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8uperii\tendeivt Iiistitutioix for BHinl,

Halifax, N. S.
1879.

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Halifax, N. S.
1879.

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NOVA SCOTIA PHlN'HNG CO.

Corner SackvUU and GranviUe Streets,
Halifax.

LIVES OF

/sjlii BRIEIAN Ai OLM MELl;

Z)r. S. G. Howe, Director of the Perkins Institute for the
Blind, Boston, Mass., U. S.

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[These two persons though totally blind and
if, and therefore speechless, succeeded in learn-
to work so well as to earn a livelihoo'd. They
TQ excellently to illustrate the capacity of
id persons to work and thereby support
jmselves, and particularly so because, if they
\o, besides lacking sight, lacked also another
)ortant sense, can do it, a portion of those who
[l have, in addition, the sense of hearing, can
it.

)nly three or four cases of this kind are men-
led in* history, and those but vaguely, and
lout any distinct fact, save that of combined
idness and mutism.

16 question has been discussed by writers on
[philosophy of education, whether beings in
lan form, but so closely shorn of those senses
lisite for communing with the outer world,
|d be taught any systematic language for such
nunion. The renowned Abbe Sicard, of
naturally proud of his success, and of

ice.

his eminent authority in matters connected with
the education of deaf mutes, formed the opinion,
in his learned speculations, that they might be,
and he made some rough observations about his
mode of proceedure, should such a case ever come
to his knowledge. But none ever came to his
knowledge, or to that of any other regular
teacher, in any language with which I am
acquainted. It was therefore considered as an
open question whether such a person, if found,
could be taught any system of signs which would
serve for a language ; but Sicard did not venture,
I think, to suggest any way by which it could be
done. I often, while reading or thinking of the
matter, had asked myself the same question soon
after becoming familiar with tlie usual methods
of teaching the blind and the deaf mutes, and I
resolved to make the attempt to teach the first
one I should hear of. When, therefore, I read
in a country paper an account written by Dr.
Muzzey, of a girl in New Hampshire said to be
devoid of sight, hearing and smell, I started
forthwith to ascertain the facts of the case.

LAURA BRIDGEMAN.

I found in a little village in the mountains, a
pretty and lively girl, about six years old, who
was totally blind and deaf, and who had only a
very indistinct sense of smell : so indistinct that,
unlike other young deaf mutes, who are con-
tinually smelling at things, she did not smell
even at her food. This sense afterwards de-
veloped itself a little but was never much used
or relied upon by her. She lost her senses by

o be I

arted

ns, a
who

ily a

that,
con-

araell
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used

IS by

scarlet fever so early tliat she has no recollection
of any exercine of them. Her father was a sub-
stantial farmer, and his wife a very intelligent
woman. My proposal to give regular instruction
to the child seemed to be a very wild one. But
the mother, a woman of considerable natural
ability, animated by Wixrm love for her daughter,
eagerly assented to my proposal, and in a few
days little Laura was brought to my house in
Boston, and placed under regular instruction by
levssons improvised for the occasion. I required
her by signs which she soon came to understand
to devote several hours a day to learning to use
her hands, and to acquiring command of her
muscles and limbs. But my principal aim and
hope was to enable her to recognize the twenty-
six signs which represent the letters of the
alphabet. She submitted to the process patiently,
though without understanding its purpose.

I will here give a rou^h sketch of the means
which I contrived for her mental developement.
I first selected short monosyllables, so that the
sign v/hich she was to learn might be as simple
as possible. I placed before her, on the table, a
pen and a pin, and then, making her take notice
of the fingers of one of my hands, I placed them
in the three positions used as signs of the manual
alphabet of deaf mutes, for the letters p, e, n,
and made her feel them, over and over again,
many times, so that they might be associated
together in her mind. I did the same with the
pin and repeated it scores of times. She at last
perceived that the signs were complex, and that
the middle sign of the one, that is the e, differed
from the middle sign of the other that is i.

>*'i

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This was the first steps gained. This process
was repeated over and over, hundreds of times,
until, finally, tlie association was established in
her mind between the sii^n composed of three
signs, and expressed by three positions of my
fingers, and the article itself, so that when I held
up the pen to her she would herself make the
complex sign ; and when I made the complex
sign on my fingers, she would triumphantly pick
up the pen, and hold it up before me, as much as
to say, " This is what you want." Then the
same process was gone over with the pin, until
the association in her mind was intimate and
complete between the two articles, and the com-
plex positions of the fingei-s. She had thus
learned the arbitrary signs, or the names of the
two dift'erent things. She seemed conscious of
having understood and done what I wanted, for
she smiled, while I exclaimed, " Eureka !
Eureka!" I now felt that the first step had been
taken successfully, and that this was the only
really difficult one, because by continuing the
same process by which she had become enabled
to distinguish two articles, by two arbit?'ary
signs, she cjould go on :.>nd learn to express in
signs two thousand, and, finally, the forty and
odd thousand signs, or words in the English
language.

Having learned that the sign for these two
articles, pin and pen, was conjposed of three
signs, she would perceive that in order to learn
the names of other things, she had got to learn
other signs. I went on with monosyllables, as
being the simplest, and she learned gradually one
sign of a letter from another, until she knew all

the
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the arbitrary, tangible twenty-six letters of tho
alphabet, and how to arrange them to express
various objects : knife, fork, spoon, thread and
the like.

Afterwards she learned the nanies of numerals
or digits ; of the punctuation and exclamation
and interrjogation points, — some forty-six in all.
With these she could express the name of every-
thing, of every thought, of every feeling, and all
the numberless shades thereof.

She had got the " Open Sesdme" to the whole
treasury of the English language. She seemed
aware of the importance of the process, and
worked at it eagerly and incessantly, taking up
various articles and inquiring hy gestures and
looks what signs upon her fingers were to be piit
together in order to express their names. At
times she was too radiant with delight to be able
to conceal her emotions. It sometimes occurred
to me that she was like a person alone and help-
less in a dark, deep, still pit, and that I was
letting down a cord and dangling it about, in
hopes she might find it ; and that finally she
would seize it by cliance and cling to it, be
drawn up by it into the light of day, and into
human society. And it did so happen ; and thus
she instinctively and unconsciously aided in her
happy deliverance. After she had mastered the
system of arbitrary signs, made by the various
positions of the fingeis used by deaf nmtes and
called dactylology, the next process was to teach
lier to recognize the same signs in types, with the
outlines of the letters embossed upon their ends.
Thus with types, tw^o embossed with p, two with
n, one with e, and another with i, she could, by

netting them side by side in the quadrilateral
holes in the blind man's slate, make the sign pen
or pin, as she wished ; and so with other signs.
The next process was to teach her that when a
certain kind of paper was pressed firmly upon
the ends of these types, held close together and
side by side, there would be a tangible sign cm
the reverse of the paper, as pin or pen, according
to the position of the three types ; that she could
feel of this paper, distinguish the letters, and so
read ; and that these signs could be varied and
multiplied, and put together in order, and so
make a book.

Tien she was provided with types having the
outlines of the letters made with projecting pin
points, which, when pressed upon stifl'ened paper,

{nerced through, and left a dotted outline of each
ettcr upon the reverse side. This, she soon
ascertained, could serve for writing down what-
ever she desired, and be read by herself, and also
could be addressed to friends and sent to them
by mail.

She was also taught to write letters and words
with a lead -pencil, by the aid of the French
writing board, which is the n.ost simple, most
effective, and cheapest method ever yet invented.
This apparatus is made out of a piece of stiff
pasteboard, of the size of a common meet of letter
paper, and has grooved lines or channels, about
the eighth of an inch deep, running, an inch
apart, transversely across the pasteboard plate.
This pasteboard is inserted between the two
pages of a common sheet of letter paper, and the
first leaf is pressed with the forefinger into the
grooves. This leaves depressions or channels.

teral
I pen
ligns.
en a
upon
r and
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rding
could
id so
{ and
id so

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ig pin
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iwhat-
d also

them

linels.

the upp<»rand iower edge of which can he foUhy
the pencil point, and this, a little ])rcs.se(l, leaves
it marked with an o, or an i ot a. t The sides
of the grooves also give to tVie paper which is
pressed between i\iem rounded edges, .so that the
pencil can slide upwards and downwards, over
and under them, and also be guided from left to
right- It would occupy more space than can be
spared here to explain how, after she had learned
the names of substantial noun«, or names of
things in the concrete, she came to understand
words expressive of the various material, or
moral qualities thereof. The process was slow
and diiiicult, but i was so ai<led by her native
shrewdness and licr love for learning new thiugSi,
that success followed. For instance, she knew
that some girls and women of her acquaintance
were very sweet and amiable in their tempers,
because they treated her so kindly, and caressed
her so constantly. She knew also that others
were quite different in their deportment ; that
they avoided or repelled her, and were abrupt in
their motions and gestures while in contact with
her, and might be called, therefore, sour in their
tempers. By a little skill she was made to
associate in her mind, the fii*st person with a
«weet apple, the other with a sour apple, and so
there was a sign for a moral quality. This is a
rough illustration ; but it is hard to explain the
process by which any children come to under-
stand the names of things in the abstract, or
moral qualities. Success came of faith and
patience, and reliance upon her having the native
desire and capacity for acqu.iing a complete
arbitrary language, which desire had now become

quickened to a passion for learning new signs.
Moreover I was greatly aided from the stai*t by
young lady teachers, who became in love with
the work, and devoto<l themselves to it with
saintly patience and perseverance. Then great
assistance was given by the blind pupils, many
of whom learned the manual alphabet and took
every opportunity of uning it and conversing
"with Tiaura. Thus early in the process the
material and moral advantages of language began
to show themselves. Without it the girls could
only manifest their interest in Laura, and their
affection for her, as one does with a baby, by
caresses, sugar plums and other gifts, and by
leading her up and down and helping her in
various ways. With it they began human inter-
course through regular language.

And so she went on, diligently and happily,
for a score or more of years, until at last she
acquired a large vocabulary of words, and could
converse readily and rapid iy with all deaf mutes,
and all persons who could use these signs. She
could read printed books readily and easily ;
finding out for herself, for insta,nce, any chapter
and verse of Scripture. She could also read
letters from her friends in pricked type, or by
the Braille system of points. She could also
write d'^wn her own thoughts and experiences in
a diary, and could keep up a correspondence with
her family and friends by sending to them letters
in i^encil, and receiving tlieir answers either in
pricked letters, which she could read by the
touch, or letters writtta with ink or pencil,
which could be road to hfcr by some confidential
seeing person.

no)

Thus was she happily broutrht at last into easy
and free relations with her fellow creatures, and
made one of the human family. ^i

I take this opportunity to say that I<a,ura is
now about forty-nine years old, and has for many
years contrived to earn a little money by making
bead-baskets and Ouher trinkets ; and she has
the interest of two thousand dollars bequeathed,
to her by her excellent friends, Mrs. Abby, and
her daughter, Abby M Loring. She has also a
home during the cold season at the Institution ;
but still she barely receives enough for necessary
articles of dress, whereas she has a feminine
delight in personal ornamentation. She loves to
have showy and fashionable dresses, bonnets and
the like, and trinkets for the dressing table ; and
it would give me great pleasure to gratify her
innocent taste to a reasonable, and even to a
little unreasonable, degree.

During many years Laura passed most of her
time in exercises such as those just described,
new ones being devised as she proceeded. She
spent as many hours daily in her studies and
mental work as was consistent with her health ;
but all the rest of the time was given to gymnas-
tics, or learning to handle domestic implements,
as the broom, the dish cloth and the needle ; to
sew, to knit, to braid, to occupy herself in simple
house work, sweeping floors, dusting furniture,
making beds ; finally, to more difficult kinds of
work, as crochet-work and the like. In all these
things she succeeded so well J-hat she is now
capable of earning a livelihood as assistant to
any kind and intelligent housekeeper who would
accommodate her work to Laura's ways.

Tlie method of instiTiction was of course novel
and the process long and tedious, extending over
several years, until she canie to be able to read
and understand books in raised lettei*» ,' to mark
€lown vai'iously shaped signs upon % grooved
paper, and so write letters legible by the eye ; to
attain a pretty wide connnand of the words of
the English laugnage, to spell them out rapi ily
and correctly, and to express her thoughts in
visible signs, and in good Ekiglish. To make all
this fully understood by specimens of her style as
she used the language of childhood, will require
a good sized volume ; and I contine myself now
merely to saying that in the course of twenty
years she was enabled to do it all.

She has attained such facility for talking in
the manual alphabet that I regret Umt I dicl not
try to teach her to f^eak by the jal organs, or
regular speech. The few words slic has learned
to pronounce audibly, prove that she could have
learned more.

I propose to give later a minute account of the
instruction of this dear child, and the condition
into which it has brought her, but I must limit
myself here to an expression of the tboucfht and
principle which gave me courage to l>egin, and
perseverance to finish the work.

OLIVER CASWELL.

The next case of this kind which I heard of
was tliat of a boy^named Oliver Caswell. This
was after my success in developing the latent
talent of Tjaura Bridgeman.

I immediately sought him out, and found him

to be a comely youth, of about 8 ycar» old, in
good health, but totally blind and deaf from
tender infancy, and unins true ted by any special
process.

I procured his admission into our Institution ;
and by the aid of the zealous and intelligent
young ladies who had been engage<i in training
Laura, proceeded, by the ftame methods and con-
Uivances as had been devised for her instruction,
to develope his means of communication with
others. After long, oft repeateci, and patient
efforts, he got hold of the thread by which he
was led out of his dark and isolated labyrinth
into light. He learned to express his thoughts
by the manual alphabet ; to recognize the signs
of letters made by the fingers of another person ;
to write legible letters to his family ; to
read his Bible and other books ; and also to work
(loxteriously at simple trades, such as making
laooms and dooi-mats, bottoming chaire a ). the
like. Laura herself took great interest and
pleasure in assisting those who undertook the
tedious task of instructing him. She loved to
take his brawny hand with her slender fingers
and show him how to shape the mysterious signs
which were to become to him keys of knowlc<lge
and methods of expressing his wants, his feel-
ings, and his thoughts ; so that he might have
free and full communion with father, mother,
brother, sister and frieads of all degrees.
Patiently, trustingly, without knowing why or
wherefore, he willingly submitted to the strange
process. Curiosity, sometimes amounting to
wonder was depicted on his countenance, over
which smiles would spread ever and anon ; and

ho would laugh heartily as he comprehended
some new fact, or got hold of a new idea.

No scene in a long life has left more vivid
and pleasant impressions upon my mind than did
that of these two j^oung children of nature,
helping each other to work their way through
the thick wall which cut them off from intelli-
gible and sympathetic relations with all of their
fellow-creatures. They must have felt as if
immured in a dark and silent cell, through chinks
in the wall of which they got a few vague and
incomprehensible signs of the existence of persons
like themselves in form and nature. Would that
the picture could be drawn vividly enough to
impress the minds of others as strongly and
pleasantly as it did my own ! I seem to see the
two, sitting side by side, at a school desk, with a
piece of pasteboard, embossed with tangible
signs representing letters, before them and under
their hands. I see Laura grasping one of Oliver's
stout hands with her long graceful fingers, and
guiding his forefinger along the outline ; while,
with the other hand, she feels the changes in the
features of his face, to find whether, by any
motion of the lips or expanding smiie, he shows
any sign of understanding the lesson ; while her
own handsome and expressive face is turned
eagerly towards his ; every feature of her
countenance absolutely radiant with intense
emotions, among which curiosity and hope shine
most brightly. Oliver, with his head thrown
back, shows curiosity amounting to wonder ; and
his parted lips and relaxing facial muscles express
keen pleasure, until they beam with that fun and
drollery which always characterize him. Laura

shows scriousnesH aTnonnting to anxioty ; and
(ixprossions of hope, mingled with those of doubt
and fear, depict, as in a clever pantomime, the
ever-chanirine emotions of lier :iwakencd mind.
Oliver is eagerly attentive, — wondering, and yet
smiling, as if resolved that, come what may of
the strange proceeding, he will get some fun out
of it.

Three j'^ears wrought a strange change and
wonderful improvement. They would stand
face to face, as if expecting some burst of light
to dispel the utter darkness, and enable them to
see each other's countenance. They seemed
listening attentively for some strange sound to
break and dispel the perpetual and death-like
silence in which they had ever lived and permit
them to hear each other's voice. The expression
of Laura's countenance was much more vivid
than that of Oliver's, indeed, it was something
painful, rather than pleasant, owing to the
anxiety expressed by her singularly marked and
symmetrical features, which was sometimes so
intense as to beget the thought that she might
be a wild young witch, or bo going mad. Oliver,
on the other hand, was ever placid, smiling, and
frequently overflowing with jollity and fun.
How changed the scene of their intercourse after
four or five years* use of tangible speech had
given them a gi-eat range of language, and
enabled them to interchange thought and
emotion'i easily and rapidly ! Lauia, quick as
lightning in her perceptions of meaning and in
her apt replies, would still almost (quiver in her
eagerness for greater speed in the flow of her

companion s

siijfns.

Oliver, patient, passive,

rofl«;ctivo, an<l ovor sniilinnf, was closoly attontivn.
i\s the int«'rcst increascHl, Laura would gesticu-
late witli arms and hands, as vvidl as tin«,'ors, and
dance up and down upon the Hoor excitedly ;
while Oliver's face, as he grew a little moved,
would become Hushed, and the perpetual smile
on his lips would spread into a broad laugh,
which made hi« pallid face the very image of fun
and frolic.

No scene on the boards of a pantomimic theatre
could exceed this real, living, Imt silent, inter-
course between two sorely bereaved but happy
youth, who never thought of the impression
which they made upon beholders. Oliver's case
was in some respects inore interesting than
Laura's, because, though far inferior in mental
capacities, and slower in perceptions, he had an
uncommonly sweet temper, an aftectionate dis-
position^ and a love of sympathy and fun, the
gratification of which made him happy at heart,
and clad his handsome, honest face, in perpetual
smiles. But Laura, though comely and refined,
in form and attitude, graceful in motion, and
positively handsome in features, and although
eager for social intercourse, and communion of
thought and sentiment with her fellows, had not
that truly sympathetic nature which distin-
guished Oliver. He might, and possibly did,
unconsciously love her, a little ; but she never
loved him, nor (as I believe) any man ; and never
seemed to pine for that closer relation and
sympathy with one of the other sex, which
ripens so naturally into real and sympathetic
love between normal youth, placed in normal
clrcumstancc£i.

Thus Oliver points my moral and ailorns my
tale bore, by giving living proof that a blind and
deaf mute man may pass his lifo usefully and
happily ; and may make himself independent by
the trained work of his own hands, and lay up
a surplus in the bank for his old age.

THE SOCIAL CONDITION AND ATTAIN-
MENTS OF THE BLIND.

By Stephen Babcock, of the New York Jnatitutim.

When invited by the Executive Committee of
this Association, to prepare a paper on the social
condition and attainments of the blind, I desired
to .decline the honor, and allow the work to bo
done by abler hands ; but a long experience in
teaching the blind, as well as a jnactical know-
ledge of their privations were urged as reasons
for accepting, and duty compelled me to under-
take the task. An attempt to instruct or
entertain an audience like this, is new experience
to me ; and /our indulgence is craved for the
short time that I may detain you.

It is well known that a large majority of the
blind lost their sight in adult life ; but a inoro
intimate acquaintance with those who wore
blind from childhood, decided me to refer princi-
pally to that class.

The relative proportion of blind to seeing is sio
small that people in general know but little of
their needs or capacities. Previous to the

eMtnblishmont of hcViooIh for tlie blind, the
opinion prevailed that little could be done to
educate or elevate tliia elas.s of persons ; and
th('V were left larufrly in a state of nn'tidicanev.

It is not surprisinjL( that the blind theiUHelves
were usually satisfied to occui)y this helpless
condition ; for but few of them had any know-
ledge of an educated blind pei-son, and knew as
little of their own capabilities as others k • ^'^
them. There have been in all ages occ ■ t^
blind persons, who being more resolute, ambitious,
or fortunattily situated than others, have over-
come obstacles and blessed the world by their
contributions to science and art ; and have left
their names indelibly written on the scroll of
fame. While we proudly scan the pages of
history, which record the deeds of the illustrious
bliml, wo cannot forget that the work of
educating the blind as a class is of comparatively
recent date.

Less than one hundred years ago, God put it
into the hearts of the good and true to improve
the condition of the blind by establishing schools
exclusively for them. Every blind person in
this country or any other, who has received the
benefits of an education in an Institution for the
Blind, should remember, with gratitude, the
name of the great philanthropist and benefactor
of the blind — Valentine Hauy. The first suc-
cessful efibrt to establish a school for the blind
Avas made by this French gentleman in Paris,
in the year 1784. His attention was drawn to
their needs by observing a company of blind
musicians playing about the streets, who in
order to attract more attention of the passers-by,

wore .spectacles with the glasses removed, and
placed music Ijcfore them as if they were
rcadinj^'. After obscrvin;^' the riflicidous preten-
F'ons of these men, Haiiy r^'solvcd to start a
school for the Itlind, and to devote himself to the
work of thfiir education.

The first pupil was a younfif man named
Lessieur, who, like others of his class, was in
the habit of asking alms at the church-doors ;
and could only be induced to jnter the school by
a promise of as much money as he was receiving
from charity. At the end of the first year this
school had twenty-five pupils ; and numbered
among its patrons the Mayor of Paris, and not
long after Louis the Sixteenth, the then King of
France, became interested in it.

In 1791 the National Assembly passed a
decree, putting the institution under the charge
of the State, and assigned it a dwelling in the
ancient convent of the Celestines. A recent
writer referring to the house in which Hauy
commenced his school, says, " This house may
be considered to have been the cradle of all the
institutions for the blind throughout the world."

After a connection with this institution for
many years, a change in the politics of the
country obliged Hauy to leave the school which
had grown up under his fosteiing care. It thus
appears that the pernicious practice of changing
superintendents for political reasons, is not
American, but French in its origin.

This event, although injurious for a time to
the blind of France, attbrds another instance of
how the misfortunes of some may prove blessings
to others ; for Hauy then left France and devoted

eleven years to establishing institutions for the
blind in Russia and Geiinany. Tlie important
work that this philanthropist performed foi' the
blind, has been, since his death, more fully
recognized ; and his statue is conspicuously
placed in the first institution which he founded.

In 1791 the first institution for the blind in
Great Britain was established in Liverpool ; it
was called the School for Indigent Blind. The
work has been extended, until there are now in
Great Britain and Ireland forty-nine institutions
for the education, or employment, of the blind.

About a half century elapsed after the lirst
effort of Hauy, before the work of educating the
blind was attempted in this country ; and then
it was commenced at nearlv the same time in the
three cities of New York, Boston and Philadel-
phia — New York taking the lead by a few
months.

The late Dr. A. D. Lord, whose memory will
long be revered, writing upon this subject, says,
" "^he first Institutions in the United States were
commenced in 1832, the work of instruction was
begun in the New York City Institution, with
three pupils, on the fifteenth day of March, 1832 ;
int lie New England Institution, in Boston, with
six pupils, in August, 1832; in the Pennsylvania
Institution, with four pupils, on the twenty-
seventh of March, 1833 ; and in the Ohio Institu-
tion, with five pupils, on the Fourth of Julv,
1837."

There are now in. the LTnited States twenty-
nine Institutions with an aggregate number of
about twenty-two hundred pupils.

Children are creatures of imitation ; and much

will

says,

832 ;
with
varia
enty-
titu-
Julv,

inty-
ler of

luch

of their education is ohtainerl hy observing and
copying o lioi's. Since the diverse appearances,
the numberless "icts and gestures, and many of
t^e manners and customs of people can only be
observed by sight ; blind children are, from the
nature of their deprivation, excluded from one of
the most prolific sources of information.

True, loving friends may by persevering care,
teach the blind child much, which seeing children
learn with little or no help ; but in a large pro-
portion of cases, such children are allowed to
grow up in ignorance of many of the prevailing
manners and customs of polite society, through
the misguided affection or apathetic indifference
of those having their care.

Blind children thus neglected, will acquire
ways peculiarly their own, which in later life
are sure to make them at least, unpleasantly
conspicuous. The earlier in life good manners
and correct habits are formed, the more easily
and gracefully are tliey practiced ; and they do
much to secure for the blind a position in good
society, and to qualify them for associating with
the cultivated and refined. ' ' '

When awkward habits are permitted through
childhood, it is difficult if not impossible, to
eradicate them later in life ; for this reason, if for
no other, children should be received young into
our Institutions, that they may be easily brought
under the training and influence of experienced
teachers and attendants, by whom tliey may be
instructed in correct and genteel ways, while at
an age to be easily influenced. If they cannot
be placed in schools for the blind, they should be
sent regularly to an ordinary primary school, and

fill

much of the teaching in such schools being oral,
there is no reason why blind children shonld not
in most studies advance as rapidly as others in
the class.

They should be taught and required to cut and
prepare their food at the table, like other
children, and like them have a care for their
clothes to keep them properly arranged, and
themselves looking neatly. They should be
encouraged to associate freely with other
children, to run and play with them and like
them, for it is far better that they should receive
an occasional hurt from a careless playmate, than
to 1 ' kept secluded from their society and
sporta. They should learn to travel alone in the
public streets ; as this practice may, later in life,
be of great assistance, and save them from many
annoyances when attending to business.

It is more pleasant to walk with a seeing com-
panion ; but to be entirely dependent upon a
guide, is a condition of helplessness that should
be strenuously avoided.

In the education of the blind we should strive
as much as possible to counteract the effects of
their peculiar privation, should endeavor to lead
them into the same channels of thought and
action with those who can see, to connect them
more and more with the rest of the world, and
to save them as far as possible from the appear-
ance of sinffularitv.

This iilea has not been understood in all schools
for the blind. Instead of cultivating habits of
association with the seeing, customs have pre-
vailed which had an opposite tendency. For
example : There was a blind young man, and his

•sister who could sec, employed as teachei*s in one
of our Institutions. The brother held the more
responsible position ; but being blind, he was
required to take his meals in a room used exclu-
sively for the blind ; while his sister took her
meals, in a pleasant and prettily furnished
dining-room, used only by the teachers and
officers who could see.

A change of Superintendents occurred in the
school, and one of the Hrst acts of the new
administration was, to abolish all social distinc-
tions between the blind and seeing teachers.
Since then, no one in that school has been
humiliated by a blind teacher's tabl^, a blind
teacher's sitting-room, or other discriminations
against the blind. If customs like these were
expunged from all Institutions, there would be
no excuse for now reviving such unpleasant
memories. The influence of such practice has
a discouraging tendency upon the blind ; and
retards the development of confidence and self-
respect among the pupils, without which it is
very difficult, especially for the blind, to make
their way in life. While striving to incite in
our pupils a proper self-respect, we should bo
careful to avoid the other extreme, of stimulating
their personal vanity, by allowing them to be-
come mere prodigies ; but should impress upon
them their duty ito love and honor tlieir Creator,
to do good to their fellow-men, and to become
intelligent and useful citizens. They should bo
instructed that the want of sight does not pre-
clude the acquisition of knowledge in any branch,
neither does it prevent the practical application
of such knowledge. Among the many advan-

tages obtained at an Institution, not the least is
found in the association of the blind with each
other. They are thus enabled to discuss fully
and freely the successes which others of their
class have attained, to leam minutely the ways
in which obstacles have been overcome, such as
heretofore appeared insurmountable. The infor-
mation thus derived, frequently has a powerful
influence for good, as it shows that blindness
alone does not prevent the successful prosecution
of business, neither does it exclude one from an
honorable and important position in society.
Thus new hopes may be awakened, and a career
of usefulness suggested, which otherwise might
have appeared impossible.

Although one may have received a good
education, and entere^^ upon the active duties of
life before becominjj blind, vet for the reasons
just referred to, such a one may receive as much
benefit at an Institution as though blindness had
existed from childhood.

There are those who believe that blindness is
one of the worst calamities humanity can suffer,
and that to be blind is to be miserable. An
experience of this privation for more than twenty
years, and an iirtimate acquaintance with hun-
dreds of others from all classes of society
similarly circumstanced, have led me to quite
different conclusions. They only are miserable
who do not rely upon the wisdom of the rulings
of Providence, and failing to comprehend the
aims and ends of life, cannot submit to blindness
with fortitu<le and resignation ; as the world is
full of blessings for those who with good health
and a clear conscience wisely seek them. True,

!;!!i

Iness

1(1 IH

lalth
rue,

many of life's pleasures can only be fully en-
joyed by those who can see ; yet, so nian}^ and
so varied are the sources of happiness within the
reach of the blind, that a large proportion of
them find as much enjoyment in life as do others
who can see. Happiness springs chiefly from
within ; it depends but little on external causes,
and without a contented mind may be sought for
in vain. Hence, the blind who are ever lament-
ing their condition and complaining at their lot,
and cannot cheerfully submit to their privation
and seek to be happy in spite of it, are more
unfortunate in their dispositions than in their
loss of sight. The question is often asked,
Which of the two classes holds the more advan-
tageous position, those who have been blind* from
infancy, or those who, losing their sight later in
life, have a distinct recollection of light, colors,
landscape and the numberless beauties which can
alone be perceived by sight ? Some claim that
those who have never seen cannot appreciate the
extent of their privation as thoroughly as those
who know from experience exactly what it is,
and hence a greater degree of contentment
should be found in the first of these classes.
But an intimate acquaintance with both classes
has convinced me that those who have never
scon feel their want of sight no less keenly,
neither arc they more contented than other blind.
One whose recollections are clear of impressions
received before the loss of sight, has a dcci<led
advantage over those who have never seen ; for
Ity means of such impressions a correct idea may
lie received of the color, form and ap))earance of
any object that may be accurately described.

W. ' iBliSS>';t!i^A

2C'

In the development of the natural sciences,
the blind have made valuable contributions, and
have assisted in unfolding those branches which
require profound thought and minute calcula-
tion*

In the realm cf song tliey liave also been
eminent Two of tlie greatej^t poets the world
has ever known W3re blind. No other epic
poems have so long held a prominent place in the
literature of the world as the Iliad and Odyssey
by Homer, the blind bard, written about nine
hundred years before the Christian era. Paradise
Lost and others of John Milton's most famous
poems were Avritten more than a decade after he
became blind, yet his name stands prominent
among English poets.

Nicholas Sanderson, who was blind from
infancy, was born in England, in 1GH2. While
quite young he manifested nmcli fondness for
learning, and several wealthy gentlemen were
induced to supply tlic nicans which enabled him
to acquire a thorough education. When twenty-
nine years of age, through the influence of his
personal friend, Sir Isaac Newton, he succeeded
that gentleman as Professor of Mathematics in
the Cambridge University, in which position he
distinguislied himself not less for the clearness
and precision with which he taught the Hcience
of optics to his large class of students, than by
the success which attended his lectures in all
other branches committed to his charge. He was
the author of several works on mathematics, and
invented and used the first ciphering slate for
the blind.

Sir John Fielding, of England, U 'gh blind

from childhood, was educated for the har. In
this piofr-ssion lie rose to eminence, and his
superior knowledge won for him in 1752 the
position of Chief Magistrate of tlie kingdom, and
he received the honor of knighthood. In deeds
of mercy he was no less distinguished. He
founded the tiivt Orphan Asyhmi for girls
established in London, an institution still in
existence.

Francis Hul)cr, who was blind from boyhood,
was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1750. From
an early age he was fond of obseiving the nature
and habit*? of insects, and wa« particularly inter-
ested in the natural history of bees.

He was aided in his studies by a faithful
servant and other intelligent friends, who under
his direction made minute and careful observa-
tions. Among other discoveries which he thus
made w^ere, first, the origin of the propolis ;
second, settled the disputed point as to the origin
of the wax, and the manner in which bees pre-
pare it for their use ; third, showed the part each
class of bees takes in the economy of the hive.

So thoroughly did he exhaust this subject, in
his writings, that naturalists have been able to
add but little to it since his day. When asked
by a doubting friend how he could thus write
about what he had never seen, Hubcr replied :
" I am much more certain of what I write than
you are, for you publish only that which your
own eyes have seen, while I take the mean among
many witnesses." Near the close of his long and
eventful life he remarked to a friend : " I can
only say that resignation and serenity are bless-
imn which have never been denied me.**

Professor Henry Fawcett, at present one of tlie

{prominent leaders in tlie British Parlianioiit, lost
lis sight as he was about entering upon the
active duties of manhood ; but he was not dis-
couraged, as he believed that in spite of blindness
a career of honor and usefulness still awaited
liim. A glimpse of the spirit which then actu-
ated him, is shown by a remark he is reported
as having made at that tine. His father was
condoling with him on the oss of his sight; the
son replied, " Fortunately we have the means to
secure aid from fne eyes of others for practical
needs ; rejoice with me that my health is unim-
pared, my purpose still strong, and my spirit as
cheerful as ever."

Time will not permit a reference to but few of
the many successful blind in our own country.
The blind deserve much credit for the part taken
by them in the organization and management of
our Institutions ; and the prosperous condition
of these Institutions represented in this associa-
tion by blind superintendents, attest to the
character, efficiency and ability found in that
class of persons. The peculiar fitness of the
blind as teachers among those of their own class,
has long been recognizied, and all or nearly all of
the Institutions in this country are employing
them more or less.

Music must coi^tinue to be prominently taught
in our Institutions, not simply because of the
pleasure the pupils c^erive from it, but especially
because so many are able to make a practical use
of it after leaving school. Probably there are
hundreds of graduates from our ]nstitution^;,
in different parts of the country, who are success-

fully solviiii^ the i)robloni of life as organists,
choristers, music teachers, or piano tuners, 't is
well that our Institutions expeml so much tinnj
and money in teaching mechanical trades, for by-
such training pupils are taught to work skilfully
with their hands, and to be regular and industri-
ous in attending to business. Most of our trades
are easily and quickly learned by the seeing, and
consequently when a young man undertakes to
start a shop for himself, he finds that compara-
tively unskilled labor has already stocked the
market with his class of goods, and the margin
between the cost of raw material and manufac-
tured goods is so small that he can receive but a
trifling i-eturn for his labor. A blind person who
has ability to manage a business, should not be
contented with merely gaining a scanty support
by working at a trade, for there are many occu-
pations in which a well- trained mind, coupled
with industry and honesty, would insure success
in spite of blindness. It is no small credit to the
blind, that one of our number has organized and
is successfully managing the Working Home for
Blind Men in this *city. -

David N. Sellig, who has been blind from early
c'liidhood, became a pupil in the New York
Institution when quite young. At that time,
pupils could be retained in the school for but a
limited time, and young Sellig's term expired
when he was about seventeen years of age.
After leaving school he attempted at different
times, several branches of business, in each of
which he met with disappointments enough to

*Phila(leli>liia.

HBi

have discouraged one having less resohition, or
less faith in himself. About fourteen years ago
he started in the city of Newburg, the mattress
and furniture Vmsiness, on a scale commensurate
with his limited means, and by good management
the business increased, until it became the largest
establishment of the kind between New York
and Albany.

Not satisfied with this, he recently sold Ins en-
tire retail business, and commenced the manufac-
ture of furniture. His shops are fitterl up with
the most improved machinery and appliances for
the business, in which he now employs twenty
men and intends soon to increase the number.

Among those educated at the New York Insti-
tution, was a young man who established himself
in a neighboring city as a music teacher. After
following his profession for a few years with a
fair degree of success, he aban<ioned it and
opened an office in the City of New York, as a
fire insurance broker. Patronage came to him
slowly for the first year or two, but his prompt
business habits and the faithful performance of
all trusts committed to him, have constantly
widened his circle of patrons, until he is now one
of the most successful fire insurance brokei*s in
the city. The general financial depression now
pervading, has affected his business as it has all
others, but there have been years since he became
a broker that his income has been more thou-
sands of dollars, than it ever was hundreds for a
corresponding time while teaching.

It is not alone blind men who are successful,
for many blind women deserve much credit for
their achievements.

Mademoiselle Theresa Von Paradis, was born
in Vienna aljont the middle of the last century,
and yvas blind from early childhood. Her rare
accomplishments as a vocalist and pianist made
her popular in the leading cities of Europe and
in London, and she had the honor of being pre-
sented to many of the then reigning monarchs.

Among tlie women who have been educated at
the New York school, are a number who as
heads of families are doing their own housework
and family sewing, without help from others.

Special mention might be made of one who,
though blind from infancy, was usually at the
head of her classes, and afterward became a
teacher in the same school. Her superior quali-
fications won the admiration of a young man
about her own age from a New England College,
and the two formed a partnership for life, and
settled in a Western State. Among the present
assets of that firm are a large, well-tilled and
well-stocked farm, and five bright and healthy
children. The woman when in health, has no
help abont her household duties, except from her
liusband and children. She cuts and makes her
own and her children's clothes, plays well upon
their parlor organ, writes long letters to her
friends, and still finds time to hear her husband
read many standr^rd works, such as Motley's
Dutch Republic and the like, which they borrow
from a neighboring village library.

T\vo young women who left the New York
school in June last, have at present remunerative
situations in the Centennial Exliibition. One is
in the employ of the Domestic Sewing Machine
Company, operating and exhibiting their ma-

chines ; tlui otlior is siniilarly employed by tlic
IJickfonl Knittiiif,' Maeliiiie (Jo.

Although many of the Mind are successful in
life, yet no one will deny that blindness is a
serious misfortune, hut it is worse than idle to
he ever lamenting the loss of sight.

The oidy way to battle successfully with
natural ditticultics, is to meet the ills of life with
fortitude, and if obligod to yield a desired point
to rally all the energies for another (piarter of
tho field.

Shakespeare graphically says :

" Wlien remedies are itast, tbe giiefH are ended
TJy seeing the worst wbicli lato on liopcs depended.
To motirn a nniHcliicf tliat is past and gone,
Ih tlie next way to draw new niiscluef on.
The lobhed wlio Runlea stoals something from the thief, —
He roba himself who spe ids a bootless grief."

THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE BLIND.

By Josiah S. Graves, Irtsfnictnr in Pennsylvania Institution for

the Blind. j, . , . , , ,

The human race has been subject to blindness
from the earliest pre-historic ages down to the
present time. No division of the globe has been
exempt from this dire calamity. As the habits
and customs of different nations, their climate
and external surroundings vary in their ten-
dency to produce blindness, so we find it varying
in its distribution over the earth. The monarch,
in all his pomp and dignity, is no more exempt
from it than the most humble of his subjects, for
it spares neither age, sex, nor condition.

Statistirs show us tliat Idindiioss dcoroaso.s in
advaiiciuL,^ from tlie (M|iiatoi" to tlu? jjolcs. itlfoiii',^
computed in Africa or in Egypt at the rate of
one to every tliree lunulred ; blindness tlirougli-
out the east being a far more eonnnon affliction
than with us. We can account for this in nmny
ways. The dust and flying sands pulverized to
miiHite particles, entering the (^ycs, cau.'Se itillam-
mation, which, if neglected, often ends in total
loss of siglit. The exposure to the noxious
ni^{htly dews caused l>y living in the open air,
or on the liouse tops, is anotlu^r freijuent cause
of this malady. China we find almost as bad,
one in four hundred. Tliis lar<je ratio is owin*;
in a great degree to the lack of care and medical
attendance. Italy, Spain and Portugal, are
about alike, one to eight hundred. France, fur-
ther north, one to nine hundred and twenty-
three. Great Britain, one to twelve hundred.
Germany and the United Stiites being alike, one
to sixteen hundred.

The blind may be divided into three distinct
classes, viz. : The born blind, the lulolescent
blind, or those having lost their sight during
youth, and the adult blind. Of these the first
comprises by far the smallest number. 13 r. Bull
says : " Those born blind are very few in num-
ber. Not one case came under my notice during
a professional life of more than five and twenty
years in London, although a physician for the
greater part of the time to a lying-in hospital,
averaging more than a thousand cases annually.
Nor do 1 remember a single one to ha\*e occur-
red in the practice of a large circle of friends."
The defect causinir absence of vision in these

cases is generall}' situated in the crystaline lens,
and in no way is related to the Ijrain, except
when the disease commences in the retina,
and extends through the optic nerve to the
brain. Feebleness of intellect, poor health, and fk
general failure of physical powers is the result.

It is often caused by scrofula and other simi-
lar diseases, and is often the effect of marriage
of relations. Owing to the more frequent inter-
marriages of the more wealthy classes, and the
consequent hereditary diseases, we find the
<]freater number of born blind among this class.
It is a well-known medical law, that any natural
defect of the physical organs is apt to be propa-
gated from the one generation to another. It is
therefore greatly desirable that all our institu-
tions should use all their influence to discourage
the marriage of all those thus afflicted.
* Blindness in children and adults is the result
of various causes. Often in infancy the child is
attacked with an inflammation of the eye known
as purulent ophthalmia, a disease quickly des-
tructive to the sight. This, with small-pox,
scrofula, measles, scarlet fever and kindred dis-
eases, is the cause of many more. Our Divine
Creator, in depriving some of his creatures of one
of their senses, certainly did not intend to make
them dependent on the rest of humanity. For
he has so constituted them that the remaining
senses may be developed to such a degree as to
supply the deficiency caused by the lost or de-
nied sense.

We fmd this fact forcibly demonstrated in the
born and adolescent blind, being deprived of
sight from birth or early youth, the body being

the
ll of

in a state of growth. The sense of hearing and
touch become developed to an extraordinary de-
gree by the unusual amount of exercise entailed
upon them. In an adult the senses being matvre,
are not capable of being educated to such a de-
gree ©f proficiency as those of the adolescent and
born blind.

The opinion of the public at large concerning
the blind, founded as it no doubt is on ignorance
and a lack of association with them, is neverthe-
less much to be deplored, as it is very discourag-
ing and depriving of energy and self-confidence
to be considered objects of charity rather than
those capable and willing to perform many of
the useful avocations of life.

Notwithstanding all this many have triumpti-
ed over blindness, poverty and other obstacles,
and reached the highest pinacles of fame, at
musicians, poets, historians, divines, mathema-
ticians, naturalists, professors of physics and
chemistry, and statesmen, whose names now gild
the pages of history. There is scarcely any
l>ranch of science that has not been adorned by
the sightless.

Within the present century, both in Europe
and America, much has been accomplished to-
ward the amelioration of the social condition of
the blind. In our own country, in the past forty-
tive years, twenty-nine institutions have been
trected for the instruction of the blind, and thus
the means of obtaining a liberal education has
been placed within the reach of every blind per-
son. Vast has been the irood resultiuL' from theso

institutions
blind.

in elevating the great

ma^s of the

The erroneous idea that many parents enter-
tain, that their children who arc born blind or
lose their sight at a very early age, are incapable
of receiving instruction, has frequently occasion-
ed either the most culpable neglect, or the most
absurd treatment of such unfortunate children,
and when they are afterwards admitted into
institutions, very often presents to their instruc-
tors greater ditHculties than blindness itself, and
not unfrequently prevents the object in view
from being accomplished, or at least renders it
painfully tedious.

Many blind children are made to sit or lie
down during the day, and are not encouraged to
ve/iture out alone ; hence the nerves and muscles
become weakened and almost paralyzed for want
of proper exercise. Sitting idle, they contract
habits peculiar to the blind, such as rubbing and
shaking the hands, working the head, making
faces and the like. Such habits often cling to
them in after-life, and frequently are the means
of impairing their usefulness. The minds of
such children are often found in as deplorable a
condition as their bodies, although they may
possess niany first-rate abilities, which for want
of development lie useless. It is therefoi'e high-
ly necessary that blind children should, from
their earliest years, be well accustomed to the
use of their hands and feet, and of their powers
of observation. They should be encouraged to
associate with their sighted companions as much
as possible, and shoidd not be guarded and look-
ed after as though they were totally helpless.
Such treatment would tend to made them vigor-
ous and self-i'eliant.

gest

It might not be out of place liere to sug-
that a pamphlet be published Ijy this
Convention on the early training and education
of blind children, to be circulated among the
parents and guardians of the blind. Dr. Howe
in his last report speaks of this. A similar work
was published and circulated in Germany in
1837, by a member of the Prussian Government,
at his own expense. In 1839 another edition
was published and distributed at the expense of
the Government, and special means were taken
that they should be explained to such of the
humbler classes as were unable to undersand
them. Our American institutions can not make
too great exertions in counteracting the evil re-
sulting from neglect of early training of blind
children. I regret to say that too frequently
but littje effort is made on the i)art of the teacher
towards the improvement of tlieir manners, both
in society and at home. When in company, they
are unable to conduct themselves with propriety
and thus make it unpleasant for themselves and
tliose around them. These defects are often
urged as objection^' to their employment as in-
structors of literature and music in schools and
families, as it would produce an undesirable
ett'ect on the minds of their pupils. It is this
that has been one of the greatest barriers be-
tween manv of the able graduates of our institu-
tions, and success. And until this ol ejection has,
l>een removed, and society learns better to
ap])reciate the efforts and capabilities of the
blind, one of the noble objects fur which our
institutions have been established can never be
accomplished, and all the education we may

■Bl

l>.

give will aflbrd them but little means of self-
support. And it is to be hoped that our insti-
tutions will awaken to a keener sense of the
necessity and importance of attending to the
habits and manners of the blind. They should
be taught to be very particular in attending to
every thing which demeanor, custom or modesty,
requires or forbids. But as blindness makes this
more difficult,* more attention and patience is
required on the part of the teacher They
should be taught to attend to their toilet proper-
ly, how to behave at table, and be given a proper
understanding of the rules of etiquette and good
behaviour.

Before closing this essay, I desire to call the
attention of this Convention to a custom now
prevalent in a few of our institutions — that is,
of making a social distinction between the blind
and seeing teachers. This subject is certainly
deserving of your most earnest consideration.
It is one upon* wliich the social condition of the
blind much depends. In such institutions the
seeing officers have nicely iitted up dining and
sitting rooms for their especial use, while the
blind teachers, who may occupy superior and
more responsible positions, are compelled to eat
in the dining-room with the pupils. This mark-
ed distinction is easily detected by visitors, and
no doubt often leaves an impression on their
mind which is very detrimental to the interests
of the blind. The reasons offered for such a
distinction are, that the blind possess many of
those peculiar habits which make them disagree-
able at the table and in company. Such an
arfjument is verv inconsistent, for it is a virtual

acknowl(3(lgcment of a lack, on the part of such
institutions, of proper attention to tliinr manners
(luring their education. Moreover tliis is in
direct opposition to the great fundamental
principles of all our institutions, viz. : That of
giving the blind an education, both intellectual
and moral, which- will give them social caste
equal to their sighted companions.

The blind, like the rest of humanity, are the
steersmen and oarsmen of their own bark of life.
At times they will be elated to hope, through
success ; again dejected by despair. They may
meet with reverses which would seem at first
almost insurmountable, but by continual perse-
verance and trusting their Divine Creator, they
will finally overcome them all. Choose first the
right path, then onward ; fame, honor, advance-
ment, honest and legitimate success, may not
come to-day, nor to-morrow, but to those of us
who fight well the battle of life, the crown will
come. Armed, then, with patience and faith, we
shall finally reach the goal of our ambition.

-•-^

THE MUSICAL EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

[Re-printed from the London Mirror.]

It is with feelings of intense satisfaction, and
in the full hopefulness of a bright and prosper-
ous career, that we have to announce the
establishment, under most influential auspices,
of a Normal College and Academy of Music for
the Blind, which will afford blind children
throughout the country, who have the requisite

1*1

talents, a thorough 0(Uication,(>specially in music,
so as to qualify them to earn a living as oi-gan-
ists, teachers, and pianoforte- tuners. With all
deference and respect to the benevolent who so
nobly support institutions for the blind, and day
1)}' day create new ones to meet an ever-increa.s-
ing want, we think we have been going too long
in the old o-rooves, and rej^ardinfj the blind as if
the loss of one sense disqualified them from any-
thing higher than mere manual labor. We have
too much ignored the intellectual in our attempts
to impart to them the means of earning a liveli-
hood, and though reliance must ever be placed
to a large extent on mat-making, basket-making,
and such like industries, there are among this
afHicted race others of far higher intellectual
capacity, which only needs culture that the very
best and most encouraging results must accrue.
Music is ever a source of delight to the blind, and
we have rare examples of their musical taste and
powers, even amongst those who have had little
or no opportunities of obtaining instruction in the
art ; nevertheless, out of the thirty thousand blind
in the United Kingdom, who, as a class, are
wholly or partlj- dependent on public or private
charity, and a considerable number of whom are
inmates of various institutions, not more than
one per cent, of the educated blind throughout
the country have ever been qualified to earn
their living by the profession of music. Such
was formerly the case in other countries, but the
special regard paid to the higher education of the
blind, and the improved systems of musical in-
struction adopted by various institutions abroad,
have produced most gratifying results, and where-

ever the musical ediiCii'Jon of the blind, based on
a tliorou^li intellectual training, has been properly
carried out, this art, in its various branches, has
been found, after long experience, to afford by
far the most remunerative occupation of which
the blind are capable. Thus, in Paris, aliout 60
per cent, of the pupils follow the profession of
music, and of these about one-half are such suc-
cessful pianoforte-tuners that incomes varying
from £80 to £150 are by no means unusual
amongst tuners who graduate at the Paris insti-
tutions. The chief American institutions, and
notably the Perkins' Institute at Boston, have
also achieved great success. Both the male and
female graduates earn excellent incomes as teach-
ers, tuners, and organists, and some of the most
successful of the pupils are children of poor emi-
grants from the United Kingdom.

Now there can be no doubt that what has been
done for the blind in France and America can-
be accomplished in this country, and it is to
achieve this object that the Normal College and
Academy of Music has been founded. It will
consist of three departments — namely, general
education, the science and practice of music, and
pianoforte-tuning, and " in every department the
whole of the instruction will be directed to the
practical end of preparing the blind for self-
maintenance." In addition to the tuning-
school in the College, other tuning-schools will
be established at convenient points of London to
accommodate scholars who can live at their own
homes ; and beside, the pupils in the Institution,
(lay pupils, who may reside with their parents or
l)oard w^ith private families in the neighborhood.

will ^ oivcfl there. But none of them will

be I ed who liave not sufficient talent to jus-

tify i,..o expectation tliat they may be rendered
capable of self-support — therefore a much higher
percentage of successful graduates may be antici-
pated than in the institutions abroad, in all of
which the children are admitted without refer-
ence to their ability. The College will be
essentially a national institution ; and in addi-
tion to generous efforts by friends of the blind
in London, arrangements are being made in
various large towns, including Liverpool, Man-
chester, Leeds, and Glasgow, to select and send a
number of talented poor children to the Institu-
tion. Suitable premises have been secured
within two minutes' walk of the Crystal Palace,
where, by the courtesy cf the directors, special
facilities will be afforded the pupils for attend-
ing the instructive rehearsals and the admirable
.musical entertainments frequently given there.
The whole practical management of the College
has been placed in the hands of Mr. F. J. Camp-
bell, late musical director and resident superin-
tendent of the Perkins* Institution, at Boston,
U. S., and who, with the assistance of teachers of
improved capacity and under the general super-
vision of the committee, will carry out the system
which has been so successful in America, and
which, to a considerable extent, is the result of
his own experience. It is a good augury that
the committee arc assured of the cordial support
of very many influential friends of the blind
throughout the country, as well as that of sev-
eral musicians. Messrs. Broadwood and Sons,
Messrs. CoLLARD and Collard, and Messrs.

Erard, have also promised their co-operation in
promoting the success of the musical department,
and have already offered some pianos for the use
of the school.

Such is the state of facts on which the com-
mittee solicit the active co-operation of the
benevolent in every part of the kingdom, " in
order that all blind children, possessing the re-
quisite talents, may be sought out and qualified
by a musical education to become self-supporting
and useful members of society." There are, as
we have said, names connected with this new
movement which place it far above that suspicion
which unhappily seems to attach to so many
philanthropic enterprises in these days. Identi-
fied with it are the Marquis of Westminster, as
President, the Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord
Ebury, the Earl of Liohfiei^, Lord Eliot, Sir
Charles Lowiher, Bart., George Moore, Esq.,
and Mr. W. H. Smith, M. P., as vice-presidents
and trustees — it has a general council composed
of gentlemen of the highest social standing, and
an executive committee, with the Hon. Wm.
Ashley as chairman, and the Hon. Edward P.
Thesiger as vice-chairman, and on which there
are also Dr. Armitage, Miss Gilbert, Dr.
Hawksley, and other good friends of the blind
— the musical Committee being headed by Sir
W. Sternjdale Bennett. Certainly no institu-
tion was ever ushered in under more promising
auspices, and there is none which ought to meet
with a larger amount of practical sympathy from
the benevolent people of this country. We
earnestly wish it overflowing coffers, for it is, wo
believe, destined to supply a great want.

fs!

PIANO-FORTE TUNING AS AN EMPLOY-
MENT FOR THE BLIND.

Ess(u/ by J. W, Smith,

In entering upon the consideration of this
subject, I am conscious of the scope and impor-
tance of the work, and of my inability to treat it
as this importance demands. I will, however, en-
deavor briefly to set forth some of its advantages,
as well as the obstacles it presents, and the
qualifications and methods of instruction neces-
sary for the profession, in the hope that my
remarks may act as a suggestion to abler minds,
and lead them to a more careful consideration of
the subject.

The experience •£ the past fourteen years as a
tuner and teacher of tuning, has deeply impress-
ed me with the growing importance of this pro-
fession as an employment for the blind, and has
shown mo many difticulties in the path of the
blind tuner which were pot appreciated, or even
anticipated, in his preparation for his work.
With the single exception of music teaching,
piano-forte tuning presents fewer obstacles in
the way of success than any other profession the
blind have attempted to follow. In choosing a
trade or profession, the blind person should
select one in which he can compete most suc-
cessfully with his seeing brethren, and it is,
therefore, necessary to consider how rapidly as
well as how skillfully he can perform the re-
quired work. That time is money, is a truth
quite as important to the blind as to lie seeing,

4.5

an<l the success of the blind l«a)>orer or artisan
ihjpends as much upon successful competition in
speed as in (juality of workmanship. Wherever
the sense of hearing can be employed to aid the
blind workman, just so far he is on an equality
with the seein*:;. There is another reason why
piano-forte tuning becomes a suitable occupAtlim
for the blind. The study of music is becoming
so general, and the manufacture of pianos so con-
stantly increasing, that the services of the tuner
must necessarily be in constant and regular de-
mand.

In this country the trades of chair-seating,
broom, brush and mattress making have been
followed with considerable success, yet it is im-
possible for even the most energetic and skillful
to compete with seeing workmen in these trades.
The hand of the blind workman must pass suc-
cessively over those parts which the eye takes in
at a. glance, and thus the rapidity of his work is
greatly diminished. The same is true of any
trade in which the work depends upon the
touch. In tuning, however, the sense of touch
plays a secordary part, the quality of the work
and the speed depending on the quickness and
correctness of the ear.

In Great Britain and on the continent, broom
and brush making, chair seating, net weaving,
wood turning, and in South America tailoring
and shoemaking, are the principal trades in
which the blind are instructed ; but in all these
there are comparatively few who are able to
earn a living. In a majority of cases their wages
are supplemented from funds provided for that
purpose. Dr. Armitage reckons the number of

those who ancccedofl in oarnin^ a Hvinnr, as low
as two per cent,, ami in a li'tter lately jvceive^l
from the <lii'ector of the Institution at Berne, he
says, in reference to the experience of the blind
there, that it is a rare case that manual lal)or
will procure them the means of a living; that a
goo<l tuner who can also teach music, may make
a living without assistance, and he cites an in-
stance in which one of their graduates who was
thus accomplished, save<l in four yeais the sum
of .S,50() francs. I think in this country the
percentage of success in these occupations is much
greater, but the proportion reuuJns the same. I
do not recommend piano-tuning as a business
more easily learned than other trades, but as a
more profitable occupation to the skillful work-
man.

That blindness is not an insuperable obstacle
to the most thorough knowledge and skill in
piano-forte tuning, is abundantly proved by the
fact that this art owes the highest development
of its tlieory and practice to a pupil of the Paris
Institution Des Jeunes Aveugles, Claude Montal,
who, having made himself master of the subject,
became a professor in the Institution, which he
afterwards left to engage in the more profitable
business of manufacturing pianos, and pubjished
a scientific work upon the art of piano-forte
tuning, which has become the standard in
Europe, and is probably the best and most com-
plete treatise on the subject ever published. In
a little pamphlet upon piano-forte tuning by the
blind, published in Paris a few years since by M.
Gaudet, he says, " In France the tuning of
pianos was, for a long time, a businefis left to

mg.

workmen of more or less experience, who wore,
however, wholly unacquainte<l with the tlieory
of tunin<^. The first who applied the laws of
science and art to the tuning of pianos was a
hlind man. This was (^laude Monial. He took
possession, »o to speak, of this profession an<l
laid down its laws. He was an easy tuner, and
}ie explained his principles in a work which hat*
become the law on this subject. It is, therefore,
but justice to his companions in misfortune, that
they should be the first in the path which, if he
♦lid not open, he has, at leaat,greAtly enlarged.
In 1821 or 1822 another bind man who had left
the Paris Institution, M. Dupuis, believing it
possible for him to learn to tune pianos, devoted
himself to practicing this art, and he has now
been for more than thirty years the first tuner
in the city of Orleans. But this is an iso-
lated instance, and it is really in the Paris Insti-
tution, through Montal, that piano-forte tuning
became an employment for the blind."

A brief account of the career of Montal may
l)e interesting, as well as suggestive and encourag-
ing. He was. educated at the Paris Institution
l)es Jeunes Aveugles, where he became a very
learned musician. His attention was attracted
to the subject of tuning by the unsatisfactory
work of the seeing tuner of the establishment,
and, with one of his companions, he attempted
to tune the pianos which they themselves used.
Upon complaint of the tuner, the director for-
l)ade these experiments, and Montal's companion
then procured, through his friends, an old piano
which was in very bad condition, and the two
succeeded in taking this instrument apart, re-

pairing and tuning it, taking care to do their
work as much as possible in the presence of the
director, thus convincing him that such work
might be safely intrusted to their hands. Thence-
forth he was ready to further their efforts to
attain proficiency. Monial afterwards became a
professor in the Institution. He studied deeply
and resolved to apply his knowledge of acoustics
and music to the methodical study of tempera-
ment, and, through the practical application of
the various theories acquired by careful study
and research, he developed a new and better
method of making the partition. Meanwhile, he
was earning something by giving special lessons
within and outside the establishment, and thus
obtained the means to purchase for his private
use two pianos, upon which he could make all
kinds of experiments. In 1830 he left the Insti-
tution and began the business of tuning. But
the life of the Institution had not been calculat-
ed to fit him for contact with the outside world.
The feeling that there wl,s no prosperity for a
blind man outside its wall?, lessened the courage
of the bravest, and took away that degree of
confidence so essential to success. Montal
scarcely dared to present himself at even the
most unpretending houses. In short, his blind-
ness created obstacles in almost every direction,
and more than once he was so reduced as to con-
sider himself fortunate if he could obtain per-
mission to tune a piano gratuitousl3\ To eke
out a livelihood, he was sometimes obliged to
give lessons in grammar or arithmetic, or upon
the violin, at the very lowest conceivable prices.
But he steadily persevered, and through the

Lhe

patronage and recommendation of some of the
Professors of the Conservatoire with whom he
became acquainted, his practice gradually in-
creased. In 1832 he gave a course of public
lectures upon the subject of tuning, which were
well attended, and attracted much attention, and
at the Exposition of the Products of Industry in
1834, Montal appeared among other tuners, and
many of the manufacturers employed him to
tune their pianos. He took advantage of thu
opportunity thus offered, to publish a little
pamphlet upon the subject, which was sold at
the Exposition, and created a sensation among
musicians. One-half the first edition was sold
in less than eight days, He had already com-
menced the trade in pianos. He purchased in-
struments, repaired theii\ either himself or with
the assistance of a saving workman, and from
this small beginning he established a large and
lucrative business in manufacturing pianos. In
1836 he published the complete treatise on tun-
ing, which, according to M. Gaudet, is the stan-
dard which is now followed " not only in
Fiance, but wherever the art of tuning is
pi-acticed."

The difficulties that Montal encountered, are
the same that confront the blind tuner of to-day.
The tendency of Institution life to lead the
pupil to depend too much upon those artificial
aids by which it facilitates his education, and
to shrink from leaving it to meet the world on
the same terms as the seeing, is one of the first
and greatest obstacles encountered. The preju-
dice which exists in the public mind is largely
due to this very fact, and to the helplessness,

.?»

embnrassmcnt and awkwardness of manner with
which the blind tuner begins to seek euiploy-
nient ; and the training of the institution should
always tend in the direction of the cultivation of
a courteous, easy, and independent manner, to
render the defect of blindness less apparent. I
til ink there is no ti*ade or profession which the
blind attempt to follow, which requires such a
diversity of gifts as that of piano-forte tuning,
especially if the tuner is to travel from place to
place. Those employed in the ordinary kinds of
handicraft do not come in contact with those
who purchase their work, and all that is neces-
saiy for their success is that tl.\ey be skillful and
rapid workmen, able to conipete with others in
the same business. They may be ignorant, un-
tidy, and booiish in their manners, their society
being limited to their faniily and their fellow-
workman. With the tuner it is different. He
is constantly meeting those who are strangers,
and those, too, who poihaps are thus for the first
time in their lives brought in contact with a
blind person. He makes application for employ-
ment. They are very particular about their
piano, and do not like to trust it in the hands of
a stianger. There is no time to go to the neigh-
bors to ask if his w^ork has given satisfaction
there. The question must be <lccided at once,
and if to the advantage of the applicant, he must
possess the power of convincing them that he is
entitled to their confidence, at least so far as to
secure a trial. I would by no means undervalue
the importance of being a skillful workman ;
but before the tuner can exercise his skill, he
must secure an opportunity. To do this, it is

necessary that he should be neat in his person
and apparel, intellii^ent, easy and agreeable in
his raannci-s and address, with sufficient tact to
know how to take advantage of favorable cir-
cumstances, or how to meet and concpier those
that are adverse. These qualitiea aix3 even more
essential to success than skill as a tuner. I have
ropeatc^dly noticed the truth of this. S<^veral of
the best tuners I have ever known among the
blind are p.t pres^^nt without employment, and
since leaving the institution with which they
had been connected, have not earned a living ;
and their failure Is mainly due to the lack of the
above-mentioned qualities. Not Jong since a
friend ap[)lied for tlie tuning of a piano for one
of my pupils, and was met by the reply that the
last time it was tun<Mi they had en^ployed a
blind man; his clothes weix^ filty, his habits ob-
jectionable and they were obliged to do half of
his work; this was all the experience of this
kind they wanted, and they prefeired to employ
a tuner who could do all the work himself. I
could give other instances, but this one is suffi-
cient to show the im|X)rtance of neatness, goofl
manners, and a thorough knowledge of the
business. It is useless to ignore the fact that a
blind person is, on account of his defect, placed
at a great disadvantage wdien con»pared with the
seeing, and in order t<3 compensate for his want
of sight he must excel in some other way.
Those who employ a seeing workman do not feel
it necessary to watch him, nor do they, from any
natural defect; suspect him incapable of accom-
plishing the work they have given him. He is
in possession of all his faculties, and Ls consi-

dered, at least in this respect, an equal. It is
very different with the blind workman. He has
to encounter the terrible barrier of prejudice and
distrust which everywhere exists in regard to
him, and to do this h*> must be armed with
special weapons with which to fight or win his
way to the confidence and respect of those w^hose
patronage he seeks. To overcome the prejudice
and secure the confidence of those who now dis-
trust the ability of the blind workman, is the
great work to which the blind and their educa-
tors must address themselves.

In the selection of a profession for the seeing
child, the range is so extensive that the choice is
not governed by necessity, and the taste and
talent of the individual is consulted. The case
is very different with the blind. The range of
employments adapted to their w^ants is so
limited, that they are often put to a trade for
w^hich they have no talent, or even one for which
they have a positive dislike, Their necessity,
too, naturally inclines them to choose that em-
ployment which promises to be most remunera-
tive, auv. it is for these reasons that many have
attempted to become music teachers and tuners
without having any real love or natural capacity
for the profession. It has too often been the
case that when a pupil has failed in other de-
partments, or when, from lack of musical
ability or sufficient time to pursue his studies,
he was unable to become a teacher of music, he
has been turned over to the tuning department
This I consider a fatal mistake, and the blind
as a class are now sufliiglng from the fact that
many persons have be<m turned loose upon the

ill

for

iiers

public as tuners, who wero totally unfit for the
business.

Another obstacle which is frequently urged,
and which is, perhaps, the most formidable to
the blind tuner, is the difficulty of repairing.
This, however, except in a slight degree, does
not legitimately belong to the business of tuning ;
and in the city any considerable repairs are
made by workmen from the factory and not by
the tuner. In the country the case is ditlcrent
and the expense and inconvenience of getting a
workman from the city renders it essential that
the tuner should be able to make such repairs
as may be necessary. This requires, in addition
to the ordinary qualifications, a natural mechan-
ical ability on the part of the blind tuner and a
careful and thorough training, and this combi-
nation is so rarely found that country tuning
becomes extremely difficult for the blind, and
leads lis to seek for a large proportion of our
tuners, another field of employment. This is
the manufactory, and here wg find our old
enemy, prejudice, as strongly entrenched as in
the public mind ; and to driv6 him from his for-
tifications and to give the capable and indus-
trious blind an opportunity to earn an honest
livelihood, is the work to which I would call
your attention. In Paris, and indeed, through-
out France, this prejudice and distrust have been
mainly overcome; and in England, they are
rapidly yielding through the efforts of Mr. F. J.
Campbell, the Director of the Koyal Normal
College for the Blind. He has nvade tuning a
leading feature in that establisihment, and al-
ready a large proportion of its grad-uates have?

.,\

been employed in factories in London and Scot-
land. It is an encouraijinj; fact that the head
tuners in two of the large manufactories of Lon-
don, are blind men, and in five other lactones
the blind are employed. In this re.spect the old
world is in advance of the new. Until the
present year, but one blinrl tuner has been able
to obtain regular employment in a factory in
Boston. During the past winter, efforts weio
made to get employment in other factories, with
partial success. Two firms were induced to take
blind tuners on trial ; three were sent, and so
far as it was an experiment, the results were
satisfactory. None of them succeeded in getting
permanent situations, but their wo^k gave entire
satisfaction, and one of these firms was willing
to recommend them as tuners. The t-hree who
were sent to the factory on trial, have now
graduated and are beginning work for them-
selves with fair prospects. Both factories
promise to give others a trial, and give us en-
couragement that they will employ our tuneis
when there is work enough. The claims of the
blind to this field of lalx)r, must be judiciously
but persistently urged. The first objection made
by the manufacturer, is that the blind cannot do
all the work required of a tuner. This may bo
true, but in an establishment where a number of
hands are employed, a portion of the woik, at
least might be given to the blind, and the
seeing tuner can attend to such jobs, either in
the factory or outside, as requii-e the services of
a seeing workman.

I have already spoken of the natural ability
and inclination necessary to the pupil who would

lid

become a good tuner, and, before beginning tlio
study of tuning, it is essential that the pupil
should have had previous instruction in music,
especially in piano practice. I have several
times had pupils sent to me for instruction in
tuning, who had not the slightest knowledge of
music, not even of the keys of the piano, and
before I could teach them the first principles of
tuning, it was necessary to give them some
elementary lessons in music, in order to teach
them to find and recognize the notes of the key-
board. Such pupils begin their work at a great
disadvantage, and their progress is necessarily
slow" as both the hand and the ear are without
skill or cultivation. Not only is it important
that the student in tuning should have some
previous knowledge of music as a preparation
for the work ; but he should continue its prac-
tice, as the tuner will always find the ability to
play, a valuable auxiliary to his business. Ho
will find it, also, of special value in selling a
piano or organ, for he will then be able to dis-
play the qualities and power of the instrument.
And here let me say that every tuner should
take advantage of the opportunity his business
affords, to become an agent for the sale of pianos
and organs. The fact that his profession makes
him acquainted with the instruments of every
manufacturer, invites confidence in his judg-
ment, and thus the avenue to this business opens
more easily t;0 him than to any other agent ; and,
if he has the necessary business talent, he may
derive more income from this than from his
profession.
The preparation of the tuner is a subject, the

:'i'Pt

ijnportance of which can scarcely bo overesti-
mated. The course of instruction should be
systematic and progressive. I have known in-
stances where the first lesson given the pupil
was in temperament, or what is sometimes called
'• laying the bearings." This is like giving an
example in cube root to the child who is learn-
ing his tables, or expecting him to analyze a
sentence before he has learned the rudiments of
grammar. In the training of the ear the pupil's
attention should first b.e called to the unison, as
this is the foundation upon which the whole
structure is built. He should be required to
practice the tuning of these until his ear is capa-
ble of recognizing the perfect unison. This may
require weeks or even months, according to the
quickness of his ear. Then he will tune octaves,
and when he has mastered these he is ready to
begin the study of temperament which will be
useless until he has mastered both the unisons
and octaves.

.Not only should his ear be well trained, but
he should become thoroughly familiar with the
construction of all kinds of pianos. The shop
in which he is taught should be provided with a
great variety of such tools as are used in manu-
facturing and repairing, and he should be care-
fully instructed in the use of these. In order to
understand the mechanism of the piano, the
pupil must be able to examine it in the minutest
detail. As it is impossible to do this when the
action is completed, it is necessary to have
models, and, by a careful study of these, he will
become perfect'/ familiar with the form, size
and action of every part, the material of which

.."V^IC^

Lnu-

it is composed, and the office it perfonns. Ho
should also make frequent visits to the factory
where he will see the piano in all the different
stages of manufacture and if he be accompanied
by one acquainted with the business, he will
learn many things which will be of the greatest
value to him. He should also become familiar
with the manner in which all kinds of repairing
are done. This is the only part of the work be-
longing to the profession in which the blind
tuner compares unfavorably with the seeing, and
here he must exercise the greatest amount of
care and good judgment. A thorough knowledge
of the instrument is necessary to prevent him
from undertaking what is beyond his skill,
which would go farther to injure his reputation
as a tuner than to leave it untouched. I have
often observed that the less knowledge and ex-
perience a blind tuner possesses, the more ready
he is to undertake what it is impossible for him
to perform, and it is in this way that many
have injured their own reputation and that of
their class, and created a part of this distrust
with which they now have to contend. While
under instruction, the pupil's mechanical inge-
nuity should be tested to the utmost, and he
should be required to make all the ordinary
repairs. If he has a considerable amount of
mechanical ability, he will become sufficiently
skillful to perform much of the work without
assistance ; and if he be not gifted, it will enable
him to appreciate its difficulties, and increase
his caution in attempting such i-epairs outside,
while he may yet acquire sufficient knowledge
to direct the performance of such work by a

.v\

sooing assistant ; but assistance shoukl only be
askcid as a last resort.

I have thus far endeavored to show the
natural qualifications required in the individual,
and the kind of instruction necessary in order to
secure the success of the blind as tuners ; and
here let me say that, while claiming so much for
piano-forte tuning as an employment for thoso
of the l)lind who possess the requisite natural
capacity, I would by no means undervalue the
importance of other trades in which the blind
have been so successfully instructed in our
American Institutions, and by which many
succeeded in earning a livilihood ; and since we
cannot raise the standard of piano-forte tuning
to a degree that will ensure success to the blind,
if we encourage or allow them indiscriminately
to undertake this profession, there will always
be those who must rely upon other trades.

The number of reed instruments greatly ex-
ceeds the number of pianos in country towns,
and application is so frequently made for the
tuning of these, that I have lately made it a sub-
ject of careful investigation, with the view of
ascertaining the obstacles in the way of their
being tuned by the blind ; and I have permission
from the Director of the Institution with which
I am connected i^ continue my experiments in
this direction. I am satisfied that there are no
difficulties which may not be overcome, and that
here is a department in \. hich the blind may
work successfully, but not one in which they can
compete with the seeing ; and, for this reason
they must depend for work of this kind upon
practice outside, and not within the manufactory.

I cannot close this article without a«jfain urging
upon tlie educators of the blind the importance
of piano-forte tuning as a i leans of employment,
for the success which has thus far attended the
efforts which have been made in this direction
is a sufficient guaranty that much more can be
accomplished. Whatever is done to make the
blind more intelligent and refined, whatever in-
creases their self-respect, and whatever tends to
raise them nearer to equality with their seeing
brethren, will go far towards removing the pre-
judice against which they now struggle. When
the blind are no longer dealt with on the demo-
ralizing ground of charity, when they cea.se to
deman«l or expect special privileges on account
of a defect which they themselves claim should
not debar them from equal rights, when they
can return skilled labor for value received, when
they are qualified to share the responsibilities of
citizens, then they may justly demand, and
will, I believe, receive their full share of public
patronage.

•^■*-

»♦ — ►-»-

lory.

The Mental and Physical Condition of the Blind

who are Educated, compared with

that of the Uneducated.

Bij C' F. Fraser, Superintendent Institution for Blind, Halifax^

We can scarcely estimate the great blessings
derived by the blind from education ; it fur-
nishes them with food for reflection, other than
that of misfortune ; it raises them from the

morbid state or )>roo(ling habit of mind naturally
produced by their affliction ; it awakens their
dormant capabilities, and urges their energies
forward to seek their proper place among their
fellow beings. Quick perceptions, retentive
memories, and sound judgment, are characteris-
tics which enable the educated, self-reliant blind
to overcome all difficulties and throw all ob-
stacles behind them. J low different it is with
one afflicted with this physical imperfection of
blindness, who is not taught and trained ! With
such, blindness is the chief and sorrowful subject
of thouglit ; faculties become benumbed, and
perceptions grow blunt, or rather callous, and
from lack of exercise the power of memory de-
creases, and the person so circumstanced gradu-
ally relapses into melancholy, from which oifiy
education can rouse him. The educated blind
stand in a moral point of view, not at all in-
ferior to their fellow-men ; they enjoy with them
the advantage of reading God's Word for them-
selves and are eipially able to understand and
appreciate theological discourses, therefore the
same i-esults humanly speaking may bp looked
for. It is noteworthy that virtues of patience
and contentment, so often represented as charac-
teristic graces of the blind, do not characterize
them as a class, but hold good alone in that por-
tion of them who have been or are being educa-
ted. That blindness has a demoralizing (not
using the word in connection Vith vicious habits)
effect on t!ie unenlightened, we firmly believe,
since the uneducated blind as a class are depres-
sed and discontented. With them time rolls
wearily oa — tedious days and more tedious

nk'lits ! What advantage is it to them that the
Bible is printed in raised letters ?

They cannot avail themselves of this blessing,
nor can they thoroughly understand it when read
to them. Physical darkness, mental darkness,
and moral darkness ! — a triple Egyptian gloom
which naught but the light of knowledge can
dispel. God grant that the light ""now dawning
on the Maritime Provinces may soon break into
an eternal day. Dr. Howe estimates that the
average life of the blind is nine per cent, less than
the average life in Massachusetts, U. S., and ten
per cent, less than the average life in England.
We believe, however, that the general health of
the educated blind is superior to that of their un-
educated brethren. Our belief is grounded on
these three facts. 1st. The educated blind have
confidence in themselves ; can walk at pleasure,
and they exercise much more than they other-
wise would do. 2nd. They arc enabled, by their
own exertions, to surround themselves with many
more of the solid comforts of this life. 3rd.
They are more contented and cheerful. But
education does still more for the blind. Even
the worst afflictions have their compensations,
and blindness is not an exception to the rule.
Touch, hearing, and even smell, when cultivated
by the blind become very acute and useful.

.1,7.' ; .':>/,

i r , , , ,

• u - 1-

,' - < J '-..ft' I •'»■■

y'fl

PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THE BLIND.

Communicated to American Association of Instructors of the
blind; by -V. F. Frasar, Superintendent Halifax Insti-
tution for Blind. 'uf.!-

The physical training of the blind deserves the
most earnest consideration from those entrusted
with their education, and should be regarded in
all schools for the blind as of equal importance
with the training of the mind. A careful observ-
ance of the natural laws which regulate diet,
sleep, study, and recreation, may produce results
in a measure satisfactory, but they cannot be
entirely so, since the human frame, like the
human brain, lequires to be systematically train-
ed, in order that it may reach its greatest pos-
sible perfection. Every Institution for the Blind
should have, in connection with it, a thoroughly
equipped gymnasium, in charge of a competent
instructor, where the pupils could be systematic
cally trained in such exercises as would tend to
develop the nuiscles of their bodies, and increase
their powers of endurance. Having had in the
Institution imder my charge an opportunity of
witnessing the benefits resulting from a course of
gymnastics, I feel that it is a matter well worthy
of the consideration of the Instructors of the
Blind in Convention assembled. Annexed will
be found the official report of D. Kay, 20th regi-
ment, the Instructor of Gymnastics at the Halifax
Institution for the Blind, showing the inci'ease
and development in the pupils after a course of
live months' training.

1.:

I^^^POI^T

fax

lase

Of a (^laas of Pupils of rtistifiition for the Blind, (johuj ihinuqh
a Course of Trainintj in their (ti/miiasiitm at ffa/ifiix,
Noi'a Scotia, Commencimj January 8, 1878, and ending
June 6, 1878.

t
<

Measurement.

Increase.

Name,

Weight —
lbs.

Chest-
Inches.

Forearm —
inclies.

Upper Arm

— inches.

Chest-
inch.

Forearm —
inch.

UpperAnn
— inch.

No. of Days
tendance.

C. F. Fnwer

187

38. J

11.2

13.2

173i

40J

11.3

13.0

2.0

O.l

0.2

A. Chisholm

148

33.0

10.0 11.4

137i

36 Jt

10.3; 11.6

3.5

0.3

0.2

P.Fletcher

150

35.1

10.6 11.3

14.5^ 40.0

11.0 12.6

4,9

0.4

1.3

J. Ross

108 33.0

8.0, 8.7

109

35.9

9.2 10.9

2.9

1.2

2.2

F. McLean

138

36.0

9.9 10.8

141

38.5 10.5

11.3

2.5

0.6

0.5

E. Leedham

119

32.7

9.0

9.7

115

34.7

10.7

11.2

2.0

1.7

1.5

J. Ililtz

148

140

34.2 10.4

11.3
11.5

2.3

0.1

0.2

36.5

10.5

M. Morri.son

27.3

7.0

7.2

62.f

27.0

7.1

7.3

0.3

0.1

O.l

W. Collins

27.0

7.5

8.0

79i

29.9

8.4

10.3

2.9

0.9

2.3

C. Cole

97i
99

31.0
33.6

9.5
10.0

10.2
1 1 .3

2.6

0.5

1.1

J. Ilawbolt

27.0

7.0

7.5

68i

29.0

8.0

2.0

1.0

0.5

A. McNeill

25.0

6.7

6.9

63 i

25.3

7.5

8.5

0.3

0.8

1.6

J. Butler

26.3

6.8

7.1

27.8

8.0

8.2

1.5

1.2

1.1

G. Theixton

22.1

6.5

6.7

aOi

23.0

7.1

7.2

0,9

0.6

Greatest increase in the Class— Chest, 4.9 in. ; Forearm, 1.7
in ; Upper arm, 2..'1 in. Least increase in the Class— Chetit,
0.3 in. ; Forearm, 0.1 in. ; Upper arm, 0.1 in. Men and
lloys, 14. Average daily attendance of Men and Hoys, 12- 1.5.

DAVID KAY,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Jane 15, 1878. 20th Kegt.

» OJ.W. I '- D?

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"W:

(55

HALIFAX INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND.

IXCORPOBATKD IN THE TEAR 1867.

WWflGERS AND OFFICERS OF THE INSTrTUTIOH.
MANAGERS FOR 1879.

JAMES F. AVERY M n

JOHN s. Maclean; •'

M. H. RICHEY
CHARLES FLETCHFP
JOHNDUFFUS '

w.c. silver/

S. A. WHITE.
W. H. NEAL,
GEORGE THOMSON
Wm. COMPTON '

GEORGE MITCHELL.
WILLIAM P. WEST

|3re0tbent.

JAMES F. AVERY, M. D.

JOHN s. Maclean.

GEORGE THOMSON.
M. H. RICHEY.

Sccorbing <SecrctarB.
CHAS. FLETCHER.

.\|.

-•U rv,i( - .> r. » ?.

OFFICERS.

..„, .isai .if^

.. ?•

<Supenuttnbcnt.

C. F. FRASER.

LiTERATURB— MISS JESSIE FORRESTER.
Music— C. F. FRASER.

.?j\ ^/ ^rabc iuetrtictor. * , .^ '

■•ii

.•^; t.'^- M,:

DAVID A. BAIRD.

<Stctoitrb.

R. T. BLAIR.

Jftittron.

MRS. R. T. BLAIR.

^ttenbing Jlkjjai dan.

DR. ARCHIBALD LAWSON.

(D^jthnlmk |3h|j0iciitn.

DR. S. DODGE. .

1 : j '^X-^'^r':'

^':^v.H.

^pW

Visiting Day— WEDNESDAY, 3 p. m.

' ; t.

HISTOBY OF THE HALIFAX INSTITUTION
FOR THE BLIND.

For the founding of this Institution a debt of
gratitude is due by the people of this Province
to the late William Murdoch, Eh<|., who died in
Lon«lon in 1<SG7, having a few years previously
taken up his residence there, after a long, useful
and successful life as a merchant of tliis city.
In his Will he bequeathed, in addition to various
other harities, the munificent sum of £5,000 N.
S. Cy., towards the endowment of an Asylum
for the Blind, on condition that a suitable build
ing would be secured at a cost of not less than
£3,000. An amount was raised by subscription
shortly after his decease, sufhcient for this pur-
pose., and an eligible site having been procured
gratuitously from the City on the South Com-
iixm, arrangements were at onct> made, and a
a suitable brick building was erected, capable of
accommodating about 40 pupils.

As a Report of the Directors, lately submitted
to the Annual Meeting, is annexed, it is unneces-
sary to make further remarks than to express
the hope that the blessing of God may attend this
Institution, and that it may do all the good that
the benevolent founder had in view in his kind-
ly endeavors to increase the happiness and use-
fulness of this hitherto neglected class of our
fellow beings in the Province.

The first meeting under the Act of Incorpora-
tion to elect a Board of Managers and Officers,
was held at the City Council Chamber, on tliQ
27th April, 18G8. .,

At this meeting, a Committee was appointed to
receive 'jb5 rriptions towards the building fund,
and the Board were empowered to proceed with
the work as soon as the funds at their command
reached the stipulated amount.
' During the following summer, the building was
contracted for by Mr. H. Peters, and was com-
pleted in the autumn of the following year, at
a total cost of $14,027.08.

The amount of subscriptions raised, including
a grant of $2000 from the Government, was
S15,.557.38.

The following is a list of subscribers :

Provincial Grant 112000 00

Hon. M. B. Almon 2000 00

" E. Collins 1000 00

Wm. Cunard, Esq 500 00

Sir W. F. Williams 500 00

Sir Edward Kenney.... 400 00
A Friend, per M. H.

Richey 400 00

Hon. A. Keith 200 00

"J. H. Anderson.... 200 00

James Donaldson 200 00

Judge Bliss 200 00

Lewis Bliss 200 00

Bishop of Nova Scotia... 200 00

Sir Wm. Young 200 00

W. J. Stairs 200 00

J. Duffus 200 00

The Lieat. Governor... 200 00

W. P. iWest 200 00

Edward Binney 200 00

Wm. Hare 100 00

Edward Albro 100 00

Hon. Jerem'h Northup 100 00

"J. W. Ritchie 100 00

" D. McN. Parker.... 100 00

W. B. Hamilton 100 00

Chas. Cogswell, M. D.... 100 00

0. D. Hunter 100 00

Ann Vaps 100 00

S. A. White lOO 00

Hon. Jas. Cochran

George Esson

George P. Mitchell

Edward Smith

John Naylor

John Doull

John Tohin

Archbishop Connolly...

Miss Cogswell

\J. F

John Stairs

Burns &; Murray

Esson &; Co

A. McLeod

Alex. McLeod & Co....

Wm. Harrington

Black Bros. & Co

David Starr and Sons . . .

J. B. Bland

Bauld, Gibson & Co....

James Scott ..

Daniel Cronan

S. N. Binney

Joseph Wier

J. & R. B. Seeton

Jas. F. Avery

Geo. H. Starr

Jairus Hart

John Brookfield

E. K. Brown

100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
80 00
50 00

100 00
LOG 00
[OO 00
LOO 00
LOO 00
[oO 00
loo 00

too 00
loo 00
[go 00
loo 00
loo 00
loo 00
loo 00
loo 00
loo 00

180 00
l50 00

\Vm. Cogswell 80 00

Chas. Robson & Ca 50 00

E. W. Chmman 50 00

W. H. Neai 50 00

John Silver & Co 50 00

John S. McLean 50 00

Kobert Morrow 50 00

O. C. Harvey 50 00

Johnjaylor 50 00

W. |C. Silver 50 00

W. Jordan & Co 50 00

Fiaser, Paint & Co.... 50 00

Stephen Tobin 50 00

Tho8. A. Brown • 50 00

P. Lynch 50 00

J. &W. Compton 50 00

John G. Mashall 50 00

JohnC. Haliburton.... 40 00

J. B. Morrow 40 00

Hon. S. L. Shannon.... 30 00

John B. Campbell 30 00

Late K. S. Brookfield... 30 00

D. Murray & Co 25 00

Lordly & Stimpson 25 00

JohnL. Whytal 25 00

A. K. McKinlay 20 00

J. Withrow 20 00

Smith Brou 20 00

John Farquharsou 20 00

T. V. Woolrich 20 00

ThoB. A. AndersoB 20 00

Very Rev. Dr. Hannan 20 00

W. H. Newman 20 00

John H. SymoiM 20 00

"VV. H. TuUy 20 00

J. B. Elliott &Co 20 00

W. H. Creighton 20 OO

James Tremaiu 20 00

M. H. Richey 70 00

Charles Fletcher 20 00

Shaw& Murphy 12 50

R. T. Muir 10 00

The securities for the bequest of the late
William Murdoch, Esq., amounting to £5000,
N. S. currency, were handed over by Charles

Murdoch, Esq., in October, 1870, together with
the interest thereon, which made a total of
$24,000, to be invested as an endowment for the

C. Kaizer 10 00

Everett Bros 10 00

J. C. Mcintosh 10 00

D. Falconer 10 OO

P. Walsh 10 00

John Lithgow 10 00

H. P. Burton 5 00

M. A. Buckley.....'. 5 00

Col. Lowry, 47th Regfc. 5 00
St. Jolin's Ch., Lunen-
burg 18 20

Onslow, per M. Bn.xter 8 00
Yarmoutli, i)«rRev. M.

Moody 18 40

Wolfville, per Dr. John-
ston 96 00

St. John's Ch., Truro... 95 50

Stewiacke 14.50

Y. M. Asaoo. Chalmers

Church 15 00

Windsor Forks Church 8 00

Windsor.per Dr. Fraser 608 00
Upper Londonderry,

per Mr. Morrison... 12 00
Rev. Mr. Wylie's Con.

Londonderry 8 20

Legacy from late Jane

MoUoy 88 87

Legacy from late Robt.

Noble 100 00

Legacy from late Robt.

Purvis, Pugwaah... 100 00
Legacy from late Jas.

McDonald, Green

Hill, PictouCo.... 150 GO

AND LIFE MEMBERS SINCE.

Hon. Robt. Roak 100 00

Jas. R. Lithgow 50 00

John Boyd, St. John,

N. B 50 00

Mrs. Bauld, Senr 200 00

Institution. The Boanl of Managers having en-
gaged the services of Miss Reynolds as principal
Teacher, and Miss Dwyer, a graduate of the
Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, as assist-
ant Teacher, opened the school for instruction in
August, 1871, with four pupils, two niale^u and
two females ; Miss Dwyer having brought with
her from Phila«lelphia a nundjcr of raised print
V)o<jks a!id other necessary apparatus. During
the Autumn of the sauic year, two more pupils
were enrolled in the school, making the number
in attendance six. Mr. and Mrs. Dill worth were
appointed to the offices of Steward and Matron
in this year. ^ < r'/r v^ -i •

According to the By-Laws of the Institution, —

All original subscribers to the fund for erectinif
the Asylum for t? e Blind within the City of
Halifax shall lie and continue members of this
Association so long as they contribute the sum of
one dollar or upwards towards the support of the
Institution.

Any subscriber to the funds of the Institution
to the amount of five dollars or upwards, may be
constituted a member on motion of a member of
the Board of Managers at one of their regular
monthly meetings, and so continue during his
annual payment of five dollars.

Donors of fifty dollars at one time, and mem-
bers who have served the ofhce of Manairer not
less than three consecutive years, shall thereby
be constituted life members of the Association.

Payment of five hundred dollars at one time
shall constitute a patron of the Institution.

Patrons and members ishall have the right of

lem-
not

voting at tlie annual election of Managei-s, and
shall themselves be eligible.

In this year the Government of Nova Scotia
lecognized the right of the Blind to j>articipato
in the benefits of education, by granting $1000
towards the fund at the disposal of the Board.

At the close of the year 1H72, the Board of
Managers reported «»". increase of live pupils,
making the number then in attendance eleven,
8 of whom were males and 3 females. During
this year the males were instructed in the cane
seating of chairs. The females in l>ead and wool
work. A commencement was made in the study
of vocal and instrumental music, Mr. Satt'ery
kindly devoting two evenings a week to instruc-
tion, which services were rendered gratuitously.
Miss Catherine Ross was appointed principal
teacher; to fill the position made vacant by the
retirement of Miss Reynolds. The grounds which
were in a very rough state when the building was
first occupied, were laid out and much improved.
Doctor l)o<lge, the pliysician to the school, re-
ported the pupils as having enjoyed excellent
health.

The Provincial grant for this year was one
thousand dollars, also donations and subscrip-
tions were received amounting $113, in addition
to which a legacy of $100 was received from the
estate of tlie late R. Noble, Es([.

At the close of the year 1873 the Board of^^:^
Managers report the Institution to be progressing
favorably, the number of pupils having l»cen
increased by four, making the attendance fifteen
in all, eleven of whom were males, four females.

Previous to the summer vacation the first pub-

He examination was held in which the pupils
acquitted themselves creditably. Miss Mary
Dwyer being in delicate health, and obliged to
return to the United States, the Board secured
the services of Mr. C. F. Fraser, son of B. D. Fraser,
Esq., M. D., of Windsor, as Superintendent of the
Institution, who had been thoroughly educated
at the Perkins Institution for the Blind in Bos-
ton, Mass. By a resolution of the Board dated
in October of this year, it was decided that in
future the pupils should be allowed, at the dis-
cretion of the Superintendent, to dispense with
a guide when off the premises. The result of
this was that they visited their friends much
more frequently and attended their own churches
with greater regularity. The manufacture of
corn brooms was commtnced this year, Mr. A.
Wright having been engaged as instructor. One
of Wheeler & Wilson's sewing machines was also
purchased for the use of the girls work depart-
ment.

The Provincial grant for this year was SI, 250
in all, donations and subscriptions, $25. The
Managers in their report invite the attention of
the other Maritime Provinces to the advantages
offered by the Institution.

At the close of the year 1874 the Board of
Managers report the Institution as having made
satisfactory progress. In this year the first
annual concert was given in Argyle Hall before a
large audience ; this, together with the opening
of the Institution to visitors on Wednesday after-
noon, had a marked effect in the interest taken
in its success by the general public. The Board
report two new pupils, one each from New

tages

\d of

liade

lirst

)ve a

Ining

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, as having
entered the Institution (hiring the year, and three
as having graduated, making the number in at-
tendance at this date fourteen.

The tuning of pianos offers to the energetic
blind a comparatively lucrative business. This
being known it was thought ad /isable to give
the pupils an opportunity of acquiring knowledge
in this branch. A class of four young men was
formed and have received instruction for the past
six months. Their pi-ogress is highly satisfac-
tory. During the summer holidays the Superin-
tendont accompanied by the teachers and six of
the pupils visited twenty -seven of the cities and
towns of the Lower Provinces, giving concerts
and exhibitions of their studies and work. In
every place they were received most kindly, and
doubtless all were interested in learning what the
blind are capable of, and how easily they may be
taught to earn their own living, instead of their
being as formerly in these Provinces, helpless,
and objects of pity to their parents and friends.
In this year a new piano and cabinet pipe organ
were added to the stock of musical instruments ;
one of the old pianos being required for instruc-
tion in tuning. In addition to the Provincial
grant of $1,200 and the sum of $332 collected by
the Superintendent during his tour with the
pupils in the summer vacation. Donations and
subscriptions were received amounting to $184,
also a legacy of $100, from the estate of the late
Robert Pur v^es of Pugwash.

The following gentlemen were enrolled as life-
members, Hon. Robert Boak, subscribing

James R. Lith^'ow, Esq., and John Bov<l, Esq., of
St. John, N. B., .su>).scril>in<^ $.■)() each.

During the year \ii7i* the Botud of Manageis
report the nuniher of pupils in attendance to be
thirteen. No new pupils were enrolled. They
regretfully reconl the detith of Elizabeth
LeBrocq, of Georj^etovvn, P. E. I., this being the
lirst death since tlie opening of the .school.

A new piano was purchased for the musical
department. During the summer vacation the
Superintendent by order of the Board visited the
parents of eleven blind children in the eastern
part of the Province, with a view of explaining
to them the objects of the Institution.

The Superintendent reports the parents of
these children to be for the most part in indigent
circumstances and unable to contribute anything
towards their support at the Institution. The
Board therefore urge upon the Government and
the public the necessity of an increase l)eing
made in their funds, so that the benefits of the
Institution may be extended to all. Mr. and
Mrs. Blair of Onslow were appointed to the
offices of Steward an«l Matron in the place of Mr.
and Mrs. John Dill worth, resigned. The Pro-
vincial grant was $1200 and subncriptions were
received amounting to $157. Also a donation
from Mrs. Bauld, .sonr., of $200, and a legacy
from the estate of the late James McDonald of
Pictou County of $150. Our skilful and invalu-
able f?i(;nd. Dr. D(xlge, is still with us, now as
consulting physician; while Dr. Sinclair has
kindly assumed the office of attending physician ;
Doctor Cogswell, Dentist, continues to give kind

10(

and

the

Mr.

Pro-

Iwere

ition

Id of
ralu-

jian

attention to the wants of our pupils when call
upon.

For the year 1870, the ?><iard of niana^jers re-
port the schooJ to l)e in a floiuishiri^ condition,
ei;^ht n<iw pnpils were enroJlod, three of whoiri
were from the Province of New Bj-unswiek, and
iive /,a'aduated, makiu^^ the avera;^^^ attendance
for tiie yo&v sixteen. The nianufactui'« of Coir
and Rp.ttan mats was commence<i during this
year. A mat .s«nt to the Provincial Exhibition
at Trnro, was awarded a certificate of merit.
Specimens of articles manufactiire«l by the pupil;*
were displayed in tiie Nova Scotia department,
of the (^ntenial Exhibition, at Philadel})hia
The In.stitution sustained a severe Urm in the
death of G. P. Mitchell, Esq., who for nmny years
had performed the duties of Treasurer, and to
whose untiring zeal and self-denying industry the
Blind are greatly indebted. George Thompson,
Esq., was appointed his successor. The mana-
ger's regret the loss by death of another of th<^ir
nund>er, Charles Miu'doch, Esq. brother of the
?i<3ble founder of the Institution^ who was a
memlM^r of the Board, from the time of its or-
ganization. E. D. King, Esq , was called tx) the
Board to till the vacancv. The amonnt of the
Provincial Grant for thi.s year was ^1000, and
donations to the amount of $122.75, were re-
ceived.

The Managers report eighteen pypils as in
attendance, in the year 1877. A valuable con-
tribution of books, printed in Doctor Moon's sys-
tem was presented to the school by Sir Chas.
Lowther, Bart. A fine Piano was also added to
the stock of musical instruments, and a Branson.

7(]

Knitting Machine was purchased for the use of
the girls work department. During this year
efforts were made to secure funds for the erection
of a gymnasium and workshops, which were
successful.

Mr. David Baird, a graduate of the Institution,
was sent by the Board to the Philadelphia
" Home for Blind Men," to acquire a more
extended knowledge of the handicrafts taught
to the Blind. During the summer vacation, the
Superintendent, accompanied by the teachers and
five pupils, visited twenty eight cities and towns
of the Lower Provinces, in each of which a con-
cert and exhibition was given. The proceeds were
d'^voted to the gymnasium fund.

During the Autumn the Tn&titution did not
escape from one of those terrible diseases lately
so prevalent in city and country. Diptheria
made its appearance, and seven of our pupils, the
teacher. Miss Ross, and one of the domestics,
were at different times on the sick list. By the
mercy of God all recovered but one ; a delicate
boy of nine years, from New Brunswick, who,
although well through the disease, had not suf-
ficient strength to rally, even under the best of
treatment. This successful dealing with so dan-
gerous a disease, was due to the professional &kiM
and unwearied attention of the House Physician,
Dr. Sinclair, assisted, when required, by Dr.
Dodge, the Ophthalmic Surgeon, and the Hon.
Dr. Parker. This result was no doubt also largely
due to the healthy, well drained buildi gs, its
large airy rooms and halls, and the sound sub-
stancial diet with whioli all are bountifully sup-
plied. In this visitation Miss Ross proved that

sup-
that

she was not only a vahiablc toacbr-r, bu' a kind
and loving nnrse. Tn these labors and watchings
she was cheerfully seconded by the Matron, Mrs.
Blair, whose unwearied care and motherly affec-
tion assisted greatly in the recovery of the
pupils.

Messrs. William Compton and W P. West,
were called to the Board, to fill the places made
vacant by the retirement of Messrs. E. Smith
and E. D. King. The grant from the Nova Scotia
Government was $800, and from that of New
Brunswick, $240. Donations to the amount of
$1G8 were received, also subscriptions to the
gymnasium fund $772,44. The managers grate-
fully record two bequests during this year, the
first from the late J. M. Walker, Esq., $500, the
latter of the late N. L. West, $800.

In 1878 the Board report, that since its incep-
tion there have been in the school 43 pupils, 26
males and 17 females, of which number 21 are
still in attendance. Of the remaining 22, two
have died ; one by a successful operation, per-
formed by Dr. Dodge, has entirely recovered the
sight of one eye ; two arc music teachers, four
Piano tuners, six mechanics, and seven girls,
have returned to their homes, able to assist in
many of the duties of the household.

The workshops only just completed at the end
o^ the last year, have been found to be of the
greatest advantage, as it aflfords much greater
accommodation and gives additional facilities to
those formerly possessed. The workshops are
at present under the charge of Mr. David Baird,
who since taking charge, has proved himself to
be a faithful and competent instructor. Dr.

Lawson w«as appointed house physician in the
room of Dr. Sinclair, on the hitters appointment
to the Lunatic Asyhnn. The manufacture of
brushes was introduced this year. Towanis the
close of the year, we parted reluctantly with the
services of Miss Kfvss, w])o for six years occupied
the position of a teacher in the Literary De-
partment. This lady has taken her departure for
New Zealand, to reside with her relations. Prior
to her leaving, the Board took occasion to present
her with a gold watch, as a slight ixjcognition
and appreciation of her self-sacriticing spirit, in
devoting all her spare time to attending upon
and nursing those pupils, who in the previous
year had been stricken down by diphthoiia. Al-
though frequently urged, Miss Ross would not
leave the Institution until her place could bo
filled to the satisfaction of the Superintendent
and managers. This they were enabled to do, in
the selection of Miss Forrester, a daughter of the
distinguished and revered late Rev. Dr. Forrester,
who spent the best part of his life in Nova
Scotia, in moulding and developing its educa-
tional system. >

We have every reason to believe that Miss
Forrester will devote to her newly-assumed du-
ties her best energies, and will do all in her
power to bring about results that will reflect
credit upon herself and redound to the benefit of
the Institution,

The Nova Scotia Government gi-anted $800
and that of New Brvmswick $480, and donations
to the amount of $348 were received, also be-
quests fi"om the estate of the late Charles Roche,
$100 ; and from the executrix of the late W. S*

Black, $250. By the decision of the Judfi^e in
Equity the sum of $2000 was made available to
the Institution. The Managers gratefully ac-
knowledge the courtesy of the Railway and
Steamboat Lines in passing the pupils to and
from their homes at reduced rates. Also the
voluntary services of Miss McKie as mu.sic reader.
They also acknowledge the kindness of S. Sichel
& Co., Professors Doane and Bird, and the various
musical organizations, in sending the pupils com-
plimentary tickets for the entertainments under
their management.

-•-•-

Miss
du-
her

iflect
it of

j800

tions

be-

)ehe,

SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT FOR THE

YEAR 1878.

To the Board of Manaqers of the Ilalifax Institution far

the Blind.

Gentlemen : — In this Report, which I now
submit for your consi<leration, I have briefly re-
f«*rred to the various Departments of the school,
the progress of the Institution, and the place
that should be occupied by the Blind in the
General Scheme of Education. The individual
members of your Board are personally familiar
with much that is herein contained, your fre-
quent visits to the Institution maiving you con-
versant with every detail of its internal manage-
ment, but as these Reports constitute the only
available literature respecting the Blind and
their education, it is advisable that their circu-
lation be extended to every part of the Maritime

Provinces, in onlor that the public may fully
understand the purposes for which the Institu-
tion is sustained, and the sources from whence its
annual income is derived.

ATTENDANCE.

There are at the present time, twenty-two
blind persons receiving instruction in this school,
twenty of whom reside in the Institution, and
arc classed under the head of pupils, — two are
non-residents, receiving instruction in the Work-
shop, and are classed as adult workmen. Of the
twenty-two, seventeen are from Nova Scotia,
three from New Brunswick, and two from Prince
Edward Island.

LITERARY DEPARTMENT. - ::

The usual routine work of this department has
been carefully and systematically carried for-
ward, and considering the disadvantage under
which we labor, of not being able to grade the
school, on account of its limited numbers, the
progress made by the pupils has been most
satisfactory. The education afforded embraces
all the branches usually comprised in a good
English education. . I regret that owing to the
requirements of other departments, no new books
have been purchased for the school. The increase
of our library of raised print books, is of the
greatest importance to the pupils, and the presen-
tation to the Institution of one or more standard
works, by the philanthropists of Canada, would
soon place within reach of the Blind a storehouse
of information, affording them at the same time
profitable reading and genuine pleasure. The

average cost of a book in raised characters is
four dollars.

READING.

Our pupils are taught to read from books of
embossed or raised print. The idea of raised
print for the blind was first conceived by a
Frenchman named Valentine Hauey, in 1784.
He used the ordinary Roman capitals. Since
that time books have been printed in lower case
letters, the shapes of which have been somewhat
modifie<l by Dr. S. G. Howe, of Boston. The
letters having a more angular form. This priiit
is easily learned by young children, but pupils
wlio are over 16 years of age prefer to learn the
Braille characters. This system was introduced
by Braille, an eminent blind Frenchman, in 1839.

His system consists of an ingenious combina-
tion of from one to six dots arranged in such a
way that a sign or letter may be made by com-
bining one or more of them, for example : G, : :,
Q or Y f-jFor Ij These point characters are
more legible than the ordinary line letter, but the
durability of this print is not so great.

ARITHMETIC.

Our pupils use a cyphering slate, which con-
sists of a board pierced with holes J of an inch
square, and glass type to represent numbers.

These types are of two kinds, 1st — Those
having at one end a slight elevation at the cor-
ner, ami at the other a corresponding depression.
"With these types eight figures may be represent-
ed. 2nd — Those having at one end a raised
diagonal line, and at the other end presenting a

plane surface, with this form of type two figures
can be made. By the use of these two type any
combination of fiofures can be readilv set down ;
still when practicable pupils are encouraged to
perform their calculations mentally.

WRITING.

Pupils are taught to write by the aid of the
French writing board. This consists of stiff card-
board, crossed at regular intervals by a number
of parallel grooves, into which the paper is
pressed. These grooves forming at the same
time a guide in which to write, and also determin-
ing by their width the height of the letter. The
letters are detached as in printed matter and
have a square form. The pupils are also taught
to write the Braille characters (before mentioned)
by means of a board covered with baize, across
the frame of which a brass plate or ruler is placed
perforated with two rows of rectangular cells.
This plate is moveable downwards as the writing
progresses. In each of the cells a sign or letter
may be made. By means of this method the
blind can write short lessons, keep their own
accounts, and correspond with each other.

GEOGRAPHY.

A year ago your Board imported for the school
department a number of maps with keys in raised
print, also a globe. These maps are embossed on
stiii' cardboard, the surface of the land being
slightly elevated above that of the ocean.

The boundary lines and mountain ranges being
marked by still greater elevations, while the

siting

own

Ichool
[aised
led on
)eing

J3eing
the

courses of the rivers are indicated hy depressed
lines. The position of cities, towns, rivers, Sec,
are represented by Braille figures, the meaning of
which may be easily ascertained by reference to
the keys. The remaining studies such as Gram-
mar, Spelling, History and Natural Philosophy
are taught orally, or by the aid of raised printed
books. ^

I have much pleasure in stating that the pupils
have made satisfactory progi*ess in all the
branches taught.

MUSICAL DEPARTMENT.

The cultivation of Music, as an art, both in
theory and practice, offers to the Blind a future
of useful and pleasing employment. As teachers
of this art, they have everywhere been eminently
successful, and it is without exception one of the
most remunerative professions in which they can
engage. The want of ^thoroughly trained teach-
ers of vocal and instrumental music, in this
section of Canada, affords an extended field for
the employment of our graduates, and it is most
gratifying to find that those who have been
trained in this Institution, who are now teaching
music, are meeting with every encouragement,
and are able to support themselves. Every pupil
is given an opportunity to study music, and, if
their progress warrants the belief that they will
ultimately succeed in obtaining a diploma as a
competent teacher, no pains is spared in tho-
roughly qualifying them for the profession.
There are at present, sixteen pupils stud3dng
music. Our stock of instruments consists of five

pianos and one cabinet organ, to which another
jjiano should be added, as soon as the funds at
your command will allow of its purchase. To
make this department more efficient, it is also
advisable that a commencement be made to-
wards formina: a band. There are many com-
panics, societies and individuals possessing
suitable brass and reed instruments, which are
ot no service to them, who would be furthering
a good object were they to lend or present the
same to tlie Institution,

TUNING DEPARTMENT.

The tuning of piano-fortes offers a large field
for the profitable employment of our graduates,
in which the loss of sight is more than compen-
sated for, by the acuteness of their sense of
hearing, which enables them to accurately deter-
mine the pitch of any tone. W. McB. Smith, of
Norton, N. B., graduated creditably from this
department at the close of the last term, and has
now returned to his native province. Four
graduates hold certificates from this department,
four pupils are now receiving instruction in this
special branch. The public were at first some-
what timid about trusting their valuable instru-
ments in the hands of a tuner deprived of sight,
but yielding to a generous impulse to encourage
those wdiose deprivation prevented their engaging
in but few callings, they gave them emplo^^ment
for a time on trial. I'he I'esults have proved so
satisfactory that our tuners are now engaged
without hesitation.

WORK TDEPARTMENT.

Our new building which had just been com-
pleted at the date of our last report, is found to
be well adapted for the purpose for which it was
erected. The second floor, which is used as a
workshop, is divided into six sections, each of
which is designed for a special trade, the whole
being so arranged, as to be under the control of
one instructor. Four of these sections have been
fitted with the requisite tools and machinery and
aie in working order. We are now prepared
to give our pupils instruction in cane-seating,
broom, mat and brush making, — the manufacture
of brushes has been extensively carried on. As
w^e desire to sell the articles manufactured, we
would respectfully invite the public to visit the
work-shop, and bestow on us a share of their
patronage. The work-shop is open eight hours
each day during the week, Saturday afternoon
excepted. It is on the profitable employment of
its people, that the advancement of every country
must depend, and it is the duty of all Institutions
of this character to train and prepare for useful
occupation, those w^ho cannot elsewhere obtain
the required knowledge. Realizing the impor-
tance both to the individual and the public of
utilizing a non-working class, your Boaid have
liberally granted instruction in handicrafts to
three young men, whose ages prevented their
taking advantage of the course prescribed for the
regular pupils. This action, on your part,
deserves every encouragement from the public,
whom you have thus relieved from the indirect
burthen of their support.

Baa

GIRLS WORK DEPARTMENT.

The girls have received instruction in plain
sewini,^, knitting, fancy, head, and wool work, the
use of the sewing and knitting machines, &c. Wo
are all aware how necessary it is, that ladies
should possess a knowledge of all kinds of plain
and fancy work, hut to the Blind these useful
pastimes make pleasant many an hour that
would otherwise he cheerless indeed. It is there-
fore our earnest wish to so train our pupils, that
they may find useful employment after they
leave the Institution, helieving that their future
happiness depends entirely on their ahility to
do and provide for themselves.

HEALTJI.

The excellent health of the pupils during the
past year is due in a measure to the oppertunity
they have had of obtaining systematic exercise.
In this, as in former years, every care has been
taken to provide them with a nutritious diet,
and ample time has been allowed for sleep, but
we have ])een unable to afford them exercise
during the winter season, — this is now no longer
the case, the liberality of the public having pro-
vided us with a splendid gymnasium, which
occupies the greater part of the first floor of the
new building. During the past winter, the
pupils were trained in gymnastics by Instructor
Kay, of H. M. 2()th Regiment. The average de-
velopment of each pupil is as follows :

inches.

Foro arm,

.()

Upper arm,

1.1

Cliest,

2.5

Attend anco.

45 (lays.

Avera<'e a*^e,

17 yrs, G mos.

The average absence from school on account of
Bickness in former years has been from two to
five days for each pupil. Durin^r the past year,
but one pupil was sliu^htly indisposed for two
days, r('.ducin<j^ the avera<^(^ for the school to less
than two-tenths of a da^^ for each pupil.

dch

the

Ithe

]tor

de-

MISCELLANEOUS.

It is with great difficulty and at no small ex-
pense, that we are able to obtain information
respecting the Blind, and ther? are doubtless still
some in the Province, of who^^ existence we are
not aware. Statistics respecting these children
were taken in the last census of the Dominion of
Canada, and are deposited in the Department of
Agriculture, in Ottawa, but owing to a regula-
tion of the Government, they cannot be opened
for our inspection. I trust that the Members for
Halifax will bring this matter to the notice of
the Dominion Government, and obtain from them
a copy of all statistics relating to the Blind, by
supplying which, the Government will greatly
assist the Institution in its work, and benefit
many blind children who otherwise might be
overlooked. The following statistics have been
gathered from the " Report of the Commissioner
of Public Instruction," published at Washington,

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

'" '""" IIIIIM

2.0

1.8

1-4 IIIIII.6

'^^ ;>

^- .V

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^'.

ft-

III

in the year 1 875. They show the annual cost of
educating the Blind in fourteen States of the
United States, — to these I have added the cost
of their education in Ontario, and Nova Scotia.

Expense per Pupil.

Georgia Institute $350.00

Illinois Institute 303.03

Indiana Institute 309.(10

Iowa Institute 258.06

Kentuckv Institute 2G5.23

Maryland Institute 278.43

Massachusetts Institute 228.40

Minnesota Institute 2Cr>.G6

New York Institute 292.00

Ohio Institute 323.41

Pennsylvania Institute 361.04

, Tenessee Institute 263.15

Texas Institute 400.00

Wisconsin Institute 336.77

r Ontario Institute 200.00

Nova Scotia Institute 150.00

1^^

:-i i

.ill

The foregoing statistics prove most conclu-
sively that your Board have administered the
affaii*s of the Institution in a most economical
manner, but the funds at your command will not
allow of any increase being made to our present
number of pupils. This is much to be regretted,
as there are still many blind children in this and
the neighbouring Provinces, who should now be
in the Institution. In their interest, I would
urge the respective governments to place the
Deaf and Dumb and the Blind on the same
liberal footing as children blessed with sight, by

\^'^\

adding to their existing school laws, such a clause
as will make special provision for those whose
misfortune prevents their taking advantage of
the instruction now provided. Without such
provision our school law is manifestly incomplete,
as education cannot be said to bo free to all,
whilst these two classes are but partially pro-
vided for. In conclusion, let me thank your
Board, on behalf of the Blind, for the interest
you have evinced in their welfare and the earnest
efforts you have ever made to secure to them the
blessings of a liberal education. Allow me also
to congratulate you on the creditable reputation
that this Institution has obtained both at home
and abroad.

All of which is respectfully submitted.
' C. F. FRASER.

„i . --,

OPINIONS OF THE PKESS.

Morning Chronicle, 25th March, 1879.

The Blind Asylum Concert, — The annual concert and
exhibition of the Pupils of the Halifax Institution for the
Blind, took place in Freemasons' Hall last night before a
large audience. From a musical point of view the entertain-
ment was a decided success. The Choruses were beautifully
sung, while the Piano and Vocal Solos, Duets and Trios,
would have done credit to profcGi?ionals. During an intermis-
sion, an exhibition was given of tho scholastic attainments of
the pupils, which prove<'. them to be quick-witted and well
taught. A recitation, " The Charge of the Light Brigade," by
little Master George W. Theakaton, was capitally delivered.
When "God save the Queen" closed the performance, the
audience left more than satisfied.

, Morning Herald, 2nd April, 1878.

The Concert given by the Pupils of the Halifax Insticution
for the Blind at Mason Hall last evening, was the best ever
given by them. The various pieces sung showed how skilfully
the pupils are trained, and what high degree of perfection in
the study and execution of th*- " Divine Art" they are capable
of reaching. Although the audience was large and apprecia-
tive, still the state of the weather must have deterred many
from attending. The wish was generally expressed for a
repetition of the Concert, so that those who missed the rich
treat afforded last night, may have an oppertunity of enjoying
it. We heartily congratulate Mr. Fraser, the Superintendent,
on the success and proficiency of his pupils ; while the Mana-
gers of the Institution are to be congratulated for placing over
the inmates an accomplished gontlenian, who evidently spares
no pains in developing the various talents of those committed
to his charge, and fitting them to occupy places in life, benefi-
cial to themselves and creditable to the Institution. The
Halifax School for the Blind already ranks high among its sis-
ter institutions in other parts of the world ; and, judging from
what we witnessed last ni<rht, it will not be long before it takes
a first place. As it is, Halifax has reason to be proud of its
Institution and those interested iu it gratified at its progress.

Halifax Evewino Reporper and Times, 2ud April, 1878.

The Concert by the Pupils of the Inntitution for the Blind
at Freemasons' Hall last evening, was welt attended, consider-
ing the state of the weather. The musical programme was
admirably oarrred out; — the execution reflecting great credit on
all concerned. In reading, geography, hi.story, and the rudi-
ments of music, the pupils exhibited marked ability, creditable
to themselves, and to tlieir teacher, Mr. Fraser, who evidently
seems to be the ri' ht man in the right place. Perhaps the most
remarkable feature was the rapidity of tlieir arithmetical cal-
culations, which amused and astonished everybody. The enter-
ment was a great success, and gave mneh 'satisfaction to the
audience.

ticution
!8t ever
kilfully
ction in
:apablo
iprecia-
many
for a
[he rich
hjoying
[endent,
Mana-
ig over
spares
imitted
benefi-
. The
its sis-
ig from
it takes
of its
;re88.

Acadian Rkcordkr, 3nd April, 1878.

Among the many entertainments presented to the citizens of
Halifax during the past winter, few, if any, can favorably com-
pare with that given last night, by the pupils of the Institu«
tion for the Blind. Mason Hall was well filled, and at eight
o'clock a programme of very interc^sting music was commenced,
under the direction of Mr. Frase'*, tiie ieacher of the Institution
w ho is like his pupils devoid of sight. On the platform a largo
and interesting collection of work, executed by the pupils, was
on exhibition ; brushes, upholstering, chair seating, by the
boys ; specimens of straw work, photo frames, wall pockets,
etc., etc., Berlin wool work, knitting, etc., by the girls.

The specimens exhibited were creditable to the young people,
and taking the evening's exhibition as a sample of the training
given to the pupilii, we must say the Institution de.scrvos to
succeed; and we hope that the Legislature will see their way
clear to give them a graut this year, as they have duno fur Ui«
past two. ,,,, ..

T.'-I

' ^.■ • , .

„.'■•

• ■{

•'"■ ,' » ■ ..

OPINIONS OF PROFESSIONAL MUSICIANS.

Professor Aiinold Doane expresses himself, as regards one
of the ConcertH given by the pupils, in the following manner: —

" The Concert of Monday evening, given by the pupils of
the Institution for the Blind, waa one of the most enjoyable
and improving entertainments of the season. I think the
whole performance was, not . only highly interesting, but iu
every way creditable to both teacher and pupils ; — tl»e instruc-
tion given and progress made being evidently of a solid
character. I was never before present at one of your exam-
inations iu reading, etc, — those exercises were therefore quite
new to me, and pleased me very much. I would therefore
heartily recommend all lovers of music to avail themselves
of the first oppertunity afforded them to attend one of these
very popular concerts." A. DOANE.

Professor Bird, Organist of St, Mathews, gives his opinion
as follows : —

" Having been present at the last Concert given by the
Pupils of the Institution for the Blind, I take much pleasure
in expressing my surprise and gratification at the proficiency
shown by all the performers. I was particularly <lel)ghted with
the piano-forte playing, especially with the praise-worthy per-
formance of that diflicult Sonata Op. 27, No. 2. of Beethoven,
by one of the senior pupils, who posseses not only technical
ability, but also that musical knowledge so necessary to a suc-
cessful performance of such classical works. I trust that you
may meet with still greater success at your next Concert.

ARTHUR H. BIRD.

The following is Mr. Porter's opinion : —

" It having l>een my privilege to attend the last Concert and
Exhibition given by the Pupihi of the Halifax Institution for
the Blind, it gives roe muc}' pleasure to endorse the opinions
lieretoforc given, and to add my expression of unqualified

satisfaction with the Entertainment. I was partiov.Iarly im-
pressed with the musical portion of the }>ro;;rar ime, which
gave evidence of very carefnl preparation, not only were the
selections of high standard, hut their rendition was most com-
mendahle, showing careful training of the voices in those
important requisites of good Choms singing, vh. : uuifornn'ty
of tone, perfect pitch, good pronunciation and time. I trust
that their Concerts on this tour may prove as Hnancially suc-
cessful as on former occasions."

A. W. POUTER, Prof, of Vocal Culture.

" As the talented pupils of the Halifax Tnstitntion for the
Blind are ahout undertaking an extended tour tiironghout the
Maritime Provinces, for the purpose of giving C'oncerts and
School Exhibitions. I have much pleasure in re(;ommending
their Entertainments to the pratronage of the pnblic, and hope
that their efforts will be fully appreciated, and may meet with
unqualified success. 8. SlCllEL.

. )

\i ' ' I •■> '.

PROaRAMME

0/ 00 Choice SeUcilims of Vocal and Ingtrumental
Music, conuuifted to memory by the Pupils of the
Halifax Inxtitntion, far the Blind, prepared by
them duriny the School year of 1878-79, for their
Concert tour through Newfoundland^ and tlie
Ea)tt4im part of Nova Scotia.

2.
3.
4.

9.
10.
II.
12.
1.3.
14.
15.
14>.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

The Heart Ijowed down with Grief and Care.

" Bohemian Girl,"— Ba//c.
You Kemcniiicr Me, Ditto.

Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep, J. P. Knight.

The Old iSexton.

Near the banks of that lone River.
Faith aiid Hope.
Among the Heather.
Courting in the Rain.
The Poultry Convention.
I SAW Esau.
Comin' thro' tlie Rye.
Rohin Adair. ;

I>ee|> in My Heart.
I>»t Me Dream Again.
Sing, Sweet Bird.
Ala«!

Once Again.
Bird of Love.
Hush thee, My Baby.
Don't forget Me.

90N0S — DUETS.

La Ci. Darem,

What are tlie Wild Waves Saying.

I.arboard Watch.

The Minute Gun at Sea.

When tlw Swallows Homeward T\y,

The Musical Trial,

Mozart.

Abt.
J. D. Woodbury.

SOLOS AND CUORUSRa.

27. Oh ! Gently Breathe, J. S. Thomas.

28. Kiieeu Klauiiiih.

21). Gatheriiijr up tlio Shells from the Sea-shore, N. Thompson.

30. Wait, Little Birdie.

31. Hard Times, Foster.

32. The Birdie's Ball.

33. Our Cousins are Coming, '• ' • •- > s > Thompson.

34. Merry, Merry, Merry liclls.

CHOBUSES. • . :

8^. Fairy Moonlij^ht.

36. March of the Men of Harlech, Joseph Bamley.

37. The Wanderer's Return, Arnold iJoane.

38. The Gipsy's Chorus, " Bohenaiau Giil/'—Bal/e.

39. Laud of the Trumpet and the Spear.

40. Joy, Joy, Freedom To-day.

41. Away! Away! .■:

42. Home, Sweet Home !

SELECTIONS FOR MA.LE VOICES.

43, Stars of the Summer Nipht.

44. There is Music in the Air.

45. That Lady iu the Cars.

46. Peter Gray

47. Upidee, idee, ida.

48, Faded Flowers.

49, The I^ast Good -Bye, • *

50, Little Sam,

\ Mozart.

Abt.
}dburi/.

SELECTIONS OV SACRED MUSIC — SONGS.

Absalom, My Sou ! My Son 1

51.

52. Kesignation,

53. Sabbath Bells.

54. Flee as a Bird.

55. Tired,

56. Consider the Lilies,

57. There is a Green Hill,

58. One Sweetly Soleiuu Thought.

Mrs. Limhay.
Ditto.

Mrs. Lindsay.

M !)

QUARTETTES.

59. Oh ! Trust in God,

60. Come, Holy Spirit,

61. Sound the Loud Timbrel,

62. Come Unto Me,

Tirethnven.

G. W. Warren.

Hulluh.

George H. Martin.

6.3.
64.
6.5.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.

71.
72.
73.
74.
7.5.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
W.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.

8BLECTION8 FROM HYMNS OF MOODY AND 8ANKBY.

There were Ninety and Nine.

Precious Name.

That will be Heaven for Me.

Safe in the Arms of Jesus.

The Half was Never Told.

To the Work, to the Work.

The Life Boat.

Go, Bury Thy Sorrow.

SELECTIONS FOR I'lANO-FORTE.

The Cradle Song,

March, Delta Kappa,

Auld Lang Syne and MoeWug Bird,

The Last Hope,

Home, Sweet Home,

The Priest's March,

Oberon,

Wedding March,

Tara's Halls,

Showers of Pearls,

Silver Trumpet March,

Alice,

Moonlight Sonata,

Amorosa,

Moonlight Waltz,

Bohemian Air, with variations,

Overture to Tancredi,

Revue Melodique,

Overture to Caliph of Bagdad,

Wedding March, arranged for 8 hands,

Gottsehnlk.

Alfred //. Pease.

Hoffman.

Gottachalk.

Thalberff.

Mendelssohn.

Forveger.

Mendelssohn.

II. M. Pape.

A. H, Osborne.

Gounod.

Archer.

Beethoven.

Egghard.

E. Leedhavi.

Czering.

Rossini.

Beyer.

Offenbach.

Mendelssohn,

Ufethoven.
''. Warren.

muah,

I. Martin,

otfsrhnlk.
y. Pease.
Flo ff man.
ottschalk,
Thalbenj.
^delssoKn.
Forveger.
idelssohv.
M. Pape.

Osborne.

Gounod.

Archer,
'eethoven.
K(jghard.
jeedham.
Czering.

Rossini.

Beyer.

^enbach.

ielsaohn.