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 A 
 
 REHUINIEU FROM 1 H !L A M Lli I C AN A:i 1 I Ql .\lf I A N . '.F t-T E M dE H. Ii-'J6 
 
 CERTAIN 
 
 SHAMANISTIC CEREMONIES AMONG 
 
 THE OJIBWAS 
 
 BY HARLAN I. SMITH 
 
CERTAIN SHAMANISTIC CEREMONIES AMONG 
 THE OJIBWAS. * 
 
 By Haki.a.n I. Smith. 
 
 Ambi<!( AN MrsiXM OF .N'atukai, IIisiorv, New Vork, 
 
 In the vicinity of Saginaw Bay and its tributaries there still 
 exist small, isolated bands of Ojibwa Indians, many living 
 upon their own land, somewhat as do the poorer class of white 
 farmers. They still retain some of their old customs, and al- 
 though most of them arc nominally Methodists, a surprisingly 
 large number, on close acquaintance, reveal the fact that the 
 influence and many of the old superstitions of the Mide still sur- 
 vive. These are overshadowed by white customs and Methodist 
 teachings, except to him who penetrates into their innermost 
 life as a friend, taking them as they are, and without attempt- 
 ing to change them. 
 
 Naturally the younger individuals, mingling more with the 
 whites and being educated at government or public schools, do 
 not acquire the knowledge of the language, or, much less, the 
 ancient ceremonies and folk-lore of their ancestors. 
 
 From some of the older people and early settlers have been 
 secured stray instances of shamanistic ceremonies practiced 
 upon the sick. Disconnected as these may be, and premature 
 as a description may seem, I have thought best to make them 
 known, without waiting for further study, in order that they 
 may be available to others. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Compau, a French fur trader, who settled in this 
 region when it belonged to the Indians, told me that, about 
 1841, while living upon the Cass River, about ten miles above 
 Saginaw, he was very sick with a severe pain for three or four 
 days. At that time Misht^gashing, an old shaman, whose son 
 now lives in Isabella County, came from near Tuscola. He 
 brought a hollow bone about six inches long, the size of one's 
 finger, and without administering any drug, or going through 
 noticeable movements or singing, he pressed the bone against 
 Mr. Compau's side and sucked through it very hard. He then 
 
 *Fresentc'd before the Section of Antliropoloy:y of the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, at the 45tli meeting, Huffulo, 1896. 
 
 ?^(. 
 
3 
 
 showed him a piece of black material, resemblinfj charcoal, 
 which he claimed to have sucked out of him through the tube, 
 and persuaded Mr. Compau that it had been the cause of the 
 pain, which would soon cease. Mr. Compau at once felt better 
 and soon recovered. He said he fully believed in the cure. 
 
 In Au<^ust, iS()6, from the old shaman, Katimshiwa, now 
 professini; to be a devout Methodist, I secured a bone tube, 
 which he claimed was the one he used for the removal of dis- 
 ease and pain. He was so sick and infirm as to be unable to 
 talk much, and left me in doubt as to the exact way in which he 
 employed the tube. Although undoubtedly it was used in the 
 well-known way for sucking out the disease spirit, yet from his 
 feeble attempts at ex[)lanation, and from what he told me on 
 former visits, I am led to believe that he also had it for other 
 mystic riles. This tube was deposited in the American Museum 
 of Natural History, New York. Cat. No. i,\r. 
 
 Mr. Lemorandi, who is of Ojibwa and French origin, and 
 who has lived and traded with the Indian.s tor many years, told 
 me the following: Nachchicome, who lived at the Foyganing 
 Settlement between .Saginaw and Hay City, was sick, and Sa- 
 ganima, a shaman of the Northern Peninsula, came to see 
 him. After singing all around him, he went to the sick man 
 and said: "I do not wonder you are sick. You have lost your 
 soul and are about to die. A raven took your soul away from 
 you. I can get it back." .Saganima then went to the mystic 
 wigwam he had made for the purpose, and went through his 
 ceremonial formula of words. He then transformed himself 
 into a hawk, and tlew up and away after Nachchicome's soul. 
 He soared over the middle of Lake Huron, where he saw the 
 raven, darted upon him, and wrested the stolen soul from him. 
 I le put it in a small box so it could not escape, and carried it back 
 to the mystic wigwam. Here he assumed his original form, 
 then went to the now nearly expired Nachchicome saying, 
 " I secured your soul." He then sang, and telling the sick 
 man to open his mouth, blew in the lost soul, and Nachchico- 
 me was well again. 
 
 Mr. Lemorandi is also authority for the following: when he 
 was buying furs near Mt. Pleasant in the spring while the In- 
 dians were making maple sugar, Sinogemaw's squaw was very 
 sick, and was going to die. They sent for Shawanasowa, an 
 old shaman, who came in a canoe with Mr. Lemorandi and be- 
 gan his ceremony with singing and the use of various little 
 
charms. I [c then ti)Ul them her .sf)ul was {^one, that another 
 shaman Nagaek had taken it, because he was an_<^ry. Shawa- 
 nasowa was more powerful than Nagaek, and in the ni^ht 
 went, by some superhuman power, several hundred nules to 
 visit him. lie obtained her soul, placed it in a small box for 
 safety, and brou}:jht it back. He had the sijuaw open her 
 nouth, and blew in the soul. She recovered and lived to be 
 an old woman. 
 
 Mrs. Mva Golson, the daughter of an early pioneer, told me 
 that as late as in iS66, when lier mother was livin<4 at the 
 mouth of the Cass River, and was sick with "chills and fever," 
 she went for an Ojibwa shaman, after failing to get relief from 
 her own people, When he came he refused to perft)rm his 
 ceremonies over her because she was a woman, and said his 
 squaw doctored women, he cured men. 1 ie went for his squaw 
 and returned in about two weeks, having waited for the time 
 most favorable for the cure. Two scjuaws came with him. 
 After bringing them he went away in his canoe, but returned 
 for them when they were through. The old squaw began by 
 covering her patient with many blankets. Then she made her 
 a drink by boiling powdered " herbs, barks and roots." After 
 part of this had been swallowed the remainder was placed un- 
 der the blankets and left to steam, while the blankets were 
 kept down tight. Then these blankets were removed, one by 
 one, until about the usual bed covering remained. This occu- 
 pied about four hours of the afternoon. She came the next 
 day, found her patient well, and, receiving her compensation, 
 went her wa\^ 
 
 From Katimshiwa have also been obtainetl si)ecimens of 
 his medicines.