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 McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL 
 NOTES ON SPECIMENS— NO^^EMBER, 1894 
 
 ^. -^ 
 
 EEYISION OF THE 
 
 BIVALVE MOLLUSKs'^^v^'^ 
 
 OF THK 
 
 'ji 
 
 Coal-Formation 
 
 OF 
 
 '\ 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 F.G.S., &c. 
 
 Peter JRedpath Museum. 
 1894 
 

 !l ■■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 \ 
 
y 
 
 BIVALVE MOLLUSKS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COAL FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 By Sir Wiiliam Dawson, LL.D., F.K.S. 
 
 (Ri'priiitdl from flu- CnnaiUdu Hrronl of S<iniri\ Octolnr. ISilJ.) 
 
 The abundant occurrence of shells of bivalve mollunks in 
 the beds .-tssociated with coal has long attracted the atten- 
 tion of collectors on both sides of the Atlantic, and various 
 opinions have been entertained as to the affinities of these 
 animals, the nature of their habitat, whether freshwater or 
 marine, and the manner in wiiich they became associated 
 with the coal and its accompanying beds. They occur in 
 extreme abundance in some of the beds of bituminous and 
 carbonaceous shale and in bituminous limestones, and more 
 sparingly in argillaceous and arenaceous shales, throughout 
 the coal-fields of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and natur- 
 ally excited the interest of the writer in his earliest explor- 
 ations of these beds. It is to be observed also that they 
 not 'nfrequently occur plentifully in the roof-shales of 
 beds of coal. 
 
 They were noticed in one of my earliest papers on tbo 
 coal formation of Nova Scotia in the .Journal of the Geo- 
 
 I 
 
% 
 
 1: Notes on Specimens. 
 
 loji^ical Society of Tjotidon in 185;i' In thin lU'tu'.le T 
 fij(m-C(i four species of bivalviffs from the coiil-foimation of 
 the South Jogjjjins, but without doHcriptionH. Two of thorn, 
 one the common I^aiadltes and unothera narvow Antliracomi/a, 
 wore referred to Modiola. 1'wo others woi-e refei-red to 
 ('nio. One of these is an vln^/tra(?o?H//rt of lJnio-lil<e form. 
 The otlier appears, to bo a Carljonicola. perhaps O. 
 cmijulafa. 1 romarUod at the time on the vast alumiance 
 of these Shells and their apparently freshwater habitat. 
 This was the first publication so far as I know of these 
 fossils from the Nova Scotia coal region. 
 
 These shells wei-e further referred to in th) first edition 
 of " Acadian (roology" in 1855; and in the su])plement to 
 that woi'U issued in 1860, T proposed for them a newj^enoric 
 r\fiXi\Q,Naiadites. and described them in the following terms, 
 which I quote here, as indicating conclusions which have 
 to a lai'ge extent been verified by subsequent discoveries. 
 
 " The so-called >r()diolio of the coal-measures are still un- 
 certain as to their affinities. Thoy do noi come within the 
 characters of the genera Cai'diiiia, Anthracosia, itc, to 
 which fossils occurring in similar situations in the Hritish 
 coal-fields have boon referred. They aro all thin shells, 
 marked with growth lines, but destitute of other ornamenta- 
 tion, and, so far as can bo observed, without tooth. In so 
 far as external foi'm is concerned they may all bo referred 
 to the genei'a Modiolu and Anodon. J?ut mere form may- 
 bo a very fallacious guide, and 1 shall notice what seem to 
 me to be the distinct specific foi'ms under the jirovisional 
 name Naiadites, intending thereby to expicss my belief that 
 tboy aro probably allied to the Unionida\ They aro cer- 
 tainly distinct from any of the shells nf the marine carboni- 
 fermu limestones, and ai-o never associated with marino 
 fossils. It is possible that their neai'ost living analogue is 
 the Bi/s'iO-anodonfa of D'Orbigny, from the River Parana." 
 
 At the same time five species wore described, and indica- 
 tions were given as to their local and stratigraphical 
 distribution. A sixth species was subsequently discovered, 
 
 Vol, X, p. 39. 
 
 r 
 
I 
 
 r 
 
 Bivalve SkelU of Nova Scotia. 
 
 8 
 
 and another roforrcd to the Hamo ,i,n'oiip has since l)Oori 
 found to belong' to tho <,'crius Anthraco^ia or Carhonicohi. 
 
 Ileforo the ))iil)li(ation of the second o lit ion of " Acuilian 
 Geoloijiy" in IHIJS, I iuid sent spociinons to my friend, the 
 late Mv. Salter, of lae (ieologicul Survey of (Ireat Britain, 
 who was at the time studyint^ the Hritisji species, and he 
 described tliena with some other fossils from Xova Scotia 
 which I had placed in his hands, in a paper in the Journal 
 of the Geological Society' with figures of three of the species, 
 which he referred to his two new genera Anthracoptera 
 and Anthracomya, then recently established for the British 
 species. Ho thu- diopped my genus '• Xaiadites " aiul 
 substituted two other names of later date. I might have 
 objecied to this, but I have made it a rule never to raise 
 (lucstioiis of priority or of mere nomenclature, and I I'elt 
 quite sure that Sailer was not a man to do any injustice, 
 while I fully recogni/od his superiority as an authority on 
 fossils of this Uind. There was, however, a more important 
 point involved, having relation to the whole question of the 
 conditions of accumulation of coal. Salter held the shells 
 to be probably marine, and on this ground my name 
 Naiadites was objectionable to him, while one of his names, 
 Anthracomya, implied the idea of burrowing creatures allied 
 to the ATya or sand clai Now, throughout the whole 
 thiclcnes.s of the coal-formation of Nova Scotia, there is an 
 entire absence of the species of marine moUusks found in 
 the underlying marine limestones, while the bivalve shells 
 in question occur almost exclusively in the coal measures 
 and are not found in the ailmittedly marine beds. The 
 question was an imjjortanl one with reference to the mode 
 of accumulation of coal, a subject then engaging my atten- 
 tion ; for though the occurrence of a i'ow e.vceptional bods 
 holding marine shells might be explicable as the result of 
 occasional invasions of the sea on beds usu;illy beyond its 
 roach, the association of those shells with the Ijeds of coal 
 was so constant and intimate that if they could be proved 
 to be marine, a similar conclusion might naturally bo 
 
 1 Vol. XIX, p. 80, 1863. 
 
4 Notes on Sperimenx. 
 
 roachod rcs|)ocling tho coul itself, utui even Horiu' of tho 
 plaiitH associiitwl willi it. 1 ihorcforo submittod to Mr. 
 Sailor and pulilishcd in my new edition the foilowinii; tiictH, 
 teiulin^f to hIiow that niy so-called Nuiuditos were froah- 
 water or ostuaiine shells. 
 
 1. Under the microscope the thicker shells, even those of 
 the Anthracoptera type which most resemble marine species, 
 present an internal lamellar and subnacreoiis layer and a 
 thin layer of vertical pi-ismutic fibres, covered with a well 
 developed epidei-mis in the manner of the shells of the 
 Unionidieor freshwater mushcls. 
 
 2. Th'j liii;ament unitint; tho valves was external, and 
 there seem to iiave been no hinge teeth. The shells wore 
 closed or very slii(htly o])en posteriorly, and in s()mes])ecies 
 there are indications of a byssus or '• beard " for attach- 
 ment. The jfenoral aspect is in some species that of 
 mussels, in others that of Unios or Anodons. 
 
 3. I know of no instance of the occurrence of these shells 
 in the marine limestones or in association with species 
 known to be marine. 
 
 4. The mode of their oe-cui-renco precludes the idea that 
 they were burrowors, and favors the supposition that they 
 may have been attached by a byssus to floating timber and 
 to one another. 
 
 5. Tlie attachment of shells of spirorbis to tho outer sur- 
 face of many specimens seems to show that they wore free 
 in clear water wlicn living, wliile the dense piling together 
 of these f^hells in some beds almo^tt unmixed with othei- 
 material, and their occasional occurrence in patches asso- 
 sociated with fossil wood, points to the same conclusion. 
 
 (I. They are associated witli tine sediments, vegetable de- 
 bris, the crusts of minute crustaceans and remains of fishes 
 more likely to have been iidiabitants of fresh or bi'ackish 
 water than of the sea. 
 
 On these grounds, and being unable from the specimens in 
 mypossession to make out evidence of generic distinction,! 
 continued to use the name Naiadites; using however, Salter's 
 names as subgeneric, so as to keep our species in harmony 
 with those of England as described by the Geological 
 
Bi'Hi/ve Shel/s of Nom Scotia. 6 
 
 Survey. The miitlor vvhk \vAl in this form in my cilitioa 
 of 18(;s. It Heoms, hovvevor, tlmt in Hiibstitiitin^' a ti^'uro 
 not poriiaps very uccuratoly druwii fi-.>m a flutloneil Hpoci- 
 mon, for llio fi^nire which Suitor hml ^tjivoii fi-om an ani^uiar 
 and com I trussed oxam|)lo, I caiHcd Homo misnndoi-standiiiLf 
 as to one of the specios, loadiiii,' to tlic HUpposition tiiat 
 one of thoHo named by SaltcM- wan dirtoront from that which 
 I roco^'ni/,od by the same name. Tho ditforonco was really 
 in state of pi-esorvation witli some inaccuraev in drawing' 
 in both canes, I Mhall <,mvo below copies of these imperfect 
 fi^'ures, which however, represent actual appearances wliich 
 may mislead collectors, alon« with a ti^nire carefully copied 
 from a youn<i: Hpecimen less distorted ihari usual. 
 
 Sul)sequently to 18fi8, the pressure of other work pra- 
 vented me from ^nvin^' any further attention to these shells, 
 except in collectinif such specimens as occurred to me in 
 my visits to the coal-tields of Nova Scotia, and placin,<r these 
 in drawers and collectinjr-boxos along with the older 
 material. In tho autumn of 1892, however. Dr. Wheolton 
 Hind, F.Cr.S,, who had undertaken a thorough revision of 
 the specimens of this kind in English collections, was so 
 kind as to invite me to place in his hands for study and 
 comparison specimens of tho specios 1 had described. Un- 
 fortunately his letter arrived at a time when I was in- 
 capacitated by severe illness from attending to the matter, 
 and was unable to avail myself of his kindness until after 
 the publication of his paper on the British species in 1893. 
 As soon as possible, hovvevor, a suite of specimens was sent 
 to him, along with a note on thoir mode of occurrence and 
 distribution, and tho result was a joint paper which appears 
 in th . Journal of the Geological Society for August, 1894, 
 on which the following statements are based. 
 
 On examination and comparison with British specimens, 
 some of which are much hotter preserved than ours, Hind 
 concludes that my seven species, excluding one which he 
 believes belongs to tho genus Carbonicola of McC^'oy, Aathra- 
 cosia of King, are referable to two genera which may be 
 named JWiiadites (Anthracoptera of Salter) and Anthracomya 
 of Salter. The first may bo regarded as a member of the 
 
Notes on S/iecitiiens. 
 
 Ihiiiily .Myliliilii' (»!• niiissils, llii' sccor.'l as alliwl to Aitodoiis 
 ill I 111' I'atnily of llic' Uiiioniiia' or t'lcsliwator miissols, as 
 tliey uro HOinotinit's callod 
 
 Mr. VVhoultoii Hind gives llio cliaracli'rs of ilw gcnoia in 
 I'till, l''oi' llu'so cliai-actiMs reference may he mado to his 
 liapf!! ' , lull foi' till' hciKlil of colk-ctoi's, the followini^ sum- 
 mary ot llio more im|i()itarit oxterna! jtoints may lio iii- 
 sertod hero. 
 
 Genus, NAtADiTEs, Dawson. 
 
 {Anthraciij)hr(i, Sailor.) 
 
 vShoil .Modioia-lik*', somewhat triangular in form, iiroad 
 and rounded hehind, comewhat pointed in front. heaU at 
 anterior exlrensity. almost ternii'Mil, and extending ohlicjuely 
 hat'kward in a nutro or less pionouneed ridgo, hingo-lino 
 Hti'aight, Hometimes .showing delicate internal Htriio, teeth 
 rudimenlar}- ; e)ii<lei'mis somewhat wrinUled, surfaeo with 
 eoncentiic lamelhe and line-^ of giowth. A few sj)ecimen.s 
 showing the interior indicate that the hingo-j)lato was finely 
 striated, and that there was a Iritid anterior muscular sear 
 and a larger single jtoslerior one. 
 
 1, Naiadites carbonarhis, l>awson. 
 1 2 
 
 ss^^- 
 
 l''i>:ures 1 ^o'^. — N(ti<i<li(iii (•iirJinnariii.i,'M\(]t\]f\ Coal-forniation, 
 K ,Tni.'jiins. I and 2.— Orifiinal fi^jiires from imperfect specimens, 
 ;i — Mon* jierfect si)ecimen, enlarged x L'. 
 
 ' Joumiil of Geological Society, May, 1893. 
 
Bii'ti/m :S/ie//s of Nova Scotia 7 
 
 Jonrnal ..f (ie<,io;.i,;al Su.ioty. V.,i. X, is:,:!; S„ppletnontto Aci.lian 
 <. oology, ISflo, p. i:;; Snltor. Journal cf < ieulovriciii Society 
 (Anthraooptora). V..I. XIX, isii,!, p. 7-.); Acuiian (iouiuKV, •.•..<! 
 H.litio.i, ISds, p. I'lU; Wl.oe.ton Hind, Joun.ul of (}eoloL'ical 
 Hooiety, \'ol. L, ih'm. 
 
 Thirt i.s tho moHt common spocios of t|,o ^r,.nus, and in vory 
 Jibnnduiit in somo .shulcs and bitiunimnis lii..e.stonos of tho 
 c-oul-fornuition. 80 ,„u,.l. is this tho caso, (hat some thin 
 buLs may bo Huid to bo made up of those sholls, vvhi.h 
 thoui^'h somewhat Htiong, ai-o oftcM. much compressod and 
 distortfd, so that it is .,fton ve,y ditticnit to obtain iiorfuct 
 oxampies. In beds whore they are loss pletitilu! they are 
 usually much Hatt(M.od, by which tho -eneru! uullin^ ..f the 
 shell is greatly moditiod. Owing to those circumstancoH 
 and also to the fact that tho shell is rounder when young 
 and becomes more angular and elongated with ago, it is 
 difficult to select typical specimens— hom-e tho ])ublishod 
 tiguroH are dissimilar. When perfect it may bo described 
 as somewhat (|uadrate, beak anterior, obtusely pointed, 
 hinge line straight, two-thirds the length of ^hell, ventral 
 margin with slight sinus, posterior margin broadly 
 rounded, urabonul ridgo prominent. 
 
 my papjr of 1853 in "Acadian Geology" second edition, in 
 Salter's paper of 18()3, and in Wheelton Hind's j.aper of 
 1894, or Hguros 1, 2 and 8 of this paper). 
 
 This shell is very near in form to Naiadites modiolaris 
 (Avicuta modiolaris of Sowerby), and also to some forms of 
 N. tumida Btheridge, resembling them in somo i-espccts so 
 closely that it is difficult to distinguish some of the Xova 
 Scotian .specimens from those Hnglish form.s. It is also 
 near to N. (Modiola) Wijomirvjmsis Loa, of the Pennsylvania 
 coal measures. These forms may certainly bo regarded as 
 representative species. 
 
 It is not improbable that somo of the shells from tho 
 Carboniferous of Illinois and Ohio, which have been referred 
 to the genus Mijalina, belong to this genus, as suggested by 
 Dr. Hind, Meek and Worthen have also referred a species 
 from the Keokuk group (Lower Carboniferous) to the genus 
 Anthracoptera (Naiadites)— .4. fnitjiMs M. and W.' White 
 has described N. Polita {Anthracoptera polita) from the 
 coal measures of the West,- 
 
 ' Chicago Academy, 1880. 
 
 - U. S. Geological Survey, XII, 1880, j.. 160. 
 
8 
 
 Notes on Specimens. 
 
 Thero can be little doubt, from internal niiirkin^rs and 
 cxtci-iial form as well as from mode of occurrence, that 
 these shells were anchored hy a byssus to floatiiiir timber 
 and to one another, often in ^--reat masses, Just as the com- 
 mon mussel is found attached to floating logs in the 
 estuaries of modern Canadian rivers. Mr. Ktheridgo has 
 noticed a giou)) from the coal-formation of Scotland, appar- 
 ently attached to a stem of a calamite, and Dr. Jlind has 
 n(.ticed the same fiict. The specimen is in the collection of 
 the English Geological Sm-vey. 
 
 The specimens in my collections in the Peter Kedpath 
 Musciim, are principally from the South Joggius, where 
 myria<ls of those Hhells occur in scmie of the shales as thickly 
 packed together as j)0ssil)le. Other specimens are from 
 Picloij and from Mahou in Cape Jii'eton. They are con- 
 fined for the most part to the middle portion of the coal- 
 formath.n of which they are very characteristic, whereas 
 the shells of the next genus i^ange in great abundance from 
 the millstone grit to the newer coal-formation inclusive. 
 
 2. Kaiadites lonyus. s. n. - 
 
 Fi^r. A.-XamdHe^ lou./w, s. n. INIiddle Coal-formation, S 
 •logu'ins, enlarged, x l'. cvhuh, 
 
 Wheelton Hind, ckmjr variety of A', nirhowinus), .Journal r,f Geolo- 
 gical Society, Vol 1,, ]si)4, p. 44(i, PI. XX, Fig. I. 
 
 This (,hell. whi(d^ occurs rarely i,i beds associates' with 
 those holding the typical N. mrbonarins, is regarded by Di- 
 Wheellon Hind as a variety of iho i)!-eceding. It differs 
 however, very much in form, and there do not appear to he 
 intermediate specimens, while it is rare and solitary, and 
 
Biva/ve Shells of Nova Scotia. 9 
 
 w(,ul<l cither Beem to have been lesHgresariouH in its habitH 
 or to be represented by mere stragglers from its proper 
 locality. It may therefore, be not unreasonably regarded 
 Hs a distinct species. Most of the specimens in our collec- 
 tions are from the South Joggins, but there are some from 
 tape J}rotoii. Oom])aro IV. triangularis, Sby. 
 
 3. Naladites mytiloides, s. n. 
 
 BretS?- i^fl "'■"'''''''"• '■ "•' ^''•'""^y ^''^rner, Cape 
 
 This small and pretty species has more the aspect of 
 modern mytili than the others, but its internal markings 
 are unknown. ft is narrow in front, with the hinge-line 
 Hlightly curved and the shell widening to the rounded 
 poaterior end, where it is regularly curved. The ventral 
 margin is slightly incurved and flattened in the best pre- 
 served specimens ; but most of the specimens are more or 
 less crushed. The epidermis is not preserved, and the sur- 
 face shows only a few concentric growth-linos. 
 
 These shells occur abundantly, but for the most part 
 broken or crushed, in shale from the coal-formation of 
 Chimney Corner, Cape Breton, collected by a former student 
 of McGiU, Mr. Neighswander. They are nearly uniform in 
 size, about half an inch in length. This shell is from one of 
 the more northern ])arts of the Cape Breton coal-fields. It 
 may be compared with Myalina meliniforvus, M. & \\\ from 
 Illinois, also with N. Oarinata, Sby., England, 
 frenus ANTHRAcoMrA, Salter. 
 Shell transverse ; slightly inequivalve inequilateral, the 
 anterior end being small and rounded, the posterior end 
 rounded and wider. Umbones usually near the anterior 
 end. ilinge-line straight without teeth ; ligament external ; 
 in'lications of a byssal furrow in front in some species; sur- 
 face marked with concentric lamella and ridges of growth. 
 
 I 
 
10 
 
 Notes on Specimens. 
 
 Epidermis thick and sometimes wrinkled, especially in 
 flattened specimens, shell substance usua'ly very thin. 
 
 Shells of this genus are more widely distributed, both 
 locally and in time, in the coal-formation of Nova Scotia, 
 than those of the pi-evious genus. Shale surfaces are some- 
 times crowded with them, though they do not so much 
 enter into the composition of beds of some thickness. 
 There are several species, varying a good deal in form, 
 some being nearly circular, while others are much elongated. 
 There are also two types, one more attenuated and gibbous 
 in front and therefore assuming a more mytiloid aspect 
 {e.g. A. elongata), the other more regularly oval and Unio- 
 like in form (e.g. A. arenacea). The first type is in some 
 degree a pausago, so far as form is concerned, to the genus 
 Naiadites. The internal surface is not known. 
 
 It is noteworthy that while several of the species range 
 from the Lower Carboniferous or the millstone grit to the 
 upper coal measures, the individuals are usually smaller 
 and more depauperated in the lower beds. 
 
 1, Anthracomya econgata, Dawson. 
 
 
 Figs. 0, 7, S— Anthracomya elongata, Middle Coal-formation 
 
 tii^^fT T^ ^i*^°^'' ^-^ ^^"'°"- *>• «-Small specimen .natural 
 size and enlarged. F,g. 7.-Large specimen, natur^size. Fig. 8.- 
 
 SJSSr'EnTar'ged Tlf'' ""'^^^^ ""^ anterior end sl^tly 
 
 * 
 
 !( 
 
I 
 
 
 Bivalve Shells of Nova Scotia. U 
 
 Supplement to Acadian Geology, 1800. p. 4:5 (as xVaiadites) ; Salter 
 Journal of Geological Society. Vd. XIX, 1868, p. 79; Acadian 
 Geology, second edition. I8(i8, p. 20;; Wheelton Hind, Journal 
 of Geological Society, Vol. J., 18<J4. 
 
 This species is characterized by an obliquely ovate n)rm 
 in typical specimens, the len-th being about double the 
 breadth. The umbones are somewhat elevated and near the 
 narrower anterior end. The straight hinge-line is somewhat 
 oblique and a little more than onethird of the length of the 
 shell. The front margin is slightly sinuated, the posterior 
 nriargin regularly rounded. The surface is smooth and 
 shining, with concentric lines of growth. 
 
 This is by much the most abundant species, and is very 
 variable in form and size. When aged, it is more elongated 
 than when immature, and the hinge-line is relatively 
 shorter and less elevated. It often has shells of spirorbis 
 attached, and occurs in patches in beds holding vegetable 
 fragments, in a manner to suggest that it may have been 
 attached to these. 
 
 The collection in the Peter Eedpath Museum contains 
 specimens from various members of the Carboniferous 
 system, and from the South Joggins, Pictou, Sydney, Glace 
 Bay, Mabou, Riversdale, Swan Creek and Parrsboro. The 
 shells from the three latter places are fiom beds low down 
 in the system, and are of small size. In general form this 
 shell resembles A. Williamoni,W .mnd, of the English coal 
 measures, but is less elongate. 
 
 2. Anthracomya laevis, Dawson. 
 
 ^S^'^- 
 
 h^i^-O.-Anthracomi/a ^am^, Middle Coal-formation, S. Joggins^ 
 patural size, and enlarged . " 
 
 I 
 
12 
 
 Notes on Speci/nens. 
 
 Supplement to A.^a.lian Geolofry, last edition, (as Naiadites) 
 Salter, Journal of (JeoIoKical Sodety, last edition; Acadian 
 .eoiogy.second edition, p. 205; Wheelton Plind, Journal of 
 (jGOlogical Society, 1. c. 
 
 This JH small, broad-ovate, the HmaiJ umbo about one-third 
 of the distance from the anterior end of the .sti-aight hinge- 
 line To the naked eye the younger shells seem almost 
 circular. The shell is very thin and the epidermis smooth 
 and shining, and much wrinkled in flattened specimens 
 This litlle shell has been found in only one bed, a black 
 shale ,n the lower purt of the .loggins coal-measures near 
 the upper ,,art of the millstonegrit. It resembles A. Scotica 
 ot Crreat Britain. 
 
 3. Anthracomya aremcea, Dawson. 
 10 
 
 enlarged ^xT*'*"""'""'''"^" '"''''"'''''> ^pper Coal-formation, Pictou. 
 
 Supplement to Acadian Geology, last edition; Salter, Journal of 
 G.olog.ca Society, second edition, p. 205; Wheelton Hind 
 Journal of Geological Society, 1. c. ' 
 
 Shell elliptical, smooth or with very fine concentric lines. 
 I'.pidermis tliin, in many specimens absent. More than 
 twice as long as wide. Anterior margin narrowed in front 
 of beak. Beaks about one-sixth of the length from the an- 
 terior end. Posterior end somewhat narrowed at extremity 
 
 This species is usually found in gray arenaceous beds of 
 the upper coal-formation and the millstone grit. It is com- 
 paratively rare in the middle coal-formation. 
 
 All our museum specimens are from Pictou and Sydney. 
 The species may be compared with A. lanceolata of Great 
 Britain. 
 
Bivalve Shells of Nova Scotia. 
 
 13 
 
 4. Anthracomya nvnlis, Daw 
 
 son. 
 
 11 
 
 BnlaSd^T'^""'""""''" "'""■'' ^^"^^'"'" ^'arboniferous, Pamboro. 
 Supplement to Acadian Geology, I8.i0; Salter, Journal of Geo- 
 
 r'4r. 'wf ';,'■"; r'Tv '''''''^" ^-ology. second edition.. 
 
 p. -05 , W heelton Ilnul, Journal of Geological Society, 1. c. 
 Ih.sspeces has the general form of the .smaller speci- 
 meuH ofelongafa, but i. broa.ler bohiud and more tumid in 
 tront, 80 as to be at once distiniruishable by the eye It 
 occurs .paringly in bedH from the millstone grit and lower 
 Carboniferous to the middle coal-formation. 
 
 Oiu- specime,:s are from the South Joggins, Riversdale 
 and Parrsboro. It may be compai-ed with A. dolabrata of 
 Jingland, but is always much smallei-. 
 
 5. Anthracomya obtenta, Dawson. 
 12 
 
 Cape^'lSeto/al'tumUiT ''''""' ^'''^'^^' ^^oal-fonnation, Mabou. 
 Acadian Geology, second edition, p. 205, (as A. ohiusa, a name 
 
 Which 1 hnd was pre-occupied for a species now included in 
 
 tins genus.) ];] 
 
 *• -^j*^- J'''""'^"/'"""^""'"'^^'''^"'"' <^'Oal-forniation Pictou restora 
 tionof a Hattened and imperfect specimen, enlarged x 2 ' 
 
M 
 
 Notes on Specimens. 
 
 (Jonoriil foiin rounded, and piobahly when not chan,'?ed by 
 prcHHiii'c tumid. Anterior end l)i'0{id and ubi-uptly i-ounded ; 
 hinge line Hti-aiijht. Hcaks raisoii and Komewhat near the 
 front; lower and po.sterior inari>;inH broadly i-ounded. shell 
 thin, wrinkled when flattened, strongly marked with 
 growth-lines. 
 
 This species resembles sjmewhat A. Adamsii var. erpansa, 
 England. It is rare. Our only specimens are from McLel- 
 lan's Brook, IMctou, and .Mabou, in Cape Breton, and are 
 mostly rtattoned, except some very young examples from 
 llie latter ))lace. 
 
 In addition to fragments of plants and comminuted 
 debris of vegetable 'natter, the beds holding Naiadite.s, 
 contain a number of other animal remains, constituting a 
 peculiar fauna altogether different from that of the lower 
 carl)oniferous marine limestone, and also in many re8|)ects 
 distinct fi'om tiiat of the sandstones of the millstone grit 
 and upper coal formation. This fauna, though not that 
 which we would expect in fresli-water lakes or streams 
 under ordinary conditions, seems of such a nature as to be 
 appro])riate to bodies of shallow, fresh or brackish water 
 loaded with vegetable matter, or to wide and sluggish 
 creeks travoi-sing the g'eat swamps of the period, and 
 occasioiuilly wiilening into lagoons, receiving much fresh 
 water from the land, and having but little communication 
 with the open sea. The beds supposed to be thus deposited 
 are carbonaceous or bituminous shales and' laminated, 
 impure limestones full of earthy matter, and blackened 
 with bituminous and carbonaceous debris, In addition to 
 the bivalve shells in question, they contain vast numbers 
 of minute bivalve crustaceans. (Bairdia and Carbonia) ' 
 Species of Eurypterus, JJiplosti/lus and Anthropalaemon, 
 re])resenting crustaceans of higher types. Great numbers 
 of the little Spirorbis carhonarius are also attached to many 
 of the i)lants and other fossils. Numerous scales and teeth 
 of ganoid fishes of the geneia PaUvonixcus, Mhizodus, &c., 
 
 ' Rupert J Olios, London (Jeologiciil Miigaziiie, AuBusit, 18iM, p. 2t'.l), and .June, 
 1889, p. 356. 
 
Bivalve Shells of Nova Srolia. 
 
 15 
 
 alHo oci'iir, and teotli ol .lipnoid H.slu's (' tetwdns), uIno various 
 HpecioH of sharks {Ctenopty chins. Psammodus, Diplodus, kv). 
 Soino of tlieso sharks must liavt" attained to a considerablo 
 wizo, and the}' no doubt found accoss to th^? inhuid waters 
 by the outlets comrnunicatinii,' with the sen, and wore 
 attracted to visit tiieso C'onij)arative!y impure higoon.s by 
 the ubundunco of food which tlioy atfordod. ' Very i-arely 
 there have been found in these beds bones of ain])hibianH 
 and shells of pulmonatc sun\U,{Pupa vttmia. &c.). Animals 
 of these kinds no doubt haunted the mai-gins of the lagoonw 
 or creeks; but only occasionally left their remains in 
 deposits accumulating in tiicse places. 
 
 We ])erhaps obtain a glimpse of purer inland waters, 
 similar to ihose of modern Canadian lakes, by means of u 
 remarkable shell, discovered by Mr. Weston, of the Geo- 
 logical Survey, at the .South Joggins in 1893, and which 
 has been described by Mr. Whiteaves, K.d.S., under the 
 name Asthenodonta Westoni. - It resembles in general form 
 the large jiearl-uiussel of our modern lakes. (Manjaritana 
 maryaritifera L.) and some sjiecimens are no less than nine 
 inches in length, and of somewhat massive thickness 
 anteriorly. It was found in a sandstone with drift trunks 
 of trees, and may have come from some distance inland. 
 Such a .-hell could scarcely have been a companion of our 
 little Naiadites or Anthrocomyiv, and points to more favoi'- 
 able conditions for fresh-water molluscan life in lakes or 
 largo streams in the interior of the continent. 
 
 Conditions tiivourable to such mollusks vvere probably, as 
 I have elsewhere suggested, more i)i-evalent in the later 
 Erian or Devonian than in the < 'arboniforous. Hence the 
 occurrence of such large Anodon-like shells as Amniyenia 
 CatUkillenm, Hall in New York, and Anndon Juke&u in the 
 Kiltorcan beds in Ireland. The above discovery however now 
 gives reason to believe in similar conditions as oxistinn' in 
 higher grounds contemporaneously with the great coal 
 swamps of tlie low plains of the carboniferous period. 
 
 ' Notices of this fnuiiii will bu found in Aciidian geoloev, pp. 2(i" et sen 
 nndsuppleinentH. * '' 
 
 - Trans. Royal Society of Canada, Section iv, 18!^ 
 
16 
 
 Notex on Specimen. 
 
 Tli<! picture preHcnted by the wide swamps and dark 
 ))()nds and slui;i;iHh stroams of tho coal-formation period, 
 with (ho creatures of low or^fanization by which thoy wore 
 inhabited, is not an attrc...Mve one ; but these conditions, 
 which spread so widely over our (continents in the carbon- 
 iferous period, were those suitable to the accumulation of 
 tho great deposits of coal so essential to us in the present 
 condition of tho world. The animals which form tho sub- 
 ject of the present paper, though of little value or interest 
 in themselves*, give much information as to tho conditions 
 of accumulation of coal, and it is a source of gratification to 
 tho writer of this |)apor to find that as interpreted by thoir 
 latest investigator, Dr. Wheelton Hind, tliey tend to estab- 
 lish more firmly the conclusions as to the manner of the 
 production of coal-bods for which ho has contended for so 
 many years, and which are so well illustrated by the 
 admirable sections of tho coal-bearing rocks seen in the 
 coast-clitl's of Nova Scotia and Capo Breton. 
 
 Throughout the thousands of feet of such rocks, con- 
 stituting the ])roductive coal-measures as exposed in these 
 sections, I have shown ' that there is an entire absence of 
 properly marine or oceanic remains; and the accumulations 
 of sediment and organic matter, and the animal and vege- 
 table fossils so abundantly present, all point to the existence 
 of wide swampy flats, traversed by ditch like crooks, and 
 with shallow lakes or lagoons, supporting an exuberant 
 plant-life, and from time to time inundated. In this 
 way tho beds of coal, underlaid as they are by underclays 
 with roots, and overlaid by clays and sands containing pros- 
 trate and drill j)lants, and associated with beds holding a 
 fauna appropriate to such conditions, were accumulated 
 by growth in situ in the manner of modern bogs. The 
 accumulation of successive beds with intervening shales am; 
 sandstones, is due to tho gradual or intermittent subsidence 
 of the areas of deposition under the weight of the sedi- 
 ments laid down upon them, as we see at the present day 
 in th-,- deltas of great rivers. 
 
 ' Aciiiliiin Ki:iiI(iK,v,chu|). \I. 
 
Biva/ve Shells of Nova Scotia. 
 
 It 
 
 Such were undoubtodly the conditions of coal accuniulu- 
 tion; but wo must l.o proparod to admit many oxceptional 
 casea. Vast areas of bog imply great tracts of water- 
 soaked and inundated ground, filling i;p with drifted vege- 
 table muck. They also necessitate such casualities "as 
 bursting of bogs and the floatage of their semi-fluid contents 
 over large areas, as we find now occasionally occurring in 
 Ireland and in Florida. To such causes we may attribute 
 bods of earthy bitumen and of cannel coal, and possibly the 
 coal containing fish scales which I have described in the 
 Joggins section ' or the celebrated Jarrow coal in Ireland, 
 recently so well described by Mr. Bolton ^ in which fossil 
 fishes and batrachians occur imbedded entire in the coal 
 itself, as if they had been overwhelmed and buried in a tor- 
 rent of vegetable mud. The Jarrow coal is also, over a 
 large part of its area, destitute of an underclay or "seating" 
 as it is called in Ireland, and it thins out in different direc- 
 tions, as if it had been formed in a limited depression of the 
 surface. Su'di beds constitute the exception which illus- 
 trates if it does not prove the rule, by showing how different 
 our ordinary coal beds must have been had they been 
 formed in such special and peculiar ways. 
 
 It is further to be observed that while in many places 
 the coal-formation swamps have been elevated into uplands 
 and mountains, in other regions thoy have been depressed 
 beneath the sea. The island of Cape Breton affoi-ds an 
 excellent example of this. It consists of two broad ridges 
 of old Paheozoic and Pre-Cambrian rocks with a carbon- 
 iferous depression in the middle, and belts and patches of 
 coal-formation beds around its sides, dipping towards the 
 sea. The soundings show that these coal-formation areas 
 are continuous under the sea with those of Nova Scotia 
 proper on the South and Newfoundland on the North, and 
 that they extend to great distances under the Atlantic to 
 the East and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the West. Thus 
 we can imagine Cape Breton in the coal-forraation period 
 
 ' Acadian Geology, pp. 164, 199. 
 
 ' Manchester Transactions, Vol. XXri. Part 16, 1894. 
 
18 
 
 Notea on Specimens. 
 
 to have consiHtcd of u,, olovutod imoIeuH of older roclcs, 
 pofhaps with int(M-ior lakes, while around it stretched a 
 great level expanse of boc^s and lagoons now in groat part 
 Hubmergod. There tnighl thus be a very marked distinc- 
 tion between the hills, thinly covered perhaps with I<'ern8 
 and Pines, with clear fresh-water lakes, and the vast swamps 
 densely clothed with Sigillaria>, Lepidodendra, Oalamitos 
 and Cordaitos,and with dark bodies of impure water full of 
 vegetable matter. The faunu' of these districts might bo 
 equally ditforent. We know little as yot of the upland 
 fauna; but may hope for more discoveries in this direction, 
 especially in countries like Xova Scotia and Cape Breton' 
 where there were elevated districts in the midst of the 
 ai oas of coal accumulation. 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Note on (Janus Carhonicola, Mcf'oy. (Anthraromi, Kinj;.) 
 This genus, which occurs abundantly in the Coal Forma- 
 tion of Great J3ritain, is represented, so far as known, in 
 Nova Scotia by only two small species, both from the 
 lower ])art of the Coal Formation, <,r possibly from the 
 Lower Carl.oniferons. One of the.se is (\ atujidata {Naia- 
 (Utea anipilata, Acadian GeoloMry, p, 204, tig. 4(;.) \t jg 
 tVom Parrsboro, from beds holding tbssil plants and, so far 
 as known, no marine shells. The other, 0. liradorica 
 {Anihraco&ia Bradoriea, Ac. Ceol., j). 314, tig. lli'J b) is from 
 a shale supposed to be Lower Carboniferous, at Haddeck, 
 Cape r.retoii. The affinities of these shells are at present^ 
 uncertain, but will probably be discussed by \)\: Wheelton 
 Hind in u ibrthcoming paper, its associations would seem 
 to iiKifcMc that the habitat of some of the species was simi- 
 lar to that of the genus Anthraromya, which at Parrsboro 
 are found in neighboring beds. The figure of C, Bradoriea 
 is i-eproduced here to show the characteristic form. 
 
 Carhonicola Bradoriea. 
 
I 
 
I