ni hay to the C'oinu'cticnt ri\cr. tlie old line lies nnlvi-rsally to the north of the trui' honndary. fonnin<;' an eh)n^atc(l trore of land, stretcliinfj,- alonn- the whole extent of the frontier to\vnshi))s. fi-oni St. Arniand to Hereford *. Thus far the interpretation of tlu' .'ith article of the treaty sniFered no didic iilty, and its |)ro\ isi<)ns were snhstantially carried into eHect : hut in the execution of the reniaininu,' ])art of the service, from the head of Connecticut river Ui the source of the St. Croix, momentous diflerences have arisen between both governments, involving' the adverse j)ossession of \i])wards of 1 (),()()() scpiare miles of territory, v. hi eh the conciu'rln^- weiyht of the s])irit of the treaty ol" 17SI}, the broad jjrineiples of pid)lie justice that govern the construction of international com])acts, superadded to the wei, and jKirtiall', stated liy liiui in liis foinier work on the Toj)oijraj)liy (jf Lo\vcr Canada, ji. 127<>. Si,! } iJOINDAini'S. 19 roj^ation, since siicli a rclVnncf. tlir lu^notiiitions of w liicli liavo closi'd. lias i-c'IkU'I-imI any ulterior invc'sti<>ati(»M uniucrssary. Hut it cannot, however, he deemed either di<;ressive, or an ollicious anticipation of t lie decision of so important a matti'r, as connected vitli the strength and preser\ation of the IJritish American pro\iiices. if, in professedly descrihiiij; the hoimdaries hetween the territories of distinct powers, the merits of these repugnant claims should he succinctly considered, whati'vi'r may he the award of the crowned head to whose wisdom and eipiity the settlemi-nt of the momentous dilliculty has hecMi amicably referred. To compass at one <;lance the leadinj; points, out of which have grown the arj^imieiits relied upon by the I'liited States, it may bi' stated, that the whole wi'i<;ht of their claim rests upon three uau,i' ol' the treaty, in respect to tlie division of waters, it is not intendi'd fully to deny : hut it is abundantly suMicient to j)rove, i)y facts bevond the powei of contradictioti, that tlu /c/h r ot the treaty of 17H;{ lias described a boundary, which the |)hysical and hydro^raphic.-d di- \isions of the country to be divided, rendered it utterly impossible sub- stantially to establi>li. 'I'hus are tlu' parties lu'cessarily thrown, for a fair and honest interpretation of the treaty, U|)on its axowed motives, its principle, and its spirit. 'I'hat these should all concur in yieldinj^ their whole wi'i_i;ht to sustain tlu- Ihitish claims to llu-ir '"uUest extent, will appear evident to an impartial umpire, from the introductory lan«^uat liki'lv, as distant possessions, to he inxachd." Will it tlu n he holdly asserti'd, that a line h'.sirting the St. .lohn river nearly into two e(pial parts, leavinj,' the npper half to tlie Tnited States and the lower half to (ireat Hritain. is in nnison with tin* true spirit (f the treaty:' Will it hi' coiiti'nded, that a line ruiniin};' within a few (at some points (»idy nini) statute miles alon<;' the shores of the St. Lawrenee, and end)raein<,' within its limits hy far tlu'^ri'ater portion of the vast peninsula already deserihed. Ivinu" wi'st of till' nii'ridian lini', from the sowree of the St. Croix, is eon- sonant with its ohvions sense and prineiple? Such a l)onndary must, on the contrary, appear deeidi'dly ripnj;nant to the spirit of the treaty, and wholly inconsistent with its declared object, the convenience and advanta'^e of hoth <;'overnmcnts. 'I'o maintain their nnjnstiliahle construction of the treaty, the advo- cates of the Ameriian side (if the (piestion attach much adviiititioiis importance to tlu' tirenmstanci' of Mitclu'll's maj). pnl)lislie;inal boundaries of Canada or Xouvelle France, iVcadia. and Nova Scotia, that such ambiguity crept into the second article of the treaty. Hut theie is one fact which imj)ugns the whole weight that has been so stiuliously attached to Mitchell's ma)). I'pon it, the western boundary of Nova Scotia is carried to the very shores of the St. Lawrence: here then would be the north-west angle of Xova Scotia under its authoritv. l)() liinTisii xoirni ami-rica. (ini So absurd an assuiu])ti()ii would he alt()<>c'tlicr unttMiablc in tlic face of till' tiraty ol' 17S;J; and tlio lai't clt^arly proves that tlio xoirni-i'.AS r aiif^li' of Ni'w England, as uiarkt'd on tliat uia]). was novn- intended, at tlxtl point to adjoin tlie Nouiii-wi.si- annie of Xovii Seotia, for the new formation of wliieii tiie treaty expressly provides, when it says, viz. •■ That an<;ie whieh is formed by a line drawn due north from the souree of the St. Croix to the hii-hlands.'' Ilenee we may fairly ini'er that the boundaries eontem))lated by the eonunissioners at the framiiii;- of the treaty were diilerent to those laid (h)\vn on the map in (juestion. It is also a eireumstanee worthy of remark, whieh tlu'ows somelight on the eharacter of Miteheirs map as intlueneiui!; the determination of siieh a eontrovevsy, that (Governor l\)wnall. whose name is to be seen u))on it, had l)een eaptain-_<;eneral and governor in ehief over the four New Knu,'land eolonics, and very naturally extended the line that was to se])arate liis j;-o\ ernment fnnn the Freneh ])ossessions in North Ameriea, to tlu> nearest ])oint he eould with any tolerable plausibility : whilst the Freneh L>()vernment were not wanting in setting up elaims eijually extravagant in the other chreetion. The bare fact of tiie existence of highlands at the ])oint at v.hich the American eonunissioners would place the north-west angle of Nova Scotia and their north-eastern boundary can avail them nothing, either under the letter or the s])irit of the treaty. To avail them imder its AVAv, u|)on which alone they seem so confidently to have hinged all their reliance, such highlands nuist be shown to divide the waters of the ncu from those of the St. iMU/ri/cf ; but, far from doing this, they se])arate, or rather are found about tlie sources of rivers falling, first, into the opjjosite direction of the Jiai/ of Cli: I >l i ji MM'NDAiJir.S. 23 United States is justified by tlie ])liysieid elation of the eountry : and it has been the ])eeuliar study ot'an able Anieriean writer and t()))(\i>ra|)her*. in a work entitled "./ Survey o/' Mnii/c" aeeoni])anii'd by ;in exeellent ma]) of that state, and a \()hnne of «;eoh)i!,ii'al ])n)files and ek'vations. published in IS^}). — to ])rove that sneh was the ease. \'\) to 1S17, when the field operations under the .>th artii'le of the treaty of (ilient were eonuneneed, the knowledge of the traet of territory in dis])nte was but very ini|)eri'eet, and ehieHy restrieted to tliose parts ivhieh lie in the innnediate vieinity of the mail route of eonnnunieation by Lake Temiseouata, bt-tween Canada, New Hrunswiek. and Nova Scotia; the ivst beini;' a dense forest, whieii had hitherto been traxersi'd oidy by savage tribes in the ])roseeuti(»n of tlu'ir hunting ])ursuits. Sini'e that period, e\])lorations and surveys were performed under the authority of both _<.!,i)M'rnnients, which h;ive in a i!,reat measure su])plied tiu' deiiciency ; aUhoui;h the contradictory deliiu'ations of the face of the eountry, that ha\e ri'sulted from the operations, subsecpiently to 1S17. have materially alfected the Aveij^ht to be attached to their au- thenticity. It is not intended in this ])hu'e, to enter upon the description of the tract thus claimed by a A)rei_i;ii state, as it will come under the oeueral account of the ])rovince of Lower Canada; but merely to exannne its locality, in so far as it allects the ])retensions of the adverse claimants. Takino- then the <;eological aspect of this territory from the elaborate to])Oi!,Taphical description of it by Mr. (ireenleaf. decidedly the best extant, we fmd, that if the <)reatest " mass" f of elevated land between the St. Lawrence and the ocean, be fovmd to the northward of the St. John ; yet the most I'Ko.MiM.Nr ii-.Arriir..s ok riii; coiNTitv, .\Nn iiii: iiu;ni-.si' POINTS, are to the .so/i/// of that river]:, and almost ecpn-distant from the shores of the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence. That the land lying between the St. Lawrence and the St. John forms an elevated table plain, it is not attempted to deny. We wish here to get at truth through til'" medium of /^asvV/'/r inforr.iation. Hut. assuming that the division of the waters of the rivers St. Lawrence and St. John could * .AIosos (} ileal', I-; t .Survey i ifiM line, 1). .).). Iliid. p. .")<) ,. I' 'I m ■1 ,1;'' 1"' ii; 24 15HITIS1I NORTH AMERICA. i.'f !■■; w operate favourably in su])])ort of the American ])retciisions, this high table-land docs not, in point of fact, divide the streams flowing in opposite directions. It is the .sw// (if such an expression may be used) of their sources; and the eminences that are found about these head-v.aters ge- nerally rise ulon^i; the hanh;s of the rivers, and seldom or never separate their springs; which circumstance imparts to this tract of country a pe- culiarity of character that can tindno analogy in the terms of the treaty of 178fi, and cannot, certainly, be successfully insisted upon as the boundary contemplated by it. The river St. John is described as " exhibiting in a striking lioht the singular fact of the passage of a large ri\ er in an elevated canal, along the had,-, and ncarlij at (lie ,snnnnit-/erc/, of the lofty table-land, of which, in this part of its course, the main ridge, or height of land, between the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence consists*." This is admitted, and it is e([ually well known, that the largest rivers that discharge themselves into the St. John, above the forks at Madawaska, flow from the south-west, and must necessarily descend from a higher to a lower level, from tlieir sources to their junctions with it. It must, therefore, appear evident, that the country, at the heads of the AUegash and other streams that fall into the St. John from the southward, nuist be higher than the bed of the St. John itself, at least below the junction of the Avest branch with the Walloostook, or main St. John, which flows from thence in a gentle current. This general superiority of local elevation, su])eradded to the acknowledged pre-eminence of the mountains of that section of the tract, above the summit of any other hills between the ocean and the St. Lawrence, — and in which highlands alone the sources of the rivers descending to the Atlantic arc to be found, — must be conclusive against the American pretensions, and strongly support the substantial right and claims of Great Britain to the boundary it assumes. \\'ith respect to the rights of Circat Britain, founded upon acts of possession and sovereignty, it is notorious, that, for years, the British mail was uninterruptedly carried through the territory now claimed by the United States, and that through it, a constant, open, and public com- * Survey of Mainoj p. 78. I ( BOUNDARIES. 25 ill •y inunioatioii was kept u]) between Canada and the giilf and sea-board pro- vinces of New IJrunswiek and Xova Scotia. IJritisli veteran pensioners, after the war of 177.^, were located by tl\e government of Canada to lands on the Madawaska river, and on tlie portage of Teniiscouata, wliich was o])c'ned at pnblic expense by the IJritish government. iVs far l)ack as 168.'J*, tlie French government granted the fiefs ]Madawaska and Teniis- couata, as being witliin the limits of Canada, to Sieur ^Vntoine Aubert and David Laclienayc, t'lie original proprietors; and tliosc seigniories are now in tlie occupancy of liritish snbjects, governed by British laws, and under liritish protection. The vigorous but nugatory attempts made by the local government of Massachusetts, in 1828 and 1829, to warp (ireat Britain out of the jjos- scssion of the tract of country occupied by the Madawaska settlement, are well knoAvn, and merely served to establish, in the course of a legal investi- gation in the coiu'ts of justice of New Brunswick, the irrefragable rights of the British crown, to exercise sovereignty over that section of coimtry and its inhabitants, under, at least, the authority of actual possession and occupancy. It was legally proved, that the inhabitants of that set- tle: '"nt not only recognised British allegiance, conformed to the militia h ii d looked up to the colonial courts of justice for the recovery of deucs, and redress of wrongs, but exercised the franchises of British sub- jects, by voting at elections, and being represented in the local legislatures of the provinces f. In devoting a few pages to the consideration of so momentous a subject to the interests of the mother country, as the boundaries of her British dominions in ^Vmerica, it has by no means been intended to review at large the numerous arguments urged in behalf of both powers by their respective agents, under the 5th article of the treaty of Cihent ; but merely to collect, at one view, the prominent features of the (question, and the leading points upon which either government relied, leaving such as are desirous of a more extensive investigation of the merits of the * Rcgistrc (le Foi et Ilommage, 1723, fol. 23. t Sec the eviilenec in tlie case of Dtnn. Rex v. Joim Baker, K. B,, Xew Brunswick ; also the correspondence between the British minister for foreign atfairy anJ]\Ir. Lawrence. American charge d'affaires, 1828. Jl I i4 i! t 1 1' I 11)1, :| I 26" BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. controversy, to consult the various papers, tliat liave appeared in print ii])on tlic subject *. Should, however, any new argument be here discovered, or any further lij>;ht have been throAvn, by these brief remarks, upon the dillerent views that have ahvady been taken of the question, they have uncon- sciously flowed from sources of that truth and reciprocal justice that ought to govern the decision of so important a controversy, and whicii. as they form the basis of social order and happiness, are no less the springs of international ])eace and prosperity. ■■ Tlio chief of these are, " Coiisideriitious on the North- Eusteni Bomiclary, 182G," John Hatcluinl aiul Son, London; " The Letters of A'erax," ])iil)lisheil at St. John's, New Uruiisuick ; the able editorial articles in the Qnehee Star, by Andrew Stuurt, Es(j. ; and an article in the North American Review, No. ( ) U!2B. 9i i ' . I r^Ki,i', ■* .»,. CHArTKU II. ('n^()gr!i|)!iic'iil Sitiuitiiiii — Extent — ami Divisidiis of tlio Hritisli North AiiU'ricaii Pos- sessions. — Noiili ^^'c'st, and Hudson's I?ay, Toriitorii's. Tiir. Hritisli domiiiiims in Xortli iVmcrica, as Ijouiuled in tlio t'ore- goinj.'- c'lia])tci', lie between -11" t?' and 78' north latitude, or tlie extreme point to Avhieli the diseoveries have hitherto extended, towards the aretie ])ole; and between the meridians of the 52d and 141st degrees of lonoi- tnde. Avest from (ireenwich. Thty may be eom])iited. in round mnnbcrs. to eomprise upwards of f(nir millions of ' <^>';,(i(^.j-s of the north-west and Hudson's w.., wl". led to conseciuenci tiie most disastrous and lamentable. The treaty of T7trecht ])rovided for the settlement of the boundaries of Hudson's Hay territory ; but the measures adopted by the counnis- sioners appointed in ])ursuauce of tlie lOth article, ap))ear to have very little contributed to the removal of the doubts then subsisting on the subject, deferring to MitchelTs map, where tiie boundary ])urports to be laid down agreeably to tliat treaty, we Hud that the line conunences at Cape Grinnnington on the coasts of Labrador ; whence running south- westwardly it passes tt) the southward of Lake Mistassin, and follows the height of land dividing the waters of the St. Lawrence from those flowing into . James's liay. This ma]), including no j)art of the country west of Lake of the A\'oods, leaves the princi})le it has established of the division of waters, to be folk)wed up, on more recent and comprehensive delineations of the country. Tracing the boundary upon the author's geographical map t)f the IJritish North American provinces, ])ublished in 1815, and u))on Arrow- smith's map of North America, which eud)races the whole of the Itidian territories, the dividing highlands are found to ])ass at the sources of East Main, l{uj)ert, Harricanaw, Abitibbi, and Moose Rivers, and the various branches of Albany, Severn, and Hill Uivers; all of Avhich dis- end)ogue into Hudson's, or James's Hay, leaving the rivers on the oj)pt/- site side, to descend to the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. Kcaching the banks of Nelson's Kiver, the ridge ceases to divide streams at tlieir lih !! ■''' I fell I ■ , l.t Slhi'M' till! >!; ■«» ; I I ' 30 lUlJTlSlI NORTH AMKIUCA. heads. mikI is tnivorsi'd l)v tlio outlet of Lakf \\'iiiiU'|)o drsinnatioii ])urports to be laid down, atcordiiii;- to tlie decision ■>(' ilic connnissioncis to wlioni the subject was rclenvd, under the treaty of I'tivciit. ^Vhatever may be the merits of the broad territorial claim of this powerful company*, it is presun)ed tiiat it cannot be carried beyond the national frontier between the United States and the Hritish possessions, constituted in that ])art ol' America, by the parallel (»f tin- loity-nintli dciiree of north latitude, which traverses the Ked ri\er. leaving- its sonric upwards of one hundred miles to the southward, in about latitude 17 north, and therefore within the limits of an adjacent foreiii,)! state. Having brieHy stated the various authorities that have described, in their gra))hical exhibits of iVnu'rica. tlu' bounds and limits of what might Avell be termed, from their vast extent, the dominions f the go vernor and company of Hudson's IJay.the territory itself consprised within these limits naturally comes under consideration, as one of the great di- visi(ms that nuiy be assigned, to what is geniM-ally known under the ap- pellation of the Indian countries. The i)euinsula of Labrador will form part of this division ; and, for the greater convenience and a]>tness of de- scription, all that tract of country lying Avest of the bounds of lIudsoiTs liay will be divided into four other sections. — the ///'.v/ being com|)ri'hended between the 4})th degree of north latitude and the highlands north of the Suskatchawan and Beaver rivers, in the average latitude of .5()' north ; the second extending from the latter boimds to the ().)th degree of north la- titude ; and the third from the G5th degree to the I'olar Sea ; the limits of these three divisions on the Avest, beini>: the Hockv Mountai ns. Tl le fourth division will embrace thewhole extent oI" country belonging to( Jreat IJritain, lying between the Kocky Mountains and the l*acitic Ocean. I In |y * The oxistcnco of sdextonsivo iiiiil iil)s(iliitp u nioinnxilv — a kind of inq'i'rium In iiiiiiciin,- is pregnant with c'nil)arrassn)cnts tliat could not liavo lu'on foresi-en at the tinu' the charter was granted by Cliarh's II. It orii^inated at a period, when tlie free princijih's of lMijili>h trade, were not as well undcrstiuid as tliey iiou' are ; and it would not he surprisini;' if the roval prerogative should eventually he exercised to recall the charter, after making, to the iiohle and conunercial gentlemen concerned, every ju.-,t and rea.sonahle compensation for -ueli an ahriijj;atiiin of pri- vileges they now enjoy. • r M rfi ■ %Hl •'i^^ pilfil I .1 •Hi ■ 1 i;l! i I • f ijjl 32 hUlTISlI NOHTIl AMCincA. SKCTION I. Till' nia^nitudo of Iliulson's ]\.\\\ and its ^conra^ihiciil inland si- tuation, impart to it niiu'li more tlic cliaracti-r of a nic'ditiMrani-an sea than tliat of one of those deej) inch iitations of the t)ei'an eaUed by the subordinate appellation of bays. Its extreme breadth is about five hun- dred miles, and its leni^^th, inelndini'' James's Hay. U))war(ls of seven hun- dred and twenty. In surface, it is "greater than any of the inland seas of Europe or Asia, the Mediterrai\ean only exeeptiul : and it li( s nearly be- twei-n the same points of latitude as the IJaltie. .lames's IJay itself, is nearly two hundred and forty miles deei), by one hundred and forty wide * • i • » at its mouth, in latitude ').'>' north, between C'ape Jones on the east, and Cape Henrietta Maria on the west. The coasts are ycnerally hi«^h. rocky, and ru^j;ed, and sometimes ])reeipitous. 'I'o the south-westward they are lower, and fie(|uently exhibit extensive straiuls. The depth of water in the middle of the bay has l)een taken at oni' hundred and forty fathoms, but it is probably greater. ]{e<;ular soundiuc|)(ms is to l)c svvu a {'liisti'i' of broki'M isk's, (U'lioniiiiatfd tlu' Ik-Ulirrs ; Init tlirir cxait posit'uin is not accurately ascertained. Niniicrous islands arc dispersed in .lames Hay, the lariicst of wliicli are iXjionisca. C"arlet«in, and tiie Twins. I .ony,- Island lies off Cape .lones, innnediately without the entrance of the hay. Till' country on the west of both hays has been denominated \i\v Sojith Wales, aiul that on the east. Kast Main. Tlu' interior of the pe!i- insula of Labrador, or New Uritain, of Avhich the latter may i)e con- sidered to form a part, has bein but very su))erlicially explori'd. i-xeept by barbarian tribes of wanderin<;' l*'s(|uiniau\, ^vllo are chanicteri/.ed as the inhal)itants of wild, bleak, and inhospitabli' re^^ioiis. That it is traversed bv mnnerous rivers, diver<>in^' from thi' interior towards the (iulf of St. Lawrence, the Atlantic, the Strait of Hudson, and Hudson's Hay, a])pears niduhitable from the ninnber of outlets that have bi-en dis- covered alon^- the whole extent of its innnense coasts. Its north-eastern and south-eastern shores are indented by friMpient bays and inlets, some of which are esteemed of et)nsi(lerable de|)th. j\lon<;' the coasts are scattered a nndtitude of small islands, which sometimes allbrd shelter t(» the bays, whilst they render tluir access intricate, if not perilous. T'he chief bays are St. Michai'l's. llawke, and Kocky !)ays, at its eastern ex- tremity, and Sandwich, Uyron's, and Knity, and the IJay oi' Hope's Ad- vance, on its north-i'astern coast. Mus([uito IJay, Hopewell Channel, andliulf Hazard, arc the most conspicuous indentations on the .shores of East Main. At Xain, near Unity liay. a Moravian settlement is established, where missionaries reside, undi-r the direction of the Moravian Missionary Society in London, and the most laudable elfor^s appear to be made by that institution to reclaim the Ks(|uimau\ from the most sava<>e barba- rism, and inculcate the doctrine of revealed religion. Hetween .Mbany Fort and Kast Main I'actory, that stand ojjposite each other, near the bottom of .Tames' liay, and r.hnost in the same lati- tude (about iiT 30' north) several large rivers mingle their fresh streams with the .saline waters of the bay, having their sources, at the remote distances of two and three hundred uiiles from their mouths, generally I, I t' I 34 ijnnisii Noinii ami.uk \. in liilxcs. lyiiifi to tlu* iiortlMvard of the liii^lit of land wliuli divides opposite waters. The principal rivers are six in niiinher. l)iit their braiiehes are iiiniieroiis and of e(»nsiderahle nia^iiitnde. 'I'akini;' them in their ordir, from east to west, they are Mast Main, or Shide, Uiiperts, llarrieanaw. West, Moosi>, and All)any rixers. Ai tlie month of the (irst is sitnati'd I'^ist Main Factory, wlieiice a broken eomnnniicati«in is kept np l»y the river, small lakes, and creeks, with Lake Misstassin, in .>()' W north latitnde. and ahout two hnndred and lifty nnles M.S. K. of the factory. Make Misstassin is worthy of particniar notice, as well on acconntof its extent, as for the siiij;nlarity of its sha|)e, formin<>' almost three distinct lakes, hy the pr;"ninent projection, from its t xtremitiis towards its centre, of elon<;aled |)oints, that approach within twenty or thirty miles of each other. Its extreme length is npwards of seventy-live miles, and its central breadth about thirty. It receives many streams that spring- fr<»m the hii!,h lands to tlu- sonthward, and may itself be considi-red the source of Unpert's rivi'r, which is its outlet and comnnmication with .Fames" Hay. 'I'lie mouths of Ilarricanaw and West rivers ari> not far asunder, and discharge tluir streams in Hannah Hay. an inferior indent of the shore. The former descends in a j^eiieral course from south-east to nortli-west, and has on its east bank, near the bay, a small establishment, which, like all the others, is a mart for the trallic of fnrs and peltries. The latter river flows out of Musu«;ama Make, distant about one hnndred miles south of its discharno, and connnnnieates by portages, lakes, and streams with i\l)l)itibl)i Make. «)n the south-eastern shores of which stands another tradini; jiost. This lake is about sixty miles in length, by something less than one-third in breadth, and is (liv'.rsified by lunuerous islands. Its outlet is Abbitibbi river, which descends upwards of tAVo hundred miles to its alllux with Moose river. A little below it, is the conHuciice of French creek, and about fifty miles above, the South branch blends its waters with the Main river. Upon I/akc Waratowaha, near the soin'ce of a branch of ^Vbbitibbi river, is Frederick House, on the direct water comnnmication between the city of Montreal and the Hudson's Hay eslablishmcnts, by the Ottowa river, Make Temiscamang-, ( / ', IN 1)1 w I i.ininouii'.s. .'3.5 I and Montreal river, wliusi' Mniric is toiiiid in tin- vicinity dl' iIk- uatiis (if Lake l'iit(|M:isli;>aina, which opens into W'aiatowaha Lake. Moose river issues out <»t' Lake Misinalie, and llow s nordi-easteriy al)oiit tuo hundred :uid thirty miles to its disehar;;'e into .lames' jlay. receiving' Cntiu the south and east, the South hraueh, .\liliitihl)i river and I"'reneh erei'k. At its mouth is huilt .\|t)ose l-'ort ; nearly one hnndrid nules liij;her up is Ihiinsuiek, aiul, on tlii' horcU'rs of the lake, Misinal)e House. Tin- hd\e is diviiU'd froui Lake Superior hy tlu' hij^ldands, and is not niori' than .sixty miles t(» the north-east of it. Alhany is the largest (»f the six ahove iMunnerati'd rivers. .iVhout oni' hmidredand twi'uty miUs from its estuary, it spreads into nmni'rous branehes, extendinii,' far to the westward and southward, ai d forminj;' a eoni])lete chain of connnunication with thew'tersof Lake Sii|)iritir. Lake W'innepej;'. and Severn river; Lake St. Joseph, in latitu'Ie ;il" north, and longitude <)()" ;J0' west, may he considered its source Th's lake is upwards of thirty miles long, hy fourteen broad, in sha)^esomet' 'ug like-M ol)i> ng paralk'logram, and its scenery is varied by frcipient islands, i 'ies west by south from the mouth of ..Mbany river; distance about ti ce hundred and twenty miles. There are four trading houses up .. the river: (): .■... burg, on the shores t)f thi' lake; (iloucester, about om liii. dred and thirty unles below it. by the bends of the river; Henley, at thi' forks formed by the junction of the South branch with the main stream; and iMbany Fort, on an island, below the great falls, at its end)ouclmre. The navigation of all these rivers is in many places interruptid by im])etuous rapids, occasioning fre(|uent ])ortages ; but, nevertheless, the h)ng interstices of gentle current that are found between the imprac- ticable cascades, render them extremely important as the highways of a wilderness. Of the susceptibility of the soil, ' . e rivers and their several branches seem to fcrtili.se, to yield agriculiural produce, little is known, or can be collected from tlu information of the traders, whose whole attention ap])ears to have hitherto i)cen confined to the bea\er, the bidialo, and the other savage inlia'iitants of those wilds; but, considering the geographical situation of this country, between 49 and .5;j north 1 2 I III l< 'III 'I ^ '•[ m It ! IJ 36 151MT1SI1 NOIM'II AMI'.HK A. latitude, and its vast extent, it is natural to ])rcsiiinc. and tlio accounts of tlic nativ(>s. as far as tiu-y <;'o, justify tlic ))ivsinn))tion, tliat a con- sidi>ra1)lc ])ortion of it must be more or less arable, and will event\ially be submitted t«) tlie ploujili. \ew South Wales, or the western section of Hudson's Hay territory, extendinii from Sevi'rn ri\ cr ini-lusive to the north-easti-rn head of the bay. has been, in some parts, tolerably well explored. It abounds with lakes, rivers, and creeks, which, like those already mentioned, oiler to the traveller and the trader the most convenient means of c»)nuuunication in a wilderness, however ha/ardons, in general, from the frecjuency and violc-nce of the rapids. The chief rivers are the Severn, Hill (of which Ilayi's river is a coiitimiation), Port Ni-lson. I'auk-a-thaukus-Kaw, C'hurciiill. and Sial riviMs. which fall into Hudson's 15ay, between ;>()• and ."»!)" north latitude and SS" and i).V' west h)n!;itude. The Severn tlov>s out of I'avourable Lake, a small body of water, nearly at the sunuuit h'vel of the streams (lescendin<>' in opposite directions to Lake \\'iunepei;' and .lames' Hay. The u;eneral course of the ri\er is north-east, ambits direct lenifth two huiulred ami fifty miles. About tv.'cnty miles below its source, its volume is increased by Cat Lake river, Howinj;- from the southward, and jjassintj throui;h Cat Lake into the Severn, at the mouth of which is Severn l"'actory. Hill ri\er issues out of Swam))y Lakt>, and retains its name to its coutlueiu'c with Fox's river, tlowiny- into it from the westward ; it is then called Steel rixi-r. until it receives the waters of Shamatawa river from tlu' eastward, below which it <;()es by tiie name of Haves river, and finally disendjoyues into .lames' Hay, to the southward of Port Nelson or Nelson river, from which '*: is separated at its mouth by a marshy ])enin- sula. Live miles above the mouth of Hayes river, on its west bank, stands York Factory, the l)e;;d ipiarters ot' the Hudson's Hay Com])any within thei ' territories, aiui the principal dc'put of their trade. Its geo- graphical j)osition, by the observations of Sir John Franklin, is .57 OO'O.'J"* * Alx.iit tlif liitiliulc of .M)(.'iili'oii i'l Si.-iitl:iiiil, iiiul tlirec ilcgroos south of tliL' latiliido of fSt. I'ltiTsbiiri:. ii i I INDIAN TI'IUUrOHIKS. 37 north latitiulo. and 92' i2()' west longitude, tlio varii;ti- ()" 00' 121" east. "Tlie siirroundini;- eonntiy is Hat and swani])\ , and eovered with willows, ])o))lars. lareh, spniee, and bireh trees; hut the re(|nisitioM for fui'l has expended all the wood in the vieinity of the fort, and the residents have now to send a eonsiderahle distance for tliis neeessary material. Tiu' soil is allnvial elay, and contains imbedded rolled stones. Though the bank of the river is elevated about twenty feet, it is fre- (juently overtlown by the sjirinj)- floods, and large ])ortions of it are anmially carried away by the disruption of the ice. liy these porti«)ns l>ronndini>- in the stream, several nniddv islands have been formed. These interrujjtions, together with the various collections of stones that are hid at high water, render the navigation of the river dillicult ; but vessels of two hundred t«ins burden may be brought thr«)ugh the proper channels as high as the factory. " The princi])al buildings are placed in the form of a scpiare. having an octagonal court in the centre; they are two stories in height, and iiave Hat roofs covered with li>ad. T1k> oflicers dwell in one portion of this scpiare, and in the other parts thi' articles of merchtuulise are ke])t : till- workshops, storehouses for the furs, and the servants' houses are ranged on the outside of tlu- s(|uari'. and the whole is surrounded bv a stockade twenty feet high. A |)latform is laid from the house to the ])iei on the bank for the convenience of transporting the stores and furs, which is the only ])romenade the residi-nts have on this marshy spot during the sunnner season. 'I'he few Indians who now freipient this establishment belong to the Sivawpii Crcc.s*.'''' The breadth of I layes river, some distance above the factorv, is about half a mile, its depth from three to nine feet, and its lengtii forty-eight miles and a half. Steel river at its junction with Hayes river is three hundred yards wide; its banks are elevated ; and its sci>nerv, in many instances, beautiful, as it winds through a narrow and well wooded valley. Hill ri\er, about the si/.e of the former, is far more rapid tiian it, its Franklin's .Itinrnfy t'' Ccipporniinc IJivir. vol. i. p. W"! . •ll'i* 38 lUlITISH NORTH AMERICA. ,t I '■:} ';■ I waters arc slioalor, and its hanks Iii<;lier, but rciiially wvW clad with the willow, spruce, biidi, and poplar. The soil on both sides of these rivers is alluvial, and sustains lar«;c (piantities of ])ine. poplar, and larch. Swampy Lake, upon the borders of which is Swampy Lake House. o|)ens into Knee Lake, whose shape is very irre<;ular, its shores low, but woody, and its surface variej^'ated by islands. It connnvmicates with Holey Lake by Trout river, a siiort but rapid strait, u})(>n which is a fall sixteen feet \\\>^h. Oxford House, formerly a tradin n INDIAN' Tl'innXOIUl'S. 39 I its lic'iul and its cst\iarv. XiinK-roiis otluT ials and rivrrs (liscliaruc tlit'insclvc's into it, particiilai'ly ti) tlif soiitlnvanl of niinitwood lake and river, and form a iluiin of water coiununiication as far as C'ranborrv carryin<;'-])la<:'c, that passes over the lieight of huul between Hood and Cioose Lakes. Missinnip))i, Churchill, or lMiu,lish river, is of eonsiderahle magnitude and ini))orta!K'e. Its highest waters are Metiiye Lake, in a diri'et line west from the month of the river about five hundred miles, but pro- l)ably more than six hundred by water, following the innumerable nieanderings of the river, and the devious sinuosities of the chain of lakes intervening!; between the sections of the river. The lari-est of these lakes is Southern Indian or IJig Lake, which is upwards of sixty miles long by an average breadth of twenty-H\e. Metbye Lake is divided from Clear Water river, by a portage of twelve miles, carried over a range of hills, \arying in height from sixty to one thousand feet, and chiefly consisting of clay and sand ; tlK> soil at their base, on both sides of Methye, HuH'alo, and Clear Lakes, being a sandy alluvion. The country traversenl by the Churchill river, between Isle a la Crosse and I''rog portage (which is three hundred and eighty yards long, and forms the di\ision ol the waters of the Churchill from those of the Saskathawan) is generally fiat, and exhibits all the appear- ances of primitive formation. Trading posts are established at the Lakes Methye, HuH'.do. ami Isle a la Crosse ; and at the latter is also found a North-West fort. These posts are stated to be fropienteil by Crees and Chipewyans, who supply them but inade(piately ^\ilh |)eltries, owing to the actual |)aucity t)f furred animals in those ))arts. The discouraging results of the chase have turnt'd the attention of tiie Indians from the forests to the waters, which supi)ly them with several varii'ties of fish, the chief means of tlieir subsistence. Deer Lake is the largest as yet known within the limits of the Hudson's Hay territories. It lies between .">() lU)' and ;>H' north latituile. and in longitude lO'i west; its position being north and south; its U'ligth about ninety miles, and its width about live and twenty. A ser- pentine strait connects it towards the noith with Lake Wollaston, and r III hi' !l:ll' ' j 40 BIMTlSIl .NORTH AMKUICA. to the soutli it lias an outlet into ClmiTliill river, rauk-ii-tliaiikus- Kau' and Seal rivers are interior in size to the Churehill, but of no less eonse(|uenee as internal eoinniunieations. The sources of both rivers ap])roach the waters of the Churehill, and their beds are frequently lost in broad and beautifid lakes, that considerably facilitate their ascent. North of Seal river, between (JO and ();>' of north latitude, a suc- cession of lakes have been discovered, some of which are represented as ecjual in extent to Deer Tiake; l)ut, occupying- a section of country not so much frequented, even by the Indians, as that just described, very little is known of them beyond what may be derived from the observations of Ca))tain Ilearne, who traversed that region in 177'-^, on ills journey to the Polar Sea. The chief of these have been named Xorthline, Doobaunt, Yath Kyed, and \N'Iielde-ahad ; several other large lakes are also delineated on the maps, to which names have not yet been a]i))ro])riated. SECTION 11. fc-* f HI I* [•ir:i "lilii!' ■Hi' 11 i: n : I ! I ( ' '' The second section of the Indian territory comprises the country between 4{)" and ■>()' of north latitude, or the southern l)oundary of Tiritish America, in that part of the continent, on one side, and the high- lands constituting the boundarv of Hudson's Hav, accordin<>- to IJennct's and Mitchell's maps, on the other; the Stony Mountains on the west, and the height of land dividing the waters of Lake Superior from I^akc VVinnepeg, on the east. Lake ^^'inne|)eg, though considerably to the east of the centre, may still be considered the focus of this tract, and the most striking object within it, whether from its magnitude, or the fact of its being the reservoir of the waters of immerous large streams flowing into it, from most of the cardinal ])oints of the compass. Its ])osition is about X.X.AV. and S.S.K.: between latitude .50 ;J()' and .5.'J 'A)' north, and longitude 96° and 99" '2')' w^est ; its direct length being two hundred and forty miles, or about the same as Lake Michigan, and its breadth varying irregularly from five miles to fifty. Its shores to the northward present high clay cliffs, at the base of which a narrow sandy beach is disclosed, whe.n the waters of the lake are low and the wind blows off H INDIAN TERRITORIES. 41 the land. In Hiulson's liay Conijjany's i)»)st, in .),'{ 11' US" luirtli latitude and 9H' 1' 2i" west lonake A\'iime))e<;()os, or Little A\'inne])e<'', lies to the westward of the j^reat lake of that name, with 'vhieh it eommunieates through Lakes INIanitoo-boh and St. Martin's; the latter having for its outlet Dauphin river, flowing into Lake Winnejjeg, and tiie former being eonneeted with AN'innepegoos by \>^iterhcn river, neither of whieh exeeeds twenty miles. Cedar Lake is a few miles to the north-east of L;dVinnipegoos, or l^ittle \\'innepeg; then in a southerly direc- tion through the lake, so as to sirike its western shore in latitude 52"; tlien due west to the place where the ])arallel of 52" strikes the Assiniboine river; thence due south to the highlands dividing the waters of the Missouri and Mississippi, from those flv)wing into liake AVinnejJeg; thence easterly, by those highlands to the source of river La l*luie, down that river, through the Lake of the Woods and river ^Vinnepeg, to the place of beginning. This territory, to which the name of Ossiniboia was given, is understood to comprise a su))erficies of about 116,()()() scjuare miles, one half of Avhich has since fallen within the limits of the I'nited States, according to the boundaries determined upon by the convention of 1818, between the ^Vmerican government and Great IJritain. Its surface is generally level, presenting frecpient expansive grassy ])lains, that yield subsistence to innumerable herds of buttalo. The aggregate of the soil is light, and inadecjuate to the growth of trees, either large or * Proclamation of 3Ir. ^Milos INI'DoiiiU'll, published at Fort Dan (IVnibina), as governor, 8th January, 1B14. c; 2 I 44 nUITlSH NORTH AMKIUCA. ubuiKlaiit ; but tlio l)iniks of tlio rivers often cxliil)it more ])roniisiuo' allin ions, and have, Avlieii eiiltivated, j)r()duee(l ver;, eonipeteiit returns to the a<;rieulturist. SKCTION III. The next section of country coming' under consideration, is situated between .)()" and ().>' north hititude, and is bounded, north by the ran«;e of hills diviilino; the heads of Co|)))ernnne, from tliose of VeUow Knife river*; soutli, by iii; its lowest region occupied by Slave L ike, in which are united the waters of numerous lar^e rivers, and their abundant tributaries, that descend to it from the verges of all ])arts of the valley, from whence they have but one outlet, by Mackenzie's river, which carries their waters to the Arctic seas. The lakes most worthy of note as yet known within these limits are Slave, Athabasca, or the Lake of the Hills, \\'ollaston, Chisadawd, Methye, Martin, and Winter; but there are an infinite number of minor lakes at the sources of rivers, or formed by the broad and frecpient ex- j)ansion of their beds, which the scope of a general description will not permit us to particularise. Slave Lake, by far the largest and most im- portant of them all, has considerably the su])eriority of either of the Lakes Krie and Ontario in \nm\t of magnitude; and its soundings, taken by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in the course of his traverse, have given 7''), 42. and (JO fathoms. It lies almost cast and west, in latitude Ol" 25', and longitude 114": it is about 2'A) miles long', by an average breadth, of fifty. Its north shore is skirted by well wooded hills that slope to the margin of the lake, their sunnnits rising sometimes in naked rock above the forest. It al)ruptly recedes northward, and forms a very deep bay, * Between tlio sources of these rivers Captixin Franklin \'ater, and Ued AViMow rivers. It falls into Lake of the Hills, some miles west of the old. and nearly opposite the actual, X. W. Fort Chipewyan, and II. H. Fort W'edderburne, situated on a point on the north shore of the lake, in latitude .W 42' 38' north, longitude 111 ' 18' 20" west *. Above the eontliience of Clear river, the ^Vthabasca is \o well known, \mder the name of Riviere ;i la Hiche. Its banks, below this point, are bold and elevated, and but indifl'erently adorned with trees ; at the establishment of l*ierre au Calumet, rather more than one-third the distance between Clear Water river and tlu' Lake of the Hills, they are precipitous and nearly two hundred feet in height. A well defined range of hills stretches parallel with the river, at some distance east of its eastern bank, lM)und- ing the h"'i/on in that <[uarter, whilst the view of that broad and beautiful river, seen from the eonnnanding position of the Calumet post, presents, in the oj)posite direction, very ])ictures(iue and ])leasing scenery, well worthy of being j)atroni/ed by the pencil of the artist. Stony river, the ])rineipal outlet of Athabasca Lake, flows between marshy banks, and, at the distance of twelve or fourteen miles, mingles its waters with Peace river. The combined streams of both form Slave river, which varies in wi 1th from three (puu'ters of a mile, to one mile and three quarters. About sixty miles below its head, its navigation is interrupted * Captain Franklin's Obsen'ations. I Whi ■m INDIAN TKURITOUIKS. 47 by a sorit's of raj)i(ls, occiisiouiii^" ii suctrssion of jjorta^fi's lu'twivn Doj^ riviT and tlif rapid of tlic Diowiid; after Aviiicli tlir river Iktoiihs uniutcrrui)ti'dly navigable l<> tbe lake. The banks of tbe river, beb)W the rapids, are ahnost unexeeptionably low and alluvial, and the eountry on either side, and espeeially to the westward, appears to abound with pine, poplar, and lareh, intiTspersed with the cypress and willow: the soil on that bank e\hil)itinir a rich black mould, and on the other a yellow day intermixed with j^ravel *. Yellow Knife river f, which Sir John Franklin ascended on his route to the source of the Coppermine, rises in latitude (il" i' .'iO", lon^i- tude ll.'j" my, and descends throu}j,h n> incious lakes, in a southerly course, to its influx into (Jreat Slave Lake, one hundred and Hfty-.six statute miles from its sources |. Its navigable reaches, or interstices, are little calculated for any dcscri])tion of conveyance larger than canoes, and the frecpiency of its rapids and cascades would render it of minor importance, as a means of facilitating connnercial intercourse. Its banks exhibit no extraordinary ap])earanccs, are moderately high in general, aiul thinly clad with the poplar tree, the larch, and the wil'ow. From the rocky nature of its bed, it appears to traverse a stony tract of country, which fre<|uently indicates the characters of primitive f(»rmation. Nu- merous herds of rein-deer fre([uent the region it waters, during nine months in the year, between August and May. sEcniox IV. Another section of t!ie liulian countries, iigreeably to the division adopteil, includes the wlu)le of that portion of the continent, eastwanl from Mackenzie's river inclusive, Iviny; between the ().5" of north lati- tudi nd the utmost limits to which the discoveries have extended towards the pole, or the 7>H" of latitude, llie extreme ])oint attained in this hemisphere by arctic explorers, in penetrating northward to the de])tli of Haffins Hay. Of these inhosj)itable regitius. the Siberia of the • Sir AK'xaiuler IMuckunzie's JouniiU. t CiiUfil by till- iiativL's lli'g-iio-lo-dossy, or River of the Toothless Fish. — Fraukliii. I Caj)t;iin Franklin. 48 UIIITISII NOKTll A.MKIIICA. fl' !! i'i r 'h 1 1 I t u*''' i ! HOW wdild, notliiiijf is known beyond wl'.nt may l»e collictid from tin- vovaj^c's liy Mil, and the jom'nrys oxer-land, of tlii' sovcral cxitlorcrs, uliosi' /cal in i>\trndin<>; the field of hnnian ohscrvation, and tlu> honnds of gco^rapliic.il knowli-dj^t'. first led tlirm to ixiiitratc far within the vorti'X of the fro/i'n /onr. Limiti-d, however, as are tlu- means of in- formation, relative to the preeise ni'<)^ria|)|iy of tliosi- parts, siillieient li|;ht has nevertheless l)een thrown npon it hy the voya^i's ot Davis, Uallin, .Fames, and others, and, snl)se tr;idot' IIll" '.W , as jjivcn liv Maukcn/ic, M'itlioiit any material ditliTcnci', liovM'vcr, in the latitudi-. 'I'lio latter was Ciuind liy Fianidin to lie In latitudf (»7" 47' a'*' , lonfiiliide 1 l.V '.M\' 4!l' ; whilst the jioint rl wiiicli.tlic sen was discovered \)\ Ileiirne in 1 771 . is plaecd in the outline of tiie connected discoveries of Captains I'arry, Hoss, and Franklin, acconiiian\ inj; the .lournal of tlie Kxiieditiiin to C"o|ij)eriuiii'' HiviT, in latitude 71 .")(>, lonjjitude ]2l>'; althouj;li upon iVrrowsniith's .Map of Norili i\nieriea, pidilished lonj; anteriorly to Sir .John Franklin's journey, it is rejjre.scntod as lieinj; iiu liij;her than latitude (i!)", and in lon{j;itude 1 1"2", and therefore not quite so grossly erroneous as a|)pears 011 tlu? face of the Connected map. The present superiority of astronomical instruments, and the perfection of chronometers, added to the ability of the oliserver, leave 110 doubt as to the precision of, and preference to be given to, the mure recent observations. iNDi \\ iriMtnoiiiKS. 49 ! and iinioin^tiituc hrvoiul tlu* sixtv-nintli (U'<;i»t' ; iitid we Iimm- alniiuliint reason to )iri'siinu-, from tin* vcriticatiun ot' these tai ts. imuI In mm the hearing and ^'eueral eonrse ot' that portion of the coast e\|dored Ity ihr latter din. eoverer, that the main shores ot' America, washed hy the I'ro/en Ocean, do not stri'tch far to the north of the 70' of hititn(h'. Northward from this paraUel, the polar regions seem to lonsist of mimerons lar^e islands, or extensive |)eninsnlas, dividing- the polar si'as into a profnsion of chan- nels, straits, inlets, and sonnds, forming- almost a lahyrinth, the ma/.is of which liaM' been as yet too partially i-xplorctl to enahle ns to form any thing like a eorri'ct estimate of what proportion of tlii-se hy pirhorean realms is land, and what, w ater, and w hetlier many of the supposed islands are ri'ally insular, or eoimi'cted with the continent, oi' (to M-nture upon one speculative assertion) form part of a polar coiitineut. of which (ireen- land may he a projection to the so\itli. l)a\is Strait, at the bottom of which is IJaHin's Hay, has its entrance between t'ape (i(tdthaab. or (lood Hope, in lon«;itU(le .')!" 10' wist. aiul C'api- of (iod's Meri'y. in lonj;itude (>;{'','()' \vest. and dixides (iicenland from a vast tract of insulated country, tlu' outlines of which are not pro- perly known. 'I'his tract, taken as a w holi' (for it may hereafter be found to be made up of M'Viral distinct islands), lies bet wi-en latitude (i.V' and 7.'J' t.")' north, its coast trendin«;- north-westward. To the north it forms the soutlu-rn shore of Harrow's Strait ; and to the west, as far as it is known, the easti'rn shore of I'rince Hejent's Inli't. Harrow's Strait is about Hfty .uiles w idi-. and opens, to the I'astward. into Hallin's Hay. I'pon its north eoast.s are Sir .Fames Lancaster's Sound. I'rokcr's Hay. Capes: Hosamond and Ilurd. Opposite ("a|)e Iliu'd are Capes C'lareuci' and \'ork. forminy' the mouth of Princi' Hei^'eufs Inlet, whiih is about forty miles broad, and opens to the southward. I'urther west ari' the (ieor«;ian Islands, to which tlu- several names of Melville, Hathurst, t'ornwallis, and Sabine haxcbeen <;i\c'n. They ari' in latitude 7'»'. nearly on the same paralk'l with the north coast of Harrow's Strait, and exti-nd westward to the 1 If" of lon«;itude. The Strait of the l-'ury and Hecla is about thirty miles widi- and one hnn Ired and twenty loiij;'. and is si- tnated in latitude ()<)" .'U)'. lu'tween C'ockburn Island on the north, and Melville'.s I'eninsula on the south. Tlu- pi-ninsula, about two himdred Mil !!!■ ift, " 1'"'' 'til ■M m \ i ■ 4 ,■)() lUnnsil NOHTFf AMKIUCA. anil twenty miles in lc'iiLi,tli. by ;iii cxtivnic brcailtli ol' one hundred and litty. is I'oiniccted uitli tlu' main by a narrow isthmus, t'ormrd by an arm of tin- l-'ro/i-n Oci-an on tlu- north, and the mouth of \\'a«;or river and lleprlse l>ay on tlie south and south-east. Thi' northern eoast of this istluuns is supposed to eoiitinue westward to the ley Cape, and thus ft)rni till' mwin shore of tiie polar sea. 'I'liat part of the eoast explored by the enterprisin*;' l-'raid'clin ex- tends from Cape Ilearni' to I'oint 'rurna<;ain,a direet distanee of about one hundred and fortv mill's, bat eonsiderablv more in following; its sinuosities and deep indentations*. Hetween Point Turnai^ain and Cape Harrow the eoast abruptly reeedes southward, formint>; (ieor<>e the l\'. Coronation (iulf and IJathursts Inlet, whiih, taken toji,ether, exeeed one hundred miles in len<;th. terminating in a point where they rei ive the waters of IJaeU's ri\er. 'I'he whole extent of the eoasts is frinj4;ed with islands, to wliieh liie appel' ition of tlii. Duke of \'orks i\rehi})elao() has been j^iven ; and another series, ealleil H'ilmots Islands, is a eonlinuation of these, verging south-eastward, ami oieupving the middle of the gulf. Melville's Sound is a broad arm i>t' the gulf, stretehing north-eastward in latit'ule (iS" W, forming, between it and I^ant Tarnagain, a ])eninsulated traet of level eountry. oarts of whiiii are low and alluvial, and exhibit a elay soil. The shores ol' the gulf and IJathurst's Iidet, as also of the sea, are ge- nerally elevated, and sometimes roeky and ])reeipitous. From the sea they rise in sueeessive ranges of trap hills, moderately elevated, and nearly parallel i\ ith the eoast f. IJroad strands of sand and gravel are freipiently to be seen at the bottom of bays ami at the base of elills, e.s- sentially faeilitating the aeeess to the shores. Isxpanding laterally from the beaeli. extensive plains are, in some plaees, to be seen, whose short- li\ed verdure forms an inspiriting contrast with the bleak and ])erenniul icebergs of the frigid /one. Of the interior of the eountry, retiring from the eoasts, two degrees south of the aretie eirele. a tolerably eorreet eoneeption may be Ibrmed * T.'ic (list-.iiR't' ii:ui;.Mtt'(l (III till' ])(il;ir N(';i liy tin' arctic cxiicditiciii under Sir .Idliu Friuik- liii, ill tlii'ir tViiil l)irclili;irk vcsm'Is. exceeded Jdiiriiey to t'lHijieriiiiiie river. INDIAN Ti:i{KIT()|{|i:s. 51 from the familiar or sciciitiHc dt'scriptioiis wv possess of virions sections of" it that have been traversed by Kuropear e\|)h>rers. 'I'lic eoimtry tlirougli wliieh flows Maekeii/ie's majestie river, the IjoihUms of the Coppermine, and the re<>ion obli(pieI\ traversed by I''raidht's; Hood's, Hack's, and IJurnside, which have their estuaries in IJathurst's Inlet; and W'entzel's, Tree, and Wichardson's. which fall into the o])en sea. Mackei'./ie's river issues out of Slave Lake in latitude ()1" 4.') north, and winds, on a i!;eneral course, rather north of due north-wi'st, to tlie polar sea. It is <«radua]ly formed, at its lii'ad, by the fumiel-shajied contraction of the lake's shores, and flows betwei'ii banks of moderate elevation in general, but in some sections hit!,h, rocky, and precipitous; in others, chiefly towards the sea, comparativi-ly low, and thinly clad with dwarf willow, ))ine, and birch. The stream is nearly half a mile wide in the aooreaate, but niucli broader at its source and its estuary. Its soundings have been taken it three, nine, and fiftv fathoms I. and its current. * In rcfcrrinji to this |i;irt of .Sir .loliii Fnuikiiii's .l.niriics , it is f(|ii;iily iiiipos>iiilr to forlu'iir rci'iiliiiifi to iniiiil tlie iiii]i;iruik'l('(l liiinlsliii)-^, ami tniiv atlV'ili j; i'ii'(.uiii>laiK'(s iiy vvliitli it was iiiMri f: m\^ ill' ^'^^ l-l .Ji.l ■i:i,r 151{1TISII NORTH A.Mi:iUCA. tlioii^li sonu'tiincs stron};". and |H'rfV(*tly nipid at two ])()iiits, cannot he but til consKlci't'd as ollcrnij;' iiisMpi-rahk' ol)stai'k's to navigation ; but the shallows and saiid-hars at liotli its rxtrcmitics would, in all jJrolMhility, prc'si'iit more sirioiis iiiii)c'diiiu'iits. Tlic' ciiiot' rivers falling into it are the (ireat lU'ar :!iul the Uiviere au\ Liards, apparently Maekeiizie's river of tlu Mountains. The hiii,hesl waters ol' the C'opperniiiii' that have hecn traeed arc those of Lake Providi'iice. eonniiunicatinain opens its channel through a still liolder rciiioii, traversed by mountain ranj^'cs, biiidiiii;- to the south-west, apparently eonsistiiiju; of clay-slate with jieaks of syenite risiiii^' to an e!i'\ation of from twelvi- to fifteen huiuh'cd feet *. l};twern this point and the mouth of the lixcr. the frccpicncy and violeifc of tlu- rapids increasi'. the banks liecome ofti>n precipitous, and walled by perpendicular clid's of r«)ck, betwixt which the shackled waters rush with infuriated impetuosity. The Copper Mountains, which take their name from the mine found withiii the 111. are situated on the north-west bank of a threat bend of the river, in latitude (i? 10 •'>('" north, loiii-itude IKi" 2.'i' l.>" west. Of the K * Franklin. V ■ 1 INDIAN Tl-UHI'IC^UII.S. )j jliHic'iiltic's ()|)])()s(>(l to till' cvt'iitiial adviinta^cs to wliiih tlic niitairu- niinc minlit l)c ri'iKU'ivd Mibsi-rviciit. Sir .lolm I-'rankliii speaks in tlu- followiiii;- tonus : "'riic iMipracticahility of iiavinatiiiu' tlic river iijiwards from tlic sea. and tlio wa)it of wood for forniin«;' an I'stahlislmu-iit, would ])ro\i' insupcraMc ohjot'ti )ns to rendcrinj;" the collection of copper at this part worthy of mercantile specidation *." l)escrihin borders of the ri\er. and every side was hesi-t hy naked mountains." Hi-yond latitude (i?" '50 no trees whatexcr were to ')e seen !. i\s far as n-eni-ral terms may he applii'd to so lar^'c an extent of ter- ritory, it may he said, that its sin'face eshihits far more of the plain than of the mountain, that its hills never rise to xcry c(»nsiderahle iieights. and that sterililyis the predominant characteristic of its soil. 'IMie rivers that flow throui;h il are. for tlu' most part, rapid, and tlii' lak'.'s frei.piim;m. whose eountrv raufi'es from the base of the Hockv .Mountain^ perhaps I'loui the \i'rv shores oi the I'acific. to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, inhaljitinu', in his de raiiMiii, \. i''riiiii til VM- ^I'lllTU Kil. rall/.cil (Ic ^■fijiti pfAI;ul l(.'Ki'll/ll' ^ niircc't iili'ii of tlu'ir cliicf I'iMl liri'-" lil;IV loniU'( It till ! July lull. Ui-'l. ami ('ii|ijii'iii iiic i-i\iTs, ;i sutliciciitly iilcr (icNinms nt' a iiKirt' iiiiiiutr account (if liDtli will of course consult the interesting; jounials of tlie discoverer^, wliidi contain much valiiahlc information i fiii' 54 r.RiTisii Noirrii ami.uica. ■ I: I' fft* i ■ S' il I i % il'i* sultorv and wandering- mode of sava- to be described is the whole tract of IJritish territory lyiiij;- on the westerti side of the lloeky Mountains. It oceu))ii's an extent of coast on the l*aciHc Ocean exceedinj;- twelve hundred miles, situated between Ca])e lilanco or Oxford on the south-east, and Mount St. Klias on the north-west. The dilfiTent sections of the coast, conmiencin_i«- from Mount St. Klias. are called New Norfolk, New Cornwall, New Hanover. New Caledonia, and \ew (Geor- gia, Avhich com])rise the <;reatest ])artofthe north-west shores of America discovered, explored, or surveyed by Cook, ^'ancouver, and Mackenzie. The coasts are remarkably broken and indented by deep arms of the ocean, leaving extensive insulated tracts,- which form mnncrous gulfs, straits, inlets, and soinids. The islands most worthy of note, from their magnitude, are Quadra and \'ancouver's, forming with the main the (iulf of (ieorgia, and the Strait of .Tuan de Fuca. i'rincess Royal Islands, (^ueen Charlotte, the Prince of Wales's i\rchipelagoand (ieorge III .Archipelago, Admiralty and llevellagegida Islands, 'i'iie Oregan. or Cohnnbia, and Fraser's river, with their various branches, someof which form considerable streams of themselves, arethe tworiversto which explorations have hither- to been chicHy confined. The Cohnnbia takes its source in. the Rocky Mountains in latitude .j.'i'iiO north, and, Mowing out of a lake that bears the name of the fruit (the cranberry) found abundantly in its vicinity, de- scends to the Pacific Ocean, first directing its general course to the south- ward, and afterwards to the westward, to its mouth, in latitude 4() 19 nortli, longitude V2-1' 10' west. The tides regularly rise and fall at its estuary nine perpendicular feet; and their influence is sensibly felt at the distance of nearly one hundred miles from the sea. Between the ocean and that which should ])roperly be considered the entrance of the river, a surface of sea intervenes, fron) three to seven miles wide, the navigation of wliich is rendered intricate by shoals of sand extending nearly from h, 4 INDIAN TKUUITOIUKS. .).5 side to side. 'J'liis space ()U varied I'rom 10, to l!2, S, .'), and (i, hut in no instance less th;ui tin-ei- fathoms, in the channels*. Two leaj^ues uho\e its mouth the hanks ot the river, at (irst low and oozy, become rocky ami bold: the hi^li banks afterwards recede from the inar<;in. ami are seen on the north shore to rise in "ladual acclivities. iVlxne Point Sheriif thev are rockv to the south, and Hat, low, and sandy to the north. From thence to J'oint \'an- eouver, where Lieutenant l}roui;hton"s survey terminated, they alternate from hi;^h to low. and sonu'times are lined by ])i'bhlv beaches. The banks oi' the river, from its estuary upwards, are j^eiierally well wooded ; the hijiher <>'ounds cxhibitinj;' a growth of lofty pine, aiul the lower the ash. poplar, Jder. ma])le. the willow, and a \ariity of other trees. Its .scenerv, diversified bv (ireen Island and hills, is described as affordini: many pleasin<;" and romantic views, in which figure an occasional nati\i' villajj;e, ])erched on somi' proud cminenii or placi-d at the base of a hold ridge, its ephemeral and savage structure and ;i,rotis(|ue inhabitants im- ])artin_ii; much of the picturescpu' to the landscape. Forts + (Jeorge or Clatsop. \'a'icou\er. Ne/percesa. and Okanauan. are situate at considerable intervals u])ou the rixcr. commenciny; from I'oint .'Jams. 'I'he climate at the mouth ol' the Cohm l»ia i- mild and congenial, the merciu'y having beeii seldom known during three sui'- cessive years :i^ to have sunk below 0, whilst the highest sununer tern- f * VimCtMlViTS \'ipv;1!j:i'S, V(i1. ii. ]). 07, I'l .M'7. t This is tlio II lino ^ivi'ii tii .aiy laiii'iicaii I'stablislmii'iit, Iioiim'. or tnidiiij;-iiciNt in tlic Iiulian fi.nntrit's. ^ Fi-aiii'lu'rc's \'ii\a^('s. To llio iiitcUip'iil and judii-ions remarks of this ^jontlcniaii. a Canadian, art; we indebted for nuich useful iiifurniatiun rehitive to that seetioii ot JJritish territnrv. »"ll'l Mi iUUTlSlI \()l!in AMIJMCA. 'I' , f ■'m. |K'iatiiiT(li(lii()t rxt'C'cd 7(> . \N rsti-rly winds, (luit arc the most provaltMit in si)rinj4- and sunmiLT, ncniTally rise with tlic tide, and tcnipiT tin- lioat of the atni()S|)lK'ir. In the hitler pint of suinnier and tlu- l)c''• country." The cedai, spiiic , white pine, and hendock are the most abundant species of tree- ut rlu ■ outh of the rixcr. TIk' cedars not unfre((uently measure f'oin* aiid livt fathoms in circinnfirence. and the hemlocks from twelve to twenty i'i. '.<- m diameter*. 1'he ])rincipal branches of the C'ohuubia an- the rivers .MultsxMnah. Sai)in or Lewis, (^kanajiaii. S]»i>kan. IMatlu'ad or t'lark. aiul M*(rdli- vray. lA>wis and (larks rivers spriad into numerous ramifications, that desceiul chiefly from the Kocky .Mountains, through beds sonutinu's brok(>n by falls, or rendered intricate by rocks and rapids. I*'raser's river has tiuve princi])al sourci's; I-'raser and Stuart Lakes, and a branch shootino- eastward to the Kocky Mountains I. It Hows southerly, and falls into the (^ulf of (ieory'ia. r.-ceiving in its course the waters of several tributaries, the hu'gcst A' uhich is Thompson's ri\er. 'I'radinj;' forts are established upon the lakes ; t th ■ head of l*'raser"s river, and one is sta- 'H. • Captain Francln'rc. i It iinist liavf lii'i'ii down this stream, and nut tlio ( i- Midtia, tliat ]\Iai'k('i:.:if ])assi'd mi his routt! to till' I'acitic ; and tlic statt'incnts of tho Indiii; Hiat \vl itc |m'o]i1. , .ti' iiiakiiijf I'staldishnients at its nmiitli, wliiidi h'd him to hclii'vc tliat I ■ uas npoii thi' Cohimliia, may Itf ('X]iiain('d by the eii-cnmstanee, that I'.nropean settK'ments were tlien in |innirevs at Xootka. to which it is more than pruhalde the infoni: iiion coninmnieated i)y the natives aUnded. IM INDIAN TI'.HIMTOini'S. 57 tioiu'd u])<)n 'riiDinpson's river. Flatlii'iid lIousi« is alxmt two liinidri'd iiiilcs from tlir luoutli of Clark's river; and Kotanic I-'ort is situated in the Hoeky Mountains, on a eollati-ral hraneli «)f the C'ohnnhia. Sahnoii river is not reniarkahle for its magnitude, hut a variety of adventiti«»us eircunistanees eonenr to render it worthy «)f partieular notiee. Its k'n«;tii is not more tiian forty-five or fifty miles, and its general hreadth ahout fifty yards; it nuanders in a deep ravine, and is navigahli' for eanoes of the largest si/e. It ahounds with salmon, whieh the natives take in the greatest profusion, hy nii-ans of an ingenious ''weir," dam, or snare set in the river; and it is from these fisheries that they almost exelusively derive suhsistenee throughout the year. The natives are efleetually domieiled upon the hanks of the river, and eongregate in small villages, of which a lively deseri|)tion is given h\ iMaeken/ie. The.se little eonuuunities are three in numher, and have been distinguished by names ir.dieative of the cordiality or hostility that marked the re('e])ti«)n of the explorer. Friendly N'illage is the highest on the river; the Village of Haseals is at its mouth, near .Maekeii/ies Outlet ; and the (ireat N'illage, containing in 179'-^ upwards of 1200 souls, is situated on the north side, ahout mid-way between the other two. Their habitations bore evident signs of their intercourse with Kmopeans when Mackenzie visited that coast ; and they not unfre(|uently answered in good FnglisJi, " Ne, no," to such of his proposals as they wt're disposed to negative 'IMie courses {\{' tlu- rivers discliarging themselves into the sea have, in most cases, a southern direction. Their streams are swift antl often I'apid ; fiut they a])|'.ear in general to be dee)) and naxigable for consider- able distances; su1)ject, howe^ er, to occasional portages, rendered neces- sary by impvacticable cascadi's. The lakes of which any knowledge is possessed are few in muid)er, and of very inferior dimensions when com- pared with the ex])ansive sheets of water found to the east of the Hocky Mountains; but several lakes of great magnitude are reported by Indians to exist in the interior, the locality and pro|)ortions of which are eciually unknown. The information extant with resj)ect to the surface and soil of the country is (juite as sujjerficial and imperfect ; yet we are not wholly jVfi^ if: ~- \4 h !■: ■•0 1. 4'. f'l jH HIUTISII NOinil AMi:i{IC.\. without the iiKMiis of t'()rmin<; sonif opinion upon the suhjci't, from the ()l)serviition.s and surveys of Xaneouver, Mackenzie, CMark, Lewis. I'ran- cheii'. \e. It appears tliat between tiie Koeky Mountains and the sea a sulxu'dinate hut hi^h ran^e of liills, ruiniin*^; nearly parallel to the eon- tinuation of the eiiain of the lofty Andes, skirts tlii' eoasts from Ad- miralty Hay to the Ijottoni of the Ciulf of (ieor«;ia. and, extending;' alonj; l'u<;et's Sound, stretehes S. S. K. across the C'olundiia, and loses itself anion^' the mountains of Mexico. Its altitude is conspicuous at many |)oints, and in some instances attains nearly the inferior limits of per- petual snow, between the oUnd and 5.'Jrd def^ree of latitude *. It is in this rano-e that the peaks observed by X'ancouver are to be found, which he respectively named Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helen's, and Mount Hood. Thi' valley formed by this ridjie and the Uocky Mountains does not aj)])ear to corres])ond altoj^cther with the extensive barren plain at the base of the Uocky Mountains to the eastward. .Iudj^in<4' from the ac- counts of the tracts that have been exj)lored. this valley may be said to enjoy the advanta<;e of a com))eteiit decree of fertility: it imdulates into bold swells, in the midst, however, of occasiot)al ])lains. seldom wholly divested of verdure and copses, and. <;enerally speakini;', yields an abu dant growth of forest trees, the dimensions of which, and especially of the cedar, the fir, aiid hendock, increase to a ])rodi«;ious magnitude in ap])roaching the iMast. The massive range of granitic mountains that constitutes the eastern face of tile valley. occu{)ies of itself a vast surface, varying in breadth from fifty to nearly one hundred miles. It ri>es into towering cones, high rounded summits, and sometimes continued, sometimes broken ridges, in the intervals of which or at theba.se of pinnacles are freijuently found broad valk\ s and flats of argillaceous dejjosits, possessing a high degree of fertility. A great luunber of its |)eaks are exalted far into the regions of perpetual snow, and are beheld at the distance of more than one hmulred miles in a|)proaching them at some jjoints from the eastward t. The highest sununits that have been ascertained by trigo- .Aluckflizic's 'r;;i\i'ls. t Jiunc'N'ii Actiiuiii i)f an l^xpedititui to lliu Rocky Mountains, vol. .'ii. p. 23)1. in INDIAN TKKIMTO Wills. .')<) iioiiR'triciil adiiU'Msurcnu'iit arc /'omid to In alxtnt H. .'»()() (Vh ( al)()\c llic U'att'r-tal)l(Mif tlic cmintry, cxliMuiin^' aloti;;' tlic castcni liax- of tlu' Hitckv Mountains*, wliicli is phu'cd about 'J7 niuautic altitude (»f tlii' Andes, the .\lps. the (ieesh Mountains of Afrii-a. or the pi'i'rlcss heioht of the Ilymalayan Mountains of Asia, they sink into coni))arative in- si^'nificance, although, as the sununits of a \ ast continuous ran^c. tlie\ are extremely orand and im])osin^-. IJeturninu' to the consideration of the \alk'v west of the Ston\ Mountains, it may safely be said, that l)etweeii tlu- southern boundary of this portion of the IJritisli |)ossessions. aiul the .>'Jnd or .Y.ivd dv^wv of latitude, large tracts will be fomid to possess all the advantages reijuisite for colonization, both as regards fertility of soil and congeniality of climate: and there can be no doid)t that at some ])eriod. })robably not verv remote, the civilizing arts of agriculture and connncrce will extend * James's Account of an Expedition to the Hocky IMcuinlaiiis, vol. iii. p. 2.1}?. I 2 60 HIUTISII NOUTll A.MI.UICA. their social iiitlnonco to \hv nortli-wcst coast of America, ami Hourisli on tlic shores III' the Norih I'acific Oci'aii. Tlicu wouhl the importance of a north ))assa}^e hecome paramount, at least as far as tlie precarious and ephemeral navigation of icy seas couhl he rendert'd suhservient to commercial intercourse, as it would mateii.illy al ridj^e the len/^th of voyage hetween the ports on the north- west coast of America and Kuropean markets. Whether the Cape of Ciood Hope or Cape Horn he douhled, as must unavoidahly he done at present, the voyat>je is ecpially lon<^ iiixl circuitous; yet it would for t>vo- thinls of the year at least he the only alternative left. The hazards and perils of arctic iwvioation, even during; the summer nionths, would in all j)rohahility operate as a check on the iVequency of ])a.ssaffes hy the northern seas, and in many instances render preferahle the ])ractised and incom- parahly i«»njier route to the .southward. The nigantic liit feasihie ])roject for some time contemplated of openin^^ a ship caiud across the Isthmus of I'anama, connectin«^ the IJay of Mandin<;a with the (iulf of. I'ananui, and therefore the waters of theCaribbean Sea or thv ^Vtlantic with those of the I'acific, would, if con- summated, be an efl'ort of human in<^enuity and art which would incal- culably facilitate the commercial relations of every part of the world. It would in a great measure supersede the expediency of the further discoveries of a northern passage, as regards at least the promotion of connnerce; aliht)ugh they might sti'1 be ))rosecuted with invaluable advantages to mankiivl ;is a, me«ii.s f;f extending the boundaries of human knowledge. I ft . J m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V. A v. #^. f/. 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^«- 1^ I 3.2 lU 2.5 2.2 1^ 12.0 11111= 1.4 ill 1.6 V <^ Z ^^ /' 9: a» »». Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV (v \\ <\^ ^ » ■\s ..,.0S^ -^^it^,;^, J\ ih i I! >" W'i H \M '}i ,i*(ij |:|' wl^K*". Wmi- ,s?! . , -as^ 9iy^^;:0^'U >.h; ^'sr^'f. ■■"■■•■• '-H^ivAiMfi^^^i^* ''*"' 3^'"-:^ -/^l*'''' .NV-'^^' 6' ^ ft I. Ill ^11 ' L ■lid : 'd j: ly v;/ 'f UV I'i I'. iN.i'i I ^.- in; I {; ii'r ,s , CHAPTER III. Lpi'Eu Canada. — Its Boiindiiries — Extent — Divisions and Subdivisions — First Settlo- ments by the French — Lands granted and ungrantod. The cxi.stcnoe of Upper Canada as a distinct province can be dated only from the year 1791, previous to wliich it formed ])art of tlie ])ro- vince of Quebec, under the provisions of the 14th Geo. III. The con- venience and interest at once of the original Canadian inhabitants, of the recent English settlers, and of the disbanded troops located after the peace of 1783, and occupying lands in the western section of the province of Quebec, dictated, at the above date, the division of that province into two, which was accordingly effected by the British legislature applying to these countries the denomination of Upper and I^owcr Canada. An- other reason which enforced the expediency of this division was the difference of the tenure by which the lands in the two de])artments Avcre held; the whole of the earlier French settlements being occupied by seignorial grants under the feudal system, whilst the disbanded troops and more recent settlers held their lands in free and common soccaoe. The division was therefore so regulated as to include within the lower province all those lands held by the first species of tenure, wiiilst the upper province was composed entirely of such as had been granted by the last. That part of Canada which subsequently became the upper province had, on the 24th July, 1788, been divided by proclamation of the governor- in-chief of the province of Quebec, Lord Dorchester, into four districts, viz. Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and Hesse ; but, by the first act of the provincial parliament of Upper Canada in 1792, these districts changed their names to those of the P^astern, Midland, Home, and Western, but without altering their limits. AMien, however, ]Major 62 UPPER CANADA. I : ii, (ic'iicral Sinicot', wlio was the first licutciiant-govcrnor of the province ever appointed, entered on tlic achuinistration of the government, he adopted a new division into districts, counties, and townships, which liavc again been newly niodehed and otliers added by tlie prochunations of subse(inent governors, and various acts of the provincial legislature. The line of division between the two provinces, carefully adapted to the difference of tenure before explained, was judiciously fixed to commence at the cove west of Point an liaudet on Lake St. Francis; ])ursuing the western limits of the seignories of New Longueuil, and N'audreuil or Rigaud, and intersecting the Ch'and or Ottawa river at Point Fortune. Thus, at least, is the division laid down in all the maps of the two provinces now extant; but it may be as well to refer to the act of the British ])arliamcnt which prescribes their boundaries. By the 31st of Geo. III., an act professedly passed for the purpose of repealing certain parts of an act of the 14th of the same reign, entitled " An act for making more effectual provision for the government of the ])rovince of Quebec in North ^Vmerica, and to make further provision for the government of the said province," the following line of division, like- wise prescribed by his majesty's proclamation of the 18th November, 1791, General Sir Alured Clarke being lieutenant-governor, \vas de- finitively adopted. By this act the line was expressed " to commence at a stone boundary, on the north bank of the I>ake of St. Francis, at the cove west of Point an Baudet, in the limit between the township of Lancaster and the seignory of New Longueuil ; running along the said limits, northerly, to the .'iith degree of north latitude, and then westerly to the western- most angle of the said seignory of New Longueuil ; then along the north-western boundary of the seignory of Vaudreuil, running north 2.5 degrees east, till it strikes the Ottawa river * ; afterwards to ascend the said river into Lake Tomiscaming, and from the head of the said lake. urni * The bearings of the westernm ' limits of these seignories wcrv incorrectly (lescribcilj and were taken from an erroneous may at section of the then province of Quebec. This cir- cumstance has already produced grea difficulties and litigation between the frontier inhabitants of the provinces, and is an evil calling loudly for remedy. The subject will be further considered in describing the western limits of Lower Canada. SITl'ATION— BOUNDARIES. (13 in a line due north, until it strikes the southern boundary line of Hud- son's Hay, including- all the territory to tlie west and south of such line, to the utmost extent of the country conuuonly called or known hv the name of Canada." The ])rovince of X |)p''i' Canada, thus divided, lies between the parallels of 41' 47' aiul 49' of north latitude, and extends westward froui 74 ' ;i()' of west longitude from tli'- meridian of (ireenwich. It is bouiuled on the south by the United States, on the north by the Hudson's liay territory and the (irand or Ottawa river, on the east by the ])rovince of Lower Canada, and on the west its limits are not easy to ascertain. They may, jjcrhaps, fairly be considered to be formed by the head waters of the rivers and streams that fall into Lake Superior, at or about the heigiit of land on the (irand I'ortage in longitude 117' west. The vast section of country a])pertaining to the JJritish dominions to the west ami north- west of this point is generally known by tlie denomination of the AVestern Country or North-West Indian Territt)ries *. The line of demarcation between this province, /'. c. L))per Canada, and the United States, from the monument at St. Regis, on the ])arallel of the 4.'5th degree of north latitude, westward to thel^akeof the Woods, was sufliciently settled by the commissioners appointed to decide the same, with reference to the treaty of 178.'J, under the treaty of (ihent, at least as far as that line runs from St. Regis througii the rivers and lakes to tlie strait of St. Mary's ; as will ap])ear on reference to the re})ort of tlK)se commissioners (Appendix, Xo. I.). ^Vn enumeration of the islands, from their magnitude and importance most worthy of note, comprehended within the limits of this province, will be found in the note on p. 1(). From the western limit of Lower Canada this province is boundetl * This want of a (k'liiiitc wostpni limit to tiic ]inri'iiice occasioned some doubts as to the jiirisilictioii of tlie provincial government o\er this n()rt]i-\\c.stt'rn territory, which is much re- sorted to hy Indian traders, and was jjurticularly so by the North-West Comj)any of Ciinada, now extinct; to obviate \\hicli doubts, an act pa.ssed the British legislature in the _\ear liid.'V for the prevention and iiunisliment of crimes in tlie Indian territories. By this act justices of the jieace were appointed for that district, with authority to apprehend criminals and semi them to Lower Canada for trial ; and, accordingly, many persons were sent to Jlontreal and Quebec, and there tried for acts committed in the Indian territories. Of this, the distressing controversy between Lord .Selkirk and the Xorth-West Company of Canada is a remarkable instance. 64 UPPER CANADA. by the Ottawa as far as Lake Toniiscaming*, tlicnce by a line drawn due north to the southern boundary of the Hudson's liay territory. This line lias been generally luiderstood to indieate a range of highlands dividing the rivers and streams whieh fall into Hudson's and James's liays from those which fall into the river St. Lawrence and the lakes of Canada, and forming naturally the northern boundary of the province. xVdopting these as the actual limits of the province, its superficial content may be estimated in round numbers at 141,000 square statute miles. Of this vast extent of territory, about 32,929 square statute miles have been laid out into townships, and tracts set apart for particular pur- poses, enumerated in the note f . It comprises certain vacant tracts in the vicinity of surveyed lands, generally denominated lands of the crown ; besides a tract exceeding one million and a half of acres in the vicinity of I^ake Huron, usually termed Indian territory. The history of the discoveries and early settlements in America, as well as of their transfer by conquest and treaty, is too largely treated of in another part of this work to render it necessary here to enter into a separate and distinct account of the colonization of Upper Canada. The first inducement to the French to extend tlieir establishments in this direction arose out of the destructive wars with the Iroquois or five nations, in which they found themselves involved as the allies and protectors of the Hurons and Aljonquins. * This boundary docs not express whether the islands in the Ottawa are to be considered as part of Upper or of Lower Canada ; or which of these ishxnds are to be referred to one and whicli to the other province. t Townships The Huron tract, granted to the Canada Company .St. Regis, Indian tract Longueuil or L'Origiual Seignory Land of tlic Six Nations on the Grand River Clergy reserves for the Six Xations' Lands . Lands belonging to the crown near Lake St. Clair Ditto, north of the Huron tract Indian reserve opposite Fort St. Clair Ditto, Ditto, Commodore Creek Indian territory in the vicinity of Luke Huron .AtTLS. 1G,8I(),800 1,000,000 :}0,720 25,000 333,000 132,000 380,720 4.50,000 10,000 10,240 1,883,200 i-viMil 4,257,880 21,074,680 FHEXCH roins— LOCAL DIVISIONS. 65 T1k> raviifTos made by tlicni, on the French ti'iritoiies, rendered it necessary lor (iovernor Frontenac to erect a fort, wliich iie accordiii«;ly did in 1()7'.' at a ))laee called Cataraciiui. at the eastern extremity of Lake Ontario, the site of the ])resent flourishing; town of Kingston. Shortly iifterwards the J-'rench l)uilt l-'ort Nia<;ara; and though the vigorous at- tacks of the Iro(|uois obliged tiieni, in KiS}), to blow up these forts and retire further down the river, they subse(|uently renewi'd their advances and re-est;il)lislied the forts. To these they added another on the island in the river near Osweigatchie, called Fort Levi, a military post at De- troit, and a oan-isou and trading village at Michilimackinac. These comprise all the attempts at l'>uro])ean colonization in F))per Canada pre\ ious to its con(|uest by the British ; for though the French had passed over to the Ohio, the Illinois, and the Mississi])pi, and on their route hence to Louisiana had attem{)ted some settlements, they were so feebly su})ported as shortly to sink into decay. So far were they indeed from dis])laying either enterprise or energy in settli)ig the coimtry under their dominion, that the sphere of their establishments even in TiOwer Canada rather contracted than increased. i\fter the concpiest of (Quebec, in IT^jOi t>ne cam))aign sutKced to render the Fnglish masters of all the French settlements in F))per Ca- nada, and of the innnense tract of country before described and recognised by that name. A royal proclamation issued shortly afterwards, which described the limits of the ])rovince far short of those since declared, contained a pro- vision for reduced oflicers and disbanded soldiers, allotting to them cer- tain portions of the waste lands of the crown. Thesi' allotments were at the close of the war made the standard for other allowances of a similar nature. The divisions of the ])r()vince have been before slightly alluded to; they may now be more correctly stated to be, ki.kvkn nisriuirs, — TWEX'rv-six eoi'Ni'ii.s. — and six uiniNcJs. comprising together i273 townships, besides the various large tracts of reserved land and Indian territory more ])articularly specified in p. ()4. The following will best illustrate the distribution and subdivisions of the ])rovince; — K I jjltl 6(i n»i'i;i{ ( .\.\.\i).\. D'niiniou (if the Pror'nicc (jf Upper ('(luddd info J)/.'//r/c/.s: Co/n/f/r.s; Ui(lhii>;.s, Town, ships, Spec/a/ Tr<(ct.s. (iiid . ilfot'iicut.s, tonrlhcr ivilh HIdv/is o/'( 'rotvn and C/i'/\ji>'i/ lii:si'i'catioii.s, and Lands appntpriak'd tu the Indians, iS;c. il f I'f .M V fl:^ ;4; m 1. fl I 1 1 ^ ^ 1 C'oiuitics. Town-liips. a Cuuntics, T(iwnsliip.H. Liiiifiisti'r 1 t'liailuttfiilmi'fjli 1 Kcnvdii "\c|it'aii (ioulhuni ULKNfiAUV .Alari'h ( Liicliicl 'I'orholtoii z "Carlkton . l''itzrov a: ■ '.'()rin\:ill AlaeNald) ;i^ 1 Osiiiibruck llorton H < ftTOU.IIONT •< 1 KiiK'li Iliiiitly X ^ <^ ( [ R.ixlMirnh ^ I'aki'uhani :i^ 'W'illiniiisbuviili N-^ " i. DUNOAS . . Miitilil^i r* "Ik'dcwith Mimiitiiiii << Drunmioud tt ( ^\'ilR•lu■^,tl■^ Hathurst Sh.'rhrooki', Soutii "Ilinvkoslmry ('alidoiiiii I, AN AUK . . Shcrhrookf, Nortli Dalliousie ^ .^^ Lonmu'ipl Lauark fllKSCOTT Alfred Ramsay < I'laiitiiirciU't Darling ^ PlaiitagoiK'tri'ar . Lavaiit -< H - ^('lari'iicc (.'iiiiilifrlaiKl ^IIowc Island Rl!SM-I,I, (ilduc'fster l'ittshuri;h ()su()(|(Io (id. Islc'(.r Wolfe Id Hlissdi Kingston Canibridgo lioujrhhorough Portland 'Edwardsbiiriili Auiiiista '"FllO.N TIONAf . 1 linchinhrook Med ford \\'(')ltonl Keni'liec ^_ Oxford Aloiitaitiic ^^ liarrie Gdwcr. North ^ Clarendon o _(io\\i'r, South I'alnierston a: "Elizabi'tli Town ^ Vou^a' s ' Kriiest Town Laiisdowii Adol]ilnis Town ^ Lt'i'ds l'''redericksbur^h Lkkds . . . - (iroshv, North Lennox ank Ai)i)iN(iroN Hicliniond (iroshy, South Camden, Ivist JJastard ^Vndierst Island IJurjicss SheHield KInisk'y Kalador ^Kitlov Anglesea I' DIVISIONS AND SrHDIVlSiONS. ()? 5 ' t'i)iinlii.'s Towimliips, X IIasi iMis f SidiK-y Tliurlou- 'I'yciiiliiiii!.;;! Ilmiiicrfonl IFiiiitiiindoii Itinviliiii AliiniKini Kl/i'\ir (.like I 'riiilor (.(JriiiustlKtqH' H en < f Aiiicli:isl)iiri;li I llillin- Ll*iiiN(i:Ki)WAiii)-i Iliillowtll I S(i])lii;isl)urirli L^Marvshuriiili 3Imrav Criiniiiglio Ilaldiiiiaiul Iliiiniltoii Alnwick I'.Mvy Scyuioiir jV.s|iIii)(1i'1 Otiinalii'c Maiiajiliim Smith Dduro Dmiinu'r JiclllKIIlt IMt'liiiicii IJiiilciirh { Harvey LEniilv'Gore No inn u. MB Kit - LAM) . . DUJIHAM Cii>: lie Darli. jrtnn Cartwriglit jAlaiivers C'avaii Emily 0])S Mariposa Elddu PViiclon Verulatn Coimtics. Tdwiisliips. f YOHK SiMCOK Wllitl.y I'ii'kcriii^ Scarljoniiiifji y-.rk ami 1»( iiiiisulu Etiiliiriikc Markhain \'aiiiiliaii 'w Kiiiii- is - ^\'llitl■lIllrc•L '4-1 r.\l)ri(|(ro Ci^ H.adi (ii\illiiiil)iiry East (j\\illiml)iirv North SlM.tt (Ji'iirniiia IJroek 1^ Tiirniito 73 I Toronto fioro W -^ Cliiiifruacousy ■§) C'aleilon ^Vlliiou (■"•illimlniryj West I't'CllIMSl'th Adj.ila Mono Amaraiich Lntlier I'rotou i\IcIaiic'tIioii i\Iulniur 'i'ossoroiitio Essa Innistil Tliorali Ularu Hama Oro V^espra Suniiidale Merlin Ospry Artemisia Euphrasia Alta Java Flos iMedante Orillia Matchedash Tay Tiny Zero K 2 68 ri>l'KR CANADA. I III 'l'own»liip'>. ' IlAi/ro\ Cd Tnilal;,'ar NrUiin {'"laiiibiiripiii li, K;ist l''l;iiiil)oniil;,'li, West Hcavcrly Diiiiif'rics Walfiloo W'ihnot .\asa;ri\veyii ICs((ll('NillH- Erin Eraiiiosa (iodcrich \\ oiilv\ icli Xidiol .(larratVaxa Wentwortii "Lincoln < < o O 1 Norfolk f Ancaster \ HartoM ASalt- Fleet / liiid)r(Mik ( (ilanford ^^ (iriiiisl)y ^ 7 Clinton K '\ Claistor •t^ ^ (Jainsboronjih ;S I Louth ^ A (iranthai ^ (Xiaguni £="4 St a !i ! TllG., I Pelht niford lorold am .Haldimani) t't ^ Crowland ;= i Willoughbv g ■' Bertie ^ i Ilumherstone ■55 ^ WainHeot jMoultan Camboro "Rainham Widiude Woodliousc Cliarlotteville (_ W^alsinghani 1 ( Diintk'it. Tiiwrnliijw, IFipii(_'liton Alidilielon Windham NoRKOLK TowMsend Turkey Point and I'romontorv of Iiiinii' Point Purt'ord Oakland '^i Nor\\ icli o Derrliiini OXKORU . . < Oxford on Thames lilandf.ird nJ Plenlieini Nissonri Zorra "Hay ham iMalaiiide ^'armonth Soutliwold Dunwich AldI)orouj;h ^.IMlDDLKSEX . < .A'osa Ek;vid ( ^arradoc Lolio I)ela\^■are NV'estminster ])orehester . London 'Orford Howard Harwich Raleijih Tilbury, East RomiU'v 'Kent . . . < Dover, East Do\er, West Chatliam Canulen >5 Zone Dawn Sombra [St. Clair !> r* ' IMersev Gostield Colchester .Maiden Essex . . . - Hurons Sandwich Alaidstonc Rochester /rilbury, West. LANDS (IHANTKI). IlKSK RVK I), .s^, <)M Tlic avrra«;t' territory of eacli t()\viislii|), iiicliidino its proportion of till' rcsiTVi'd lands, may be estimated at Ol.dOO acres, niakin"' an a, 100 acres are reserved for tlie crown and clergy (part of which has already been granted by the crown to the Canada Company): and 5,011,1.00 acres remain to be granted within the townships, exclusive of n mass of reserved lands ajjplicable to sale and special grants. This extent of country, bonlering the north shore of the river St. f.awrence from Vointe au Haudet to Lake Ontario, the northern side of that lake and of Lake Erie up to Lake St. Clair, and of the eoimnunieation between it and Lake Huron, a distance little short of five hundred and seventy miles, and stretching northward from the water to a depth varying from fifty to eighty miles, is composed of a soil which for i)roductive richness, variety, and applicability to the highest purposes of agriculture, may challenge com])etition with the choicest tracts of the new world. CIIAl'TKU IV. Niiliiiiil 1 )i\ i«.i(ms of iln' l'iii\ Iiu'i'. — It> lJi\ir>. Uomls, Snil, ami Sctlli'iiioiits iK'scriln'tl ill tlni'f Scfiidii"-. — (iciiiiiil stiiiistii'iil Simiiiiary. '( ; iM tM:l I\ atti'Mii)tii)<»; to <>ivt'to tlic rciulcr a view of so oxtciisivo and opon a coimtrv as rppt-r Canada, no division or feature so naturally i)ri'si'nt.s itself lo tlie mind of a to|)oj;ra|)iru'al deseril)er, as tlie eliains or ri(l«:fes of ITmli lands runniny,' tlirou«;li the eountrv, ii\ whieli the various rivers and streams take their sources, and dividing" the head waters of those of sucli ri\ eis as How in one direction from those that take the opijosite course. In a country };enerally level, abundantly watered by rivers of every di- mension, from the broad, full-flowing', and majestic stream, the imjjctuous, roaring, and resistless torrent, to the <;iMitle meanderinj;' of a |)urlin<;' brook, em])tyino; themselves into s])acious laki's, almost claimint;' the title of seas, as is the case with the province now usider notice; this ])artieular feature seems peculiarly to demand our attention : and the rather, as we thence form an idea of the various \ alleys formed by their windini's, through which the rivers take their course from their sources to their estuaries. The first of these ridii^es, or ranges of elevated or table-land, that presents itself to our notice is that which divides the waters falling into the Ottawa, from those that are lost in the St. liUwrence. This ridge, |)in'suing a course chiefly westerly, from the division line between Upper and Lower Canada, traverses the townships of liOchiel and Roxburgh, in the rear of Osnabruck, Williamsburg, and Matilda (in which last township the Uivierc des Petitcs Nations takes its source, at the distance of five miles from the St. Lawrence) ; thence, winding through Kdwardsbin-g and Klizabeth Town, where it divides the source of one of the great branches of the llidcau, near a small lake, from the lIKillLANI) HIDCil'S. 7*1 lii'ud of 'I'onm'Wiiiita, or .Ioiicn's Croi'k, at tlic tlistaiicc ol' ahoiit ten iiiili'> tVoin tlic St. Lawrciifi', the ri(lj;(' travi-rsi's Hastanl niul C'ro>l)y. in a line rxti'iidinji- diim-onallv tttwaiils tlu' nortli, and di\ idi's tlio uateiN and laki- of till' Uidcau, tVoin those of tlir (iainiano(|ui. This division shows that thi- ridj;i' now (h'scrihrd is the most lUvatid tahU'-hnid hi'twtrn thi' St. LuwiTncc and tht' Ottawa, towards oath of whii'h it has a ^nuhial lU'sci-ni of four fci't one inch to a niiU'. That from a given licinlit the line of descent shonhl he in the sanu' ratio, on a hasi' of fifty mih's, as on a hase of eij;iity miles, may appear a trin'onometrieal ])arado\ ; hut. uudouhted as the faet is, it heeouies reeoni-iled hy tind- ini>'. tiiat thi' level of Lake Ontario is ahout one hundred and thirty feet Iji^her tlian that of tlu' Ottawa river. This faet was aseertannd and estal)lisiied hy the en<;ineer employed on the Hideau eanal, who fixes the highest point of land at ahout forty miles from Kingston, on the line of the eanal, and gives its elevation or summit-level at two hmulred and ninety feet ahove the surface of the (Jrand river at Hy Town. 'I'he long and lirudual descent north and north-easterlv from this tahle-land to the Ottawa, accounts for the level a])pearancc of the section of country lying on its hanks. C'ontiiming its course westerly, the tahle-land divides the head- waters of the Kideau from those of the Xapaunee ; thence winding nortlu-rl)- through Olden, towards Harrie. it separates the head-waters of the Alississi])pi from those of the Moira ; and pursuing its main westerly direction, winding along the heads of lunnerous streams, empty- ing themselves into the Trent river, and a chain of small lakes stretch- ing towards Lake Simcoe, the westermost of Avhich is Halsam Lake, passes about eighteen miles north of that lake. Through the Halsam Lake ])asses a water conununication. explored hy Mr. Catty of the Hoyal Kngineers, which ])enotrates through the range of high lands, and ex- pands into two or three i\arn)W lakes, successively u]) to its source near the head-waters of the Madawasca, through which chain of small lakes and four portages, a ready connuiuncation is given front the source of the stream to Lake Halsam. ^Vt the ])oint where this stream approaches the head-waters of the Madawasca, it is divided from them by another ridge of elevated or table-land, Avhich observation shows to be higher 12 rPI'KR CANADA. tliiin tliiit wv have before been tracing, inasniucb as the water eomniu- nieation Ave bave just described descends from it tbroiigli tbe otbcr ridge soutb-west into lialsani Lake. Tiiis latter ridge, taking an easterly direction from tbe point at wbicb avc are now arrived, joins tbe former ridue near tbe sources of tbe JJideau. dividiuij tbe bead-waters of streams faUing into tbe Ottawa from tbose taking tbe direction of Lake Huron. From tbe same ])oint, stretcbing in a nortli-western course, it continues to diviile tbe waters falling into Lake Huron from tbose emptying tliemselves into Hudson's and .lames's liays, and terminates in tbe grand ridge of bigb lands. se))arating tbe waters of Hudson's Hay from Ibose of tbe Great Lakes. From tbe liay of (^uinte anotber ridge of bigb lands runs in a westerly direction along tbe nortbern sbores of Lake Ontario, at a distance, in some ))laces. of not more tban nine miles, wbicb is tbe case at Hamilton, dividing tbe numerous streams and head-waters of rivers falling into tbat lake from tliose descending nortlnvard into tbe river Trent, Kice liake. Otanabee river, and tbe ciiain of lakes before men- tioned. Tlie ridge receding northward and westerly from tbe hike to tbe distance of twenty-four miles from York, there se))arates tbe waters of Holland river and other streams falling into Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron, from tliose discbarging themselves into Ontario. Thence, bend- ing round tbe beads of the Toronto and its tributary streams, dividing tbem from tbose of tbe (irand t)r Ouse river, it ])ursues a south-easterly dircttion towards tbe bead of tbe lake, merges in tiie Burlington Heights, and runs along tbe sbores of l}urrmgi«)n Hay and tbe soutb side of Lake Ontario, at a distance not exceeding from four to eight miles, to Queens- town Heights. Still ])ursuing an easterly direction on the southern border of the lake, it stretches into tbe territory o,'the I'nited States to Lockport, ivon ;i pivliminiirv (los('ri])ti()M of tlu> most i)roini- noiit fc;it;iir.s of tlio proviiur, tlu> snrfjuv oC nliicli is I'liiiractorizc'd by its n-ciuMal t'vctmc'ss, iiotwitlistan(liiii>- tlu' \iih\v ridovs of moderate i'lo\atioi) \\v liaM" traced, wo will endeavour to eonvev a more definite and distiiiet idea of the face of the country, its soil, and its settlements, without, nevertheless, enterint>- into those minute details or descriptive elaborations that are inconsistent with the plan of the present work. To do so the more elliciently it will be convenient to divide the province into three imaginary divisions, within the circumscribed boundaries of which it will be easier to travel in our description, and to dwell upon the ])articular |)oints that may a))pear most deservinn- of paramount not'ce and consideration, within their respective limits. Adopting for this purpose the most obvious and natural division of so extensive a territory that suo<.ests itself, the province may be divided into the three followins;- sections : 'I'he first or eastern section, end)racin<;- all that tract or tongue of hmd lutween the Ottawa river and the St. Law rence, bounded on the west by the eastern line of Newcastle district, und on the east by the western boundary of the province. It includes five districts; Kasteni, Ottawa, .lohnstown, Midland, and IJathurst. 'rh;> second or central section will com])rise the districts of Newcastle and Home, and extend from the bottom of the IJay of Quinte to the north-eastern limits of the district of (Jore. The third or western section. end)racino- the residue of the surveved parts of the ))rovince westward, will consist of the AN'estern, London, Niagara, and (Jore districts. § I.-EASTERN SI':CTI()X — KASlKItN, OTTAWA, JOHNS lOHN, SIIDI.AM), AND lIATIirUHT OISTRirTS. Situated between two broad and navigable rivers, the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence, and centrally traversed in a diagonal course by an extensive and splendid sloop canal, connecting the waters of Lake Erie with those of Ontario,— this section of country evidently enjoys important geographical and local advantages. Its surface presents, almost unex- I, J. 74 UPPER CANADA. •|1 mi ' ' III ccptionably. a table level of inodcrate elevation, Avitli a very gentle and scarcely perce])tihle depression as it approaches the margin of the mag- nificent streams by which it is bounded to the northward and south-east. The soil, though sometimes too moist and marshy, is extremely rich and fertile in general, and chieHv consists of a brown clav and velloAV loam, admirably ada])ted to the growth of wheat and every other species of grain. In the innnediate vicinity of the liay of Quinte and the shores of Ontario it is still nu)re clayey, and rests u])or, a substratum of bluish limestone, Avhich a))])ears to be co-extensive with the section of country avc are describing, and sometimes penetrates through the soil above the surface. The forests abound with a variety of large and lofty trees : among which are profusely found white ])ine, white and red oak, maple, beech, birch, hickory, basswood, irouwood, butternut, and poplar; ash, elm, and cedar are also found in the forests in considerable qiumtities, but are less frecpient than those first enumerated. It is intersected by numerous rivers, remarkable for the imdtitude of their branches and minor rami(ications, and by frequent lakes and ponds, ])eculiarly irregular and fantastic in their shapes. Of the rivers, the most conspicuous are the Ilideau, Petite Nation, Mississip])i, and jNIadawaska, that take their sources far in the interior, generally to the westAvard of their mouths, and fall into the Ottawa ; and the Ciannanotpii, Raisin, Catara(iui, \a])anee. Salmon, ^loira, and ])art of Trent, that dis- charge themselves into the IJay of Quinte and the St. liawrence. The streams of most of these rivers, besides fertilizing the lands thnmgh which they meander, aiul attbrding, in general, convenient inland water comnumications. turn numerous grist, carding, fulling, and saw mills. Of the lake.') may be mentioned Ilideau, (Jar.nano(iui, U'hite or Henderson's, Miul. Devil. Indian, Clear, Irish, lioughborougb, ^Nlissis- sippi. Olden, Clarendon, liarrie. Stoke, Marmora, Collins, IJlunder, Angus, auvl Oj)inicon, besides numerous inferior lakes, the non-enume- ration of which in this ])lace will be efl'eetually supplied by the map. The ])rincipal public roads by which it is traversed are, the main front road along the St, Jjawrence, between Lower CaJiada and Kingston, passing through Cornwall and I^ancaster, and the front road on the Ottawa, between I'oint Fortune aiul Plantageiiet, The interior traverse IjOAOS—POPnT.ATION— TOWNS. 75 roads, loadiiio- from I^ancaster and Cliarl()ttonbur«>lj, tliroiiolj I.ocliii'l to Ilawkcslniry; those from Klizabctli and Aii<>-ustato Kingston, to the Kidean sottltMnont. to Perth and Lanark, and from these towns to Hielnnond and Hy Town, on the Ottawa; and the various roads ahmi*- the whole extent of the Uideaii connnunication. Above Kingston tlie several roads to tiK' liay of Quinte, passing eitlier by tlic ferry at Long Ueaeh, Adol- phus Town, or by the Indian village in Tyendinaga. are tolerably good. From the village of Sidney a road is o])en along the 'I'rent, and through Rawdon to the Marmora iron-works. Ik'sides these, a nund)cr of by- roads afford a ready access to neiglibouring or remote settlements ; but as they often penetrate a wilderness, and have been opened within a com- paratively recent period, they are indifferent at best, and often bad. In- deed, the generality of roads in Ui)pcr Canada necessarily suffer from the richness of the soil they traverse, and will always recjuire the greatest attention and constant repair. The po])ulation of this section of the province in 1S24 amounted to 69,!)96 souls, and in 18^28 to 85,10.'5 ; giving an increase in four years of 15,109 souls. The most populous and improved part of the colony is imdoubtedly that from Pointe an Uaudet to the head of the Hay of Quinte, a range of one hundred and seventy miles, in which are contained the towais of Kingston, Johnstown, and Cornwall, Fort ^^'ellington, the INlohawk Village, Ikockville. and several smaller villages; besides a continuation of houses (many of them spacions and well built) and farms by the side of the main road, as well as the other roads that lead to the interior set- tlements. Cireat industry and attention to improvement are displayed upon most of the lands throughout this tract ; the roads that were for- merly made have been gradually rendennl sound and good, and many new ones constructed ; bridges have been thrown across the rivers, and various conununieations both by land and water opened to the interior ; indeed, various indications of a flourishing and accelerated progress are apparent in almost every direction. Of the towns just mentioned, Cornwall, lying about five miles above St. Regis, and Johnstown, three miles east of Fort AVellington, contain each from eighty to one hundred houses, built of wood, with a church, L 2 I f;ii 76 rPPER CANADA. i!<:c. ; tlicv stand close to the court-house, ivc. ; tiicy stand close to tiie river St. T.uwrcncc ; tlic around planned out for each is a mile s([uare. IJrockville, so called in honour of the lamented hero of Fp|)er Canada, Sir Tsjae Hrock, is (leli«>htfully situated on the St. l/nvrence, in front of Kli/.abeth Town. It is neatly built; has a church, parsonage-house, and court-house, and contains a population of live hundred or six hundred souls. A small steam-boat now plies regularly between IJrockville and Prcscott. Fort >Vellington, formerly called Prescott, is situated directly opposite to the American town and fort of Ogdensburgli, or Oswegat- chie, as it used to be named ; between them the river is no more than one thousand six hundred yards broad. During hostilities shot were repeatedly exchanged between them, jjarticularly on the passing of brigades of boats up the river. The village of Fort ^Vellington consists of forty or fifty houses: and, from its position at the head of ^1 out real boat-navigation and the foot of the sloop and steam navigation from the lakes, it enjoys important advantages, that must eventually accelerate and enhance its gnnvth and prosperity. A regidar line of stage is daily run between this place and Montreal (Sundays excepted), and steam- boats afford an easy connnunication between it and the different places on I^akc Ontario *. The town of Kingston, the largest and most populous of the I^jjper Province, is very advantageously seated on the north side of the river St. Lawrence, or rather at the eastern extremity of liake Ontario : it is in latitude 44' 8' north, and in longitude 76' 40' west from CJrcenwich. On the ground upon which it is built formerly stood Fort Frontenac, an old French post. Its foundation took place in 17H3, and by gradual increase it now presents a front of nearly three quarters of a mile, and in 1S28 contained a popidation ascertained by census to amount to .3,528 inhabitants, exclusive of the troops in garrison : including the latter, and making due allowance for two years' increase, its population may now be com})uted at not less than .5, .500 souls. The streets are regularly planned, running at right angles with each. * The fares for eabiii pas.soiigcrs now are as follow : To or from I'reseott and Niagara, 9.1. lO.v. Kingston and Niagara, or Kingston and York, 21. Between Kingston and Preseott. 154'., and between York and >iiagara, lO.v. KINGSTOX. 77 other, but not paved. The inmiber oi' lioiises may be estimated at about six luimh-ed and seventy. Most of tliem are well built of stone ; many of them s])aeious and eonnuodious : but very few are remarkable for the taste or ele<>anee of their strueture. An extensive wooden bridoc of mueh s,)lidity and beauty has reeently been thrown over the narrowest part of the ehaimel between Point Frcderiek and the town. It exeeeds six hundred yards in length, and has materially added to the scenery of the place and the convenience of its inhabitants. The public buildings are a government-house, a court-house, a protestant and a catholic church, a market-house, a gaol and hos])it!d, besides the garrison, block-houses, government magazines and stores. This town has obtained considerable mercantile im])ortance \vithin the last twenty year- : wharfs have been constructed, and manv spacious warehouses erected, that are usually filled with merchandise: in fact, it is now^ become the main entrepot between Montreal and all the settlements along the lakes to the westward. From the connneiicement of spring until tiic latter end of autunm, great activity ])revails ; vessels of from eighty to nearly two hundred tons, cm})loyed in navigating the lake, are continually receiving and discharging their cargoes, as well as the ba- teaux used in the river; and the magnificent steam-boats that ]dy between Kingston, York, and Niagara, contribute larg(>ly to the lively animat'.on of the scene. Its connnercial im])ortance must also be considerablv en- hanced by the opening of the IJideau canal, which will necessarily render it the emporium of the whole trade of the two provinces, whether carried on by the St. I^awrence or through the Ottawa. The harbour is well sheltered and convenient, accessible to ships not retpiiring more than three fathoms water, with good anchorage close to the north-eastern extremity of the town. The entrance to it is defended by a battery on INIississaga Point, and another on Point Frederick; which, with the shoal stretching from the former, with only five feet of water upon it, are (piite suflicient for its })rotection. Opposite to the town, and distant about half a mile, is a long low ])eninsu]a, formijig the west side of Navy Bay. The extremity of it is called Point Frederick. Point Henry is the extremity of another peninsula, but of higher and more command- ing ground, that forms the eastern side of it. This is the ])rincipal depot l! i 7« riM'Ki} CANADA. t' !* I :: I of the royal iiavv on Lakf Ontario, and Avliorc tlic sliips arc laid up dnrin_t>; tlit' winter. The anchorage is good, but somewhat exposed to south and soutii-west winds. It is very well defended by batterie.s and bloek-houses on I'oint Frederick, and by a strong fort on l*oint Henry. On the western side of Xavy Hay are the dock-yard, large store- houses, sli])s for l)\iilding ships-of-war. naval barracks, wharfs, and several dwelling-houses for the master builder and other artificers, for whom, since their occupations have been so uiu-en)itting. it has been found necessary to erect habitations on the spot. In tins yard the sliips conii)osing the ])resent IJritisb Ontario armament were built and equip- ped. The construction of the St. Lawrence, a first-rate, mounting one iumdred and two guns, will suUiciently prove that the power of this fleet may hereafter be increased to a vast extent. At Sacket's Harbour, the rival of Kingston as a naval depot, the maritime forces of the I'nited States are kej)t. Huring the war large vessels were there ])ut u])on the stocks, one of which was represented as exceeding in dimensions the largest man-of-war in the IJritish service, being two hundred and ten feet in length on her lower gun-deck. It is a fact singular enough, and well worthy of remark, that the largest armed shi])s in the world should thus be found in the heart of an immense continent on the fresh waters of an interior lake, and ut so remote a distance from their more familiar element, the ocean. As a rival station to the ^Vineriean one of Sacket Harbour, Xavy Bay is entitled to eveiy consideration ; and as long as it becomes an object to maintain a naval superiority on the lake, the greatest attention must be paid to this establishment : particularly when we observe with what care our rivals complete such of their ships as were begun during the war, and also the measures they arc adopting generally to be enabled to contend against us, at a future period, with numerical strength in their favour : and, in fact, the methods they pursue are Avell calculated to obtain the object they steadily keej) in view. The conduct of an enter- prising neighbour should always be narrowly observed, and a counter- vailing power be prepared, conmiensurate to the means of aggression, in the event of hostilities. The Americans build their ships much faster than we do on our I TlIK NAVY— KINCSTON IIAWBOIR. 79 side, and for this reason — stren«;th is the chief object with them ; and if tjjat he obtained, tliey care but little about beauty of model or elef;anee of finishin<>- ; in fact, tliev receive no other i)olish than what is niven tlicin by the axe and the adze. On the other hand, we eni])loy as nuich time u])on ours as we should in the European dock-yards. They are \m- doubtedly as stron<>; as the iVmericans ; they are handsomer and nuu-h better finished; but they are far more expensive, and will not endure a longer period of service. When we reflect that ships built on this lake will not last more than five (.r at most six years of actual service, it may be a subject not unworthy of consideration, whether we cannot, with some advantage to ourselves, adopt the methods of our op])onents ; and if we have a fleet as strongly built, etpial in lunnber and size to tlieirs. and capable of keeping np the unrivalled splendour of our national ban- ner, be satisfied with it, although it be not a rival in beauty and s])lendid decorations to that which has awed every enemy into submission. The approach to Kingston harboin* is made by three different chan- nels : the first, called the IJatteaux Channel, is between \\'olfe Island and Forest Island, and is generally nscd by small craft only, having in several >>laces hardly two fatiioms and a half water : the next is the South Channel, formed by Forest Island and Snake Island, a small s])ot with, an extensive bank spreading from it ; — here also, in the fair way, the water shoals from three to two fathoms and a half: the third and best is the North Channel, between Snake Island and the nuiin land, which, although it increases the distance a little, is by far the safest, having from four to ten fathoms water in it. A little to the westward of Kingston is the liay of Quinte, very singularly formed betAvecn the irregular ])eninsula of Prince Kdward comity on the south, and the main land of the midland district on the north. The length, through the various crooked turns it makes, is little short of fifty miles, and its breadth varies between six and twelve miles. The isthmus formed between it and Lake Ontario, in the township of Murray, is not more than three furlongs broad, over which there is a portage. This inlet affords to vessels safe shelter from the heavy gales frequently experienced on the lake. The peninsula on every side is indented by nunierous small bays and co\es. Several rivers fall into the ^ .so I I'PKR CANADA. bav, of which tho hir<>;ost arc tlic Xapannco, the Shannon, tlic ^Foira, and the Trent. The latter, Howinj;' (Voni Hiee Lake, is tlie ehannel hy wliieh the waters of a ehain of shaMow hikes in tlie Newcastle district are hroiiuht into Lake Ontario. On the sonth side of the 'I'rent, in the townshi]) of I'erey. are several springs highly ini))reu,iiate(l with salt, and from which that article is made, but does not answer the j)nr|)()se of eurini; ))rovisions ; being found, by repeated ex])eriments, not to possess the preservative cjualities of sea salt. The townships on the borders of the l)ay and on the jieninsula are thickly iidiabited. and in a prosperous state of cultivation. Their j)ro(luce of wheat and otiier grain is very abundant, the soil being- extremely rich and very easily tilled, although in general requiring manure to teiu])cr its clayey coldness. The thriving village of I'erth is situated in the township of Dnnn- mond. on a branch of the Hideau.and occupies a central position between the(iraiul Kiver and the St. Lawrence, conununicating by tolerably good roads with Kingston to the s((Uth, and Hy Town to the northward, at the opposite extremities of the Uideau canal. The first establishment fostered by government was made in 1815 by IJritish emigrants, chiefly from Scotland, many of whom are now at the head of excellent farms, ))ossess comfortable habitations, and reap the fruits of their perseverance and industry, 'i'he population of the village does not ])robably exceed, as yet, three hundred ai,d fifty or four hundred souls ; but its relative situatit)n with the surrounding country and tlie canal, making it the natural entrepot of the settlements on the St. Lawrence, and those of tlie Ottawa river, promises to contribute to its rapid aggrandisement and prosperity, independently of the advantages it derives from being seated in the midst of a fertile and luxuriant tract of country. The military settlements of I^anark and Richmond have also experienced the benefits of government patronage; and occupying, as they do, a propitious locality and excellent soil, are very ])ros])erous, and fast increasing in their agri- cultural improvements and population. liy Town, in Nepean, is situated on the soutliern bank of the Ottawa, a little below the beautiful falls of the Chaudiere, and opposite the flourishing village of Hull in Lower Canada. It stands u))on a high and bold eminence surrounding Canal Bay, and occupies both banks of I yiis 3nnono H lOUM IIHIAA '. I L in prr 'I'owu. 'I'lii* stri't'ts aiv laid out with much ii';;ularity,aiid of a lihcial width, that will hereafter eontrihute to tiu> eouvenieiice, salulirity, and elegance n|' the place. Tile number of houses now huilt is not far slutrt o|' »»nc hundred and fifty, most of which are constructed of wood. fre(|uently in a style of neattiCNs and taste that retlcets t;reat credit upon the inhahitants. On the elevated l)anks (»f the hay. tlii' hospital, an extensiM- stone l»uildiu«;', and three stone barracks, stand conspicuous; and nearly on a le\tl with them, and on the eastern side of the bay, is delinhttully situated the re- sidence of Colonel lly. the conuuandin^' royal entiiiurr on that station. From his veranda the most spU ndid view is belu'ld that the manniliccnt scenery of the C'anadas affords. 'I'he bold eminence that eud)osom,s Entrance Hay. the broken and wild shores opposite, beyond which are seen a ])art of the flourishing- settlements and the church of Mull, the verdant and pictures(pie islands between both banks, and occasional canoes, barges, and rafts ))lyino' the broad surface of the (irand river, or desceiulin"' its tunudtuous stream, an- the innui'diati- obit'i'ts that com- niaiid the notice of the be'-older. In remoter perspective the eye dwells u))i)n a succession of varied and beautiful bridni's. abuttin;^; upon pre- ei])itous and crah not taken exactly from this enchantin<>' spot, nuiy convey some idea of the scoj)e and sj)len(lour of the prospect which we have attempted briefly to describe, and partly secure to it that admiration to which it is so richly entitled. The talent evinced by Colonel By, and the z(>al he has disjdayed in 8 o I i'PKR CANADA. :il tlio ])rosoc'uti()n of tlio ^roat and monuMiloiis works intrusted to his pro- fessional skill, are strikingly demonstrated by the vigour with whieh the operations are carried «)n upon the Hideau eanal, and the enudalion and spirit that pervade the settlements that have grown out of this stupen- dous undertaking. llawkeshury. about sixty miles east of l?y Town, v- d twelve miles above l*oint Fortune, at the eastern boundary of tin provinee, is an important village upon the southern banks of the Ottiiw a, at the lower extremity of the steam-boat navigation of the river, from the Falls of Chaudiere. The excellent saw-mills of Messrs. Hamilton and Huchanan, and their extensive tind)er establishuu nt, are well Avorthy of particular notice, and must have nuu-h contributed to the ])rosj)erity of the ])lace. Some distance above 15y Town is IJritannia, the valuable estate of Captain I>e lireton. It is exceedingly well situated, at the lower extremity of Lake Chaudiere, and near the head of the beautiful ra])id I)(',s C/n'iK'n, whose broad surface and agitated waters, gliding swiftly between ])artially inhabited, luxiunantly verdant, and ])icturesque banks, add in a high degree to the interest and beauty of the spot. The mills erected there have the advantage of an excellent site, and are t)f the greatest utility to the surrovuuling settlements. ^Vscending along the shores of Lake Chaudiere, the next objects of note first presenting themselves are the rising colonies in front of the townships of March and Tarbolton ; they are ehicHy composed of families of high respectability, possessed in general of ade(iuate means to avail themselves of the advantages that are incident to a newly opened country. Higher up, at the foot of the various cascades t)f the C/taf.s; is tlie esta- blishment of John Sheriir, Ksq., ])leasantly situated in a very romantic and desirable spot. Above this, an im])ervious wilderness extends to the north-westward along the raj)ids of the CV/r/Av, and part of the lake of the same name, until human habitations rea])pear in the township of Mac- nab. High up, on the bold and abrupt shore of the broad and pic- tiu'es(iue lake of the C/taf,\-^', the Highland chief Macnab has selected a * Tliis correct and orijiiiial Frciidi aj>j)L'llation lias now become an Anglicism, and is fre- quent!) written as pronomiced — S/ia>rs. r-iii' 1 li i^ HI ,1 I ( M4 MACXAB'S SETTLKMENT- CENTRAL SI-CTIOX. 83 romantic residence, Kincll liodne, Avliich lie lias siicccciled, tl)roii<;'li the most iinsliakeii ])erseverance, in rendering exceedingly comfortable*. His unexanii)led exertions in forming and fostering the settlements of the township, of which he may be considered the founder and the leader, have not been attended with all the success that was desirable, or which he anticipated. Most, if not the whole of the inhabitants, were members of his clan, Avhom he brought from the Highlands at considerable trouble and expense, Avith a view of improving their condition and ameliorating their circumstances. However, they do not appear to have fully appre- ciated the benelits intended to be conferred, nor the multi])licity and magnitude of the obstacles that were surmounted in locating them to their ncAV lands, although they in some measure nuist themselves have partici))ated in the difficulties incident to the formation of an early settle- ment in the heart of an absolute wilderness. The colony is nevertheless making sensible progress in its improvements, and will doubtless in a few years be a valuable accession of industry, loyalty, and strength to the province. ►1 § II.— CENTRAL 8ECTI0X.— DISTllK'TS OF IIOMK AM) NKWCASTLK. This section of the province embraces the districts of Home and Newcastle, which occu))y a front of about one hundred and twenty miles upon Lake Ontario, extending from the head of the liay of Quinte west- iMthough less popu- ward, to the line between Toronto and Trafalgar * Tho characteristic liosjiitality tliat distinguisliccl our reception t)y the fjaliaiit chief, wlicri in 1}!2}{ we were returiiiiiy; down tlie Ottawa, after liavin^ exjdored its rapids and lakes, as far up as Grand Calunu't, we cainiot pass over in silence. To voyajjeurs in tlie remote wilds of Canada, necessarily strangers for the time to the sweets of civilization, the unexpected comforts of a well-furnished board, and the cordiality of a Highland welcome, are blessings that fall upon the soul like dew upon the flower. " The sun was just resigning to the moon the empire of the skies," when we took our leave of the noble chieftain to descend the formidable rapids of the Chats. As we glided from the foot of i. . btdd bank, the gay plaid and cap of the noble (Jael were .seen waving on the proud eminence, and the shrill notes of the piper tilled the air with their wild cadences. They died away as we approached the head of the rapids. Our caps were flourished, and the flags (for our canoe was gaily decorated with them) waved in adieu, and we entered the vortex of the swift and whirling stream. M 2 U' !•• 84 T PPKR CANADA. !• i lous than tlic tract of country composing the first part of the division wliich we have adopted, this portion of the province does not yield to it in point of fertility, and is ecpially well watered by numerous lakes, broad and beautiful rivers, and innumerable rivulets and brooks. The Trent, whicli is the largest river flowing through it, issues out of Rice Lake, and taking a Avinding and circuitous coiu'se of about one hundred miles falls into the IJay of Quinte, near the village of Sidney, after receiving: the waters of the ^larmora and numerous other tributa- ries. The Otanabee, discharging itself, from the northward, into Rice Lake, might be considered a continuation of the Trent. It is a full, broad stream, navigable, as well as the Trent, for boats : and a spot, since called I'etersborougli, in the township of Monaghan, was selected on its western l)ank, eighteen or twenty miles north of Rice Lake, for the location of 2()24 settlers sent out by government in 1825. It communi- cates from its source, in Trout Lake, with a chain of lakes stretching- west wardly towards Lake Simcoe. From Ralsam Lake, the last of this chain, a short portage is made to tlie source of Talbot river falling into Simcoe; tluis opening an almost continued interior water conununication between the Ray of Quinte and I^ake Huron. Rut the rapids and cas- cades by Avhich the navigation of the Severn, connecting Lake Simcoe with Huron, is interrupted, operate, in some measure, against the advan- tages tliat might be derived from so singular a fact. Tlie route is, nevertheless, practised by voyagcurti, by means of portages at the most dangerous ])asses of the river, whicli render available this abridged distance into I^ake Huron. The Xottawasaga, descending northward to Xottawasaga Ray, Hol- land, MukketehsebcS Reaver, Talbot, and Rlack rivers falling into Lake Simcoe, — Credit, Etobicoke. Humber, and Don rivers, flowing into Lake Ontario, are tiiu most worthy of particular mention. They in general abound with excellent fish, and especially salmon, great quantities of which are annually sjieared in the river Credit for the supply of the western country. Resides these rivers, a great number of " creeks" of considerable importance discharge their streams into the lake, fertilizing the lands through which they How, and generally furnishing hydraulic I LAKE SIMCOE— RICE LAKE. S5 M powers to work various dcscriptioiis of mills. cliicHy applied at ))rcsont to the ])ur])oses of grinding' grain and sawing timber. Lake Simcoc, situated in Home Distriet, between Lakes Huron and Ontario, eovers a surfaee of about ;j()0 scpiare miles, and is the most extensive interior lake of the Up))er Provinec. Judging from the height of the frequent falls and cascades by which its outlet is broken, the elevation of its surface nuist be, at least, one hundred feet above the level of I^ake Huron, and therefore nuich higher than that of liakes Erie and Ontario. The ])roject contem])lated of linking Lakes Huron and Ontario, by canals, with I^ake Simcoe, though not imi)racticable in itself, would, nevertheless, be attended with some dilliculty, from the fre([uent lockage that would necessarily be recjuired in a comparatively .short distance. Yet there can be little doubt that, eventually, when the shores of Lake Huron are covered by a dense agricultural and commer- cial population, such a communication by water will be found of the highest utility in facilitating the intercourse l)etween the settled ])arts of the colony. The lands in the vicinity of Lake Simcoe arc remarkably fine, and, like most of the lands of the province, peculiarly easy of culti- vation, from the depth of the soil and ecjuality of the surface. Rice Lake is about twenty-five miles long, and four or five miles wide. It lies nearly south-west and north-east, in the district of Newcastle, and about fifteen miles from the shore of Ontario. The name it bears is derived from the wild rice growing upon its margin ; the grain is not, however, restx'icted to its shores, but is indigenous to that part of the country, and is frecjuently found in marshes, and upon the borders of lakes. It yields abundant food to quantities of wild foAvl, and is gathered by the Indians, who beat it in their canoes, and a))ply it to their own uses, or disj)ose of it to the inhabitants. The exposed situation of York has freipiently suggested a removal of the .seat of govermnent to .some iiiore defensible spot, and Rice Lake has not injudiciously been mentioned as ofi'ering su])erior advantages under that aspect. Rice I^ake could easily be connected by a ship canal with Lake Ontario, and the capital being thus removed from th.e iunnediate frontier, and covered by the rising ground between the two lakes, which might be made a very effectual secondary barrier of dei'ence, -would be less open to I 86 riM>KR CANADA. invasion, and therefore hcttiT ealc iilatod to be the depository of the public arebives and records of tiie province. Tiie lakes forming tbe chain, of which we have before s])oken. are lialsani. Sturgeon, I'idgeon, Sbeniong, Shibauticon, and Trout. Several other small lakes are scattered over the country, which it would be too tedious to particularize. In the iVont of Newcastle district, on the borders of I^akc Ontario, the soil consists of a rich black earth ; but, in the district of Home, tlie shores of the lake are of an inferior cpiality. The lands upon Yonge- street, which coiniects 'N^ork with Tiake Simcoe, are exceedingly fertile, but so destitute of stones as to create some inconvenience to the settlers. A sandy plain, of some extent, exists some distance north of Ontario, towards Uice Lake: but saving this, and ])rol)ably one or two more com- paratively insignificant exceptions, the soil of this tract of country is extremely fertile, highly conducive to agricvdtiu'e, and yields luxuriant cro])s of wheat, rye, maize *, j)ease, barley, oats, buck wheat, dvc. The po])idation of these two districts amounted, in lH2i, to 2.5,P01 souls, and had, in 1828, increased to 3(>,264. souls, being an accession of 10,.'J().'i inhabitants in four years, or an increase, in that period, of 40 per cent, which exceeds that of any other ])art of the ])rovince. The front ])art of all the townshi])s from Kingston to Vork are, with few exceptions, well settled ; roads lead through them, from which, in many places, others branch off to the interior. ^Vt intervals, rather distant indeed from each other, there are a few small villages, the prin- cipal of which are lielleville, Coburg, Port Hope, Darlington, and AVindsor ; but single dwellings and farms are continually presenting themselves along the road, which is that followed by the mail. On the lands that are occupied great progress has been made in agricultiu'e ; the houses, generally speaking, are strong and well built ; and the inhabitants appear to be possessed of all the necessaries as well as most of the com- forts that a life of industry usually bestows. The town of York, the infant capital of Upper Canada, is in latitude 43" 33' north, and in longitude 79" 2U' west, exceedingly well situated in the township of the same name, on the north side of an excellent harbour. > -i \ '. * Culled in Caiiiida Indian corn. kt ' I I .1 YORK— NKW COLLKCii:. 87 111 11 inilitiiry point of view, its position is weak and cxtromt'ly viiliicra- blc; yi't, if JiKiit'iously fortified and c't)nipcti'nt Avorks tiirown upon the peninsulated beaeli in front, it niiglit be eapable of considerable resistance ag-ainstan attaekfroni the lake. It is very re<;ularly laid out,\vitli tbestreets running' at right angles, and promises to become a very liandsome town. The ))lot of ground marked out for it extends about a mile and a half along- the harboiu', but at present the number of houses does not greatly exceed foiu- lunidrcd and lifty,the greatest part of which are built of wood, but there arc however many very excellent ones of brick and stone, and most of the munerous dwelling-houses annually added to the town are of the latter description. The pid)lic edifices are a goverr.ment-house, the house of assembly for the provincial parliament, a church, a court-house. and u gaol, with numerous stores and buildings for the various purposes of government. The new college stands iumiediately o])])osite the government-house, and comprises five neat brick buildings of two stories high. The ccutre building, a])pro])riated exclusively to collegiate instruction, is eighty-two feet in length by eighty-five in depth, and surmounted by an elegant or- namental dome. The buildings forming its Avings are respectively forty- five feet square, and are dedicated to the use of the ])rinci])als, professors, and masters of the college. The lieutenant-governor of the ])rovince is. by virtue of his oflice, the visitor; the princli)al is the Rev. J. H. Harris, 1). I)., late fellow of Clare Hall, Cand)ridge; and vice-principal, the Rev. J. riiillips, 1). 1). of Queen's College, Cambridge. The avowed course of studies pursued comprises the " classics, mathematics, Knglish composition, and history, writing and arithmetic, geograpliy and French;" and it a})pears that pupils are not allowed to confine their attention to a part of the system laid down, to the exclusion of any of the subjects V !iich it embraces. Such institutions are ])ecidiarly interesting in anew country, and have long been among the dcfiidcrata of the ])rovince ; they are, at the same time, a pledge that intellectual cidtivation will go hand in hand with local im])rovements, and that whilst the industrious agri- culturist and the enterprising trader are prosecuting their various me- ritorious pursuits and s])eculations, the youth of the colony will be receiving the benefits of collegiate educaaon, the stejiping-stone to fl i i\ § I ll ( I 88 rPI>i:i{ CANADA. c'lniiicucc in the learned prot'essions, and an advanta^^e no less valuable to the philosopher, the statesman, and the gentleman. The new |)arliament-lu)use, the emigrant's asylum, the law-soeiety hall, the Scots kirk, and a l)a])tist ehapel are also eonK])ieuous in the list of the recent improvements of the town, and are evidence; of nuieh public spirit and prosjjcrity. The garrison is situated to the westward of the town, at a mile distance. It consists of barracks for the troops usually stationed here ; a residence for the connnanding oflicer, now most fre(iuently occuj)ied by the lieutenant governor of the province;; a battery and two block-houses, which together ])rotect the entrance of the harboiw. The space between the garrison and the town is wholly reserved for the use of government. The harboiu" of York is nearly circular, and formed by a \ery narrow |)eninsula, stretching from the western e\treu)ity of the townshij) of Scarborough, in an obrujue direction, for about six miles, and terminating in a curved point nearly opposite the garrison; thus enclosing a beautiful basin about a mile and a half in diameter, capable of containing a great lunnber of vessels, and at the entrance of which ships may lie with safety during the winter. The formation of the peninsula itself is extraordinary, being a narrow slip of laiul, in several ])laces not more than sixty yards in breadth, but widening tcmards its extremity to nearly a niile: it is principally a bank of sand, slightly overgrown with grass ; the widest part is very curiously intersected by many large ponds, that are the con- tinual resort of great (piantitics of wild fowl ; a few trees scattered upon it greatly increase tlie singularity of its ap])earance ; it lies so low that the wide expanse of Lake Ontario is seen over it : the termination of the peninsula is called (Gibraltar Point, where a block-bouse has been erecttci. A lighthouse, at the western extremity of the beach, has rendered the access to the harbour safely practicable by night. The eastern part of the harbour is bounded by an extensive marsh, through ])art of which the river Don runs before it discharges itself into the basin. \o place in either province has made so rapid a progress as York. In the year 179.3, the spot on Avhicli it stands presented only one solitary Indian wigwam ; in the ensuing spring the ground for the future metro])olis of Upper Canada was fixed upon, and the buildings conniienced under the ;l II I i n m II I 'I 'I M VOKK. m ininuMliatc" siiprriiiti \Mice of tl late CicHM'iil Siincv, tl .1 Jieutoiiant- oovcriior, whose lilKTat ;vn(l iMi' i^od pi. «»♦' 1111)11 >ii'nu*«it ' tvo matc- riall\ advanced the welfare and i)r<»s|>('iil 1 the pr mee . hithespaee of five or six years it heeaine a respeitaiti j#)aii', ;in» 'Mpidly increased to its j)resent importance : it now contuinn « |N»j)uhHM«i of four thousand souls. The parliament of the province annually holds its sittin«;s here, as do all the courts of justice. Considerable advances have also been made in the commerce, general opulence, and eonsi'cjuent amelioration of its society, lieino- the residence of the chief olllcers of oom.] nuient, both civil and military, many of the conveniences and comi'orts of polished life are to be met with. Several newspapers are there ])rinted weekly. The lands of the adjacent townships for several miles round are in a hii^h state of cultivation, so that the market of the town is always well sup- plied. The jH'essure of the late war has been considerably fi'lt here, as it was ca])turedby thei\meriean army on the ;27th i\pril, 1S1:{. They held it, however, only a few days; but in that time the <>()vernment-house and all the public buildings and stores were burnt, after remo\ int;' so nuich of their contents as could be conveniently carried off | . " 'i Hk * It ft'll to my lot to niakf the first survey of York Iliirliniir in IJl^'J. Lieutonaiit- Ciovcnior the lato (ioiicral Simcoc, who then resided iit Xavv Hidl, Niagara, having formed extensive jilans for tlio iniiirovenient of tlie cohiiiy, liad resolved njxm hiyin^i;' the foundations of a ])n)vincial capital. I w as at that jieriod in the naval service of the lakes, and the survey of Toronto (York) Harbour was intrusted by his excellency to my jierformance : I still distinctly recollect the untamed aspect wiiicli the country exhibited when first I entered the beautiful Ijasin, which thus became the scene of my early hydrographical operations. Dens ■ and track- less forests lined the margin of the lake, ami rcHected their inverted imai:es in its glassy sur- face. The wandering savage liad constructed his eplienieral habitation beneath their luxuriant foliage — the group then consisting of two families of ^lessassaga.s, — and the bay and neigli- bouring marshes were the hitherto uninvaded haunts of inmiense coveys of wild fowl : indeed they were so abundant as in some measure to annoy us during the night. In the spring following the lieutenant-governor removed to the site of the new capital, attended by the regi- ment of Queen's Rangers, and conunenced at once the realization of his favourite project. His Excellency inhabited during the suumier and through the winter a canvas house, which he imported expressly for the occasion ; but frail as was its sid)stance, it was rendered exceedingly comfortable, and soon became as distinguished for the social and urbane hospitality of its vene- rated and gracious host, as for the peculiarity of its structure. + The defenceless situation of York, the mode of its capture, and the destruction of the N m u T i'l i:| '::ii 111 Hi 90 VVVV.n CANADA. Imnii'diatcly in the rear of tlir town is a very j^otxl road, i-alk'd Yon^e-strc'i't, that li-ads to (iwillindjury, a small vilhii^c tliirty-tu'o jniU's t(» the noitliward, and thcnir tivi' miles more to Cook's Hay, from wliicli liv Tiukc Slmcoc tlit'iv is a commnnieation to Lake Iluroti. Tills heinj;' a route of mueli importance was j;ivatly improved by the North-wi'st C'om|)any, for the double purpose of shortenini^' the distance to the U])))er Lakes, and iivoidinjif any eontaet with the i\meriean fron- tiers. 'I'he land on each side of it for a eonsiderable depth is very fertile, and many settlements are already formed, where some of the farms are In a <;()od state of cultivation. 'IMie advantai;c' of this connnunieation will be in some de>;ree sliown by the followln<;' recapitulation of it. From Vork to Cook's Hay. on Lake Simeoe, the distance is thirty-seven miles; the navi<;ali()n through that lake and the Itiver Matchedasli uj) to tlie old tradln<^'-])()st on Matcbedasli I5ay Is seventy-seven miles more; makinjr together one hundred and fourteen, A shorter route even than this is now formed by a road wliicli was orij^inidly traced at the expense of the late Xortb-west Company, from Kempenfelt Hay, on liakc Simeoe, to Fenetengushene Harbour, openini;- Into (ilouccster 15ay on Lake Huron, wbcre a town ])lot has been laid out and a naval depot established. This line of road beini^' oidy twenty-nine miles reduces the distance from York to liakc Huron to eiglity-ci<5lit miles, going by water from Cook's 1 Jay Into Kem])enfelt Hay. ^Vnotlier small reduction might still be made by opening a road from Holland river up to the last-mentioned bay. By pursuing this route, the distance from York to St. JNIary's Rapid, between I^ake Huron and liake Superior, is about four lumdrcd miles; Avbcrcas by the circuitous one of I^ake Eric and tlie river Ste. Claire it Is full seven hundred : the importance of the connnunieation is therefore obvious. hirj^c sliip then on tlif stocks wcro Imt too prophetically (lonionstriiti'd in my report to hciid- (piarters, in Lower (':nKi(l;i, on niv return from a responsible mission to the capital of the U|)per province in the early part of April. Indeed the conmmnication of the result of my reconnoi- tring operations, and the intelligence of the successful invasion of York, and the firing of the new ship by the enemy, were received almost simultaneously. I I ' 'I I WKSTKUX DISTincTS— POI'ILATION-SITIATION. fJl § III.— WKSTKHX SKiriOX. - liOHi:, MA(>AII.\, I.K.NDllN, AMI \\i;^riniN IIIKTIIII TH. 'i Tilt' western division of the orj^ani/ed ));irts of rpper C''inii(l;i com- prises four (listriets — Xiajfiira, (lore. liondoii. and Western. In iHfil- it contained a popnlation (tf •>."). UOO inhabitants, and appears i)y tlii' eensus of IH'JH to have inereased in four years to ()4,1.57, thus givin<;' a ratio of increase of Ki', per cent, (hn-inj;' tliat ))erio(l. Situated between the paraMels of V2" and l.'t :i()' nortli hititude, it has the advantaj^c of extending;' furtlier south than any other portion of tlie British North American possessions, and henee ( ujov in an emi- nent (k'l^ree a superior fertility of soil and milder temj)era;i ''climate. Hut 11 correct idea of its nieteorolo<>}- is not to be f ni" ' ^. ■ 'ever, from tlie analo<;y of similar latitudes on the old continent; .' . . ■ not exactly to be assumec' ihat the atmosphere of this ))art of th ' ' o\ince is possessed durmjj; winter of as moilerate a decree ol ri.^our as that of tjie places situated imder the same circles of latitude in Italy, or any other part of Europe. The climate of America is indeed essentially different from that of any other (piarter of the i-lobe ; but to what precise ])hy- sical agency so wide a dissimilarity is ascribable has not yet, it is believed, been very satisfactorily discovered, although various causes have been already assigned i'ov it. A^'^ith the aid of a little fancy, the tract of country we are now de- scribing may be sha])ed into a vast equilateral triangular ])eninsula. whose base, extending from Fort Krieto Cape Ilurd on Lake Huron, measures 21(5 miles, and Avhosc perpendicular, striking the Detroit river at And)crs- burgh, is about 1<).5 n)iles. It is bounded to the north and west by I.,ake Huron, Jliver and Lake St. Clair, and Detroit river ; south by Lake Erie; and cast by Niagara river, liake Ontario, and the western limits of the district of Home. The surface it exhibits is uniforndy level or slightly imdulating, if we except a very few solitary eminences, and those parts of the districts of Ciore and Niagara traversed by the ridge of elevated land traced in a previous chapter, the general altitude of w hicb does not ot. !iltli()ii_<;li iit s(iim< points it niny iipproadi very iU';ir tliri'c humlivd and fifty. It is not. tlicivl'ori>. in a conntry so little varic'i;atrd i)v liill and dale, and so ntterly a stranger to llie towerinj:; iirandeur of the nionntain, that suhliinitv oi" seenery is to he sonnht : vet the inn)i( use ixtent. n\ai;nitu(le. and beauty of its forests, and tiie pro- digious \astness of its waters, are no insi<>nitieant sourees of the sublime; whilst the exuberant fertility of extensive ])lains, the luxuriance of orchards ninnnbent with the weight of tlii-ir delicious fruits, the graeeful nieanderin<;s of full tlowiuL!,' streams, or the sot't nuuMnurinns of more hund)le rivulets, added to the busy sciiies of rural and thriviny; industry, cannot i)e denied eminently to })ossess the most interesting charms of tlie pietui'es(|ue. The variity of soils, and the diversity of their combinations, observa- ble in these (our districts, are by no means so great as might be ex])ected in so extendi'd a region. TIu' v.h.olc tract is alluvial in its formation, and chieily consists of a stratum of black and sometimes yellow loam ; above which is deposited, when in a state of nature, a rich and deep vegetable mould, the substratum beneath the bcnl of loam being generally a tenacious gray or blue clay, -which in some parts appears at the surface, and, intermixed with sand, constitutes the super-soil. This species and a sandy loam highly i'ertile in its jn'operties are of more fre- (pient occurrence in proceeding from the uestern district eastward, and appear to predominate in the districts of (Jore and Xiagara. The almost total absence ol' stones or gravel within the greatest arable depth is a ])cculiar feature of the generality of laiuls in the Upper I'rovince, which lias been felt as a serious inconvenience by the inhabitants in the pro- gress of their rural im])ro\ ements, whatever may be its ])robable advan- tage as facilitating some of the operations of husbaiulry. There are, however, numerous and extensive (puu-ries of limestone to be found in most of the townshi])s of these districts, that supply the farmers with excellent materials for buihling; the ])rice of the (piarried limestone fluctuating from five to fifteen shillings the toise. Freestone is also found, but in small (piantities, and generally along the shores of the lakes. The forests are remarkable for the sturdy growth, the variety, and the '-'ch foliage of their trees. Out of the long list of their dilFerent I! .' n i 1 1 TniBi'K— iM..\iNs-iii\ i:us. f».'3 S))ec'ios, tlic lollowiiiu; ni:iy ho sclcftcd ;is bi-iiiu,' of most fVr(|iK'iit ocfiir- iviu'c: mapli', hctrli, oiik. hiisswood. iisli, i>liii, ))ino. Iiickorv. walnut. biittiMHiit. tlu>stiuit, I'licrry. birch, ccchtr, aiul |)iiu', and their si>vrial \ a- rictii's. 'I'ho (vdar and pine arc much pri/cd in C(>nsc(|ucnii' oi' thi-ir scarcity, particularly in the \\'cstcrn and London distrit'ts. wIumc tlicv arc barely I'ound in sullicicnt quantities to furnish materials i'or durable buildings and fencini>; enclosures. In the heart «)f thesc> deiisi- woods. and on the borders of rivers, extensive plains suddi'uly present them- selves, that lay open to view a beautiful ari'a of natural meadow, often ext)andin_i;' several thousand miles in e\tiiit. and di-lij^ht fully relieved by occasional cluni])s of lofty ])ine. white oak. and po])lai-. a<;ri'eably clustered in the various vistas of the ))laiu. In the m^i^hbourhood of I,oni;- Point aiul on the banks of the (Jrand river an' situated the most extensive^ of these vast and often fertile plains, whii-h are j^'cnerally in a Mourishin^ state of cultivation. In thi' townshi])s of Hurford. Stamford, Niagara. Toronto, York, Dumfries, and Ancaster. broad and beautiful natural meadows are also to hv found ; but in general tlu>v aie considereil more ])revalent in the London district than in any other section of tin- province. These four distiicts are remarkably well waten-d by sevi-ral larm' rivers and their various branches, intersect in i;- the country in every di- rection, and generally aiU)rtlini;'exceedinliters, dexterously managed, would, as it is lielievcd ex))erience already lias shown, prove adequate to the service. The river winds thr<)u<;li a iine level country, highly fertile, and rich in every requisite for new settlements. Its banks present many line plains and excellent natural meadows. The soil is principally a sandy earth, intermixed with large quantities of loan), and sometimes marl, under which is a s\d)stratum of clay ; and the flats of the river amnially acMjuire nnich richness from the overflowing of those parts of its banks, by which rich alluvial deposits arc made upon the surface. The oak, maple, walnut, beech, and ])ine growing in its vicinity are of very superior river, and lies parallel to, and about three miles from, the coasts of Huron. Considering the com))arative infancy of the settlements of this section of Upper Canada, the numerous roads by which it is intersected, are evidence of the rapid improvement and prosperity of the country. Dundas Street, Talbot Road ^^'est, the Middle Road, Talbot Road East, Talbot Road North, and the road east from Port Talbot, along the shores of I^ake Erie, along the Niagara, and the southern shore of Lake Ontario, to Dundas village, are the leading public roads, connecting the extremities of the settled parts of this section of the province. There are, besides, upwards of fifty other main, bye, and cross roads, several of which are of considerable length ; the principal of these being, the roads leading to Gait and Guelph ; the new routes opened by the Canada company to the town of Godrich, on the shores of Lake Huron; those between Burford and ^Ldahide ; between IJrantford and Charlotteville ; between Grimsby and Rainham ; and several others. Dundas Street, styled a military route, traverses Gore and I^ondon districts centrally, connnencing at the capital, York, passing through the villages of Neilson, Dundas, Oxford, and Londc i, and joining the road north of the Thames, which is opened along the I uiks of the river, down to its mouth in Lake St. Clair. Ry this road the mail ])asses between York and Dundas ; and from the latter place a branch or by -post is de- spatched to. the Avestward, by the Dundas route to Sandwich and Am- herstburgh, and another to Gait and Guelph. The village of Dundas, o I kl i i4l m Hi «•• if V [ 4! 'ii ■^■i 't!l 98 I'PPKR CANADA. about forty-five mik's from York, is ])rt'ttily situated at tlie head of Burliu<>tou IJay. near the spot known by the name of Cootes' I'aradise*. It is yet inconsiderable, as well as the other villages that have just been noticed; but from the advantages they all enjoy, of being on a post route, added to an excellent fertile locality, they nuist very soon increase in po|)idousness and importance. Numerous settlements are scattered ah)ng this extensive road, which are euierging from the rudeness of primitive cultivation, and exhibit some a})pearance of agricultural success and rural comfort. From Dundas the mail route lies through the village of ^Vncastcr, the settlement at Stony Creek, and the villages of (irimsby and St. Catherine's, to Niagara. ^Vncaster contains a church, and about three hundred and fifty or four hundred inhabitants, and is nu)st eligibly situ- ated in the centre of a picturesijuo and champaign country, in a high state of cultivation. Indeed, the vilhmes t)n this road generallv are seated in one of the most diversified ])arts of the ))rovince, and are much relieved by some of those grateful varieties of surface that yield so man) charms to the romantic scenery of more hilly regions. From Ancaster posts are forwarded to IJrantford, AVaterfonl, Simcoe, and N'ittoria, and also to St. Thomas and Port Talbot, on the shores of Lake Erie. Fort George, or Niagara, formerly Newark, but changed by law, in 179s, to its present appellation, oi.'cui)ies the west bank of Niagara river, opposite the old fort of the same name, on the ^Vmerican frontier. Its position, on the shores of Ontario, and at the mouth of the river, — that together form Mississaga Point, upon which a lighthouse has been erected, — is peculiarly advantageous ; but its proximity to the frontier boundary lays it open to the depredations of foreign hostility, in the event of war. In IJecembcr, 1813, at a period when the town seemed most flourishing, the American forces, under General JNrClure, of the * This s|)ot owes its naiiio to the rhapsoilic expression of an enthusiastic sportsman, who being here stationed, between IJurliiigtcn Uay and a marsh to the westward, found the sport so excellent, as tlie game passed in lieavy flights from the one to the other, that he dignified the spot, otherwise uninteresting, with its present deluding appellation. INlajor Cootes belonged to the British army ^ ' 'il NIAGARA— QUEl-NSTOX. 99 New York militia, barbarously sot it oi. fire in abandoning' tlic fort, and it was totally burnt to the ••round *. Niagara has, however, risen from its ashes with astonishing rapidity, and is deeidedly beeome one of the most thrivini^' villa<;es of the ))rovinee. Its population in \H'2H amounted to ]!2()a souls, and it will not now (18.'J0) be overrated at 1500. It eou- tfiins many neat houses, numerous slio))s, two or three respeetable taverns, and lias a market, held once a week, to whieb the farmers of the siu'- roimdin<>' country brin<^ their various produce. Nor is it divested of the means of sug<>esting' public improvements in print, or of discussing foreign politics; two weekly newspapers, publisbed in so infant a town, are positive evidence of a laudable spu'it of literary enudation, as well as general advancement. Its harbour is remarkably good, and exbibits the gay scene of fre<[uent arrivals and departures of sloops, barges, and steam- boats from and to every part of tbe lake and tlie St. Lawrence, as low down as Prescott. The fort is garrisoned by a strong military dctaclnnent, the appear- ance of Avhich contributes greatly to the cheerfulness of the place, whilst the officers and the residents derive the nuitual advantage of contri- buting reciprocally to their ])leasures, by forming a small circle of society. Niagara was formerly the seat of govei'nment of Upper Canada ; but Governor Simcoe, who resided there, having laid the foundation of York, transferred his residence to the latter place, which afterwards be- came the capital. Queenston, in the southern ])art of the township of Niagara, and distant seven miles from Fort George, is })leasantly situated at the base of the romantic heights to which the village gives its name, and at the northern extremity of the portage, from the foot to the head of the Falls. The village contains a cluu'ch, a court-house, and government stores, partly a])propriated to the use of the Indian department, and a population of four or five hundred inhabitants. The lands around Queenston are in beautiful 'T .hly * It is but just to stiito, tliat this unjustitiable measure, greatly aggravated liy the severity of the season during wliich it was adopted, was disapproved by tlie United States government, and dechired unauthorized. Such a deed belonged not to this age, but to the barbarism of ancient warfare. o 2 ■! :»,t w m m r I! I. it, !ti 'tli -I KX) IPI'I'H CANADA. as])t'('t of tlie fortilt' fields tlio ovi' surveys, is agreeably contrasted with dense foliau;e of distant forests, and tlie hold rid<;e rising; niajestieajly to the soutlnvard of the village, and stretehinj^' west and east aeross the deep and toilinston*. 'rhe(^iieenston IIeii;hts have become fatuous in the annals of Cana- dian historv, much less for the battle which was fouuht there on the Sth of October. IHlii, than for the disastrous event to Avhich it led. It was here that CJeneral Ib'ock fell, whilst u;allantly leading two eom])anies u]) till' hill au;ainst a su])erior force, strongly statit)ned on the heinhts. Shortly after this awful catastrophe, Cieneral Sheafle arrived, and suc- ceeding to the command, innnediately collected all his eflective forces, and making a judicious and spirited attack, conipletely routed the Americans, and took seven hundred and sixty-four prisoners. The province still cherishes tiie memory of (ieneral Hrock ; and its ])atriotic inhabitants have erected on the heights, that were the scene of his gallant but fatal ex])loit. an elegant moiuunental colunni i, to perpe- tuate the fame of the hero, and to connnemoratc at once their regrets for his loss, and veneration for his virtue^, lie was president of the colony, and is now styled the " Hero of I'^pper Canada." Innnediately o])])osite Queenston is the rival village of Lewiston, on the iVmerican bank of the Niagara river. Hoth places are similarly circumstanced, from the ])osition they respectively occupy at the corre- sponding extremities of the ])ortagcs on either side of the Falls of Niagara. Queenston has hitherto enjoyed the advantage over Ijcwiston in its growth and consecpience, but it is believed that the opening of the * Tlio FiiONTENAc li'iivL's Queeiistiin and Niagarii every Siiturilay, and Kiiiijston every A\'ediK'sday. Tlie Qikknston leaves '.he two former jilaeesoii Thursdays, and the latter jdacc on ^londuys. There are also several stv'ain-hoats on the American side of the Lake Ontario. t Tlie vignette o])i)(isite ])aim:\v.\. 101 ?i Wcllaiul Canal will niatorially aflc'ct its iJi-ospt'i-ity, by transl'errinfv the C'aiTyiii«;' trade iVom tlie j)()rta};v to llu' canal, (^ucvnston, lu)\vc'vc'r, com- mands many valuable advaiitaj^es, independently ol' tlie one of wliieli it lias been thus deprived : the fertility and beauty ol" the surrounding- imtry, the exeellenee of its harbour, it' sueh the Niagara may here be called, and the inidiminished attractions of the si)lendiil .scenery in its vicinity, will always secure to it an eminent degree of interest, iiud insure its j)rogressive aggrandisement. Nearly four miles west of (^uecnston is the village ol' St. David, eligibly located on one of the leading roads from \'orl< to the head of I.,akc Krie, and on the borders of a small stream called Four-mile Creek. Six miles to the southward, branching oil" from the portage, is Lundy's Lant', the scene of a desperate but doubtful conilicl on the 'J.jth .Inly. 181-i, between the 15ritish forces, \mder (ienerals Kiall and Drunnnond, and the ^Vmerican troops, conunanded by (ienerals Seott and IJrown. The ])roximity of the field of action to the ))rodigious l-'alls of the Niagara, must have awfidly blended the nuillled thunders of the cataract, with tlie loud din of battle. The village of Chi|)pewa is tea miles from (^ueenston. at thes«)nthern extremity of the ])ortage, and occui)ies both banks of the W'elland river, near the mouth of which, it is situated. It contains several neat houses, and about two hundred inhabitants: near it is a small fort, and also barracks for troo])s. The relative position of Chij)))ewa, with regard to Queenston, renders both villages, in some measure, de])endent upon the same causes of eonnnercial prosperity, and both will inevitably be, to a certain degree, influenced, in the rapidity of their im))rovements and increase, by the changes that nuist trd^e ])lace in the direction of the trade, by the opening of the AN'ellano Canal. Chi])pewa will, however, suffer the least of the two from such a circum.stance, owing to the ad- vantage it enjoys of being upon the banks of a navigable river, linked with, and, as it were, forming part of the canal itself. The AN'elland is in fact used as an eastern branch of the canal already, and is the channel through which produce passes to and from IJuffalo. On the opposite bank of the Niagara are situated the villages of IManchcstcr and Fort Schlosher, the latter at the termination of the portage, occasioned by the Falls, on the American side, between Chi])- iJH '■1 'I 4* m Vi 10-2 UPPER CANADA. K'ft S V I: II t( 1; •> M ■i\ M i' It r I' Hi, uewii iuul Fort Sdiloslier, uIumv tlic river is two miles and a half wide, a f'eriy is established just ahovethe line where the strenj^th of theeurrent heg'ins to ri|)])lc in its deseeiit towards the Falls. The Hridjrewater mills are on the hanks of the Xiat!;ara, a few miles below the mouth of the W'elland. iV short distance from these mills, the western bank of the river disel()ses, a little above the water's surface, some very curious Ijurning s])rinos, that omit a highly intianunable j^aseous vapour, which readilv ii;nites on the approach of a lighted candle, and burns brilliantly for se\ eral minutes. The heat of these springs is stated to be so intense that it Avill cause water to steam, and, in some instances, even to boil ; but the expcrinu'Ut itself has not come under our inuuediate notice. The ])lains near the village of Chi])j)ewa, south of the river, have ac(juired historical celebrity, as the scene of the famous contest, gallantly maintained on the ath .luly, IHli, by Cieneral Uiall'sarmy, against a su- perior ^Vmerican force, under the command of (ieneral IJrown, aided by the troops under (ienerals Scott, Porter, and Itipley. The distance between Chip])ewa and Fort Erie is sixteen miles; the road is excellent, and follows the sinuosities of the river, whose banks are low, but ])icturesque. The intervening country is renuu'kably fine, ami in a very good state of cultivation ; the lands along the road arc generally held by Dutch farmers. Fort Krie is the last ])lace on the main post route, from the oth'j- extremity of the liritish dominions, at Halifax, but by-posts are for- warded from ^Vncaster, west\vard, to the remotest settlements of the province. The small village of Fort Erie, at the head of the river Niagara, occu})ies a rising ground of no great elevation, yet commanding a very extensive and interesting pros])ect. The fort is famed for the spirited resistance it offered, whilst under the American flag in 1813, to an ob- stinate siege by the British forces, (jonmianded by General Drummond, during which several very gallant and sanguinary assaults took place. Several steam-boats ply upon Lake Erie between the fort and Amherst- burgh, and up the Detroit to Sandwich and to Detroit, and as far as Michilimackinac, at the head of I^ake Huron. Bearing nearly north-east from Fort Erie, and on the opposite bank of the river, is the village of Black Kock, near which the great northern or Erie canal passes ; and, about two miles to the southward of Black f; i lU'FFALO— NIAdAHA DISTHKT -I'HIi: lo:"; Hock, on the shores of Liiki* Kiic, is the thr'n inn' viljiiueoi' IJnllalo. at I lie mouth of the creek of that name, and on the main sta^e road tVom Albany. It was one of those ))laces that snllered from the measiu'cs of retaliation. ado])ted hy tlie llritish army, after the total destruction of Niagara l)\ the Americans, under Colonel M'C'lure. Hnllaio, however, i'rom the advanta<;i's of its situation, at the jmu'tion of the (ireat Krie Canal with the lake, has since risen \\ ith astonishini;' vigour, to a ))o))ulonsness and importance, far superior to those it possessed before it fell a victim to the desolation of war. Many of its houses are eleL>ant. and it contains two or three excellent inns. Hefore ))assin<;' from the consideration of the district of Niagara to the description of the settlements west of it, the ])eculiarly favourable •••eo<;raphical position it enjoys shoidd not go unnoticed. Forming nearly an oblong scpiare, bounded on three sides by t>"vigabli« waters, and traversed centrally by a splendid canal, the access to all ])arts of it. is rendered extremely easy and inviting. The fertility of its soil and tlu' congeniality of its climate, are not excelled in any district of the ])rovince. unless it be, ])robably, by the AN'estern. The choicest fruits seem to be indigcnt)us to its soil ; ])caches, nectarines, and a])])les are richly clustered on the branches of crowded orchards, and ac(|uire a degree of ])erfection. equalled only on the luxm-iant banks of the Detroit river. The sublimity of the views disclosed in the Niagara river, and the picturescpte varieties of landscape produced by the Queenston heights, and occasional inecjua- lities of surf^icc, give the scenery of this district a decided superiority, over that of any other in l^j)per Canada. The northern shores of Lake Erie, exclusively within the liritish dominions, are almost uniforndy low and level, but irregular and broken by the projection into the lake of several elongated points, that have a con- siderable intluence on its stream, and render its navigation more intricate than that of the other lakes. Of these projections, Point ^Vbino. Loiig I'oint or North Foreland, Point aux Pins or liandgiuu-d, and Point Pelc or South Forehmd, are the most prominent and conspicuous. Point Abino is about nine miles to the west of Fort Krie, and forms a cove on its eastern side, affording safe anchorage for vessels. Ten miles west of Point Abino. an insulated sand hill rises conically from the shore. I I I' I • L ^. I >i:vi i! 104 riMMlll CANADA. 1 n 'i ii hi: i I wliicli serves as a coiispieiioiis laii' I'oint, nr N>>rth Foreland, is a narrow peninsula, little more than one hundred and einl.fy yards wide at its broadest ))art, and stretch- ing singularly into the lake f;'oni the south-west angle of ^^'alsingham, eastward, to the distanee of nearly twenty miles. It forms a deep blind ehamiel or inlet, called Long Point Hay, at the bottom of which, when the waters are high, a passage for boats is open across the neck of land into the lake, through a smaU brook ; when the waters are low, batteaux are easily haided over the slender istlunus intervening. Proceeding westward from Long I'oint, and passing near a grou]) of sand hills upon the lake's borders, the road, which is opened the whole way from Fort Flrie, goes through the small hamlet of Stirling, about thirty-six miles from the carrying ])lace over the North Foreland, to Port Talbot, seven miles further west. Port Talbot is almost ecjuidistant from the extremities of Lake Flrie, and at the bottom of a sweeping bend of its northern shores, ])lacing it at the broadest point of the lake. This was the s])ot selected in 18();> by Colonel Talbot, a niend)er of the legis- lative council of the province, for the formation of a settlement which he had planned on a large scale, and has since, in a great measure, haj)pily realized. Having obtained from his majesty's government a grant of one hundred thousand acres of crown land, under the specific condition of locating an actual settler to every^ two hundred acres of the tract, he courageously ])enetrated the dense forests of Canada, and at the above date laid the foundation of the colony which now bears his name. The Talbot settlement is spread over a considerable extent of country from the principle and policy that dictated the plan of its formation. With 4 m NORTH SIIOIIK or I'.IUK-AMlll-.UsTm lUill. lO.i I i a vli'w (»f opciiiiifT a coiiiimmiciitinii \vitli tin* sittlcmcnts «»f tlic Detroit and flic Niagara, tin* si'ttli'i's wciv ju(lii'i«nisly linatcd tn (onti^iious lands on tlic honlors of two oxti-nsivi' roads, hading to tlii' cxtri initii's ol'tlir lake, and upon anotlior road leading into the Ijack conntry, uliicli lias sint'f lu'cn prolonj^cd to (iodriih. on tlic margin of Lake Ilindii. Till' tract of country the settlement occupies is not excelled in ler- tility by any of ccpial extent in the proviiue: and the inhabitants, eniii- hitin^- the example of their jierseverinj;' leader, ha c industriously turned to account the advantages of their situation. Most ot them have very good houses and harns, horses, horned cattle, hoj^s and shei'p. In fact the settliMiieiit is populous, prosperous, and rapidly increasing', and is altoj^'ctlu'r a conspicuous instance of sucei-ss in the history of coloniza- tion, that cannot fail to reward the j>'enerous exertions of its intellij;ent. but eccentric founder and promoter. From Port Talbot one road leads to the \illa<;e of St. Thomas, distant ten miles, and another to the Delaware Indian \illa^es, and the well-known wilds called the Lony; Woods, on the Thames, distant thirteen or fourteen miles. About thirty-Hve miles west of Port Talbot, in front of the town- ship of Harwich, is Point aux Pins, or Landnuard. which embays a surface of water fully eijual to eiyht s(|uare miles, that communicates with the lake throuuh a small outlet. Tlu' anchorini'-j'round to the westward of the point is oood ; but it is not properly ascertained whether the bay within it is accessible to the lake vessels, and capable of kee])ini' tin- river, stands the town of Sandwich, containinu; IK) or l.)() houses, ;i cluu'ch, distinguished by the a])])ellation of the Huron Church, a ct)in't- liouse, and <;'aol. There are wharfs alonij the river side, where vesst-ls may be safely moored during the winter. Opposite Sandwiv'h is {\\v American village of Detroit. The surface of the Dilroit is almost annually frozen over in winter, and then affords a convenient comnuniication with the iVmerican settlements on the other hank, and with those at the up])er and lower regions (»f the river. From Sandwich, the Middle l{t)ad takes its dej)artm-e east ; and a branch of it leads down to Iielle I'oint. on I^ake Frie, from whence a traverse-road strikes the borders of Fake St. Clair. The lands on this lake are laid out into townshi])s, but not yet settled: lujwcver, thev are not likelv to be long uniidiabited. as their esta- blishment promises to 1)e accelerated by the progressive extension of the settlements of the Canada Company on the shores of l^ake Huron. lU-- yond these tiiere is no cultivated land; and the northern shorc^s of IIiu-(Mi and the borders of Fake Su])erior remain in their ])ristine state of wilder- ness, exce])t where occupied by a straggling fur-trading ])o'^t. established by the late Xorth-AN'est Com])a!iy. Fort William, at the \h\h\ of Fake Superior, is by far the most important of any of these posts, and tlii' only one, on this side the height of land forming the boundary of Ilud- .son's Hay territory, deserving ])articular notice. The village, which was the head-(piarters of the late com))any, is remarkable as the scene u])on •which Ford Selkirk came in innnediate collision with several of the nu)st distinguished members of the north-west, during the height «)f tlu- trading and territorial feuds between the rival companies. (iEXKHAL STATISTICAL SU.ALAIAIU'. The subject of ])0])ulati«)n is decidedly one of the most important branches of political economy ; and its iluctuations are. ])crhaj)s. the best pulse of a state, from the knowledge of which its decline or ])ros])erity m iiy bo fairly inferred. It is, however, a subject but too go ner alb I' 2 . I ■ 'wi h ; 451 u H--I M 1 I.S lOS ri'I'KR CANADA. noiflcctcd in the early establisliiiiotit of colonies ; and altliouu,li not wholly overlooked in Fpper Canada, has been so loosely attended to as to pro- duee results niueh less satist'actory than would be desirable. The first liritish settlements of the province are not referable to a ])eriod anterior to ITH'J; but, ))revi()us to that date, a few eoni))aratively insionifieant French colonies had been establisluil on the baid'overnment, and furnished the fol- lowing result : Ciciicidl lictnni of tlw Voiuiltil'ntii ufVppcr Vamidu a.s per District Re- liniiN made in 18(24. nistpic! liulcrKi. AI)()V ■\ w. .Ma I jKilstoni L'.'.MIJ! OU:i\va I ."i(!l .loliiistdwn I I!,7'^'' Ha'Imrst 1 lM41 .Midhnul (i.!!(;i Nowciistlc I rJ,:i;t."i iic.iiio ;j,!»if(i (Joiv :{..1!!1 Niatiara l.."»7- Loiidoii -l..")!!! Wi'storn ! l.Jii."' i:$7.:5i r. t.iiiiis. .■\hii ■>. •-'7-'7 4,7i»!l .•..")(» itl.-. :M7-' 1,147 1 •_'.:{( u l',!!;W (;,(;:i7 7.! '-'7 I'.-jo;? i2.( >,"..'{ ; 1 -'-'7 Mill 1 ;M:r. ;}.L'.-i7 1 \:i\\\\ :{..■)!!■» ] -i.4(>:i J.7(M l,(i.")(» l,!l()4 ';!.").<;(»(; ll.:«t;$ • lfi._ I'lnKili's. 4,44.1 .■);u :{.:«!4 ■_'.-. 14 (;.L'7() L'.()41 :i.7!tl r.,i:.){ ;{.){.■. 1 1, ;■).-);{ :?(i.7.vj 'J'dtal uiinibL'r i)t" .Alali's, Fcinalcs, Tnliil. I 14.)!7!» ! i2..")()(> ! 14,741 Kl.liM l'7. ()!•."» i l(i,(i(>!t i i:{,i:.7 i7..'.r.i.' ! 17.."):?!t I (),!•;")-' J.'.l (>!t7 ~7ii.7:«!»" 7i>,:5.-.}{ Lc.s Kfiiialfs, ().:«ll as % i1^ \\\ this statenu'ut we perceive an increase in tliirteen years of seventy-four tlu)usand and ninety-seven soids. makini;' the ])i)pulation in ISiil nearly double that of ISll. Totlie great influx of emigration to the ])rovince from the Tnited States and Cireat IJritain is attril)utable this rapitlity of increase, as it appears to have been during this interval that its tide was directed princij)ally to that colony. 'N. POPULATION. 100 Stati'Dioit of the Population of I ^pper Canada in 1S2(), 1827, and 182S, de- duci'd/roni the Returns and Ccnsn.s of those Years, and shon-iii<>; the annual Increase. Distrii ll!2li. 111-7. lll.Nt. KilstiTIl Dttiiwa .... Johnstown. Kiithurst ., Midland .. Xl'WCMStll'. Homo (tore XiMjiaiM . ., IiuTcase in lil:.'7. 1,1.>()!) 1121 1 ,:$().-. I7.<»!'i' I l»,:{(i)f i)!,i(i.') :{,o(»!» \s.vx\ i :{,7;{2 i"»,;5.vi 1(1,71!) I7.:«t!» ll..'U)l 1 •_>,->( »7 ILfiKi l'ii.-JlV) \ :?o,()(((» ;u .'-'!»;{ 12,(H7 I i-V2fi:{ i:{,:5:57 1!),()(K) ! 21. !»!).") 22!»27 i:{,(t2(» i."),iii:$ i.".,)i:$i 2,1(1:? I l!t,(l.">i» l!l."i(l(t 20.177 ill London ' l(i,H22 l!i,!(12 W'u.stiTn ' 7,;"):!;} 7.i'"'<> i!).ni:s 2,(i!i() \\;,\\\\\ \ 123 llUTlIlsl' ill UL>II. 2(t:{di'c "»!»!» (if to 2,:ui!) 'uh I i,2it;{ 2()(> I.O.VI 2.1i»i I 1,12!) :!.■.! I12..T.7 9.1(57 •)01 :J77 Inc. !),(i70 Dec. 2();{ it.4(i7 Tliese rctuni.s arc admitted to be, and indeed were, obviouslv ])re- pared with little attention, a.s is nianiCe.sted by the deerea.se .stated to have taken plaee in the district of Niagara, in direct contradiction with tlie in- ferences to be di-awii from the demand for new lands in 1827 and 1828. which ])rodiiced the surveys of the townships of W'alpole and Uainham. Hut assumin<>; the table to be ct)rrect — and it is suHicientlv so for u'eneral purposes — the population of the })i-oviiu'e appears to have increased from 182G to 1827 in the ratio of eight ])er cent, nearly*, and from 1827 to 1828 in the ratio of live per cent, and a fraction, giving a mean ratio of increase for two years about six and a half per cent. Increasing in the latter progression, the ])opulation would double itself in about fourteen years and a half. l>ut it must since 1828 have advanced to even a higher ratio, from the unparalleled tide of emigration directed to the province, by the united eilbrts anil encouragement of the government and of the Canada C\)m])any. The ])rovince now contains a population ])robably not far short t)f 21. >.()()() souls. Of this number about .'J.7,()()() men are enrolled in the militia, which is organi/ed into Hfty-six battalions, com- j)Osing the constitutional military strength of the country. HA "I lur !«*! * M'luit ])roiiortiou of tliis I:irj:c iiU'Vi'aso is natnral, and wliat adventitious as arising from cniiiiration, \\f liavo no satisfactory nican.s of di-stinjinisliinti here; hut tiicrc is no donbl much of it is iiscrihahlc to the latter source. flfl^ no UPPRll CANADA. If tlie population of U])])or Canada bo viewed in relation to tlie total superficies of the j)rovinee, it will be found to bear but a slender ])roi)ortion of inhabitants to eaeh scjuare mile ; but when eoui|)ared with the urea of land luuler actual cultivation its density will become ap- parent. In 18!iS, when the whole po|)ulation amounted to lS5,i>iJ() inha- bitants, the numl)er of acres luuler agricultural im])rovement did not exceed in round nund)ers .'jTO.OOO ; and we have thus a proportion of three acres ami about one-sixteenti» for the sustenance of each individual, or — admittiu"' the usual number of six to u family — eijibteen acres and two-ei«'hths for the support of each family. The following table, deduced from the same district returns, will coiivey a more defined idea of the statistics of seven out of eleven districts : Tabic of Katcahlc Property and ^hscfisuteufs Jhr 1828 of Sere// J)/,sfr/cf.s- in Upper Canada. l>i>iTi|iti.in. \\ i^tirii. 77,229 412,498 £272.701 .£1130 2201 l75 154.700 £112,8.'.0 £470 1017 0040 13 101 55,2,59 241,970 £217,340 .£1811 2244 11,012 70 57 9098 00,017 ,£170 354 1990 15 7 Assessment to be levied Horses Horned Cattle Grist and Saw Jlills Pleasure Carriaires In 1824, when similar returns were made, the total valuation of assessed property in the ])rovince, on wliicli the rate of one penny m tlie pound is collected for the public fimd of the several districts, amounted to l.OGOjOTl/. 13*. 111. Halifax currency. The niimerous improvements that have since then taken place must have amazingly increased that amount, from the magnitude of which a tolerably correct estimate may be formed of the intrinsic value of the colony. Hi m (JEXERAL IMPROVl'Ml'NTS. Ill ■fH In takino- a general and coniintlicnsive view of Upper Canada, and glancing- retrospectively to what it was fifteen years back, the accelerated march of its prosperity and improvement is remarkably striking. Within that ))eri«)d, the mass of the country has been surveyed, settlements formed in almost every township, and towns and villages have sj)rung up with extraordinary energy, in various directions. Canals of an ele- gance and utility, and of dimensio!-* um-ivalled, if etjualled, on this continent, have been o))cne(l tlu-ough the province. The A\'ella;.vl and the Kideau canals remove from the frontier, the internal eomnuniication by water, from the remotest Uritisli settlements of the St. Lawrence, to the sea. The lUdington ami Desjardius canals allbrd important advantages to the fertile district in which they are situated. The navigation of the lakes and rivers has undergone the greatest amelioration. ]''ight or ten steam-boats, some of them of great elegance, now form several corn])lete and convenient lines of conunimication be- tween the remote parts of the country. Manufactures and mechanics have also made considerable progress ; coarse linens and woollen cloths are successfully manufactured for domestic use by most good farmers ; and mamifactories of iron are established at Marmora and Charlotteville. Saw and grist mills (there are u])wards of five hundred of them), distil- leries ami breweries, are to be found in all the settled parts of the pro- vince. The princi])al towns in most districts contain ])roper public buildings, such as churches, court-houses, gaols, warehouses, iJvc. At York, a provincial bank is established under legislative authority, with branches at Kingston and Niagara. District schools, under the general sui)erintendence of u board, and the iuunediate direction of trus- tees, are established throughout the ])rovince ; ami a college, upon the principle of similar institutions in Kngland. has been founded ami re- cently opened in the capital of the colony. The learned ])rofessions — the meud)ers of which are in general munerous — have also their orna- ments : and eight or ten ])resses issue weekly news])apers, for the most part very intelligently edited, and circulating widely tlu-ough the pro- H I 1 V .■: M m * I'liderstciod as to l)i-oa(Uli iiiul (l('[)tli. The Grand Eric canal is indnitoly Idiiiror than any of thcso ; hut it is only calculated for vessels of inferior harden. 112 UPPER CANADA. vince. Post towns arc frequent, and afford conveniently tlie means of conimiuiieation with celerity and safety. In fact, Ui)])er Canada is rising in a large f>eoi>ietrical ratio into agricultural and commercial im])ortance ; nor can we, in thus contem- plating its ra])id prosperity, forbear attributing it as well to the ability and efficiency that has almost invariably distinguished the administration of its government, as to the great natural energies and resources of the country. II C nAPTEll V. Tlic ('iiiiiiilii Company. — \v> u( liiforiKtratioii. — Lands ot' tlio C'oniinniy.- — dodiii'li. — (liii'lpli. — Ikiiolits to L'pi'fi" Canada. In the future liistory of the coloui/ation of Upper Canada, the in- corporation of tlic C^anada Company will form a conspicuous epoch. The compreliensive niaraiit to a Company to he iiicorporatcd Ixj charter, to tw called ' The Canada Co:\i- TANV,' certain hnuhs in the province o/'UiTEii Canada ; and to invest the .said Company with certain poirer.s and priviteji>e.s; and Jhr other p/frjto.scs re/afini>' thereto." After reciting the 31st Cieo. III. chaj). xxxi. by which the reservations for the crown and derg) in tlie Canadas are created, and stating that "■ divers persons had nnited together to establish a Com- pany for purchasing, improving, settling, and disposing of la?ids in I'pper Canada," and that a ca])ital of one million sterl'.ig had been subscribed, upon which ten per cent, had been ])aid by the subscribers, the act au- thorizes His Majesty to grant a charter of incorporation, and to sell one moiety of the clergy reserves of the ])rovince to the Com])any, the pro- ceeds of which sale are to represent the lands, unless His ISIajesty deem M II '*1'. 114 ri'I'KR CANADA. fit, to rcappropriatc an equal (piaiitity of land for tlio same purposes. The shares are then deelared to be jjersonal estate, and liable to forfeiting by the sul)seribers, in tlie event of defaidt in tlie ])aynient of c<(ll,s, within six months after tliey siiall have been made; the shares bein<^' further deelared to be misaleable until sueh ealls are ])aid. The Company is then authorized under eertain restrietions to hold lands in any part of His Majesty's dominions, and is restricted to a eertain form of eonvey- ancc*. ^\fter verifieatiou at W'estminstir, the aet is recjuired to be re- j>'istered in U])])er Canada, and is declared a ])ublie aet. Under the sanction of their incorporation, the Com])any | entered innnediately into extensive contracts with Ilis Majesty's jvovomment for the purchase of reserves and other large tracts of crown lands in the pro- vince of Upper Canada, liy these ])urchases the Company became pos- sessed of upwards of two n)illi(Mis three hundred thousand acres, one million three hundred thousand of which, they hold in dispersed tracts of two hundred, two thousand, and ten thousand acres, and also in a few cases of blocks containing from twelve thousand to forty thousand acres. The residue, amounting to one million acres, composes one vast section of territory on the shores of Lake Huron, known by the denomination of the Huron tract, which was granted in lieu of the moiety of the clergy reserves scattered through the various townshi^js of the ])rovince. The consideration given to goveriunent by the Company for sueh t^ * Furw. — " \\\', the Ciiiiada Coinpaiiy, iiiCDrpDratcd iiiulor and by virtue of an act niado and passed in tlie sixth yeiir of the roif^n of Ilis iMajesty King George the Fonrtli, intituled An art In c/idhlr Ills Majvslij to grant lo a Coiii/iniij/, to lie incor/mratrd In/ c/iartcr, to hr ritllcd ' IVie Canada Company,' cvrtuiii hinds in the jiroviiuc of I'pper Canada, and to Invest the said Cnm/jaiii/ with certain jjoirers and privileges, and /or other purposes relating thereto, in consideration of the sum of to us paid, do hereby grant and release to all and all our right, title, and interest to and in the same and every part thereof, to have and to hold unto the said and his heirs for ever." I The following is a list of the Directors: — Charles Bosanquet, Esq. Governor; Edward KUice, Vj»{\. M. p. Deputy-Governor; Robert lliddulph, Esij. ; Robert Downie, Esq. i\I. P. ; .John Easthope, Estj. ]\I. P. ; Charles Franks, Esq. ; John Fullarton, E.sq. ; William T. Ilib- bert, Esi| ; John IluUett, Esq. ; Hart Logan, Es{[. ; James ^Maekillop, Es(j. ; IMartin T. Smitli, Esq.; Henry Usborne, F.sq. Auditors: — Thomas S. Benson, Esq.; Thomas Poynder, jun. Es(| ; Thomas ^\■ilton, F]sq. ; John \\'oolley, Esq. Secretary : — N. S. Price, Escp The office of the Company is kept at No. 113, St. Helen's-place, Bishopsgate, London. CANADA COMPANY. 11.5 extensive and valuable possessions, will best a|)])ear from tlie following,' statement, laid by the Lieutenant (iovernor ofUppe- Canada before the provineial le<^•i^'..ture, \ « ''(1 Stdtoticnt ofauiiual junpnents made, and to be uindc to Ili.s M(ijcst!f.s ^^u- vcnuiu'iit hij I lie Canada fumpamj, under an agreement eonc/nded on the 2'.ird Mai/, 1 Slid. In the yciir conimciiciiii^ 1st .Inly, 1}]2(), and cnilinn' 1st July, 1»27. In t!ie year I'lidin^r tla. J^t .Fiily, l}!2i!, 1st Julv, W2\), 1st .Inly, l!i:«), 1st .July, Di.ll, 1 .Inly, 1»32, Isi .Inly, 1«3;», 1st Jnly, Km, 1st Jnly, IH:!"), And tliercafter the sum of X'20,000 annnally until sixteen years shall have expired from 1st July, 1H2G. SlrrliiKj. 120, (»()(( ir.,(t()o l'),(IOO 1".,(HK) 1 (>,()()() 17,000 IM.OOO IDOOO 20,000 Thus, at theex])irationof the stated period of sixteen years, the sum that shall have been received from this source, by government, for its wild lands in that colony, will be 129.^,000/. sterling. Out of the large annual and increasing sums now paid by the Com- pany, the expenses of the civil list of the province are in a great measure appropriated *, leaving at the same time considerable surplus stuns, ap- ii • . ;;ia '1- ?'h * Yearly payments out of Canada Company's funds: — Administration of justice. Sicrli/iff tnoiici/. To the Lieutenant Governor ... The Chief Justice _ . - - - One Puisne Judge - Ditto Surveyor General Five Executive Councillors Clerk of the Crown and Council Receiver General Secretary end Registrar Attorney General - Solicitor General X'3(X)0 ISOO 900 900 300 .'')00 200 300 300 300 100 i'4 i! H Q2 !f. I I 'II llfi I IM'l'Il CANADA. plied to |)iir))()sos of local improvement. Uy the eontraet the Company is avithori/ed to expend, under the sanction of the provincial ^overmnent or of the colonial secretary of state, ni)\vards of 1.), ()()()/. of the pm-chase- nioney, towards the construction of works of |)ul)lic utility, within the Huron tract, which, independently of the larj^e sums applied out of the corporation's own funds, is the most satisfactory pledge of the rapidity w ith which its amelioration and settlements nuist increase, as it is well known that caijital judiciously laid out, is the very hinge of successful colonization. Tlu' Iliu'on tract, which is the largest collective mass of territory helonging to the C'omj)any. is nearly triangular in its general outline, and extends ahout sixty miles along the south-eastern and casteri\ shores of Lake Huron. It is boundt il to the southward hy a tract of waste land.s of the crown, and the townships of Loho, London, Xissouri, and Zorra ; and to the north-ea>it by imsurveved erown lands and Indian reserves. It lies between l.'J' 10' and I'.i .l;]' of north latitude, about forty miles, at its nearest point, from the head of Lake Ontario, and not more than thirty miles from the borders of Lake Va'w. The whole tract has been sur- Acyed, and subdivided into twenty townships, vi/. Colborne, Ilullett, Mackillop, Logan, Kllice, Kasthojje North, and South, Downie, Ful- larton, Tucker Smith, Hiddulpli, Lsborne, IJlanshard, IJosancp-.et, Wil- liams, M-Ciillivray, Stanley, and (iodrich. The general surf;ice of this territory is remarkably level, and fre- ((uently presents rich natural meadows and excellent pastures. The soil chieHy consists of a deep, rich, black loam, with a subsoil of clay inter- mixed with sand, which, in point of facility of cultivation and fertility, docs not probably yield to any in the province. The forests are composed of the most valuable and useful tind)er, and are not of that almost im- penetrable thickness, that in general characterizes a Canadian wilderness, but are so disposed as to diminish considerably the labour of clearing, which is one of the i)reliniinary o))crations of a new settler. The maple, beech, elm, and basswood are the predominant species of trees to be found in these forests; the i)eri'mnal foliage of which, decaying during successive ages, has formed on tlu surface a deep vegetable mould, endued Avith a degree of richness, that will not rccjuire manure after years of It' t ;. "i ■ if J 1 I' r? ill ;» I f< II 11 ■l^' OODItlCll. 117 iiilliviitinii, aiiil would almost (Iffy rxlimistit)U. Tlio niiiplf. in liolh proviitci's, is a soiinc of ivssi'iitial profit to the t'ainur, (Voni tiic copious suppliivs of su^ar lu" tU'rivi's from it,l)y tlu' mtist siinpli' pniiTss, ami with tiic least possible labour and i-xpeiise.. I'lu' soil is well wateri'd by the river Maitlaiid, a lar.^c branch of the Thanus and its tributarii's, the rivir Aux Sables, and numerous ri\ulels and brooks, i'resh sprin<;s abouml throuj;hout the tract, iiMil salt Nprin<;sare fri'(pient. 'J"hi' rivers an- partially navij^able, and are well adapted to the erection of mills; indeed many of the minor streams are eipially ea|)able of workin^i; machinery, and olfer many sites whire _u,ri^t and saw mills, carding;' and fidlini!; mills, mi^ht conveniently be built. In the township of (lodrich, a town has been laid out on the borders of Lake Huron, a^ d at tlu" moutl. of the river Maitland, from which a road is opened to join Talbot lload North, and another has bi-en traced. conuiiunicatin;j; eastwa/il thriuij^h W'ilmot and (Juelph, with tlu' Iiead of Ontario. The t(.wn is ry jud" ously planned, aiul ))eculiarly well situated, upon the elevated shores « .he lake, and (»n the southern sick- of the harbour formed bv Mail.smd rivi : . This harbour is capable of ad'ordiu''' safe slu'lter t( Vv sels of two iiiUidred tons' burden, and is well calculated to admit lureafter of the constructioti < ('(piays. to facili- tate the loading- and nnloadiuij; of produce and merdiandise. The ri\fr Maitlaiul, of nhich a partial ilescription has been <;iven in a precedinj; chapter, allbrds of itself many important advantages, arisinj^" out of the numerous sites that it presents for the erection of mills of every descrip- tion, and likewise from the excellence of the fish with which it abounds. The lake is ecjually well stored, and yields especially <>reat (piantities of sturn'oon. 'I'he broad exi)anseof its beautifullv transi)arent waters, whilst it adds to th(> interest of the locality, and faxourably infiuences the atmospheric c!..':es, allbrds an advantageous means of forwardinu,' and receivin<>; ^oods, to ami from the lower extremities of the ))roviiice, throu<;h the straits, lakes, and canals, by which, in fact, an uninterru))ted water coiniminication is (Opened to the Atlantic Ocean. Thus circumstanced, it is iini)ossil)le not to contemplate an early ))eriod at which (iodrieh nuist accpiire a consiilerabk< (k<<;ree of com- mercial c(»nse(iucnee ; especially when the exertions of the Companv, I 4 ,1 :* I I' I r '•If K;||ft'~ (.■I I 1' il 1 IS ri'l'i:i{ CANADA. Iiitlirrto siu'crssfiil, ;nv duly i-stimiiti'd. \N'lu'ii, at no very ivnidtc date, till' interior 1)1' tlie Huron trait uill he tliii-kly inliabited — and it iseajiahle ol >n.stainin<>; a population of ei<;lity tliousand souls and u))\vards — its pioduee will natinally lind its way to (iodrieli. as the t'oeusof'that seetion of'eountry: whilst the manutaetured supplies oi' the settlements would, iVoui the advantages of the navigation to that town, he eonstantly for- warded to the interior through the same ipiarter. The town, although not yet two years in existenee, eontains upwards of three Innidred in- hahitants ; and this nund)er is daily inereasing. A tavern is now opened, a saw-mill erected, and u grist-mill in progress: the immediate ereetion also of a hrewery and distillery is eontem])lated. In fact, no ineii)ient eolony ever promised to rise in the same ratio of importanee, or to he- I'ome more tlourishing. w ithin a eomparatively hrief lapse of time. It will he a eom])etitor for rapidity of growth with IJy Town and (iuelpii, that have risen mushroom-like ahove the surface, and are both now populous and im])roving places. 'IMie to\vn of (iuelph is. as it were, the capital of another extensive tract belonging to the Company, covering in superficies about forty thousand acres, and situated in the comity of llalton. district of CJore. The town was founded under the direction of a distinguished literary eharacte" .lohn (ialt, Ksquire. the first secretary to the Company, on St, Cieorges day, at so late a date as IS'JT, and now contains u|)wards of one hundred dw^Hing-houses. several shops and taverns, and seven or eight hundred inhabitants, amongst whom are found tradesmen and mechanics of every description reipiisite in an infant .settlement. A grist and saw-mill have bec.i for some time in operation: a school-house has just been erected, and a teacher appointed, who is already intrusted with the education of thirty or forty children: a printing-oHice also is lunv established. The town is well situated u])on the ri,er Speed, whicli falls into the Kramosa. a branch of the (irand river, and through it connnu- nicates with Lake ImIc. The streets are munerons and judiciously laid out : part of them are concentric, and imite in a crescent formed within a bend of river Speed in front of the town*. The country around * Till- liuildiiiji lots arc lialt" an acre, ami sell for X'H>; the farms in llii- vicinity niay be hail at from Kt.v. to l'2s. (•(/. ]ii'r acri'. Z < X 1! • o ^ t'' I: il J Ill 1*1 \i 1 1 GL'ELPII— GALT— GEN !• R.A I R VM.\ W KS. 119 ?{■;ive it ))rol)al)ly a su])eriority of relative local situation. CJuelph and CJodrich are decidedly rivals : each ])osscsses certain ad- vantages over the other which will for some time render their ])r()s])erity co-equal ; but it is believed that the ])osition of the latter on the shores of a great lake, accessible as it is to large vessels, and having a good harbour to protect them — su})eradded to the advantageous circumstance, of being at once made the focus of ])o])ulous settlements, that will soon be flourishing around — will evcntuallv give it the ascendancv. The little town of (Jalt is seated on the banks of the (irand river, in the township of Dumfries, and about ' venteen or eighteen miles from (iuel])h. It is another of the villages founded by the C\)m|)imy; and however its imjjortance may be considered secondary, as compared with the other towns, its situation is ])ieuliarly eligible, and cannot fail to attract many settlers of respectability and capital. l^])on an inspection of the geiUTal geogra])hical ma]) of the British Empire in North ^Vmerica, accompanying this work, it will be seen that the Canada Compan\' holds large tracts of land in almost every township of the province *, exclusive of the Huron territory and other extensive blocks. It may, therefore, be safely asserted, that the Company have at their disjjosal a vast and valuable ])ortion of the colony, em- bracing, from its singular distribution, every possible variety of surface, soil, tindier, and climate which that section of the king's dominions affords. It cannot, therefore, l)e doubted that the s])here of tluir settle- ments will soon be co-extensive with the ])rovince itself; and that from the impulse given by them to emigration, and the accelerated march in which their settlements are advancing, the landed ])roperty of the country will almost suddenly become greatly enhanced in value. It is probable, that, before the la])se of five years, lands that may now be obtained upon terms extremely moderate, even as sections of a forest, will cost treble what they now do, owing to the extraordinary demand that has been created for lands, by the encouiagemcJit held out by the government and * Tlu' f(iwiislii])s (if I ']>|ior ('im:i(la, in which the ('(iiii|);iiiy holds liiiuls, urc distiiigtiisht'd oil the map liy iiu astorisk *. il n '■Si i m |. 120 ri'lM'Il CANADA. il - h the Canada C()m])any to oini^ratc to I'ppcr Canada; and tliis increased value of tlie land is the more to he antiei])ated (Voni the geooraphieal situation of that ])rovinee. That section oi'it whieh is most desirable for settlement is hy no means unlimited or exhaustless, and may probably be confined, northward, by a line drawn from the head of Lake Chaudiere, on the Ottawa, to Matchedash [Jay, on Lake Huron, whieh includes, to the southward, all the or<;anised and surveyed ])arts of the province, so nuich of whieh has already been stated to belong- to the Company. Thus circum.scribed, with a ])opidation whose natural increase is great, and whose adventitious increase is far greater, every acre of ground nuist daily ac(|uire a high degree of augmented appreciation. The growth of Lp])er Canada, we believe, is unprecedented for its rapiility, in the annals «»f colonization; but it must be considered, that few countries in the world can eom])ete with it as a Held for new settlement. Few sections of the earth are so csj)ecially endued by nature with richness, exuberance, and fertility, with bright and pure skies, a salubrious atmos])here, a climate calculated to ri])en luxuriant fields, and mature delicious fruits; in fact, eiulowed with all the advantages that can render any s])()t emi- nently desirable as the abode of man, or rivet his alFections to the soil. The Canada Company have done nuieh, to promote the welfare of the settlements of the colony, and it a))])ears to be their inclination, as well as their interest, to do more. The nund)er and respectability of the settlers for whom they have ])roviiled on their iunuense demesnes, have already added considerable strength to the country, whether in a ])hysical, moral, or political point of view. The accession to the })opidation of the province accruing by emigration from the united kingdoms, transfers so nuich loyalty to the opj)osite shores of the western ocean ; especially when that emigration is under the direct influence and guidance of an association of Hritish capitalists, whose studious endeavours, consistently with the a))))ropriate badge of their incorporation, '" Xott nmlat ^tiiks, ttoliim," nuist be to foster IJritish feeling in the remotest regions of the empire. From their general applicability to the subject, the Instructions to Emigrants, printed at the back of the Company's prospectus, have been thought entitled to a ])laee in the i\])pendix at the end of the volume, where they will be found under the No. !2. I ..f .j^ CIIArTKK VT. (lovcriinu'iit — Constitution — iuid Courls of f.inv. i\N'ii'.('Ki)i-,Nii.v to 1791 tlio admiiiistriition of tlu" oovcninu'ut of the province of Quebec, which was co-extensive with liower and l'])|)er Canada, was peremptorily vested, inider the ])rovisions of an act passed by the British ])arlianienl in 1771. in the g-overnnient and council only. By this act, the catholic relioion was not otdy tolerated in its plenitude, but the tithes and other ecclesiastical privileges confirmed to the clergy of that persuasion ; the Knglish law was established in criminal matters, and the French law declared to ])rescribe the ride of decision where the rights of ])roperty were concerned. In 1701, as was before mentioned, the province of Quebec was divided into U])])er and Lower Canada, and the land before established in French seigniories and that recently allotted to the new settlers were se])arated and distinguished as before alluded to ; the former falling within the T.,ower, whilst the latter constituted the ' '])per ])rovince. The basis of those institutions by which rp])er Canadii is now governed was laid by an act of the Ihitish legislature, .'ilst (Jeo. III., which invests the su])remc power in a legislative council and an assend)ly, conjointly with the king, luuler the denomination of the Provincial Parliaments. The council nuist consist oi' seven niend)ers at the least, but the crown has the jxiwer of increasing this luunber. The members arc ap])ointedby the crown : they must have attained the age of twenty- one years, and be liritish sidjjects ei*:her by birth, by iiatiu'alization, or by the concpiest and cession of Canada. They are api)ointed for life, but may forfeit tlieir ])lace by treason, by swearing allegiance to a foreign ])owcr, by two years' absence from the colony without ])ermission of the governor, or four years' absence without the sanction of the king. H ■m 1*1 '♦"•1 ' f V -II III r fh I !.Li:. I >M r:i U i it I oo I'lMM'R CANADA. The speaker of the couiu-il is appointed by the governor, lientenant- governor. or other ])erson achninistering the government, and may he re- moved hy the like authority. The assembly is eoiiii)()sc'd oi" not fewer than sixteen members, ehosen by the electors of districts, counties, circles, or townshi])s. in a ))ro])ortion to be declared by the governor, but afterwards alterable by decision of the ])rovincial ])arlianient. Sid)se(iucnt provincial acts have increased the nund)er of both councils, and have fixed that of the as- sembly at forty. The districts returning members are dilferently con- stituted : some consisting oidy of a single county, others of two counties, a riding, or a eoimty and a riding together. The (pialiHcations of the electors are ascertained by the same act; wliich fixes the age of an elector at twenty-one. requires the same (lualification of allegiance as in a member of the council, and, ])roviding for some contingencies which have ne\ er occurred, ascertains, that to vote in a (/is/fief election the elector nuist ])ossess a freehold in the (Hntncf of the clear aimual value of forty shillings, ^'oters, before admission to the poll, are re(piired to swear that they have not before voted at the same election. This enact- ment raised the ([uestion of the right of Quakers to vote, that people, as is well known, being prevented by religious scruples from taking an t)ath ; but this has been decided in the same '.upiitable spirit that governs the jurispnulenee of (Jreat liritain, and the allirmation of those persons ad- mitted as ecjuivalent to an oath. To be eligible as a mend)er, the candidate nnist be twenty-one vears of age. a iJritish sul)ject by birth, naturalization, or the conciuest and cession of Canada: and he nuist not be a niend)er of the lej-islative council, nor " a minister of the church of Kngland, or a minister, j)riest, ecclesiastic, or teacher, either according to the rites of the church of Home, or under any other form or ])rofession of religious faitli or wor- shi))." A doubt for some time subsisted wliether this dis(jualifying clause extended to laymen occasionally acting as religicnis exhorters : but the (h'cision of the asscnd)ly in the cases of Messrs. Koblin and \\'ilson, which upon that ground excluded those niendx'rs from their seats, seems to have detinitively settled the ])oint. The provincial i)arliament has the power of prescribing disciualifications by its own act: by one of these, I ( Ki.iXTORS— norsi-: of asskmi?i,v. 123 ;. 'It f passed in 179'. it was dcdarcd tliat any person eoniin';- into the jji-ovince from a ])laee not under liis majesty's ^-overnment must iiave resided seven years, wiiieli period hy an aet passed in 1S14 is extendi'd to tour- teen years, and tlie most reeent .laetments re<|uire tliat his jjropertv should eomjjrise tour lunidred aeres of land free from incund)ranee, to render him eligible as a mend)er of the assend)ly. The provineial le<;islature seems to liave involved itself in a sort of anomaly by its deeision with re<4'ard to (Quakers olferinj^ themselves as candidates for the representation: for thouj^h in the case of an elector their aflirmation is admitted in lieu of an oath, as a member it has '.)een rejected, and that valuable portion of society eycluded from all share in the lej^islation of the colony. A new assend)ly is called by proclamation of the governor, who fixes the time and jdace, and a))])oints the returning tiflicers, to whom he issues writs of election, returnable in fifty days. When a petition is ])resented against the return for any district, it is to be taken into consideration by the assend)ly in a ])eriod not less than fourteen days from its presentation, notice of which is given to the peti- tioners and the sitting members, and the mend)ers of the house ])resent are sworn to decide according to the evidence. The duration of the assenddy is four years : but it may at any time be either prorogued or dissolved by the governor, who ap])oints the tinu> and ))lace of session, but is obliged by law to do scat least once in every year. The ])rorogation contimies no longer than forty days, and must be prolonged from time to time by repeated ])roclamations. The time of meetinji for the transaction of business is comnnniicated to the mem- bers by letter, nor can the session commence till o])ened by the governor. The assembly elects its own speaker, subject to the a])pr()bation of the governor, and lays down its own rules and orders, referring in cases for which they have omitted to ]m)vide,to those which govern the commons of the mother country. To constitute a law, a bill having passed the house of assend)ly and council, must receive the assent of the lieutenant-governor in the name of his majesty, an assent which it is in his discretion to with- hold, or to reserve till after a conununication with the government at home. In the latter case, the royal assent may be signified at any time K 2 m •i I ^* "' ti, *i si V24 IVVVM CANADA. !*' nsi n within two years, and from that time- the law takes eff'eet. His majesty haN likewise the power of (lisallowiiiis ])leasnre is made known. There are eertain suhjeets, of whieh reli<>ion is the ])rinei])al. on wliieh no law ean be |)assed withont the eonsent of the two houses of the Ihitish parliament, ratified by the kin^-. The ri<;ht of ))assin^' laws for the taxation of the ])rovince is exclusively and ex- ])ressly reserved to the ))rovineial le^i^liiture. iVs in the mother country, the executive ])ower is vested exclusively in the kin^', or his rejjresentative, the lieutenant-<'()vernor : that repre- sentative ajjpointed by the crown, as are his principal o.Oicers, the mem- bers oi' the executive council, the juil<;es of the court of king's bench, and all oiHcers at the heads of departments. The lieutenant-y;overnor is assisted in his administration by a council, a])pointed by the crown ; and all )i 'titions addressed to him are. To Ii'in KArclh'tivij in CoiiHcil, in which style run also all orders and documents made thereon. The j)rincipal court of law subsisting in the colony is the court of king's bench, consisting of a chief justice and two puisne judges ; the jurisdiction of which cond)ine.s those of the courts of king's bench and conunon ])leas in England, and, as respects matters of revenue, even that of the exchecpier ; holding four regular terms in a year. An a])peal lies from its decisions, by writ of error, to the court of appeals, comj)osed of the governor and his council, but only in causes where the matter in dis- ])ute amoimts to one hundred pounds, or is some annual rent or duty ; and from this judgment there is an ultimate apjjcal to his majesty in eoimcil, where the subject in (juestion is of five hundred pounds' value. There arc also two circuits, the eastern and western, of assize i:i{ini{. V27 •mi iVtlaiitic'Oi'oan, after an imintrrni))to(l course M' upwards <>(' t\V(» tlioiisand statute miles. Tile St. Laureiiee receives nearly all the rivers tiial liavi- their sources in the extensive ran<;e of mountains to the nortiiwards, called the Land's Height, that separates the waters t'aHin<^' into Hudson's Hay still further to tiie north from those that descend into tlu- Atlantic, aiul all those that rise in the ridn-e which connuences on its southern hank, and runs nearly south-westerly until it falls upon Lake t'ham|)lain. Of these, the principal ones are the Thames. Ouse, or (irand river, the Ottawa. JMas<|uinoni>;e, '^aint Maurice, IJatiscan, Saint Anne, .laccpies C'artier. l)u (iouM're. Saguenay, IJetsiamitcs, and Manicouaj;an on the north; and till' Salmon river, C'hai"an<;ay. C'luunbly or Itichelien, Vaniaska, St. Fr.incis, Xicolet, Hecan(our, J)u (liene, C'haudiere. du Sud. du I-oup. Matamie, and Mitis on the south. In diifcrent ])arts of its course it is known under diU'erent api)ellations : thus, as hi^h uj) from the sea as Montreal, it is called St. liawrence; from Montreal to Kin<;ston in l'])per Canada, it is called the Catara([ui, or Irocpiois; hetween J^ake Ontario and liake Lrie it is called Niagara river; hetween Lake Krie and Lake St. Clair, the Detroit; l)etween Lake St. Clair and Lake Huron, the river St. Clair; and hetween Lake Huron and Lake Su- |ierior, the distance is called the Narrows, or the Falls of St. Mary. .1 1 ' 1 1 11 ,t. ■ i 4 /^ .; t! .1 :,i LAKK .sri'KHIOH. liake Supcriol', without the aid of any great elfort of imagination, may be considered as the inexhaustible spring from Avhence, through unnumbered ages, tlie St. liawrence lias continued to derive its ample .stream. This immense lake, uneijualled in magnitude by any collection of fresh water n])on the globe, is situated between tlie ))arallels of Mi" 2.'}' and 4i)" 1' north latitude, :ind the meridians of 84" 'H and D'i" 11' west longitude. Its length, inciisured on a curved line through the centre, is about three hundred and sixty geographical miles, its extreme breadth t)ne hundred and f(U'ty,and its circumference, in following the sinuosities of the coasts, about one thousand five hundred*. Its surface is about ,i ^..fl '4 > Lake Suiicriiir, me taken tVoin the able and scieiitilic paper ])re>eiitecl to the Literary ami Fli^torieal Socii ty of (^uelne. together with a valuable colleetioii of geological and mineral sjiecimens, by Caiitain JJaytield, I OH LAKi: SI I'KHIOll. si\ liiiiiilit'd and tu'cnty-si'vi'ii (Vet iil)o\i' the ti(l« ^ tii of tli<^ Atiaiitir; Imt till- shoivs I'xiiihit almost coiu'liisivi- iiiditiii' is liavliij; lu-iii, in foniiir a^is, as mmli |>t'ilia|)s as forty or fifty frtt liiglur than its present li'xcl. Various soundings liavc lu'cn taken, from eighty to oni- hunched and lifty fathoms; hut its j^reatest cU-pth prohahly exeeeds tw») hunih'i'd fathoms, thus (lemonstratinj; the hottoni of the hike to he nearly six hundred feet //t'/otc tlu' level of the oeean. The crystalline transparency of its waters is uiu'ivalleti, and sui-h as to render rocks, at extraordinary iirv('vs of tliiit scicntilic otru'cr aiv an important acoossicin til tlic ;r('(i|_'raj)liv lit' tlif Canadas, and t'nmi tlic aMIitifs and rcscari-li iit' the tijicralor Iiiivf alMi liccn tlic means of cxti-ndinj; i-oiisideralily tli«' know It'd^L' of \-ari(ius brancla's of tlic natural liistory of liotli jirovinces. ; *» STH.AIT or ST. MAItV. I'.'!) iiistiiiu'i's, to ill! ('lcviitii)M of oiu> tlioiiMiiid \\\c liiiiidii'd Icct al)oM> tlio lake, as trii^^tnoiiu'trirally asccrtaiiii'd l>y (.':i|>taiii i{a\ H< Id; and tlii'MHirci-s of sonu' <»(■ tlu' rivers flowing into tlu* laki- liavr lu'iii rstiniatid l)y Mr. Sclioolcrot't and Dr. Itiosliy to lii< (Voni tivi' luindrcd and livi' to six imn- clrt'jl and I'om'ti'i'ii fVi't lii^lii-r tiian tlir \v\v\ of tlii'ir innnllis. Tlii' rivi'rs discliargini;' tlicnisi'lvos into I iak(.> Superior ar(> indicd nnnu rows, hut none are ri'niarkal)li' i'or tlicir li'n;>th, altlion;;'!) siNcral ul' tliini ari> Hue liroad streams, ponrini; ample stores into tlie l)o>,(ini of tins innnensi> ri'eipieiit. On its north and north-east sides are several islands, the lar;;ist of uhiih is ealli>d Isle Hoyale, measurin<{ ahoiit one hundred miles in len<>th hy forty in hri'a'' tumultiu)us and mu'easiiij»; a<;itati()n of the waters, eom- hini'd with the noise and da//lin<;- whiteni'ss of the sur<>;e, is not delieient either in tirandeur or mau'iiideenee. The total descent of the fall has hei'U ascertained to be twenty -two and a half perpendicular fi'i-t. It has bi'cn found impracticahli' to ascend the rapid, hut canoes have \entured down, although the experiment is extremely nervous and hazardous, and in jreneral avoided by means of a poi'ta«i;e about two miles lonj; which connects the navi_<;able parts of the strait. Helow the diseharye of St. Mary's Strait are situated the islands of St. .Joseph and Drunnnond ; the former of which is under Hritish domi- nion, and the latter within the limits «if the I 'nited States. There are upon each a small military detachment and dei)»)t, maintained by the respective governments, which are the most remote stations, at least on the British side of the frontier, where a military force is maintained. 'i' r' im if l> f ■n . fi (, I 'JIt i;3() I.AKl- IICIIOV. Tlii'so isliiiuls aboiiiid with curious minoralooical spocimcns, fossils, aiid |K>tri(';u'tions. inany of wliicli arc to hi- st-cn in tlic inust'Uins of the Na- tural llistorv S(H"ii'ty in M'.utival, and tho lati-rarv and I listorit'al So('ii't\' of (^u('l)t't'. LAKH IllHON. \ Aike Huron \ ii Ids in its (hmcnsions to Lake Superior only. Tt is \vr\ irrcnidar in sliape. yi't with the assistanee of a httk' fancy may be fornu'd into soiuethiniL;; like a trianyle, havini>' its base to tlie north, and its opposite an^le at the somct' of the St. Clair river, which is its outlet to ihe so\ith. Its <;reatest U nuth on a iur\c'linear lini' hetween the dis- charu,e of St. Marys Sir., 1 and the outk-t. is about two hundri'd and forty miles: its deptli. diu' north and south, one hundred and i-inhty-six ; and its extrenu' breadth, ni-arly W. N. W. and Iv S. M.. about two hundred and twent\. In eiri'unil'erenee it will bi' found not far short of one thous;ind nnles. l-'roni the liead of river St. (."lair its coast to the west trends first north-eastward about thirty-live miles, then stretches north- ward abodt one hundred and fii'teen to Cape Ilurd. which terminates tlu> west point of Cabot's I lead, a peninsula averan'inif tweKi" miles broad, and ])rotrudinL!; fifty niili-s into the lake. From \N'in<;lii'l(l Point on the east, correspondini;' with Cai)e Ilurd on the west, the coast breaks to the south-eastward, forms Nattawassai;a IJay, and then, after adniittini>; the waters of Lake Simcoe. ri^ascends northerly to the Kith dei;ree of north latitude, nnich broken and indented, and frin<;i'd i)y a midtitude of islets. At this point the lake receives the waters of Lake Nipissino- thr()u<;h the I'rench ri\ cr : the shore thence bends to the west. contimiin<>' that uoneral direction till it strikes tlie Strait of St. Mary, beyond which is the broad strait of Mii'lnliniackinac. the outlet of Lake Michigan into Lake Huron, or rather the link by which both lakes are united, for it is believed there is little or iio diHerenee of elevation in their relative l(>\els. 'I'lie coast then swellinii' «»iit eastwardly takes a southerly course to the bottom of Sai>uenam I{ay. reascends on the eastern side of it about forty miles, and then trtMuls again southward t») the head of river St. Clair. 'I'he surface of Lake Huron is about thirty-two feet lower than that of Lakc> Sui)erior, and thirty feet above the le\ el of l-ake Erie. It is l.AKI' IllHON. l.')l nearly as (Ici')) as \\\v lonm-r; and its water is cM|Ually told. transparcMit. and pure, l-'roni its westi'rn side a serii-s of txtensixc islands called Maniloulin, of wliieli St. .losepli and I )nnnni()nds Isi;inds already mentioned form part, stretches in an easterly diici'tion one Inmdred and twenty mill's. ( )ni' of thi'se islands is ii])\\ards of sevent\-li\e miles loiiii,', and varies in width from thni' mili-s to twenty-three, heinn' sin- gularly indented by dei'p inlets and i-oxcs that j;iM' it an extremely irre- gular and broken «)Utrme. A superstitions veni-ration is attached to these islands hy tlu" Indians, who l)elie\e them to he I'onsei'rati-d hy the pn'- sence of tlu'Cireat Spirit, or, in their own lanu,uan'e, the "(i/ra/ Mtiiiitou ;" and luiiee has originated the ap])ellation they still hear. IJetween this ])rineipal chain and the north shore is comprisi>d a section of the lake almost completely cut oil' from the main body, in which are scatti>red many other islands ol' inferior s'l/.c : whilst another group, exti-ndini;' I'rom Cape llnrd {o the southern angle of theCireat Manitonlin Island, forms together the Manitonlin series, a kind of archi|)i>lago that conlines the lake to th.- northward. (.'ond)ini'd with Cabot's ))romontory or pen- insula, this archipelago separates from the lake a large body of water consti'.nting, as it were, an inner lake, whose extri'me length, from N'at- tawassaga Hay, on the S. V... to the mouth of the Nairows or St. Mary's Strait, on tlu" west, is about two hundred and twcnty-(i\i' miles, and its greati'st breadth about liity. Several rivers and mnneroiis minor streams descend from all sides to levi>l the bosom ot' tlu- lake. IJut although the Maitland, Si'vi'rn. Moon, and l-'ri-nch rivers, which are those most w.Tlhy of being enu- merated. How in ample streams, it is probable that they do not together ])oin' into the lake more water than is dischargetl by tlu- l-'alls of St, .Mary alone. Tlu' shores ot' Lake Huron an- generally barrt-n and broken, especially towards the ni»rth, where a bold ridge of hills, called the Clodic Mountains, arc conspicuously to be si-i-n, extc nding about forty mile.-; along the coast, and exhibitin<>' distinctlv three or four loftv summits. Clay cliil's, rolUd stoiu's, al)ru])t rocks, and woody steeps, of various ele\atit)ns, from thirty to eighty or one hundred feet in lu>ight, constitute the general characters of the coast in most parts of thi' lake: s 'Z a v I \m ii 11^ I ■ 1 >:\' •iiii 132 LAKE HURON— LAKE MICHIGAN. but the lands above tliese forbidding!; shores are fre(iuv'ntly of an excel- lent (|nality, es|)eeially to the eastward. This lake is eentrically situated between its rivals, Lakes Superior, lMiehiu,'an, Krie, and Ontario, Mith all of which it has a direct connnuni- cation. l?v St. Marv's Strait it coinnuniicates witli Lake Superior; by Miciiiliniackinac with Micliigan, and through it with the waters of the Illinois: bv the river and Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit, with Krie; and bv Severn river and I^ake Sinu'oe, then a short ])(»rta<>e. a chain of lakes, and Trent river, with Ontario. There are, besides, two known water conuniniications i.ith the Ottawa; one of which, explored by Mr. Cattv. ol' the roval engineers, '\\\ 1S1<). ascends from Lake Siincoe through a chain of lakes and their connectiny; waters, to the height of land, over which a portage is made to the source of the >Li(lawasca, which falls into the Lake of the Chats. The other is up French river into Lake Xinis- sing, and thence down a rapid riv(>r into the Ottawa, where it dis- charges itself near a ])lace called Mataouin. This is the route in general adopted bv the north-west traders in proceeding to the remote ])arts •,\' the country, and the point at which they traverse from the waters of th;' Ottawa to those of the St. Lawrence. t ■'f I ifil LAKE .AIIC'IIIGAX. Lake Michigan lies exclusively within the boundary of the I'^nited States. Its ])osition is nearly north and south, its length little short of three hundred miles, and its greatest breadth about seventy-five. In shape it is elliptical and regular, if we except a break in its western coast, formed by the >'ntrance of (ireen l?ay, which is about one hundred miles deep, and extends parallel with the lake, and another inferior bay on the o])posik> side. None of the tributaries of Michigan are of any consider- able length, but they are extremely munerous ; and several of them are full Howing rivers, that elfectually feed the lake into which their streams are lost. From the bottom of CJreen Hay, boats can ascend the Onta- gamis or Fox river to within two miles of the Oniscousin, to the head of which a i)ortage is made, and a descent thence olfered to the Missis- si i)pi. f'»^'; LAKE ST. CLAIR— DKTUOIT Rl\ KR. 1 '■'•} T\w river St. tMair, ji Hiit', clear stream. navi<;al)le lor schooners, is the outlet of Lake Huron. It issues at the soutliermnost cxtreniitN of the lake, and tlows between moderately hif^h hanks, adorned In many natural beauties, for a distance of thirty miles, when it aj;ain expands into the comparatively small lake St. Clair. Few settlements have as yet bei-ii formed alon<4 its banks; but the excellence of the lands which it traverses. and the ra))id im))rovements of the districts in its vicinity, nnist brin^' them under early cultivation. Forts (iratia and St. Clair, on the western bank, are the only partial settU'ments u))on the river. Lake St. CMair occupies an intermeiliate position between Lakes Tliu'on and Krie : being connected by river St. CMair with the former, and by Detroit river with the latter. It is almost circular, and about thirty miles in diameter. The shores are low, level, and generally in a state of natmv ; a few strau;u,Tmi;' habitations, humble in their structure, .studded in diU'erent ])arts of the wilderness, bein*;' the oidy indications (A' ])ro<>ressive settlement. The water of the lake is oeiu'rally sh()al. yet sufliciently deep in the channel to atlimit safely of steam-boat and schooner navigation. Its surface is much contracted by a grouj) of flat islands to the northward. ))ro(luce(l by alluvial accunndations from the discharge of the St. Clair, by which numerous channels are formed to ap|)roach the mouth of the river, the principal one being that called the ()/iM} ihe westw;:i(l, and ther.ce, bending in a regular curve, flows about due s.>i,th to its influx into Lake Krie. It is twenty-nine n)iles in lengtii. broad and d'ep. and divided into two ch»ipnels I'or a great ])art ot sis course by elongated islands, the largest oi" which are (irosse Isle, within the American lines, eight miles long, and Turkey Island, further up. within the Hritish boundary, in lengtii : bout Ave miles. Isle an Uois IJlanr, lu'longing to Lpper Canaila. is not ujore than one mile and a half long, but its situation is im])ortant. It is nearly o])])osite ^\ndierstburgh, and divides the channel i)etween Cirosse Isle and the east bank of the river, leaving the dee])est chaimel to tin east- ward, and connnunding the entrance of the river. The Detroit is navi- ;i; .!li! In) ^ #- Ht i;34 LAKi- KHli:. I»^ 1= -I ; 1 if! j;al)l(' lor vcvs.sds of any si/c iniploN i-d upon tlu- lakes, and oU'crs at An)- licrstburuh an oxcL-lk'nt liaibour. Tlic banks of tlii" river are of mode- rate elevation, anil in a liij;li state of eidture, e\hil)itin<>- very |)leasin' west longitude; is about two hundred and sixty-five miles long, sixty-tlu'ec miles and a half broad at its centre, and six hundred and fifty- eight miles in circumference. Its surface is calculated to be five hundred and sixty-five feet above the nearest tide-water of the ocean ; and its greatest depth varies from forty to forty-five fathoms, with a rocky bottom. From its northern coast several extensive ])romontorics f j)ro- jeet into the lake tt) considerable distances, and render its navigation more dillicult than that of the other lakes, by occasioning a diversity of bearings. For instance, in leaving Fort Krie. or liufl'alo, the course lies west-south-west, about two luuidred and fifty miles, to the St. (ieorge or IJass Islands ; thence northerly to j\mlicrstburgli, and westerly to tiie head of the lake. A very })erce])til)le current, that runs constantly down ' S.M- p. 10.-.. t Fur a description of these promontories or points, luul of the north -liore generally, see pp. 10.3, 104. ifj l.SLANDS AM) SOUTHERN SHORES. 133 ' lb till' lake, and tlif ])iwalciu'e of south-west winds, also add to the diMi- cultics of tlio navi<;ation in ])nuTcdin_L!,- westward. The islands of the lake are entirely confined to its western (|uarter. These are I'ele and Middle Islands, the lien and Chiekens, and the Kast and Middle Sisters, on the Hritish side the line: and C'unninu,hani and Slate Islands, the Hass Islands, and the West Sister, within the Ignited States' limits. The southern shore of the lake falls exehisively within the territory of the I'nited States. At its eastern extremity are Hlaek Uoek and HuHhlo, which were destroyed duriuj;' the war: hut they lune since heen rehuilt. and have made the most rapid progress in im])ro\ements and pojndation. From Hullalo u]) to the Detroit, tiie shore of Lake Krie is j^enerally low : exce])t near the ])ortaj;e of C'hatausili(|ue, where for a short distance it is rocky and hold ; and hetwccii C'levc^land and the We- neshoua river, where the dills rise almost perpendicular nearly twenty yards above the water's level, and so conlinue until they approach the Hiver Huron. ^\lon<4' this side of the lake there are but few points nieritin<;- particular notice. The entrance of C'atarai>us Creek allbrds a <;()od harbour for boats, whence there is a road to the interior. Pres(iu"ilc harbour is situated opposite to the North Foreland, or IiOnular. The houses al- toa(ls I'roni it by I-'ort Le Hd'uf to MeadsviMe and I'ort l''rankHn, on tlie Alli'<;any river, and another hy the niariiin of tlie lake to IJnU'alo. A little sonth-west ol" Mrie is the small villaji'e of I/ieliHeld, whence a road eontinnes hy the lake-side to IJalplisville. and hy the Ashtahnla river down to .lefl'erson and A»istiijhur<;h, from which ])lace another pro- ceeds to the towns of Warren and New I.ishon. From a small settlement called Newmarket, on the east side of (irand river, a road ^oes to C'lexcland, thence tnrns oft' to New Lisbon, and continues on to I'ort M'lntosii on the Ohio river. From Cleve- land there is a very good road to Sandusky, that ])roceeds on to the old I"\)rt Miami. Half a mile beyond it is Fort Meu<;s, a place of some strenu,th, and mounting eij^hteen jfuus (lurin<;' the war. The two bays of Sandusky and Miami allbrd fj;ood anchorage and shelter, as do most of the islands at the west end of the lake. In Cuimingham's Island, is a fine harboiu' called Put-in Hay. opi'U to the north, and very Avell sheltered, with excer.nt anchorai;'.'. It is nearly of a circular form, and the entrance to it not more than a (piarter of a mile wide, having on the western side a narrow rocky ])oint about forty feet high, but where it joins the islaiut the istlnnus is so low as to be generally overflowed, l^'rom the point a blockhouse and strong battery di'fend the harbour. The Fnglish ships Queen Charlotte and Detroit were carried in here after their capture. a\ hen the IJritish s(|uadron was defeated by an i\nicriean arnuunent of nuich superior force. The invaluable advantages enjoyed by Lake Firie from its geo- giaphiial position and relative connexion with surrounding navigable witers. ;uid the scene of commercial animation it exhibits, are so eorn'ctly described in a .Tournal ))ublished at IhiHalo. that we cannot do better than give the following 'xtraet from it. " It is ])eculiarly gratifying to notice the annual :, crease of busiv.ess upon the waters of Lake Krie. The lake navigation connnenced thi.^ spring (IS.'JO) nuieh earlier than usual, and it has alri'ady assumed a degree of importance and activity une(|ualled bv that of any former jieriod. Hesides the numerous schooners that constantly crowd our wharfs, waiting their several tiu'iis i.AKi: i-.iMi:. ■ u 'fVi to load or unload, scncm (iiic stcani-hoals Iia\c lull and prolitaMc cni- |)lo\ nicnt *. ()ni> of tlu'sr hoats nou leaves imh- liarluiin- c\('r\ morning-, crowded Avitli lVeii;lit and |iassi'nj;c is, destined to the fertile regions of the west. It is impossible to reflect on the almost ineredilile increase of business upon Lake I'-rie for the last fixe or six years, without in- didnin;^- in what to some uk'.v a))i)ear extravagant antieipations of the future. '• The map of the cMitire u,loi)e does not present another sheet of water so strileeuliar as that of r.ake I'lric'. It literally eommands the niivij';ahU' waters of Xorth America, l-'roni the soulji, ii steam-hoat has already ascendi'd the A!leu,any to \\ arren : and a tiiilini^' improvenu'nt of the ("hatauciiie outlet \\ill enahli' steam-hoats from New Orleans to a])])roa( !i within three miKs of I'ortland harbour. Froni the north, the vessels of I.aki' Ontario have alriady ^isite(l Lake Krie, through the A\ t'lland Canal and river. 'I'he same spirit of enterprise that produced tlie ^^'ellalul Canal, it is belicxed, wil! soon be mabled to oxercome the natural ini))i'diments to the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and open an easy and uninterrupted eomnunrication from Lake Lrie, throu_u,h Lake Ontario, to Montreal and (^uebic. 'I'lu' ease with which a canal of suf- ficient capacitv to ])ass steam-boats can i)e opened between Lake .^lichi- uan and the navigable waters of the >rississii)])i i;, well known. This enterprise has been lou<^' agitated, and will, it is believed, soon be accom- ))lished. Hut this will not be the only channel of intercourse bet v. eeii Lake Fa-ie and the (iulf of .Mexico, l-'rom the southern shores iA' Lake Krie, the Ohio and I'ennsyKania canals will open a conununication through the Ohio river to the .Mississippi. " Lake Lrie. thevefort>. may be reuarded as a oreat central reserv(>ir, froni which o])en in all directions tlu> most exten-i\e channels of inland navigation to be found in the world: enabling \ essels of the laki> to traverse tho Avhole interior of the coinitry, to visit the Atlantic at the north or i)i the south, anil collect jjroducts, the luxuries and wealth of every eliine and country." * Previous to tin- opi-iiiiig of tin- (iraiid I'.ric C'liiml, tlicrc were not more than twenty vessels in the lake. In less than tliree years after there were two hundred and eij;liteen. — Gc ncral Heir of the lit Hand Citiuil, hi l'(ii>luiii CniL.lilon. li l:]H MAfiAUA I{l\ I'M. Till' Niii^MPii river conimcuccs nt the cxtirnu' iiortli-i-ast point of Liiki' Mi'ii', iiiid is till' only «)ntli'l llnouj^li wliirli its wutrrs pass into Lakr Ontario, from tliiiu-i' to tin- hroad lied tif'tlii-St. I iaurriu'c. and nlti- niatcly to tlii' oiian. Fnun itsi-llliix out of I ^aki- Isrii- to its discliari^i' in Ontario, its ^I'lUTal conrsi' is fronisoutli to north. It is tliirty-tlni'i-and a half mill's lon<>- hy tlii' bends of the river, hut the direct distaiiee seareelv amoimts to twentv-eiiilit. No one section of water on the liiohc. of so limited an extent, loiild most prohahly he fonnd to cond)ine i't once so manv objects of interest, intrinsic or adventiticnis. as are blended in the Nia<;ara. It traverses a district unrivalled for its richness and fertility, constitutes the frontier betwein two fiireii!,n states, and discloses various ])henomena in its course that are justly ranked amongst the sublimest of the natural wonders of creaticn. In desci-ndiu';' the \ia_<;ara. wi' lia\e on our li'fi I'pper Canada, and on our rij^hl the state of Xi'W ^'ovk. It first assuim the character of a rivi'r at l-'ort Mrie. \vliere its \'. idth is one uiiK': but soon contractinu," its bed. opposite Black Rock, to something' less than half a mile, it bei-omes rapid, until. i'\))andin_i;, aertieies of 1 1 COO acres, and, toirether with all the other islands of the Xiiay^ara, ex- C'e])t Xavy Island, has been att.icbeil to the Ignited States' territories by the decision of the commi^sioi»ers, iiiulcr the sixth article of the treaty of (thent. It is remarkabiv >vell wooded, and contains some settlements along its south-western si':ore. Of the two iliiitnuls formed by (irand Isle, that to the westward is the bioadest and divpest. About mi'lway down the eastern chamiel is Tone\ aaita Island. op])osite the eriek of that name, which is navigable for boats twelve miles above its mouth, and used, in consetpience, as part of the (w'and Krie Canal. Navy Island is I M \(, \i\.\ I! I \ I'll. 131) at till' foot of tlic Wist C'liiiniu'l ;iii(l tlic noitli-riist iin! of (Jninil Islr, till' Main C'liiiniirl passing- l)it\\i'( ii botli islamls. Tjic ((nirsc of tin* lixi-r tlii'iici". to tlir (/(/')/(/■ of till' I'alls. is diii' west, tlir distaiU'i' tlirci' mill's ami a half, and its hri'adlli ratliir moiv than onr mill'. At (iill Creek, near I'ort Sehlosher. where the portaj^e on the .Xineriean side terminates, a convenient harhonr is formed for sloops navi'iatin^j; Lake l''rie and that ])art of the river; aiiil a mile and a half lower down, on the point formed by the abrupt turn of tlu' river, are the villinc and mills of Manehester. o|)po'.ite (ioat Is! :n(l. The proprietor of this sin^idar spot has. with admirahle in^cimitv. eoiitrived to eoniieet it with the main shore, at a distanee si'areely of lifty yards, alioM- the xcrne of tin American section of the Kails of Xia<;ara. by a hrid^e, npwards of s!\ Imiidred f- et in length, supported by wooden piers, driven with astonishiiii;' stability amidst the impediments arising' from a resistless Hood ot' waters. mo\ ini^' tumultuously at the rate of nearly seven miles an hour. o\cr an irregular and broken bed of rov ks. lletweeii I-'ort Sehlosher and Manchester is the viilai;e of Chippewa, on the opposite bank, situated near the mouth of Welland liver, ami at the southern extremity of the |)orta<;e on the Hritish side. The ilistaiice from the source of the Niagara to the lu'ad of the Falls is twenty miles, and tlie diirereiice of elevation si\ty-si\ feet : but of this height lil'ty-one feet descend abruptly in the space ol" half a mile, immediately above the I'alls. The slion s of the river are low. and. to- wards Lake l-aie. so Hat on the eastern side as to oiler but a slender embankment. It is naviifable the whoU' of this distai'.ce. exce])t be'ow Chip|)ewa, where the rapids produi'cd by the deep iiuTination of the bed of the river, and tl ;.■ indraui'ht of the cataract, beconir too formidable to be tempted. .\ boat, uowever, can pass from l''ort Sehlosher, or from Chippewa, toCioat Island, by carefully keepim;' the slender line of rather .slackened water between tin- foamiiii;- rapids, above the channels formed l)\ its intervention : indeed, this nervous ap])roach to the island was the only alternative existing before the erection of the ingenious bridge we have already noticed. At the Falls the river forms a sharp angle, by departing from its previous course, which is almost due west, and bending suddenly to tlio ■V l> I "J 4 im !f W yf'. 140 .M.\(i.\ii A i;i\ i;ii-riii: i".\i.i.s N.X.I'".. lUlou tin- Tiills its ( liariU'ti'iN l)i'r»>iiu' cntiri'ly chiinii* d : its widtli IN coiitrartt'd Iniin upwards of a inilc (<• siair(l\ rmii- liiiiulivd and fills yards, and at siiiiic points Uss ; its lud, instead 'il'lyinn lii't\((,>M|i low hanks sniiliii!;' with tlii' arts ttl" a;;rifnUin'i', sinks hwndri ds ol' Cci-j into a . . ."•! (iriMt I'lill nil llii' .\iii«'iii'iiii side ....... l(ij KriPln till' li.iM' cit ihf I'.ilN til (Jurfll--lciii ...... i(l| Kliiin (Jlli'1'li-.liiU 111 I,;lx, I >llt;i|-iii ■■■... '2 liiirciciui' iif li'Vil liilwriu till' cllliix anil alllii\ ot llif NiaL:,ira. ur cli'v .ilimi nt' I.,ilii' I'rif aiiiivi' I,..|-;i 1 "iitariu ....... WM ' rii ;• I-'al!.n| Niagara are divided hy di-at Island into two nne(|ual seet;ons; that on the east heinn' tidied the .\iiieriean or I'oi't Sehlosher l'"all —the otiii r. on the wi'st. the 1 lorse-Shoe. or. siiiiph , the ( ireat l'\ill. hy \'. ayo!' pri -emiiMiiee. The I'ornier lies e\elusivel\ in the slate of Xew "\'ork. and also half of llu' latter: it l)ein<^' dixided through tiie point of the Iloi'se Slioc. Ii.t\'. een the I'nited States and Canada. The direet width of t!i>' r.itaraet. from -.hore to siiori'. is alxnit 1100 vards. fornnnn tile eliord of an irreu,i i' are, deserihed hy the I'aee of the island and the ledoe of hoth falls. The I lorse Shoe has eonsiderahly the advantage of the Ameriean l"\ill in the length of its segment, and the xolumeof water impelled over * ^Ir. IJariiy'^ Survi'v of the N'iiiiji.ira. f\ ' 7. -J ^^>l in '/-'//r't.'/y /.'.yu'V 1?ff j;p ■w| 1 iJi i i ^ 1 1 II m i m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) > I 1.0 I.I 25 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -^ 6" — ► v] <^ n °^M/ c* r 7 '^ >>' 7 /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ml FALLS OF NIAfiAllA. Ul it. It would 1)0 (liflk'nlt to ;isccrtaiii with certainty the exact nieasure- nieiit of the eiirvatiires of the Morse Shoe, hut it is computed, hy geo- metrical ])roccss, to be seven hundred yards; and its altitude taken, with a ])hnul)-line from the surface of the 'I'ahle-rock, was found to he rather more than one hundred and foi'ty-nine feet. Ti\e American Fall docs not ])rol)ahly much exceed three hundred and se\enty-(ive yards in cur\ e- linear len<^th ; hut its ])er])endicular height is one hundred and sixty-two feet, or tiiirtecn feet hioher than the to]) of the Great Fall. It is sub- divided by :i small island, cutting off a minor portion of the sheet of falling water, to which tiic name of iMontmorency has 1;cen aj)pro))riate(l. either on account of the rcsend)lMice traced between it and that celebrated fall near Quebec, or the more strikingly to contrast its com))arative in- significance with Niagara. The face of Goat Island, which intervenes between these awful cataracts. kee])s them three hundred and thirty yards asunder, and ])erhaps adds greatly to their romantic eilect and beauty, by destroying the sameness which one unbroken sheet of water would present, although the collecti\e waters of the \iagara, thus hurled down e/i wa.s.se, might, if ])ossible, be still more grand and astounding. iVbout half a mile above the cataract ihe river descends on a deeply inclined ])lane. Its surface begins to ri])ple a short distance below the entrance of XN'elland river: but soon accelerated in their career, the waters dash and foan> with terrific a iolence, until they approach the head of (ioat Island, when their convvdsive agitation })artia]ly subsides, and they sweep on in a broad, ceaseless, and swift current, and arc thus projected over the rock, forming a parabolic section in their appalling descent to the profound abyss into which they are inguli)hed. This abysm is 200 feet deej), and about lOOO yards wide; but it soon becomes contracted to less than half that width, forming a dark, dread basin, bounded by rugged limestone and slate rock, rising perpendicularly from the surface of the watei's below, or overhan<>;in<>' the foaming suroe. The shores of the Niagara immediately above the Falls are. perhaps, too tame in their aspect to bring forth the whole grandeur of so stu- pendous an object. Surnnuided by towering i\.l))ine cliffs, its overwhelm- ing terrors could even be augmented, and its sublimity much enhanced. The islands and the eastern bank of the river are low and thicklv covered ^m % 1 ' ■ m : li^ti 142 lAI.I.S OF M.\(i.\I{.\. Ml !i with troos. avIkiso iiutuniiKil f()li;i_nt', drckcd " in ten thoiisiuul dies." alters the fiiee of nature, and. by its norovons tints, imparts new interest and n()\('ltv to the seenerv of ihe l-'alls The western shore is l)ohler : an ho- rizontal ridne is formed alonja; the margin of the rapids by the depression of the river, eonuneneinji' from the NN'elland. and gradually inercasing in elevation above the surface of the stream from eight to eighty feet, and even attains the altitude of one hundred. The 'I'ablc-roek, so famous as the s])ot Avhenee a very near view may be had of the cataract, lies at the foot of this ridge, nearly on a level with the sunnnit of the Horse Shoe Fall ; indeed it forms part of the ledge over which the torrent is preci- j)itate(l. Its surface is flat. and. jutting out hori/ontally about fifty feet, overhangs the awful chasm beneath. The access to it is down a winding path, cut through the copses and shrubbery that cover the slope of the ridge we have just described, 'i'he rock is defaced by innumerable in- scriptions carveil by travellers, and intersected by many crevices and fissures, some of which are nearly an inch broad. The ])rocess of disin- tegration is ])erce])tibly going on ; and there is little doubt that the Table- rock will eventually be hurled, section by section, into the de])ths of the cavern below. In the autumn of ISIS a large fragment suddenly gave wa}-, and is no\v partly to be seen by the explorers of the lower region of the Falls. The first object that meets the eye. after descending to the Table- rock, is the s])lendid gradation of sAvift ra])ids above the Falls : then white revolving clouds of mist, irregularly belched forth from the depths of the abyss, rush across the })latform, enveloping the beholder ; and as these are swept away by perpetually \arying currents of air, he ap])roachcs nearer the verge of the rock, and beholds the whole length of the tre- mendous cataract. The loud, shrill roar of the ni])ids is lost amidst the a))])alling thunders of the Falls, which give a real or imaginary trenni- lous motion to the earth, and seem to threaten a disru])tion of the ])ro- jecting rock upon which we are standing. ^V feat retpiiring considerable nerve is sometimes perfV)rmed here by visiters ; and we recollect fearlesslv })ractising it in the early perior f life, but would excuse ourselves from the re])etition of it now. It sts in lying prostrate, Avith your head projected over the fall beyond the margin of the Table-rock, so as to be ^'H ii- ■; FALLS OF NLVGARA. 143 able with your exteiulcd arm to saw tlie licadlcMii;- torrent with your hand. The prodigious vohinii' and indrau<;lit of the lallini; waters, the gushini>- spray, tlie bewiUlerini>- noise of the eataraet, your prostrate and iinpendiny; attitude, and tlie tremor of tlie very roek on wliieh you He. reiuler the ex])erinient in tiie iiinlu'st (kgree shuddering-. The view from this spot is extremely <.'rand and uns])eakal)lv sub- lime ; but it is too near and overpowering to ])einiit the speetator fidly t'ious gravity and the force of tlieir im])ulsion, and iuA olving with them a (piantity of fixed air, they reascend to the suri'ace in a struggling career, checked by the weight of the superin- cund)ent water. The noise of the Falls is truly grand, commanding, and majestic ; filling the vault of heaven when heard in its fulness, and seeming mystically to im])regnate ether Avith its absorbing sounds. It is very variable in its loudness, being essentially influenced by the state of the atmosphere, the direction of the wind, and the position of the listener. It is sometimes scarcely audible within three or four miles; and at otiiers it may be heard at York, on the ()])posite shores of I^ake Ontario, a di- stance of six-and-forty miles. The relative situation of York with tlie mouth of the Niagara river faAours the travelling of the sound thus far when the air is remarkably still, or acted upon by south-easterly winds. It were diflicult to convey a very distinct idea of the deep round roar of Niagara ; indeed there is a sonorous cadence in the noise of Avater- falls. — an alternation of nuiffled and o])en sounds, — that can find no per- fect similitude. It has been likened to the hoarse voice of oceanic surges heavily lashing the sea-shore ; to the plunging dash of huge spherical stones hurled in quick and ceaseless succession from a preci])ice of great ;!! f'i: FALLS OF NIAGARA. 14.5 7 'It altitude into profound waters; to the effect produced in a vast mill by the " ceaseless, rumbling", dee]), monotonous sound," accom])anied with tremor, of inuuerous sets of luillstones moving simultaneously * ; but, however these assimilations, and especially the last, which is certaiidy the best and most familiar, may serve to illustrate description and aid the imagination, yet they arc not quite perfect, as the sounds compared are either inadequate resend)lances in themselves or d<'ticient in majesty. Perhaps nothing can come nearer the cadence, fulness, aiul dignity of the sphere-tilling thunders of Niagara than the spirited engagement at sea, in still weather, of two heavy squadrons, six or eight miles off | . To a spectator on the heights of Aboukir, the battle of the Nile nuist have conveyed a correct idea of the roaring, rolling, rumbling, thundering noise of this wonderful cataract. Not more than 900 yards below the Falls a ferry is established, by Avhich travellers can cross with ])erfect safety from the foot of the ladder leading beneath the Table-rock, to the ^Vmerican staircase on the op])osite bank, keeping along the edge of the tossing and eddying waters, and athwart a swift and heavy current. The resources of art would find little difficulty in tlu'owing a chain bridge over this part of the river (which is hardly •150 yards wide), overhanging the storming chasm, from the summits of per])endicular cliffs, whose alti- tude is })robably not far short of 250 feet. Such a structure would be of much public utility, whilst it would amazingly enhance the romantic interest and splendour of the scenery, and afford a most advantageous full-front view of the stupendous Fall. Suspended as it were in ether, the spectator would stand, between precipitous rock walls, on a level with the crest of the cataract, high over the wild, whirling, foaming, and maddening eddies of the profound abyss, having * Captain Basil Hall. f Those who never liavo been witliiii iR'ariiiji of a naval action may easily imagine tlir effect of its pealing artillery, if they hiive lieard fortresses saluted by ships of war, by fancying the discharge of cannon continued witliout intermission. The evening gnu rtred from C'ajx' Diamond, particularly in cloudy weather, is grandly re-echoed several times from the mountains around Quebec, jjroducing a full, nuiffled, vibrating sound, swelling in cadences between tlie discharge of the cannon, the burst of the echo, and the revorbjratiug echo, not unlike that of Niagara. U 14(5 THE ^VIIIRLPOOL— NIAfiARA lUTKR. il! liUi in sight Cioat Island bridgp. a])parcntlv borne magically aloft, upon the utmost verge of the falling waters, and being in a maimer insulated, he would combine in one vast collective vista all the astonishing beauties, sublimities, and romiuice of the tremendous and overwhelming scene. Five miles from the Falls is the whirlpool; a phenomenon scarcely less appalling in its terrors, and probably involving more inevitable de- struction to every thing coming within the pale of its attraction. It is occasioned by the stream, as it passes in heavy volumes from the cataract, and sweeps with in)petuous violence round an abrupt bend of the river, producing so forcible a reaction as to form a stupendous vortex between the high ])er))er.dicular cliffs by which it is walled. IJy thus diverging from its forward direction, and being as it were embayed for a time, the velocity of the current is checked and subdued to a more tranquil course towards Lake Ontario. Nine miles lower down the Niagara emerges from the dee]), rock-bound chasm of the Falls, and thence flows in a deep and gentle tide, between banks of more moderate elevation, to its dis- charge into the lake. Its mouth is in latitude 43" 1.5' 30", and longitude 79" OO' 40', between Fort George or the town of Niagara on the west, and the old French fort Niagara on the east. That the Falls of Niagara, in ages now long past, and at the period, probably, of the formation of the great lakes, were situated much lower down, between the present villages of Queenston and Lewiston, appears almost indisputably true ; and it is believed that all the geologists who have critically examined the locality concur in the assertion of the fact. It is not in the province of the to])ographer to s])eculate u])on geological phenomena; but we would merely hazard a remark, which superior science may improve if correct, or reject if erroneous. The fact that the Falls have receded being admitted, might not the age of the lakes, at least of Eric and Ontario, as confined to their })resent basins, be ascer- tained with tolerable certainty ? The waters of Ontario are su])posed to have bathed the base of Queenston Heights— nay, the level of the lake is admitted generally to have once been co-e(pial with the summit of that range : if then, by a series of nice and long-continued observations, the ratio of disintegration in a given time were pro])erly ascertained, the calculation could be carried retrospectively, with all the modifications wm 'ill WKI.IwWD CANAL. 1-i -X that the brt'iulth, (l('j)th, (S:c. of tl.o watcr-\v(ini diasin wouhl dictate, until it wouhl arrive at the period of the original formation of the cataract, and the });radnal depression of the surface of Ontario to its jjresent level. The calculation nii{;ht, in the same way, be made pros|)ectively, and afl'ord a very curious result as aflecting the great physical changes that futiu'c ages may work in the bed of tiie Niagara. In taking leave of Niagara river, to ])roceed in our description of the other parts of the St. Lawrence, its lakes and canals, we feel how inade- (|uately we have ])ortrayed the grandeur and manifold sublimities of its unrivalled scenery ; but, in truth, there are in nature objects that beggar dcscri])tion, and the cataract of Niagara belongs ])re-eminently to that class. There are not wanting, however, faithful portraitures of its mag- nificence by far abler pens, and we might therefore iiave excused our- selves from the attempt here; but an account of the Niagara would have appeared to us very deficient, had it not contained such a sketch of the great Falls as accords with the toj)ograp Ideal character of the ])resent work. WELLAXD CANAL. The cascades and cataracts of Niagara river throwing insu])crable obstacles in the way of its navigation suggested some years ago the ex- pediency of cutting a ship canal connecting Lake Krie with Lake On- tario*, and an association was accoi'dingly formed and incorporated in 1824, under the name of the Wklland Canal Company. In 1825 the capital, which had been previously declared something less, was in- creased to 180,000/. sterling, divided into 16,000 shares oi' eleven pou fids Jive fihiUhigfi sterling each, all of which have been subscribed, except an amount of eleven thousand and thirteeu pounds six s/dlUngs sterling still (1830) remaining to be taken up. This momentous work is now nearly completed, and will when finished have cost about /to hundred and seventy thonsand pounds sterling — a comparatively sma'. -lan Avhen compared with the magnitude of the undertaking and the incal. ulable benefits that must inevitably flow from it, both as regards the interests of the stockholders and the commercial * Tliis bold projoct is ascribed to Mr. William Ilainilton IMcrritt, a rosidont at St. Catlic- rine's, a small village through which the canal now passes. U 2 I 11 rt w !:m,a\d c'axai, "ji'-ii |)r\'ainfleet Marsh to the level of \\'elland river. The excavation on the north side of the latter river is ;)() feet, and the distance to the top of the lockage about five miles. The excavation would have been considerably deeper had the waters of the W'elland been used in the northern section of the canal ; but the ingenious plan adopted of feeding that section by an a(|ueduct carried over the river from a higher levi'l to the south has ren- dered inexpedient any greater depth of cutting. The level of J«ike Krie is .'J.'iO feet above that of Ontario, and the step is ))erformed by the in- tervention of thirty-seven locks, thirty-two of which form a successive series, descending from the smnmit to the base of the range of high groinuls constituting the Queenston Heights. The locks are not, how- ever, in immediate contiguity, but suHicicntly remote from each other to admit the crossing in the intervening spaces of vessels bound in ()])posite directions, thus avoiding the tedious delays that would necessarily result from the situation of locks in proximate succession. The canal is 'A) feet wide at the surface of the water, 26 at bottom, and 8,\ feet dee]). The chambers of the locks are 100 feet in length by 22 in breadth, and therefore amply large enough for vessels of 12.5 tons' burden, which is above the average tonnage of those employed in trade upon the lakes. The AN'elland Canal commands two distinct channels into Lake Erie ; one through the mouth of the (irand river, the other through the Niagara. This advantage will appear of great moment when it is eon- * It is providi'd by the cliarti-r, that if the tolls exacted be excessive the legislature may, after the expiration of five years from the opening of the canal, reduce them to a rate which will not produce less than twenty per cent, per ann. on tlie capital expended. After fifty years from the completion of the work, tlie King may assume the canal on l>aying the Company the sum it cost, together with a premium of twenty-five per cent, on the amount. Rut His Majesty can- not do so \inless the (Company shall have received during the fifty years an average of twelve and a half per cent, on the moneys involved in tlie concern. w i:i,i,A\i) cANAi.-i:mi: canai,. 11!) sidcrcd tliat tlic (listancc hrtwocu tliosp rivers Is alxnit tliirty-four miles, and that schooners, i\:e. t'roni Hndalo and other plaees on the eastern shores of tlie lake are saved from the \\ holi> of so lonj^; and eireuitons a eonrse hy deseendinj;' the Nia^fara, and aseendint!,- the <;'entle stream of the \\'v\. land to the Ontario section of the canal. 'IMiis ronte also hcin;;' free from toll oH'ers a further inducement to its adoption, which, cond)ined with other eonenrrinj^' conveniences, cannot fail to diri'ct a lar;;e jjroportion of the eastern trade of Krie throuj^h that channel. To vessels from the southern and western ])arts of the lake, the route by the (irand river enjoys likewise its peculiar advantaj^es, by considerably cur- tailing- their distance into Lake Ontario. Hesides, it ])ossesses this supe- riority over the former, that in sprino- it is nmch earlier free from the incmnbrance of ice, which jfenerally accunndates heavily at the eastern extremity of the lake from the ))revalence of westerly Avinds, and obstructs for a lon^- time the aeeess to the Niagara river and tlic(irand Krie canal at liufl'alo. The two powerful rivals of the \\'elland Canal are, the (irand Krie and Ohio canals, the former o])ening' an avenue to the ^Vtlantic by the Hudson river, the latter to the (iulf of Mexico by the Mississippi ; but we a))])rehend that both these ()4 fei't, e(jual to an average j)ro- portion of fall not ricaii side New York i.s tlio nearest port wliorc prodncf, \;('. may be .shipped in lar^«' vt-ssols tor export, and the di.staiicc l)y tlic Mrio Canal and the Hudson river i.s about live hiin(b-e, Montreal is the first port arrived at where this ean be elleeted, and the distance by the St. Law- rence is not more than tour hundred miles: throu^^h the Hideau (.'anal and the Ottawa it will be about tour hundred and thirty. The W'elland Canal, therefore, has the advantage of opening an avenue to a port whence foreiy;n shipments can be made in vessels of heavy biu'deu, uj)wardsof one hundred and forty miles nearer tliun ean be done through the American Cunal. m' LAKK ONTAUIO. This lake is the last or lowest of those vast iidand seas of fresh water that are the wonder aiul admiration of the world. It is situated between the parallels of 4.'i' lO' and -li" 11' of north latitude, and the meridians of 7(>" ii;>' Jmd 70" ;>(>' of west lon<;itude. It lies nearly east and west, is ellijjtical in its shape, one hinulred and seventy-two miles lon<^, fifty-nine and a (juarter extreme breadth, and about four hundred and sixty-seven miles in circumference. The depth of water varies very much, but is seldom less than three or more than titty fathoms, except in the middle, Avherc attempts have been made with three hundred fathoms without striking sounding. The appearance of the shores ex- hibits great diversity : towards the north-east part they are low, with many marshy ))laccs; to the north and north-west they assume a lofty ciiaracter, but subside again to a very moderate height on the south, liordering the lake the country is every where covered with woods, through whose numerous openings fre; of the dams is not wortli mentioning, consisting chiet'y of swani])y wastes, the haunts of otters and beavers*." The principal Avorks on tiie wliole line arc situated at the following places : — Entrance IJay, Dow's Great Swam]), Hogs-back, IJlack Rapids, Fvong Island, Uurnett's Ra])ids, Xicholson's Rapids, Clowes' Quarry, Merrick's Rapids, Maitland's Rapids, Edmond's Ra])ids, Phillip's Ray, Old Sly's Rapids, Smith's Falls, First Rapids, the Narrows, the Two Isthmuses, Davis's Rapids, .Toncs's Falls, Cranberry JNIarsh and Romul Tail, Rrewer's Upper and l-iower Mills, Jack's and Rillydore's Rifts, and Kingston Mills. This great work, when finished, will have cost Great Rritain upwards of half a million sterling ; the calculated estimate of the expenses, as given in by engineers, before the plan of enlarging the locks was adopted, amounted to 18(),()60/. If the magnitude of the canal, its immense im])ortance in a military and commercial point of view, and its advantages to an extensive portion of the upper province, be properly considered, this sum Avill not appear exorbitant, but rather moderate compared Avith the cost of other canals of much inferior dimensions and utility. There can be little doubt that when the wliole line of canal from Kingston to ^Montreal will be completed, and it is noAv nearly so, the great thoroughfare of the Canadas Avill be transferred from, the fron- tier to the Rideau route, until a canal shall have been opened along the St. IvaAvrence. AVhen sloops and steam-boats of from one hun- dred to one hundred and twenty-five tons' burden can pass without interru])tion from the remotest settlements of Upper Canada to Grenville on the Ottawa river, whence their cargoes can be transported Avith ease and safety through inferior canals to the port of JMontreal, Ave believe that fcAv Avill hesitate to forAvard their produce through that channel, even in times of profound peace Avith our neighbours ; especially if the * 3I-T;i;xg;u-t, vol. i. This rtl)le oiigiiicer was activoly employed in making the surveys and taking the levels on the ^\h(de line of the canal. He had been preceded in the.se operations liy ^Ir. Clowes and other excellent civil engineers. Mr. IM'Taggart has published, in three 12nio. volumes, a work, entitled "Three Years in Canada," containing some shrewd remarks on the country, and especially reconimeudable when treating of the various branches of his nnportaut art. fi GRENVILLE CANAL. loo tolls that Avill be exacted by government on tlie llidcau and the Gren- villc canals be moderate, as in truth it is its interest and policy to make them. A\'hen a diversion of trade is to be effected, the indnceuients to the adoption of the new route should not be neutralized by the exaction of exorbitant tolls and charges; but tiiesc should at once be fixed at a reasonable premium, not calculated upon the princi])le of a large pro- spective reduction when the canal becomes more frequented. With such advantages, the Kideau Canal cannot fail in yielding an adeqxiate interest for the moneys expended in its construction, and pro- duce eventually lucrative returns to His Majesty's government. Considered with relation to the defences of the country, the Rideau Canal must appear of still greater moment, from the means it aff()rds of forwarding to distant stations, with readiness, despatch, and security, the muniments of war necessary to repel invasion, and protect the pro])erty and persons of His ^Majesty's subjects in the colonies from foreign aggres- sion. In a political point of view, its importance is equally cons])icuous ; since it must obviously tend to strengthen and consolidate the Canadas, by promoting their conmicrcial relations, and that interchange of mutual benefits that constitutes a permanent tie betwixt the various members of a state, and preserves for ages the integrity of empires. T/te Greur'ille Canal consists of three sections : — one at the Long Sault, on the Ottawa, another at the Chute ii JJloudeau, and a third at the Carillon Kapids, opening into the lake of the Two jNIountains, through which an uninterrupted navigati(m is practised by steam-boats to La Chine, nine miles above the city of ^Montreal. The dimensions of this canal are calculated to correspond Avith those of the canal of La Chine, which are 28 feet wide at bottom, 48 at the water-lijie, and 5 deep. It is imfortunate that its proportions should not have been originally planned upon a scale to admit of sloop and steam-boat navigation, and therefore corresponding with the Ilideau, by which means no trans-ship- ments would have become necessary in the transport of produce from the remotest settlements of Upper Canada to La Chine, and the return of goods from thence to the upper countries. The Cirenville Canal is nevertheless a work of vast importance under every aspect. It is opened X 2 M. m If T 15G THE ST. LAWPtEXCE BELOW KINGSTOX. under military supcrintentlence, and its expenses are defrayed by the imperial government. The route by the llideau Canal, the Ottawa, and the Grenville Canal is ealculated to avoid, not only the frontier, as we have previously stated, but also the rapids of the St. Lawrence; between Ivake Ontario and ^lontreal. From its discharge, out of Ontario, the St. Lawrence is also known imder the names of the Iroquoi.s and the Cataraqiii. It issues from the lake in so broad and beautiful a stream, that it assumes the ap])earance of a lake for a distance of thirty-nine miles, which is so singularly studded with a nudtitude of islands, that it has been denomi- nated the I^ake of the Thousand Islands, or Millc Isles : but their mnnbcr far exceeds this mere descriptive computation ; the operations of the surveyors employed in establishing the boundary, luider the Cth article of the Treaty of (ihent, having ascertained that there were one thousand six hundred and ninety-two, forming an inextricable labyrinth of islands varying in magnitude, shape, and asj)ect, a)id presenting the most extra- ordinary and pleasing vistas and perspectives, in which the rapid and magic combinations of the kaleidoscope seem naturally exhibited. The distance between Kingston and ^[ontreal is about oie hundred and ninety miles. The banks of the river display a scene that cannot fail to excite surprise, Avhcn the years which have elapsed since the first set- tlement of this ])art of the country (in 17H.'3) are considered. They em- brace all the embellishments of a lunnerous population, fertility, and good cultivation. A^\'ll-constructed high roads, leading close to each side, with others branching from them into the interior, render commu- nication both easy and expeditious; while the numerous loaded batteaux and rafts incessaiitly passing up and down from the beginning of spring until the latter end of autunm, and the steam-boats plying in the navi- gable interstices of the river, demo)istrate unecpiivocally a very extensive commercial intercoiu'se. The islands, the shoals, the rapids, with con- trivances for passing them, ft)rm altogether a (piick succession of novelties that gives pleasure while it creates astonishment. The twofold checks existing against the advantages that might be derived from this part of the St. Lawrence, arising from the partition of I M«f ST. LAWRENCE CANAL. 157 its stream between two distinct powers, and the physical embarrassments of its navigation, forcibly point out the necessity of opening a canal along its northern shore. The subject was taken up by the legislature of Ujipcr Canada in 1826, and surveys ordered to bo made of the locality, with estimates of the cx})ense that such an undertaking would involve. Two civil engineers, Messrs. Clowes and Kyskesh, were in consecpicnce appointed to the performance of the operations. After establishing the impracticability of rendering the North Channel at liandiart's Island effectually navigable, they proceeded to the examination of the comitry along the St. Lawrence between Johnston and Connvall, a distance of 39 miles, within which are to be found the ])rincipal impediments to the navigation of the river. They ascertained that the de])rcssion of the river in the stated distance amounted to scarcely 73 feet, an inconsider- able difference of elevation, if we consider an inclined plane of 39 miles, yet sufficient to produce very violent rapids in the St. I^awrence from the heavy volume of its waters. In order to meet at once any plan that might be adopted either upon an eidargcd or more contracted scale, the engineers laid out two canals on the same route, differing materially in their dimensions ; one calcu- lated for steam-boats and sloops ; tlie other for canal boats only. The former to be 84 feet wide at the water's surface, 60 at bottom, and 8 deep; the locks 132 feet long and 40 wide, with turning bridges 40 feet in the clear, and 10 feet wide. The estimated cost of such a canal w is stated at 176,378/. Ss. 5(1. Halifax currency. The latter canal was laid out upon a scale of much inferior mag- nitude ; its width at the water's surface being 38 feet, at bottom 26, and its dei)th 4 feet ; the locks 100 feet in length by 5 in breadth, with turn- ing bridges 15 feet in the clear, and 10 feet wide. Its cost was estimated at 92,834/. After weighing the advantages of both plans, no hesitation can be made in the preference that must be awarded to the project of a ship- canal, which the first of these offers. A sum of 200,000/. expended in connecting between Cornwall and Johnston the sloop and steam-boat navigation of the St. Lawrence would soon, we believe, refund itself. The produce that annually passes down the river, whether directly or '■%l Hi ;i'1 'Mw 158 ST. LAWRl-NCE CANA^.. •mliiim Boats. Uiittcaux. Hiifi 40") 134 rA 1 HO r> n — "):v.) 140 14 hi mediately from Upper Canada, is well known to he considerable ; and the imports entered at the Custom of Cotean dii Ijae, in liowcr Canada, direct from the United States, are no less momentous in tlieir amoimt. The following extract from tlie entries iit the port of Montreal in 1H27 may convey some idea of the extent of im])orts from the Upper Pro- vince and the United States, via the St. Lawrence, into Lower Canada: From l'])])!'!' (':ili;i(l;i direct From ditto and the United .States From the United Statis direct Total INIost of these Durham boats and Battcaux return laden with British or West India goods ; thus we may nearly double the amount of both to have a view of tlie carrying trade of that section of the river, inde- ])endently of wood, timber, and staves, tliat form of themselves an im- portant branch of the colonial trade. The average tonnage of the Durham boats is perhaps 15 tons, that of the IJattcaux about 6. Thus we find that the trade of the St. liawrence above ISIontreal gives em- ployment to vessels whose collective burden is nearly 10,000 tons. The facilities which a sloop-canal would offer would tend to augment this amount considerably, and hold out equal inducements to the American and the Upper Canadian to transport his produce through that channel. The revenue of the Kideau Canal woidd probably suffer from the open- ing of .so convenient and more direct an avenue to the lower ports of the St. LaAvrence ; but it appears to us equally clear that the rapid set- tlement of the lands on the Ottawa, the natural resources and richness of the beautiful valley through which it flows, will eventually of themselves attract a competent portion of the trade in that direction, and give adequate employment to the Kideau Canal. It is besides obvious that the immediate object designed to be attained by the construction of the Rideau Canal was the security of the colonies ; it is their strength, inte- grity, and preservation that are to be expected from tliis grand military work, and they certainly have all been amazingly enhanced and pro- moted by it. NAVIGATION OF THE ST. LAWRENXE. 159 At St. ]{e^i.s, where tlie ])ariillel of the -l.^th decree of north hititiule intersects the St. Lawrence, the pohtical, and in some measure the phy- sical characters of the river are at once chanj^ed. From this ])oint, west- ward, we find it divided between the dominion of two foreign states; eastward, it lies exclusively within IJritish territory, and iiow's thr()u/if has been unhesitatin<»ly denied, and steadfastly resisted by (ireat Hritain, in all the negotiations that were attempted on the subject, between the United States' plenipotentiaries and His Hritatmie .Majesty's ministers. However, the discussion of a treaty that should have for its i)rinciple the nuitual convenience and conunercial interests of both parties was never' we believe, declined by the Hritish foreiij;!! minister: but, too jealous of every apparent concession, the American <.>overfmient abstained from negotiating upon grounds that amounted to a dereliction of an assumed right, as novel as it is extraordinary. The question is one of deej) in- terest and considerable moment to both powers; ami we believe that under certain restrictions, such as exporting i\nierican ])ro(luce in Ih-itish bottoms, the St. liawrencc might advantageously to all parties be thrown open to the passage of American lumber, staves, flour, ])ot and ])earl ashes, and salted provisions, midcr the most moderate protecting duties. Such a policy Avould not only remove in a great measure the grievance complained of by the inhabitants of the New York frontier, but create an additional stinudus in the markets of Montreal and Quebec, give in- creased occupation to British shipping and afford still more amjjly and effectually the means of supplying the West India markets with produce. lieforc reaching Montreal, the Lakes St. Francis and St. Louis present themselves. They do not admit of comparison with those al- ready noticed, and can, indeed, oily be considered as so many expan- sions of the river. They are of no great de])th, but form an agreeable variety, much heightened by the many pretty islands scattered about them. St. Francis is twenty-five miles long by five and a half broad, Y ' in ;ir M 4 ^ IG'J i.\ (iiiNK ( a\ak-montui:ai.. l> The sliDiTs ill sonu' plut'cs iirc niarsliy, iis tlicy do not ri.sc' imuli iilxive tlif Ic'Vi'l of the* water. St. Louis is fonncd at thi'jiiiu'tioii of the Ottawa A\ *'th the St. Lawivntr: it is twelve miles ioii^- by six broad. Hi'tweeii both these lakes a sudden deelivitv in the bed of the livi", obstruetetl by rocks in some jilaees, and scooped into cavities at others, j.roduci's the most siiit^ular conmiotion, called the Cascades; it is an extraordinary agitation of the waters pi'ecipitati'd with ^reat velocity between the islands, which bi'in<;- re])elled by the rocks and hollows underneath, the waves are thrown un in s|)herieal figures nnu'h above the surface, and driven with the utmost violence back a^ain ujjon the current, exhibiting nearly the same eft'ect asAVould be j)roduced by the most furious tempest. To avoid the dauf^er of ])assin<;' this j)lace, a canal, usually called the militarv canal, has been constructed across the point of land, and through which all boats now make their way to the locks at Le Huisson ; it is .lOO yards in length, and furnished with the necessary locks. The liake of the Two JNIountains, an expansion of the Ottawa, is at the mouth of that river, and merges in a manner into Lake St. Louis: it is very irregu- lar, and in its whole length is twenty-four miles, varying in breadth from one mile to six miles. iVt the confluence of the two rivers are the Islands of Montreal, Lsle Jesus, IVizarre, and I'crrot : the first is probably the most beautiful spot of all TiOwer Canada, and is described with ])articular attention, under its proper head, in the Topographical Dictionary of that province. lJ(>low I^akc St. Louis is the beautiful rapid called the Satt/f Sf. Louis, between the ])ictures(|ue Indian village of Caiighnawaga, on the south, and La Chine on the north. The cascade is violent, very dan- gerous, and almost insuperable ; and the design of the Canal of lia Chine is to avoid its difliculties and ])erils. This canal is rather more than eight miles long, extending from the village of Upper I^a Chine to the city of Montreal, and equal in its dimensions to that of Grenvillc, of Avhich it was the pr()toty])e. It was opened inider legislative aid, and cost nearly 130,000/. ; an enormous sum, when we consider its length, its capacity, and the fewness of the locks it required ; but, on the other hand, the work is finished in the first-rate style of art, and cannot be excelled in the excellence of its materials or the elegance of its work- TiiK ST. i,A\vi{i:\( i: ui'i.ow M()\Tin:\i.. l(j,'J niiiiislii|) '. Tlu' I,;i C'liiiH' C'aiial i is the last on tin- St. l/iurciKv: tlu" iiavi<;atia(l and niaji'stii' stivain of tlu' St. liawrcncf, will not fail to Im- hi^ldx j^ratilicd and dclij;litc'd,and tonict't with many sidyirts worthy both of ohsi'i'vation and ri'tliction. i\l)oiit forty-five mill's hrlow Montreal, on the south side, is the town of NN'illiain I lenry, or Sorel. hnilt at the eonlluenee «)f the river Hichcliru with the St. l/iwrenee. not far from whieh the latter spreads into anoilier lake, the last in its pro<;ress towards the sea; it is ealled St. I'eter's, is twenty-five miles Ion;;' and nine hroad. Like most of the»»thers, this has a ;;ronp of islands eo\erin«;- about nine miles oi its western sur- face. lU'tween them two distinct channels are formed. 'I'he one to the south l)ein<;' the dee])est and clearest is conse(|uently the hest for ships. The hanks o\\ each side are very low, with shoals stretching- from thi-m to a considerable distance, so that only u narrow ])assa«;e, whose jj,eneral di'pth is from twelve to ei<;hteen feet, is left unobstructed. About forty- fix e miles from William Ilem-y. on the nortb side, at the mouth of the river St. Maurice, stands the town of Three Rivers, the third in rank within the province. At this place the tide ceases entirely, und, indeed, is not nuich felt at several miles below it. Leavin<;' Three Uivers, there is scarce any variation in the jiencral aspect of the St. Lawrence until arrivin<^' at the Kiehelieu ra])id (about fifty-two miles), where its bed is so much contracted or obstructed by Im^e mas.ses of rock, as to leave but a very narrow channel, wherein at ebb tide there is so oreat a descent, that nuich caution and a proper time ■ if the ebb is necessary to pass through it ; at the end of the rapid is a good ancliora<;e, where vessels can wait their convenient o])portunity. j'rom Montreal, thus far, the banks are of a very moderate elevation, and uniformly level, but hereabout they arc nmch higher, and gradually in- crease in their a])])roach to Quebec, imtil they attain the altitude of Cape Diamond, upon which the city is built. At this capital of the province and scat of government there is a most excellent port and a capacious basin, in which the greatest depth of water is twenty-eight fathoms, with a tide rising from seventeen to eighteen, and at the springs from twenty -three to twenty-four feet. iir.i.ow QiKiuu -Tiir, Tn Avi.usi:. if):i From ("ii|)c Diamond, aiul tV«»iii Point \,c\\ on tlu' south slioro, one «»t' the most striking' pjinoramii- vii'ws |)crlia|)H in tin* wlioh- world oH'its itself to notice; tlir asscMd)lai;i' of ohji-cts is so grand, and tlit)ugli na- turally, yet apju'ar so artifiiially contrasti'd with each other, that the\ mingle sinprisc with the gratilieation of every heliolder. The capital rising amphitheatrically to the summit of the cape, tlie river St. (.'harles flowing, in a serpentine course, for a great distance, through a fine valloy, ahonnding in natural heauties, the falls of Montmorency, the ishmd of Orleans, and tlu- well cultivated settlements on all sides, form together a coup d'(eil that might enter into e<»mpetitii»n with the most romantic. \t (juehec the St. Lawrence is \'.i\V yards wide, hut the l)asin i-^ two mik's across, aiul three miU's and thri'e-(|uarters long: from the hasin, the river contii\ms increasing in hreadth until it enters the gulf of the same name, where, from Cape Hosier to the Mingan settle- ment on the Lahrador shore, it is very near one hundred and five miles wide. A little helow the city is the Isle of Orleans, placed in the midway, eonseipiently forming two channels; the one to the south is always used by ships; the shore on that side is high, and on the o])posite, in some ])laces, it is even mountainous, hut in both extremely well settled, and the lands in such a high state of improvement, that a largo tract in tlie vicinity of Hiviere du Sud has long been familiarly called the granary of the ))rovince. 'I'he waters of the St. Tiiiwrence begin to be brackish about twenty-one miles below Quebec, increasing in their saline acrity. until they become perfectly tv-a-salt at Kamouraska, ^•'i miles lower down. IJeyond the island of Orleans are several others, as (loose Islaiul, Crane Island, and many smaller ones; these two are tolerably well cul- tivated, and are remarkable for the extent and excellence of their na- tural pastures, but the rest are neglected. At Hiviere du Sud the stream of the St. Lawrence is increased to eleven miles in width, and the country that adjoins it cannot be easily rivaled in its general a])pcarance ; the gay succession of churches, telegraph stations, and villages, whose houses are almost always whit(?ned, so as frecpu'utly to ])roduce a da//ling eftect, are so well exhibited by the dark contrast of the thick woods covering the rising grounds behind them u]) to their very sununits, that few land- lifl i; '. '■ \6G CHANNELS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. !i 'i i'l scajics will be found actually superior in point of interesting variety and beauty. licyond Kiviere du Sud is a channel named the Traverse, which de- serves mention from its importance as the main ship-channel, and the circumstance of its being remarkably narrow, althouj^h the river is here thirteen miles across; the Isle aux Coudrcs, the shoal of St. Roch, and another called the English Bank, contract the fair way to not more than l.'J!2() yards* between the two buoys that mark the edge of the shoals; it is the most intricate part of the river below Quebec; the currents are numerous, irregular, and very strong, on which account large ships must consult the proper time of the tide to pass it witliout accident. Amongst the various improvements to the navigation of the St. liaAvrcnce, in agi- tation, it is contemplated to substitute, to one of the buoys, a floating light, which will enable vessels to pass the Traverse at night; and we hope that so important an object will be prom])tly carried into effect. On the north shore, between the Isle aux Coudresand the main, there is another channel, in which the currci.i; was considered so rapid, the depth of water so great, and the holding ground so bad, that it was for many years forsaken, until the erroneous prejudices existing against it were re- moved by the spirited ])arliamentary exertions of Dr. jNI. Paschal de Sales Ijaterriere, whose opinion, relative to the advantages and security of the north channel, stands strongly corroborated by the hydrographical surveys of Ca|)tain Bayfield, 11. X. Future pilots are, therefore, required, by the regulations of the Trinity House of Quebec, to become equally accjuainted and familiar with both channels ; a measm'c of the greatest necessity and importance, since it is well known that their ignorance of the northern chamiels of the river has, on several occasions, threatened shipwreck to vessels, driven by heavy winds out of the south channel. A third channel, formerly known by French mariners, when Canada was under the dominion of France, and then called the "Chenal dTberville," Avas re-discovered and siu'veyed lately by Captain Bayfield. It runs up the middle of the river, and although more contracted and intricate than the others, is yet sufliciently dee]) for ships of any burden. It is now * Ciiiitiiiu Bayfield, H. X. Till-: ST. LAWRENCE 15EL0W GREEN ISLAND. U)7 generally known by the name of Bayfield's Channel, after its recent clis- eoverer; and a knowledge of it is, we believe, equally with others en- joined to the St. Lawrence pilots. Passing the Traverse, a very agreeable view of the settlements of the bay of St. Paul, enclosed within an amphitheatre of very higii hills, and the well cidtivated Isle aux Coudres at its entrance, presents itself. Continuing down the river, the next in succession are tiie islands of Ka- niourasca, the Pilgrims, Hare Island, and the cluster of small ones near it, named the IJrandy Pots ; these are reckoned one hundred and three miles from Quebec, and well known as the general rendezvous where tiie merchant ships collect to sail Avith convoy. At no great distance below is Green Island, on which is a light-house, where a light is shown from sun-set until sun-rise, between the 15th jV])ril and the lOth December. Near Green Island is lied Island, upon which it is believed the light- house would have been preferably situated, and abreast of it, on the northern shore, is the mouth of the river Saguenay, remarkable even in iVmerica for the innnense volume of water it poiu's into the St. I^awrence. Proceeding onward is Yi'w. Island, one hundred and fifty-three miles from Quebec, a point that shi]is always endeavoin- to make on account of its good anchorage, and as being the place where ships of war usually wait the coming down of the merchantmen ; next to IJic is the Isle St. liarnabc, and a little further on the Pointe aux Peres. From this point the river is perfectly clear to the gulf, and the pilots, being unnecessary any longer, here give up their charge of such as are bound outward, and receive those destined upward. Below Pointe aux Peres are two \ery extraordinary numntains close to each other, called the Paps of JNIatane. and nearly opposite them is the bold and lofty promontory of Mont Pelee, where the river is little more than twenty-five miles wide, but tlie coast suildenly stretches almost northerly, so much, that at the Seven Islands it is increased to seventy-three miles. Alight-house on Mount Pelee had long been a desideratum, as an important ])oint of departure, whence vessels may sha])e their coiu'sc with safety, whether in ascendii'.g the river, or in leaving; it to traverse the uulf. Provision was. th.erefore. made by the legislature of Lower Canada for its erection, and its com- rfi ! ■(; I m 1C8 ISLAND OF AXTICOSTI. pletion has been recently announced by the Trinity House, with directions to mariners. The settlements on the soutli side reach down thus far, but liere- about they may be considered to terminate, as, to the eastward of Cape Chat, the progress of industry is no longer visible ; on the north side the cultivated lands extend only to ^Nfalbay. In the river itself nothing claims our attention except the separation of its shores to the distance already mentioned, from Cape Hosier to the Mingan settlement*. In the mouth of the St. Lawrence is the island of ^Vnticosti, one hundred and twenty-five miles long, ami in its widest part thirty, dividing it into two channels. Its geographical ])osition has been ascertained Avith ex- actness, and is thus laid down : the east point latitude 49" 8' 30", longi- tude 61" 4.4.' 59", variation 24" 38' west : the west ])oint latitude 49" 52' 29^, longitude 64" 36' .54" t, variation 22' 55'; and the south-west point latitude 49" 23', longitiule 63' 44'. Through its whole extent it has neither bay nor harbour sufHcicntly safe to afford shelter to shi])s ; it is lUicultivated, being generally of an unpropitious soil, u])on Avhich any attempted improvements have met with very unpromising results ; yet, rude and inhospitable as its aspect may be, it is not absolutely unpro- vided with the means of succouring the distress of such as suffer ship- wreck on its coasts, there being two persons who reside upon it, at two different stations, all the year, as government agents, furnished with pro- visions for the use of those who have the misfortune to need them. IJoards are placed in different parts, describing tlie distance and direction to these friendly spots; but instances of flagrant inattention in the persons employed have, however, occurred, which Avere attended with the most distressing and fatal consequences to the unfortunate sufferers of ship- * In (li'scriliiiig tlie cnurso of tlie river, and wlicnn-or distances are given in miles, they always iiui)ly the statute mile iif ()!)', to a dejfree, unless otherwise specified. + Observations of. I. .Tones, Es([, master on board II. ;\I. S. Hussar. By the previous oli- servatioiis of the late ^lajor Holland, surveyor-iieneral of Canada, these points were placed thus: east jioint, latitude 4!)' .V, longitude ()12' 0' ; west jioint, latitude 4!)' 48', longitude (i4'3r)'. The south-west point is jilaced in the latitude and longitude ijiven to it by the- ob- servations of the latter, whose astronomical positions, as taken in tlie course of his cNtensive and intere>tinj; surveys on tlie c(»ntinent and along the vast coast of .Anu-rica, are in general remarkably correct, and do him great hiUKuir as a nice ()bserver and soientillc a-tronomer. THE ST. LAWREXCE IN \VINTER. m wreck; the succoiivs intended for their relief not having been provided, and the habitations being found deserted*. Tliese establishments were made in the year 1809, the humane intention of whicli will be lionoured wherever it is made known, because the crews of vessels driven on shore liere have, sometimes, at the utmost peril of their lives, forsaken them to make their escape to Gaspe. In addition to these precautions, the erection of two lighthouses is in contemplation ; one of which will be situated at the east point of the island ; the other at the west, though some mariners believe that the second would be most useful on the south- west point. The importance of this measure needs no comment. AVith the powerful conviction upon our mind of the great estima- tion the river St. Lawrence ought to be held in, from presenting itself as the outlet designed as it were by nature to be the most convenient one for exporting the produce of these two extensive and improving provinces, the country stretching to the north-west nearly to the Pacific ocean, and even the adjacent parts of the United States, which, in de- fiance of prohibitory decrees, will find an exit by this cliaimel, we have, it is feared, incurred the charge of prolixity in wishing to convey to others a clear conception of its importance ; yet we must still trespass upon the patience of our readers long enough to mention that the ob- servations hitherto made apply only to one part of the year ; and also to notice that, from the beginning of December until the middle of April, the water communication is totally suspended by the frost. During this period, the river from Quebec to Kingston, and between the great lakes, except the Niagara and the Ra])ids, is wholly frozen over. The lakes themselves are never entirely covered with ice, but it usually shuts up all the bays and inlets, and extends many miles towards their centres : below * Among the numerous wrecks tliat have taken pLice on tlie dangerous coasts of Anticosti, that of tlie Grdiiktis, in 182J?, is the most awful and attecting on record. Numbers of the crew and passengers, who escaped from the waves, became tlie \vretched victims to the worst horrors of cannibalism, having found the habitations to which they directed their steps, totally de- serted, and unprovided with the niean^ "f relieving any of their wants. The cadaverous horrors of the scene this spot exhibited, after the last spark of human life had ceased to animate the hideously numgled corses, are almost too shuddering for description, and mingle our tenderest sympathies with feelings of the most painful disgust. S it. 170 THE GULF. Quebec it is not frozen over, but the force of the tides incessantly de- taches the ice from tlie sliores, and such immense masses are kept in continual agitation by the flux and reflux, that navigation is totally im- practicable in theoe months. IJut though the land and water are so nearly identified, during so long a winter, the utility of the river, if it be diminished, is far from being Avholly destroyed, for its surface still ofters the best route for land carriage (if the meta])hor can be excused) ; and tracks are soon marked out by which a more expeditious intercourse is maintained by vehicles of transport of all descriptions, than it Avould be possible to do on the established roads, at this season so deeply covered with snow, and which are available until the ap])roach of spring makes the ice porous, and warm springs, occasioning large flaws, render it unsafe. When this alteration takes place it soon breaks up, and, by the beginning of May, is either dissolved or carried off by the ciu'rent. The Gulf of St. Lawrence, that receives the waters of this gigantic river, is formed between the western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores of Labrador, the eastern extremity of the province of Xew Brunswick, ])art of the province of Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton. It communicates with the Atlantic ocean by three different passages, viz. on the north by the straits of Belleisle between Labrador and Xewfoundland ; on the south-east by the passage between Cape Hay, at the south-west extremity of the latter island, and the north cape of Breton Island ; and, lastly, by the narrow channel, named the Gut of Canso, that divides Ca])e Breton from Nova Scotia. The distance from Cape Rosier, in latitude 48° 50' 41", longitude 64" 15' 24", to Cape Kay, in latitude 47" 36' 49", longitude 59" 21' 0' *, is 79 leagues ; and from Nova Scotia to I^abrador 106. On its south side is the island of St. John, otherwise called Prince Edward's Island, some- thing in shape of a crescent, about 123 miles long, in its widest part 32. and in its narrowest, at the extremities of two deej) baj's, less than four. To the northward of St. John's are the Magdalen Islands, seven in * Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Osle. p' H ; ST. PAUL'S ISLAND. 171 .„,, miniber, tliinly inhabited by a few hundred persons, cliicfly cniphiycd in the fislieries*. Nortli, arec.s north hititiule, and the meridians of 37' 30' and 80" 6' west lon; of the order in council ajjjjcars to be as follows: viz. That the boundary between L^pper and Lower Canada .shall commence at the stone boundary above I'ointe au IJaudet, and nui alon^' the line which divides the township of lianc ister from the seigniory of New I^on^ueuil (and this line, it is necessary to observe, us well as most of the sei^norial lines of the province, ou<;ht to run north-west and south- east, reckoning; from the astronomical meridian, in conformity to an ancient ordinance of the province, or " Arret et reglement du conseii supcrieur de Quebec, datr 11 de Mai, 1()7()") to the westerly angle of the said seigniory ; thence along a line drawn to the south-westerly angle of the seigniory of Itigaud, and continued along the westerly line of Hi- gaud until it strikes the Ottawa river, as represented on thetopogra])iiical maj) by the letters AIJ, IIC, CD. This is the light in which the terms of the order of council have been viewed by the res])ective government of both j)rovinces, and in- deed the only interpretation of which they were susceptible. The (jues- tion, though several times agitated in the councils of either province, was never so definitively decided as to set dilHculties at rest, and the anomaly was represented to His INIajesty's imperial government in order to obtain its rectification from that quarter. The government of Lower Canada, however, acting iipon the interpretation that the spirit of the king's order in council pointed out, and which the nature of things could alone admit, granted letters ])atent for the erection of the township of Newton (March, 180.5), and subsequentlv for the augmentation of that township, as being vacant crown land in Lower Canada, adjoining the sister province of Upper Canada *. * It must 1)0 iil)scrve(l that the westerly lino of the seigniory of Rigaud, as well rs the other linos on the Otta\\a, ought to run, by the ancient ordinance, /lord (jiuni-noril-cul, etjual to 11" 15' cast from the astronomical meridian. There is also a variation between the bearing of the Lancaster township line and the seignorial line of New Longeuil, when, in fact, they ought to be precisely the sanu; ; and some grants that have been made by government arc supposed to infringe upon the seigniory, from which lawsuits between the grantee of the crown and the seig- DIVISIONS AND [;DIVI>i 173 Lower Cim lu. tlni- bomuled, is (iivitled int»i tlnxc cliiof disftviotsi, Quebec, Muiureal^ Three liiwr/i, imd two inferior o iitmpc and St. Fraui'iN. It i*. f)i»erdWidcd into forty conn tie*, 1>, an art of the ))rovinc'ial legislature. » Ctc >. i\' ., hap. 73; its minor Mihdiv ions eon- sistin<»' of sc'ioniories, ti«.f iar exhibit: Diii.sioiis and Sahdicis'ionn of the Proniice of Lower Canada info J)l.sfrie/.s; CoKn/ie.s; AVv^'w/o/vV.v, I'Vefs, 2oifn.s/tlj).s; >S)C. N. IJ. Tlic toMHsIiij)s niarki'il witli an asterisk arc incluiled in and compose the inferior di>;triit of St. Francis. MONTREAL DISTRICT CONTAINS li) COUNTUJS, 7*' SKIfiNlOUIES, (! KIKI'S, AND 59 TOWNSHIPS. Cot NTIDS, 1!). In null Cduiity, COUNIIES. Ill iiu'li Coimiy- i f2 i a I 4 u. 1 "7 5 Acadie Reauliarnois ]5ertliier Cliaiiihly Lacliriiaye . La Prairie . L'Ass()iii])tii)n ]\Iissis(jni . IMontreal Ottawa 2 1 i! r> 2 4 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 2 2 !! Richelieu . Rouvilh; . St. Ilvacinthe . SlietloVd . Stanstead . Terrehonne Two ^Mountains . \'^aiidreuil . \'ereheres . Projected Townships . li 7 4 4 H 2 i! (i (•) 1 14 '111 norial tenant have originated. Disputes about boundaries, of a nature still more .seriouis, arose only recently between tlie grantees of the crown settled in Upper Canada and tho.se adjoining in the LoMer Province, in which the legal process of the respective courts came in collision, to the incalculable inconvenience and injury of the landholders. Others may frequently recur, as this part of the province is already in a nourishing state of cultivation, luiless the governments of both provinces bestow some consideration upon the subject, now that the claims of individuals settled on each side of the line may be more easily adjusted than after long and undisturbed possession has produced still greater improvement upon the estates. 17(i LUWLIl CANADA. Si'i^nior'n:s, I'tefs, Toirti.i/tlp.s, ^r. in each Onififi/. ACADIK. tivigiiiuricx. I)c I.i-ry Lii C'ollu Townships. 81icrriiij{ti)ii Isles. Aiix Xdix Aiix Tttc JJKAIHARNOI.S. Svi^niimes, J]oauIinrii()iH Ti»viish'ips. (ioiliiuinc'lit'stfr Hcniiniiijiftirtl IIiiicliiiil)r()ol<)< Iiididii lands. It/(in(l.s. (iraiidi' Isle Ihlos do la I'aix, part of BKHTIIIER. .Sfiisniorie.i. BiTtliier nnd Aiigincntatiuu U Ailli'lioiit D'Aiitrayc and Aiigmentutioii Do Kanizay I.sIp Dupas Lanaudiiro, part of Laiiaiiraie and Augmentation Lavaltric Fiefs, Antaya Cliicot Du Sabli', or York Petit Bruno Bandin Townships. Brandon Kildaro Raiidin St. Ignace Isles. u. CHAMBLY. Seij^niorics. Boucherville t'lmnildy, West fiongueuil F'. Lacliennye L'AsMoniption Townships. Kilkenny Wexford Isles. Bourdon LA PRAIRIE. Seigniories. Cliateauguuy La Prairie La Salle Sauit St. Louis hies. A la Paix, part of Aux Ilurons St. Bernard LASSO.^IPTION. Seigniories. St. Sulpice Townships. Chert scy Rawdon Isles. Bouchard, Lower Isle MISSISQUI. Seigniories. St. Arniand Townships. Durham Stanbridge Sutton MONTREAL County, Ihland, nnd Seigniory . Xuns Ixland St. Helen St. TIktChc OTTAWA. Seigniorie.i. Lc' Petite Nation Townships. Bristol Buekinglinm Clarendon Derry Kardley Hull Lichfield Loehaber and Augmentation Onslow I'ortland Teniplcton Wakefield RICHELIEU. Seigniories. Bonsecours Bourchemin Bourgmarie St. Charles St. Denis St. Ours and Augmentation Sorel Isles: De Grace St. Ignacc Ronde ROUVILLE. Seigniories. Blcury Chanibly, East Foucault ]\Ionnoir and Augmentation Noyan DIVISIONS AM) SLIJDIVISIONS. 177 UouviUf Snbn'voii ST. IIVACINTHE. Svigniories. Hiiurclu-niiii l)i' Hiiiiixny St. Ilyiiciiithf SIIEFFOHl). Totrnnhiju. Uroiiic Ely Fiirnlium .nnd Aiijiincntation (jiraiiliy Milton Hdxton Sli.'tlord Stukely STANSTEAI). Toii'iishlps. •Harford "Bariiston •Bolton, part of •Hatley Potton •StniistPnd TKIIUKIJOXNE. Hi^aud Siiiiiiluiir». Soulanf(i' Ulainvillc and Atignicntation \'andrriiil to IJivicn- du Ciiiiu', S. 7'<>«'«.»/l»/J4. I)('N|ilaini'!i and An^niuntatiiin NcMlon l-\. (^ap St. iAIiclici Arnndi'i (.'(intri'fanr Chatliain Cijurnoyi-r (in'iivillc St. HIain Ilarnnjjlon \'iiri'nnc.s Howard Vi rciifros Wcntwortli / .. />/«,v. C' '!■'!, 1' I.slu nizanl La '1 VAi'DHErn. .V('/r///'(//'(t'A. B'"uu^ . Nouvfllc Limj^ncnil Bondiird, Upjior I>li' D I ST HUT OV QIKUKC CONTAINH 13 C0UNTIK8, 7S' SKIOMOKI K8. 12 KIKl'S, AND ',W lOWSSinPH. In eiu-li Coiiniy. In eadi County. (i ; i t' fi 1 i 1 t'oiN-riFs. :i 1 i ■£ 1 ( Ol N IIKm. a ' » 1 In .a /I a > r. -! 1 H Boancf . 7 9 ' Montniorenci . 1 Bolk'clmsse 7 2 4 i' Orleans 1 Dorchester 1 ... ' Portneuf 13 3 Kaniouraska . 7 1 l\ ll Qnebcc 4 2 2 , L'Islet () .'1 11 Rimonski . . 1 ... 1 Sairuenav 15 1 2 Lotbiniere If 6 1 Jlegantic ... ' 1(5 »SH 4 it 11 A A 178 LOWER CANADA. Seigniories, Fiefs, Townships, S Durant- St. \ alior and }- i a\ t. Thetford River Onellc and Ai igmenta- Trinir Augmentation J * ****o Vincennes Ficfu. tion Winslow St. Anne de la Pocadiere Terrebois MO.\"OIORENXI. La IVIartiniere -Montapeine Tijicnships. Ficjs. Seigniories. St. Denis Cote de Beaupre Armagh Townships. ORLEANS Co., Island, and Buekland Bungay Seigniory. Standun I X worth Ware Woodbridge PORTNEUF. Isles. Seigniories. DORCHESTER. Hare Island, part of Belair and Augmentation Seiiinwriex. Isle Verte Bourglouis La':- on Kuniouraska Islands Cap Sante DIVISIONS AN^ SUBDIVISIONS. 179 D'Autcuil Dcschainbault Desniaure, or St, Aiigustin Faussembault Grondines Giiillauini' Bonlionimc Jacques Carticr Ncu ville,or Pointe aux Trembles Porthuis Portnuuf Fiefs. Gaudarvillc La ChevroticTC Lu Tcsserie QUEBEC. Seigniories. Beauport Notre Dame des Angcs St. Gabriel Sillery Fiefs. Hubert St. Ignace Townships. Stoneliam Tewkesbury RIMOUSKI. Seigniories, Bic Dartigny Dc Peiras, or IVIitis Isle ^^«rte Lac Matapediach Luc INIitis Le Pai^e and Tivierge Lcssard RIadawaska and Temisconata Matane Riclinrd Rioux Rimouski River du Loup St. Barnabc Trois Pistoles Fiefs. Pachot Townships. JMatane St. Denis Islands. Bic Biquetto Green Island St. Barnabt' SA(JUENAV. Seigniories. Eboulemens Isle aux Coudres IMillc Vaclies IVIount Murray iMurray Bay Terra Firma de Miiigun Towns/lips. Scttrington Isles. Isles et Islets de Min^;iii Isle of Anticosti THREE RIVERS DISTRICT CONTAINS 6 COUNTIES, 25 SEIGNIORIES, 9 FIBF8, AND 53 TOWNSHIPS. Counties. In each County. In each County. | .Seigniories. Fiefs. Townships. r. Counties. g 1 i H ! Champlain Drummond Nicolet . 5 i ... "4 , "4 1 1 19 2 St. RIaurice • , ^ Shcrbrooke . i ... Yamaska H 5 .3 28 Seigniories, Fiefs, Townships, &,c. in each Counfi/ Townships. Radnor CHAMPLAIN. Seigniories. Batiscan Cap de la Magdeleine l.niory of La Petite Xat'iou, and a prolongation of that line till it intersects the eastern boundary of the county of Two Mountains and Avestern boundary of the county of Terrebonne, thence along the said boundary to the north-west limits of the province. An oversiiiht of a similar nature occurred in describing the boundaries of the county of Cham])lain, which is bounded in the act by the county of Portneuf on tlie north-east and hy the rker St. Maurice on the south- west. The south-west line of Portneuf intersects the St. Maurice at about sixty-six miles from the St. Lawrence, at ^^ on the map ; therefore, the county of Chaniplain is circumscribed and forms a triangular tract, having ^1 m 182 LOWER CANADA. mm rl!*! U for its limits the St. !Mauricc and St. Lawrence to the south-west and south-east, reducing its contents to 783 square miles. The south-west line of the county of Portneuf is carried on due north-west, dividing tliat county from t\\Q county of St. Maurice, and throwing the upper section of tile river St. Maurice in the body of the former ; the natural division that presents itself in the St. Maurice will ])robably point out hereafter the expediency of declaring it the boundary between both counties. The counties of La Chenaye and Terrebonne are limited by tlio north-west boundary of the townships Wexford and Cliertsey respect- ively ; hence a vacant space in the rear of those townships is found not included in the body of any co\uity. This tract is distinguished on the map by the letters a, h, c, d; it is 20 miles in breadth by 240 in depth, extending from the rear of the two last mentioned counties to the north- west boundary of the province, and containing a superficies of about 4,800 square miles. These anomalies, as thej^ do not immediately affect the settled parts of the country, are not likely to be attended with those mischievous consequences that might otherwise be expected to result from them. They point out, however, the necessity of a revision of the new divisions of the province, and the expediency of a short subsidiary act, corrective of the boundaries of tiiose counties which we have particularized. In superficial extent, as near as the knowledge of its boundaries will admit of an estimation, Lower Canada contains upwards of 205,863 square statute miles, of which superficies about 3200 miles may be said to be covered by the numerous lakes, rivers, and streams of the province, exclusive of the surface of the St. Lawrence and part of the Gulf, which togethci occupy an area of nearly .52,-500 miles, making the total extent of the province equal to 258,363 square miles. The lands are held by two distinct tenures, the feudal and the soc- cage ; of the former are almost all the lands on the borders of the St. Lawrence, those upon the Richelieu, the Yamaska, and the Chaudiere. The lands possessed under this species of tenure were all granted anterior to the conquest in 1759, excepting Murray Bay, Mount Murray, and the seigniory of Shoolbred, in the Bay of Chaleurs. They consist of seigniories and fiefs, several of wdiicli are of considerable extent, exceed- rt m FEUDAL AND SOCCAGE LAxXDS. nv3 ing in various instances 36 square leagues in superficies. The total amount of grants made in the Avliole province inider the feudal system amounts to about 12,0()(),000 French arpents, or 9,849,600 acres, equal to 15,390 square miles. Of this immense quantum almost one-half, or 5,192,04'6 arpents, consist of vast tracts that lie waste, or nearly so, in the unsettled parts of the province, such as Anticosti, Niagara, Mille Vaches, INIetapediach, &c. ; and of the rear sections of seigniories of con- siderable depth, such as are found in the Cote de Ueaupre, IJatiscan, St. Gabriel, and others, thus reducing the amount of the lands actually farmed, or properly within the pale of settlement, to 6,873,954 arpents ; equal in the aggregate to the sum, in acres, of the snnci/ed soccage lands of the colony. The lands in free and common soccage are those that were laid out, sin-veyed, and granted subsequently to the conquest of Canada by Great Britain, and which now comjjose that class of the local subdivisions of the country called townships. These generally lie more in the interior. in the rear of the seigniorial grants, being situated along rivers for their front, where a stream of sufficient magnitude presents itself for that ])ur])ose, or laid out conveniently and contiguously in the interior. The dimensions of a regular river-township are 9 miles front by 12 deep, and its subdivisions consist of 12 ranges, containing each 28 lots. Those ot an inland-township are 10 miles square, its subdivisions consisting of 11 ranges of 28 lots each *. The total number of townships erected imder *i'l 'm * To avoid repeating the (limensions of townships and their subdivisions, the sanio is here given precisely. The most exact content of ten miles square, the usual dimensions of un inland township, as prescribed by the warrants of survey, is (iI,0(X) acres, exclusive of the usual allowance of rive acres on every hundred for highways. This quantity is contained in a tract of 10 miles and ") chains in length, by 10 miles 3 chains and .")0 links in perpendicular breadth, or such other length and breadth as may be ecpiivalent thereto. A rectangular town- ship of this admeasurement contains eleven concessions or ranges of lots, each lot l)eing 73 chains and 5 links long, and 2B chains 'JH links broad. Each rang', is divided into 20 lots, so that each township contains 30!$ lots of 2(10 acres, with the allowar for highways. Of these lots 220 are granted to settlers, and the remaining 03 reserved foi i:.>> crown and protostant clergy. In like manner, it may be observed, that the quantity nearest to the content of nine miles broad by twelve miles deep, the usual dimensions of a river-to\\ n.ship, is 67,200 acres, exclusive of the allowance for highways. These are contained in a tract of 723 chains broad, by !)()'.) chains and (J(J links long, or other equivalent length and breadth. A rectangular townsliip of tliese dimensions 184 LOWER CANADA. letters patent in the province is 105, wliieh together eontain in round numbers (),.'j()(),()()0 aeres, of whieh quantity 2,7}).'i,39S aeres were granted to various ])atentees, and upon Avhieh projmrtionate reservations of one- seven tli were made for tlie erown and the elergy respeetively, according to law, and about .'J90,000 acres are held by divers persons, under certi- ficates of location. Of the tt)tal (piantuni of the lands held by both species of tenure, about ;J,()()(),00() of acres arc under actual cultivation; to which amount may be superadded about 1200,000 acres which are in that progressive state provincially termed en ahatin, having merely luidcrgone the preliminaries of agricultural im])rovement. Of the lands in culture it may be said that one-third on an average yields the grain crops for the consumption and exports of the ])rovince ; the other two-thirds being partly left fallow, and kept as de])asturing and meadow land. Those ])arts of this beautiful province that are yet in a primitive state of natiu'c appear, on the whole, agreeably diversified by hill, plain, and valley, though, in some sections, mountainous and bold, and the soil is in general richly covered with a sturdy growth of valuable forest trees. Forming an estimate of the adaptation of those ])arts of the country to the ])urposes of agriculture from surveys and ex])lorations performed at different times, and especially of late years, it may be fairly stated that two-thirds, at least, of the wilds of Lower Canada are likely in process of time to bow to the arts of agricultiu'e and be brought under cultivation ; the remaining third may be considered as unsusceptible of tillage, being, in a great measure, composed of rugged steeps, barren hills, and sterile morasses and swamps. contains twelve concessions or ranges of lots, each lot being flO chains and 80 links long and 26 chains broad, and in each range 28 lots, making in all ?iM] lots of 200 acres, with the highways. Of this number 240 are grantable to settlers, and the remaining t)G are reserved as before men- tioned. CIIArTEll IX. rate of the Country — Hi crs — Roads — Soil — Settlements. The divisions of the province emuncrated and described in the ]n\- ceding chapter are those that owe their existence to artificial creation, and are such as were dictated with a view to the judicial, })olit.cal, and social interests and convenience of the inhabitants. The natural divisions of the coiuitry are those bold and distinct lineaments traced on the face of Nature, forming and dividing- extensive valleys by ])roniinent highland ridges, and sej)arating vast tracts of territory by large ri\ers and streams. In viewing the divisions of Lower Canada inider the latter asj)cct, the St. I-iawrence conspicuously presents itself as a leading featinv in its physical geography, bisecting the province into two grand sections, the one lying to the north, the other to the south, of that great river. Emerging from Upper Canada at IVmt-au-IJaiulet, it Hows exclusively through the Lower Province, traversing in a north-easterly coiu-se the grand valley which it drains in its broad career to the ocean, 'i'his valley is confined to the northward by a range of moimtains conuiiencing at Cirenville on the Ottawa river, and stretching north-eastward acnjss the country as it passes at ^ arious distances from the banks of the St. Lawrence, from which it recedes at some points about 40 miles, ap- proaching at others to within 15 or iiO, until it strikes the river at Ca])e Torment, 30 miles below Quebec. From this cape the mountainous character of the shores of the St. I.,awrence may be properly said to com- mence, and especially to the northward, where they consist of bold and abrupt hills, rising to a general elevation of .'J and 400 feet, and in some instances attaining an altitude of nearly 2000. To the southward the Great A'alley is bounded by a range of hills situated about the soiu'ces of the Comiecticut river, and connecting to S. ^V. with the (ireen Mountains in the state of ^'ermont, and by them with the bold range of the Alleganies, which forms the grand geological division between the waters of tlie Atlantic and those of the St. Lawrence. The moim- tains at the heads of Connecticut in their progress north-eastward B B .1] ■ '% r ff 1 8() LOW I'll CANADA. (livcrsie into two (lifl<.'i\nt vaiiiHicatiotis or spurs about the source of the St. John river: one direc-tiii<;- its course centrally throu<;li the country, nearly parallel with the course of the St. Lawrence and the shores of the sea; the other diveri'ino' more to the north, and extendin;e wlien viewed from the southward, in consequence of tlie table elevation of the country on that side. I'cyond the mountains that bound the valley of the St. Lawrence on the north, the common level of the lund is marked by a considerable tai)le elevation above the surface of the river, and is traversed by several rid^-csof no very conspicuous altitude till the bolder mountains rise to viev,-, that bound the province to the north-west, and divide the waters of Hudson's I'ay from those that descend in o])posite courses to the St. L:iwrence. IIavin«;' thus endeavoured to convey to the reader a f^cncral idea of the face of the country, or ratlier an outline of its most prominent natural divisions, it behoves us in the next i)lace to afford him the means of forming as correct a conception of the roads, rivers, soil, and settlements of the province as the information we command may allow ; and the more easily and efticiently to accomplisli the task, it may appear pro])er to adopt separate sections of country, in order to avoid too vague, unsatis- factory, and general a description. That grand division of the province lying north of the St. Lawrence may, for this purpose, be subdivided into ///rcc sections : The Jli'st cnd)racing the countrj' between the Ottawa and the St. Maitrivi", the second, the country between the St. Mannce and the Sii,ia//; and the f///nl, the residue of the territory east of the Sagxenaij to the extreme boundary of the province. The grand division south of the St. Lawrence will also constitute ////•{'(' sKhdlv'isioiis : i\\c Jirsf comprising all that part of Lower Canada west of the river Cltaiidiere, the second \.\\q territories east of the Chaudicre to the Avest bounds of Craspe, and the third consisting of the district of (iaspc itself. ^ tl Till' OTTAWA IUVi:il. 187 NORTH OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. § 1. — {'oiNTiiY HKTWKnN Till-: ()tt.\«'a iti\Kii AM) Tin: Sr. .AIai'Iiick. — Coiiiillix — Ottam'a, Tuo MouNTAi.Ns, \'AiJ»iir,iii-, Ti:niii;ii(»N.\i;, Li: Ciiknavk, L'asso.mption, I5i;uTmKn, St. IMAunicK, (tiid Montueai,. The front this section of the ])rovinee presents on the Ottawu river and on the St. liawrcnec exceeds {'A) miles; the whole of which distance, savinijj ])drta;al)lc for canoes and boats ; upwards of 200 miles of it are navi«'al)le. at l(»ng interstices, for steam-vessels drawin^>' from t to 1;> feet water, and a section of })() miles, or the distance between Montreal and Three liivers. is actually navigated by scpiare-rigj^ed vessels of various burdens, from 100 tons to (500. Issuing- from Lake Temiscaming, u])wards of ',]'>{) miles north-west of its junction with the St. Lawrence, and having its remotest sources nearly 100 miles beyond that lake, the Ottawa river Hows majestically through a fine and fair country, as yet in a state of nature, although, generally s])eaking, remarkably well ada])ted to the ))urposes of agri- cidture and settlement, l-'rom the Vails and Porfai>r des .llliimcUcs, distant about 110 miles above Hull, the river becomes better known, as it is usually frequented thus far by timber contractors, who derive their valuable supplies of timber from those remote districts of the Ottawa. The fur traders extend their ex])lorations considerably beyond this point, and a trading-post for that object is established on the shores of Lake Temiscaming. At the Allumettes the Ottawa is divided into two channels ; the one to the north-east, the other to the south-west of a large island, in length about 1.5 miles, by an average breadth of 4. The southerly channel expands below the falls and rapids of the Grand ^Vllumettes to the width of .3 or 4 miles, and forms the Lake des Allumettes, at the head of which an arm of the river opens an entrance to the Mud and Musk Rat Lakes : the latter, by far the largest of the two, has a solitary settlement on its southern shoi-es, the proprietor of which is an individual by the name of John Persons, whose thriving farm offers a fair exem})lification of the 15 B 2 H' m 188 LOWKR CANADA. fertility of the soil in that part of the Ottawa. Ei^'ht miles helow the Junetion of these ehaniiels is situate the H. H. Post of Fort Coulange, where one of the agents of the C'()iii))aiiy resides. On the opposite shore (south) an in(li\i(lual is settled with his family upon an excellent farm, which a])j)ears to he in a Hourishin'('tt /•.'<■. The first and lon<;est carryin<>;-])lace, descending from the Fort, is at the Grand Calioncf, L'l miles below it; here the river ])ene- trates a rid<^e of hiiih aiul broken moimtains, and forms a succession of cascades, varying- from (i to 10 feet in height, at the foot of which the current resumes its gentleness to the Portage (l\tr'(' (Ic la Monfa,i>-/n'. l-'rom the latter to the Portage dii Sahle, on the north l)auk of the river, at the eastern extremity of the island, is four miles, and thence to the Portage du Fort about five miles. This portage is nearly 20 chains in length, and passes over a rising ground, 2.5 or .'JO feet above the water's level. The cascades which it avoids do not exceed eight feet pcrpendicuhu' height, but they are much broken and divided by rocky islands, and are extremely wild and romantic. From these cascades to the foot of the Cheiniit.v, a distance of 10 miles, the river is singularly diversified by numerous beautiful islands, richly clad with trees of luxuriant foliage Clustered in various parts of the river these islands divide it into as many channels, through which the waters are impelled with different degrees of violence, according to the narrowness to which their bed is contracted, ajid the obstructions they meet with in their rapid course. The banks of this part of the river are comj)osed of white marble, which can be traced for two or three miles along the margin of the stream, and which appears to extend considerably in depth on either shore. The specimens taken from different parts of the quarry on the banks of the river were of a soft jmd coarse texture ; but there is reason ^i! 111 1: OTTAWA uivi:u. 189 to believe that, u|)ou further penetration, a superior ileseriptiuii ofniarhle would be found, inlinitely more durable, and susceptible of a higher polish. 400 or .'500 yards above the line of Clarendon, and in the township of liitebfield, is Hisset's (7/r/////reeably the natural beauties of the soft and sweet scenery of the lake. The calms of the Ottawa are pecidiarly glassy and beautiful, and its waters are nuich esteemed for their softness. In descending the Ottawa, it is interesting to bear in mind that upon our right we have Upper, and on our left, Lower Canada: hence com- parisons maybe instituted between the settlements of one ])rovinee upon the banks of that magnificent river, with those of the other. The shores of I^akc 7>A' Cliuts are Avoody, and generally flat to the northward, with If m H #-i i'ti 1!)0 LOW I'll CANADA. 1 H' w a pcbMy or rocky boacli ; to tljc soutlnvard tlioy nro higher, and in some |)artH I'vi'ii l)ohl,attainin<( an clovation of HO to 100 fi't-t. Tht* (irst scttlc- mi'Mt ])rt'st'ntiiifj; itself in passinj,' down this hike is a eonifortal)h' frame dwellin^-honse and rural a|)|)enda<^es on the south shore; and four miles lower down, on the same sidr, is the house and farm of one Andrews, settled in the townslii|) of II(»rton, at the mouth of the ; iver Itniiiic Chiiirc The lake is here one mile in width, and opposite is the Claren- don landiu*^. No settlement on the ClariMidon shore ean l)e diseovered from the lake, as the colony of emigrants located there in IS'J!)-;jO are in the third, fourth, fifth, and remoter coneessiotis ; hut in the front of Hristol one or two wretched hovels arc discernihli- on the marj^in of the lake. Kinnell Lod<^e, the residence of tlu- Highland chieftain Macnah, is heautifully situated on the southern hank of the lake, about four or five miles above the head of the Chat Ilapids*. A short distance east of Kiimell Lod^e is the mouth of the Madawaska river ; and nearly opposite, aj)parently a speck on the margin of the lake, is the miserable habitation of a hois-hndc, onv of that class of people known under the denomination of S(/iiaffcf\s. 'I'his is the broadest ])art of the lake; but about a mile lower tlown it contracts abrr.ptly from the southward, by the intervention of (iovernmcnt Island, l)etween which and the north shore, dash in swift and violent eddies, the liap'uli's dvn Cluits. These rapids are three miles long, and pass amidst a labyrinth of varied ishmds, until the waters are suddenly ])reeipitati'd over the falls of the Chats, which are from sixteen to twenty feet in height 'IMiere are fifteen or sixteen falls on a curved line across the river, regularly divided by woody isUuids, over one of which is effected the ])ortage. in passing from the top to the bottom of the falls. Thence to Mondion's I'oint in Onslow is but a short distance ; and here is seen one of the original North-AVest posts, established on the OttaAva at the most flourishing ]>eri()d of that com])any's existence. The dwelling- house and store bear evidence of their anti(piity from the dilapidated state they are in. and the soil is too poor about the point to invite the resident agent to the culture of the farm. Mr. Thomas resides here as * ^\'l' Imvo iilrcady tiikun an ()j)pi)rtiiiiity in a previous part of this wurk, to notiiv the exertions of Cliief IMacnab in jironiotiny the settlement of tliat portion of tlie Upper Province, l)v Sfots cniij'rants of his own clan. TIIK OTTAWA Ul\ l,n. I<)1 ii^t'Ht tor till' Ihi(ls(»ir.s Hay C'oinpaiiy, I'or wb' iii \\v keeps a stori' sii|i- plii'd with the articles most in (leiiiatid liy tlie Indians antl other tradi'i's, such as hi'oad c-hiths, l>laMkets, heads, amniunition, spirits. \:c'. Nearly opposite Mondion's I'oint, at the other extrennty of the line of thi' lalls, is Mr. Sheriir's settlement and residence, in the township of Iluntly. I'.C. From the foot of the Chats to the head of Lake Chaudiire is eom- putcd to be six niili's. Here a yv<'.s////'/,v/c, from the northward of an Island called the Six-Mile-Island, contracts the channel, which is very shoal; and half a mili' hehtw the island are the settli'ments ol' Hohis and N'i^nola, in the township of Onslow. Lake CMiaudiere, that now opens before ns, has tlie advanta<;'( of the Lac dcs C'/xttN in nia^^nitude; bnt its views are less diversified by jutting points and picturesipie islands. Uoth contain a sullicient dipth of chamiel to lloat boats drawing- from four to ei/4;ht feet water; and it i.s to be hoped that ere lonj;- the benefits o;' steam navigation will be extended to this interestinelow the Falls of CMiaudiere the Ottawa river is unintcrru])tedlv navigable for steam-boats to Grenville, a distance of (iO miles. The cur- rent of the stream is gentle, and the banks of the river generally so low as to be Hooded in s])ring to a considerable distance in tiie interior. (.\specially on its northern bank, the opposite side of the river being almost uniformly higher and sometimes bold, and therefore not so liable to immdation. The scenery of this ])art of the Ottawa is indeed tame, yet always pleasing: the frecpiently varying widths of the river, its numerous islands, the luxuriant foliage of its banks — objects ever changing their pers])ective combinations as the steamer moves along — and an infant settleujcnt appearing here and there on the skirts of the forest and the margin of the stream, are all in themselves possessed of surticient interest to destroy the monotony of a trip ui)on this ])art of " Ottawa's tide." The impetuous I>ong Sault, which connnences at Grenville, is stemmed or descended but by royagcnr.s and raftsmen of experienced Ht * Tlio CoUNTKss OK DAF.iiorsiK, to wlioiii we luTo ;illuil(', must over liolil an I'xaltoil plai'c ill till' rt'incnibraiice of tlio siicicty in (.'aiiada, as well for tlio many aniiablf and pliilantliroiiic virtues for which siic was distin^uislieil, as for the {{racious uri)anity of nuuiuers that so eminently characterized her ladyship, during the long and dillicult administration of tlie government of L(twer Canada liv her noble consort, the Higlit Honourable tlie 10.mil ok Damioi'sik. ' ^i- e c m:^- lO-t LOWER CANADA. W V' II ; H :.< energy and skill. The river below it still continues, at intervals, rapid and unnavigablc as far as I'oint Fortune, where it expands into the lake of the Two ^lountains, and finally forms a junction with the St. Law- rence, below the cascades ; but the waters of both streams do not im- mediately conmiingle, the line of contact being distinctly observable, by which the black hue of the waters of the Ottawa is strongly contrasted with the bluish-jjreen colour of those of the St. Lawrence. The remotest surveyed township on the Ottawa is Clarendon, which terminates the range of townships laid out along the northern shores t)f that fine river, that bounds to the south and south-west the vast and valuable tract of territory lying between its banks, the western boimdary of the county of Terrebonne and the northern limits of the ])rovince. No part of I^ower Canada will probably be found to excel this tract in physical advantages, and it has a decided superiority over the country along the St. LaAvrence, below jSIontreal, in geogra])hical situation ; its front being considerably south of the latitude of Quebec, i. e. in the average latitude of 45" 30' north. It is abundantly watered by numerous large rivers, whose sources are in general at remote di- stances to the northward of their junctions with the Ottawa, and whose streams are all in a greater or less degree navigable, at frequent interstices, for canoes. The chief of these discharging themselves into the OttaAva from the north are the Calumet, the Petite Nation, the tAvo rivers IJlanche, the river Aux Lievres, and the Gatineau *, all of Avhich have nuiuerous tributaries, and, besides fertilizing the lands through which they floAV, afford great conveniences for the erection of mills and other |)urposes of rural economy, from the rapids and falls Avith Avhicli their course is invariably checkered. The face of the coimtry is not generally marked by that boldness of feature that characterizes the eastern section of the province, but it is, nevertheless, in receding from the borders of the OttaAA'a, divided by hilly ridges, and formed into valleys, Avhich, if avc could alloAV fancy to represent as divested of their heavy forests, might exhibit the agreeable * These rivers, anil those hereafter to be mentioned in the course of the description of Lower Canada, are particuhirly described under their respective names in tlie " Topographical Dlillunun/ of Lower Canada." FRESHETS OX THE OTTAWA. 195 aspect of an undulating or rolling country, the ])ictui 'jue diversity of ])lain, hill, and vale, and, if similarly cultivated, picture to the eye some of the most admired counties of England. Traversing the centre of the townships, in a direction nearly parallel with the Ottawa, the first ridge of any continuity ])resents itself, and at its base lies an al- luvial fiat, extending to the margin of the river. Tliis fiat is generally so low that tlie Ottawa, swollen by spring freshets and autunnial rains, imuid.ites it to a distance exceeding, in some places, one mile in tlie interior, and it is thus frequently laid under water for several days together. This ))eriodical rise of the waters of the Ottawa is much greater in spring than in autumn, and by no means regular at either season, wliether reference be had to tlie time of its occiu-rence, or the height to which it attains, the event being essentially influenced by tlie mildness or rigour of the winter. During some years the waters have kept within their embanlcments, but their surface was almost flush or even with them ; and it has been observed, that, as the country becomes more open, the freshets are less formidable than heretofore : hence we may infer that they will go on diminishing, and that, eventually, the banks of that beautiful river will be free from so great a drawback upon their set- tlement. It is not unwortliy of remark, that the largest rivers, flowing into tlie Ottawa, have tlieir mouths below the Falls of the Chaudiere, and hence may, in some measure, be explained the conspicuous difference observed lietween the swelling of the river under the falls, and tlie rise of its waters above ; the stream, in the former case, rising several feet higher than in the latter. The surface of the lakes Des Chats and Chaudiere must also tend to diminish the elevation of the floods by di- verting and spreading in extended superficies the accession of waters poured into the Ottawa during the vernal tlunvs and freshets. Beyond the first ridge that skirts the flats of the Ottawa, to the north, the country has not been surveyed, excepting to the depth of the townships, which, in general, may be said to be twelve miles from the borders of the river. Explorers, however, have gone much farther than this in the interior, ascending rivers sometimes to their sources, in the c c 2 f ■ ! ■e f (I 10() LOWER CANADA. i' Jl i f prosecution of divers speculations, avI 'ch liad chiefly for their objects furs and timber. Tlie lands on the Ottawa are in the aggregate remarkably fertile, consisting in fiont of rich alluvions, and more inland of gentle ridges and acclivities, a(la])ted to the growth of plants requiring the drier soils. Natural meadows, aflbrding rich and wholesome pasturage, are very conmion along the river, the islands and prcsqu''Uefi of which are also highly valuable as depasturing and grazing grounds. l^leven t()wnshii)s have been erected under letters-patent on the Ot- tawa, vi/. Chatham, Grenville and augmentation, Locliaber and Gore, liuckingham, Templeton, Hull, Kardley, Onslow, and Clarendon, front- ing the river; Portland, and \Ventwortli, abutting respectively upon the rear of Tem])leton and Chatham, liesidcs these, several other townships are ])roiected, surveys of wliich will of course take place as the demand for lands in that part of the province increases. Of the surveyed lands the greatest part is granted to individuals who may be divided into two distinct classes ; tlic one consisting of grantees luuler old patents for ex- tensive tracts ; the otlier, of actual settlers wlio have been heated by his majesty's government to lots of 100 or 200 acres, under the su])erin- tendency of resident agents, appointed by the crown for the convenience of the settler. The principal settlements eifected in tliese townsiii])s by the first class of grantees are those in Hull and Cliatliam. In 180G patents Avere issued granting to Philemon ^Vright, — an American loyalist, invited thither by tlie proclamation of Cieneral Clarke, — and to his associates, a quarter of the township of Hull, which he as leader had previously caused to be surveyed under an order in council of 22d March, 1800. As was usual in such cases, the associates, who were each ])atented for a quantum of land etjual to that of the leader, subsecpiently conveyed to the latter five- sixths of their respective grants as an etpiivalent for the expenses in- curred by him in the survey, the paymejit of patent fees, and travelling. Thus Mr. U'right became in fact the actual proprietor of the quarter of Hull : but the m()no])oly Avas not attended in this instance Avith tliose consc(iuences, as regards the settlement of the country, that resulted from siujilar proceedings in numerous other cases, and the establishment of I! 1^^ HULL AND CHATHAM. 197 ii ; Mr. Wright, iit Hull, became the nucleus of the now flourishing settle- ments of that township, and the first impulse given to the colonization of the extensive tracts of valuable crown lands lying along the banks of the Ottawa river. Next to those of Hull the settlements of the township of Chatham are most worthy of note. They owe their origin to the exertions of Colonel Robertson, originally one of the largest proprietors in that town- ship, and one of its leaders under the patents issued to Dr. Fraser and himself, and their associates, in December, 1806. In the front ranges of the township, on either side the public road, excellent farms are to be seen ; the dwelling-houses are generally built of brick, upon rather an enlarged scale, and some of them are remarkably neat and handsome. The enclosures are frc((uently confined by dry stone walls, which, com- bined with the novel ap])earance in this part of the country of brick buildings, serve strongly to contrast the settlements of Chatham with those of Argenteuil, some distance lower down the river, where the French system of building and farming is most prevalent. In tiie Htli, 9th, and 10th ranges of the township settlements have been conunenced that connect with those of Chatham Ciore, and we may soon look for- ward to the gratification of seeing a thriving little colony in tliat (juarter ■■. Point Fortune lies innnediately opposite the eastern outline of Chatham, on the southern bank of the Ottawa : the village is popuhnis and well built, and several of its houses are conspicuous for their dimen- sions, as well as for their elegance. The woody high grounds that rise behind Point Fortune, and the beautiful ra])ids in front, give consider- able effect to the landscape, as seen in ascending the north side of the Ottawa from the village of St. ^Vndrew's. The front ranges of the townsiiijjs lying between Chatham and Hull were originally grajited to leaders and associates, in the same manner as the lands in the two latter townships ; but no measures had ever been eilectu- ally taken by the pro))rietors of the soil to bring the lands under culti- vation. These tracts miuht i)rol)al)lv have remained to this dav whollv •JNIucli of the prosiicrity of this sottlenioiit is due to the exertions of ]Mnjor liarron, tin- superiiiteiulinji agent ; and also to faptuiu Perkins, li. j).,U. X., a gcntleiiian of indnstr\- and talent, whose example and exertions have considerably proumted the advancement of this in- fant colony. •i "'J 1 ■ i 198 LOWER CANADA. 111 II ff I' * unsettled, but for tlie judicious ])lan adopted by the executive govern- ment, of removing tlie reservations for the crown, and also, in some in- stances, the reservations for the clergy, checkered through the patented ranges of the townships, and forming them into blocks in other parts of the respective townships, so as to leave, on the one hand, a niunber of grantable lots in the midst of the older grants, and, on the other, to ])re- vent hereafter the so much deprecated inconvenience arising from the interloping of reserves, that destroy the continuity of settlements and paralyse the efforts of industry. To the lots thus become vacant none but actual settlers Avere located, and all these townships have, in conse- quence, fairly started in the career of their settlements, notwithstanding the drawback still existing from the non-improvement of the patented lands *, by which the new settlers are surrounded. The township of Grenvillc enjoys peculiar advantages from its situ- ation at the foot of the steam-boat navigation of a section of the Ottawa, below the Falls of Chaudierc ; but its surface is very hilly, and its soil not, in general, above mediocrity, though some farms may be found very fertile and productive. Its western half is traversed in front by an elegant canal, of which some account is given in another part of this volume, and its settlements are in a great measiue confined to the vicinity of that important military work. The village contains several remarkably neat cottages, belonging to officers of the royal staff corps and to the resident commissary. There is also one or two good taverns, several shops, and numerous artisans, who find constant employment on the works which are going on under the superintendence of the commanding officer on that station. The first settlement of Cirenville commenced only a few years ago, yet in 1829 the population of the township and its augmentation already amounted to 1,8.58 souls ; an increase attributable to the advantages held out to the settler by the labour recpiired on the canal, and the readiness with which farms could be obtai)ied on the spot from the commanding officer, acting as resident land-agent for the township. * The escheat of these lands has been for some time contenijihited, and it is probalilo ^^■iIl not now be long delayed. There is, however, no dotibt that every just degree of indulgenee will be exerci.-cd towards the jiroprietors, and a fair and eciuitable delay allo\\cd them to reclaim their lands from their evident liability to the penalty of forfeiture. 4 LA PETITE NATION— LOCilAnER, c^c. HILL. m) Ketwccn tlie augmentation of Grenvillc and the jr(irc of I.ocliaber is situated the seigniory of I^a Petite Nation, 5 leajvues in front, by a depth also of 5 leagues. Its settlements are as yet ])artial, and oeeupy merely the borders of the main road and part of a second eoneessiou or range; but the Hon. J. L. J. Papineau, the seignior of this exten- sive estate, appears anxious to encourage them, and the seigniory is in consequence rapidly acquiring an accession of new settlers, of which many are Irish emigrants. There is no village ; but the church of the parish, which is called Honsecours, is centrally situated, aiul considered the focus of the settlement. Near the divisi;rowth and prosperity of the Talbot settlement in that ])rovincc. Of the practica- bility, on a general princi))le, of such a route, little doubt can be enter- tained ; and at a period when, from the large influx of emigration, com- prehensive views of the settlement of the colony should be taken, the expediency of the measure appears to us a matter of paramount con- sitleration. The total pojjulation on the northern shore of the Ottawa river westward from the west bounds of Argenteuil does not now much exceed .'5,.'i(J9 inhabitants, and this population is very unequally spread, al- though the mass is confined to the townships of Hull, Chatham, and drenville, and the seigniory of I^a Petite Nation. It is very heterogeneous in its origin, consisting of about an ecjual ])roportion of Irish and Ameri- cans, some English, more Scots, and a few families of French Canadians. The coimtry north of the St. Lawrence, beloAv the township of COl'NTRY DKLOW CHATHAM. 20] Chiitham, oxtcijditi*^ eastward to the river St. Maurice, and enibraeijJi,' the eountirs i)l' St. Maiiriee, Herthier, li'Assomptiidi, La ("heiiave, Ter- rebomie, Montreal, N'aiuh'euil, and part of Two Mountains, makes u|> the resiihie of the north-western section of the ])rovince whicii we luive inidertaken to describe. The whole of tlie lands of this lari-e tra( t Iviny ulonj^ the navirants: in the rear of which, and contij^iious to their rear lines, are situated the townslii])s or soeca<;e lands. 'I'lic only townships as yet actually laid out therein are Newton, in the rear of Uioaud; AbercroinI)y, Kilkenny, Hawdon. and Kildare, in the rear of the si'iront- real and .Icsus, and the county of N'audreuil, which lies south of the I iakeof thcTwoMoinitains, all ofwhicli will be more particularly notici'd lu'reafter. a very im])ortant portion of the j)rovince will stdl remain under consi- deration, the surface of which, to a various depth of from live t(» fifteen miles from the banks of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence, is generally level or sli<;htly elc\ated into table ridj^es, with occasional short accli- vities and descents. The interior of the comitry was ])artially exploretl in ISU!) by a party consistinjif of* a land-sunieyor. a •••entleman actin<^ as geologist, and an assistant, with six mrix and three canoes. 'IMie expe- dition ascended the St. Maurice as far as AN'imontichingue, whence they travelled south-westward, ascending tirst the Matawin river to its source : thence, after traversing a chain of lakes to come to the head- waters of the river Aux Ijicvres, they came down that river to its mouth in tbe Ottawa, a direct distance of nearly I.jO miles, but considerably more by the bends of the river. The lakes composing the chain are Matawin, Kempt, of the (iraves. Great (ioldHnch, Nemicachingue. La Culottc, and Lakes Pothier, IJocheblave, La Jlotpie, Aux I'ins, and Aux Liivrcs, at the sources of the river Aux Li^vre^. • John Adams, Ks{|. L S , jiikI druftMiian, I\Ir. Iiiiriill, l."»tli rcL'iim'iit, riid Mr. N'ixon, (ilitli rt'ginicnt. ]) 1) 2 )H 111* Ua f h ijK Pv:'lj •an LOWKR CANADA. I* Tliiis w'v havi' a fircunmavipitcd tract of about I \,.'HH) ^('<»j^ra))liical s(|iiaro iniU's, \\\u^ iK'twctii Ihc river Aux I-iivrcs on the wist, the St. Maiiriiv on tin* cast and north-cast, tlic St. Lawrence and tlie Ottawa in front, and a chain of lakes in the rear. Ninnerons instances of siniihir facilities alloriU-d by natural water-ct»nnnunieations are met with in the t'anadas, the face of the coinitry beinj,' almost every-where checkered with lakes and intersected by rivers that spread into a nuiltitude ;)f' ramitications. The inf«>rniation that has resulted from this expedition is, we believe, confined to the objects that came under observation upon the innuediatf route, no ollsets to any considerable distance in the interior havinjj;, it appears, been made collaterally, to ascertain the nature of the soil on the rioht and left of the track. W'e are thi-reforc without any ade(|uate means of knowinj;' how far the interior (tf this tract of 11, .')()() sipiare miles may be susceptible of culture ; but jud^in^' from the reported cha- racter of the lands alon«;' the remote lakes and rivers that were explored, we are led to infer imfavourably of that section of country as a field for settlement. The seiifiiiories and townshi|)s situated between Arj;enteuil and the St. Maurice are abundantly watered by immcrous rivers and streams, whose tortuous nieandcrinufs spread nu)re broadly and beneficially their irrinating- influence. Tlu^ larined with clu/ and yellow loam; but the remoter lands are chiefly composed of a strong- loam, not unfre«juenlly mixed with a hlaek friahle earth, .'steemed to be very generous and productive. In the vicinity of Three Ilivers the soil is peculiarly light, and consists of an almost pure saml ; yet it has, when richly manured, yielded good crops, and the gardens in the town and uponitsskirts produeemeh)nsof most delicious Havour. The principal roads by which this section of the country is traversed are the nniin post route along the St. liawrence, the roads along the hanks of the rivers I)u Louj), Maskinoiige, Hayonne, L'Assomption, Mascoiu'he, Achigan, l)u C'heiie, and l)u Xord, besides numerous leading concession-roads, and cross-roads termed routes, that lie usuall) at right angles to the main front roads, and open a eonnmmicati«)n with the more inland settlements. Several roads hav • also been oj)cued into the townships in the rear of the seig- niories: but the meai.s of comnumicating collaterally between the town- shij)s is yet very imjtrfect, an{l indeed wholly deficient in some ])art.s, from the absence (I any dit 't roa ! coimecting the new settlements. In passing, for instance, from ic centre of Abercrond)y to the settlements in Hawdon or Kildare, tiic (Unrt fllstonci' would not exceed in the one case twenty-livv^ mis, and in tlii other thirty; but the circuitous di- .stance that must now l)i> lurcssarilij travelled is about forty-five ttr fifty miles. 'i'his serious drawback has been .sensibly felt, and its immediate re- nu.val is contemplated by the opening of an extensive ])ublie route, as direct as the locality may permit, from the basin of (Jrenville on the Ottawa river, to the Forges of St. Maurice on the St. Maurice river. The country lying between both these points has only recently been ex- plored, under instructions from the executive governmcJit. by Mr. Adams, an able land-surveyor and draftsman, and Lieuten mt Ingall, of the 15th ri ?? •I 1 1. 'i: 206 LOWER CANADA. ■f* regiment, two of the gentlemen mentioned in a previous note. Their operations connneneed at(Jrenville, wlienee tlicy struek a line nearly direct to tlie point of division between the seventh and eighth ranges of the township of Kilkenny : tlienee following up that range-line and its con- tinuation through the seventh and eighth ranges of llawdon. and along the rear of Kihlare, the line passed between the third and fourth ranges of Brandon, eontiiuied along the front of Hunter's Town, through Fief Ciatineau, to the front of Caxton, and thence along that line aiul the ridge in the augmentation of the latter township, following Mr. liell's road, to the Forges of St. Maurice. The report made by these gentle- men is in every respect favourable; and not only has the practicability of the intended connnunication been satisfactorily established, but the lands through which it will be carried ascertained to be almost unexcep- tionably adapted to agriculture, and therefore fit for settlement, and especially so in the townshijis of Abercromby and Kilkenny*. The town of Three Rivers is situated on the north-west side of the river St. Maurice, at its contluence with the St. Lawrence. It derives its name from the entrance into the former river being separated by two islands lying at the mouth, into three chamiels. The town plot covers nearly 400 acres, forming a front of rather more than 1,.'}00 yards on the bank of the St. Lawrence. It stands on an exceeding light and sandy soil, which extends also over the environs. To the bank of the St. Mam-ice the ground rises very considerably, but in the oj)])Osite direction it sinks almost to the level of the river. Three Hivers ranks as the third town in the ])rovince, but bears no comjiarison with either Quebec or Montreal in jiopidation and ini])ortance. It contains about 400 houses and .'iOOO inhabitants, allowing for the increase since ISi'.'), when its ])opidation by census was given at 2A5'.i souls. It sends two members to the provincial parliament. In the vear 1()18 some (jf the Frencli colonists be; j^reatly ne{>lected, made hut languid advances in prosperity or population. Ahout the heginnin<>- of last century, a new era seemed to dawn for it, and hopes he^an to he enter- tained of its rising into some consecjuence hy the o|)ening of the iron mines at St. Maurice; but these hopes proved nearly as delusive as the former, and up to the ])resent time its ini))rovcmcnt lias heen upon a very moderate scale. Tiic trade carried on here is chiefly in Ih'itish manufactured goods, that from hente are ])lentifully distributed through the middle district of the ])rovince. The exjiorts consist of wheat, timber, though now not so much as formerly, and the jiroducc of its iron foundery, added to that of the mines of St. Maiu'icc. Peltry in small (piantities still contiiuies to be brought hither by the Indians from the northward, and which is received by the agents of the Hudson's Hay Com])any. Several pot and ])carl ash manufactories, two or three breweries, and an extensive brick factory, considerably increase the general trade of the place. Many of the bark canoes used in the north-west voyages are built here, and of the same material a variety of ingenious ami ornamental works and toys are made. j\s a shij)ping-))ort it is conveniently situated, there I)eing a suflicient depth of water for ships of large toimage to lie cIo.m" to the wharfs, and receive or discharge their cargoes by a temporary stage from their gangwavs. The town itself possesses but little to attract a stranger's notice : the streets are narrow and unpaved — the ])rinci])al one is line Notre Danu". running the whole length of it, almost parallel with the river: next to this are the Hues des Forges, du Fleuve, du Uem))art, St. Maurice, du Platon, des Casernes, St. Louis, St. .lean, and St. Pierre, which may be said to constitute nearly all the inhabited part of the i)lace. The shops and storehouses are luuuerous, wherein mav be had Hritish goods of ail Mm ■m ».i^ m 208 LOWER CANADA. 1 'I i .|4 V !*f denominations. Several inns afford to travellers very respectable accom- niodations. On tlie south-west side of the town are the remains of some military works thrown u]) for its defence by tlie English army during tlie war of the revolution, which are now honoured by tlie inhabitants with the high-sounding title of " Aticietincs Fortijtcationtiy On the out- side of these Avorks is an extensive tract of common land. The principal ))ub]ic buildings in tlie town are the Ursuline convent, the protestant and catholic churclies, the court-house, gaol, and barracks. Most of the private dwelling-houses, dscc. are built of wood, the oldest of them one story high only, having small gardens about them : but those of more recent date are in a much l)etter style, many of them higher than the old ones, and rather of handsome appearance. The Ursuline convent was founded in 1()77 by Mons. de St. Vallier, Bishop of Quebec, for the education of youth, ciiietiy females, and as an asyhun for the sick and infirm ])oor. The establishment consists of a su})erior aiul twenty-four nuns. In ISOG the old building was destroyed by fire, when its inhabitants, dispersed by tliat calamity, were received into the diil'erent religious houses of Quebec and Montreal, until the jM'esent edifice was erected. It is a regular stone building, two stories high, of considerable extent, surroimded by fine gardens : it includes a parociiial churcii and hospital, witii all the apartments and offices re- (juisite both for the dwellings and carrying on the different functions of the establisliment. As the I'rsulines were held in great estimation for the general utility aiul the charitable nature of their institution, public subscriptions were opened immediately after the accident that deprived them of their residence, from the ])roceeds of which, with a little pe- cuniary aid from the legislature, they were enabled to rebuild their convent in the present improved and substantial manner, and which, though not (juite finished, they took possession of in ISOM. Tile old monastery of the Hecollects, a stone building, is now dilapi- dated. Near it is a j)()wder-maga/ine. The protestant and catholic churches are good plain buildings, but neither of them sufficiently re- markaiile to attract particular attention. The court-house and gaol are liandsome modern stone edifices, both in good situations, and well de- signed for their respective purposes. The building formerly occupied \ PARISHES AnOVE THREE RIV1;RS. o Of) ns barracks is solidly constructed of stone, situated on tlie north side of Notre Danie-strcet, and on tlie lii<;liest <;round about tlie town. It was originally erected as a residence for the French <;()vevnor. From Hue dcs Forces there is a road leadintj to the Forucs of St. Maurice. On the eastern side of the town are several small fiefs and sejjarate lots of ground, belonging to diiferent ])ro])rietors, most of them in a good state of cul- tivation. The |)ros])erity of Thne IJivers nuist materially de])end upon the settlement of the extensive tracts of waste lands in its vicinity ; until the back country is l)rought under cultivation, its growth can be but tardy, notwithstanding the advantages of its situation in the central district of the ])rovince. From Three Hivers, westward, tiie north bank of the St. Lawrence and the river St. Jean or Jesus, exhibits one uninterru])ted succession of flourishing settlements and <.'ay villages, situated along the main road, at intervals of eight or nine miles. Several of tiiese villages are of considerable importance, and vie with Three Rivers itself in the extent of their trade and connnercial consequence. In tiavelling from Three IJixers towards Montreal by the main road, the tirst parish ])re- senting itself is the I'ointe du Lac; then, in succession, Machiche, Hivieredu Loup. Maskinongr, IJerthier, Lanoraye, LaX'altric, St, Sulpice, and IJepentigny. ^\t the latter i)lace a ferry is established across the combined streams of the rivers des Prairies and .Icsus, which are in fact a ])art of the Ottawa, and whose entrance may therefore be considered as one of the mouths of the latter river. Continuing alon<>; the main shore from liepentigiiy, the successive ])arishes are La Chenaye, Terreboime, and St. Fustache upon the river .h'sus. and then St. Henoit and St. An- drews. On the borders of the Lake of Two Mountains are seated the Indian villages of the Algoucpiins and Irocpiois, which together contain about 200 dwelling-houses. There is a church and tAvo schools, one for the native boys and another for the girls, Avhere lioth are instructed in their religious duties and the vernacular language of the province. Two missionary priests reside there. Xumerous other ])arishes are situated more in the interior ; the chief of which are St. Scholastitpie, St. Therese, St. Ilemy, St. Koch, L'Assomption, St. Jaccjues, St. Paul, St. Elizabeth, St. C'uthbert, and St. Leon. E E la It:' 'J 10 LOWER CANADA. IB" 4 1 4 IJortliicr and St. Eustaclic are undoubtedly the most considerable of these villages, and as such may he briefly noticed in the general descrip- tion , an exact account of the others being given in the Topographical Dictionary of I^owcr Canada. The village oflk'rthier. containing about 8.50 inhabitants, is pleasantly situated on the north side of the Chenail du Nord and forms one principal street, consisting of at least one hundred houses, ])laced generally at sliort intervals from each other, on either side of the main road from Montreal and Quebec. There are, exchisive of dwellings, many granaries and store- houses for general merchandise, it being a place of some trade, from whence IJritish manufactured goods are dispersed over the neighbouring populous seigniories, and from whence also large quantities of grain are annually exported. The clunx'h, that claims notice not only as being a handsome structure but for tlie elegance of its exterior decoration, is situated at a short distance north of tiie main street. This village being midway between Montreal and Three l{i\ers, in tlie direct route of the public stage-coaches, that have been established between the former place and Quebec upon the plan of those in England, and also the principal intermediate post-ofHce station, make it a place of great resort and con- siderable traffic; and these have been >nuch increased since the period at which the Berthier or North Channel became fre(|uented by the St. Lawrence steam-boats, the smallerclassof which pass with perfect safety by that route, landing and receiving goods and passengers in their weekly trips u}) and down the river. On passing through the Chenail du Xord, the village with its gardens, orchards, meadows, and surrounding culti- vated fields, form together an agreeable and ))leasing assemblage of ob- jects, although from the flatness of the country it is not marked by any of those traits of grandeur so freciuently observable on the north side of the St. Lawrence, descending towards (Quebec. Indeed it is so little above the level of the river that in the s])ring, when the melted snow and ice occasion a rise of the waters, it is sometimes overflowed to a consi- derable distance inland, causing nuich damage to the lower parts of the houses in the village and goods de])osited in the stores: so great has been the rise as to make it necessary to remove large quantities of wheat from llu- upper stories of the granaries to save it from injury. i ISI^E .iF.srs. o ?n The villa^o of St. Kustachc is a(lvaiitai''cously situated at tlic con- HuciH'c of the river l)u Cheiie with the river Jesus or St. .lean, in the midst of a ])0])ul()iis eouutry. and on the stajije route to the Ottmva townships. It contains about IKO houses, many of whieh are kept by shoi)kee))ers, tradesmen, and liostlers. Several of the d\vellin<^s are s))aeious in their dimensions, and built with soine reth October, l(i7«'>, lo Sieur IJi/ard. Ft is a sjjot of great fertility, wholly cleared and cultivated. A good road passes round it near to tiie river, and another crosses it about the midcUe; by the sides of tliese the iiouses are pretty numerous, but there is neither village, church, nor mill upon it. Isle I'errot lies oil' the south-west end of the islaiul of Montreal, It was gi-anted to Sieur I'errot October '2\), 17})!2, and is now the pro- perty of Aniable l)e/( ry, escj. The length of the island is 7 miles, or a little more, and nearly ;J in breadth at its widest part; of nearly ll.'i concessions, more than one half are settled u|)on, and tolerably well cultivated ; the soil is of a liuht sandv nature generallv ; but v.diere this is not the case it is an uneven surface of rock. The wood is not entirely cleared from it, ami of w hat remains beech and ma])le constitute the chief part. The houses are scattered over the islaiul near the diHerent roads, aiul the ))arish church is situated on the south-east side of the island ; not far from it is a windmill. Of two liefs within the seigniory one is called Fief Urucy, 10 acres in front by 30 in depth, the property of the repre- sentatives of Ignace Chenier; the other, named Fa Framboise, is of an irregular ligure, containing ] concessions, formed into 'J.5 ranges, or as they are termed <.v)/t'.v, making so many irregular sididivisions or interior districts. There is also a ilomain of great extent between the C«')tes St Laurent and St Michel, which is retained for the use of the seminary. With the exception of the mountain, the ridge of the Coteau St. Pierre, and one or two smaller ones of no great elevation, the island exhibits a level surface, watered by several littU' rivers aiul rivulets, as La Petite Uivicre St. Pierre, Uiviere Dorval, Kuis.seau de rOrme. l{uisseaii de Notre Dame des Xeiges, La Coulee des I{oches, Kuisseau de la Prairie, Uuisseau .Migeon, and a few others of inferior note. These streams turn numerous grist and saw-niills in the interior, while many more around tlu 11 214 LOWER CANADA. isliuid are worked by tl'.e great rivers. From the city of Montreal to the eastward the shores are from 15 to 20 feet above the level of the St. Lawrence : but in the opposite direction, towards La Chine, they are low : between the Coteaii St Pierre and the river the land is so flat, and par- ticularly near the little lake St. I'ierre so marshy as to induce a conjecture that it was once covered by water. Over this ])lace a canal has been opened, by Avhich a direct communication between the city and JjH thine is formed, and the dillicult passaj^e of the rapid of St. Louis avoided *. The soil of the whole island, if a few insignificant tracts be over- looked, can scarcely be excelled in any country, and is highly productive in grain of every species, vegetables, and fruits of various kinds : there is hardly any part of it but what is in the most flourishing state of cultivation, and may justly claim the pre-eminence over any other of Lower Canada. Several roads nnming froi i north-east to south-west, nearly parallel to each other, are crossed hy others at convenient distances, so as to form a complete and easy comnuuiication in every directicm. Tiiere is a good turn})ike-road from Montreal, almost in a .straight line, to the village of I..a Chine, a distance of eight miles, by which the con- stant intercourse between these ])laccs is rendered easy : by this route all the conunodities intended for I^p])er Canada were formerly conveyed to the place of embarkation : but the canal has superseded the turnpike, as regards, at least, the transport of heavy articles of trade. Between the city and the \i11age there is a great variety of prospects, some of which aie very romantic. A mile or two from the town, near the tanneries, the road ascends a stec])ish hill, and continues along a high ridge for more than three miles, commanding a beautiful view over the cultivated fields below, the rapid of St. I-.ouis, the islands in the St. Lawrence, and the varied woiulland scenery on the opposite shore ; descending from the height, it passes over a flat country imtil it reaches I^a Chine. The city of ?-[<»ifrea! stands on the south side of the island, in latitude 4.5" 31' north and longitude 7.'i 34' west. The second city of the province in point of importance, it is undoubtedly the first * \'idt' Topographical Dictiunanj, " La Chine Canal." \m ■11 . m I |l; ( Ji I I". te:.#^ 11 ^• . v.vWT^ ' 'i^^-ty^^ v I. ;n ^y • ■^K-i .('. f^f' ■l I.) ^-.WVI- ' U i- --a».„ ••W - u -v-t •«^ .^t^ W'^ Sf5i^^;>5 M^^ :;^«te«' f*!! ;a.uv. 'V-;-/*'*'*:' , ■■ -.■ •• "•» •,v"; •!«'•>■' • >fc.l-> li 1 1 (¥/ CI'; .(.' .( a' Y ".) :' i>i.y\ f ■ I' !■'. 'i .' . 'L . 1! I ' '1 Mi ^' m ^ ul t':i;i,h I irV OF MONTHI.AI,. ii;. I I with ri>s)urt to Nituation, local advanta^i's, and superiority of cllinati': \U form is a piolonjrcd N(|iiarr, that, with the sidiiirhs, covers ahoiit 1()'2(> acres of ground, although within the walls of the old forti- fications the contents «)f the area diti not exceed 100 acres. A few houses, huilt close together, in the yiar KIK), on the site of the Indian village of llochelaga, was the counnencenient of the city of >|ontreal. or. UH it was first named, N'illeniarie; the situation heing well chosen. mul possessing many indncenients for the colonists to associate theni- selvos for the comforts and convenii'nce «tf socii-ty, it very soon assmned the appi'arance of luing huilt with some attention to regularity and solidity of the dwellings; containing a ])opulation of iOOO iidiahitants. its improvement and e\tension were ra|>id. In KiH- the Motel Diiii was founded hy the ])ious charity of Madame de Houillon, and six years afterwards the zeal of MademoiselU' Marguerite de bourgeois estahlishcd the convent of Notre Dame. 'I'he infant town was exposed to, and almost from its very hcginning experienced, the animosity of the lro(|Uois, who madi' many attacks upon it. As a protection against these repeated hostilities a sort of harrier was drawn rt)und it, consisting merely of a stockade; hut so slight and vuliu r- ahle a defence not inspiring the inhabitants with nnuh eonlidence in tluir security, the more powerful safeguard of a wall, fifteen feet high, with hattlement.s, was substituted, and had the desired ellect of repi-lling these formidable enemies to its prosjierity. As the ardour of the I-'rt iieh co- lonists in ])rosecuting the trade in furs made them more dreaded by their savagi' neighbours, whouj they succeeded in driving to a griater distance, and ri'pressii\g their incursit)ns by erecting forts and establishing mili- tary posts, the necessary repairs of the wall were gradually neglected, and it fell into decay. The last remains of this ancient fortification were afterw'U'ds removed by an act of the provincial legislature, to make way for the introduction of some improvements, planned with judicious re- gard to the convenience, comfort, and embellishment of the ])lace. At different periods the city has suffered extensive damage from fire; I)ut from the gradual widening of the streets, as new buildings take place, the better construction of the houses, and other means of precaution now resorted to, this calamity, when it does oceur, seldom causes much devastation. i ^4^1 ; \ I f) \(i l.OWVM (AW DA. m I ill lis j)rc'si'Mt state Montreal certainly merits tlie apjiellaticni ot' a liaiidxtiiu' eity. It is (li\ idcd into tiie upper and lower town, altlioiiL>li llic ilevation of one aliove the other is si'areely peiTe))tihle ; these are ai;ain siil)di\ icU'd into \\ irds. -'he streets are airy, and tlie new ones partieuhirly. ol' a eomniodions width: some of them niiminii; the whok" length oi' the town. ])aralU'! to tlie river, interseeted by others at ri^iit ani;]i's. 'I'hi- lionscs are lor the most ])art built of a «;reyish stone, many of them lary,i'. handsome, and in a modi'rn style: sheet-iron or tin is the nn:\c'rsal eoveriii"' of the roofs. The Hue Notre Dame. extendinth, and ;iO feet l)roid : it is by much the handsomest street in the ))laee, and contains a ji'ivat many of the |)ublic buildinu,s: the removal of the old cathedral, which w;i so injudiciously situated that it occu])ied the wlioli' breadth of till' street at the I'lace (rArmes. will be a ••reat improvement, the eileet of which will be ania/in<;ly enhaneed by tlie mai^niliceiit (iothie structure of the new cathedral that occu])ies the easti'rn face of the riace irArnies. 'IMie ra/ii\i>' of the old citadel has also |)roved an im- portant amelioration by its makiiii;' room for ,in (>k\' the whole U^nnth of the town, but more irregular in its course and bri'adth than the foraier; from its eontip;uity to the river, the situation i- very convenient for busine.s.s. Amont;- tlu' edilices that attract notice are the Hotel Dieu. tlie con- vent of Notre Dame, the Montreal deneral IIos])ital, the Hospital Ge- neral i\vs Su'ursnrises, the I-'niich Cathedral, the JJecollet Convent, tlu' convent ot' the- tiiev Sisters, the seminary of St. Sulpice. the New C"ol- jeae or I'etit Seminaire, the l<',niilish and Scotch churches, the C'ourt- house, the new j^aol, the (io\c'rmiient-house, Nelson's monument, and the (Quebec barracks. The Hotel Dieu, in St. raul-street, extending- ;JL>1- Mnglish fec-t in front, by KiS I'eet in depth on St. .loseph-streei, is an establishment for the reception of the sick and diseased poor of both sexes: it is conducted by a sii])erior and thirty-six nuns. Tlii' French government formerly su))plied nu-dicines and many other necessaries, hut now the funds for maintaining the eliarity are principally derived from soir.e landed property, which (and it is a subject of regret) is not so junple as could be Avislicd, when comj)arecl with its utility ; however. -l'v,.,„ I '! ( v% CITY OF MONTREAL. 217 tills as wt'U as every other eliaritable institution in the province is occa- sionally assisteil with grants of money from the provincial ])arliament. The whole of the buildiui's on the space before mentioned inchule the hos))ital, a convent, and a church ; attached is a large garden, a cattle- yard, with extensive stal)les and outbuildings, and a cemetery. The convent of La Congregation de Notre Dame is in Notre Dame- street, and forms a range of buildings 2'i4- feet in front and -iXi m deoth along St. John IJaptist-strcet, containing, besides the princi))al edifice, a cha))el, lunncrous detached buildings for domestic uses, and a large gar- den. The Congregation is composed of a su])erior (la Soeur Devoisy) and sixty sisters : the object of this institution is female instruction in its different branches, wherein th.e greatest ])art of the members are emi)loyed ; boarders are taken into the house on very moderate pen- sions, and receive a careful ediication. From this establishment some of the sisters are sent as missii)naries to different ])arts of the district, for the jjurpose of giving fuller effect to the intentions of the foundation by opening schools in ])arishes remote from the convent. The general hospital, or convent of the Cirey Sisters, situated about 300 yards vSouth-west of J'oint Cailiere. was founded in 1750, by Madame de Vouville, as a refuge tor the infirm poor and invalids; it occupies a space of ()7H feet along the little river St. Pierre by nearly the same depth, containing a convent for the residence of the nuns, a church, wards fV.r patients of both sexes, all re(piisite oflices, and a detached building for the reception of such as labour in)der mental derangement. It is governed by a superior (Mile. Marie Marguerite I^emaire) and twenty-four sisters ; the cares which they bestow upon those whom misfortune obliges to seek tiieir aid are directed with great kindness and an u,rr -nutting zeal in earnest endeavours to alleviate the burthen of huiiia. iiiisery. ri'e corner stone of the new catholic cathedral was laid on the 3rd Sei i niber, \H'2-i. The edifice is a chaste specimen of the ])erpeiulicular style of gothic architecture of the middle ages. It ranks with some e. the first buildings in North America ; and will, while it stands, be a magnificent monument of the public s])irit of an infant country with limited means. # I I •fl II 1^1 m 218 LOWER CANADA. " It fronts the Place d'^Vrnies, and its northern Hank faces St. Jo- seph-street. The soil on which it stands is of iniecjual (quality, which rendered it necessary to use {;reat caution and attention in constructing the foundation, there being a declivity of 13 feet from west to east, terminating in soft and marshy ground. On account of that declivity and other causes, a terrace became necessary on which to base the build- ing. This will add nmch to both its convenience and appearance when surmoimted i)y an iron railing with gates, lam])s, \c. *' The length of the church, from east to west, is lil^.'j feet (j inches. and its breadth, from north to south, is 134 feet 6 inches. The hcigiit of the flanks is 61 feet from the flagging of the terrace to the eaves. There are six towers so arranged that each flank presents three, and the east and west ends two '.'ach. Those on the principal or west front are 220 feet high. The towers are of a (piadrangular form with octangular buttresses placed at the angles of each, and terminating at t''e toj) in conical j)innacles of the same shape. The space between the front towers is 7'i feet by 120 iu height, crowned with an embattled ))arr;])et. The Hanks, and east end towers, are each 115 feet in neight. The Hanks are decorated with buttresses corresponding in form with those of the towers, and crowned on the top with hollow ])innaclcs, which serve as chinmeys. The exterior of the building is faced with hewn stone of an excellent quality, and of a hue well ada])ted to the gothic style. "There are five ])ublic and three private entrances to the Hrst Hoor, and four to the galleries, so that an audience of 10,000 (the mnnber for which it is seated) may assemble and disperse in a few minutes without disagreeable ])ressure. "The eastern window at the high altar is (U feet in height and half that size in breadth. It is separated by shafts into Hve com])artments, and subdivided by nudlions into ;J() divisions in the perpendicular style. The windows in the Hanks consist of one range, and those in the front are Hnished in the same style as the eastern window. *' The building will be surrounded with a spacious terrace, from which arc all the entrances to the apartments. This terrace when Hnished wiil form the line of St. .Fosei)h-street and the Place d'i\rmes. The building will recede on it in front 41 feet. The ascent will be by 5 steps, after CATHOLIC CA nil- DUAL, MONTUKAL 219 which there will bo a t1i<>ht of 7 steps to the portal, Avhich is formed by ail areade, eoiisistin'v of three arches, each 1}) feet by IS in i\ei^ht. From this arcade there are five entrances to the chnrch, two of which lead to the galleries. Over this arcade is ])laccd another of the same form, in relievo, which coimects the towers and ])iers. Hetwecn these are trefoil cano])v-headed niches, intended for marble statues in alto-relievo. At the termination of the front, between the towers, there will be a ])ro- menade 7() feet by 20, elevated 1120 feet above the surface of the I'lace d'iVrmes. To this there will be a safe and easy access by a geometrical stair, and when the ascent is gained the spectator will have a most de- lightful and extensive view of the river St. Lawrence and the surround- ing country. To strangers this uuist prove particularly interesting, and we understand books will be kept for notes, i-Vc. The front towers are intended to contain clocks and bells; and to form observatories accessible to the sununit by safe and easy flights of ste))s. 'I'he girth of the build- ing, including the ])rojections, is lll>.l feet. " The roof of the church is covered with tin, and the gutters, liips, and valleys are lined with copjier. The embattlement ])arapets at the eaves of the Hanks, which are ])eculiar in the crowning of gothic edifices, are omitted on account of the great quantity of snow that falls in this country during the winter. 'IMie severity of tlie frost, also, prevents considerably the decoration of buildings in cold climates. " Interior, — The floor, from the front entrance to the chancel, is an inclined plane of .'} feet. This gives commodiousness to the general aspect. There are seven spacious aisles leading in the same direction, and two crossing these at right angles, one of which leads to the flank doors. Between these the pews *are ])laccd, and raised six inches above the aisles. " There are seven cha])els. so ])laced that all are seen from the front entrance. The high altar is seiii in a direct line, nearly at the extremity of the nave : it is elevated in the chancel 'J feet (5 inches above the floor * N'umln'r of pi'ws (III the ^riiiiml Jioor do. (in tlio first j;allory do. on tlic second do. .-.(il 3('.8 12J4 F r 2 ! ^M ^•"■i^ .^ (i»»a Of 20 LOWKR CANADA. '»Si » :<|t It ;ii:.=ses in the piers, between the windows on the first floor, intended for family monuments, \c. and in the recesses of the windows are ])laced the confessional screens. Suitable arrangements are made in the interior for all the monuments and historical paintings that may be wanted ; and at the high altar, on each side of it. and flanking the east window, there are places assigned for \2 large lii- litorical paintings, which will produce a fine effect, as the light brought on them will be hap])y. " There are geometrical stairs in the eastern towers, leading to the galleries, as there will be in the front t«)wers when finished. The galleries, the access to which is commodious, consist of two tiers. The organ is placed upon the upper gallery, over the front entrance, the floor for which is elastic and is ii7 feet by 27 feet (i inches, and projects (> feet im ITIM^IC miLDINGS, MONTUI.AI.. oo j beyond the lino of <>allerie.s in a sej»ment form, wliicli ^ivos <;ioat oajMU'ity to the tone and sound of the or^an ; the front of the scgincnt is finished with a trefoil eurtain frin<;ed with drops. •' The ehoir sereen is finished in reeessed seats for the eU'rj;y, and surmounted witii endjattlement penchmts, reversed into alto-relievo. *• The wardens' seats are phieed opposite the pulpit, and crowned by ano))en frini;;ed ])arapet : the pulpit and eanopy are attached to one of the pillars; the access tt) it is from the first j;allery. It resembles, in form, that in the <;othic cathedral in Strasbur«;\ in(iermany; the canopy is crowned with a crockit, but has not its ellect, owin^' to the paintinpartments to the higher branches of philosophy and the mathematics. It was founded about the year 1().37 by the Abbe (^uctus, who, as before mentioned, then arrived fn)m France, commissioned by the seminary of St. Sulpice at Paris to superintend he settlement and cultivation of their property on the island of Mcmtrc 1. and also to erect a seminary there upon the ))lan of their own. llis instructions were so well fulfilled th;,t the establishment he framed lias existed until the present time, modified by many and great im))rovemej'.ts. The superior of this college is M. Houx, assisted by ])rofessors of eminence in the difl'erent sciences, and other subordinate masters, who pursue a judicious jdan of general instruction that reflects distingaisiud honour u])on themselves, while it ensures ji contimial advance ii. knowledge to a very considerable nimdjcr of students and scholars. The New College, or Petit S6ninaire, near the Little Uiver. in the Hecollet suburbs, is most eligibly situated; the body of it is 210 feet long by 4.5 broad, having at eaiii end a wing that runs at right imgles 1S() feet by nearly 15. It is a handsome regular editiee, built a few years ago by the >eniinary of St. Suli)ice, at an expense of more than 10,000/., for the purp»v^e of extending the benefit of their plan of edu- cation bevond what the aeconnnodations of their original estaKi^ilnnent ¥-,Y\ M'GILL COLLEGE, MONTREAL OO'i would admit of. On the exterior, decoration and neatness arc so judiei- onsly blended as to carry an air of •^randein-, to which the interit)r distri- bution perfectly corresponds; the arrangements have been made with the utmost attention to convenience, utility, and salubrity, consistinji; of residences for the director, professors, and masters; a chapel, airy dormi- tories, apartments for tlu' senior and hujior classes, refectories, and ev( ry domestic oHice. The intentions of the institution through every depart- ment are ])r()moted with the utmost regularity and good eflect, b(»th with res])ect to instruction and internal economy. The director, M. I?o(|ui'. and chief professors are as eminently distiuguislu'd for their literary acquirements as for their /cal in did'using them. In this college as well as in the i.eminary the number of pupils is very great, with whom a very moderate annual stipend is ])ai(l ; the benefits that arise from the disse- mination of useful instruction over so extended a ])n)vince as Lower Canada will not fail to be duly a|)preciated ; and for their endeavours in so beneficent a cause, the reverend Sulpiciens are fairly entitled to the gratitude of all their Canadian brethren. IJesides these principal seats of learning, Avherein the French lan- "uau'e is the vernacular idiom, there are in Montreal some good Enuiish schools, conducted by gentlemen of exemplary morals and talents, who, by their exertions, hitherto su])])lied in some degree the want of an Knglish college. Such an establishment, however, has ceased to be a desideratinn since the final termination of the long ])rotracted suits at law that interfered with the o])cning of M"(iill College. As far back as 1 SOI, the creation of a corporate body, \mder the denomination of the Uoijal Institution, for the advancement of learning, was contemplated by an act of the legislature; and in ISIS that institution was actually incor- porated by royal charter. In 1S14 the Hon. .lames M'Ciill, an opideiit and highly respected citizen of Montreal, bequeathed in trust to this institution the valuable estate of Burnside, at the Mountain, together with the sum of 10,000/. for the endowment of a college, which should bear his nam .\ In 1S21 the college, thus liberally endowed, was incor- porated, in conformity with the terms of the devise, and the governor and lieutenant-governor of I^ower Canada, the lieuteAant-governor of U])per Canada, the chief justices of Montreal and Upper Canada, \\\c U •.^'if4 i 1 I ^ ^ V LOW I'll CANADA. il lord bisljop of Queboc, iuid tlic |)rln('i])al of tlio ('()lh><,'o, wore, l)y tlu' cliiirtcr of iiU'()riM)rati()ii. appointod ^on fiMiors of tlio institution *. It was not, however, iiitil the 'Jltli .lunc. IK!>H, that the eorporatioii of M'Clill C'olIe«i[e was eoinpletely ])iit in possession of thi* ])roperty devised, and at a innnerons and respeetabU' n.oetiu,_,", held that day in the duelling- house on the estate of llurnside, the Hi<(ht HeverencS the Lord Hishop of (jiu'hee and the A'enerahle Arehdi'ae(»n M»>nntaiM explained, at some length, the ori, siiniiDiintcd hy it ciipohi, and situated upon Doivlirstt'i'-strci't. in the St. I .iiwrcnci' .snl)uil). I he I'orncr stoni' was laid with masonic solcinnitv on tlif (itli .Inni', IS'il, and on tlir 1st of Mav. tlu- lollowiny; yi'ar, it was opened (or the reception of patients, eijrhty of whicli it is now ealcuhited to admit. The total cost of the "•round and huihliu" amounted to ."j.H.'»M/. «.v., which sum was levied l)v voliuitarv sid)scri|)tions. bestowed with a liberality that reHeets the greatest credit upon the r habitants of Montreal. This humane institution first ori<;'iuated I of the Lfi(/i('s liencvolviit Soclrfi/, an association of females, fornuii I'X- ])ressly for the relief ot" in(lij;c'nt emi_i;rants, who, in\alided by a lon^ seii-voya^e, and oi'ti-n in a state of absolute destitution, landiil in a strange countrv, the most miserable objects of public charily. In ISIH a fund of IL'OO/. wi s raised to relieve the wants of this class of suHerers and the |)oor of the city ; and a soup kitchiii. as the most ellectual means of affording- relief, was opened, where thesv r- •■,;:; thropie ladiivs, personally, iiperinti'uded the distribution of alm-v 'iliiv plan was followed up by lii. establishment of a /totf.sr of ircun'ri; tor U\v ri'ception of the indiyi-nt k, and ultimately ended in the foundation of the Montreal "^i neral Hospital, the members and subscribers to which were incorporated bv charter on the UOth .lanuary, 1H!,';{. In thus j;ivin<>; some account of the establislnnent of an institution so interestin<;" to the cause of humanity, it is alike a duty and a pleasure to record its most i)rominent benefac- tors, in the list of whom we find Thomas Naters, Ms(|., the llonourables John Hichardson, ^V. Forsyth, and William M'Ciillivray, Messrs. Koss, Molson, Gillespie, Sk.c. The sums to defray the expenses of this institution are derived from three sources; 1st. J.ei;islative grants; yd. Charitable donations; jiublic subscriptions, and the annual contribution of tijc j^o- vernors and other subscribers; .'id. From the sale of tickets to the students of medicine in the town, who are, by the rules of the institution, allowed to attend to see the hospital practice, and witness the operations, on paying" each the sum of two guineas ])er annum*. The Montreal library and reading-room occupy a neat and conve- nient building in St. Jose})h-street, a central part of the town. The * By tlie annual rqiort, jjiiblisliod in ^lay, 1H21, it will bo seen tluit tlie iidviintagos of n I ^>^ •Ju .^. ,% V] <^ /}. / % '#."^' ?>' > y /^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 LI IM 1.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation // if. {./ ^^ <:o / y. ^ ^<5 1.25 1.4 J4 -< 6" - ► 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 li '226 LOWER CANADA. 'i' A ^i::! ■'in former contains several thousand volumes of the best authors in every branch of literature, and the latter is judiciously furnished with foreign and domestic magazines, news])apers, and journals. The subscri])tions both to the library and reading-room are moderate, and strangers and non- residents may have free access to the latter upon being introduced by a sidjscriber. The court-liouse, on the north side of Notre Dame-street, is a plain liandsome building, 144 feet in front, where the courts of civil and criminal judicature are held. The interior is distributed into halls for the sittings of the chief courts, besides apartments for the business of the ])o1ice and courts of inferior jurisdiction. The handsome appearance of tliis building is heightened by its standing some distance from the street, Avith a grass-plot in front, enclosed by iron railings : its proximity to the Champ de Mars renders it extremely airy and agreeable. The gaol of the district stands near the court-house ; it is a substantial spacious building, erected upon the site of the old gaol that was destroyed by fire in 180,'j. 'I'lie salubrious situation of this spot is peculiarly fitted for such an establishment ; the interior plan is disposed with every attention to the health, cleanliness, and comfort (as far as the latter is com])atible with the nature of such a place) of its unfortunate inmates, both debtors and criminals. The government-house, usually classed among the pidilic buildings, is on the south side of Notre Dame-street : being very old, and an early specimen of the impolished architecture of the province, it is not much entitled to notice ; it is, however, kept in good repair, and furnished as an occasional residence of the governor-in-chief, when the institution are progressively extending. Admitted from 1st iMay, 1823, to 1st ^lav, 1824— Protestants. Roman Catholics. .254 216 Out-patients, wlio re- \ ccivod advice and > 254 medicine, Sec. 508 110 320 Remaining in hospital. The increase in the number of patients in one year, Total. Of tlicsu there were ili ■ichargeil, 470 Cured, . . 378 Relieved, . , 30 364 At their request. 16 For miscon Died, . 20 duct. 2 13 834 460 in one yei ir, . 115 CITY OF MONTREAL 22; ho visits tlic up])cr district: on the opposite side of tlie street, border- ing on the Cham]) de Mars, is an excellent and extensive garden be- longing to it. Tlie old monastery of the Recollcts stood at the western extremitv of Xotre Dame-street. The ehnrch is still nsed for divine worship, but the house itself is demolished, and the extensive ground belonging to it was exchanged by government for St. Helen's Island, opjiosite the city, that belonged to the Honourable Charles Grant, and upon which military woi'ks have since been thrown up. The cluu'ch is chiefly frequented by Irish catholics, and the grounds are laid out into streets that arc rapidly building upon. At the u])per part of the ncAV market-place, close to >.'otre Dame-sti'cet, is a handsome monument, erected to com- memorate the hero of Trafalgar, innnortal Nelson : it is composed of a cylindrical column placed upon a square pedestal ; at the base of the colunni, on tlie different angles, are allegorical figures, of very good workmanshi]), representhig the victors chief attributes; and on the sides suitable inscriptions : in compartments, on each face of the pe- destal, are bas-reliefs of four of his principal achievements, executed with great spirit and freedom, and composed with a chasteness of design guided by much classical correctness. This highly ornamental tribute to departed worth was completed in I^ondon, and the expenses defrayed by subscription among the inhabitants of Montreal. The principal streets, both lateral and transverse, have a direct com- munication with the suburbs, which occupy a much greater space than the city itself: they surround it on three sides; on the south-west are the divisions called the St. Anne, the llecoUet, and the St. Antoine suburbs ; on the north-west the St. Laurent, St. Louis, and St. Peter's ; and on the north-east the Quebec : in all of them the streets run in the same direction as those of the city ; they are very regular, and contain a great nund)er of superior dwelling-houses, built of stone, and se\eral in- habitants of the first rank have fixed their residences there. Montreal, as it is at present, containing a population of about ,'30,000 souls, rivals the capital of Canada in many respects, and as a commercial emporium certainly surpasses it : seated near the confluence of several a G 2 ( ;, ! ■if m I* I 1 I i V^:i 228 LOWER CANADA. large livers with the St. liawrence, it receives by their means the pro- ductions of tlie best settled and also the most distant parts of the district, those of the fertile ])rovince of I "p])er Canada, as well as from the United States. I'ossessing- these combined attractions, it is by no means un- reasonable to infer that in the la])se of a few years it will become tlie most flourishing and prosperous city of the British North American dominions; and Quebec, vic^\ed as a military ])osition, may always be looked upon as an impregnable bulwark to them. Extending from the suburbs on the south-west side of the city, along the river as far as the Quebec suburbs, an elevated terrace was formed several years back, which, independent of its utility as a road, is sufficiently high to form an effectual barrier against the floating ice at the breaking up of the frost : it also impedes the communication of fire to the town, should it take place among the large quantities of timber and wood of every description that are always collected on the beach. The little river St. Pierre is embanked on both sides as far as the new college, formin<>' a canal 20 feet w'ide, which is contiiuied along the south-west and north- west sides to the Quebec suburbs, with bridges over it at the openinos of the principal streets and other convenient places ; at the angles orna- mental circular basins are formed, and a lock near the mouth of the little river, by which the water may be drawn off for the purpose of cleansino- it : this work is so constructed as to raise boats, kc. from the St. liaw- rence, from Avhence they may proceed to the further extremity of Jiis canal. The buildings on each side are retired thirty feet from the water, tliereby forming a street eighty feet wide, having the canal in the centre. To the northward of Notre Dame-street there is another street parallel to it, sixty feet wide, called St. James's-street, running from the Place d'Armes to the Haymarket ; but it is contemplated to continue it throun-h the whole length of the city, and to terminate it at the Quebec suburbs by one of the same breadth, leading to the St. Lawrence suburbs. In ' ^s street is situated the Montreal bank, a regular and elegant cut-stone ice, ornamented in front with emblematical devices of Agriculture, Manufactures, Arts, and Conunerce, executed in basso-relievo. Near the bank is the^N'esleyan cha])el, built in a good style of architecture,and quite CITY AND HARBOUR OF .MOMRKAI, iiU\) an ornament to the street. Tlie Place d'Arnics is to luivo its dimensions enlarged to ^92 feet by 344, which will protract it to the canal; from the south-west side of the canal, towards the St. Antoine suburbs, anotiier scjuare or rather parallelogram is made, 4CS feet by IHO. The Champ de lilars, from being originally very circumscribed, and ([uite inadecpiate as a place of military exercise, has been made level, and carried on nearly to the canal, forming a space 227 yards by 114. It is now an excellent parade as well as an agreeable ])romenade for the inhabitants : seats are fixed for the acconnnodation of the ])ublic, and trees planted in va- rious parts of it. From this spot there is a fine vicAV of the well cul- tivated grounds, beautiful orchards, and coimtry houses towards the mountain. Adjoining the new college a lot of ground, 1.56 feet by 2.)S, is reserved as the site of a new house of correction. The new market-plae(^ occupying the groiuul where formerly stood the college founded by Sicnr Charron in 1719, and destroyed by fire many years back, is 36 yards wide, and reaches from Notre Dame-street to St. Paul-street; in the middle of it arc ranges of stalls for butchers, covered in by a roof supported on wooden pillars : great care is taken to enforce the regulations to ensure cleanliness. On the two princi])al market- days in each week the market is well sup])lied with every necessary, and nearly every luxury for tlie table, in great abundance, at prices ex- tremely moderate. The produce of the upper ])art of this fertile district is almost wholly brought hither for sale, besides a great quantity from the American states, particularly during the winter, when fish frequently comes from Boston and the adjacent })arts. It is only within the last fifteen years that these numerous and im- portant improvements have taken place, imder tlie direction of conuuis- sioners appointed under an act of the provincial legislature. They have for many years been indefatigable in their exertions to carry its provisions into effect : as their functions have been arduous and fre- quently unpleasant, from the number of law-suits they foimd it necessary to institute and defend in cases of disputed claims, they are entitled to the esteem of their fellow citizens for the manner in which they have always performed these duties to the j)ublic ^•rattiiion.sh/. The harbour of ^lontreal is not very large, but always secure for m •1 ): :;i ■A. %4 230 l,()\\'i:il ('AXAl)A. ship))ing (lurino- tlic time tlic navigation of tlic river is o])cn*. N'essels drawinir fifteen feet water can lie close to the sliorc, near the Market- gate, to receive or disdiarge their cargoes ; the general deptli of water is from three to four and a half fathoms, with very good anchorage every where between the Market-<";ate Island and the shore: in the spring this island is nearly submerged by the rising of the river ; but still it is always useful in protecting ships anchored within it from the violent currents of that period, and at other times serves as a convenient spot for re])air- ing boats, water-casks, and performing other indispensable works. Two small shoals lying off the west end of it, at the entrance of the harbour, and the narrowness of the deep water channel below it, generally make it necessary to war}) out large ships, and drop thcni down the stream by kedge-anchors imtil they come abreast of the new market-place, as the leading winds for bringing them out cannot always be depended u])on : at the east end of the island is a channel, of which small craft canal ways avail themse^\'es. The greatest disadvantage to this harbour is the rapid of St. Mary, about a mile below it, whose current is so poA\erful, that, without a strong north-easterly wind, ships cannot stem it, and would sometimes be detained even for Aveeks about two miles on.ly from the place where they are to deliver their freight, were it not for the appli- cation of tow-boats impelled by steam-engines of high power. In ])ur- suing the grand scale of inrprovements it may prt)bably be found prac- ticable to remedy this evil by the formation of another short canal, or extension of that of La Chine ; ships might then discharge their cargoes at their anchorage below the cm-rent into canal boats, by which they could be by such a communication conveyed immediately to the city. The environs of Montreal exhibit as rich, as fertile, and as finely diversified a country as can well be imagined. At the distance of a mile and a half from the town, in a direction from S. W. to N. E., is a very picturescpie height, whose most elevated point at the furthest extremity is about 5.50 feet above the level of the river ; it gains a moderate height at first by a gradual ascent, which subsides again towards the middle, thence it assumes a broken and uneven form imtil it is terminated by a * iM:itcriiil improvements in its cdminodiousne.ss are contemplated, anil liberal legislative provision has recently been made for that purpose. MONTREAL MOUNTAIN, OIK'IIARDS, .^( 231 sudden elevation in shape of a cone. The sh)))es on the hiwer part are well cultivated, but the upper part is covered with wood. These forests, however, are soon to j^ive place to Avorks of art, <>overnnient having commenced the construction of fortifications upon this part of the moun- tain, by which its sylvan appearance will necessarily undergo a total change. From several s])rings that rise towards its top the town is plen- tifully and conveniently sup])lied with water, which is conveyed to it under ground by means of wooden pipes. The sunmiit, to which there is a good road of very easy ascent, commands a grand and most magni- ficent prospect, including every variety that can embellish a landsca])e ; the noble river St. Lawrence, moving in all its majesty, is seen in many of the windings to .in immense distance ; on the south side the view is b(mnded by the long range of mountains in the state of New York, that is gradually lost in the aerial ])erspecti\e. The space near the toAvn, and all round the lower part of the moim- tain, is chiefly occupied by orchards and garden-grounds ; the latter ])roducing vegetables of every description, and excellent in (juality, afford- ing a ])rofuse supply for the consumption of the city. All the usual garden fruits, as gooseberries, currants, strawberries, raspberries, peaches, apricots, and plums are produced in })lenty, and it may be asserted truly, in as much, or even greater perfection than in many southern climates. The orchards afford apples not sur])assed in any country ; among them the jMVime de neige is remarkable for its delicate whiteness and exquisite flavour ; the sorts called by the inhabitants the famcH/ie, pomme gri.s; houi'rafisa, and some others, are excellent for the table ; the kinds proper for cyder are in such abundance that large (piantities of it are anniudly made, which cannot be excelled in goodness any where. On the skirts of the mountain are many good country-houses belonging to the in- habitants of the city, delightfully situated, and possessing all the re- quisites of desirable residences. By the side of the road that passes oyer the mountain is a stone building, surrounded by a wall that was formerly distinguished by the appellation of the Chateau des Seigneurs de Montreal, but now generally called La Maison des Pritrefi, from its belonging to the seminary. There are extensive gardens, orchards, and a farm attached to it, which are :r' 2!V2 I.OWl'R CANADA. il rotaiiUMl for the use of tlic |)ro))riotors ; it is also a place of recreation, wliere, during the summer, all the members of the establishment, su- periors and pu])ils, resort once a week. A little more than a cpiarter of a mile to the northward, most coTis])icuously situated beneath the abrupt part of the mountain, is a mansion erected by the late Simon IM'Tavish, es([., in a style of nuich elegance. This gentleman had pr<)jected great imjirovements in the neighbourhood of this agreeable and favourite spot ; had he lived to superintend the completion of them, the place would have been made an ornament to the island. ISIr. M'Tavish, during his lifetime, was highly res])ected by all Avho enjoyed the pleasure of his acquaintance, and as nuuii lamented by them at his decease; his remains were deposited in a tomb placed at a short distance from the house, sur- rounded by a shrubbery : on a rocky eminence above it his friends have erected a monumental ])illar, as a tribute to his worth and a memento of their regret. IJoth the house and the ])iriar are very prominent objects, that disclose themselves in almost every direction. Of ten established ferries from the island, in different directions, the longest is that by steam-boat from the town to La Prairie de la INIagdelaine, a distance of six miles ; it is also the most frequented, as the passengers arc landed on the southern shoi-e, at the main road, leading to Fort St. John's, and into the American States. From the town to liongueuil is the King's Ferry, three miles across, and also much fi'e- quented, as many roads branch off in all directions from the village of I^ongueuil, at which the boats arrive ; steam and horse boats are also used in this traverse, but they ply at the foot of St. Mary's current ; that from the west end of the island to Vaudreuil is three miles across, in the direct line of communication between l^pper and Lower Canada : from the eastern IJout de I'lsle to Repentigny, where the road between INIon- treal and Quebec crosses, the ferry is about 1300 yards only. The others are of much less distance : at all of them convenient bateaux, canoes, and scows * are always ready to convey passengers, horses, carriages A'C, from one side to the other. "■ A sort of liglitor impelled by poles or oars, iu shape of an oblong square, and sometimes large enough to cross four horses and vehicles at once, with several passengers. The horses, &c. are driven in at one end and disembark at the other. POPl'LATIOX, &(. or MO.NTUEAI., CO. OF VAIDUEUIL. Q'i'i From lU'])cnti^iiv to Tslc l^ourdoii, in tlic UiviiTo dcs Prairirs, and thence to tlie island of >Fontreal, a liandsonie wooden hridj-e was con- structed, at a very ;^reat expense, by Mr. Porteons of TerrclMJnne, autlioriscd by an act tliat passed the provincial ])arlianient in ISOS; hut it was unfortunately destroyed the sprint- after it was Unisiied, by the pressure of the ice at the breakinj;' up of the frost. The same <^entlenian had ])reviou.sly obtained an act in ISO.j, but in the sprini;' of 1807 the Avorks were carried away before his undertakin<.>' was entirely c()ni])leted. Notwithstanding- these failures, it is considered that some plan niay yet be devised to erect one, whose s])an may be sullieiently hii'h to allow the masses of ice to drift down the stream without bein*;- so lodj>;ed as to accunndate an overbearini>" force. In this situation such a work would be of fjfreat public utility, from connecting tlie most freciucnted main road of the province. I The census taken in 1825 gives the following result as the popu- lation, kc. of the toAvn. and the different vil]a<>es on the islaiul of Montreal. I*(>pul(iti(»i of the count ij of Montreal. ! i Town and \'illnges. % Absent. DwiIIings. 3 I c 1 I 3 ^ Division of St. Pierre, \ parish of 3Iontreal. S Division of St. IMichael, \ parish of i\Ioiitreal. City and Suburbs . . ^'ilLiilv of St. Ilcury or } Tiinucrios clcsRolliiiids ^ Villajre des Tanneries lie ) Beiair \ Pointo aux Trembles Rivit re dcs Prairies Sank St. Laurent Stc. Genevieve . Pointe Claire Total in town & villages Country 22,.3.^7 4()2 11(5 18.> 32 13!) 328 1()4 333 I4U 2,!)08 4 G(] 24 ... i 28 8 2() :a\ ... i 2o 3 1 .'57 147 3 1 1 "4 1 1 !)() 2 1 1 )) 1 2 70 1 1 "\ 14 24,1 Hi l;-)3 3,200 ir.8 100 03 ]2,!)()9 14 J,878 i 22 Grand total of the county 37,085 1G7 ! 5,078 i 180 202 «7 II H I* I:;' i '1 J /^ tT ( 2S4 L()\Vi;il CANADA. 4'*--4 ti I'lt 'I'lic c'oimty of \''ithrlfi. I'.neath it the rij)))lings of a brook are distinctly heard, but the Avatcrs themselves have never yet been discovered, though some attempts to do so were made by throwing up the stones inunediately at the s))ot where the noise is most audible. To thede])th of I'JI or 18 feet, to which they have penetrated, neither moss nor soil of any species could be found, but merely a dry accumulation of trap and sand stones of moderate bulk. The pretty village of lligaud is delightfully seated at the base of this mountain, on the banks of river A la (iraisse, and near the shores of the beautiful lake of the Two Mountains. ?%early one league west of Uigaud is the ferry to the mouth of the North Itiver in Argenteuil, and about three leagues eastward from the village along the borders of the lake, is the ferry at Le Dernier's to the Indian villages on the op])osite side the water, Avhere Indian birch canoes are always to be found ready for the conveyance of passengers, who will not fail to admire the skill (^f tile natives in the management of their frail barks, esjiecially if they should ]ia))pcn to cross the lake in windy weather, which they generally c;in do with safety. The village of A^audreuil is about six miles beyond this ferry ; and six miles further on is the Pointe des Cascades, at the eastern extremity of the seigniory. At this point there are three steep hills forming the approach to a small village, which by its position is a great thoroughfare, where steam-boats and stages, with multitudes of ])asseiigcrs to and from Fpper Canada, constantly c(.)me and go ; yet it Tin: ( i:i)AHs-(()Ti:.\r dc i.ac. P.:].') (k'vivrs hut littli' pcnniiiiont atlvaiita^v iVoin siuli tr.iiisii'iit I'iriiiin- staiK'i's, and is tlu'irfoiv laii<>i'iil in its ^rowtli. Slram-boats pi'rforni tlio trip l)(.'twi'c'ii this phici' and La Chine in fiio /tonf.s- ,t;t)in<;' down and ///rcc lioi(r.s t'oininn' np. The .stoainci' St. liawrenci' (IH'J?) is iniinlk'd hy a ;{!2 horsc'-powcr engine, and has l^ hirths i'or passengers: thv' tare is .j.v. in the eahin, anil .'j.v. (ic/. in the steeraj^'e. The viliaj^e of tlie Cedars, the eentral jjoint of the ))arish of St. .lo- seph, is one of nuieh iin])ortanee from its niannitnde and position. It is five mik's from the C'aseack-s. and situated at the Iiead of thi' Ced;ir Uapids, at the i)oint of rendezvous for all hoats passing- up or down tlie river, and iia\ inj^' an estahli-.lied l'( rry to the oi)p()site sei;;iiiory of Meau- harnois. The Avell-wooded islands bel'ore it, the !aee, and enhanee the pietures([ue beauties of its seenery. At a ])laee near Iiont>ueuirs mill the batteaux goin^' up the St. I^awrcnce are unloaded, and their freights transj)orted in earts to the village, in order that they may be towed up lij^ht throuj>;h the (irandc Batturc or Itapide du C»*)teau des ("edres. On the opposite shore is the Rapid (le liouleuu, dcejjer, but not less didieult to ])ass. The eond)ined eff'eets of these two make this the most intrieatc and hazardous ])laee that is met with between Montreal and T^ake Ontario. In a military point of view it is one of the most important s])ots that can be ehosen, if it should ever imfortunately be again necessary to adopt defensive measures, as works thrown up on the projecting points of each side would completely frustrate any attempt to bring down by water a force suf- ficient to undertake offensive operations against ^lontreal. \\ Coteau du Lac, just above river de I^'Isle, boats again enter locks to avoid a very strong ra})id between Prison Island and the point abreast of it, where a duty is collected u])on wines, s])irits, and many other articles that are carried by them into l'])per Canada. This place has been always esteemed a military post of some eonse((uence. AVorks are here erected and kept in good repair that conmiand the passage on the north side of It II !> 3*,; '236 LOWKH CANADA. tlic river; and were anotlier thrown up <>n Prison Island, it Avould rondor till" pass so diflicult as to make it very impiohabir that any i-ncMuy, how- ever entcrprisinj^. wonhl run the hazard of it, or i'\ en venture through the outer ehannelhetween I'rison Islaixl and (iranch* Isli". The stream is interrupted hereabouts by several islands, between whieh it rushes with j;reat ini|)etuosity, and is so inueh a<;itated that bouts and rafts en- eounter great ineonvenienee in desci-ndinn- : (o go down in safety they nnist keep elose \uider the shores of I'rison Island. At two utiles from C'oteau du I^ae is M'Doiu'H's tavern, a very good house for the aeeoni- niodation of travellers towards the uj)per province, and conveniently situated for that purpose, Tiie principal road in the county connnences nt Point Fortune, at the foot of Carillon Uai)id, and runs along the borders of the water (by which it is in some jdaces undermined), round to I'oint an IJaudet. Tt generally ])asses at the base of La Petite Cote, a gentle and well-cul- tivated rising ground tiiat lies on the right; but the road itself is very l)ad in many ])laees, and, from its passing through a rich soil, reciuircs constant repair. The concession and cross roads are tolerably good in all the seigniories, and the dwelling-houses neat and substantial, and often built of stone. In the Concession de la Petite Cote in Xnn- dreuil an extensive vein of iron ore has been discovered, but it has not yet been opened. From Coteau du Lac the steam-boat navigation, which is left off at the Cascades, is resumed, and continued through Lake St. Francis to Lancaster in TpiJir Canada. In the seigniory of New I^ongucuil there are some settlements along the new road in front; but the most populous parts of the seigniory lie more centrally, and along the river de LTsle, on the borders of which is situated the j)arish church of St. Polycarpc. The county of Vaudreuil contains a population of 1;J,S()0 souls; but a large portion of its inlial)itants follows the ])ursuit of roi/(t^<>'ei(/',s, to the material injury of the agricultural interests of that valuable tract of country, and the evident demoralization of the people, from its inducing those wandering habits that are inconijiatible with rural economy, and a dissoluteness of morals which marks but too generally that class of men. fl '^ t- 1 '^ m i f COUNTRY Iir.TWnEX TIIUKK UIVKRS AXD QlT.nr.C. 1237 NORTH SIDK OF TIFK ST. LAWRKNCK. § II.— COUNTKY nKTWKKN TIIkSt. MAiriUCR ANI» TIIkHaOITKNAV. — Culiuticn: — ClIAMIM.AIN, I'OUTNKUK, QUKIIKC, AIoNTMOHKNCI, (llltl /iiirl o/'SaOUKNA V. Tlie ])»>|)iiliiti()ii of tilt' trai't of coimtry lyinj;' hc'twini tlio rivi'is Sa^^ucnay and St. Maurit'f ainoimts to about 70, ()()() souls, (uriii>ym;j,' tlic lands on the northern hank of the St. Lawrt>iU'o to the average deptli of three leagues from tiie niarj;in of the river. 'I'lie distanee from the mouth of one river to the estuary of the other rather exeeeds !<)() miles, (^iichee being situated in an intermediate and almost central jxysition between them. Of the two sections of country divided by the intervention of the cai)ital of the j)rovinee, that to the westward is by far the most populous, though ])erhaps not the most interesting luuler every other aspect. It is amply watered by the numerous tributaries and uiain branches of the rivers Jac(|ues C'artier, I'ortneuf, St. i\nne's, and Hatiscan, which havi* their sources to the north and north-east of their mouths, and How in the general direction of south-west to their respective junctions Avith the St. Lawrence. They all are frecjuently rapid, and conse(juently can ofler but limited advantages from their navigation ; yet some of them an- effectually used in spring for the transport of rough tind)er, made solidly into cribs or small rafts, and floated down to mills, Avhich are usually situated as near as ))ossible to the waters of the St. Lawrence. 'I'hey. nevertheless, generally admit of river craft ascending a few rods above their cndjouchures to convenient places of embarkation and loadiiig. Se- veral other inferior streams flow througb the country, turning in their courses grist and saw mills, which arc often, however, inoperative in summer, owing to the deficiency of water. There are from three to four concessions or ranges of the seigniories and fiefs lying above Quebec, within the limits above mentioned, that are effectually settled, if the seigniories of Champlain and Cap la Magde- leine be alone excepted, the settlements whereof extend but ])artially to the second range. The concessions seem almost imiversally to be laid out to suit the convenience of the settlers, without regard to regularity, S — VI . i 'Hi m i Ph' 'Tf-T — "■" 4 . 1 ^1 4i, mn f 1 '11 ^ li I 'J3a LOWER CANADA. and for tliis ])ur])osc the oourse of rivers is, for the most ])art, a(lo])tcd as a line of douhle ranges (doiihlc cof/cc.ssiott.s'); and hence in many instances, I'.s on the Hatiscan, the St. Amie's, i^c, tlie settlements are formed on both banks of the river to a remote distance from the St. Tiawrence. A far greater (juantity or land is in general conceded witlnn the seigniories than what is actually cultivated, most of the inhabitants having, besides the farm they cultivate, another lot, from whence they derive supplies of building-timber and fuel. The lands in the aggregate consist of a generous soil, Avhich, how- ever productive near the shores of the river, is stated to improve as it recedes from them — a circumstance tending to remove the ])rejudices existing against inland settlements. The light sandy soil which predo- minates in the seigniories above ])articulari/ed (Cap la Magdeleine and Chainplain) makes them an exception to the general fertility of this tract of country. The only townships that fall within this section are Stoneham and Tewkesbury, which were originally surveyed in 1800; but it is only recently that their settlement has commenced with any vigour, new surveys having been made, and the prosperous neighbouring settlements of the seigniories of St. (Jabriel and Faussambault liavin C 1>1 i o i £ witli ii disastrous result and severe loss. An tlie ])laee obtained eonse- quenee, and became an object of desire to otber and far mori^ ])()\verful enemies than the native savages, it was in tiie last-mentioned yi'ar for- tified, according to the rules of art, in a more regular manner, by stone works,which from that period have been carefully attended to, and ])y continual additions and rebuildings are now improved into bulwarks that may stand in comiK'tition with some of the best constructed and strongest fi)rtifications of Europe. From 1()90 the increase was gradual while it remained under the French government ; but since that ])eriod its })rogrcss towards ))rosperity has been much more ra))i(l. The sitiuitlon of Qn.isKC, the capital of Lower Canada, and the residence of the governor-general of IJritish North America, is inmsually grand and majestic, in form of an amphitheatre. The city is seated on a pr()montory% on the N.\V. side (^f the St. Tiawrence, formed by that river and the St. Charles. The extremity of this headland is called Ca])e Diamond, whose highest point rises .'34.5 feet above the level of the water. It is composed of a rock of gray granite mixed with (piart/ crystals (from which it obtains its name), and a species of dark-coloured slate. Tn many places it is absolutely ]v.'rpcndicular and bare ; in others, where the acclivity is less abrupt, there are patches of brownish earth, or rather a decomposition of the softer parts of tiie stone, on which a few stunted pines and creeping shrubs are here and there seen : but the general aspect of it is rugged and barren. From the highest part of the ca])e, overlooking the St. Tjawrence, there is a declination towards the north by flattisli ridges of a gradual decrease as far as the steep called Coteau St. (ienevieve, whence the descent is more than 100 feet, nearly per))endicular. iVt the foot of it the groiuul is level, and continues so as far as the river St. Charles, and in fact far beyond it. The distance across the peninsula from one river to the other, in front of the line of forti- fication, is 1H37 yards. These fortifications may be called the ct/ccii/fe of the city, and the circuit within them is about two miles and three quar- ters. Out of this space forty acres or thereabouts on Cnpo Diamond are occupied by military Avorks. From the ca])e, in a north-easterly direction, there is an easy diminution in the height of the rock of about 11.5 feet to the Castle of St. Louis and the grand battery, that crest a ])erpeiidi- 1 I ^m mi P rm 'M2 loWVM CANADA. I I 11'' 'I i> culiir steep of 200 feet above the level of tlie river, ovcrlookiiitj; the lower town. Tills altitude and frownin«f appearance continue with very little alteration round the town as far as the entrance called Palace CJate, where it sinks to the ridi^e already mentioned at tlie foot of Cotcau Ste. Genevieve, and contiinies its course at nearly the same elevation through the parish of St. Foi, connecting itself with Cape llouge, and forming between the Kiver St. liawrence, the valley through which the St. Charles Hows, and that xuuler Cape llouge, an hciglit of land about eight miles long, rising above the general level, like an island above the surface of the ocean. The city, beside the distinction of Upper and Lower Towns, is divided into domains and fiefs, as the king's and seminary's domains. Fief St. Jose])h, ground belonging to the TIotel-Dieu, the Fabrique or church lands, and the lands that formerly belonged to the order of Jesuits. These, witli the military reserves, constitute the ])rincipal divisions, in which tlie suburbs are not included. In the year 1623 Quebec did not contain more than 50 inhabitants*, and in 1759, the ])opulation was estimated to be between 8,000 and 9,000 ; at present, in- cluding the suburbs, it is about 28,000. The public edifices are tlie Castle of St. Louis, the Ilotel-Dieu, the convent of the Ursulines, the monastery of the Jesuits, now turned into barracks, the protestant and catholic cathedrals, the Scotch church, the Lower Town church. Tri- nity chapel, a ^Vesleyan chapel, the exchange, the Quebec bank, the military and emigrant hospitals, tlie court-house, the seminary, the gaol, the artillery barracks, and a monument to AVolfe and Montcalm : there are two principal market-places, besides two minor ones, a place d'armes, a parade, and an esplanade. The Castle of St. Louis, the most prominent object on the summit of the rock, will obtain the first notice. It is a handsome stone building, seated near the edge of a })recipice, something more than 200 feet liigh, and supported t(nvards the steep by solid stone buttresses, rising nearly half the height of the edifice, and surmounted by a spacious gallery, from whence there is a most commanding prospect over the basin, the Island of Oi-leans, • Cliarlevoix Hist. New France, vol. i. p. lafJ. WOLFE AND iMONTCALM'S .MOM .MI:M 243 Point Levi, and the .sinToun(lin<«' country. The \vh()k> \)]\v is \i)2 feet long by 45 broad, and three stories hif^h ; but in the direetion of the cape it has the appearance of being much more h)fty. Each extremity is terminated l)y a small wing. The interior arrangement is convenient, the decorative part tasteful and elegant, suitable in every respect for the residence of the governor-general. The part properly called the Chateau occui)ies one side of the scptare or court-yard : on the ojiposite side stands an extensive building, formerly divided among the varit)us oflices of government, both civil and military, that are under the innnediate control of the governor. It contains a iiand- sonie suite of apartments, wherein the balls and other public entertain- ments of tiie governor are always given. Both the exterior and the in- terior are in a very plain style. It forms part of the cxu'tain that ran between the two exterior bastions of the old fortress of St. Louis. Ad- joining it are several other buildings of smaller size, appropriated to similar uses, a guard-house, stables, and extensive riding-house. The fortress of St. I^ouis covered about four acres of ground, and formed nearly a parallelogram. On the Avestern side two strong bastions on each angle were connected by a curtain, in the centre of which was a sallyport: the other faces presented works of nearly n similar descrij)- tion, but of less dimensions. Of these works only a few vestiges remain, except the eastern wall, which is kept in solid repair. The new guard- house and stables, both fronting the parade, have a very neat exterior : the first forms tiie arc of a circle, and has a colonnade before it ; the stables are attached to the riding-house, which is spacious, and in every way well adapted for its intended pm-pose : it is also used for drilling the city militia. On the south-west side of the Chateau is an excellent and well-stocked garden, 180 yards long, and 70 broad; and on the opposite side of Hue des Carrieres is another, 107 yards long by 84 broad, both appendages to the castle : the latter was originalh intended for a public promenade, and ])lanted with fine trees, many of which yet remain. Between both these gardens is a delightful and fashionable promenade, commanding a magnificent view of the hai'bour. The ISlonunient erected under the immediate patronage of the Earl of Dalhousie, then governor in chief, to the two innnortal heroes who com- 1 I 2 la m ^i -.ilJr"-*.? i; 'J44 LOW I'll CANADA. I t 'O^i miUi(U'(l tlic adverse armies, and foil in the ineint r.ible battle of (^iiei)ec. stands in a eonspieuons sitnation on the nortii side of Wuv des Carriires. oecupyin^a reeess made for its reee])tion within the line of the njiper Cha- tean (iarden. It consists of a solid reetan<;ular eolumn, built of »^ray stoiu". and <;radually tapering- from its basement tt) the cap, Avhieh terminates in an apex. The total altitude of the momimcnt is ().) feet, of whidi hei<;'ht 120 feet 'i inches are taken uj) by the various j^radations of the basement *. The fund for its erection was collected by jifeneral sub- scri])tions, in which niost of the citi/ens readily joined, thus to comme- morate the event that at once deprived the concpierinj^ and the conquered hosts of their valiant and ill-fated leaders. The Court-house, on the north side of St. liouis-strect, is a large modern stone structure : its lenj^th is l.'iG feet, and breadth 4t, prescntinj»; a regular handsome front, approached by two flights of steps leading to an arched entrance, whence a vestibule on each side connnunicates to every part of the building. The ground-iioor apartments are disposed for holding the quarter-sessions and other inferior courts, offices of clerks of the different courts of law, f a|)|)i'als and the admiralty eourt hold their sessions, with ehaiuhers lor the Jud<>es and barristers, and separate olllees I'or tin- sheriir, the elerk of the eourt of appeals, and the rei;istrar of the ad- miralty. The embellishments of this ediliee, both interior and external, are in a style of simplieity and neatness, and the arran<;ements for ])ublie business methodieal and judieious. It oeeupies part of the site u))on whieh stood an old monastery, ehureli, and warden of the Ueeollets. de- stroyed by fire in the year 17;/<). This was at one time a very extensive establishment, eovcrin^' the whole s])aee between the parade, Hue dcs Jardins, St. Louis, and Ste. Anne. The order is now extinet in Canada. The I'rotestant Cathedral is situated near the eourt-house. ami parallel with Ste. Anne-street: it is l.'i(i feet lon^- by T.j broad, built of a fine ^ray stone, and oeeupying ])art of the ground of the lUeollets, nr Franeiseans. This is, jjerhaps, the handsomest modern editiee of the city; and thoug'h not highly decorated, the style of arehiteeture is ehaste and correct. In the interior, a neat and iniostentatious elegance j)revails. wherein ornament is judiciously but sparingly introduced. An elegant marble slab, with a neat monumental inscription to the memory of" the late Duke of Richmond, forms one of the cons})ieuous objects within its walls. The unhappy fate of that distinguished and hunented nobleman is well known, and nuich too painful and alt'ecting to be unnecessarily dwelt upon, ilis death shed for some time a gloom over the whole covmtry, from the well-founded hopes the inhabitants had entertained that the cxnltcd rank and influence of so distinguished a peer would be powenuily exerted in the promotion of the interests and prosperity of the Canadas. There is a ])rincipal entrance at each end of the church, ap])roaclied by a tiight of steps. The spire is lofty, elegant, and covered with tin ; and the church standing upon high ground within the city is a very consjucuous object at a great distance. The Catholic Cathedral stands on the north side of Buade-street. fronting the market-place, on ground belonging to the Fabri({uc, or, in other words, church-land. It is a lofty, spacious, plain stone edifice, 121(i feet in length, by ISO in breadth: the interior is divided by ranges of arches into a nave and two aisles : at the u])pcr end of the former is the ^1} 1^ 'J4(i l.OWKIl CANADA. t % } oraiid iillar, placed in tlic iniddlc of a circidar flioir tliat lor \\w lui<^ht of about Hi I'crt is lined with wainscot divided into s(|iiiire compartments, each including' a ])orti()n of Scripture history vepresented in relief: the spaces between the scpiarcs are wrouj^ht into dillerent devices. In the side aisles tliere are four cha])els, dedicated to different saint.s. The in- terior is lofty and imposing, and the ceilinrintend- tMlcc of tlie Uev. M. Deniers, \'.(i., who is liiniself j)rofessor of pliilo- so|)liy, three directors, iuid a competent lunnher of professors in thi- (liferent hraiu-hcs of literature and science. Uev. M. A. Parent is director of the I'etit Seminaire, .liich is exceedingly useful as a "•em-ral school, wherein f^reat numbers arc educated fri'e of e.\i)ense, excepting- only the trilliui^ annual sum of five shillin<;s as a compensation for fuel. ll()arder>< are also received on the very moderate pension of twelve |)ovnuls ten shiU lin<.fs per annum. 'I'he interior i)Ian of this structure is judicious, and the arrangement very convenient: it contains all recpusite domestic apartments, hulls for the senior and junior classes, residences for the su- perior, directors, professors, and dillerent masters. The situation is airv and salubrious. The house is surrounded by hw^v productive <;ardens. enclosed by a wall, and extendinj^- in depth to the ^^rand l)attcry wliere it overlooks the harbour: the len<;th is 17!i yards, and the breadth UOO. It is well laid out, and ornamented by many handsome trees. In the year 1703, the whole of the buildings bcloni^in<^' to the semi- nary were destroyed by fire, and no time was lost in replacing' them : when, imfortunately, they again fell a sacrifice to a similar calamity in 170.5. The Catholic IVishop of Quebec has fixed his residence in tlie seminar}', where he lives surrounded and respected by his clergy, and not less esteemed by the laity of all persuasions for his piety and urbanity. The H6tel-l)ieu, including under that name the convent, hos])ifal. churcli, court-yard, cemetery, and gardens, contains within its walls a space of ground extending from the French burying-ground, or Cimeticre des Picotes, to the Rue des Pauvres, or Palace-street, a length of '291 yards by a depth of li)6 from Couillard-street to tbe rear wall. This establish- ment, for the rcce])tion of the sick poor of both sexes, was founded by the Duchess D'Aiguillon in lC.'i7, througli whose charitalde zeal sonu- nuns were sent from France for the purpose of commencing it and su- perintending its progress. The principal structure is 38.'} feet in length by ;30 in breadth. From the centre, on the west side, a coi-j).'< dc h^i.'; ranges a length of 148 feet, and of a proportionate breadth. The whole is two stories high, substantially built of stone, with more regard to i I ') IM i.()wi:i{ ( A\.\i).\. intirlor (•(mvonitMicc tlian iittciitidn to syniMU'trv. smil lotally i(l of iiiTliiti'ct\ii'al (K'conitions. It coniiiins tlic coiivt'iit, liospitul, iind lu-arly ;ill tlic (loiiifstic od'urs. Tin- cliiircli, alxtiit 100 fcit in Iciinlli hy M in bnadtli, fiu-inj;' tlic Iloti'I-l)i('n->tr('('t, lias notliiii;^' to rccoiniiuMKl it to notice l)iit the plain neatness of hotli its inti-rior and cxti'rior. The convent contains llie residenci" of tlie siiperii-iire. and acconiinodations for all the sisters of the ('ony;re<;atioii. The hospital is divided into Avards for the sick, wherein hoth sexes receive nonris'.ment, medicine, and attendance, free of all espiiise. This charitable institution produces extensive benefit to tlii' coiii- iminity. and contimially ad'ords relief to j;reat nuiiibi'is snlleriiio; under the accuiimlated op])ression of disease and poverty. 'I'lie funds by which it is su])ported are derived from landed proj)erty within the city, from whence it is entitled to all fod.s cf vi'iilcs ; also from the rovemies of some seif^niories that have been (j,ranted to it; ami although these are con- siderable, yet, from the liberality and extensive natinv of the disburse- ments, the expenditure so nearly balances the revenue, that it re(iuires, and occasionally receives, grants of public money. The whole admini- stration, care, and attendance of the establishment are conducted by a superieure, \.i\ lU'vcrende Mere Ste. iVntoiue, and thirty-two sisters, to whose zeal in the oHices of luimauity nnist be attributed the state of comfort, cleanliness, and «i;ood arranj^ement that invariably obtain the encomiums of every stranger who \isils the institution. The I'rsuline convent is situated a short distance to the northward of St. liouis-street, within the fief of St. .losepli, a property that belongs to it. It is a substantial stone editice, two stories high, forming u scpiare, Avhose side is 11 !2 feet. The building is 40 feet broad, containing amj)le and coineniciit acconunodatiou for all its inmates. The church of St. Ursula, connected with the convent, is O-'J feet long by 4;j in breadth, very plain on the outside, but eminently distinguished for the good taste and richness of its interior ornaments, and the beauty of some of its paintings. To tlie eastward of it arc several detached buildings, forming ])art of the establishment. The surrounding ground, ()4.5 feet long and 4,'j() broad, is encircled by a lofty stone wall, and, with the exception of a space allotted to the court-yard, is laid out in tine productive gardens. jLsrns' DAHUACKs, gruhix, 241) This institution, for the |)iir])OHo of cxtoiulin^ t\\r lu'iiofits of a ciiffftil and ri'lip[ious fdiication to the frnialt's of the col i»ty, owi'.s its foundation in the year Ki.'J!) to Madunu' nuns, who are eniphjyed in the instriicti(»n of the pupils in thi' most useful hranches of knowledf^e, hesidcs enihroidery, fine work, and other female acconiplislunents. The luins live very recluse, and are more austere in their usaj^es than any other in the province. Tlii' laiuled property of the institution is not very j^reat, hut the industry of the sisters is inces- sant, and the profits arising; from it are all placed to the jjeneral stock, which therchy is rendered sufficiently am])le. Their enihroidery is highly esteemed, particularly for ecdesiaslical vestments and church ornaments : their fancy works are so much admired, that some of them ohtain con- siderahle prices. The produce of their ii,iirdens, beyond tlu'ir own con- sumi)tion, also serves to increase the revenue of the eonununity. This estahlishment heinj^- well worth ins])cction is usually visited by strangers; for which purpose a |)ermission or introduction from the catholic bishop is necessary, and <>enerally j^rantcd upon an ajjplication bein^ made. The monastery of the ,Fesuits, now converted into a barrack, is a spacious stone buildinj;-, three stories hi^h, formiiifj; a scpiare, or rather parallelogram, of liOO feet by ii24, enclosed within a wall extending moiv than iJOO yards alon<^ Ste. Anne-street, and the whole of Hue de la Fa- bricpie. On the arrival of some of the order in Canada in Ki.'J.^, their first care was the erection of a suitable habitation, which beinjr destroyed some years afterwards, made way for the present structure. It was formerly surrounded by extensive and beautiful <>;ardens ; 1)nt these, to the great regret of many, have been destroyed since the house, in com- mon with the other property of the order, has reverted to the crown, and now form a place of exercise for the troops: indeed, no one could view without much reluctance the fall of .some of the stately and vene- rable trees, yet untouched by decay, that were the original tenants of the ground at the first foundation of the city. As a building, this is one of the most regular of any in the ])lace. After the reduction of Canada in 1T;>}). it was bestowed by government u])on Lord Amherst, but subsequently K K m '■•:, * ^■- ■i:' 250 LOWER CANADA. J" reverted to tlie crown ; and the legislature of the province have peti- tioned his majesty for its restoration to purposes of education. The gaol is a handsome building of fine gray stone, 160 feet in length by ()8 in breadth, three stories high. It is situated on the north side of Stc. ^Vnne-street, with the front towards Angel-street. Standing on an elevated spot, it is airy and healthful. It has in the rear a space of ground 100 feet in depth confined by a lofty wall, where the prisoners are allowed the benefit of exercise. The interior is most judiciously planned, as it respects the health, cleanliness, and safe custody of those who are so unfortunate as to become its inmates. The design and con- struction confer much credit upon the architect, and the commissioners under whose superintendence it was erected. It was first occupied in 1814. The expense of the building, upwards of 15,000/., was defrayed by the provincial legislature. Opposite to the gaol is the Scotch church, a small building not di- stinguished for any thing deserving particular mention. The edifice itself is not deficient in neatness, but it is disfigured by the inelegance and dis- ])roportion of its spire. The building denominated the Bishop's Palace, and standing on an elevated spot, is very conspicuous. It is situated near the grand battery, extending in an easterly direction from Prescot-gate, or the communi- cation to the liower Town, along IMountain-street 118 feet, and then in a line running at right angles to the former, 147 feet. Its average breadth is 34 feet. On the south and east sides it is three stories high, but on the others no more than two. It was built for the residence of the catholic Bishop of Quebec. It contained a chapel with every suitable convenience, and was by no means destitute of embellishment. An an- nuity has been granted by the government to the head of the catholic clergy in Canada in lieu of it. The different divisions of the building are now occupied by the le- gislature, the offices of the legislative council, and those of the house of assembly. The chapel, 65 feet by 36, is fitted up for the meetings of the iiouse of assembly. Adjoining it are the wardrobe, the different committee- rooms, library, kc. Above this part, that forms the north-west angle, is 1*1 w* ARTILLERY BARRACKS, UNIOX BUILDINGS, QUEBEC. 251 ifj the apartment where the legislative council holds its sittings ; and on the same floor are the committee-rooms, coimeil office, &c. &c'. de])endent on that branch of the legislature. Tlie vaults underneath the palace are partly appropriated to tlie secretary of the province, and occupied as de- positories of the archivi's and most of the public records of tlio province. The artillery barracks form a range of stone buildings, two stories high, 527 feet in length by 40 in breadth, extending in a westerly di- rection from Palace-gate. They were erected previous to the year 1750, for the accommodation of troops, by which the garrison was reinforced, and were then distinguished as the casernes vounelles. Tlicy are roughly constructed, but very substantial and well arranged. The east end of the range ivas for several years used as a common prison, but since the erection of the new gaol this practice has been discontinued. Besides sufficient room for quartering the artillery soldiers of the garrison, there is an ordnance office, armoury, storehouses, and workshops. The armoury is very considerable, and occu])ies several apartments, wherein small arms of every description for the equipment of 20,000 men are constantly kept in complete repair and readiness for inunediate use. The musquetry and other fire-arms are arranged so as to admit con- venient access for the pur])ose of cleaning, he. The armes blanches of all classes are w^ell displayed in various designs and emblematical de- vices, and present, on entering the room, a fanciful coup (Vwil. In front of the barracks there is a good parade. The Union IJuildings, formerly the Union Hotel, are situated near the Chateau, on the north side of the Grand Parade or Place d'Armes, and contribute greatly towards its embellishment. 'JMiey form a ca])acious well-built stone edifice, three stories high, in a handsome style of modern architecture, 86 feet in length by 80 in breadth. The priuci])al build- ing was erected about the year 1803, under an act of the provincial par- liament, by a number of persons v. ho raised a sufficient joint stock by shares, and who, by the act, were foiined into a corporate body. The object was to have a commodious hotel oi the first respectability, for the eception and accommodation of strangers arriving in the capital. It was three years ago purchased by the chief justice of the province, who lias considerably enlarged and improved it; and the whole is now leased by K K 2 ^11 m i I 252 LOWER CANADA. I government from the proprietor at a rent of 500/. per annum, and ap- propriated to public purposes, the chief departments of the colony having their offices established there. They are those of the governor's civil secretary, the receiver-general, the surveyor-general, the auditor- general of accounts, the commissioner of crown lands, the warden of the forests, the secretary to the corporation for clergy reserves, and a tem- porary hydrographer's office. An elegant room is fitted up for the sittings of the executive council, and chambers allotted to its clerks. The great room, which was originally denominated the assembly room, where the subscription balls were given during wanter, is now converted into a museum attached to the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, first founded in 1S24, under the auspices of the Earl of Dalhousie, and subsequently united in 1829 to the Society for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences in Canada, which was founded in 1827. The museum contains already a valuable collection of minerals and fossils, a considerable portion of which was collected in various parts of Upper Canada, classed and presented to the institution by Captain Bayfield, 11. N, The botanical department is also supplied with many beautifid specimens, amongst which the classified plants presented to the museum by the Countess of Dalhousie are prominent. In mentioning this interesting branch of science, we cannot forbear associating with it the name of one of the most zealous and intelligent members of the society, and one of its vice- presidents, ]Mr. Shepherd, whose practical as well as scientific knowledge of botany has enabled him to lay before the society, at different times, much important information relative to Canadian trees and plants. The walls of the great room are hung with paintings in various styles, some of which are of the best schools, and would do honour to any gallery. The collection belongs to JNIr. Joseph Ligare-, a Canadian artist of reputation, and a member of the society, who has liberally con- sented to this gratuitous exhibition of art upon the mere condition that the paintings should be insured by the society against accidents by fire. Next to the great room is a large and convenient apartment, appropriated to the meetings of the members, whether in general assemblies or class sittings : it is also used as the library, and, as such, contains several va- luable standard scientific and literary works ; but the institution being i^ii^ STREETS, MARKETS, QUEBEC. 253 merely in its infancy, the catalogue is not yet very copious, though it is daily acquiring an accession of new and important books, &c. The entrance to the building is under a portico of good proportions and tasteful design, approached by a flight of steps. The peculiar situation of the city, as already described, occasions ir- regularity and unevenness in the streets : many of them are narrow, but most of them are well paved, and the others are macadamized : the breadth of the princi])al ones is 32 feet, but the others usually only from 24 to 27. The greater number of the houses are built of stone, very unequal in their elevation, with high sloping roofs, principally shingled, though sometimes covered with tin or sheet iron. Great improvement has taken place of late years in the mode of building and in the appear- ance of the dwellings, as the old-fashioned methods of tlie country are gradually su])erscded by a modern style. No less amendment has taken place in paving the streets. Mountain-street, where formerly the ascent was so steep as to make it difficult for a carriage, is now passable for all sorts of vehicles with the gi'eatest ease. John-street, Buade-street, Fabrique-street, and tlie greater part of Palace-street, are the great thoroughfares, and may be considered as the mercantile part of the lJ]}per Town, being inhabited chiefly by merchants, retail traders, artisans, and numerous tavern-keepers. St. Louis-street, running nearly parallel to St. John-street, is much more elevated, airy, and agreeable, and by far the plcasantcst part of the town : as such, most of the superior officers of the provincial govcrmncnt, and peoj)lc of the first rank, reside tliere. IMany of the houses are modern and very handsome : that formerly be- longing to the late Chief Justice Elmsly, though not modern, is large and elegant, and at present converted into a barrack for officers. Near it, in the rear, is the military hospital at the foot of Mount Carmel. The market-place is 165 feet long: in front of the Jesuits' barracks it is 2.50 feet broad, but near the cathedral it is only 172. In the centre is an elongated building, circular at both ends, and divided into Uvo rows of butchers' stalls facitig outwards, to which access is had on the side of Fabrique-street by a flight of steps and alandiug. The hayandwoodmarket occupies a regular area, formerly the site of the Jesuits' church, adjoining the drill-ground of the Jesuits' barracks, from which it is divided by a 11 ii''>' ■-' IHKmu 1 mKIK^I^ i 'Ml k^'^K m.tll^Hi IH I- 254 LOWER CANADA. wall. Main streets diverge from the different sides of the market to the principal entrances into the city. The market is held every day, and almost always well stocked ; but Saturday usually affords the greatest abundance, when there is a good show of butchers' meat of all kinds, furnished both by the butchers of the city and the habitans or peasan , who bring it from several miles round. The supplies of poultry, fish, fruit, vegetables, herbs, and indeed every article of consumption, are brought by the country people in large quantities from the different fertile seigniories round the capital. In fact, nothing is wanting to furnish the table, and that too at a modei'ate price, for every rank of society, fi-om the humble labourer to the man of affluence, who can enjoy both the comforts and luxuries of life. The Place d'Armes, or GrandParade, in front of the Chateau, though not extensive, is handsome, and may be termed the court end of the town. Surroimded by the most distinguished edifices in the capital, and having in its centre an enclosed space, confined by chains and wickets, and laid out into walks, it is not destitute of attractions, and affords an agreeable promenade. The Esj)lanadc, between St. Louis and St. John's gate, has a length of 273 yards by an average breadth of 80 ; except at the St. Ursula bastion, where it is 120 yards. It is tolerably level, in some places presenting a surface of the bare rock. This is the usual place of parade for the troops of the garrison, from whence, every morning in summer, the different guards of the town are mounted : in winter the barrack drill-ground is generally used for parades. The musters and annual reviews of the militia belonging to the city are held liere. The Lower Town is situated immediately under Cape Diamond, and by the continuation of merchants' stores and warehouses reaches from L'Ance des INIers round the point of the cape as far to the north- west as the suburbs of St. Iloch. It stands on what may be termed an artificial groiuid, as formerly, at flood tide, tlie waters of the river used to wash the very foot of the rock. From time to time, wharf after wharf has been projected towards the low-water mark, and foundations made sufficiently solid to build whole streets, where once boats, and even vessels of considerable burden, used to ride at anchor. The greatest breadth of ft !§»' LOWER TOWN, QUEBEC. 2,55 this place is at Hue Sous le Fort, where, from the cape to the water's edge, the distance is 240 yards, but proceeding more to the nortliward this dimension is greatly reduced. L'Ance des Mers, or Diamond Harbour, is the southern extremity of the Lower Town. It is inune- diately imder the highest part of Cape Diamond, having around its shore a continuation of extensive wharfs, stores, and Avorkshops in full activity, from which there is an uninterrupted routine of business canied on with other parts of the town. A commodious dock for repairing vessels, and a yard for building, from whence ships of large tonnage are frequently launched, contribute very much to increase the importance of the place. From L'Ance des JNIers to lirehaut's ^^^harf, the road passing by the foot of the cape is very narrow; and that the communication may be rendered as direct as possible, it has been necessary in many ])laces to cut through the solid rock. The government gun-boat wharf and guard- house are near Brehaut's Wharf at Presdeville, a spot of historical celebrity since the defeat of General Montgomery, who, advancing under cover of the night, on the 31st December, 1775, to attack the place, at the head of 900 Americans, was killed, and the assailants repulsed with great slaughter*. From this wharf a direct communication is formed with the citadel by an inclined plane or railway 500 feet in length, constructed upon the rugged face of the cliflP, which is 345 feet in perpendicular height. It is ex- clusively used by government for the more expeditious conveyance of stone and other materials required in the erection of the fortress on Cape Diamond, but may be ascended or descended by persons having pass-tickets to the fortifications, there being a flight of stairs, with a hand- rail, between the carriage ways. From Prtsdeville to the Cul de Sac is almost an uninterrupted succession of storehouses and wharfs, at the greatest part of which ships can lie without taking the ground at low water. At Ilacey's A¥harf are the large and valuable premises called the Cape Diamond Brewery, where an extensive business is carried on, not for home consumption alone, but in porter and ale for ex- portation. * A simultaneous attack was made by General Arnold on Sault au IMutelot at the other end of the town, in which that officer was wounded, but the British forces in that quarter were driven back about 200 yards to a barrier nearer the central part of the Lower Town. 'i 256 "I li M I Tlie Cul dc Si LOWER CANADA. s situated between the King's and Queen's Wliarf s, forming an o])cn dock, dry at every tide. Sliips can be there conveniently hiid aground to receive any necessary rejjairs. In the winter, boats and small-decked vessels that navigate the river between Quebec and Mont- real are also laid up in security from the ice. It spreads 540 feet in length, and about 2-10 in dejjth. All craft lying here for repair, or other- wise, must observe the rules and regulations ])rcscribed by the Trinity- house, and are placed luider the inunediate superintendence of the as- sistant harbour-master. IJetween the Queen's and IM'Callum's AN'harf is the princi))al landing-j)lace, about 200 feet wide, where boats and canoes usually set their passengers on shore, but where much incon- venience is frequently occasioned by the numerous rafts of fire-wood that arc brought down the river for the use of the city, and moored hereabout, sometimes to the complete obstruction of the passage. If the regulations of the harbour, properly enforced, be insufficient to prevent this public annoyance, it should be removed by legislative interference. The public buildings and other objects of note in the I^ower Town are the catholic church, the Quebec bank, the exchange, the government warehouse, the custom-house, the wharfs, dockyards, and markets. The catholic church fronts "the principal market-place. It is the only house of worshi)) in the Lower Town, and was built upwards of a centuiy ago, in compliance, it is stated, with a vow made in 1690, during the siege of Quebec, by the English forces under General Phipps. It was nearly consumed by fire in 1759, but afterwards repaired, and surmounted by a spire. The Quebec bank occupies a lofty building, faced with wrought lime-stone, and having two fronts, one on St. Peter and another on Sault au JNIatelot streets. The edifice also contains the fire assurance com- pany of Quebec, to which it belongs, and also the Quebec library, besides several chambers used as offices. The library contains the most valuable collection of books, classical, scientific, and literary, in the province, and is inuncdiately supplied with the new works as they are published, the fund for their ])urchase arising out of the subscriptions, and the con- trol of the moneys devolving to a committee of management composed in general of the oi.'^inui shareholders or proprietors of the library, or ir tr THE KING'S AND SEMINARY'S DOMAINS, QrEMEC. 2M their representatives. The government warehouse on tlie King's AN'hart' is a spaeious stone buiUling, 250 feet h)ng, appropriated for the reeeption of naval and military stores, and guarded by a small military detaeh- ment. The Kxeliange will be hereafter notieed. Tiie Custom-house stands on iM'Callum's AN'harf; and during that part of the year when the navigation of the river is iminterrupted, it ))resents the erowded seene of aetivity and business comnu)nly met with at sueh establish- ments. The insuflieieiu'y of the aeeonnuodations of the present esta- blishment for a department of that nature has been seriously felt, and the legislature has lately provided for the creetion of a custom-house, for which ])ur|)ose an eligible situation was judiciously selected by His Kxcelleney Sir James Kempt when administrator of the government, and it is intended this spring (IS.'il) to lay the foundation of the new building adjoining the extensive government warehouses on the King's >\harf. Some distance from iM'Callum's Wharf, and between the ))remises heretofore belonging to Sir John Caldwell, and those of Mr. Tod, passes the boundary line between the king's and seminary's domains. A definition of the precise extent of the former would ])rove tedious, as it is presumed to include generally all ground in and about the city not disposed of by deed of concession, or letters ])atent, either to public bodies or individuals. Such parts of it as may be deemed necessary are reserved for military and other public uses, and the remainder is usually conceded, subject to the ])ayment of /o(h- et veiite.s: The seminary domain Avas granted by JNIonsieur de Chauvigny, the governor of the province, to the seminary of Quebec, on the 29th of October, 1686, by which concession the whole extent of beach in front, and reaching to the low-water mark in the river St. Charles, was con- firmed to it. This grant is quoted by Le ISIaitre La Morille, Arpenteur Royal et Jure a Quebec, in bis ])roces verbal, dated — — , 1758, wherein be minutelj' describes the boundaries of both domains, and also of the ground granted to the Hotel-Dieu. The seminary's domain is nearly as follows : beginning at the separation from the king's domain in the Lower Town, it passes between the houses of the Honourable INIr. Caldwell and ^Ir. Tod; from whence it extends in an easterly L I, f^ V-^is^ I ;.jl ; w: f 1 i 258 LOWER CANADA. i ii direction as far as the low-water mark. Ilcturning to tlie first-men- tioned separation from the king's domain, it shapes nearly a west-south- west course as far as the presbytery, near the catholic cathedral, where it takes a direction nearly north-westerly to the French burying-ground, or Cimetiere des PicottJ-s ; and from thence it ends by a line running- north eleven degrees west by compass to the low-water mark, dividing on this side the domain from the grounds of the IIotel-Dieu. From M'Callum's to Messrs. Munro and Bell's wharf, the line is occujjied by a continuation of water-side premises and wharfs, conveniently situated towards the St. I^awrcnce, and well calculated for the extensive shipping concerns of their respective owners. From the avenue leading down to Munro and Bell's, the Hue Sault au Matelot is prolonged in a westerly direction as far as I^a Canoterie, so close under the cliff as to admit of only one vow of houses; and although by undermining and cutting away the rock so as to make it quite perpendicular, the street has been rendered as convenient as the nature of circumstances would admit, yet in one place, with all these contrivances, it is no more than twelve feet wide. In the rear of these houses is another line of wharfs, that can be reached by river craft at or a little before high water only. Over these wharfs a new street (St. Paul's), long projected, was some years ago opened, and is now become a gi'eat thoroughfare, communicating at one end by an angle with St. Peter-street, and at the other with a new street leading to St. Roch. From the end of Rue Sault au Matelot a hill communicates with the Upper Town by Hope Gate. Proceeding west- ward through St. Charles and St. Nicholas-streets, there is a range of spacious wharfs, the king's storehouses anr" wharfs, the batteaux-yard, and the jetty. The latter was no more than a loose pile of huge stones, extending from high to low water mark, and covered with a platform that served as a public promenade. It is at present partly embodied into wdiarfs, and partly left in its original rude state. In the batteaux- yard the boats and batteaux employed in the service of government are built, repaired, and laid up during the winter. On the western side of St. Nicholas-street, and fronting that of St. Vallier, are the ruins of the intendant's palace. After the conquest in 1759 but little attention was paid to it, and in the year 1775 its ruin as LE PALAIS— KING'S WOOD-YARD, .^c Ql'EDEC. 2.59 11 ])a]aco was completed ; for wlien the Americans, under Arnold, block- aded the city, they found means to establish a b(*(ly of troops within it ; but they were soon afterwards dislodower Town. The Exchange is well situated to be made a sailing-mark, by which directions might be laid down to prevent vessels in coming to their ancboragc before the town from keeping too much within the river St. Charles, where, at half ebb, they would get aground upon the reef that stretches nearly across its mouth. From Bell's Wharf PIER AcH- x^ IE ST. < IIAIILES. UGl down i> thee' ;• of the f St. Hoeh, was granted by the crown to the lion. .John Uichardson of Montreal, in trust for tlie heirs of the late M'illiani (Jrant, Ivs(|., from whom it was ae(|uired by the late .John Mure, Kscj., and is now the pro])erty of Mr. l\)zer. It is divided into several dock -yards, wharfs, aiul tindjcr-j^rounds, and occupied by various persons. Anu)nif the former, (ioudie's yard is the most eminent and complete, where sliip-buildinif upon an enlarged scale has been carried on fo"' ni^ ly years. There is in this dock-yard a spacious saw -mill, with nnui'M. , ^ts of saws, worked with prodigious velocity by a steani-ci^i' ( >nsiderable ])ower. C'.nnpbeirs AN'harf projects so far into the . v a' o form rather a remarkable ♦cature in looking toward Dorche The large building formerly called Grant's Mill still reniiiii.s apon it, though in ruins. Within these pro- mises there is a very exter.sive wet dock, or dam, for keeping timber afloat. From the line of La \'acherie uj) to the site of the old bridge, the beach on cither side of the channel is generally used as tind)er. groinids, and provided w ith extensive booms, dve. The bed of the St. Charles is flat. At low water the two channels are narrow, winding, and frequently divided by wide-spreading shoals of sand or mud. \\'hen the tide is out, the water in them varies from 8 to 27 inches, but at full flood the average is from two to two fathoms and a half. Dorchester bridge was originally situated higher up the river, at the termination of the road in the rear of Ly nd's farm on one side, and the point of junction of the Beauport and Charlesbourg roads on the other. This route, however, being very circuitous, public convenience suggested the expediency of building a new bridge nearer the town, and an act to that effect passed the j)rovincial legislature several years ago, authorizing ISIessrs. .John Anderson and Charles Smith to build the existing toll-bridge, and to demolish the old one. The new Dorchester bridge may be considered "i:l a k •nil LOWF.ll CANADA. lil^ I ill M : r ii ail as situated at tlu> UKnitli of tlie St. Charles, as hotli sliorcs lower down trend outward, and i'orui the ex])ansive estuary of that river. The bridge forms a direct continuation of t'raig-street, one of the leading thorough- fares of the suburb of St. Hoch, a;ui, inde])endent of its incalculable utility, constitutes one of the greatest ornaments of tliat ])art of the town. It is supported by substantial frame piers filled with stones, and its surface, wliich is macadamized, lies on a perfect level with the roads which it connects. I'rojecting from the centre ])ier. in the manner of Avings, are two light buildings, neatly fitted up, and occupied by restau- rateurs. Hetween the last ])ier and the abutment on the Heauport side is the drawbridge, constructed to admit the ])assage of river craft or larger vessels that are sometimes launched from or re])aired in the dock- yards above the bridge. The pros))ect ou every side from the bridge is agreeable and ])leasing : the town, suburbs, and the ca])e, are seen to great advantage. It is always l\C])t in good re])air, although the toll is fre(|uently avoided by passengers going along the beach at low water : in winter, as soon as a solid track can be maile u])on the ice. this evasion is almost general. At the northern extremity of Dorchester bridge is the valuable estate of .1. Anderson, Ksq., and some distance beyond it, on the Charlesbourg road, the elegant coimtry seat and residence of C. Smith, Ks(|. — tv, o gentlemen mIio arc the chief proprietors of the bridge, and have laid out a considerable ca])ital in its construction. The suburb of St. John, above the Coteau Stc. Genevieve, is built on very uneven grouiul, with an elevation towards the Grande ^Mlce, or road to Sillery. It occu])ies a ujile in length by half a mile in breadth, and is incrcvising very fast in buildings as well as population. There are several ])arallel streets crossed by others at right angles, exce])t Cieorge- street, which takes a diagonal direction across Uichelieu and Olivier streets, connecting this suburb with St. Koch, by the Cote d'Abraham, and comnnmicating with the road to JiOrette. St. .lohn-street is the ])rincipal one, and from the end of it the road continues to St. Koi. In different ])arts of this suburb many well-built houses present themselves, several of which are of stone. On the south side of St. John-street are the protestant burial-ground and chapel. In the elections for members of i 1 (jRAXDE ALLKF.— AllHAllAMS PLAINS. I2( )i) ])arlianicnl, the inhabitants of St. John's subnrb arc tntitlcd to vote for tlie two Avho represent the I'pper Town. On tlie Cheniin dela (Jrande Allee, just beyond St. TiOuis-iiate, is the house and i>"arden formerly beh)n<;in<;' to Mr. .lones, and now occupied by the lion. .loiui Stewart ; furtlier along the road, on the left hand sid(>, is the buildinuj still called l'\'ru;usou"s House, standiui;' on the hii;lu'st n-round of tiie celebrated plains of Abraham, and in the occu))atit)n of Colonel Durnford, the conunandins>- royal en<>ineer in the i)rovince. It is calculated to be .'5;U) feet above the level of the river, and conunands most of the works on this side of the town, except those on the very summit of Cape Diamond. Avhich are still hi<;her by 10 or 1.5 feet. To diminish the ))robability of this eminence beiiiii,' ever seized nj)on as a point of offence ajj;ainst the city, four Martello towers have been erected some distance in advance of it, extcndin<;' from the St. T.,awrence, across the])eninsula, to Ste. (Jenevievc\ at between .^00 and (iOO yards' distance from each other, and so posted that they can sweep the whole breadth of the plains; they are very solidly constructed, and their batteries mount guns of heavy calibre. Proceeding along the Grande .Vllce westward, on the left-hand side are several large ])ieces of ground belonging to the IIotel-Dien, and the l^rsuline convent; on the o])posite side, well cul- tivated lields and rich pastures s])read down to the Ste. Foi road. The four meridian stones fixed in 17J)0 by the late Major Holland*, then surveyor-general of Canada, are placed at convenient distances from each ifii I ■? • This hifjlily scicntilic and ineritorious otlii-er was survoyor-goiieral of tin- wliolc (if Hritisli North Aiiu-rica aiitt'viorlv to tho Aiiicricaii rovohition. IIi- was at the lakiiij; of Lcwisburj:;, ami suhs('(nu'iitly at tho rcdiii'ticm of (^in'bt'c in 17 'i'. anil stood near (Jfncral A\'olf(' when that j;rt'at hiTo fi'll on the plains of Alirahani. The j;allant jii'iicral, as a tcsliniony of his rcjjard, presented ]\Iajor (then ('a])t.iin) Holland with his ]iistols, and left him the jj;reatest i>art of his plate. Several years before his death in 1)!()1, ."Major Holland sniiered a severe attaek of the palsy, ^vhieh di'prived jj;overnment of his valnahle services in his im]iorlanl department. He died, after nearly fifty years of active serviee, a meniiier of the Le'iislative and Kxeentive Conn- eils of Lower Canada, and earried with him to the grave the resju-et and sincere rejrrets of all uho had known him. lAly friend and patron in the early j)eriod of my professional career, as well as my predecessor in ollice and neai relative, I shonld be wroiifiinji: those leelings of gra- titude that I feel for his friendship, were I to withhold this feeble triimte to his supt'rior merits and his memory. M M f.i lib. '26ij LOWER CANADA. 't' il other across tlie plains : they represent a line astronomically north, and were established for the purpose of adjusting the instruments used in the })ubHc surveys of lands. One of them that stood in the angle of a field redoubt where General W^olfe is said to have breathed his last, has been greatly im])aired by the ])ious reverence of curious strangers, who, wish- ing to bear away a relic of any thing from the spot consecrated by the hero's death, have broken off ])ieces of the stone placed there thirty years after that event. The object for which these meridian stones were placed has since been frustrated by the extension of the suburbs of St. Lewis and St. .John, the buildings of which intercept the view from the one to the other. When meridians are established in various parts of the province for the convenient verification of surveys, as is about to be done, new meridians will be re(iuired at Quebec, so situated, if possible, as to prevent the recurrence of such interception. IJcyond these stones are some open fields belonging to the Hotel- Dieu, but retained b f government for military uses. One of these on the left towards the St. Lawrence is converted into a race-ground, where the lovers of turf-sports meet twice a year, generally in June and Sep- tember, to enjoy the exciting anuisement of horse-racing. The course is a mile in circuit, and its situation so trulv deliohtful that it is well cal- culated of itself to attract numerous visiters. To the westward of the race-course is a property originally belonging to the late llight Kev. Dr. Mountain, liishop of Quebec; and contiguous to it is the beautiful estate of the heirs of the late lion. Mr. Percival, called Spencer W'ood, formerly known by the name of Powel Place, and which used to be the country residence of the governor-general. AVoodfield, the property of W. Shepherd, Esq. is another valuable and elegant estate, which, from its charming position, is very deserving of notice. The beach directly imder the height upon which these houses stand is divided into many valuable timber grounds, extending to the westward as far as Pointc a Puisseaux, which chiefly belonged to the original firm of Messrs. Patterson, Dyke, and Co. A\"olfe's Cove is the largest of all the bays in the vicinity of the city, and memorableas the landing-place of the English army which achieved the conquest of the ca])ital in 17'i59. It is generally a scene of great activity in # FORTIFICATIONS OF QUEBEC— GENERAL HOSPITAL. 267 I I f tlie timber trade ; during the summer season, numbers of shi])s arc conti- nually seen anchored in groups before the premises of the different mer- chants : it is principally the property of Messrs. Grant and Greenshields. The city, whose most vulnerable part is towards the plains of ^Vora- ham, is fortified by a strong line of regular works, from Cape Diamond to Cotcau Ste. Genevieve, with ditch, covered way, glacis, Ike, strength- ened by some exterior works between St. Louis-gate and St. John's-gate, Avell calcidated to render the approach to the town by the main roads exceedingly difficult, if not impracticable ; but from the ground rising a little toAvards the plain, it has been deemed expedient to construct the JMartello toAvers before-mentioned, to prevent any advantage being taken of its superior elevation. In its present state Quebec may rank as a fortress of the first conse- quence: the citadel on the highest jiart of Cape Diamond presents a formidable combination of powerful works, whence a strong wall, sup- ported by small batteries in different places, runs to the edge of the pre- cipice, along which it iM continued to the gateway leading to the Lower Town, which is defended by heavy cannon, and the approach to it, u]) IVloinitain-street, both enfiladed and flanked by many guns of large calibre ; thence a line of defence connects with the grand battery, a work of great strength, armed with a formidable train of twenty-four pounders, and commanding the basin and passage of the river. Hence another line is carried on ])ast the Hope and Palace Gates, both protected by similar defences to those of Prescott Gate, imtil it forms a junction with the bastion of the Coteau du Palais. The general hospital stands on the bank of the river St. Charles, about a mile distant from the city, in a healthy, pleasant situation, sur- rounded by fine fields and meadows, having its front towards the road called Chemin de I'Hopital General. It was founded in 1 693, by Mon- sieur St. \"allier, bishop of Quebec, for the relief of sick and disabled poor of all descriptions. It is governed by a superieure. La Reverende Mere St. Agnes, at the head of forty-four nuns. It has a regular front, 228 feet in length, and forms nearly a square. The main body of the building is 3.'i feet in breadth ; but on the S.^^^ side a range, 130 feet in length, projecting from it, is .'JO feet in breadth. Detached from the principal M M 2 ^!%v^' ■*:\i m ^fT" tjl f! .. I m m '-'68 LOWER CANADA. odifit'c, and on the o})posite side of the road, arc two liouses belonging to it : one aj)])ro])riated for the reception and treatment of persons laboiu'ing under insanity, and the other as a dwelling-house for servants, employed on a farm attached to the establishment. The interior arrangement and management of this excellent charity, with respect to acconunodation, are very judicious. Tlie patients are lodged in comfortable and spacious wards, men on the groinul-floor, and women on the lioor above. For the supeiieure and the nuns there is ample room for residence, refectories, and apartments for carrying on different woiks in which they employ themselves, exclusive of their attendance on the sick. A neat church is attached to the convent, ^Vs this hospital administers succour to the atllicted under most of the diseases witiiin the wide range of human calamity, it is conmionly filled with patients. Its support is drawn from the revenues of the landed property that has been granted to it, the sale of the works performed by the nuns, particularly of church ornaments, which they make and gild in great perfection, and by occasional grants of money from the provincial ])arliament. In 1H25 the population of the city, suburbs, and banlicue, or limits of the town, amounted to 22,021, exclusive of tlie troo])s in garrison; but it is believed that the census taken that year fell considerably siiort in its results of the numerical strength of the people of Lower Canada, as well in the towns as in the country. At present Quebec Avould not probably be overrated at .'30,000 inhabitants, and, during tlie shi])pi;ig season, that number acciuires an ephemeral increase, that, in a great measure, subsides at the close of the navigation, yet leaves in the town no inconsiderable accession, arisuig from the emiorants that remain in the capital with their families, out of the whole mass of those that are landed on the wharfs. None «)f the towns in Canada are incorporated, but the jjrincipal regulations and assessments are placed by statute imder the direction and control of their respective magistrates, who generally hold Jicbdomadary or weekly sessions, for the consideration of the different municipal matters intrusted to them in their magisterial ca])acity. The following table, from the returns of 189.;, will best convey the nature and amount o( the assessments : — ■r'siii. i II II I I ■'/ / / / I !■.'(. ^ii^^ ASSEfSSME^'TS, &c. CITY OF QL'EBEC. 2()}) is I ~ in Si ^ 1i ^ Assessment for M'atch and Light. »; c o s o c '.1 10 •SlioQ JO -os^ O C ?M C -. S «* •0(1 i>0],ioi|.H-ano_.j l^-H (M 3(M O (M •S.lHlMJJK, ) 111I.Mt|M-0,HX j^cri^^oca •BOSJOjj omista[j —• sc — CO o 1-. © Total of Koad Taxes. ! ■J. C-l l^ '■; L.T L-: CO '■w ?: ?i -3 S? ?i ?: 2^ -. 'J'Ct ■ © Assessments. -^ -.c ;= o © o c ^ 00 '.'; 'c (M — i I-. ■©~ £1 ' ■SOSJOII )0 -Ofi 'n ^X,~ r: (?i >; o (M t^ +! L.- l^ 1- .- CI •Ksassnrj JO -o^ c^ f f so ^ "ih CO :;; (M CC 'O l>. © •saiiaadojj jo 'o^ .J (N i-s. t,-^ 1.-5 © ~: 1" t^— *-r Ol Ol •^ ■-■ o\ 1.-^ ct — — © 50 rt (M c^ "T :c i^r: CO © 1^ X © © © i^ i^ •SJOjnudojj JO -oj^ ir; © 00 -T I - o; >— ■ -r 1-. © :~ © :; = o = > fX: ■„ = = » t- c:; t.^ -r .=i ^ - IS . — ^ :.» — (h fcf ^ , ►-I k^ X X X ^ ■"■ CM CO ^ '.":* — ^ijiii; I 270 LOWER CANADA. :Ui p. TIk' communication between Quebec and Montreal lias been rendered not only easy and expeditious, but even agreeable by the improvements that have, witliin late years, taken i)lace in the construction of steam- boats on the St. Lawrence. Tlie first stcani-boat that jdied on the St. LaAvrcnce was launched in the year ISl $2, which, from that circumstance, forms an ei)och in the history of both towns, inasmuch as this api)1ication of the steam engine in that (piarter gave quite a new and very vigorous imjjidse to the connnercial relations and general intercourse of one ])lace with the other, and in fact imparted additional energy to the whole of the mercantile and trading concerns of the country. The original intro- duction of steam navigation into Canada is one of those important ame- liorations, for which the inhabitants are indebted to John Molson, Kscj., an enter})rising citi/en of INIontreal, who at once embarked a large capital in the luidertaking ; and, although he was countenanced in his j)lans, at the time, by the provincial legislature, he never obtained any exclusive privilege, and has in consequence been, of late years, obliged to contend with several ])owerful competitors for the palm of public favour. As the competition increased it became advisable to form a company, Avliose imited capital might be adequate to the losses that were often consequent upon opposition and rivalship, and accordingly an association was formed, called the St. Lawrence Steam-13oat Company, in which, we suppose, were merged the steam-boat interests of INIcssrs. INIolson and Sons, the chief pro})rietors. The boats are in general gracefully moidded and re- markably well finished ; and the cabins, both for the ladies and gentle- men, fitted up with much elegance and taste : the table is liberally pro- \'u\cd with excellent fare, and the dessert usually exhibits a good display of the most delicious fruits of the country, whilst the attendance is re- spectable and comfortable. Steamers start almost every day from both cities, and perftjrm the voyage up the river in from S6 to 40 hours, but they are several hours less in accomplishing the trip downwards, from the advantage of having a current setting in this direction as far as the Richelieu, where they meet with the tide. In the expeditious trans- port of troops and military stores these vessels are of the greatest moment to government, and viewed as a safe and sure means of forwarding with despatch forces that might be required on an emergency, in remote parts of the colony, their importance cannot be overrated. m STEAM AND TEAM BOATS. 271 Stalcment qf'Steutu and Tc'(im-ho(itt{ plijiii^ on the St. Lawrence, in Lower Canada, isao. Ih'lwvcii Qiiphrc and Moiilniil. Names. Kate of Knight Per Ton. 1 <2| 1. Uumnrks. Ip. Down I p. Down 1 2 W 4 5 (i t i\ 1> 10 * Tlie John Jlolson * — ' Quebec . * — New Swiftsure * — ('hambly — Lujjrairie * — Waterloo — Richelieu — Hercules * — St. Lawrence — LadyoftiieLake ")00 noo 300 400 100 130 a'lO (100 3-)0 70 120 (iO (!") (>0 30 4r) 4". 100 ()■) 2» s. 10 .?. d. 7 ... 1 10 f ... 1 ■> .V. 10 Tlie boats marked tlius '• belong to the St. Lawrence Steam- boat Company. Belongs to .John .AI'Kcu/.ie and others of Montreal. Hon. Mattliew Hell and others. To a company at Montreal. To George Gratield and others. --■ — Frrrii S/cam-hodts /i/i/ing IicIutcii Mimtrcal, LiiikjuciiU, and Laprairic. 1 2 — Kdniond Henry — jMontreul . . 'JO 4.-) 4o Til Kdniond Henry, Es([. i"v otiiers. To 'S\. Haynioml, Kscj. Lajirairie. Team lioii/s. 1 2 — Edmond . . — Longueuil 20 1 10 1 Fern/ Steatn-boats plying between Quebec and Point Levi. 1 — Lauzon 1 30 Ad. across. To Mr. James IM'Kenzie, Point Ia-vI. Team Boals. 1 2 . 10 « 3f/. across. Belonging to f;iriiu>vs at Point Levi. Total, 1() steam-boats, and 4 team-boats, plying on the St. — (iO river crafts navij^ating between Quebec and IMoi Rate of freight, per ton, 7s. "d. Square-rigged vessels on tlie stocks at JMontreal Do.' do. do. at Quebec Small crafts Lawrence. treal, of 2j to 100 tons burthen. . 2 . !) To tal, 1 1 2 There are also 2 steam-boats on the Ottawa river plying bi twocn La Chine and Point Fortune, and 1 between La Chine tween (Jrenville and Hull, 1 bo- and the Cascades. 1 ■> , am LOWKH CANADA. i* Ik'sidi's tlic stcain-boats mcntioncil in the fc)iTj^()lii<^ tahlo, a vcssil of lar<;v toimai^f (stated at 700 or KOO tons) is now on the stocks at (jiR'bee, and vill soon be launched *, destined to navi-^atc as a steam l)acket between that eaj)ital and Halifax, Nova Scotia: such an event must conspicuously mark tiie period of its realization, from the l)()werful influence it will necessarily exercise upon the relations now subsisting' betwixt the chief towns of both provinces. Thus will be formed an extensive line of steam vessel conuuunication from the ^Vtlantic sea coast to -(Vudierstburenerally j^ooil, and often very condortahle, as (hu'inj;' that season tlic dill'erent estahlishnients are well supported hy the eonstant travelliu}^' between both eities. Travellers may also ])roeeed by postin<^, there beini;' generally several additional horses kept at the ])laees of relief beyond what are neeessary for the re<;ular staw Quebee the same mode may be adopted on the southern shore of the St. Lawrenee, where ])ost-horses may yet be had at the old post-houses. althoU}.!,'h these have eeased, we understand, to be any loneneral t)f the i)rovinee. Tiie expense of jwstin^ is generally one shilling a league duriu''' sunnner and winter, or fifteen-])enee in sprinj;' and au- tunm ; the eharges of tolls and ferries must be borne by the travellers. The conveyance of the re<>ular mail from the post-oflice at 'Quebec is a distinct concern from stages or posting ; it is forwarded by couriers who leave Quebec ami ^fontreal every day at four o'clock in winter, and one hour later in sinumer. Quebec being the central point whence the general concerns of the ])ost-o(Hce are managed, arul the focus as it were of the mails that are des])atched to all ])arts of the colonies and the United States, we will here ijitroducc a series of accurately framed tables of distances, showing not only the relative situation of ])articular places, but the prices of postage between each. lietwcen the city and Point I^evi, on the o])positc shore of the St. Lawrence, a steam ferry-boat plies regularly every half hour from six o'clock in the morning to eight in the evening, ])erforming the trip across in from ten to fifteen minutes. There are also three horse-boats, to which the preference is generally given by the country peo])le in bringing their produce to market. A great number of other ferry -boats are likewise continually passing to and fro, the princij)al ])art of which belongs to the inhabitants about the Point, as they are all ])ermitted, by regula- tion, to ply with their boats, on condition of receiving no more than the established rates, which are very moderate. In almost any weather they will cross in their canoes, which are large and very strong, being made from the trunk of a tree, hollowed out, or more frequently of two joined together, and firmly secured on the inside ; they are managed with great m Mil' m '274 LOWErt CANADA. j "VX tak i^^ht hosidcs tlu (loxtority, mul somrtiinos take as many as ci^iit passengers, nesiacs me three or four men wlio work tliem. In the whiter, when larirr masses of iee are Hoatino; up and down witli the ti(K', an' to see several of these lar^e eanocs, laden with provisions for the market, erossin<;' the river as nearly in a line as they are ahle to keep. The ear plim^o, l\c is oxtricatod by liis comriulcs an I'xju'ditioiisly as ])ossil)k> ; when u lu'ui'ty cnii/t i/f rtnii all roiiiHl, with wliicli they art' uv\v\ tiiipr.) vidi'd, is the usual ivnii'dy tor siu'h niisfortuncs. W'Ikii tluy arrivi' at the landiiiff bi'f'oro the luarket-plme, soiuetinies the tide is low, and the lee r<)nniu<;' the solid bonier perhaps ten or twelve feet above theni ; in this ease they jump out as fast as they can, all but one man : and while the ri'st are f;ettiii^ a lirm footiuL^ above, lie fastens the dra<^' rope to the fore ])art of the eanoe, and innnediately assisting' his eonu'ades, tlu' whole is haided up by niiin foree out of the water, when the ladinj^', eonsistinj;' of poultry, eareasses of sheep or pigs, of fish or other artieles, is transferred without delay to the nuirket-plaeeH. It has been said by many writers, that durini;' tin* winter vej^etablcs and milk in a fro/.en state are brought from distant places; this ecrtainly used to be the ease, but now tliese artieles are furnished in the best state all the year round, from the farms and {gardens in the vieinity. When the river fa/iv.s, i. e. is fro/i-n over from (^uebee to I'oint Levi, whieh. of late years, has rarely happened, it is not only ])roduetive of nuieh annisc- ment, but of {^rcat advanta", are thrown across theunrutHed surface of the water with an almost incredible I)rilliance. On tiie jjlains of Ahraham. i'rom the ])reci))iee that overlooks the tiniher-nrounds, where an incessant roujul of activity i)revails, the St. I^awrence is seen rollini;- its majestic wave, studded with many a sail, from tlie stately shi|) down to the lunuhle tishing-hoat ; the opjjosite haidv, extendin<^ up the river, is hii;hly cul- tivated, and the houses, thickly strewed by the main road, from tliis hcij>ht and distance, have the apjjcarance of an almost iminterrupted villajxe, as far as the eve can reach in that direction. The countrv to the southward rises by a very gentle ascent, and the whole view, wliich is richly embellished by alternations of water, woodland, and cultivation is bounded by remote and lofty mountains, softenini;- shade by shade imtil they melt into air. AN'hoever views the environs of (Quebec, with a mind and taste capable of receiving im])ressions through the medimn of the eyes, will acknowledge, that, as a whole, tiie ])ros))ect is graiul. har- monious, and magnificent ; and tiiat, if taken in detail, every part of it will please, by a gradual unfolding of its picturestpie beauties upon a small scale. North-eastward fn)m the capital lie the counties Montmorenci and Saguenay, and part of (Quebec, exhibiting in the outline by far tlie boldest features of any otlier part of the county. Tlie strongly (Telined rana'e of mountains that subsides on the Ottawa river in front of (iren- ville, stretching eastward across the angvdar tract of land formed by the St. Ijawrencc and the Ottawa river, skirts the Hourishing settlements of Charlesbourg, Heauport, and the Cote de IJeaupre, and linally strikes the St. liawrence at Ca])e Torment. This conspicuous mountain nu>asures about 1SJ)0 feet in altitude, and from its romantic situation on the borders of the St. Lawrence, has ac({uired much notoriety, although it is seldom visited by travellers. It is also the first and highest of a suc- cession of granitic mountains called " Les Caps," that rise in abrupt slopes to a considerable elevation fron> the inunediate level of the river. The mountainous character of the northern shore of the St. Law- rence may properly be said to connnence at Cape Torment, although its banks above Quebec are for many miles high, bold, and majestic, l-'rom Cape Torment the ridge ct)ntinues unbroken, except by the beds of rivers ■■tMt ■"■m it 278 LOWER CANADA. I I f' ' !!..>' ...t and rivulets, until it effectually subsides 15 or 18 miles below tbe Sague- nay, in wliicb (juartcr tbe boldness of tbe nortb sbore sinks to a moderate level, prese.iing a degree of flatness and equality of surface singidarly contrasted witb tbe opposite sbore, wbicli now becomes mountainous, rugged, and abrupt. Tins tract of country is traversed between tbe west boundary of tbe county of Quebec and tbe Saguenay by numerous rivers and streams ; tbe best known and most considerable of wbicli are tbe St. diaries, tbe Montmorenci, tbe CJreat River or Ste. Anne's, tbe lliv. du Gouffre, tbe ]\Ial Bay, tbe IJlack Kiver, and tbe Saguenay, vvbicb bounds on tbe N.E. tbe section of tbe pi-ovince imder description. Besides tbese tbere are many smaller streams and tributary waters, many of wbicb are im- perisbable springs tbat supply tbe inbabitants witb tbe purest water, at tbe same time tbat tbey moisten and fertilize tbe soil. On several of tbe streamlets, as well as tbe rivers, ai-e frccpiently to be found excellent mill sites, formed by tbe rapidity of tbe water-courses, consequent upon tbe billy cbaracter of tbe country. Of tbe rivers above mentioned tbe Sa- guenay is tbe only one yet known to be navigrl,^ ^ to any extent, vessels of any burden being able to ascend upwards of "J T -, . bove its estuary. Tbe river INlontmorenci is remarkable, not c il ur the continued rapidity of its course, but on account of tbe Falls, situated at its mouth, Avbicb lie about nine miles N.E. of Quebec*, and are celebrated for their beigljt, magnificence, and beauty. Molently projected over a perpen- dicular rock into a preci])ice 240 feet deep, tbe waters of tbe JNIont- morenci descend in a bright fleecy sheet, of snowy whiteness, to the broad recipient beneath, Avbich forms a deep bay, whose sides rise, almost ver- tically from tbe foot of the Falls, to an altitude several feet above their sunnuit. The lower regions of the cliffs are destitute of vegetation, but it gradually makes its appearance at tbe elevation of 50 or 60 feet, and continues with more apparent vigour to tbe highest point of the towering banks, tbe verge of which is lined with shrubs and trees. * From Dorchcstcr-bridgc, passing towards tlic Falls, some traces yet remain of the field fortifications thrown up by the French in the memorable year 1759, as a defence against the British army. m Till-: FALLS OF MONTMOUENCI. () 71) ; H' Itt. ' ; 3 On the ri<^lit of tlic Falls, in a most romantic ]n>siti()n, is situated Haldimand House, the j)i-o])erty of IVtcr Paterson, l'',s(|uire, and once the residence of his late U. 11. the Duke of Kent, when tliat royal and lamented prince was in Canada, where his memory continues to hi- cherished hy many, as the exalted ])atron and sincere friend of t' * |)i'o|)lo of that flourishing colony. On the hrink of the Cataract, (ieneral Hal- dimand, ahout 4() years ago, built a suinnier-housc, which is still standing, but seluom resorted to at ])rescnt, I'roni the deterioration time has i-Ht'ctetl in its condition and security, although it contiiuies to ligure one of tiie objects in the scenery. The basin under the Falls is nearly semicircular, the Falls themselves occupying the depth of the segment, whilst its chord forms the general line of the ford wiiich is ])ractiscd at low water. The most advantageous view of the Falls is ])erhaps to be had from the left bank ; but there are a variety of beautiful ])oints of view in which they may be beheld. TIic descent to the bottom i)i' the Falls is practicable on both sides, although attended with considerable fatigue, yet the vi- siters of this "'oriivous water scene seldom allow tiicir ardour, in search of the sublime, to be checked by such dillicnlties, and generally eNpU)re the depths of the chasm, ])referring. however, the X.F. side as tlie k'ast ])re- cipitous of the two. Tiie height of the Cataract of Montniorenci is indeed very great, when we consider that it is unbrol-:en by any gradation what- ever, and that the waters fall in one extended beautiful and undivided sheet; but it will bear no comparison ^\■ith the stupendous elevations of Pyrenean or Swiss Falls, some of which exceed l!JOO feet in /o/a/ height, although the beholder cannot, at one glance, survey tiiis col- lective altitude, owing to the broken and gradatory formation of the ca- taract. In this res))ect ^Montmorenci is ])rol)ably not rivalled in tlu' world, since at one view the spectator embraces the eiuscuih/e of the ca- taract, hurled from its brink to its base, in splendid niagnitici'nce, its light and commimited waters flying off from its very sunnnit. in intinitely small, and infinitely numerous, white bubbles, whilst the majestic, heavy, and deep gravitation of the mass, creates from below, copious columns of gushing mist, that curl gracefully into air, and disclose tlie glowing dyes of their prismatic particles. " When the river St. Lawrence is frozen below the Falls, the level ice becomes a support, on which the freezing spray ll'^l ^i. I ri"^ IH i P!*^ 280 LOWER CANADA. «i : 'h •; (Icscciuls as slcct; it there remains, and li, Interior of the Coiniinj hjinff betxccen the SAGIH^NA Y and the St. A[AT;RICE, as taken ^froiii the liejiort <7/" JosEi-ii Bouciikite, Jln. Esq., Deputij-Survcijor- General oj'the Prov'nue. It was reproachfully but correctly stated anteriorly to the ])erform- ance of the ex])loring operations of 1K'2H, that the country for ten leagues to the northward of the capital of British North iVmerica was as little or () o i y, % ■» 282 LOWER CANADA. less known than the lieart oC ^Vf'riea. The inii)ortance, however, of ae- i|uiiin<;- a competent knowledge ol" tliat jjortion of the vast wihls of this continent lying to the north of tlie St. liawrenee, and Avithin tlie prohahle range of eventual settlement, had previously been felt by a learned and eminent member* of the Assembly of Lower Canada, who, taking tliat charaeteristie and enlarged view of tlie Huhjeet which it deserved, laid the ground-Avoi'k of those valual)le explorations, that have since aiforded so much \alual)le information relative to the Indian country ranging between the Ottawa river and the Saguenay. If on the whole the re- sult did not ))r()Ae altogether as favourable as had been desirable, the lands in the interior having been discovered to be, in the aggregate, cha- racterized more for their barrenness than their fertility, the accession it has yielded to the geographical knowledge of the ])rovince, is neverthe- less of the utmost imjjortance ; at the same time that the surveys, from the judicious combination of talent with which they were carried into eflect, have tended to develope nuich of the geological character and other parts of the natural history of the country f. Under the French government there is no doubt that the interior of Canada was eom])aratively better known than it afterwards was \i\) to the ])eriod of the late surveys, the religious zeal of missionary Jesuits having at the time led them to form establishments amongst the natives Avith a view of converting them to Christianity, whilst the ])ro,s])ects of a lucrative fur trade, induced several individuals to push their discoveries to remote pai'ts of the Canadian wilderness. The information, how- * Andrew Stuart, E.sq. Tlie subject of the settleiiient of crown hinds had been brought under the attention of tlie h'gishiture I)y the then goveruor-in-chief, Lord D.illiousie, and led to the noniination of a standing connnittee, of wliicli ]\Ir. Stnart was ai)[)ointed chairman. The labours of this connnittee form the subject matter of a series of iDvaluable rcjxirts, wliich contain the most useful and extensive information relative to the lands of the province, and every thing connected with their administration. i Gentlemen conversant with these branches of the natural sciences were always added to the parties. The exi)edition to Lake St. John was divided into three parties: — One consisting of Sir. Uouchctte, the Deputy-Surveyor-Cieneral ; JMr. W. Davies, and Lieut. (Jouldie, (ilith regiment ; another of IMr. Ilamel, L. S., Lieut. IJaddeley, R. E., and ^Ir. Howen ; and a ;{rd of IMr. Proulx, and Mr. Xixon, (!(!tli regiment. I\Ir. Stuart, one of the commissioners, and jMr. Wagner, accompanied the two latter parties to Lake St. John. Each party had a canoe, and a complement of four or five men, with Indians. * 11 THE SAGUENAY COINTV. '283 ever, that had come down to lis was but vas^uo and very impcrf'crt. Jean Dii I-.act, C'hani))hiii), and Cliarlesvoix all mention the Sanucnay country, and descri' it <»;cnerally from the dicta of tlie Indians iis moun- tainous and barren, covered with ])erpetual snows, and alto<;ether forbid- din<>- in its aspect; but tiiis unfavoural^lc account, tliou<;h partially true, was obviously coloured by the fears of the natives from whom it was derived, they bein^' desirous of (lam])in^ the zeal of explorers who mi^ht eventually usur]) the possession of their huntinjf -enerally betMcen bold banks, in a broad deep stream, often checjuered in its carei'r by falls and rapids. l"'roni its mouth, at Three Rivers, to La Tucpie, it receives on either bank se\cral large rivers, \ i/.. the Shawcnegan, Hatiscan, Matawin, Hiver aux ]{ats, and IJastonais * ; and also numerous miin)r streams. The trading post of La Tu(|ue is situated at the ui)per landing of the carrying ))lace in latitiule, by t)bservation, 47" IH' ',i2" north. There is also a post main- tained by the Hudson's Hay Company, trading in opposition to the King's Post Company, that have an establishment here, under the manage- ment of a clerk. The land about La Tucpie jireserves, with few ex- ceptions, the unfavourable character that generally j)ievails below it, the soil, consisting of a light arid sand, ])roducing a growth of spruce, white birch, as])in, cyjjress, and ])ine. Above the ])osts, a nmnber of islands and extensive natural meadows, yield abundant forage for the use of the establishments, besides affording wholesome pasturage. Leaving the St. Maurice to penetrate across the country to Lake St. .John, .Mr. JJouchette traversed a scries of lakes and portages, and in- tersected, or went up or down numerous rivers, in tlivers succession. The principal rivers met with, in the route he followed, are the IJastonais, which the party ascended, the IJastican, North IJastonais, the \. W . and N. E. branches of the IJatiscan. and the Ouiatshouan falling into the Lake St. John. The chief lakes, which they crossed, are the Grand and Little Wayagamack, Kdward, Kajoualwang, Quequagamack, Commissioners, * III tlie TojiDirraiiliiciil Diciiouary of Lower C'aniida, foriiiiiig part of this ^^•ork, an- I'oii- t lined ])articiihir accounts of these rivers and of the St. Maurice, as far as they are know n. UefereiiLc must also be had to the Dictionary, under the respective names, for a description of the several lakes, rivers, portajjes, iS:c. that will hereafter be mentioned. ;5^;:.S«j?i^5i 1 \ ' . I \ I I ur t- I '»^J^ ,fl':. I u ! ^^Kj !!!* kH h I i hi M % SAfJlKNAY COrNTY-I.AKi: ST. lolIN. ^'Ho and Hoiu'liottc; Imt miinprousiiifViior lakes and si'viral Kcrli ponds wcri' intcrsci-tcd and traversed, often eoni'cctid, as well as tlii' lar^^er lakis. hy portajics. or the country tints cNplored, the follow in/j," desiription is (jiioted from the Keport of the deputy Surveyor-! General : — '• In takinn a siuu- niary and eolleetive view of the traet just deserihi'd. it may In- ohserved. that the territory lyin^- l)etw(>en the St. Mauriee at La'ru((ue, and Lake St. .John, is j^t'uerally covered liy lakes and extensive swamps, oeeasionally traversed by chains of hills of no remarkahk' hei/^ht (»r eontinuity. com- posed chiefly of ])rimitive jjiranite. The prevailing' tind)er. that composes its forests, are spruce and tamarack, while birch and |)ine. Arouiul some of the larj^i'r lakes, occasional tracts of cultivable land may l)e found, but their remote situation, and the conseiinent impracticability «)f tiU'owing them open to actual settlement, must render this section of ( .)untry a barren waste and wilderness for a{j,es yet to come."' Lii .J St. fohn is situated between tlie parallels of IH" !.'7' and iS' .>!' P'^'Mi latitude, and the meridians of 71" .'i->' and 72" lo' west lonuenay country, we shall borrow Mr. Houcliette's own lan^ua<;e. "The rivers, which dischar<;e themselves into the lakes, are. on the north, the Mistassini, IVriboka, and Kocuatien ; on the west, the As- suapmoussoin, Ouiatsluianish, and other small streams; on the south- west, the Ouiatchouan; on the south, the Metabetshuaii, Kushpahiganish, and the lielle Riviere. The Grandi' and Petite J)(e/tar<>e, the only out- lets of the lake, lie on the east side. " From the King's Post Company's Kstablishment, at the mouth of the Metabetshuaii, the land that borders the southern shore <»f the lake, to the foot of the hills that form a chain wuh the ()uiatsl,iian Hills, is generally of good (quality, the soil of which is variously composed of an argillaceous and sandy loam, on which a rich vegetable mouhl has been deposited. The timber growing tliercon consists of ash, black and yellow bircli, basswood, elm, fir, balsam, cedar, and spruce, intermixed with some red and white pine and maple. Hi \\G LOWER CANADA. I (lii " Near Poiiil ii la Traverse is a valuable limestone quarry, and the eoast, I'roni r^ietabetsluian to Ouiatsliuau, oceasionally bold, is eliieHy composed of iiuTuied strata of calcareous stone, on wliidi s])cciniens of marine shells and other oiganie remains, as also fra^i'inents or blocks of white and gray marble, are to be found, all Avlnch are. more or less, in- dications of a fertile soil. It may therefore be said that, between these two last mentioned ))laees, is oU'ered a front of near twelve miles on the lake, by an average of lour miles depth, forming a superficies of about ;{0.()()() acres of land susceptible of cultivation. *• This chain of hills rumnng westward from the Falls of Ouiatshuan for about eiglit or ten miles, then gradually bending its course sue- lessively to tiie north-west, north, and north-east, intersects the As- suapmoussoin at the Cirand IJapids, and forms an arc t)r crescent, partly circumscribing a valley, containing a su])erficies of about 2;}(),()0() acres, bounded by the west side of the lake, from the falls to the mouth of the Assuajnuoussoin, near fifteen miles, and by that river forming the base or front, and, as it Avere, the chord of the are described by the hills. " 'IMiis valley ap])ears to be generally an horizontal tract of country which 1 thus deduced, both from the nature of the valley itself and a trigonometrical distance of the hills that form it. Its front on the lake discovers the mixed soils of tlay, loam and sand, tind)ered with elm. i)irch. s))ruce, pine, fir, balsam, ])(^plar. and a superior growth <;f cedar. It is in a manner j)enetratc(l into by tiieiVssna])moussoin. which I ascended l.> the J'ortage de l'enioidr<(.s,\i'. resting on a stratum of white clay, under which is oceasiontdly observed a bed o\' soft blue marie, di})))ing under the edge •■•^i' the water. The timber ])rincipally consists of elm. ash, cedar, fir, iialsam. red spruce, \\hite and red ))ine. yellow birch, and some poplar, or aspin. *' Although, on the eastern bank, these sub-strata of soil prevail more or less, yet the loam ])ossesses a greater ])ro])ortion of sand, and rests in beds of greater depth on the clay. |> « THE SHORES OF LAKE ST. JOHN. '^'W 87 " ^Vbovc the Portage a L'Oiirs, wliicli lies altogctlicr tliroiigli a gnnvth of cypress, small red ])ine, ami Hr, prodiiecd on a lin-lit saiulv soil. the clay l)cins>; at a considerable depth, the land attains. Avith (ew ex- ceptions, this last character, \vith the addition of white birch and as])in, forming the foliage on the banks to the portage of Pemonka, (which means the last pine); spruce, tamarack. -white birch, aspin, and cypress are the prevalent descriptions of trees growing further in the interior. *' 1 should, tlierefore, conceive the greater ])ro])ortion of this valley to be fit for cultivation, especially in the vicinity of the rivers and their tributai-y streams, which dc>))osit, in their progress from the hills, the ma- terials ibr improving and I'ertilizing the soil. '* Xotwithstandin"- the inferioritv that distinguishes the soil of the eastern bank of the i\ssua])moussoin from the western. I believe it pro- bable, from the ])roximity of the INIistassini, that a tract of very culti- vable land mav be foiuul between those two great rivers. "From the mouth of the Mistassini, proceeding round the northern parts of the lake towards Periboka, I obser\ed the character of the country to differ essentially from the southern side: it is low and flat, and its soil chiefly of a sandy nature. The growth of timber consisting of white spruce, white bircli, aspin, and cypress, some red and while pine. " I do not, however, entertain a doubt but that the land improves, penetrating towards the interior, aj)proaching the great chain of moun- tains that arc seen bending their course S. S.-easterly. and which 1 believe to be a continuation of the hills that form the (Jreat \'alley of I^ake St. John. " In j)assing the cluster of islands that are situated along th(> eastern coast, about the mouths of the Ciraudc and Petite Dccliar^c, 1 noticed that the rocks, of which they are com])osed, are strongly impregnated with magnetic iron ore. Near the Petite Ih'eharfi'e (the only ])lace I landed at on that side of the lake). I found a favourable change in liie aspect of the land and timber : the soil, consisting of a yellow loam, in- termixed with some gravel, producing the s])ruce, cedar, balsam, white and black birch, some red and white i)ine. 'riience the laud a])pears ge- Jicrally arable to the post of Metabetshuan. v:?'! "M «!;: 1 288 LOWER CANADA. H V I " Tlio river Kusli])aliii>anisli, Avliidi 1 ascended for the distance of about seven miles, ])reseiits in its alluvial banks a soil composed of clayey loam. AN'lien lliey rise to any elevation, the clay lies beneath a bed of liirhter loam and the A'e<>etable mould. The former are clothed with elm, ash, black birch, basswood. alder and fir: on the latter, the prin- cipal tind)er is white ])ine, some red ]iine, spruce, fir, ■white birch, cedar and tamarack. ]'enetratin (J des Aiilncs lies aloDj;- a ridj^e td tlic soiitlnvard, of niodcrati' liciolit, which, receding from the river, loses itself in the more prominent hills that form the sonthern horders of Lac ^'ert ; to the north, the banks of the river exliibit an alluvial tnu't, in sonic ])laces of a wet swampy nature; and nearly ))arallel to them, some detached eminences, of no great altitude, rise above the conunon level, and also diverge from the river, in their ap])roach to Lake Tsi- or -Kiiuiagomishish. The former hills form part of the chain which crosses the Kush])ahiganish, and may be traced from the banks of the Belle Uivic're and the mouth of the Assii- apmoussoin. To the foot of this chain, would probably be found to extend the lands ada])ted to cultivation, end)racing part of the IJelle Riviere and Uiviere des Aulnes as a front, which would give, as eneral direction with the conrse of the Saguenay. ^Vbont five miles beh)w Chicoutimi, the river assumes tliat boUhiess of character whicli it ))rcserves to its discharge into the St. Lawrence, its rocky banks rising abiuptly in barren hills, thinly clad with fir, spruce, birch, and cy])ress. The rocks composing the hills on the north shore are, in some ])laces, strongly impregnated with tnagnetic iron ore, which produces such fre(juent aberrations in the compass as to render its use extremely de- ceptive. 'i'he IJay des Has I is (>() miles above the mouth of the Saguenay. " This bay," says Mr. IJouchette, " appears to have been formed by natin-e, as the ])rincipal scat of the trade and connnerce of all this portion of country. 1st. On account of the vast tracts of arable land that sur- round it, and extend to Lake Kinuagami and Chicoutimi. 2d. On account of its harbour, capable of attbrding siielter to the largest ships of the line, that can sail directly into the bay with the same wind that brought them up the river, and anchor in the second bay, which is formed into something like a basin, offering u|)ou its shores, a fit site for the establishment of an extensive mart of trade. ;jd. Because of the facility that is offered of opening a road to Chicoutimi, or direct to the head of Kinuagami ; l)esides the practicability of opening a Avater conununication with the lake, to avoid the intricate and circuitous route by Chicoutimi ri\er. '• It is protected by Cap ;i L'Kst, and the other prominent hills that form its entrance; the former, rising boldly in broken cliffs to an elevation of about 'AH) feet, couunands a view of 12 or i:J ])romon- tories down the river, and guards the entrance to the upper parts of tlie Saguenay." The ))ost of Tadoussac is situated at the mouth of the Saguenay, in latitude about 48" 5' 'i')' north, longitude ()9'' 137 west. Its harbour is formed by a peninsula called LTslet. which separates it, on the south-west, from the Saguenay, its breadth being about a third of a mile across, and its horizontal depth near half a mile. At low water, which is twenty-one feet perpendicular below tiie flood level, shoals, on which are extensive fisheries, are uncovered to a considerable distance, that materially contract SACTKNAY— TADOUSSAC— LATITIDKS, .^c. 291 its dimensions. It is liowcver secure, and slicltcred hy the surroiindinn hills from most winds prevalent on the St. Lawrence ; but ^ales i'rom the soutliAvard may affect vessels at Hood tide, AN'hite Island and IJatture aiix Allouettes shelterinj«- them from the force of the stream at ebb tide. Tlie entrance of the channel to tlie liJirbour of Tadoussae, or the Sagnenay, is very intricate, ])articularly at ebb tide, for vessels de- scending* the St. I^awrence. These must come almost abreast o' the Green Island light-house, and tlien pass to the north of White island, which is the extreme end of the liatture aux Allouettes, and clear the slioal on the o])posite side of the channel. It is far less diflicult for vessels coming from below. Tlie land about Tadoussae is of very inferior (juality, its soil is sandy, and the hills arc barren and rockv. There is, however, a valuable tract of excellent land, from Point aux .\llouettcs, embracing I'oint aux liouleaux, to the Iliviere aux Canards Table of the TAififiidcs and fariatioun of tlic Compafis ohftcrvcd hij M. IJor- ciiF.TTK, the Depiitj/Siirrei/or-Geueral, in his route on the Kxjdoriniy Survey throuii'h the Inferior Count n/J'roin the St. Mauriee to 'I\idoNfiderial 1 4)i r.i ].-) k; ;{2 ^\■ time by previous ('(jual altitudes. 4i» 00 l(t }! ;^o OW 4H 2) ;io I.'-) m W Attraction east abonl 7" 4!t 1(5 :a 15 50 1 w \l\ 2.-. 10 1(5 00 (t .\ttraetion about 4' W 48 2a 00 1(5 15 (t P.-irtiiil attraction. 4H 21 4;j 1(5 10 40 .') .'ir. k; 2;? .SO 4« 47 ."'O 1 2<)2 LOWUU CANADA. ,i As early as l.'j^S*, an CN])e(liti()ii was fitted out from Quebec, under the coiuiiiand of Monsieur de Itoherval, to ex])lore tlie river Saguenay ; but the ultimate issue of the survev is involved in obseuritv, nothinc further beiuy' recorded on the subject, than the loss of one of the vessels t)r barks ened in tiiat service, to<;ether with eight men. In 1.^})!), Sieiir de Chauvin. by the desire of Sieur de I'ont (irave. n)ade a futile attempt to settle on the Saguenay, and died at Tadoussac in his subse- quent endeavours to realize his object I. This part of the country appears, thenceforward, to have been deemed interesting on account of its fur trade only, and in couseciueuce. we find the exclusive right of trading Avith its natives put uj) to public sale, and adjudged to Sieur Demaiix in KJ.jS. The limits, within which this right was to be exercised, a])])ear to iiave remained undefined, and a source of diiliculties until ITli.'J, when thev were described as commencing at the lower end of the Kboulemens. opposite the north-west extremity of Isle aux Coudres. and extending to Cape Cc^rmorant. a distance of about SO leagues, the St. J^awrence being the boundary in front, and t'e Hudson's Hay territory in the rear, :i M'i ill NOUril SIDE o/ c//r St. LAWREN'CE.— Jj. III. Territor,!/ ,;tsl o/ f/ie SXGVl]- \AV, to the /jouncldii/ of th.- I'rochicc. The last section of the province, north of the St. Lawrence, remaining to be noticed, is that which extends eastwardlv from the Saguenav river, as far as Ance au Sablon. on the Labrador coast, from whence a line drawn due north to the .Vid parallel of north latitude, forms the eastern limits of Lower Canada in that (juarter. This section occupies a front of about (jiio miles on the river St. r^awrenee and the gulf, following the curvatures of the coast, which beyond I'ointe des Monts, sweeps sud- denlv round in a deep seiiinent, and imlK)soms the island of Anticosti. The knowledge we possess of this tract of territory is, in a great measure, confined to the coasts, which have been from time to time ex])lored by individuals connected with the fur trade or the fisheries. IJelow the Saguenav, the juoimtainous boldness of the north shore gra- dually subsides in approaching the Hergeronnes, and sinks to a moderate * Piiikerton, j). 077- I Chamiiliiiii, cliini. vi. COrNTRY EAST OF TIIK SAGIK NAY— POinXR IT. 'J}):] elevation at Portneuf, a trading port cstablislnd witliin tlic ^rant of Mille Vadies, and situated about 40 miles below tbe Sauuenav. The mountains below tins river recede to the distance of 1- or 5 leagues from the inunediate borders of the St. Lawrence, leaving a tract of gradual ascciit at tiieir base, which was at first su])])oscd to be cultivable. fron> its exhibiting a rich vegetable border: l)Ut it was found U])on pene- trating into the interit)r that it consisted of a deej) swamp, covered with moss to the depth of nearly ,'j feet, and could therefore present no agricultural attractions. East of Portneuf, the shores continue for some miles to preserve a moderate and regular elevation, and in various parts, offer to the eye white cliffs of sand, chcMjuered by tufts of evergreen. Descending towards Pointe des Monts, the altitude of the banks becomes greater, and the characteristic boldness of the north shore is again resumed; but here the mountains to tlu* southward do not yield in height or continuity to those rising to the north, and both shores of the gulf are conspicuously remarkable for their lofty, frowning, and for- bidding asj)ect. The chief rivers discharging themselves in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence between the Saguenay and ^Vnce Sablon, are tlse (irande and Petite liergeronnes, the Portneuf, Missisitjuinak, lietsia- mites, liustard, Manicougan, Ichimanipistick or Seven Islands, St, John, St. Austin's and Esquimaux. Xone of these rivers have been explored to any extent ; and the interior of the country remains as yet the undis- puted haunt of the prowling wolf and savage bear. It has, however, been traversed in various directions, by Escpiimaux and Indians of other tribes, in the pursuit of the martin, the otter, and the beaver ; but few facts of much im])ortance have been gleaned from their narratives ; and although it is probable, from the geographical situation of the country, and its unpromising ap]>earance, that it is unfit for the purposes of settlement, it were still very desirable and satisfactory that a more accurate know- ledge of its locality existed. The possibility of its leading to the discovery of minerals and mines, that might eventually |)rovc of great advantage to the trade of the province, is by no means visionary, as frag- ments of coal were found in several rivers of that section of territory, by individuals connected with the Indian trade of Labrador. '' .1 w m h 294 LOWKR CANADA. . t As far as our information of the faci' of the country goes, as derived from the natives, it may be described as consisting of rocky dill's, and rugged hills of no very considerable elevation, variously dispersed over barren plains or thick forests, studded with crooked and stunted ))ine.s, birch, firs and cedar. The valleys arc generally coated with a thick moss, which usually extends beneath the woods, and is fre(|uently overgrown with a variety of .small shrubs. some of which bear (|uantities of berries; and the country is che(juered with small lakes, that are sometimes formed by the melting of snow, and the accumulations of rain Avater. There arc no roads along the coast ; and the only settlement of any conscq\ienco to be met with \i])on it, is that of I'ortneuf, which is com- posed of a cha])cl, ',i o\. 4 dwelling houses (the most conspicuous of the.sc being the agcnVr: hou.se), and several stores. After traversing the gulf, and dwelling for some time upon the grand but gloomy range of promi- nent hills that bound the shores of the Uiver St. liawrence, the eye is agreeably relieved by the as])ect of this .solitary and ])ictures(|uc little settlement, wholly uncoimected with the civilized wt)rld excepting by water communication. It is one of the trading marts of the King's Posts Company, and has been many years established. Below it, at considerable intermediate distances, arc the trading j)osts at I^cs Isles Jtrc'niie. the Seven Islands and Mingan. At Pointc des Monts, at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, is stationed the light-house mentioned in a previous clia])ter describing the St. liawrence. Along the coasts of Labrador, extensive fisheries are carried on that contribute to the su))plies of the markets of the province, and also to the exports of fish and oil from Quebec. Tiic fisheries of the Gulf are ex- tremely productive, and it is the policy of the colonics to encourage them, as one of the exh lustless feeders of the trade of the coimtry. Their importance has been sensibly felt, especially at Halifax, Avhere an asso- ciation exists for the avowed ])urpose of ])rotecting and encouraging tne fisheries on the coasts of liabrador, the banks of Newfoundland, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and the Assembly of Nova Scotia, in 1H25, voted a sum of 1500/. to be expended in bounties on vessels, that should ])ass the e(|uator, engaged in the whale fishery. Almost the Avhole of this vast section of coimtry, together with a 130L'M)A1UES OF THE KING'S POSTS. '-\9.3 c'oiisidcrahlo portion of that lyin<^ west of the Safrucnay, is styled the Dumaine, and eonipriscd under a lease from the erown, orantinj^ to a company by the denomination of the Kinn's I'osts' Company, tiie exelu- sive ])rivilege of bartering', lumtin^f, and Hshinnr within the limits assigiied to sueh domain, or what was originally called in the ordonnanees of the time L(i Trailc de Tadoiistiac. At an early period after the formation of l-'reneh settlements in various parts of Canada, the t\vc-i>ii the laiuls <>(' tlir donuiin and tlu> liuntin^ tiriitorv of Three Rivers, and of tiie Jtiver (hi Lievre. Within these limits are inchided the posts of Tadoiissae, Malhaye, HonK OF TIIK ST. LAWIIKXCK j$ l.—Coiitiln/7.-i.'' their risi*. as well as several of their branches, on the eonlines of tlie State of Xew \'ork. Numerous other rivers and streams of inferior maunitude, with an inmunerable class of tributary waters, also contribute to fertilize the soil, and are very useful to the farmers for various pur- poses of rural ecttnomy. I'lu' chief lakes are Memphramai;()<;' (which lies ])artly within om* territory and partly within the dominions of the States), Scaswaninipus and Tomefobi. Lakes St. Francis, Nicolet, Pitt. William, and Trout, touether with a number of others of inferior note, Of the rivers, the Richelieu is the only one naviy-able for ste tin- boats, the minor class of those vessels beinjj; able to ascend from Sorel to the b;'si!» at Chand^ly, provided, however, their drauffht of water do not exceed foiu' feet, and even then there is a cessation of this description of navi<>ation durin<; the low waters about midsunnner. The Chateauj^uay is navi«;able for a considerable distance above its confluence, for l)atteaux, the smaller sort of keel bouts, and canoes. Large ([uantities of timber, from (.iodmanchester and Heauharnois. were fornierly conveyed in rafts down this river, but the trade of tins article has nnich diminished since * See Tojioyrap/iical Dictiomiiy (if liOwer Citiiadu for ii fiirtlior account oftliusc rivers. .1 Pi '< lit s.e» ^^. J W I \k m ^ 14 . i m I, ^ W- N 1 HJ '^ ^«H^i^^^ ii^i ':•;^*'^f^ ■vyx % \k 'IV?*,: ■^/^'ir*^' I b.:#^. # t^ .•^,v sis- .v.i'' ;^i8» • ■ ' ct u I'Ai.i.s ov CHAT 1)1 i:i{ !•: '-M)f) the settlements Imve iiu'rciiscd, and it is now eoniparatively iusionificant. Salmon river is navi<;al)le for boats to Freneii mills, within the Ame- riean line. It was np this river that the American t'oree, under (iciieral Wilkinson, retreated after the hatt'e of Chrvstlers Farm, on tin- Jljfh of Nov. iSl.'i. The Nieolet Hoats hatteanx, at all seasons, to some distanee beyond the village, and nuieh intercourse is in conseciuenee kept up by the river with the town of Three Rivers, on the op])osite shore of the St. I Ah th the- Nieolet b id iawrence. Ahove the \ niai;i', tlic- .Nicole through both its branches to its sources, ])rescntinii," nevertheless fre([uent intervals of gentle current, which may b(> prai'tised by small Hat boats and canoes. The Heeancour is a beautiful river, and. like the Nieolet. is navi- gable a few miles u]) for batteaux. beyond which it may be ascended to a remote distance by canoes in making a few ])t)rtages, the longest of which, called the (Jrand I'ortage, is one league, avoiding the (ireat Falls in front of the townshij) of IJlandford. This part of the river is remarkably pic- tures(pie, and the cascade scarcely yields in magnitude or b(>auty to the Falls of the river Chaudiere, the scenery of which is so nuu-h. and so justly, celebrated for its wild magnificence and romantic attractions. The "S'amaska -vinds through a fertile country for u])wards of <)() miles. Its medimn breadth is about K)() yards, and its inland navigation of some importance, though confined to batteaux and rafts that can ascend several leagues above its discharge, at the head of I^ake St, I'eter. The navigation of the Chaudiere is obstructed .it its entrance by ra])ids, and the impe- diments increase further up the river to the l"'alls. about four miles from its estuary. Narrowed by salient points extending from each side, the precipice over which the waters rush is scarcely more than \'M) yards in breadth, and the height from w hich the water descends is about as many feet. Huge masses of rock, rising above the surface of the current just at the break of the fall, divide the stream into three portions, forming j)artial cataracts, that unite liefore they reach the basin which receives them below. The continual action of the water has worn the rock into deep excavations, which give a globular figure to the revolving bodies of brilliant white foam, and greatly increase the beautiful efl'ect of the fall. The spray thrown uj), being quickly spread by the wind, jM-oduces a a 2 M: m I': m , found to ])ossess considerable interest, whether we view their advanced and iiourishing condition, or their advantageous geogra])hical ])osition, enjoying a climate somewhat milder than the seigniories on the St. l^awrence below liake St. I'eter, and situated on a direct connnunication with Boston, in the l.'^nited States, by the Kennebec road, which was effectually completed last autunni (1S;.{()), and is already much frequented. Hy this imjiortant route tiie distance from Quebec to Hoston is essentially abridged, and the markets of the capital consequently thrown more easily open to American ])ro- duce. Through this route, large im])ortations of live stock are nuide into this province, and the internal trade being otherwise g'eat and increasing, a custom-house oilicer was appointed at St. Mary's, which is the largest and nuist Hourishing village on the Chaudiere. The general character of the land in the seigniories of St. Mary, St. ,Iosej)h, \'audreuil, and Au- bert Ciailion, is hilly and broken, but the soil is excellent in the aggre- gate, and very fertile, although light, ai.d in some parts stony. The road ah)ng the Chaudiere, iq)on the borders of which are the most iin])rove(l and oldest .settlements, is remarkably good, and j)r'' .eiits various j)oints of view extremely beautiful and ])ictures(jue. At the mouth of the Chamliere, the banks of the St. Lawrence still retain the characteristic boldness, for which thev are remarkable at Quebec iU 5J^ '5()'i LOWER CANADA. g 2) ^:3j and I'oint Levy; hut proceeding- westward, they gradually suhside to a moderate elevation, till they sink into the flats of liaie du Fehvre, and form the marshy shores of Lake St. Peter. Hetweeii the St. Francis and the Chaudierc, the soil and settlements of the seigniories are of various degrees of excellence and prosperity. There arc, generally speaking, unich larger ))ortion^ of them yet covered with invptivious forests, than mulergoing the operations of tillage ; hut such as are now under ))rocess of improvement, yield abundant harvests of every description of grain ; and, from the ])revaiiing depth of the soil, would not be unfit for the growth of hem]). Flax is already raised in small ([uantities for the use of doui'vstic maiuifactures. A number of the villages are peculiarly well builf anil prettily situated on tiie river's banks, at intervals of ',i or 4 leagues, a bright tin-spired church, invar-ubly figm-ing a pleasing and '.'onspicuous object in the landsca])e of a Canadian village. The villages more wortiiy of note are those of I)e I^otbiniere. liecancour, St. Cregoire, Xicolet, St. Antoine, and St. Francis. At Xicolet, a college was long since established by the late catholic bishop of Quebec, Monseigneur Plessis, which holds the third rank in the province among institutions of a similar nature. It has of late years been placed under the management of the royal institution, but continues under the immediate direction and tutorage of the catholic clergy, though with some modifications. The foundations of a new ct)llege were laid a few years ago, to the eastward of the existing one, exceeding by far the dimensions of the present building ; but from the magnitude of its scale, its completion is likely to take up several years. Such an institution, in the lieart of the province, cannot be too highly appreciated, and must spread its bene- ficial influence broadly, and disseminate through an extensive district, the advantages of education. The rich and luxuriant plain, lying between the Yamaska and the St. Lawrence, and traversed centrally by the Richelieu, completes the circuit of French grants, described as confining the eastern townships. Of this tract, the only lands held in free and common soccage, are those of the townships of Hinchinbrooke, Hemmingford, and Godmanchester, ■:, I I SN I, 1 {l ■ )'■ .it: I I m ■11^ M J :*: 'ii ii .^ Ml.. WJ ill !.i M f 'm. ' * ,^U, -J CIIAMHLY, LA PUAIIUi:, Jkc. SOi most of tlie lands of Sherrlnoton, bchify held en roture by cctmitairi's of La Salle. Tlic exiiherance of ^lie crops raised in this fertile traet of country, justifies the a|)))ellation it hears as the grajKiry of Lower Canada; since it not only afl'ords subsistence to a dense and lar<;i' population, but is the |)rincii);d source whence the cxjmrt Avheat is derived for the Hritish markets. The most prevalent (piality of soil, is a deep ricli mould, consisting- chieHy of day, in some ])1aces combined witli a black earth and marl. The lighter soil is ; the St. Lawrence. If any dej^rees of fertility, can properly be distinguished in one section of this valuable tract, over anoti:-.r, the seigniories in the vicinity of the basin at Cluunbly, seem entitled to the superiority : such are Chambly. IJlairiindie, and Longueuil, that enjoy a climate several degrees uiilder than the seigniories on the St. Lawrence . and even sensibly milder than the fruitful country lying below then), on the Hichelieu river. The main roads, following the banks of the .several rivers, are very good in iicneral ; but the stage routes from St. .lohn's, through Ulairtindie. to La I'rairie, or by Chambly to Longueuil, are exceedingly bad, and tlu' latter in particular, when traversing the swam - between the villaucs of St. .Joseph and Longueuil. \\\ these two roads is kejit up the conununica- tion with the I'nited States, the intercourse with which is carried on, without cessation, at all seasons, rendering Chanddy, lilairtindie, and La Prairie, great thoroughfares; and largely contributing to the encou- ragement of trade and business, and a conse(pient increase of the settle- ment and po])ulation of those ])laces. and others situated on that route. The village of I^a Prairie on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, about 8 miles from the city of Montreal, has the advantage of anv other village of the province, as regards the extent of its trade and population. The streets are more defined, the buildings more contiguous, and not unfre- (|uently two stories high, and many of them covered in tin ; tradesmen of e\ery order, mechanics and shopkee])ers, are to be seen in everv direc- tion, and much activity appears to prevail every where. The constant arrival and departure of steam boats and stages, contribute to enliven the place, and i)roduce an almost ceaseless bustle and noveltv of scene, occa- «'!; wa H €'. .'i()4 I.OWKU (AN A DA. aix sionc'd l)y tlio i'()iniu<;' iiiid j^'oiiifj; of striiiit^ors, from tlic States, or from (aiiiidii. 'i'lu' villii}4;c' of St. .Tost-pli is infi'rior to I^ii I'rairic in extent, hut its locality is probably superior, situate as it is on the broad and beautiful basin of C'liambly, at the head of whieli the impetuous stream of the river St. .lohu's makes a last and violent struf^^le to leave its eontraeted bed. and dilatiiij;' at the foot of the rajjids, into an expansive reservoir. Hows afterwards in a <;entle current. throu<;li an unbroken channel, to its junction with the St. l-awrence at Sorel. I'^pon the rapids aboxc the basin are situated the lari'e corn-mills built by the late Hon. C'oloni'l di' Salabery and Sain\iel Hat, Ks(|., the respei-tive seiu;neurs of \'>'est and Kast C'liambly. The excellence of these iiiills, 7 iu number, and workino- a total lunnber of ' J !• sets of mill-stones, has induced the inhabitants of remote parts of the surround'no- country, to briny; their wheat thither \ early for <;rindin!.r. llelow Cluunbly basin, the slu<>'i;islmess of the stream j)recludes the i)ossil) lity. with any ])rosj)ect of advantaucherville. are seen soaring inajestically above the eonnnon level. the uionarehs i»f the vale. I'he Table IJock. at the sunnnit of the cone, or Vin (Jc Sucre of Uouville mountain, has bixii established to be 1.1 00 fiet above tin* knol of the river. Its acces-^ is extremely tedious and ditbeult: but non«' will look back to their fatigui's with regKt. when tluy behold fr>)iM its exalted pinimacle, the niiost encbanting ])anoramie rit p#' X ^f \^^hi M O^'l mt$ ..j Nil' >N WtW' 1- i BraU.n '4 Wt [1 B. III MILI.IAM lir.NHY, OR SOIir.l.. /)().') I :• view, and tin- most I'Mt'nsivc scope of cnuMtrv, tli.ii iiin ho onihriucil at t)nce from any spot in Lower Canada. Hematli the spectator, lies tlie ma^nifieeiit valley from wliidi the mountain rise e.i' winding anddst its numerous beauties, lie can trace the Hicls it u from its oulkt from Lake Champlain, to its eonlluenee with the Si. Lawrence, which is also discovered at various ])oints, till its surface is distinctly disclosed opposite Montreal. The city a>»d mountain of Montreal arc very clearly seen t(» the westward. 'Vo the eastward, the prosjjcct is partially intercepted hy one of the hills fornnn/^ the^'roup collectively called the liouville moun- tain. With till' aid of a telescope, the town of Tlirei' Hivers ean he descried, in clear Wvinivi to the N.J''., and to the southwar])ulation is about 1;300 souls. ]}efore the town, the bank of the Kiehelieu is from ten to twelve feet high, having near the point two or three wharfs ; the river is here 250 yards broatl, with from two and a half to five and a half fathoms of water. On the ojjposite shore there arc convenient places for building vessels, and 11 R -m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /, *^. '.y m^ i< Cfj. & ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 if 1^ i|2.0 M 2.2 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V <^ /i '» *,: ,>> Photographic Sciences Corporation V m .^^ ^^ :\ \ ^9) V O^ rv« '<> ^^. 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4tj 30G LOWER CANADA. IM some of large tonnage have been constructed there ; but hitterly this branch of trade has not been so nuich attended to here as it used to be, notwitlistanding the accommodations for carrying it on, woukl induce a belief that great encouragement would be given to it. A small distance fi'om a little rivulet to the southward of the place is a blockhouse and an hospital, and a little further on a neat cottage or lodge, with out-houses, gardens, Ike. called the Government-house, serving as an occasional re- sidence for the Governor in summer, and sometimes for the commanding officer of the troops stationed here, usually one or two companies of in- fantry. The present town of Sorel was begun about the year 1785, when some loyalists and disbanded soldiers settled there ; and it still continues to be the residence of many old military servants of the crown. Some trade is carried on here, but not so much as might be supposed its situation at the junction of two navigable rivers would command : the timber trade, the export of grain from this part of the country, and tlie inter- change between the American, states, might be extended to a considerable amount, and apparently with many ad\ antages. The seigniories of Sault St. Louis, La Salle, Chateauguay, and Beauharnois, and the townships of Sherrington, Hemmingford, Hin- chinbrooke, and Godmanchester, together with the Indian lands, occupy the westernmost angle of the province on 'die southern shores of the St. Lawrence, and form a tract in no respect inferior to the fertile country of which we have just spoken, enjoying a climate equally mild and salubrious, a soil rich and excellent in the aggregate, whilst the land, which is abundantly watered, rises in general from the front in gradual swells, clothed with hard timber, to the province line, bounding that tract in the rear. These seigniories are remarkably well settled and, excepting Beauharnois, have by far the greater proportion of their lands improved upon : the great superficial extent of Beauharnois is likely to leave it open for some years longer, to the reception of new settlers. The village of Beauharnois, on the shores of Lake St. Louis, consists of about 40 houses, one third of which are stone, and many two stories high. It is well situated, and offers a convenient stopping- place for the steam-boat plying between the cascades and I^a Chine, which takes in here its daily supply of wood. iHlii m ROADS— EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 307 The townships of HemmingfordjHinchinbrooke, and GodmanchestcT, after having, for many years, been left to the despoihng ocenpation of unauthorized settlers, were placed under the superintendency of a vigihuit and zealous agent *, under whom the settlements have grown into strengtli, prosperity, and consequence ; whilst the judicious plan of go- vernment location proved the means of effectively providing for a nu- merous class of industrious emigrants and others, who are now reaping the fruit of tlie bounties of the crown. Hemmingford IVIountain, otherwise called Covey's Hill, in the township of Hemmingford, lias about tlie same perpendicular elc ntion as the Rouville Cone, and commands also an extensive horizon, in which are distinctly discovered the INIontreal JNIountain, the Pinnacle and Mansfield ISIountains, and several other prominent features of the country. Its northern ascent, though some- what abrupt, is rendered easy by the windings of the path, which is the only avenue traced to its summit. Resuming tlie subject of the eastern townships, it will be found that, in the tract of country known by that name, 98 whole townships and parts of townships have been at different times laid out and subdivided by actual survey, and that about ten more remain to be admeasured and erected by letters patent, to complete the internal division of the tract. Very few, if any, of the townships thus surveyed, can be said to be wholly destitute of settlers, although by far the greater number present but unconnected and partial settlements thinly scattered over the country. The townships most settled are Ascot, Eaton, Compton, Hatley, Stans- stead, Barnston, Barford, Potton, Sutton, Dunham, Stanbridge, Farnham, Brome, Bolton, Orford, Stukeley, and Shefford, which form the mass of townships on the frontier of the province, about Lake INIemphremagog and the forks of the St. Francis. On Craig's Road the townships of Ireland, Leeds, and Inverness are the most populous and improved ; and on the St. Francis, Shipton, INIelbourne, Wickham, Grantham, and Upton. The main and, indeed, the only rouds leading from the heart of these townships to the older settlements, are Craig's Road, which, from its intcr- II. i: 1!, I:' Mi;., i m * ]Mr. Bowron. II n 2 308 LOWEU CANADA. section of tlie St. Francis at Sliipton, is open to the settlements of St. Giles ; the East and ^^'est River lloads of the St. Francis, leading from Sherbrooke to the IJaie St. Antoine, on Lake St. Peter; and the road throngh Hatley, Stanstead, I'otton, Sutton, St. Annand, Dunham, and Stanbridge to the settlements of the llichelieu lliver. IJy this latter road, are opened several avenues into the state of Vermont, witlnvhich a constant intercourse is kept up. Same parts of Craig's lload are almost impassable, owing to swamps and windfalls, and particularly so between the settle- ments of l.,ecds and those of Slupton. Of the roads along the St. Francis, that on the eastern bank is the best and most generally used in summer, the other is practised preferably in winter. The worst section of the summer road lies between the seigniory of Courval and the house of a farmer, by the name of Spicer, a distance of six miles. Of this distance, four miles are called the Sacainu', which during the wet season is dan- gerous and frequently impracticable. The bogs in the southern quarter of Simj)son are also very bad for about half a league, but they are not of a shaking nature, from the firnniess of the substratum. The road through Potton and Sutton is very rugged, broken, and otherwise bad. The minor public roads connecting the settlements of the townships circum- jacent to Ascot are munerous and, generally speaking, much better, as having the advantage of receiving more frequent repairs from the sei^^lers, to be found in greater numbers on their borders, this quarter of the tract being more closely inhabited. Jjabouring under the weighty disadvantage of the want of good and convenient roads communicating with the principal market-towns of ir.e province, the prosperity of the eastern townshi})s can only be attr'.buted to the enter])rise, industry, and perseverance of the inhabitants, who, considering merely the mildness of the climate, the advantages of the soil, and the locality, boldly entered the wilderness originally, and have now the gratification of seeing around them, corn-fields of um-ivalled luxuriance, thriving fa'-'^s, and flourishing villages. The town of Sher- brooke contains about Iwellmg-houses ; it occupies a high position on both banks of the lliver jNIagog, at the forks of the St. Francis, and its settlements are connected by a bridge ; the old court-house aiul jail are on the Ascot side. As the seat of jurisdiction of the district of f SHERBROOKE— BELVIDERE— STANSTEAD. oO[) St. Francis, it is a place of general resort; besides bcino-, as it were, the emporium of the township trade, or rather (as the head of the present na- vigation of the St. Francis), the place of transit through which the chief part of the township produce is conveyed to the market-towns, or else- where. The chief articles of trade are grain, pot and pearl ashes, and likewise horses, horned cattle, sheep, and other live stock. At some distance from Sherbrooke, remarkably well situated, is Belvedere, the residence of the Honourable ^Y. IJ. Felton, the proprietor of large tracts of land in Ascot and other townships, and the original promoter of the settlements of that section of the province. The sur- rounding positions command a delightful circuit of scenery, in which nature and art alternately share the homage of our admiration. The bold ridge of Orford and IJolton Mountains, and the high conical hill in Potton, called Owl's Head, from its singular formation, are seen in the hori/on to the west and south-Avest; and in more remote perspective is discovered the conspicuous cone of the Pinnacle IMountain, St. Armand. To the eastward the gay spires and flourishing settlements of P^aton, and to the north of these the Avoodless front of the Bald Mountain, and to the south and south-east thebeautiful and ])icturesquc settlements of Compton, beyond which the majestic highlands of the Connecticut bound the a iew. Stanstead village is the next in the scale of consequence, althougli in point of neatness it takes precedence of Sherbrooke. The buildings are generally more regular and tasty, many of them two stories high, and several are built of brick. The stvle of building throughout the townshi})s, is very different from that followed in the French settle- ments of the province, and borders considerably, if it is not absolutely similar, to the American style, in the adjoining state of Vermont. Indeed, when we come to contrast the system of agriculture, as well as the ])lan of building, pursued in the townships, with those adopted in the seigniories by Canadian farmers, we find a striking dissimilarity, and can easily trace the analogy of appearance that prevails between the township settlements and those of the American frontier. That the American agricultural system has the advantage of the Canadian, is, we believe, generally admitted, and to this the superior produce of the township lands seems to bear abundant testimony. The domestic clean- liness usually to be met with in the houses of the inhabitants is such as ) 'I 1^: I i:'. 310 LOWEK CANADA. . to cluirac'tt'risc t hem for that virtue; ^vllil.st domestic mamifacturcs of every description, introduced in the country, such as homespun cloths and linens, dia|)er, cVc, are evidence of their industry : some of tlu clotlis and linens are of a tissue and texture, not nuich inferior to the connnon descrii)tion of im])orted IJritish cloths and Irish linens. In the otlier townshijjs.wliose names liavc been previously mentioned, a number of pretty vilhiges and handets are dispersed, tliat enliven tlie as])ect of the country, and form, as it Avcre, so many points uhence tiie collective eneroy of the inhabitants, fostered by the aid of society, extends its influence to the surrounding coimtry, and encoin'af A'ermont. This tedious route being ])assed, the village of Frelighsburg is seen de- lightfully situated at tlie base of the St. ^Vrmand's Mountain, in a fair and picturcs(pie valley, the Pinnacle rising boldly behind it to the eastward. It consists of a church and 50 dwelling-houses, about a (juarter of which nmnber is built of brick, tw^o stories high. The village and the mountain end)ellish each other reciprocally ; the ])rospect from the Pinnacle bor- rowing nuicli interest from the gay settlemeiits below it, whilst the village itself is beautifully set off by the lofty hill, that forms a magnificent back-ground to the landscape. From the sunnuit of Pinnacle Mountain one peculiarity, in the s])lendid and comprehensive view it presents, is remarkable in the ])rospcct southward, where the Vermont hills and settlements are traced to their union with the mountains and settlements of J iowcr Canada, with which they are blended, as it were, mulcr the eye of the observer, being merely divided by an imaginary line of latitude that defines the dominion of the respective ])owerH. The several roads toPhillipsburgh, on jMissis(jui 15ay, in St. Armand. are tolerably good, and exhibit a ])leasing variety of landscape as they Avind round the base of lulls, and pass over gentle acclivities. The settle- ments are in a flourishing conditioii, and the country agreeably di- versified by frequent hillocks and rich swells of land. The village is neat and ])leasantly situated upon the eastern shores of the bay. on the public communication between Lower Canada and the United States. .-4 V ._, •^ ■:_' -* ^ £ « ^ «i ■ "■ rj i< , C • ■^ ;V 1.1 -v. ," "A ,■- ■V T "* h art to another exclusively, whilst another section of the same stream is imder the common dominion of both powers. The boundary is also liable to the momentous objection of approaching too near the banks of the St. Lawrence, and even the capital of British North America ; and the sepa- ration, that the American claim evidently tended to effect, between the Canadas and the seaboard provinces, is not only as substantially })roduced by the awarded boundary, but the " -wedge," besides being driven in between New IJrunswick and Lower Canada, is calcidated also to sever the eastern section of the latter province from the western, andthusbecome equally dangerous, as affecting the integrity and safety of the colonies. m',i BOCXDARV— AWAIU) OF Till: K[N(i ()V IIOII.AM). :\]:\ The award of tlii' iimijirc — dictatid, iiodoiiht, h\ asiiuvrr dcsiir (if doiiio impartial justitv to tlu- liij^li ])artic's t'oiuvnu'd — is in fact a comprniiiific ; and \\v a])))ri'lu'n(l that the (|ui\sti()n of ivfcrcncr did not contcniijlatc a decision upon that [)rineipK', hut was confined to the mere declaration of tchat wan the honiiddrif intciidcd ami meant hij the trcatif o/'lTS.'J. It was in thc« spiiit of tliat treaty ahme that the rule of decision was to he sou<>lit for, and not in ahstract theories of equity; although the matter, if decided even upon the latter principles, ])roperly understood, nuist have led to a diflerent determination, from the obvious advantaj^e the award pro- noimced would, if acceded to, give to the American over the Hritish interests. It were idle to enter here into a re])etition of arguments that have been so often urged ami exhausted ; but the justice of the Jh-itish claim, and its ])aramount importance as connected with the ])reservation of the liritish North iVmerican colonies, caimot be too often or too em- phatically enforced; and we vainly endeavour to view the ])ossil)le sur- render of the tract in (jiiestion, to a foreign state, in any other light than that of the first ste]) towards the loss of those fine provinces. Putting aside the assumptions of the vVmerican govermnent. and viewing that tract of country as it now actually stands, forming ])art of the ])rovincc of Lower Canada, we shall consider the Mars Hill high- lands as constituting its bounds to the southward, and describe its geo- gra))hy accordingly. The face of the country, though abounding with extensive valleys and flats, is decidedly hilly ; but it is neither so boldn or so mountainous as the coimtry on the opposite banks of the St. Lawrence. The land generally rises in irregular ridges from the borders of the river, towards the rear, and attains, in general, a considerable elevation at the distance of K), 1.5, and 20 miles from the front, forming at its height the verge of a broad and extended tract of table-land of gentle descent towards the lliver St. John, beyoid which it reascends again, and acquires a superior degree of altitude, towards the sources of the AUegash, merging in the range of highlands that are a continuation of the Connecticut range, stretching eastwardly, and w'inding round the sources of the rivers falling into the Atlantic, and those flowing into the St. Lawrence, and the St. John, in the opposite direction. s s p It I H w V I lijitf " l! \% Mi l.OWKH ( AXADA. Thi^ vast trarl ol' tiriitun is mtv will watrivd by minuToiis i-Imts and laki's, and tlu'ir tril)iitarv uatirs. that ll«»\v tluoii^li the soil in nnilti- raiious niiiiiru-atioiis. Of the rivers, the largest are the St. .lohii and its priiieipal hninehes. the Madawaska, Ktihemin, l)ii Siid, Le Unis (ahraiuh of the I)ii Slid), Ste. Aiiiie. OiU'Ue, l)ii Loilp. the (Jreeii Hiver, Trois IMstolles, Kimoiiski, and tlu'(ireat Mills and Mataiie rivers. The ehief lakes are those of Metapediae, Mitis, Tiiniseoiiata, liOii^' Laki', and the Ka^le Lakes; l)nt othi-rs of infi'rior magnitude are fre(|uent, and these in I'lMural. as well as the laruer lakes, ahoujul with a varietv of exeellent iish. I-'roni the hij;h <;-rounds of lian/on. opposite Cape Diamond, a general and j^radual deelivity eastward is ])ereeptil)le alony; tlu* St. Lawrenee as far as tlie Uiver du Sud, heyoiid whieh the innnediate haidvs of the river are moderatelv elevated for a considerable distanei> down. the hills to theS.W d The Kiver du Sud takes Us soinve in the lulls to the rs. \\ ., iuui w nuiuii;' in a general north-easterly eourse for about IJO miles, throuiih a level, rieh, and iVuitfid phiin, disehar;j;es itself into the St. Lawrence .'J.5 miles below (Quebec. The richness of the harvests in the luxuriant valley it traverses had long ac(juired to it a re])utation as the granary of I^owcr Canada, but it is now supposed to yield in fertility to the lands on the Richelieu river. Its scenery is soft and beautiful in the extreme. 'I'lu- village of St. Thomas stands on the N.W. shore of the Uiver du Sud, near its junction with the St. Lawrence. \'iewed from Chapel Hill, which lies about U miles to the S.AV., it a|)pears to great advantage, a conspicuous object in one of the most enchanting prospects to be seen in the j)rovince. From the insulated altitude of the rock, the spectatiir connnands ii beautiful ])anoramic view of the surrounding cham))aign country, which is in a high state of cultivation, and chequered witb fre(juent farndiouses ami extensive barns, whose dazzling whiteness is agreeably contrasted with tlie rich verdure or niatnrer hue of the field, and the luxuriant foliage of the elm. To the N. and X.K. tlie broad stream of the St. Ijawrence is displayed in all its grandeur, the eye being able from this one point to survey its expanded surface above and below ft)r a total distance of nearly 40 miles. The villages above St. Thomas, and particularly St. JMichel and St. Vallier, are remarkably picturesque, "' f 'i I M. yi ^ 4- ." ''«! J I, ..I •■ STE, ANXE DU SUD. 315 m and tliciv locality peculiarly advantageous, as tlioy are seated on tlio banks of the St. Lawrence, upon some agreeable eminence, and on the borders of an excellent road. At Stc. Anne's, 121 leagues l)elow Quebec, are first to be met with those insulated difls Avhich ciiaracterize the scenery about Kamouraska. They are composed of granite, and generally rise in abrupt slo])es, ])re- senting rugged faces, thinly clad Avitii dwarf trees. The highest of these liills is IMontagne Ste. ^Vmie, which from its towering elevati«)n, not much uidikethat of llouville Mountain, peers above the fine country at its base. The access to its sunnnit is precipitous and craggy, but the toils of the explorer are am))ly rewarded by the varied beauty of the prospect. Like Chapel Hill, near St. Thomas, it rises amidst fertile fields ; but the features of the circumjacent country exhibit rather more of the varieties of hill and dale, swelling into gentle slopes, or occasion- ally springing up into conical hills of the same description as the Ste. Anne's Momitain, though much inferior in altitude. To the eastward the spectator views the ')eautiful village and settlements of l?iver Ouelle, towards the west those of St. Hoch des Annais : to the southward runs a bold but not very high ridge, skirting the most luxuriant fields ; whilst to the northward the St. Lawrence, ever a cons])icuous object in Canadian scenery, is seen ))roudly rolling its broad stream to the ocean, alo!ig the base of the stu])endous range of mountains on the o])])osite shore. At the eastern base of the mountain, very agreeably situated u))on an eminence, are the small village of Ste. Anne's, the parish church, the parsonage-house, and a large stone college, .'3 stories high, occupying an elevated, romantic, and very salubrious spot. 1<) the zeal of the Hev. Mcssire Painchaud, the curate of the parish, in ])romoting the benefits of education, is entirely due the foundation of this interesting institution ; and the liberal principles by which it is to be governed are in accordance with the enlightened spirit of the age, and such as to extend its advan- tajres to the youth of all denominations *. The populousness of the seigniories upon the southern bank of the m m * \"u\c Tnpogrnphiail Dictlonari/, " Ste. Annfi." .s s 2 I I 316 LOWER CANADA. vSt. Lawrence, lielow Point I^evi, had for some years pointed out the necessity of such a college; but some want of unanimity relative to the spot most eligible for its construction, — wliether it should be Ivamou- raska, Kiver Quelle, or Ste. Anne, — and a deficiency of funds, retarded the execution of the project, until the vigorous measures pursued by ^Nlessire Painchaud led to the judicious selection of tlie beautiful site the college now occu])ies, and to its immediate construction subsequently. Tlie ])arishes on the borders of the St. Lawrence, below Ste. Anne's, are lliver Ouelle, Kamouraska, St. Andrew's, River du I^oiip, Cacona, Isle A'crte, Kimouski, aiul ^Matane. Mitis, which intervenes between Kimouski and ]Matane, constitutes no parish of itself, but is attached to the one or the other of these. The parishes above IJic, or from Cacona inclusive, are very po])ulous, the farms in a good state of cultivation, the soil generally excellent in its varieties, and the inhabitants in every respect easy and comfortable. One principal road, running along the river's bank, connects the whole line of flourishing settlements; whilst others, called roiitefi, lead to the interior concessions and parishes, and are intersected by other front roads running parallel to the main road on the St. Lawrence's border. The roads are in general kept in good repair, and the bridges thrown over the rivers and streams are neat and substantial. At River Ouelle and River du Loup, tolls are exacted for the passage of the bridges, which are moderate enough at the latter place, but con- sidered too high at the former. River Ouelle and Kamouraska are the most populous villages below Ste. Anne's; and of these two Kamouraska enjoys a superiority in point of magnitiule as well as situation. Roth villages contain several very neat dwelling-houses, the residences of the principal inhabitants of the res])ective places ; a few shops, and two or three good taverns. At River Ouelle is established at the mouth of the river a very productive porpoise fishery, held by several individuals in shares. Kamouraska, f)0 miles distant from Quebec, is celebrated in the province for the remarkable salubrity of its atmosphere, Avhich enjoys all the invigorating ])i-operties of sea air, arising from the breadth of the St. Lawrence, which is here up- wards of G leagues, and the jierfect sea salt of the waters. Kamom-aska is now the chief watering-])lace in Lower Canada ; and, as such, is the resort N'f*'- KAMOURASKA— TEMISCOUATA PORTACilv 317 of numerous visiters, of the first rank and respectability, duriiirr the summer months. The seignior of tliis highly valuable estate, Pashal Tasehe, Kfn\., occupies the manor-house, which is very ])leasantly situated at a short distance cast of the village, near the borders of the St. Lawrence, at the foot of a well wooded ridge that shelters it from X.E. Avinds, and en- hances the beauties of the situation. The seigniory is wholly settled, and indeed th'- redundant population occupies part of the waste lands in its depth. The front, which is gene- rally low, abounds in those rich natural meadows to be met with in some of the parishes above, affording abundant wholesome ))asturage, and enabling the farmer to produce large quantities of butter, nuu'h esteemed for its excellence in the Quebec market. The islands in front, besides embellishing the landscape, are used as the sites of extensive tisheries, the chief of which is that of the herring. Between these islands and the main shore, schooners find a safe strand at low water. East of Kamouraska, the country contimics for some distance singu- larly diversified, by abrupt and insidated hills, whose craggy and almost barren faces are usually contrasted with well cultiAated fields. The clnu-ch of St. Andrew's is first seen from the westward to emerge very ])rettily fron\ behind two of these cliffs. T\\ o leagues below St, Andrew's, Temiscouata portage strikes the main road ; and about a quarter of a mile west of it stands an inn, kept by ISIadame Perron. The land rises here very near the river in a steep ascent to an elevation of from 150 to 200 feet, the road running by the houses at the foot of the bank, although the fields and enclosures are upon the hill, the access to the summit of which is difficult, and subjects the farmers to some incon- venience when driving their cattle to the grazing-grounds. The portage of Temiscouata is 12 leagues long, and traverses the country from the shores of the St. Lawrence to Lake Temiscouata. Throuii'h this conununication lies the mail route to Frederickton, St. John's, and Halifax ; and hence may be formed an opinion of its im- portance, and of the consequent ex])ediency of improving it, to render the intercourse more easy and expeditious between the eastern and the western parts of the British colonies. It was first opened in 1783, but has since undergone, from time to time, considerable repairs; and more uh ii 318 LOWER CANADA. k recently a sum of 500/. was expended in its amelioration, under the direction of commissioners and the immediate superintendence of oNIr. AN'ofle, adjutant h. p. of the (JOth regiment. The road penetrates a wilderness, and is irregular and winding in its course, in order to avoid, as often as practicable, the hills that present themselves on the direct route. There is a good bridge across lliver du Loup, and small bridges over the minor streams, so that waggons may now pass through without interruption. About {) miles from the entrance of the portage, and half a mile aboAo the mouth of the lliver du I^oup, is the saw-mill and extensive timber establishment of Henry Caldwell, Esq., where that branch of Canadian trade is carried on u])on a large scale. The mill is connected with the estuary of the river by a (/aile or aqueduct, through w^hich deals are transported from the mill to the basin, where schooners are laden with them. Se\eral S(piare-riggcd vessels have also taken in cargoes of timber here ; but the oi)cration of loading can only be ])erformed by means of scows or flat boats, the shallowness of the water rendering it ne- cessary that sliips shoiddlie out at a considerable distance, where they are much exposed to the winds, although the anchoring-ground is sufficiently good. The parishes of Cacona, Isle Verte, and Trois Pistolles present them- selves next in order after lliver du Loiqx Their settlements do not extend far beyond the river or front range, which exhibits neat farm- houses, large barns, and extensive enclosures that bear evidence of a good soil and industrious cultivation. After traversing these seigniories, we come to that part of the road called the lliinouski or Nine-league Portage. It is but partially settled, and the rugged aspect of the rocky ridges to the north and south of it render it a gloomy section of the road. These ridges form a valley whose breadth at its western entrance is nearly 2 miles ; but tapering towards its eastern extremity, its width is contracted to not more than 800 yards. It is 27 miles long, and comes out over the bold and broken mountains of liic, wliere it becomes excessively hilly, presents a series of abrupt cliffs and craggy hills, from the aspect of which, the eye is much relieved by dwelling on the mel- knved landscape that offers itself in the well-dispersed settlements of ROADS— MITIS—LARRIVe'S IMILL. 319 Rimouskl. After passing the steep and broken liigli grounds of Bic, tlie baiiks of the St. IjaAvrcnce become of a moderate varying elevation, excepting at Grand Mitis, where they rise abruptly about ^iu. to be seen in great numbers at ebb tide, basking on rocks in all directions. From the deptli and breadth of Mitis Hay, its position and soundings, it will probably be found to offer essential advantages as a roadstead for vessels bound up or down the river, whether to take in a pilot or to discharge one. The o])ening of Kempt Uoad from Grand Mitis tt) Lake Metapediac, and thence to Kistigouche, was an undertaking of great moment to that part of the province ; and at the same time that it will add to the means of com- mimicating with New IJrunswick and Gaspe, it will give an additional impulse to the settlements in the lower section of the district of Quebec. The parish of iSIatane lies about 30 miles below JNIitis, from which it is separated by a total wilderness. The interconrse between both places is ke])t by water only, or sometimes, but with considerable difficulty, by the beach. The banks o( the river are almost imiformly low, and the surface of the country so level, as to offer combined facilities in making a road to connect the settlements. The timber, consisting chiefly of evergreen Avoods, is generally diminutive upon the skirts of the forest ; but, re- ceding from the river, the trees increase in magnitude, and the rising grounds are clothed with a more stnrdy growth of hard woods. The tract of country lying between JNIitis and Matane possesses all the advantages necessary to render it fit for the reception of a large colony of emigrants, and from its situation is peculiarly adapted to that purpose. The soil is sandy towards the front, but it becomes richer in the interior, if the quality of the timber be a faithful indication of the character of the land. The rivers Blanche and Turtigoo and other inferior streams flow MATA>.'E— COUNTRY OX THE ST. .lOIIN.S. sm tlirough it, and diseliarfvc tlienist'lvcs in the St. Tvawroncc. At the mouth of the river lUanehe an ''xcellent mill-site presents itself, and several others are to be met with on the rivers and rivulets by which this tract is so amply watered. The chief settlements of Matanc occupy botli banks of Matane Iliver, and extend about one mile above its mouth. They may be said to cover a superficies not exceeding ()00 acres of cultivated land, and to contain a po])ulation of about .'>()() souls. A wooden church stands a few perches to the east of Mrs. M'Ciibbon's manor-house, and at some di- stance below it is built the seigneurial mill, on a small creek. The settle- ments of JNlatane are but ])artially seen from the river, as they are situated rather inland, and in some mcasiu'c concealed by a siimularlv bluff point or mound that rises abru])t and isolated to the westward of the river's entrance. A sand-bar across the mouth of the river obstructs its navifvation at lo / water, but schooners ascend as far as the manor at high tide, a distance of eight or ten rods : further up are the rapids, which offer a propitious situation for mills, and also contribute to adorn the scenery, which is picturesque and intei'esting. These rapids are statxl by Indians to be the only impediments to the navigation of the river, the course of which is miinterruptcd beyond them. The soil of JNlatane is composed of a thin light bed of sand iipon a rich sub- stratum of marl, which produces excellent crops. There being no regular road along the front of the seigniory, the beach, a beautiful firm sand, is used as the highway at low water, the accumulation of drifted timber above high-water mark, rendering the communication by land im])racti- cable at any other time. A few wretciied habitations are scattered along the beach as far as the eastern extremity of the seigniory, below which arc the settlements of Cape Chat and St. Aime"s. at the respective distances of 27 and 36 miles from Matane. Of the country in the rear of the settlements on the southern shore of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec, much has been said, as offering an extensive field for colonization. The River St. John, flowing from its source to its confluence with the Madawaska, in a course nearly parallel to the St. Lawrence, traverses the tract longitudinally, a distance of about 132 miles, presenting an almost uninterrupted boat navigation the whole T T '^.* 32 oo LOWER CANADA. IIU} .- of this distance, aiul thus f'orniiii"'' a f^-raiid base for the erection of a double ran<'e of townships, for the reception of tlie redundant population of the old Frencli grants, and the extensive emigration that takes ])lace ainnially from the mother country to these provinces. The proximity aiul relative situation of these lauds, with the Hourishing settlements of the St. liawrence. would greatly tend to accelerate the advancement of their settlement, inasmuch as roads of comnnmication migiit very easily beopenedat \arious points between (Quebec and Uiverdu Loup, it being well ascertained that a i'a\()ura])le locality presents itself for this purpose fiom I. Islet, Ste. Anni's, ;ind other places, wlienci' a good road might be constructed across the country to connect the St. Lawrence and the St. .lohiis. besides the route in actual existence, by Temiscouata. Tile settlements of the liei'.s Madawask;i and Temiscouata at the south-eastern extremity ol' the portage have made much progress since IMSi.'j. when .Vlexander Frascr, Es(juire. the chief ])roprietor of these tiefs, first evtablished his i)Iace of residence at tlie \ illage of Kent and Stratheru. on the borders of Lake Temiscouata. The lake is about !2.'j miles in length, \arying in breadth from half a mile to two and a half miles, with a considerable depth of water. Its landscapes are remarkably romantic, bounded a.s it is to the eastward bv a bold shore, rising to the elevation of mountains, the liighest of which are Mounts Lenox and Aubigny. On the slope anc. at the base of the former, large (luantities of excellent lime-stone are found, tliat su))ply the settlements of >Lulawaska, below the lake, with that useful material, which is also to be found m abundance, though inferior in quality. on the western shore, in the vicinity of the settle- ments. There is no doubt that the coiulition of tiie Temiscouata portage, aiul of the post-route U) Frederickton and St. .John's, must in a great measure depend on the progressive advancement of the settlements at the lake, by which the thoroughfare would be increased, the comnnmi- cation famiiiari/ed, aiul the roads kept in better repair. On a stream near the village. Colonel Fraser has erected corn and saw mills that are of great moment to the mhabitants. The lake and the rivers al)ound with a variety of excellent fish, the largest aiul most abundant species being called the Toledo, taken in the river to which it has given its name, and also in various parts of the lake. The settlement at the junction of the \ \> \- w-*'- !>"' VW' I .,«|H, ,.3 tl! I ii» ■n ll'l »> i DISTRK T or fJAS|»i:. 32'.i Miuhiwaskii and tlic St. .Tolin's is liir^vly supplied with it from 'IVinis- I'ouata. wliitliiT tlu- iidiahitants I'onic up to kill it with the lino and hook. Hosidi's tlio scttloiuents that arc scattered ah>nfjf tlie ])orta<;(< and otiii'r parts of the New Hriuiswick connnunication, and those to he found in some of the townsliips, the tract of coinitry in t' ..' rear of the French grants beh)W the Hiver IMiaudiire is an ahsohite wihU-rness. Only a small portion of it has, comparatively speakino-, been admeasured and sululividcd into townships ; and of siu-h townships as have been laid out in whole or in part, namely, Cranbourne, l''rami)t()n, Huckland, Ashford, and Ixworth, the most forward in improvements and population is Frampton, whose settlements are rapidly increasiug, and are now in a very flourishing state: the others have generally a few scattered settle- ments in the front ranges skirting the older grants. i .SOUTH SIDK OF TIIK ST. LAWREXCK. i} III. — DisTiiKTor CiAsi'i;. The district of Gaspr is the only section of Lower Canada of which a general descri])tion remains to be given. The peninsulated tract of country so called lies between the parallels of 47" IH' and 49" 12' north latitude, and between (i4" 12' and ()7" .^.'J' west longitiule. It is boimded by the Hiver St. liawrence to the north, by the (iulf to the cast, south by the IJay of Chaleiu's, and by the district line dividing it from Quebec to the westAvard. It therefore enjoys the advantage of an extensive coast, which, including the shores of the numerous bays that indent it, may be about ,'};>() miles, extending from Cape Chat round to the head of Uistigouche Bay. Its greatest width, from north to south, is about 90 miles. The imperfect knowledge of the natural divisions of this district existing some years antecedently to the present period had led to the belief that it was traversed centrally by a ridge of mountains terminating at Cape Rosier ; but it would appear, upon further and more accurate observation, that the central parts of the peninsula exhibit the aspect of T T 2 '^m n 3'J4 I.ONVUR CANADA. !| I hh (^ ?i , ^ an tU'vati'd valk'V, liavii)ueiie Uiver and the Hay of C'haleurs. In this valley is found a series of lakes, from ^vhenee most of the rivers tl<)\vin^' northward into the St. Lawrenee, and southward into the Hay of C'haleurs, take their sources. The face of the country is, generally speakin^-, uneven ; in some parts it is deeidi-dly mountainous, and the valleys, which are often irre- gular and hroken. are occasionally intersected hy deep ravines; hut the mass of the lands is nevertheless perfectly adapted to agriculture. With the exception of some of the higher hills, that are thinly clad with a di- minutive growth of tindxr, the country is very well wooded, the forests chieHy consisting of maple, beer;— lUVIJlN— I.AKKS-UOADS. .TJ.') gnioriosand Hi'fs; hut tlic townsliips liavc imt yi't bt'on accurately defined, and serve merely to describe situation. Tliere are also tu«) other classes of descriptive names; the one derived from the rivers or havs on which tlillerent settlements have heen I'ormetl, the other from distinctive ap- jullition.s attached to particular places hy the Homan C'atliolii- clerj;y. No part of the district has yet lu-en regularly erected into parishes. The chief rivers hy which the district is watered an- the llisti^ouche, that partly homuls it on the south, the I'scudy, (iounnnit/, (iuailam- gonichoue, Mistoue, and Matapcdiac, which fall into the Histi^oiiche : theCirand and Little Nouvelle. (Jrand and Little t'ascapediac, Claplin. Honaventure, Kast Novel, and I'ort Daniel, that discharffc themselves into the Hay of Chaleurs; (irand and Little I'ahos, Grand and Litth- Kiver, and Mai Hay Hiver, flowing- into the (iulf of St. Lawrence; the Hiver St. .John, and N.K. and S.W. branches, that fall into (Jasj)c Hay. There are numerous lakes in the interior; hut that i)art of the eoimtry bein^:;' only very sui)ertlcially explored, their exact jiosition is not known. It is ascertained, however, that they, as well as the rivers, abound Avith a variety offish, and that salmon, at one ])eriod very ahun- daiit in the rivers, has ince several years become almost extinct. The roads in the district of Ciaspc are few and very bad, and iiulet'd the various settlements would be wholly without the means of inter- connnunication but for htidli' roads — that is, such as may be travelled on liorseback — or the beach, which is in many places used as the hi«>hway. From Hiver Novel to Port Daniel, where the country is most thickly settled, a tolerably good road of that description is opened, that may be travelled part of the way by wheel-carriages. IJeyond Port Daniel the road has been traced and o])ened to Perec, and, although traversing a thinly settled country, is, together with other roads of the district, about being materially imi)roved out of the funds appropriated for that object by the legislature of the province. The road acts * have hitherto been so much disregarded as to create a just degree of dissatisfaction ; and the restriction, on the other hand, of the duties of the (irand \'oyer to certain sections of the district, to the exclusion of others, such as Ciaspe IJay, is V'li 3(5 Geo. III. cli;»i). I) j 4» Geo. III. ciwp. 2o. ry26 LOW Ell CANADA. r ii ' II' a considtM-ablo drawback iii)oii the iinprovcnicnt of its internal commu- nications. The deserted state of the country from Cape Chat round to Gaspc liay has exposinl the victims of sliipwreck, so fretpient ah»n<>- that in- liospitable coast, to the greatest suirerings and distress ; and tlie Gasp(f' commissioners in IS'iO wisely suggested in tlieir report, the ex])ediency of opening roads and establisliing ])ost-houses at ])id)lie ex])ense aUmg that shore of tlie river and gulf of St. Lawrence, by which the unfortu- nate might find some relief. The sum of .jOOO/., including 1 ()()()/. already ap))ro))riated for the ])urpose by the legislature, was considered by them suHicient to accomplish so lunnane an object, on granting the lands on the road to actual settlers as soon as it would be opened. " The roads which would be of the most immediate use are as follow ; that is to say, from Gaspe Riy across the ])eninsula to Grifliirs Cove, on the St. liawrence, about ten miles; from Lake Matapediac to Cirand Mitis, on the St. Lawrence, twenty-four miles*; from the source of the Ilistigouche to the l?iver St. .Tohn, about thirteen miles ; a road from the IJasin of Gasj)i'' to Perce, over inigranted lands, about twenty-four miles ; from I'erce to New Carlisle, over the intervening ungrantcd lands, about twenty-four miles ; from New Carlisle to Carle- ton, about nine miles, over ungranted lands ; from Carleton to llisti- gouche, twelve miles, over ungrantcd lands; from Mitis to Cape Chat, sixty-six miles ; from Cape Chat to Fox river, one hundred and five miles ; and from thence to Griiliu's Cove, about six miles. It is to be observed, that, from Ca])e Chat downwards, there are several places where it would be necessary that the road should pass behind the mountains, and in some places there may be interruptions from ravines and gidlies. These roads it woidd, at first, only be necessary to open in a rough manner; that is to say, about 22 feet wide, 12 feet of which to be clear of im- pediments (which might cost about 10/. per mile, as paid by the com- missioners of internal connnunications in the district of Quebec for work of a similar descrii)tion), leaving them to be hereafter im])roved by • Tliis road has since been properly opciu-d uiitler tlie authority of an act passed by the provincial legislature, and is now one of the most important communications in that quarter. It is called the Kempt Road. n 11 GASPE— SETTLEMENTS— POPULATIOX. 327 the grantees occupying tlie adjacent land, as ])rovided by the act 36t\\ Cieo. III. clia]). })■ Those roads upon which it niiglit be expedient to establish post-houses at an early period might be done with nu)re par- ticular care. A line of posts from that district to Quebec nuist, for the above as well as other manifest reasons, be of essential advantage to tra- vellers, as well from (iaspe and Chaleurs liay, as to tliose arriving from parts beyoiul the sea, who, on making the coast, might find it preferable to proceed by land to Quebec. From CJrand Mitis to Quebec the road is already opened; and for that part of it which is near Mitis, the coinitry is indebted to the public s])irit of ,Iohn INI acnider, Esepiire, of (Quebec, who, at his own private expense, has cut several ])racticable parts of tlie road over ])oints of land between IJimouski and JNlitis, by wliich means the counnunication with the latter ])lace is not only opened, but ma- terially shortened. This road is comiected with that opened from Ri- mouski to Trois Pistoles, in virtue of an act for im])roving the internal comnnmications *," There are three seigniories, INIagnache, I'abos, and (iraiul IJiver, the first and last of which are partially settled, the second not at all. The residue of the lands in the district is held in free ami couuuon soccage. The front ranges of the soccage lands are in several ])laces settled, or in progress of amelioration, aU)ng the whole of the 15ay of Chaleurs, a con- siderable distance westward up the river Uistigouche, and eastward as far as Gaspe : a few settlers have commenced improvements in the second raimes on the IJav of Chaleurs. The ])0])ulation of the district, by tlie census of 1K2.5, was given at about .">()()0 souls; and it may at present be computed, from correct data of increase, at 7,()77. This population is chiefly situated between Point Mackarel and Itistigouche, and on the borders of Ciaspc Hay. There are besides about 400 Indians of the Micmac tribe domiciliated at Kisti- gouche and Cascapediac, who are not included in tlie above statement. The principal and indeed tlie only villages are those of Carlisle • Coinmisisioners' Ki'piirt, 1020. Tin- IldiKmnilik' I\Ir. Jiistico Tasclit'roiiu and Coloiiol ■luchoroiiu Duchcsiiiiy woro the coimnissidiuTs in (|ui'sti(>ii, nnili'i- tlu' riiltli Cioo. III. chap. IJ. Thi- si'cTutary to thi" cnuiniissidii was Huhcrt Christit', I''.s(|uiiv, ami tlic laiul-.survc-yor Joseph Bonchctte, junior, Ksqiiire, 1). S. (r. m m 'i % I J28 LOWl'll CANADA. ¥ : .1 i ami Perec, at each of a\ liicli tliere is a jail and a court-house, where the provincial courts and courts of general sessions of the peace are held. The courts ai*e also held at Carleton and at Douglas Town. The inhabitants of this district, during the earlier period of its settle- ments, chiefly derived their subsistence by fishing and hunting ; but these resources liaving in some measure failed, they have more generally turned their attention to agriculture, and liuve succeeded so well, that they now stand in little need of those supplies they Avere accustomed to import. Their lands yield good harvests of wheat, barley, pease, oats, and potatoes; excellent green crops, such as turnips, carrots, kc; and the meadows produce hay in great abundance. The usual time for sowing is May, and the rcaping-season September. The Canadian breed of cattle is that most generally raised by the farmers, but its condition had for a long time been neglected, in tJie pursuit of other objects foreign to rural economy, and the various species had degenerated. Some enterprising individuals have, however, imported superior kinds from the United States, New Brunswick, and even from Europe, and a stimulus has thus been given that has since produced a very perceptible improvement in the department of stock-farming. " The district abounds with lime, particularly Gaspc Bay, the ncu'th shore of which is from its entrance, including Cape Gaspe upwards, a series of capes and precipices of the best limestone. In the Bay of Cha- leurs it is not so abundant, the coast in tliat part of the district exhibiting a chain of low capes of a red sandy stone, similar to that description of stone called pudding, which by the action of the sea and weather falls and crumbles into fine gravel and sand. At and near Perce, in certain spots, the capes appear to be partly of variegated marble, and are composed of marine petrifactions. In New Carlisle, at the distance of three or four miles from the sea-side, at a small lake, is a bed of shell marl, said to be of a superior kind *." Indubitable indications of coal-mines have been traced in the vicinity of Gaspe Bay, on the shores of which, and at Paspebiac in the Bay of Chaleurs, are found a variety of valuable pebbles, such as cornelian, * Evidence of Robert Christie, Esq. before the committee on the crown lands, Lower Canada. ^ GASPE— CLIMATE— STAPLES. 329 agate, and jasper, susceptible of the highest polish, and rivalling in beauty the precious stones of the same description from India. The climate of Gaspe, although the situation of the district is up- wards of one degree north of Quebec, is not much, if at all, more rigorous than that of the other parts of Lower Canada bordering the St. Lawrence. The thermometer ranges from .'V in winter, to 80 in summer, in tlie shade, the severity of the cold being generally tempered by the waters of the expansive bay, and the heat of summer moderated by a regular sea breeze in the morning and land wind at night. The skies of the bay of Chaleurs are serene, and its atmosphere is pure and clear, the fogs, so prevalent on the coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, being almost unknown in the bay, past the entrance of which they arc seen rolling in dense volumes, but they very rarely impair the bright- ness of the heavens. The staples of the trade of the district are fish, oil, timber and furs ; and of these the two former are by far the most abundant articles of export. Of the fisheries the cod is the most extensive. It commences in ]May, and terminates in October, and is chiefly carried on in open barges of 18 feet keel, manned by two fishermen, who daily put out about 3 or 4 miles from shore to cast their lines. The cod fishery like- wise em])loys small craft that venture out to greater distances than the barges, and fish for several days together on the neighbouring banks. There are about 15 vessels of tliis description belonging to the district managed by a complement of from 6 to 10 men each, thus employed for about 2 months in the summer season. Of the first-mentioned class of fishing boats or barges, there were in 1820, 680 ; but this number is now much augmented. The cod fisheries of Gasp6 employ about 1800 * per- sons of both sexes, of whom about 500 are men who go thither for the season, from the parishes in the neighbourhood and below Quebec. The whole product of the cod fisliory may be estimated at about 50,000 quin- tals of dried, and 10,000 quintals of green fish, with about 20,000 gallons of cod oil, which are exported to Quebec. The herring and salmon fisheries are the next in degree of importance, or at least produce. About 4,000 1 barrels of the former, smoked as well as pickled, are annually shipped to * Commissioners' Report, 1020. t Idem. U U I Mi m 330 LOWER CANADA. if! t'lff^ ': ■! *^ Quebec, and about 2,000 * of the latter, wliich is a considerable diminu- tion upon the produce of former years, attributable to the deficiency of proper regulations, restricting the time of fishing to certain seasons, and otherwise regulating the mode of taking the salmon. This fishery is carried on by persons practically unconnected with the cod fishery, and its supplies are ex])orted to Quebec, Halifax, and the AVest Indies. The whale fishery gives employment to 5 or 6 large schooners, manned by from 8 to 10 men each, who are extensively engaged in this branch of the fisheries during the summer months. The produce is from 18,000 to 20,000 gallons of oil, Avhich are chiefly exported to Quebec; and the total number of persons occupied in the fishery, whether in taking the whales or preparing the oil, amounts to nearly 200. The whale fishery particularly merits the attention of the legislature. By encouraging bounties to secure the adventurer against the serious loss consequent upon an unsuccessful voyage, the mimbcr of vessels employed would soon be considerably increased, and this important branch of trade so effectually carried on by the hardy inhabitants of Gaspe district as to compete, in some degree at least, if not rival, that of our American neighbours, who are now almost in the exclusive enjoyment of it, and carry on their enterprising fisheries at the very mouths of our bays and harbours. Upwards of sixteen scjuare-rigged vessels are annually emjiloyed in the export of dried fish to the south of Europe. Most of these vessels arc built in the district, and are of the first class of merchants' ships. Upwards of fifty small vessels are constantly, during the summer months, employed in the coasting trade, and from thence to Quebec, Halifax, and the West Indies. The lumber trade of the district has only commenced since 1815 or 1816. In 1818, four vessels sailed from thence, laden with timber. In 1819 and 1820 this number had much increased; and in the years 1825 and 1826, about 60 sail of vessels were engaged in the trade, and carried away about 750,000 feet of pine timber f . The vast quantities of pine i*., til * Commissioners' Rtpdrt, lf}20. t J. Crawford, Esq. From tills gentleman's al)le answers to a series of qneries, proposed by me; relative to the district of Cfuspc, I have derived considerable information. TIMBER TRADE— JURISDICTIOX— LANDS. 331 timber <^rowiiig in certain parts of 'he district render this branch of trade susceptible of great augmentation. It is carried on to a far greater extent on the opposite shore of the bay of Chaleurs that lies within the province of New Brunswick ; and indeed frequent instances are found of inhabitants of that province coasting over to the Gaspc side, and car- rying away, in defiance of the authorities of the district, large quantities of pine of great value. The prosecution of the timber trade is attended with a variety of advantages to a certain class of the people of the district, inasmuch as it gives them employment during the suspension of the fisheries in winter, at which season the Chantiers are always opened, and the timber prepared for market the following spring. The provisions of the lumber act did not extend to the bay of Chaleurs and Gasp6 in 1821, and we are not aware whether its operation has yet been extended to that district. There is a resident judge at Gaspc, whose jurisdiction is limited to suits involving a demand of 20/. ; and this jurisdiction is reduced to one half in cases of process against real property ; nor can the provincial judge legally issue writs of capias or attachment against the body of debtors. This very circumscribed jurisdiction of the court of king's bench at Gaspc has for some time been a subject of complaint by the inhabitants of the district, from the remote distance of the siqierior courts of the district of Quebec, to which they are compelled to resort to prosecute claims exceeding 20/. in amount. The administration of the criminal law of the district is more satisfactory, courts of quarter sessions being regularly holden in four different places in the district. *' The bay of Gaspc, and particularly the liaj/ des Chaleurs, are susceptible of the most improved agriculture, and have in this respect a decided superiority over the island of Newfoundland and the islands in the Gulf. The improvement of the district will principally depend o») the attention which its inhabitants bestow on the culture of the soil and the encouragement they may find in its pursuit. The fisheries may occasionally fail, and the consequent decline of trade would materially prejudice the district, urdess it contain within itself sufficient resources for its own subsistence. For the establishment of emigrants, no part in u u fJ 332 LOWER CANADA. i! 14 5' Canada offers such immediate resources of livelihood as may be derived from the fisheries. It is a fact worthy of notice, that in the year 1816, when tlie lower parts of the province were afflicted with a famine from the destruction of the harvest with frost, no such inconvenience was experienced at Paspehiac, nor at any other place within the level tract above-mentioned *." The Magdalen islands f , in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, are annexed to the district and county of Gasp^. They contain a population of nearly 1,000 souls, chiefly French Accadians and Catholics. Eleven English and live Irish families are settled among them, all of whom derive their principal subsistence from the fisheries. Beyond the cultivation of po- tatoe gardens, agriculture seems wholly unknown on the islands ; but natural meadows and pasturing grounds are common, and afford whole- some sustenance to a tolerable proportion of live stock. The inhabitants are in general remarkably hale and healthy, light in complexion, with flaxen hair. They are cheerful in character, and the females remarkably modest and ingenuous. The highest range of Fahrenheit's thermometer has been marked at 76°. It has been also observed that the islands are devoid of reptiles of any description ; and that besides the fox, already noticed as inhabiting the islands, rabbits are likewise to be found +. There are two churches on the islands and a parsonage-house for the resident missionary. The fisheries of these islands are of considerable importance, but they could no doubt be rendered of much greater moment by judicious encouragement, inasmuch as their situation and locality materially favour their increase. An extensive description of fishery formerly carried on was that of the sea cow, an unwieldy lish, resembling the toad in form and colour, with a head something like an ox. They were generally taken in great numbers, sometimes 300 at a time, in large echouries or strands, ».here they used to collect on the various islands ; but they have * Commissioners' Report, 1821. t For their number and geographical position, &c. vide Topographical Dictionary. X For these interesting particulars we are indelited to the Reverend IMessire Belaud, a ."ssionary for some time. gentleman of the Roman catholic clergV; who has resided there a'h, SEA COW FISHERY. 333 deserted these places of resort, owing, as is supposed, from tlie well- known timidity of the animal, to the ineautiousness of unskilful fisher- men, the too frequent approach of boats, or the indiscreet use of fire- arms in shooting them in their strands, where they were generally surprised whilst asleep. The immense produce of the sea cow fishery rendered it an object of considerable interest and profit ; and it is nuich to be lamented that so valuable a branch of the St. Lawrence fisheries should have been neglected and discontinued. i t lij I\ (ITArTEU XI. Climate cl' the Caniulas. fV' 111 k ■ AMr.niCA possesses a climate peculiar to itself. Tlie teinperature of its atniospliere, under the diflerent tiegrees of latitiule, from the equator towards the poles, is not to be deduced from the atmosplicric temperatvnv of ])laces situated under the analagous circles of latitude on the ancient continent ; and it would, tlierefore, be very fallacious to judi;e of the climate of Quebec or that of York, the capitals of Lower and Upper Canada, by those of Poictiers and Florence, although the latter places are situated in the same average latitude as the former. IJut what are the immediate or remote causes of the peculiarities of the American climate has not yet, we believe, been very satisfactorily demonstrated, tliough the subject lias led to much philosophical speculation, and formed the ground-work of certain meteorological theories. Hence it is supposed *, that the poles of the globe and the isotliermal ])olesf are by no means coincident, and that, on the contrary, there exist two different points, within a few degrees of the poles, where the cokl is greatest in both hemis])heres. These points are believed by Dr. Brewster to be situated about the 80th parallel of latitude, and in the meridians of \)5 east and 100' west longitude. The meridians of these isoth'n'mal poles he considers as lying nearly at right angles to the parallels of what might be called the meteorological latitudes, which, according to his theory, appear to have an obli(juity of direction, as regards the ecpiator, * Dr. Bro\\stcr. t Tlicsc jio'ics appear to approxiniatv- very near to the iiiaKnctie ])ole.s of the cartli, iiiid tliis near coincidence led Dr. Brewster to snjjpose tliat tlieyniiglit have some other connexion besides their accidental locality. "If so — if the centres of greatest cold be also precisely tlie centres of magnetic attraction, and if, from some unknown bnt necessary connexion, they are always coincident, then ivc derive, from the known motion of the magnetic poles, an explanauon of some of the most remarkal)le revolutions that have taken place on the surface of the earth." — Eilin- litirnh Enci/clopadia, article Polar Rcgiom. CLIMATE OF THE CAXADAS. 335 sometliiiif? like tlio zodiac. Thus the cold circle of latitude that passes through Siberia would be the same tliat traverses the frigid atin()sj)here of Canada. This theory, which a])pears to us extremely rational and strongly supported facts, would go some length towards ex])laining the causes of the gradual decrease of the severity of cold in the south of Europe, and lead us to the conclusion, that eventually the cold meridian of Canada may work its way westward, and leave that part of America to an enjoyment of the same temperature as those European countries situated in c'orres))onding latitudes. That the temj)erature of the air is modified by agricultural operations cannot be denied, but that these operations should of themselves be ca- pable of producing the changes that are known to have taken ])lace in tlie coiu'se of ages in Europe, — where formerly the Tyber used to be often frozen, and snow was by no means imcomnion at Home; when the Euxine Sea, the Rhone, and the Rhine were almost every year covered with ice, of sufficient thickness to bear considerable burthens, — it is scarcely possible rationally to admit: and, indeed, the meteorological observations, as far as they go in Canada, serve rather to disprove than to establish the fact. The rigour of the cold in North America has also been ascribed to the vast extent of the continent towards the arctic pole, to the superior elevation of the land, to the inmiense height and continuity of its moun- tains, the vastness of its forests, c*s:c. ; but we believe, that although these causes, admitting the fsicts to be all true*, might teiid to augment the frigor of the atmosi)here, they seem insufficient of themselves to ])roduce the wide discrepancy that marks the temperature of corresponding lati- tudes in Europe and in America. The inhabited parts of the two Canadas lie between the 42d and 48th degrees of north latitude, and if not influenced by other consider- ations than their distance fn)m the equator and the pole, should enjoy the climate of central and southern Europe. But it is otherwise : and * The stated fact, however, that the American continent stretches farther north tlian Europe and Asia is incorrect ; Ca])tain Franklin, in his polar expedition, having coasted the arctic seas upwards of fiOO miles, and established that continental America does not much over- reach the 70th degree of north latitude. (I; 336 CLIMATE OF THE CAN A DAS. however the beautiful skies of that ])ortion of Aineriea uiay be salubrious, the atin()s|)here is iinpreguated with a eo.isiderable dej^ree of eold in winter, and its frigidity is of inueh longer ])revalenec than would na- turally be inferred from the geographieal position of the country. The summers are likewise warmer ; and it is ])crhaps correct to say, that generally, the maximum of heat, and the maximum of cold, arc both greater than in European countries in the same latitude. The range of tempcratiu'c is, nevertheless, very sensibly felt betAvcen the two i)oints we have mentioned ; for, in proceeding up the St. Lawrence, whose course is nearly N.E. and S.W., the climate becomes consideral-ly milder, and adapted by degrees to the growth of fruits that thrive but in warmer atmospheres. For instance, at Quebec, in latitude 46° 48' 49" north, apples arc produced in ])lenty, but the peach and the grape are not cultivated with any success; at Montreal, latitude 43" 30' north, the orchards yield fipplcs and pears of very superiv>r flavour; grapes are ma- tured to great excellence, and ])eachcs with care ,dso arrive at perfection : at York, latitude 43" 43' north, and in the Niag.ira and western districts of U))])er Canada, still further south, all these fruits are found in the greatest luxuriance, and attain the highest perfection : the peach, the nectarine, and the grape seem here to have found their native soil, and are ])roduced in the richest profusion. ^Micat, barley, rye, maize, oats, and in fact almost every species of grain are cultivated in both Canadas with every possible success, the climate beijig Avell calculated to bring them to maturity. In cold countries vegetation is necessarily rapid, and in Lower Canada it is not inuisual to see the fervor of a vernal sun unfold the foliage of the forest in great luxuriance, in the short space of a fortnight : indeed 24 hours arc known to have })roduced astonishing changes in the appearance of the woods. In Upper Canada, where the suddenness of the transition from winter to sunmier is not so great, the budding and blowing are rather more gradual than in the lower province, and the summers are there several weeks longer, and the winters con- seciuently shorter. The relative temperatures of both provinces will best be seen by the following table, which is calculated from meteorological observations, taken simultaneously in Lower and Upper Canada, nearly at the most southern points of either province. N.W ill f fi , 1 1 "«I1()W >. nmiii. mum. Mean. .Muaii. I1UIII]. iiuini. (Icir. (ir 3 Clcur.l 1 or Ituin. J ilavs 1 (lay.s ilavs iliiys ilays (lavs Jamiiirv 4M -20 18.17 33 -23 1 11.14 13 8 23 •1 4 Ft'liruarv • no H 2.3.87 40 —2!) 1 lO.OO 11 10 / 21 3 5 IMurcli . . ;V2 2(i.!)4 47 -2(i , 12.1.3 21 8 25 3 3 A])ril . . lilS 40 50.70 81 i) 48.!>1 23 3 4 25 3 3 .Alay . . !I2 40 (i7.32 SI2 30 (i7.84 22 5 4 23 4 4 JlllK! . . 07 57 77.51 !)5 !).'> 70.34 22 8 20 July . . . KKl (JO 81,37 103 ()2 82,23 25 3 3 20 3 Auj^ust . . U!) 55 73.24 100 58 74.7 21 5 .) l(i 12 Soptt'inhor . !)2 33 (54.45 !)0 30 5!».l(i 21 5 4 18 8 5 Octiiber 74 28 48. i)i) 32.24 1.3 8 1) 10 ;> 8 Novombrr . 54 10 34.5.3 40 -13 17.44 11 14 / 14 7 10 December . 41 -2 25.43 43 -21 11.04 11 214 12 80 8 23 .5 For the yenr 73.8 25 72 48.37 (J8.25 11.75 42.1 02 250 50 53 P'orthesuin- i mer nionths, f June, July, ^ 9i).(i() 5733 77.37 09.33 58,33 77..''»4 34 snow 21 sno\\ Aujjust 3 1 r,,-. 35 rain W'intermoutlis 40.33 |-4.(i7 22.41) 38.G(I -24.33 11.25 rain From the pretedii)^- table a tolerably correct idea may be formed of the comparative merits of both climates, but it is to be regretted that we are not in po,ssession of a complete series of similar observations an- terior to 1820. and from that period up to the present time. Whether such observations exist we are not aware, but of their importance, in an agricultural as well as philosophical point of view, there can be no doubt, since the labours of the husbandman are in a great measure governed by aerial phenomena, whilst the inquiries of the meteorologist proceed upon the authority of recorded facts ; and inasmuch as there are peculiarities in the climate of America, whose causes are not fully investigated, the great utility of accurate meteorological journals becomes manifest. X X 338 CLIM.\TK OF TIIK CAXADAS.. Wc nrp not, liowcvcr, AvIioUy witliout data, relative to the cliinatc of till" Caiiadas, for a pciiod of ii|)\var(ls of .'JO years hack, and ahhough they are furnished from ])aitial ohseivations, tliey serve to show, that the ])ro^i'essive o|)i.Min<;- of the country has not so ])o\verful an iiiHuenee u])on the tem])erature of the atniospliere as is j^eiierally suj)posed, hut that its chief tencUiicy i** to h'n^tiien the suninier, and thus ahiid^e the dm-ation of winter. That the {gradual removal i)f the forests, to make room for open fields, contrihutcs to au'lii- uhi}!' nitli the year 1 SOO *. I Kxtri'iiic Cold. 1000- -Jnnuarv 20 .... u (1 ~— ;io ... 4 inoi- -.laiiiiiirv J ... .. 10 l''i'l)rii;irv i:» ... .. 10 1H02- -J:lllll;irv 2:{ ... .. J.-. Fcliniiiry (i .... ,. 20 ioo:i- -.Fiinuiiry 1 ... .. 18 Foliriiarv 1 ... .. H 1H()4- -Jaiumrv 20 ... .. 17 — 21 ... .. 22 inof)- -Jiimiurv :» ... ,. 18 ."j ... ., 20 \\m\- -Janimry 17 ... 8 Ffliriiurv (1 ... .. 8 1007- -January 22 .. 1.1 __ 2(1 ... .. 20 IflOO- -January [\ ... .. 12 k; ... .. i:i 180!)- -January 11 ... .. 2(i Ffhniarv 1 ... .. 2:i 1810- -Januarv 20 ... .. 2(i February 10 ... 22 Kxlri'iiiv ili'Ut. .Tuly fl im — 8 m July :M 80 .Vu^'ust 80 July 27 8(5 Au;;ust 1(1 8.1 July 8 »:i Juno 22 1(0 — 2'? 00 Ju' ■ ' . 80 — ■ 01 ji. '1 81 ., 8.-) J • " .. !KJ .. o.-» lun: 2:» 01 .hil> l(i 0(J June 27 02 July 00 June 18 00 — 10 0(» n These observations Avould evidently tend to show, that no amelio- ration has taken plaee in the rigour of the elimate ; but It appears, on the contrary, that in the later years (Xo. III.), 1809 and ISIO, the mercury fell lower than in any of the preceding- years, as far back as 1800, and even more, for we find that, in that year, the degree of eokl was the least of any of the following, up to 1810 inclusive. We also find that, in 1810, the temperature of the sunnner was rather less than in several years preceding, and that the thermometer did not rise, by six degrees, so high as it did ten years previously. Notwithstanding these facts, we have the assertion of some of the oldest inhabitants of the coinitry, that the climate of Canada has become perceptibly milder within m * Taken from tlie Observation.s of Dr. Sparks. X X L> r I 340 CLIMATE OF THE CAXADAS. :iH m: i m< tlicir recollection ; and we arc thus left to conciliate this traditional re- cord Avith contradictory facts, and the only mode of doint;* so, ap])ears to be the application of their remarks, more to the duration of the mild seasons than the degrees of cold, that Avere indicated by the thennometer in the coiuvse of the year. In giving the following meteorological tables for Jaimary and .Fuly, 1828, it should be observed, that they ought not to be taken as a fair criterion of the dimate of Quebec duriiig those months, inasnmch as the weather Avas unusually bad and boisterous during most of that year: but from the scientific acciu'acy with Avhich they Avere compiled on Cape Diamond, the most elevated point of the ''Quebec rock, they will show the meteoric phenomena that sometimes affect the skies of LoAver Canada, and of the capital in particular ; and for this purpose they are laid before the reader. CLIMATE OF THE CANADAS. 341 No. IV. .Taxuauv, 1828. Hauosikteh. TnEHJIOMETEn. 1 8 Days or r UK M'ISD. WEATHEn. ^ il ^ C .X >i • <-, ^J 11 r3 [5: Direction ami Force. Meteohs. 1 ^ HIONTIl (1 o >-< O Noon. NOOM. Tucsiluv 1 20 80 20 78 -10 n 11 13 None elear 15 Wodiu'sda y2 ;"»7 .3-2 20 31 3(i N.K. fair ditto 1 Hi Tliursdiiy :? 28 7;") 20 34 32 30 s.\v . by w. moderate ditto 17 Friday 4 20 (ij 02 7 22 22 None gloomy 18 Saturday .") 30 l(i 2(i 32 35 N.K. nuiderate snowing 10 Sunday (> 45 47 24 28 32 \y. zephyr c'hnidy set for a storm 20 IMouday 7 28 07 28 04 8 15 10 N.K. by K. a uale stormy snowing 21 Tuesday !! 2\) (il 20 80 -12 -0 -0 >v.s.w. almost ditto clear 22 Wednesday <) | :U) 00 30 21 -5 (J 10 \v. by s. moderate ditto 23 Tlmrsdav 10 20 02 20 8.-) 5 10 14 N.K. a ^aie abnost ditto 24 Friday 11 03 8(i 13 23 24 ditto, moderate dim clear 25 Saturday 12 7.'-. 7'> 31 35 3(i None gloomy a thick fog •jo Sunday i;] 2.-) 28 3() 34 34 1 ^v. moderate drizzling ditto 27 Alonday 14 04 ;")."> -0 11 13 K. breeze gloomy snowing 28 Tuesday 1.-) 03 41 12 10 15 s.w. by w, a gale stormy 20 ^Vc'dni'sd. 1() 30 Of) 00 -12 1 >v.s.\v. moderate dim clear 1 Thursday 17 28 8r» 28 05 10 11 18 ditto, stron{;er clear 2 Friday in 20 72 20 52 -5 4 10 ditto, moderate ditto aurora borealis 3 Saturday 10 ")"> 31 2 11 11 N.K. by K. a j;ale clouded (wind s.w. a 4 Sunday 20 28 7i"> 28 0(i 1(5 2 10 s.\v. strong breeze elear [gale in the air •"> Monday 21 20 00 20 21 -20 15 12 ditto, ditto ditto clouding little. (i Tuesday oo 70 83 -24 -4 -4 ditto, moderate ditto halo, sun 4" 4a 7 Wedneid. 2,"? 8") 87 -Ui 4 4 : ditto, ditto ditto [ilia, halo ]) of 8 Thursday 2-1 30 11 30 31 -12 (i (! ' ditto, ditto very clear [47"dia. stin i. Friday 2;-) 20 00 20 48 -3 22 25 i N.E. ditto clear sun,halo4()"(lia. 10 Saturday 2(i 24 45 31 30 37 w.s.w. ditto clearing from fogs 11 Sunday 27 30 00 85 o 8 E.N.K. stronger gloomy set for a storm 12 Jlonday 2)t 28 42 28 37 -10 20 22 None snowing (inglobed ditto. 13 Tuesday 20 2i) 2;") 20 (i2 1 -4 1 Vf. moderate very clear 14 Wedncsd. ■M) 30 00 01 -20 4 7 w.s.\y. ditto ditto 15 Tiiursday 31 20 20 42 21 21 S.U-. by \y. ditto gloom}- If! \0. t li 1^ , ,,,, i a & Iff' 4 m I t I*'. ?« i 342 X X o CLIMATE OF THE CA>ADAS. n, * ■oSy 8^uooi\[ c — 1 'Ti r: t'?: to «-^ s: =-. s -^ (M M -^ '."^ to tx 5D Oi 3 -H (M ec -rifj to I', s: c; c 01 oi cj ?i Cl !M ?t oj (N 5t r: ^ ^ „ ^ _ _ „ _ ^ ,^ ci o H cloudy, black gloomy chiudy fogs and gloomy to noon, clear after set for thunder,anr. bor. show. far off tliund. & rain came on soon af. noon cloudv, showery showery and black after noon cloudy and showery black till noon nearly s([ually, iS:c. thundering and showery a few chiuds in the horizon slionery a turbulent .sky fogs, gloomy, showery ditto, showery, thunder cloudy black at 6 o'clock, p.m. unsettled, gloomy, showers, &c. gloomy morning, aur. bor. at night thunder shower, far away, n.n.w. .squally, with thunder and rain thunder and showery halo on sun and moon thunder and showery fog and rain in the morning cloudy sliowery far off N.w. ditto ditto thunder and squally, &c. ij < s .showery ditto heavy rain clearing clear ditto but raining cloudy drizzling rain clearing from a turbulent sky & rain clear lately cl"v'. a breeze S.S.W., N.K., moderate w.N.w. il gale s.w. stiff breeze s.higli,niod.N.E.byE.gale ditto, both ditto ' s.w. by s. clouds, mod. w. ditto s.w. a gale ditto, moderate s.w. by s. a breeze s. moderate N.K. breeze w. by s. moderate w.s.w. ditto s. ditto s.w. by s. ditto s.w. by w., N.E. by e. do. s.w. by w. moderate ditto, ■ ditto s.s.^v. faint s. by w. moderate if o u H U 1 •UlSiu )S3A\oq -.{up )sr)nSi[i -to 5C r: -r to to i^i* s; c x r^ c -f c: ci n to f :: — i-to t>.to — -i- to p -f i^ -to '.-: '.-; to i^i-.-o to '.": to to to i^to >-•: to to i^i^i^s: i^i^i^i-.i>.i>.to i%.i>.to •5|,iop,o }; m IIO01I1.51J y ,i^to Cl c c Cl r: c r. o: Cl c-i i> c: s: Cl c; to c o: -^ to to to >;? — rt< i.~ c: c ■^ ^i-c L.-^ o to i-.i-.'.o '.o L.-: i-T to to to >r. in to to i>.i--i^o: i^ v-^ t-. i>. i>. i^ to to Rto •5|.in[.\o !) IK Suiuiojt or: -^ — ( Cl Cl to re to r: ■-: i^ r. o^ cd to •-; c; to cj oc to ci to i< ci ci 'c ic -k ci © >.C <.C I-- 1.- I.-: 1- -.0 <-. 1.- 1.- 1.- -T r}. i.i i~ uc 1.-; i.'^ to 4-^ »-C -.O to to to to to LC "C u- to Cl -Ti c i^ to — < 1^ ~ o: ~. to to Cl i^i.t to r: — -^ to o; -^ Cl ■^ i--tc -^ to c ci f rt -H Cl -^ ^ w — ' -r X <-! r-i Cl TT Cl cc 1" ct Cl 0-. c c^ -^ — 1 C5 cc o; Ci -^ i-c L-: Cl o: Cl i->.i.e i~ to Cl to Cl cc — CO i^x ci-- — citocctocetto'oec t^i- i^o ..-j — "— ir:'";'--^r:cixr:"C':r:r:Tt<'T"r:cccici-^oc3r; =;cr:Sft Cl c5 ci Cl ci uooiu.iijv' •3(301.1.0 J" SUKUOJ^ u --< Cl r: T)< i.c to i>» sc c; c "-^ Cl ec -ri 'c to i-^ s; c. c; f^ ci ct -t ".^ to i^ ;; c. o — < Days or tii .Month. l|lllllt|i|i|il|1|ilii|1ii|iiJl .4 CLIMATE OF THE CANADAS. O -1 <> 3 « . O t! > 3-22 e g • .- C-. o -n* c^ 1- I-' » '"5 ^ c: _^ (M ~. — o ^ 5^1 (N e^ • rt >■ -3 r. p -^ H :s H The prevailing Avinds, both in Upper and Ijowcr Canada, are tlie nortli-east, north-west, and south-west, which all have a considerable in- fluence on the temperature of the atmosphere, and the state of the weather. The south-Avest wind is the most prevalent, but it is generally moderate, and accompanied by clear skies ; and the north-east and easterly winds usually bring with them continued rain in summer and snoAv in winter ; the north-west is remarkable for its dryness and elasticity, and from its gathering an intense degree of frigor, as it sweeps over the frozen plains and ice-bound hills in that quarter of the continent, invariably brings with it a perceptible degree of cold. Winds from due-north, south, or west are not frequent. At Quebec, the direction of the wind often changes with the tide, which is felt for nearly (50 miles higher up the stream of the St. Ijawrence. The azure of Canadian skies is beautifully transparent and pure, and the starry constellations are remarkably luminous and bright. The northern region of the heavens is very frecpiently glowing with the vivid coruscations of the evanescent aurora borealis, whose vertical irradiations are often of sufficient brilliancy to disjiel the darker shades of night. This aerial ])henomenon is sometimes so beautiful and sublime at Quebec, that it not unfrequently attracts considerable croAvds on the ramparts and elevated pid)lic walks, to admire its waving and shooting splendours. Fogs are almost unknown in Canada, but the morning dew some- times rises in a light va])oury cloud, which is almost suddenly dispelled by the first solar rays that gild the horizon. In winter, however, when the cold is intense, a thick vapour is frequently seen on the unfrozen surface of the St. liawrence, driving heavily before the wind, amidst masses of floating ice. In Lower Canada the winter commences about the 2.5th of November, in the regions about Quebec, and it may be said to last until the 2.5th of April, when agricultural operations are resumed. In the district of Montreal the permanent cold sets in generally a fort- night or three weeks later, and the spring is probably as luuch earlier, although these advantages are subject to frequent vicissitudes. It may therefore be said, that the field laboiu's of husbandry are interrupted in the lower province for five months in the year, during which period the v^ ^^ : n mp m .^^ 344 CLIMATE OF THE CANADAS. farmer is employed in thresliing his corn, manufacturing his domestic woollens and linens, cutting and drawing his Avood for fuel, preparing materials for repairing fences, &c. In Up])cr Canada, the winter is con- siderably shorter, and the sledge or .sleig/iin^i^ season, which, in Lower Canada, generally continues for five months together, scarcely lasts two in the upper province. The average depth of snow that falls in the course of the winter is about 30 inches ; but it is frequently accumulated to far greater depths during snow storms and drifts that sweep the minute particles onward in violent tornados, luitil they are repelled by some op})osing object, and there collect into high banks. The month of Fe- bruary is in general the most boisterous of the season, and most liable to these drifts. In summer the electric phenomena of the atmosphere, as displayed in the vividness of lightning and the burst of loud tluuiders, are some- times ajjpalling in the extreme, and have in numerous instances been attended with very serious consequences. The destruction of extensive barns and hay stacks, and in several cases the loss of human life, are among the disasters that on some occasions result from the violence of thunder-storms in Canada, and particularly in the neighbourhood of Quebec, where it is probable the electric matter is more powerfully attracted by the elevation of the mountains, and the magnetic ])roperties it is likely they possess. In point of salubrity no climate in the world can perhaps be found to exceed that of Canada, which "i lot only a stranger naturally to contagious disorders or fatal epidemics, but extremely conducive to longevity. In the early periods of the settlement of the upper province, the fever and ague were indeed very prevalent ; but as the cause of this local affection was gradually removed by the draining of marshes in the progress of cultivation, it has almost entirely disappeared. It is impos- sible, however, to guard on all occasions against the introduction of infectious diseases into the towns ; and we therefore find that malignant fevers have in some cases crept into hospitals ; but these cannot affect the general character of the climate, and the healthfulness and invigo- rating elasticity of the atmosphere. As regards the relative temperature of different parts of Lo\ver Mt: ;;| CLIMATE OF THE CAXADAS. 34.5 Canada, we find from tbcrmonietrical observations taken by us in various ])arts of the province, and a comparison of tbese with remarks abiiost sinuiltaneously made at Quebec, that the degree of beat during tbe months of August and September is pretty equable tlu'oughout tlie settlements along tlie St. liawrence, making allowances for the soutiiern ex])osure of particular spots and the local elevation of others. J}ut these meteorological remarks being in themselves too desultory and incomplete to form a satisfactory tabular exhibit of comparative temperatures, \\e have merely noticed tlie general result to which they seem to lead. In thus adverting to the distribution of heat and cold in various parts of Ijower Canada, it may not be uninteresting to know the tempe- rature of the air in the more northern sections of the IJritish dominions in America, and we therefore insert the following table, framed from the thermometrical notes of Captain Franklin, R. N. Tiihlc of the Atmospheric Temperature (lar'nig' the /nntermenfioiied moiifh.s; at Fort Eiiterprifie, latitude O'-l" 28' .v., longitude 11.'}' !>' 3{)" u\ :\ioiuiis. mum. nuuii. 1 *!•-'<>. „ , „ , Soptc'iiibpr ^t',\ l(i October 37 — *5 Xdvi'inber 2") — .Tl Dt'ceinljer (5 — .")7 1821. .Tiimirtry ' 20 -49 Kebnmrv 1 — .") 1 March..". 24 -4!) April 40 ~M2 May (i8 « Mean (.fl> mdiitlis .'JO ?> -2/ 8 * —5° below zero. ."Mean. n :<:? 7 23 1 — 7 -21) 7 -15 (5 -2.1 3 -11 ii 4 (5 32 The temperature of the waters in the northern latitudes appears in- variably to be higher than that of the air, and Sir .lohn Franklin thus finds that the extremes of temperature of the polar sea. observed by him in August, are 53" and 3.5"; the general temperature 4.3"; whilst that of the atmosphere did not exceed an average of 37^. Y V liil II J4G LOWER CANADA. It is worthy of remark that the great hikes of Upper Canada are liable to the formation of the ])rester or water-spout, and that several instances are recorded of the occurrence of that truly extraordinary meteoric i)henomenon, the theory of which, however, is well known. Whether electricity be a cause or a consequence of this formidable meteor, appears nevertheless to be a question of some doubt among natural |)hilosophers, Gassendi being disposed to favour the former opinion, u liilst Cavallo es])ouses the latter. r \'i m ■ i 'j ' !'i fiT #1 CHAPTER XII. Statistics of Lower Canada — Poinilation, &c. As far as partial enumerations go, as taken from time to time since the first settlement of the country, we find that the population of the province has gone on increasing in a various ratio, cknibling itself at some periods every 25 years, and at others every 29 and 31 years, but more recently in a far greater ratio. In 1622, which is the earliest date at which any computation api^ears to have been made of the number of inhabitants in any section of Canada, we find that Quebec was then but a small village, and did not contain more than 50 persons * altogether : and in 1720, this number had increased to 7,000, and must therefore have doubled itself about every 14 years, admitting the augmentation to have been regular. The population of the town of Montreal in the latter year Avas 3,000. The first general ca])itation that Ave find recorded is one taken in 16761; and the following table is calculated to shoAV the population as it was subsequently deterniincd at different periods, and also the increase betAveen those periods. PopHlat'ion of Lower Canada, at rarious t'niicfi,fro})i the year 1676 to 1825 inclusive, a.s falien from the aitthoritif of Char/eroi.x\ La Potheroj/e, and of pnhlic doenments. •/* \\;ir. Hl/C UifDt Iiu-rensc ill 12 yr^. 1700 Incrcasf in 12 yrs. 170(i liicnasc in fl vrs 171-1 llUTCiiSC in ('. yrs. 17,'>!l Increase in 4.") yrs. 17il4 I iH-rease in2ri yrs. 1!!2.-. 1 nerease in 11 via>>' Souls. 8,415 11,249 2,fi;u lo,0()() :!,7.-.l 2(),(»(I0 :i,ll(lo 2(i.i)04 f;,!M»4 ()."),0(>() :«i.O!i(i i]:i,oo(» 4fi.0(UI 4.')(»,(MH»J :i;!7.(MMI * Cliarlovoix, vol. i. p. 158. 1 Idom. I The census shows only 423,030, Imt it is ohviously low; and the committee of the assembly in 1820 considered the population of Lower C^auada to be 5(tO,000 souls. This again, we believe, was rather high for the time, and have therefore taken what appears to us as being a correct mean. V V 2 If' It ! i i'l I ■' 348 LOWER CANADA. Thus wc have a total increase in the space of a century and a quarter (comi)Utinf much information relative to the statistics of the soccage settlements of the province. To these were added the advantage of access to authentic documents of importance, and lastly the extensive personal knowledge of facts, relative to the statistical and agricultural state of the province, I had the means of acquiring in the course of several tours, end)racing the extremities of tlie province, and jjerformed in the discharge of otlicial duties, avowedly whh a view of ascertaining the resources of the colony. «W .'350 I,()\\ Kll CANADA. ■!» ;*-^ s 'ii IH ■I ! .hi'-; Stiifi-st'icnl Statement of the province of Lower Canada, calculated for Decemher, 1 S!>7, ami a/td Conntie.'i, /mrsnaiit to an Jet (ftlie Pronneiat Le^ais/atitre, dated \\t/t ! L;i Pniiric 7j F^'.\s,s(nii])tiim }>: .Mis,sis(|ui it .Aloiitrciil 10 Ottinvd 11' Hidu'lieu 12 Hduville .'i St. IIvuciiitlii> 14| Slu'tl'oVd 1.") St;llistr;ul Hi. Tfrrclioiuu' 17' T\V(i^I(;;iiit..iiis II) \'iiU(liL'uil l!) \'('rchi'rcs 1!) Totiils 1 4 ") (i 7 \\ !) ~ 10 11 UcllocIiiiK.sf Dorclioster Islet KuiiKiiiiaskii lutbiiiiere .Mi'n;iiitic ?^Ioiiti)ioronci ( >rl(\;ii,s I'drtiiciif QuL'llL'C Hiiiioiiski Saiiuc'iiav 11.170 14,2(i4 17, 1:.' 14, 1(1. 1(1, 7' 7i>:. !i7:. (JL'l ■2M\ 71 id .■.->1 L',4f!8 !lf!7 1:.!) !!4() 4(17 -rri iM).") L>4,-. I !li)7 Oil.*! o 10 10 12 4, f! 10, 1(1, v.v 12 20i!,0){l 2M 1(»,70.') 1"),(»0.1 11.2.".!! 12.777 l;UI44 7,702 (i20 3.7>»! 4.12){ 10,:.42 . ao.it.vi 8,410' 13 Totals '143,7'il :{ Clmriliot'Hoiiif. Ir SI i C ' s 4 (i... (i 1 4'... .■) 2 'i i ■; i 1^ 1 e _ S ;3 00 31!)'. i 22.T H20. lOiij. 2"mI. 2 litoj. 10(L lol .") 3 ij » o,i:iO^ 1 i ]' 4... "». 1 31. . V ;> , ., 0... 1 ...! 1 3 3' 3 4 m /, 4 4 I .. 30. 3i):); 110. 150. 53, i)it. 345. 3!»2. ;'!(!'. 130. 7ilO!!i71ilO (i 30iilO23o; 2 5I I ... 1 4...i... 1 3 0....J... 3 41 1 1 4'...|... .1. 3!) KiO H)0 125 7a 27 II I 5| 1|......| (>: 1 ...l...i 4 14!)'... (ii 4 2 1 3 2.420! 1 3 0... ,i ,1' ,.i (1 4 0... 7357;(;4| !) 3 4 3 105!. I l»7i. / 3 5 3 7 m I 33 3 n 15 4 17 32 5 12 4 7 173 3 5 3 o 2 II 25 1 1 223 3,200, 11 70 .MilU 2 3 (i 15 G 7 4 12 (i 5 23 11 (> 21 3 7 2(i ! 7 : 17 |2 !l 4 5 20 2 11 7 (} 12 17 33 12 13 (i n a, c K 2 1 4... :!i- >i 2 1'... 1 I 3 3 1 4 J 135 200 5!! 3 7 / 2 3 4 14 7 !) 11 39 3! I 30 7 2!) 22 T2 (i 4 3 43 15 13 (iO 233 Ill 1 3, 4 2 o 3... ...I 1 51 .. 1 1 2 2 1 J, 2 i:ii ■|:"i r ;i! 0, 7 • 22(il4 240 l!;iit 1 3| 2. .J.""... 4 2... 2 4 ' I 3 4 ! I 23 13. ..I 2 4 MM 3 1 11! ■1 'fl POPl'LATFOX, STATISTICS, &c. 3.) I her, 1 S<>7, (i)i(i ''March, 1HJ!I, t(l mi nisi rutin- / — I 1 i ^ i.i, .St i. C .1 i t 3 j; 1 £ ".'5 5" ~ e i § si 1 ' 1 1 .. L' 1 .. '^ '^ .. 4... - ,', i 1 ..',',:, .. 1 "■' 1 " 1^ 1 .. r... 0' . 1 1 ...; 1 ... 1 .. :\ M ...I 2 1 i.' ••: ^1 ^ ,..j 4;...' 7 ■ - ^ J 2...I -2 ■ 1 ! ]'i ..'... .J :$' J -2 ..,.}... ..: ii...i... .: .i.. 1 "1 1 :j 1 a .. 2 i ..., 4...L 1 L'... 1 1 ... (1 L'L'(ill -'4(i mill ■i "i""Y" ... :ij.: ! ! ' '' i ...; r...i 1! .J 1 i iii 1 2 i 1 ... . • 2 4 i — 1 1 xuhscqnoit/i/ rrori>-foiixc(f to meet tin- Xcic Ctrl/ Diri.sion and Suhdiris'mi tlicrvof, into J)i.strivt.s uiiil uliicli nrrircff hi.s Majc.stif.s assent the Vith nf'An^i^u.stJiilloicin^i,^, i)romul<>at,-(l hij tlw procla- ul'llw Gorvrnnient, on flic Citli Octolwr, 1S2!>. i W I .'I 14 4 4 1.'. 7 7 II 4 '^ 7 / 2 ;{ 2 7 .'} (i 21 4 11 •3 2;] i) Mil l(»(i a. 11 22 1*1 17 l;j 2;i 210 f) 27 11 (i 17 22 2T 2!) If) 4 10 22 , 2.'. ! H< 22 ! 21 : ].-. 2:}:i ,. / 22 20 l.-> i;{ 2.3 :m 20 11 :«■)., (>;{.., I !.")(!... l!H»i 2 100... 7.^; 1 .-.4.. i,:«».-.| . (!()!•. KM.. ;■)!) .'{(i JtO 101 2;i2 !).'! 1! ■2 UKMARKS. Oil 17a 21! ;{.")0 ]■ ■)0 1.-. 4 2 !■ • i 2 '/ '.KiMO .141 2,!)l(ilO 171 14 2;t 12 11 (> 2 5 j> 27 21(i J) 11 11 2J l.T 25 12 (J 1 4 }{ 2.1 176 130 H7 107 !).1 1 20 Iji 490 -M 2 4 47 147 1,210 I 1;1 !!7 (!0:«I2 |;?22 |2,229 12 14 11 2 .1 2 1() 40 !) 21 141 11 i<»:j no a77 21 2(MI 13 27 2 <)!) 7 2M 13 .104 ;1 2,020 m 1113 41 690 59 i,r»7o 277 ( inii|irilii'iiil- l-lciux \nt\, ii niilii.irv pu»l, iiml I'lirtilWatioiUi iiUn tlu' »ltc .iiitl ri'iimiiik iMlii' \iiii riiati I'nrt ,il Umi-i'-, |»ninl. ^■l)nll.rl■lll■rlIl.^ tlic IiuInmi \ ilLi^i- uC st. Hiyln,7J| hiiuN, nf which flnil witp vUhln the HtUe it \v\\ \ mk, l.v Mu' m|,i iiiu-, lull arc imw ciiin|irUw| wlihin the Iliiills ot'lhf iiniviiuu b> rhr inns Hill-, l,iiiiuiU-4.i*' Mnrth. KxlciihUi! \lll,t^;l•. |iu))iil,tlinn ll.'io smils. ('i)iTi|iuhi'inls the Ci.Tt mill \ill.if;i' nrchiimlily nii.l towriol" DorchrstiT, a porf nf t-nirv. rhcAini-iifiin sti'ain-l)oatH|.ly hclwrni tlii>|)lai'i- ami W hitchall. Uiirliii^ton.aml l•|lll^^nlr^^l|, rriitnl .^laliH, ( Miitiirt'hniiiH thf nott'd vill.iKf iil' thai name; twd stt'am-lxjals plyhfiwirn ttud place aiiil MtMiIrcal. .'••c\ cral whulinillH. Cinnprchcn.U thiM-ity nl* M.iiKrcal ami f.irtirtcil hlaniliifSt. Mi-Ions. The pn|nil.i(iim of ihccity 1* av.uuii MPiil-.; it 1^ the la.sl sea-port Inwri nil the St. Lavvrciieci cnmprehciuis al.H) ihc I. a I lime (aiiiil. I ( oinpreheiiils the fiiiini limine iieMHs the Ottawa at Hull aixl Hy-Town. IticliuU'. ttie t(»wn (if Wilh.im lleiiry, sltn.iled al the entraiiee uf the lUehchcu, uT '-ore! Uivti ; pi)|twlattoii 7,000 MHilit. Tlirre are in thi-; e* unity a nnnilur nf wj ml ■mill,-. 1 iniipiihcnil.s the eini-.pieiimiri inntintahi^i of \Un\\ ille'und Mmint JuIiiimmi. Inelu'lcs the iiolcil village of that name, and motmtams Vam,i>ka and UoU(;cneMit. Comprehend!! the h.mdsomc vilLij^c of that name near the province Ime. Includes the lar^^c village of that name ; pttpulation MOti sonls. fomprehenUlhi' (In-nville Military Canal atnl the Indi.ui \ dlatje of the I.akoof tlie Twi Moniil 11ns. Si'vcr.il l)<>at> ply on the Ottawa, bet ween Hull, lly-'l'owii, and (•ri-n\ illc. Comprehends the military canal at tlic Cascades, several lucks above, also the locks and mrt of entry at Cote.ui du laie. Hiu aUtiit twenty uindniilU. I'ort of cnliyat St. Mary's. The t^Tcater number of Ilie iT.ilh in tills county stop working hi the jiummpr, owinff to a lelieii'ncy of water. This ohsLTvaliou appllc> to si'vcral part!) of the ^^oulh side of the St. Lawreiire. Comprehends the town of .VubiRny, opposite to Quebec. Ki^ht \sind-mills. Village uf Kamoiiaska, noted for scu-batliing. The pncsts, farnri, and establishment at L'Joachim, calculated for the reception of the sc- inarv ipf (Quebec students, durliif; the summer vacations. The' spot, (tr ship-yard, in the parish of St. Laurent, uhere the two larj'e timber ships, the i.hiinbus ami the Ilaron of Hcnfrew, were built and launched. The Uichelieu Unpul, opposite to the church of I)esehand)ault, The capital of Lower Canada, chief sea-port, and fortilieil t(»wu : contains a population of an .000 souls, including the llaulieue residence of the Koveriair-pcncral. Steam-boats ply fr4im this place to M<»ntreal ; there are two steam-boats and several team-boats plying across the river to Point Levy. Comprehends Temi^'eouata portage, the route to New Hrunswiek, C>rcen Island and tight- house, and the Island of Hie. This county is the chief residence of pilots. Comprehends the Saguenay Hiver and the eonsnieuoiis. high, and diversilied country of Day St, I'aut and Murray Uay, and the vilhigeti of that name. i ■mm 'if , .. ^^■■' 111 ■^4 :,r,'2 I.OU r.n ( ANADA. I '^ ('iiiiiitiLa. 1 ('li:iiii|ilain 2 Dniiiiiiiiiiiil 4 St. iMiiiiricc o Sliciliniiikc i (i, Totals 1 Hoiiiivfiitiiri' :> (ia>iii i.iMi; i;.,:init .-..171 Ji,)ii7 rii,H:)7 ( luinli lit' Kiiinc. J> 'j; . Z T § Totals 10 .Vl 1 1 . • . . IT is 1 = 1'^ Mllh. 1 ilT 2 70 I.. 1 2r> .. 2 I (t!) (i ! (;-J7 1 111 no it:.7 2 4 [) I :' "i 1 (i 11 17 l| {) 1(1 MO n :» ! 4 I i:i)t (iO l!)li 23 ; 44 1 1 1 I 1 1 o; i» o (naiid totals 171. !'.7(; :i!t ill :. lid 111 i:i4 L'o 1(1, (} 1 14 111,77:. 7, »t-'7:t (I I a I L'l s".(i:. l!H 1 1 1 1 4,4 I 4 10 10 i ."{ 1 1 2.. :j 1 ■i, 17 :n 10. 4 74j 0.1' The District of St. l-'raiiois ciuiiiircluiKl.sllH' ^^ll(l!l•of' tlu- city of Slii'rl.rooke, ami u great partof the count ics of Staiistcad ami ill till- statciiu'iit.s iif , ; nii\y lit-roaftcr lir slivtcriivs Used us s 11 few nlliir prn- ^ 14 are disiiiTM'd I. .'t, ^I'Gill coll('},'i.', Miintroal, and u ino>st frt'(itK'iit ill iijijiing were liiiilt taiie and Qtiflu'c, oinployt'd in tin' ostimati'd, hut it ships kc'i'p potash im KM I to 140fi(t in 2 and several H. mated cost exceeds u'lles dti Keposdir, Mieir total nuinher and ")0 are parish mr of Quebec, I'D. I i I!) i::t i 1 i 6. ■S •« n j •a 1 4 3 II I 10 1-'/ o u 41) J) 2 17 I HO ill! m 14.') 4(ii \m\ 10 J) 2J{ DnniiinoiKl, eontaiiiin<; in the superior districts. 1,0 l(i all 3! o (i •) 01 11 I.-. !ll 00 110 )t:t r>\ 401 7 41 i 12 12 40 1.". 7:1 i:. 2UM 201 1 14 :«.r.\UK!H. I >iiii|>r< lii'iiiU lilt ml aliil N'l'W ( ulli'iit' til' Mnili't. ( iiiiipri'hiihl. Ihi' tiiwiKif Tliriv IIUiKi |«i|iiil«linii .iiiiU, .il M.iuilri'. .Sliiiiii.|ai,il<, |>|||! nil llii' >l. l.iiv.ri'IK'i', slii|i .It lllia |il.M t'. ( iHii|iriliiiiiMlii.' Mll.iMi'iil MicrUiHikc. Iliv ilUKU't lixtii nl'*.!. rr.iiuK. Im.Imii vill.iiti.i., .1. Kmik'I^, ll'ilh ilii'Hi. (.niiiiiu'H lire nirttil fur tlu' tUhrrii'i. The M.i);il.iU'ii Muiul It iuiiu'xil In till' I'uuiily ul (. i>|.c. rnr,:. 7 01 4,0(10 7:m "l,r»07iril|2H7 llOjirdll ,()0">i Tlii« iiilimin nfKr.in.. .iitnU In I'nii'iiliilnl up to Divinilit't, IHj; OH". ) towiisliips, and a part of the townsiiip of Bolton, The statistics of this district are emnpiiseii, HKCAIMTILATION (M' TOl'l L.VTION, \c. i'.ipuhition of tJie province, as stated above ........ MaLidalen Islands . .......... Number of men employed in the kinff's posts and Aliiifian within the province \'iivageur.s employed in the Indian trade, sometimes sojonrniii;^ in the Indian conntries AveraiTO nnmber of eniijirants remaining in the province, nut of the total cmij;ration to tlu; Canadas in the vars llii>7. 11:20, 1020, lli:{(), and UCU ........ Natural increase, since 1027, about ........ (Jraiid Total K\cliisive of the military forces of the country and the aborigines wandering in the interior. 171.070 0(1(1 jOII MOO 47.1,170 L'IMMKt .V.i..".7.1 / ^ f1 -it A .^'■m' 354 LOWER CANADA. 4'- r,: From the foregoing table the statist will be able to form a com- petent idea of the religions and moral state of tlie inhabitants of the jirovinee, at least as far as inferences can be drawn from the existence of nnmerous honses of pnblic worship, and of schools for the education of youth, lie will also have, in some degree, the means of discovering the channels into Avhich the industry of the people is chiefly directed, and will be enabled to form some estimate of the resources and domestic trade of the colony. AN'ith res])cct to the relative proportions of the Koman catholic and the protestant ])oi)ulation, the colunms of churches do not afford a very correct criterion to judge by, inasmuch as the number of protestant churches, including presbyterian and AN'esleyan, is in a far higher ratio with regard to tlie nund)er of Roman catholic churches, than the whole protestant population of the province bears to the catholic ; the former being about as one to three, when the latter is scarcely in the ratio of one to eigiit. Xor does it appear that any just inference can be drawn from the colunms distinguishing the church of England from that of Scotland, as to what proportion of the ])rotestants belongs to the one persuasion and what to the other. From documents of very respectable authority *, we are enabled to arrive at something like accuracy on this subject, and find that, although the mnnber of episcopal churches much exceeds that of the Scottish church, the members of the latter are at least as numerous, if indeed they are not more so, than those of the former. Taking an a])proximate view of the proportion Avhich the catholic, the episcopalian, the presbyterian, and dissenting popidation respectively bear to the whole popidation of the province, we shall have nearly the following result : it is, however, proper to remark, that, out of the catholic po- pulation, about 20,000 may be said to be Irish emigrants, whilst 470,917 are native Canadians : — • JMS. statement of facts in regard to religious matters in Canada, by the Reverend Dr. Harkness. 1828. POPULATION— STATISTICS, &c.. 553 I 1 1 I'oiniliitioii, Proportion of the whole Popiiliition. ans. s 1 Anno 10:11. t S y .5 1 "E, C4 1 ?! c 5 a 5(51,0") 1 1 t 7 » 1 21 1 21 1 To ascertain what mnuerical proportion the males bear to the females in Lower Canada, and what portion of the inhabitants is aged, Avhereby some light may be thrown upon the health and salubrity of the climate, wc are left to resort, in the absence of any better source of information, to the imperfect census of liSi>;>, and below will be found a recapitulation of its grand totals. It can, however, only be considered as a mere ap- proximation to the truth, sufliciently accurate for all general ])ur))oses, though perhaps not fully satisfactory to the statist. Totals of the Coisiis of Ijowcr Canada, IS'i.j. ITolM. t -? -S c rt ^ 3 CUi ?s "^1 c t- '53 1 "^ S --M a al '** ^ ^ ■0 a -^- s >> 3 t:z 'S y* 5 a H ^ V2:^^m) l,l.JO Tlie following statement, taken from returns of baptisms, marriages, and deaths, made to the house of assembly in IS'J.j, will show the na- tural amnial increase of the ])opulation in the districts of (Quebec and Three Kivers, during a j)eriod, in the one district, of i.'S years, and in the other of \Vl years. i I f'= G 3.1.-)(» -,28 1,400 l,7.-)0 1703 8(i(i 151 4(i8 3! 18 17!>7 2,a!»2 -,43 1,472 1,120 1704 020 20!) 381 548 170!} 2,38!) -,2!) l,4.-,2 037 17i>.-> !)(>() 173 401 5{i5 ]7ilD 3,0()i) 47i2 1,305) l,72 I7O8 1,018 182 457 .-.(il IJi02 3,.").")-l (I.-,.-, l,()i)7 l,8.->7 1700 1,0(14 175 431 (i33 1«()3 3,4.3.-) 1V2 1 ,830 1,00.-, 1800 1,121 100 4(i!! (!53 ]!!(»4 .3, -.31 (i81 1,082 1,840 1801 1,083 208 540 543 1 «(>.'. .3,(i27 (iO.3 1,544 2,083 1802 1,170 25(i (iOO 570 1H(K) 3,()48 (!8(> 1,428 2.220 1803 1,211 238 597 (iI4 1}{(»7 3,8.-.() 744 l..-,3() 2.320 1804 1,311 201 ()2(i ()85 l}i(»!{ 4,4.3.-, 771 1 .«!)-. 2,.-.40 180.-. 1.357 1!)7 512 845 IHOD 4,(»r.4 !)42 2,208 1,84(1 180(i 1,342 2.32 575 707 1}!1() 4,!»l(i 7-.:) l,!l(i4 2,!t.-,2 1807 1 ,485 252 002 8f)3 1«11 4,337 7(i(i 2,200 2,128 1808 1,541 274 515 l,02(i im-_> 4,-)!l,-| 1,<)(»3 2.348 2,247 1800 l,4.-,(i 230 ()05 851 l!{i;5 4,4(!.-, 7(i2 2,222 2,243 1810 1,540 22(5 1,072 ■177 IHM 4,42i) 73i) 2,m) 2.340 1811 l,4(il 272 021 840 I81.1 4,.'-,,-.4 8.-,2 2,322 2.232 1812 1.55(1 311 552 1,004 ](!](> 4,824 741 l'!)28 2,8il(i 1813 1,030 258 7.31 !I08 ]ni7 4,4(i(i 784 2,418 2.048 1814 1 ,507 253 043 (i24 1818 ;-.,()-) 1 81.-, 2.310 2.741 181.-. l,(i(l3 314 772 891 1811) .-,,188 1,002 2.(13.-. 2,.-,.-,3 1810 l,(!4(i 285 (.30 1,010 1820 r,,37I !»!)4 3.488 1 ,803 1817 1,(>75 301 781 894 1821 .-),{i75 1,081 .3,102 2,0 13 1818 1,827 352 (i23 1,204 181!) 1,0.3(1 35!) 770 1,105 Aniuiiil ii vcruge of 28 voars. 1820 1,051 .3!{8 1 ,0(i5 880 Brt litisins . . ■ l!t44 1821 2,1 (Hi 370 8!)}{ 1 .208 lii Iiu rials .TL-aso • . 3ili»3] 8 1822 2,100 \niiiiul av 401 eragc of 3$ 884 J years. 1,225 . 204!)1 8 ( ir al)out 5 1,31 per C( •nt. Ba Bu I.U ptisnis rials reasp . . . .' 1,.382 023 759 ( ir near it^ per cent. * Being the diHerence between the baptisms and burials for each year. POPULATION. n.-jy OO t In the district of ISIoiitrcal, for which no returns were yet received, the average number of birtlis over deaths may be about the same as in the other districts. Viewing the vast superficial extent of the province, and its com- paratively small [)opulation Avlien considered with I'elation to its capa- bilities of supporting nund)ers infinitely greater, we shall perceive that the number of souls to each square mile scarcely amounts to two and a half, whilst it exceeds 1021 souls when viewed with reference to eacli square mile of cultivated land ; thus showing, on the one hand, the density of the population compared with the lands imder tillage, and, on the other, the susceptibility of the country to sustain hereafter a very considerable augmentation of inhabitants. In the following table, the contrast that is exhibited between the density of the population in the district of Three Kivers and that of the district of Gaspe stands explained by the fact that in the former arc principally situated the township lands of the province, which in general are laid imder cultivation in a greater ratio of increase than the po])ulation. The farms are seldom less than 100 acres, they are usually 200, and pro])rietors of 500 acres are common. Hence large tracts are brought under agricultural improvement by indi- viduals, and the relative proportion of inhabitants to the square mile, becomes less than in the other districts. The remarkable density of po- j)ulation represented in the district of Gasp6 is ascribable to the pursuits of the inhabitants, most of whom derive their sidisistence less from the produce of the soil than the products of the fisheries. Some there are, however, who consider agriculture a primary object, and have good farms; but by far the greater number confine themselves to the cidtivation of a few acres, chiefly devoted to the growth of roots and vegetables. 358 LOWER CANADA. 2\ihh' showing the Density of the Population ofhower Canada in the Four Districts, both with relation to the total Siqyerjicies of each District, and to the Quantum of Lands under Cultivation. 18127. \% n d 11 ards re. tc M a 3 i a. rf 3 >- 3 s s ■7. -3 Un c s c c Districts. s. H O a - Square Sciiiart' Souls per Souls per Souls. miles. miles. squ.mile. squ, niile. Quebec 143, 701 125,717 1,412 1,14 101, fU IMoiitreiil . 2()8,(W1 4!). 709 2,r.!)7 .'■),:{!) 1(»3,4(> Three Rivers r)i,(i:)7 ir.,Hll cr,\\ :{,;{3 !{!),2() Gaspc . . lull 7,:«i!) 1"jV 1,0") 501,74 T..tal 471, R7« wmfim 4,(io;ji. 2,3!) 102,50 i;'* Ijowcr Canada is not only the most important of the British North xVmerican provinces, from its situation and extent, but tlie most ])o- pulous, its inliabitants being to those of the sister provinces of Up])er Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, in the respective ratio of S.ll and 19 to 3, or, in otiier terms, nearly in the proportion of the num- bers 32, 11, 8, 5 ; whereby we see that the population of I^ower Canada alone constitutes about 4-7ths of the total po])idation of the four provinces, and about 2-5tiis of that of the whole of the dominions of (ireat Britain in North America. "We have not the means of establishing with precision how much of the increase of the population of the j)rovince arises from births, and how much is to be attributed to emigration. The number of families, and even the number of souls, landed at tlie various ports of the colonies, are indeed easily ascertained from the custom-house returns ; but what is tliC distribution of these emigrants subsequently to their arrival, wliat part of them remains in tlie ])rovince, and what ])art merely j)asses through it, to settle eventually in I'^pper Canada, or in the Ignited States, is not so satisfactorily known. That the adjunction which annually i^l: POPULATIOX. 350 takes place by the influx of emigration is eonsiderable, there can be no doubt, admitting even that one-third only of the emigrants landed on the Avharfs at Quebec ])ermanent]y settle in Lower Canada. Taking as data for the natural increase of the population the re- turns contahied in the letters of the curates in reply to the circular queries of the house of assembly, it appears that the average of this increase is about 3 per cent., and that in this proportion the population of the province would double itself in about 26 V years ; but if the ad- ventitious increase arising from emigration, and also the natural increase growing out of it, be taken into consideration, and if we suppose the latter to be in the same ratio of 3 per cent., though it is probably more, we shall then fiiul that the population of the province doubles itself in almost a double ratio, that is, in 14 or 15 years instead of 26 or 27. It may therefore be said, taking a mean of the increase represented in all the province, that the popuhition of the British dominions in North America increases in a geometrical ratio every 16 years; and hence, supposing emigration from tlie mother country to the colonies to con- tinue to its present extent, the number of inhabitants in that section of the empire would in 1847 exceed '2,400,000 souls. It is sometimes useful thus to look prospectively at the iv.crease of po])ulation, from its ex- tending our views not only to the bare contemplation of the numerical strength of the country hereafter, but to its physical capabilities ; and viewing as we now do at a glance the vast superficies of the liritish trans- atlantic possessions, their surface, soil, and climate, and the great and important advantages they enjoy from grand internal communication by navigable waters, we are forcibly struck with a conviction of the im- mense resources of British America to maintain millions of inhabitants from the produce of the soil, and to become eventually distinguished for the sco])e of its commerce. The geographical position and the superficies of each county and district of the province are exhibited in the following table, with which we shall conclude this chapter. iW i :]()() LOWER CAXADA. P Wi f^ •^ "«: ? ^ ^ -^ « ■ Ik «». >., ? a: 'S =^ ^ c •§ ^ a: .^ -i: "- ^C "^ i^ "^ -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Places of Election. St. Marguerite dt Blair Findie. St. Clement. Berthier . Longueuil. St. Roch. Su (onstani. 11 ■f. ii. -ft 3 1 o ■/J ■51 ■X ■5 .3 •A H 5 5 i ' §■'' T -3 ^ •9 c •■- J= ■5 S "J -3 11 i 1 1 1 ( 1 1 •Xiuno,) i|.TOO .((( 1U3S . o» O CI CJ CI Cl Cl -o P-H « Cl Cl -iCI Cl Cl Cl Cl ZZ ■SI! (OSJlqUMH^ 2 o ^^^^ ^ B X ^ .J3 *« -- „ ^ U 3 ■? 4J c15 4.1 '«-• C '- cz '■■: w -i cc Cl -v^ 05 C5 ^ oz Cl Vo ~ CM " Cl Cl '"" Cl —1 ^-H iT' < 3 "^ . .= -c -i -H '"^ — -■ -* ^^ .« _ ^ ^ ,^ ^ ■1 1—* ^ ,a t—^ „ ... e 111 »-: fN l-»l-.l^o C5 Cl g; 05 IT I'.rt Cl C3 Cl * •71 r: CM C^ C*! C*^ Cl Cl — Cl ■"■ l-H " C3 1 1 F-3 "5 *;5 ^ .a 4-1 -a .3 ^ TS ,.= ^ r ■4-* f I'. ■f i>« » fC »r c '" cu (M a;-; Cl -^ MCI •-^ ^^ o wo ^ « ■■' I ^ ^H o rt A* 1 t 1 1 :^ ; S i : i § • • CO : ; : I s ; J i-; P** N^ « CJ I'. -n* ?5 ci ~ " 1 ^- ■iii-^ = _JC i-^ -^ rij o CO 2 -* — C-. Cl t" ^ Cl ^ U Oi i ■- tc s ^ CI : ;: : • ZZ ' 'O * ; -T cc w^ ■n" Cl ■ )>. -■ ^ •'» i-.i . ^^ • Cl . K5 • . i^;c »— 1 CC • l^ „ = 12 ^f-o ■B -2 / § i.., .., , ,» »^ .K- Cl l^ O fr C5 t>i •f; Cl »A .-. 5-- „ , ■=C0 CI .- :^ c ^ l-c. Cl i^ Cl l^ . . o o «.» Xf I~ S.3-S J.:^ = r- c<:i •^ Cl Cl CI p-^ " 1— ( Cl cc -f ■^ . . Cl cc Ci ^ £ t: - S . i ^ -r ■-^ w C C b!^ T? / C: t^ o— - :c — ^ c 1- _. 1*^ ^ ?l^ "^ ^1 _ ..^ c «-, -] M *-> c ^ t^ ~. '^ i^ Cl = l^ •T" rt ^ ** a' •1 s ^ CI l>. -r Cl Cl Cl Cl cc cc •^ ~ T i^-.i P-H c^ ^ E 5 - »w '<*' CH J^ •■» H " \n M X 1* . ■ 1 to S ^ = C9CC_. 3 I-. U1 C. l-> = '.S C fC Cl 6 -- ^ ?^ ?: !>« ^k ,^ y,.y-^-.*,-^*^-, :ir^ i-i i^ s i>.i>.i>ii>. n i>. rt S 5 ^ h3 -• ■■ u r. 71 ^ ^^ .— T _ "■^ ".": i- *^ ^ ^ -r; z'. T to •.; — Cl Cl -^ '-■^ II t< -Tl -^ 2 Kertliier . . C'lianiljly . • La Clieiiaye . La Prairie L'Assoniption, vacant tract in rear of do. and CO. of La Chenave . Missisqui . . Montreal J 'o H-l 4.S CC ^|^.= ^^i3.= ^-^a,^ r^ "" Cl " T '.": ;c i^ cc ~. O ^ Cl c*t •^ •* w !■■• iz T. "V- •^ivHuxxoit .>io j,;:>iaxsia W &. m: TILIMMTOIUAL STATK.MK NT. .*3(il 121 C\ CI c; CI — r^ '• • -r c. Cl T« CI • I'. I.- Oi —1 C ^ -:' "o ■^ ■ • 1 "— • "— ' 1 •^ ** 1 ■ • i- i-i ! 1 > ■ — ■ 1"^ = 1 — ' • ■ 1 t _ ^\ \ : \ CI ^ 1 : 1 «, 1- ' ' 1 T- ^ 1 ■ — , 1 — ^ "^ r3 Z^ • • .^ ^ -^ r ; "-1 := tr. 7- ' HH ci.E : tr 5 5 L. '^ w ^ 0..^ K* ^ •"^ p— 1 1 14 i .-i 5.2 3£ 7 4 >-|^^ ^i-Z '- i""^ A as. u::a^ g 7 ■S ? a ^ ^ ,. (M CI CI d -H C _i ''" «.«■>" ..^^y^-^ 3-d u y, 4-» *-• <-» *^ Vi r: ci -^ ^ ci ! CI i»- - 71 ir. -« ci — 14^ ^ u. ; C >.* 7t ■ ■^ -1— CI — — 'Cirp • -si - - -ii ^' g ?i g .CI CS-H 1^ c - S »: " £3 : -<' ■ ci rf • — '.c" CO CI* c; i^ 0: CI CI CI •X c_;r > CI — CI X >• (M CI .5 o X a. "2 -rf -M 8 »^i s TS -3 .a *j CI i-i- — 1 CI rt CI CJ — CI H ^ -w 2 «-= ?: ?: ci — ?: ~i i " CI i-»ci zz ~. ~ CI — — .n 'T K ci CI CI , .: z: T. y^>-. I- T rt -1" ~: CI ~; CI C4 1-« i^'C Cl •A *^ 1-* !■» -r i^ C-: CI ~ •.-? CI CI l-^ ZZ Ix r: c; rt i^-T« 71 ts . CI ;: i-; i W ci _-- i;--i:_«3_,,^3 c_:..-5 - r: 0: >.-. -= c '.r ii — n -c — -2 C'' :r — CI ■" —1 >.-: -5 -^ .^ -^ <; — i ^ CI — !I CI c — M '-. -r CC I'. -" w . CI CI ej -3 S,'; -- X r: -r i--« c . — ct od i^s: — i-.s: s: l^'>= 'S' zz 's 1^5^! CI - 1* S I'" f CI .i >■; — 5 CI c^i CI . ci r- — '^' X V l^ l^ l^ *; l'^ r*" l^ l"* X = = ^9x:3 = ~ ci ~ CI - — ^ ft ..-- "T "f ^ ^ jfc ~f ^ fC CJ (■V* »^ i»^ 1" rt a^ : t CI ttrc rc / ^ tc ci ?: «*_ i -S •-2-5 r 3 ^J ^ o i — CI "c: -T 'h — i-^ : s> c" "-"CI M ^ ;^ ;2 X. X X >i i-^ .■" T — " r r '■ ^ ^ <^ 1. - " O il rt «J - i -^ ^ I s ;s 'S c- = 'i: g -^ '■ := 111! -a C ,- -H CI ' 'r. -o ^3 ^ t- C I- _ 5 -g .= " t*- ; rt O K ~^'- MHHH.lf) .•!() J.OIVLLSKr SHHAIH ■i:'[HIIJJ"(l 3 A lii ClIArTKH XIII. Au;riciiltiirc — Manut'iH-tmTs — T/nuls in Ciiliivaiiini. That aj^riculture is tlie primary source of jmblic wealth has beeoine an axiom in ])olitieal eeonomy, and the history of civilization serves to illustrate its truth, by showino- that in all countries, first agriculture flourished, and then manufactures and connnerce ; but that these shoidd be as permanent a benefit to the connnunity api)ears to be doubtful, since they arc considered as indicative of the decline of a state*. The agricultural age of a country may probably be considered, therefore, the most hajjpy period of its history, and that age seems to be that of Canada just now. In stating so, we do not mean to refer to the degree of ])erfection attained in the agricultural arts in the colony, but to the extent and broad diffusion of husbaiulry, the nund)er of in- habitants that are agriculturists, that draw from the bosom of the earth every thing necessary to supply their wants, food, raiment, and shelter, and, in fact, the absolute reliance of 7-Hths of the whole poj)ulation for their sustenance and comfort upon the produce of the soil, which they industriously cultivate. The improvements that have been introduced in the European systems of agricidture are \ud;ratifyin<^ his wants. The first strikiiifj; peculiarity that ])resents itself in Canadian farms is their cloiij^ated shape, each farm or land called, in the lan^ua^e of the country, fcrrc, bein;j;, in nine cases out of ten, ',i ar])ents Avide by .'iO arpents in depth. This width is often a<;ain sidxlivided into two or three and sometimes more sections, the divisions always running lon- gitudinally, and forming so many elongated parallelograms, one ex- tremity of whicb, called the front, gi'uerally abuts upon the public road, whilst the other terminal s at what is termed the cordon, or division- line between one range oi' co>ic('.s'.sion,t or farms, and another. The farmers. — ccii.fitdirc.f (for we are now speaking of the feudal lands of tiie pro- vince), usually build their houses at 100 or 1200 yards distance from the road, and sometimes nearer; and as the farms are, as we have just stated, very narrow, the settlements are close, and in most ])arts have the a])])earance of a continued village. The origin of this injudicious distribution of the land is no doubt t«) be traced to the social ebaracter of the Canadian peasant, who is singularly fondof neighbourliood, tbougb it is also referrible to the expediency which formerly existed of concen- trating iis much as i)ossil)le the moral and ])hysical energies of the colony. not only with a view of mutual aid in the formation of settlements, but in order the better to be able to repel the attacks of the aborigines, who are avcU known to have waged a severe war against the first European settlers tliat established themselves in Canada. Long after the cause of the adojjtion of such a plan had ceased to exist, the lands continued to be parceled out in the same inconvenient manner, and a considerable degree of otherwise unnecessary labour was thus thrown upon tlie bands of the agriculturist, llis bouse being in the front i)art of his farm, and his land all longitude, he is not only inca])able, in most instances, of commanding over it that constant su])ervision, which is so desirable in rural economy, but is obliged to devote more of his time to its tillage, owing to the remoteness of some of his fields from his dwelling, and to .'3 A 12 3()t LOWl'R CANADA. i' [I »l!' I.Mi employ imic'li labour aiul more materials in fcncininin«>; the in- formation necessary for the construction of such a statemei t, was not unlike that followed by Mr. (iourlay in the statistics of l'])pcr Canada : but it should be remarked, tiiat facilities exist in Lower Canada in the means of collectin<^ authentic facts, which the nature of thincessarily subsists between the seigneur and his vassals, the curate and his j arishioners, and the notary (who is generally considered one of the notables of the place) and tlu" inhabitants, who very frc(piently resort to him. Captains of militia, and other intelligent individuals in the country, have also been consulted as to the agricultural state of the ])rovincc, and we !iave not unfmpicntly, in thccourse of uj)wards of ;j,()00 miles of travel, in all partsof LowerCanada, entered the labourer's humble dwelling, when his family were engaged at the spiiming-whcel and the h)om, to ascertain the exact state of the do- mestic manufactures of the country. Such of the seigniories as we did not personally traverse, and these are few in nund)er, we became almost equally Avell acquainted with, through the circumstantial and intelligent replies of the seigneurs and reverend curates, to circular queries trans- mitted to them, embracing in their purport all the objects mentioned in the agricultural statement, and also many of those ci)mprised in the columns of the statistical table. As regards the townships, the same means, modified by circumstances, wore resorted to for information, much was obtained by jjcrsonal inspection in the progress of official tours, whilst the official returns of township agents, made quarterly to us, were likewise sources of the most correct and circmnstantial facts, relative to the state of the new settlements of the colonv. \\ M^ -•TAI I.MI:N'I. iiv DIMinCTS AMI ( OIN riKs,,,!- nil. ACiUIt ri/llUAI. I'llODICl",, LIM'- STOCK. I»(). !' \v<- fi ' hM 1 1 PKiini < »; OF i: A( II «<>(' \TV UI'ON AN AVKKAIJK OF TIIHKK YEA Hit. I Itiu'k liiiliun .Mlxi'il .Maple 1 1 Wliuit. (llilv Hurl V. I'nis. Hyi'. 1 rmaiiHit. I II,.). Tun. . y >'ll> ( 111 N 1 ll'*. 1 ltN. (i-J.OIHl niifiii.N. ri!i,(Miii ItiioluU. H>l»ll.l». 2.'».020 lliislu'N. 1 \\ Ik'uI. 2 (HIO ttirn, IIuhIkU. ."..UIO (■ruin. lIllHJU'N. .Sii|fiir. Cwli.. iiii.iuN. ; " 1 AlM.li.' . . . 7.!»i»o 7.211' M.IKMI 1 ,0(12 1 (!!»,.".( M( 20.1(1(1 'J lti';UjlL.il'ilii|> i>l,i;o."i Ki.iM'O 1 1,000 ll.lioo ii.;mo .'•,100 20.! col .■J:i7l l,:»2d 10."..4(I0 2.'i,;iHi :tliriilii,r . . n7(i:ii; l.'.!»,i::!j 1 l.!"!!l :«)i!i,'i!i :..;»7.-., 2,.".(M» ;i,2!)(i '1()H.-| l,()d|i I7o.oi;» dl 111 ICliinnl.lv . . l:iii.|i)(i •Ml 110 12 010 2H(MI.'» 1 1 .-.oiti 2..'iOO 1.01 Ij •1,11.'. 10.-. 2 17,1. -.7 iiii.-jjii • i") \,\\ ( lirlKlVr III. Mill I; ;.; !.■.(» '■ 1 to 21..".li!l :i.!tio 700 11.000 1 i)()0 101 201, .".7!) :t:i. 1(111 «; <• l.:l I'luirif . . I.M.IIOI lll.liOO 00i< . .■.K.20O 21.1100 1,0(10 20.1)10 l.iilo l.o.-.j l.".:»,.".oo .■.i„-,i;: a 7 ' 'A»Milii]iliiiii . .■i(i.7j;( :i!i.;t:!o 1,117 I.-.;:!.". K.OOO ,-.00 .■.,(iOO ."1,200 :t(i2 Idl.OOO 2.-..!iiiii ?, il ,Mis>ist[iii H(iii:t;i ii;t,7(io l-_',000 ;i.'(,7(M> dot 10 2o.:«io :»(!,70(i 1,000 r.ni 2.'i2,o(io 211'J(iii : '.tAlcl.ll-.-.ll . . I'Jti.llOl) •Kt.HCO 111.120 17. 01 it! 2 „■.(»() l.l.-.d l.-.,l.'.o 0)1 4!t.".,H.'.7 l-'.'j;.-, ,"• .J lOOitau.i . . . l'-J,.'ll( l!l,7rlirll . . !ij.;i(Mi li.-lll!) l,:tn 21.0 11,220 :i,(i2() 1(!,07.". >1.010 042 i4();i(io 1,'.. Ill III - l.'i'^l. ll\iicillllh' . 111771 !i.'i.lO(» i:t,7<»< 17.072 .'{.220 .".,107 Mill r.,2.".(» (110 do.i 10 .■|() mill 1 1 sii.ir,;iii . . ;i(;."i(;i .■.l,.vi:i 1 ;.<».")( 2i.)iot; 2.200 !t.7!ld 17 ill.'. 2, .".00 :uil 7())!00 1.-. .-,11; 0^ l."iSt;iii>ti",nl . . iHI,(tJ( l!.'.,700 1 1 1)01 i;i,)i.".o 1,11 11 2 7)io 2."..:;: 52 2,d(IO :.:ii i:id,lo() ;i 1,1(111 lli'I'circliiilillf 7.v7'i (KMI-J 1.77- 22.17t> 2.:«12 li.OOO 1 :<.21!l :<,!)! )0 :»12 1 :io.".,7o2 .".:{. Id!! I7'''\M' .\liiiilif;iilis it 1 ;;.".( 1 7,"),!!i:o lii.27." :!;i.ioo 2i»,7."»o ll.OlHI ;".:{. 7(10 :{,7.".o JLw 107,000 :t7.;iiiii 111 \';lllilli'llil . . (ili.lMIO <;i)-J(ll) .■..!;:i( 20.tt(iO l(f,0(M) ' .'i,(H)0 •.,0(MI (170 :i2d,7oi :il.:;iii' i lit\'(ri!nn',s . . Tot;, I . C 1 lilMllCl' . M.-),..;n l,7.'>i».:i!!( ."id, l.'{( 11 1,000 . i,;i7!Mi.")<» 2;».2!): .".(1. 100 0,020 2. ".00 o,:.o7 :tiii.'.(i 1 1 2i:(.(i7- .vii;.7fi:{ IMIIIOO !)-i,(i(»;) 272,2«i(l S)j,l.".2 11,4110 4,121,721 d! 12.111 ;ii ) MIMOO 2;»,.".o( 22:i(;i .".10 (!(I0 ' 2,010 l,o.".o ido iii.:t(Ki i.'2.:;(i(i 1 •JIll'll.'dlMSM- . . 1(10.11 1) iL»,:too ll.72( l7."<:fo 2..M1.-. 2,.'.0(t !ilO :t,io.". .".dJi 2:t.'...'.:«4 •1 (!..".(!;: I-- ;i Diiii'iu'stiT , ."."•, (>('( » |:t..")(io (i,|.-.( lilOOO 1,0.-.;! 11.-. 7.010 ."..".00 i,ni( i);»,ioo •JO led s ■iM.i .... il.'l.tlOl > 7:t,.")00 .-..711 l;".,lt2l ll.dd!) 2,100 •J,."..".o (!,".dii }l(t2 1 2171.37 ll(i;;:i \t ,') KiiiiiiitiiM>k:i lOtl.liU 11,100 :)2.(i7." 22,1110 10.27.^ 1,200 .".,(idO 12.100 1,211 2ll,o.-.o :;-j,:hi C (i f< - li .Mdiiliiinrt'iu-i . .■ .,11! . 11,!I1L' 1,1. -.( 2.."..' Id I.: '00 .-,.)!00 1.000 1117 21 :t}!o 11, (i.'.n = il Oil. Mils . , . .•{l.!lL> L'O.iilO 2 00.' ld..'iOO ;i,id.-. 2.r.(M» :u.". 2,10;". Id2 l(ld,()(i.". Idl:;- Z lOl'ortiiciit' . . !il.:i.". i;i.7io (i.i;2! 21i,(!0.'. I..".(.0 I.OdO 2,7:«o :{,i.'.o 1, ().".:{ :M0.4.-.f! L'l'd.i 1 L 1 1 (Jih Iff . . . .■)!t.l>ll l.".i>(ii.-) 1 1.2 1( 2.".,77.'' l.)i.".l 2.l;".0 :i,io)! 2.ld.". :{.".4 ;!:t 1,(127 :!l,-ii!; ^ IjHc u-^ki . . ;ti..-.i'; 1 l.lllO 10.7!': (i.o7;i d.iio 1.000 do l.".,}id4 72d { li),ldO id.i.i: l,'!S,ii.ucii.iy . . Tut.il . [ 1 ('li;iiii|il.iiii . ■)(i,7;;-j 1(1, 73.". i2;$,(;oi -l,i:{.-. 102,-ldsi M.IIIO 2,000 .•»,2!)7 ;{.2oo 20(i d2,7:id 2(l.,'iiii 7!t:Ui7i (L'7,o.".:5 :.2,!)a-i 20,07:1 :u;,077 01,747 4,:»!0 }i,:ni 1,1141!, 104 :mi :,!,:,-, :: ■«l,77: (iii.:t(io do,' 10.:)! 10 1,100 1.7(io (ilO :{|i(i 2:tii,."iid 21.1:: ;- J I)i uiniiiiiiul ii;,(»ji( ; 1 .".o:{ I.O'.iJ 2.!t:!l 1.2:50 170 (i,:i:n .''..100 \\w^ 27.:t:«o 1711(1(1 1 i' .'iXii'Ml.'l . . . 7< >,;!.")( 17.loii :r20( I7.d20 4.2n;{ :no 3,".00 o;{()| (id,d2o ;ii:. 1(111 1 « ■|.S;iiiit .Aliiiirii'f . ;!it.(!(i( > !!.".,! 100 i:tii:;( 1 l.filO ■•t.l.'JO 2 .".00 ;5:!o 4,2!iO (ill! 120,11110 :i2(ii;(i ' s .") .'^llCllu'lHlkd . (1 \'aiiia>.kii Total . I 1 liiiiiavi'iiturc }«I,!I71 ()-»,,1.".0 74:{ lo.iioo 2',I.(I(N' .^ :i(L'!i7i ll.l.'U :tl7,7-'-' 2.".,lill );i,2dl ],dOO 2!l.)i0I d,72I 2:{,;".()0 2d,.JilO :),72H (iod,;{dr. Idi):!:!; ^ i:{,oit."i 200 (i'.O r.2i r.7.210 4,(iii; .I » JCiaspr . . . }i7i :t,)!o;{ U^o:. lOit r.2o 2do Hi2,dlO (i.iidii I 1 Total . (Jranil 'I'ot il 12,0()j L>,!):?1,2I(I KMiilH 2,}!0r) }t2.%ai» ;ji»n 1,170 71!1 210,1120 io,ii(i; 1 1 1 1 2.: ill, .".2!) 1 \w^^\' 2i7,r.J3 1 21, .307 n;w,i,".o i«4,fir.o 24,;}20d,70d,:{io'i,22!iiM;; '■\A-2 ii.:j;' III. '■ E STO( K. !)(». I lliinhi'lii. l(i!),.'>(HI I7(»,iti:» •J»7.l.'7 l20l,.".71t i:i:»,:.(Mi Kll.diiO '_'."» ■J,(HI(» ■i!t:.,i!:.7 l.')(i.7!M» i-i(i:i(io (••t.iiii 7(l(t(M> :i(»."), 7(1-2 1117,(100 :fj(!.7(ii :r)i»,:»(t7 j,i'Ji,7i.>i (;!)-_Mii:ii II..). 'J'nn . 2U.!(Hi L'.V.'ll*! (il III 111! 'JJii :t:(.iiiii i.'i; •.'••0 ij.ii:,^ i;,"p:i; l:!.-jiHi t.'i.dlhi .'idiiiiii l.".,,-ii(; :ti.iiiii .vi.iic; it7.:n'ii :il.:;iii' iil,:t(K» •Kt.KlOl 2I7.1M7 2 II, (».■>(» :{(),> 10 JI.1171 •Jl.'IKO i(i(i.()(i:) :M(t,i.".(! :;:ti,(;i.>7 I'.t.lliO (UJlid ■|t!„"(ir, ll!' Ii'ii 11 (>:::; liL'.lHI ■2:1 2\i: l!. l!,'.|i :!l^!!:; K ;.!.•.: •Jd.iiii l,]tiJ!,i(i4, ;M!;.:,:" 2:iii,."ii(> l-'l.l" i>7.:t:<(t| 17 '.Hill ()(l,(i'JO :ii 1,1(111 i2!»,)ii;o ;!-j(ii;ii io:{,ii!i ;iii,.'i(ii' -10,!iOO l>ll,(Kili liOli.'Ui:'! i(;«):',:i' r.7.2i(>| 1()2,(!10 •l.dii; (I. Mill 2UMt2(> i(i.i;ii; K;,7!)u,;u(n ,22)1,(11!; VMSTK M.Wri'ACTrUKS, ani. gi'ANTrM or \.\SD iNOKn C'l r/l'IVATlON is I.OWr.ll CANADA. IH27 lilVK STOCK. YU\. I HiiiUT. Cwia. C'wu, ;u;» 277 l!»t .'( i:. 2i:« 711 :ti7 2.". I ;i2.'. !»" 2(17 1 1;( :iio lit! 201 ;i2(» ."iKIj .'ii(ii i;i.v .'J,(MI.V .VOIKI .•..II021 .'i.DIKI 'l,:i!i)t *>.i>lo :«,(t7:j ;<,)i:n 4(!I0 1. 2 1 II (I, i:i7 Ii,.'i00 •I,:i7 2,2(in :i,(iio .•),!i}i:. (i,!l(l2 :».7!>7 •l,.".!Mi i;,.-.:t:i ii.'.,riJ!2 :i!)i| :\:,:,\ ;t7!i ;(.".;{ 7 l.-id ll.V ;!it." !(!(! 211 :ti-. :U2l; 7! I ;i!l;! 221 ;;:ii •12- :Moii •1.7117 ;».;{:n .'I.IKI.". (i,!)M(i 2,)i:.;. 22! i 1.70!i 1,12(1 •l,."i(i!» :j,2oi 2.!IO(i .'i.Old 42,0! I(i 2,|;J2 1127 .■.,2!t7 ;{.;t!i(! 2,00! I ;{,:tiii );; -J 17.3.".:] :i2;{ (l.d 12^ !»:i:i 14r),!M>4 llorMt. K.iirio 2,07(1 .••,1122 4,41>2 4,111:. a.IKU :j,(;i:{ ;»,2(i(i ri,)iiii) -1(10 ■>,:i(l:f .V7it7 7,042l l,7-'l ;j,.-.o.-.i ^V,]-,]> 114)1 4, .-.21 7,! Mm o (i,4:«.-. .■.,(1711 lo,7.'(i (I, {(id ll,2.V. i2,;i2!» 7!'dl, 7,14(1 !>.7-'7, I.itlm i>.7;i'i! 11,11.-., 10. l.d :i.oio' (i,2oo 11,1147 )i,ll(i (Mid 7.1H(» .Swliii'. I I loih I «'».v.). iKrini'li ilia |M).M|,.>.||( M.V.M l'.\« Tl HKH. I'litiiiiil iitiil lliinit'><|iiii' (I'lMlll- i;'.i(n), rri'iii'li I'lU, 2:t,iiii:< I7,.V,1!' :tit,(idii 21,1:72 2o,.'.od 4o.:i(io 22, III.V 2I,70;V DMI.'.oI .".,:i2d :<>,4ioi l."...'.o.". :<2,ii2i! }l,4)id i:»,fi;{.-i :j7,i.-..-. 2d,;;{o 22,010 :!0,dO( i47,M';i :.,(id2 li,.V.2' d,70.'.| 7 ■■ ■" II !».■... ■.„iH4l II!.-. 4,27.-.! 2,01)1 !, 1 1 ,42.-. 7.r.i:« 4 ;;.M r..i4:t .M.oa'i d.ii:i)i it, 2; {(I 2.7do, l!,.-..'.ol o.(i:;o o.7:!!i 4,dOO 7..-.2(i l,4.-..-. 7,)!!I0 0.d.-.2 7.:i.".li 2,42 1 4,;»!i:. 7,.-.7(» (I,(i2l! .-..00.-. .'.,.■.70 20.010 .'.0,!t!l.". .'I) 1,117..' 2d,;<;io dl,2.'iO .-to.oio ;t2,2io :n,7l(t| .".,.■..-.0 : ».-..! !.-.(( .-.2,2: !o' ;<:i,!i.-.(r I2 7li> Id.lldO 4.-. 410 ;i(i,d.-.d' ;!l.d.-.i| 4! »,.-.! 10 :t(MNNI 2;t,ooo 41.i>l.'i 2l,dOO lii:«2l .'.: 1,000 2l,(idO 2;( 7i!(i 2:»,iio.". (;)!2)i i!t,:ti.- 4:i.i!dd Id.ill !l,.-id'.» ll.MO.-. 21,710, ld.2!l(i' I2.)!2(r :!;i(Mi;) .V ( ( l.ll\ .\llON, ' KlllloW IIMll I 'I'llt ll ,Mt,iiliiw ,l^ii.iiiiiiiii ill, l.,iiiil. I I'liliiiir. I .\ii,«, ,Vt'ri'«. 4i),(l(td 2.'.,)i:!:t 4.-.,02.-. Ill, 1(H) 20,dOO 72,. -.00 IK. ,177 :!0,(illl 211, d7d 7,0(i(» 2.-., 070 liidiid 21 0(10 lit.ldo 17<»0it 2l!,lt!l| . Ill, (1! 1(1 ltl,2do 41, .-.00 MiNll 2011 :.7i> :jo7| IIO.V .-.0:1 II.-. IK 111 201 il(i 1107 .-..-.(! •J! II I 102 IJI! ;i7o .-,1:0 liliO, 41!!!, 21.1(1(1 IIMdi; :iii, 2(1(1 : 10,1 12.-. 2(l.l.Vi :t7.7.i4 21 (III:! idimi 07.. '.01 1 .V2IU :i)! 7.i.'i lUldllK II.-. .Ill I ll.(i.-.o I Mill 27.2)17 1 17, (Hilt 111,100 .-.(l.dd.'. 110 mi I djoii 070711 (;o.'.)io 111 :;ito 72 |d(i 110 (Mid 1^2, Hid 71.!'7"' l(i,|d(l 7(1 171; (I7 2dli d; i ' I ;d 10 100 •J-. IK Id 7'!,2il.1 72,Mt2 .-.II.IKIO iioiido II0,.*)IM» OH .-.00 11 1(1,21!) I oi,.-.o.v 7.-. l.-.(» 1 1(1 '..'dO CO dO!) lo.iioo Ilio, I7.". 1.". I CO I oil 2d0 Id. I,) 100 Id) .',00 110 i.-.o loiloo 100 .•.112 I l(l.(l(lll 01 2( ft 140 Id.-. 4112,1110 12(M'.« d.'.ll.ldil; 4.-j(i,2U4; .'.01 '.Mil d,7.-d .-.;;(i.(todl.diil.!id(il,Cdl,072 l!i,}|('' 41 I' 21, .102 110,110, 2(1, 400 I7.1;"'-' lOd <),OIII (>,!)().-. 2H,(ilU ] 0,700 12,127 17,H0(i 711,707 2411,042 1!),I144 04H i,:.no 14r.,(H2 '.,74!t 1,2)1(1 7,l!t(i 7,.-.d.-' .1,40!! 4,72(1 112 211! 1,07(1 dO( l.d? 10.! Ill I 11,11(12 2,1, -.00 2!t,.-.ll(l ll,l!llli 12.4411 .';,!t73' I7.:i". I 7.7."i'" !!,!' 4,.-.,.;! d,r.i".-. 2dd 4,11111 4,1110 7.117:1 i5,272 :i.7."'l 11,10.-. 2.'., loo, .'.o,l,-.(t HO,! too! itl,oi;o| 411,000 HIt.llltl OH", 111,1 10 11,200 .'lllll.-.o 2l{,HIO 21), 140 2.-., 1(10 lit ill 10 ..- -/ 2d 10 II 111 II II 20 !I00 01 hi. 700' .-.do (tl!,"i lllo 71:11 !lli(l Kill Olid 070 d,-..-. !I00 -/ III) It.-. 1(2 14 1(1 III II 1.-. 21! ,.-|dO Olio .-.00 (170 .000 ,l.-.o 4(111 42.-. ,0110 (id.-. ,1140 ,120 ,4 If. Mill I doi, 41!l .•!7-' 10:1 4 Id itl 2.d 00 .".111 2.-.2 201 ■10,-. 217:14 2(1. ."'d7i 21 1, ltd! I 2.-.,rioii, I tit. Ill tit 22 410 dOl 11.217 11, Oil! I IIO.'llO Itl 0114 2 1, 1 1(17 10, into Ki (!!! .Ml .'.O dii itii 1 .)•) Aw C7 7)1 12 I til Kid, Itlt'l 7lt2 !l!l!l Odd ,i;io Olid lltl ,Oli| ..-.Oil ! I.-.O (II! I 2(id 71. !i(i, 112 IM, ilO, (12 1 nil It! I, !i|! 11(1, (it. 200 !iod 100 4 !> I!;i0 2,-.(» 711.1 II,-. I (100 11(1 ll,-.4 Kil l!Ni l!d.-.0(i :t:,2,2d4 2.'.ll,2.-.0 .HOOIIOIt 1:M:> 2!)l.4d:i dl2,44lV !l(ill,)lld 5115,074 111 12 1,1.-|| 4, .-.01. 2()0,01.-.| i!2!l,l22 15,41!:.? 1,117.-. 7.1.M (i,7:.(l 4 !I0.-. d,.-.(ll 7,010 4,7.V. 47,(i(il! 24,120 2 1,2: tit 27.1 !» .VI4I! |{,2dO 27,1110 ld,lt2!! 20,1011 22151!.-. (14 Id .| Itdll r.7,i(io iii.it! Id l!.-..ldO ItiMII.O litd Oil .-.0.-. 411! Itii.-. 4ltl l!l,7C(! i.OilO 152.(100 111,100 10,I!!0 2.-., Kid 15!! .-. c,-. (II l!l .-.1 .11:5.1 ,1110 .200 000 ,!l!(l ,15111 !» !»7 150 7d |(.0 ■27'> IKK) .0(10 .120 ,.-.;:(• 150,221!; II5.1,24I5, !l4,74d ;5,220! 71!.-. '.,2152 2.7ddi :5.ooo 1.01(1 4,(1(1." 7.!l!>}ti 4,(110 ldl,!l.!2 2, _i (ioii; 1502 07:5 i2.-.,iio2 211,11711 :t;o,7i;o 010 (17 It2 till :5,2.-.!i 1 (120 ,400 ,700 .(•.-.It ,l!20 4 111 17 ,1(10 •10 241,7li.-.,l,l.-.:5,(i7l5 lt(ll!.21(ll.0.-.l!,d;»d 115,2115 1,002, 101! 1,011,11117 2,!l4d,.-.d'. '%n if i 1 1' I ■■A'*" I ;)()8 LOWKR CANADA. IJy the I'olumn of land uiuler cultinv we find that there are nearly ;i, ()()(), ()()() of acres of improved lands in the provinee, and that of tliis (juantnni abont l-.'jrd is aetnally nnder ero]), and the reniainin<;- i2-.'Jrds are ])artly left fallow, and partly enltivated as meadow land. Wc have, tiierefore, rather npwards of 1 ,()()(),00(), vi/. l,00!>,lf)8 aeres, that yield the grain of the eonntry. besides roots and vegetables, whieh may be considered as absorbing abont 12.5(),()()() aeres of that qnantnm. ITence it appears that the whole aggregate amount in busbels of wheat, oats, barley, pease, i^e., raised in the county, i. e. 7,-i);j,i)();J, is the produce of 7.512,1 J)S acres of tillage lands, yielding an average of {)! bushels per acre; and this average, although higher than an estimate given by a very in- telligent citi/en * of Quebec, in his evidence before a connnittee of the assend)ly, is probably low, when it is considered that instances are not rire of one acre ])roducing 20 bushels of wheat, and considerably more oats, mai/.e, \;c. l?ut the ai)parent discrejiancy can be easily conciliated by a very Judicious remark of the gentleman alluded to, who considers the ])opulation of the ])rovince as having increased in a nuich more rapid ratio than the cultivation, which not oidy diminished the amount of the ex])ort of bread stidfs, but, owing to the advanced demand for them by the native ])opidation of the country, has rendered additional diligence necessary in the process of tillage, and, in some measure, forced the inha- bitants, though ahnost im|)erceptil)ly, into agricultural improvements. ^\s a proof of the fact above stated, the fol]t)wing statements, taken from the jjrinted reports of the crown lands connnittee of the house of assembly, will show that, Avith few exceptions, the export amount of l)read stufts from the j)rovince has considerably diminished .since the year 1 T!).'}. \\'illi;iiii ]Moiklc>Jiiliii, Em}. AcijK ri/rrnr. -nuKAi) sn ris. ;5()<) Export of Bread Sfiifl'fifroui the Port o/'Qi/cIxrJ'ront 17!):) to 1S()!2 incliis'irc-. ''XX \-\\i I "!•."■ U'licMt . . . I!!7,(MMI 11 l.(t(l(i;i!».".,(l(H) I7!i(;, 17!)7- l"!lil. 17!l!>. IIIOO \\m. 1 1:0 J Flour ^lilils.) I 1 (),!>(»(> Miscuit icwt.) I J),liOO i:{.7(iOi lu.ood! 4.:t()(i| 1 1,(100 ;»,io() :n.oi)() n-j.ooo iiio.ooo-ji 7.000 i;:;. 000 ioio.o;i;v ! ! ' . - i !),."iOO 11,100 20.000 ;«1,00(I -ji^moo i:).ooo i>o.ooo' .'i.itoo' }),ooo I'j.ooo 2i.."ioo 2r.,ooo ;i--',;.". 1 ,1. Sit 171.10(t 1(10 1")1 Aiiiiiial avcni';.' ;W.".,111 17,100 KI.Ol.'i Do. of Flax si'i'd 7, .■)(»() hu-lii'ls. anil of IVasc, Oats, and Harl.'V 1. <'<•<• The Exports of lirctid Stuffs from the Port of (•Quebec for seven i/ears, IHK) ta IH2^2 i/ic/nsire, in soiiiet/tiiii>- near round nnnd>ers, is as folloas* : iiiifi. Wheat (liusli. 11117 \ IIIIM. Ill III. ' UIJI). 11:-' I. ."iJ(>,.")_'00 i:{,r)0(»| Hush. Wheat, Bills Flour, Cwt. Hiscuit, i .\niouiitinij; to I .;i(i7.700 1!17.(!:?7 (;7.!!."i(! Annual average li)."),;<){(> L>lt,-J;i:{ <»,()!» I Wliofit is tlu' diiof article cultivated by the Canadian farmer; yet it i.s not raised in inucli greater quantities than would he re(|uisite I'or the e()nsuni])ti()n of the inhabitants, were not the import of I'pper Ca- nada flour into the lower province so extensive as to make ii|) the de- ficiency that would arise by the export of corn from the port of Quebec to the British markets. The great and increasing tide of emigration to the country augments the demand for bread stuffs in a imich larger ratio than their ])roduction. and it cannot therefore be expected that a dense po])idati(»n, under the Canadian system of husbandry, can both supply their own wants and have at the same time the means of exportation. However, as the townshij) lands will |)rogressively be thrown op(>n, and EvidcncT of William Meiklojohn, Esi], '.i IS 370 LOWKR CANADA. w ¥ new farms are brought under cultivation, tlie produce will gradually assume a greater pro|)orti()n to tlie jjopulation. ^Vnd sliould the distil- lation of whiskey and beer be eventually introduced into the country, there is no doubt that the increased demand for barley and wheat, con- sequent upon this event, Avoidd give a new impulse to the culture of those s])ecies of grain, and render the ])rovince, in a measure, independent of foreign markets, for the disposition of its surplus corn. The cheap- ness of whiskey and beer, that would naturally follow the general intro- duction of distilleries of this description, must be considered by moralists as leading to excesses in drinking, but admitting its tendency, we cannot lorget that the adulterated and deleterious beverage the people now uni- versally drink, in the slia])e of rum, is not only cheap but far more ])er- nicious than would be either whiskey or beer, and it is also without the redeeming advantage possessed by the latter, that of aHording a market to the wheat of the country, and thus encouraging its cultivation. 'I'iie extent of the domestic manufactures of the province, exhibited by the table, will ])robably excite some surj)rise, but it serves to denion- strate, in a forcible manner, the resources of the country, and the inde- pendent condition of its inhabitants, as regards all the necessaries of life. Some counties arc rather more mamifacturing than others, and not only weave woollens and linens for their own use but also for sale ; generally speaking, however, the peasantry of the different ])arishes are satisfied with clothing themselves from the produce of their own looms, the operation of weaving universally devolving upon the female branches of the family, who are thus employed during the late autumnal wud the winter months. Few farmers cultivate more than half an acre in flax-seed, the growth of which supplies them with ample materials to manufacture their house linen, and only a few articles of ^\ earing apjjarel, most of these being n)ade of flannel. I'lax "rows with orciit luxuriance in Canada, and hemp has. in all cases in which it was fanly tried, suc- ceeded eciually well. It is ])articularly adapted as a first crop after the cleariii_ of new lands, the soil being generally too rich \u the outset for the ))roduction of grain, and there is no doubt, that in a country where the forests are daily making way for cultivation, a considerable ])ortion of the new lands would be appropriated to the growth of hemj). if a ■V ^ '.SI MAN I'FACTUIM'S— MAPLE SICIAU. 371 market were ottered to the cultivator. That the encouraircincnt of that article in the colony is a matter of vast importance to the mother country cannot be denied, since with Canada, as the source of the naval sui)])lies of (ilrcat liritain, not only those of timber but of hemp, Enohmd nii<^ht consider herself far more independent than she now is in this particular of European connneroe, and remain unhurt by prohibitory treaties that may, sooner or later, supervene to check her trade with the iJaltic. The subject is one which Ave have alwavs esteemed of ijreat moment to the interests both of Cireat IJritain and of the British provinces, and havin<>- ^iven nuich time to its serious consideration, we would call the attention of the reader, who is desirous of more |)articular information ui)()n this head, to the ^V])pendix at the end of this volume, in which is printed a plan submitted to the society of arts and sciences in Canada, for en- couraging the cultivation of hemj, in the province, with a vidiimts of the ))robable advantages to be derived by a company that might be formed for the promotion of that object. An article in the productions of Ijower Canada, which deserves to be particularized, is maple ,si(<>ar, not oidy from the extent to which it is now manufactured in most ])arts of the ])rovince, but from the con- spicuous ])lace it holds in the estimation of the peasantry of the coimtry. The process of obtaining it is extremely simple, and is so far, generally speaking, from being considered laborious, that the sugar season, which usually conuuences and ends Avith yVpril, is rather deemed one of festivity than toil. The rapidity of vegetation, or more properly its cause, the almost sudden transition from cold to heat, appears essential to the ])ro- duction of the article, at least in any quantities, inasmuch as the copious exudatioii of sap fnmi the maple-tree is the cojisecpience of its being rapidly dissolved from a congealed state, and converted into a thin sac- charine serum, which exudes through a puncture or incision made in the rind of the tree, about three or four feet from the root : in this incision a slender s])igot is inserted to convey the licpiid into troughs ])laced beneath for its collection, and thus is obtained the fluid whence the sugar is manufactured. The process of converting the sap into sugar is ecjually sim])le, and merely consists in boiling it mitil a sutticient degree of eva- poration has taken ])lace, to convert the licpiid into a thick syrup which. 3 B 2 th i'lf If .'J72 LOWER CANADA. ^ \, if it he inteiuled to preserve tlie sugar in solid loaves, as is the most pre- valent practice, is transferred to wooden or hirch-hark vessels of various sizes, that heconic the moulds of the sugar when it has hardened. If it he meant that the sugar assume the ap])earance of muscovado, the sap is constantly stirred while l)oiling, until the moisture aj)pears to have (juite eva))orated, when the residuum hecomes friahle, anil perfectly resend)ling the West India sugar. The average weight of sugar yielded hy one tree is stated to be about .5 ; lbs., and in a country where, as in Canada, maple abounds, .some estimation may he made of the })ossil)le (|uantity of that article wliieh could be produced. AN'hether, however, it would be sound policy to encourage a systematic production of ma])le sugar in the province, is ))erhaps (juestionable, not only from its tendency to affect the consump- tion of NN'est Indian conuuodities of that description, but also from its being a ))remium upon leaving large tracts of country in ft)rest land, instead of being converted into corn and hemp fields, which ajjpear to us the most valuable of the two ])urpo.ses to which ♦he soil could be devoted. Maple sugar will nevertheless ever continue a favourite luxury, if not a necessary, with the Canadian peasant, who has not unaptly been considered* as having for it the same sort of natural predilection that an Knglislnnan has for his beer, a Scotchman for his scones, and a ^lexical! for his pulque. Of late years agriculture has become a subject of particular solici- tude in the province, and there have in consequence been formed, in the various districts, very intelligent societies, under the patronage of go- vernment, for its promotion, Avhose endeavours have in general been attended with considerable success. The ))remiums offered by these societies extend to most articles of produce, and particularly to the amelio- ration of stock-farming, an inq)ortant branch of rural economy, which had hitherto been greatly neglected, but which is now become a subject of ahuost paramount interest in the estimation of the agriculturist. The ex- hibitions of cattle that take place every spring, muler the auspices of the agricultural societies in the three districts, show an obvious im})n)vemcnt * Political and Historical Afcouiit of Lower C'aiiaila !)v " A Native {'aiiailian." AGUICrLTURAI. AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 373 in the breed of horses, liorned eattle, sliee]), kc. The exhibition of produee is etjiially indicative of the progressive advancement of agriculture to higher perfection. Nor are the niainifactures of the country left without some encouragement, ])remiums being offered for tiie best manufactured straw-hats, woollens, linens, .Ivc. that usually bring out excellent spcciuiens of the manufacturing abilities of the Canadian peasantry. The annual and monthly reports of these societies usually contain hints and suggestions to the farmer, well calcidated to aid him in his labours, if attended to. There are likewise in both cities, Quebec and Montreal, associations for the encouragement of horticulture, which have led to considerable ameliorations in the cultiu-eof garden fruits and veo-e- tables. In fact, great ])ains are taken, as well by the h-gislature as by public associations and individuals, to promote the agriculture of the province in all its branches ; and there is no doubt, that the monies liberally voted by the house of assembly, to be laid out in premiums, under the judicious control of the agricultural societies, added to the influence of individual zeal and example, will ere long eradicate some of the older prejudices, to which the Canadian agriculturist remains still attached, and introduce the more enlightened system of cultivation now ap])lied so successfully in Europe. CHAl'TKR XIV renuii's in Lower C'aiiadji. AViir.N Canada was first cstablisluMl as a colony of France, tlic feudal system still ])revailed in Kuro])e, with much of its original Gothic vigour, aiul, as might naturally be expected, its s])irit as well as its practice wei'e at once transferred to those distant possessions, and the lands therein universally granted under the femlal tenure. However. as the settlements of the country progressively accjuired strength and conse(juence, and its government became a subject of more inuuediate solicitude to the French crown, a variety of modifications were, from time to time, introduced in the feudal code, that tended on the one hand to abridge the exorbitant ])rivilegcs of the seigneur, and on the otiier to add to the itulepciulencc of the vassal. These modifications, cond)ine(l with the tacit reliiujuislnncnt of several rights that formerly attached to feudality, but which have since become obsolete, have given to the feudal tenure in Ijower Canada peculiarities that belong to itself, and which seem singularly well adapted to the local circumstances of the coinitry. It was not until .'iO years after the concpiest, in 17.5}), that the temire in free and common soccagc was efl'ecttially introduced, although the most strenuous endeavours appear to have been usetl long before by the loyalists, who had emigrated from the revolted colonies to the ))rovince of Quebec, to obtain from the nu)ther coun':ry an abandonment of the seignorial temwes, and the adoption of those to which they had hitherto been accustomed. The remarkable delicacy manifested by the imperial goverinnent on this subject is an instance of the magnanimity of a concjueror that cannot fail to add lustre to the IJritish name, whilst its recollection nuist tend to draw the link still closer between the mother country and the colony. That it was intended to leave the inhabitants in the ample enjoyment of FI'IDAL TENUIIKS. their iiiU'ioMt usa<^c,s, i'(>li«^i()usly to resjjtrt and protect their hiws a:ul in- stitiitioiis, and in f'urtheranee of this intention, to pr()|)a<>ate the ori<4in;il tenures of the province, is evident from the .'JHth article of liis late most •gracious majesty Cieorti-e the Third's instructions to CJuy Carleton, l<'s(|., the governor of the countrv, in 1775 *. Nor ^vas this the only manifestation of his late majestys most gracious pleasure on tiiis subject, for we find that, in the 4()th article of the royal instructions, giyoji to liord Dorchester in 17H(), after directing that the loyalists and disbanded troops should receive, as a reward for their services, grants of the waste lands of the crown, his majesty distinctly ])rescril)es that the lands so to be granted should be held cti .sciq-iienrick. \\y the .'Jlst Cieorge III. chap. .31, connnonly called in Canada the Constitutional Act, the province of (Quebec was divided into tlic provinces "' " lly our I'diiiiiiisNioii to y<'ii, iiudi r our ^rcat simI of (iri'ut liritain, voii arc iiii- thorizcd iiiul ciiiiiowcrcd, u illi tlie adviL'e ;iiid consent of our council, to settle and ajfree with till; inhabitants of our said jiroviuce of Qucliec, for such lands, tenements, and hereditaments, as now are or shall hereafter lie in our jiower to disjxise of; it is therefore our \\\\\ and jileasure, that all lauds uliieh now are or hereafter may he sulijcct to our dis[msal. he i;'raute(l iu (ief or seijj;neurie, in like uianuer as was practised antccediiit to the C()U(|uesi nf the said province, omittiuu; however, in any grant that shall he passed of sucli lauds, the reservation of any judicial jiowers or privileges whatever: — and it is o\ir further nill and j)leasnre, that all irrants in lief or seigueurie, so to bo passed by you as aforesaid, be made sidycct to our roval ratification or disallowance, and a due registry thereof «itliin a limited time, iu like manner as was practised ill regard to grants and concessions held iu fief and seignenrie under the French government." t " .Such lauds to be divided into di>tinct seiguetiries or fiefs, to extend from two to four leagues iu front, and from three to five leagues iu depth, if situated upon a navigable river, otherwise to be run s(jiiare, or iu such shape and in such (|uantities as shall be convenient and praetical)Ie, and iu eacli seigueurie a glebe to be reserved and laid out in the most convenient spot, to contain not less than three hundred acres, nor more than fw't' hundred acres; the pro- perty of which seigneiiries or fiefs shall be and remain vested iu us, our lieirs and .successors ; and vou shall allot such ])arts of the same as shall be applied for by any of our said loyal subjects, iion-commissioiied ofiieors, and private men of our forces, redueeil a> aforesaid, in the following ]iroportions, that is to sav, ' iS.'e. " The saiil lands to he held under us, our heirs, and successors, seigneurs of the seignenrie or fief in which the same shall be situated, upon the same terms, acknowledgments, and services. as lands are held iu (Hir said province, under the res])ectivc seigneurs ludilin.ir and ])ossessing seigneiiries or fiefs therein, and reserving to us, vinee, but thesi- grants were to l)e •' sid)ieet nevertheless to sueh alterations with respeet to the nature and eonse(|uenees of sueh ti'Uure of free and eonnuon soei'age. as might he estahlished hy any law or laws by his majesty, his lieirs and sueeessors, l)\ and Avith theadviee and eonsent of the legislative eouneil and assemhlv ol the proviiK'C." Notwithstanding these repeated and powerful manifestations of tiie desire of the erown, to ])erpetuate the tenin-e of Hef and seigniory in Lower Canada, as most consonant not t)nly with the habits and feelings of the people, but consistent with a more uniform anil systematic order of things, no fresh grants in lii'f were made after the conijuest, if we except those of Slu>'.)lbred and Murray Hay, and the whole of the lands of the colony, not previously granted under the feudal system, are now considered as soccage lands, and are almost wlu)lly laid out in townshii)s. IJy the ancient custom of Canada, lands were hi'ld innnediately from the king cuJicJ',ov en rotiirc, on condition of rendering fealty and homage on accession to the seignorial pro])eriy : and, in the event of a transfer thereof, by sale or otherwise, except in hereditary succession, it was subject to the ])ayment of u qti'nit, or the tilth part of the whole j)urchase money, and which, if paid by the ])urchaser innnediately. I'Utitled him to the rabat, or a reduction of two-thirds of the tjidiit. This custom still prevails. The tenanciers, censitaires, or holders of lands en roftin; are subject to some particular conditions, but they are not at all burthensome ; for instance, they pay a small annual rent, usually between !2.v. ()V/. and .5.v. for each arpent the farms have in front (though in many seigniories the rents of new concessions have been considerably increased); to this is added some article of provision, such as a couple of fowls, or a goose, or a bushel of wheat, or something else of domestic consumption. They i///Ao//Vy//('. or lon<;' lease of 'JO, lU), 'A), or any mnnber of years, subjeet to a very small rent only. Franc alcit is a freehold, \mder whieh lands are exempt from all rights or duties to seiiiin'C's, aeknowleduiim' no lord but the kinu" ■ ('(•n.siirh a feudal tenure, subjeet to an ammal rent, paid either in money or prod nee. The sei;r.eurs reveime. It is a rii>ht tt) a twelfth part of the purchase money of every estate within his sei<>- niory that changes its owm-r by sale, or other means i'(|uivalent to a sale. This twelfth is to be paid bv the purchaser, ami is exclusive of the sum agreed uj)on between him and the .seller; for prompt jjayment ol' it a reduction of a fom'th pcU't is usually made. In cases of a sale of this nature the lord ])ossesses the droit dv rctrait, which is the j)rivile<;i' ol pre-emption at the hi<;hest bidden ))rice. within forty days after the saU- has taken jdace ; it is, however, a pri\ile<;-e but seldom exercised. All the fisheries within a sei<;niory contribute to increase the proprietor's re- venue, as he receives a tithe of all the fish caught, or an e(|ui\aleiit sum. • It apjU'iirs tlmt tlio rate of moiiliirr is lii|jliiT in the I'liitt'd .States, where tlie jireate.sl cuni}R>titioii obtains, and that it stands at one-twelfth. — Land Ixfporls, II. .1. I.. ('. ■\ In the A]ipendix will he found a formula of the rf«,v;7o/rt''s title, or Ixiil d ii'/a, v\hieh is best calculated to convey a knowledge of the preci.se conditions of the jjrant. t The only two (iefs in franc aleu in the province were those of C'harlesbourj.'. near (juebee. and 6(KI arpent.s near Three Kivers, granted to the late order of je.suits, and now reverted to tiie crown. — ('liquet. a c 1 Ufil 'Mi\ I.()\VKI{ CANADA. ! U , '( Iff Hi's'kU's these rights, lie is |)iivik<;e7/c//Wc in the province eNceeds I'J. ()()(). 0(K) superficial French ar|)ents. or ahout I. ),.'{!)() scpiare miles: that laid out in townships, under fri'c and couunon soecage, amounts to (i,. '{()(). ()()() aerev, hut of this (|uantum not more than one-half is actually granted, and the residue of the province remains unsurveyed, and is generallv known lUKh-r the denomination oi' ira.s/c lauds at' the rrotni, and liahle as such to he granted c/z./Zc/'and .vc/i,'/"''///'*', or in soecage at his majesty's pleasure. The soeeage tenure, whieh is in fact tlu\//Y///r a/cu rottir'icr of the feudal system *. is prohahly uiore in accordance with the spirit of the age than the cciisivc, and it cannot he denied that in some respects it is well litti'd eminently to promote iiulividual industry and enter])rise, the landholder heing wholly uiisluirkled hy any e«)ndition whatsoever, neither rents, conucs. nuitation lines. hdiKiHtr or the ohiigation of arindinu' his corn at the seignorial mill ; in fact, the soecage freeholder is hound to no other ohiigations than those ol" allegiance to the king and ohediencc to the laws. The town>liip si-ttlements of the province, although the date of their eommi'ucement is comparatively recent (17f)H), now compose a verv Hom-ishing a'id interesting section of the countrv. and althouy-h their population at ])resent hears hut a small pro])ortion to the population of' the whole province, the rapidity of its inercasc, hoth natural and con- tingent, as arising- from emigration, must ere many years throw con- siderahle weight into the seale of tlu-ir importance. The iidiahitants of the townships have, however, been hitherto exposed to much end)arrass- diiit " FrniR' .ili'ii mniriiT c^t trrro >;iii> jii>tici' mi scii/inuric, imiir l:i(iiu'llt' le iluti-iituur iic ■n^, rentes, lots, et veiites, iii atitres rodevaiiees." Cuiitiniie dv I'lirix, art. (Jl!, Liiiiiict llfdil. -i\\v reserves, that is, the appropriation of twt) distinct tracts within each township, one of which contains the seventh reserved for the crown, and the otiur the seventh reserved for the clergy, and these tracts are , each leader had a right to make an ap|ilication and ohtain for himself and thirty- iiiKe nssociateii twelve hundred acres of land each ; hut, in consideration of the heavy expenses wliicli the leader was ohliged to incur, j)revious to his ohtaining the grant, a bond was generally entered into between the leader and the associate, by w hieh the latter bound himself to convey to the former one tiiousund acres out of his twelve hundred. X I 3»a LOWER CANADA. ; j ()vernnient of the province, to constitute and appoint one or more connnissioners of escheats and forfeitures of land within the said province. These connnissioners are em])owered to in(juirc from time to time, on information being' made and liled by the attorney or solicitor-general of the province, into the liability of lands to esclieat, by reason of the non- performance of the conditions of settlement, and the verdict of a jury of twelve men. to be summoned in the usual way, is to be obtained of the fact, whereupon the forfeited lands become revested in his majesty ; but it is provided, tiuit the lands so forfeited shall not be regranted till after the expiration of one year from the date of their escheat, excepting " to the person or persons holding or claiming tlie same mider the former letters patent thereof, or by a lawful title derived under the same." Tlie clerk of the court is enjoined to give notice of the tiling of any information witlun foiu-teen days, through the n\edium of the ga/ettc, and moreover to have such notii'c ])oste(l in some ))ublic place, as near as ])ossil)le to the lands describiul in such information, notifying all persons interested of the nature of the ap])licati«)n. and the time of its investigation by the court, wiiich time is not to exceed four months, or be less than two from the date of pubMshing such notice. I 'nder this act a commissioner of escheats has been a])|)ointed, and the court otherwise organized, but we are not aware that any case of for- feiture has yet been brought undi'r its cognizance ; but, situated as are large sections of the townships, there is no doid)t tliat the functions of this court will not long remain inactive. The IJritish statute, by which the tribunal of escheats is created *, * (itli fiec. IV. cap. lix. An Act to provide for the extinction of feudal and sci^norial rights and burthens on lands, lield a litre de fief and a titrc de cens, in the jirovince of Lower AM. CANADA TI'NURES ACT. ;383 is not confined to that object alone, but extends to matters far more ge- neral and important, as respects the tenures of the country. Its princi|)al enactment has in contemplation the conversion of tiie feudal into the free and counnon soccaj;e tenure, for which ])urpose the proprietijrs of fiefs and seigniories are authorised to aj)ply to his majesty for a com- mutation of the burtiiens that attach to the tenure, and to receive a regrant of the same under free and conunon soccage. Tiiis comnmla- tion the seigneur is himself bomul to grant to his censitaires. should any application he made to tiiat efVict, in consideration of an indemnity to he amicably agreed upon or fixed by experts or appraisers. C"iiiiiiil:i, ;iii(l tor tlu' finitluiil cmivcrsidii of those tcmircs into tlic tcniirc of froi- and conmioii soccage, and for otlu-r |nir])oses rchitiiiu: to tlic said |)roviiK'i'. t2i2d Jumc, l!i2."i. § I. ',\ (too. IV. c 11!). Hcciti'd, Persons lioldinf^ ticfs or scii;niorics niiiy, on :i|i|dii'atii)n to liis iniijc'sty, and, on snrri'ndcr of tlie niijirantcd jiarts tlu'rcof, olitain a coniinntation and release of feudalburtlien.s diie to his ni.ijesty thereon. Sneli lief or .seigniory may ho regranted to the proprietor in free and eoinnion soceage. 1^ II. Kendal and seignorial riirhls on tlie granted jiarfs of sneh seigniory not to ho aireeted, until a eoinnnitation thereof shall lie ohlained as hereinafter provided. § III. Persons holding land.s in fief, and obtaining a eoninintation as aforesaid, shall lie hound to grant the like eoninuitution to those Indding under them, if reiplired ; for sueh priee or iiuleninitv as sliall he fixed hv experts. § I\'. .Seigniors or others refusing to grant suih entiinuitation may hi' impleaded in a eonvl of law, and sueh eonnnut.ition n.ay lie aisarded hy sueh eonrt to the party recpiiring the same, oil payment of the priee of indemnity. § \'. Sueh eonnnutation having heen v(dnntari!y agreed upon, or awarded by a court of law, all feudal rights and burthens shall eease uj)on the lands for wliieh the saivu shall be granted, and the tenure lie converted into free and common soccage. § \'I. Nothing herein contained to extend to discharge arrears. ^ \'II. Persons applying for such eonnnutation v< give ])nblic notice to mortgagees and others having claims on sueh lands. § \'III. Lands holden in free and conunon socciige in Lower Canada to be subject to the laws of Kngland. § IX. Certain ]iarts of the coast of Labrador and adjacent islaiuls rcannexeil to Lower Canada, 4!) (no. Ill c. '-'7. ;"> (Jeo. IV. c. fij. § X. Court of escheats may be constituted in the said province, to try forfeitures of unctd- tivated lands, liable to escheat to the crown, (.'ourt how to proceed. Inquests to be returned. No new grant of escheated lands to be made for one year. § XI. Notice to be given. Parties interested may traverse in([Uests. § XII. Certain parts of the clergy reserves in the said province nniy be surrendered, ex- changed, and regranted for certain public uses and other purposes 4 m 111 / 1 :4 hhtl i.h (Hi H 5,1 i ;384 LOWER CANADA. ■( l-.i The siibstancf of the act -will be sufTicicJitly collected from the note at the foot of the ))recediii<;' j)age, and its title must appear abundantly ex- planatory of its object. It is obviously intended to effect one way, what the constitutional act was meant to acconij)lish another, that is, the ex- tinction of repugnant tenures; witli thisdiHerence, however, that the Jjlst ( III., eh ided to L di L'ient tenures, whilst the Canada tenures bill aims at the conversion of the seigniories into .soccage lands. That it is extremely desirable to do away with the existing distinction of tenures in the province, no one can doubt, who is aware of the perj)i. xity it produces, from the total disparity of the laws by which tl;e dilTovciit temires are respectively jifoverned ; but strongly attached as it is well known the Canadians arc to the feudal system, it is not ])robable that the seignorial Avill yield to the soccage tenure, nor liave the seigneurs of the country hitherto manifested the least desire of surrendering their present j)rivilegcs, to avail themselves of the latitude given them l)y the act in cpiestion, of commuting the burthens which they themselves bear as the direct grantees of the crown. Since the promul- gation of the law in 1S2.5, two instances only of applications having been made, under the sanction of that act, are recorded, vi/. one by the seig- neur of St. Anne i.i Pocadiere, for the conversion, into free and common soccage, of one of the unsettled augmentations of his seigniory, ami another by the seigneur of (Jrondines for a part of his fief. Indeed we have reason to think that a])j)lications of that description will be of rare occurrence hereafter, and that the end for which the statute ^v•as passed Avill in conse(|uencc be frustrated. \\'hen we reflect that a con- version of tenuie carries with it a conversion of law, that the effect of a man's holding a farm in soccage instead of en rotiire is to alter the ride of descent by iidieritance, to change the whole l)ody of the law a])pli- cable to real ])r<)perty, and thus to introduce objects totally strange and novel to the censitaire ; it is not sur])rising that insuperable obstacles should bar the success of any effort to prevail on the Canadian agriculturist to forsake his old tenure, and reliiupiish those laws and usages to which he is from long familiarity so invcterately attached. :-,i!:^i CirAPTKU XV M iiitiii (I f I owcr iiiiada. Tin; ])l:m of converting- the mass of the male inhabitants of a country into an ori;'anize>tic effect to the service, which adds more dignity to its character, and inspires the inferior orders, which constitute the chief body o/ the militia, with a ater dc of ifidc d zeal. greater degree oi coniidence and zeal 'IMk- militia forces of Tiowcr Canada, exclusive of volunteers, coi'.- sist of .S.> battalions, whose average strength ranges from <)()() to 1,500 men each ; their aggregate etrective strength exceeding 90.000 rank and tile, and the total number of officers lieing about 2,200. The volunteer cor])s consists of six tnH)))s of light cavalry, three artillery and three rifle companies, whose united munbers, including ollicers, do not ])erha])s amount to 800 men, but the martial ardour, and the spirit of discipline that characterize these cor])s are such as to render them very eflieient, should ariy event occur to call their services into action. Mewed in the light of !i school for military (iisci])line. these corps are extremely useful; and as tli. , arc generally comjxised of young gentlemen of respectability, they may Ix considered as a means of sup])lying the militia of the pro- vince v.'ith ellec'tivc and well-trained ofHcers, cajjable of heading their trvifs and companies with honour to themselves and advantage to the service, should it ever be expedient to call out and incorporate any par*^ of the sedentary militia of the province. The following tabular statements Avill show the precise strength of the militia at foui- different periods, and the aggregate number in the actual possession of arms. 3d N 'ia '.■■\' V 3 $> (1* '1 ^" Mil !'• i^r. WW i .•J8(j .MII.ITIA 01- I.()\Vi:i! CANADA. ■'"ixiiiii in |in",f, I'lii^J') •.v\ii.i^|p-iin!i |iM<>,l, II -T "C l-« •^ § >i r; CI ~. I-; fii X I— < X •sii^i^ll)^- •naiMA 01- "1 HI iiKui ci(| ■Mti] Xi| )(iiii.ix;.| a „ ^^ '^ i = i 'fi I •n r: llUjiir] -M >-. ~. l>. C Tl — "I i;I iiiiM| ii.iiiiir|);|i]^- ^j I j^ ~ ^ " " "" (M -r •i'-".r. j =e e >• liliiiax;! II ■iiia!|ii| -r •l'n«M\- j i^ •(MMiUUUl 1 III 11 I '■: p.iijjiiiv i^ l?i 3- 5 I y i([>\i ^sjofimi-opiv f^ \ T « c! I IT" i :: I 71 ; -f' £ I '■ilini'ii;! — ^ — o ** I 'I ^^ I ^1* I *f " ' I "■: I I- ] -C •siuii 1 iii'i'i I ~. C C I ■ ' I -p I "•: I !■:_ I •sriit.'idi! ) — . I yo si ■slIll.Mli.KMll.pJO 1^1 1 I.-5 .1, ' Miivplni ) I ~, I (M I 35 ~ 1 -suiMrijiis j r: I -r | i-« g ■s^.'IMMU-J.lUIMlJ') I J^ I 7^ I X •S.IIMBdlUO ) |l) '(IV- i* (^ X I f I -r 1-5 r^ -^ 1- 5 S X S ~" ?» •v|Utl.«tlll |)l|U MMA II!) iii(ii| ii.iiinMi'Tiir I ■". -: ~- •i.\M.viii.i-ii()ii >iiiiiMri,is' I 1^ ^; 01 c ••'All.i;iP-! cm VJMI|I( ) I - r^ -s4j|Ki?iii-j,ijjivn'( I i"- 71 r: •v|lii:|lirp\' I 71 '-Z 71 71 'C 01 « A 71 71 S (?» *" ••iiiismii-.tti,! '•£ — « '7 I .i-. r, — — ~. I - 71.7 -r 33 I w «i r -I . --J -i , . M ■% j^ -^ V X In ".) l- 3*? i 3 MILITIA l,A\V-i:KI'i(li:.\(V ()!• TIIK MIMII \. I 2 Tlic i)r()v'mcial statute lOtli and lltli ( ico. I\'. cliaj). .'J. a temporary act wliicli expires on the 1st of May, lS;i!i, provides Cor the rej^nhition of the militia, and under its autliority a new oryani/ation of the hattaiiotis took place uncU'r the administration of His l''xeelleney Sir.lauu's Kempt, caleulat'.d to correspond with the recent subdivision of thi' pro\iiK'e into counties. 'i"he distrihution of the militia ellected hy this re-or«;ani/aiioii will he found in pai^e .'i!)() ct .sctj., svhert' the limits of the dill'erent bat- talions in each comity and in the towns are particularly delined. I'y this act e\ I'ry able-bodied male inhabitant of the })rovince above IS and under (lO years of ai>e, havinji; resided six months in the country, is liable to ser\ e as a militiaman, unless exempted by law, Tlu'se ex- emptions are mnuerous, and extend not only to the clergy ami all civil and military odicers of his majesty's n()vermnent, but also to persons havin<4' served as ollicers of militia before the passinu; of the act. to ])hy- sicians and surf^eons, notaries, land-surveyors, ferrymen, millers, school- masters, stewards of reli<'ious comnnmities, and students in seminaries, colleges, schools, and academies. The (pialilication of ollicers above the rank of ca))tain. required by the 'Ah section, consists in beinu; the hniid Jidi- ])rt)prietor of a real estate worth .jO/.. Halifax currency, ])i'r annmn, an estate valued at half that annual i'uiount beinji; suflicient to cpialify uny person to hold a ca))tain's or subaltern's counn'' : '.on. There is but one annual nuister enjoined, fixed by the act. for the same day throughout the province'. r-Oth .Fune). and this nmster takes ])laee by companies and not battalions. In case of Avar, invasion, or imminent dan_ii,'er. the "ovenior is authorized to call out one-fifth of the unmiuried militiamen of the i)rovince under the a<;e of :i() ycais, to be drawn from the dillerent battalions by ballot, ami be liable to serve six months. Of the eflicienc-y of the militia forces of I^ower Canada to i)rotect the province ajiainst foreiun ati'^ression. we have already had abundant proof during- the late war with the I 'nitcd Statesof America, v.hicli eiicited at once the loyaltv, zeal, and l)raverv of the inhabitants. The e\i)loit of C'hateau<>\'ay, wlnagemcnts, in which the militia forces gallantly j)articipated during the campaigns of 1H13 and 3 ]} 2 14 ; .'J88 INIILITIA {)!• LOWKIl CANADA. ,t ■ 1814, are no c((uiv()cal ti'stinioiiy of tlicir devotion and attat-lnncnt to tlicir kin^ and tlicir country. 'l'li«-' alacrity witli wiiich the inluihitants thus flew to arms whenever their services were called into the tield *, otters a fair estimate of the un(|nalilied reliance to be placed upon their fidelity, should it ever he necessary ajfuin to appeal to them bravely to repel the attacks of an invader. The manifold blessings they enjoy, under the happy and free constitution and government extended to their country, are not viewed with indifference l)y the people, and they power- fully serve to generate and 'propagate the strongest attachment to the |)arent state; and whatever may be the legislative tliflerences 'iiat have unfortunately i)revaile(l from time to time in the ])rovince, there is perhaps not one heart but what glows with an honest and loyal affection towards his august sovereign, which it would re(|uire no ordinary injury to remove, and a very subtle political poison ind'.ed to allect. It is ])erhaps not forgotten that the Canadians, during the very heat of the provincial wars in 177-», before they could ha\e luul time to fa- miliarize themselves with their new allegiaiice, stood nivertheless firm in the cause of loyalty ; and that it was through the intrepidity of a ])arty of Canadian boatmen, chosen and » onunaiuled by the late C'onnuodore IJouchette, himself a French Canadian, that the then governor of the country, the late Lord Dorchester, was enabled, after escaping the most i-ritieal perils, to reach the capital of the ])rovinee, where his arrival is well known to have alone })revented the ca])itidati(-n of (Quebec, and the eonse([uent siurender of the country!. Such was the devoted feeling 13! ' f xj t I I * ^\s a iM>ii.s]>icu()iis iiistancf of the zciil uitli wliicli the inliiibitMiits ciiti'it'd tin- riiiiks Cur till" (k'ffiu'i' of till' jiidviiu'c. it iiiiiy 111- stilted tluit in It'ss lli;in scvfii wnks \'i~ rank anil till" were ii'crnitt'd by Iicat of iIimimi in Qiit'licc and its (.Mivirons, whilst a still snin'riur niiinlicr wiis Kinudtiinooiisly raisi'd in the distriits of Miintrcal and 'I'liric IJivi is, to form a corps of which I had the honour of hciiii; a])]ioiiitid niajor-comtnanilanl. The ('anadiaii voltit;cnr', .so di.stinj,'uislieil for services iliirin|,' the u;ir, were le\ied with eijiial celeritv. I This cx])loit. ^^llich historians have related without nevertlieles-, nieiitionini: iu\ late fiitlior's 11! • is t ,•■ uinstantially doscrihed in an History of Canada at the eve of |iulilieatitin in Montrea!. hy Dr. I.ahric, a nierher of the honse of assciiilily ; and tlie sidistaiiee of the dc- scripti'.in '^ conmiuiiicateil in i^iondmi to the I'liiled ."^ervice Journal, from whieh the fol- lowiiiii extraei is taken. The adventure, iiide|)i'iiilentl\' of its historical worlli, is not void of interest, and it is therefore inserted at lent;th : — '■ In revertiii}' to the hi.storv of the American revolnlionarv contest, no c\ent will he found 'vUi'-'/Trsa ITS LOV.M.TV AND lUrWl- R V— LORD I)OR(Iir,STi:H. 3S9 of the po()])lc' in Cnnadii so soon after its coiHuiost, and such is the h>yal feeling that lias been eontirnied and propayiated under the niiUl anil be- nefieent government of (ireat JJritain. iiiDrc strikiiif^ly illiiNtriitivc (iF tin- cxtriiordiiiiirv rliaiicos (if «ar, tliim tin' |M'riliius tlmuiili fnr- tiinali' lulvi'iitiirc (if tlir late (Jcncral Sir (iiiy ('arltiiii (then }.'(ivi'nmr ami ciinmiaiiilcr-iii-i'liii'f (if tlic army in Canada), wIkisc (Icsocnt I)v water fnnn IMdiitrcal tn (jiiclico was otrcctcd witli siifi'ty in tln" very tct'tli (if dan);cr, .MdMtrcal hcini^ already in tlic (ifeiii)ati(in nf the Amerie.in ftirces, under (ieneral .Aliintitumerv, lUid the shiires «if the St. L;n\ n nee, for n]iwarils (if fifty miles lieliiw that eily. jMis>c>>cd liv the enemv , w lin had eunstnieted arnu'd rafts and (hialiny; l)alteries at the jnnelidn nf tlie Son 1 ^vith tlie Hiver St. Lawrenee, tn eiit ntf tiie eiimniiiiiieution with the eajiital. l'|)(in the siiccessfid issue nf .so ha/arihius an attemjit is well knnwn tn liave depended the |ireservalion the alisnlute necssitv of the jrencral's disi^uise in the edsliime (if a Canadian peasant J . to increase the chances of escajic. sliiinld they, as ap])eared prohaMe, fall in with the enemy, whose ij;nu-lioats (chiefly captures) were crnisiiii; in various parts of the river. " It was a dark and damji iii>,dit in N'ovemlier. A lii;lit skill', with mnllled ])::(ldles. manned 1)\ a few chosen men, iirovisioued with three liiscnits each, lav almiixside Captain nmicliette's vessel : and under cover of the ni;ilit the (lisjfiiised iidvernor etriliarked, aecompanied hv the noniiuralile Ch.irles l)e La Ni'udii're, his alde-de-cani]), and an (irderly serjeant whose mune was Itoutludlier. The skitf silently pusiied oH". the captain frcfpiently commnuicatiu"; his orders 111 a iirecdiicc pr rted manner touch on the shoulder or the head of the man nearest iiin conununicated the sitrna 1 totl le next, and so dii Tl Kir perji ilexitv increased as the\ apjiroac hed m )4« the IJcrtliier Islands, from the knowhilire that the enemy had taken up stroii;.:- ]iositioiis at this ♦ Canadian Mapizine, \'(d. i. No IV. y. 2'M. \ Ihideni. ; Adolphus's History of (icor^'e the Third's Keii;ii. in relating; this fact, gives the i^eneral the costume of a fisherman. it'] if' ' :}«)() IMII.ITIA oi' LOW I II CANADA. h Siniihcr iff' lidttalioihs (>/' Mililia in ciivh i'oiiiihi in llif Pmri/HW n/' Loiirr ('(tiKtdii, (listi)i_- tin' ra/niilirr i\,ii).s of' Jililhrif, (diuilrif, and Li-i/it liij'aiitni, l,S:i(). Ac A 1)1 1: — Forms llnit' Inittalions. 'I'licy/z-.v/ coinposfil (trilu' militia rcsidiii"' witliiii flu' scinniorv of Dc \ .v\\ . 'K\w sicdikI (»f tin- militia |niiiit, rsiM'cially l;iii(ls •-cmf Ii-wi'nI of I.iiki' St. I'liii-, wliiili (■i.iiiiuaiiilfd tlic I'liiiiiiul mi tliut sidi', ami roiiiiii'llcd their ;i(ii>|itiiiii of tin- other to tlii' iKirtliunrd. tliiiiij;li tlic uitcrimtivf M-eiiu'iI allllo^t i'(|ii;dl\ iViiiiLilit with [leril, iis Ann liiaii tii ops \wxv i'iu'aiii|)('il on it> lianks. '• The liKisl iiiiniiiM lit dalij;i r ihcy e\|ieiieiiied w as ]ia> -iliji lhlou,;h the narrow s of Hertliier, the .shoii's of wliich \i ere lined 1p\ Aiiierieaii liivoiiacs, w lio-e lilaziii'' lirts, ri'lieetini: f.ir on the surface of the waters, olilii^ed them often tn stooji, ei'ase |iaddliiii:. and allow themselves to drift down with the enrrent, e\liiliitiM\ exhaustion, the i^eneral, leaniii;.' over a talde in an inner room at Mr. !)i' Ton- nanccur's, fell asleep. The claiii; of arms w.is |iresenll\ lie.ird in the outward |iassaj;e. ami soon afterwards .\merican soldiers tilled the apirtuieiit adjoiniiii; that in which was the j^eiieral him- self. Tin- iTovernor's dist;uise iirn\ed his preservation; and Captain IJouchcttc, with peculiar sclf-j)ossession and allcclcd listlessncss, walked ii'lo the ^^overiior's apartment, tap|)ed him gently oil the shoulder, and lieckoiied him awav with the greatest apjjari lit i.imiliaritv, to elude >u.s- picioii, at the same time apjirisiii;: him cautiously of the thre.iteuiiig danjjer. Caplain IJ. led the way through the midst of the heedless jjuards, followed doselv h\ the ijeneral ; and, hastening to the heacli, they moved off prccipltateh in the skill", and readied uniiiolesteil the foot of tlu' Hichelieu Ha]iid. where an arnu'd lirii; (the Kill) wi-^ fortunatdv fi>uaital, the j;overnor ihsireil to land in I'aptaiu IV'udielte's lioat. and was accompanied liy hiiii t» tW Ch.'ite.iii St. Luiis, wherethe iinport.int service heliadjijsl rt'^idered his country was c4'in>roU5>lv and uiajiuaiiimousJv acknowledged in the prcyenee of the u-«scmlded ciiujiscllors and i:i>taliles. " The successful defeat of the in»-;u>iu«! «rf Canada, with the sleiuli r f jces at tvu disposal tjuelicc JMercury. April. li(lJ. ns <^i{(; wizATioN. :3f)l iTsidiiiir within tlio st'ii^iiiorv of La Colic. Tlif titini of tlic militia rr- sidinj^ within tlu* towitshi|> of Slu-nin^ton. Hi'.AiTfi: — Till' militia rcsidiiin- within tin* ahoM' coimtv form ont' battalion of infantry and one troop of voluntc.'r caxalry. Hr.Ai'liAiiNois — Forms two hattalions. 'I'lu- ,///.s7 consists of the militia residing within the St, Hc^is Indian Lands, and the townships of (•odmanchcstrr. I liiuhinhrookc, and IIi'nnnin<;ford. Thi' .sccntid iA' \\\v militia rcsidiM}!: within the scionlorv of IJianharnois. Ill.i.i.i'.i iiasm: — I-'orms thric hattalions. 'riu',//y.v/ comiiosi'd of thi- militia ri'sidin;;- within the siioniorics of St. .Michel. lU-anmont, and their an<4nicntatirc, township of Ihandon. the islands of St. Ignace and l)n Pads, ami all the other i.slaiuls in the |{i\ir St. Lawrence nearest to the said battalion, in whole or in part fronting the same. The .sccniid oi' the militia residing within the seigniory of La X'altiii' and augmentation, and the townships of Kildare. DWillebonl. and l)e Kamsay. 'I'lie f/iin/ of the militia residing within the si'igniories of Laiioraye, Dautray, and their augmentation. IJoN.wi.N riiii: — Forms one battalion. CiiAMiu.Y — Forms three battalions. The y/V.s7 composed of the militia residing within the seigniory of IJouchirx ille. lief Tremblay. that part of the parish oi liongueiiil which is within the county, and the two M m^^* of till' t'liiiiiiKiiuli'riil-i'liii'f. anil at si> i-nrU a jiciiud aftor its n)ii(|iu'>t, u Ijcii llic nmiitry iiail coniiiaralivclv liiit a t'l-w years licrorc Iuh'II traiisCt rrcil iVimi the sulijt'ctii'ii of one sov('r('i<.'H to tlu' all('iri,iin.'i' iif aiidtlur, is an cviiit that lias iimimrtali/i'd the siTviccs nf tlii' Lite Lord I)or- ohi'stcr — mil' of tlic lunst poiiular i.'ovcriiiirs rjo\\i'r Canada I'vcr had, and one mIiosc ,>ticwssiv(' ndininistrations of tlif ".covornnK'nt of '.hat jirovini'i' art' still rooilh'oti'd with jiridc ami pleasure by tlic jie»i}ile." — (niltdScriuv Ji.iiniul, So. XX\'I. Jaiiiian/, litiU. Y ^ r^i :VMi MII.ITIA ()!• I.OWI'R C.WAIjA. Ih •ni IkJl first raiiffCN mI' the sci^^niory ot" Moiitaivillc. 'V\\v .srcond oi tlu' militia rcsidinir witliin tiir third lan^e of tlu' scii^niory of Montaix illf, ami of that part of till' barony of Lonnjufiiil uhicli forms tho parish of St. .losipli di- t'hamhiy, known as Chamhly West. 'V.e third of th'/ militia r»>.i»linj( within those parts of the parishes of St. Luke. Hlairliiulie, and St. John which are in the barony of l-on<^ueuil Cma.mi'I.ain — Forms one hattalinn. I)(»it(iii;s'n:!i — Forms on« hattali(»n. DijUM.MoNi) — Forms or«e battalion of infantry and one troop of volunteer cavalry. (JasI'T. — I'orujs «)ne battalion. KA.\M)rKA.sKA — I'orms two battalions. The.///*.v/ composed of the i;iilitia rcsidino- within the sei<;niories of 'i'errehois. (iranville, and La C'henaye; L'lslct du I'orta<;e. (iranville. and Kaniouraska ; and the to^\ nsliips of l{un<;ay and \N'oodbrid«i;e. 'I'he ,sccon.s7 comjiosed of the militia residing within the parishes of St. Sul))i''e. Isle Houchard, He- pentigny, and L'AssomjJtion. The .scro/u/ of the militia residing within the parishes of St. .Fae(|ues and the townships of Kawilon and C'hertsey. L'Isi.KT — Forms two battalions. The.///-.s7 composed of the militia residing Avithin the seigniories of St. Roch des iVnlnets, Hcaume, St. .lean Port .loli, the township of Ashford and augmentation, the seigniories of L'lslc* Lessard. and Honsecours. The.srcowr/of the militia residing within the M i-iiiories of N'ineelot and its augmentation, Ca])c St. Ignace, Gagnier, St. Claire, Riviere du Sud, and Lepinay, with all the islands in the St. Lawrence nearest to the said county, and in whole or in part fronting the same. LoTBiNii:uE — Forms two battalions. The Ji/st composed of the h"- ITS ()I{(i.\M/Ari sci^^iiiorics of liotliiniirc aiiil mi^iiu'iitatioi), Hiid St. .lean divs C'liaillDiis and aiiuiniMitatioii. 'V\\r fumiiil of llu< militia ic'sidiiiif witliin tin- sfiffniorics of Tilly or St. Aiitoiiic, (iaspc, St. (Jili's, Di's I' aiiU's, Itoi iMTdurs, ant I St. ( roix. Mi.CAN'i'it — F(»rnis oni' battalion. Missisiii'i — l"'(trnis one hattalion of infantry and one troop of vo- luntccr cavalry. ISIoN'rAiowKM I — Forms o\\o battalion MoNTHi.Ai AND City — Forms ci^lit hattaliotjs of infantry, two troo])s of voliintci-r cavalry, two companies of artillery, and two companies ofrilk's. 'riic.//V.v/ battalion of infantry is conip-' t. :1 of tlic miliila roidinj^' w'v n\\\ tlic Fauxbonr^' Stc. .Marie, tluMlivisi('>i of ritt Marie and St. Martin. ' ilf division of La N'isitation, conn.:;, diiaiiti. The .vrrowr/ of the III residinji; witliin tliat part of the town wliicii is lietween the eintre oi M. .Iosei)b-street to tlie south-west, Dallioiisie-sipiare, and the |)ro- lonj^ation of liacroix-street to the north-east ; the Kivcr or Commissioner- street to the south-east ; and ( rai^-street as far as San^^iiinet-street, and from thence to the centre of St. Louis-street, Fauxbour«^ St. liouis. as far as Lacroix-street to the north-west; the Fauxbour<>; St. Louis and the division of St. AFichel, country district. The third of the militia re- sidinj^ within that ])art of the town which is between the centre of St. .Foseph-street to the north-east; to the centre of .M"(iill-street and its prolongation to the south-east as well as tiie north-west ; to the south- west of the small river, or the centre of C'rai/^-street, to the north-west ; the small river, commoidy called Itiver dis S(eurs (irises, to the south- east ; La Pointe a C'allieres and the division of the Tanneries, coimtry district. 'V\w Jhiirtli of the militia residing; within all that ])art of the suburb St. liawrence, which is to the north-east of the centre of St. Lawroncc-strect, comnundy called (irande Itue of the suburb of St. Lavn-ent, as far as San<>uinet-street ; lid. the division of Ste. Catherine ; .Sd. the division of Cote do Notre Dames des Nei<:;es, of the country district. The JiJ'lh of the militia residing within the west part of the suburb St. liawrence, that is, all that part which is to the south-west of the centre of St. liawrence-strcct, to St. Kadegonde-street, and its pro- longation ; 2d. the subin-b St. Antoine ; 3d. the divisions of St. Antoine m m V til % IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A {./ / % /a 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ iia . ...125 1^ — I 1^ 12.0 M. nil 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 \ <^ :\ \ ^9) V rv 6^ ^J^ '*?," 394 MILITIA or LOWER CANADA. V and St. Luc, of the country district. Tlie .s/.rf// of the iniUtiu residing within the suburbs St. Joseph and Ste. Anne, the divisions St. Pierre, St. Paul, and Ishuid St. I'aul, of the country district. The .scicn/h of the inihtia residing witliin the parislies of Lachine, Point Claire, Ste. Anne, and Ste. Genevieve. The c/gf/f/t of the militia residing within the parishes of liongue I'ointe, Pointe aux Trembles, l.a llivierc des Prairies, Sault au Uccollet, and St. liuurent. The troojjs of cavalry and companies of artillery and rifles arc com- posed of such militia residing within the county as may volunteer to serve in the same. Nicoi.ET — Forms two battalions. They/y.s7 composed of the militia residing within the seigniories of J\'icolet and augmentation, Godfrey, lloquetaillade, and r>ccancour. The .second of the militia residing within the seigniories of St. Pierre les Becquets, Gentilly, Cournoyer, Dutord, and tov/nships of ]Maddington and Elanford. Or LEANS— Forms one battalion. Ottawa — Forms three independent divisions. ThcJirAl composed of the militia residing within the townships of liochaberand its augmen- tation, or (Jore, Buckingham, and Templeton. The second of the militia residing within the townships of Hull, Eardley, Onslow, Ikistol, and Clarendon. The t/iird of the militia residing; within the seigniory of La Petite Nation. PouTNKUi' — Forms two battalions. The Ji'r.sf composed of the militia residing within the seigniories of Dcscluunbault, Lachevrotiere, La Tesserie, Francheville, Grondines, reste des Grondines, and their aug- mentations. The second of the militia residing within the seigniories of Gaudarville, Fossambault, Desmaures or St. Augustin, Guillaume Bon- homme, the seigniories Xeuville or Pointe aux Trembles, Bourg Louis, Bclair and its augmentation, Dauteuil, Jac([ues Cartier, barony of Port- neuf and I'erthuis. Qm.iJi.c — CiTv AND Bani.ieue — Forms five corps, consisting of one battalion of artillery and four battalions of infantry. The battalion of artillery composed of the militia residing within the walls of the city of Quebec. Thvju;sf of infantry of the militia residing in the lower town, within St. Nicholas-street, the easterly side of the same inckisively, and the ITS ORGANIZATIOX. 'W> line of tlie Banlieue, boiiiulcd on the south by tlie lliver St. Lawrence, and on the nortli by the height of tlie cape, ))rolongedto the said Uanlieue. The second of the militia residing Avithin St. Valier and St. lloch suburbs, from St. Nicholas-street, the westerly side of the same inclusively, to the Banlieue of Quebec, except on the north side, where the Biver St. Charles shall form its limits. The third oi the militia residing within St. .lohn suburbs, from Cote St. Genevieve to St. Joachim-street, the north side of the same inclusively, and from the walls of the city to the line of the Banlieue. Thejhxrf/i of the militia residing Avithin St. Louis suburbs and that ])art of St. John suburbs, from Artillery-street inclusively, to St. Joachim-street, the south side of the same inclusively, and from the Avails of the city to the line of the Banlieue. The first, second, third, and fourth battalions, extending to the Banlieue, are understood to extend to the utmost limits of the Banlieue of Quebec, and to include the same, saving the exception made Avith respect to the second battalion. The militia residing Avithin that part of the county of Quebec out of the city and suburbs, on the north of the River St. Charles, form tAVo battalions. The J/'rst composed of the militia residing Avithin the seig- niories of Beauport, Notre Dame des iVnges, Dorsainville, and lA'pinay, \mtil intercepted by tbe Tattle Kiver St. Charles, and the toAvnships of Stonebam and TeAvkesbury. The .second of the militia residing Avithin fief Hubert, the seigniories of Sillery, St. Gabriel, and fief St. Ignace. RiciiEi.iKU — Forms three battalions. The ,/'/'•"•'/ composed of the militia of the seigniory of St. Ours. The .second of the militia of the seiirniories of St. Charles and St. Denis. The third of the militia of the seigniories of Sorel and islands Bonsecour, Bourgmarie, AV^est Boin-g- chemin, and St. Charles de Yamaska. RiMOUsKi — Forms one battalion. RouA-ii.Li, — Forms three battalions. The Jir.st composed of the militia residing Avithin the seigniory of Rouville and Chambly East. The second of the militia residing Avithin the seigniory of JNIonnoir and augmentation. The third of the militia residing Avithin the seigniories of Bleury, Sabrevois, Noyan, and Foucault. Saguenay — Forms tAVO battalions. The Jirst composed of the 3 E a im m im K^\ 18 , ■ ■ 396 MILITIA OF LOWER CANADA. mt m :i militia residing witliin that part of the seigniory of IJcanprc within the county, the seigniories of Du (iouffVe, St. Croix, and Isle aux Coudres. The .second of the militia residing within the seigniories of Ehoulements, Murray Bay, Mount INIurray, and the township of Settruigton. SiiErrouD — Forms one hattalion. , SiiKiiiniooKi': — Forms one battalion of infantry and two troops of volunteer cavalry. Staxstkai) — Forms one lattalion of infantry and one troop of vo- lunteer cavalry. St. HvACiXTiir. — Forms three battalions. The j'?/'.?^ composed of the militia residing within the limits of the parishes of St. Hyacinthe, fia Presentation, and St. Damase. The .second of the remaining three parishes of the seigniory of St. Hyacinthe, St. Pie, St. Cesaire, and Ab- hottsford. The //tird of the militia residing within the seigniories of De Ramsay and of Hourgchemin Fast. St. MAnncF. — Forms three battalions. The J/r.sf composed of the militia residing within Ste. JNIarguerite, Three Rivers, and IJanlieue, St. Maurice, Pointe du Lac, fief Gatineau, and the township of Caxton. The second of the militia residing within tiie seigniories of lliver du Loup, Maskinongc, fief St. .Jean and its augmentation, Carufel, and part of Lanaudiere, and all the islands in the River St. Lawrence nearest to the said county, and in whole or in part fronting the same. The f/tlrd of the militia residing within the seigniories of Grosbois or JMachiche, fief Dumontier and Grandprc, and the toAvnships of ^^ew Glasgow and Hunterstown. Teuueboxne — Forms two battalions. The ^rsf composed of the militia residing within the seigniories of Terrebonne, Des Plaines, aug- mentation of Terrebonne, Rlainville, formerly part of Mille Isles, its augmentation, and tl\e township of Abercrombie. The .second of the militia residing within the seigniory of Isle Jesus. Two Mountains — 7 is three battalions. The Jir.sf composed of the militia residing wi.. the seigniory of Mille Isles, or Riviere du Chene, and Isle Bizarre. The .second of the militia residing within the seigniory of Argenteuil, the townships of Chatham, Grenville and its augmentation, Wentworth, Harrington, Arundel, and Howard. The Idi K'. ti-i 'i ITS ORGANIZATION. 397 f/iird of the militia residing witliin tlie seigniory of the Tiake of Two Mountains and augmentation thereto. Vaudueuii — Forms two battalions. The Jir,sf composed of tlie militia residing within the seigniories of Vaudreuil, New Longueuil, Sou- langes, Isle Perrot, and all the islands in the lliver St. Lawrence nearest to that part of the said battalion, and in whole or in part fronting the same. The srcond of the militia residing within the seigniory of Kigaud, the township of Newton, and all the islands in the Grand or Ottawa lliver, and on the lliver St. I.aAvrence, nearest that part of the battalion, and in whole or in part fronting the same. Vkuchlues— Forms three battalions. The ./rViY composed of the militia of the seigniories of A'ercheres, IJellevne, and the parish of Con- trecoeur, with the islands in front of the same. The ficcoiid of the militia residing within the seigniories of A'arcnncs, St. JMichel, and I>a Trinite, (iuillaudicre, St. Blain, Bekeil, and its augmentation. The third o{ the militia residing within the parishes of St. ^Marc and St. ^Vntoine. Ya^pask A — Forms two battalions. TXwJi rst composed of the militia residing within the seigniories of Yamaska, Ijourgmarie East, St. Fran(;ois. Pierreville, Dcguire, and Lussaudiere. The second of the militia residiiig within the seigniories of Baye St. Antoine and Courval. Pi mi t: ^ h yp t! CHAPTER XVI. Outline of the Constitution, (lovcrnment, and Laws of Lower Canada. I I If* M 1 1 In forming the plan of govcriniicnt for Canada, the broad jjrinciples of the Englisli constitution were introchiced wherever it was })rac'ticable. In the upper province no ini])edinicnts to this course of proceeding were met witli, but in Lower Canada some small deviations were fomid ne- cessary, in order to reconcile it to the genius of a peo])le so long ac- customed to a different regime. Here, as in the sister province, the civil de|)artment is administered by a governor, who is generally a military officer and conmiander of the forces, a lieutenant-governor, an executive council, a legislative council, and a house of assembly, or the re))resentatives of the people. The go- \ernor and lieutenant-governor naturally exercise their authority under the royal conmiission. The members of the executive council, amount- ing to eleven in number, derive their a])])ointmcnts from the king, and this body exercises a direction over the concerns of the province nearly similar to that of the privy council in the affairs of Etigland. The le- gislative council, which, by the act of the constitution, was made to consist of fifteen members, is at present increased to nearly double thai number, all of whom are appointed by mandamus from the king, and constitute what may be termed the second estate of the province, which, with the governor and the house of assemlily or third branch, forms the provincial ])arliament. The house of assembly is composed of eighty-three members, and is a copy, on a small scale, of the house of conmions of the imperial ])ar- liament. The representaii^'cs are chiefly extensive j)roprietors of land, who are elected for the counties by the votes of persons being actual possessors of landed property of at least forty sliillings clear annual r:oNSTrnTio>', govkuxmknt, and f,a\vs. 3f).o value: for the cities of QuebcTiiiul Montreal, aiul tlieborou^hsof "Williani Henry and Three Rivers, they are chosen by voters who must be pos- sessed of a dwelling-house and ])ieie of ground of not less annual value than five pounds sterling, or else have been doniiediated in the place lor one year previous to the writs issuing, and have ])aid one year's rent, not luider ten pounds sterling, for a house or k)dging. There exists no disqualiticalion either ibr the electors or the elected on account of re- ligious tenets ; for in this country, where toh.'ration reigns in its \)\cui- tude, every one, whatever may be his faith, is eligible to fill any oflice or employ, ])rovided the other cpialilications recpiired by law are not wanting. The sittings of the legislatiu'e usually begin in January, and all the ])ublic and private business is in general gone through by the latter end of March, about which time it is ])rorogued, so that the session seldom exceeds the term of three months between January and April. Should parliament not be sooner dissolved, its duration is limited, by the act of the constitution, to the period t)f four ycius. when its functions expire, and writs arc inmiediately issued for the election of ant)ther. At such a crisis, the independence and energy of the various voters, the ])rofessions and humility of the candidates, are as strikingly portrayed as in the more turbident contests that take place on similar occasions in the mother country. The governor is invested w ith ])ower to ])rorogue, and in the ex- ercise of his own discretion to dissolve, the i)arliament, to give or withhold the royal assent to bills passed by it, or to reserve them in cases of doubt or difliculty luitil his majesty's pleasure be made known thereon. Such acts as receive the governor's assent are usually put into immediate force, but his majesty may disallow any act so passed by the provincial parliament, within two years from the date of its arrival in Kngland. The acts that emanate from the ])rovincial parliament are all of a local nature — such, for instance, as providing for the internal regulations of the country through the various dei)artments ; for its defence, as far as relates to enrolling and end^odying the militia; and imposing taxes for raising the necessary supplies to defray the expenses of government, li a|ll m ►■**-ii 100 LOWER CANADA. I! 1^ :! ' m}^ i i (»vcM' •which supplies the legislature cxereises w direct control. Hut any ivcts tending to alter or ad'ect the constitution granted in 1791, the tithes, grants of land for the maintenance of the ])rotestaiit clergy, the rights of presentation to rectories or the endowments of parsonages, whatever relates to the exercise of religious -worship, or dis(jualification on account of religious tenets, the rights of the clergy, to changes or nuidiflcations of the discipline of the chiu'ch of England, or of the royal prerogative on the subject of waste crown lands, must, after having passed the ])rovincial legislature, be submitted to the liritish parliament, and receive the royal assent before they can ])ass into laws. There exists in liower Canada no regular code in which the laws of the land are systematically incorporated, nor Avould it, indeed, be a task of ordinary difficulty to collect and condense them, so divers are their elements, and so com})lcx their character. The jurisjinulence of the country may be said to embrace the French, the Knglish, and thelloman or civil laws, and these are all so blended in practice, that it is often doubtful whence the rule of decision will be drawn, although the line of distinction is better defined in theory. The statute law of the pro- vince may be stated under five heads : — 1st, The articles of capitulation, that form part of the guaranteed rights of the inhabitants ; 2d, The f31st (Jeo. III. cap. .SI, or the constitutional act, and all other IJritish statutes expressly extending to the colonies ; .3rd, The edicts, declarations, and ordinances of the Kings of France officially registered in the province; 4th, The ordinances of the governor and council anterior to 1792 ; and oth, The acts of the provincial legislature sjibsequent to 1792. The text-book or common law, is the custom of Paris as modified by the customs of the country, and this law was co-extensive with the Avhole province until the passing of the Canada tenures' bill in 1825, which re- stricted the application of the French law to the feudal section of tl>e colony, and introduced bodily the English laws to the remainder of the province. The criminal law of the province is the English code as it stood in 1774, and the statutes of a declaratory or modifying nature that have since passed the local legislature. The judiciary consists of a court of appeals, a court of king's bench for the district of Quebec, one for the district of Three llivers, and COURTS OF JUSTICE. 101 another for tlic district of jNIoiitreal, three ])roviiK'ial courts, a court of vice-admiralty, escheats, (juarter-sessions, and other minor tribunals for civil matters. The court of a])pcals is the hijjjhest lerontrcal, and the mend)ers of the executive council, five of whom, in- chulinj^ the president of the court, compose a competent quoruna to hear and determine a))peals. These a])poals arc instituted from judgments pronounced in the superior courts of king's bench, and when adjudicated upon are liable, if the subject-uiattcr in contestation exceed .'5()()/., to be carried before the king in his privy council, which is the (/cnticr nnort. Thecourt of king's bench combines the jurisdiction of the king's bench and connuou pleas at Westminster. It has a civil and a criminal side, and an a))pellatc as well as an original jurisdiction, inasmuch as a))])eals to it lie, in certain cases, from the decision of the ]n'ovincial judges. At Quebec the court is composed of the chief-justice of the province and three puisne judges ; at Montreal, of the chief-justice of the district and also three puisne justices; at Three llivers the jiulgps of the districts of Quebec and Montreal sit by turns, conjointly with the resident provincial judge. A puisne judge presides in each of the provincial courts, the jurisdiction of which is limited in the district of Three Kivers to 10/. sterling, and in that of St. Francis to 20/., but in the district of Gaspe, by reason of its distance from superior tribunals, it is extended to 100/. The governor, by virtue of his conunission, is vice-admiral of the province ; but the high and responsible duties of the vice-admiralty court, which sits at Quebec, ire intrusted by commission to a judge-surrogate, who is also, though .•■'■. necessarily, a judge of the court of king's bench. Of the court of escheaid, as created by the 6th Geo. IV. chap. .59, a suf- ficient account has already been given in page .3812. The (quarter-sessions are courts holden in the different districts for the trial of misdemeanors, and crimes not involving ca])ital punishment, for the regulation of the municipal policy, 6s:c. They arc governed in their jurisdiction, the form of proceeding, and the rule of decision, by the laws of pjigland, and in fact are in almost every respect constituted as are the English courts of a similar nature. ,3 r !!5 ' 3 y % % yi III ^i 402 LOWER CANADA. mi & i'T As aconscquoiu'cof'tlieiutrodiu'tioii of the Hritisli criniiiial code, tlie trial l)y Jury is of course univiTsal in all ])lc'us of the crown; hut in civil matters the a])peal to the verdict of a Jury is confined hy statute to certain cases, viz. the demand nuist exceed 10/. sterlin/^-, the ])arties to the s\iit nuist he merchants or traders, and the subject-matter he jrrounded on debts, promises, contracts, and agreements of a mercantile nature oidy ; or else the cause of action nnist arise from personal wronjjjs to be compensated in dama<^'es*. In all other cases, the judgment of the court is obtained both u|)on the fact and the law, and these cases compose about ;j-4ths of the suits in the sui)crior courts of king's bench. The proceedings of the courts of Justice, as well as those of the legislature, the ])rinting of the laws, the publication of advertisements connected with legal process, arc all, necessarily, in both languages, and it is not inuisual to have ])arty jm'ies, one-half of whom understand English, and the other half French, only; which in general leads to the necessity of translating the address, the evidence, and the charge, and tends consequently to ])rotract a cause to considerable length. The Judicatiu'e of the province, altlunigh not inefficient in its ])resent state, is far from perfect ; and mcasm'es are now pending in both houses of the legislature, calculated to amend it in its various branches. The distance of the seat of Justice from very ])opulous ])arts of the dif- ferent districts, is a serious inconvenience to the inhabitants ; not only by rendering suits enormously expensive, but from the loss of time con- se(|uent upon attendances in court under such circumstances. It is true that the circuit courts, which are holden every year in certain ])arishes of each district, meet in some degree this objection ; but the Ju- risdiction of these courts is limited to 10/., the circuits are only annual, and arc in fact confined to but fe-w places. The a])plication of the English system of ;//>/ ju-iff.s' would be a material improvement in the Judicature of LowTr Canada. It would extend the benefits of the trial by Jury, give the parties an op])ortunity of being heard as it were on the s]K)t, save costs, and otherwise facilitate the administration of Justice. * Provincial Order, 25th Geo. III. cliai). 2. CIIAPTKU XV IT. Skctcli of Miiiiiic'is, C'u>toins, and Cliiinictcr. II 1 e '■ > t. In a work professinj^ to descnbc topotfrapliy and statistics, a di*- scriptioii of manners and customs will not probably be e\])ecte(l, nor indeed bad wc contemjjlated tlie consideration of a subject more strictly witlun tlie province of a different class of writers. It baj)pens, liowever, tliat we liave been recently anticipated in tliis task in a book under tlie title of '^ A l*olitical and Historical i\ccount of I^owcr Canada, by a Canadian ;" and altbough we arc far from coinciding' in tlic politics of the author, and concurrin<^ in the views Avhich he sometimes takes of his sid)ject, we cannot withhold the cordial exjiression of our testimony to the graphical truth with which he has so admirably depicted the habits, usages, and character of the Canadian ])casant. An atteni])t to improve upon so lucid and faithful a description would, perha|)s, be worse than idle, and we shall therefore take the liberty of extracting largely from the 4th chapter of the u'ork in question, and confine ourselves to oc- casional remarks as \vc proceed. " Of the various circumstances connected Avith tlic habits and manners of a ])eoi)le, the most important avo, first, the degree of difficulty experienced by them in obtaining the means of subsistence; .sccond/ij, the proportions in which these means of subsistence are s])read over the whole mass of the population ; and, thirdhj, the quantiuu of the means of comfort which the people at large deem requisite to their haj)]uness. Where the obtaining of subsistence is not a matter of overwhelming or exceeding difficulty, where the wealth of the country is spread in ncarl)'- even portions over the whole of the inhabitants, and where the standard of enjoyment is a high one, happiness must of necessity be the lot of that people. Such is the situation of my countrymen ; and, from the y r 2 i4\ 404 low I'll CANADA. cxporioiu'O wliiili my travds in varMuis parts of tlu- glolu* liavo «;ivi'ii \nv, I ui'll know that tlu-ir comfort and liappim-ss, cxivptin;;, perhaps, in the United States of Ami-riea, ean find no e(|ual : and that the nn- ft)rtnnate peasant of Kurope, apparently de<>raded in mind and worn out in hodv, e\hil)its a picture of \vretehe(hiess, which to the poorest li;ust. " Tlie people, witli hardly un cxce])tion, are proj)rietors of land, and live by the produce of their own labour from their own projjerty. Hy the law of the country the property is cqnally divided amono- all the children ; and from the small ; exists not in Canada : the in- habitants, oeucrally, are far from adventurous; they cling with pertinacity to the s])ot Avhich gave them birth, and cultivate M'ith contentedness the little ))iece of land which, in the division of the family property, has fallen to their share. One great reason for this sedentaiy dispositii)n is their peculiar situation as regards religion. In Canada, as in all catholic countries, many of the ])co])le's enjoyments are connected with their re- ligious ceremonies ; the Sunday is to them their day of gaiety ; there is then an assemblage of friends and relations ; the ])arish church collects together all Avhom they know, with Avhom they have relations of business or pleasure ; the young and old, men and women, clad in their best garments, riding their best horses, driving in their gayest ca/ichcfi, meet there for ])ur;)oses of business, love, and pleasure. The young Jnihitant, decked out in his most splendid finery, makes his court to the maiden whom he has singled out as the object of his alfections ; the maiden, ex- hibiting in her adornment every colour of the rainbow, there hopes to meet son chevalier : the bold rider descants upon, and gives evidence of, the merits of his unrivalled pacer*; and in winter the powers of the * Tlie CiHiiulians are jjoculiarly fond o{ iimbliiiis or jHuiii!; horses. ir- MANM'US AND Cl'STOMS. ■ton variims liorsi's aiv trird in sli-i^li t)r carioli- nu-inj;-: in short, Sunday is till' ^nind IVti' — it toinis tliu most plcasniahli- part of the hdliilitnt's life ; rob them of thiir Suiuhiy, you ri»h thi-ni »>f what, in their cyrs, rondiTs lit'i- most worthy of possession. Moreover, the people area pious jieople, and Het an i-xtraordinary vahic upon the ;vA'.v of their relij;i(»n. Take them where they may he unable to partieipate in these ohservanees, aiul you render tlu'ni fearful and mdiappy. The eonsecpienee of all these eireumstanees is, that the Canadian will never {fo out sinj^ly to settle in a wild territory, neither will he ;fo where his own ri'liu,'ious brethren are not. " The first oc'eui)ation of the sprinjuf, or rather the end of the winter, with the Canadian farmer, is the makin;;' of his suj;ar '. "The remainini;' operations of the farmer are nearly the same as in lMi<;land ; inasmueii as, with the exeeption of mai/e or Indian eorn, the produce of the eoujitry is the same. The chief ])eeidiarily of the situation of the Canadian is, that what he j^rows is rather for his own consumption than for the purposes of sale. Hitherto, for example, he has grown flux, for the purp«)se of makin«>- the greater portion of his linen ; Ins eorn is for liimself ; his cattle are fatted to be, for the most part, eaten in his own family ; in short he nearly produces, at one time |)erhaps entirely produced, whatever he consumed. The introduction of Knglish luxuries, however, bus in some degree altered this : tea, Knglisb broad- cloths and calicoes, cutlery, Ssm., now form part of the Canadian's ne- cessaries, thougli the degree in which he is dej)endent solely on himself is far greater than that of an English farmer. In his own bousehold are made the soaj) and candles he consumes: bis sboes, or mocasins, arechiefiy of his own or bis wife's manufacture ; so also with the greater ])ortion «)f his clothing. This ])eculiarity, by multijjlying the variety of his em- ])loyments, serves in some measure to increase bis sagacity, thougb the benefit is more than overbalanced by the loss of time necessarily attendant on this want of division of labour. I'pon the whole, however, it may be safely asserted, that the means of subsistence are by the Canadian easily * III spenkiiig t)t' till- iij^riculturc of the proviiico, wo huvi' iiiveii some account of the nuule (if its jn-mluctiou iiiul manufacture. 'i m I 40G LOWER CANADA. I I I I' i obtained : his labour extends but tln-ou<>;h a part of tlic year, and during that ))er'u)d it is neitlier painful nor excessive. '•' The comforts of the i)ei)})le, if coni))ared with any other nation, are wonderfully great: their food, from their French habits, consists not of animal food to the same extent as that of the richer Knglish. but is, nevertheless, nom-ishing- and abundant. Xo griping penury here stints the meal of tiie labourer, no Avan and haggard coiuitenances bear tes- timony to the want and wretchedness of the jieople. I may say, I believe, without exaggeration, that throughout the Avhole Canadian ])o- pulation no instance can be found of a family unprovided with the complete and comfortable means of subsistence: the food, indeed, is oftentimes coarse, but always wholesome. From the length of the winter it is found necessary to kill in the autunm such stock as is intended for the winter's food : a great portion is iuunediately salted; some part is frozen ; and thus though during the early ])art of the winter and the latter ])art of the sununer the })()])ulation live on fresh food, still for a great ])ortion of the year their chief animal food is salted. AN'ith a little care, howevc r, this might in a great measure be obviated. " A\'hile the Canadians are thus imiversally well supplied with food, they are ecpudly fortunate as to their clothing and their habitations. Till lately, the chief clothing of the population Avas Avholly of their own manufacture, but the cheapness of Fnglish goods has in some degree induced a ])artial use thereof. Canadian cloth is, hoAvever, still almost imiversally used ; and the gray atpof of the l/ahitaiit is the characteristic costume of the comitry. This aipot is a large coat reaching to the knee, and is bound round the Avaist by a sash, Avhich sash is usually the gayest part of the Canadian's dress, exhibiting usually every possible bright colour Avithin the poAver of the dyer. 'J'his, Avith a straAV-hat in sununer, a hoiuu't roifi>'(' or a fur cap in Avinter, and a })air of mocasins nuide out of sole leather, com])lete the dress of the peasant. The Avonien are clothed nearly after the fashion of a French peasant : a cap in place of a bomiet, Avith u dark cloth or stuff petticoat, a jacket {niaiifelct) sometimes of a diflerent colour, and mocasins, the same as those of the men, form their every-day dress. On the Sunday they are gaily attired, chietly after the English fashion, Avith oidy this difference — Avhere the English Avears one m INIAXNERS AND CrSTO:\IS. 407 tlic Canadian cirl wears half a dozen colours. Here, as in the case of their food, no penury is manifest : an exceedini;- neatness in their ])ersons, and cleanliness, that first re([uisite to comfort, mark the people to be above the influeneeof want, and to be in that state of ease which permits them to ])ay due attention to decency of external appearance. " Of tlw iiabitations of the peo])le 1 have already spoken. It is ini- ])ossil)le. ]5erhaps it would also be unnecessary, tt) give a miiuite descri])tiou of the sort of hou.ses which the farmin<>; ])opulation generally inhabit ; suflice it to say, that they are generally constructed of wood, though, as the farmer becomes rich, he almost invariably changes his wooden for a stone house. For the uund)cr of the inhabitants, they are usually large and commodious. In the sunnner, from being low, they arc generally uncom- foitably warm, and in winter, by the aid of a stove, they are rendered com- ])letely iminhabitable by an European. The excessive heat in which the Canadian lives Avithin doors is sutiicient to kill anyone, not from his infancy accustouicd to that tem])erature. \\'ithout doors, however, the habitant bears with ease the ])iercing cold of the winter blasts, — ■ Hroasts till" keen iiir, and tiimls us lio goes;' Avheu any one, not a Canadian, would be compelled to take every ])ossible precaution against its ])ainful iiiHuence, and he passes with im])unity and without pain from his house, in which the temperature is above ninety degrees of Fahrenheit, into the open air, oftentimes twenty-five or thirty degrees below zero. *' During my residence in France I failed not to visit a large nund)er of the peasants" houses, and to investigate somewhat narrowly into their various customs and peculiarities. The resend)lance b. tween the interior of a peasant's dwelling in Normandy and on the banks of the St. liaw- rcnce was, to a practised eye, close and remarkable : with the excei)tion of the flooring, which in Canada is always of wood, in France of bricks or Hat stones, every thing is nearly precisely the same ; the chimney always in the centre of the building, the partition between the kitchen and the large room in which the inhabitants dwell, at each end of which are the small sleeping-apartments. ' Le lit principal, entourrc de serge vcrte (pii est suspendue au plancher du haut de la grande salle, par une 5: ■ K i 1* 408 LOWER CANADA. i n (I 'hi li tar-('. IJeds in abimdancc, linen, and all the requisite culinary \itensils, all that are really wanted are there. Again here, as in the circumstance of food, a high degree of comfort and enjoyment exists, and though the means may, to a delicate European, appear somewhat rude, the grand end of happiness is completely obtained. " Few of the amusements of the people are peculiarly characteristic. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS— AMUSEMENTS. 40() except those of tlio winter. I liave already said tliat the winter is cliieiiy spent in pleasure, and that the jjfrcater part of the ])()puhition, at tliat ])erio(l, cease from serious labour. The chief ])leasures of the inhabitants cople at thi of iulii itnii I'll otii As th consist at tins tune live, for the most ])art, each on his own farm, the distance between neighbours becomes oftentimes too great for a pedestrian to go over with comfort; the snow lying on the ground for at least five months in the year, would also render walking unpleasant : a cariole, or light sleigh, is therefore miiversally used. Church-going, visiting, ]nirehasing, in short every join-ney, whether of ])leasure or business, is performed in the cariole. Every farmer possesses one, sometimes two or three; and the farm-horses, being exceedingly active and light, draw his winter carriage. The whole of this is evidence of great plenty and comfort ; — the horses must be fed for many months, at no small cost, and might, if their masters desired, be profitably employed. The cessation from labour also, during the greater part of the period, is another proof of the easy cir- cumstances of the people : not only is there a cessation from hd)our, but a constant round of parties, and dancing, of which the whole people are passionately fond. At these parties abundance of good things is always manifest. The peo])le assemble not merely to sec one another, but with a serious intention of enjoying themselves ; and to this enjoyment they wisely deem eating to bo an absolutely necessary adjunct. Healthy and robust as they are, it may easily be presumed, that the (jiiant'iti/ of the viands is an essential particidar. Their eating, like their daiicing, is no mock ])roceeding; they dance with spirit, and they eat with vigour. Again, this is evidence of plenty. " At their weddings the same custom is prevalent ; a dance and a feasting always succeed this ha])py event ; and not only one dance and one feasting but, most probably, a dozen. The whole bridal co/ic^'e in a long string of caficZ/cs if in summer, of cario/e.s in winter, passing from house to house, and each night, for perhaps a fortnight, renewing, with iniabated vigour, both the eating and the dancing *. ill k?m w :» < f i * Instances liavo, indeed, occurred of nuptial festivities having been thus protracted, but the practice is by no means universal. 3 G 410 LOWER CANADA. li H ii :nj||! y T #• ■J;-" " Tims passes the winter ; and with the summer labour returns. The out-door sports of the Englisli have no parallel in Canada ; cricket, foot-ball, and the various gymnastic sports are there unknown ; and the sunnner is almost entirely passed in labour. There is one exception, however, I am luiwilling to pass over — this amusement has indeed im- mediate reference to gain, as it consists mjisking. The methods practised in the various })arts of the country being somewhat peculiar, may perhai)s be worth describing. In the spring the fish usually run up into the thousand small creeks (in England they would be called rivers) which fall into the St. Lawrence ; these being oftentimes shallow, permit a man to wade across and along them ; one carries a bundle of dry pine or cedar bark splinters lighted, and used as a torch, another follows with a barbed s])ear, having a handle eight or ten feet long, and, by the aid of the torch-light, he is enabled to see the fish as they lie along the bottom of the stream ; which fish he cautiously approaches, and transfixes with his spear : when the water is too deep for him to wade, a canoe is pro- cured ; a light iron grate is placed in the bow, and filled with dry pitchy pine splinters, which blaze vehemently, and cast a bright and ruddy glow through the water to many yards distance. The fish, as before, are by this nvums discovered lying at the bottom of the stream, and are caught in the same manner. Great dexterity is often evinced in the manage- ment of the spear ; and I have often seen fish of four or five feet in length caught in this manner. In the calm evenings of summer, as tiie night conies gradually on, canoe after canoe, with its bright and waving light, may be seen putting silently from shore, and gliding rapidly and noiselessly along the still and glossy river ; with one touch of the paddle the canoe is impelled to the spot pointed out by the gestures of the spearsman, who, waiting till the fish be within his range, darts his wca])on with admirable precision upon the devoted prey, lifts it as quietly as ])0ssible into the canoe, and proceeds onward in search of further sport. The water of the St. Lawrence, clear beyond that of almost all the rivers I have seen, is admirably fitted for this purpose ; and will allow a dex- terous sportsman to seize his prey, if it be tolerably large, even Avhen the water is ten or twelve feet in depth. 'I'liere are few scenes in Canada more peculiar and striking than this night fishing. Often have I stood MANNERS AND CUSTOMS— COMFORTS— CIIARACTEl}. 411 upon the banks of the broad and beautiful St. liawrcnce, and conteni- j^latcd witli rapture the almost fairy picture it afforded. The still and mighty expanse of waters, spread out in glassy calmness before nie, with its edges fringed by a dark mass of huge forests swee])ing to the very brink of the river;' and the deep pf/fj)le sliade of night closing over all, have together conjured up a scene that has held me for hours m con- templation. The song of the I'ojfdgeur floating over the smootli and silent water, and mellowed by distance, has, in my imagination, equalled the long-lost strains of the ^'^enetian gondolier; the glancing multitudes of waving lights, belying the homely purpose to whicli they werea])plied, have seemed a nocturnal festival ; and, by the aid of a little romance in my own feelings, have ')t seldom cheated me into half poetical musings. The 'garish eye of day,' luckily, invariably dispelled the hallucination by robbing the scene of its enchanting but temporary beauty. I would, however, recommend the traveller, in those distant regions, to view tlie scene in a calm night of June ; and I doubt not but that in a short time he will discover himself more romantic than he deemed." However highly coloured this burst of the romanesque may ajjjjcar, there is, indeed, no fiction in it, and the beautiful portraiture it contain.' of the delightful scenery of the St. Lawrence woidd be equally applicable to the enchanting scenery of the magnificent Ottawa, and of other p?r.ts of the pn vince, viewed under similar circumstances. " From what I have already stated, it is almost needless for me to say, that the situation of the peo])le, such as I have described it, is not merely the situation of a part but of the whole. A\''ealth and comfort are not confined to a few individuals, but the whole mass of the po])u- lation have almost an equal share in the good things of this world. The division of ])ro])erty, by law, has, of itself, rendered this almost necessary ; the ease with which the means of subsistence are obtained has also con- tributed to the same desirable state. A\'^hatever may be believed to 1)e the cause, the fact of the great approximation to equality in property is indisputable *. * " Cc fut Ic partago I'gul dos terrcs qui rcndit Rome capable de sortir d'abord dc ^s(Hl abuisscmcnt ; et cola so sontit bioii, (juaiid cllo fut corrompue." — Montksquieu, (iraiidcKr el Dicadcncc des liotnaiiis. w ;■" »i :r ,1 m ;3 G 2 41^ LOWER CANADA. if! " From the various circiimsttmces I Imve mentioned, it will not be difficult to form something like u eorrcct conception of the chanicter of the people. " Free from the pressiu'e of want, and unexposed to the tem])tations created by surrounding affluence, they are free from the vices Avhicli poverty and temptation engender ; property is ])erfectly safe, l)oth from petty pilfering and o])en attacks. In the country, the doors of the houses are never fastened, and all sorts of property are openly and carelessly ex- posed. In the social relations also, the same circumstance of ease induces, to a great degree, honesty in dealing. It is to be remarked, hoAvever, that, in a country like England, where great transactions are daily carried on, great faith is often absolutely required ; this faith becomes extended to less important dealings, and a general feeling of honesty is introduced into the intercourse of the ])eople. " In the kindlier affections, they, like all hap])y people, are eminently cons])icuous ; though, from being less rich, they are perhaps less remark- able in this particular than the people of the United States. Except iji those jjortions overrun by the Irish and Scotch settlers, the traveller never meets with a refusal to give him assistance; and, in all ])arts, the distress of a neighbour is promptly and, I may say, generously relieved. No ])arty feelings, no feelings of religion, no religious or political watch-words or signs, here break in upon the gentle tendencies of the ])eoplc. The same intolerance of opposite sects is not to be found here as in Europe ; I have myself known the most perfect cordiality to exist between the priest of the parish and his Jewish neighbour ; and have heard a senti- mental deist openly avow his unbelief before the same clergyman, discuss the propriety of his opinion, and be on the most perfect terms of in- timacy and good feeling. This tolerance has hitherto led to no evil results, the people being one of the most pious and decorous to be found on the face of the globe ; their piety at the same time being free from austerity and bigotry, and their decorum from hypocrisy. " A bold spirit of independence, moreover, reigns throughout the conduct of the whole population ; happily they are yet undebased by the dominion of ii rich oligarchy ; they live not in fear of any man's power or influence ; upon themselves only — on their own uidustry, do they ii\ ■ CIIARACTKR OF TllE CAXADIA^S— R. C. CLCRGY. 413 de))eiul for subsistence ; and thus they have not, hitlicrto, learned to make distinctions between the welfare of the poor and the rich ; to bow down with abject servility before the powerful, and in their turn to exact a wretched prostration from those still weaker than themselves : courteous in their maimers, polite in their address, they offend not by rude and rough familiarity, or indifference to the comfort of others; neither do they forget their own dignity, even tliough they be poor ; they cringe not, they fawn not, nor are they, like slaves, cruel and oppressive ; they ))reserve an even simplicity and honest straightforwardness of manner ; alike free from servility on the one hand and bluntness on the other. In this circumstance again they differ widely from the ])eople of the United States. The Americai\s, from a desire to mark their independence, their freedom from all the pernicious restraints of Kuro])ean despotisms, too often forget the common courtesies of life. To insult a man they sometimes consider an eflective method of informing him that they are free from his control ; just as by cheating him, they believe that they save themselves from being over-reached. The Canadian, on the contrary, while acting with independence, is polite ; while guarding himself from becoming i dupe, is honest. '■ It may be said, and ])erhaps with truth, that the Canadian popu- lation are, for the most part, superstitious ; but this is a failing common to all mieducated persons ; and we can hardly consider it a vice, unless it lead to cruel conduct towards one another. ^Vc, however, have no ducking of poor old women, no desire to burn witches, (!v:c. ; superstition, with us, merely nudtiplies the prayers of the fearful ])easant, and occasions a somewhat lavish use of holy water and candles. It may, in I<'ngland. be asked, how, in a catholic country, wherein a perfect freedom is allowed to the catholic ])riesthood to inculcate every doctrine which they are able to inculcate, a complete subjection of the jicople has not taken place, and a grovelling su))erstition and furious bigotry introduced? The answer is easy : the catholic religion is not a state religion ; its j)riesthood are armed with no temporal power ; they use only the influence of the un- derstanding ; are merely the advisers, not the rulers of their flocks. The existence of many religions, moreover, all equally under the protection of the law ; the multi])lication of doctrines consequent on this state of E tijB m r'. 4 '(1 ' mi 414 LOWER CAXADA. I ■ !:"• ■ 'i f' !!■' m Ml ' ^;. i !■■;' k^ i,!i It'-^'' ' 'f ■ things, and the mutual watchfuhiess over cacli other's conduct also re- sulthig from it ; all introduce a general toleration and mildness among the various priesthoods of the various religions. The catholic religion is, in Canada, no more the instrument of the people's degradation, than is the quaker religion in Pennsylvania: but change the situation of each, erect them into state religions, and both would be equally noxious. In the present situation of the nation, however, the catholic priesthood of Canada exhibit a speiitacle that others would do well to imitate ; they are laborious in their duties, frugal in their living, decorous in their manners ; possessed of nuich intelligence, and some learning, they are gentle, modest, and benevolent. "Crimes of the more atrocious description are almost unknown among us ; murder, arson, as well as attacks generally on the person, are seldom heard of. The people are, for the most part, of a mild disposition ; a broil or fight at their meetings of pleasure seldom occurs : and the more fierce and deadly passions of our nature are never roused by the ])ressure of famine. The habit of settling differences by personal collision docs not exist among them: the law affords the only remedy which they will- ingly adopt; and they consequently seem, and are in fact litigious*. The petty mischiefs arising from this spirit, however, are more than com- pensated by the absen( e of all those dreadful scenes which are exhibited in countries where the law is a luxury only for the rich ; and where the poor man, if he wishes redress for an injury or insult, must seek it by an attack upon the person of the offender. In France, since the revolution, the practice of duelling seems to have spread through the whole popula- tion. The military s]nnt generated by the wars attendant on that mighty regeneration, however, was never breathed into the French Canadians ; * " The Canadians being principally of Norman origin, what William the Conqueror said of the Normans may, perhaps, be applicable to them : — • Foler et plaisir lors convient.' lis aiment a fairc des folies et a plaider. But it appears to me that tlie modern description of the Norman character is still more applicable to the Canadians : — ' 11 y a dans toute cette race Normande, un grand aplomb, une fuculte do comprehension trts-etendu, et cc qui est fort remarquable, a la fois bcaucoup de chaleur dans la discussion des intrruts privt's, et de calnic dans celle des inti'ri'ts publics.' " CHAUACTEll OF THK CANADIANS. 415 uiid tlie English pructite of hoxiiif:^ has not, hitherto, become a favomite diversion. The comparative cheapness of hiw, moreover, gives an imme- diate outlet to the angry passions : the slow and deadly revenge of the Indian was therefore never adopted ; and thus, in spite of being derived from the French, governed by the llnglish, and living with the Indians, the people are free from the ])rivate pugnacity of all of them : tiiis. added to the absence of want, accounts for the almost ])erfect absence of all the more dreadful crimes known in other lands. " When speaking of the education of the j)eo))le, I shall have to es- timate the degree of knowledge possessed by them ; I may here, never- theless, allude to their intellectual character generally. To those ])ersons who know the English character, who imderstand the spirit ot'/'toi which reigns throughout the whole land, the sedateness, and almost mock gravity of the American native must be a matter of surprise. The ^Vmerican has not a particle o(J'nn in his Avhole com]H)sition ; if he jokes, it is the saddest thing in nature ; if he attem])ts to be witty, it is by the aid of Joe Miller : he labours in a vocation to which he is unaccustomed, and for which he is by no means fitted. There is something of this sort of discrepancy between the character of the French and the Canadians *. xV more good- humoured people than the latter can hardly be found ; but the s])arkling vivacity, the vehemence of temper, the tiger-like passion, and brilliant tiery wit of a Frenchman are not to be found among them. They are sedate, nay almost grave ; have thei " temper under control ; and still, without the gay vivacity of the French, are free also from the fierceness of their passions. They are, by this means, a happier people, though, perhaps, less attractive. Though tihrewd, perhaps I might say cunning, they exhibit not the same quicknc ss of intellect which the French peasant is possessed of ; they seize not m ith rapidity a new idea ; have little fac/ in the management of men to their purposes, not perceiving the means of winning their way by the aid of other men's weaknesses, and moukling to their will the peculiar character and tem])er of each. Few nations possess this sort of power in the same extent as the Irish, and in this point * " I speak liore merely of the people : the educated classes of all nations of necessity approxi- mate to each other. There is a greater ditlerence hetween an English peasant and an Ejiglish gentleman than hetween the latter and an educated Parisian." 1 t ' It '■'. » I mm ,1*1 4i, I* 41(i LOW nil CANADA. I ^^' u t ii r" tlu" Trisli and l-'rciicli assimilate; but tlic Canadian is as incapable in tins particular as an Kn<;lisl)nian or a Scotchman. It would be a curious point of iiivesti<^ation, to search after the circumstances whii'h, in the cases both of I'lnulisli and I'rench colonists, have led to these diU'erences of character." The |)eo|)le of tlii' townships form a distinct class of themselves, and are strikinj^ly contrasted with the Freni'h-Canadian ])easantry of the province. The tenure of their lands, their lan<;ua^'e, and their habits, are essentially, their laws partially. diHerent from those of the sei<;neurial po- pidation, and assimilate in many res])ects with those of the neii'hbourini;' settlements of the I7nited States. The origin of this similitmle may be traced to the early stages of the colonization of the eastern townships, when the settlers were almost exclusively, if not altogether, natives of the adjacent country, and emigrants from the New York. \'ermont, and New Kngland States. The numerous class of llritish and Irish emi- grants that subsequently took up crown lands in the townshi])s. strangers in general to the mode of clearing and cultivating new lands, were na- tiu'ally ])ronc to imitate those who had preceded them in these im])ort- aiit operations, and the ^Vnierican settler, proverbially dexterous and active in removing forests w ith the axe, thus became the model of the European emigrant. This imitation was not long confined to the mode of converting a Avildcrncss into corn fields, but soon extended to the plan of building their houses, dividing and tilling their farms, iVc. The domestic economy of the establishment and the usages of the new settlers thus gradually approximated to those of the old. and although there are now some exceptions, the manners and customs of the peo])le of the townships, generally, bear a close analogy to the manners and customs of the i\mcricans*. The composition .of the township population is nuUtifarious. and the inhabitants of each class might rank, according to their luimbers, in the following order: first Americans, then Irish, Scotch, Knglish, Dutch, and Germans. AVe have already taken an opportunity of speaking of the industry which characterizes the people of that part of the province. ♦ m * Sit ante. pp. .S(«)— rU 1 . ■«5I TOWNSHIP POPULATION— TOWXS-AMEUICAN VISITI'RS. 417 and it may here be observed, tliat the (leseri])tion j^iveii in the preeediiiji pages of the ease and eoinforts of the Canadian peasantry is not inap- plieable to tlie to\vnshi|)s, tliou<^h, perliaps, to a more limited extent, from the eomparative infaney of the settlements, Neitlu r do the town- ship inhabitants yield to the Freneh Canadians in point of loyalty: all feel ecpiallyattaehed to their kinpj, their •••overnment, and iheir institntions. The diiVerent elements of the ])opnlation bein^j;, as we have remarked, very numerous, the same unity of feeling', enstoms, and eharaeter ean seareely be expeeted to prevail to the same de<;rce as in the Freneh set- tlements; but it is gratifyini;-, however, to observe that there exists in the townships but little, if any, of that party-spirit, reli<;ious or political, whieh links one set of men a<;ainst another, and destroys the harmony of soeiety, whilst it tends to paralyse the progress of new, and adect the prosperity of old settlements. The ])o])alation of the towns is distinguished by i'vw peeidiarities that arc not common to the inhabitants of po))ulous places. Here we find the same gradations of rank, the same assumptions on the one hand, and denials of superiority on the other, that are incident to similar eomnumities. The circumstance of the two chief jjlaccs of the province being garrison towns, serves also to give a certain com])lexion to society, which is ])eculiar to the art ini/ifaitc, whilst it. at the same time, con- tributes to the outward gayety, at least, of the place. However remote from the vortex of the /untf ton on this side the Atlantic, the higher circles are by no means strangers to the delicacies, eticpiette, and refine- ments of European society ; and by the agreeable union of French and FiUglish manners, that forms so peculiar a feature of the society in Canada, a degree of vivacity prevails, which holds a medium course between the austerity of English reserve and the ebullitions of French rha])sody. During summer, an e])hemeral, and oftentimes delightful, ac(|uisition is made to the society of the cities of Quebec and Montreal by the arrival of American fashionables, attracted thither by the celebrity of Canadian scenery. The tour they perform generally embraces the Falls of Niagara, in Upper Canada, and the Falls of ISIontmorenci, near Quebec, whence they return through IMontreal to the United States ; siich, at least, has hitherto been the course pursued in their travels, but it is probable 3h t'')' H I,,',:, i .-s 'ft I m f 'I y ill l,!-f|,! Mi 118 LOWKll CANADA. that tlio recent construction of n stoaiu-pneket, which has larf»;e and elcj^'ant acconnuotlations for passengers, and is now plyinj^ re^idariy between (juel)ee and Halifax, will indiiei' them to continue their route down the St. Lawreni'e, .nid throu;;li the (iulf, to the cajjital of Novu Scotia, whence they may return home without the necessity of retracinjjj their ste))s, and thus give additional novelty and interest to their travels. It is ])ossil)le in this way very agreeably to circinnnavigate the best i)art of the North American continent, by ascending the Mississipi and the Illinois, which communicates by canal ^vith liake Krie, thence j)assing through the W'elland Canal into I /ike Ontario, and descending the St. Lawrence to Quebec, thence to I lalifax, and lastly, coasting the continent, to New Orleans, at the mouth of the iMississipi again. Hy .starting from New York, a similar, though less extensive, circunuiavigation might be performed through the Iludsoji lliver, the (irand Canal, and down the St. Lawrence as in the former casr. U SIPPLKMKNT T(1 CIIArTKIl I Kiiiiiiilarii's— Auard <>i llu' Kiii^; of tlif Nt'tlioilaiids. Tn' the iKpiicndlx will bo found tlio award, at U'lintli, of liis Majosty, till' King of till" Ni'tlicrlands, as tin- umpire to whom the diMicultit's. arisiny; under the r»th artiele of the Treaty of (ihent, were aniieahlv re- ferred by (Jreat IJritain and the United States: it is an iin|)ortant do- emnent, which, toffetlier with the ])rotest of the Anieriean plenipoten- tiary, we have copied from the public press. The (piestion is considered by his Majesty, the Kin«i^ of the Nether- hinds, mider three (bstinct heads: 1st. The liinh hmds: fJnd. The Con- necticut Uiver; Urd. The 4;)" parallel of north latitude. Upon the first ])oint enough has been said in the first chapter, and sid)se(|uently in pp. '.i\'2 and .'il.'3, to render unnecessary any further remarks here *'. The second ])oint apjjcars to have heen judiciously deternrmed, and comports with the hydrography of the country. Upon the third point we do not sec the necessity of fresh astronomical observations to establish the get)- graphical ])osition of the ^'.'i" parallel of north latitude, the astronomers of both governments having agreed in 1818, in ascertaining, Avith every scientific precision, various points on that circle of latitude, which it remains merely to connect by field surveys to mark, in an ostensible manner, the whole length of the boinulary. The singular reservation made, relative to Rouses' point, is too important not to conunand par- ticular attention, and too gratuitous to be ever carried into effect ; and the Americans, judging from the dismantled and ruinous condition of the fort, appear to have considered a seccs.sion of their dominion over i * It is proper to obsorvo, tliat, when writing the remarks in pp. 312 and .^1.^, we had not scon the document referred to in the Ajipendix.a circumstitnce whicli will explain a trifling dis- crepancy between the awarded boundary, as there stated, and that described in the award itself. It may be equally fit to disclaim, for my remarks upon this subject, any oHicial weight or import that might be presumed to attach thereto, from the office I have the Iv^iiour of holding under his majesty's government. m it 420 LOWER CANADA. that Point, as iinavoidablc. The ;-(7Jw/(Y/coinciclencG of the existing, with the true line, coiikl scarcely be deemed, in such grave matters, an ade- quate ground to justify the construction of a fort, which should after- Avards furnish an argument in favour of the surrender, by the Ih-itish go- vermnent, of the spot whereon it stands, especially Avhen due weight is at- tached to the importance of the position, which commands the navigation, the ingress to and egress from Lake Champlain. Tlie fact, moreover, of the rejruU'd co'nic'idcnce is far from standing evident ; but, on the contrary, doubts are Avell known to have always existed, as to the correctness of tlie actual line : and, in 1806, Dr. Williams reported to the local govern- ment of the state of Vermont, that the boundary was grossly inaccurate, and it is unnecessary now to incpiire on which side the inaccuracy lay *. The vague argmncnt, drawn from rei)ort, must, therefore, appear very weak and inconclusive ; and it is not a little surprising that, notwith- standing such obvious and important advantages to the American in- terests, as result from tliis particular point, and others in the award, the United States' plenipotentiary should not have deemed himself authorised to acquiece in the decision of the umpire. It must be a theme of extreme regret, that such points should still be at issue between both powers, and, from the nature of the case, we feel satisfied that the boundary question can only be settled by a con- ciliatory and friendly compromise, in which the mutual convenience and interests of both parties will be duly, fairly, and impartially considered. And shoidd negotiations be hereafter opened between the governments, upon those amicable terms, we look upon the St. .John's river, from the point of its intersection, by the due north line, to its source, as being an idtimatmn, by which the rclin(|uishment of the United States' claim, north of that stream, would be compensated by the sacrifice of IJritish territory to the southward of it ; it woukl be the legitimate do u/ dci of the civil law, at least as far as naked claims can be o])posed to title and ])ossession, and offer a means of adjusting a knotty point Avithout inter- ru])ting the harmony and good understanding that prevail betAveen both countries, and Avhich it is so desirable haj)])ily to per])etuate. * In pagi's 270 and 2/0 of my Topography of Lower Canada, liil'>, will be found the further particulars of this fact. APPENDIX. I. Report of the Cot/iiiiifi.tiouey.s- under the iith .Irtic/e of the Treaty of Ghent. DKl'ART.AIKNT OF STATi:. Witslnnixton, Jiili/ W, \\V2-2. TiiK following is a copy of tlio ropovt ;iiul (Iccisioii of tlu' coniiiiissioiicrs of iho riiitcd Stiitos ;iii(l of (ii'i'iit Britixiii, upjiointi'il by virtue of tlio sixtli artii'lo of the tii'iity of (Jlu-iit : " Tiio uiidi'r.signcd eomniissioiU'i's, :i]n)oiiit('(l, sworn, iiiul ;uitliori/otl, in virtue of the (!lii article of tlie treaty of peace and amity between his IJritannic JMajesty and the United Statis of America, concluded at Ghent, on the 2-lth of Decendier, llil-l, inijiartially to examine, and by the report or declaration, under their hands and seals, to designate ' that portion of the boundary of the United .States from the point where the 4.")" of mirth latitude strikes the river IriKpiois or Cataragui, along the middle of said river intct Lake Ontario, through the middle of said lake until it strikes the comnuinicatiou by water, between that lake and Lake Erie ; thence along the middle of said communication into Lake Erie, through the middle of said lake, until it arrives at the water communication into Lake Huron ; thence through tlie middle of said water communication into Lake Huron; thence ihrougli the middle of said lake to the water communication between that lake and Lake Superior ;' and to ' decide to which of the two contracting parties the several islaiuls lying within the said rivers, lakes, iuid water com- munications, do respectively belong, in conformity with the true intent of the treatv of 17!''^ do decide and declare that the following described line, which is more clearh indicated in a series of maps accompanying this report, exhibiting correct surveys and di'lineatioiis of all llu' rivers, lakes, water communications, and islatuls, end)raced by the (itli article of the treaty ol Ghent, by a black line, shaded on the Hritish side with red, and on the Anu'riean with bhu' ; each sheet of « liich -cries of maps is identitied by a certificate, subscribed by the comniissiouers. and by two principal surveyors emjiloyed by them, is tlu' true boundary intended bv the two before mentioned treaties, that is to say : " Heginning at a stone monument erected by jVudrew Eliicott, Es([. in tlic year 1)117. on the south bank or shore of the said river Inxjuois or Cataragui j^uow called the .St. Lawrence^, which monument bears south 71' l.V \\-est, ami is eighteen hundred and forty yards distant from the stone chur,.h in the Indian village of .St. Hegis, and indicates the point ;it which the l,Vh parallel of north latitude strikes the said river; thence runniug north 'X>" dO' -l.V west into the river, on a line at right angles with the southern shore, to a point one huiulred yards south of the opposite island, called Cornwall Islaml ; thence turning westendy. ami passing around tlie southern and western sides of said islaml, keeping one hundred yards distant therefrom, and following the curvatures of its shores, to u point opposite to the north-w est corner or angle of ■ J 1 m A II III ill! 4'i'i apim:ndix. H' it a i ■i s;ii(l i.sliiiid ; tliciico to and aloiiir tlic iniildlc of tlu' main river, until it approaclics the eastern extremity nf Haniliurt's Island ; tlioiicc nortliernly along the channel which divides the last men- tioned i.slaiid from the Canada shore, keeiiing one hundred yards distant from the island, until it approaches Sheik's Island; thence along the: middle of the strait which divides Barnhart's and Slieik's Islands, to the channel called the Long Sanlt, which separates the two last men- tioned islands from the Lower Long Hault Island ; thence westernly, crossing the centre of the last mentioned channel, until it a])jiroaches within one hundred yards of the north shore of the Lower Sault Isfand ; thence tip the north hranch of the river, keeping to the north of, and near, the Lower Hault Island, and also north of, and near, the Ujiper Sault, sometimes called Baxter's Island, and south of the two small islands, marked on the map * A and B, to the western extremit V of the Upper Sault, or Baxter's Island ; thence passing hetween the two islands called the Cats, to the middle of the river ahove ; thence along the middle of the river, keej)ing to the north of the small islands marked C and D, and north also of C'hrystler's Island, and of the small island next ahove it, marked E, until it approaclics the north-east angle of Goose Xeck Island ; thence along the passage which divides the last mentioned island from the Canada shore, keeping one hundred yards from the island to the upjier end of the same ; thence south of, and lu'ar, the two small islamls called the Nut Islands ; thence north of, and near, the island marked F, and also of the island called Dry or Smuggler's Island ; thence passing between the islands marked G and II, to the north of the island called Isle au Rapid Piatt ; thence along the mirth side of the last ni: utioned island, keeping one hundred yards from the shore to the upper end thereof; thence along the middle of the river, keej)ing to the south of, and near, the islands called Cousson, or Tussin, and Presque Isle ; thence up the river, keeping north of, and near, the several Gallop Isles, nnnihcred on the map, 1, 2, 3, 4, .'i, (i, 7, i^, 0) and 10, and also of Tick, Tibhet's, and Chimney Islands, and south of, and near, the Gallop Isles, numbered 11, 12, and 13, and also of Duck, Drummond, and Sheep Islands; thence along the middle of the river, passing north of island No 1-1, south of 15 and 16, north of 17, south of 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 2">, and 2!{, and north of 2(i and 2/ ; thence along the middle of the river, north of Gull Island, and of the islands No. 20, 32, 33, 34, 35, Bluff Island, and No. 39, 44, and 45, and to the south of No. 30, 31, 3(i, Grenadier Island, and No. 37, 3H, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, and -lii, until it approaches the east eiul of Well's Lsland ; thence to the north of Well's Island, and idou'S the strait which divides it from Row's Island, keeping to the north of the small islands No. 51, 52, 54, 5it, 59, and 61, and to the south of the small islands numbered and mark(!d 49, 50, 53, 55, 57, 00, and X, until it approaches the north-east point of Grindstone Island; thence to the north of Cirindstone Island, and keeping to the north also of the small islands No. 03, 05, ()7, (iii, 70, 72, 73, 74, 7-"», 7<>. 77. mill 7i'> find to the south of No. 62, 64, G(i, 69, and 71. until it approaches the southern point of Hickory Island ; thence pa.ssing to the south of Hickory Island, and of the two small islands lying near its southern extremity, nundjered 79 and }iO ; thence to the south of Grand or Long Island, keeping near its southern shore, and passing the north Carlton Island, until it arrives opposite to the south-western point of said Grand Island in Lake Ontario ; thence passing to the north of Grenadier, Fox, Stony, and the Gallop Islands in Lake Ontario, and to the south of, and near, the islands called the Ducks, to the middle of the said lake ; thence, westernly, along the middle of said lake, to a point opposite m Ml 111' said river to the Great Falls; thence up the falls, throuiih the point of the Horse Shoe, keeiiinu; to the west of Tris orGoat Island, andof the group of small islands at its head, and followiiiji the hends of the river so as to enter the strait hetween Navy and Grand Islands ; thence ahinu the middle of said strait, to the head of Xavy Island ; thence to the west aiul south of, and near to, (irand and Beaver Islands, and to the west of Strawhcrry, Scjuaw, and IJird Ishiuds, to Lake Krie ; thence, sonthernly and westernly, along the middle of Lake Krie, in a direction to enter tlie passage immediately south of IMiddle Island, bein;^ one of the easternmost of the grou]) of islaiuls lying ill the western part of said lake ; tlieiiee along the said passage, proceeding to the north of Cunningham's Island, of the three Bass Islands, and of tlie Western Sister, and to tlie south of the islands called tlie Hen and t'hickens, and of the Eastern and Middle Sisters ; tlienee to the middle of the niouth of the Detroit river, in a direction to enter the channel wliitli divides Bois-blanc and Sngar Islands ; thence up the said channel to the west of Ihjis-hlanc Island, and to the cast of Sugar, Fox, and Stony Islands, until it approaches Fighting or Great Turkey Island J thence along the western side and near the shore of said last mentioned island, to tlu' middle of the river above the same ; thence along the niid('le of said river, keeping to the south- east of, and near Hog Island, and to the north-west of, apd near the island called Isle a la I'l elie, to Lake St. Clair ; thence through the middle of said lake, in a direction to enter that mouth or channel of the river St. Clair, which is usually denominated the Old Ship Channel ; thence along tlie middle of said channel, l)et^\een Scjuirrel Island on the south-east, and I lerson's Island on the north-west, to the upper end of the last mentioned island, which is nearly opposite to Point an Chencs, on the American shore ; thence along the middle of the river St. Clair, keejjing to the west of, and near the islands called Belle Riviere Isle and Isle auxCerfs, to Lake Huron ; thence through the middle of Lake Huron, in a direction to enter the strait or passage between Dnunmond's Island on the west, and the Little Mau-tou Island on the east ; theno.' thruuiih the middle of the passage which divides the two last mentioned islands ; thence turning nortlierulv and westwardly, around the eastern and northern shores of Dnunmond's Islaiul, and ]iroeeeding in a direction to enter the passage between the Islaiul of St. Joseph's and the Auieiieau shore, passing to the north of the intermediate islands. No. (il, 1 1, 10, 12, !), (>, 4, and 2, and to the south of those numbered 15, 13, "i, and 1. " Thence up the said last mentioned passage, keej)ing near to the island of St. Joseph's, and passing to the north aiul east of Isle it la Crosse, and of the small islands nund)ered 1(!. 1 J, 1}^- 1'.'. and 20, and to the south and west of those numbered 21, 22, ;uid 2!?, until it strikes a line. drawn on the map with Idack ink and .shaded on one side of the point of intersection with bhu' and on the other side \\ith red, ])assiug across the river at the head of St. Joseph's Iskuul, and at the foot of the Neebish Hapids, which line denotes the termination of the boundary directed to be run by the (ith article of the treaty of (iheut. " And the said commissioners do further decide and declare, that all the islands lying in the rivers, lakes, and water-communications betwuii the before described boundary line and the ad- jacent shores of L'pper Canada do, and each of them does belong to his Britannic JMaj.'stv, and that all the islands lying in the rivers, lakes, and water-connnunicatious between the said boundary line and the adjacent shores of the United States, or their territories, do, and each of them does belnng to the United States of America, in conformitv \\'itli the true intent of the second article of the said treaty of Ghent. '3 I 2 III ': 'H PI ti' m m 424 APPENDIX. " 111 fiiitli wliproof, we, tlic commissioners aforesaid, liave signed tiiis declaration, and tliere- unto allixed our seals. " Done, ill (iiiadruplicate, at I'tica, in the state of New York, in the United States of America, this eigliteeiuh day of June, in the year of oiir Lord one thousand eight hundred and t\\enty-tu(i. " pi<;teh b. porter, [i.. s.] ANTII. BARCLAY, [l. s ]" II. m ifti ll fh ^ General lu formation for the Guidance and Benefit of Persons desirous to emigrate to Upper Canada, affixed to the Canada Companifs Prospectus. The Uvo principal, and indeed the only usual routes are by the River St. Lawrence and by New York, both of which may be considered as inaccessible during the winter months. The navigation of the River St. Lawrence is generally closed by the ice for five months in each year, and although the harbour of New York is very seldom so closed, yet the Hudson River and the Erie t anal, which form the communication from thence to Upper Canada, are closed as regularly as the St. Lawrence, but for a shorter period of time. The usual and the liest season, however, for emigrants to proceed by either route, is in the spring, or early in the summer, when there are ])articular facilities in finding a passage to tlie St. Lawrence, because many vessels go out in ballast, in order to return with cargoes of timber and other bulky articles, the produce of Canada. These vessels are generally of large dimensions, and, being in ballast, have extensive accommodations for .steerage ))a.sseiigers. A steerage passage to Quebec may cost from .115 to £i each for adults, and lialf that sum for children ; and, where many are associated together, passages are frecpiently procured at a lower rate ; for which, however, the vessel provides only shi})-room, fuel, and water ; and the jiasseiigers must lay in their own provisions, which, on the frugal scale to which many of tliem must be accustomed ashore, may be done for a sum not ex- ceeding the cost of the jiassage. From Quebec to IMontreal steam-boats ply daily during the summer, and the pas.sagc on deck is 1 to 1 A dollars, or -1.?. (nl. to Gs. !W. sterling. From IMontreal to York, in Upper Canada, or to any place on the .shore of Lake Ontario, through means of the arrangements already menti(med to liavi- been made iiy the comjiany, emigrants recommended to the agent in IMontreal will be conveyed for five dollars, or 22,y. Gd. sterling each, exclusive of provisions, \\bieli may cest from two to three dollars more ; so that fnmi the port of embarkation in the United Kingdom to the seat of government in Ujiper Canada, l/ic whole expense may be vuli- tniitvd (ll (I'loiit Icii jwuiids each for adults and six for children. No heavy or cumbrous Itaggage ought to be taken — hmiseludd furniture, inm utensils, imple- ments of husbandry, — in short, all articles of considerable bulk or weight will cost, in freight and carriage, more than the expense of replacing them in Upper Canada ; besides the trouble ;> . APPENDIX. 4'J,*) ol'tlii'ir Cdiu'c'vancc, the risk of iliiniaf^c, and tln' ilan'/cv of articK's carried from Knijiaiiil or Ireland beiii.r fotiiul imsuited for use in America. The liajj^'ajjie of emijfrants should consist only of their wearing apparel, witli such lieddin;.' and utensils for cooking as mav he retjuired on the voyage ; ami any articles of clothing not intended to he used at sea ought to he jiacked in water-tight cases or trunks, not exceeding eighty or ninety pounds in weight. The journey or inland voyage from New York to Lake Ontario, and especially to I^ake Erie, is performed in less titnc than from Montreal, and emigrants reconnncnded to the coni- ])any's agent at New York will obtain pas.^age-tickets at the siune rate as from iNIontreal, being live dollars each ; but the passage from the I'nited Kingdom to New York is more costly than that to (Quebec, besides that passengers are not permitted to land at New York until security be given, that, for a s])ecified time, they shall not become burthen.some on public charity; so that the route by the St. Lawrence, although nutre circuitous, and jjcrhaps tedious, is certainly the most eligibli? fur those emigrants who have large families, and \vho wish to proceed at the smallest possd)lc expense. The eoin])any's agents ut the diHerent ports of embarkation and elsewhere will furnisli such further information as may be reiiuired by persons desinais to emigrate, and to deposit their funds with the company, or to become purchasers of the company's lands. III. lJtr/,sioit of file CoiniticN in the Province of Imwcv Canada. Old Cmnity Division. Bedford Buckingham Cornwallis Devon Dorchester Ertingliam Gaspe Hampshire Hertford . Huntingdon Kent Leinster . IMontreal Nortlunnberland Orleans Quebec l?iehelieu St. i\Iaurice Surrey Warwick York Now ('(Hiiily l)i\isiuM, hv Art of llic I'l'uviiu'iiil I'liiliiiiiu'iit, \biirli Isi^f). 4 e 2 1 1 ;{ Total •10 2 l?ouvilli' and ^Alissiscpii Yaniaska, Dnimmuud, Xicolet, Lotbinicrcj Sherbrooke, and IMegantic 2 Kamouraska and Hiniouski 1 Islet 2 JJeauci' and Dorchester 1 Terrebonne 2 Bonaventure and (iaspe 1 I'ortneuf 1 Bellechasse .T -Vcadie, JJeanharnuis, and La Prairie 1 C'hambly 2 L'Assompti(m and La C'henay 1 I Idem 2 I Montmorenev and .Saguenay 1 ! Idem Hichelieu, Saint Ilyacinthe, Shetford and Stanstead .•^t. ^lauriee and Clianiplain \'enheres Merthier Two ^Mountains, \'audreuil and Ottawa m I .« ii new counties into which the 21 old counties are divided il ml 42(j APPENDIX. IV. Li.st of the Memherti of the Ilonou ruble the Leg'iftlative Council of the Pro- vince of iMwer Canada, J'roin the Connnencement of the Constitution in 17912 up to the Year 1820 *• ^t^ i'diik their out ill tlic V'riu's Niinu". 17!''2. Chief Justice Siiiitli. .1. (t. ('iiiiussegros l)c Li'vy . Hugh Fiiihiy. PicMitti' De ilcllestre. Thipiiiiis Duuii. Vm\\ Hue (h" St. Ours. Iul\\;W(l Iliiri'ison. FnnuMiis J{;il)y. .Tdhu Collius. .losejih Do l.dugueuil. Clsailes Do rviiiiaudiiro. (jciirgc I'dwuall. H. A, De IJoucluTville. Jdlui Fraser. Henry Caldwell. Hiiiht Heverend Jacol), Lord Bishop of (juehec. Chief .lustice Osgoude. Ciiief Justice IMoul;. Sir .lohu Johnson, Hart. Chartier De Lothinitre. (laliriel IClzear Tascliereau. Chief Justice Klmsley. 'Sir. Justice Williams. Chief Justice Alleock. * {'hief .Justice Sewell. * Charles De St. Ours, * John Hale. Antoine .luchcreau Duchesnay. .Vuhert De (Jasjie. * .Tames Cuthbert. * Herman AN'itsias Hvland. J. IJ. .M. H, De Uouvillc, * Jolin C.ddwell. Joliu niackwdod. William de Ciillivray. * Pierre Dominique Debaltzch. * Charles A\'illiam (irant. i7!';5. 17!'.v 171)7. 17!'!». J!!07. l!!(l!). 1}I10. 1!!12. lf!14. lai.-). Thus'.' iiiurkL'd * now (.'oiniiosi' the (.'ouiicil NM^ APPENDIX. 427 'I'i)()k tln'ir sent ill llif Vt'iirs Niiiiu's. lino. .'(dill Hic'liaidsdii. Fioiiis Di- .Siilulicrry. A\'illiiun IJiinis. Hovcrcncl Josf])li Octave Plfssis, Homan Catluilic Bislioj) of Qiicln'c. Thomas J. P. Taschercnu. " Tliomas (Jolliii. William Scott. iNIicliacl Henry Pcrcival Hodi'iick .Al'Kciizic. Olivier Pcrrault. ' Lnuis ]\inO Chaussejivos Dc Lcry. James Irvine. Jjouis Tiirjicon. * Louis (iufiy. ( liarles de Salahcrrv. * INIatthew Hell. ' * M'illiam Bowman Fcltoii. * James Kerr. * Kihvard Bowcii. * Toiissaiiit Pothior. * John Stewart. * John Forsyth. * Jean Thomas Tascliereau. * Bif{lit Heverend Charles James, Lord Bishop of Quebec. * Saveuse <|lil e s s fi rt ."s : ■ri = I-.2 s I't 9 ; ,? Ti - 'x ' S ; ?j ?, S = rr k r- i -c ^: Tl ; 5 5 -J -J ■: 1-: r-. '' ?i •' '.:£; ~" ■ » " ,~ ''2 i ?i •«11IU1!11UI|1M .H|| i>l apuiii j|.ii|i l>ii|jn >.!« M"|'J" UMII) : : '. ^ '.'.'.'■'. '• 1 •Al'|'»i> |ipjn(|ii.)ij.i\ : : X •5 :i • ;« : .1" . -T . ^ 1 'Udll.l.UlO) Jo,)kl)ii|| 'x % § ■ 5 £ § § § ? 5 S s ■•■iKivn,! : g 1 : : . . . '-f . . . . ■■ ••?!■■■ • S|ii:(ii| i : ii ii i^ 3 ■M 2 .-! 3 S * 3 S 5 .a 1 •nol|l;|i|...i|.\ .(110 .11(1 in iii>||i.Mn|K.| (jd s.ij!i')j.ii,i, ) .1111) oi|i's" '"1 : I : : ■|i:ii,Imi|| ■M ; .- .■« .- .'S . CC 71 ?l ?l '.(l.ii.ios puniliui-iHv *.\JMii>n| pin; ui>ij->''JJ*M jt» .isiu'ii •s|i:in!,) pMU spiinji 4 (.71 4f-^ ■tioiimti-i.ir \ ?3 c >. ^ ^D S •-' J= — -V"inoj pint stiiisjiitl ,)tiiN[i| ■sivnii un.v*is JO juun i^i;inn.>'i;.| •A)!.) .)i|i III iu>!ii.'>np:-i 1^ (^ :r rs ^ •«Hiwj9imo imis s.niuiiiaiMif) '^[Kiiil-itii | : : ?; = 5 js •Al.il.luS HMhllll.ilJ. \ •2 ■? 5 ■imuS|i.i.is.lii.islM|,ijnil pilir (.niMivil |Hss.ui>!P .1" J '"I'M •UOn-^'UKl.) JO .ISIUIII 71 Tl ■;i ■ -.1 tl Tl Tl Tl C 71 ~ •IHI-;U,| ![; t: t -5 f :c cj ^i iiisncjii SUM".) : ~ -i t- 2 5 « — ' •' ; -'. ^ ■'■■ **'i'^'^'»^ ": ^ :::"::::::: ' X ■ii()iitmi.).)i:,\ • js : £5 ; : • ,"S : : ; : • ; -^ "^^nu ^ ,, .- .- .- , ■piui'ij pin! Midsj.xl .iim'^iii 1 *■ ^ _i _; ^ , _l SJIM V 71 — r: 71 •- 71 2.' i.' 7J ^ J ii ^' "^^ O '^ tf, -- p4 - X ■^ "*-.-: - — tf. J -5 ~ -2 5 - «■'" "■■ = S -3 X. 5.| H - ^ C S 3 ..^ p .5 =: .5 ■'• i § = ■3 li, ^ £ -'" S ■" ""(5 . -h^., ..;>. y- £ X Ii, .'i K I Si\ m H< 430 I i ri-l lAllMAMLNTh. Ut ( iiiiiitU'*. I'ouniy nf'(>ai(|>i' Cnriivviillis Driiill Mcrribnl Polvlir»ti'r llmkini;liiiinsliiic' lli)rini,i;li (.f Wlllhnn [lonry CDiiiity ni' liirhc'lli'u ncclforil Surrey Kent lluntin^doii \i>rk Montreal Westwnril iil' Montreal Kastwanl iil' Montreal County of Kllin^'hain Leinster W.irwiek Uoroiigli of Three Rivers County of St. Maurice Ilampsliire t^uebec Cpper Town Quebec Lower Town Quebec County of Nortliumbcrland Orleans V if- P. V. 5 - - - 5 >• o i" 2 >• >■ X "• ^ C -^ ' X ■'• '-?."" ."i r, T. r. Ktl. o'll.irii V. -i. I'.iiu't •li'dii Iii};t ,l''r«, Diimbiiurf;*!* .I:i!4. Tod 1*. Miirrniix Louis Dunii-i'i- <;al)- Kl/. 'r;is(hcrcaii I.niiU til- Siil.itR'iry \. Jiic. Puchc'^nay .1 M. Totin.iiu'oiir I'.iiiu' .lolin HarruN I'icrri' (iiitTout Diiij. ( htrrU'r J. II. M. II. (le Uouvilli> 'I'hiliptle Uochfbliivf JFriin. Mnlhiot iU'iiL^ lloileaii I'ii'rrc l>i'f,'ras IMcrrevilU' |llyp. St, lii'(irt;t' Diiprt" ,(i. (', Loriniier M. K. (i> t'h. lU' Lotbinii'i l|*. (i. (U' Hnnnt' Jos. Paiihu'au Jaiiit's W.iIkiT l.lames M'tiill .1. It. UuroiluT Joseph FroI)is!icr John Itiiharilsoa Jacob Jortlan Joseph Ka ( roix 'Frs. Ant. I.arorque jlloiiav. I'anet IP. P. M. I. a Valtiiu ■Louis Olivier John Ia'cs ;Nicolas S. Martin jThomas ColTin Augiijtin Ulvartl Matthew M'N'ider Jean Houilreau Louis (if Salaberry David Lyml J. Ant. Panet William (irant Robert Lester John \'oung Pierre Hedard Joseph Dufour \ic. Gaspard Uoisseau AIM'KNDIX. VH. Xionher of Sessions in cacli Vii)iiii\uvnt (iiid llic'ir Dnfo/ia ■iwl ;• t - ■= >• r,?,i,~ ?, ft n •>. 3 E i ■- ^ e £ 3 .-. i £ .C f? •= t 1? -= Kil. O'llara l'a«tph I'emtuiit P !.. Panet V. lladyely Andre \adon I u. Uouc '.los. Heaumont J. Archamhault J. Ctithbert Uoss Culhbcrt .John I.ees P. .\. de IJonne I 'I'hom.is Cotlin Matt. lU'll .loseph Plante i-'ran^ois lluot M. A. Herthelot Louis Paiiuet J. Ant. Panet A. J. Itaby Uohert Lester John N'ointg iPierre Hedard J. M. Pouiin 'jerome Martineau J! Vi .Ti - Ti i ^i - (ieorge Pyke I. .%'. Perrauit Mex. Kol J. 1). Portiii l'". Uernier Louis 'I'urKeon C. V. Hoy John Calduell Thos. Taschereati Louis Prouix V. Lejjendre lon.ilha.i Seuell Louis 'l.iurdanes Louis i*>.idi'ur W. • , >i'")re No l di lloi'heblave Jacque . fartier I'ierre Wlihrenner Fran. \'i(;e J. II. IlaiuioU'l sir A. M'Ken/.ie John Mure K. L. l)um*)nt, fiis jlleuj. Frobislier iL. Itol Portelance I Jas. M'dill Louis Chaboille/. John llicharilson J. M. Monilelet Aiulre \atlon Thos. Porteiius C. (i. de Lauaudtere J. Archanibauit J. Cullibert Itoss ( uthbert John Lees Ls. Chs. Foucher Pa^itl Munro .Michel Carron Joseph Plante L. A. .1. Duchesnay M. A. Herthelot P. A. de lloune J. Ant. Panet Win. (Irant Ls. de Salaberry John VomiK Pierre lleilard J. M. Pouiin Jerome Martineau (ieorcc Pyke Ills. L. Hor^'i.i J.H. lt(dii I Mile J. H. Forlni F. Hernier Louis Tur]'iou I . F. Hoy .lidui Caliltveli Pierre Lar.f,'I(u> I. P. Ihberl Louis Leffendre Jonathan Sewell Ills llourda^'cs lly. M. Deloriue W. s. Moore Pascal ('haf;no)i laeipies ( artier .loseph Pl.inte I.. J. Papiueau, Ills Louis de Salaherry .1. A. Panel .lohn Mure .lean Jos. Trestler .1. 11. Duroeher L. Ilol Portelance Wni. MT.illivray I). 11. Viper Jas. Stuart J. M. Moniiehl lo.i. Meiinier los. Duclos Jos, F.. Faribault Jos. Turpeon J. I uthbert Hoss (uthbert .los. lladeaux Fzekiel llarl Thos. Collin Michel Carron F. Huot L. A. J. Duchesnay 11. Cray P. .\. de Homie .lolui Hlackwood Claude Denechau Pierre UedartI .lohn Jones Auyustln (^arron J. M. Pouiin .lerome Martineau g 2 c ja (Jeorne Pyke lo^. L. Ilor^'ia Jo^. Holietaille I. II, I'ortin I-'. HlTllilT V. nian.liet ( . V. Hoy rilOH, *ril.»chrl(';iii I'ierre Laniilni-. J. 11. Ileberl r. Le^•l■n^lre KdwartI IJowiu Louis Ilourdai;.. lly. M. Deloiiiir John Jones I'ierre lledard Jos. Ileaui lianip 1'. I). I)cliart/,ti ,. J. PapilU'au. 111. sti'p'-eM SfWfll I. A. Pamt lohn Mure I'ierre St. Julitii .1. n. Duroeher L. Hoi Porteljtui Thos. M'Cord 1). II. Niger lames Stuart los. Papineau ,Ios. Meunier Jos. Duclos ll(m. Panet r. Taschereavi J. futhberl Uoss ("uthbert los. Ilaileaux Matt. Bell Lituis (Jufiy Mirhel tarron I". Moot L. A J. DucheMiaN It. (iray P. A. de Bonne John Ulackwooil Claude Deneihaii Pierre Dedard John Jones Jos. Drapeau Thus. Lee Jerome Martineau ih^^ Ilii'ir Dura/iiHi, (iih i'KXDIX. 431 3 2 E a ,r,is. I.. Il.iti;!.! .In», ItolH'lallli' I I'. lIc-niiiT 1 r. llliiM. hit ( . K. Uiiy IMcrrc l.iinnlnii II, lli'lurl 1', l.i'miulrc Kilwaril llowiii l.nuis n. I'hiia. M'Ccinl I). II. \i|;iT hiiiH's Stuart It).;. I'aiiiiu'an ■Ins. Mt'uniiT Jus. Diulos 11(111. rani't r. 'I .iscluToau .1. iiitliliirl Kiiss t'lillibiTt Ins. Ila.li'aiix M.ilt. IliM l.ciuis (iutiy Mirlicl rarron r. Illicit I.. .\. ,1. lUiclivsiiay II. Cray P. A. (If noiiiic Inlin Illarkwood L'lamU' Dfiiciiiait IMcrre Heilanl .loliii .IdllCS Jus. Drapoau rhds. Lee Jerome Martlnc.nu j'loin the Commcticcmtntt of the Cuimtitiitiun ^7{)ii. I.'hli Iln rjie I'yke >M. I.. Ilciri^hi J, IS, ll.ibt'lullU' I. II. rnrllii I . HiriiiiT I'. Ill.inrlli't 1 . r. Ili.y .1n!;ii ( alilwell j'it'rre I.atlKlois J, II. Ililierl I l.ii:i mire IMw.ini Unwell l.iiiiis llounlaf^e-i Ih. M. Deloniie Mixis Desliletis I'iirre llrdard I.K. Ileilani I'. I). Diliarlzili 1.. .1. I'aplueau, lils IMliir Henry I. \, Pallet 1 Mils. Ilellet I'.iii --I, Julleii I. ;[. I) unit her I . Il.'i Piirtelaiiee i:. \. M. Deziei \. \. NM.eoil sii]iluii sewell Jit>. P.ipiiieail .',.s. Meiinier J. M.illiieur iu. Arrhaniljault 11.11. \i^'er I.l iitlilierl I oujs (Hi\ ier ;!m.. iiillin M,m. Hell rtitis. Caron Miiliel I arruii 1. limit K \. I.anic lii'iis (iaiivreaii J. lite. Ueilaril Janus U\ ine il.imie Deiieeliaii John Mure I'liTre llnilieavi '1.. Drapeau llais. I.ee f )!>. Uluuin I - J! ::■ .;; ^i ° I i i 3 f' i .=• 5 r. - .« J J ,^ ^ — -^ — — — 41 il 5 (ieiirge llriiwiie .liiH. I,. M{ir|i|a .Ids. Iliilietaille Vt*. Knuriiier J. 1'. I'. l)e»pre« K. lllaiK hel C. I-. liny .1. T. Tumlu'riMu l.lohn Diiviilsiiii \yu. iii'iict J.iiiu's Siuarl Itiihl. Jones '<. ( In rriir F. Miilhint lli-iiry (ii>or({iMi I'it'rri' Aniicit I'"tii-nnf Dui'Iu'snuis J. H. Vi^,'er iPierre Hruneau, sen. , Austin ( uvillii r iMiihael O'Sullivan jl'ltiennc Heal Ls. (iug Louis fiauvieau I'eler Hrehaut (ieo. Vanfelson |('lau. Lan^erin Lnul.s (iauvreau Jtilu) Neilson \allieiesilest. Iteal Cl.iude Deneeliau PetiT Hurnet Thos. Lee K. ('. Laf*ueux Pliiiipiie Panel Frs. yuirouct ^• W Tasihereau J. n. Taehe Jos. Itohelaille Fr^. Foiirnler J. Ha. Fortin V. lil.in. het F. \. P.in Lou|4 La^neux Jiilni DaviilMiu J. II. Proulx Ls. Hounla^es Itobi. Jone* Frs. St. ttuRe Jean Dts.iaulles John Jones, jun. Pitrrt' .\ruliit Klitiuu Duitu^uoji l>. H. \i,er F. A. guesiiel .\ustin(u\llUer Miihael O'Suilivau Iv N. L. Dunidut \U(;. Perrault Jn.. Ptrr.uili Jos. \aluis L. .1. P.iphieau (ieo. (ianlen llnf;uis IIene\ Tims, riiain Jainl) Oldham Frs. Tassi- JatfpK's l.ai-ondie Midil. Prevost \Iexis Mousseau J.ucp Dtli^ny 1'. U. Oiidi'n .los, Dadiaux Ls. Piidtte I'ii'ire liureavi V. Ihmt (hs, Lauf^erin Louis (iauvreau '.lolui \eilsi)n iVallieresde St. Ileal .\ndw. Stuart Jeiui Uelanj.^er James M'CaUam E. ('. Lapueux Philippe Panel Frs. tjuirouel 3 I 3 " i f = "3 C f4 C fc. t^U I, f, T. Tasehereau J. L. Itor^'i.i .Ion. Kulutaille . ( . De^pns J. Ha. Fortin F. Hl^'iuhet iN. Hoi^sonu.Hill Louis I.ajiueux John Dav iilson J. H Proulx L«. Honrdjif;i's Ln. F. I niaeke Hoch de St. (>ur<. 'lean Dessaulles J.lt.lt. II.deHouvilU Purre .\mioi \iuu- Ma-isue I>. H, Vl^'.r F. A. (tiuesnel \usiiu ( iivillier J. M. Haui.ond y.. \ L. DumoMi John Simpson .lo-i, Perrault Jo8, Valuis L. J. Papineau 'p. de lloclieI)I.ive Iluf^ue.i Ilrney James Le>lie ( asimir de Moulif,'uy Jos. <.)\ ide *rnrj,'eon Charles Courlcau Jean Marie Hochon L. M. H. Harbier .lac(|. l)iliiMi\ I .\mab. Hiiiluloi Ftienne Hanvoyze (lias, tarori Pierre Hureui Frans. DroUt iJohn Cannon Mi.hl. Clouel .lohn .\eiIson Vallieresde St. Ileal \nil\v. stu;trt Jean Hei.uit'er riuis. A. ^"ouny M.P.deSalesLaterrien .John Fraser Frs. (^uirouct i i. f ! s i i « >* = ^ ? T. 5 lloberl ( hriHiir J L. Hor^la Jos. Il(d)etaltle .1. t . I.riiiurne.iu J. Ha. Fortin F. HIamhet \. Hol>Honnau]l Louis l.a^ucnx J(isipli Hamsun 1. II. Proulx Ls. Hourda^es Uoll'reil Nelson llneh de .^t Our" Jean Dessaulles J. lt.H.ll.de|{ou\J Pierre .\mlot Franvois Malhioi ). n. \ JK'er ■'. A. (^uesnel Austin ( inilliir 'j. M. Itayniond Jaeijues Labrle J. IL Lefebvre Jos. Perrault Jos. Valt)b L. J. Papineau 'Hobert \eI.son I llufTues lleney James l.eslii' Auf^ustiii Papimaii jJos. Ovide TuTfieou |L. Leroux .J. Poirier lAIexIs Mousseau jjanj. DeliKUy 'C. K. Oi,Mlen jDumouliu ("has. Caron lerre Itureau F. \. Larue John Cannon Miebl. Clouet John iVeilson I\allieres de M. Real Andw. Stuart Thos. Lee Thos. A. \'oung M P.dcSaU sLaterrier K. C. La^ueux Frs. (Juirouet I lie .'i K 2 I » r 111 nil , .311 >l /'ftjdiic(d and Stiiti.stical If'or/i- on Jjowcr Canada. Sill, Ciintlv of fit. f.iirl>\ Qiiilicr, <»/// .iiKjiisI, IS'.'". His Excclloiioy tlic fiovcnmr in Cliii'l' Imviiif; lici'ii imIIimI iiimn l)y his INIiijcHty's jliivorniiit'iit to t'liiiiisli ocrtiiiii stiitisticMl iiirdniiiitioii rcsjH'ctiii^' tiiis iinivincc, miiiI liiivinj; no iticiins (if iirocnrin;; it I'xci'iit liy "nipliiyin;^ a pcrsdn tii triivfrso tlic jirnvini'e tor tlii" fxprcss |iiir|i of ulitiiiniiip; it, I sun coniniaiuli'd liy liini to anpiiiint voii, tliat r(>lyin<{ on your local kuowk'dgc'j inti'llijii'ni'c, and activity, lii' has di'tciniincd njiim sfiidinjj yon on a timr, as well for the i)nr]>ipsc of fiiUcctiiij;' tnalcri.ds to fdl up the rrlnrns r('(|iilri'd to lie transniitlid to I'!ni;land, as to ascertain tlic i^cncral slate of the new scttlrnicnls in the townsliips of tin' province UJ)OU the jdan adopted iiy you in Il!l2l, wlien eniphiyed on a similar service. I have the Iioiionr to transmit to yoti herewith a bhnik form of eacli of the returns called for hv his niajest\'s ij;overnnient ; nund)er one relating; to the agriculture of the province, and liuniher two to its manul'aclnns, mini's, and tislieries. It will lie manifest to von. on an inspection of these forms, that it will he (jnite impossible this year, or for a lonij time to come, to obtain accurate information on all the jioints whidi they embrace; but his excellency trusts that, without attempting to fdl up each column as its head- ing recpiires, you will be aide to give a general idea, in the return of (Kjriciillurr, as to the nvernyc. nature, and descrijition of crops raised in each district, the average quantity of stock, the ordinary (piantitv of produce from each description of cro]), and particularly wheat, and the average price of wheat (and of such other description of corn as can be ascertained) in different sections or districts of the country ; or in counties or seigniories, if you shall find that mode of herics will remain to be filled up, if possible, by information obtained from other departments or sources. If, however, you should find that any shore fisheries are carried on to any considerable (!Xtent ou the St. Lawrence, between .St. Thomas and JMitis, or on the opposite north shore, any general information that you can procure may be inserted in the return. IliUp ai'I'i:m)I\. 4:J;J Willi rcspiit to thcotlu'roltji'ctN of your tour, tliry mny 1)'" coiirtiinl to ilic I'cillouiii)^ |) through such nf tlii> to\viiNlii|iN imw iiiiilor ii^t'iicvi or uliii-li liitvo litM'ii liiciiti'i! or (,'riiiitc(l witliiii 'ln' last .si'vcii years lor ai'tiiiil M'tlli'iiii'iit, ;!•< joii were not alili' to reach in IIL' I ; anil ascertain, iii u p'lieral way, the progress that liiii lueii iiiaile in the viirious |ioiiits('ssion in such to\\'nslii|is. With respect to the other townships under agency already visited liy \iiii in llitll, it will only bt' necessary for you to ascertain the additions made to their population and cultivation since that |ieriod ; and to in(|nin' into and report upon, or if possilile adjust on the spot, any new cases of disputed claims or locations that may havi' occurred since then. In passing tlirou<;h the townships, or otlo r places in which considerulile new settlements have lieeii foiiiied and a popiiliitioii enlh'cted, \ou will ple.i-e to iiii|nire and report what measures yon may consider proper to lie adopted on the iiiu't of liincinnieiit for ^iviiij,' ll.e inhahitaiits the means ol'olitainiufj; a due execution of the laws, as fir as jiracticalile, by the appointment of justices of the peace and otiicers of niililia: and it would lie advisable that yiu sh< uld note the names of such persons in those townships nr seltleineiit^ as you iiia\ think ei, ' 'I to act in those capacities. I have only to add, that as the stnti.sticul return which his exceJl ' send to his majesty's j;iivernmcnt is not tube made u]i until .ifter the 1st Jannarj it '11 not be ne- cessary for you to do more on your journey than to collect luaterin' ion to be arranged after your return to Quebec. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient ser\ ant, •foseph Mouchctte, p:sii. A. \V. t'OCIIRAN, .Secretary. Surveyor-(ieueral. Tlie manner in which the above service was performed is explained in the note at the foot of p. XV. of the Preface. Kxlracl of ii jtriulcd Report from f.iciitciiii>i/-('(i/i»ir/ Cochhiini, In ihr l\'i^/i/ Uuiioiirdlile R. IV. Ilorloii, iliilitl \'tli Srplcmhcr, IIL'7. " H;; tin. 17th (.luU ) I returned to Quebec, and imiiiediateiy jiul myself in connnnuicatioii with INIr. I'liucbette, the siirveyor-p'iu-ral of Lower Canada, respecliii}; the vacant lands throughout the province, but more jiarticnlarly conecruiiij; those which had been referred to by Ilis ExcelleiU'y the (!overnor-in-('hief. The re]iorts, plans, and other explanatory documents furnislied bv .Air. Houeliette are so clear and comprehensive, that a reference to them will at anv tinu' atford tlie fullest informatinn ; and I be'' liere to vl''-;".',.!^^ wu' express my acknowledgments to Mr. IJouchette, for the pains and trouble he took to sujiply me, not nnly with all I rciiuired, but with every thing he thought miglit in any way prove of service ; as also to offer my testimony to the extensive information, excellent arrangenu'iits, and ready assistance at all times to be met witli in his ollice. — Having thus, as I hoped, obtained inforniatiou on all the various points alluded to in my in^jtruetions, I embarked at Quebec on the SGtli July, and landed in England on the I Ith .September." m 4- m 1 ".4 >- 1 4 434 xVPPENDIX. 1 • * . IX. Ihicf (1)1(1 ititcrcstin^' .iccomif of PuhUc Kcctits in Canada, from the lyisvox'vni (f .liiicricd to tin- prvncnt Day. — Cottipiled by liohcrt ^Irutour, Ks(i. IJ!'- — Cliristivallr. Colon, or Cliristi)i)lu'r Colunihus, ;i Genoese, under the jjutroniijfe of Isal)ell:i of Spain, set sail from I'alos, witli throe vessels ami 1)0 men, on the .'hi Aiignsl. Dn the 1 1th Octoher discovered St. Salvador, one of the IJaliama Islands. 14!>7 — -lohn and Sehastian C'ahota, Italians in the service of Henry \'II. of Enjrland, discovered Xewfonndland and coasted alonj; the continent t( (i7° ;">()' N. latitude. They entered and ex]dored some ])art of the (inlf of St. Lawrence, but did not take formal possession, l,")fl(i. — Jean Deiivs, of Ilarflenr, drew a map of the (ndf and adjacent coast. 1 ")0}?. — Tliomas Anliert made a vnvajie from I)ie])])e to Newfoundland and sailed up the St. Law riMieo. I.")!". — The hanks of Xewfonndland are visited hy at least .")(* .Spanish, Portuj>uese, French and other European ships. 1")1?2. — X'erazani, an Italian, in the service of Francis I. of France, discovered a areat portion of the .Vnu'rican continent, took formal possession in the name of his sovereiji'n, and ijavo it the name of Xouwllr France. l."i;J."j. — Jae(|ues C'artier, of .St. i\Iulo, discovered the river of Canada, now St. Lawrence, lie sailed up the river for !?((() leajines, formed alliances with the natives, took pos.session of the territory, linilt a fort, and wintered in the country. lie visited IIochelaLra, which he named Mdiil RoijdI. He returned to France in 1.">I{() with Donnaconna, a chief of the natives, and was coolly received, as he lirought no uold nor silver. I.") 10.— Fraufjois de la Hocpie, Lord of Hoherval, \'ieeroy of Canada, scut out Cartier to Canada with five ships and individuals to commence the colonization of some portion of the hanks of the St. Lawrence. Cartier returned to France in the fall and died in \i}\',\. hroken- liearted. 1.V12.— Hoherval came himself this year to Canada, built a fort, and wintered 4 leagues above the Isle of Orleans. Io4[). — Hoherval, his brothers, and a long train of adventurers, sailed from France for Canada, Init were never heard of. This so discouraged the French government and jieople that .10 years elapsed without any measures being taken to settle Canada. l.'ifil. — The trade with Canadii began to be renewed, which liad been interrupted by Cartier's conduct to the natives in L<35. IfiBS. — Three ships, one of which averaged l."»0 tons, were employed in the Canada trade. 1 ;•)<)]. — The walrus conuium in the (iulf of St. Lawrence: a licet of ships fitted out from St. Alalo for Canada to engage in the killing of those animals, whose teeth sold dearer than ivory. I AITKNDIX. 43.5 l.V.)!!. — .AI;irqui> do la lldclic was iipiioiiitcd liy Ilt'uiy 1\'. A'iciToy (if Caiiiulii. His coiiiiiiissidii aiitlupi-i/oil liiin to j^raiit lands, en lii'f ct si'iniiciiriv, as louards lor iiiilitarv scrviir. Ill' lantli'd his si'ttli-rs on S.ililo Island and proirydi'il on his vo\ aj^o of discovery, l)nt ^vas nnablc to ri'tni-n and witiulraw tin- individnals lie Iiad thcii' h'fl. Of those, \2 oidy siirvivod whon \'isitod in ]()((."). La I\ooh<' dictl shoi'tly afloiuards of voxalion and rouiorso. Jt)U((. — Tho patont of tin- ni;ii'(|nis was i-onouod in favour of i\l. do C'ljauvin, who visited Tadonssao and returned w itli a valualih- earj;o of furs. Tlio next year ho visited i'ln-ie Hivois. l(i()|{. — I'iorro do iMonts sut'oee(U'd (Iianvin on Ills death and roooived a patent of tho territory inehnled betivoon 40" and -1(1", whoreiiy he was constituted lioutonant->;oneral, uitii power to oohiniso and convert tho natives to Ciirislianily. Samuel do t'lianijilain and .\1. Ac Chatto, (lovornor of Dieppe, wi'ro his princi[ial associates. Chaniplain visiteil Tadoiis>,ic this year, Do Monts devoting;- his attention to Xova Scotia. Ki'OJ. — The patont enjoyed hy Do JMonts revoked and then renewed on condition of forming; sottlonielits. The patentees found it, however, more advantaLjoous to carry on trade \vith tho Indians, and in conseipionoo the Acadian colony was neglected and the conleniplateil Canadian one delayed, UKlH. — C'hani|)lain persevered in his otforts to found a setlleniont, and succeoilod this year in connnencinj; tiio city of (jnolioc. Kill. — Chaniplain \ isiled France, having already lieen ongagod in two successful expedi- tious against tho Indians, and was there det.iined in great suspense as to his future situalion or relation to the cohtny. Kills. — Chanii)Iain returned to (juoboc under the palronaue of" the I'rinci' do Conde, and visited tho Ottawa. [01-1. — The ail'airs of Canada xvcro transferred to a conipanv of niorchants in Honon, .St. IMalo and Koclu'lle, who had induced Chani[ilain to consent to tlioir i)arlieipatiou in the supposed advantages of tho Canada trade. Uil ").— C'haniplain entered into an expedition against tho Indians, and was detained a winter among thoni. 1()2(). — Tiie I'rince do Conde transferred his eonnnission to tho IMar.shal do iMontnioronci. Kilil.— The IriKpiois liogau their svsteni of oxterniination, and carried on the most saiiguinarv and destructive warfare in tho history of tho world. A mission was sent to Franco to represent tho defonceloss state of tho colony. 'I'he patont was transferred to William and Enteric do Caen. I(i"2:2. — The population of (^uolioc, though established 14 years, amounted to only fiO souls. Hi'2',i. — This and tho throe succeeding years were consumed in j)reventing alliances among the Iiulians — tiio proselytizing of some tribes by tho Jesuits — and the transferring of tho vieoroyalty of (\inada from tho ^Marshal do Montmoronci to his ne[)hew the Duke do \'entadour. 1()'27. — At tho instance of Chaniplain, the jiatent enjoyed by Do Caen, who devoted himself solely to tho fur-trado and personal advantage, was revoked, and the colony placed in the hands of a company of 100 associates, organized niiih'r the direction of tho celebrated ('ardinal Richelieu. I(i21{. — M'ar being then existent betweoii England and France, Charles 1. of England granted authority to David Kirk and his kinsmen to concpier the French dominions in America. Kirk ap])oarod before Quebec, after having captured tlit rioot destined for that placOj and ordered it to surrender. Not having the means to enforce a surrender, he retired. m»* IM :H m m ni^ ]\h ■€ I I 436 APPENDIX. 1()2!). — Louis and Thomas Kirk, l)rotlior.s of David, appeared before Quel)ec, the inhabitants of which liaving been ajiain deprived, by the caj)tiire of anotlier fleet for Qiiebee bv Kirk, of their supplies, and tlireatened \vitli an invasion from the Indians and starvation witiiin tlie garrison, gladly snrrendered to the IJritisli arms, I'M) years before the memorable con(]nest by Wolfe. — The capitulation was so honourably fnllilled that the majority of the inhabitants preferred remaining with the captors. Champlain and most of tlie Jesuits n^turned under free passes to France. l6'^2 — Charles I., by tlic treaty of .St. Germain-en-Iaye, resigned to Louis XIII. of France all liis title to Canada and Xova Scotia, then so little valuable as an appendage to the English crown. From this year is dated the commencement of a train of events which led to the loss of Canada to tlie French government, and of the American colonies to Great Britain. Champlain returned to Quebec as viceroy with extension of his po\\'ers and a large accession of settlers. lOlM). — A college founded at Quebec by Rem'' Hohault, a Jesuit. Champlain died this year universally regretted, celebrated alike as a historian, traveUer, author, mathematician, or seaman. He was succeeded by ^I. IMontniagny. Iti3!). — The Crsuline Convent at Quebec founded by iVladame de la Peltric. The Hotel Dieu at Sillery founded the preceding year. 1(>42. — The Island of ^Montreal, vested in Mr. -Nlaisonncuve and .^4 associates in 1040, and of \\-hicli he was declared governor in 1(141, was this year taken possession of by him and several families, with many religions ceremonies. 104 1. — The island was trausfeired to the religious order of .St Snlpice in Paris. 1047. — ^Ir. IMontniagny, under wliose government the colo;._v advanced languidly, was recalled and succeeded by ^Ir. 1) Villebout. The latter ])ro])osed to the English colonies an alliance against the Indians, \\hich was by them rejected, as it recpiired them to make enemies of their allies the I\Iolia\\ks lOlf!. — Tlie colonics of Xe\\' England proposed to the governor and council of Canada perpetual jieaec betueen the culonists, even when the parent states were at war. This proposal was unattended with success. 104i). — The Huron village of St. Ignatius, of 400 persons, was attacked by 1000 Iro([uois and the inhabitants massucred. lOiVl. — The Inifjuois tliis year exterminated the Erie Indians. lO;"))}. — DWillebout was sueecedcd by ^Ir. Laiizon, in lO.'jO by the Marquis D'Argenson, and this year by the Damn D'Avengour, all of whom were severally censured for the unfavourable rejiort of the state of the colony which they transmitted to the companv. HiOO. — Francis de Laval, Abbot of Monsigny, was appointed Hishop of Canada, came over and brought with him a body of clergy for the settlement. IfiO.^. — The Baron D'Avengour had sutlicient iuHuence with the King of France to have his re])ort relative to the state of Canada attended to. His majesty in conseijuencc determined upon resuming his rights and erecting Canada into a royal gcwernment. The 100 associates, tired of maintaining the country at a great expense, had retired from the fur-trade, and now reduced to 4.") nuMnbers, willinglv made a total resignation of their rights to the sovereign, who thereupon a])piiinted ^lonsieur de Mesy the first H )yal (jovernor of New France. A dreadful earthqmike is mentioned by the Jesuit historians to have occurred in February of this year throughout all Canada, jiarticularly below Quebec, but we are unaware whether geological APPENDIX. 4.'5? tn-idi'iicc or tnulitioiiary lore will bear out the rcvori'iid writiTS in their statpmoiits. Duriiif; the cmirsp of the veiir Air. de Mc^y arrived at Qiiehee and put in execution a royal ediet, uhieh nominated a sovereiun council for the fiovernnu'nt of Canada. This council consisted of seven niomhers, of \Nhich were the jfoveriior, the bi>hop, unl the intendant. 'I'lie powers conferred on this body extended to the cognizance of all causes civil and criminal, to Judj^e definitively accordint; to tlic laws and ordinances of France, and the j)ractice of the Parliament of Pari.> To this were added other powers of such a nature as to reiuler the institution of the council an era in the liistory of t'anada. ](i(i4. — Canada was transferred to the M'est Iiulia Coni])any, who hy l.i.iuis tlie Fourteenth were put in ]iossession of all the territdry then owned abroad by the French kintr- The grant did not give nnich satisfaction to the inhabitants of Canada, ^^■ho made complaints to the company. 1 ()(!."). — Air. de Alesy was s\icceeded by Air. de Courcelles. ]()()(). — Air. de Tracy, the governor-general of the territories of the A\'est India Company, visited Canada, built three forts on the C'handily river, and made a successful incursion into the territory of the Alohawks. This year tlu' complaints of the colonists against the nujnojioly enjoyed bv the conipanv \Nere appeased by an edict, granting to the inhabitants the trade in furs, subject to the ])aynH'nt of one-fourth of all beaver. This did not however prevent a very extensive smuggling-trade. ](l()7. — The 'West India Company were confirmed this year l)y the governor-general in all the rights and privileges formerly held by the companv of one hundred associates. Kid)!. — Air. de Talon, to encourage colonization, induced the French goverinnont to disband within the country the Carignan regiment, and to ship from Fr :nce about IJOO women of loose character, who were, in less than lo days, disposed of among the inhabitants, to whom, on marriage, considerable presents were made. Pensi(uis ^^•ere also granted to all iiulividuals who had ten children lawfully begotten. 1()71. — The see of Quebec was this year established, deixjiident on the see of Rome. (Concessions of land were also reduced to one-half of their originai > \tent. IG72. — AI. de Courcelles built a fort near the modern Kingston for the purpose of bridling the Iroquois, pretending it to be only 11 place of trade. This gentleman was this year super.seded by the Count Fronten.ic. KJyl^. — The count completed the fort on Lake Ontario, which hereafter was known by his name. The Hiver Alissisippii was this year explored by orders of the goveriniient of Canada. 1()74. — The charter of the West India Company was revoked by an edict of the French king. Ifi7">. — The sovereign council was this year increased to members and its powers extendeli 111(1 French colonies, by the erection of nnnieroiis forts I)y the latter, anil chorishint; the hostility (if the Five Nations to tlic French bv the former, recei\-eil the interference of James II. of Kiiglanil. KiHH. — The Five Nations, excited by the Rat, one of their jiowerfnl leaders, attacked the French settlement at I\Iontreal, killinii 1(100 of its inhabitants and committing horrid crneltics. l(it)0 — The (Jouiit Frontenac, who had returned from France last year with forces to carry the war into the Fiijilish provinces. \vas nn.dile to elfect his |)ur|uise till this year, when he attacked Schenectady and massacred its inhabitants. The alarm \\hich this last affair Iiail on the minds of the iidiabitants of the British colonies induced them to enter into co-oiierative measures and decide upon an expedition to Canada. Sir W. Pliipps, who was sent from Miiston for that jinrpose, did not arrive before Quebec till Count Frontenac had sutticiently |irepar('d for defence, and his order to surrender was soon followed by his own departure from tlie St. Tiawrence. !()!•;}.- -Frontenac entered the territory of the Iroquois and commenced a warfare which continued for several years, and so weakened that nation that they were never afterwards able lo make any impression u]>on Canada. ](!!)!{. — The Count Frontenac died at Qneliec and w;is succeeded l)y Mr. de Calliires, who succeeded in ert'ecting peace with the Five Nations, as a power independent of (Jreat Hritain. I'JOH. — War was again renewed between Britain and France, and Mr. de Callicres re])resented to his court the necessity of roinforcementSj and made pre])arations for the defence of the colony. 1 7015. — iMr. de Calliires died and was succeeded by the ^Afanpiis de A'audreuil, who devoted his attention to destroy the iiitluence which the ICnglish possessed over their Iiulian allies. 1704. — The Bishop of Quebec, returning from France, was taken by an English frigate .mil kept ])ri-iinor in ICngland to etfect a reletise of French protestants. The negotiation was unsuccessful. 170."). — Mr. I'eauilot. the intendant. introduced some im])ro\enu'nt in the l.iws of the cnun- liy. which hud a tendency to re])rcss the litigious sjiirit which prevailed within the province. 170)). — An attempt of the clergy to raise their tithe from a twenty-sixth to a thirteenth \\a> foiled, as being too bui 'ensome to a colony so limited in its rcsourcs. 17"!'. — The Knglish colonists, incensed by the massacre of the iidiabitants of IIa\erhill, again determined upon attacking Quebec bv sea and land, and the New Kngianders were only restrained from proceeding on learning that the forces inteiided for Canada had Iieeii reiiuired for service in Portugal, 1711' — The o]ierations by sea which tliis year took place in pursuance of the original intention were unsuccessful from the in;;ilei|iiacy of the means, and the lleet was so damaged by tempestuous weather that the expedition was abandoned. 17115. — The treaty of rtrecht left the French in peaceable pos.sessioii of Canada, and of extensive means of annoyance to the jieace and cummerce of the New England colonies. ]71ff.— Tliis year was remarkable for tiie discovery in the forests of Canada of the plant ginseng, so highly valued by the Chinese. 172(1. — The inhabitants of Quebec and ^lontreal jiaid taxes for improvements in the f irtitications of their cities^ tlieii commenced under Mr. de Lery. Ill . Ari'KNDIX. 4,']U 17-'-^- — A iloliiiitivi' if|iiilati(m ot'tlu' distrilmtioii isiid limits (if jiarislu's tdnk iiliicc ■.■!,i\ (iimllv ]ir()iiuilL;:itt'(l witiiiii tlif ))roviiK'(!. 17-'5. — N'iiicti'fii \i'ss(.'ls Llcarctl tVoiii (^Ui'licc— their cargoes limilcil U> lu'ltrifs, liiiiiljcr and jii'dvisidiis. J7-."'- — Tlie iMiir(|iiis lU- \';uuln'uil clii.scd liis Idiiji and nuiitdi-ions caii'or, wlio was succoi'dcd tlic follow inj; year liy -Mr. do IScaniiarnois, a natural son of Fjonis Xl\'. 17'51. — Till' ailniinistration of Air. dc IJcanharnois \vas niarkt'd l>y tlic ciiiitinn;d trrctioii of new forts and dis|)lavs of militaiv force, for the purjiose of Iceeiiin;; the l']nudi-h traders within jiro|H'r limits. His reeonmu iidatioii to the French fiovornnieiit to erect a lii;e of iuilil;ir\ e.stablishnients were snecessfni. and tliis year the important and well-sitnated fort at frown Point was erected. 17-l'5. — During' the loni; ]ieaco which followed tiie treaty of I'treclit in 171>^ .'cverai nu'asiircs hail heen pnt in e\ecntion with a ti lulcncy to jn-oniote the welfire and iirospeiitv of the country. 'I'he coinlncl of the lums. so contrary to the vows they had undertaKcn, was rejn-essed ; several ecclesiastical decretals bearing; heavily upon some portions of the people were repealed, and this year a royal edict issued, which ]irohibitcd the .Jesuits and other ecele-iastics from ac(|uiring mortmain aci|uisitions. 1711, — An import;int chaniic was made in the law of Canada, liy which only sucli (^f the laws of France as should he enrei;istered in the hooks of the superior council, by his majestv's direction, shuuld have force in the colony. Hy this circumstance the l''rcnch Cmlr Munhdiul never was in force in Canada. 17-l.V — His majesty directed that no hou>es sliouhl lie I'rected hut on iV.niis of one acri' ai;il a half in fidiit liy 40 in dejilii. The conseipu'nce has heen that the population of Canada has been always kept conlined and thickly settled, and the pernicious law of subdivision of property has had a tendency to \yeakeu instead of strenjithen t unilies. Cape IJreton was this year taken by (ireat JJritain. 1 717- 'i'he Count de la (ialissonniere. who had succeeded the I\Iari(uis de Meauharnois. Iui'Imm in vain soujilit assistance from the nmther coui'.try, employed euiiiueers to mark out e.nd settle a line of denuircation, to restrict tlu' ICnulish within the Alleghany mountains. lie aKo succeeded in estalilishinj,' forts beyond the limits of Nova Scotia. He was houc vcr :-uper eJed iiy ^Ir. de Joinpiieres. 17-l!l. — The negotiations \»cre finally terminated for a line of demarcation ln'twt'cn the iiritish and French territories in America in conseonence of a clause of the treaty of peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. I7I!). — Forts were erected in the IJay of Fninly by the viovernor of Nova Scotia to counteract the views of the (iovennir of Canada, who endeavoured to .seduce the Indians and Acadians from their allegiance to the Hritish crown. A private -xpedition sent out by the governor and officers of the government for the purpose of exp' ■ ig a route to the I'acifu' Ocean terminated, as it was really intended, in a rich return of furs, of \\ liich the ;,o\(iii(ir's share anmnnted to ,412,()(K). I'jM. — Air. IJigot, the intendant of Canada, displayed this year much of that licence and prodigality for which he became notorious, and resorted to the nnist proHigate means for the support of his expen.ses, which were lavished upon a female favourite. .'{ I, !> "1 11 1, f 1:1 m 1 .1 1 ■ t. j t 1. I. i '; 440 ArPFADIX. 17.')2. — ."Mr. (Ic .loiKiuicri's was succci'dcd in tlii" adiiiiiiistnitinn of tlip gDVcriiiiuMit liy tlic IJaroii di" riiiii!^ii('iiil. Ilis ajipoiiitnu'iit was l)iit temporary, for tin- ^farqiiis do (juesiic arrived ill Aiiiiust as jrovernor-gfiieral, ami prepared for active warfare ajtaiiist the Eiiijrlish trader- on tlie Oliio, ami otli'iisive hostilities soon coninicneed. The eoiidiiet of the intendaiit, who !ia!* as the valour of tlie invaders. I'J^i,'). — Xo ort'ensive operations took place between Enj^land and France, except a small n.ival euLcaiioiient on the banks of Xewfimndland, till this year, when liu expedition of regulars and ciilonial militia under (Jeneral Hraddock, for the purpose of jriving a decided check to the encroachments nf the French |,;overnmeut on the Ohio, was defeated through his disregard of all precautionary measures. The troops which were brought ott" by the celebrated CJeneral Wa.sliington joined the provincial troops under (Jovernor Siiirley and (leneral W. Johnson. 'I"he latter was attacknl near Lake (Ji'orge bv a large army under Haron Dieskau, whom lie repulsed and forced back upon Crown I'oint. This success restored tlie spirit of the hitherto discomfited provincial troops, but circumstances did not permit their following up their success this season. 17">(i. — The Mar(|iiis de Montcalm arrived from France with a fine arniv, reduced Fort (Xswego, and disjilaved his warlike trojihies in .Alontrcal. lie alsu succeeded in destroying the outworks of Fort (ieorge, and the bateaux and sloops j)rej)ared for an attack on Crown I'oint. I/"' 7- — Higot continued to pursue his ini(piitous career of fraud, oppression, and most nefarious conduct, while .A[ontcalm was occupied with extensive plans of warfare. 'I'liis year's eam])aigii was signalized bv the capture of Fort (ieorge and the massacre of '2000 of its inhabitants by the Indians under his command. This latter affair roused the indignation of the British government, and the determination of the F.iiglisli civlonists to destroy French dominion in .America was supported by the energy which the elder Pitt infused into the councils of his sovereign. 175(1. — This year was priiici])ally spent in preparing for the blow intended at French dominion, and no means \\er,' s])ared to excite the people to meet the invaders, as the ^varfare in which France was engaged in Kurope did not permit her to spare manv troops to defend her colonial possessions. The clergy, who dreaded a concjuest by a jmitestaiit government, lent their powerful aid towards encouraging tlie people to defend the country against the enemies of France and the Romisii religion. 1751*. — The military operations of this year form a glorious era in the history of our ciMuitry, but our limits will not permit us to state them but very briefly. The British government, at the urgent request of the colonists, resolved on a decisive measure. The colonists themselves were to have an opjiortunity of co-operating with the regular troops, who were to attack Canaila .It three points. To (Jeneral James A\'olfe was assigned the task of attacking (Quebec from sea ; to .Sir W. Johnson, tlo' reduction of Fort Niagara ; and General Amherst, that of Crown Point and Ticonderoga; and in ease of success, a junction of the armies was to take place at iMontreal. Wolfe landed in June on the Island of Orleans, with an army of 8(100 men, to whom was opjioscd the -Manpiis de Montcalm with 1)800 disjiosable forces and a reserve of 2200 men, If'V APPKNDIX. 41 indcjit'iKK'iit (if tlio j::irrisi)ii oF Qiicboc. Tiie tii. t attoinpt of (ifiieral W'dlfc on tlie Ki-fiuli iiitri'iH'liiiiL'iit;' lit .AIoiitiiiorciR'i proved uiisiu'Ci'ssfiil, mid ;lie tt'iKJiir of his (losimtclics to fln' Hritisli pivcrmiu'iit led tliciii to awiiit ii defeat, ratlicr tliaii a vieloiy. Hy a council of war, n landiiii; so as to olitain a position on tlic I'laiiis of Aliraliaiii was dctcrniini'd, and on the I'Jili Scptcinlicr the measure was fidly executed with a surprisinj; (h'j;ree of secrecy, silence and address. INfontcalni imprudently determined on meetinj; W'cdfe on the I'lains the next l.iy. and after a hattle remarkul)le for dis])lays of courajic more than scicntilic mameuvres, and 1:1 which tile spirit of the invadini; army was well met hy tiie vi!j;our and eneri;y of their o|)pouents, victory declared in favour of the arn\s of iMiiiland. Until nations had to reyret their cmn- iniinders. .Alontcalm expired ere the capitulation could he etiected, and \\'(dfe expiring in tlu' arms of victory received all the manifestations of pulilic irratitnde which the liritish <;3. — A treaty of jieace hctwecn Enuland and France was signed at I'ari.s on the lOth February, by which the French king renounced all pretensions which he might ha\e hat). — Several meetings of the cabinet took place in London for the purpose of imposing a ■M m i ! ' 44'3 APPENDIX. J i ' 'i \\ C'dnstitutiiin njMni Ciiiiuli, ;iiiil soinc cit" llic ro|i(iii:i iniuli- by tlu' alturiU'v aiul soliciiur ijciu'rals (li.sili'M(l. 'i Ik- (li ->;iiluli(iii (iC llic Hiii'kiiifiliiiiu adniiiiistriitinii, anil tlu' iliaiiiics that tliort'lipoli I'lisiu'd, cuiiM'il till- ailairs of Canada tii \w I'ntiri-ly i'(irj:citti'ii. 1771' — UiidiT tlic ailniiiiistratiiin of Lord Nortlijtiic ailairs (it'Ciiiada wcro n>j;ain taktii uj)- and till' crow II luu yi'rs diri'C'tt'd si'jiarati'ly to report a plan of civil and crinunal law for tiic (>ro\iMfc of (jiii'Iicc. 177''- — "ll'L' reports of tlii! crown lawyers were given in ; and A\liatever may lie said of tlieir cunse(|uences, tliey are liiuldy creditaliie to tlie talents of those ollieer.-. Meetini;s of the French an- — Ike ditlicnltics attendant n])on ])assinu- the Stamj) Act in 17(>"> ^>ere daily in- creasing in the \cw ICngland States, ami the (^neiiec ..Act did not tend to allay the rising ferment, 'i'hev regarded it as favonring the catlioiic to llu' exclusion of tiu^ jirotestaut religion. Hid as oppre-^ive of ihe sutiject. I'iie colonies, llieu aliont to demand redress of their own grievances from the mother conntry. called n]ion the Canadians to send their delegates to the I'hiladelphia C'ongr,..s. Xot so \iolent in seeking for redress as the New Englanders, the ('aiiailians remained trantpiil; and the declaration of independence was scarcely made imlilic, ere :'n invasion of Canada was talked of 1)\ the I'rovincialists. The tirst advance of the rebel troops Has remarkably snccessfnl. Chambly, St. .Tolm's, Longnenil, then posts of some ini])ortancc, after some siege fell into (leneral Alontgonu'ry's ]iossession ; and the city of .Montreal, whose ildiabitants had defeated a former atten'j't of Colonel .Mien, were obliged to capitnlate in Novendier. .Alniitgomery followed np that success by taking jiossession of all the military stores and j)rovisions, not only at ]\Iontreal, l;nt also on l.'oard of the river craft, which surrendered .diiait Lavalirie. Another invasion of Canada under General Arnold had been decided upon, bv the Kenni'bec and ( haudicre rivers; anil the army ;if the latter otiieer, after :{4 days' march ihroiigh woods, arrived befijre (Quebec on the !>tli of Xovendier, in a state to rival J'"alstalK's ra^ued regiment. On the I 1th he encamped on the Plains of A])raliam, and began his opera- tions, (lovernor Carlton had made every preparation for a siege, and snccessfnlly opposed the progress of his adversary till the evening of the lUst Decend)er, when an assault was nuule by the Provincialists during the night. The attempt was unsuccessful, 3Iontgomcry was killed, and the year terminated without the surrender of Quebec. 177'>- — i I'l" arrival of reinforcements in spring enabled the Canadians successfully to contend with the Provincialists, who were now in full retreat, and before the end of June the whole province \vas evacuated. The number of the besieging army consisted of ir)()(> men, which was aiigme'.itod this sea.sou to(i(l(K) men. The IJritish at the sicie lunnbered about 1,")()0 recruits, marines, seamen and militiamen, raised within a few nuintlis, \\ith scarcely any regulars. 1777'— P!"' Quebec .\ct, which had passed the Ifi.use of Conunnns in a very hasty manner, and in ojijKKitioii to the feelings of a great portion of ilie people of Canaila, had been the subject of complaint to the iJiilish (iovernment in petitions from the people in 177'"'; '""I " proposal for i(,. ;. ^^■f' Al'l'KNDIX. 1 l:J its ri>]H'al. ukhIc liy Lord Cimulcii and Sir (!«'()rj.'i> Savillc, met w itli little micctss. 'I'lu' ,u t, iMintinucd to cM'iti' i't'cliiigs ()f(li>giist within tlio proviiii-i", and niiastiri's wviv takrn to ('tlix't a renu'dy. )7J!(t. — Till' IDtli May was distinijnislu'd liy the jilicnoniciioii of a rcniarkaMc d;n'knf>> in tile nortliurn jiarts of Aincrii'a, and is still called ■' llir dar/,- ddi/." Inmost parts of tlto I'onntrv wlurc it pri'vailrd, tlio darKni'ss was so jtrcat tliat jicrsons wciv unalilc to read coiiniion |.rint, dcti'miinc tlio tiinc of day, dine, or nianap;! tlicir diancstii.' luisiiii'ss, without additional liilht. It I'onniu'nccd lu'twccn 10 anIi and FrciiL'li. cxclnsivc of lO.dOO loyalists \\ho had iiri'sfiM'd tiicir al!i'i;iamT to the llritisli (Vown and locatrd tlicmsclvi's in tlu' nppiT portions of the province. l/iM. — A ju'tition was this year presented to the i'ailiament hy the I'!iiiili>h inhahitants, to which many Canadians nnited themselves, solicitinfr the entire repeal of the (Jnehec Act, ami tin' estahlishmeiit: of a representative constitution, witli a mixture of Kn^lisli and French laws, and distrihntion of elective snll'raire to the old anil new sniijects. 17'i'i- — riiad Dorchester arrived in Canada as Caplain-CJeiieral and (iovcrnor-iii-Ciiief ot Qneliee and the other Hritish ])rovinees. 17!»(). — Tin' petition of 1 71> 1 was ne^ected till this year, when the llritisli ministry hronuh; liefore Parliament and ohtai:uMl the ])assinjj,- of t!ie act 151 (ieo. III. caj). HI, connnonly called the Constitutional vVct, dividinir the province of (^uehec into two provinces, i;i\iim- to each division a i>enislatnre, eonsistiiiLi; of a Ilonsc of Assend)ly, Leuislative Coinicil, and a repre- sentative of I lis IMajesty. \~'.)-2. — 'i'he first session of the first Parliament of Lower Canada opened hy Lientenant- (iovernor Claihe. !i\Ir. .1. A. I'anet chosen Speaker. The House consisted of.'^!) kni'jhts. )> citizens and !] huriiesses, in all .")() mendiers. The session occupied prineipallv in franiiiiL rnles and reunhitions. 17S>'5.— The .second .session opened hy Lord Dorchester. 'I'he Judicalnre Hill, ,'M (ieo. Ill cap. — , passed the Legislature. The assertion of the privilejies of mendiers in relation to IVee- (lom of arrest noticed in a case of .Air. ^'o^lnJ;• of QiU'hee. 17!''">. — In conseipi' .ice of the failure of the crops, the governor in conneil jirodainied xu embariro, prohihitinfj; the export of uhe.it, iS:c. A hill of indemnity for the att ^^•as ])assed i.: Parliament. Acts were passed for the niakinjj; the Lachine tnrnpike, and the cnttin;:- tin Lacliiiie Canal. 177!*, — 'fin' secoml Parliament met in January, and was opened hy General Kohert Prcscott — Air, Panet re-elected Speaker, — I'^-eLch emissaries cniployeil hy the French revuhi- tionarv . — The I<('i;i.sliitiirc' (lining the mnsIoii |mss liills for tlic crci'tioii of omrt-Iioii>es tuid liousfs of c'lirri'ctioii, imd for otlicr iin|)(irtiiiit inciisiircH. lilOd.— Tlic fifjrisliiturc opciicil li\ Sir Hulicrt S. Miliics, Iiioiit(>liunt-(iuvi'riiot' C. IJ. lioiic, ICs(|. cxiicHid tlic lIoiiM' liy yil.iriicv fo (Iffnmil. .Iciiii {,'iisol, llic la.it of llif Jcsniis, !(l!t.— Fifth Parliament met, and I\fr. Panet again elected Speaker. K/ckiel Hart, Vm;. again expelled by vote Serious dilliculties arose during the session between His Excellency uui! the Parliau.'Ut, and the House was in conse(pu^iuv dissolved liy procli'ination. IHIO. — The arrangement made with the American government hy .Mr. I). Erskine being I'.isapjiroved of hy the IJritish ministry, the jirospect of peace was considered exceedingly doubtful. The sixth Parliament nu't in the month of .January, and ^Alr. Panet re-elected Speaker. The subjects which came uiuler consideration were the exclusion of the judges from the House of Assembly, and oUier nuitters which liad a tendency to excite angry feelings. On the 7th of February the House jiledged itself to vote the necessary sums to defray the civil exjienses of the (iovernment — a pledge which Sir Janu's H. Craig considered unprecedented, as tlie Legislative Council had never been consulted, and His Majesty had not made any formal demand for such .,11 aid. 'i'he bill jiassed the House of A.sscmbly for tlie exclusion of jiulges; and some amend- ments made by the Council thereon, in which the House ccaild not concur ; and the latter then piijcecded to the expulsion of Judge Debounc by vote, wliicli was carried. His Excellency not APPKNDIX. II.") W'i.Hliiii^, as lie Ntutoii, to iniikc liiiiisclf piirtukcr in llu> vinlatioii of iiti wl (if tlic Iiii|ii'ri;il l';ir- liiuiH'iit, (lis.siilvcd tin's short iiiiil tiirliuli'iit I'tirliuiiuMit liy jinu'luiiiation. Tin- ('niitiiliiin, ii iii'ws- liujicr, wliidi ilircctcil its ulioli- riuTj^ii'H against tin- Kxci'iitivc, upon wIupm- riiridiict it i i- nicnti'il \\\\U nnnsnal severity, was ilestroyed liy the aiitliia'ity ot'tlie l'Aei'nii\-e, llie ]iress con- veyed to tile I'liurt-iioMse, and tlie printer sent to jirison. Six iinlivi(hiaK were uImi tilvcn into custody, \\iio never were tried. 'I'hese and other similar liarsii jirnt'oediiifis on the part of tlie Executive caused this ])eriod to he familiarly designated as the " Hcijrn of Terror." nil I. — 'I'he seventh I'arliament, composed of nearly the old niemliers, re-elected iMr. I'.niet for the seventh time their Speaker. The mo^t of thi' eld niemhers were fonml to he com- ponent parts (if the new Asselid)ly, and the appeal to the sen^e of the peoph' was any thing Imt favouralile to the views of the Kxecntive. 'I'he session, however, ]tassed over in greater <|iiiet tlian might otherwise have heen ex)iected from recent proceedings, and it presented all the ajipearances of a hiisy session. On the iJist .*Iarch .Sir James II. Craig delivered his farewell s|ieech to the Legislature, and on the IlUh .fiiiie was sneceeded liv President Dnnii. On tlie 1 1th .Septenilier Sir (Jeorgc I'revost assiniK il the reins (,f government as governor-general. 1(112. — The United .Slates of America look the opportunity whin IJritainwas engaged in a war in I'jirope to declare \\;\r again.st that po\ver — at a time also, when, from various circnm- .staiices, Canada was sili)]iosed to he in snch a state as to he nnalileto nv.ist a powerful iinading ariiiv. The whole force then in Canada scaicely exceeded -IdtH) men, and in conseiineiice the liCgislatiire was as^emhled to decide (ai the hest meastires to he pnrstn'd on the occasion' (ioveriniient papei hearing interest was issued, h.ittalinns diilered la. me were (Ktaiiied, the militia drafted for active service, the garrisons placed in a ^tale of del'eiice, and in less than a nn)ntli alter the news of the ih'claration was made known, t lie lower ]iroviiu'e was pre]iared to nu'et the assailant. The first nu)veiiient of the enemy w.is tlie army under (ieiieral Hull crossing into Cpper Canada in July, \\ ilh his retreat to Detroit in August, after Jieariiig of some reverses at iVmhersthurgh and JMichilimaekinac. (Jeiural lirock, tiie Lienteiiaiit-(iovcrnor of Upper Canada, however, attacked Hull on the KIlli iVngnst, and his whole force was inarched captive into Montreal within two mouths after llie lireaking out of the war. The Olieniy by Xovemher collected a large additional force on the Niagara frontier. — They crossed into I'pper Canada at (^luviiston, where they were again definited 1)V (ieiieral IJniek, whose death followed the wounds he received in the engagement. In Xovemhei the ..Viiu ricaiis under (ieiieral Snivth imaded the country near lAirt Krie, the lirilish naval farce made an attack on Sacket's harbour, hut neither were attended w itli any import. int result. IIUK.— In Jaiinar\ the iVniericaii (ieneial Winchoter was taken at Detrnii bv (Ieiieral Proctor, with .")(•() other prisoners. An attack on Ogdeiishnigli by the IJritish forces f.iiled of success. Oil the )l'Jlh April the Air.ericaus landed at York, and burnt and destroved the whole town, and afterwards jiroceedcd to Niagara. Tow.irds the elo>e of .May the whole Niagara frontier was in their iiossessioii. (ieiu'ral I'roctor ca]itured about this time an aildi- tioiial ;"i(MI iVmericans on tlie ^Alianii river. At IJnrlinglon Heights the Americans were on the (itli June defeated by Lieut. -Col. Harvey, and driven hack to Fort (ieorge, and the Niagara frontier again restored to the Urilish troojis. ^Vii attack upon .Sacket's harbour liy .Sir (ieorge Prevost completely failed of stiecess, and became one of the charges against the military conduct of that general. On the Mrd .Iniie two ve.s.sels \vere captured at Isle aux Noix by Lieut-Col. Taylor, and iu .July JJlack IJoek and the barracks at I'lattsbiirgh were destroyed hAl \ i I til, li. t, *1 u J' 44() AITKNDIX. It) llif Jlrilisli triM)i)s. On ilic lOtli Sc|itiiiili«T (' iitiioii nt' tlic |iriivitia'N UK |)rci|ioK('(l to tin* Iiii|i('i'ial I'lirliainciit in IH'.'J ; thi> iiilniiniMlrution of the ^nvi'rn- inviit by Hir Francis Hiirton In tiic iiliMi'nci< of [ionl Dnllioniiio, tlic liuincli of tiif nianiniotli vi'Nscl till' Colnniiins, in HL' ; tlic UMMUliNfaitory niilnn- oftlic finuiicial iirriinfit'incril'* liy tlir lii';;iMlaturc, and tin- ri'tnrn of Lord Daiiioiisii- to Canaiia, in IH'J.'t ; tin- ili^Kolution of tlir Ilonsf of ANscinbiy, tlic clcctioim of tin- new uionihorH, uiiil tlio prorojjation of the LcniMliUnn in conN(')|iicticc of tiic (liHii'iiiticH uliidi iiad ariNcn in rt'liition to tin- a|i|iointiiu'nt of Mr. I*a])iiu'au as Hpcakfr of tlif F-imcr IIoum' in lllij": tlic rcfcrciifc of the alfiiirs oftJanmla to a ('iiniiiiittct' of the Ilonsc of C'lOiinuuis, tlic dt'|iartiiri> of Lord Dailioiisii' fnnii tlu< province iiiid the asHiiniptioii of the guveriinieiit liy Sir Jaiiie>i Kempt as iidniiniNtrator in DUII. ' 'f (JOVKllXORS AXl) AmiIN'ISTIlATOHSOF TIIK (iOVKHNMKN'T OF CAXADA Since the eiccliun n/'l/u: Hoi/al (ioicnnitciil in '(lil.'i, Sieiir de I\L'sy . ... Sieiir de Coiireelles . . . , . Sieiir de Frontenac .... Sieur de Harre . . . . . Sieur I\Iar(piis de Xonviile . . . . Sienr de Frontenac . ... Sieur Clievalier de Callieres . ... The ]Mar(|nis de \'audreuil . . . . The ^lanpiis de Heanharnois Sieur ("ointe de la (JuliNsionii're Sieur de la .Ion(|ui('re The Manpiis du Quesne de Miinncvillc . i Sieur de N'audreuil de Cavay;iial James Jliirray ... Paulus Kniilius Irving, President Guy Carleton, I.ieiileiKtiil-Ciurcrnor and Cominmider-in-Chief (Juy Carleton .... Hector T. Cranialie, President Guy Carleton . . . . . Frederick Ilaldini.nid ... . . Henry Hamilton, Llentcnant'Oovcrnor and Commander-in-Cliief Henry Hope, l.iculenanl-Guvernor and L'ommander-in'Chief Lord Dorchester, Cwvenior- General Alured Clarke, l.iiitlenanl-Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lord Dorchester . . , . . Robert Prescott . . . ... ."NFay 1, U\i\.\. Sept . 2;i. Kid.'). .Sept. i'J, 1(172. Oct. !», I(!)t2. Ai.f;. 'X Kill.''). Xov. 2)1, 1 <•!!!). Sept. It, Kill!). .Sept. 17, 17(»;{. Sejit. 2, 172. Anjr. Hi, 171!). Aug. 7, 17.-.2. .luly l(t. i7.-.r.. Nov. 21, 17ii.'). June 30, 17!> . .InlyMl, um. . Oct. 24, 1({(I7 . June 11), uni. . Sept. M, 1811 . April 4, 181;-) . May 22, 1H17 . July 12, l«l(i . July 30, 1818 . Si-pt. 20, 181!) 1820 . Juno 1», 1820 June 7. 1824 . .Sq,t. 23, 182;-) . Sopt. », 1828. Oct. 1830 X. Rates of Pi /of age Jar the Hirer St. Lawrence. r \ ' i \ 5 t 1 FROM BIC TO QUEBEC. From tlio 2il to tlio 30tli April, inclusivo From tlio 1st I\Iay to tlio lOtli Xovomlior, inclii-iivo From tlio lltli to tlio 18tii Nmonibor, inclusive From the 10th Novenibor to the 1st March, inclusive I'lT I'oot. tl () 18 1 3 1 8 FR03I QUEBEC TO BIC. From the 2(1 to the 30th April, inclusive . ,10 18 3 From the 1st ]\Iay to the lOtli November, inclusive . la 9 From the 11th to the 18th November, inclusive 10 9 From the lOth November to the 1st March, inclusive 1 .'» 9 ' v\ : '"t ■• ' ;v» Kates of pilot water and poundage on pilot money are payable at the Naval Office, by masters and commander of vessels, viz. : — For every foot of water for which masters or commanders of vessels are bound to pay their pilots, from Bic to Quebec, and from Quebec to Bic, 2s. Gd. currency per foot. APPENDIX. 44}) For vessels going to Three Rivers or IMoiitreal, (if loo to l."i()t(iiis inelusive, 1'2 curreney- of ir)l to 200 tons iiielusive, .ill do. of 201 to 2.")0 tons inclnsive, d'\ do. of2.")l tons and niiwiinls, ,l't do. On settling with j)il()ts, musters or eoinmaiiders of vessels, or the eonsignoes of such vessels, are to deduct 1,<. in the ])ound for tlie aiuoiint of the sums to lie ])aid for pilotage, whi^-h will In' exacted hy the naval officer at clearing out, the same being funded hy law, under the direction of the Trinity House, for the relief of decayed jiilots, their widows and children. HEOULATIONS FOR THE PAViMFXT OF PILOTAGE AROVE RIC TO At or above the anchorage of the Rrandy i Two-thirds of the present r: l'"ts. j pilotage. Above the Point of St. Roc Above the Point aux Pins, on the Isle aux Grues aiul below Patrick's Hole At and above Patrick's Hole For shifting a vessel from one wharf to aiuither, between Brehaut's wharf and Pointe ii Carcis, or fntni or to the stream from or to any of the above wharfs For shifting a vessel from the stream or fnun either of the above wharfs to St. Patrick's Hole or to the Basin of ^Montmorency, or to the ballast-ground, the basin of the Chaudiere, ^V'olfe's Cove and as far as the river Can Rou"c ite QUEBEC. for a full i.d do. 'th (h). 11 .1 4 10 11 H Xl 3 4 15 ■' '1*5 RATES ABOVE THE HARBOUR OF QUEBEC. From Quebec to Port Neuf, J For vessels of register measurement ^ To Quebec from J'ort Xeuf, i.'4 currency . ) not exceeding 200 tons . ^ 1'2 lO.^-. etu-reney. ^•'•"' • If above 200 and not exceeding 2")0 tons £3 lOs. do. -i'<» • . Ifabove 250 tons ,(.'1 do. To Three Rivers, or above 1 C From Three Rivers, and above p,>rf V .,j- ('<• > r or vessels not cxcecduig 200 tons < Port iNeul, .t() currency S '^ } P„rt Xeuf, i'-l currencv. If above 200 and not exceeding 2r>0 tons ,t'4 lO.s-. If above 2")0 tons . X', \{)y. £7 £n To ftlontreal and above. ],■,.,„„ M„„treal, and above Three Rivers, 111 cur- [• For vessels not exceeding 200 tons '• Three Rivers, X'7 lO.v. eur- I From Moutreal, and above . ,■ Three ' rencv. rency . > ■^^3 • • If i>l">vc 200 and not exceeding 2;'»0 tons £l\ Ift.s-. currency. .fil*> . . If above 250 tons . . I'lO J5.s-. currency. Pilots are at liberty to leave vessels forty-eight hours after they arrive at the i)lace of their destination. I I ! 'i-.i I'k 4jO APPENDIX. LIGHTHOUSE ON GREEX ISLAND IN THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. Tlio lantern of the lightliousc on Green Island sli •vs a lij^lit every evening, tVoni sun-set to sunrise the next niorninii, from the fifteenth day of April to the tenth day of December inclusive ; and ihc following are the bearings of it, by compass, from the respective places here- under mentioned, viz. : — Red Island . . E. S. E. ', S. E. N. E. J E. N. E. by E. I E. W. S. W. W. S. W. I W. White Island Brandy Pots . Apple Island ISascpie Island The shoal at tlie N. E. end of Green Island, S. W. -i S. The shoal at the west end of Green Island, N. E. | E. RATES OF TOWING VESSELS FROM QUEBEC TO MONTREAL, bi/ the Ilcrciilcx and John Molxon loir niid piissngc boats. ! !) tcet Uroadtli of d rait to | beam. oacli i wards. av M'- 4 For cacli adilitioiial foot over !) foi't. l)r lit of water on ( ■aril IVf vo> scl. Fee 10 l-'oe . 1 11 leet. li l-'eet. i;i t. H U 1 1 j Feet. 20 Feet. 2(i s. 13 f. s. 2 13 4 21) (i G (> 2(1 Ditto. 34 13 4 13 4 3!) G 8 44 18 13 1 .)3 6 ><:,H G2 13 4 27 Ditto. 3(i (1 ."■) 41 OKI (1 :> 1 (1 >(') (IGI G(i 2S Ditto. 37 (i s .-) (1 8 12 13 148 (1 .J3 G ,■- ."i8 13 4 G4 G!» G 8 The downward towing is one-half of the upward rate. Any vessel taking the boat at any intermediate distance between Quebec and the church at Batiscan pays the full towage, as if towed from Quebec. If taken in tow between Batiscan Church and the wharf at Three Rivers, pays three-fourths of the full towage. If taken in tow between the wharf at Three Rivers and Sorel, pays two-thirds of the full towage. If taken in tow between Sorcl and the church at Pointe aux Trembles, pays one-half the full towage ; and from the church at Pointe aux Trembles, or any intermediate place above said pointe, to Mont- real, pays one-third the full towage. All vessels under D feet draft pay at tlie rate of 80s. per foot. APPENDIX. 451 iScliooners are taken in tow on reasonable terms, according to their tonnage and the cargo they have on hoard, hy applying to the masters. The proprietors do not hold themselves liable for any damage that may be done to vessels while in tow of either of the boats. XI. Table of the principal Articles of Import and Export at Qnehec and St. Joints, from, the year 1824 to 1827 inchtfiive. Articles. 1 IWI. 1 Ib-^o. 18-J(i. 18^7. IMPORTS AT QUEBEC. \'essels , (il9 79(i 714 (;i9 Tons , !.■")( )(H)0 ! 193.V.)8 179949 152712 Men , ()S3 1 ! 8973 8263 7086 Madeira wine gallons ' irrr.o i 27810 16269 10854 Port . . . . 23 2.-) H 31740 41058 54987 Teneriffe ■lODOti 43121 31342 ,35926 Spanish yi)2(i4 78118 116270 64679 Sherry . . . . 3!)82 4 1 ()2 , 6253 Fayal •13132 22158 . 1 6292 Sicilian 182 Hi 39447 65S39 20076 Cape , ()29S . . French r)3i!) 698.-) 8 176 25387 Italian (i24 . 8580 119 Whiskey 3(i 160 241 1662 Brandy J433.-. 11.-. ,-).-) 8 37356 69026 Geneva (i24.")3 (iilOOO 25330 60204 Unm !)87:).-).-) 102,-.081 114 1234 953263 Molasses 7!)()8y 39906 100975 48779 Sugar, refined lbs. (i2402l 289-'()9 229542 455655 Jluscovado 228(i!).^7 28.-) 7628 2371308 289 1 748 Coffee . . . . 23i).'3() .■)5963 75636 159111 Tobacco, leaf 2()3!)0 24016 7760! 88289 manufactured 7.") 77.> 11219 26418 Snuff 62.-) 8003 Playing-cards packs 21012 33.1 76 19952 1 7604 Salt ininots 1,-)0801 231.J70 209783 190824 Hyson tea lbs. 72.-.8 38744 32704 57749 Other teas i:)7(i32 1117919 1042318 9()5374 Merchandize paying 2Ji per cent. . £. 78782(1 990225 715836 724302 Free goods 8813 20616 15086 19026 IMPORTS AT ST. .IOHN's. Ashes barrels (ill7 6018 1621 1 1 67 Pork (JO(i!) 1 4462 ]228.'5 325 Beef 4(il 2311 4446 Pork, fresh . lbs. 42-:,sel.s No. (iS(( ,ss;{ SOI (i7S 'I'on.s l.VKKI-' •-'■-'77117 HJSSIS 1 d20!) 1 .Men 71. -.7 !)ilS 1 !)0.".7 7.-)2;{ blasts 1 i;i_' !)S,s 7.^1 !)S;j Spars 1 L'M) 179!) •JSII'J 1:)!)!) Oak tindxr planks l!)!l!)l .■i;»l.r-' *2;'s'.>i' *2l7(i;5 I'iue do. KdOJd IJS(I7S * 1 ■-'!) 1 .■) 1 *S(iO!)0 Staves . . :i(i.->7i8s ;i!);!i 110 IKildSS .". l7d.Vl8 Stave end.s .'iOIKI 1 !l-'!).j dll!)l dSdl2 Deals and l)oards lO.VJI 17 1 !7il.")(i.-, S'_'3||-J'_' ld2U!.")S Hoops 1 I7H()(» 12,L"i.'>(i !)SSSS ;m iVslies harrels ."I.". Ids (i."..10'_' .•i!),")Si) 27;ni;< M'heat minots .">;ii)(i 7 1 so 1 !) •j'.'Sd.'i.-, ;>!) 1 120 Oats 3!)(iS 1 1 100 ;i!)07 1 D.'JK.'i Flour harrels 1101)1 iooo;i ;i;id7i ."lil.So!) Pork .ssi;{ 1 II Hi !)l!)d 7.")S!) IMartin . skins 7(iS."> ■J 1 !».".!) ;S!)dl!) !) IS 1 Otter •.>():.;{ •-'O.VI idiis SOS ]Jeaver '-'07!)!) i:i!)(ii' 7.") It) 73;"..". IJacoon 3.-)2'.' ■-MMil di.i;{ i\I ii.sk rat .■)40.") (ii;(.-.7 1 ,-. 1 'JS I.-.II Deer KS3>S 7!)>-< ."i I,".!) .V127 KXPORTS AT ST. .lOHNS. ? Salt .... hnshels isr.'.v. ;-),■)•_' 1 '.'IIH ^ liuni gallons I71S ."iL'.". .) c o Dry codfish .' Ihs. 10.")S(i I'JOdI 1 102 s| Heaver skins •JOO!)!) l."(SJ.' idi.^-i ? iMiisk rat i;!sj;i8 II!) Ill .■ii-.';io (-»■ IMartin ;j.-).-..-. s.i 1 7 KSS.-, -D Pacoiin i(i;i ()•-' .-.i;} 1 Otter (i(i!) ;)8(i 7S!) 1— - i\Iereliandi/e ' X'. ■is;i_' ;v-'()0 2.-. 7'-' 1 o^ Specie 1 •_'(;!).".;{ !)7I71 ;!27dd i r* Total value of ex]iorts ' ;i,sL';{ 1 ■ii;i.-)-' •2U]77 1 Tons. APPENDIX. I,),) KXPORTS AND IMPORTS AT QL'KHKC IN IS','!). [./,< /)i(li/is/ic(/ III/ the Customs' OJ/ircrs iif (jiir/itr. | L^ll'ORTS AT gUEr.EC I\ ISJH, VIIDM (iltKAT IlItlTAIN. \'i'sscls \vi li car .">;!:» iG;5i;{i) 7 1 .! 1 inos. — ;\I uk'ini fial! 1 I7!)(l ]\I,ila-a ir; 11. JiXi Hraii.ly >;all. S{»S(i|) Port ;;;i(;,".7 Monntain \no (iill i;;ojs Spanisli i;i 1 1 Hiu'uisli ;ii(i Whiskey ■IH ToiRTilFo 20(11) 1 Hock 1.". IJctin. sui;ar Ills. (i_'(i_'!)!) Sicilian . 1 ■-'•-' 1 ilunirariau ■JO IMns. do. •-'(luio:. Slierrv SSS I (iivcix !M Cort'cc .S7II!> Fav-.r l!)7l Frcndi !Mil!) Simtf .).► Pico 7(i;!7 Hnni. — Jaiuaic a I.i(i7l l'laviii^-car( Is packs L'OlU' Lisbon , ;ii7 L<.'(M\ai'(l Isl 111(1 (loss;) Salt niinoi.N '.'(IIOlo V'alnc of nicrcliai ulisc pavinji' .■ ', per cent. ,t'77.".ll 7 i 7 VAw of floods ilutv fifo k; 1 7 7 Ks ;) II!i:i,AM). \'cssols with cai'fiocs ."i I Tons 1 IS.JS Do. in ballast I 1 I -JD.kSS t7!» !;)-."> I ^lon (i()l» i;i.io Wines. — Port gall. (i77 French !)0l' Rnni. — Jamaica ■'! I'J.'l Li'cward Island ,'!,'{ \'alnc' of nicrchandisc paviiiir _' ', per cent ^'^aluo of free .-j:oods 1(17. Whi.skey Mrandy (liii II l-'(i I!)!)!) iall. (i(iS I Sngar, nuisc. i;{(i I Tobacco, leaf 72!l i Salt lbs. I |;;i) 1 Il(i7(i ininots ;>SO,SS t;!i) l;!|l •-' M!) ;i s frail. 17.") lbs Isil.pO t loj.-.s .TKR-iKV. Vessel I Tons SS Men ,".. Wines. — Port I'.M- 7'M- 1 Spanish gall. 32 I Liqncurs Toncritl'e . ;589(i | French . l;{(iO | Value of mcrchaiulisc paying L' I percent. {.I01l"> (JIBHALTAR. ^'essel I Tons I Oj .Alen S Wines. — Spanisli gall, 7!I-S l Hrandv . gall. (i.'Ui Tobacco French . 'J II | .Segars . boxes 3'> \'aliic of merchandise jiaying J.J per cent. .L I !l,'i."i ..' I KRANCK Vessels in ballast 2 Tons .17 I .Men IS NETIIKRI.ANDH. Vessels in ballast -I Tons {.'{"iS IMen (il. SPAIN. Vessels 2 Tons 7.7-' ^'i'" -.■"> Wines.— Madeira gall. 7:>7 Brandy gall. ,S-1 1 [ Salt . niinots riO'JJ Spanish li.ii)! Li(piciirs . 21 j Value of merchandise paying 2^ per cent. . il.'^OO I ;"> .'i N 1 «M m m i 4.34 APPENDIX. '" i '4 • ' i u J PORTUOAL. Vessels H Tons I L'DO Wines . giill SSI) ! Salt \''alue of merchandise paying -4 I'tT cent. IMen (11 niinots I.S0;8 £2\7M> cm 3 10 Men 1(1 l.j(:;v.' !-' 10 aien S Do. in ballast Uuiu. — Jamaica gall. JdlJl Leeward Island 2101 .'!) .Alolasses li:;.'l NV'ines. — Port 12(1(1 Sherry . 2!) \'alue of free i{ond.s -Alen ;!29 (;i!)2 101 r2M)s (lOd Spanish gall, rss Tea lbs, 1 1(171 French 2;^3 Segars in box 2 1000 Colfee lbs. 11 71.-. Salt nnuots soar Sugar, rerined 2 IDS Piment( lbs. :,t>\ ])o. muse. '.Ki.VldS Flour bbls. ij.jj dise paving 2f ]W r cent. £10111 S :i Is • •_ diss 17 ;i t.wv.v.i :> i\ FilU I'lslI WEST INDIES. \'essels w itli cargoes .'iT Do, in ballast I (il Rum. — Jamaica gall.2 KiOi).) din Leeward Island ,"i(i!)(l,iO Drandv •Molasses . 73121 Coffee" Shrub gall, 210 .Siigar, muse. \'alue of merchandise paving 2 \'alue of free irood-^ Tons SKi!) .Alen l,")7 S27 .'iS S!)!)(i 1!).". ,'alls. 100 Pimento lbs. 1 lOSO 112 Rico 1 1000 lbs. 20GSS Salt miiiots ,")2().i . ;{:)i.-)is2 er cent. , t(iS7 G 1 ,{ ,-. IdlH I 1 rXITED STATES, Foreign vessels with cargoes j British do. in ballast I I) Tobacco, — Leaf lbs, .'i l!llfi Flour, wheat Do,, nianuf. i.isoo j i\Ieal, rye Segars , , 100 ' .Aleal, corn Rice , ,V22IS i Corn, Iiulian Value of merchandise paying 2^ per cent Tons 7(1!) .Alen ;)3 i ,".02 (10 2271 ii;i bis. 92S Biscuit lbs, (i()10 7,-pO Cotton wool bales 7 9:)i» Butter kegs 3(lf. bsh. 397S Pork bis. 10(1 L'nt, lIKi.i 2 1 1 T7 :' 'V w APPENDIX. 45.5 AT OASPK. Vessels 34 Tons - ifiw; Alen 2.",7 Ruin gall. '_>.-) 1 1 jMuscovado U.S. .".2S2 IMeal bbls. 11 Briiiuly 701 Coffee . 4'jri Flour 1 i[i Gill 15 Tea r.ii Pork 11 Wine. — Span sh . I'.'O Rice -1!).-. Tar 20 Fn-ncli i;5 Tobacco 1 100 Pitch 1.'. Moiiissos ;{ ! 2 1 SnulF , 20 .Salt niinots lOOilO Sujfar, rcf. ll)s. sj X'aliie (if niercliandise paying •_*' per cent. 1 111)7 N 7 AT NEW ( AIILISI.K, TO ' iin IOth OOTOll •:it, 182f). \'essels Xi Tons i;< "01 Men ;{.V2 Hum gall. MW Tobacco lbs. 1.-.2;! Pitch !)bl.s. ■M) ]Mol'»sscs 2i!)0 Snulf .".1 Tar 10 Brandy .■12!) Cotton wool . ;iOu Turjientine 12 Siijiar, rcf -;] 1 Flour bbls 11 Wheat Iiush 10 IMuscoviido .,or,i IMeal , !) Oats 1 t'orti'o 120 Pork (i JNlackerel . bis. (idO Tea 1 02 Beef 1 Salt niinots .■|!t(i!)0 Rico 1 .-)80 ^'alue of morcha idise paying 2,^ per cent. Is,-) 02 1(1 1 *> {'■t EXPORTS FHOM QUEBEC IX IS. Cleared .■),';7 vessels, burden 1 C>2 3Iasts and bowsprits, ps, •)".'{ Spars . . I{i7!) Oak tindier tons 2-1411 Pine . 12;5,-)IO A.sh 2.") 7!) Elm . 7GS:\ Birch and maple lOfiff Standard staves and heading pieces l,'Mr)471 Pij)e and ])un. st. ;i 1 1 1 "28 Bbl. St. and headg Stave ends Deals, ;} inch Boards and planks Deal ends Battens Batten ends Oars Handspikes Lathwood cords Oak billets Firewood Shooks packs Pearlashcs . bis. weighing 3 1 1 S.') cwt. 1 2 Potashes . bis. 210j4 weighing 94832 cwt. 18 TO GRKAT uniTAIN. 88;j tons, 708!) men; 1 of which built this year, burden ;i(i; G0i)21 4!).112 8<)(I3(m .-.7280 327 7. "> ,-.().->30 47 22!)40 20218 7!)4 4.3 217 9371 ^^'lleat Oats Peas Indian corn Flaxseed Flour Indian meal Ap])les Pork Hams Tongues Butter Essence spruce niinots . bbls. half bbls. bbls. Canada balsam Oil cake Hides Horns and tips Bees- wax Ind. curiosities Birds and insects 10 1(12 100 1 ii)i);; (iO 1183 2s.".!) 4 ■> 293 3 1 10 •) 43 3 37 1 100 II loose 2(i2.H) casks 4;") I'.s. 1934 boxes 1 5 2 box kegs lbs. bis. boxes kegs carboys tons bales loose casks ^linerals Honey Trees and i)laiit> Loaf tobac. Xuts Stoves Cranberries lbs, [lack , lbs, bis. s tons, • > !)i(i 27 I.S09 1 (i Hops Castings Black lead Codtisli Salmon bills, kegs lbs. packages casks cwts. tierees puns. bbls. half-bbls. Salmon, smoked case Trout bbls. JMaekerel Herrings Fish oil gall. Seal skins puns. bbls. bales 19 7000 10 1.-. 70 247 • ) (19 <; 1 (i 10 30 1 280 3 ') I I2().-. I 3 N U i I* H B i 4.)6 AIM'KNDJX. Furs and Peltries. RIartiii skins I.J.Vll' ; Deer F(»x 1 772 Hear ami cub Lynx ;isi itacixiii ^iill\ ;{|(K) Otter Fislier •-Ml-' Wdlveriiies skins Heaver .s,s;.H (at Musk rut i;<7Hi i\I»K)se (leor liii/'i,rlc(l (ii)iid Lanccwodd spars (id Whiskey Spoiijic hales ,■) Aiiclidrs l.iJI Afartin tnils ,'i77 Fisher 111) ."Minx I •_'.';( Hac.MPii I Heaver coating 07 Miisk rat stulK 'J Castorum Iiiins, I ]\ferchaiuliso ;v.'() i)s. .•) I packages 'll IIIKI.ANII. W I Vessels, (LiO.-);) Tons, '.Tf) I .Men ; 1 built this year, 1 I 2S Tons. Masts and h()\\.'>])rits ps. 'i , Stave eiuls . ;i,'iS7l ■•^li'irs l*:(» , Deals, .iincii pieces (l.'.SU.'J Oak timber ton> I iM,> IJoanis and planks |M)!)r.'{ I'ini' -I.WiJ!) Deal ends . |{I7S;! Ash . . 17.-, I Hattens Elm Ddi) Oars Hireli and maple . i)!):{ ' lland^])ikes Stamhird staves and I Treenails headint; pieces .1.31 !)S0 Latli\vo pieces 'J.'* I:.' Kss. spruce keirs U l.■>^() j Hides loose 100 'I'rees and plants cases t Ki.'.O ■JO 1 ( 'ranberries .Salmon kejrs half bbls. Bei I iiiporU'il (jiidds c.ij'iir/cd. !bs. .■|s;M) j ."Merchandise packages U Vessel, Staves and heading' < )ak tinilur tons Ash Elm Hirch Pi|)e ami pun. staves and beadiu'.; piecei Harrel ^ . Hiscuil . lbs. Ill) li 10 •-•(! roirniiAL. -'0!) Tons, il ."Men. j.ieces JIO'.'O I'AVAL. i \'essel, III,-, Tons, 10 Men. Oars pieces .'i(i | Hutter Handspikes . I."( i Can. balsam I'ipe and pun. staves | M'liite Lead and headinjr . 1!)10 ' Cro\\u glass i\vy. or (iooi) hope. I ^Vs^el, 170 Ton.s 10 Men. lbs. : .'01 i;* l)bls. 1 kegs ■2()i, crates :>o Flour bbls. ;?(;o Codtish cuts. ;io;i sOO Lard lbs. 7100 .Salmon tierces ■J') I'll •■^■peini candles S'.'ll Herring . bbls. ■l.-)0 I7(i Hosin I)bls. ;j Mackerel I'M) I \\ '0;l h *'^.4 BHITlsII NOIITII A-IIEKICAN COI.OMKS. i)(i \'e,ssel.>, 7i;5_' Tons, lOS .Men. Pipe and jinn. staves and heading . OdOO Ham! . •_'G(i;iO.". Nil Heading . bbls. 10 .'{ I Oars . pieces 1,'i ) Hoards . pieces '.' I7!» ' Handspikes (10 Masts and bowsprits 10 .S])ars s.l Oak timber tons 1 ;! ■ Pine 111 Elm .{ Hoops l.-)700 Sliooks packs -11)00 Empty ca.sks Shingles pieces 175 pieces ".0000 Treenails I.-.IIO Heef bbls. ■."j2(; APPENDIX. >/ Boef Hmns, rounds Bacon Sausages Lard Butter CIr'oso fSoap Candles Tal^.^v• Oil cake Honey Pluff tobacco Leaf Sunt!- Boot and shoes Shoe Calf Kip do. Leather half-l.ls. lbs. Chocolate Bum Molasses Sugar (Muscov Tea . Tamarinds Lime juice Lignum vita' Indigo Citron Rugs Croceries Wine Raisius Currants Gin Brandy Olive ml Palm oil :\Iarble Wax Hardware boxes galls. ido) lbs. re lined lbs. keg cwt. . lbs. bi xes bale bags boxes galls, casks boxes bills, galls. kegs galls. lbs. bbls. ton.s lbs. cases pairs jiacks hkins 1)OXOS sides lialc bundles rolls ■l!)IH I SL'S i,s(;i!;t IIOI ■i;{ I (IS 2i)ii\:) Kijd \:i ■J.'. 1 ()/"'j(i .■>!);) 1 !M I •2\ II •-'.'•(i 'JH 21 2 i) I 1010 I Huffalo robes I Fur caps boxes loose Murts and tippets boxes Mats . box Pearlashes bis. vg. I."i cwls. •_' Potashes kegs 2S lbs. Barley minots Oats ■ IViise Indian corn Potatoes Malt Kli.ur bbls. Indian meal Biscuit (i I OS 1 ;{io Apples Onions Pork Segars Ale and beer cwt. bbls, haU-bbls. bbls. half-bbis. boxes gals. doz. 4.-. I MS ') I .") XIH 1 M'O 77S 4:> II I!) S.MI ro-'i 110!) 77.1 Id! I 170 ;5.vj 2!l ;!o()o /i)i]:artc S • > ;5.-.o 170 (I.-. 2;i 1 i 20 2000 I 20 1 I 2 21 .".00 II.-) ;m2s 2 U 10 i;5 1 2(;.-. Cider Peppernunl \ I'liegar -inseed oil Can. balsam Ca.stornm Trees aiul plants galls. do/. trails. .Moccasins Stoves Chairs Tiibi.s (ii-s Sleigh Harness I lorns lottles lbs. boxes loose hhds, loose pairs Axes Iron hiio|is Ciimcr nuts Hay .Salmon Church Ih'H Cordage Sprm. camlles Coals . Tobacco jiipes Cotton wool Oars Flour Ind. meal Rye tiour Pork Beef Lard Butter Plug tobacco Segars Pitch Tar Rosin Honey .Merchandise sets hhds. bbls. bundles lbs. tons tierces bbls. coils lbs. dial. bo.x Ib.s. pieces bblv half-do. bbls. .puns. bbls. half (h). bbls. lbs. t;o I I .Mi I 02!» I 2.-. 1 (12 I (I i) 1 20 (lOi 2;;(i I'i I .",!'0 ■JO 7017 ;io .'lii 20 ;{i9i •I 1 2:J!) lbs. 1212 cases ,") bbls. X, 117 2;{ kegs .-, ])acks 1,'j!) i: i 4l» I h TO TlIK BRITISH WKST INDIKS. Spars Oak tindjer Pine Maple 58 Vessel j J pieces tons do. feet 8()i;{ Tons, 4.1/ Men; G built this year, (ii)!) Tons. 92 ;? n 3ti Pipe and pun. stvs. heading pieces I,48.'3,(;,)2 Oars . . ISO.-) Handspikes . 25 1 Boards . 11808 Plaid7 1 Sniitf .■i(i halfilo. 71 puns. I 1.". (iinpTiints (iss kitts ;") HiMiiit ewts. :./-!» Ale and beer galls; 1 los.l Do. siiiok"d boxes Xt Ajijiles bills. 171 Cider 1 IIMI .Mackerel bills. 1 Hi Onions .V.MI dozrns ■\yi Herrings . ."lOS Pork , iVV.'O Linseed oil galls. •Ml lalf-do. ;i.-> half-do, KMIS Kss. spruce box 1 Ale\\ives bbls. HS Beef 1.1,1s. '-'!»!i.-. Has]ilicTry vin. do/ciis II ('a|ilin , Ii lialf-(l Hams, rounds, \e. Ills, 1 IL'OI Preserves ■ 10 Fish oil galls. 1 iin 1 1)1 purl III (JO nds cxjiorted. .Aladrira nine cases ■) Kartbenwarc pieces 7'.'() Flour 1 lalf-bls. so Fri'iiuli do. , 1.' White lead kegs VI Indian uical bills. 7S« Haisins Iioxes -'■1 [iineiis cases '} Lard lbs. l.i.'iO |{i'(ini-d .sufiar Ills. •-';< SnuH'-lioxes 1 Hutter , , III.'') Salad oil casi's IJ Walkinj^-stick * . 1 Cheese i;ii) Tea lbs. 1 III Kalis , 1 Pitch bbls! 1 •_'!» Sua]) •_'.".()() Iiidiaii corn niiiiots L'Oll Tar , 101 (.handles , , r2;{(i Hice lbs. 1771.-. Hosiii . 70 ('oals tons 17 Flour TNITEI) bids. (13 i;i Horses • •M) '1 Vessels in ' jallast (;7(» Tons 17 Men. 1 ^\ ith cargo !)!) . . *» Old rags Pine tindicr 7(lil bags i;{(i I Old iron Kxi'oriTs Kno.'\i (jaspe. 33 Vessels, 4.'iS7 Ton tons ()") Oak Birch Ash Spars I'ine timber Birch . Handspikes Oars Treenails Deals tons pieces 13(i llfil 22 I S 11 H!) Deals and battens Stares and heading Knees Latlnvood cords Codlish cwt. bbls. 2.-.;{ IM en. I'Xilll Codlish firkins ■IS 33;M3 Salmon bbls. I ;io Fi.sh oil galls. ;i288 21,' Babbit skins , .'{.-iO ;i;!7;ii Old copper lbs. .'iOS 120 Salt tons 78 EXPOHTS FItOM NEW CARMSLE, Up tO 1 Otll Oct. .•il Ves.iels, .'i!)25 Tons, 303 IMeii. tons (;2(l!r Bin h planks bbls. 1 -J Codfish 373 I Latiiwood cords . Kil Salmon pieces 14() .Sj ars . . Tifi Herrings 2 1 .J ' Wooden shovels . 2'! Fish oil -ll.-i j Codfish , cwts. 16377 Hay 2.-1J bbls. galls, tons I .3.'; I 471 200 7 H I APl'ExNDIX. 4.V) XII. Tahle of Duties payable at the Port ofQiivhcc. Wimj.— In n(«,(l, fr„m the United Kingdom iMadi-ini, jier tun Frcncli, do. . ' " * Ail otIiLT wines, do. And CurtliiT on nil wiiu's ( 1 ) por cent In LottleN-iflmttiod in the I 'nited Kingdom.the same duty as wnw in wood. ■' J}..t not bottl..,! in the United Kingdom, an additional duty {■i) per tun And for every do/en of liottles (2) lu ^v<.od, froniGil.raltaror .Alalta, the same duty as ^yine in wood from the I nited Kiufrdoni. In bottles the same duty as wine in bottles from niaee ot j;rowtn. ' Froni i)laee of growth, in wood. JMadeira, per tun All other wines, do. And further (I) |ier cent. In liottles, a further duty (2) per tun And for every dozen of I'lotth's (2) .Sp,rits.-Krou, the United Kingdom or the British C.donies Israndy (foreign) per g:"- ■• (Jelieva .lo. Cordials do. do. ;dlon "do. do. do. do. (h>. do. do. per eent. per gallon l^um Hum, B. P. M'hiskey (BritiNli) Do. (Foreign) .Molasses (;j) And further Do. H. P. C^) ,.,. . From place of growth. Brandy and all spirits, per gallon Codee. — From the United Kingdom From the British Uolouies?per cwt. If Foreign, an additional duty do. L'ocoa. — Foreign d,, .Sugar.— Helmed, British or Colonial Do. Foreign ( I ) per cent. IMuscovado, B, P. Do. if Foreign, per cut. Pimen'^o — B. P, from the Ci.lonies, per lb. From the United Kingdom Teas.— Ilyson Boheii All other sorts Tobacco, — British manufactured Foreign do. ( 1 ) per cent. I.eaf, (1) Snutf. — British manufactured P^>reign, (1) Playing-C'ards.— British Sterling'. £. s. d. 10 10 7 10 7 7 1 Ciirri'my. ,1'. .0. (I. p.g. M t; (i • 7 u . 7 (] . 7 10 • 7 7 . i' 1 1 (i . 1 (i 1 (j 1 6 a a 3 :i 1 5 . 4 ') n . 4 .") 1 ;< (» (i 1' lb 2 • 7 2 . f) . :> !'• ct. 2 10 p- lb. 1 . 20 I) 1 0'. '. r. *>i 0', * p- ct. 2 10 p- lb. <) 2 4 . 20 •A . 15 2 4 '. ]•, 1). nk n 4 m V ' t ;^! L .^i i w n 4()() AIM'KNDIX. Surliiiu X'. ». rf. rurttncy. ,1. ,», ,1. |i. III. (1 1 p. ct. 2 Id '2 (» "l 1 (I (( (» (1 (1 7 2 II 12 (i TAIJLK OF DITIKS I'.WAULK AT TIIK I'OllT OF iiVE\\KV.—Co„limiv.t .^alt.-(-l) . . . . Ml otliiT phhIk, M'lircv, (ir nicrt'liiiiulim' (>^i) Anil u|Miii I'crtaiii Lrmnls, wan-s, ur nuTfliimilisc, lu-iiij; .) .M.diaster, aniliovies, arf^o, aniseed, aniher, almonds llrin.tone, hotargo, hox-wood Ciirraiifs, capers, cascasoo, cautliaridcs, coral, cuniinin-secd, cork, ciiiiiahur l)ates Ks>ence of l)crjjaniote. lemon, roses, citron, oriiiij;es, lavender, rosemary, emery-stone Fiiiil — (Ir\, preserved in snj;ar, wit, [ireserved in hraiuly, — Ha\, ti.is (inm Ar;iliie, ahaslic. myrrh, Sicily, ainnioiiinc IIiiii]), hoiii'y .lalnp, iiini|i( r-herries Iroii in liars, pi;; iron, incense of frankiiieciisc Lava and .'Malta stone for hnildin^s lentils .Marhle. ronyli and worked, mosaic work, medals, imisk, n:aearoni N'nts of all kiiids Oil of oli>es. of almomls, opium, orris-root, ostrich feathers, oehre. oran^ic linds and peel, olives i'ileli. pickles in Jars and hottles, paintings, punk, I'o/zolana, I'arniesan cheese, pickles, pearls, paints, precior.s stones exciiit diamonds Quicksilver Haisins, rhnharh •Sansa^'es, senna, scaniinonyj sarsaparilla, saftUiwcr, sponges Tar. tow, turpentine \'erniilion, verinicelli Whetstones Clocks and u. itches Leather manufactures, linen Musieal instruments Wires of all sorts Hook and jiapcrs .Silk manufactures Glass and manufactures of glass .Soap ,Sugar-candy, refined .siigar Tobacco, manufactured Cotton manufactures Goods, wares, or merchandise (being foreign), not otherwise charged with duty, by (! Geo. IV. cap. 114. Ships, Foreign (7) }o 7 1(1 (» 30 (» 20 AIMMADIX, t(;i ThcM. Ncvoml duties uri« |myiil.lf iiiulir tli.- AcIh of tin; Iiii|u'rial I'arlinm.Mit nf 1 Ceo III, lup. 1 -., mx. 1 ; (I (k-o. III. cap. .IS, hit. ■» ; 11 (J,-,.. Ill n.]) s 1 n,.t h.h.npnj; to the I'liited Kin^'dnm er toQuM.r. the duty will he 7,/ sterling instead of I '. (1) This diit) is drawn hack if the salt he shijiped for the use of the lisheri.s in the louer parts of the province (■)) H( e the exceptions iu tlu " Tahle of Free Ooods." ((>) Upim such o," these p.-'s as are li' ' le to tii • jmniucial duty of 52' per cent, that diitv is payahle under the provincial law, hut i , ' nut is deducted froi'ii the pavuient made umhr tlietiGco. IV. ciij.. 111. (7) A tounaj^e duty of 4,". .sterling; per ton u?. n the ships, and 10 per cent, upon ihe amount of duties on the ^0 -is .,iported, is chi^rj., .;l)le hy order iu cuuucii, uudei certain conditions which ut present 01 'y apjdy to the ships of the Uinted States. 111, TAHLE ov khi:e goods »y provincial Acts, .-..l Geo. Ill, cap. II, sec. .-. and H ; .",.:. Geo. III. cap. '2, (ieo. Ill, cap. 17, sec I. .'I Apparel, for private use, Heef, salted, (I, Hutter, (I) IWley, (I) Means, ( I ) Cattle. (I) Cheese, (I) Fish, salted, (■_') Fish oil CM Flax, ( I I Live si..ck, (I ) Oats, (I) Oil. (ti.^h oil) (i>) Pork, salted, ( I ) IVas, (l; Pitch, ( 1 ) Potntiics, ( I ) I'ackajtes coutaiuiug dutiahle goods, nice, (I) Fhmr, ( I ) Furs, ( I ) Grain of all kinds, (1) Horses, (I) Hofis. ( I ) Honey, (I) Hem|i. 1 I ) Indian corn, ( I ) Ityc, ( I ) Rosin ( I ) Seeds, ( I ) Skins, ( I ) Tar, (I) Turpentine, 1 I ) Wheat, ( I ) Household jToods and necessaries of all kinds which any person or persons cominj; province for the purpose of actually settlim.-; therein shall import or hring with them own use, and for the use of their families. into this for their ; i'H .'{ Hi:, 1*1 "r II' If! i" •WJ'J APPKNDIX. fJv iiii]KTial Act, (i (ico. IV. cap. I II, (.tlio goods bciiii; of foreign production.) Iliiy and straw, ( 1 ) Coin and Ixdlion, Diamonds, ( I ) Fruit and vogctalilcs, fri-sli, (;i) Cotton wool, (.{) (i(M)ds till- ])rodnci> of places within the limits of tin- East India Comjiany's Cliartor, (.'<) , ",'.'■ / 'liii' iirodncc of anv Uritisii iwssossiou on tiic west coast of Africa, and imi)ortvd Indian cnrn, . . , ' F-ninlicr (■'() \ direct from tlK'ncc. Any sort of craft, food, and victnals, except spirits, and any sort of clothing and implements, or materials tit and necessary for the British fisheries in Anu'rica, imported into the place at or from whence such fishery is carried on in Hritish ships, (;i) ( I ) — If foreign, ^eill jiay the foreign duty. See " Talile of Dnties" — sterling. ('_') — If foreign— prohibited. (.i) — Liable to the ])rovincial dnties. TAIU.K OF l'H()IIIHITU)XS. Hy imperial Acts, (i (ieo. I\'. cap. ill; 7 and S (ieo. I\', eaji. ."j(i, sec. al — ^froi t'oreiirn countries.) Tea, 1-.') Hase or counterfeit coin. Fish, dried or salted, (iun]iowder. .Vlllls, Amnuinitioii or utensils of war, Hooks — ( I ) for mil'. Train oil and oil of all sorts, blubber, lins or skins, the produce of (ish or creatures living in till' sea (."> ). (I) — First composed or written and printed or reprinted in any other country inqjorted for sale, except books not printed in the I'nited Kingdom within twenty yea.'s ; or being parts of collections, the greater i)arts of which had l)eeii composed or written abroad. (■_*) — Except by the Ea;.t Iiulia Company, or with their licence. ','>) — Unless taken by Hritish siiips. B ' -ME.AIOHAXDA ON THE LAWS AM) OHDEHS I\ COUNCIL, KK<.ri.AriN(; " thk ik.vdk ok tiik buitisu posskssions aiiiio.m)," in kei.ation to juk IMI»OHT AM) KXPDIIT TKAIJK AT TIIK I'OHT (tK (Jl'KBKC. II 'A With the I'nited Kiiiyiloin. (ioods imported from such, must appear on cocket, (i (ieo. I\'. cap. I II, sec. J I. (roods exported to — being the produce of the Canadas. Corn, grain, meal or liour, a declaration of origin ri'(|uiri'ii, 7 and s (Jeo. I\'. cap. .")7, sec. (i. (exjiircd 1st lAIay, l8Js.) APPENDIX. 4():} lul ito Tolmi'co, to lie mi a .sc])iir;iU' inanifcst, slidwiiifr tlic iictt wuijilit and tan' of each i'ai']i;ij;f. () (it'o. 1\'. ca]). 107, see. .'J. Tobacco, to l)c ill a sliiii of I'JO tons liurtlicn or upwards, and in jiacka^'cs coiitiiiiiiiii; not less than l.'iO Ills, nctt, (I (Jco. IV. cap. 107, sec. ;'._'. Hliililicr. train oil, spiTiiniccli oil, head matter or whale fins, to lie certified as lieing of JJritisli Hshery, (i Geo. IV. cap. 107, sec. \'.\. Masts, tiniher, aslies, staves, wood hoops, shiiiiiles, latliwood and cord wood for fnd, inijiorted liy land or inland navijration into Canada, deemed the jirodncp of ("aiiada, 7 , .sec. :)-2. All other goods, the jirodnee of the Canadas, appear to lie without restriction, except that they must appear on the certificate of clearance, (! (Jeo. IV. cap. 107, sec. .'i I. Hetiirned {roods may lie re-imported into the I'liited Kiiifidom, provided the property in such {,'oods continues in the person by whom or on whose account they were reported— exeejit floods for which any bounty or drawback of excise had been received on exportation, iniitss by .sjieeial permi.ssion of the commi.ssioners of II. AI. Customs, and on repaymenl of sueii bounty or such drawliack, or small reninants of Hritish jjoods — upon proof that the ^aiiu' are IJritish, and had not been .sold, (I Geo. IV. cap. 107, see. .'ij. Imported floods when re-exported, viz. cotlee, cocoa nuts, sufjar, molasses and rum, althouiih of the IJritish jiossessions, deemed foreiij;!! on importation into the United Kiiigdoui (from Canada), unless ex]iorted direct from the kiiift's warehouse, (! (Jeo. IV. caj). I 1 I. sec. .'^. And accompanied by a certificate of production, (! (Jeo. IV. caji. II I, sec. '.IT. cap, 107. sec. ;]:,. i llfT for of lf'i//i other Briti.^fi jm.'iKcssioJi.'). Goods imported from — must appear on cocket or clearance, (i (ieo. IV. caji. I II, sec. 2 I. .Simar. coffee, coc(>a nuts and spirits of the British possessions, to be accompanied by a certilicate of production— without .such certificate forfeited, (i Geo. IV. cap. Ill, sec. L'fi. .Malioj,'any of tlie IJritish pos.se.ssions, to be accompanied by a certificate of production- wiilimit such certificate deemed foreign, (i Geo. IV. cap. 1 11, sec. L'(i and 27. (Joods exported to— the produce of the Caiiadas ajipear to be without restriction, except that they must ajijiear on the certificate of clearance, (i Geo. \V. ca]) I I I. .sec. J I. Flour (of wheat) exported direct from the kiii{;'s warehouse, to any of the Hritish posM'sM,„is. in the West Indies or in South America, will, on importation there, be liable oiil\ to a duty of l.v. instead of ."t.v. jkt barrel, 7 (Jeo I\'. cap. IS, sec. Hi. Wood of all sorts exported direct from the kiiifr's warehou.sc, to any of the British possessions in America (or the West Indies), will, on inijiortation there, be subject only to oue-fonrlli part of such duty iis would otherwise be cliarliips, unless they he ships of the country of which such goods are the produce, and from which the goods are imported, (i Geo. W . cap. 1(H), sec. 1 I. \o ship shall be admitted to be a ship of any particular country, unless she be of the build of such countrv, or have bi'en forfeited to such country under any law of the same, n.ade for the prevention of the slave trade, and eondemneil as such prize or forfeiture, by a com- petent court of such country, or be Uritish built (not having been a prize of war from Uritish subjects to any otiier foreign country), nor unless she be navigated by a master \\\m is a subject of such foreign country, and bv a crew of whom three-fourths at least are subjects of sucli cipuntry usually rfsidiuy therein, or unc'er tlie dominion thereof ; provided always, that the country of every ship shall be deemed to include all places which are nnder the same dominion as the place to which such shiii belongs, (1 fieo. I\'. cap. 10!), sec. l.'l. The ])ermission granted to foreign ships to import and export goods is made sidiject to certain conditions, {1 (ico. IV'^, cap. I I I, see. I. And these conditions are by an order of His Majesty in Council, dated Kith ./uly, lM'7 («liicli enumerates and eonlirnis certain previous orders in council), declared to be tliat Kriiieli >hips may import from the dominions of Ilis IMost Christian iAIaJesty the following goods, such goods being the produce of those dominions, that is to say, wheat, flour, biscuit, breaftivi-ly, fxn'iil those mentioned in the " Tahle of Proliihitions," and may export goods to he carried t(. any foreign country whatever. All manufactured goods are deemed to be tlie produce of tlie country of whicJi liiey are tli.- iiianiifacture, () Geo. IV. cap. 10!), .sec. .■>. .MiiliOi c^KiU are j)roliil)ited to he exported to any foreign place, (I (Je,.. IV. caji. II I. sec. Si). XIII. Jic'ttni of the effective ,slreiin-tJ, ,>f the wdentanj miUtki v(tUcd(mtfor .scnicc ill tlie montliN of Octoher and Xocemhei\ 1813. (ICtlKll Colonels Lieutenant-Colonels .Majors Captains Lieutenants I'.nsigns Adjutants I'ayniasters Quarter- Masters •"il'O men. s H rgeons , .'i 1!) ISerjeant-M ajors ■J 2 •-'/ Quarter-Mi istor Serjeants l!» 1 !).-. Drill-Serje; mts ,{(( I'l; Serjeants . ."il.S 1 s.-, Corporals . '107 ^lilitiamen Total . !),").S(i •J.) 1 1 •![)■,<, of vo vageurs, whost actual strength never exc<'eded NfUini of the number nf miUlUmvn who in-re cowniamlrd in 18 1'.', I SI '5, IS! 4, nml I SI."), t„ sern ill the hntlnlioiis in actual scrfice. iS|;{ 1 S I 1 181.-. Total •.!78.| X, I !) ■2 ! L'(i I !)'."J l(i;{.-.l Daring the first three years the men were commaiuled and actually did march, hut those in 181,'-) were commanded, but peace being ratiried on the 1 Tth February, IM.'i, they were dis- cliarged jirevious to their marching. 1 h I I i im :, ! !* ■ii ' ,. I 4(i()" APPI-?,!)I\. XIN . ^tn Accomif (if ilw ord'niarii Rcvcinu's and eximord'niarti UvaonrccH vo)iNtitutinfi;tln- Hrvi)^ i '1 J Duties . S list Goo. III. S 1741 l.^- :t l.'iO;) r, I' 1 iiiesaiid Foifeitine- . . . !»;(7l-'lli •)! Duties tiiider I'niviiiiial .Act .'i.'Jd (Jen. III. I \ Ditti) under do. '' I I.ieeiices under dn. .'ijtli do. do. lit). ■2."i«;i . I •.'(!7(!4 17 10 111,-. I II 1 :tl02 (P ' t Duties tiniler do. .VMiimended hy-Vjtli i ■ 7 -' do. cap. 'i, and eoiitiiiiied by Imperial Aet<- 1 ( :; (ieo. 1\". eap. 110 1 \i Do. under do. .Vjtli (ieo. III. cup. It, rontiniied ( . ^ f l.y do. S L .!. ,/ j f. .«. ,1. L. .'. ,,'. .-.177 1!> 11 ... I I i'XV.m (! !t i.-.:ij i;t fi ■jfiiii; 00 I ;i7 10 ... I i:t2 10 :t 7 :i I u:t7 1-.; iH ... j •j.'.ra 00 (u I (i i-.':i;'.o :i o ; mm :t a ' 4i!i i;t i; ;tio-.> ... I 2080(1 lit :t^ (ir.,-.7 If! 10.1, L>i;o i.-, •_> ll!l>41! 4 1. •.()(!) I 1-.' •_• ! ( Do. under do. .Vltli do. eap. I, eontiinieil I)v ? 1 ., — , » ' ■> I It!, (u'o. I\". enp. 10 ' S | ' ' , j|,l Do. under Iinperi.il .Art :td (ieo. I\'. eap. 110 1 OlM.'i 14 II , 11 Do. uiidei do. Otli do. eap. II4 I 1103!) I o ' ^ ! to. tnider rrovineial Acts i.Jtli and .jlst (jeo. ^ ' TliH 11! lU 1-'^ III. and -id Geo. IV. S'^ ' I'i Do. under Provl. Acts Wth (ieo. III. cap. 19 II' Do. under do. Itli (ieo. I \'. enp. .'J 4ii;i 1:1 :, 11 (> 14070 .'. -JT ;i44 4 (iji I 3779 11 in I 94 9 I I 3,-.7.-. 47! fr2\:, II 11 -'oo;! 4 I I19;!9 1 :> JoiM I 3I4H lit 114. 4fl 7 7 ''illl l« I I 493 1.'. 24 1:1 !l .-. 11 (J •_• 9 i:t77'>4 13 (J52232I 17 11^ LVt:.':) 7 4 100103 3i (io41 4 I5 llOl 12 Thi* iuii^ i» «■> tmnli sluift paid hy the late \aval Ollioor. to he heri'iftiT rt-iovore.l from thai ollicer or from hi> siirt'lits. pill. (: IjiU'bcc, .jtli February, IS.T M :1 coufititiitiii^- till' Its out III' the Ini'oiiH' iji iroj^rcs-i of ll'p.iynuMit and outiitandinK nil I'olli'i-tion. Itcturn Dutit'^. Iloiid.i. roiiipared with thut uf la»t year. l-.Vi'l. \\ \ i Hi.V- IiuTeasc Dt'iTi-'asf. i'. I. ,/. f. s. ,1. C .■il77 111 I A .Uli » 1' ■::nrr> i:. ;t J.'ilMi (I (I ;t7 III (I I IL'.'. 7 -' . ... i lilt? I-.' luj .-, i;i 4 j iMIIII 111 li .. I iKiiij r. II li'i-Jii II 7 :;iiiL' II II ■Ji! I J jftii III II :ii;(i,") •2 II :).-.7."> ■i 7 UJ> III III mil)! II II -•lU! i:t iH 4(;!) 1 :< 1! II II II 117-' i:t 11 III .'7.'i.'i-' .■> :» jiiiiii II II .•(7 III 17:t4 I:.' -2 !i;ti III 74 '.Mill! Ill «) 7,-) I.-, (! .'il.-p| I.-. 7 .■illlL' II i 4(1 11! II Jillll.-p Hi ,->',| li!7.'>l I I II :.'7l'-' liMI tiL'J III III lllllli II II ■-Mii; 7 -.'.i Hill I :t .•« (! .'! f. .V. ,/, j i-. ,. ,/. j f. v. III4I HI 111' :t-'74 I-' n^j •'■'j!I'j '[[ 'I'^i I"!)""'- "l^jiii'ts "fiv Ic^s tl)i> ynii than 1,1-1. i J lli^ (lillVicMcc iii'Im's cliii'lly (Vorii tile ic|i,i\ Hunt la-t \i ar -, lit i'lsilll ( iinciii'V and Iniiii tlir lurripi ol i'ls; Hi.', f IJuiiii., this vcar. iii:t II II III li.'l ."{7 111 II I S iliis Act went into (ipi'iatiim on the IiiLiiid I'ladr mi Kt 1717 1-.' 11 I .. ^ .May «lirii till' .Jlltli (ifo. IJI. rtaMMJ. :tli» 4 L'-ii ... ^I'lii' Seizures at St. .Idlin wi'ii' (•oii>idi.ial)lc llii> vrar. J The ]in|ii)rtati(iils ot AVinos tliis vi'ar oxciiMlcd tliat nl la-l year. -I'llll 17 I'j S 'III' Imports lit Uiiiii and Foiviu'ii Spirii- 1,-, tjii- vrat I nil II II i* tliaii l.ist. ' ( .\ c'oiisidcralilc di'din'tiiiii was madr !riiMi rlic ( 'iillrcliiiii f last year iiiiiliT this .Art by tllr ( '(illcrtni-. uliicli airumils i till' this ap|iaiint ini.Tcasc, tliiiiii,'h in fail ihr hiitus' V wcrr li'ss this year. ' j i .All till' Unlirs rci.civc'd this year dm Traswcic on tin- I 11- 1111177 I 7 -? polls lit Is'^.), and ircditnl to the lionds nt that war, r statrd to ho oiitstamliiiL;. I l-'ilL' :i ■.'.;, This .Act i-fasiil on the 1st lit .May last. , ,.,,-,, ,,. ,,, S This .Act ccasi"! >\ith ri'siH'ct t(i the 'I'rado " nil ihi- I nitcd ; '''■•"' '■' '"' ? States on .Ml, .lann,.iy,IS-,>li. I .. I'his .Act wci I iii'st into (>i)craticiM on lith .lanoary, ls'.ili. : i I'hc Unties I iidcr these .Acts arc >;reater this year than 17'! Ill 115 -J hi-t, lin! the late Naval dllicer has not yet paid in tin f whole ainoiiiit cidlcctcd. No acconm III these Unties \vas reiidcrcil last ve.ii. I i 'i'l I'i '/•/(.'/' Iiiquirn into flio prolmhlc ( 'a/t.sv.s- that hn; e counteracted the At- ftniipt.s hitherto made to introdnee the Cid,'ii .-uccessively failed; and all sulisefjuent etforts, founded on tlie orijiinal iirinci|)le of encourairenu'Ut hy the tender of premiums, have nu't with the sanu' fate. Anuiui;st the chief causes that have rend.'red abortive all jiast endeavours to pronu)te the jrrowth of that valuable plant in liower Canada, it must appear obvious, to any one acquainted with till' pi'iiple and the aj;ricultnre of the province, that the jrreat obstacle to its ffeneral cultivation was the want of a market \\liere it miijlit be disposed of as a raw material. Hemp found no market but in a prei>arcd state ; and the farnuT, v'.o was unaccjuainted with the process of its preparation, filt reluctant to devote anv portion of his land to the growth of a new article w Inch appeared to entail upon him uuicli additional trotdile vvithout an inimciliiilr correspondiu!:: profit. That this has heretofore been, and still >s, the oidy substantial objection contcinj)latcd by tlie inhabitants of tliose provinces, will appear evident, when it is considered that no clinuite or soil can be found better ada]ited to the irroxv tli of hemp and flax, as a|)pears by the reports of sworn surveyors, made to the surveyor-<:eneral and recorded in his othce at Quebec, and further proved by experience in several sections of Lower Canada, wliere inilividuals are to l)e found who hold medals from the British .Society of Arts and Sciences for samples of hem]) raised on their farms. But, without reference to fornuT I'xpcriments, a knowledge of the climate and a Nr ^:% %^ APPENDIX. 471 iiKTc cxniiiination of tin' rioliiicss mid doptli of the soil so {.rciicrully provnlont will convince tiu- ol)s('r\t'r t|j;it the sy>li'iiis liitlicrto ii(lii|itc(l tci iiilroiliu'c li('iii|) tn llii" ;itti' itiiin of tlio C'liimUiiin fiiniuT were in tiu'iiiscivrs iiiMitfificnt an. I (l('fi'cti\i', or niiist liiivc >uc'Cf( (it'll w lien uiituro no fiivoiiriMl tlic iirojfct. Tlic unsMctTssfnl results of fornuT i'nfoMrii<;i'nu'nl, wlicn tlnir cause- arc duly u■l•i^lu'd and I'Stiniatcd, will tlirow sonii> liiilit upon future undertakings of the KUine nature; and from what lias alreadv lieeu staled it niav lie \ cry ostensildy advaiu'cd, that if, lindt " the enuutenaiice and sujijiort of the Ini|)erial (iovernnieut. a couijiany of liritish nierehants wen- formed for the promotion of the henii)-trade iu Canaila, and the adjacent colonies of New Urnnswiel: and Nova Scotia, on the liasis set forth iu the under-mentioned iiroject, not only would the a^TicuU tiirist be rewarded hy hamlsome returns, lint the merchant would lie enj:aj;ed n a hrauch of trade I'Xtensive, exhaustiess, ami more hu'iative, jirohaldy, than any heretofori' carried on between the mother country and the colonies. The company liein;; formed in KiijilamI on the plan of similar associations for mercantile purposes miiiht be called the " Canada" or " 'I'he IJritish North American Hemp Company;" and the estalilislnnent in Lower Canada, under the mana;jement of a board of directors, should consist of one p'Ueral superintendin<; aj;ent and a given iinmlier of -.tdi-ajrents, who would be so judiciouslv located in dilferent part> of the pio\iuce as to facilitate the transport of hemji to their stores within the limits of the district respectively assiuncd to their ajiencv ; each ,sub- ajjent to be at the head of an estalili>hment of the docription nuiitinued in paiic I'l- The business of this ajrcul would be to receive the hemp from the fanner, weijih it, and pay to the seller the prices lixed upon by the c ArPENDIX. to cxuinino till' ailviintagoH tliiit niny t'liirly Ih> i>x]u(l to r«'Milt tVoiii an iindortakiii^ of itucli ina^iiitiulc. interest anil ini])(irtance. U'liidt is (.-iinsiilered l)y tlie Canadian fariniT liis most |irotitalile crop. One acre of land yields liini on an average I'J bnslicl.H of corn, and for eacli linsliel lie is often sutixried witli .'i.t. (J(/., iiiakin^r a sum of 'M. (I.v., the f;rusN jirodiice in money of ini acre of<;r deducted the amount of his laliniir. seed. \'c. his |irotits would lie fmind almost too tritliiii^ to be mentioned. One acre of land under hemp \t'iaild furnish tiie followiii); statement, deduced from the exiu-riments made liy .Air. (Jrece in 1110)1, hy I'll. \\'ri};lit, Ks(|., of Mull. Ottawa Hivor, and more lately hy Jacoli I'o/er, Ks(|.. seiijueur of Aiiherl (Jallion. Mr (irece allocs hut ahont laie-third of a ton of merchantahle lierip to he produced hy one acre, 3Ir. W'rijiht says thrce- foiirtliHofa ton and snnu'timcH one ton, and Mr. I'o/.er says also liirec-foiirths of a ton. The medium will he ahoiit half a ton, which I shall assume. /"hjiciiso of viillirnthiij nnr .Icir of l/iiiij), i/lrldlmj iihuiil Itrii Tans raw, or half n Toil jirr/iaiTil. l*lonj;liin}i in the autnnui t'ross do. in spriiii; , . Harr(n\inji .Sowinj; broadcast J}ush-h;irrci\< 'Mj; l'ulliii<: am using male stalks Ditto female stalks Taking seed from the plants Total expenses The seed remains \\itli the fariiuT, sav ^ minols at \0.<. Ihilifiiv ( iii'K'iii'y. .1(1 10 7 (i I II :( (I (» J8 10 1 (i :< !» •_> I I (i I I) A (i I m Thus it will he seen that the seed would of it.self In' almost sulliciont to refund his outlay and labour. .Mlowiiig the farmer, therefore, i\.'> currency lor vvvry fniir Ions of raw or uiic Ion of/iir- fiarvd fiiiii/i, the comiiany would he paving the grower very liberally for his produce, oHcring tluieby a powerful encouragement to the agriculturi.'.t, and en.suring abundant supplies for the liritish market. The cost of one ton of n erchantable hemp to the company, when landed in England, would be as follows, viz. To the grower for I tons raw hemp, =: one ton prepared Freightage, insurance, storage, I've. Internal transjiort Katio of expense on establishment Interest on outlay Tare and wear Proportionate expense on seed SterliiH;'. II. ( iinenry. t'l.") .'. 10 -2 1 <) 1 !) fi 2'2 19 (i = cl-.'O IJ 8 Ari'KNDIX. 17:J l{i){;i niiillf, hcIIh lVtrrslmrj;li, I'lciiii ( )lllKllih' tmi of prfpiircd li('in|i l-n loll. Ill II II i;i II (I III II II :iii II II i)l(i;i 11 II III Ij Slrrliiifi, till Jd I I Now iiMRniiiiiijr tlif miiiilicr of liriuls of (■|iiiilirs in tlic iirnviiicr \\lic> KiilisiNt iiiiiiii liif ]inHiiu'(' of ilicir ImikK to In- !iii,iMiil licmls of fiunilii'N. Of lliiM iiiiiiilicr Miiiposc iiiic-liaif niily iiic (li-|i(isc(l tu iiiltivatc liciii|t . . ' . i:.,llllll fiiriii-,. And i;r;iiitiiijj: lli< \ ilt'voli' two iicrcs of tlicir firms to ilic fxrowtli of li('ni|i, mill tjiiit (Mcli acre |irii(iiu'i> oni\ linif a ton uf |in parcil lu>ni|(, till II \M' liav<> . 'I,'i ,111111 tons. X I'm I.". t'l,s;;;i,7;,ii ii ii si.-ilin;; till' proliiililf cxti'iit of till' liowcr Canada liiMii|)-trado, after it sliall liavc liccii I'arricd on for two or iliri'i' \imi->. TIh' pro\iiu'i's of l'|ip>'r Canada, New llriinswii'k and N'ova Soitia, tin' islands of New - foiiiidland, Capi' ISrcton iiiid PriiK'i' Kdward Island, ail more or li'>s adajitcd to tln' production of tliat plant, would (.'onsidi-ralily swrll tlic nia^iiitiidc oftiir trailc in proi'i'ss oftinif; and I iiave no doiilit tliat, iindfr proper eiu'oiirajiciiient and inaiiaireiiient liy tlie coiiipaiiv, and the fosterinj; protection of tlie trade liy the eiiliiihteiied and lilieral jiolicy of the j;oveniineiit of the mother coimtry, the Mritish Xortli American colonies, hy lloiirishiny as liemp-countries, would hoconie an additional liiilwark to the ])areiit state, to\\liicli they uonld lie powerfully linked l»y jjreat co'oiiurcial ties, and a source of national and individual wealth. As relates to Fiower Canada, it may he proper tooliser\e, that in order to innovate as little as jiossihle from the cnstoiiis of the peojile in tlie sei;;norial settlements, it would he advisahle to allow the inhahitaiits to dis])ose of their hem]) in the liuiidle or sheaf weiuhiiiij: I,") Ihs., and ri;'i,'< ', Inindles would anumiit to I tons of hemp, in its natiir i! state eipial, as hefore stated, tt one ton of the prepared article, 'i'liiis the Canadian firmer wmild receive _'/, jd.s. .w/. for everv HKI slieaves of his a]iproved lieiii]) ; and the process of liny iiijr ;in(l sellinj; lieinj: carried on in a nioa.snre with \\hicli he is familiar, he will lie the hetter eilahled to estiniatr his jjains, and the more readily come into market. From the knowledjre I possess of the penple. I ;iiii satisfied that mcetinj; at first their little jirejiidices so far wmild materially promote the ohjcet. It has Iieell remarked by Mr. (Jrece, whose experiments in the culture of hemp have been licfore mentioned, that the ii:>tive hemp-seed produces iietler crops tliaii tliat iiuported ; and if this he so, it iiii^ht he found eN]ii'ilieiit, iiiinii diately on the formation of a coiniiain , to ])iircliusc all the seed that may he otfer''d for sale, to distrilmte it afterwards, niider iiarticnlar conditions and restrictions, to Canadian farnieis at half ]irice, to operate as an eiicourai^ement. From the interest the suliject of hemp has lately excited in Qiiehec and Montreal, the con- ■I ; 4 474 AIMMINDIX ■.itli-nitioii ami iiii|Mirtiuicr atliulinl In it liy tlif Snoiriy of .» i ,ii«i Sciiloriiiil SiK'iHy of (Jiu'Ikv fs' liy v5ic ii;^riciiltiiriil hiK-itliri. of the proviiici', it ciiimot Im- doiilitcil tli:it hoiuc uctivi' step will re iitiijf !•«• tiiki'ii to drvfioi) tlii.s doniiaiit fund of nininii'ri'iid o|iiili'm'i'. As fur liiick us Isl.'i I ttMik an o|i|iortnnitv of nu'iitioiiinn tin- suhji-ct nt hoiiu- length in tin- Topography of Lower ('uimdii, pp. ",'J, "I, vt >tei\., from tlic iiinviction I iiavc rvir filt of the many important advantajfcn coiinrctpd with an introdiu'tinn of so valiialilc a plant totlir notii'r of the Canadian fanner. Should the vii'w there taken of the siilijeet, asNisted hy tin' fnrther experience of otherH and my *)\vn suliseqneni ohservations, tend, hy |lronlotin^ the development of thin new staple of eiilonial trade, to the prosperity and welfare of the Uritish empire, my humliie /eal .in nil) [Id II ;">/ :.i i\ 10 !l II '.'S 1 II 1) •-'.■.,•> \i M ft; OUTKITS. I Lee's or any other more modern maiiufacturin};-macliine, for l)rei)ariiij; liemji for market or "'Njiortatiou - A plough, harrow, and otliiT implements of husbandry ^ Farm carts, harnesses, Xc. A Two horses .'") One yoke oxen Ii One cow • . 7 Two stoves 8 Nccossurv household furniture only and kitchen utensils Total expense of estublishniont '2\ 11 l.-l l.t Id II l,j l.'t 10 :n) -7 \:, 1,'i III II 1 :i 1'.' 1) ij ill Hi •J.". 2'' 10 II iifi 1) II 12.-) 8 II ;i,si n APPF.NDIX. 47A AhidI, Mh Ftlinmr), \HiK Nin, Aurcciilili' to your rc(|ui>Kt on tin- siilijci-t of the iiiltiirc of licnip in llir lo\viiHlii|iN, I cull Mufi'ly say, timt ifii nniiiy iiiiirki't for il wun I'HtiililiNliiil in tlu' pfdviiu't' anil within rciic'li of till* towiiMliip scttlcniciits, I liiivi* no iloiilit it woiilil lie riiiscd on iiii oxti'iiHivc si'nlr, anil lii.'C'oinr an oltji'i-t of |irofit liotli to the inlialiitaiits of tin- coiintry im wi'll as to (Ircnt Uritaiii. I liavf a kiiowli'd^L' of tlic lati' Mr. I'fniioyrr, of ('oni|iton, raising Hvr to ncvi-ii toiihof hump, anil will) luiil coiiinii'iicuil a inaniifacturin^-niill for pn-pariii^ hi-iiip, hut lu'faiicil liymlopt- iii){ a ^\^oll^ nirtliod for ilN pn-paration for market. Sfvcral otluTK liiil also cultivate hrinp at that time; liut no market lieiiif{ foiinil, the niltiire was in conseipieiice iliscontiniieil. 'i'he town- ships generally are particularly eaiciiiateil for the ciiltiiri' of hemp, anil I trust tiie time may coinu when it will he ciiltivateil on an enlarged scale. Many of the inhahitants of the towiishipN make their own hed-cordti, and ropes for their use. I am, sir, Voiir olteilieiit humiile servant, (HAS. F. II. (iOODHIK. Joseph Houehette, Ksij. Survevor-(ieiicral. Qiiilirc, "(til .Maicli, IS-^K .>IV IIKAII Silt, I have hefore me your iiiiich-c^toeniod favour of the oth instant, con- ccrniii|j; your note of 'pieries, and Iir<; leave to enelosc my answers, to which I refer, and trust they may lie of service, and will he hapfiy to meet your wishes at all times, which you may freely command ; and heliove nie, My dour sir, Vour nio.st obedient servant, J. .MacXIDKU To Joseph llouchcttc, Esq. ANSWERS TO yiEliIK.S._Xo. I to .J 1. — Hemp ^Tows spontaneously in all the lower districts, and, when under good cultiva- tion, i.s ciiu.il to Hussia hemp. 2. — I am of opinion hemp mif^ht ho cultivated to jjreat advantaije, and, when the mode of eultivation is fairly introduced, would he cultured on ,i larjier scale, henelicial to the inhahitants and ill time a source of advantajje to tireat llritain, ])rovided local colonial markets were csta* lilislu'd to receive the hemp from the farmer in the sheaf, and pay at for every KK) liiindles, and so te i.intinuc until the farmer ohtains the knowledjie of preparing the hemp for a British market. ;{. — I have a hijih opinion of the culture of (lax : the sample I have seen from IMr. Slanna's seif;niory is eipial to that produced in Holland. It is evident flax may he cultivated on an extensive scale, and would |)rove beneficial to the ])roviiice. ! i 'i 47^) AT'PKNDIX. Erlract oj' a litter fraiii I'riiiiris l,iiii(/iiri/iic. I'.sij , Pislriit 11/ Moiifmil, Sriijniori/ of Si. (.'iiirijf. :]!•/// .hiijiisi. l)l"2l». " I Imvo iiitroduci'd tin- culture of liciii]) this simsoii. I Imvc ;">(( liiislicls iif socd sowed on 4(1 acres of iiiv fariii.s, iiiid 1 uni liiii)|iv to sav it looks well, and would have looked hetter had it lii'eii sown earlier. Ilail it been possilile to proeure seed in time, ii <;reat nuiid)er of the farmers wotild have nnide the trial. I am eonvineed they \\ ill do so next year. " I shall have a mill for dre^sint; hem|) put nii liy the time the heinj) is ready to dress. I shall make a point, as soon as it is dre.ssed. to {j;ive you a minute account of tlic mode I shall have followed throiif;hout the cidture, and of the exjien.se attendin;i it, us well as that of the puUinjr, re de irarantie de tolls troiddes et empechemeiis ifi ni ralement (ineleon(|ues .1 titre de bail a cens, ]irolits de lots et ventes, amendes et saisines, et de tons autres droits seijfneuriaux et feodanx a a ce prt sent et accept ant prenenr et reteuiint au dit titre ; pour liii t'svs linirs it iiiiins iitn.-rj, erst i) .iriiriiir, trois arpens de terre de front snr (juarante de profoiuk'ur ■'•tans et mouvaus en la justiv.- et censive de su dite si'iirnenrie de teuans d'liu coti a ('.'autre euti- .1 ]iardevant ^ et par derritre u pour par le dit ju'eiienr ''.••''.-■ /loirs mi iiiii'is iiiiisiy joliir i.iirc et dis])oser de la dite terre. eonuue de chose a luy apartcuante, au meieii des pn'.sentes, traiisportunt le dit seigiu'Ur bailleur pcair et au profit du (iit fsrs /loii:-' it (ikiiis idiiav) prenenr et retenai.t, de paier au dit seijjnenr bailleur, on aux siens et avails cause, ii i/mfiinr litre ijiie re suit, on a scs ollicier.s coininis par luv, mi sn/ de ceus par cha(|ue arpeiit de fr(>iit : i/iiiiniiite ito/.i par clnupie arpent de front sur quaraiite de profoiideur en iinjenl tminwi.s, I'aii ile Fninee 1) six Urns et III pinstrc il' EsjHiyne • o'/ «(«//.>.■ ciiksi ) w pourra vcudre, lioniier, ccdcr, traiis]iorter ou ctlianger la ditc tcrrc a ancnucs eoiMUMinautis, ou j^'cus de main uiortc, a jieinc de conu>iis'c, (|ni dcnu'urcra cnconrnc par la scule traditicm dn contrat de vente, doiial inn, cessioi , transport on I iliaULrc (pii eu sera ]>assc. et sans anemic forme on (ignrc de pn)<|'is. (^nc !c dit prencur fsvs liuirs ou a'iniis (((iiscj nc pourra di i;uerpir. aliandonner et remcitre la ditc tcrrc an dit seigneur, (pi'elle ue suit en lion ctat de culture, et sans avoir an jmalalilc ])aiV' an dit seii;iu'nr les am rajres dn dit ecus, des ditcs rentes foueii res et seiiincurialcs, droits it devoirs annnels et easucls, ipii pourraient ctrc dus sur la ditc tcrrc dc tout le passi' el jn.s(prau procliaiu ternic ."i t elicoir. Une le dit prencur isis Imirs it I'lnns iniisr) portera ses grains nioiulrc an nioidin haniial. Iiir.~(/'i'il j/ ai curd mi il'i'lalih/, it itrs iinsitiiin s si'lfisaiis j mu- aitri !i :iii- Ir ilil iii'iiiHii, suns j.ir/i- iin I'.it s'iijiriir, a peine dc coutisca'ion dcs grain-- ct d';uiiende arliitr.iire. Qw le (lit prencur tieniira fen et lieu sur la ditc tcrrc. ct la di fridiera dans une anucc a comjiter du jonr dc la date dcs ]>r( scutes, sous peine dc r( nindn an douiainc du dit sei- gneur de pleiu droit; ct (jn'!! y fera liatir ct constrnirc ranuee en snivantc une maison logcalili', urau"!' et efaldc ; (pi'il cutrcticndra et mainticnilra le tout en lion i tat ; (|u'il niettra la ditc tcrrc CM valenr et la garuira de liestiaux, tcUemcnt (|ue sur icelle, le> dits ecus, rentes foncii res ct sciiiia'uriales. aiusi (jue tons les antrcs droits aninu'lles ct ci iisuels puissent aisi ment i trc pris ct pcrcns. (Jue le dit prencnr fsrs hoirs d iikiiis ciiiisrj donncra ou fonruira an dit seigneur baillcnr une jonruc f dc corvres a sa demaiule ou dc --es otlieiers. ou la sonime ilr iiminuili snls iDiinmi.-. an elioix et option du dit seigneur et ses aiaiis cause ; ct (|ue dans le cas ou la ditc tcrrc X iendrait a if re divisic entre jiinsieiir-s luriliers on ae(purenrs. iis serout cliaiini d'enx, ct nn seul poiir le tout, tcnn solidaireiueut de la ditc jonrnee de corvee, on a paicr an dit seigneur haillenr la ditc sonnne de i/iiiinintc sols luiininis par eliaenne annte. Que le dit prencur deciai- vrira les deserts dc ses voisins a mesure ([u'ils en aaront besoin; ipi'il laissera et fonruira tons les eliemins (pii serout juges mcessaircs par le dit seigneur, ou jiar les oHiciers dn roy jionr I'utilitc indili(pn' ; (piil les fera et eutretiendra, ainsi (pu- les clotures, ct ccUes mitoicnncs entre ses voisins ; (pi'il fera aligner et liorner la ditc tcrrc dans tonte sa laigcin- et ]irofoiulenr a .ses frais I'M M i^M ; 478 AIM'KNDIX. ot (It-pens; vt (luo Ic (lit prciiiMir i.-^cs /loirs (t iii/iiiis laiifcj svwi tciiii de pliinter cli.Kiuc aiiiui', ciiiijointi'iiii'iit iivcc U's ailtri's liiiljitini.s do la diti' M'ijfiicuric, uii iAIiiy. doiit il aura bcsoiii ])(iur cliarjieiite et foiistriii'tion, taut de son nianoir sei^rneurial, nuinlin, ej^lisc, et presbitero, (|Ue ])(mr tons antres liatimenH (|u'il fera constrtiire snr le doniaiiie (ju'il >e reservera, Se reserve anssi le (lit seii.'iienr l)ailleur. la ])rojiriete des mines, niiniiresit niineranx, si aucuns se trouvent dans I'etendne de la dite eoncessi(jn fim.v tmiivs li vhiitura (I/jo.-th (/(OIS Ir fi/rc jir)mi/if'di> irn dite ne'iiincuriv ) et le terrain propre a constrnire et edirier nn nionlin bannal de la eontenanee de six arpens en (piarre, sans ('tre leini ii ancnn di doniniaj^enient, a nioins (jne ees six arpens nn partie d'ieenx ne soient cidtivi s on mis en \alenr, antpiel cas le dit seiirneur s'oldi^'e de paier an dit |)renenr '''■/ .svy (liaiiii cauxcj le jirix dn dit terrain on jiarlie d'ieeiny, snr restiniation (pli en sera faite par exji. -ts elioisis et nonnnes ])ar le dit seii;nein' et le (lit prenenr, et tons les bois de elu ne propres a !a eonsii-'ietion des \aisseanx de sa majeste, nnijiiniii mcnl an li/rc (/'■ sd (//V.v fcif/iii uric ; anx(p(elles dites cliariics, clansos, conditions, obliirations et reserves, le dit preneur et retenant po\ir liiy ''•vix lairs it (ir:iii< niiifij (ilpiijj:e. alKecte et liipolliccpie tons et eliaenns ses biens nieubles et immenbles. prisons et avenir, et sjh eialenient la dite terre, (pi'il proniet et s'obliue par ces ])resentes cultiver, batir et entretenir en bon etat, jionr la sriret('' des dits ceiis, rentes foneieres el seitiin-nrialcs, droits et devoirs annnels et censnels, et s'obliire en ontre de t'onrniraii dit seiu;nenr baillenr a ses frais et d( pens nne expi (lit!"ii dn pri sent eontrat, sons linit jours de la dalte des pr(.sentes. I'romettant. \e. oldigeant. \c. renoniant, N.c fail c/ jmssi-, \c. I\r>THrCTIC)N.S TO K.AIIGnAXTS JHi'I'itIimI t(i in iMiu'e I'^lt. ) l..|'j i I I.I Lfiuds ill I pjnr Vnmuhi. 't> he ilis/iu.-ii'il nj' /)■/ tin- ( inituln ( luiij.iiiii/. //iciirj.iini/i'd hi/ Hm/ctl ('hiir'i'r niid III uf I'lirHiniiiiit iii l.'s'Jd. i)uti:( runs. Cliarles lJo.-an(|Uet, I'sij. l.orrnior. William T. Ilibbert, Estj. Cliarlcs Franks. Ks(|. I)e/iii/i/-(,\it(|. Hart Logan, Ks(|. Robert Downie, Ks(j. James :\laekillo|i, Esip M. V. John Kastliope, hlsi^. JMartin T. Snntli, Ksq. John Fnllarton, Ks(|. Ilemy Usborne, Ks(i. Al I'lTOHS. Thomas Poynder, Jnn. Esq. John WooUey, Es(|, James (Jooden, Esq. ]st. Dctiicficd I.ddf or yrpanili: [•'iirms, fruiii .'jd In iMIII iwrfs nii!i, friillcrcd thrmiyli the dijf'rri iil IniriLiliijii ill ihv jirnriiirc. These lots arc in many instances inKsrspersed in the old settlements, and have tiie advatita're (if established roads in tlieir innnediate vicinitv. APPENDIX. 47<) Till" C'(iin])nny iin' sclliiij; tlii'sc lots at pricis varyiiifT fi'')in ".•<•. (i(/- to 20s. an acre, ono-lit'lli payabli' (lo\\ii, and the ri'niaiiidcr (wliicli iiidiistrious si'ttliTs would be uldu to pay out of the crops) by annual instalnionts in five years, with intrrt'st. '_''/. BloiliK uj' land, contmnimj Jhiiii 1,0(10 lo 10,000 (teres em/i, siliiiitrd in l/ic u;strni tUstrirt.i iif the /Jidriiivc. A tiiwii called (iuel]di has been built i:i a central situation, on one of the most considerable of tliese bloc'lis ill the fiore district, and roads liave been opened at the ex]iense of the ('onipaiiv to the various touiishiiis around ; and one main road is now in operation from (iuel|ih to Dundan, ih ihich latter i)li'i ill b( the dt idl the back to' sh hcconu' fetchiufj, with the nu'n' ditference of carriage, as hiuli a j)rice there and at Klamboroujrli, whicii is 'JO miles distant from Ciuelph, as at \drk, wliert it is shipped for the Montreal market' Upwards of 'JOO liouses are now built; a tirst-rate stone grist-mill will be in o])eratioii in January, is.'tl ; there are several taverns, where board and lodjiing nuiy be procured on nii lerate terms ; and tradesmen of most descriptions are anioUij its iidiabitants, which amount to diout SOO. Huildinjr-lots of a (piarter of an acre sell at 10 dollars; farms in the vicinity fetch fnnii l.'i.v. to lOx. per acre, uhich a few years ago were sold at 7s. Cttl. to IC.s-. t'ttl. and \.')s. tli'' highest. .Settlers with ca])ital, who prefer establisbiiif; themselves on land on which jiartial clearings have been made and hig-honses erected, ■\\ill generally (ind lots whh such improvements i'^ir sale. This .irises from persons going o.'ginally in very destitute circumstances, or rather depeiulent on the Company's assistance, who, having succeeded on tlieir lots, are willing to sell their land w itli a reasonable profit to new coiners, at t;om four to six dollars, with the imjirove- mcnts on the sanii', houses, barns, I'^-c. These individuals generallv remove further westward, having acquired sutlicient knowledge of the conutrv, and })urchase on the Huron Tract, whicli is ecpial in ((ualitv. at from Tv. (i(/. to iOy, pi-r acre. Persons possessing small capitals will tind the upper province tlu' most desirable pU't of tln' Colony to ti\ themselves in, especially if tbev have larLic families. (Ine hundred pounds on arrival at the spot will enable an industrious person to support his familv, because in jiurcbasing land one-fifth only is required to be paid down, an! the remainder, with the advantage of having roads and a good marker .vithin :.' I miles, can lie made off the farm in time to meet the instal- ments ; and in no one ' lance ha"c the Companv. since its formation, liad occasion to resort to compulsion fur aii\ arn ;rB. A large bloi-k ( f iand in the township of \\'ilmot has been surveyed, laid out into firms, and •' roful cut tlirc'igh it from iJ'ie'i h. leading to the Huron Tract and again tIiro\igh that to Goderich. on '. i.' •, Huron. A considerable stream, offering gre.it advantages for mill-seats and hydraulic purpose-.. Hows through part of this block. lid. The lluriiu rerrititn/ — a /rnd uj' \ .\OOXi(H) iiercs. /'< f/ie s/iajx n*' n Irinmjlr, ih- base beiiKj iiboKt (10 miles in lemjth. n.tiuij on Luke Huron, and having a direct navigable eontninniealian through Lakes Erie and Ontario lo the ^lllantie. The Company have laid out a t( ■11 in this district, called Goderich, at the confluence of the River IMaitland with Lake Huron, which promises, from its local advantages, ti" become one of the most important and flourishing settlements in the province. :} a 'J ll 'I' 1 ^ \ 8 I I i 480 4 m (i I'i APPENDIX. A considerable niinibor of rntcrprisiiig colonists, and among tlicm many possessed of capital, have this season sold their old cultivated farms on Yonge-street near York, and pro- ceeded to Cidderich, ulicre there is a grist-mill, saw-mill, brick-kiln, tavern, &e.: a considerable (juantity of land has reci'iitly been taken up by iheni, at from ".'••• (if/- to !(),«. per acre: with this party are several old American settlers, who have been I "i and 'JO years in the province, which is a strong j)roof of the goodness both of soil and situation, they being, from experiejice, the best judges. The harbour, the only one on the Canadian side of the lake, is capable of contain- ing vessels of the iiurthen of 'JOO tons ; ami it has been established as a port of entry, which will ensure to the inhabitants a great share of the trade with the ujipiT countries, and their ojiposite neighbours in the new settlements in the United States. 'I'lie scenery on the Hiver iMaithmd has been described as more like Knglish than any other in America. There is abundance of brick-earth and potters' clay in every direction round the town. The establishments at rjoderieb have been formed bv the Comjiaiiy, princijallv to afford facilities, encouragement, and protection to settlers, who nuiy be disj)osed to iiurebase and im- ])rove the adJoiuiuLT lands. Hoads are in progress, as marked out in the map, from (ioderich to the town of Loiulon, \v here they will join the Talbot road, and connect the Huron Tract with Port Talbot and the various settlements and towns on Lake Erie and the Niagara frontier, (.'attle and jirovisions can be olitained in abundance by this route, or the still more easy water connnunication bet\veeii (ioderich and the old \\ell-cultivated settlenu'Uts of Saiulwieh. Andierstburgh and Detroit. For the making of ro.uls, and tnuards the im]iin\ inuiit of \vater-com'nunlc.itions, the building of churches, school-houses, bridges, wharfs and other works, for the iicnetit and accom- iiiodation of the pulilic, tlie Company have engaged to expend a sum of .1. IS, 000 in the Huron Tract ; all such wurks and improvements to be approved of and sanctioned by the local authorities. With respect to the soil in the Huron Tract, it is ciuly necessary to (piote the words of the surve\(ir who has been employed to lav out tlic line of road to coiniect (ioderich \\ith the Talbot settlements through the heart of liie Tract, viz. — ^" Tiie (juality of the soil through the whole .'';{ miles is such, that I l;a\c not seen its e(|ual in the ])rovince ; the soil is generally composed of a deep, rich, black loam .uid thiidv tindiered. For the pur]tose of the intended road, there is not one mile in the v\bol(! distance otherwise than favourable ; and there arc four permanent streams, branches of nuiin rivers." And with respect to the important consideration of climate, reference may be made to the subjoined report. The commissioners in I'pper Canada have directions to treat with associations of settlers for l.irge (|nantitii's or even whole blocks of land, if any should prefer this course ; and there will be eviTV disposition to encourage small capitalists and enterprising aiul industrious emi- grants by the most extended credit, on such conditions as may be only consistent with the Hnal security of the Companv. To the .igricultural class of emigrants everv possible encouragement is given : such jis are simply (iesir.)us to obtain \\ork, if they proceed direct to York are more sure to obtain it tlian in the lower priivince, where the rate of wages is much lower: the general ])riee to a farming htbour.r in the neighbourhood of York, Gueljrh and (ioderich varies from eight to t\\elve doUars ArrKNDix. 4«1 JUT inoiitli iiiid liislioanl. Sdtiic tlioiisiiiids IiiikIlcI lust scasim at V'ork.and all fmiiiil ciii|)loyiii('Mt. ^V'(^rkillfi artisans, jmrticularly lilacksiiiitlis. carpenters, hricklavcrs, masons, c'iMi])i'rs, millwrights and wlii'i-lwri^lits, jjct liijili watrcs and iirc mndi wantcil. Indiistrions men mav look t'nruard u'itli contidfnco to an im|irovi'iiiciit in their situation, as they mav save ennu^h out ofipue season's work to 1 ny land theiiisclvi's in settled torviisliips. It is also a matter of much encourap'inent to the jioor cla>s of emif:rant^ to know that the leirislature, aided hy the assist- ance of some gentlemen in and alionl York, have erected a commodious lirick liuilding in York and to jirevent the inconvenience th for the temjMirary use of sucii emi};rants as may need it, which has lia|i|iened from their not ljeiii<,r aide to find aeeummodation at inns on their first a''rival. It will he the duty of the xiiierintendeul of that e-.|aldi>hnieut to seek out emp!o\-, al'd direct those who w i>h it to pervons in the eountrv who re(piire servants: last season much <;rain, within fifteen and twenty miles of York, was wasted for want of hands in the harvest. The soil and country possess every reijuisite for farniint;-pur|)oses and comfortahle settle- ment, which is proved liy tin- ex]ierience of the in.'.merou.s industriinis emij;rants now settled there. The samples of l'])per I'anada \\ h.'at have not lieeii exceedtd in (|uality hy anv in tlie Dritish market duriui; th past year. r pop alati i.f th pro whici 1 Is rapiiUv lone there to increasinj;, consists, almost exclusively, of persons from (ireat Uritaiu, who have settle. The taxes are very trifling', and there are ui> tithes. The expense of clearinij; the land ready for seed is ahout II per acre, if paid for in money ; hut if done hy the jiurchasers them- .selves, they must em|plov part of their time at wajics, or possess some means of their own I'assa''es to (Jneliec ma\ lie ohtaiued on the most reasonalile terms from an\ of tiie unreal iip]iiMir-po •ts in (ireat lirit;iiu Irel 1U(I It Is eNiiedien le mav have tlie s\imiiier th l.el t that the emii:rant should endiarl id leisure to settle his fanii!\ lire liim, ai early in the season, that h comfortahlv liefore the winter sets in. The expense of conveyinj; a familv from a port in the liiiled iIini;'dom to York, I'pper Canada, is ;is follows ; — i'H torthe passa^' of an adult from Iviiilaud toCjuehec ; children I 1 Id.-. ; provisions ahout as much more: and from Indand and .*"cotlaud ciiiisidi'r;d)ly less. From thence to York the eNpense is alimit i'2 for an adult ami tl for children, without provisions. Thi' Company's aj:ents, on tlie arrival of eniijirants at (Jueliec or ^lontreal, will, for the present season, convev, at the Ciinuianv'< expense, purchasers who pav a first instalment, in Lieidon, Qui'liec, or Montreal, of t\vo sliiliiufis an acre ujion not less than one hundred aces, to the head of Lake t)Mtario, w hieo is in the vicinitv of their choicest 1 uids, :nid their aj;ents in ail parts of the upjier province will -iive s\ich eniiizrints every informatiou and u.ssistauco in their poncr. .Sliould emii;rants, on arriv;d, not settle on the Company's lands, the money i)aid iiy tliem will he retunu'd, deiiuctin^ the actual ex]iense of couvevauce to York. No lieavv or cumlirous hau.ijie ouiiht to lie taken — household furniture, iron utensils, imphinents of hnstiaiulry ; — in siiort, all articles of cousideral !e hulk or weii;ht will cost, in f'reifrht ami carriage, mor4' than the expense of re|ilacin<: them in Ujiper Canada ; besides the tro\dile of their conveyance, tlu' risk of liamafre, and the danner of articles carried from Kujiland or Ireland heiufi found nii>nited for use in -America. The !)a^pi;.ie of emigrants should consist oulv of their wearing-apparel, with such liedding and utensils for cooking as may lie re(|uired on the voyage ; and any articles of clothing not intemli'd to he used at sea oughl to he [)acked in water-tight ease« or trnid< I'lni^nitiiij; 1" (';iiiiiil;i ^'iviiij; li'tti'is (if iTtilil . Tntjl No. l)f iUTl'.s L^tanted In |tlu' pr.iMii I i-ial M'iTi*- I laryV li»l. \. No. Tnl; ■ lo.n.t L'ta.tci cnll.n \... I No. \n. n. r.ital No. "I" iiiTcii rc- inainiiit! iiiil^Tanli'«l wiihiii the II whoh* ui Ml part. I \n. 7. Vimntiiin III' acres in t(>\viis|)i|iti not yet siirveytff. (iraiiil lota UKSKHVA llnS.s. M'pro- prialeil for 1 tin- main- ' i( acri'>. ii' inainin^ uii^rantt.tl. eiiana-anr Appro -iipporl or , priati.l for :hf proifst the erovvii. , ant i!ern> within the province. | ?w ()(),(;!»>■ ■^.(iJO.H o.ii V . i'.KHV.i ■■{ .-K ),.-,()0 ;j Jj^l , '.!» !, l-m, 17 1.U«,:} 1 ( l l,(i7!i, its I .i;w,.-3 HI i j;j;j,->m!) I'' i;! AITENDIX. XVI II. General Statemeut of the Laiidft jL>raiife(f in Free and Connnon Sv in the Prorinee of Loner ( 'ontn/t/, within the nndermentioned Toicnshipn, irhirh have been laid out and .sniidirided .since the ijeur 17!)."). •showing (dm the proportional Ke}ierv(ition.s for Crown and ('/eri>!fJ'roni the ',*({/// March, 1S11. NihijIkt \ lt»trvn l{L-«iTva. 1 J'OUNSIIll'S. Ily wlioiii j;ranicil. I.iail, rs ol' Tinvii-liiiiv. Date (It the Talent vi Acri* I 'II'. tiir 'idiis ttir uranliil. ,1 rnwM. (Ur^.y. Alii'icroinby •Settlers Kir; }!(! !d Al'tlMI .Mr. l{ol)itaille l.CMMI 200 21.0 J Actiiii 11(111. '1'. Dunn (ieornc Walters .\il.so|i|( .Inly -22, ]!!(»(» I'l.ddi j Aftiiii llou. T. Dunn, President (I'otlier .\laiin. \e. \c. Ditto L'l'.ll.-.il 1 HOC i,;.42 j Anii;ij:Ii . (ieneral I'reseott Thouipson and lilais ,(ul\ i:<, 17!t!l •J.KiO 110 (l;io Artliiiliiiskii Sir \\. S. .Alilue.s . .lulin (iregory .^eiUeniberliO, Ifil'J Il,.V.o 2 7: 50 2.100 Ascot Ditto Settlers " ' . ."..J 1711 l.lliO 1.1:0 Asciit Ditto Tlioinas Scott .April l'I. 1H(« I'O.UiJ! ■1 2no 1,200 1 Ascot (icneriil I'rescotI .James Hanjfs .March J(i. 1)!1 1 JdU Asciit fiord Dalhoiisie (eliieliy) W. H. I-'eUoii and others IflKitoDlL'land Ifli'll 11). no ;{.:i(io ;;2.-.o .Asliiiiril . Sir (ieorirc l'r^■\•()^t lill 1 to l.JdO 2.'i(i 2.')0 A>t(iii II 111. T. Dunn .Sundry persons February 17, lliCMi 27.127 .-. l.-,4 •MM 7 A^toii Aiij;r.iL'ntutioii Astiiii lion. T. Dunn .John NelMin .June ^7, UKKi I.2(k) .\stiMi Augmentation . •V. (J. Douglas (100 KiO .Vui kland Hon. T. Dunn S Koleury '"eschanibault ( ) and others \ April :(, 1)!0(1 2.^.1 Ooj 4.-100 4,400 15;iri(prtl . Sir 1{. S. lAlilnes . .L W. Clarke, I'^ipiire Ajiiil I.-., \V\\1 27.7-';(m Sir. J. Il.lraijr . Ditto. .AlarehlL'. liilO 1 ;{..-. K! .-.!!..-. 12 .-,f!.-.12 ! HaiiiNtoii Ditto \\'illiaiu .Soiiureille .Illlie 111. Mill ;{2(Mi 15:ii-iiNt(m Lord Dalhousii' IJrandie Xovcmber iJil. l!,l.'l 1 it II 1 12(1 120' itl,\ii(ll'or(I Ditto Sniidrv persons ;!7.l(t(i /.(KM 7200 1 'illltllM (ieneral I'reseott Nicholas Austin Ditto, 17117 (L'.iL'l 12.11tO 12 4('0 1 Hraiiiloii Lord Dalliousie Edmund Anti'olius Februaiv. ll!:2(juiie .Vugiist lii. 17117 4(;.200| 11. OHO !},o;io 1 liriiiiiptoii Sir 1{. S. .A.'ihics . \\'illiam JJarnard .November -l', \\W.\ lo.7.'i:{| 7,tt. Jf,0(IO 1 I{i-(iin]it(iii Settlers 2721 .'.4 r.2 1 : J)nili<;iit(ill Ditto .Su'idrv persons 7001 140 140 1 ' I{niuo ilOO, ' IJtu'lviiiuliam Sundry jiersons 2.I(KI 4)10 4(iO MiH'kiiiiiliain Sir \\. S. IMilnes . Captain Hobertsim November ■!' . 17!);) 21100I 420 420 , JJuckiiiu'liaiii Ditto Fortune and Ha«ley .launarv -Jl'. 1 !!(»:{ Ultlo^ :v.")7o .1,.S()0 ' IJucklaiul Hon. T. Dunn Sundr\' jiersons November I'd. \Vm 12.1i!:i 2.4:<:{ 2:5(17 Miilstrode Sir H. S. Millies . Patrick Laiigau .Mav L>7, l!i(i:i 21 l(i:i. 4.(!II4 4 »1I4 IJmy Ditto Cahiu .Alay . .Ma'rch l."i. lii(« 11 .moI 2:{lo 2.:ilo Cliatliam Sundrv per.sons li.200 1,040 1,040 Cliatliam General I'reseott . P. L. r'anet.S.Wm. Fortune .Alarch 1."., 17;ll» 2 200 410 410 Cliatluim lion. T. Dunn S Col. 1)1. Hobertsou and i I Dr. S. Fraser ) December :n. 1 }!()() ."..2.")0 )!00 }!00 ! Chatham (ieneral Prescott . Sundry persons January 10, U312 i:V.:$lit I I I ! < Si r uw^ AIMM.NDIX. 1 Tow Nsiiir'?*. Uv whini ^rmilitl. ( licxtci- ... ( li Mcr Sir H. S. .Millies . ClnstlT Ditto (•ll.^tl•^ . (•|i.'>l(r Lord D.diioiisie Cliri'iiiloii < lifioii (iciii'ral I'riM'ntt ('lll'tnll . Sir U. S. Aldnes ('lirioii Ditto Clit'toll Sir .lolin .siierlinKikc Clllltoli Sir l\. S. .Millies . ( 'iiin|itoii Ditto ( 'c>lii|itoll Sir J. II. Crai;,' Dittcii Sir 1!. S. Miln.s . Dm-M'i Ditto Dlidvwrll I).1.1-.\(VII Ditto Dmlsuvll l)ll(l>«vll Lord DallioM-ie Diiiiliaiii . ' DiMili.im . Fionl DonliistiT Diii'liMin Diirliani . .Sir 15. S. Aliln.s . Diiiliain Diti.. Diii'liaiii (ii'iiiM-al I'ifM-ott Diirliain Iloii. '1 . Dunn Diirliain Loi'il D. illioii-.il' Diirluuii Ditto Diirli.iiii Ditto Kanllfv . Ditto Karillcy . lion. T. Dium IvilillI K.ttoii .Sir 1!. S. .Milnrs . Kaioii Ditto Katoii (^mral IVcscott Katoii H.Mi. T. Diitm Eh Sir 11. S. Miliios . Ely Sir J. II. Craiu EI\ Sir (f. I'rcvost Ki; .sir ( i. (ionliin Fanilunn (ii'i'.i'ral IVc-i-citt Kaniliaiii Hon. T. Dnim Fariiliaiu Sir .(. II. Craiir Fariiliain Loril Daliiou>ic Frainptoii Sir James Kempt . Fraiii|)toii 11(111 T. Dniiii Krainptoii Sir J. Il.Craij: Frainptoii Loll! Daliionsic Frain]ilnii Ditto Frainpton Ditto Friiin|it()ii . . Ditto DJNtrict (if (Jaspc . . >ir Janus Krinpt Gdilinanclifstir Ditto 1 (foiltnam-licsti'r Sir .F. II. Cr.i^ (JoilinarR'lu'.stt'r (leiieral I'rescott (i(»(liiiaiicht'stt'r 1 Ilin. T. Diimi Godinaiiclicstcr 1 Lord Dallidiisio fiodinancho.stor Ditto LiaiUrs lit' Tiiwiisliip' Sundry persons Simon .M'r.ivisii, Ksipiin .Siindr> person> Frain-is llaliy and otliers .lolin L.nie Snndr\ |iersoiis Da\ id Stew 11(1 .Siimlrv persons .Mar\ ItaiMct Jane .Moriartv J. F. IIoIImik'I •Fe-.se I'eiinou'r Ditto M. II. \'eoinaiis Jolin lll..el< . Snndiv ]iersoiis .lolin Misliop . .Snndr\ ollieers Lawretiee Castle .Siimlry persons Tlionias Dunn, Ks(piire Sundry persons Thomas .Sciitt St. FraMi;()is Indians I )on. .M'Lean and lanii .Mrs. \\'id(av Davidson J. L. Ployart (ieorjre .Mexander . .lolm (iass .Foliii .AI'Laiiie and I'amil Sundry persons Ditto .losia Sawcr . Isaai- Oiideli .losepli ( 'miiniini.; Caniiil and otli":- . Anios Lav. .'iinior . Doi'eas I liirii.'ns J W. Clarke .Sundry persons .SamtU'l (iaie, vVe. .lane ( '\i'. ler, \o. .lolin .\llsiipp. \c. \c. Siindrx ]iersons Ditto IV K Desl.arat, iVf. iS:c-. Sniidry ^iraiitecs Snnilrv ]iers(iiis 1{<>\ tl Insiitiition . ly J. T. \\ ilsoii and others, ) (» U! Itnnitees /" I Tllos. .'Mercei! -t.ytl others i ' liy a":eiit \\ nt, llelider- ^■ f son, 'Jti firaiwtvs y Itoliiii and Co. Snndrv persons Rohert Klliee. \c. \c. John M-Kindlav and others I)iiif (if ilu' I'uiiiit. \unil»T Iti'siTVii. IIimh.i. Ill .VcrcK lidim for !iiiiii« inr ^'riinU'il. I riiwn. lliri.';. Suildi P. He I \ per-'oils iiiK'lierville IVier Lukiii .lidN 17, I1I02 April II. IHO.'i nil 7 to I )[->;( to liiji: .Line i;l 17!I1» .Mardi .'•, ll!0:t Jii!\ -J.'i, IIKIM to IIIIC .Mav 'J I. IIMCJ An^nst .'II, IllOli .March lL>. IJlKt Aiav i:(, l)io:i Deeemlier :U>, I71l!l .Mav i:i, iH(i;t to DiJJ to l!!-J7 Felirnary 2. \~Ui\ AiiLTiist :{(>, ifiuj .Inne t2fi, UiOII .lannarv II. DIM Ulll 11(27 I»L'7 lit:>)i .Vn-nst 'J'J, IH(»(i Deeemlier I. 1)1(1(1 Mareli 1. Itidl Deeemlier I 7, DIIJ lill.-. Xovemlier LJ. l;i(L> Jaiiiiarv 21, liill 11 III UIKi Oetolier -A', 17!lil .Septeliiliir !l, l)!(l.". Fehniarv 1 I. iJIOit Ifi-JI JiiK 10. LN(i(i SepVeniI»rr !». I»(t)! 1J!-M to l!l2(i Dwemlier 7, li!l.'7 Sept. 1}L»7 Jun. 11138 .Mav 10, lltl2 .lannarv 4. U!14 111 14 t('i UJl.". I}t2.". 1H27 2.i"27 :)iM) ."iiiii 1 1. .•..■.( 1 2,:iio 2.:il(i 11,7(»7 2,:»2o 2,:t:](i M.CHIO (l(N) (ilHI lidO KIO ICll 2IH 210 2I0 12,(i()(l 2,.".2(i 2,.VJ(i 2;«..-.i(i 4,itl4 .'i.OIII 7,(i;t.-. L.'.iU l.oro (i(i(i 120 1-ji 1 1 ,.-..■.(» 2,.-. 10 2.1(111 2(1, KiO .■.,2:.o .-. 2,-.0 i:t,ll(i I1,;m(» 2,:il(i 2.(1(1 .'ill. (11 10 10,710 lo,7l<' TilM) i(Hl IlKI iij;:j2 2.247 2, l(i:{ :{,(i(Hi (loo (i(i(i IKIO KiO hill 2( II 1 40 Id •lO.ll'.l.'i )I,4(MI ){,loo :t(io 72 72 2l.!i<)l 1,110 4. Ill) It.l.'iO 1,(120 i,:[i;.-. 12,72(1 2,4(Mt 2,(1011 .")(I0 100 iiiii 200 40 111 200 40 111 1,.".00 Moo Kllli r»,2.'.o i,;i!t(» 1 .■.'7,-. i,:too 2(10 2i;ii 2.".,ii20 r),2.'io l,i'ii.'ii i;,;too 1,(1110 I.JIIHI 2( H 1 :!.loo (iOO III III 11. mO 2;{io 2.:(l(i (;,'io 11.(100 2,200 2 '2' III 4,200 )!00 ill III 2;{,(io(t i,it:r iUm\ li,:v_»(n (KM) llKl iJKi 2,.V->(r l.'.tl ti l-'(l, 2.:ii(» / tl K) Hi Ml lO iO 10' I ■)(» -J.lMdi M) i(»,7Hi; .1, ,V>(i! M) (•J IMI (Ml IM) !•'» liO JO ■'J(! tUI) !U0 >(MI lOO i.'iO k(M) >(> (I IMI IMI "ill i:tii IMI IM) (Ml nil ?> I( |(M)| 2,217: i;(M)| KiOj to n,i(M) 7'i I.IIOj l,(!2(i| .iiii) 2,:tlii 2,:iJii I'll Ml |i;ii lilii ■J..VJII .'(.(III I I .urn I'.ii 2.1IHI ."i -J.Mi 2:tlii 1(1,7111 llMI 2, lllii III II I lilii III K.IIHI :•-' •I. till I,: {I'm 2. KM)' KMI 4(1 •to :i(M) i;5ii(i 2(1(1 "),2."i( I.IIHO' (i(MI 2:U(i 2,(11111 Inn •in •in :vm! 1.27.-. 2ilii l.il-Jii I.! '.'.Ill mill 2.:un M) M) ii) tliO Ml IMI il 2,200 2. '2' in )ilK){ i;nn l,ti; 1 (MM) I i-Jn 2.212 •_' -'(in I i,:mo l,,'.|n 201 -Jn •11, •IJiO ?•.• TM 11 if -■70 »J0 v. 12 1 lir.o }«)(» MM) 400 Alburn ■)50 100 lilO 7:i7 )i.Vl iinii •lIHI Ll'I.H 1(N) itSiiiipsdi I GodiiiitnciioHti'r Godinani'lii'Htor I Graiiliy (Iriiiili)' . (ir:iiiliy,AMiltoii (ii.inliy . (ir.iiilpy Griiiiliv (iraiitliaiii (ii';nitli;iin (ii'aiith;>iii ' (iri'iivilU; (ilrliville I Gri'iiN illi' I (ifciivillr (ifciivillu Avij,;iiHMitatiiiri I Til i tax Ilalit'.ix Halifax Halifax Ham Ham Il.imiltuit Hat!.-v . HutlcV . lI,ill.'V . IlallcV llallry . Hcmmin^^fonl Ilniimin^rfiird Ili'mmiii^t'oi'il H('mmin<;:fiir(l Ilrmtiiiiii^'foril llcmiiiiii^fiinl Hrinmiii<;l'iii'(t Hi'iifiinl liiiic'liiiiliriMik Hiiu'liiniiniiik ilnK'liiiiliriiiik HiiK'liiiiliriMik Hiiu-liinliriKik I : ntliiiilirnok I ! iiu'liiiiliroiik Ihiivliiiiliroiik '(loiliiiaiifhoti' Hull Hull Hull lluntcrstiivMi Ill^•l■|•lll',^.•> Iii\rriic'.N.s Inxoriu'ss hivcrm'ss Ireland . Ilv wluMii uriUiit'il. Litrd DallioiiNir Dittii Sir n. .S. Mil.M's , Hun. T. Dunn Ditlii liurd l)alliuusii> Ditlci •Sir U. S. .»Iilnrs i riuTc arc 21) lut'' !;i\ I'U in : iiiixtiin a.s('i|nivaU'iils to ( till' iriiwn rcsiTVfs (iOi'd l>allii)usii> , Sir .1. H. Craig Ditto Lord Dalliciusif Sir n. S. Milnt-s Ditlii Ijiird Dalliou^'ic Ditto Sir .). H. Craiji (ifucral Pn-seott liord Dalliousic Sir 11. S. Alilncs . Ditto Lord Dallioiisic (i<'ni'ral I'rc.scott Sir 1{. S ,AHInc'> . Ditto Ditto Hon. 'I'. Dunn (icncral l'r('.M.'ott Ditto (icncral I'rcscitt Sir (Jco. I'lvvost Fiord l)alliou.-ic Ditto Ditto Ditto Hon. T. DuMM Ditto Lord Dallioii.sic Sir U. S. .Milucs Sir ]{. S. M\]m> Sir .1. H. Craii: Lord l)allion:>ic ,Sir James Konijit Iii'>uliT> of Town>lii|i<. Dittc uf llif I'uicnt. .NiiiiilKr It s.rvii- HrMr\;i. ■ it .Xcn'K tiii.n Inr |iiiin< I'lir ( Hniiiii'tl, t niwii. I Irny. i Df noiivillcinid DcMsliilicrc { S Koyal Institution, 2 \'il- d (• la;,'c lot.s of '. an acre each V .Sundry persons J Ollieers \ privates, llri- 1 \ tisli militia j Siiiulry persons .In. iAIarj^arcl Isab. .Simjison I'eter .sjii ppard , . j Frost and (iridiN . . ] Idcutcn.uit-Colonel Hcriot j William (irant . i 3 IIoii. John nii-hard.soii \ / ( Josias Wastell ^ Sundry persons Ditto Archiliald Campliell .Snndrv persons Arcliiliald < '.uupliell licuj.imin .loliert Alattliew Scott Captain Dickon Pascal tie la 'I'erricrc Partial irraut . ALirtha, Mitchell . Siimlry persons Ditto Henry Cull . JMo.-es I loll s fatnih W. H. Fclt( n and i>theis 1'. ami H. Memich Settlers Koliert (iordon Sundry iicrsoiis .Matthew Scott Dn. .MXaujiht Stephen .Si \\c1I John (iraves and others Lieut -Col. Sir 15. W'illianis Snndrv jicrsons (Jilhcrt Miller Liiiit. Col. 1!. Kllice, cS:c .Sundry jicrsons JM. and S. .Stevenson .Tohii Campliell 'I'hos. AILcary (iardiiu'r ( Sundi-y persons liv auciil | \ \\ illiam How roll ) I'hilcmon Wri^dit . Kohert Mandall P. Wrisiht, l';.s(|. and others ,Iohn .loiies .Snndrv ]icrsoiis William .\l(iillivray Hohert Skinner Snndrv persons Ditto Anril. U127 11127 January 11, lt!0;{ Jniv 20, ukm; Julv :(. DKMi 11127 June, li!27 .May II, 1)100 lill.". I A.I... 1 .1 1.-) 2111) 2, KM)! :«i,i.-)2 2„".2() 421 .'■(M) 700; (iOOi KtO 7,!Mlli I KM) ill), .\..|..M 2)111 4X0 KM) 110 Jaimarv 211, IfiOH IVccmiier 12, 111H» lill 1 t . Il!2i; A ,;.'nst. 111-:,* .Aii^LTUsi 7 II 1(12 June 2,'i. I!!ll,"i 1!!2I If;.';! Kcliruarv (i. 1 1 101 1 D.'cemlMr :il, Itlll .Alaich li;2i .March 2,^, llli:l l-'cl)ruar\ 21, Inll.'i lill 7 to |)!2,". Xovcmlier, ll!2(i .Marcii 11!, I7IM) ,Fuiic 1 7. lima Dccemlier 21. Il!01 .Alaich 27, 11:04 .SeptemiHr 1!!, Hill .March III, lill 4 ( :)(),2(MI 1 i^raiili-il u I I ...I'lij.n.l i 2,2.V) 1 .2(;( (in; 7,110!) (i(MI ll.,Vil) ll,2i:{! liool l!(Ml! 1,21 10, l,2(M)l 1 t,l!(Ml' (l,.".02 2:i,4!i:!' 2.;!0l .i.:{7.' 21 M) 111 Ml 20,1 KM) (!..-.:t(! 2..">20 121) ;i,2iM) 120, 120 .■i,2."iO, ."..2.")0 r. .«ii n- i "4 .. r.,.. ill. II.., iii.i.,iii 1 y.v2(M» |II.Ulll'\ I I llllitnl I J Jauuarv :l, I 700 Dcc.iiiiicr :!0, Kill li!l I to liil,') .Viijrust. 11127 Au-ust, 11127 1!I27 July, II 127 ,laiinarv ii. IIIIMl •Scpicnilicr 21, 1(107 1112:{ to li!27 April 20, IlilM) Ati^Mist !). i;il)2 June II!, li.ll 11122 to ll!2(i 420 211 I ,rd;o 120 2.:u(i 2,:uo lliO I III I 2011 I n.iMMi I,: KM I. 'l.l!!Ml| :i7i, oi.v 10 do l,l(io 1.707 r.oi 114 420 4(M> l,')(!0 120 2,:uo 2,:i20 Kill lill) 2(H> :i,(MM> l,:i(Mi •I 010 :i)!4 ill.-. ID III) •Lliio 1.707 :a)1 114 ,' •.■mI1;i.... ' ll.ini 4.', 1,2(M) 1 III 210 (I.! II II l.:!,'.'i l.il.V. .V2(M) 1,010 1,010 :i.7io I ir.,4iij 2,200 2,202 44; 4' I i,.i, ri I f .wn^ rit.li ! ; (i(M) 120; 20 2(M) ii.iM 4o II ,„ io n,:J ;';:„„i 1,700 i:i,70l| 2,4112 2.2 1;« (lllO, I ij!,:!;!;i :,.iv» ;5.7.mi 21.020, 4,11011 4. (KM) :{.:ii() (ijo 11, .Ml) 2,;iio (KM) 1,010 :ii'ii .■.,!!00 1,110 ---- (170 2.:no ;!Hit 1,140, I ■ii\G API'KNniX. Niiiiiliir .irv«- l(e«i'rvn. TdW.^IIII'S. Hy wlioni granltd. 1 I.CIMllTII(ll'Town'l.il)». Datcot'tlif Patent. oCAcnii iiiiia lor 111)11. I'nr (rniKiil. rimti. ( lirny. Jrolmid .... Sir n. S Alilnes . .(oscpli Froliislier . AiljXiist 'JO. IMOl ll.VVt 'J.;«l(» 2,:»io Iri'hind Siiiidrv persons IH'J-Mi. IM-JI5 'l.l!M»^ 111(1 illO Iri'liiml I.iird Didliiiiisic ' P.iilla'nd Jl!t»7 J o:uH) 1 -J(l() 1 MdO Jcrit'v Sir .Linus Kempt I lonoiiralile ('. Itoweii .V.'.KJI M(i!) i.i:ui Kil(l;irf . Ditto Siinilrv ]iersons :).i(to 701; 77(1 Kil(l;iri! Sir H. S. Alilnes . I' .M.De La \'altrie . June 21. \nm n.txo 1 i'MO 2.12(1 Kildiirt' . .Siiiidrv ]iersons l)L>2 to MI-JO I). no 11,22 1.K22 Kildiin- Liiid D;dliollsie .liiliii (leather Jaiiiiirv. ]H'J7 21 HI 40 Id Kill;. liny I'lirre and .fost'jili Cli'iiieiit KelinmVy I'.t, IH'JO 1 (100 :i2(> ;(2(i Kiii.rcy . Sir .lames Ki'mpt Siindrv jiersi'm 2(M) 4d Id Kill;r>(.y . Sir H S. .Miln.s (ieorm' Loniroiorc . June 7, 1003 I1.I7H 2. III! 2.1-JJ KiiifTsi'v . Ditto Alajor Holland's fumily. ^c. .lanuiirv 2!t. MiO.") II.I'.IH 2,l:{2 1 O'.lll Killirsi-y . Sir .1. II. Criiif.' I'",d\\ard IJa\iies June 111. 11(11 (I0(» Kiii;;>;.7 . Kiiij;si'y . (iiMcrul I'riseott Donald .A! Lean and family .lannarv 11. Illl 1 Sundry persons Ui'IA to IH-JO ri.too l.dltd 1 Olid 1 KiiifiM'y . l.'ii-d Dalliousie (ieor^fe iVlexander . lft:i7 ti(MI 120 120 Lu'jds Sundry jiersons .'Jtifl'i 71(0 7110 Leeds Sir n. S Milnes . Isaae Todd UiOl 1 1 .700 2.42(1 2,(i:(d , Lr'«'ds tji aend I'reseott . (Jeorfie Hamilton . Deeendier 7. IHU >i,(HI2 Lci'ds Ditto Lords Snndrv ]iersons Dll t to Di-Ji; 0,000 1,-J(td 1,'Jdd IaM'iIs Lord DalliiPiisie W. Iir\.l(H \ W. (ireiiier Novenilier, lil-JO .•'.;',o (k; (k; Leeds Ditto Hill liiailJoek . ' . April Ui27 iOd i-jd i-jd Leeds ; I)itt(. Will l'"iaser . 1)I'J7 100 2d 'Jd Leeds Ditto .1. .Aliliar and Conkuortli llt-J7 200 ;■))( .".)( Leeds Ditto (ieorixe .\le\aiider . U!'J7 200 4dl 40 Leeds Ditto \\ illiaiii Saunders . .lannarv. UiJft Dto :{2 ;(2 Liii^wiok Hon. .1. Dnnn .Siiiidrv ^'rantees Mareli'7. IH07 LKmO 2,(iO(!< 2,l(id fjiii^rwiek (leneral I'reseott Hon. .lolin Voiing . Mareli'Jl, Dill 17,i 70| 7d Orford . '■ Sir 1!. S. Milnes , Luke Knoulton ! Aiavi'., inoi 12.202 2.701 2.l(i-J Orford 1 i C. H. Kelton 1 1H1() to lf{20 20( 40 4(1 Potton 1 (ieneral Prescott Lauelilan AI'Lean . Oelober ;{I, 17!)7 0,0(M l,2(iO l,2(Ki ; Potton . Sir K. S. Milne.5 . , Henry K niter : .luiv 27. i«o;} 27,.-.}!0 ;1,r)U) o.-'illi ' Potton 1 1 Sir J. II. Craig 1 . 1 Tlionias Shepherd . i , JulV li(, 1«10 210 1 I iiiiiliir MiMrva- Urxrvn.. Acrr" tliuiiitiir iimi- I'nr iiiiiiil. ('niwn. ( lirny. ri.KM) 1.(111(1 1 Olid ,(>:«< UI,)IJ7 (Mi! jti,i:,:i r.,o:!2 (UIM l.!l()( !l)t(i iXld i.t(i( 2! id 21 ic 2\,r>\i (;,()!)(• (;27:< :>(K ) 1(1(1 10(1 .')(»( t Idd idd «l!.,'t2( > 7,:)(;i 7.74;i i(»( > fid (!(l l-2.(i(l( » 2,1(1(1 2.10(1 1 1 .:,.-( ) 2:{i( 2. (Id I'J'.Ki 2.:<:n 2.:.2(; i.i:r 1 •J.V. > K Id 1.(17: < 21( 2 Id 2(1(17 •AAi » 7< 1 '" 12.2(1; 2 2,7(tl ■ 2,l(!2 2(l( » K 1 1(1 (i.O(H » 1 ,2(;( » 1,20(1 27,:.!! ) r>,5i( i ;'>,:• Ki 21 t i AIM'KNDIX. UM 1 ,"i.".o: 2,:no 2,:«io 'i.i*io| It Id It 10 .'(Hij Id .jo I 2'- liMi l,ddd. ||.inis(iiiilld((, Stiiiistniil l,2(K»,S|]i|itiiii i 2 000, \ (iiMiil.y 1.200 ' Slu'iili-y . Slicrrinutiiii Slit'rrJhLrtdii SJii'iTiiiLttoii Sln'rriii;:t(iii SIii|it(iu fSlii|ptiiu .Siiiip.soii . Siinp.suii . .'^Illlll't'sct .Stiiiiliriil^c Stillllloll . St;llll'..lll . Stull--t(Mll StilllstlMll .Sluiisti'iid .StaiiNti';i(l Stailstt'inl Sloki' St.ik.' Sidiichatii .*^tiiilcliaiii .StiiMcliani .StiPiii'liam Sliiki'lcy .'^tuki'lcy .''^iittiiii Siittim riiiijiiitiiii 'i'clll|ilrliill 'i'clllplclull ri'lll|ilrlii|l 'l'o\vkf>lairv 'rt'\vki".liiiry Tew ki'sburv Tlu'tf.rd 'i'iiijiw ilk 'riiijjiuiik Tiiijiu ilk Triiisi (inicral I'liMud .■^ir n. S. Aliliic.', Lord l)alliiiiiiti(> Dittii Mir n. S. Milihs Lnril l>alliiiiisii' .Sir H. .S. Alilin!, lilM'd DalilllUKii' 1 ptilll I'l.t. •^ir .' 11. C'raiit Dittii Ditto ral I'rrsciitt 1; .S MiJii,.!* . .1.11. l'rai;< Sir H '-. .Millies . Ditlii Diito . Sir.l. ILCiai- Sir 1!. S. .Millies . Dittii Ditto Sir.l. II. Craiu' Sir H. S. .Millies . Ditto Ditto . Lnril Dalliiiiisie Sir K. >. Millies . Sir (i. Druiiiiiioiul . I Ditto . .Sir .Inliii .Slit'iliroiil^c i I Hum. T. Duiiii I l. . Ijiir* liT ii>>M< liir I NS'iiliain OMfood. Km|. HII.'i to IIIKI Hiiadry )ii'r->oii!i .laiiif. .>a\vir . . Ditto I7I':' H.lli-iiiv MniereaiidSelliv .l.iiiu.iry II. lllO.'i Sundry iierMxis . .' III22 to 111211 Hoderitk MKeii/ie , j to 11127 Siiiidix |irrsiilis I Ditto Ditto .lollll Su\|lltl' Fraiiein Laii^iudoe. ICmj. .Fnnu'H (ilcnny liaii^iiedoe . ] Kraiiris llal>v and o|! •• ! Siisaii ami .M.irjjar.' I riluy Ilonoiiralde .1. Viii:'i,( ICliner ( 'ii^liiiii; . I .Iiiiiic- Mall' id I Iiit'Uteiiaiit-< oloiii'l Ileriot J OlIieer.H and I'riv ilr> of f I till' Call idiait .Militia \ Ditto Illi^'li Filllay, H»(|. .Siindrv jierMiiiN .lelikiii \\'illi.iiii>. \e. Stiiidrv ]ier>oiis Isaae O-dell . Itii'li.ird Adams Siiiidrv |ier»oiis Sir H'S .Miliu JiUiies Cowan \ Minor Cliililieii of \\';;'.. \ I Mdtltelli.l )' Siindrv ]ieisiiiis Ki'iieliii ( h.i'idler . •S (iraliaiii (;. Iliuiar Samuel W ill.iiil S l!ii;lit Hev. ,1 icoli. Lord I ( IJivlio]) of (Jiiiliee . j Siindiy |perMiiis ( Cliiif .(ii-.tiii' t)--;j:oijd iv / 1 .Mrs. D.ividson t, 1 .Siindrv persons .Nrelnliald .M .Mell.iii. \e. •laini's (iri'fii Sundry jiraiitees Coiirtenay Cajitain \\'nlf Denis lietoiirilean . .lollll Alervin Xootli Siindrv persons Ditto Hon. .1. Yoiiii|r iS; others SiMidrv persons Ditto Da\ id Alexander (Jraiit .l.ilinar\ II. Il!0:i Addit lolls Felirii.ir* 10. Illdl .lime, 1(127 May 1. 11110 V.'niirv 22. Kllid .^l,■ 2'.!,' 1(I0!» remliir lid. Hill Dr.emlier \. llld;l .Inly 10, KliO Ditto 11102 Ditto 1(101 SeptemlMr 1, IflOd II IKHI 1 !HIO 1 !HIO l.iidd odn 10 2711 ; ii.iJC. .■.(i(;!i2 117:^''! ll,7:»i» I 210 { j ;i2it{ 100, 100 1 LM:t.V !t,:t2ii cm 17 i:i(i7!to 7.4(!:i 7 mo 11 7'.MI (1,(12(1 i! lilO [ 2 ll'.t I2d' ■120 .lnl\ .'!. l;'07 2(11110 1 Idd CO 110 .S,p|eiiilier 27. KidO 27.7-'i' .■|,2"ii" .".,0 10 1), eemli'T (i, lildll 1 27(1 2ld 17:1 .\ui:iist 2, l(tO,'» :t.'.7)i .-.11 .-.11 Mareli 12. 1(110 21,1 i; 1 Kilnnaiv lil 1(102 I:!,(i2ii !<».■. 12 11 1112 All-list 2il, 1(1(12 1 ::i:i. ■ 1 - 1 . * ' r * ' :ir(; loo' !'•' CO .Ma\ 1 1 1(100 i 21 Odd :{,i:t: :i,-l2ii lino to l!:2ii 2i d n 10 .liil\ 11127 •2< 11 1 ic Id Xoveliii.er :«, KlOd 2.1 (i2.". l,2di' 1 (:."iO IflKI ■ •11:;.-. (,.'tl 7:M .Vir'irl :tl. IJ!02 : III,'. II in il.dd.)' 7 coo .lulv 1(117 i ■l.iidd (lid; (iilO l.():i.". 2' d' 200 .M.uvli 2(i, 1(107 ' (Ill III 2d.V_' 1 ,i 2!) April 11.27 lliil ?2' 72 NoMinli.r 2il. llldfl • ( I ( 121 1 1 IK) ! d : d S,.ptemlier 11!. IflOd 2 Odd •KM I'C ;\lav 1. IliOO 21. Odd ) did 1,020 Xovendier 10, ll'02 2:1.100 1 1 ;•.'(> 1 Ud Kid Ill (to •laimarv 2:5. lliOl 2:l.7:!d r> did •1 (i20 1(117 21. (Idd ■1 -JDII 1 200 .Inly 20, 11101 _'2!i|l."» \ lod i 100 2.iii:', .•hid r.iio .\l:iy 21, ICdd 2.'.,-JdO ."..210 .".,000 .'J u # s^^.. %<> ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // :/. f/u 1.0 I.I Jria lllllM 2.2 ^ 1^ 12.0 IL25 i 1.4 1.6 V <^ /i % '>?' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV iV •1>' :\ \ ;\ %^\ ^1? -^%N A' z *^ ^ 48P, APPENDIX. 1 Number Reserva- j Reservii. ' TowNsiiirs. Hy wliom granted. Leaders of Townships. D.1U! of the Patent. )f Acres granted. tions tor Crown. tiiiii>tcir ' (l.rt-y. 1 Uptiiii .... Sir J. II. Craig Lewis Schmidt and fani. .May 27, 1!!00 (ill Wcndovcr, Remnant or ) Aufrmcntation . . \ C. Dc Montcnaeh . 5G5 113 1 i:v Weiu over Augmentation W. Gibson . 300 (iO (;oi Wcntwortli Sir J. II. Craig Jane de IMontmoulin, I've. June 3, 1809 12,390 ■Westbury Sir R. S. .Milnes . Henry Caldwell JIarch 13, 1804 12.2C2 2,701 2,1(1:2 Wickham Lieutenant-Colonel Ileriot 754 1".0 l.-,(i Wickham Ditto . William Lindsay August 31, 1802 23,753 5,304 4,41!!) Wiclvliam Ditto and others Since 1814 ) 28,945 l^rantctl or oucupied. Crown Ri- ser vcs, induilinf^ (|Ufin(iiy i^ranlcif. 4,3111 'V'indsor Ditto . 'Mary Charlotte de Castellc IMay 17, 1804 420 84 84, Windsor .... Ditto . f Officers and Privates of \ X the Canadian INlilitia J July 14, 1802 50,900 10,041 10,00.-) Windfjor, Simpson, Somer- i [ set, and Nelson ' i Sir J. n. Craig Sundry persons December 27, 1808 3,780 Wolfstown Ditto 1,500 300 300 Wolfsto^vIl Sir R. S. Milnos Nicholas Montour August 14, 1802 11,550 2,310 2,310 r I Kciicrva. tiiinst'or CrowM, Hl.-i.rv;l., ti(in> tor I (■UT.-y. I -MTENDIX. t8!) M7 Kid 4,n:u) 2,4(1(1 4(1 2,731) ;}2() (>(> ii:3 (50 2,701 5,:w4 Crown IXv servts, im-luiiinp iiuantity I'nmtL'il. }!4 ]0,G41 300 2,310 U7| lliOl 4,ii;)(i 2,1(MI Id 2,2(;(; 3-2(( (ill' 113 (i(ll 2,4(;2i l,-i()l 4,4«y 4,31 1 lO.COol 3001 2,310' t XIX. Award oj the K'nig' of the Ketherhntds. TRANSLATION. William, iy the Grace of did, King of the Nethrrlnmh, Prince of Orn>i//c, Xassan, Grand Dukt of Luxemburg, &iC. &;C. Having accepted the functions of arbitrator, conferred upon us by the note of the Charge d'Aftaires of tlie United States of America, and by that of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Great Britain, to '{, 17'^>'' 177-5, and I'Jii'J, it was estaiilislied that Nova Scotia .slioidd lie bounded at the north, as far as the western extremit\' of the JJay des Chaleurs. by the southern boundary of the Province of Quebec ; that this delimitation is again found, with respect to the Province of Quebec, in the Conimi.ssion of the (iovernor General of Quebec of 17i{'>' wherein the language of the Proclamation pect to the last mentioned province, as well as in a great inindier of ma]i" anterior and posteri and which "wing to its continual changes, and the uncertainly which continued to e.xist respecting it. ireated from time to time differences between the provincial authorities. That there results from the line drawn under tiie 'i'reaty of \'Ji]:\ through the great lakes west of the Biver St. Lawrence, a departure from the ancient provincial charters with regard \(i those boundaries. That one would vainly attempt to explain why. if tlie intention was to retain the ancient jirovincial boundary, Mitchells Mwp, puiilished in 17'';">! and, consequently, anterior to the Proclamation of I'Jii'.i, and to tb ;ebec Act of 177'^) was jirecisely the one used in the negotiation of 17H.'{. That (ireat Britain jiropo.sed ai first the Uiver Pi.scataqua as the eastern boundary of the I 'nited States, and did not sii!isi Rivor Connecticut, iilonf; the piiraUel of tiie 4.")th degree of nortii latitiidc, to liie Itivcr St Lawrence, mimed in the treuties, Iniintois iind ('at!irni|ui. Coiisiih'riiifi, That the liij;h interested piirties dilfer in opinion as to tlie (jiii'stion, ulirtlier tlie treaties reipiiro a fresh survey of tiie w hole line of houndary from tin- Hiver ('onnectient to the River St. liawrence, named in tiie treaties, Iroquois or Cataracpii, or simply the completion ot tlie ancient provincial surveys. Considering, That the fifth article of the Treaty of Ghent of KM I does not stipiilati' tli.il such portion of the houndaries, \\liicli may not have hitlierto heeii snr\-e\ I'll, shall he surve\ed hut declares that the houndaries have not heen, and estahlishes that they shall lie, surveyed. That in effect such survey ought, in the relations hetween the t\^■o powers, to he considered as not having heen made from the Connecticut to the River St. ria\\rence, named in the Treaties Iroquoi.s or Cataru(pii, since the ancient survey was fimnd to he incorrect, and hail heen ordered, not hy a common accord of the t\\o powers, hut hy the ancient ])ri)\ incial authorities. That in determining the latitude of places it is customary to follow the principle of tlie ohserved latitude. And that the Government of the I'nited States of America has erected certain fortifications at the place called ]^)uses' Point, under impression that the ground formed part of their territory — an impression sufiiciently authorized hy the circumstance that the line had, until then, heen reputed to correspond with the 'l.'ith degree of nortli latitude. \\'e are of opinion that it will he suitahle (il conviendra) to proci'ed to fre;.h operations to measure the ohserved latitude, in order to mark out the houndury from the River Connecticut along the parallel of the 45th degree of nortli latitude to the River St. Lawrence, named in the Treaties Iroquois or Cataraqui, in such a manner, however, that in all cases at the placi- called Rouses' Point, the territory of the United States of America shall extend to the fort erected at that place, and shall include said fort and its kilometrical radius (rayon kilometrique.) Thus done and given under our royal seal at the Hague, this tenth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, and of our reign the eighteenth. \villia:\i. V^BRSTOLK De SoeleNj IMlnistcf of Foreign Affairs. 3 s2 4fK) APrilNDIX. XX. Protest of' I Iw ^tnicricaii Miiiititcr at the Coitrt of the Xcthcrhdid.s. Tlii' lliiniic. Jaiiuaiy \i, IH.'JI. Tlic uiidLTsijint'il, Ministor Plenipoteiitiiiry anil Envoy Extraonliniiry nf tin- rnited States of America, liad tin- lionour to riTcivc from the Imnils of His iMaji'sty, tlio Kiiijf of tlie Xctlii'r- lands, on the lOtli iiistaiit, a docuineiit pnrjxirtinji to i)f an uxiiri'ssion of his opinion on tlio several jKiints sinl)mittenar(li. Tliey iiavf, on llie contrary, (,'iven Ijini tlic most si'.Mnl jirinirs of tiieir consideration ,iiid ennrulence. In the present case especially, as any revision or substitution of boundary wir.itever had been steadily. luid in n 8])irit of unalterable dctornnimtion, lesistedat (iiiontand at Waslnn^tou, tliey had not anticipated the possibility of tiicre beinj; any occasion for dele^'atinj^ such powers. Anion!,' tlie (|iiestions tr> \\liieli tin' laii^'nafje of the Treaty of 17't.', already (pioted, >;ave rise between the lii^di parties interested is the foUowinj;, vi/. where at a point due north from the source of the Hiver St. Croix are " the hif^ldands which divide the rivers that empty tlieiii- sclvcs into the Hiver St. Lawrence from those that fall into the Atlantic Ocean.'" at uhicli same ])oint on said hif^hlanils was also to be found the north-west anj^le of the loiijr established, \^•ell known, and distinctlv defined Uritisli I'rovince of Xova Scotia. On the sonthern border of the Hiver St. Lawrence, and at the average distance from it of less than thirty Kiij^lish miles, there is an elevated raufi'c or eontinuatiou of broken hij;lilaiid> exteiidinii from Cape Hosieres south-westerly to the sources of Connecticut Hiver, forming' tlu' southern border of the basin of the St. Lawrence and the ligno dcs vcrs.uits of the rivers emptying into it. The same highlarils form also the ligne des vcrsaiits on the north of the Hiver Histigouclie, emptving itself into ilie Ray des Chaleurs, the Hiver St. .lohii with its northerly and westerly branches emptying into the Hay of Fundy, the l{iver I'eiioliscot with its north-westerly branches enijitying into the Hay of Penobscot, the I{ivers Kennebec and Androscoggin, ^vllosc united waters empty into the Hay of Sagadhock, and the Hiver Con- necticut enii)tying into the bay usually called Long Island Sound. These bays arc all open arms of the sea or Atlantic Ocean; are designated by their iianies on Miteliell's map; and with the single exccjitiou of Sagadhock are all ecpially well known and usually designated by their appropriate names. This ligne des versants constitutes the highlands of the Treaty, as claiiiieil by the United .States. There is another ligne des versants which Great liritain claims as the highlands of the treaty. It is the dividing ridgo that bounds the southern line of the basin of the Hiver .St. ,lohn, and divides the streams that tlow into the Hiver .St. .lohn from those which How into the IV'uohseot and .St. Croix. Xo ri\er flows from this dividing ridge into the Hiver St. Lawrence. On the contrary, nearly the whole of the basins of the St. .John and Hestigouche intervene. The source of the St. Croix also is in this very ligne des versants, and less than an Knglish mile distant from the source of a tributary stream of the .St. John. This proximity reducing the due north line of the treaty, as it were, to a point, compelled tlu' provincial agents of the IJiitish (lovernment to extend the due north line over this dividing ridge into the basin of the .St. ,101111, crossing its tributary streams to the distance of about forty miles from the source of the St. Croix, to the vicinity of an isolated hill between the tributary streams of the St. John. Connecting that isolated hill with the ligne des versants, as just described, by passing between said tributary streams, they claimed it as constituting the highlands of the treaty. These two ranges of highlands as thus described, the one contended for by the I'liited .'^tates, and the other by Creat Britain, His Majesty the arbiter regards as comporting ecjually well, in all respects, with the language of the treaty. It is not the intention of the undersigned in this 4f)8 AIMMADIX. place, tof|iiii>tiiiii ill the sli'ulitost dcun-c the cdrrt'i'tiicsH of IIIn AInjcsfy'iH omu'liisitin. IJiil wlioii till- iirliiliT |irii('i'r(lM to Miy. tlntt it uoiiM lie MiitaliU' to run the lim* liiic iiortli troin tlic ! of till' Rivor St Croix, not " to the liinliluiuU wliii-li dividi' the riviTs tliiit fall into tin- Atlantic Orisan, from those that fall into the Hivrr St. LavNTciicf," lint to tin* ci-ntri' of tlu' Hivcr St. .'ohii, tliciu'f to pans lip said river to the iiiontli of the lliver St. Francis, thence up the Hiver St. Francis to the source of its sonlh-wt'sterniiiost lirancii.and from thence liy a line drawn west into the point where it IntorNcctd the line of the highlands as claimed liy the I'liited HtatcK, and only from thence to pass " uloii;; said hi;;lilands ^vjiich divide the rivei's that fall into the Atlantic Ocean, from those which fall into the lliver .St. liawreiice, to the north-westernmost head of Connocticut River," thus aliandonin^ altogether the lioiindaries of the treaty, and Nuhstitutiiig fur them a distinct and ditferent line of demarcation, it becomes the duty uf the undvrHigncd, with the most perfect respect for the friendly views of the arhiter, to enter a protest a^jaiiist the proceedings, as ciiiisiiliiting a departure from the power delegated hy the high jiarties interested, in order that the rights and i.itorests of the I'liited StatcN may not he sujiposed to he coniiiiitted hy any ])resumcd acipiiescenco, on the part of their rc])roscntalive near his ..Majesty the King of the Netherlands. 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