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Ur. des symboles suivants apparattra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols —► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmto A des taux de r6duction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clir^6, il est f iimi it p&rtir de Tangle supArieur gauche, da gauche h droite, et da haut an bes, en prenant le nombre d'images nicassaira. Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 r > ^*- L AN IRISH AGRICULTUEAL DELEGATE ON THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF C7VNADA. THE REPORT OE Mu. JEROME J. GUIRV, of Peitaudstown, Fetuauu, Clonmkl, Ikeland, li ON HIS VISIT TO CANADA IN 1893. ti9' ^l\ 1 Published hj Authoritij of the Government of Canada (Department of the Interior). I'EBUUAUy, 18'J4. VAllX VI. CONTENTS. I'BEFACB — Mk. JkKOME J. GVIU.'S REi'OUT General Inkobmatu>n auolt Canada (Appendix A) The Canadian ExunuTs at Mai' CuiCAUu (Appendix B) PAQB • ••• iii • ••• 1 • '•• 27 36 .. to fttcc 38 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. CAKAPIA. rACXEXO R.^-AV HOXEX. QUEBEC liXPKBmENTAI. TaKM, OITAWA Winnipeg Faum Scene, Manitoha ... Wheat Stacks, Manitoba - - GHAIN EI.BVATOB, BBANDON .•• • Camebon'8 Fabm, Qo'Appblle... • Hyde Eabm, Qu'Avpelle Caloaby Banch Scene, Albebta ... - An Ontabio Eabm A Faum-Uoube. Soctuebn Manitoba 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 15 16 20 26 V PREFACE. 1 27 85 ucc SB 1 8 4 G 7 8 10 11 15 16 20 26 \} In July, 1893, the High Commissioner for Canadn, by direction of the Minister of the Interior, invited the following gentlemen (who are all connected with the agricultural industry in the di&rent parts of the United Kingdom from which they come) to visit the Dominion of Oana<:la, and report upon its agricultural resources, and the advanta-^es the country offers for the settlement of farmers and farm labourer and the other classes for which there is a great demand :— * Mr. A. .T TVwies, Upper HoUings, Pensax, Tenbuiy, Worcestershire ; Mr. W. ?;^ri?1f'' 'K*n"n '!?'' ^T*^^"' ClarbeBton Koad, Sonth Wales ; Mr. Alexande; Fraaer, lialloch, Cullod«n, Invernees, Scotland ; Mr. R. H. Faulk. Lanffham Onk ham. Rutland ; Mr. J. T Fmnklin, Handler, uear Towcestor LrtharnpSh e f'^J'n'^y'^y' Peppardstown, Fethard, Clonmel, Ireland ; Mr. Tom Vitt, Obum- ford, Cullompton Devon ; Mr. Johu Kobeito, Plas HeatouVarm, Trefnan NorTh ]^±IU^-;i^o"m° ?'''^*?n"' ^""^"^^ "'*""' li" S''^"'? °! JI®'""'- S''''*f "' Waddington. Cook, and Smith, o I^^ Reports of MejjHrs. Franklin, Faulks, and Wrl«ht 1 urt .^•' D '' . ii!*^ Reports of Messrs. Weeks, Pitt, and Davies. - D "" r m. Reports of Messrs. Roberts and Dempster. J^art 5— rhe Reports of Messrs. Steven and Fraaer. Fart (>— The Report of Mr. Guiry. U^A ^T \^'f ^A T^^'^^^ll'r *^^ ^«"^'W'«^ counties :-Northumber- land, Cumberland Durham, Westmoreland, York, Lancashire, Shrop- shire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Derby, and Nottingham. • "* P n. T -I^ ^^iJr" ^7,^»Ln'i^i»,<^i^nd, Leicester, Northampton, Huntingdon. V^'^l^^te ,^"'^^^o' ®^^^^''' ^«^' Hertford, Bedford, Bucks, Oxford Berks, Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, and Sussex. ^xrora, Parrd,m Warwick, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Wiltshire Hampshire^ Dc>r«et, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. u\ I'art 4, 111 Wales ; Fart 5, in Scotl;»r)d ; and Part 6, in Ireland-^ " Any or all uf these pamphlets, as well as other illustrated pamphlets issued by the Government, may be obtained From ivhoiii Pamphlets obtainable. T . 1 r, .., ^•"•' "'^" ^om"J>»ei»iouer for Canada, 17, Victoria 8trpp^ London, S. W. ; to Mr. J. &. Colmer, C.M.a., SeU«L S^^' post tree by persons desiring to peruse thorn, on applica- tion to the^Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., G.CJVI.G,, 1 208 lo fy Preface. Land Regulations in various Provinces, address; or to any of the agents of the Canadian Government in the United Kingdom, whose names and addresses are as follows: — Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water Street, Liverpool; Mr. Thomas Grahame, 40, St. Enoch Square, Glasj^ow ; Mr. E. J. Wood, 79, Hagley EoaJ, Birmingham; Mr. P. Fleming, 44, High Street, Dundee; Mr. W. G. Stuart, Neihy Bridge, Inverness ; and Mr. G. Leary, William Street, Kilkenny. Copies may also be obtained from the steamship agents, who are to be found in every village. As the land regulations of the different Provinces are frequently referred to in the Eeports, they are quoted in detail in the following paragraphs ; but they are, of course, subject to alteration from time to time : — Prince Edward Island. — The available uncultivated and vacant Government land is estimated at about 45,000 acres. These consist of forest lands of medium quality, the very best having, of course, been taken up by the tenants in the first instance, and their price averages about one dollar per acre. Parties desiring to settle upon them are allowed ten years to pay for their holdings, the purchase- money to bear interest at 5 per cent, and to be payable in ten annual instalments. }jova IScotia. — There are now in Nova Scotia about two millions of acres of ungranted Government lands, a considerable quantity of which is barren and almost totally unfli; for cultivation ; but there is some land in blocks of from 200 to 500 acres of really valuable land, and some of it the best in the province, and quite accessible, being very near present settlementa. The price of Crown lands is $40 (£8 sterling) per 100 acres. New Brunswick. — Crown lands, of which there are some 7,000,000 acres stiU ungranted, may be acquired as follows : — (1.) Free grants of 100 acres, by settlers over 18 years of age, on the condition of improving the land to the extent of jE4 in three months ; building a house 16 ft. by 20 ft., and cultivating two acres within one year ; and continuous residence and cultivation of 10 acres within three years. {2.) One hundred acres are given to any settler over 18 years of age who pays £4 in cash, or does work on the public roads. &c., equal to £2 per annum for three years. Within two years a house 16 ft. by 20 ft. must be built, and two acres of land cleared. Continuous residence for three years from date of entry, and ten acres cultivated in that time, is also required. (8.) Single applications may be made for not more than 200 acrea of Crown lands without conditions of settlement. These are put up to publ'c auction at an upset price of 48. 2d. per acre ; purchase- money to be paid at once ; cost of survey to be paid by purchaser. Quebec. — About 6,000,000 acres of Crown lands have been surveyed for sale. They are to be purchased from the Government, and are paid for in the following manner : — One-fifth of the purchase-money is required to be paid the day of the sale, and the remainder in four equal yearly instalments, bearing interest at 6 per cent. The prices at which the lands are sold are merely nominal, ranging from 20 cents to 60 cents per acre (15d. to 28. 6^d. stg.). The purchaser is required to take possession of the land sold within six months of the date of the sale, and to occupy it within two years. He must clear, in the course of ten years, ten acres for every hundred held by him, and erect a habitable house of the dimensions of at least 16 ft. by 20 ft. The letters patent are iesued free of charge. The parts of the Province of Quebec now inviting colonisation are the Lake St. John District ; the valleys of the Saguenay, St. Maurice, and the Ottawa Rivers ; the Eastern Townships ; the Lower St. Lawrence ; and Gaspe Ontario. — Any head of a family, whether male or female, having children under 18 years of age, can obtain a grant of 200 acres; and a single man over 18 yeara of age, or a married man having no children under 18 residing AVith him, can obtain a grant of 100 acres. This land is mostly covered with forest, and is situate in the northern and north- western Darts of the- province. Such a 'ner^on may also purchase an additional 100 acres at 60 cents per acre, cash.* The seltlcm^t duties are— To have 15 acres on each grant cleared and under crop at the ■^mm Preface, * y end of the firat Ave years, of which at least two acres ara to be cleared annnallv ; to build a habitable honse, at least 16 feet by 20 feet in size ; and to reside on the land at least dix montlis in each year. In the Rainy River district, to the west t rA Superior, consisting of woll-watered uncleared land, free crants are made of 160 acres to a head of a family having children under 18 years of age residinc with him (or her); and 120 acres to a single man over 18, or to a married man not having children under 18 residing with him ; each person obtaining a free grant to have the privilege of purchasing 80 acres additional, at the rate of one dollar per acre, payable in four annual instalments. Manitoba and North-West Territories,— Free gmnta of one quarter-section f 160 acres) of surveyed agricultural land, not previously entered, may be obtained by airy person who is the sole head of a family, or by any male who has attained the age of 18 years, on apnlication to the local agent of Dominion lands, and on Day- ment of an office fee of $10. The grant of the patent is subject to the foUowinjr conditions having been complied with :— By making entry and within six months thereafter erecting a habitable house and commencing actual residence upon the land, and continuing to reside upon It for at least six months in each year for the three next succeeding years, and doing reasonable cultivation duties during that period. Persons making entry for homesteads on or after September Ist in any rear are allowed until June Ist following to perfect their entries by going into actual residence. The only charge for a homestead of 160 acres is the entrance fee of A 10. In certain cases forfeited pre-emptions and cancelled homesteads are available for entry, but slightly additional fees, and value of improvements thereon, if any, are demanded from the homesteader in each case, and when abandoned pre-emptions are taken up they are required to perform speciKed conditions of settlement. Full information can be obtained from the local agents. In connection with his home- stead entry the settler may also purchase, subject to the approval of the Minister of inmnff T""; i® Quarter-section of the same section, if available, adjoining his homestead, at the Government price, which is at present $3 per acre! In the event f.1.1 T^^"" .1fT°^ *" secure, his patent within a shorter period than the S rtl!"' J*" '"" be permitted to purchase his homestead at the Government price at the time, on furnishing proof that he has resided on the land for at least 12 months subsequent to date of entry, and has cultivated 30 acres thereof. ihe following diagram shows the manner in which the country is surveyed It represents a township-that is, a tract of land six miles squafe, containing SP.S n"/,rn °"^ ™»1« «q«a'« each. These sections are subdivided into quarter- sections of 160 acres each, more or less. m •"«'* TOWNSHIP DIAGBAM. 610 ACRSS. N. w. ...31.. .. 32.. ..33.. ...34... ...35... ...86... ...30... School ...29.. f.ands ...28... ...27... ii.n. ...2(i... 1. II 11(18 ...26... ...19... ...20... ...21... . 22... .. 23... ...k.. ...18.. ...17... ...16... ...15... ...14.. ...13... ...7... H.B. ...8... ...9... ...io... Soliool ...11... [.andg ...i2.. ...6... ...'6... ...4... ...8... ...2... ...1... S E. TiiA i.:»T><. ^t tinned Since 1st January; 1890. ~ ''"^" '° ^^'''' "^^''^^ ^"«" altogether discern. Information respecting timber, mineral, coal, grazing and hay lands, may be vi Preface, flj« om mlTTn f^ ' "''•'"".'^ ''^°"*'' I'r^'''"^'*''^ '" ^^'^ «"»* y«^r 0' settlement «re entitled to free pcrmitg to cut a specified qaantity of timber for their own use only, upon payment of an rflicc fee of 25 centfl. ® ti«„ L?l"? l^«'i<«ti"ctly understood lliut the land regulations arc snbjeet to variu- ;?«„ i,-""!^''-^''"''- ^^^"''" "^""'^ ^•^''^ ^'^""e to o''^*'" f-^m the land airont ^yhen making their entry an explanation of the actnal regulations in force at that tune, and the clause of the Act under which tl.e entry is made endorsed upon he receipt, so that no question or difficulty may then or thereafter arije JirttiHh Columbm.—ln this province any British subjec^t who is the head of a toly, a widow, or a single man over 18 years, or an alien proposing to become a British subject may acquire the right from the Provincial Governnfcnt to pre! cmpt not more than 160 acres of Crown lands west of the Caacade liange. ar d S-^O acres in the oast of the province. The price is 4s. 2d. an acre, pavnble by four annual instalments. The conditions are-(l) Personal residence' of the .ettler or iJriZr^'i^fT ''il^ ™Provement8 to be mode of the value of lOs. (5d. an acre. Jvanrls fmm IGO to 640 acres may also be bought at from $1 to $5 an acre, ac- cording t .class, without conditions of residence or improvements Ihe L«quim«lt and Nanaimo Railway Syndicate have not vet fuUv arraneod iwTrnffn ''*''«*V*^«y ^"' ^'^^POBe of their unoccupied lands. They own . about 1,500,000 acres, but they are much broken up by rock and mountains. T^.u " * ".oa'''*?,"^"'?,*^ the Dominion Government lies within the "Railway i!.i\K''«'^K !2 '"^^' "^w^ *"* ^"""^ ^'"^^ "^ *^'« '"'«' ^^'""^ »'«g»"« "tar the sea-board, runs through the New Westminster district, and up the Eraser Valley to Lvtton • thence it runs up the Thompson lliver valley, past Kamloops and through Eagle teaJ,""/^' ^- ""r*^''" ?«■-* «f Kootenay district to the eastern frontier of British Columbia. The country is laid out in townships in the same way as in Manitoba and the North-West Territories. The lands may he purchased at a price not less than $5 (£1) per acre-free from settlement conditions, no sale, except in special cases, to exceed 040 acres to any one person. The lands may be • liomesteaded m certain proclaimed districts by settlers who intend to reside on them A registration fee of $10 (£2) is charged at the time of application. Six months IS allowed in which to take possession, and at the end of three years, on proof of continuous residence of not less than six months annually and cultivation lie acquires a patent on payment of $1 per acre for the land. In case of illness, or of nectssary absence from the homestead during the three years, additional time will be granted to the settler to conform to the Government regulations. Any person alter 12 months residence on his homestead, and cultivation of 30 acres, may obtain a patent on payment of $2.60 (lOs.) per acre. These conditions apply to agri- cultural lands. 1 1 j^ " »K" In addition to the free-grant lands available in Manitoba Lands for and the North-West Territories, several companies have Sale. large blocks of land which they offer for disposal at reasonable rates, from S2.60 up to $10 per acre. Among others, the Canadian Pacific Eailway Company (Land Coramissionef^ Mr L. A. Hamilton, Winnipeg) has about 14 millions of acres ; and the Hudson Bay Company (Chief Commissioner, Mr. C. C. Chipman, Winnipeg) has also a considerable area. The same remark applies to the Canada North-West Land Company (Land Commissioner, Mr. W. B. Scarth, Winnipeg) and the Manitoba and North- Western Eailway Company; and there are several other com- panies, including the Land Corporation of Canada. The Alberta Coal and Eailway Company also own nearly half a million acres of land in the district of Alberta. The prices of these lands vary according to position, but in most cases the terms of purchase are easy, and arranged in annual instalments, spread over a number . of years. Company, Winnipeg, has purchased about 80,000 acres of land from Prefare. vu settlement ir own use t to vurirt- ind URcnt, rco at that I upon the e head of to become nt to pre- s, arhown by required, and Bamples tested was enormous. I saw all k\ nds of grain — wheat, oats, maize, barley, &c.— besides all kinds of roots, vegetables, plants, and trees, grown with and without all kinds of natural and artificial manures. EXPERIMENTAL FAWM, OTTAWA. Having been shown over tlie Government Buildings and Ottawa to the Houses of Parliament, and after learning sometliing of Wimr yg. the government of the country — which I v/ill refer to later on — our party left Ottawa and Eastern Canada for "Winnipeg and the West. After a two days' journey in the train, 1 arrived in Winnipeg at eight o'clock on a beautiful September morning. The country from Ottawa to AVinnipeg may be described for the greater part of the distance as a dense forest : but in portions of it, such as i\w district of Algoma, considerable areas of land are suitable for agricul- tural purposes. The railway skirts the shores of Lake Superior, and this part of the route is beautifully picturesque. As there is very little land open for settlement alorG; this route, except in Algoma and some otluiv <]istrict8, I will describe it as the paradise of the sportsman and fisherman ; but I must not forget to say that in many parts various minerals are abundant. "When our ^'rty arrived in Winnipeg, we called on Mr. Winnipeg. Smith, the Commissioner of Dominion Lands. Mr. kirnitii uished ug to see the house provided in Wirinipeg for emigrants. ^ We called, and found a comfortable building, witli bedrooms and kitchen, where immigrants can rest, and remain till such time as they can be provided with employment. A book is kept where 4 The Agricultural Reaources of Canada. all employers who want servants enter their requirements, and where all people looking for employment may state their trades and callings The usual rate of wages tor unskilled servants is, for men, S1.75 to $2.25 a day, or «25 a month, with board. At the time we called all the servants who, the day before, wanted places were provided for at the rates of wages above given. Mr. Smith wished us to see the ?nrll f ' "' "" ^r .^"^'rSf' *^ Englishman, who grows vegetables for the Winnipeg market. These gardens were exactly the same as one sees around London. The demand is very good, and Mr. Salter, who came to Winnipeg a poor man, appears to have done well. wx^^'^i'JiG. Orowih of Winnipeg. I do not like to leave the subject of Winnipeg without saying something of it. Twenty years ago Winnipeg was but a village of 290 inhabitants ; now it has ove? 1 nm „ T* • ' t, ' ^"^ .^^ S^°^^ ** ^^^ ^»*« of from 2,000 to ^000 a year. It is bound to be one of the largest and most pro perous cities m Canada, as it is the junction of several railways; and hence I should advise any person wishing to settle near a growing city, and to have his property aTancein price, to look out for a suitable location il K fg^^i^'^f^^ood of Wmnipeg. Good land six miles from the city can be bought at from $5 to $10 an acre. ^ . In company with Mr. Booth Waddington, an Endish Portage-la- delegate, I left Winnipeg next morning for Port2fe!i^ Pra^ne. Prairie. In this district is some of the best wheat fi, ^ 11. S^'^'^^^S land in Canada. The objection I have to it is that people here go in almost exclusively for wheat-growing. Some years ago, when wheat sold for a dollar a bushel, this kind of farS aia remarkfthlv well . l«,4- «^.^, 4.u_i. ;_._ i •• ,. , «iiuiijg nafifi«« ;;~r " " li' '.T """^ \""'''' i'"^'^^^ ^*'*« declined, and com- ri I'f V^^^'^fu ^^^'^ '* ""^^ things'are not so prosperous in this SnTtJS' T^-"' *^1 '"^^ °^ ^"^^^^ ^« P««««d the farm of a Mn onirzer. ihis gentleman commenced not many years ago with little or Mr, Jerome J. Qmrxfa Report. , and where nd callings, n, S1.75 to e called all i^ided for at to see the I vegetables same as one Salter, who » without Winnipeg i has over 2,000 to rosperous 1 hence I y, and to 3 location I the city English )rtage-la- b wheat- ) to it is . Some farming ud com- i in this »f a Mr. little or r no capital, and now he has a good house and place, with 320 acres of land, which all appears to be under crop. We saw the oats and wheat in stook, and they appeared splendid. Having been invited by Senator Sanford to see his Sanford Banch. ranch , and to look over the country around Westbourne, where the ranch is, we drove from Portage-la-Prairie, accompanied by Mr. Eiley, Senator Sanford's manager, to AVest- bourne. On the way we called at the house of Mr. Duncan McLeod. We found that the threshing had been done on the farm. Mr. McLeod told us that he bought his quarter-section of 160 acres some years ago at $2| au acre, and that he can now sell it for S8 an acre. We arrived that evening at the ranch home of Senator Sanford. Having had a hasty meal, Mr. Eiley drove us over the ranch ; it consists of deep black soil, suitable for either grazing or tillage. The Senator has over 60,000 acres for sale, and is asking $8 an acre for it. The cattle and horses are very good indeed, and, considering its proximity to Winnipeg, I consider any settler might do worse than settle in this locality. The hay lands running north of Westbourne are prolific, and hay can be cut and put up in the rick for $1^ per ton. Leaving early next morning, Mr. Riley drove us through a Russell. fine tract of country for 10 miles or so, and dropped in at the wayside station of Woodside, on the Manitoba and North- Western Eailway. He was most kind in pointing out the country to us. I was very sorry to have missed seeing Mr. Lynch's herd of Short- horns. Mr. Lynch is an Irishman who resides near Westbourne, and I am told his herd is famous in this locality. He goes in for stock- farming, with the result that he has done very well indeed. Arriving late on Saturday night at Binscarth, we started for Bussell, a town some 10 miles distant. We spent a quiet Sunday there — a rest we much needed after so much travelling. On Monday morning we made an early start to see the country, and first visited the farm of Mr. Cursitor. His history is this : Ten years ago he came to this locality and homesteaded 160 acres ; be soon after pre-empted 160 more; he has now under crop 100 acres of wheat, has 6 cows, a number of pigs, and he is fully supplied with all kinds of agricultural implements. I asked him what his capital was at starting, and he said one waggon and a pair of horses. He must now be worth over 882,000. Dr Barnardo's Home being quite close, we paid it a visit We were courteously received by the manager, and inspected, the fine herd of Shorthorn dairy cows — 56 in all. We were informed that the cattle receive nothing more than hay in the winter, and the grass on the prairie in the summer ; they were in grand condition, showing what cattle can do on such pasture. We next visited the farm of Mr. Setter, and his case presented to me more than any others the advantage of settling in this locality. Eleven years ago he canio here, S80 in del^. with a wife, child, and waggon and horses. He homesteaded 160 a».rt;s, and now has 280 acres of wheat and 140 acres of oats. He has laid aside some money, and has built A Successful ■i-a,rmcr. e The Agricultural Meiourcee of Canada. i ■'■': ■ ':,: 'im'IF'Wl'ltlilli^flM'r'imlll i r' TTI Bltir ii iiiiiiii n »iiii ■ i FAim SCENE, MANXroJU. a Kr. J. Smith, nM i never be W f ttle^^the property of year-old bullocks; live weT^hfiq T '^'^^^^«*?- They were three- had no other feeding b^tthp^ In «V- ^"^ ''^ mquiry I found they dried up and whTto ^l " Jd ifh'!^ "''j.^PP'r^* ^^ «^« *« be ouite this till I was In formed tha it wL H '' that the beasts were fed on Srows in thisTocalTtv Cat I w II ^"^^^^^^^^ buffalo grass, which fed on it are sad to bear anv L ^.^"^ ^^'^"^"^ ^^' '^> ^"^ tho.se condition. MrSmith ho^ L f * f ^7°'^^^ ''^^^ y^^ ^"1^ t^eir each, or 3 efSl Z poifeti-l' ^V' hl^buIlocks for ^12 returned to Russell, whei" we arSt t:!.^'', ''?'"? ^^^•- ^^^^ ^^ to see someone who c-me to rZ l .i "'^"^^" ^ '^^« «"^i^'^« here-an English genE an vv^" ^^.th money, aiid I found one farm pupil, pS a premium "n T" "'"'i ^ ^^ ^^^^^^'« ^^o as a S7«teni which cannot hllTZ Z ^T"^'' ^'^ ^^^^^ ^'"^ farming (a Canadian aulXfin^t^ 'Z'JLTI^'^;^.^' f^"^ ^--^ whieirtiL -tie, mostly o^Z'i^^-^^^^^^lJ ^^^J^ i/l Jl/r. Jerov J, Ouiry's Jieport. ■s to educftto to be worth iSiyiSii*:;'; ' Asessipi, er. Here a luiiiber foperty of ive three- )und they 3 be quite re fed on iss, which md those lold their for J12 . Gill we I anxious L>uJid one igo 118 a rming (a 7hich the ?«). He fanning herd of QarkabJy 7 * well— so well that, although he has since inherited a large property, he has decided to remain in Canada. It is not often that premium- paying farm pupils succeed so well. Next morning wo started early from Eussoll to see a fine herd of cattle belonging to a man who a few years ago was a labourer in Oxfordshire. He came to EussoU, worked tts a general servant, saved his wages, and is now the possessor of as fine a herd — 75 in number — of Polled Angus and Shorthorns as could be desired. He has, besides that, brought out his father and mother. I asked him if he wished to return, and he said not. The Russell district, in my opinion, is a good one ; it possesses the advantages of plenty of wood, good grass land, and abundance of water. Good feeding land can be bought in the neighbourhood of Eussell for about S4 an acre. wuMi'MH' "f|' l '' l ' nanw).' r 'ini — rhirm — tjhp)^ I ' luyt i '^i ^;» ) WHEAT STACKS, MANtXOBA. Leaving Eussell on the 13th September at three o'clock Neepawa. in the morning, we arrived at Neepawa ('the Indian word for plenti/) about noon ; we took " rigs "—conveyances — and left for Oarberry. From the large number of wheat stacks I saw in the immediate vicinity of Neepiv *i, I thought the word very appio- priate, for they were very numerous ; I tried to count them several times and failed — the whole country appeared studded with wheat stacks. "We arrived at Oarberry, which is a small town on the main line of the Canadian Tacific Railway. The drive from Neepawa is a long one, and all the laud we passed through appeared taken up, with the exception of the school sections ; the Government set aside two sections of land in each township to support the schools. Next morning, 8 The Agricultural llesources of Canada. accompanied by Mr Boyd, M.P., and Mr. Lyon. M.P.P., we went to see Mr Hope's farm. Mr. Hope is a Scotchman. H? home- no^ ll«t ''^- ^\^^'' ^"' f^ ^^« «"«^«^d^d so well that he is now able to retire, having purchased a quantity of house property in out^rhi, f ^'' w" Pri^^?;«r ^i« ««n; and it has all been Id^ out of his farm. We then visited his neighbour, Mr. Eiddle, who came out some few years ago from county Limerick. Mr Eiddle we if! ^e b^f kept farms in the district. He says he has done well. He looks happ> and contented. Mrs. Eiddle assured me that he would like to see old Ireland and her friends once agaS; but she said she had nothing to complain of. The same day Sev sited the farm of a Mr. McKenzie. We were unfortunate enough not to farisiver 2 OoT' ^'' ""? t'^ ^i^^ ^oys showed us over his jlace. He rthrOMPo? /"'"'' r'^\''°*''^^^"^^* ^«^^d ^<^«ni«h any farmer Wn nl 5 *'^7\lf rge heap of manure in the yard which had not ^ the son oTr ^"' ^ M^"'^'^ ^'^''' '^^^ ^«^^ «^«^« ^he richness ot the soil. Otherwise, Mr. McKenzie would be forced to use manure OBAIN ELEVATOB, BKANDON. P. . ' ,7 '^^ T""^ m?. '''? ""'f ^'^'^ *^^ experimental farm at Evpertmental Brandon. This is the experimental farm for the l^arm province of Manitoba; almost every province has its iSrandon. experimental farm. Wo u,ern ,.o«o;.r«j „„j _u ., • . -»' "" " " v-!.iT\.u. ttiiu Buuwii over the place by Mr. Bedford, the manager. It is hard to say what was most interesting, but I was much struck by the making of ensilage. On this farm, the stuff to make the ensila-e Mr. Jerome J. Quirifs Report. , we went He home- that he is property in been made iddle, who ^r. Eiddle ) has done d me that tgain ; but we visited gh not to )lace. He my farmer sh had not le richness ie manure farm at for the ) has its 5wn over is hard : by the ensilage with is cut up before being placed in the silo, and this operation is performed with a simplicity and cheapness that cannot be excelled. The power is supplied by a windmill, an air-motor machine made in Chicago. The cost of this would greatly depend on the power required, but the fan and driving-rod of the machine can be had in Chicago for $35, or about £7. If any readers require particulars, Mr. Bedford will be happy to supply them. A sight well worth a visit in Brandon is Christie's saw and lumber mills, where 40,000 ft. of timber is cut daily. The logs to supply the mills float down the river a distance of 900 miles. This will give some of ray readers an idea of the extent of the country. There are some good shops in Brandon ; and Wilson & Smith's furniture warehouse would do credit to London, or any of the cities in the Old Country. The district around Brandon is mostly used for mixed farming. We spent two days driving round the isoighbourhood, and from farmers we heard the repeated tale of prosperity. We brought our guns with us, and from our " rigs " we bagged a large number of prairie chicken. ' The next day was Sunday, and, as we were bound to To Indian make connection with the West, we took the express Head. for Indian Head. We passed on the way Messrs. Bouverie & Eoutledge's large farm at Virden. All the corn appeared to have been stacked. We arrived at Indian Head* about five o'clock, and next morning visited the experimental farm, which is managed by Mr. McKay, who showed us over it. It is well kept. In one building is placed the grasses grown from seeds which the manager supposes would suit particular districts. He told us that the grass which he found possessed most nourishment, and the best adapted for laying down in his district, was a new Austrian grass called Bromm inermus. This he considers would cut fully 3 tons an English acre, and in his opinion ought to be tried in the Old Country. After leaving the experimental farm, our party drove to the farm of a Mr. Harrop, which is close by. He was threshing, we found. He had a splendid sample of wheat, and expected to thresh over 42 bushels to the acre. We then went to Mr. Dixon's f&rjti, and also found him threshing. He said he should be much surprised if he did not realise 40 bushels to the acre. This is some of the best wheat land in Canada ; we found the heaviest crops of that grain here. It may be interesting to my readers to know how it is cultivated in this locality. We will suppose that the land is in stubble. The stubble is cut about 18 in. high: this is done with two objects— first, to hold the snow and keep it from drifting; and, secondly, to provide fuel, as after the snow melts away from the stubble the wind dries up the straw. It is then set on fire, and that leaves a splendid bed for the seed, which is then put in broadcast. A cultivator is then put over it, and so the crop is left. Very simple, some will say ; and so it is ; and this is the reason — that a man is supnospd to handle 120 acres of wheat at all times, but during that part ol the harvest he requires two hands. Of course my readers will understand that a farmer will not treat all his land in this fashion ; a good farmer will ;-third of his land in summer fallow, so as to rest the land. In ave one-tl Part vi. 10 The Agricultural Resources of Canada, tny opinion, the country around Indian Head will give the highest late of grain this year, and an average of 32 bushels an acre is expected. Before leaving this locality, wo wished to see the eelebmted Bell Fann, which was at one time the largest wheat farm in the world. This farm was owned and worked by a company. It has now been divided into stveral farms, and only a portion is owned by Major Bell. camekon's farm, qu'ai'pblle. We left next day for Qu'Appelle Station, and on the (^uAppelle. way we called at Mr. Eraser's farm. The owner told us he started with little or no capital. He has worked his way so well that he has over $1,000 worth of machinery, and a good balance at his banker's. He keeps his books with a surprising degree of accuracy; and, taking the past five years as an average, his prohts, after all expenses, and feeding himself and family, are «3.80, or nearly 1 6s , an acre. Staying that night at Qu'Appelle Station, M-e started early next morning for Qu'Appelle Fort. On the way we called on Mr. Cameron, a Scotch gentleman, who manages a large farm owned by the Messrs. Sykes.. lie spoke well of the district. Messrs. Sykes own 15,00U acres of good wheat land, and we were informed that they a''e selling some on the deferred payment system. The country around appears to be a very good one for wheat-growin«^. Having arrived at Qu'Appelle Fort, we visited the schools kept bv the Oblate fathers for the training and education of young Indians. We were received and shown over the establishment by Father Hugeneaux. iNot;luiig could exceed the neatness and cleanliness of the establishment It IS nut long established, buL it has done a deal of good. On the ioHowmg morning I vi«ited the new roller mills of Messrs. Joyner & J!-lkmgtou Mr. Elkington is an Englishman, who has put his capital in tins mill. He has done well, and speaks highly of this district. 1 IB i I I Mr. Jerome J. Guirifa Report. n ^hest rate expected. Jell Fanij, This farm 1 divided saw the wheat sold at his mill, and for quality it oannot be excelled. I cannot leave the subject of Qu'Appelle without referring to its beautiful situation. It stands between two lakes, and the hills rise up on each side. I thought it a pity it was not called " Killarney : " to me it appeared one of the prettiest spots in Canada. It has one drawback — one which may soon be remedied — that is, want of railway com- munication. Tlie country is suitable for cattle-farming. ?e d on the 'ner told s worked Y, and a iirprising irage, his 13.80, or e started jailed on farm Messrs. informed ; country Having e Oblate We were geneaux. lishment. On the oyner & is capital itrict. I Kerjina. m-PE FABM, QU'ArPELtn. We left Qu'Appelle for Regina, which is not far distant, and arrived in a few hours. Regina is the capital o| • the North-West Territory. 1 was glad indeed to meet here a Tipperary man — one of tlie most brilliant and talented of my countrymen— I mean Mr. N. Flood Davin, M.P. Mr. Davin has done a good deal for the farmers, and they appear to appreciate his services, for there is no more popular member of the Dominion Parliament. There is one striking fact about Regina — that, whatever advantages^ Nature has denied it, man's energy has made up for the loss, for evidences of push and energy are everywhere apparent. Leaving Regina on the 22nd September, at night, we Prince Albert. arrived in Prince Albert the following morning in *"*■*-■ *^'* vft-eTT^ifB « t iiin„t, j..i.iijxz:.xj 1:3 l/t "G-U til •.: 1 1 V situated on the river Saskatchewan. Tt is now a small town, but is rapidly increasing. The country a. .ad is picturesque. The north side of the river is very sparsely populated— only a few half-breeds ; but on the south side are to be found some creditable farms — notably It The Agricultural Besoureei of Canada, Mr. Thomas McKay's, from which there is a grand view. Mr. Thomas O. Davis, a merchant in Prince Albert, has a good property, which he farms; he keeps about 200 head of cattle, some pigs, and about 50 acres of tillage ; all this he does with three hands. I do not know of a nicer district in Canada than the country around Prince Albert. Driving out of the town Lo the south, you pass by a number of small' lakes; they literally swarm with wild duck, and the prairie abounds with chicken. Along the lakes are a nunjber of "sloughs," which produce splendid crops of hay Prince Albert is certainly a favoured district, provided with everything that a farmer may want. At present \t IS situated in a remote district. It has railway connection with Eegina, and other lines may be built shortly r and when the proposed railway is buUt to Hudson Bay, Prince Albert will be as near England for at least four months of the year as Montreal is now. 1 was pleased to find a countryman of mine here in the person of Judge Maguire, the Judge of the Superior Court. The Judge is one of my countrymen whom I am proud of— a sterling, good Irishman. Near Prince Albert are situated the large lumber mills of Messrs, Moore & MacDowell. Mr. MacDowell is one of the most prominent men in the West ; he has a fine residence, and his partner is an Irishman. Major Mooie ^'ought in the Eiel Eebellion, an(f unfortunately lost his leg. The firm employ a largo number of hands, and supply the surrounding district with cut timber. The onjy thing I ever heard urged against the Prince Albert district is, that it is cold in winter; be that as it may, I have no hesita- tion m saying that Prince Albert is one of the best districts in the North-West. Between Prince Albert and Eegina the country is studded with small lakes, good pasture, with olenty of shelter, and splendid hay land. I regret very much that time did not allow me to see the neighbourhood of Duck Lake. I am told it is equal to Prince Albert but I only saw it from the train. I had the pleasure of a short inter- view in the train with Mr. Hillyard Mitchell, an English gentleman who goes m extensively for stock-farming. I should strongly advise any young man with, say, .£400 capital, to try this part. Mr. H. Mitchell will be happy to supply all further information. Our party left Prince Albert on the night of the 27th September, and arrived in Jiegina the following morning. That evening we started for British Columbia on board the J^rtUsh West-bound train. About noon the next day we got our first tolumhia. view of the Eockies, and about three o'clock we got to them. ^ There are a few nice ranches between Calgary and the Kockies, a distance of about 70 or 80 miles. Time did not allow us to visit them. Leaving the open prairie behind, and having attained an altitude of over 3,000 ft., the line enters a gap, and 60 miles further shows an ascent of 1,000 ft. A description of the Eockies would scarcely be fitting to an agricultural report. I wiU only say that I do not think pen ever wrote aught that would convey anything like the grandeur and awfulness of the reality "^ ' •'-•'. .o _ we arrived at Vancouv( 'I'1V'4^ nfkvre* nf4-A«. J- TT V --to. J 3 ai liCi it^ii VIii£ -t~i town the population of which was only 1,000 in 1887; in 1888 it was 6,000, and in 1890 15 exceeds 18,000. it. ,000: it now l ijiww i ai Mr. Jenyme J. Chiim/t Jlrport. 18 Ir. Thomas , which ho 1 about 50 )t know of ce Albert. T of small ie abounds 18," which a favoured At present ition with ) proposed ir England 'as pleased iguire, the men whom Albert are veil. Mr. he has a fought in employ a b with cut ce Albert no hesita- ts in the is studded endid hay ) see the ce Albert, ort inter- ;entleman ;ly advise Mr. H. )ur party d nrrived board the t our first J to them. and the ow us to lined an i further )8 would bat I do like the _ 1-1 ? ^ XVUgilia Sunday, the first day wo spent in Vancouvor, was wet— as, indeed, were most days that we spent in British Columbia— and we were forced to remain indoors all day. On Monday we proceeded to New Westminster, a town Neiv of about 9,000 inhabitant », about twelve miles distant. Westminsier. The town is situated on the Eraser River, and is the centre of the salmon curing and canning industry ; how many canneries there are in the locality I could not make out, but I will describe one that I visited. They are large wooden buildings situated on the bank of the Fraser ; the proprietors buy the fish from anyone who brings them, and the prices range, accordir^ the qualitv of the fish, from 6 to 20 cents each. S(»me idea of the quantity of fish tinned on the Fraser River may be realised when I mention that one cannery I visited turned out 20,000 cases, of 48 tins to the case ; the entire money value of the fish taken on the Fraser River this year falls little short of £180,000. The Mayor of New Westminster engaged a steam launch for our party, and, accompanied by this gentleman, the Mayor of Vancouver, and some of the leading citizens, we proceeded up the Fraser River, and arrived at Ladner's Landing about two o'clock. Here we were received by Mr. Ladner, who had "rigs" in readiness for us. He conducted us over a fine part of the country. He pointed out to me some lands in the vicinity of the village which he improved, and has now let at SIC an acre. This appeared to me exactly like some of the land in the county Meath — good fallowing land. Driving to the south, we passed through some heavy low-lying land, fenced in, with very good houses on it. It looked like our best hay land in Ireland, and, on inquiry, I found that it was used for hay-growing purposes. It is ia the hands of a land company, and is for sale ; $60 an acre is asV^d for it. To anyone wishing for a climate like the South of Ireland — damp and warm — and who wishes to avoid all trouble of buildmg and fencing, I should recommend this part of British Columbia. I thought a draw- back to the district was the bad roads ; and I also thought that the lands required to have cuts made so as to remove more of the surface water. Lulu Island is situated in this district, and consists of deep soil, all alluvial, and of the best description. There is no land open to homesteading ; it is all in the hands of private owners, who are r jlling for from 3850 to $70 an acre. This district I would consider best for dairy farming ; it is too hea^y for grain-growing. I regret very much indeed that time did not permit us to Vietoria. see more of what are known as the " uelta lands ; " but, as we were obliged to push on, we left Vancouver for Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, which is situated on the I«^' o* Vancouver. After a pleasant voyage of 10 hours, we arriv i Next day, accompanied by the Honourable Mr. Beaven, we staru. v» at an early hour to see as much as time would permit of Vancouver Island. We first visited the farm of Mr. Henry King. Mr. King was the only tenant farmer 1 had so far come across. He holds his land at 12s. an English acre, and he makes his rent by selling vegetables at about double the price he could get for them in Covent Garden. He also keeps a dairy, and disposes of his milk at 30 cents the 14 The Ayrictdtxtral Ite^mircet of Oanacla. gallon? at that prico it is omy for him to i)ay rent. We then visited Iho property of Mr. .fu». Nicholson, Ho some [JO country years ago from Kt'rry, JI.) spoke and eaid ho had all he d I)oke v«>rv highly of tl t'sirc'd. I qhM him iihout li caino to Canada 10 ho in a prices he ohtamod for his produce, and he iustauced the fact that Houio months of the year he was able to get an much as r^n for biji^ie duck. Wv drovo further on, and saw several plots of land which had been ch^ared by En-jliah families with a view to fruit- growing. Tl.e timber in thi.s district is of ir.imense size, and the coat ot clearing an acre, we were informed, is about iSlOO (or £20), hut whrn cleared, the produce from an acre is immense. Hcturning to Victoria, the Mayor had us shown over the Chinese quarter of the city U was most mtereeting. The Chinese live by themselves ; they do all the servile work, all the washing, and all the small jobs ; they are excellent cooks and indoor servants. Their pay is ubout «1 a dav- it 18 asserted tliut without them work could not be done in British Columbia, wages being so high. Mechanics receive very high wages, and two masons told me that they could afford to come back to En'dand some winters and return in April again; thev told me that%hev received as high as So a day. The demand for such men is not however, large, and it is met by the supply on the spot. ' ,r- . ^. J^'^'^ing good-bye to our Victoria friends, we left for Mmion C%ty. Vancouver on our return homo. Having arrived -a -a ^^ . ^'^^^T' ^" ^''^^^ ^^^®^*^ *" *^^ terininus of the Canadian pacific line, and caught the East-bound train. We alighted at Mission ^ity (so called from the Koman Catliolio Mission to Indians) and yrere met by all the English settlers in the locality. They divided our partjr and drove us over a low-lying, wet, but remarkably rich country, full of splendid grass, and well adapted for dairy farminc We visited the pig ranch of Mr. Page, and found 200 pigs bein- fattened by the simple process' of "glvilig thern lot^%f 7ruE grab .mg them atterwards ^o drink water. Mr. Page carries on a an a owing. .„_,„, v «xi.j». vraiym. mr. rage carries on a large dairy, and is doing well. His work is carried on by Chinamen to whom he pays «1 a day. Tht^ Eoman Catholic Mission have a very large property here which they hold for sale at prices they cannot now obtain. The farmers around Mission City, at the -m.^st of Mr. Irench, had a large collection of fruit and vegetables ui. i -w ^or us at the office of the Board of Trade. This collection m,- , ' - st I had seen in Canada. I must mentiofi a circumstance in connection with this show. A workman, hearing me talk of trout-fishing, asked me if I would like to see what he could produce. He took his lishing-rod, and without going further than the bounds of the town returned in an .xur with a bnsket of trout splendid fish, one weighing 6^ lbs., and aiiot.i:»i ii lbs, ^ ** The peopl' 'A M'. uon City appear to me to have plenty of (mterpnse. Th.v t-.v.. erected a large salmon cannery, and will now give it Jo anyone to work tor tla-ee years, free of .ost, rent, and taxes, .a.tcr i,^,^u^ y^^3,\^^'« ^""^^ i"'' Calgary. Allow me to say a few words about British Columbia. In my opinion, it is a grand provinc^ It IS as yet in its infancy, and there is no doubt that there is*^a great* Wfiii.t Mr, Jtrome J. Guirjf't litmrt %$ future bnforo it. it is bound to !)a tlie homo of nmny an IriMhnian. As to its climute, it iH Momovvluib like Ireland, or \\\is Houth'WvWt of England. Thero is little frost, aiul in lliit viiiloys the .snow never stiivH for any tinui. Kverythiiif^ will ^inv there, and u furui of lOU ueres in thin province i« worth tliive times u.s uiikIi h in the Huwl. Tiiy prices to bo obtaint^d for i reduce exceed the London prices, and I have seen [xitatoes sold in the market in Hepttiml)tn' for Id, a lb. Of course 1 only write of the province from a week's view, and in that week only a fringe of it was seen. Thi^re are hundreds of t|^uusundf> of acres of fertile land in British Columbia. being CALUAUV. -St Calgary is the headquarters of ranching in Canada; it Calgary. appears to be situated at the foot of the Eockies, but they are nearly 80 miles distant, Ic is built on a beautiful, bright river called the Bow, on a lovely plain, and is a subsrantial stone-built city, with shops quite as good as those in Grafton Street in Dublin ; it has all the appearance of prosperity. Jn Calgary are the land and emigration olL 'es, and the junction of the Red Deer and Edmonton liailway to the north, and of that to Fort McLeod on the south. The day after our arrival in CaJgary we were taken by Mr. Rowe, the land agent in Calgary, to see the ranch of Mr. E. Gr. Eobinson. It consists of three sections of land which he owns ; he also leases a large quantity from the Government. He puts up a lai'go quantity of haj every year, and says that without doing so ranching on a large scale is very risky. He keeps 300 horses, and 1 ,300 head of cattle. He breeds his own cattle and horses, and every year raises 300 calves. He goes in entirely for the Hereford breed ; every year he sells about 300 beasts, which weigh about 8 cwt. each, and the price ho obtains for each is from $40 to ^50. I asked him how he did with Id TJie Agricultural Itesmirces of Canada. his horses, and he said not at all well lately. Some years ago he used to get for a pair of trained three-year-olds about «350 ; last year the price fell to *250, and he does not think it will be as high this year. Mr. Eobinson trains his horses himself, and this year, with the help of a negro rough-rider, he broke in 40 horses to the saddle and harness and in no single instance did he meet a horse that he did not make a success of. I am often asked about ranching. There are, in my opinion, two kinds of ranching. One I will call the ranching on a large ?cale, general'y carried on by partners, or by companies, in this way : A large quantity of land is rented from Government, on which a house and extensive buildings are erected; the proprietors keep « large number of cattle and horses, and, as a rule, do not put up any quantity of hay— they depend on the soft winds from the Pacific (which are known as the "chinook" winds) melting the snow; they succeed tor years, but a bad winter may come and thev may make heavy losses J?his system of ranching requires a large capital, and is mostly carried on to the south of Calgary, in the McLeod district. Small Ranches. RANCH SCENE, ALBERTA The other kind of ranching is one I should recc»n- mend to any of my friends, and is very like the life Tf ^1 • A 1 enjoyed by a gentleman farmer in the West of Ireland. It 18 this: A homestead is taken; on this homestead a small quantity ot grain ot all kinds is grown. The homestead is so selected that there is good hay land and plenty of water in the district. A ^ma" House, called a -shack,'' is built, with a barn, stable, and smalfout- frn^'po f^inn ^""'^^ V ^^^^^'' ^^^ "^^^her commonccs with l^T, f. 1^,^/oung beasts. Each year in August he puts up about 3 tons of hay to the beast. This hay grows wild, and has Mr. Jerome J. Gninf\' of 40 cow^i, uiid ciillivatcs about 60 acres; his out-offices and stables are built oi: m ood, and aro well arranged. After leaving Mr. Gaetz, we were driven to the east, a part of the country rather rough for eulti^'ation, but very well adapted for ranching, with some fine springs of water. On our way back to Ked Deer we called on Mr. Trimble, the same who took the prize at the agricultural show. Mr. Trimble is the son of an Irishman who settled in Ontario. When living in the East he was troubled with chest coniT>]aint and hsemorrhage of thd lungs. He was advised to try the North- West as a change. He did so, and settled with his family, taking up a section which he calls Twin Pine Creek. He goes in for dairying, and has made it a great success, getting as much as Is. 4d. per lb. for his butter. Mr. Trimble says that his life is a new one since he came to the North-West. The next day we left for Edmonton, but, as our train Edmonton. did not start till late, we had time to see a colony of Icelanders, who are doing remarkably well. They came out two years ago without a dollar. I am informed they make excellent settlers, being frugal and industrious. We arrived that night at Edmonton, and, as it was very late, stayed at the Station Hotel, which is situated on the south side of the "river Saskatchewan. Next morning we drove out .to Mr. McKinnon's farm. He has been settled here for the past seven years, and has done remarkably well. He is the local magistrate. This year he has tried an experi- m. * vm^'-c. "'^»' ■ ''''"■ - :;;^**^»-'^^'[ ■■'^'l..''-i^$|l;^,^f, X liABM-UUCSK, SOUTUEBN MANITOBA. X DOOBLE-PCBBOW AND A SINGLR-FDRaOW WHEEL PLOUOn. king ifc, I saw ) truth, travels fticular ho was )oliner, ster of Mputy- i-get. ^ ^ 27 APPENDIX A. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CANADA. The Dominion of Canada includes the wjjote of Jiritiwh General North America to the north of the United States, and Information, has an area of nearly 3,500,000 square miles, it is divided into eight separate provinces, and the popuhition at the last census was 4,829,411— viz.: Prince Edward Island, 100 088- Nova Scotia, 450,523; New Brunswick, 321,294 ; Quebec, 1,488,686 • Ontario, 2,112,989; Manitoba, 154,472; the North- West Territories^ 67,554; British Columbia, 92,767 ; and unorganised Territories, 32,168.' The extent of the country will be better understood by stating that it is larger than the United States without Alaska, and nearly as large as the whole of Europe. Constitution and Government. The government of the country has at its head the Governor-General, the representative of Her Majesty. The Dominion Parliament consists of the Senate and of the House of Commons, and the government of the day is in the hands of the majority, from whom the Privy Council, or the Cabinet, who act as the advisers of the Governor- General, are taken. The members of the Senate are nominated for life by the Governor-General, and the duration of the House of Commons is fixed by the Act as five years. Each province has also its local Parliament, in some cases of two Houses, as in Prince Edward Isknd, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec, and in others of only one,' as in Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia. The head of the Provincial Government is known as the Lieutenant-Governor, and is appointed by the Governor-General. The constitution of Canada is contained in the British North America Act, 1867, which defines the powers both of the federal and of the local Legislatures. It amy be said, generally, that the former deals with matters concerning the community as a \vhole, and the latter with subjects of local interest. Twenty-seviMi years' experience has demonstrated that the country has made great progress under the existing institutions, and the prin- ciple of union is recognised by all political parties as the sure foundation on which the future of %h\ Dominion depends. There is a free and liberal franchise in operation, both for the Provincial and Dominion Parliaments, which gives most men the benefit of a vote. In the provinces there are county and township councils for regulating local affairs, such as roads, schools, and other municipal purposes, so that the government of the Dominion is decentralised as far as practicable, in the spirit of the Imperial legislation before mentioned. Nothing connected with Canada is so much misrepresented Climate, and misunderstood as its climate, but it has only to be experienced to be thoroughly appreciated. It is warmer in summer and much colder in winter than in Great Britain; but 88 General Information ahout Canada, the heat is favourable to the growth of fruit and the crops, and in every way pleasant and beneficial, and the cold is not prejudicial to health or life. In fact, Canada is one of the healthiest countries in the world. The winter liwtH from the end of November or the beginning of December to the end of March or middle of April ; spring from April to May; summer from June to Heptember; and autumn from October to the end of November. The seasons vary sometimes, but the above is the average duration of the different periods. The nature of the climute of a country may bo measured by its products. In winter most of the trades and manufactures are carried on as usual, and, as regards farming, much the same work is done on a Canadian farm in autumn and in winter as on English, Scotch, or Irish homesteads. Ploughing is not possible, of course, in the depth of winter, but it is done ai the autumn and early spring, and in the winter months cattle have to be fed, the dairy attended to, cereals threshed, machinery put in order, buildings repaired, carting done, and wood-cutting, and preparations made for the spring work, so that it is by no means an idle season. One thing is perfectly certain — that the country would not have developed so rapidly as it has done, aiid the population would not have grown to its present proportions, had the climate been unfavourable to the health, pros- perity, and progress of the community. Of course there are good and bad seasons in Canada, as everywhere else, but, taken altogether, the climate will compare very favourably with other countries in similar latitudes. As the temperature in Manitoba and the North-West Temperature. Territories is frequently referred to, it is desirable to quote official statistics bearing on the question. The mean temperature at Winnipeg in the summer is 60'3°, and during the winter 1 ° ; Brandon, 58-1° and -1-8°; Bapid City, 62-2° and M-7°; Portage-la-Pruirie, 61-8° and 12-6°. In the North-West Territories, the summer and winter mean temperatures at the specified places are as follows:— Begina, 59-2° and -2*4°; Calgary, 65-6° and 12-2"; Edmon- ton, SS^** and 11 '3°. It is very evident the temperature only very occasionally reaches the various extreme limits that are sometimes mentioned, or the mean winter temperatures could not be anything like the figures above quoted. Eeference has been made elsewhere to the agricultural Products of products of Canada. The country also possesses great Canada. wealth in the timber contained in the immense forests, and in the minerals of all kinds, including coal, gold, silver, iron, copper, &c. Then, again, the fisheries along the extensive coasts, both on the Atlantic side and on the Pacific, and in the inland waters, are most valuable and varied, and are valued annually at several millions sterling. The principal fishes are salmon, trout, cod, herring, mackerel, halibut, and haddock. Oysters and lobsters are also most nume- rous. The manufacturing indubtry aheady occupies a luosl important position, and is growing more extensive every year. Almost every kind of manufacture is carried on. This activity is not confined to any one part of Canada, but is apparent in all the older provinces, O&neral Informntion about Canada. 29 It and will no doubt in time extend to the wentern parts of the Dominion also. Reforence is somptimos made to somfi Canadian farms Mortga^jea. W\ng mortgagt'd. It should b«^ borne in mind, liowovor, that a proportion of the Canadian farmerH start with little or no capital. In order to provide capital in such cases, the farm is mort*?aged, but the loan companies, as a rule, do not advance more than half the value of the pr./pertie.«. The interest paid bears no com- parison to the rent of similar-siBed farms in the United Kingdom, and the fact of the existence of a mortgage, in these circumstances, is not detrimental to the position of the farmer. Not only is the interest invariably paid, but the experience is that the loans are paid off as they mature. The losses of the Canadian companies are comparativt-iv small, and the investment, therefore, is a good one to the lender, and an advantage to the farmer. Canada's trade — import and export — amounts to nearlv Trade Imports £50,000,000 per annum, and is largely with Great and Exports . Britain and the United States, the lalapce being exchanged with European countries, the West Indies, South America, Australasia, China, and Japan. The figures given above only include the outside trade, and do not embrace that done between the various provinces. Free trade, in its entirety, exists within the boundaries of the Dominion, and the local busi less U very large, as the tonnage carried on the railways and canals and on the coasting vessels will show. It may be stated that the revenu9 now amounts to about Il36,0f ,000 per annum, of which about *20,000,000— equal to ITs. per head of the population— is obtained from customs duties on goods imported into Canada. Markets, either within or without the Dominion, exist Markets. for all the products of the country, and no difficulty is found in this respect. New markets have been pro- vided by the establishmont of lines of steamers to the West Indies, Australasia, China, and Japan, which are now in operation. Canada is well served with railway and water comminiication, and the shipping owned in Canada is so large that it occupies a high place in the list of ship-owning countries of the world. A niikvay extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and each province possesses exceli.nt r;iil\N.iy accommodation; m fact, there are over 15,000 miles of line 111 operation at the present time. The rivers and canals have been so much improved of late years, that the largest ocean-going steamers can moor alon.rside the wharves at Quebec and Montreal, and it is possible for a vessel of 500 tons burden to pass from the Atlantic into the gre.-ifc lakes. The enlargement of the canals now in progress, wliich is to be completed in 1895, will permit ocean vessels of 2. ;00 tons gross burden to pass to the head of Lake Navigation without breaking bulk. Social Disiinctions. ,., ,.. ...... .^At-L- iil vailiUlil t.X! LiHi same extent as in the mother country. There is no law of primogeniture, and there are no paupers ; a feeling of healthy indepeudenoe pervades all classe.", which no doubt 30 General Information about Canada, arises from the fact that erery farmer is the owner of his acres, is his own mas er, and is free to do as he wills-a state of things conducive to a condition of freedom unknown in older countries. Then, a^ain, taxation is compamtively light, and many social difficulties, stUl unde^ discussion m Great Britain, were grappled with in Canada years ago. Eehgious liberty prevails ; there is practically free and unsectarian education ; a free and liberal franchise exists ; local option in regard to the liquor traffic is m operation ; the duration of the Parliainent does not exceed hve years, and the members are paid for their services- marriage with a deceased wife's sister has been legalised; and there is no poor law system, although orphans and the helpless and aged of both sexes are not neglected, being cared for under the municipal system. And, again, a good system of local government is at work in every province The system of education in force— under the super- vision and guidance of the Provincial Governments-enables the best education to be obtained at a trifling cost, and therefore the poor, as well as the rich, can make themselves eligible for the highest positions in the country. In principle the system in operation is the same in the difEerent provinces, although the details may differ somewhat. In each school district trustees are elected to manage the schools for the inhabitants who pay a small rate towards their support, the balance being met by considerable grants from the local governments British subjects settling in Canada do not require to be naturalised. They are entitled to all the same rights and privileges as their fellow British subjects who may have been born there; indeed, the removal ot a family to Canada makes no more difference in their position, as .^IW. •'".^?'TT'^^^^^?^' ^}^^ ^"^ Sone instead to any city, town or village in the United Kingdom. Of course it is a different thing if they go to the United btates or any other foreign country. In that case they must renounce their birthright, and their allegiance to their sovereign and their flag, before they can enjoy any of the political advantages «t citizenship ; and in many parts of the United States land cannot be bought, or sold, or transferred, excepting by naturalised persons. Intending settlers in Canada are stronglv advised Oovernment to communicate, either personally or bv letter Agents rnth- with the nearest agent of the Canadian GovernI United Kingdom, ment in Great Britain (see Preface) before they leave, so as to obtain the fullest and latest advice applicable to their cases. Cards of introduction to the Gover i- inent Agents in Canada are also supplied to desirable persons. Anv information supplied by these gentlemen may bethoroughly relied upon. llien again, on reaching Canada, or at any time afterwards, the nearest Government Agent should be consulted, as they are in a position to furnish accurate particulars on all matters of interest to the new arrival. The Dominion Government has agents at Quebec, Mon- treal, Halifax, and St. John, the principal ports of landing m Canada ; and the various Provincial Governments also supervise immigration as far as possible. At Toronto (Ontario, the Superintendent of Immigration is Mr. d' Government Agents in Canada, General Information, about Canada. 31 as I » Spence, 65, Simcoe Street; and in Victoria, British Columbia Mr Jessop, the Provincial aovernment Agent, should be consulted. ' The following IS a list of the various Immigration Agencies under the supervision of the Department of the Interior:— ( Commissioner of Dominion Lands, ") Winnipeg, Man. ^in charge of Outside Service in Manitoba f- Mr. H. H. Smith. < and the North-West Territories ) Agents at Ports of Call for Steamships in Canada .— Mr.E.M. Clay ... Halifax, NS. I Mr. P. Doyle Quebec, Q. „ b. Gabdneb ... St. John, N.B. j „ J. Hoolahan ... Montreal, Q. Domtnion Lands Agents in Canada who act as Immigration Agents .— - W. H. HiAM . W. G. Pentland John Flesheb .. W. M. HiLLIABD.. W. H. Stevenson Amos Rowb J. G. Jessup John McTaggabt Brandon, Man. Birtle, „ Deloraine, , , Minnedosa, ,, Kegina, N.W.T. Calgary, JledDeer, ,, Prince Albert,, Thos. Andebson C. E. Phipps .. E. Bbokovski .. Geo. Young T. B. Ferguson John McKenzib E. A. Nash Edmonton, N.W."^. Oxbow, ,, Battleford, „ Lethbridge, ,, Saltcoats, , , New Westminster, B.C. Kamloops, B.C. The best time for persons with little or no capital to go out is from April to July— the earlier the better. Domestic servants may start at any time of the year. i,T A • :, ?^Jf ^® f ^ ^° ^^®® °^ assisted passages to Canada. The JSo Asmted full ordinary steamship fares must be paid by all immi- Passajes. grants, and they must also have enough money in addition to pay for their railway fares from the port ot landing to their destination, and to provide board and lodging until work IS secured. The Government does not render any assistance in these matters, and all new-comers must be self-supporting. The Government Agents do not book passengers, and intending emigrants are advised to consult the local steamship agents on that subject. Neither do they recommend any one line more than another. They are quite impartial in both respects. It vs not necessary to say anything in detail about the various steamers going to Canada, or about the fares. All such information can be obtained from the advertising columns of the newspapers, or from the steamship agents, who are to be found in every town or village. Passengers are recommended to take through tickets (including ocean and rail tickets) to their destinations in Canada. They are issued by the steamship companies, and in this way it is often possible to save money—as through tickets often cost less than the ocean ticket and the Canadian rail ticket if taken separately. Many of the railway companies in Great Britain issue cheap railway tickets from various places to the ports of embarkation, such as Liverpool, London, and Glasgow, and in these cases information may be obtained from the railway booking offices. Passengers should pay particular attention to the labelling Luggage. of their luggage, and labels may be obtained from the steamship companies. They should also bear in mind that the steamship companies only carry free a limited quantity of baggage, Booking Passages. 32 General Information about Canada. according to the class o£ ticket taken, and that the railway companies may charge for anything over 150 lbs. weight. The Canadian Pacific Kailvvay carry 300 lbs. free for emigrants proceeding to Manitoba and the North-AVest Territories. Care should be exercised in deciding what had better be taken to Canada. Furniture, and heavy and bulky goods of that description, had better be left behind, as the freight charged tor extra baggage makes it an expensive kuurj ; all household requirements can be purchased in the country. Agricultural implements and tools should not be taken out, as the most improved articles of this description adapted to the country can be purchased in any village m Canada. Skilled mechanics and artisons, when recommended to go out, may take their tools, but they must remember what is stated above, and also that in the Dominion all these things can be bought at reasonable prices. Emigrants may be safely advised to take a good supply of underclothing, heavy and light, for winter and summer wear, house and table linen, blankets, bed-ticks, and any other articles of special value which do not take up much room. Settlers' effects are admitted free of customs duty if Settlers' Efects they come within the terms of the following clause of free of the customs tariff : — Customs Duty. Settlers' Eff-ects, r/z. .—Wearing apparel. honsehoM fur- niture, professional books, imi)lements and tools of trade, occnpntion, or employment, which the settler has had in actual nse for at least six months before removal to Canada, musical instru- ments, domestic sewing machines, hve stock, carts, and other vehicles and agricultural implements in use bj the settler for at least one year liefore his removal to (.anada, not to include machinery or articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale : provided that anv dutiable article entered as settlers effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on hia hrst arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of without pjivmcnt of duty until after two vears' actual use in Canada; provided also that, under reginations ^ fu 7,r Minister of Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North- West lerntory by intending settlers, shall be free, until otherwise ordered by the Governor m Council. Wages— which, of course, vary from time to time— are, Wages. as a general rule, from a quarter to one-half higher than in Great Britain, but in some trades they are even more. The cost of living is lower, upon the whole, aiid an average family will, with proper care, be much better off in Canada than at home. There are very good openings in Canada for the classes of persons recommended to go out, but it must be borne in mind that hard work, energy, enterprise, and steadiness of character are as essential there as in any other country. Indeed, perhaps they are more necessary ; but, on the other hand, there is a much better chance of success for any persons possessing these qualities, and who are able and willing to adapt themselves to the conditions of life obtaining in Canada. Persons with capital to invt^st will find many openings Capitalists. in Canada. They can engage in agricultural pursuits, taking up the free-grant lands or purchasing the improved farms to be found in every province, or in mining, or in the manufacturing industries. Again, a settled income will be found t ) General Information a mi Canada, 33 ? to go much farther in Canada, and while the climate is healthy and the scenery magnificent, there are abundant opportunities for sport ; and the facilities for education are not to be excelled anywhere. Young men should go to Manitoba, the North- West, Where to go, or British Columbia. Older men, with capital and young families, should go to one of the older provinces, and either buy or rent an improved farm. This, however, is only a general statement, and individual cases must be decided by the special circumstances of each. In Manitoba and the North-West, and in some parts of British Columbia, pioneer life on free grant9,or away from railways, is attended with a certain amount of inconvenience, and an absence of those social surroundings which may be obtained in the older settled parts of these and other provinces, and this fact should be borne in mind by those who are considering the subject. But even in these districts improved farms may be purchased at reasonable rates. It is difficult to lay down a hard-and-fast rule as to the Capital amount of capital necessary for farm work. The answer necessary, depends on the energy, experience, judgment, and enter- prise of the person who is to spend the money, the province selected, whether free-grant land is to be taken up or an improved farm rented or purchased, and many other details. It may safely be said, however, that if a man has from £100 to £200 clear on landing, and some knowledge of farming, he is in a position to make a fair start on the free-grant land in Manitoba and the North-West; but it is generally advisable to obtain some experience of the country before commencing on one's own account. There is a large and growing demand for male and Farm female farm servants in every part of the Dominion. Servants. Machinery of various kinds is in daily use, but labour is scarce notwithstanding, and good hands can in the proper seasons find constant employment. Many persons of tliis class who started as labourers now have farms of their own in some of the finest parts of the Dominion. Market gardeners, gardeners, and persons understanding the care of horses, cattle, and sheep, may also be advised to go out. So far as numbers are concerned, perhaps the largest demand Domestic of all is for female domestic servants. The wages are good, Servants, the conditions of service are not irksome, and comfortable homes are assured. Domestic servants should go at once on their arrival to the nearest Government Agent. These gentlemen often have in their offices a list of vacant situations, and will refer applicants to the local ladies' committees, so that they may have the benefit of supervision and guidance, until they are satisfactorily placed. Servants should, however, take their characters with them, and must •bear in mind that good records are jr.st as indispensable in Canada as elsewhere. They may safely go out at any time of the year. There is little or no demand for females other than OtJier Classes domestic servants. Governesses, shop assistants, nurses, of Labour. &c., should not go out unless proceeding to join friends able and willing to aid them in getting 34 General Information about Canada, employment Mechanics, general labourers, and navvies are advised to obtain special information as to their respective trades before going out. The demand is not now so great as it was a few years ago, and such men, especially with large families, are not encouraged to sit out on the chance of finding employment. They may be safely advised to start when going to 30m Iriends who advise them to do so, or if they have the inclination and the knowledge to enable them to change their callings and become agriculturists. Clerks, draftsmen shop assistants, and railway employSs are not advised to emigrate unless proceeding to appointments already assured. Any demand tor labour of these kinds is fully met on the spot No encouragement is held out to members of the legal and medical and other professions, schoolmasters, and persons desiring to enter the military and civil services, to go to the Dominion especially in cases where immediate employment is necessary There are always openings and opportunities for men of exceptional abilities rni;il!/l i^. "^^n^^' but generally speaking, the professional and so-called lighter callings m Canada are in very much the same position as they are m the United Kingdom, the local supply being equal to, if not greater than, the demand. s i »^ ''". * -.-• . 85 jed to ? out. such jn the start have their 3 not ured. and iring tiion, ^here lities and ition 1 to, APPENDIX B. THE CANADIAN EXHIBITS AT CHICAGO. The Canadian exhibits at the Chicago Exhibition having been fj4 referred to in several of the delegate's Eei)orts, it has been considered desirable to publish such facts as are available as to the success which the Dominion obtained on that occasion in competition with the world. The American Press are unanimous in conceding that Canada will reap a greater benefit from the World's Fair than any other country. The variety of the vegetable products of Canada served to illustrate in a manner, hardly to be shown in any other way, the climate and the fertility of its soil; while the exhibits of mineral wealth, of its fisheries, and of its manufacturing industries demonstrated the possibili- ties of future development. It may be said that Canada was unrepresented on many of the juries connected with several of the groups of exhibits, and on others the Canadian members were of course in a minority. It is eminently » satisfactory to find, therefore, that the awards in all classes of exhibits have been so numerous, and frequently coupled with remarks of a flattering nature. The following is an extract from the report of the British Consul at Chicago to the Earl of Eosebery, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on the Chicago Exhibition :— Canada has been brought prominently forward in a manner which can scarcely fail to assure permanent benefit. Its chief exhibits were natural pro- ducts, though the colony was represented in every department except electricity. Its cheese and butter exhibiiis were remarkable, and gained a disproportionately large number of awards, beating all competitors ; Japan is understood to have sent a special commission to examine and report on the methods adopted by the colony in these matters. The show of animals, especially sheep, met with great approval. The quality of Canadian frnit was generally recognised. The exhibit of grain and other products of the north-western provinces has shown what can be grown, and as a result many inquiries have been made with a view to settlement in those parts. The same applies to British Columbia, regarding which province overtures have been made by quite a colony of Austrian subjects for settlement, with a view to fruit-growing and general farming. The Canadian exhibits in this important department ^ , Agriculture, were excelled by none in quality and appearance. The ' excellence of the wheat was the subject of general com- ment, and a considerable demand has already arisen on the part of United States farmers for seed grain from Manitoba and the North- West Territories. Canada obtained 1,U16 awards in this group, including 776 awards for cheese and butter. This does not comprise the awards obtained by Manitoba, which have not yet been received. It is understood that in the tests for quality, made under chemical analysis on behalf of the Exhibition authorities, Manitoba No. 1 Hard Eed Fyfe wheat gave the very best results. 36 The Canadian Exhihits at Chicago, Clieese and Butter. The exhibitions of cheese and butter were the largest of their kind ever made on the North American continent. Two competitions were arranged for Cheddar or factory cheese, in the months of June and October. In th& first named, the United States entries numbered 505, and the Canadian 162. There were 138 prizes awarded, of which Canada took 129, and the United States 9. Thirty-one exhibits of Canadian cheese also scored higher points than the best United States cheese. In the October competition for the same class of cheese, made previous to 1893, there were 82 entries from the United States, and 524 ^^lom Canada. There were 110 prizes oifered, and Can^ jred them all. There were also 414 awards for cheese made in I. Of these, Canada obtained 369, and the United States 45. In Wiese two com- petitions, therefore, the United States entered 587 exhibits and took 54 prizes, as against Canada's 686 entries and 608 prizes. There were three judges for cheese, two for the United States, and one for Canada. The significance of this result is enhanced when considered in conjunction with the difference in the population of the two countries — 65 millions against 5 millions. Canada now exports several millions of pounds of cheese ])er annum more than the United States to the English market, her exports to the mother country having risen from 30,889,353 lbs. in 1875 to 127,843,632 lbs. in 1892. In the butter competition, Canada took 27 awards. The great dr ^lopment of the cheese industiy in recent years has interfered, no dv^ubt, with the expansion of the butter trade. The steps, however, that have been taken of late years to encourage this industry are having effect ; and the Dairy Commis- sioner of the Dominion has expressed an opinion that within five years* time the manufacture of butter in Canada will be equal to that of cheese, both in quality and quantity. In 1893 Canada exported 43,193 cwts. of butter to Great Britain. The absence of awards for Canadian agricultural machinery is explained by the withdrawal of the exhibits from competition, it having been decided that machines adapted to field work should be judged As this would have necessitated bringing duplicate machines to Chicago at great expense, or the spoiling of the actual exhibits for show purposes during the remainder of the Fair, the greater number of Canadian and United States exhibitors withdrew from competition. Professor Thurston, the chairman of the jurors on agricultural implements, and consulting mechanical engineer to the Exposition, stated that in design, finish, and smoothness of operation the Canadian machinery was equal to anything in the Exhibition. Canada obtained 65 awards. The list included seven Horticulture, different awards for Canadian grapes — a valuable tribute to the climate of the country. The small number of awards is due to the fact that awards were only given to collective exhibits, and not to individual exhibitors, or for each variety of fruit shown. With regard to the vegetable display, it was admitted that the Canadian exhibit was greatly superior to any other. Both fruit and Agricultural Machinery. by field tests. r\ X The Canadian Exhibits at Chicago. 87 r\ \ veaetables won the highest praise from the jurors for variety, excel- lence, and quality ; and in this connection the report of the British Consul is especially interesting. . , , ^, . , i j-j Canada more than sustained at Chicago her splendid Live Stock: record at Philadelphia in 1876 in this department, the live stock and poultry exhibited having secured more than one-half of the total prizes offered. In cattle, with 184 entries, Canada took 104 prizes, 17 medals, and 3 diplomas; against 532 entries of the United States, and 306 prizes and 13 medals. In horses, Canada had 96 entries, and 44 prizes, 2 gold medals, 10 medals, and 3 diplomas ; the United Sta,tes, 446 entries, 257 prizes, 6 gold medals, 12 medals, and 4 diplomas. In sheep, Canada, with 352 entries secured 2o0 prizes, 5 silver cups, and 8 diplomas; against the United States 478 entries and 193 prizes. In swine, Canada's 68 entries obtained 64 prizes, and the United Sts^tes' 96 entries 67 prizes. In poultry and pet stock, Canada was awarded 501 prizes with 1,14/ entries, and the United States 671 prizes with 2,453 entries. The grand totals werej Canada, 1,847 entries and 1,175 prizes; the United States, 4,()0o entries and 1,494 prizes, l^is must be regarded as a very great success especially when the populations of the United States and Canada are taken into account. All the Canadian sheep and swme were bought bv the Commissioner for Costa llica. The committee of jurors considered the Canadian fasli exhibit the best and most complete in the Ex- position. Twenty-four individual exhibitors also obtained medals. No single exhibit in the mining building attracted more attention, and came in for more favourable comment, than the Canadian display; and the fact that there were 67 collective exhibits which took gold medals and diplomas in competition with other countries, speaks highly for the variety and richness of the mineral resources of the Dominion. The collections of ornamental and precious stones were much admired, and orders were subsequently received from two of the leading manu- facturing jewellers of Ne>w Tork. The nickel ore exhibits were mentioned as being higher in grade than any other shown at the Fan- Canadian copper also obtained a flattering award ; and the hne exhibit of anthracite and bituminous coal from all the mines in the ISorth- West Territories, now bsing worked, attracted a great deal ot The machinery exhibit was a small one, but almost Machinei-v. every exhibit took a prize, 43 gold medals and diplomas falling to the Dominion. Professor Thui^ston, chairman of the jurors, and consulting mechanical engineer to the Exposition, fltated, in an address, that in design, finish and smoothness of work- ing the general machinery shown by Canada Avas equ^ to anything shown; and that, as com])ared with the exhibit made m 18/6 at Philadelphia, Canada had made greater relative progress in manutac- turing, since that time, than any other nation taking part in the Exhibition. Fish and Fisheries. Mines and Mining. 39 The Canadian Kvhihits at Chicago. In this department Canada obtained 30 medals and Tramportahm. diplomas. The Canadian Pacific Kailway train was . . referred to as the finest and most complete on exhi- bition, which reflects great credit on the poaition manufacturing enterprise has reached in Canada. The great development in the industries of the Manutactures. Dominion is illustrated very aptly by the following return, taken from the census of 1891 :— Number of establishments Capital invested Number of c//i^/oy^# ... Wages paid Cost of raw material ... Value of products 1881. 49 923 $165,302,«23 254,931) $59,429,002 $179,918,598 $309,676,068 1891. 76,768 $353,836,817 Ct>7,865 $99,762,441 $255,983,219 $475,445,705 Increase. 26,845 $188,534,194 112,930 $40,333,431) $76,064,026 $165,769 637 Per Cent. 51-8 114-0 44-43 67-86 42-3 53-5 Canada had a most interesting exhibit of manufactures, which secured 124 awards, and drew an appreciative statement from the president of the jurors on textiles— a member of the Austrian Commission, and him- self a manufacturer of high-grade cloths in Austria— to the effect that the progress made by textile manufacturers in Canada had been more rapid during the last five years than that of any other country show- ing industrial products. It will be remembered by many readers of these pamphlets that Canada's display of manufactured articles at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886 attracted much attention. ^ The educational system of the Dominion has a world-wide reputa- tion, and the exhibits in that department were naturally, therefore, an object of sustained interest throughout the course of the Exhibition. 191 awards were obtained by Canada. No better evidence of the excellence of the display can be had than that in a section supposed to be the smallest among the Canadian exhibits, such a large number of awards should have been secured. 1 k V PRAIRiE CHICKENS. i\ >/ 45 I J i '.V f. PRINTERS &o. LONDON. N. W Vb — "p^"-^ "ho.1 ly*"- '.V, .,, HMf !'• ■t ■'j).»»M uiMrimi ( I \ I 7 1 De\trami 95 90 85 ^i'.^\ t/" Tl » ho. 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