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THE WORK IS APPLICABLE TO EMIGRANTS GENERALLY, FROM THE MAN OP CAPITAL, TO THE POOR MECHANIC, ' OR LABOURER. BY JOHN HOWE, WHO RBSIOBD IN THE UNITED STATES, THR INTERIOR OF AMERICA, AND TMB BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN CANADA, DURING THE YEARS, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, & 182.T. •<>». , :.^ LEEDS : PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, AND SOLD a? O. WILSON, AND ALL OTHER BOOKSELLERS. PRICE 2s. 6d. m - - m I I iC^CjpLl \\ n PREFACE. 'V My object in writing on the subject of emigration, is partly to correct the erroneous opinions which have been disseminated by some writers, and secondly to give a concise and cheap publication to the public, so that those unable to purchase more expensive works, might have the opportunity ot ob» taining information at a price their dnances would enable them to pay for, Without any pretensions to literary acquirements, or that information which some- times enables an author to compile an interests ing work, even from the most flimsy materials. Divested as I am of these qualifications, 1 still trust the pamphlet I have written will prove useful to my fellow countrymen, and particularly to those for whose sakes alon^ I Vindertook the task. I? : > THE igrants* New Guide, I f In sending forth this work to the world, I am actuated solely by the motive of benefiting those who are about to emigrate from this country to America, with the view of becoming permanent settlers ; by giving that information which my experience and long residence on that continent, enables me to do. The infor-^ mation I shall give, will be applicable to emi- grants generally, from the afiiuent capitalist t6 the poor redemptionist. It is with painful feelings I have read some writings on the subject 1 am about to treat ; and with sorrow have I witnessed the lamentable consequences. I can tind no language suillci^ ently fttrong to deprecate the conduct of some writers, who by holding out fallacious hopes^ delude the poor emigrant^ and induce him to leave his country, to beconie an inhabitant of the southern States of America. One of my objects its to point out to the poor man that part he ought to emigrate to, and thereby enable him to eicape those fatal disasters, whicb^ by adhering to the advice of gome writeri^ h# 6 i I have been where in the southern States '.:S America, 1 have met the poor emigrants, natives of the country where first I drew my breath, languishing in sickness and in want, beneath calamities he never thought existed. I think I have seen numbers, in whose breast, if writing on the score, of humanity, it would have been more merciful to plunge a dagger, when at home, than to have enticed them to go to that part of America, where disease and pestilential air consume their health, and con- sign them to the silent grave, far from the land where rest the remains of their forefathers, in a country, where no friend or kindred lets fall the tear of pity on their mournful bier, or one is found to compassionate their fate. 1 fear the ' contradiction of no writer. 1 state the naked truth, when 1 maintain, that no Englishman, who has to depend upon labour for his support, can live in the Southern States, of territories* 1 mean the States of Georgia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennesee, or Ohio, the Mississippi, Missourie, Alabama, or the Illinoi territories, or parts adjacent. If he has no other means to afford him support, he will, however strong his constitution, soon fall a sacrifice; for believe me, this tsnqt a country ^here wan sympathizes with his fellow-roan ; here everyone is bent on one thing, and one thing only, that of amassing wealth: and no- thing in my opinion, has a greater, tendency to blunt the fine feelings of our nature so much, as living in a country where slavery is toleratetl, and in the states and ^errltori^es 1 have fiaetiti-- mk oned, it is not only tolerated, but carried on ta a great extent. These States I would warn the poor emi- grant to shun, as well I know, if he is com- pelled to labour in the mid-days scorching sun, and at night to breathe the noxious vapours which arise from stagnate waters, in the swamps, where snakes, and thousands of aligators hide their hideous forms ; he will soon sicken and die. The labour in this part of America is nearly performed by African negro slaves. Yet, notwithstanding I thus warn the poor man against this part of the new world, very different is the advice I would give to the emi- *yrant who possesses capital to enable himself to purciia-se his slaves, and at once to become a settler. To the man of capital and of enterprise, I shallBrst address myself, and say go and settle in the Sauthren States, or Southren Rectory of America, or what is called by the Americans, the Western country, that is, if you can recon- cile you^r^f to live with scarcely any society, to endure the climate, to submit to be torment- ed with musquietoes, then go to the banks of the Mississippi, Oh.o, the Red or Pearl Rivers. These three last mentioned rivers empty them-^ selves into the Mississippi, which is the grand river, down which floats the whole of th^ produce of the Western country, which com- prises the Missouri, Jllinoie and Alabama ter- ritory, and the States of Mississippi, Ohio, Ken- tucky and Tennesee, together with the counties qf Madison. Geaeseey Maxyill, Jefferson and parts adjacent. No country in (he world abonndswitii iriore natural advantages than does the country 1 am about to describe, or holds out more or better ]wospects of amaii^ing wealth, to those who be- come settlers thereon, the soil is so extremely fertile in all the states, territories and counties I have mentioned, that as far as that point goes/ it is a matter of indifference, iv'>ich part you settle in, since the whole or nearly so, seems to me equally productive, althcugh some district!^ of lands are better calculated for one descrip- tion of produce than another. The principal object which the emigrant should take into his consideration, is to fix upon a plot of ground, the produce of which he can the most easily transport to market, and here is the great advantage which settlers have on the banks of those rivers I have mentioned, and the territories adjoining thereto, for al- though living immediately upon the banks of these great rivers, is certainly very advantage- ous, yet in the Alabama, Jllinoi, and Missouri territory are immense tracks of fine lands, through which run navigable4|4feams, by which you may transport your produce to the larger rivers, and from them to the gr^t emporium, the Mississippi, Independent of these streams, ^re several lakes, down which produce is con- veyed to the rivers, where the conveyance to market is very easy and regular, by means of steam boats, of which there are at this time more than twenty which regularly navigate th© Mississippi, and the riveri^ which empty them- s^aT^^ iiiiOfein^i siia tiies^ boa^ of the largest \.J construction. Indeed, there is no river m thtf world ^thicii I have seen, which requires more the aid of bteam, than does the Mu^sisbippi* since the current always runs from three to tour miles or knots, per hour, towards the we..teru ocean, and this a dlstanre of full two thousand miles, -so that very inadequate is any other power to contend against it. The new settler shoulu likewise pay great attention not only to the quality of the soil, and the facility with which he can get his produce to market, but likewise to situation, as regards its healthiness, above all things choose a dr^ situation, remote from swamps which are so numerous in this part of the continent, where the vapours which arise from decaying vege^^ tables, and stagnate winters, render the air exr .tremely impure and unhealthy, and it is iir these situations where the musquitoes annoy you so dreadfully, for no sooner does the sun go down, than you have thousands of the^e insects bussing about you, and were it not for the protection your niusquito nols afford you, it would be impossible for you to live. These insects resemble exactly both in shape and colour, an insect very common in England, which goes by the name of knat or midgej- particularly in the woods, and near to stagnate'^ waters, where in summer evenings they are seen in abundance; they however differ very mate-' rially in «iae from the musquito, the latter being; much larger, and his sting much more paintui and productive of great intiammation. He ^, > > '""" ' "'y w " 1 4 M f 1 ^, 10 tube or probe, which he gradually hurries in the part he alights upon, through this tube he draws blood sufficient to satisfy himself, he then gradually draws it cut and flies away. If you kill him whilst in th* act, you leave the tube hurried in your flesh, which \r: in that case sure to filter and have great inflammation ; the best way, if yo^i have forbearance, is to let him satisfy himself, and fly away; the sting he leaves is not half so liable to fester, as when you kill them in the act of bifing; as a proof how painful the sting of these insects are, it is af well known fact, that planters who after having a slave flogged, has had his hands con- fined, and himself tied to a tree, when in the co'Tse of one night, he has been so stung by tli«se insects, that death h-^s been the result in twenty-four hours afterwards, . . . The swamps, in my opinion, are a gr<3at cause of the fevers and sickness which prevails in that pprt of the country. Indeed it is in- vari?ibly the case, that throughout the whole of the southerti states and territories, those situa- tions are by much the most healthy which lay high and dry, remote from swamps, or low wet grounds, it i§ an object, therefore, well worth attending to, to keep at as considerable a dis- tance as you can from them. h*w| The grand key, or entrance to this fertile country, is the great river Mississippi, and th«. city of New Orleans, the only port, it is situate up the river li^O English miles, and is built upon the right bank ; the navigation from the; sea to the city is extremely difficult, owing to- mHm n tlie great number of windings in the river, and the sitrong current which sets against you. I have known vessels thirty days in making their way from the Bellaise, which is the mouth of the river to the city. There is no wind that blows will answer your purpose for more than a few miles, owing to the crooked state of the river. 1 have known vessels have to be warped up the whole distance, there is however water sufficient for ships of any burthen. There is no difficulty in getting a passage to New Or- leans, there beinst«t«^* quires that ith^yshall be.sold togetfier. lasthis place you will»s^ exhibited' for sale, ei^ohday 'lEMIfl IWif *Vl»w4ijUlH< ff^nj'^f SS^^ £!•%'«% ■m^'mA M -w' -^ ^ . m" 1« at he is offered by the auctioneer, is made to get upon a stool which is raised abov« the g^roirnd about three feet ; his (Qualities are then ^described, as to his age, health, what descrip- tion of labour he iscapable of performing, <&c. If he is a cooper, smith, or wheelwright, if a young negro, generally fetch from thirteen to eighteen hundred dollars; a common field hand, as they are called, that is, one who is accustomed to labour on the plantations, will sell from seven hundred to one thousand dol- lars, if sound and not aged ; a young female, if a good cook, or laundress, will fetch one thousand dollars; and young healihy ones, fit to labour in the fields, will generally fetch from six to eight hundred dollars. It is a me- lancholy sight to see your fellow-creatures brought to market, and like so many hogs or cattle sold to the highest bidder. In seme cases you witness instances where the father is sold to one planter, and the children to another, and perhaps their mother to a third; when thus ^separated, they in all probability nerer meet ^llpiifl #iw||ey are never suffered on a;iy account f*# le»iiw^l4he plantation on which they are doQiii^^ib labour. How often have I wit- . nessed^TOe silent tear drop from the wretched moifiiQ^% eye when about to be sep?irated from herielilclren, perhaps forever, and to witness thean^ious k k which is painted in the coun- .ipiHiice of these miserable beings during the time the planters are bidding for them, is enough to strikj^ every jfeeling mind with hoj^rpr and disgust, k'he sale having takea plvtae^ M tb6 negro is taken poss^ssioti bf t>y the ovofi- seer belonging the plantation, and he is then marched off to where he will most pfobaf^ly linger out the remainder of his wretched ex- istence. The principal part of the planters about Orleans, and on the banks of the Mississippi^ ere French or Spaniards. The French are considered to use their slaves with by far the greatest cruelty and tyranny; nothing gives the poor negro so much alarm, when he is put up for sale, as to see a French planter bid for him. I will just mention two instances to shew^ the abhorrence which the poor negro has of them. The first was a line young man, who told a Frenchman, who w.is bidiling for him, that he would kill himself immediately, sooner than he would be his slave; the Frenchman gave a horrid grin, and continued tO: bit], and ultimately became the purchaser; the npgro immediately drew a knife which he had Coii- cealed under the blanket which covered hio>, and would have destroyed himself had N not been prevented ; the purchaser had him hand- cuffed, and locked to another negro be had purchased, and sent them off tohis plariiation, which lay about four miles from Orleau^, oti the bank of the river Mi^sissi[>pi. Qn thetr arrival there, these two slaves, who om th^lr way from Orleans, had used some langoa^e which gave offence to the overseer who Ja^a^l them in charge, were ordered to be rtogge4|, they were unlocked from each other, wh^i^i they..inimediHtejy leaped into. the fiv«^r,.jf||| 16 overseer fmt olf in a boat io seenre thtm, tkcy icontinued for some time to swim about, and ^hen about to be taken locked themselves in each others arms, and sunk at onoe, releasing themselves from a miserable bondage, and de- priving their savage master of his revenge. The other was, where a man, a woman, and their three children was purchased by a planter, who was considered one of the most cruel and barbarous wretches living. The man and woman for some offence was sev-erely flog» ged when they got to the plantation, wh(ich was immediately joining New Orleans. The following morning, the man, woman, and their three children were found hanging on some trees close to the plantation ; it appeared the man had first hung his children, then their mother, and afterwards himself. Judge then fo what a state of horrid desparation the mind of this wretched man must have been wrought before he could commit an act so horrid and inhuman. Their bodies hung some days on the trees, in the swamps, and were at length taken down, and interred by some poor wretched mfi- serable slaves like themselves. Think you this circumstance excited the pity or compassion of the people of New Orleans no such feelings 1 assureyou was exerted, the only feeling was for the planter who rby libe act iiad lost two thousand dollars, theprieeAvhieh he had paid for them the day before, such was the feel- ings of the inhabitants of New Orleans^ no pity, commisseration for the fate of this - tnis^in-^ family was manifested^ hide^d it miy flO ■10 \9 aripear strange, but it is nevertheless true, tha^ European Settlers who for a time veiw trans* actions like these with horror and with feelings which do credit to them as men and as chris- tians. Soon after their arrival in these parts ot the world by degrees their feelings become wore aud more callous to the suflfenngs ot these miserable beings until they view them With indifference. On my first landing at New Orleans, and witnessing the horrid, crul treatj mertt of their slaves 1 felt all the horror which a mind unUfeed to such scenes, and from being bred in principles calculated to refine the mmd and i-ender the he«rt susceptible of feeling Aould feeU 1 reprobateu their cruel conduct, I was laughed at. They told me jpine was an 6ld story, told- by every new corner, but said tfcey, remain one year, become the owner of tlAVds, and you will have the same feelings as worted negroes. Although I have ^^ts^it*BA -ihnt th^ acts of Cons^reas orohibited 20 the iiM|>ortation of slaves into any part of the United States, from foreign countries or islands, yet the la^vs permit them to be sold within the Sta(e they are in, or from one Slate to another, and the manner the dealers in this inhuman traffic evade the law, is in the manner follow* ing: they first import them either from Africa direct, or trom the island of Cuba, they then land them in the Floridas>, which is a part of the continent of America, belonging to the Spaniards, laying not more than three days sail from the island of Cuba=i^. These poor creatures being landed in Florida, are marched in bodies of ten or twelve through the Fiori- das, into the States of Georgia, or North and South Carolina, from which States they are regularly shipped to New Orleans, the grand market for them ; these slaves, which in New Orleans sell for 1000 dollars, would in Cuba be bought from 350 to 400 dollars, so that the profit is great, and the risk trifling. If the gO" vernnient of the United States were deter* mined, they might easily altogether put a stop to this traffic ; but they know that the southern states and the territories I have before «ienti« oned, cannot be cultivated otherwise than by negroes; and having passed laws to prohibit any man being imported, they think themselves justified in the eyes of the world, whilst they know, and cannot deny the fact, that full ten thousand annually are smuggled through the Spanish Floridas, into the adjacent States, are then marched to Charlston, Savannah, or some - — ^ — ■ • ' t L " '•• » §ippe writing the above the Florid; \ has bden ceded to Atnericft* 2% other port, from which ihey C4ii, «iA«r tation, will beNfe«©Bd by M\0r\^t.M%tk^i^rgtti ,whon» they >iifere etolei*,w hfi ^^.f^n^^im^ your them of, who has gone God knows where, and this fraud is carried on to a great extent in- deed ; there area number of instances where the owner of twenty or thirty negroes, who.^c ^Fantation lay** some distance up the country, has himself employed two or three fellov,^* to steal thein, who immediately take them to market, and sells tbem for cash, which they divide with th^ planter from whom they took them, and after the purchaser has had them a f^w vveeksin his possession, the fellow who had got another to steal them, and who had ac- tually got a moiety of the money for which they were sold J comes and claims them as his property, and you must give them up, for ac- cording to their laws it Will avail you nothing, any proof you can bring to show how fairly you came by them, your redress is against the person you bought them of, who has tied to some other State where th'i laws will not en- able you to punish him. ' The punishment for stealing a slave in some of the States is death, though seldom or ever inflicteil ; for killing one, if he \h your I wn, nothing, except a small tine ; if he is the property of another you pay hfe owner the worth of him, and the fine to the Stat«; if a slave commits a robbery or pilfers any thmg, if it can be proved against him, his owner is liable to make gobd th? loss, which the party •^hich has been plundered has sustained, an4 *he bunishes theslav^ as is his pleasure, .^^r . .; I* :« ..«^«.twt«»ii that every neero wtll wi •ne a«d eter; year clear as much land as that 33 I the proauce shall annually sell for, as mdeh a» that il himself in the barg« that if you pu.cu„,e ten negroes the first year, Ihit .roduce they raise in twelve months w.ll rell fo asmuch J will purchase you ten more. A Ola. ters riches in that part of the country .s A planters ■■<- number of slav.s estimated accordmg to ine nuuiu he o«ns «« there are no planters "ho do not r.fvest Bll the n.oney they can ra.se .n_ pro- nertv of this description, as turn.ng to better LclunV than any other description ot property he could invest his money in. The next thing to be done when you take possession of your estate, after hav.ng pur- chased your slaves, is to erect a ho"-^- J-^ self and huls for your ..egroes. I shouia re commend that the buildi..g should be as near ^s m^V be in the centre of your grounds, .n a drv slaLn, and where you V,ll have good «ater; and as to the manner .n «h.ch jou erect your buildings, I refer you to Other planters iu your..eighbourhood, who w.llshow vou their premises, and from whom you -.11 derive more information than it is i.i my power io -ive ; and as respects the clearing of your la..^l8, or the .nanner in which you ought to cuU.vateit, is no matter, whether for tobacco, sugar ca.ie, cotton, ma.se, or whatever else, for vour guide m.d example, 1 would advise yOu to take your neighbour , the old French plau- rs who are by much the best ma.idgcrs of eir estates, for although I k..ow.lhe nature and mrniner in which lands ought .lo,t>e cuitj- Tated, to pro'Juse any descriptioh of produce. 24 yet the quality 6f th^ soil arid situati6n differs po much, that any written advfce from mb would fall very short of conveying that Correct idea^ which a few weeks residence upon any of the plantations would give. The language is either bad French, Spa- nish, or English, but principally the former, although you may not understand the langu- age, you will be under no diflkulty on that h^ad, as the inhabitants almost all know enough cf English to enable them to be understood. T'ie only tax you have is a small tax upon y6ilr slaves, which is So much per head, and is very trifling. Every State have their peculiar laws, some of which differ very materially from another. The northern States are by far the most thickly settled; the New England States, the States of New York, the Jerseys, Pensilvania, Delaware, and some others, are ^^ell settled ; her#you have no slaves. The manners, laws, customs, language and habits, are altogether different from the Southern States, and re- semble England in almost every thing ; indeed there exists so wide a difference between the Southern States and territories which I have been describing, and the Northern States, that they may alrnost be saiu to be two distinct worlds, diflering as they do in every respect, both as regards climate, laws, manners, culti- vation, produce, &c. There is scarcely an herb, tree, fruit, animal, reptile, or bird, that you see in the Southern States, whiv,th plea- tre^.^ their healthy looks, the.r ;vaP^s all saasfied, his labour sit lijiht upon hn«. he no ' fer elt >ati£ue, the s.niles of In. offsprn.fj Sned his labour and made hnn happy, luW to heaven this scene of bli.s had never u „,i . hut see the sad reverse, when, the t^o din I Tomes, he meets his half-starv- ed pil- offspring, they with tears U-ok up to htm o food, and^»e answers them w,th what. tTv tears al o. This melancholy story .s true, To thispoor man whom want is about to ex.le from his eountry, be whose labour at one t.me eTrTcbed his country, now alas no longer use- ful to himself or others. I offer the be.t d- v"ce ray experience or good u.tent.o.vs enable L to do. And first, my poor fnend a^ "ountryman, be not disheartened, the nej world will afford the means of supporting your- self and family, and enable you to antKvpate a different pr<«pect to the one before you hero. There are two descriptions of poor tnen ^.hv emigrate; the one so poor, that he mortg^e, himfelf to thecaptain, or owner lor the amount . Ub passage, and that of his fa.n.ly, nnmens^ 28 numbers emigrate (from Ireland particularly) on these conditions. When the ship in which he sails arrives at her destined port, the cap« tain turns him ovei» to some one who requires his services, who redeems him, paying the cap- tain his demand, and paying himself out of the labour of the poor emigrant who is bound to work for the man who redeemed him, ui til he cancels the debt; and here I must remark, the advantages which are taken of these poor people. If the captain has a demand upon you for twenty pounds, you must work as long to redeem that sum, as if you were free to choose your master, and make the most of your labour you might earn five times the sum ; if possible, then endeavour to raise money to pay your passage, it does not require much, they will take you for four pounds to any of the ports in the Northern States, and your provision will not cost you more than five pounds more, even if you lay in a large and extra st«»ck, if you have a wife and three or four children, a bar- rel of flour, a flitch of bacon, and if you can afford it, a few pieces of buttocks of beef weM cured, which you can hang up in the rigging of the ship, where it will keep well the whole passage, these with a little tea and coffee will suffice with some potatoes, of which I wouhl advise you to lay in a good stock, and yx)u may sometimes buy salt cod fish and herrings very cheap, these you will find very useful. And next is, as to the place which I would advise you to emigrate to, certainly to Canada, or to the Northern States of Amerka, by nq meaiis 2d go the South of Philadelphia, if you do, all these miseries will befal you which 1 have stated in the former part of this work. I think without being prejudiced for or against either the States or Canada, I should of the two prefer Canada, on which country 1 will first' give my opinion; presuming you determine oh going thither, your best place to sail from is Liverpool, where you will always find ships to convey you in the summer months, but from the beginning of November to the middle of March, there is no vessels leave England on account of the river St. Lawrence being frozen up and impassible. I should advise all emi- grants to leave England as early in the spring as they can, so that they may have the summer before them on their arrival in Canada, for if you sail from England so as to arrive in Canada on the eve of winter, which is there extremely severe, you will not find it easy to get immedi- ate employ. The ship you leave Liverpool in^ tvili take you to Quebec, which city standis about 700 miles up the river St. La re nee, but there it would be in vain for you to expect to find employment, you must go from thence to Montreal; which is 300 hundred miles fur- ther up the river; there are steam boats go; daily from Quebec to Montreal, which will take you in about forty-eight hours for a mere, trifle, much cheaper than you can walk ; When you get to Montreal, by making enquiry^ yoii will find plenty of people to give you employ^ ment. Montreal is the market av here the opu-» lent farmers, from the upper country, supply; do ants the firsf in- themsdves with %< stance, I would advise all poor emigrants to be satisfied with the situation of a hired servant for a year or two, you will 'get good wages and plenty of good victuals for yourself and family, and if you are industrious, you will in a very short time occupy lands of your own, and be assured, if your conduct is correct, that is, if you are honest and industrious, you will want for nothing; you will ftisd people to sell you tracts of land, from one to five hundred acres, at from three to seven shillings per acre, and not ask you for payment for two or three years; the neighbours around you will assist you. to erect a log hut for your habitation, they will furnish you with a few bushels of seed wheat, potatoes to plant, and such other things as you are in need of ; you will begin by first clearing one acre, then another, and as your family grows up, you must learn them to labour, and be assured you will not, nor will your sons feel the weight of it, when you and them reap the reward %f your own industry, the soil being your own which you cultivate, every improve- ment you make upon it you reap the benefit of. Here is no tythes or taxes, no draw-backs upon your industry ; this was the way in which hun- dreds of settlers, now men of great opulence, first commenced their operations in Canada* I have met with a many poor emigrants in Canada who had beenbred up weavers, or tnanufacturers in England, who went out there _»^_ _ _:^-s. ^i^«,^«|rinnr of 4Viei«* ^cade * but this is a mistaken idea for a man to entertain. ' * r e is tbere is scarcely in Canada a manufactory of any kind, they import from England every ar- tide of manufactured goods they require, on ivhich there is so very trifling an import dutyj that you may purchase any article much cheaper than you can manufacture it there ; it hence follows, that in that country there is no employment to be got as manufacturers. A poor man :vhen he gets to Canada, whatever he has been bred to at home, should turn his attention to cultivating the soil, and to that only, and if he is industrious, he is sure to succeed, he cannot fail, for he will in the upper province of Canada find numbers of his coun- trymen grown rich, which once was podr and helpless as himself ; these men if you are indus- trious will assist you in your beginning, and have pleasure in so doing, and when you get rich, you must assist others, as you yourself have been assisted. In Upper Canada the English language is generally spoken, but in Lower Canada the French language generally prevails. The laws as respects the punishment for offences are the same precisely as in England, the cri^ minal code is exactly the same, but the civil law differs very materially, it is a mixture of French and English laws, not very easily des* cribed or understood. The only entrance into Canada is the river St. Lawrence, unless you choose to go through the United States, which numbers do, in that case take your passage from* Liverpool, to Boston or New York, from which j>«ria you may go to Albany ^^^ by a steaoi boal^ II M and from thence over land tO the Lake, whert* you will f^iiil another st^ani boat which will take you to St. John's, you are then in Canada, In the winter months this is the only way you can go, as during many months the St. Law- rence is from the great quantities of ice im- passible. The whole of the produce of the country intended for exportation must go down the river St. Lawrence to Quebec, from which port it is shipped to different parts oi the world. The. St. Lawrence being the only navigable river -which runs through Canada to the Atlantic ocean, you will naturally conclude, the best place to tix your habitation,. and cultivate your farm, is to be as near its banks as possible. The only flag allowed to sail up to Que-, bee is the British, all others are excluded. The principal articles of export are timber, staves, pot and pear! ashes, wheat, flax, seed, and bees wax. The face of the country, (as is the case "with few exceptions all over America, which is not cultivated,) is covered with timber. Their $r and pine are equally to any in America ^ they generally fall and square their timber in the summer months, and in the. winter, when the snow covers the ground, they draw it down to the side of the river, the snow being froze into a solid body it slides with very little diffi* culty thereon; this service is performed by* oxen or horses, both of which animals are ex- •^.«»jf%virft j^l _,_^_^^^_^ ^^^^^_^ ^^=.=.= (Tf\i\ii €if t^*i*ir kinds Th@ timber being ready to float, it is made into im« 1 1 M raense rafts, and is floated down to Quel>ec^ where it is generally sold, and shipped to England, Nothing is to a European (accustomed as he is to live in a country where the seasons are, so uncertain,) so astonishing as to experience the regularity of the seasons in Canada ; their winters which are extremely cold, are sure to set in on or about the 20th of November, later than which no ships leave or arrive at Quebec,, as at that time the river is closed up with the ice^ When the frost sets in it continues with-, out intermission for at least six months; the snow seldom covers the ground deeper than about 10 or 12 inches. The sky, during the winter is as clear and bright as possible, not a cloud is to be seen, and the air, though extre- mely cold, is pure and dry ; whole winters pass without a drop of rain. Daring this seawn all the cattle are housed, and fed upon hay or other dry food. Vegetables of every descrip^ tion are carefully preserved from the frost, by being covered up in their cellars, or in deep pits under ground ; I mean such as cabbages, cellery, potatoes, carrots, turnips, &c. When the winter is about to break up the rain begins to fall in great abundance in the months of March and April, which are by far the most unpleasant months in the year ; these months are succeeded by the finest weather imagin-. able; the sun shines in all its splendour, and every thing denotes the return of spring. The farmers in the middle of May begin to put* their ifheat and other graisi mo the giouuQ,, M and to witness the quick prog:ress of vegeta- iion is astonishiii«: ; the wheat which in Esig- land is from nine to ten months froiri the time it is sown, to the time it is ready to reap, is in Canada less than four, and would be ready in a shorter time than that did the farmers culti- vate the soil as the farmers do in England i but the Canadian farmers, 1 mean the old inhabi- tants, who are principally French, are the most slovenly farmers 1 ever met with; when they break up a piece of new ground, they continue to take fiom it a succession of crops until the vegetative qualities of the soil become exhausted ; they c-ldom or ever let their land Jay fallow, or give it any dressing of manure, or even root out any of the pernicious weeds which grow amongst their corn; when they have cropped a plot of ground so long as it will produce any thing, they let it lay without restoring its \egetative power by lime or ma^ Tiure, or even sowing thereon any artificial grasses whatever; the land thus exhausted grows for some years scarcely any thing else than infectious weeds. Thetr horses are seldom found more than 14 hands high, but they are extremely active and hardy, as it is the case in France, their horses are always entire, never being suffered to be cut. Their cattle are small, and resem^ ble our Welch breed ; their sheep are also imall, and their wool very coarse and bad, but this arises entirely from the want of care in the Olimale, or the foo4 tlje animal has to subBis^i \\ i \ r^ 3»5 uljon. The price of a horse is generally from 20 to 40 dollars ; a cow or ox about the same price ; and store sheep from one and a halt to two dollars; their markets in Quebec and Mon- treal are well supplied with butchers' meat, tish, vegetable, and fruits, and at a price about one third what you generally pay for the same Ux En-land. Their fuel is principally wood, which they have cheap and in great abundance. Coals they have from England, which serve as balast for the ships, and is there sold tor little more than you can buy them for m he out- ports of England. Game, particularly par- iric.es and hares they have in abundance, anU there being no game laws, as in this country, any person has the right to destroy them. Ol Hsh they have great abundance, both in quan- tity and quality ; their .hell (ish is particularly fine, and their salmon and trout is not equalled by any in England. Of wild animals they hav^ very few, sometimes a few wolves are met with in the woods in the interior, or now and then a bear, which creature is easily avoided. Abou^ nine miles from Montreal is an Indian village, inhabited entirely by Indians, but from hvmg amongst white and civilized people, their manners and customs are much altered frpra their native character, although the men never labour, they hunt and fish, the produce ok which they bring to market, which they sell or exchange for tobacco, gunpowder, ball, spirits, or what they are in want of. Their habits are very oeaceable; they mix with no society but their iwn peoplej they speak and uaderstaaa w their own language only* and are entirely di* vested of any principle of the Christian rell* gion, or indeed of any form of worship what- ever. They resemble in their hair, features, and colour, the Indians I have met with in the- different nations I have travelled through, par- ticularly the Cherokee Indians, although not so robust, or muscular. The females manufac- ture work bas^kets, which they make very neat, from a weed and the inner bark of a shrub, or tree of which I forget the name, they aha manufacture a sort of shoe or sandal, which there are called maukisons, they are made of brown leather, with curious devices figured thereon with coloured beads. The city of Montreal isby much the largest city in Canada, it is situate immediately upon the river St. Lawrence, about 1000 miles from the atlanlic ocean, and 300 above Quebec. The churches are numerous, and mostly belong to the Ro- man catholics; there is, however, one large Eng- lish church; a Scotch presbyterian, and two or three dissenters chapels, and also four con- vents of different orders, filled with religious people; the churches, and almost all the pub- lic buildings are covered with tin, which is a very light and a very durable covering; to look on them when the sun shines, is next to impossible, the reflection of the glare of light from the tin is much too strong for the naked eye tc look on ; the houses are generally low^ and the streets badly paved, and narrow. A* strong garrison is kept up there, and an im- mense stock of warlike stores. , . I ^^- I w at The quantify of valuable furs exported from this place to Kiiglaiul is very considerable but that valuable trade is entirely monopolized by what is there called the north west company. Several of the partners live in Montreal and some in London, This company send out young men of an ad venturous disposition into the interiorof the country, a distance frequently of two thouand miles, where they remain bartering away such bawbles as the poor ignorant Indians fancy foe; their valuable beaver and other furs after serving the company in this capacity lor 7 years the agent either retires upon a pension, or isL given a share in the companies establish- ment. The amusements in Canada in the winter season principally consists in driving about in slays upon the snow which the inhabitants are very fond of; the ladies wrap themselves up in buffaloes skins, which are dressed with the hair, which hair is nearly as tine as the finest wool, and is of a dark brown colour; these skins are as large as that of our middle sized oxen in England, and when dressed are sold from fifteen to twenty dollars each, they afford a great degree of warmth and are universally worn in the winter months. In these slays 1 have drove a little Canadian horse thirty miles in three hours. Their evening amusementscon- sist of friendly parties, where the young dance^ and the aged play cards. A Theatre they have, JDut it is oftener used as a barn/it' is a ^wretched building. rr\t ^! ! _ „ 1 ! ., _£v 4 V><^ ^^^a ..oIr»r»_ 1--¥^\f ico Luc Lil liii^iiiif A iiiiiBiiii- vilC iT^«(.is>-'S'>-f «JT^-='<-J'-y''^? Poraeroys Hotel, there are howevei- 8 fereat many more ; the principle spirit which is drank in Canada is the best Jamaica rum which you may purchase from 2s 10 to 3s 4 per gallon, irt Canada there is no duty upon wines,8pirits,maU liquor or tobacco, the latter article is grown in the country, but not in abundance and very inferior to what is grown in the States of Vir- ginia or Georgia, or indeed any of the South- ern States of America. The article of wearing apparel or any article of British maiiuafaclory i^ bought there a little more then you pay for ft in England and sometimes when the markets are over stocked (which is frequently the toase) liiuch lower the money used as a circulating medium is principally Spanish silver or Amen- can gold. Quebec is the next large city to iAontreal, there the goverrtor of Canada re^ sides The city is situate immediately upon the river St. Lawrence, and is the grand em- porium for all imports, and to where all the produce of the upper country is sent to be shipped to Europe, as no ships which draw inore than 13 feet of water, can complete their cargoes higher «p the river owingjo *«« depth of water not being sufficient. T%e city of Quebec itself is a filthy, dirty, ill built, ill designed town, the streets excessively narrow, and badly paved ; what is called tbe tipper town, is where the governor's castle ts, 1 1 is situate upon an immense high hill, an^ con- tains about fifteen thousand inhabitants, which b nPfcrlv half the population of the whole city ; the only thing to ftditiire in liueoec, » »ui? '1 ') i ^9 fortifications, which are so constructed by art and nature, as to bid defiance to the attack of »uy enemy which could come against it. The Canadians themselves, I think, th? most happy race of people 1 ever witnessed. 1 do not mean the new settled emigrant, but the old inhabitants, who are generally French, and sprung from the flrst settlers. On one farm, which is his freehold, you see the grand* father settled, next to him is settled hi« son, and his son's son on a third. These people are void of ambition ; they are strictly religious, faithful and honest; their farm furnishes them with every necessary, i might say almost lux- ury; their land produces any description of grain >n abundance, their garden almost every vegetable and every fruit; the maple tree supplies them with sugar, and the apple with cyder. Their clothing is principally manufac- tured by their doiyiestic females; and their farm-yard produce^ the finest poultry, both turkeys, ducks, fowls, and geese. If they choose to sport in the flejds, they find abun- dance of game, without the dread of being iu' terrupted by an ipsolent game|«eeper, the mj- pion of a more insolent and tyrannic master, who, for such an act in ihjs country would drag a man before, perhaps a country parson, who to please the lord of the manor, wquld, incar- cerate the supposed offender in a prjison, or transport him to the jhulkfi for a term of years. >Ierciful God t tftat men, that Englisbinep, . (ihould witness such things, and endqre them. The Canadians haye pcarqely any thing jii 40 the shape of a tax, ihey have no tythes, no poor rates, nor any want of any ; in one word, the Canadians are a happy people, enjoying the fruits of their own industry, and blessed with all the conveniences of life ; yet are they not that pushing, enterpri zing people, who by dint of strong exertions seek to amass wealth ; if you trace the origin and progress which a family has made for a century and a half, yoU Svill find the son who succeeded the father, has seldom cultivated a greater extent of land than did his predecessor, satisfied with what they rightly thought enough, they seek not for more, but live in the peaceful enjoyment of their domestic comforts. Having wrote thus much respecting Ca- nada, 1 will now state to you my ideas as re- gards your emigrating to the United States, in or which, the principal part of the rice is grv.wn, is extremely low, so much so, that hy means of sluices they let out waters of the Savanna into the iields, where their rice is growing, to the depth of from ten to eighteen inches; this water is suffered to evaporate hy the intense heat of the sun, and leaves a sediment which tends much to enrich the soil, and promote the growth of the rice ; this process is generally repeated three times, from the time the rice is first sown, until the time it is ready to reap ; these waters, which are thus let in upon the rice fields become stag- nate, and during the time the sun is exhaling their moisture, the air is impregnated with im- pure and noxious vapours, very injurious to health. Some few years since the lands up to the very iown of Savanna were sown with rice, and cultivated in the manner 1 have stated ;the city was then so extremely unhealthy, that the corporation or principal inhabitants of the city purchased the lands immediately in the vici- nity of the city, on which they now grow fine meadow and pasture grass ; since which time the city has been much more healthy; but neither Savanna, or Charlston can be said to be healthy places, particularly the former ; they in the summer months are very liable to have the yellow fever, which commits dreadful ra- -_ ^.,* i-V%jrxwn . lnt\ad»t\ iVk0&£t C*^ieS IW th^ months of June, July, and August are F a 45 generally deserted by those who have any op* portunity of leaving them ; and you see scarcely any people there but negro slaves, and young nien, who are left at the risk of their lives to take care of their employers property. The produce of Georgia is principally cotton, of which they export immense quantities to Eng- land and France ; it is not of a first rate qua- lity, but grows in great abundance. )t is cialled in the Liverpool market, bords or bord Georgia; many thousand bags are annually imported into Liverpool, Georgia also pro- duces a considerable quantity of wheat, oats^ and Indian corn, or maise, all of which, or at least that which is intended for exportation, is sent to Augusta, and from thence to the city of Savanna, or Charlston, by the river Savanna, in steam boats or fly boats, from which ports it is transported to different parts of the worlds In these States you must recollect that slavery is carried on the same as in the more Southern States and territories which I before have men^ tioned. The morals of the inhabitants are ex- tremely loose and depraved, with some few, exceptions. Indeed, I before have said, that I think nothing has a greater tendency to de- moralise a people, than for those people to live in a country where slavery is tolerated ; were I to enumerate one twentieth part of the a«ts of savage cruelty which I have known to have been exercised upon these poor negro slaves, it would be enough to convince my reader, that those who live and exercise iitt€h actS| and who daily witness tbeiD> mMli F 4^ fie callous to all the fine feelings of our natofe- U the emigrant is disposed to go to Virginia^ Georgia, or Carolina, he had best sail from Liverpool, to Norfolk in Virginia, Charlston in Georgia, or Savanna in Carolina ; to any of these po*rts he ^% ill always find ships ready to sail at Liverpool ^ but in leaving this country, 1 would advise, that you should so take your departure, as to arrive there after the sickly season is over; that is, after the middle of September, for if yoo arrive there in June, July, August, or the early part of September, you are pretty sure to fall an early sacritice to the climate, as the fever is generally more fa- tal to strangers, than those who have become accustomed to the climate. In all parts of the American continent, there are a variety of difficulties to contend with, and obstacles to overcome, which the ftew settler will experience. America, with all its faults, is the country where industry and talent leads to wealth and honour, these, with integrity, are the sure road to every thing in that country which is great and good; there every man reaps the harvest of his own abilities, none are found who can or dare infringe upon bis rights, eivil or religious* . - In that country, the highest post in the army, state or navy, are open to those who have merit for their passport ; there is there no rank, no distinction, but what merit claims. On that wide continent lives rio baiiguty pes?, born with the privilege to legislate laws for bi* . ^' e o s. • > 47 country, and help to fill by his patronage each department of the state, with the minions, who fewn and cringe to his lordly power, whilst real merit is neglected and forgot, and like to the sweet flower which blooms in the trackless wilderness, wastes its fragranoe in the desert air * The abilities there of every man is lent for the good of the state; each individual has a direct interest in every thing that tends to afl'ect it ; all are equally anxious to preserve the blessings their government bestow, because all alike are privileged and benefited by its enactments. When mad ambition, or the accursed de^ fiire and thirst for fame induces the sceptred monarchs of the old world to send there their hostile bands to conquer and enslave them, they, Columbia's sons, as brothers, jom from the western ocean's bank to their remotest State, whose borders the savage Indians skirt, and bid defiance to the hireling host, drive them from the coast, polluted by their touch, or bury them beneath its soil. Long may Columbia's sons guard by their valour the country their forefathers left them, free, and long may wisdom, patriotism, and iustice fill their senates; that when the name of freedom is only left in the old world, the new may afford a safe asylum for the brave man who scorns to live a slave, and the poor man, whom distress drives to their hospitable shores. Pqi. mv own Dart, my constitution is broke, l^nd in'a litaetime Ishallbe numbered with a the dead ; but were it not so, I would sooner feed upon the berries which grow on the.wiUi bushes on the mountain, drink the pure water that runs down the silver stream, and nightly lay my head upon the hard and barren rock^ than 1 would live the slave of tyrannic or des- potic power in any country. In viewing the jjreat extent of emigra- tion, every man who wishes Wt»ll to his country must deplore and lament the cause and the consequence ; few men, 1 believe, will differ with me in opinion, or say, that the strength ©f a country does not consist principally in the extent of its population, leaving out of the question, the phyv>ical strength of the country, which must be materially lessened by the im- mense emigration now going on ; yet the prin- cipal loss the country sustains, is the lo;>s of labour, and the depreciation of the revenue* It must be admitted, that immense sums of money is almost daily leaving the country, the property of emigrants, never to return ; but "wer© it not so, were those who emigrate re? duced to the last state of abject poverty, still must the revenue be weakened thereby; since in this country, so excessive and so general has taxation become, that there is scarcely an ar- ticle, which even the poorest man either eats or wears, but is loaded with a heavy tax, SQ that every individual who leaves the country lessens its revenue, and in some proportion adds strength to the country he emigrates to. By emigration this country looses tiidusti'y tnd labour, both of "which are necessary to our 419 existence as a nation ; as the soil on which we walk, tor land without labour is nothing, it i« where land and labour is combined, that the former becomes productive, and it does ap- pear strange, that a country like this, possess- ing immense wealth, and with an over charged population, should have thousands of acres of land laying uncultivated, lands which labour and cultivation might be made to produce abundance of the necessaries of life, and give employment to thousands, who for want of employ, leave their country to their countries' loss, to enrich a continent, whose inhabitants one day may contend with us for the empire of the seas, or oven to threaten our existence as an independent nation. y i CONTENTS. -— :;>»f*B»K.V.> \ The Author^s motive for publishing the Emigrant.' Guide .. - The wonderful ferliUty of the soil in the Southern States ; description of the produce, &c. &C .....••• Best situation poil^ted o\it to opulent emigrants, who wish to establish themselves permanently * * * ' T * Description* «^ ^*»<^ swamps; the impurity of the air m their vicinity ; annoyance by musquitoes ......•••* - • • Description of Kew Orleans, its situation, trade, &c Description of the great riVer Mississippi ; the plantation on its banks, from the Betlaise, up to the city * Mode of purchasing lands; the great necessity of looking minutely to the title, kc Description of goods best suited to the markets in the Southern ^ States ...i •••• •••• ••»• ••*• ..•••••••••••••• ^•••••* Traffic in slaves; their treatment; the laws respecting them and other interesting particular^ • • • • • • ' ^ Manner in Vvhich slaves are imported ; the general price ; des- cription of the sales ; and the frauds exposed which the dealers practice upon the planters Method of building houses, and cultivating plantations, whe- ther for cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, or maise. , The great advantage the planter derives from the labour of the African negro slave . - .*....... Difference between the Norihern and Southern Stales, as re- gards climate, soil, produce, laws, &c ., The Northern States described, as being productive of more comfort, but less advantage than the Southern States, as re- gards the acquirement of wealth - Description of the principal towns in the Noithern States ; the excellent supply of every article of luxury and comfort in their markets ,,..,...........-•• Places pointed out best suited to the poor emigrant whom ne^^ cessity driven to exile, who will have to depend upon labour for bis support ....•• 'f^ • I S9 Fraud* exposed which are practised upon poor redemptionists Description of Canada, as regards iu climate, laws language, produce, principal towns, &c Best situaiions pointed out to those who wish to settle in Canada; general price of lands ; recessity for all artisans or manu- facturers who emigrate thither to turn their attention toward cultivating the soil ; ample reasons given why ; expense of passage ; best time to arrive Description of the Indians who live in the neighbourhood of Montreal ; their manners, customs, &c . , , , • - r The first settlers in Canada described ; their religion ; peace- ful habits ; manner of living, &c Showing how and why the tide of emigration is flowing from the Northern States to the Southern and Western The produce of the different States described ; New England States, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, the Jerseys, Delaware, and Pensilvania, all of which are called Northern States ; and also the States to the South and West, say the States of North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky, Ohio, the counties of Madison and Jefferson, and the Mississippi, Missouri, Alabama, and lilinoi terri. tories ; description of the rivers, &c » Causes and consequences of emigration • • ♦..••••. , > ^ . t fi-^V OIOROE WILSON, PEINTBB, LEEDS. :•*. ml,