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Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. rata »elure. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 *' >/ /^ / ■'^ ^- % I 1i HISTORY OF THE Difcovery of America^ ^V' -^ m 1} ir ■5.i..'*if. .mz Tfr. ^^ .¥: :m m-:y f'i-'M ;?/' ■■'., ■^•^i*.,.^*^: 'ir' '**^' #^'«r W^^f^-v^Zi iim .\i:.r: ».>»«.• '"'i^>' vir^v A/'%^ ■*•!■ ^^ K^'; /I H I ^ AHD or Ungagi W I] From thtir firs 01 TO WBICH Br THE IND By the Rev " My Coantryme for the benefit oj they should be r 1 friBted by GRAl (With . ^ t V HISTORY •If OF THE - .^' Difciwery of America^ OF THE • Lafidwg of our Forefathersp % i. ■ AT PLYMOUTH, AMD OP THBII MOST tlMAIl^ABLK Ef^agemenfs tvhh the Ifu&nti^ \\ ' IM NEWENGLANO, From thtir first landing; in 1630, until the final lubjuga* tion of the Natives in 16m9. • TO WHICH IS ANNEZBD, THE DEFEAT OF Genptals BraMck, Harmer Sc SuQair^ Br THE INDIANS at tie WESTWARD, kc. By the Rev. JAMES STEfTARD, D. D. " Mf Countrymen— TAm* things ought not to ie/argottgttt for tht benefit of §ur Children, end thtse tkatfotloto them, they should be recorded in Histerj,** Dr. Franklin. BROOKLYN, (L. 10 friBted by GRANT tf WELLS, for J. W, CAREW. 4^" %*?/;' (With Priviledge of Copy .Right.) ^ \i;Vv;:r: ^m- ^4 m i •I" MS St 1 W '■ i f^ • .■■■*■-■' 1 * I ■ ■ ' t .^, »^ . ** ♦', T- "■^' 4-f ,■; »T ^ U, 6 * * •«fm; •,H. VV . I. I •I V"!'' tl* tjf 1- t? ^^ .^ ' f '*! ■.,"?',', * « '>' *. ,,> ,f< • ~* , '\ ?;?rr6 < 'n -Js"' ■ #>»r'-- • ^■t.- ; i .:,„ P R E F A C 1. r" '',-- 1 HE principal objccl of the Author of tht proceeding woik, it to commemorate (Tor ibe b^iitdiof Ihe present and tuccecding generationi) the no!»!e deed*, and jpri»iie-W(,riIiy exploits, of ihtir pktrioMc Forefathers—. who, diiven bjr pertecution from their native lar.d, cros- eed a wide and boisleiou% ocean^ aought a new country, and prepared it for the httppy abode of ihtirofr>prin}j. Let u 9 for a moment, coittcmpla'c the bitu«tiun tf this country at that period— what was it then !— an al> most impenetrable forest, abounding with Savages and •tlea&ts cf p!ey !— ibe fa't ifccs that grew up to tho clouds, were so encumbered with plants that tt.ey couM •carcxiy be got at—the wild btrasis made tho^e wocds "Still more inaccessible — the human race, cloathed with f. Ihe skint of those monsters, fltd from each other, ir ^ pursued only with intent to des!roy~>ihe earth seemed useless to man, and its powers were not exered so muc.i for hi« support, as in the brctciing of animals, more obr< dient to the Ijws tf oature— ihe rivers now glided frctly through the forests, now ipie.\d themselves >; ;c:ly in a wide mira:s; from her.cc issuing in vaiioi:s stieams, they formed a m«!titud« cf i lands, encoirp.ts:ecl with their channels^the spring w. s rcitored fro:ii ihir ipuits of autumn— the leaves dried and rotud at lun foit of trees, supplied thrm with Iresli sap to cn^bi.- them tu thcoi out new blossoms— ibc hollo Y trurks of trcjj af- • :> Ifl i f 1 m 4 m f~' -;T ■ 1 -■- "—'" -.% ;-'■ '?;'. 'rS ^S-cc. that sported uncoiitrol'ed on ibo desert shores->here nature exerted her plastic poweri incessantif prodocing the gigantic inhabi:ants of tht ocean and aiserting the freedom cf the earth and the ^ . sea ! Such was the situation of New Engfand, when first vii* itedbjr our fou/athers-^tht many difficulties with which they had to contend, before a peaceable settlement could be effected, must be apparent to all— not only was the country overspread with thick woods, but the caprices ot a stnaji* raet were to be soothed— their jealousies of ■ew settlers to be removed, or their power lo be opposed ; and when all these difficulties should be surmounted, the colunists must continue subject t#the first condemnatorjr sentence denounced on the human race, " ip tht twtat of their how lo eat their ^rMi."— But, our Forefathara landed, and very soon changed the face oi Nevt England-^ they destroyed or dispersed a horde of fierce and blood thirsty ^aM/ex— they introductd symmetry by the aa- sisiance of ail the instruments of art— the impdhetrable .woods were cleared, and made room for commodious habitations— the wild beasts were driven away and flocks of domestic animals supplied their place; whilst thorns and briars made way for rich harvests— the water for- sock part of their domaioi and were drained off into the mterior parts oi the land, or into the sea, by deep «a- nals— the eoasts were covered with towns, and the bays with ships— and thus the new world like the old became subject to man.— My CouNTavustf oucht these THINSS TO SB VORCOTTSN ! ARK THHY NOT WOaTHT OF HBCOSD ! Ancient and modern liistory ot Foreign countries; ant) •*-- v^ PREFACE. V. •f Ihe most rcmirkablt efentt that haye aUcnded tiicnif «ra dailf iaauing from American pretsea, and art not vnircqucnUf recommended to (he Amerkan publie, aa worthjr their rooit attentive pcrutal— but, permit ut to cnquiret can each publicationa be half ho interesting, to valuiblo to Americatu, •» a volume in which is correctif delineated the noble atchievements of their Paihets .'-—a correct History of the Diuo^erj, StttUment and Progress of their own country !— Shall all knowledge of those re- markable events which have attended them, so ailini- portaat to Amaricansi be lost in a thirst ioT foreign His- tory of ancient Rome, Carthage^ &c. ?— Shall the suc- CMding generation be suffered to arise and search in vain for a volume of so inestimable worth ! a volume con- taining «hose important facts relutive to the disctmerj and settlement of m eounttf whieh gne them iirth f American Geographei^ have Itivcn aome imperfect aketchea of the discovery and early aettlement of tbe country, bat the proccedmg work will be found to cm- brace every important particular relative thereto.—The particulars ot the many severe and bloody engagements . with the savages, are penned from facts and oJlcM docU' «ffll«i and in auoh manner as is ealcuiated to coi>vey to the mind of the reader such ideas as will enable him tw ' form a true and accurate conception of every important incident relative thereto* ■> 'f!H^ '•-_ 1 f . *1v» . ' "* ',')„■' ■ f 'v' .. - ' - - '■■>-~' '-:• " ,, - . ,,^vi . 1 ■"''»' ■ ''■;* V,. :,;■ .1 ;^ ',;*»,-,.>, ■••^v- ■i-i •■' • ■ i^ f ■■' • ' • -:' :^'h i-v«>' f '■■ :•', v^ ►-.r' ■^'■■ ,' ■ ■ ,: >^ v./'" t, ;•"•-'■'■ :f;\,. •• •.» ;. % v^.O' ^V'^vv.,,,,^ - * -■ .*; .■f..>^, r- .'■>;,.. • f ■<^.. I ' ■>.' ' ? •««-: at :«f. ■. Li 1 i^'*fe,2"*-i'^''l--i'i»v.4.*.lifcS«twii«.. I^.-S»w- -?^' J ■'^^^ >■•■■ : ^:,.w;-Vt is$r: H «•>■.■'- '^ it: ' ;«*! \ A!^- •.»■ li^' :•• ., H > ^ ■^sl.''it . ♦ ■■ 'fiij>j».».«^ij-i ■y-C-/":i'?V' •J-jX^ i^ ; '*■;&. < » ■*t t'-H-' ,i -ij ' iiO^ j,v "^u;.; fl"vi''H* ■*:.?t r^fc' '•■'*■: d*fet-t'i ;i <'';:5., ':^ V' ' % >■■.•.».. ii,.'^/jb-;^ JVV *^- it- -,f- '■■ - re the senate of Ge- noa, but the scheme appearing chimerical, it was reject- ed.— 'He then repaired to the court ot Portugal ; and al- though the Portuguese were at that time distinguished for their commercial spirit, and Jobm II. who then reign, ed. was a discerning and enterprising prince, yet the prtpokMisions of the great men in hit court) to whow ::;:!: 'ic' .; — t— M the matter Tvas referred, caused Colvmbvs flnallj to fail in his attempt there aho. He next applied to Fxbdi* MAND and IsABKinA, king and quetn of Arragon and Castile, and at the same time sent his brother Barthol- omew (who followed the aamc profession; and who was wtl! qualified to fill the immediate place tinder such a leader) to England, to lay the proposal before Hknrt VII. which likewise, very fartunaiely for the future well being ol the country, met with no success.— Many were the years which Christopher Columbos spent in inef- fectual attendance at the CastiUiftn court ; the impover- ished state into which the finances of t^L VI doms were reduced, the wp* with^Gr|Ba, every disposition to attempt ^> gCC«(,^M|| war being at length terminate* ^Ik^poverful'j BELLA broke through all obttaeles ; she dej the patroness of Columbus, ^^I^Jjcr husband MBDi- NANS, declining to partake tqr aj^wpnturviiJn 4be voy-^ age, only gave it the sanctioi*»oW«s name. Thvr.clid the superior genius of a woman effect the discovery of one half the Globe ! ^ . The ships sent on this iraportanflpfearch were dlily three in number, two of them very small : they had nine* ty men on board> Although the expence of the expedi* tion had long remained the sole obstacle to Us being un« dertaken, yet, when every thing was provided, the cast did not amount to more than 17,760 dollars, and there were twelve months provision put on board. Columbus set sail from port Pales, in the province of Andalusia, on the 3d of August, 1493 : he proceeded to the Canary Islands, and frr n thence directed his course due W. in the latitude of about S8 N.— In this course he contmued for two months, without falling in with any land, which caused such a spirit of disconteit and muti- ny t* arise as the superior Address and minagement •t ^#- di* iktanmiBder h»iutiiii UkieqUil t6 ii^Hih althoiiitk for these qualities be #as emiheBtlf disHnguIkhcd.— H« was at length reduced to the oecessit j of entering into a solemn engagement to abandon the enterpriifee and return hornet if land did not appear in three da js.'— Probably lie would not have been abl^ to retain fiis people to*^ long; from acts of violence and outrage, in pursuing »o untried and dreary a course, bad tbey tot been sensible that their safety in returning ^oMe, depended very ttiith OQ his Ikiir jii a navigator, in conducting the vessel* *^^''*^^^'-^^'^ \h the appearatice of Tand changed tHierr des- most exbliihg raptur^>— It was an island ilphabilahts, both sexes of which «ercf rs kind, gentle, and unsuspect- Salvador : it is otic of the atne 6f Bahamia'; it was island of Gonnora', one ol ik his ^eptfrture. This ^^^^^ ih tK* ot)1hi6n wHicV h^ <4lf4MHKeS' b^oi^K^MMfftook the voj^ge, (hat he'be- ithseir jhVif W be Ol! an isbnd #hfch wa'S situated b the Inicfi^—^otieding to the'S. he s'aW (Kree nds, wfikh he nuititd St. Mary^ol theConcep> thin, Ferdinand, and Istibella'.— At length he aVrived at it ir«^Iar^'iillat)di-ati'd m ho had taken s^ven of the nsf^ thrifs'of Stti Safiadbr on board, he leariltd'ffoffi ihtith it ^ii>i cknedK:ubaV but he gteve it tho iiilait of Judtiha.'^ rie neitt prbieed^^ to an isla'nd i^ith he called Cspagf- mtii ih hOhiot of the leiAgdom by which h6 nhn ethplo/. ^aV and it still dt^fs the nattie of Hi^pattiola.— Hiere he buflt « fbrt and foVttitd^ i^ smalt settlefitot ; he then r«t. turned hO'iiftf, havirtgHih board some of the nitiivies, whoih h«*hSid^tidctt)froiA th^ different islands ; steeHnga niorfc s6iirherti cbtirse, he fell ifl With soma of the Cai^ib^e isTands, and arnved-at the Port of Palo* on thi^ 15th of B i " ^ w •*• !1» S Ifarcbi 14fS| having been leven monlhi and ete^ctf dayt on tbb mux impctant vojrage. ',1 On liis.arrWal letter* patent were issued by the king and qoacn confirming to CoLVHaus and to hit heir« alt the privileges contained in a capitulation which had been tscctttcd before his departure! and his family was enno- bled, i Not onlf the Spaniards, but the other nations oi Eu- rope, seenn to have sdopted the opinion of CoLUMStrs, in considering thtf countries which he had cli^coveredi as a part of India.— Whence Firbinan» and Isabella gave them the name *' Indies" in the ratification mer agreement with Colvmbus.*— Evcj was detected, the name was retainej of *' Wcst'Indies" is now countrjr, and that of Indii Nothing could possibly every active principle in riea which Col vm bus hsc lost, nor expence spaied, with which this great man should revisit the cc he had made known.— ^Seventeen snips were in six nynths, and fiftcttn hundred persons embHlkt board them, anKng whom were many of noble families* and who had filled honorable stations.— These engaged in the enterprize from the expectation that t|p new dia* covered country was either the Cipango of Marco Paulo* or the Ophir from which Solomom obtained his gold and precious ii»erchandize. FaaMNANO, now desiroua of eecuring what he had before been unwilling to venture ibr the obtaining, applied to the Pope to be invested with a right in these new disovttred countries, as well as to all future discoveries in that direction ; but as it was ne« cessary that there ahould be aome favor of religion in the buaiaesBy he founded his plea on adeaire et converiiag >v <."V -)«- «. MiuVange patWei to t^e Romish faith, which pita hail It! deiired efflert. Albxam DER Vr. who then filled the papal chair, it •aght to be mentioned, was the most profligate and tbin- doned of men t being a native of Arragon, and desiroat of conciliating the favor of Fikdimand, for the purpose bf aggrandising his family, he readiljr granted a re^ucat, which, at no ezpence or risk, tended to extend the con< acqucnce and ainhoriiy of the papacy t he therefore be* stowed on Fkrdinand and Isasklla, <* all the conn* fries inhabited by infidels, which they bad discovered,** btit as.it was necessary to prevent this grant from inter* feiiogAiUi ^one not long before made to the crown of i^cn^pil, iMi'l^pjtinted that a line supposed to be drawn n^lojMlQ one hundred leagues to the westward Pahould serve as a limit between them ; and 10 tflHVatitide of ||!i« ^wer, conferred all to the east of t^u^maginary l^^^pa the Portuguese, and all to the ^|at of it upon im$ ^j^niardv. CoJLUMivs set sairon*iis voyage from the port ol Ca- 4\t, on the SSih of September) 1493 ; when he arrived Ht^dt. Espagniola, he had the affliction to find that all the Spaniards whom he had left there, amounting to thirty- six in number, had been put to death by the ntmves, in revenge for the insults and outrages which they had com- mitted.-«-^fter having traced out the plan of a town in a large plain, near a spacious bay, and given it the name of IsABXLLA, in honor of his patroness the queen of Cas- tile, and appointed his brother Don Diego, to preside as Deputy Governor in his absence, Columbus, on the 94th of April, 1794, sailed witli one ship and two small barks, to make farther di»«coveries in those seas.— In this voyage he wan employed five months, and fell in with many small islandti on (he coast of Cuba, bui with none of any importance except the i:»land of Jdmaica. V -, i III :U • m \i ■**i if ? ..A" i! V It i \ ; -If- m. I Soon A&er ))is return to HitpanioUi he retolred to inake war with the Indians, who according to the Span- iah histpriaqt, aoiounted to 100,000 men; tbeie having C)(p«ricnced fvery lawless act of violence from their ior ^adersi were rei|dered eytremelf inveterate, and thirsted (or r^yengai ^ ,diipo9ition which appears to have been fereigp from their natures.-i-HaTing collected his full force, be attacked them by night, whilst they were as- sembled in ft wide plain, and obtained a most decisive fictory, without the loss of one man on his part*— >Be- ude the effect of cannon and fire arms, the noise of which was appalling, and their effect against a numei (ous body of Ii^dians, closely drawn together, in th« highest degree destructiye, poLuifsus had brotight over wiih him a small body of cava|ry*-TThe Indjpna wboiiad never before seen such a creattisp, imMipl4 the Spanish horses to be rational beingSi and, t^fj^plch with its rider forqi^ed but one aniipal ; they weMKMtoQ- ished at their speed, and confHiered their impetuosity and strength as irresistible.— >ln th)l X>nset they had be- side another formidable enemy to terrify and destrpy them : a great niimber of the largest and fiercest species of dogs which vfere then bred in Europe, had been broughlAiither, which, set qn by their weapons, w ith- out attempting resistance, thsy fled with all the speed which terror could excite.— Numbers were slain, and more made prisoners, who were immediately consigned to slavery. >.s The character ol Columbus stands very high in the estimation of mankind ; he is venerated not only as .^ man possessing superior fortitude, and such a steady, perseverance, as no impediments, dangers or sufTeringy, could shake, but as equally distinguished for piety an4 virtue.— His second son Fkhoinano, who wrote the life of his father, apologises for this hcveriiy towards the n^* ^c/- :■!. . ^■' ■r |iv^ on account of the dMtccstf^ »|Mc into v^Itioh 4bf Qolonf was brought : the ch«ngf «f,cKiMltf> aod tht in- dbpensable hbora which wfu r«4ntf«4 of meu iwmo* customed to anf eiwrtiooa, had swept away R««at onoi- bcrs of the new settlors, and Jtbe survivors w«iw declin- ing daily, whilst auch was the i^r«|Conci''e^b)|c enmitjr of the oavifes, that the most luad aAd circi^mspcct conduct on the part of the Spaniards, woiil^ not have be«n leffcc- tual to regai* their good will.— This apology setms to hate been generally admitted* hr all madcro writei.s havs bestowed upon ibe discoyerpr of the jiew wprld the frarmcitt cQromcodfiuops uopDJ^d w^h c«n8^«,~|t is an unpl^asfnt las]^ lo derogate leoin exalted merit, and to Imputt a deliberi^e plan of crAielty aiad extirpatioo to a mW i^eycred /or moral wprih i but although a pert af« fectiMioo pf n0vel opinions conUd only originate in weak nindsi and can be couoMHumced only by such, y«t a free and uoreacrved scrutiny of Gut«, can alone separate truth from error, and appoitioo the jus( and iotjrin^iic degree of me^it belonging to any character.'n-Tbat Cclumbus had formed the design of wagijug offensive war against the Indians, and reducing them iosIav«iy, before he en- tered upon his second voyage, and, consequently "before he was appriaed of the de^itruction of the people which he had left upon the island of ifispaciolit, may be infer- red from his proceeding him^lf with such a number of ierce and powf rful dogs. Having found the natives peacieable and well dispoaedt he had no reason to apprehend that they would com- mence unpiovoKed hQStiliiies ; the cavalry which he toolc over, whilst it tended to impress those people with the deepest awe and veneration, was fully sufficient for the security of the new colony, if the fritnd&hip of the na- tives had been sincerely meant to be culiivuted by a kind and equitable deportment ; but lo treat th'.m as a free %>^ a i 1 SI ii i.. ■ ill' h ii. 1 u ll I M t , I :■ ( i! ! i X y. -y- peopiA wts inconsistent witli the views which led tt ' planiini; • colonf, for as the grand incentive to under* take roe di«tHnt voyages was the hope of acquiring gotdt so. «!iS Coi UMBOS had seen some worn as ornaments bf the na'ives, and had been informed that the mountain* ouB parts of the country yielded that precious metali ha. ^ hid excited expectations in his employers, and in the na* tion at larfj^e, which both hia interest and ambition com- pelled him as far as possible to fealize : the Spaniards Gou'd not obtain gold without the assistance of the sa- titen, and those were so constitutionally indolent that no aUurements of presents or gratifications could excite them to labor.— .To renque himself therefore from disgraces and to secure further support, he seems deliberately to have devoted a harmless race of men to slaughter and alavtrv.— Such as survived the massacre of that draadful day* and preserved their freedom, fled into the moun« tains and inaccessible parts of the islandi which not yield- ing them sufficient means of subsistence) they were com- pe led to obtain a portion of food from their cruel pur- auers, by procuring gold dust, in order to support liie ; a tribute being imposed upon them which was rigorously exacted. — These wretched remains of a free people, thus diiven from fiuitfulness and amenity ; compelled to la. hour for the support of life : a prey to despondency, which the recollection of their former happiness sharpen* ed, and wtiirh their hopeless situation rendered unsup* portable^ died in great numbers, the innocent, but unre- venged victims of European avarice.— Such are the facts which have ever been admitted, yet, strange contradic- tion !— Columbus is celebrated for his humanity and goodness ! but sliould he not rather be considered as a most consummate dissembler; professing moderation whilst he meditated subversion, and, lilce mo'^t of the heroes add conquerors whom history record*; renouncing ':ivV;?^. % ^ir- ■%'. wt9Wf priacipls of justice and homaniiy when thejr itop» ptd the career of hit annbiiioii!<»FiaDiii*Ns Colvii- Bvsf hit loni and biographer, haa with great addrcta cevefcd the ahame of bit lather, whiUt the idinirinf world baa been little disposed to censure a inant the splendor of whose actions so powcrfullf fascinatei and daxaks. I 1 il I* l- I- ;s d \. u CHAP. II. landwg of ovr forefathers. At PLYMOUTH. THE English, conducted by John Cabot, in the year 1497, found the way to Norih< America loon after CoLUMaus had successfully crossed the Atlantic ; but as the torrents in that country brought doMrn no gold, and the Indians were not bedtcked with any costly ornaments, no attcnnpts were made to explore the country for near a century after its discovery.— Sir Framcis Drake, who traversed the whole circumference of the g'obe in one voyage, and in one ship, which had never been atchieved before, when af'eiward annoying the Spaniards in the West-Indies, and on the main gained some knowledge •f the eastern shore of the northern continent, as he had before of the western parti> about the same parallel :-^ Sir Waltkk Ralkigh. however, was the first navigator who explored the coast, bestowed on it a namC} and at- tempted to settle a colony. At that time colon zation made no part of the system •f governmentt so that there were few stimulentsto aban- don a native soil for the purpose of seeking possessions in another hemisphere.— At length a powerlul incentive WMtt atrouger than the influence of kings, than the love fin ' h I' M' 4 V;« '/*. U' "^i I ; i ,•'■■•■■■'.. jr||i«r Ply. mouth, there were seven considerable towns built and set- tled in the colony of Massachusetts* In the summer of 1637, Mr. Emdicot, one Of thi Original planters, was sent over to begin a plantation at Naumkeag, (now Salem)— the June following about 300* persons, furnished with lour ministers, came ever andl joined Mr. Endiuot's colony ; and the nest year thejr formed themselves into a regular churoh. Tbia was the first church gathered in Massachusetts, and tl^e second m NeW'England. The church at Plymouth had been gathered eight years before. In 1939, a targe embarka- tion Was projected by the company in England ; at the request of a number of respectable gentlepien, most of whom afterwards eigne over to New>England, the gene- ral consent of the company was obtained, that the gotern. , isent ahoald be transferred and settled in Massachusetts. ■11 ''^'. n^- !1 k P M m m * *i 1 1 «: A rj» to "prevent any s^ 'ousconsequencea, removed to apleaa- ant and fert'^je island to the S. W. of Cape Cod, now called Rhode- Island, wl^ila othera settled at ProTidencef Warwick, Taunton, &c.— thus it was, that in the course of a very tctr years, a great part of New England^ which ao late was an uncultivated forest, resounding with the yells of savagest a^d beasts of prey, became the place of Abode of our persecute'! forefathers. Bui thia newly settled w'»ycti/ wm not to be acquiredi ,*♦ , «HHmh)C bloodshed ; the natlveff Although they at fi-n jtppewred hiirmlesi and well ditpoatd tnwm J Ihe new Mttlen» from the rapid increase and too frequent ag. gressions of the latter, the jealousy of the former was ^xciledt which thejr aoon began more opeol/ to manifest, 'AS will sppear bj tffar r ft Hows :— CHAP. IJ. LOMMBNCiMBNT op HOSTILITIES, . WITH THE NATIVES. THERE was a tribe of Indians which inltabUed Hie borders of Connecticut rifer, from its mouth to within a few miles of Hartfbrdt called Fefuodt, a fierce* cruel, and warlike tribe, and the iufctcrate enemies of the English, never failing to improve every opportunity to exercise toward them» the most wanton acts of bar- |>arity.— In June 1 634, they treacherously murdered « Capu Stovx, and a Capt. Norton, who had been long in the habit of visiting them occasionally, to trade. — In Au- gust, 163.fi, they inhumanly murdered a Mr. Wekss, and his whole family, consisting of a wife and six chil- dren, and soon after murdered the wife and children of a Mr. Williams, residing near Hartford. — Finding, how- ever, that by thrlr unprovoked acts of barbarity, they had enkin V ' the resentment of the English (who, aroused to a sense of their danger, were making preparation to exterminate this cruel tribe) the Pequods despatched messengers with gifts to the Governor of the new colo> oies (the Hon. Josiah WiifSLow)-«he being however inflexible in his determination to rsvenge th^ deaths of his friends, dismissed thoac messengers without an an* # ■>» s I ! ■■w.' II , t-' WJ ■! I ! i i '■'■-i' ^^ i' •war— The Pequods finding the KnglUh rewlnt* tll| determlBcdy and fearing the consequence of their rer eentment, the second time deipatched meiMngera with a large qaantitjr of wem/kiiiii (Indian monejr) at a present to the Governor and Councili with whom the latter had a eonsiderable conference, and at length concluded a pace en the following terms :— i ARTICLES. I. The Peqnods shall deliver up to the English those of their tribe that are guilty of the deaths of their coun- trymen. II. The Pequods shall relinqaish to the English all their right and title to the lands lying within the colony of Connecticut. III. The English, if disposed to trade with the Pe- quods, shall be treated as friends; % To these articles the Pequods readily agreed, and pro- inised faithfully to adhere, aj^d at the same time express- ed a desire to make peace with the Narraganset Indians* with whom they were then at war. Soon after ttie conclusion of peace with the Pequods, the English, to put theii fair promises to the test, sent a small boat into the river, on the borders of which ihey resided, with the pretence of trade ; but so great was the treachery ef the natives, that after succeeding by fair promises in enticing the crew of said boat on shore, they were by them inhumanly murdered. The Pequods despairing of again deceiving the Eng- lish in tiie manner they had late done, now threw off the mask of friendship, and avowing themselves the natural enemies of the English, commenced open hos- tilities again&t them, barbarously murdering all that were so unfortunate as to fall into their hands^— A lew families ^ere at this time settled at or oear WethersBeid, (Conn.) the whole ef whom were carried awny cajnive? !*' 'V-^^'v 1^, ^tl-^ If them ; two girls, tht d«ugbl •rj ' i.. ^ ■U 1ih ,1 r- 1' « Ill; i| 1 1 ^ji'' i^:i li I t ' .,r '•*W,f'.ii- 1 I i i I 1 ; ■ t -f,:- «rith bows and M>rowSf and suffered the English to ap* proach them until within bow shot) when they discharg*^ cd a shower of arrows among themi and then ptecipl* tateljr fled into an adjoining waod ; not however untiH they had received the contents of the muskets of the English, which sisyed the course of a namber of themi their loss amounting) as nearly as could be ascertained^ to about thirty killed and wounded-!-the lo^s of the Eng- lish was comparitively small, not exceeding ten in kil^ led and wounded* Capt. Evoicot conceiving it diffi* cult to pursue the enemy with success into an almosjt impenetrable forest, and not being enabled to bring them to another action In open field, after destroying by fire their temporary encampments, returned home, previously lodging twenty of his men in fort Saybrool^ for its defence—as this fort had baen more than once at. tacked by the eniemy, it was strongly suspected that thay vere artfully devising ijieans to eflfect its destruc- tion. After the departure of Capt« Endicot, the Pequods perceiving that they had not only drawn upon themselves the hatred of the English, but that of all the neighbor- ing tribes of Indians, attempted to make peace with the Narragansets (with whom they had been for a long time at war,) but the Governor and Council being ap- prised of this, sent for Miavtinomi, the Narraganset Sachem, and twenty of his principal men, whom they termed Sannops ; they arrived in Boston agreeable to the summons of the Governor, &c* on the 30th November ioUowing. With Miantikomi a firm peace was con- cluded, who, after being presented by the Governor with a new scarlet coat, as a token of friendship, was escort, ed out of town by a company ot musketeers, and dis- missed with a salute of honour.— The articles of Peace which were drawn up by the Gorernor and Council, and ■A\ >.l m ■.ivI^^V >>^ SV iksseftted to and signed bf Miamtiitomi, tnd hit cbief ihcD} were ai follow :— ARTICLES. I. A permanent Peace to be maintained between the EnglJtb and the Narrag^seti) both parties pledge them* aelves to adhere to each others interests in all quarrels rWith their enemies. II. Neither of the parties to make peace with the PequodS) without its being (irat mutually assented to. III. The Narragansets solemnly pledge themselves not to harbour or have any dealing with the Pequods, but to deliver up to the English such of that tribe a* resort lo them for safety. IV: The Narragansets are at all times to fumi>h the English with guides, whenever they are disposed to en- vade the Pequod country. The Pequods still continuing to practice their wan- ton acts of cruelty toward the English, it was jointly a- greed by the three colonies to raise as great a force as possible the ensuing apriag, for the suppressing of the tommon enemy ; in conformity to which the Governor ordered the raising and equipping of 160 effective men, in each colony, which was the largest number that fire arms could at this time be procured for— the wholet were to be under the command of Col. Stoughtov, o£ Dorchester, and Captains Patrick, and Trasx, of Sa- lem, who were to be accompanied by the Rev. John Wilson, of Boston.— The object of this expedition was to surprise and demolish an Indian fort, aituated near th« head of MysMc river.— In May, the whole number (4W effective men) having assembled at the place of public rendexvauS) embarked and set sail for Narraganset, where they were joined by Miantinomi, with about 300 •f his fighting men, with whom they proceeded for their place of deitinattoQi— When within abt ut a mile of tht ,r «.:'i1Si:--T'T?T-:T>55-.3^- iM' '»■ -'^f-wSy.'ap ■ ! ) >: t m Hi n -.t4« } ' 9 I Ibrt* an Indian was sent to reconnoitre the eaciBJr« who^ making a favorable report, thejr pushed forward and at about ^cak of daj, arrived within gun ahot of the fort^v; * before they were discovered by the enemjr— at this im* '■' portant moment a bloody engagement coinmenced, th^ Pequods were about 1 500 strong, and. being completely , ,, aurrounded by the English, and friendly Indians, fought desperately, while the adjacent woods resounded with tbeir hideous yells ; the English commanders with un- equalled bravery repelled every aUacl^and attempt of the j^s > enemy to bre»k through their lints— Mi antinomi and lib fighting men, likewise most heroically distinguished themselves— boldly facing the enemy, they with their, long knives and tomahawks, made terrible slaughter a. mong them.— After two houra hard fighting, the £ng* lish having expended all their ammunition, the action became attii more close and severe, the English clubbing their muskets, fell apon the enemy with the fury of lions, and very soon compelled the few that remained alive to surrender.— It should be here mentioned as a ■ V remarkable instance of savage irenerjt that MiANf ino« MI, in this severe contest, espying the Sachem of the Pequods su. >anded by a dozen or more of his bravest ^'' ^%.*,^ men, boldly cut hit way through and slew him, and af- ter detaching the head from the body (with an old sword which bad been presented him for the purpose) brought it and laid it at the feet of Col. St ouGH VON. i The English having completely overpowered the ene. my If entered their fort and set it on fire, in which the few Indians that remained alive, and were unwilling to lur^ render themselves prisoners of war to the English, were consumed.— This action proving a decisive one, was of the greatest irat>ortance to the English— viatery was not> / *^ bowevcr, obtained without considerable loss on their part ; their number of slain amounting to €8, and the Bumber >1t^:^^\- -^ <^5- l.«%i:,i jJviS 6f wbunded t>ein|r itin greater^the eiaet fdsi of ttle Pequods could never be ascertained, it was supposed to haTc exceeded 500 i— The English having thus com- pletely effected their object, after burjing their dead, re- turned home) and for this noble exploit, the thanks of the Governor and Council were publicly bestowed upon them. After the complete extermination of the Pequod tribe, the Narragansets (the most numerous tribe in NeW'Eng- land) being displeased with the small power with which they were vested by the English, and the great respect which the latter had ever manifested for Ukcas. the chief Sachem of the Mohegans, appeared disposed to break their treaty of friendship.— The Narragan-icts were much animated by the haughty spitit and aspiring mind of their Sachem Miantinohi ; who, it was by the English con- jectured, was tieacherously devising means to draw all the Indian tribes throughout the country into a conspira< cy against ihem> — Letters were forwarded to the Govern- or and Council of Massachusetts, by their friends in Con- necticut, in which they strongly urged the necessity of an immediate co-operation of their forces, f«r their gen- eral safety ; as tq them, the plot of Miantimomi had been disco .'ered by a friendly Indian.— Upon the receipt of this important information, from Connecticut, the General Court of the three colonies was immediately convened, and by them it was resolved, that buch uf the Indians as had been presented as a token of repcct with fire-arms, should be deprived of them, and that Mian- TiNoMi, should be immediately summoned to appear be. fore themi to confute, if possibly, the serious charges which had been alledged against him— the summons was obeyed by Miantinohi, and while before the Court, peremtorily demanded that his accusers sh-ould likewise be compelled to ifppear.— No one appearing publicly to .\ir t i \l fit ,5 . •'f^i .;M! ("i i 1 I i!- I Ml! I 1 , M I '. i ; '- ^V* V.-' - '':7 iccuie MiAMTiNOMi, he promptly charged UkcaS) the Mohegan Sacheni} with being: the fabiicator of the re- port—this charge enkindled the resentment of Ukcas' who chblknged Miantinomi to fight him in single cono- bat, which Miakt»nomi declining, Uncas declared war against the Narraga'nsets. Un^as was a very distinguished friend of the Englishi and had by his many services signalized himself as such —in no one did they repose more confidence — he ww brave and resolute, and a terror to his enemies ; while to his friends, be was always pleasing and condescend- ing—The first engagement which look place between these two very powerful tribes, was on the first of Au- gust, 1643, which was as severe as it was decisive ; the Narragansets having been much tutored by the English, fuught with becoming bravery, but nothing could with- stand the invincible spirit of Uvcas, who, after routing his enemies, pursued Miantimomi in person, and took him prisoner, and shortly after severed his head from his body. The English now enjoyed a peace until the year 1671, when thty again took up arms to revenge the death oi one of their countrymen, who had been inhumanly mur- dered by an Indian belonging to the. Nipnet tribe, ot which the celebrated Pbilif, of Mount Hope (now Bris- tol R. I.) was Sachem.— It was thought the most pru- dent step, by the Governor and Council, first to send for Philip, and acquaint him with the cause of their re:y^\ %(<■' —37— « wisti that the declaration which he wai about publicijr to make, might be committed to puper, that he und hi« Council) might ih«rtun(o affix their signatures. The Governor and Council* In compliance with the reque&tof Pbilip, drew up the fnllowing, which after being signed by PaiLiP and his chief men, was presented to the Gov> cmor by Philip in confirmation of his friendly assur- aoces ;— . V u Whereas my father, my brother, and myself, have uniformly submitted to the good and wholesome lawb of his majesty, the king of England, and have ever ropcct- ed his faiibfu! subjscts, the English, as uur friends and brothers, ai;d being still anxious to brighten the chain of friendship beiweeu us, we do now embrace this opportuu* nitjr to piel lbein» and drive them out of the country | the Narraganiete, fcr thit purpoie, had engaged to raiie 4000 fighting men— the apting of 1679, waa the time agreed upon on which the grand blow was to be given.— The evil intentions of PaiLip, was first discovered and communicated to the English, by a friendly Indian, of the Narraganset tribe ; fortunately for them, this Indian had been taken into favor by the Rev. Mr. Elliot* by whom he bad bcfen taught to read and write, and became much attached to the English.— The Governor- upon re> cciving the important information relative to the hostile views of Philip, ordered a military watch to be kept up in aU the fjpglish settlements «»iihin the three colonies} by some of whom it was soon discovered that the report of their Indian friend was too well founded, as the In> dianil of different tribes were daily seen flocking in great numbers to the head^quartera of Philiv; previously sending their wives and children to the Narraganset country, which they had ever done previous to the com<* mencement of hostilities. 4 <- .. The inhabitants of Swanzey (a small settlement ad* Joining Mount-Hope, the head-qusrters of Philip) were the first wJio felt the effecu of this war.—PaiLiP, en« couragcd by the numbers who were daily enlisting un- der his banners, and despairing of discovering cause that could justify him in the commencement of hostilities against his *' friends and brothers," as he had termed them^ resolved to provoke them to war by killing their cattle, filing their barrs, &c.-rthis plbn had its desired effect, as the inhabitants, determined to save their pro- perty or pciish in the attempt, fired upon the Indians, which war- deemed cause sufiicicnt by the latter to com- mence their bloody w^k— >the war-hoop was immediatt-Iy thereupon souiided, when the Indians commenced an in- discriminate tuurder of the det'tneelets inhabi:an<.s of \ t-^ 'V-^^v — 9f— ■ 1 - 1 1 .-i ■ Swansef , ipuring not the tender infant at (he breaat !~ but ihreei of teYcnty'tight pertons which the town con* tained, made their escape.««Metseng«r8 were despatched with the melancholy tiding* of this bloodjr affair, to the Governor, who by and with the advice of the Council, des- patched a company of militia with all possible speed to the reliei of the distressed inhabitants residing near the headquarters of Philip;— as soon aa they could bs raised, three companies more were despatched under the command of Captains Hencbman, Prcntics, and MostLy, who arrived in the neighborhood of Swansey, en the 38th June, where they were joii^d by four more companies /rom Plymouth colony—it was found that the Indians had pillaged and set fire to the village, and with their btfoty bad retired to Mount-Hope— a company of cavalry were sent under the command of Capt. Prkn- TICB, to reconnoitre them ; but before they arrived at a convenient plac6 for thik purpose, they were ambushed and fired upon by the enemy, who killed six of their number and wounded ten— the report of their guns alarm- ing the remaining compaoiet o! the English, tbey has- tened to the relief of the cavdry, who at this moment were completely surrounded by about 600 Indians, be- tween whom and the English a warm contest now en- sued ; the savages fought desperately, and more than once nearly succeeded in overpowering the English, but very fortunately for them, when nearly despairing of vic- tory, a fresh company of militia from fiostou arrived ; which flunking the enemy on the right and left, and ex- posing them to two fires,* soon overpowered them, and caused ihem to seek shelter in an adjoining wood, inac* cessible to the English.— The English had in this severe engagement 43 killed, and 73 wounded, many of them mortuliy— the enemy's loss was supposed to be much greater* '4. li < \ k \ 't 'l.J^:.. —10— On the SOttii Major Sataci (who bjr hit Excellencf the Gofernor had btten appointed Commander in Chief of the combined Cnglivh iorcea) arrived with an addi. tional company of cavalry, who with the remaining com- panies the following day commenced their march for Mount-Hope, the head quarters of Philip— on theif Wdy, the English were affected with a scene truly dis- tressing ; the Savages, not content with bathing their tomahawks m the blood cf the defenceless inhabitants of Swanztry, had) it was discovered, in many instances de- tached their limbs from their mangled bodieS) and affix- ed them to poles which were extended in the air, among which were discovered the hrads of several infant chil- dren* the whole of which» by order of Maj. Savage were collected and buried* * The English arrived at Moimt>Hope about sun-set, but the enemy having received information of their approacht had deserted their wigwarms and retired into a neigh- boring wood.^Mk>jor Savaox, to pursue the enemy with success, now divided his men into seperate compa- nies, which he ordered to march in different directionti stationing 40 at Mount-Hope.— On the 4th July, the men under the command of Captains Church, and HoTCHiNsoK, fell in with a body of the enemy, to the number of 200, whom they attacked ; the English be- ing but 32 in number, including officers, victory for a considerable length of time appeared much in favour of the Savages, but very fortunately for the former being commanded by bold and resolute officers, they» defend- ed themselves in the most heroic manner until relieved by a company oi cavalry under the command of Capt. Prbnticr.— The Indians now in turn finding the fire of the F.'.igiitth too warm for ihem, fled in every direction, leaving 30 of their number dead and about 60 severely wounded) on the field of action— the English in this en^ ii ■i^:^v; -*-t. ^^ '±h~ ^■" ■ 'I' 't ed Ipt. ^ of >n» gagement bad 7 killed, and 93 woundedi fire of whom ■urviv«d the action but a few hours. This action) so far from daunting the bold and reso- lute Capt. Chvbci, seemed to inspire him with addi- tional bravery ; unwilling that any of the enemy should escape, he boldly led his men into an almost impenetra- ble furcst, into which those who juivived the action had fled-~the Indians perceiving the English approachingi concealed themselves from their view by lying flut on their bellies, in which situation they remained concealed until the Knglish had advanced within a few rods of them, wiicn euch unperceived fixing upon his man, dis> charged a shower of arrows amung them— this unex- pected check threw the English into confusion, which the Indi'ins perceiving, rushed furiously upon them with their knives and tomahawks, shouting horribly !— the English (their cavalry being unable to bffbrd them as- sistance) were now in a very disagreeable situation, the trees being so very large as to render it cillicult to use their fire arms with any effect, and they were very soon sc encompassed by the Suvages, as to render almost ev- ery effort to defend themselves, u&el':ss; of 64 who en- tered the swamp, but 27 escaped, among whom, very fortunatdy, was their valuable leader Capt. Church* The ^glish finding that they could neither brings their enemies to action in open field, or engage them with any success in the forest in which they were lodg- ed, returned home;, with the exception of three compa- nies, who by Major Savage were stationed near the borders of a swamp, into which it was strongly suspec- ted that Philip, with a number of his tribe, had fled— this swamp was two miles in length, and to the Eng- lish inacces&fble— Philip, who had been watching the motion of his enemies, perceiving the greater part of them marching off conjectured that their object was V^ N *■' * I J 1 : !, i • f t ,1 . > 1; i. 1 1 i 1 ' h \':t I \ \ \[ w. -:!L.:, S^ #: #. I ; (o obUin a rclrirorcerncnt ; imprttsed with this bclicfi he re&olved to improve the first opportunity to etcap« with a few chosen mm, by water, (the twamp border- ing on an extensive cove)'-thia he with little diflRcultjr effected the proceeding night, taking the advantage of a low tide. Thejr were soon after their escape discoT- ered and pursued by the inhabitants of Rehoboth, ae* companied by a ywiy of the Mohcgans, who had tol- unteered ihcir services against Philip; The Rehoboth mititia came up with the rear of the enemy about sunset, and killed 13 -of them, without bus- taioing any loss on their part ; night prevented their engaging the whole force of Philip, but early the suc- ceeding morning they continued the pursuit} the In- dians had however fled with such precipitancy that it vas found impossible to overtake them-^hey bent theif course to the westward, exhorting the different tribes through which they passed to take up arms against the English. The United Colonies became now greatly alarmed at the hostile views and rapid strides of Philip— the Gen- eral Court was constantly in sitting and endeavouring to plan means to cut him off before he should have an op- portunity to corrupt the minds of too many ofi||iis coun- trymen* " "^ While the Court was thus employed, information waa received that Philip had arrived in the neighbourhood of Urookfield (situated about 65 miles from Boston) and that a number of its inhabitants had been inhumanly ' bu'.cheteci by his adiierents.— Orders were immediately thereupon issued for the raising ten companies of foot and horite, to be dispatched to the relief of the unfor- tunate inhabitants of Brookfield ; but before they could reach that place Philip and his party had entered the town, and indiscriminately put to death almost every in- <*- &: ^G % . .^1 .•.S3— iiaiitunt which it conUinedi the Tew that escaped httin^ token the precaution, pre?iou« to the attack, to atsembl^ , together In one houMf which thej stronflj fortified ; this house wa% furioualj attacked %j ihe savages and seteral timet sei ou &re» and the besieged were on the point of •orrendering wlien Major WlLLAas happilj arrived (o their relief!— B«twe«n the English and the Indians a des- perate engagement nuw ensued, Ihe former hj the ex* press command of their oflkcers, gave no quarter, but in a verf'heroic manner rushed upon the sAvages with club* bed muskets ; the action continued until near suntetj when the few Indians that remained alive sought shelter in '.he neighboring woods.— In this engagement the Eng* lish bad 3S killed and 70 wounded— the enemy's lose was Sir killed, and between 900 and 300 wounded, who bjr way of r.taliation (for their barbarity exercised to- ward the de>ncelc 1 inhabitanta of Brookfield) were im- mediatety put to -^eBth* The Governor and Council, on learning the fat? of the unfortunate inhabitants of Brookfield, despatched a rein- forcement of three companies of cavalry to Major Wil- tARD, and ordered the like number to be sent him from Hartford, ini Connecticut colony, with which he was di- rected to pursue Philip with fire and swotd, to whatever part of the country he should resort. , / ^ . - It beings discovered that a part of Philip's force nsd fled to Hatfield, two compani"* cf Englibb, under com- mand of Capt* Lathrop, and Capt. Beers, were sent in pursuit of them, who within about three miks of Hat- field, overtook and attacked them, but the force of the Engliah being greatly inferior to that of the eneniy« the former were defeated and driven back to the main body, which euabled the enenay (who had in the late engage- ment been detached from their main body) to join Phil- ip— On the 18th September, information was received £ \i-'\- .^M?^?, 'tJ: I: ' V*'' !.■'. ■J i t ! i: ■iU 1 A 4,, v> —34^ 1. m ' ' i , by M«jor Willakd that the enemy had succeshiveljr aU tacked and defeated the troops under the command of Xapt. Laturop, that they were ambushed and uiitx- pectediy surrounded by 1000 of the etiemy. to whom V they all (except three, who escaped) fell a sacrifice !— * The defeat of Capt. Lathrop look place in the ncigh- w^^borhood of Deerfield, for the defence of which, there ;'ivas an Enghsh garrison, which the Indiana wtre about :,to attack when Major Wiilabd happily arrived, on the approach of whom, the Indians fled. ' On the lOth October following, a party of Philip's ^Indians successfully assaulted the town of SpringBeldf .which they pillaged and set fire to, kiMing about 40 of the inhabitants.— On the 1 4th they assaulted the town of Hatfield, in which two companies, under the command of Capt. MosELT, and Capt. Applbton, were stationed; the enemy continued the attack for about two hours, when finding the fire of the English too warm for them, they fled, leaving a number of their party behind them , dead. Philip now finding himself closely pursued by alargt and formidable body of the English, deemed it prudent to bend his course toward his old place of residence, there to remain until the ensuing spring. But the Commissioners of the United Colonies, duly reflecting on the deplorable situation of their defenceless . brethren throughout the country, aware that there were then a much greater number of their savage enemies .' embodied, than at any former period, who, if suffered peaceably to retire into winter quarters, might prove too powerful for them the spt ing ensuing, resolyed to attack the whole force under Philip in their winter encamp- ment— for the purpose of which, every Englishman, ca« pable of bearing arms, i^ere commanded (by Proclama« tiob of the Governor) to hold himself in readiness t* "k ■t: >^ ^\: at- ';• of ^^ t ■ ^^^ ere out ihe IP's eld, - the of ^ and ed; ilfS) lem irg« lent nccy luly less rere nies Bred too lack mp- , ca«X iina* » t* 1 I -85- IBArch at the shortest notice.— The 10th of December, was the dtj appointed by ilie Commissioners on which the decibive blow wa« to be given— bix companies were immediately raibcd in Massachusetts, consisting in th« whole of 537 men, to the command of Which were ap- pointed Captains Mosklt, Garonbb, Davinpobt, Olites, and Johnson— five companies were raibtd in Connecticut; consisting cf 450 men, to the command of which were appointed Cnpiains Sielt, Gallop, Mason, Watts, and Mausuall— .two companies were likewise raised in Plymouth, consisting of 150 men, who weie commanded by Captiiins Rice and Coram ;— three Ma* jors of the three reapectivc divisions, were also appoint- ed, to wit : Mttjor Applston of Massachusetts — Major Tekat of Connecticut* and Major Bkadpord of Ply- mouth-->the whole force, consisting of 1 137 men, were commanded by Major- General Winblow, late Governor of the colonies. — On the 7th December, the combined force* commenced their march for the head-quarters of the enemy— at this inclement season it was with the ut- most difficaltjr that the troops were enabled to penetrate through a wild and pathless wood — on the morning of the 9th (having travelled ail the preceding night) (bey anived at the border of an extensive swamp, in which they were informed by ihtir guides, the enemy were en- camped, to the number of 2000.— The English (after partaking cf a little refreshment) Termed fur battle.— Capt. MosKLY, and Ciipt. Davenpokt led the van, and Maj. APPLiiTON, and Capt. Oliter, brought up the rear of the Mas.achu^cus forces— General VVin.iLow, with the Plymouth uoops, furnied the csntre — the Con- necticut Itoops und-.r the command of their respective captains, toRct^icr whh uboui|00 of the Mohcgati-j, com- inanded by i^'ncas, brought up the rear. It was discovered by an Indiiin sent for that purpusa. :^.:ir: I ^^^ u i Hi ( n ■■•tf.- '•I '! I 'N ^:-'5*. 'W — 8«^ ^ that in the centre of the fwamp, the eoenif had built f ▼cry strong fort, of lo wise construction* that it was with difficulty that more than one person could enter at one time.— 'About 10 o'cloclii A* M. the English, with the •ound of the trumpet, entered the swamp, and when within about fifty rods of their fort, were met and attack- ed by the enemy— the Indians, in their usual manner^ shouting and howling like beasts of prey, commenced the attack yfhh savage fury, but with a hideous noise the English were not to be intimidated ; charging then^ with une(|ualled bravery, the enemy were soon glad to seek shelter within the walls of their fort ;— the English having closely pressed upon the enemy, as they retreat- ed, njTw in turn found themselves in a very disagreeable situation, exposed to the fire of the Indians, (who were covered by a high breaft 'work) they were not eren ena- bled to act on the defensive.— At this critical juncture| the lion-hearted Uncas, with the assent of Gen. Wins- LOW, offered (with the men under his cominand) to scale the walls of the fort, which being approved of by the English commanders, Uhcas, with about sixty picke4 pien, in an instant ascended to the top of the fort, where having a fair chance at the enemy, they hurled their tomahawks and discharged their arrows with such sue* cess among them, as in a very short time to throw them into the utmost confusion ; those who attempted to es. cape from the iort, were instantly cut in pieces by the troops without— the enemy finding themselves thus hem- med in, and attacked on all sides, in the most abject terms begged for quarter, which was denied them by the English— a great proportion of the troops being noiy mounted on the walls of the fort, they had nothing to do but load and fire, the enei|)y being penned up and hud- dled together in such a maniier, that there was scarcely a shot lost.— This bleody contest was of sear six hours »?«? '!<-■■ "5 >->>V; • t 'OlKi — sr— continuance, when, the EngUsh perceiviDg the furt filled with nought but dead, or inch at wera mortalljr wounded of the enemjT) closed the bloody conflict. The bcene of action at this inatant waa indeed such «a could not fail to aback the stoutest hearted !->the huge logs of which ihe fort was constructedi were completelf crimsoned with the blood of the enemy, while the sur- rounding woods resounded with the dying groans of the wounded.— The number of slain of the enemy in this severe engagement, could not be ascertained, i| waa however immense ; of 3000 which the fort was sup- po^ to contain at the commencement of the action} not 300 escaped ! among whom unfortunately was the treacheroua Pbiup. ';. Although the destruction of ao great a number of the lenemy was considered of the greatest importance to the English, yet it proved a conqu£at dearly bought— it waa obtained at the expence of the lives of not only a great number of privates, but a great proportion of their most valuable officera ; amoag whom were Captains Davkn- roKT, Garbmek, Johmsom, Sixlt and Marshall— on enumerating their number of alain and wounded, it waa found as follows :•— . <, ; , . v. Of the companiet ecmmandei by m Captains Mosklt, Olivbb, Gabdker, JOHNSOir, Davcvport, ■ '^, Gallup, blXLT, Watts, Marshall, GORAM, . Sachem Unjcas, 10 killed, 40 wounded* SO 11 18 15 38 33 19 85 ■■'ft.. T«>tAl359 Total 4Qf .•H" "^.1 J hi * . li J B I i| >. ■' I • # ^»l-r It ' The Pequod, Narraganset and Nipnet tribes, being; b]r the late act ion, nearly extctmiDated, the frw that lur- vired (by the direction of PniLip) fled in small partlei to different parts of the country, improving every oppor- tunity that presented to revenge the deaths of their brethren. — On the lOth February, 1678, about 100 of them surprized the inhabitants of Lancaster, (Mass.) a part of whom, as a place of greater safety, had the day previous resorted to the dwrelling of the Rev. Mr. Rowl- and, this however being constructed of dry logs, was set Bre to by the Indians*! which the unfortunate Eng- lish wiihin being unable to extinguish, they fell victims to the devouring flames.->pOn*the 2i9t the enemy attack- ed the inhabitants of Medfic'd, 32 oi yrhom |they kiH«4 and of the remainder made captives* On the 2d March, the Indians still continuing theie depredations, two companies of cavalry, ui>der the «om- mand of Capt. Piebce and Capt. Watsins, were cj>- dered out for the purpose of protecting the [defenceless inhabitants of the towns most dangerously situated— on the 4th they marched to Pautuxet, near where there were a considerable body of Indians encamped, whom^ on the morning of the 5th, they fell in with and attack- ed — the enemy at first appeared but few in number, but these were only employed to decoy the English, who, on a sudden, found themselves surrounded by more than 300 Indiaas, who, with their tomahawks and scalping knives, rushing furiously upon them, threatened them with instant destruction !— The English now acting upon the defensive, although surrounded by five times their number, fought with their usual spirit, and were resolved to sell their lives as dfsaily as possible, they were very soon however compdillbd to yield to the superior force of their savage enemies ; but five escaped !— This victo- ry, though uf coiibiderable importance t» the savagti;^ ■X .i^^^: *■ -39- ,i„/ > ^he fire>arms of ihe conquered falling into their hands) cost them a aumber of their bravest warriors, 100 of whom were the proceeding day found dead upon ihe field of action— there were in this engagement about 30 friendly Incic^ns with the English, who fought like dei- peradoes, one of ihcm observing Capt. Pieicb unable to stand, in const-quence of the many wounds he had re- ceived, for nearly two hours bravely defended him ; when perceiving his own iminent danger, and that he could afford the captain no further aisistance, by blackttig his face as the entmy had done, escaped unnoticed. On the 25ih March, a party of Indians attacked and burnt the towns of Weymouth and Warwick, killing a great number of the inhabi'.antB.— On the I Oh April follovting they pillaged and burnt Rchoboth and Provi> ence. , w* On the I St May, a company of English and 150 Mo- hegons, under command of Capt. Geobce DKNNisoir» were sent in pursuit of a body of the enemy command' ed by the son of Miaxtinomi ; on the 8ih they met with and attacked them, near Groton — the Indians, ap- parently determined on victory or death, displayed an unusual degree of courage, but the English and Mohe- gans proved too strong for them, who after destroying the greater part with their muskets and tomahawks, drove the remainder into a neighboring river, where they icon perished. On the 33d, Conokchet, Sachem of the few scattered remains of the Narragansets, proposed to his Council that the lands bordering on Connecticut river, not inhab- ited by the English, should be by them planted with corn, for their future subsistence, which being approved of by the latter, 300 of the Narragansets were despatch- ed for this purpose— the GoveriHr being apprized of their intentions, despatched three companies of cavalry to in- ■'^^ \\ ■' I *>, '■M J > M t II H [ • >r ^ ^40— ' !■ (fefeept tliem ; about lOO of the Mohe|;ani, under tfi< commantl of ONx>io, (the eon of Uncab) accompanied the English—the enemjr were commanded by Coiro*- CBET in peraoni who first proceeded to Seconk to pro* cure seed corn ; it was in the neighborhood of this place that they were first met with and engaged bjr the' English and Mobegans— the enemy with becoming bra- very, for Q long time withstood the attack, but being but poorly provided with weapons, they were at length over- powered, and compelled to yield to the superior power of their ene tes— In the midst of the action Conomc^bt* fearful of the issue, deserted his men and attempted to- ieek shelter in a neighboring wood, but being recognized by the Mohegans, they pursued hira— Cokomchbt, per- ceiving himself nearly overtaken by his pursuers, to fa- cilitate his flight first threw away his blanket, and then his silver laced coat (with which he had been presented by the English a few weeks previous,) but finding that he could not escape from his pursuers by flight, he plung- ed into a rivery where he was even followed by half a dozen resolute Mohegans, who laying hold of him for- ced him under water and there held him until drowned* —The loss of the English and Mohegans in this en- gagement was I a killed and 31 wounded, that of the enemy was 43 killed and about 80 wounded. The inhabitants of New-London, Norwich and Ston^ ington, having frequently discovered a number of the enemy lurking about in small bodies, in the adjacent woods, by joint agreement voluntarily enHstcd them- selves (to the number of 300) under the command of Major Palmbm, and Captains Dknnison, and AvxbT| who with the assistance of the Mohegans, and a few friendly Narragansets, Jn three expeditions, destroyed nearly 1000 of the enemy. On the ^8th June the Indians assaulted and burnt .\ j>^ -^v m ridgeiratcr, • nnall Mttleiiiciit in tbe coloiif of Mmm^ dinMtti, fcrty of iu inhihitMrti fell fteUmt to Mvage On tho iStli • tmftf oDgt^mtm took place betwceoi ^ company of English cavalry and aboot 300 of the ene* nty, oaar Groton^thc latter were not perceived by tho lbrmer» until they were within a few paces of them (tho Indiana having concealed themseltea in* the bushes) wheii suddenly issuing forth with a hideous yell, the cavalry were thrown into some confusiont but again fwming and charging the coemyt ihey fled in every direction ; tho cavalry in attempting to puriue themi were once mora ambushed } the contest now became close and severei the Indians having succeeded in decoying tbe English into a thick'Wood} attacked them with great fury and success.—^ The commander of the Erfglihh being killed* every man sought his own safety-— of fo»ty-five« of which this com- pany was composed, hwt thirteen CKsped !— the loss of the enemy wost however, probably much greater; ^ The Governor and Council of Massachusetiaf colony* aware of the danger to which mahy of the inland settle- ments were escposisd) by frequent incursions 61 the enemyi and finding it extremely difficult to raisers sufficient force to oppose them in the many parts to which the fragments of the broken tribts had resorted, adopted the policy of sending among them) as spies, such Indians as could be depended on i which plan had its desired effect— these Indians rcpresentiiig the force of the English much greater thaii it really was, tfld warning the snemy of danger #hleh did not at that time exist, deterred them from acting, in tinny Instances, on the offensive.— One of the friendly Indians returning, to Boston on the lOth Julff reported'aV fallows :—" that a large number of In- diana were embodied in a wood n^ar Lancilster, which place they imendct tO attack and burn in a few days, that F ■■' -(K- ;' » tllili ;i;!: Hii ill 11 -*)L 4» m^ # # — 4t-« (hey had been encouraged to continue the war with tBH English by trenckmtny from the great lake, who had au^ plied them with iii'e>arm$ «nd ammunition !" '^ i*^ On the receipt of thia important information, the Gov- ernor despatched three companies of cavalry, und.$r the command of Major Sava«e, for the defence of Lancas> ter, who unfortunately by mtataking the road fell into an ambush of about 350 Indians, by whom they were in> stantly surrounded— the English exhibited great presence of mind, and repelled the attack of the enemy in a very heroic manner ; the latter being, however, well provided with fire arms, soon gained a complete victory over the English, whose loss, in thia unfortunate engagement was lifty>four !— >the lose of '.he enemy could not be aaeer* tained, as they remained masters of the field of action. On the 13th August, a party of Indians entered the town of Westfield, and took a number of the inhabitanta prisoners, and burnt several houses.— Three of them soon after made their appearance at a house near said town and fired at the man at his door, who fell ; they ran towards him, and one of them stooping to scalp him> he was saluted by the man's wife, with a stroke from a large hatchet in his back, which went so completely into his body, that at three different efforts, she could not dis- engage it, and the Indian made off with it sticking in him ; a second Indian also made an attempt, when she, by a well directed stroke with a atick she had got, laid him on the ground } the third then run, and the other, aa soon 9s he had recovered his feet, followed the exam- plct on which the woman took her husband in her arms and carried him into the house, where he soon after re- covered* ' '*»* On the 17th, a pfirty of Indians commenced an attack on Northampton, but there being a number of Englisb aoldiers therein stationed, the enemy Were repuUed* ^^^ 111' •« >V -." V; V' ^ # .^r*' »4«— > » •^n the SOiht t number of tlie inhabitants of Spring- fiild were attacked by a party of Indiana aa thcv were 'returning from dirine iervice» and although tw6 ibrmer were provided with fire>armSf the enemy succeeded in making prisoners of two women and several children, whom th%y soqn after inhumanly tomahawked and scalp- •d« in which situation they were the succeeding day found by a party of Eu^-Ush, sent out in pursuit of the ene- my—one of the unfortunate women (although shocking- ly mangled) was found still alive* and when so far recov- ered as to be Enabled to speak, gave the following ac< <:ount of the fate of her unfortunate companions, to wit t — '( That they were first conveyed by the savages to a thick wood* where they were severally bound with cords* th»t the Indians soon after built a fire and regaled them- aelves with what they had previously stolen from the Eng- lish ; that soon after a warm dispute arose between them» relative to the prisoners, each claiming the wo- men fov their squaws (or wives) that they at length pro- ceeded to blows, and after beating each other for some time with clubs, it was agreed by both parties (to pre- vent further altercation) that the women should be put to death, which they, as they supposed, carried imme- diately into execution ; the unfortunate narrator, receiv- ed a severe blow on the head, which brought her sense- less to the ground, and while in this situation, was scalp- ed and left for dead by her savage enemies !" The inhabitants cf Sudbury, with a company of sol- diers, under the command of Lieut. Jacobs, of Marlbo- rough, alarmed at the near approach of the enemy (who, to the number of about SOO were encamped near tbut place) resolved to attack them at night ; accordingly on the 6th September, they marched within view of them* and at night (as they lay extended around a large fire) approached them unperceivcd, until within gun aliot. V i> \ r (■• r i' i; " , ■'■U i , p ■ i ^ 1 ■ 1. •r ' I i I r 7 ( J if ,. I I »<*. ^} !■ y."v ■••'t^ m fodlmt In tht ieMi and pretumiitt tbeoi to bt hut fcw In number, pursued tad attacked thenii wIm> rtry mwi rt« treated to the fataf spot where their treacherous brcthrea faf concealed and p^'cpareil to give their pttrmers a warm If not a fatal reception i here tlicjr were cloself pursued bf the English, who too late diacevered the fatal snare which had been Uid for them ; in an instant tbef were completely surroun! f I I \ u m f I , 1, f ( •i\ \\ t I 'ill * . li \ "■ **^'' i ff 11 , d '■'I ' i|i \ 1', 1 ''I i - ' ■ 1' ■ ; 1 ' ' 1 it . 1 1 1 1 1 i '111 ! ft. '/■ 1 1 ■ 1 t ( '1 1 i i 1 ; V'-" Liii 'a'^ #» -^««- Af •teljr thereupon attempted to evade them bjr retirinf 'mp to a thicket, bat that the Indians (who it appeared had before obterred her) found her after a few momenta aearch, and compeltrd her to accompanjr them to her settlement, about 40 miles diitant— it was here thef gave her to understand she must remain and become their tquaw, and dress and cook their victuals— that the A remained with them about three weeks, during which 9k time they made several expeditions agsinst the English, T vMd retumtd with a great number of scalps—- that on the ^%li|;ht of the 6th December, they returned with six hor- VmL which thef had stolen from the English, which hav- ing tymed into a small enclosure, thejr set out on a new expedition— that she viewed this as a favourable oppor- tunity to escape, to effect which, she caught and mount- ed one of the horsesi and making use of a strip of bark for a bridle* she penetrated a wild and pathless wood* and arrived at Concord at seven o'clock the proceeding morning, having travelled all the preceding night to e* vade the pursuit of the enemy !"— In like manner did one of the children of Mr. Eamxs (of whose capture - mention is made in the preceding page) escape from the Indians, although but ten years of age, he travelled six-" ty miles through an uninhabited wood, subsisting on a. crons ! On the 13th December a party of Indians iittacked and killed several of the inhabitants of Bradford. The Governor, for the protection of the defenceless inhabi* . tants on the Merrimack, ordered the raising and equip- ping of four companies of cavalry, to the command oi which were appointed as captains, Messrs. Sill, Cut- ler, HozlloxB and Prknticb. On the 2Sd the above troops proceeded for the borders of the Merrimack, and on the 36th they fell in with a con- siderjkble body of the enemy whom they engaged and • * m. -4^- templetely dcfMtcd.— On the 9nd Jinaaij} I66f, Cspl. PiMTici, detached from the main bodjr, fell in with and engaged about 100 of the enerojr near Rchobolh, whom he likewise defeated) but with contiderable lost oi» hit part. On the 5tb, the ion of the braTe Capt. Holtobk, of Springfieldi receiving information that a number of the enemy in amall bodies were skulking about in the woods bordering on that town, with twentf resolute young men ^ marched out to attack them— falling in with a considera* ^ ble body of them, an engagement ehsucd* which though* severe terminated at length in favour of the English-^ the Indians being furnished with fire>arms, were unwtU ling to give ground* and would probably have remained masters of the field, had not the English received a re- inforcement which put them to flight — the loss of the English in thi« engagement was 5 killed and 9 wound- ed, and that of the enemy, 21 killed, and 99 wounded. The savages were no longer confined to any particulai* tribe, or pUCe, but in parties from 50 to 300, were scat- tered all over the thinly inhabited part» of New England —a considerable number of them were yet in the neigh- borhood of Hadley, Deerfield and Northampton, where ' they were continually committing their wanton acts of ' barbarity.— I'he inhabitan;s of the above mentioned towns, duly reflecting on the ganger to which they were daily exposed, formed themselves into several companies and made choice of their commanders.— 'On the 2d of February, receiving information that there were near 200 Indians embodied in a swamp in the neighberhood of Deerfield, the above mentioned force march^ out to at- tack them ; arriving within view of them about day- break, they discovered the whole stretched out upon the ground around their fire, wrapped in the arms of Mor- pheus— the cavalry immediately thereupon idigbtedi and ¥' ,m I i !l !1 J 'If I I ii ;'» 1^ u I l» t 'I : Mi ilj ii; M ! P 4&e^ iibrminc: themMlvet, ■pproubed them wUhio ^» ■ tol shot before they were ditcovered by the enemy ; wfab^ being tuddeoly urouted from their ilumber, and Mton* ' ished at the unexpected appearaoce of to many of their ^nemie&t fe)l an ea%y prey to the English, who, without the lost of a man, killed 130 of them ; the remainder, aa the only meaos of escape, hating plunged into a ri?erf irhere probably many of them perished* Although the English atchieved (his action without any 'loss on their part, they were on their return unhappily mnbushed by about 400 of the enemy— the English hav- • ing expended all their ammunition in the late engage- ment, and being much fatigued, were now in turn likely t6 fall an ea»y prey to their enemies, who, with their bloody knivea and tomahawks, for the spa^ of a6 hour, attacked them t*ith the greatest success— >not one of the English, it is probable, would have survived this bloody and unexpected attack, had it not been for the presence bf mind of their brave commander (Capt. Holtoke,)^ Irho by a stratagem, succeeded in saving a part of them —Capt. HoLtoKB had his horse killed under him, and at one time was attacked by five of the enemy, whom he beat off with his cutlass ;— >the loss of the English in this unfortunate action was 5 1 killed and 84 wounded) many of the latter survived the actibn but a fety days— the defeat and destruction of the English in this engage- ment was much to be lamented, as among the alaiir were the heads of several families who had volunteered their services in defence of their infant settlements. On the lOtb, several hundreds of the enemy, eneodr^ aged by th|ir late succesKy appeared before Hatfield and fired several dwelling, houses without the fortification of the town— the fnhabitams of Hadley being seasonably apprised of the situation of their brethren at Hatfield, a number of them voltmteered their services and marcbei ^9- to their relief—the Indians ai thejr were accuat^itted to do, on the approach of the ^ngliaht Ujr flat 0b their bel- lies until thef were within bow shot, when partly rising, they discharg^^ a shower of arrows Imong them^ which wounded scTerai of the l£iiglish, bat the latter bating wisely reierved their fire, now levelled their pieces with the best effect at the enemy, before l^y had time to ren cover their legSt which killing a number of them, the re* maindCi ^ad with great precipitancy. On the Sd'r'ebruary the Governor of the Colonies re- 'ceiving information that the Indians were collecting in great numbers near BroOklBeld, despatched Cftpt. HKXaK- MAN, with 50 men to dislodge them, who proceeding first to Hadley, was joined by a company of cavalry front Hartford-— on the ninth they discovered and attacked a party of Indians near Lancaster, they killed fifty of them, and took between fifty and sixty of their women and chil- dren prisoners. -~.Capt. Hencbman on \m way to Brook- field, discovered the dead bodias of several of lv5'Coun- trymen half consumed by fire, who it appeared had a fe^i' days previous fallen victims to the wanton barbarity of ihttsaviigesj^ The scattered remains of the enemy being now so completely harraesed and driven from place to place by the English, a nunaber of ihem resorted to tho we&tern country, then inhabited by the Mohawks ; but the latter being on friendly teiois with the English and Dutch, who ivere settling among them, were unwilling tohal'bor their enerhies, and consequently attacked a considerable body of them on the 5lK March ; the engagement was a severe one — the fugitive Indians being furnished Wi'.h firearms, repelled the attack of the Mohawks with a becoming spi* rit, but at length were Overpowered and completely de- fpated-^ithe loss o^ both sides was very great. On the lOih, the Indians took a Mr. Wxllet prisoner .^^ n i* u I f ' Is . t ,.11 ■ i III '» ( 1 \\u (i t:, i\l Hi I !i ' 1 v' . 5 i : 1 * 1 ! liJ 'i-it' f --.#0— , ;l.5 . ■I, |i I 5^car S*anaejr, Ma<^ after cutiiiig off hi» ear* and nouSr set him pt Jibertyt in which situation he retarnec! nearlj exhauMed with loss of blood to his family.-- On the 20ihi a negro man who had been for several months a priiou- er ^ong thetn, made his escape and returned to tlie English, to whom he gave the following information, to wit :— .that the enemy were concerting a plan to attack 1'aunton and the villages adjacent— that for this purpose Iherewere then embodied near Worcester, 1000 of ths.a, one hundred of whom were furnished wi'K lire-aims — that a few days previous to his escep** a scouting parly arrived and brought in with thetn twenty head of horn- ed caule and seven humijin «calps !— -To fru&lrale the iti- tenlions of the enemy, the Governor defi|}atched three lompaiiies of rav'lry for the defence of Taunton. The Enghijh ot Connecticut colony (alihougb but! troubled with th« enemy since the destruction of the Pe« quods) were willing to afford their brelhren all the assis- tance poisible, In a prptt acted and bloody war with their Jinmerciful foes— they accordingly furnished three com- panies of cavalry, who, under the command of the experi- enced Major Talcott, oh the 2d April proceeded to the westward, in search of the enemy— on the 6th thejPfeU in with aUacked and defeated a considerable body of them— appsreiiily, by the special direction of divine pro- vidence, Maj. Talcott arrived in the neighborhood of lladley, in lime to preserve that town, and save its unfor- tunate inhabitants from total destruction !— the etiemy to the number of 500, were on the eve of entering the town when ihey were met by the Major, with the troops under his command ; this unexpected relief animating liie few inha'uitauls wt»ich the town contained, they has- tened to the assistance of their brethren, who at this mo. mcnt were fic-riousiy engaged with the whole body of the' enemj— -viciory for a long time appeared uncerlam— tl\« *»■ >^'^^M- ■ r —51— enemy at the comm^rncement of the action having galnei aome signal advantages, victory for a considerable lime appeared likely to decide in their favor—fortunately, the inhabitants of Hadley having for their defence -a few weelis previous, procured from Boston an eight pounder, it veas at this critical period loaded by the women, and being mounted, was conveyed hy them to the English, which (being loaded with nails, small shot. Sec.) was by them discharged with the best effect upon the enemyi who immediately thereupon fled in every direction— thus it was that the English in a great measure) owed the preservation ot their lives to the unexampled heroism of a few women ! The Governor and Cnnncil of the United Colonies, taking under serious cou -:■ : tion the miraculous escape of the inhabitants of H. '.,', trorn total destruction, and the late success of the arms of the English in various parts of the country, appointed the 27ih day of August, 1669, to be observed thror hout the Colonies as a day of Fuilie Thanksgiving anu Praise to Alkigbtt God • —this, it may be well to observe, was the commence- meA of an mnual custom of our forefathers, which to the present day, is so religiously observed by their de- scendants throughout the New- England states. On the Sd September, the Connecticut forces under command of Major Talcott, and Captains Denvison and Newburt, proceeded to Narraganset in quest of the enemy, who to the number of about 300 had a few days previous been discovered in a piece of woods near Mount Hope— the English were accompanied by their faiihiu' friend, Uncas, with iOO Mohegans under his command. —In the evening of the 6tb, they discovered the In" dians encamped at the foot of a steep hill, on which Ma- jor Talcott made arrangements for an attack— the Mohegans were ordered by a circuitous route to gain tho ■■'I m ■'IflJ/:: 1 t: r? i 1 1 1 I I 'm: j| ] ■ ■( i ii # •prnmit of the bill) to prevent the flight of the enemj-rs two corapanies of cavalry were ordered to flank them oi| the right and lefty while Major TalcotTi with a com* pany of foot} atationed ' .aself in their rear— having thi|8 diyposed of his forct&f a ijgnal gun waa fired for the Mohegaqs to commence the attack, which thej did * * find with such spirit (accompanied bj their savage yells) that Ibai! the enemy been renowned for -.heir bravery the)?, jpiist have been to the highest degree appalled at so un. expected an onset !— after contending a few momenta with the Mohegans, they were attacked on the right and left by the cavaii-y, who with their cutlasses made great havock among them i they were .h(^weiMta|^wiIUng tq give ground until they had lost niearly ^SP^half their number, when they attempted a flight to a swannp in- their rear, but here they were met by Maj. Talcott*. with the company of foot, who gave them so warm a. reception that they once more fell back upon the Moher gana, by whom they were very soon overpowered, and would have been \t holly destroyed had not Maj. Tai^- ^OTT humanly interfered in their behalf, and made pris. oneis of the few that remained alive— among the latter was their leader, a squaw, commonly termed the queen of N&rraganset ; and among them an active young fel-^ low who begged to be delivered . into the hands of the *■ Mohegansy that they might put him to death in their awn way, and sacrifice him to their cruel genius of re- venge in which they tfo much delighted !•— The Engli^hy although naturally averse to acts of savage barbarity, were not in this instance unwilling to comply with the^ voluntary although unnatural request of the prisoner, as it appeared that he had exultingly boasted in presence of. the Mohegans of having killed 19 of the English with^,' his gun, and after charging it for the 30th (there be- ing no mere of the latter within reach) he levelled at i| ■;■•■(*«■ X. ' s m m- W'.IW 11 ^^(oiiegan} whom he killed^ which completingi bi» imnN ber, he was willing to die by their hands !•— the Mobe- g«ot «Gcordinglf begiin to prepa/e for the tiag^cal e* VCDt-i-fornung ihemtelves into a circle (admitting aa inany of the English at w$re disposed to witnesa their « tragical proceedings) the prisoner was placed in the^. centre, when ope of the MoheganSf who in the late en- ■ fagement had lost a brother, with hia. knife cut off tli«'> prisoners eartt ! then hii note I and then the fingers of each hand 1— and after the relapse of a ftiw moments^ i'V ^ug out bis eyes and filled their, sockets with hot em^ ben) 1 !-— (iltbough the few English present were over- f:oiQe with n view of a scene so sliocking to humanity, yet the prisoner (set far from bewailing his f^iVe) seemed to anrp^s his tormentors in expressions of joy I— wheiv/ nearly exhausted with the loss of blopd, and uuuble longer to stand, his executioner closed (he tragic scene -^ by beating: outhis^braios with a roinahawk ! The few Indijii;^: thaV now remained in the neighbor- |ipod of PlymQuth colony, being in a st^'.e of starvation, , they surrendered themselves. prisoners to the English;^ pne^ of whoB^ being recognized as the person whD had a., few days previous inhumanly murdered the daughterof a ^ Mr. Clarke, was, by order of the Governo'-, publicly" executed; the remainder were retained and treated ai^ prisoners of war*— By the assistance oi one of the pri- , soners, who 8erved,jis guide, SO more of the enemy were . . #' pn thje proceeding, day surprized and taken prisoners by ^ the Engliiih. ~^ The troops under the command of Major Bbadford, , and Captains Mosslt and Bxattle, on the ISih Sep-, ; tiypber surprized : and took ISO of the <:neniy pri-.oners ; near Pautuxet, among whom wss the squaw of the cele- brated PaiLip— andon the day propeeding, learning that .' |he enepy in coBsiderable bodies were rowing about it)^ } * \ iJp^ a ,»•.... "■'" . ..f . -V •^vy.ir, X' txptcted) gA?« groandt but being rttUed by their old witf experienced coramaoderiCapt. Cbuach, thejr mthed up* on them with luch impetuotity thAt the enemy -were thrown into confusion uid dislodged from their coverte— the action continued aboii^.iiD hour and a quarter— the Englilh Bad 7 men killedi aad U wounded, among whom was their brave commander^ who received an arrow through hit left arni'^the loss of the enemy was 33 kil- led) and between 60 and 70 wounded. On the 34th, information was forwarded the Governor and Council that the famous Pmilip (who bad been for a long time skulking about in the woods near J^ount-Hope> much disheartened by the ill-success of his countrymen) was the morning preceding discovered in a swamp near that place, attended by about 90 Seaconet ImU&na ; on which Lhe brave Capt. Chukch, with his little band of in- vincibles were immediately despatched in pursuit of him — Capu CBtiBca was accompanied as usv by a number of the Mobegans, and a few friendly Seaconet Indians— on the 'S'th they arrived in the neighborhood of the swampt ^^^^ the border of which he stationed several of the Mobegans, to intercept Philip, in case he should at. tempt an escape therefrom* Capt« ChuhcHi at the head of bts little band, now with unconquerable resolution plunged into the sv/amp, and wading nearly to his waist in water discovered and atvacked the enemy—- The In- dians were nearly 100 strongt'but being unexpectedly at- tacked they made no resistance but tied iu every direc. tlon, the inaccessible state of the swamp however pre- vented the English from pursuing; them with success— their dependence was now upon their friends stationed withoi|t— nor did it appear that those faithful fellowH suf- fered so good an opportunity to pass nnimproved— -the report of their muskets convinced Capt. Cauacu ihut they wei^ doijig their duty—iin 6QfiJGUmau;»o of Mrbicb>> 11 ."^^ aa w- ' ^ ' t kg #i« Ui^ MtmilVtT "pWiknted with the htki of Kti^ f*Hitt>f it appeaKd In iitttnipting: to flf fram Mt par* ivet^ irk* ireognized b)r ont of tlte RnglUh who had hlM vtationed with the Mohegtbs to intercept him, aoit allHiM)iM he let eiled his p\cte, bot the primiftg being on- hyfttitiately tret attd preventing the discharge thereof, the canning Saehem would yet have encaped^ had not one ot the br&ve «on» of Umcas at this instant given htm the iiOtitents of hit mtksket !— >the ball went directly through hh heart !~~4knd thob fell by the hapda of a faithftil Mobe- gah, the famous PMii.ll> ! who was thcf (injector and in- itigator of a war whieh not only proved the cauae of hie own deatruction, bdt that of nearly all his tribe, once the must numerous of any inhabiting N6w>England. It was at this importfent instant that the English were made wUnesscs of a remarkable instance of savage cus- tbm-— Uncas, on leafhing that PntLip had fallen by the hand of one of his tribe, urged that agreeable to their custom, he had an undoubted right to the body, and a ri^ht to feast hikliself with a piece thereof, which thi English not objecting to, he deliberately drew his long knife from his girdle and wi it detached a pit:ce of flesh froiii the bleeding body of Punap of {.bout one pound Weight, which he broiled and eai, in the mean time declaring (hSit *< he had not for ttiariy moons eaten any ihi$ijg with so good an oppetiie !** The head of PditiP was de- uched frofn his body and ij^t (by Cnpt. Chukcb) ^o Bus* ton, to be presented to the GoTefrior and Council, as a iraltiable trophy. The few hostile Indians that now remained within the United Colonies, conscious that if so fortunate as to t\ tade the vigilanee of the English, they must soon *^iUt victims to the previiling fafhihe, Bed with their famlliea far to iht irest^aind ; the EngKsh were disposed ritiit i U 1l .,^f I - ./ -4f«. id faeiliut* tban pre?eot their flight : baviag been for t liumber of years engaged in a dettractive and hloodf war with them» thtf ware willing that the few that re- mained alive should escape to a coontrft so far distantf that there was no probabilltj of their tvtuming to reas« •ume the bleodf tomahawk !•— impressed with this Idop* and that the enemjr were completely estetroinatedi thef lirere about to bury the hatchet and turn their attention to agricaliural pursuits, when by an express, they were ii' formed that the natives in the eastern part of the country (Province of Maine) had unprovokedly attacked and kil- led a number of the Engliab in that quarter. To quench the flame which appeared to be enkindling Hn the east, the Governor despatched four companiea of cavalry to the relief of the unforiunaie inhabitants*— The «nemy (who were of the Kennebeck and Amoscoggin tribes) Unt attacked witt) unprecedented fury the de^ fenceless inluibitants settled on Kcnnebcck river, the most of whom were destroyed or dispersed by them* On the 9d November, about 700 of the enemy attack- ed with their accustomed fury (accompanied by their sav- age yells) the inhabitants of Newchcwannick, an English settlement situatetl 9 few miles from the mouth of the i'wer Kennebeck-»before they had fully accomplished their hellish purpose, they were surprised by the troops sent from Boston, between whom a most bloody engage- ment now ei»oe4'— the Indians, encouraged by their ntim* hers, repelled the attack of the English in so heroic a manner, that the latter were very soon thrown into dis- order and driven out of town, where they again formed faced about and in turn charged the enemy with uDcon> querable resolution !— the contest now became close and •evMre, the savages with their terrific yells dexteriously burled their tomahawks among the English, while the latter with as much dexterity, attacked aivd mowed them H .<^ (I !' I ^^ It -f i 11 ■■ iii I ',; \V -Irt- ir down with their cutla«iet !— >each wert apparently deter*- ikiined on victory or death !— the English at one mdmenff unable to withstand the impetuosity of the aaYages, would give gfound—at the next, the latter hard pushed by the cavalry, would fall back—thus for the space of two hourn did victory appear ballancing between the two contendinfp parties—the field of action was covered with the alainr while the adjacent woods resounded with the shrieks and <;roans of the wounded ! — At this critical juncture th«'' English, when on the very point of surrendering, were providentially preserved by a stratagem— in the heat of the action, Major Bradford despatched a company of cavalry by a circuitous route to attack the enemy in the rear, which had the mobt happy cfTect— the enemy sus- pecting this company a reinforcement of the English, ' ■ lied in every direction, leaving the English masters of the field— thus, after two hours hard fighting, did the English obtain a victory at the expence of the lives of more than half their number !— their killed and wounded amounted to ninety-nine !— the loss of the enemy was not ascer- tained, it was however probably three times greater than that of '.he English. The day proceeding this bloody engagement, a lieu- tenant with 13 men were sent by the commander to the place of action to bury their dead, when they were a few rods therefrom, unexpectedly attacked by about 100 of the eneroy« who had lain in anibush— ^the lieutenant ordered his men to reserve their fire until they could dis- charge with the best effect upon the enemy, by whom they were soon surrounded and furiously attacked oo all aides ; the savages yelling horribly, brandished their long knives in the air, yet crimsoned with the biood of their countrymen— the brave little band however remain- ed'firro and undaunted, and as the savages approached tbcnii each taking proper aimi discharged with so gooj^ «('. ,:,. if If ^ —59-^ effect u|Km them, thit the Indiani, •raued tt the imtan. uneouB destruction of to manjr of their comradet, flc4 in everjr direction— the English tuitained no lost. On the 5th the enemy Miccessfulljr atucked the in«^ habitants of the village of Cascoi 30 of whom Ihej kil* led and made captives of the family of a Mr. Brackbti who on the 7th in the following manner made their es- cape :<— the Indians on their return to their wigwarms, learning that a detached party of their brethren had at* tacked with success and plundered the village of Arow- aicki to enjoy a share of the spoil hastened to join themt leaving the prisoners in the care of two old men and three squaws—Mr. Brackbti whose family consis- ted of himself, wife, three small children and a negro lad, viewed this as x favourable opportunity to escape* to effect which, he requested the negro lad to attempt an escape by flight, which (being uncommonly active) he easily effected ; the plan of Mrc Bracket had now its desired effect, as the old men pursuing the negro, left him and his family guarded only by the three squaws, whom (being intoxicated) he soon dispatched and re- turned the day proceeding with his family to Casco» where the negro lad had arrived some hours before. ^^ On the I5tb the Indiana attacked the dwelling houses of a Capt. BoNiTRoN, and Maj. Philips, situated on the east side of Casco river— they having seasonable no- tice of the hostile views of the enemy the family of the former (as a place of greater safety) had resoritd to the hou^e of the latter a few moments previous to the at- tack.— The savages 6rst communicaiing fire to the house of Capta BoNiTHON next proceeded funuusly to attack the dwelling of Maj. Pat L.1 PS, in which there were a- bout twenty personti, by whom it was most gallantly de- fended—the enemy had their leader and a number of their party killed by the fire of the English— dispairing iti, ',: r. i i, I I i < a : I ;»l (1.1 I { I » 5 I f •r lakiof tlM hoMe bf MMvll iber adoplMl • b«w fli% to commmicate ire (iMreto— 4bt)r proeorvd ■ e«nUg« on which they etected a Maget in front of which waa • barricador rendered bttikt proof, and to which long poles were attachedi nearly SO feet in length, to th* end* of which were aAsed every kind of combmtibie, anch as birch rindt, straw, pitch pine, kc— the IndiaM were sheltered by the barricador from the fire of the English while they approached the walla of the houat with their carriage—the English were now on the eve of despairing, when fortunately one of the wheela of the carriage being brought in contact with a rock, waa tnrned completely round, which exposed the whole bodf of Indians to their ^re !— this unexpected opportunitf was improved with the greateat advantage by the Eng- lish, who with a few rounds aoon dispersed the aaemy with no inconsiderable lots. The day following the Indians attacked and set fire t^ the house of % Mr. WakblT) whom with his whole family they mnrdered— a company of English apprised of i;heir dangerous situation marched to their relief» but arrive'1 too late to afTord them aBftistance<^they found the house nf the unfortunate family rcdtKed to ashes, »• mong which they discovered their daaogled bodies half consumed by fire i The savsges, emboldened by their late success, on the SOth attacked a small settlement on Piscataqua river, and succeeded in murdering a part and carrying away the re- mainder of the inlnd)itants into captivity—as an instance of their wanton barbarity, it should foe here mentioned, that after tomahawking and scalping one of the unfortu^ nate women of the above place, they bound to the dead body her little infant, in which situation it was the pro- ceeding day discovered by the English, attempting l^ dravr noisrishmcnt from its mother's breast} ^ %- «• ^•l~ fj *■■, Tbt GovtffMT tml Council oT the UrHmI rnltJn, coBMiving it ih«ir dutjr it poisiblc lo put • final Moi^ to the r«v«ge« of the enemy in the cait, and to prcveiu tb« Either *ff«kioii •£ innocem blood, doapuchcd Major Wallis mnI Mtfjov BnAsvotD, wUh nine com{Mnica un- Aft their comfaand* le daairoy <* root ooo branch" ih« comnKMi «neni]ft«-OB the lat December (hey arrived in the Bcighborltood f>f Kenncbeckf near where they wc ra infbnned the main body of the enemy wore encamped-— on the morning; of the 3d, they fcil In with aod aitack'^d them*— the enetnyj who were about 800 airoog, appeared dispoftcd to' maintain tlieir grtitind, they (boght with all ibe ftiry of savaget, and even ae«aiMI th« Engii»b from tit* tope of lofty trees which they aeeended 6ir that purpose i they were poaseeted of but few fire-armt| but hurled their tomahawks with inconoaieabte eaactness, and check- ed the progrees ol the cavalry wkh loi>^ spears !->-victo« ry for a lon^ time rentained doul«*tiM ground b«in|^ covered witli aoww* greatly retarded tlie prog^oa of tho English, wi|o wouki probably have met with a defeat had not a fresli coapany of infantry arrived in timo to change the fortune of the day— these having remained inactive M a body of reserve, the commander found himself un- der the neceaaity of calling liar ihvir aid-pthe enemy disheartened «t the unexpected arrival of an additional force, now fled with precipitancy to the neighboring woodi'^but v*ery ftvt of them however escaped, mote than 300 of them remained dead upon the field ot action, «nd double that nuanber mortally wounded |—the loss of Ihe Englieh waa 55 killed, 113 wounded.-— This engage> ment, wtiich proved a decisive f>ne, was of the gveat- eat importance to the English — the great and arduous work was now completed — the few rcmaininj? Indians who inhabited the eastern country, now expressed a wish to make peace with tht English, and to bury the bloody } i #( I f Pi yi M ; i i i I ' f-i litCdiet*-4heir request was cheerfully complied withi m4 they continued ever after the faithful friends of the Eng- lish. From this important period (which >eing the 5th day , or December, 16^9) ought the peace and prosperity of the now flourishing States of New-England to receive their dale.— -It was a. this period that her hardy sons quit the sanguine field, and exchanged their implements of death for such as were better calculated for the tillage and cnlti* vation of their farmt><<-The forests with which they were encompassed, no lunger abounded with fierce and untutored savages— the war-whoop was no longer heard .->the greater part of the Indians that survived the many bloody engagements) had sought peace and retirement far westward—the prisoners which the English had captur- ed, were liberated upon condition of resorting to, and re* maining with them— they proved faithful to their pro* inise ; they took possession of the country bounding on the great lakes, and in possession of which their descend- ants remain to the present day— a description of whose manners and customs will be found in the proceeding chapter* v^ We shall close this with ft few remarks relative to the state and ludicrous opinions of the Indians, in New- England^ when first visited by our Forefathers, and of their rapid depopulation since that period. We cannot evtn hazard a conjecture respecting the Indian population of New-England^ at the time of its first settlemeit by the English. Capt. Smith, in a voyage to this coast in 1614, supposed that on the Massachusetts island, there vere about 3000 Indians-^all accounts a* gree that t'le sea coast and neighboring islands were thickiy inhabited* Three years before the arrival of the Plymouth colo- ny, a very mortal sicknesS} supposed to have been th^ *( plague, or perhaps the jrellow-feTert raged with greMf violence among the Indiana in the eastern parts of New- England* Whole towns were depopulated. The living were not able to bury the dead : and their bones wAe found lying above ground many years after. The Maa- sachusetts Indians are said to have been reduced from 30,000 to 300 fighting men. In 1633, the am all* pox swept off great numbers of the Indians in Massachu- setts. In 1763, on the island of Nantucket, in the space of four mouths, the Indians were reduced by a mortal sick- ness, from 330 to 85 souls. The hand of Providence is notable in these surprising instances of mortality among the Indians to make room for the whites. Comparitive^ ly few have perished by wars ; and the descendants of the few that were not driven to the westward by the English, waste and moulder away and in a manner un- accountable disappear. .V The number of Indians in the state of Connecticut in 177iwasone thousand three hundred and sixty>three; but their number is now doubtless much lessened. The principal part of their population in this state is at Mohe- gan, in the county of New*London — these are the de- scendants of ths Mohegans, of whom frequent mention ia made in the foregoing pages as being very serviceable (under the command of Uncas) to the English, in their many engagenntuv^ with the natives.— The Mohegans have ever exhibited great reverence fur the descendants of their royal Sachem.—' Ahcr the death of Ukcas, his body was conveyed (by his request) to Norwich, and there interred in the neighborhood of one of his forts— this, spot was selected by him, previous to his death, and it was his dying request that the whole family of Uncas should be there buried ; a request which has been strict- ly complied with by the Mohegans ; whO) although the w ■>«N='. ^- ■, / 4*- ^■'1^' diftUnet is Mven mHes from their own biiryia|(.grotttki, have ind contititie to deposit tiicre the deioendaiiM of their revered Sachem. The mimber of Indians in Rhode-Iiland in 1T83, WM (miy five hundred and twenty-five. More llian half of thebe live in Charleston, in the county of Washington.— In 1774, th« number of Indians in Rhode-Island wasone thousand four hundred and eighty-two ; so that in nine years the decrease was nine hundred and fifty sevem-^* We have not been able to ascert^n the exact »tate of the! Indian population in Massachusetts and New-Hampshire* In 1784, there was a tribe of about forty Indians at Nor- ridgewallC) in the Province of Maine, with some few other scattering remains of tribes in other parts ; and a num< ber of towns thinly inhabited round Cape Cod. When the English first arrived in America, the Indians had no time nor places set apart ior religious Worship.— The first settlers in New-England were at great pains to introduce among them the habits of civilized life, and to instruct them in the Christian religion. A few years in- tercoqrse with the Indians induced Ihem to establish sev- eral good and natural reguhtions; The Rev. Mr. Elliot, of Roxbury, near Boston, whd has been styled the great Indian apostle^ with mnch labour} learned the Nniic dialect of the Indian languages. He published an Indian grammar] and preached in Indian to several tribes, and in 1664, translated the bible and sev- eral religious books into the Indian language. He relates several pertinent queries of the Indians respecting ttie Christian religion. Among others, whether Jesus Christ, the mediator or interpreter, could understand prayer in the Indian language ? It the father be bad and the child good, why should God in the second commandment be offended witb the child \ How the Indians came to dif^ fer so much from the English in the knowledge of God V • ( ^ JL t ^ Hk ^4 . fc< .>J»^fiu«. •nd JesQs Chriit, lince thejr all fpnmg^ ftoiri one fattier Mr. Elliot was indefaiigable in his labours, and travel* Jed throogh all parts of Mafsacbosetts and Plymoutllf colonies, ai far ta Cape Cod* The colenjr had such d veneration for him, that in an act of the General Assem* biy relating to the Indians, they express themtelves ihu<,* " By the advice of the said caagistratet} and of Mr. El- liot." ' Concerning the religion of the untaught natives of Jf^evf* England^ who once held a plurality of deities, af'er the ar- rival of the English, supposed there were nnlf three, be- cause they saw people of three kinds of complexions, vix» English, Negroes, and themselves* It was a notion pretty generally prevailing among ihem^' tRat it wan not the same God made them who made ub ; bat that they ivere created after the white people ; and it is probable they supposed their God gained (iume special skill, by seeing the white people made, and so made them better ; for it is certain they looked upon themselves, and their methods of< livings which they say their God ex- pressly prescribed f^r them, vastly preferable to the white people and their methods. > With regard: to a future st«te of existence, many of them imagined that the chichuvg, i. c. the shadow, or what 'survived the body, would at death go scuihwardi and in an unknown but curious place— viouid enjoy- some kind of happiness, such as hunting, feasting, dancing, and tiie like^ And what they supposed would contributci muah to their happiness, was^ that they sboujd there ncv* er he weary of those entertainments. ^. «'« ^ji ;!>:,« - > » The natives oi New-England believed not only a plu. sality of Guds, whomadaand governed- the several na« tion» of the wH>rid ; but they rttade deities of every thing l4iey imagined to be great, poweiful, beneficial, and hurt* ^ to mankind ; yet tbof oonceivtd< an Almighty Being) I "Mir^ „t«Vu. I ' 1 ! i t^i i.wk'^iit« Imbi thtf called Kichtav, who at first, according W l)ttir tradiiioni mide a man and a woman out of atonct l»ut upon come diahke deatroycd ihenr egain, vrd thtii Siadc another couple out of a trccy ficm ^hom dtarcnd> td all Ui« nationa of the earth } but how tlty came to b« . acAtiered and dispersed into countries »o rt mote from one tDotber the;|r could not tell. They btlie«td their Su* preme God to be a good beinRt and paid a sort of ac- |,notr!edgement to him for pltnty, victory and othel' Una* its. The immortality of the aoul was universsl'y bellcfed among them* When good men died, they said, their aoula went to Kicbtav, where they met with thei» friends* and enjoyed all manner of pleasures; i»hen tht ' wicked died, they went to Kicbtav also* but uere com* manded to walk away ; and so wander about ia restkM^ discontent and darkness forever. JHjs? ' ivWNE^* -f'^t"^ •^• »«•«< ^*#AS ;**V' »H-.5 »*<■'• ,r "v-^- '- ,/i.r%^. -i^ir ''\ ■ ^ ;V< CHAP. IV. •■(-.v.rv ****»*« im PF THE DIFFERENT TRIBES OF INDIANS /M - MABITING T£E WESTERN COUATRT, • >.*■*: <^; ; WE shall now speak of the Indians who occupf the interior of America.— They are the descendants ^f Show who once inhabited the sea«coasts, and who wero driven by the English (as mentioned in the precedirg chapt*'-;« %r to the westwerdt so that but few of iheif deace.vtiants are now to be found within less than iwo or three hundred miles of the sea : for though many of them have been instructed in the knowledge of christtianity, •nd districts of land have been allotted them in aeveral ot the British colonies, where they have been formed in* to aocietica i yet it has been found that in proportion •§ % —•7-. ■ ,..4 : «- ccupy »t» lit vera edirf iheif wo or them anit7, veral din* Bonat lA«f Itf J|7 their tneiant eoitonii, in4 eMiHinii to 11^ ■lanaert of civilised life, che3r dwindle away, citlMr b«« <«Aus« th« change ii prejudicial to their cofl«titatioiMi.'J| *■ btcaufe when sett'ed amongnVe £h(|N4h :%f hatfUW.^^' opporunitiea of procnrip|t'»piritiiatt« It^uort, ' bf; •tTui effect on their constitutions, and aoon proves fatalt prodicing diseases to which thcf were formerly strangers* Thus where a few ytiars ago there were considerable aet- llementt of them, tbeir name \% alimost forgotten ; and those who aJU remain, have for the most part, joined Ihemselvea toother nations in the interior part.of tKe •ountrf , on the banks of the lak js and rivers. ^ The Indian* in Canada, and to the aouth of it, are tail and straight beyond the proportion of most other na- tions I their bodies ar« strong, but it haa been observed that thia is a atrength rather auited to endure the exer- cise of the chase* than much hard labour, by which they . are soon consumed ; they have generally supple limbs, and the smallest degree of deformity ia very rarely seen nmongsi them. Their features art regular^ their com- |»Iexioii bomewbat of a ci^^'^r color, or a reddish brown ; Iheir hair, which is long, black, and lank, ia as strong aa Ihat of a horse. They carefully eradicate the hair from •very part of (he body except tht headf and > «ere they confine it to a tuft at the top ; whence an erroneous idea lias much prevailed, that the men of thia country are na> rurally destitute 61 beards ; but it is unquestionable ihrt it i» only an artificial deprivation. They generally wear only a bhnk;t wrapped abont Ihem, or a shirt, both of which they purchase of the Eng- llfb tr^«rhs when the Curopeani §rst came among ibeni V I ' ' f! i ^-\ I « %. ■# % i(0^f fottnd iMne'iiatlona entirelf niktd» lift^lwfa irith « coftne cotton cloth, irove bjr theniselvc%' #und their iiaikt ; but in the northern parts their v ho»le bodict wci« In winter coveted with tkins. The Huron Indians possess a Tciy pleMMlf and ferfile Country on the eastern side of the lake vrhich ht&^ the tame name. Half a century ago thejr w^ re very mmttt* •fouS) and cnuld raise six ot seven hundred «¥atrrfor«. hvi they have suiiseted grei.t'y fiom the attack* oi neighbor" •ing tribes. They differ in their manners from any of thy Indiana on the coniinentt liavtog not only many hdrse<.«^ but '^on^e b!«ck caitle and lurilie* They likewise raise ujyA' corn, no that after pro- viding for iheir own wants, ihtf arc ene.bled to barter thi9 Temidnder wi;h other ir:bes. Their country extends one hundred and fifty miles eastward of the li«kfe^ 4>vt is iiar- l^wer in the contrary direct ion s the soil is iiol>cxc«cdc(l by &nir in ihis part of the world : the timber is tall and beautii\u, the wood!) abautid with game, and abundance of fish tfis^y be obtained from the rivers and lakes ; so that if it wu^: well ciiUi-'nted« the land would equal that on any part oi the sea coast of North-America. A mii- aionary of the order of Carthusian friars, by> perroissioe of the bishop of Cunada, resides among them. *»«^ *»»■ # , Ihose tribes of Indians which inhabit the l)iliAii< if lakes Cham pi uin, George, and Ontario, were formerly called Iroguoi.v, but have since been Lnown by the name of '■^ the five Mohawk nations ;" and ** the Mohawks of Canada ;'* the former are called OndAdagoes. Oniades, Seneca?, T scaaovits, and Troondock ; these fought on the side of the English in the contest tor territory with France ; the Cohnawabgans ^nd St. Francis Indiuns joined the French. ? i^ ^ ; e ; :i-*i;»;<*w. •a^ ^\. \ ^ -% '^wrfli* ||*c«rH»dg« i»hich we have of the Xril'i»n« further to the Au W. as far af bejroad 43* N. latitude, i« chiefly * <(Jtlf,fne»J from the very worthf prortncial officer Major Ca.«vba<, tvho travelled into those parta, In the ;ear 176^, SlxA wb<>\ ,>'acid manners and artless sinceri'jr iouldnot , is'A of r: ..amending him to men whom nature alone '^> bad instructed. He visited twelve nations of Ir.dians, «mong which the following appear to be the most cnn<>id- .«eraiblr; irhv Chipcwaf« who dwell to (he southward of f take siiiperiort and the Oitawaws ; (he Winntbags lo the W. of Uke Micbigiin, who with the Suuldes, and (.) ti« gj^iimicr* occupjr the whole eatent of country from the -■ luke lo the Miaaiasippi, below 43" N. b'iitide. wiitre the ^Ousconsin nver discharges itself. The Nandcwes&e, the % most numeroua and extended Indian nation, inhabit the H country on the W* of tfa; JMis^isaippii oo the borders of' % Louisiuna* • 1^ The Indiana in general are atrangera to the passion of . t jealouay ; and the most profligate of their young men :; very rarely attempt the virtue of marritd woman, nor II do such often put themselves in the way of soltcitutiont « although ihe Indion women* in general, aie armorous, « •nd, before marriagei not less esteemed for gratifying i their paasionik— 4t appears to have been a very preva* ^ lent custom with the Indians <)f this country, befoie ihef v became acquainted with the Europeans, \9 compliment a, atraagets with their wives ; and the custom still prevails, # not only among the lower rank,, but, even among the % KhxiU JieraselveSr who consider auch an offer as the '^ freafteat prooi of courtesy they can give a stranger. "'^\;; The men are remark Uile ior their indolence, on which ^ '!-'■ they even seem to vaiuK themselves ; saying that labour would degrade them* and belongs solrly to the women, ^ vhile they are fiormed only fur war, hunting and fishing ; it is, however, their business to make arms for hunting N ; fi — ro— ■ M ! •nd lines for flshing ; to fiirm thtir eaMtey aad btlM Ihtir houieii ; but ihey frequcniljr inak« th« women u* r»i ihcm in the e. benideft attending to all dommtie i^ fairs, and cuMvatinR the land. Thtj have a method of ligliing up thttir huts with torchcS} made of the aplintert cut fiom (he pine or birch tree. 'Ih^ Induiis have £;eneratljr astonishing patience and eqianimny of mindi with the command of everf pa«» ftion ex ept revenue. They bear the moat sudden and •un xiiecicd raiitruriune with calmness and c >mposare} w Utuut uuering a word, or the least change of counted tiaii'-t* Kvcn ' iL<: i!>hfili^- inj; torture to which prisoners are frequently exposed, they will not only make themielves cheerfuli but pro* vok': and initate their tormentora by most severe re- proaches* Thc-y are grave in their deportment upon se/'ous oe- casions, observant of those in company, respccttiii to the old ; of a temper cool and deliberate, by which they nre never in haste to speak before they have we'l thought of the matter, and sure that the person who spoke be- fore them has finished all that he had to say. la thei» pviblic councils, every mart is heard in his turn, accord* ing its his years, his wisdom, or his services to his conn* try, have ranked him. Not a whisper, nor a murmer is heard fi om the rest, while he speaks ; no indecent com- mendations, no ill timid applause. The young attend for their instiuction ; for here ihey learn the history of their nation, are animated by those who celebrate the wan.ke aciiooH of their ancestors ; are taught whaf; is " t (|c tbt«i«tt ol tbtir couDtr]r» «M Low to cultivatt >n4 furtuc iu ^ Hospitalitj it exercised among them with the utmou ^ncrotitjr and good will. Their houses, their prott- tiooa, even their young women, are pre«entrd to a guebt* To tbobc of their own nation they are liktwisie vt-ry hu' i^anc and beneficent. If any of ihem »urrerc1 ill in buntingi if his harvest faila, or his h<>use in burnt, ho fee la no other effect of his misfortune, than its givnuf him an opportunity of experiencing the benevolence and regard of hia countrymen, who, frr that purpose, have Aimoat every thing in common. But to the enemiei ut his country, or to those who have privately oif^rndtd him, the native American i^ implacaVic. Me never indeed makes use of oaths, or indecent expressions, but cruelly Conceals his sentimenta, till by trenchety or surprise he can gratify his revenge. No Itngth of time is sufficient to allay his resentment { no distance of |ilace is great enough to protect the object ; he crosses the a'eepest roounaina, pierces impervious forests, aiid traverses the most hideous deserts ; bearing the inclemenry of the aeasons, the latigue of the expedition, the extremes of hunger and thirst, with patience and rheeifulness, in hopea of surprising his enemy, and exercising upon him the most ahocking barbarities. When these cannot ba effected, the revenge is [eft as a legacy, transferred from feneration to generation from father to son, till an op* portunity offera of taking what they think ample satis* fkctioti* To such extremes do the Indians pr h their friend hi|^, or their enmity ; and such indeed in, in gene* ralf the character of all uncivilized nations. They how* tver, esteem nothing so unworthy a man of sense, as a peevish temper, and a pronenefts to a sudden and r 5h an* fer. Qa tbeotb*" bind, they arc high'r sensible of the uiil* n .' i !^ i m !■ S ! ' :' , ,\ ■.^^- %. ■^ ity ind pIco^uTcs of Trrendihlp; fbr etcli of tlHm^ it i « ceriuii) age, niokct choice of tome or.;; .wa^ly oftheMni^fci standing in lire to be their motl intimate and botom friend i these two enter into mutual engagement*, bjf which ihcy oblige themselves to brave any dargtr and run any li'^quc, to aisisi khv' support each o.her. Th:« attachment is even carrie l so far as to ove^rcome the tear of death, which they consider only as a temporary separatior. being persuaded that they shall meet and be united in Irit. >dtthip in he other world, never to be tepa- r jied more ; anu ti.^ i .here they shall need one another's assiistance as well a* here. It does not appca'* (hat there is any Indian n?tion that has not some sense cf h deity, and a kind of superstiiioua religion. Their ideas of the nature and attribates of God are vcty obscure, and some cf them ab:>urd, though they co'iceive ot him as the Great Spirit, and imagine that his more immediate residence is on the islands of the great lakes They #cem to have some idea that there are spirits of a higher and more excellent nature than man ; and suppobing them to be every where present, frequently invoke them, «nd endeavor to act sgreeabib t(r their desireit. They likewise imagine tha. there is an evil spirit, who they say is always inclined to mis hiefi and bears grea(. sway iu the creation; this indeed is the principal object of their devotions ; they generally ad* drees him most heartily, beseeching him to do them nv harm : but supposing^the others to be prop'iious, and et- «r inclined to do goodi they intreat those spirits to bestovr blessings upon them and prevent the evil fpirit from hurt- ing them> Major Carvkr relates that one of the most* considerable chiefs amon^ the Ottawaws with wtiom h^* remained a nighty aft attending him to his canoe- thai next morning, A'ith great 6o!cmnity, and in an audabl« voice offered up s tervcnt pt-eycr) as be entefjed hiscanoci **. K tHit ike Great Spirit would faror him with a prmper* out TOjrtge { that he would give him an unclouded ekf* and imooth waten bjr dayt and that he mtght lie down by night on a beaver blanket, enjoying utiintcrrupted sleep and pleasant dreams { and also that he might find contin- ual accurlty under the great pipe of peace." £o procure the protection of the good spirit, they imagine it necea* sary to distinguish themselvrs, and that they must aboye all other attainments, become good warriors, expert hun- ters, and steady marktmen. '' Their priests oAen persuade the people that they have revelations of future events, and are authorised to com* mand them to pursue such tnd such measures. They also undertake to unfold the mysteries ot religion, and (o Botve and interpret all their dreams. They represent the other world as. a place abounding with an inexhaustible plenty of every thing desirable, where ihey shall enjoy the most full and e'A'iuisite gratification of ail their senses.— « This is douttlefi. ihe motive that induces the Indians to meet death v 'th boch indifference and composure ; nont of them being in th: least dismayed at the news (tiat he has but a few hours or minutes to live, but with i jcg reat- C4t intrepidity sees himself upon the brink of bein^Apa- rated from all terrestrial things, and with great serenity talks to all around him : thus a father leaves his dying advice to his children, and takes a formal leave of all hif friends* They testify great uidlfference for the productions of jirt ; when any curious piece of mechanism is shown them, they say, " It ii pretty, I like to look at it," but express no curiosity about its construction. Such however is not their behavior when they are tpid of a person who dis- tinguishes himself by agility in running ; is well skilled In hunting ; can take a most exact aim ; work a canoe •long a rapid with great dexterity ; is skilled in all tha l» (■ * ■ ) I. i- 'r i ill i if t > [ : f \ ^^^. # •rtt which their itetUhf mode of earryirg on •' wer i«» ca|\jible vf; or it acute in diiroverinf* the «itu«tion of. a countrjTi and can* without a Ruida pur'^ue hi* proper courie throuRh a vast Inrett, and support hunger* tbiritt and fatigue with invincible firmnetf ; at »ucK a relation their attention i» aroused ; thejr listen to the interesting tale with delight, and express in the atrongest terma their esteem for so great so wonderful a man* They generally bury their dead with great dccencyf and deposit in the grave such articles as the deceased had made the greatest use of and been most attached to } as his bow and arruws« pipes, tobaccot he. that he may not be in want of any thing when he cornea to the other country. The mothers mourn for their children a long time, and the neighbours make presents to the father x and he in return gives them a feast. gi^ Every band has a leader who bears the title of Sachem or chief warrior, and is chosen for his tried valor and skill in condueting war ; to him is entrusted all military ope- ration, but his authority does not extend to civil affairs, the pre*eminence there being given to anolheri who pos- aessea it by a kind of hereditary claim, and whose assent is necessary to render valid all conveyances of land, or treaties of whatever kind, to which he affixes the mark of the tribe or nation. Though these military and civil chiefs are considered as the heads of the band, and the latter is usually styled king, yet the American Indiana consider themselves as controlled by neither civil or mir<« itary authority : every individual regards himself as free and independent, and would never renounce the idea of liberty ; therefore injunctions conveyed in the style of a positive command, would be disregarded and treattd with contempt. Nor do their leaders assume an ascendancy repugnant to these sentiments, but merely advise what is accessary to be donC} which is bufiicient to produce tbt «f* U %- ichem Hkill ope- airs, poi- Bcnt d, or ark civil the iant inir^ free ea of of a with ancf at is lh« pBoro|M and effectual cxecation, never producing a"' aittrmar. Their great council !• composed of the headi of tribes and 2ami!ics, with such whose capacity has raised them' to the same degree of consideration. They meet in a house, built in each of their towns for that purposei and alto receive ambassadors, to deliver them an answer, to sing their traditionary songs, or to commemorate the dead* In these councils they { ropose an such matters as concern the state, and which have been already digesttfd in the secret councils, at which none but the head men assist. The chiefs seldom speak much themselves at these general meetings i but entrust their sentiments with a perioD who is culled their speaker, or orator, their being one of this profession in every tribe or town ; and their manner of speaking is natural and easy, their words strong and expressive, their style bold, figurative, and la* /coni^, whatever is told tending either to form the judge- ment or rouse the passions. j:'^ ' ^: >'■ ^:.- ^\.-j^ # m.rf>^ i^tMitMi thit thtt iflKttft depends mvcli uptn ihcRb U Mf •M of tbcin in conjunction with tbe xbiefti hes e inin4 t« eacite one» who do(i» not iaunodieiely depend ttfon *heni) le take • part in the weri ahe preaentsi by tbe hands of aoine trustjr yoaog warrior » a string of warn* punit to the pertu \ whose help fthe aoUeiti, which lel- '« dom faila ef prodticing the effect. But when tbef soli* •- cit an offensive or detcnsive alliance with a whole nation* '>^he7 send an ensbaaay with a large belt of wampum and ^» bloody ha tcb«t, envi ling them toceme and driuk tbo blood of their enemies* Wi^^ :.*i' ^^^'' • 6 The wampum used on these and ether occasions be- tan their acquaintance with Euvope^inS) was only small /•• shells, which they picked up by tbe sea coasts, and on «~ the banks of the lakes* It now consists princ^puHy of ;» kind of cylindrical beads, made of white and black * ahellst Wibich are esteemed among tbeisi as silver and ^-gold are among us. The Uack they tUink the most ^"Valuable i both of them are their greatest riches and or- inmentsy answering all the ends of money among us. t They have the a»t of stringing) twisting, ai»d.intertion ac. quainted with their customs, knows at Srst sight the in- tentlons or de&ires of the nation who presents it. Smoak- ing the calmut is also upon some occasions and in all treaties considered as a sacred oath, as a seal ot their de- crees, and a pledge of their performance of them. The aiz? and dec ira'iouit of their calmuts are commonly pro* portioned to the importance of the occasion, to the quali- ty of th« persons to whom they are presented, »nd to the cble^m and regard they have for them. Aooiher instrument of great importance among them ' is the tomahavtk. This is an ancient weapon, used by them in war, before they were taught the i\se of iron or steel, since which hatchets have been substituted in the reum of them, but stitl it retains its nse and importance in pul))ic transactions : and like a pipe, is frequently very siK-'iificdiit. Thiti instrument is formed in some respects like a Datciiet, having a long handle ; the head, wl.ich is 8 lound knub of solid wood calculated to kciock a man down, has on the o'.her side a point; bending a little to- Wid ihe handle; aud near the centre where the handle picrceo tiic h«»«d another point projects forward, of a con« r *.. — w— OP he ry ctt is an to- Idts iiderable length* whidh serves to thrust with like a spear* The tomahawk is also ornamented with paintin;*: and feathers, disposed and variegated in many significant forms according to the occasion and end for ^bich thcjr are used ; and on it is kept a kind of journbl of their marches and most important occurrences, in a sort of hieroglyphics. When the council is called to deliberate on war, the tomahawk is colored red ; and when the council sits it is laid down by the chieT, and if war he concluded upon* the captain of the young warriors takes it up, and holding it in his hand, dances and sings the war-song. When the council is over, this or some other of the same kind, is sent by the bandti of the same war- rior to every tribe concerned j who with it presents a belt of wampum, and delivers his message, throwing the tcm- ahawk on the ground, which is taken up by one of the rnost expert warriors, if they choose to join ; if rot, it it returned with a belt of their wampum suited to the occa* sion. Si. ; rt, Earh nation or tribe has its distinct ensigns, generally consisting of seme beast, bird, or fish. Thus the Five Nations have the bear, otter, wolfe, tortoise, and eagle ; by these names the tribes are generally dialinguished, and the shapes of these animals are pricked and painttd on several parts of their bodies. Generally, when they march through the woods, they at eveiy encampment, cut the figure of ineir arms on the trees, ecpecially when they have had a successful campaign, Vnat travellers may know that they have been th'::re ; recording also in thtir vay the number of prisoners and scalps they have taken. Their military appearance is very -dA and terrible.— They cut off all their hair, except a spot on the crown •f their head, and pluck out their eye-brows. The lock left upon the head is divided into several parcels, each of V^'ch is stiffeoed, and intermixed wuh beads and featb- ( t i , i-i Vi ;l I i f ' l\,\ i(^ % I .ate. t ' I f: krs of Ttr'ious shapes and colours, the whole twitted and connected together. They paint themselves with a red pigment down the eyebrows, »-/hich they sprinkle ore? wiih white down. The grisile of their ears are slit al. moat quite round, and bung with ornaments that havo gener&liy the figure of some bird or beast drawn upon Ihem. Their noses are liliewise bored and hung witfc beads, and their faces painted with various colors. On their brea.rs are a gorget or medal oT brass, copper, or some other im tal ; and by a string which goes round their nechs, is suspended that horrid weapon called the acalping knife. Thus equipped) they march forth, singing their war. song, till ttiey lo&e sight of their village ; and are gener- ally followed by their women, who assist them in carrying their baggage, whether by land or water, but commonly return before they procetd to action. They have generally one commander for every' ten men ; and if the number amounts to one hundred, a gen- eral is appointed over the others, not properly to com- mand, but to give his opinion. They have no stated rules of discipline, or fixed methods of carrying on a war ; hut make their attacks in as many different ways as there are occasions, but generall/ in fiyifig parties, equipped for that purpose. The weapons used by those who trade with the Eng- lish and French) are commonly a firelock, hatchet, and ^ scalping-knife ; but the others U9C bows, tomahawks and |>ikes. As the commander in chief governs only by ad- vice, and can neither reward nor punish, every private may return home when he pleases without assigning anjr reason for it ; or any number may leave the ma in body« and carry on p private expedition, in whatever manner they pleascj without b*io|; called to account for their con- duct. '%> ■ i >K -^jiprben the Indians return from a luccetsful ctnipaiKii» fn^ contrive their march so as not to approach their vil- lage till toward the evening. They then send two or three forward to acquaint their chief, and the whole vil- lage, with the most material circumstances of their cam- paign. At day-light next morning, they give their prison- era new clothes, paint their faces with vsriotts calors, and put into their hand a white ntaif, tasselled round with the tails of deer. This being done, the war*captain sets up a cry, and gives as many yells as he has taken prisoners and scalps, and the whole village assemble at the water aide. As soon as the warriors appear four or five of their young men, well clothed, get into a canoe, if they come by water, or otherwise march by land : the two first car- rying each a calmut, go out singing to search th prison- ers, whom they lead in triumph \.q the cabin uhere they are to receive their doom. The owner of this cabin has the power of determining their fate, though it is often left to some woman who has lost her husband, brother, or son in the war } and when this iii the case, she generally adopts him into the place of the deceased. The prisoner has victuals imntediately given him and while he is at this repast, a consultation is held ; and if it be resolved to save his life, two young men untie him, and taking him by the hands, lead him to the cabin of the person into whose family he is to he adoped, and there he is re- ceived with all imaginable marks of kindness. Pie is treated as a friend, as a brother, or as a husband, and they soon love him with the same tenderness as if he stood in the place of one . f their friends. In short, he has no other marks of captivity, but his not being suffer- ed to return to his own nation, for his attempting this would be punished with certain death. But if the sentence be death, hu\7 uifTerent their con« duct ! these people, who behave with such disinterested t n i ( -t.- . # ~9t^ lU r I ' I ilTection to each other, wHh such (endemeff to tM^ whom they adopt, here shew that ihey are tro'y tarmge^r the dreadful sentence is no soonerpasfed, than the whole village set up the death-cry ; and, as if there were na medium t>elween the most generous friendshipr and (he :, most inhuman crcreitjr ; for the execution of htm whom )ji^f ihey had just before deliberated upon ttdn,itiing into their tribe is no longer deferred, thsu whilst they can make the necessary preparations fur rioting in the most diabolical cruelty. J'h .y first strip him, and fixing two posts in the giourd, fusten to them two pieces from one to the other ; op about two feet from the ground, the othei? aboi fve or six feet higher: then obliging the unhappy vic^li o mount upon the lower cross piece, they tie his le^s to ]f. .' • 'ttle asunder : his hands are extended and tied to t.ic angles formed by the upper piece. In ihia posture thoy burn him-all over the body, sometimes first daubing him with pitch. The whole village, men, wo- men, and children, assemble round him, every one tor. taring him In what manner they please, each striving to exceed the other in cruelty, as long as he has li/e. Bat if none of the bye standers are inclined to lengthen out his torments, he is either shot to death, or inclosed with dry bark, to which they set fire ; they then [eave him on the frame, and in the evening run from cabin to cabin, su* perstitiously striking with small twigs, the furniture, walla, and roofs, to prevent his spirit from remaining there to take vengeance for the evils committed on his body. The remainder of the day and the night following is spent in rejoicing. ,' , ; - ; This is the most usual method of murdering theif prisoners ; but sometime* they fasten them to a single stake, and build a fire around them ; at other times thef ci KcIiy msngle their limbs, cut off their fingers and toe» ^•nt by joint) and sometimca scOiU them to death. M What if the mo«( extraordinarf , ir the raffercr be aa IndiaOi there seemft during the whole time of hit execo- tioQi a contest beiween him and his tormentoi's, which shall outdo the other, they in inflicting the most horrid pains, or he in enduring ihcm : not a graani not a sight not a distortion of countenance escapes him in the midst of his torments. It is even said, that he recounts his own exploits, informs them what cruellies he has inflicted up« on their countrymen, and threatens with the revenge that will attend his deitii : that he even reproaches them for their ignorance of the art of tormenting ; points out rr^ihods of more exquisite torturC} aod more sensible parts \.^ the body to be afflicted. The scalpsy those dreadful proofs of the barbarity of these Indians, are valued, and h,ung up in their houses as the trophies of their bravery ; aod they have certain days when the young men gain a new name or title of honor, according to the qualities of the per^nns to whom these scalps belonged^ This name they tliitk a sufii' cieot reward for the dangers aod fa.igues of many cam* paigns, as it reuderb them respected by their country- men, and terrible to their enemies. .Ill' ,\ In the late American revolution, Britain had the inhu< manity to reward these sons of batbarity for depredations committed upon those who were struggling in the cause of liberty !— It was through their in&tiga'.ion that the hatchets of the Indians were made drunk with American blood !— the widuw'-s wail, the virgin's shiiekt and infant's trembling cry, was music in tlicir ears. In cold blood they struck their cruel tomuhavrks into the defenceless i.c^d of a Miss M'Kray, a beautiiul girl, who was ihat ve. ry day to have been marn< ^ ! — the particulars of the in- human transaction were as follows :— Prevous to the late war between America and Great-ilritaui, a Uiitish officer by the name of Junks, an accomplished young; man, tj> f ' ■ j 1 M i i ■■■■ m^ ii # sided netr Fort Edirard— >' '« vititt thither beelne mere frequcnti when he found himself irreiistibly drawn by charms of natire worth and beauty. Miss M'KaAfi whose memory is dear to humanity and true affection) ^ Was the object of his peregrinations. Mr. JoNBs had not talcen the precautions necessary in hazardous love, but had manifested to the lady by his constant attention» undissembled and ingenious demean, or, that ardent affection} which a susceptible heart com- pelled her implicitly to return* In this mutual inter, change of passions, they suffered themselves to be trans- ported on the ocean of imagination, till the unwelcome necessity of a seperation cut off every springing hope* The war between Great Britain and America commen. ced— a removal from this happy spot was in consequence Suggested to Mr. Jones, as indispensable. Nothing could alleviate their mutual horror, but duty— nothing could ailay their reciprocal grief, so as to render a sep> crate corporeal existence tolerable, but solemn vowsi with the ideas of a future meeting. Mr. Jones repaired to Canada, where all intercourse with the Provincials was prohibited. Despair, which presented itself in ag- gravated colours when Gen. Bukcotnb's expedition tbrouGfh the States was fixed, succeeded to his former hopes.— The British army being encamped about three miles from the Fort, a descent was daily projecting. Here Mr. Jonks could not but recognize tht spot, on >^hich vested all his joys. He figured to hi:> mind the dread, which his hostile approach mus-t raise in the breast of her, whom of all others, he thought it is high- «st interestno piotcct. In spite of arreites and com> mands to the contrary, he found means sccretlyto con- vey a letter, inlreaiing her not to leave the town with the family, assuring her, that as soon as the fort bhoulil have surrcuderedj he would convey hex le an asyiuutt ^^ 6' )in> ^erc thejr might peaceably coniummate the auptial ceremony. Far from discrediting the »'• iceritjr of him ivho could not deceive her, she heruicaUy i Tubed to foU low the flying villagers. The remonitranc^K of a Father* or the tearful intreatica of a mother and numerous fricnda could not avail ! It was enough that hc0 tovvr was her friend— she considered herself protected by the love and voluntary assurances of her youthful hero. With ihr society of a servant maid, she impatiently waited the de- sired conveyance. Mr. Joke!> finding the difficulty into which he was brought, at length, for Witnt ot betu convoy, hired a party of iwe've .ndians, to cairy a let- ter to Miss M'Kray, vrith ' .s own horse, fur the pur. pose of carrying her to ihe place appointed. They set off, fired wiih the anticipation of their promised premi- um, which was tt consist of a qu^ptity of spirits, on condition that '.hey brought her off in sarety, \rhich) to an Indian, was the most cogent stimulus the young lov- er could have named. Having arrived in view of hf^r window, they sagaciously held up the letter, to prevent the fears and apprehensions which a savage knows he must excite, in the sight ci' tenderness and sensibility. Her faiih and expectations enabled her to divine the bu- siness oi these ferocious missionaries, while her fright- ened maid uttered nought but shrieks and cries. They arrived, and by their signs convinced her from whom they had their instructions. If a doubt could remain, it was removed by the letter— -it was from her lover. A lock of liis hair, which it contained, presiented his man- ly figure to her glowing fancy. Here, reader, guess what must have been her ecsta- cy, — She resolved to brave even the most horrid aspect, which might appear between her and hm, whom she considered aiieudy hers, without a sigh — she did not for a mr inunt hesitate to fallow the wishes of her lover ; and i i 14 \ ■ I i 'i '3} f; =1 : 1 I- _ , I'r"' (it! (| a f.i^.i" . t It: \ i ^, ¥- took journef with theie bloodf r-? sKngert, cspec'inf feiy aoon to be shielded in the an of legitimaie tflec- lion. A short distance onlf then setmcd to seperat* t|vo of the happiest of mortals.— AUa ! how soon are the most briliant pictures of felicity defaced by the burning hand of bfll'CiioD and wo ! How swiftly are the halcyon dreams, which lull the supine indolence of thought, sue- cteded by the real pangs which are inflicted by a punish- ing providence or a persecuting foe ! Having risen the hill, ut about equal distances from the camp and her former home, a »econd party of In- dians having heard of the captivating ufTer made by Mr; JoN^a, determined to avail themselves of the opportuni- ty. The reward was the great object. A clashing of real and assumed rights was soon followed by a furious end bloody engagement, in which several were kiHed on each bide. The commander of the first party, perceiv- ing thet nought but the lady's death could appease tb^ fury of either, deliberately knocked her from her horset mangling her scalp from b< r k£.%utiful temples, which h.e exulting!y bore as a trophy M' h«s zeal to the expectant and anxious lover! Hcrvs O ^lisappointment, was ihf ating ! It was with the greatciii difficulty that Mr. JoHxy could be kept from total delirium. His horror and indig- nation could not be appeased ; his remorse for having rii>ked his most valuable treasure in the hands of sav- ages I drove him almost to madness. When the pattic- lilars of ih.e melancholy event reached Gen. BuRCOTNt^ be oidered the survivors of both thcM parties to imo^e- jdiate execution. ' . — ^ ^ *- * . -*. ' -\' '4-^ > * i- ^ ^V •^''k 4.' f ^ r\ ,1 4f -If— * *^'^ '' ' " CHAP. V. \> WASHINGTON'S EXPEDITION, * " m I7S3--AMD ' ' - DEFEAT o» CtWRHAL DPADDOCKt '■■"'i Br rut Indians, in 1755. * - IN 1753, the French and Indians began to mak inroads on our western frontiers along the Uhio. Go^ ernor DiNwiDo. k, of Virginia, was very desirous to gc. • letter of remonstrance (o their commander in chief.— He had applied to several young gentlemen of his ac< quaintance, but they were all so deficient in courage that they could not be prevailed on for love or money, to ven- ture out among the savages. Our beloved Washing- ton happening to hear of it, instantly waited on his ex- cellcncy, aitd tffered his services, but not without being terribly afraid lest his want of a beard should go against him. However, the Governor was so charmed with hit modesty and manly air, that he never asked him a sylla- ble about his age, but after thanking him for " a noble jouth" and insisting on his taking a glass of wine witlt him, slipped a commission into his hand. The next day, accompanied by an interpreter and a couple of servanti, he set out on his expedition, which was, from start to pole« as disagreeable and dangerous as any thing Herculus himself could have wivhed. Soaking rains, chilling blasts, roaring floods, pathless woods, and mountains clad in snows, opposed his course ; but opposed in vain. The glorious ambition to serve his country imparted an animation to his nerves, which rendered him superior to all difficulties. ^ Rteturninir homewards, he was waylaid and shot at of a French Indian, and though the copper- colored ruffiaQ wat aot U steps distant when he fired at hiiD) yet not i ■ ».'. -T ,! i t . •'.L.H : . ,\ \ 1 1 . i .■ ■ i m' n I 1 :• ,n I ii' ' '; ! i' ' i. I f ^'\ ] \ ; .X. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I 11.25 I^IM 12.5 ■tt i^ 12.2 us. 12.0 m lU li % 75 ^> Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)S72-4S03 4 '9>^ ^s 4^ ■» I/' ( : l^^ei 80 tn^eb lAiie smell of lead passed on tho etothei of «ur young hero. On his return to Virginiti it was found that he had executed his negociationst both with the French and Indians, with such fidelity and judgement, that he receired the heartiest thanks of the Oovemor and Council for the very important senrices he had done his country. He was now (in the 30th year of h7s a^) appointed major and adjutant>general of the Virginia forces. Soon after this, the Indians continuing the encroachments, or- ders ware given by the English government, for the colo* nies to arm and unite in one confederacy. Virginia took the lead, and raised a regiment of tour hundred men, at the head of which she placed her darling WAsai«pTOW. With this handful of brave feltown, Col. WasHSNOTOWi not yet 33 years of age, boldly pushed out into the Indian country, and there for a considerable time, Hanuibal-liket maintained the war against three times the number of French and Indiana. At the Red-Stones he came up with a strong party of the enemy, whom he engaged and eifectually defeated, after having killed and taken thirty* one men. From his prisoners he obtained undoubted in- telligence, that the French forces on the Ohio consisted of upwards of a thousand regulars and many hundreds of Indians. But notwithstanding this disheartening advice, he still pressed on undauntedly against the enemy, and at a place called the Little Meadows, built a fort, which he called Fort Necessity* Here he waited, hourly and anx- iously looking for succours from New- York and Pennsyl- vania ; but he looked in vain— nobody came to his assis- tance. Not long after this his small force, now reduced tu three hundred men, was attacked by jin army of 1 100 French and Indians* Never did the true Virginian valor thine more gloriously than on this trying occasion. 1 T« set three hundred young ieUows— commanded by a V^ '.m* # Indooth-dKed bof— all unaceuttomed t» ih* tcrroi^ of war— Crr from home, and from all hopes of help— thuc up in a dreary wilderneas, and aurrounded by hue times their number of tavage foea, and yet, without sign of fear, without thought of surrender, preparing for mortal combau Oh ! it was a noUe sight l^Scarcelf aince tho days of Leonidas and his three hundred deathless Spar- tans, had the son beheld its equal. With hideous whoops and yells the enemy came on like a host ol tygers. The %oods, and rocks, and tall tree tops (as the Indians climb* ing to the tops of the trees, poured down their bullets into the fort) were in one continued blaze and crash of fire*arms. Nor were our young warriors idle, but, ani- mated by (heir gallant chief, plied their rifles with such spirit, that their little fort resembled a volcano in full blast, roaring and discharging thick sheets of liquid fire and of leaden deaths among their foes* For three glori- ous hours. Salamander like, inveloped in smoke and flame, they sustained the attack of the enemy's whole force, and laid two hundred of them dead on the spot !— > Discouraged by such desperate resistance, the French general, the Count de Villi brs sent in a flag to Wash- ington, extolling his gallantry to the skies, and oflering him the moat honorable terms* It was stipulated that Col. Washington and his little band of heroes, should march away with all the honors of war, and carry with them their military stores and baggage* ^^' In the Spring of 1755, Washington, while busied in the highest military operations, was summoned to attend Gen. Braddock, who in the month of February^ arrived at Alexandria, with 3000 British troops. The Assembly of Virginia appointed 800 provincials to join him. The object of this army was to march through the country, by the way of Will's Creek, to fort Ou Quesne (now Pittabiirgh or Fort Pitt*) As no person was so weil ac« M I .. ^^^! ^i i '■% nPi;-t f ' high in nihitrf famei it vm (hovght be WMiU bi: infioitcLjr tcrviccabl* to g«ncr»l Bkabpqck. A| %be rcqueM af the Governor »nd Council be jcheerrullf "^ quitted hi* own coamand, to «fit m volgiue«r aid de- camp 10 tiMt veij imprudent and unfortunate genera).-^ The arnijr, near SOOO strong, marched from Alexandria and proceeded unmoleated within a few miiei of Fort Pitt. On the morning of the day in whkb they exj'ect- cd to arrivet the provincial scouts discovered a large party of French and Indians lying in ambu&h. WAsiiifCTOVt with bia usual modestyt observed to Gen* Bbadoock what sort of enemy be bad now to deal with* An ene* my who would not, like the Europeans, come fi||r.ward to a fair contest in the field, but, concealed behind rocks and trees carry on a deadly warfare with their riles. He con- cluded with begging that Gen. BaAsnocK would grant him the honor to let him place himselt at the head of the Virginia riflemen, and fight them in their own way.— And it was generally thought that cur young hero and his COO hearts of hickory, would very easily have beaten them too, for they were not superior to the force, whicht (with only three hundred) he had handled so roughly a twelve montiv before. But Gen. Bbabdock, who had all along treated the American dBccra and soldiers with in- finite contempt, instead of following this truly salutary ad- vice, swelled and reddened with moat unmanly rage.*— <* High times, by G«^ !" be exclaimed, strutting '.o and fro, with arms a-kimbo, *< High times I when a young buckskift can teach a British general how to fight !"— > Wasbihgtom withdrew, biting his lips with grief and in- dignation, to think what numbers of brave fellows would draw short bresib that day, through the pride and obsti- nacy of one epavlettcd fool. The troops vrere ordered to Jmrm and advance mi wImmm through the woods \ \ U<- fn ■ littti thtte rtie ruiik which WAtf«nr«fdW htd pt€* dieitd eniued* Thii poor deToted crmr, pushed on tf their mad-cap general, fell into the fattl intire which wtt laid for them. All at oAce « tbomand rifles began iHt work of death. The ground was instantljr covered wft% the dying and the dead. The British tro^t, thus slaugh- tered bf hundreds, and bjr an -enenif #hQni ihejr could not see, were thrown irrecoverably into panic and con^ fosionf and in a few minutes their haughty (general with ISdOof bis brave but unfortunate countrymen, bit the ground. Poor Bradoocs dosed the tragedy with )>reat decency. He was mortally woufided in the beginning of the action, and WASBivtSrow had him placed in « cart retj^y for refreat. Close on the left, where ilie height of the Frenth and.Indian' tre principally felt, WASHiKOTOir and his Virgfinhr riflemen, drcsst-din l)Iue, sustained the shock. At every discharge of their rifles the wounded general cred out, **0 my iraae Virgiw blues! Would to God I could. 6ut liin tt revtardjou/or such gallantrj," But he died. Wasbikcton buried him m the road, and to save him from discovery and the scalp* ing knife, ordered the waggons on their retreat to drive over his grave !— O God ! what is man i Even a thing of nought ! Amidst all this feavful consternation and carnage, amidst all the uproar and horrors -of a rout, rendered siill more dreadful by the groans of the dying, the screams of the wounded, the piercing shrieks of the women, and ihe yells of the furious assaulting savages, WashikctoW) calm and self-collected, rallied his fj*iihful riheinen, led them on to the charge, killed numbers of the enemy who were rushing on with tomahawks, checked their pursuit, and brought off the shattered remains ot the Biiiis^h army* With respect to our beloved Washinctok, I cannot but mention here two very, extraordinary speeches thft TV, ■ ' i 1 ■ " 1 V ' !■! ■ • |f^ in Jit"' " ft' M J .■■?*" , IP 1 # -i: — if— were uttered about Mm at this Umei and which) m thiogi have turned out, look a good deal like prophecies* A Ckmoua Indian warrior who astltted in the defeat of Bbabdock, was often heard to awear that Wasiikotoii va« ttot born to bt killed by a bullet, *• /or," continued he, •. *• / had itfAirJirei at him vith mj rije, and, after aO, I em/d not bring him to the ground,"~^And, indeed, whoever conaiders that a good rifl^, le?elled by a proper marki* nan, hardly ever misses its aim, will readily enough conclude with this unlettered savage, that some invisible band must have turned aside his bullets. , The Rev. Mr. Datibs, in a sermon occasioned by Gen. Br APDOca's defeat, has these remaikable words— «< I beg leave to point the attentita of the public to that hero- ie youthy Co/, CzohUM WASHivaTOM, whom I cannot bu$ , hope providence has preserved for some great serfiee to this oounfrj,'* , J- EXPEDITION Ano DEtEAT or Gaw. BARMER, By THE INDIANS, 1790. « u ALTHOUGH a peace was happily effected be- tween the two contending parties, Great-Britain and A- merica, in 1783, yet the Savages, who had been per- suaded to take a part with the former were unwilling to bury the bloody hatchet— they had not sufficiently bath- ed that des'ruciive weapon in the blood of the Ameri- cans—without any pretext whatever, ihey continued to exercise toward them the moat wanton acts of barbarity. It appeared from respeclabib evidence, that from the year 1783, until the month of Qctober 1790, the time the IJnittd States commenced offensive operations a- :.t !■> >'f gaintt the laid Indians, that on the Ohio, and tho fima* licri on the south-side thereof, they killed, wounded and took prisoners, about one thousand five hundred men, women and children, besides carrying off upwards of two thousand borscs, and other property to the amount of fifty thousand dollars. The particulars of many of the instances of barbarity exerci^ied upon the prisoners, of different ages, and sex- es, although supported by indisputable evtdenee, are of too shocking a nature to be presented to the public— but, in justification of the Americans in the commencement of hostilities wiih this unprincipled race of beings, the particulars of some few instances of their unprovoked cruelties, may be found contained in an appendix, sub- joined to this work— it is sufficient here to observe, that the scalping knife and tomahawk, were the mildest instru- ments oi death. That in some cases torture by fire> and other execrable means were used. But the outrages which were committed upon the frontier inhabitants, were not the only injuries that were sustained ; repeated attacks upon detachments of the troops of the United States, were at different times made. The following from its peculiar enormity deserves reci- tal.— In April 1790, Msj. Oovahtt (in service ot the United States) was ordered to the friendly Chicasaws on public business. He performed this duty in a boat, hav- ing with him a party of fifteen men. While ascending the Tennesee river, he was met by a party of forty In* dians, in four canoes, consisting principally of Shawa- nese and out-cast Cherokees.— They approached under a white flagi the well known emblem of peace. They came on board the Major's boat, received his presents, continued with him nearly an hour, and then departed in the most friendly manner.—* But, they had scarcely eleared his oar's before they poured in a fire upon bis i( i' ■! f. #tl \' U V ll; 'i n- * ,%: »«— whitth WM Ntarn«d m fooii at eireimi«tinc«i wwdd permit* and • nott oiMqual eombtat w« tuatained for teraral boarst when they abaiMtoned their detignv but not until they had liiHed and woonded eleven o«t of iAeen of (he boat'* crew* ^ ;, All orertoret of peace failing, and the depredaffoaa atill continuing, an attempt at coercion became indispen- •able ; accordingljr* on the SOth September, 17fO, the President, by ind with the consent and advice of the Congresa of the United Staiea, dispatched Gen. Har- van, with SSO Federal troops and 1133 militia, onder his commandi to atuck and deitrojr their principal villa- ges. .. The troops after seventeen daft march from MiamU reached the great Miami village, without aojr other mo- lestation than that of having a number of their pack-bor^ aes stolen. On their arrival thef found the village de- serted, and all the valuable buildings in fames, aet on fire bjr the Indians. After a short tarry, they proceed, ed to the neighbouring villages, without molestation^ and destroyed five of themi and a large quantity of coroi computed at fifteen thousand bushels, which they found buried in different places ; and vary large quantities of vegetables of every kind. The first opposition that was met with, a party of a. bout 150 Kentucky militia> and 30 regute> troopa, ail under the command of G(4. Hardiho, of KenHicky, were detached from the main body lying in the great Miami village, to pursue the trail of a party of Indians* which had the day before been discovered. After a pur- auit of about six miles* they came up with, and were at- tacked on surprize by a body of Indians, who were con- cealed in the thickets on every aide of a large plain ; and on the first onset the militia without exchanging a singi* fkot, made a most preci^ate ratitat and left the regular fy. m^:^'*^^^ ^*:*^.. ^.- ,,'ilMiVi,-': :lf^ »♦■ tr^opt to stMd ibe whole charge of the ladiani ; the ce»» flkt VM ihort and bloodj* the ti^oope were soon overpow- ered bf niunbcrtt and all fell except two oficerat and two or three privaieii after defending thcmselvea at their ' h:^o»ct pointst with the greatest poaaible obatiaacjr* Eo« aig9 HAaTiaoav wat one of the officers who providcnr tially ckcaped) and his escape appeared to depend more oa a lucky circumatancc of faltering over a log in hit re- treat* and^bjr that means screening himself from the eye of his pursuers, than from any other circumatance. Capt. Abmstrqnc, who commanded the party, lilcewise made his eacapci by plunging himself into a pond or swamp up to his neck* within two hundred yards of the ield of ac- tion) where he remained the whole night a apectator to the horrid scene of the war dance performed over the dead and wounded bodies of the poor soldiers that had fallen the preceding day; where their shrieks, mixed with the horrid yells of the savages, rendered his situa* tiou shockinjp* After this, some few akirmishea succeeded, but noth- ing material, until the second capital action, which hap- pened tWQ days after the army left the Miami village— at ten miles distance from the town, the General order- ed a halti and detached from four to five hundred mili- tia, and about sixty regular soldiers, under the command of Major Wvllts, and Colonel Haxbino, who were ordered to march back to the town* On their firiit en- trance there appeared a small body of Indiana, who im- mediately fled at the first onset, and by that means de- coyed the whole body of the militia, by making their flight in difierent directions, and encouraging the militia to pursue ; by this stratagem the fiew regular taoopa were left atone, and the Indiana had effected their de- figo, for the moment they found the email handful of regular troops detaQM4 from the turn Mj of niUtiii I ' If! I*. J: ' '^M .96-^ i ill I hi; ■'.• 1' ■ hi ■ ■ R'' / V K«f 1 1 1 ] r . •l 1 it > ihcf eommenced the •ttack with their whole force, ei- cepting the flying parties that had diverted the militia } and although they toon found tome part of the militia returning on their backs, pursued their object of root- ing and destroying the troops, as the only bure plan of success ; which after a moat bloody conflict on cacb sidci they effected. The regular troops all to nine, including two commis* aioned officers, were killed— i^mong the slain was. Major Wtllts, and a number of brave and valuable soldiers. The Indians, it appeared* from some cause, did not think it prudent to pursue their successes from the field of ac- tion, as most of the troops thst were not killed or badlf wounded, made their escape, which they could not have effected had the enemy pursued with their usual furj. Nothing could exceed the intrepidity of the savagea on this occasion ; the militia they appeared to despise, and with all the uudauntedness conceivable, threw down their guns, and rushed upon the bayonets of the regular sol- diers; a number of them fell, but being so iar superior in numbers, the regulars were soon overpowered, for while the poor soldier had his bayonet in one Indian, two more would sink their tomahawks in his head. The de- feat of the troops was complete, the dead and wounded were left on the field of action, in possession of the savages* Return of the killed and wounded upon the expedition against the Miami towns, under the command of General Uabuiri— Killed of the Federal Troops. I Major, 1 Lieutenant, 73 rank and file — total 75.—— Wounded— 3 rank and file. Killed of the Militia. 1 Major, S Capiaina, 3 Lieutenants, 4 Ensigns, 98 rank and file— total 10^ — Wounded— 3 Lieutenantsi I Snsif n, SS rank and file— total— Si/^" \r.- ^r CHAP.VIL iXPMDITJONSOFGENMRAU SCOTT a»9 Wlt- ^ KINSON, Im Mir and Awcwtt^ NTf 1. 6cjr. SCOTT i« na SECRETARY of WAR. iU SIRt *< IN prosecution of the epterpriie, I marched {with 850 troops under mj comniaod) four miles from the banks of the Ohio on the 83d Majr* and oa the 34th t resumed laj marchi and pushed forward with the ut- most industry, directing my rout to Oulattanani in the best manner my guides and information enabled me, though I found myself greatly deficient in both. (* By the 31st, I bad marched one hundred and thirty*, five miles, over a country cut by four large branches of White River, and many smaller btreams with steep mud- dy banks : During this march, I traversed a country al- ternately interspersed with the molt luxuriant soil, and deep clayey bogs from one to five miles wide, rendered almost impervious by brush and briars. Rain fell in tor- rents every day, with frequent blasts of wind and thunder atorms. Theae obstacles impeded my progrec8| wort down my horses, and destroyed my provisio«is. .^■^ *^ On the morning of the Ut instant as the army enter- ad an extensive praire, I perceived an Indian on horse- back a few miles to the right : I immediately made a de- tachment to intercept him, but he escaped- Finding my- self discovered, I determined to advance with all the ra- pidity my circumstances would permit, rather with the hope, than the expectation of reaching the object sought that day i for my guides were strangers to the country which I occupied. At 1 o'clockt having marched by N .i'.»l^' ^^. : I '!W '^: I ill 11 ;, < • j; ^i computation one hundred and Uny^five mile* from the Ohio» •• I peneiiHtcd • grove which bordered on an ex- lentive pranr, I discovered two tmall viiiagca to mj left* at two and four miles distance. ** Mjr guides now recognised the ground and informed me that the main town was four or five miles in tnj front* behind a point of wood which jutted into the prarie. I immediately detached Col. JoBM Hardin, with 60 mount- til infant! y, and a troop of light horse under Captain M'Cor, to attack the villages to the left, and moved on briskly with my main body in order of battle towards the towui the amoke from which was diacernible. My guides were deceived with respect to the situation of the town i for instead of standing at the edge of the plain through which I marched, I found in the low ground bordering on the Waba«h, on turning the point of wooda, one house presented in my front. Capt. Pbici was ordered to as- sault that with forty men t He executed the command with great gallantry, and killed two warriors. '* When I gained the summit of the eminence which overlooks the villages on the banks of the Wabash, I dis- covered the enemy in great confusion, endeavoring to make their escape over the river in canoes. I instantly ordf red Lieutenant.Colonel Commandant Wilkivsom to rash forward with the first battalion ; the order was exe- cuted with promtitude, and this detachment gained th« bank of the river just aa the rear of the enemy had em- barked : And regardless of a brisk fire kept up from a Xickapoo town on the opposite bank, they in a few min- utes, by a well directed fire from their rifles, destroyed all the savages with which five canoes were crowded. " The enemy still kept possession of the Kickapo* town. I determined to dislodge them, and for the pur« pose ordered captains King's and Logsdon's companiea to march down the river below the town and cross under '■^■* \r \ %■ 1 th« condact of Major Baibii t Several of the men awam the river» and othera patted in a imall canoe.— Thia movement was unobaenred* and my men had taken poat on the bank bcfrire thejr were discovered bjr the ene* mj who immediately abandoned the village.— About thia time word was brought me that Col. Hakdin waaincom* bered with priaonera, and had discorered a stronger vil* lage further to my left, than those I had observed, which he W88 proceeding to attack* I immediately de'ached Capt. BaowN with hia company te support the Colonel ; but the distance beinR^ six miles, before the captain ar- rived the business was donci and Col. Hardin joined me little before sunset, having killed six warriors and taken fifty*two prisoners. Captain Bullj the warrior who dis- covered me in the morning ^ad gained the main town and given the alarm a short time before me ; but the vil- lagea to the left were uninformed of my approach and had no retreat. The next morning I determined to de- tach my Lieut. Col. Commandant with five hundred men, to deatroy the important town of Ketblipecanunk, at the mouth of Eel river, eighteen milea from my camp, and on the west side of Wabash. But on examination I dis- covered my men and boraes to be crippled and worn dowp by a long laborious march, and the active exertions of the preceding day ; that three hundred and sixty men on!y could be found in capacity to undertake the enterprise, and they prepared to march on foot. ** Col. Wilkinson marched with thia detachment at half after five in the evening, and returned to my camp the next day at one o'clock, having marched thiitysi^ miles in twelve hours, and destroyed the most important feitlement of the enemy in that quarter of the federal terittory. ♦'The following is Col. WiLXiNsoN'e report respect- ing the enterprise :-^ ■ -jp^ Mr;: * « ■-•i?:^ ri ir I t w s ! ,1 1 , i ■ 1 1 1 f 1 1i ■ I' > I ill 7-iao«; 'Wi^,'- M \ ' *t Sir— The detacbn^t «ndcr mj coiniiiiiid» dettiofe^ to attack ihe village KwnlipecanuDk, was put in motioQ ■t half after S o'clock last tvening. Knowing that an enemj whose chief dependence is in his dexteritf as 4 maiksmaD) and alertness In covering himself behind trees, 8t|iniBSi and other impedinients to fair sight} would not hazard an action in the light, I determined to^ push my march until I approached the vicinity oi tho ^ :/^ villages where I knew the country to be chatnpaigne* ^/^: I gained my point without a halt, twenty minutes before '^*^' I I o'clock ; lay upon my arms until 4 o'clock, and half an hour after assaulted the town at ail quarters. The ~ enemy was vigilant, gave way on my approach, and ii| ■■* canoes crossed Eel creek, which washed the northeast ^ part of the town.— That creek vsas not fordalble. My corps dashed forward with the impetuosity becomin|^ Tolunteers, and were saluted by the enemy with a bria^ fire from the opposite side of the creek.' Dauntless thef ^ '^ rushed on to the water's edge, and finding the river im> passable, returned a volley, which so galled and discon. k<^' certed their antagonists, that they'threw away their fire without effect. In five minutes the Indians were driven '^^' from the Covering, and fled with precipitation. I have ^ three men slightly wounded. At halt past 5 the towi> was in i^ames, and at 6 o'clock I commenced my re- treat." ^ *'*-«'-* "lam Sir, Yours &c. ^ >^ JAMES WILKINSON." BrigadierGeneral Scotr, % ■"'. IS t: i « Many of the inhabitants of Kithlipecanunk wert J^rench, and lived in z state of civilization ;— misunder* standing the object of a white flag, which appeared o^ '^■■•^\ an eminence opposite to m*, in the afternoon of the first, *, I liberated an aged squaw, and sent with her a message to the savages^ that if they would come in and snrren- «kr, Ibcir tovni thoold be tparedf ^ thef thoiild rf$ ceire good treatment. [It was amKrardt iband tiMt tbie white flag was not intended at a aign^of perlef, but was placed there to mark the spot where a person of distinction among the Indians, vbo bad died some time beforoi was interred.) On the 4th) I determined t^ dla« charge IC of the weakest and most infirm of my prison- ers with e talk to the Wabash tribea, a copjr of which follows. M)r 'motives to this treasure were* to rid the army of a heavy incumbrance, to gratify the impulses of hnmaoity, to increase the panick my operations had pro- duced, and by distracting the council of the enemy, to fitvoor the Yiews of government. <» units' •« * •'^■' f ** On the same day, after having burned the iowne and adjacent villages, and destroyed the growing com and pulse, I began my march for the rapids of Ohio» where I arrived the Uth, without the loss of a single man by the enemy, find five only wounded, having kil* led thirty-two, chiefly warriors of sise and figure, and taken fifty-eight prisoners.'* ^i f \ i /■■ ti' To the ^ariout tribes of the PeMnkashaws^ and all the na* tions of Bed People, living on the waters of the Wa- bash Rtver* <' THE Sovereign Councir of the Thirteen United States, have long patiently borne your depredations a* gainst their settlements on this side of the great moun- tains, in hope that you would see your error, and cor- rect it, by entering into bonds of amity and lasting peace. Moved by comp^ission, and pitying your mis- guided councils, they have frequently addressed you on this subject, but without effect. At length their patience is exhausted, and they have stretched forth the arm of power against you< Their mighty sons and chief warrt* ors have at length taken up the hatehet, they have pene- i , ■' . ' ■r V I '< ' . V- trated faf into your counir]r» "> meet jour warriori; ahd punifth them Tor tAir transgretftions. But you fled be- fore them and decline the battle, leaving your wivea add children to their mercy. They have dettroyed your old town, Ouiattanau, and the neighboring Titlages, and have taken many prisoners. Resting here two days, to give you time to collect your strength, they have proceeded •o your town of Kctnlipecanunk ; but you again fled be- fore them i and that great town has been destroyed. Af* ter giving >ou this evidence of their power, they have •lopped their hands, because they are as merciful as strong, and they again indulge the hope, that you will come to a sense of your true interest, and determine to make a lasting peace with them and ail their children forever. I'be Uoited States have no desire to destroy the red people, although they have the power ; but should you decline this invitation, and pursue your unprovoked hostilities, their strength will again be exerted against you, your warriors will be slaughtered, your wives and children carried into captivity^ and you may be assured) that those who escape the fury of our mighty chiefs, shall 6nd no resting place on this side the Great Lakes. The warriors of the United States wish not to distress or de- stroy women and children, or old meoi and although po- licy obliges them to retain some in captivity, yet compas. aion and humanity hhve induced them to set others at liberty, who will deliver you this talk. Those who are carried off* will be left in the care of our great chief and warrior Gen. St. Clair, near the mouth of the Miami and oppnsi e to the Licking River, where they will be tieated with humanly and tenderness ; if you wish to re- cover them, repair to that place by the firht day of July next : determine with true hearts to bury the hatchet and smoke the pipe of peace, they will then be restored to yoU| and you may again set down in security at your ,'*: m^ — IOS-> old townsi tnd live in peace and happiness, unmolested bf the people of the United States, who will become your friends and protectors, and will be ready to furnish you wilb all the necessaries you may require. But should you foolishly persist in your warfare, the sons of war will be let loose again&t you, and the hatchet will never be bu- ried until your country is desolated, and your people humbled to the dust." .. vj (Signed) CHARLES SCOTT. Brig. Gen. i ' ji i; GENERAL WILKINSON'S EXPEDITION. GENERAL WILKINSON to GOVERNOR ST, CLAIR. * HAVING carried into complete effect the enter- prize which you were pleased to direct against L'An- guille, and having done the savages eveiy other damage on the Wabash, to which I conceived my force adequate, I embrace the first moment's recess from active duty to detail to your Excellency the operations of the expcdi* tion intrusted to my conduct* I left the neighborhood of Fort>Washing(on on the first inst. at one o'clock, and egreeable to my original plan, feinted boldly at the Miami villages, by the most direct course the nature of the ground, over which I had to march, would permit ; I persevered in this plan until the morning of the 4>h inst. and thereby avoided the hunting ground of the enemy, and the^paths which led direct from White River to the Wabash, leaving the head waters of the first to my left ; I then bei:)g about teventy miles advanced of Fort Washington, turned north-west. I made no discovery until the 5th, about 9 9'clockj A* M* wbea I crossed three much frequented I'.iH i.',; .:^mSS. F: ^ ^io4-^ ':- .1-.' - 7- ' Hi k m Ife. i ^1- I ii jiHUt within two miles of each other, end lU beirih^ ^ait ol nortli ; mj guides were urgent for me to follow these paths, which betreyed their ignorance of the coon* trjt and convinced me I had to depend on mj own judgment only. In the afternoon of that daf , I was o- bliged to cross a deep bog, which injured several of m|^ horses exceedingly, and a few miles beyond I struck a path bearing north by west, marlced hf the recent foot- steps ol five or sis savages. My guides renewed their application to me to follow this path, but I pursued my own course. I bad not got clear of my encampment, next morning, before my advance reported an impassa- ble bog, in my front, extending several miles on either hand, and the guides asserted that the whole country to the Wabash was cut by such bogs, and that it would be impossible for roc to proceed unless I followed the In- dian paths, which avoided these bogs, or led through them at places where they were least difficult. Although I paid little regard to this information, as delay was dan- l^erous, and every thing depended on the preservation of my horses, I determined to return to the light, and fall into the path I had passed the evening before, which va- ried in its course from N* by W. to N. £• The country bad now become pondy, in every direction, I therefore resolved to pursue this paih until noon, in the hope that it would conduct me to better ground, or to some devi« ous trace which might lead (o the object sought. At 7 o'clock I crossed an east branch of Calumet riv- er, about 40 yards wide, and about noon my advance guard fired on a small party of warriors and took a pris- oner, the rest run off to the eastward. I halted about U mile beyond the spot where this affair happened, and on examining the prisoner found him to be a Delaware, liv- ing near the site of the lute Miami village, which he informed was about thirty miles distant ; I immediately >Ki — lOS— i«th>gaded Tonr ro!1e«, tnd filed off bf the right oVcr mito riting groundi which I had obterted between the eeu branch' of the Calumet river and a creek four or fivtt miles advance of it, taking my course N. 60 W* Thia measure fortunately extricated roe from the bogs and ponds, and soon placed me on firm ground ; late in the afternoon I crossed one paih running from N. to S. and , shortly after fell in with another varying from N. W. to N. I pursued thi» about twi^ miles, when I encamped— but finding it still inclining northward, I determined to ftbandon it hi the morning. I resumed my march on the f th at 4 o'clock, the Calumet being to the westward of me 1 was fearful I should strike the Wabash too high up, and perhaps fall in with the small town, which you men- tioned to me at the mouth of the former river. I there- fore steered a due west course, and at 6 o'clock A. M* crossed a road much used both by horse and foot, bearing due north. I now knew that I was near a Shawanese vil- lage, generally supposed to be on the waters of White river, but actually on the waters of the Calumet, and was sensible that every thing depended on the celerity and iilence of my movements, as my real object had become manifest, I therefore poshed my march vigorously, leav. ing an ofiicer and 20 men in ambush to watch the road, . in order to intercept or beat off any party of the enemy which might casually be passing that way, and thereby prevent as long at possible the discovery of my real in- tentions. At 8 o'clock I crossed Calumet river, now 80 yards wide, and running down N. X. W. I was now sensible from my reckoning compared with my own observations, during the late expedition under Gen. Scott, and the information received frbm your Excellency and others, that I could not be very far from L'Anguille. The par- ty left at the road , sooa fell in with four warriors encamp- f i I I ; -.lt)6-> m! H^ ■' m •d half a mile from the right of my line of «n»rch, killed one and drove off the others to the northward. Mf situ* • ftiion had now become extremely critical, the wholecoun* ' try to ti.e north being in alarm, which mf>de me greatly anxious to continue my march during the night, but ( had no path to direct me, and it was Impossible to keep my course, or for horsemen tu march through a thick awampy country in utter darknebs. 1 quitted my camp on the 7th, as soon as I couUl see my way, crosstd ont path at three miles diitance, bearing N. E. and at seven miles fell into another very much used, bearing N. W* by N. which I at once adopted, as the direct rout to mj object, and pushed forward with the utmost despatch* I hailed at 12 o'clock to refresh the horses,, and examine the men's arms and ammunition ; marched again at half iiterone, and at 15 minutes before five I struck the Wa- bash, at one and a half leiguea above the mouth of Eel river, being the very spot for which I had aimed from the commencement of my march. I crossed the river and following the peih a N. by £. course, at the distance of two and an half miles, my reconnoitreing party aa- nouncetl Eel river in front, a'nd the town on the opposite bank* I dismounted, ran forward, and examined the sit- uation of the town as far as was practicable without ex. posing myself, but the whole face of the country from the Wabash to the margin of Eel river, being a continu- ed thicket of brambles, black jacks, weeds and shiubs, of Tarious kind^, it was impossible for me to get a satisfac- tory view without endangering a discovery* I immedi- fttely determined to post two companies near the bank of the river opposite to the town, and above the ground I then occupied, to make a detour with Major Caldwell, and the second battalion, until I fell into the Miami trace, and by that route to cross the river above, and gain the rear of the lowO) and to leave directions wiih Maj* M'Dowxlli :■ jS*. *-ier— •c- who commanded the first batufionf to lie perdae unttt f 'Commenced the attack, then to dash through the river with his corps and the advanced guard, and assault the bouses in front and upon the left. In the moment I was about to put this arrangement in- to execution, word was brought me that the enemy had taken the alarm and were flying.— I instantly oidered a general charge, which was obeyed with alacrity, the men forcing their way over every obstacle, plunged through the river with vast intrepidity. — The enemy was unable |0 make the smallest resiaCance.— >i)ix waniors and (in the hurry and confusion of the charge) two squaws and m child were killed— >thirty-four prisoners were taken, and an unfortunate captive released—- with the loss of two men killed, and one wounded.— 1 found thi^own scatter* ed along Eel river for full three miles, on an uneven thrubby oak barren, intersected alterna'ely by bogs al- most impassable, and impervious thickets of plumb and hAzle.—- Notwithstanding these difficulties, if I may credit the repot t of the prisoners, very few who were in town escaped ; expecting a second expedition, their goods were generally packed up or buried.— Sixty warriors had cro%- aed the Wabash to watch the paths leading from the Ohio ; the head chief with all the prisoners und a num- ber of families were out, digging a root, which they sub atituie in the place of the potaioe, and about one hour before my arrival, all the warriors, except eight, had mounted their horses and rode up the river to a French Blore to purchase ammunition.— This ammunition had ariived from the Miami tillage that very day, and the squaws informed mu was stored about two milfs Irom town. I detached Major Caldwell m quest of it, but • he failed to make any discovery, although he scoured the country for seven or eight mile* up the river. I encamp- ed in ihe town thai night, and the next mornin|; I c;ut t}p •^lOt-^ iiill \\ l?i ■ ij the corn ictKcIf in the milk, burnt the cabine, moaBted mj young werrlort, bquaws and children in ihe beat man- ner in roy power, and leafing two inEim iquawa and a child with a short tallc (which will be found annexed) I commenced mjr march for the Kickapoo town in the praire— -I felt my prisoners a vait incumbrance, but I , was not in force to jusiify a detachment; having barely 533 rank and file, and being then in the bosom of the Ouiattanon country, one hundred and eighty miles re- moTed from succour, and not more than one and a half days forced mareh from the Paitawamees, Shawanese and Dela wares. "^ Not being able to discoTer any path in the direct cnurte to the Kickapoo town, I marched by the road leading to Tippecanoe,, in the hope of finding some diverging traco which might favour my design.— I encamped that even* ing about six miles from Kenapacomnque, the Indian name for the town I had destroyed, and marched next morning at four o'clock.— My course continued west till about nine o'clock, when I turned to the north west on a email hunting path, and at a short distance I launched into the boundless praries of the west, with the inten- tion to pursue that course, until I should strike a road which leads from the Pattawamees of Lake Michigan, immediately to the town I sought. With this view I pushed forward, through bog after bogt to the saddle skirts in mud and water, and after persevering for eight hours, I found myself environed on all sides with mo* rasses which forbade my advancing, and at the same ' time rendered it difficult for me to extricate my little ar- my* The way by which we had entered was so miKh beat and softened by the horses, that it was almost im- possible to return by that route, and my guides pronoun-^ ced the morass in front impassable.— A chain of thin groyea extending in the direction to the Wabash, at this "I";*- —lot— time pretented to tnj Ie(^, .it wa« neceuary T ibooM gain these groves, and for this purpose I dismounted, went fonrardi and leading mj liorse (hrougli a bog to the arm- pits in mud and water, with d fficuly and fatigue I ac- complished mjr object, and changing mjr course to S. hj W* I regained the Tippedanoe road at ft o'clock, and encamped on it at 7 o'clock, after a march of thirty miles, which broke down several of n*y horses. "' I am the more minute in detailing the occurrences of thh day, because they produced the most unfavoiii^able effect* I was in motion at four next morning, and at eight o'clock my advanced guard made some discoveries, which induced me to beleve we were near an Indian vil- lage. I immediately pushed that body forward in a trot, and followed with Major Calowbll, and the 2nd bat- talion, leaving Major M'Oowell to take charge of the prisoners.' I reached Tippecanoe at 12 o'clock, which had been occupied by the enemy, who watched my mo- tions and abandoned the place that morning. After the destruction of this town in June last, the enemy had re- turned and cuhirated their corn and pulse, which I found in high perfection and in much greater quantity than at L'Anguille. To refresh my horses and give time to cut down the coi^n, I determined to halt until the next morn- ing, and then resun>e my march to the Rickapoo town ia the praire, by the road which leads from Ouiattanon to that place. In the course of the day I had discovered some murmuring? and discontent among the men, which I found on enquiry to proceed from their reluctance to advance into the enemy's country ; this induced me to call for a state of the horses and provisions, when to my great mortification 270 horses were returned lame and tired, with barely five day's provisions for the men. Under these circumstances I was compelled to aban- don my designs upon the Kickapoos of the praire, and ■.»'>;'■ I- ' ■,\4 1 t ■ ■I 1 ! ^^# m w n I . V ' :1 II; i? m .^■ #^ with • degree of anguish not to be comprehended bat bf thoie who have experienced •nnilar ditap|K)intments i I marchtd forward to a town of the tame nation* sitoato about three leagues west of Ouiattanon— >a6 I advanced to the town, the enemy made some shew of fighting me« but vanished at my approach. I destroyed this town* consiK'ing of thiny houses, with a considerable quantity of corn in the milk, and the same day I moved on to Oui* attanon* where I forded the Wabash, and proceeded to . the site of the villages on the margin of the praire, where I encamped at seven o'clock. At this town and the vil- lages de!>troyed by Gen. Scott in June* we found the corn had been re-planted* and was now in high cultiva* ' tion, several fields being well ploughed, all which we de« atroyed. On the 12th, I resumed my march, and falling into Gen. Scott's return trace, I arrived without mate- rial accident at the rapids of Ohio, on the 9 1st lost, after ft march, by accurate computation, of 451 mllcft irom Fort Washington. The services which I have been able to render fall short of my wishes, my intention and expectation— but^ Sir, when yau reflect on the causes which checked ntjr career, and blasted my designs, I flatter myself you will believe every think has been done wliich could be done in my circums'ances ; I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiattanon nation, and made prisoner^ the sons and sisters of the king ; 1 have burnt a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at least 430 acres of corn, chitflf in the milk. The Ouiattanons left without houses, home or provision, must cea^e to war, and will find active em. ploy to subsist their squaws and children during the im- pending winter. Should these services secure to the country which I immediately represented, and (he cofps which I had the honor to command, the favorable cunaiue ration of goverii- -fll- mentt I thall infer the ■pprobation of mj own conduct, which, added to « conscioutnens of having done my dutf i will constitute the richest rcwutd I can enjoy* i- With the mo^i perfect respect, I have the honor to be your Excellent y's obedient and moat humble tervjnt. JAMES WILKINSON. < " Gcv, St. Claim. ♦••*y Jin one in wn bf IS and lapoo hitfif home em. e im- lich I id the' )vern- A Talk from . Cohnel WiLKiNnow, to the Indian Nattont living on the river Wabash, " THE arms of the United States are again ex- erted against you, and again your towns are in tiamesf and your wives and children made captives— again you are cautioned to listen to the voice of reason, to sue for peace, and submit to the protection of the UnMcd Sti^eSi who are willing to become your friend v and futhtrs ; but, at the same time, are determined to puni&h you for eve* ry injury you may offer to their children. Regard not those evil counsellors, who, to secure to themselves the benefits of your trade, advise you to measures which in* volve you, your women and children, in trouble and dis. lre!>s. The United States wish to give you peace ; be- cause it U good m the eyes of the Great Spirit, that all his children should unite and live like brothers ; but if you foolishly prefer war, their warriors are ready to meet you in battle, and will not be the lirbt to lay down the hatchet. You may find your squaws and your children under the protection of our great chief and warrior General St. Clair, at Fort Washington i to him you will make all applications, for an exchange of prisoners, W for peace. JAMES WILKINSON." ■.-»v, -i ■■ w ti '*•,'■;:•?. ■;.; i i-. CHAP. VIII. t DEFEAT OP GENERAL ST. CLAtVt. By thk iND!ANS^ir9l. Gmw. ST. CLAIR r» «•«• SECRETARY or WAR. hi «• Fort Wathington, Nov. 9, 1/91. "SIR, « YESTERDAY Afternoon the rero«ini of th« army under my commard got back to thU place, and 1 have now the painful ta«k to give an account of ai warm, and ai unfortunate an |ction at almost any that has been fought, in which every corps was engaged and worstcdf •xcepi the first regiment, that had been detached upon a service I had the honor to inform you of in my last des. patch, and hud not joined me. On the 3d inst. the army had reached a creek about twelve yards wide running to the southward of west, ■irhieh I believe to have been the river St. Mary, that empties into the Miami of the lake, arriv^O at the village ibout 4 o'clock in the afternoon, having marched near 9 miles, and were immediately encamped upon a very com- manding piece of ground in two lines, having the above mentioned creek in front, the right wing composed of Sutler's, Clarke's, and Pattersom's battalions, com- manded by MajorGeneral Butler, formed the*first line, and the Ic wing consisting oi Bedimoer's and Gan TBER'fl battalions, and the second regiment commanded by Col. Darke, formed the second line, with an interval between them of about seventy yards, wki^h was all the ground would allow. The right flank was pretty well secored by the creek, s iteepbank, oind Faulkbner's corps, some of the cavalry and their piqueL covered the left flank : the militia were / •f »l -^111^ '%^. tflfOVa over the ereek end tdvanced tboot rmc. qnarter of • mile, and encamped in the tame order; 'here were a few Indians who appeared on the opposi'i (nJc of tb« creek, but, fled with the utmo»t precipita on on th< ,fi> Vance of the militia \ at this place, which I judge H to be about 11 milea from the Miami village, I had detci mined to throw up a alight work, the plan of which waa con- certed that everinf^ with Maj. Fbrouson, wherein to have depoiited le i iKn's knapsacks, and everjr thing else that waa "ot / . v /*/e neccssitj, and to have moved on to attac'k me enemy n% soon as the first regiment waa com*;- up, uui iliey did not permit me to etecute either I for OM the 4th, about half an hour beTore Bun*rise, and when the men lud been just ditmissed from the parade, (for it wa« a constant practice for to have them all under arms a considerab'e time before li(;;ht,) an attack waa made upon the militia ; those gave way in a very little time, and rushed into camp, through Maj. RuTLBR'a bat- talion, which, together with part of Clark's they threw into considerable disorder, and which, notwithstanding the exertions of both there cflicers, was never altogether remedied, the Indians following close at their heels ; the tire however of the front line checked them, but almost instantaneously a very heavy attack began upon that line, and in a few minutes it was extended to the second like* the great weight of it was directed against the wise centre of each, where the artillery was placed| and from which the men were repeatedly driven with great slaugh- ter ; finding no great effect from the fire, and confuaion beginning to spread from ihe great number of men who w«re fallen in all quarters, it became necessary to try Wiiat could be done by the bayonet. Lieut. Col* Darkb, was accordingly ordered to make a charge, with a part of the second line, and to turn the left flank of the enemy. This waa executed with great I-! H l I 1 h'^':i •f* >■« i, 'i ;:*'■ -I.IU*- s|^rit. Thf Indi I have not yet been able to got returns of the killed sMd wounded; but Major General Bvtler, Lieut. Col. O&OHAM, of the militia, Major Fbrgtjsow, Majof tfARt, and Major Clark, are among the former. I have now, Sir, finished my melancholy tale— a tale that Will be felt, sensibly felt by every one that hw sym- pathy for private distress, or for public misfortune. I have nothing, Sir, to say to the charge of the troops buC their want of discipline, which, from the short time they had been in service, it was impossible they should have acquired, and which rendered it very diiBcuIt, when they were thrown into confusion, to reduce them again to or- der, and is one reason why the loss has fallen so heavy ^' upon the officers, who did every thing in their power to effect it. — Neither were my own exertions wanting, but worn down with illness, and suffering under a painful disease, unable either to mount or dismount a horse without assistance, they were not so great as tliey other- wise would, or perhaps ought to have been. We were overpowered by numbers ; but it is no more 'IM H "Is « t .f:^. If 111* than justice to obtcrvet that though composed of so »•» ^^ ny different species of ttoopt, the utmost harmony pro* ▼ailed through ibe whole at my during the campaign. At Fort Jefferson 1 fofind the 6rst regiment, vhich had retuiined from the service they had been sent upon, \ without either overtaking the deserters, or meeting the convoy of provisions. I am not certaini Sir, whether I ought to consider the absence of this regiment from the feld of action u fortunate or otherwise. I incline to ^^ think il was fortunate; for I very much doubt, whether, bad it been in the action, the fortune of the day had been _" turned, and if it had not, the triumph of the enemy would have been more complete, and the country would -§ have been destitute ot every means of defence. Taking a view of the situation of our broken troops at Fort Jefferson, and that there was no provisions in the fort, I called on the field officers for their advice what would be proper further to be done ; and it was their unanimous opinioUi that the addition of the first regi- ' ment unbroken as it was, did not put the army on so re* apectable a footing as it was in the morning, because a great part of it was now unarmed : that it had been found unequal to the enemy, and should they come on, which was probable, would be found so again ; that the troops could not be thrown into the fort, both because it was too small, and that there was no provision in it. That provisions were known to be upon the road at the distance of one or at most two marches ; that there- fore it would be proper to move without loss of time to meet the provisions, when the men might have the soon- er an opportunity of some refreshment, and that a prop- er detachnr.en'. might be sent back with it, to have it safely deposited in the fort. This advice was accepted, and the army was put in moiioo again at ten o'clock, apd marched ail night, and % ^i' "ni^ ■"^ — itr. Ih* sQcceedtng da^ met with a quantity of flour, part of it was dittributcd immediatelf, part taken back to sup* plj^he army on the march to Fort-HamiUon, and tht remainder, about fifty horse loads sent forward to Fort Jefferson* I have said Sir, in the former part of my communica- tion, that we were overpowered by numbers ; of that however, I have no oiher evidence, but the weight of the fire, which was always a most deadly one, and gen* •rally delivered from the ground, few of the eneny shewini; themselves on foot, except when they were charged, and that in a few minutes our whole camp, which extended above 350 yards in lengthy was entirely aurroundcd and attacked on ail quarteri. The loss, Sir, the public has su&tained by the fdll of so many officers, particularly General Butler, and &5a* jor Febguson, cannot be too much regretted ; but it is a circumstance that will alleviate the misfortune in soma measure, that all of them fell most gallantly doing their duty. I have the honor to be. Sir, your most obedient servant, AUTHUR ST. CLAIR." ** Hon. Seeretarj of War,** fllii' \ .«v »* PRIVATE LETTERS. « An express has arrived from the district of Ken- tucky, with the melancholy news of the defeat of Gen. St. Clair, within six miles of the Miami village. The loss on this occasion is about six hundred killed ^nd wounded (said to be nearly equal to BaADDOCX's de- feat) with seven pieces of artillery, and all the store?. Gen. St. Clair, it is said, had about 1300 men ; had reason to expect an attack and kept his men under arms all night, drawn up in a square* The attack commen* % #■■ >|- .yl V «^.iii-> i ^'ii ?•*. '-?^a ^. *'• «ed about dawn of daf, on all the lines, but principaHf MM the rear lineB« which was composed of the militia. The Indians gave one fire and rushed on, tomahawk in band. The militia gave wajr to the centre; and before the artillery could be bn ught into action, the matrosses were all killed, and it fell into the hands of the enemy. It was retaken but was useless (or want oi men to manage the pieces. The action was coniinued obstinate- ly ontil 9 o'clock, when the troops gave way. St. ClaiS rallied hia men, and brought them off in tolerable order, srith most of the wounded to Fort Jefferson, 30 miles in the rear of the action. The enemy pursue*^ five miles. J'h* Return of the OJIeers, killed and wounded in the rn- %^ ' ' gagement is e$ follows :-^ i:^.:^*,,*^ ^i: ^ KiLLSo— 1 Major'General, I Lieut. Colonel, 4 Ma« jors, 11 Captains, 10 Lieutenants, 9 Ensigns, 1 Sur- geoQ.-- Total 37. WovHSBD.— 3 Lieut. Colonels, 1 Major, 11 Cap- tains, 6 Lieutenants, $ Ensigns, 1 Surgeon—- Total ST. Beside the above, there were about 600 pri/ates kil- led and many more wounded — few officers of distinction escaped except Gen. St. Claih, who had many narrow jBscapesi eight balls passed through his cloathes.'* , « «( The army under the command of Gen. St/ Claii, was immediately surrounded— >the attack was conducted srith astonishing intrepidity on the part of the Indians— in a few momenta the General's tent was surrounded : however, he was rescued by a party of regular soldiers, who/repelled the enemy with fixed bayonets. There was a party of the Chickasaw nation on their way to join pep. St» Clair^ but did not arrive in season— there ' ^^ 1 ■% ^Itf— .^:^ #M but one fellow only of that nttion in the actionf wh*' it is Mid, killed aad scalped eleven of the cnemjr witik hit Okvn hands, and engaging with the twelfth, be fellj greatly lamented by the Americans* Major-General Butler waa woanded, and carried to a convenient place to have hib wounds dreased, but an In- dian having discovered the place to which he was convey* edi broke through the troops who attended hint, and torn- ahawkcd the geneial and the doctor who was dressing hit , woundi, before he was killed by the troops* Agreeable to the btateroent of the Indians they killed 1000 of the American troops, and took seven pieces of cannon— 300 gxen and a great number of horses, but no prisoners— and that their loss was only fifty*six warriors killed.— They stated that they were 4000 strong, and were commanded by one of the Missasago Indiana, who had been in the British service in the late war ; that ho planned and conducted the attack, which was even contra* ry to the opinion of a majority of the chiels<— and, that after the Americans began their retreat, he told the In- dians they had killed enough, and that it waa proper to give over the pursuit, and return and enjoy the booty they had taken— that their army was composed of soma from almost every tribe from the Miami to lake Miche- gan. The Missasago chief, above alluded to, was six feet in height, about 45 years of age, of a very sour and rooroao countenance, and apparently very crafty and subtle* His dress was Indian hose and moccasons, a blue petticoat that came halfway down his thighs, an European waist- coat and surtout ; his head was bound with an Indian cap that hung hsif way down his back« and almost entirely filled with plain silver broaches to the number of more than two hundred ; he had two ear-rings to each ear ; the upper p|i;t of each waa formed of three silver medtila 'W > ' # h^' ■■ I about the size or a dollar ; the lower part was forfned (^ q>iarters of dollars, and fell more than 13 inches from his cars ; one fram each ear over his breast— the other oter 1ms back ; he bad three very large nose jewels of silver that were curious'y painted. The party of friendly Chickasaws, who were on their way to j')in General St. Clair, arrived at Fort Jefferson two days afer the bloody action.— They were command- ed by PioMiNoo, or the Mountain Leader.— On their way they discovered that the American troops had been defeated, but saw but one of the enemy, who, mistaking PioMiNGo's party for some of his own comrades, made up to tbein ; he perceived his mistake, but too late to re* treat ; he was accosted by Piomingo, with ** Rascal joU have been killing white men" He endeavored to exculpate himseili but Piomingo ordered two of his warriors to ex- pand hia arms, and a third (an old man, fur says Piokin- ao, " none of my young men &hall disgrace themselves so much as to kill a wretch like thee") to shoot him through the heart, which was accordingly executed ; they af erwards took off his scalp. During !)T. Clair's bloody engagement, Adjutant Burgess received two wounds, the second of which pro. ved mortal: after the receipt of the first, he continued !• fi^'ht wiih distinguished gallantry ; the second unfortu- nately stopped btfi progress : faint with the loss of bloody he fell : a woman, who was particularly attached to himt raided him up, and while supporting him in her arms, receiv'-d a ball in her breast, which put an immediate end tj her exiHtence ! ? Soon after Ensign Wilson (a much lamented youth) fell, one of the ravages attempted to take off bis scalpi which Col. Darkb perceiving, he hastened to the spot» and with hh sword slabbed the miscreant through the body. « W'- '» •!(*.- ^ : 1 va? Indians defeated. * ^^ ^ A few weeks after the defeat of the tmops ander Cc«« dr. Clair, Gen. Scott despatched from the mtn under his command two 9pies to reconnoitre the enemv^ who, when Ihey arrived a* the di->tiince of a few mi'es fiom the fatal spot where the bloody action was foiiKht, ihef diicovered a targe party of Indians diverting and enjoy* ing themselven with the plunder they had taken, riding the bullocks, Sec* and appeared to be moatiy druitk— the men returned and communicated the impurtani infurma* tion to Gen* Scott, who immediately thereupon divided hia troops into three divisions, advanced and fell on the enemy by surprise— the contest was short but victorious on the part of the American troops ; beven hundred of the enemy were killed on the »put, all the cannon and atores in their possession retaken, and the remainder of the savage boJy put to flight.— Gen. Scott losing btit six men, returned to head quarters in triumph, with most of the cattle, stores, 8cc. Gen. .'^xoTT gave the following afiVcting account of the appearance of the field on which the bloody ac« tion between the American troops, under Gen* St. ClaiM) and the savages was fought t—*^ The place had a very melancholy appearance— nearly in the 6pace of 350 yards lay 500 skull bones—- 300 of which were buried by my men while on the ground ; from thence for five miles on, and from the roads thmugh the woods, was strewed with skeletons, muskets, Ice." i/rt-' ^'^y}..r: -jf.; ■ m u DEFEAT OF MAJOR JU* 31 AHOy, . On the 29ih of July, 1794, Maj. M'MAaow marched with 80 riflemen, under the command of Capt. Harts- ♦» ;j?t i, ■%>' I i I ' 'it ■■MlMMJMiBMMifliiilfc^ > f J • i ' i i 1 I ,ti i 1 r m,VJ, ^12S<« r it I ! i ■I I ■oRir, and SO dragoons uoder tbe coininend of Capf: Tatlor, for Fort Recovery, as an escort to 300 pack* v horiei loaded with floor for that garriaon : on the morn- }ng following arier tliey had deposited their loading, an4 were preparing to set out oo their return, they were at- tacked by an army of tSOO Indians ; Capt. Hartshorv, vho had adviiHced with the riflemen about a quarter of « mile into the woodti, immediately tt.ok post on a verf atrong commanding piece of ground near the garrison, and with unparalleled bravery, maintained the unequal fight, till M«j. M'Mahon, who had put himself at th* bead of the cavalry, was killed, as was Capt. TatloBi »nd Cornet Torrt, and many of the men wounded. The enemy now put their force against Capt. Hartshork, and in the moment when they were pushing to cut off his communication with the garrison, Lieut. Drake and Ensign Don sallied out, at the head of SO brave fellows* who turned out voluntarily on the occasion, and joined him, aiier beating the enemy back at the point of the bayonet ; at this instant the brave Capt. Hartshorh re- ceived a shot which broke his thigh. Lieut. Craig was killed, and Lieut. Marks taken prisoner. Lieut. Drake now ordered a retreat, and in endeavoring t^ hold the en- emy in check, so as to give the men time to save Capt. Hartshorn, he received a shot in the groin. The ene- my DOW pressed so hard as to compel the men to leave their captain. Great numbers of the Indians must have been killedf as they came forward in solid columns, up to the muzzle of the guns. Lieut. Michael, who was with Capt* liARTsuoRN, but whom he had detached with a few active men to the flank of the enemy, was now missing ; and while their coihpanions in the fort were deploring their fate and bad given them up as lost, they saw him and Lieut. Marks rushing through the thick of the enemf -„^,,, .' » — lis— «t dppotiie directions, and though namberi of gutif vevt Cred at ihem tht^ got in sitfe. Lieut. Mkuail lost ev- ery man of his party etccpt three, and Lieut. Maris ■got off by knockinf^ down the Indian ^ho took Inm. The Indians were observed to carry off great number* '•f killed and wounded on* pack horses— the lost of the Americans was 35 killed, snd about 40 wounded— the parly commanded by Capt. IIartshobn brought in ten •calps of the enemy. DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS BY Gen. WAYNl, ^■'- ■ -' ^ August 20th, ' .. / ^ ''^0EH, WAYNE to rnE SECRETARY of WAR. «« SiM, ^ .tf..~ *< IT is with infinite pleasure that I annp^unce to fou the brilliant success of the Federal army under ray command, in a general action with the combined fctce of the hostile Indians, and a considerable number of the Tolunteers and militia of Detroit on the 20th August, 'on the banks of the Miamis, in the vicinity of the British post and garri'jT^n at the foot uf the Rapids. The army advanced from Fort Washington on the 15th, and arrived at Roch l)e Bout on the 18th, and the 19th we M'ere employed in making a temporary post for the reception of our stores and baggage, and in recon- noitering the position of the enemy who were encamped * behind a thick bushy wood and the British forC. At 8 o'clock on the morning of the 20th, the army a- gain advanced in columns agreeable to the standing or- der of march, the legion on the right, its right flank \^- I I ,H I r : t ^r^rmU'm^tfaam \\ '"^►v \ -.' — 1S4— j.i Si Pi m : i 1j i I, n cavered bjr the Miam'i— one briftade t^ mounted ^roloiib tetis on the Ittt under Drif^adier Gcnv«*ek Todo, and ih« other in the rear under Brigaditr-Geneial Bar an i. A ■elect battalion of mounted volun*e«ri moved in front of the legion, commanded by M jor Prick, who was di- recied to keap sufficiently advunced, and to give lirodf notice for the troops to form in caie of action, it being; yet undetermined whether the Indittna wouid decide for peace or war. After advancing about five miles, Major Prick's corps received so severe a fire fmm the enemy, who were se- crettd in the woods and h gh grass, as to compel them to retreat* The legion wa* immediately formed in two lines, prin* cipal y in a close thirk wood which cx' ended for milea on our left, aiid fur a very considerable distance in front* the ground being covered with old fulien timber, proba* biy occasioned by a tornado, which rendered ii imprao- •ticable for the cavalry to act with eflect, and iiffvrded the enemy th»: most f^votiiable covtrt for their mode of Warfare: thr Savag-s were formed m three lines within supporting distance of each other, and extending for near two miles at tight angles with the river* I soon discoveied from the weight of the fire and extent oi ihei* lines, that the enemy were in full iorce in front, in pos« kes>>ion of their lavotite ground, and endeavouring to turn our left fl^nk ; I therefore gave o'd^rs for the se> cond Iii4e to advance to support the fiist, and directed Major General Scott to gain and turn the right fiink of the Savages, with the whole of the mounted volun- teers by a circuitous route ; at the same time 1 ordered the from line to advance and charge with trailed armsi and rouse' the Indians from their coverta ai the point of the bayonet, and when up to dcfivcr a close and well di> lecttd fire on ihtir backs^ fulluwcU iiy a biiitk charge &9 li . 1 ■•■(»■■ . .. i •r~\ 'V' — t3f— •• Kot td give tbcm time to load •gain, or to form tbfl» line. f I alto ordered Capt. M. Campbrll. who commanded Ibe Itgionary cavalry, to turn the Icii flar.k of ihe chcmf nent the river, otid which ttlTjidtd u fuvoiiiMjIc Held for that corps to act in— all those ordet-a were obeyed with •pirii and prom iiude ; but luch was the innpciiosiiy of the char(;e by the first line of infantry that the Indians ai>d Citn^dian ntihtiM and Tolun'eeia were diove from all their coverti, in »o ahorl a time, that bI h Uf»h every possible exertion was ussd by the cffirers of ihe second line of the legion and by Geneiali i»coTT, Wood, and Barbie, of ihe mourned volunteeisto guin-their proper po!>iiiona, btit part of eiich could gel up in sea-on to par- ticipate in the aciiont the enemy bemg diove in the course of one hour more than two mdes, through the thick woods already meniioncd by le»9 than one half their number. -.' ' a . - •,■? ' .< ' ' • " ,:..<,^:^^;«v,; ^> .-■ ' « • From every acrouni the enemy amounted to two thou* land conibuianii. the troops acluuliy engaged bgainst them were sh- ri of nine hundred.— Phis horde of Sava- ges, with their al]:e«, ahandimed themselves to flighli aiid dispersed with terror and dihinaji leaving our victo- rious army in full and quie*. possession of the field of battle, which terminated under the mSuence of the guna «f the Brii'Sh garrison. "■" \ The bravery and conduct of every oflRoer belonging to the army, f>om the Generals down to the Ens gns, meii my approbatioti. Lieutenant Covingtoiv, upon whom the command of the cavalry devolved (capt. Camfikll being killed) cut tlown two Savages wiih his own hand, and Lieutenant Webb one. in turning the eneniy's left flmk. 'Ihe w( unds received by Captains Si.oijoh, PrioR) Van RAKSELAsa and Rawlins, and Lieutenants M'- 't ^ n It t >* p-IK^ it !.! • '.■ t ;l'4 .S* KtirifT ancl SmitH) bctr honourable testimony of riMir brnverjr and conduct ; m fact every officer and aoldter svho had an opportunity to come into action diiplafed that true bravery which will always insure succeit ; an4 here permit me to declare that I have never diseover* led more true spirit and anxiety for action than appeared to pervade the whole of the moun'ed volunteers, and I am well perfiuaded, that hud the enemy maintain':U their favorite ^roond for one half hour longer they would liave moat severely felt the prowess of that corps* 4* But whilst I pay this just tribute to the living I must not neglect the gallant deadi among whom we have to lanitnt the early death of those worthy and brave officers, Capt. Campbbll and Lieut* Towlks, who fell in the ^ist charge* The lots oF the enemy was more than double to that of the federal array— 'the woods were strewed for a con- aidetable distance with dead bodies of Indians and their Hhiie auxiiiaiies, the latter armed with British rouskess and bayunetM. We remained lliree days and nights on the banks of the MiamiS) in front oi the field of battle^ during which time all the houses and cornfields were con- sumed and destroyed for a considerable distance above and below the garrison, among which were the houtesj stores and property of Col* M'Kbe, the British Indian Agent and principal stimulator of the war now existing between the United Slates and the savages. 'ihe anr.y returned to headquarters on the 27th, by ea« sy marches, laying wabte the villages and cornfields for about fifty miles on each side of the Miamis. It is not improbable but that the enemy may make one desperate eft'ji t against the army, as it is said a reinforcement was hourly expected at Fort Miamis from Niagara, as well a» numeious ttibes of Indians living on the margins and islands of the lake». This is an event rather to be wish* *»llf-. I tfl tot ihMi dreided whilst the urmj remnlni in force* their numbers will only tend to coitlu»c the bavages, And tiM victory will be ihe more coiuplcte and decisive, and which may eveotually injure a pernnancut and happ/ peace. The following ii a return of he killed, wounded, and missing of the federal army, in the late action, to wit r— KiLLio— I Captain, I Licutenaat, 3 Sergeants, 2U pri- vates—Total 33. WouND£0->'A Captaini, S Lieutenants, I Ensign, t Serq;e«nt8, 3 Corporals, 3 Musicians, 84 privates— Tolal 100. I have the honor to be, your most obedient and very humble servant, < f s* ,. ,^ r ^^vp ry ANTHONY WAYNE.*' , T0 th* Secretary of War, > , 1 • The following circumstances, which tor k pla^e previ- ous to and during Gen. Watnk*s engagement, are wor- thy of record. ' ^- At the instant Capt. Campbell was attemptinf^ to turn the left flank of the enemy, three of them plunged into the rivor— two friendly negroes being on the opposite side, and observing the Indians making for the shorei they placed themselves on the bank behind a tog, and as soon as the Indians approached within shot, one of the negroes fired and killed one of the Indians ; the other two got hold of him to drag him out, when the other negro fired and killed another ; the remaining Indian got hold of both those dead to pull ihei ashore, when the negro who killed the first having again reloaded fired and killed the third, and they all floated down the river. Another circumstance is also related, viz. A soldier, soon after the conclusion oi the action, proceeding bome diatance from the cftopi met an Indian ; they attacked •^ ;»• i'^i : I f I \i I ,'l \(l u I A ^il .JW ;,-!-4fe' ' '>4! ' IT /■gw- If .t . i ;. 1; i. ' ■' '1 '-■', 11 := '■■I ^ «ach nther, the noMier with hi«i bayonet, and the tndtaa M^.':' ^''h hi* tomahawk ; some of the holdicr* passing by that way two days aft t-r, found iheni boh dead, the soldier wiih his bayonet in thcr body of tiie Indian, and the In- dian with his lomnliawk in the soldier's head. The following circumstance ijpok place previous to the action :— A Mr. Wells, who, when ve«y young, was ta- ken prison'jr by the I-idians, and had resided sirveral years among them, had made hi» escape and was em- ployed by Gen. Wavnk as a s; y. — Tht day befoic the action he was taken by the Indianii, who determined to put him to death. Finding it imposnible to escape^ he informed them that Gen. Wayne had not 500 men un- der his command, and did not expect an attack. On hearing this, the Indians attacked Gen. Watne with a confidence in pired by their (supposed) superiority of number;*, and were repulsed as before ment cncd. After the action, Maj. Campbell, (in whose custody the In- dians had lefi Wrlls) enquired his motive for deceiving; them ; he answered, "/or the good of my eountry."— -For this heroic action, he was unfeelingly delivered to the In- dians, in whose hands it i«. supposed he experienced everf torture that savage barbarity could invent or inflict. — The circumstances respecting Mr. Wklls, were related by a British drummer who deserted from the fort to Gen* Wayne. A council of Indians was held a few days after their defeat by Gen. Wayne, in which British Agents en- deavouicd to persuade them to risque another actioRi but this they refused to do, expressing a willingness to bury the bloody hatchet and return to their homes-<->their loss they declared to be 200, and that their whole force at the commencement of the action amounted to 1500 Indians and 80 Canadians. The body of the Collector of Niagara was found among the »!»»• ' 1 /,^ ■^^ 'y f 9 0. f ■i if ^ 0^^^% 4 V *' ^^ i^ # '%> ^ % % 3? CHAP. X, 4 -*. -? ^1*' v^. ■^ ADVENTURES OF CAPT. DANTEL BOON, tiOM^RISING AW ACCOVNT OF THE WARS WITH Ttfl INDIANS, ov THE OHIO, vaoM 1769 to 1782, i ,*^- wHtrVEH »r HiMSELr, '^\'^m ■f- IT ^M on the first of May, 1769, that I resigned tttf domestic happiness, and left nxy family and peacea- ble habitation on the Yadkin river in North-Carolina, to lirander through the wilderness of Americai in quest of the country of Kentucky, in company with John Fin^ LET, JoBN Stuart, Joseph Holobn, Jambs MoNATt and William Cool, t'*' . ' ; T* On the d'th June, after travelling in a western direction, tre found oorbelves on Red river, where John Finlbt had formerly been trading with the Indians, and from the top of ail eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. For some time we had experienced the most uncomfortable weather* We now encamped, made a shelter to defend tis from the inclement season, and be* gan to hunt and reconnoitre the country; We found abundance of wild beasts in this vast fbrest. The buffj' loes were more numerous than cattle on other settlements, browsing on leaves of the cane, or crossing the herbage on those extensive plains. We saw hundreds in a drovei and the numbers about the salt springs were amazing.— In this forest the habitation o( beasts of every American kind, we hunted with great success until December. , On the 22d December, John STUA^t and I had a pleasihg ramble ; but fortune changed the day at the close of it. \Ve hud passed through a great forest, in which stood myriads of trees, same gay with blossoms, Others rich with fruUt. Nature was here a series of f R >*■ :• '*■, t ! 1 .1 * A \i H {• :-.l i I; 't I ■U' '♦ «- # v — ISflr— #'■ ^Brg «- jifc 1 .'^^ - Hk \<« »'• wonders and a fund of delight. Here she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a variety of flowers and fruits, beautifully eolored. elegantly shaped, and charnningty fla. y(»red ; and we were favorad with numberless animals presenting themselves perpetually to our view. In tlie decline of the day, near Kentucky river, as we ascended Iho brow of a small hill, a number of Indians rushtd out of a thick cane brake and made us prisoners. The In- dians plundered us and kept u^ in confinement seven days. During this we drtcovered no uneasiness ordestr* to escape, which m^de them lest suspicious : but in the dead of night, as wo lay by a large fire in a thick cane brake, when sleep had locked up their senses, my situa- tioD not disposing me to re&t,' I gently awoke my com- panion. We seized this favorable opportunity and de- partedt directing our course toward cur old camp, but found it plundered and our conipany dispersed qr eon(| home. .-''-_'■;*'..«.. .- ■^■.^"- .,. ■ f; _/. ;,.."*i^' . '^'- V About this time my brother with another adventurer, who came to explore the country shortly after us, wat wandering through the forest and accidentally found our camp. Notwithstanding our unfortunate circumstanceit and our dangerous situation, surrounded with hostile sav- ages, our meeting fortunately in the wilderness, gave U| the most sensible satisSKction. Soon after this, my Qompanion in captivity, John Stu- ABT, was killed by the savages, and the man who came with my brother returned home by himself. We were then in a dangerous helpless situation, exposed daily t» perils and death, among savagei and wild beasts, not % whitje man in th,« country but ourselves. Thus many hundred miles from oar families^ in the howling wilderness, we did not continue in a state of in- dolence, but hunted every day, and prepared a little cot- tage to d'jfend us from the winter storms* Wc met with V.H ¥ V 4i '-*■ f ^ V t^T > « r.. 5* y^.-- n\ ^ II ■^ iiS •iiH fla. ndcd 1 out p In* leven lesil'« n the caoe situa- coin- d de* gon« turer, waa s- our anceij * sav- # live ua S-ru- f came were uly t» % not i 1 - -- n the of ia- cot- vith ^.;, tv? !.'■>'■ . ♦ ""^ «^ *f —151— ,^ *' V »v -w ¥ K ."4 ■ I- •■*' fto disiorbtnct during the winter. On the 1st of M»f , WTO, my brother returned home by himself, for a new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving mc alone, without bread, salt, or sugar, or even a horse or a dog— I passed a few days uncomfortably. The idea of a be- loved wife and family, and their anxiety on my account, would have disposed me to melancholy ii I had further indulged the thought. One day I undertook a tour through the country, when the diversity and beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every gloomy thought. Juut ftt the close of the day, the gentle gales ceased ; a pro- found calm ensued ; not a breath shook the ircmuious leaf. I had gained the summit of a commanding ridge, imd looking around with astonishing delight betield the ample plains and beauteous tracts below. On one hand I surveyed the famous Ohio rolling in silent dignity, and *► marking the western boundary of Kentucky with incon- ceivable grandeur. At a vast distance I beheld the fnountains lift their venerable brows and penetrate the clouds^ All things were ttili. I kindled a fire near a fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the line of a buck which a few hours before I had killed. The shades of night soon overspread the hemisphere, and the earih seemed to gasp after the hovering moisture. My excur- sion had fatigued my body and amused my mind- I laid me down to sleep, and awoke not until the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour and in a fitw days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally pleased as the first ; after which I returned to my old camp, which had not been disturbed in my ab. sence. I did not confinp my lodging to it, but often re- posed in thick cane brakes to avoid the savag:,^- uho T believe often visited my camp, but fortunately for me in my absence. No populous city with all its vaiieties of .«'"■ f': 'i. If' k 1:1 ' .,, Pill ; Vf: H it! I • ( i i £ ^JSFJ fc ^&tft iff ^r-" 41 II- iiiT i i i /■■t V •1 7 .> "7 .4 15 t #. Sjj, 114 ^, / »,. ■^ iw r -a statelf structures, could alford to much •^ mind) as the beauHes of nature I found ^ t commerce and pleasure to my in this country. u i*,... .ft Until t^e 37th July, I spent the time in an uninter- rupted scene of sylvan pleasures, when my brother, to my great telicity met me. according to appointment at our Old camp. $oon afief we Icf: the place and proceed- ed to Cumberfaad river, reconnoitreing that part of the (COuptr)'^ and giving names to the different rivers. '"' In March, 177lt I returned home to my family, being determined to bring theni as soot> as i>ossible, at the risk of my life and fortune, to reside in Kentucky, which I esteeinsd a second paradise. On my re' urn I found my family in happy circum- stances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and what goods we could not carry with at, and on the 85th September* 1773, we took leave of our friendi and proceeded on our j>urney to Kentucky, in company with five more families, and forty,men that joined us in Powell's Val- ley, which is ISO miles from the now settled parts of Kentucky ;— -but this: promibing beginning was soon over- cast with a cloud of adversity. Qn the 10th October the rear of pur company was at- tacked by a party of Indians ; who killed six, and wound- ed one man* Of these my eldest son was one that fell in the action. Though we repulsed the enemy, yet this unhappy affdir scattered our cattle and brought us into extreme difficul'y—we reirented forty miles to the set- tlement on Clench river. \Ve had parsed over two mountains, Powell's and Walden'b, and weie approach- ing Cumberland mountain, when this adverse fortune overtook us. These mountains are in the wilderness/ in parsing from the old settlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are ranged in a southwest and northeast direction, are of gre^t length and breadth, and not far distant froin eac^h K *\ ^m \ > « 4 #'^ *«- 1^' »1SS^ '*" i^ other. Over them nature hath formed p«»iei lets diffi* ^^'^ icuh than might be expected from the view of such huge ^^ piles. I'he aspect of these cliffs are so wiid Rud horridi that it is imposiible to behold them withoui terror. ^^ t Until the 6ih June, 1774, I remained wiih my fmrilf ''^ on the Clinch, when I and another per&un were solicited by Govern >r Dunmorb, of Virginia, to conduct a nam- ' *v ^ bar of surveyors to the falls of Ohio. This was a tour of 800 miles, and took us sixty>two days. *^' , On my return, Gov. Dunmomk gave me the command of three garrisons during the campaign against the ; Shawanese. In March, 1775, at the solicitation of a number of gentlemen of North Carolina, 1 attended their treaty at Waiaga, with tne Cherukee Indiana, to purchase the lands ou the south side of Kentucky river. '' ,1 After this I undertook to mark out a road in the best passage from the settlements through the wilderness to Kentucky. " Having collected a number of enterprising men well armed, I soon began this work— we proceeded until we came within fifteen miles of where Boonsborough now stands, where the Ihdians attacked us,' and killed two and wounded two more of o»'r party. This' was on the 32d March, 1775^ — two days after we were agam attack- ed by them, when we had two more killed and three wounded. After this we proceeded on to Kentucky riv- er wiihoui further opposition. ' On the 1st April we began to erect the fort of Boons- i borough, at a salt lick, sixty yards iVom the river on the south side. On the 4th the Indians killed one of our men. On the 14th of June, having completed the fort, J returned to my family on the CHnch, and whom I soon after temoved to the fort—my wife and (laughter were supposed to be the fiitt white women that ever stood up- on the banks of Kentucky river! ^ ■fyv^. '< ci,- a: 'lii L . ;; !i; f lit ■ t ■ > { ■• ■4- ' S'^ I ; ! i; ) 09i *■ . m- 'k ^^ . * ,.-.'1 r ; %'> 1/' ■H/ ^ ^> * ^ y v# ^\u^ V /, .># On the 94tM)ecetnbdr the IndiiM killed one of b^t fnen and wounded another ; and on the Utb Julf, \7f%i jlhey took my daughter prisoner— I immediately pursued them with eight men, and oh the 16lh overtook and en- gaged them, I killed two of them and recovered my daughter. »-* , . ' The Indians having divided themselves into several parties, attacked on one day all our inlant seitlemehts and forts, doing a great deal of damage— the husband* men were ambushed and unexpectedly attacked while toiling in the field* They continued this kind of war- fare until the 15ih April 1777, when nearly 100 of them attacked the village of Boonsborough, and killed a num- ber ot its inhabitants. On the 19ih Colonel Logan's fort was attacked by SOO Indians— there were only If pnen in the fort, of whom the eneqay killed two and wounded one. On the 20th August Col. Bowman arrived with 100 men from Virginia, with which additional force we had almost daily skirmishes with the Indians, who began now to learn the superiority of the ** long kniftt" as they termed the Virginians ; being out^generaled in al- most every *)iction. Our affairs began now to wear a better aspect, the Indiana no longer daring to fare us in open field, but sought private opportunities to destroy us. On the .7th February, 1778, while on a hunting ex. cursion, alone, I met a party of 103 Indians, and 3 Frenchmen, marching to attack Boonsborough- they pursued and took me prisoner, and conveyed me to Old Chelicothe, the principal Indian town on Little Miami, where we arrived on the 18ih February, after an un- comfortable journey.— On the 10th March I was con. ducted to Detroit, and while there was treated with great humanity by Governor Hauilton, the British ^^v- ^1** %',£ V*; * *:* ii> I «v «* % ■ ',,1**. .^- —135— ■■JK ^. l^k commander at that poit, and Intendant for Indian af* fail's. The Indians had tuch an affection for roc, that thcf refused lOOU sterling offered them by the Governor, if thejr would consent to leave me with him, ihat he might be enabled to liberate me on my parole. Several Eng- lish gentlemen then at Detroit, sensible of my adverse fortuucy and touched with sympathy, generously offer- ed to supply my wants, which I declined wi:h many thanks, adding that I never expected it wculd be in my power to recompence such unmerited generosity. On the 10th April the Indians returned with mc to Old Chelicothe, where we arrived on the S5th.— This was a long and fatiguing march, although through an exceeding fertile country, remarkable for spiings and streams ot water. At Chelicothe I spent my time as comfortably as I could expect } was adopted, according to their custom, into a family, where I became a son, and had a great share in the affection of my new parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. I was exceedingly familiar and frien'dly with them, always appearing as cheerful and contented as possible, and they put great confidence in me. I often went a hunting with them, and frequent, ly gained their a]>plause for my activity at our shooting matches. I was careful not to exceed many of them in shooting, for no people are more envious than they in this sport. I could observe in their countenances and gcstnrcs the greatest f xpressions of joy when they ex- ceeded me, and when the reverse happened, of envy.-— The Shawanese king took great notice of me, and treat- ed me with pro(pund respect and entire friendship, often entrusting me to hunt at fry liberty. I frequently return- ed with the spoils of the woods, and as often presented some of what I bad taken to him, expressive of duty to my sovereign. My food and lodging was in common X.. * t ^rrt ' -^ . i.; 1 il u- ■ 'f: I : V 'i i iri in '^ I Li» ' I \ !■ I •'• it «^ i .i- •^134— »■*> «%? # .-*. f Urilh them, not so g^d indeed as I could detire, but n6'« cessity made every ihlng acceptuble. ^, 1 now began to meditate an eacapct and carefully avoided giving suspicion. I continued at Chelicothe un- til the fir««t day of June, when I was taken to the salt springs on Sciolha, and there employed ten days in the manufacturing of salt. During this time I hunted with my Indian masters, and found the land for a great extent a\.-)ut this river to exceed the soil of Kentucky if possible) and remarkably well watered. On my return to Chelicothe, 450 of the choicest In- diun warriors were ready to march against Boonsbo- rough ; they were painted and armed in a frightful man- ner. This alarmed me and I determined to escape. ^ On the 16th of June, before sunrise, I went off secretlyi and reached Boonsborough on the the 20(h, a journey of 160 miles, during which I had only one meal. I found our fortress in a bad state, but wc immediately repaired our fictnks, gates, posterns, and formed double bastionii which we completed in ten days. One of my fellow pri^ soners escaping after me, brought advice that on account of my flight, the Indians had put cfF their expedition for three weeks* ■ ? ^ ^^ '' About August 1st, I set out with 19 men to surprise Point Creek Town on Sciotha, within four miles of which we fell in with 40 Indians going against Boonsborough— we attacked them and they soon gave way without any loss on our part— the enemy had one killed and two wounded^-we took three horses and all their baggage.--^ The Indians having evacuated their town, and gone alto- gether against Boonsborough, we returned, passed them on the 6th, and on the 7th arrived safe at Boonsborough* On the 8th, the Indiap army, consisting of 444 men, tender the command of Capl. DuquESNR, and eleven oth- er Frenchmen, und their own chiefs^ arrived and stiin- r. ^- I fit- sfully e on- e talt in the I with extent is&ible* S9t In- )on»bo- jl man- ic ecretlyi irncy of I found irepaired jastionsi low pri-' account ition for surprise jf which trough- hoot any and two gage- lone a\to- ed them iborough* ,44 meni [even oih- ind »utn- ^ ^ $ <^ ■ ♦ > ^ 'A ..^-- mdned the (ort to snrreiider. I requested two dayt eMi> feideration, which was granted* During th*- ve brought Id through the posterns all the horses and other cattle w« could collect. On the 9th, in the evening, t informed their command- er) that we were determined to defend the fort, while n tnan was living. They then proposed a treaty, and said if we sent out nine men to conclude it, they would with- draw. The treaty was held within sixty yards of the fort) as we suspected the savages. The articles were agreed to and signed ; when the Indians told us it was their tustom for two Indians to shake hands with every whit* man in the treaty, as an evidence of friendship. We agreed to this also. They imnoediately grappled us to take us prisoners, but we cleared ourselves of themt though surrounded by hundredst and gained the fort safe, except one mm who was wounded by a heavy fire from the enemy. The savages began now to undermine the fort, begln- tiing at the water mark of Kentucky river, which is 60 ^ards from the fort ; thia we discovered by the water be- ing made muddy by the day^—we countermined them by cutting a trench across their subterraneous passage. The enemy discovering this by the clay we threw out of the fort, desiHted. On the 20th August they raised thesiege» during which we had two men killed and four wounded* We lanit a number of cattle. The kiss of the enemy was 27 killedi and a much larger number wounded. We picked up ISSlbs.of their bullets, besides what stuck in the log* of the fort. . ., ^ ^^ ,^ v . : In July, 1779, during my absence, Col. Bowham, with 160 men, went against the Shawanese of Old Chelicothe* Ke arrived undiscovered, a battle ensued, which lasted until ten in the morning, when Col. Bowman retreated, 20 ihiUs. The Indiana collected all lh«ir atcengti^ and S %. r-«* ^i •I J: ~„ rV I." i ,1 *• ^v> .i^_. / J.V .. — rsi— .■>t, '- » / ■^!'N ■J ? '•?■ p pttriocd him, when another cnfiraRement ensued for tircf hoursi not to CoK Bowman'* advMntage. Col. Hairod proposed to mount a number of hor\ It; prixNiert. The hnn tnd mocb lamented Coloneic Tool •nd Tmoo, Major Harlavo, end my tecnd wnt were among ?he dc^d. We were artcrwardt told, that the In* diana, on numbering their dead, finding thef had fbat more k lied than we. four of oar people thejr had taken were given up to their jroung warriors, to be put to death after their b«rbarou« mannert On our retreat we were met by Col. Looav, who was kaatcning to join us, with a number of well armed ment This powerful ataistance we wanted on the dajr of battle* The cnemjr aaid one more fire from ua would have made them give way* I cannot reflect upon thii dreadful scene, without great sorrow. A zeal for tl^ defence of their couotrf led theae heroes to the scene 'action, though with a few men, to attack a poiArful army of experienced warriors* "When we gave way, they pursued us with the utmost eagerness, and in every quarter spread destruction. Tht river was diflicuU to croas, and many were killed in the flight, some just entering the river, some in the water, others after croaaing in ascending the cliffs* Some es- caped on horseback, a few on foot { and being dispersed every where, in a lew hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to Lexington. Manj Widows ^ere now made. The reader may guess what sorrow filled the hearts of the inhabitants, exceeding any* thing (hat I am able to describe. Being reinforced, we returned to buiy the dead, and found their bodies strew* ed every where, cut and inangleL' in a dreadful manner. This mournful scene exhibited a horror almost unparal. lelcd ; some torn and eaten by wild beasts ; those in the river eaten by fibhes ; all in such a putrid condition, that no one could be distinguished from another. When General Ciask, at the falls of Ohio, heard of eur disasier, he ordered an expedition to pursue the sav*^ ^s^ — I4I<- rdof •(Mf we overtook them within two miles of their towne, and we thould have obtained « great viciorfi had not tome of them met us whtrn about two hundred poles from their camp. The savages fled in the utmost disorder, and evacwicd all their towns. We burned to ashes Old Chelicothc, Pcccawaf, New Chelicoihe» Wills* Town and Chelicothe } entirely destroyed their com and other fruits ( and spread desolation through their country. Wo took seven prisoners and Ave scalps and lost only four men, two of whom were accidentally killed by ourselves* This campaign damped ilie enemy) yet they made secret incursions. In October a party attacked Crab Orchard, and one of them being a good way beforci^ie other>i boldly entered ■ house, in which were only a woman and her children* and a negro man. The savage used no violencO) bat attempt* ed to carry off the negro, who happily prov#ilk^1oo strong for him, and threw him on the ground, and in the strug* gle the woman cut off his head with an axe— whilst her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantljr came up and applied their tomahawks to the door, when the mother putting an old rusty gun barrel through a cre- vice, the savages immediately went off. ^ « «- From that time till the happy return of peace between the United Slates and Great- Britain, 'ic Indians #d ut no miscbi«i* Soon after this the Iniimns desired peace* Two darling sons and a brother 1 have lost by savage hands, which have also taken from me 40 valuable horses, and abundance of cattle. Many oark and sleepless nights have I spent, separated from the cheerful society of men} scorched by the summer's son, and pinched by the win- ter's cold, an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness. But now the acenc is changed : Peace crowns the sylvan bhade. DANI£L BOON. iajette Countj^ Kentwk^* *^'* ■ f !■-» ^^ &.'i i .1') • V > •A — Uf-. .• * V APPENDIX. ^'iH^d^: '■■■ih-- IN vindication of the conduct of the Americam, in the commencement of hostilities'with the natives of the country, wt shall here, as v/t proposed, record som* icw instances of the unprovoked acts 6f barbariijr of th« latter, practiced upon the defenceless of the former.— As was mentioned ioja preceding page, although a peace was happily effected between the two contending pow- ers, Great Biiiain and America, in 1783, the Savage* who had in the contest decided with the former, wer« yet unwilling to but y the if^oody hatchet, although the Americans proposed a peace with them on the most just and equitable terms. Dissatisfied with the result of the contest of their aux. iliaries, with a nation whose frequent aggressions and disposition to deprive them of their lands, had induced then) to have recourse to the fatal tomahawk and scalp- ing knife to obtain redress, they seemed now still more exasperated and determined on the sought for revenge ; •—they suffered no opportunity to pass unimproved— the hoary heuded and the tender infant alike fell victims to their wanton barbarity— to counteract which, and to pre- vent the further effusion of innocent blood, was an army raised and sent into their country, first to offer them peace on honoruble terms, but if rejected to act on the offensive. v ■■ -^.-v vgi-n< tv^^;^^'^ •^:ifVimr"^v. ■^^■■- 'i^^ That the Savages were the first aggressors, that their unprovoked acts of cruelty drove an injured people to the disagreeable alternative of appealing to arms, to de- fend and protect the livcs of their defenceless brethren, the ioUuwing melancholy particulars will we presume sufiice to convince every candid reader :-» •5W ^k^-^ '■'* W t 'i ^14^-*. ^ S. .' Jel/ ^ Copy of ft letter From Mr. John Cor bit (a Baptist minister) to hit friend in Philadelphia, dated •( Muddy Creek, (Penn.) July 8. 1783. " *i.DearSiry " The following are the particulars of the de- Ktruction of my unfortunate family by the Savages — On the 1 0th May last being my appointment to preach at one of jny meeting houseK, about a mile from my dwel- ling house, I sat out with my loving wife and five chil- dren, for public worship. Not suspecting any danger* I WiUked behind a few i(>di with my bible in my hand* meditating.— As I was thus^employedt on a sudden, I was greatly alarmed by ihe frightful shrieks of my dear family before me— I immediately ran to iheir relief with all possible spetd. vainly hunting a club as I ran— when within a few yaids of them, my poor wife observing me, cried out to me to make my escape — at this instant an Indian r»n tip to shoot me, I had to strip and by so do- ing out-ran him. My wife had an infant in her arms which the Indians killed and scalped, after which they struck'my wife several times, but not bringing her to the ground, the Indian who attempted to shoot me ap* proached her and hoi her through the body, after which they scalped her ! — my little son, about six years old, they desipatched by sinking their hatchets into his brains ! — imv little daughter, four years old, they in like man- ner killed snd scalped ! My eldest daughter attempted an escape by concealing herself in a hollow tree, about •ix rods from the fatal scene of action — observing the Indians retiring (as she supposed) she deliberately crept from the place of her concealment, when one of the In> dians, who yet remained on the gronnd, espying her, ran up to her and with his tomahawk knocked her down and scalped her !— but, blessed be God, she yet survives, as doei her Uitl« sister vhoiu the savages in like manner ^ 1* i Ji: i« '"■m- ,1 I ■i 1 ' ¥ ■"0 t ■^; toiAahtvtked and tcalpcd— thcf are mingled to « thotk* Ing degree} but the doclort think there are aome hopei of their recovery, ,m When I supposed the Indians gone t returned to see what had become of my unfortunate family— whonii a* laSf I found in the situation above described i— No one* my dear friend, can form a true conception of my feel- ings at this moment—-a view of a scene to shocking tO humanity q*iite overcome me— I fainted, and was uncon- ciously borne off by a friend who at the instant arrived to my relief. ; Thus, dear sir, have I given you a faithful though a * short narrative of the fatal catastrophe— -and amidst which my life is spared, but lor what purpose the Great Jehovah best knows— oh, may I spend it to the praise and glory of his grace, who worketb all things after the council of his own will— the government of the world and the church is in his hands. I conclude with wish* ing you every blessing, and subscribe myself your af- fectionate though afflicted friend, end unworthy brother in the gospel ministry, JOHN CORBLT." On tlie 27th September, 1784, as five gentlemen (Messrs. Jacobus Tallek, Isaac Arnold, James Stk- WART, Danibl Babclat, sod Isaac Van Alsttnb,) were on their way to Detroit, at a place called the river Burdell, on Lake Erie, they were suddenly attacked by four Mahagon or Delaware Indians, (armed with mus- kets and tomahawks) who fired on them and killed Mr; Tallbr and Mr. Barclay dead on the spot, and wound- ed Mr. ARNOLQ-^they then rushed on with their toma- hawks—one attacked Mr. Arnold, who, after a smart struggle, in which he received several wounds in his heady disengaged himself, and having a musket at the instant P relented him by Mr. Stswart) snapped it (it unforto- A*- < v^« .;« >■ V # — U5— Bitelf not being charged) at the Tndiani who immrdiatcif thereupon with the three others fled to the woods. As soon as thry had dinppeared, Mr. Ahnolo and hia com* panion hasttned to the shore of ifte lake, in which ihef launched their baiteau« but when about thirty rods from the shore, thejr were hailed by Mr. Van Alsttnk, who. during the bloody contest had secreted himself in th« busnes— he begged uf his companions to return and taka him on board, on which Mr. Arnold reque»ttd him to proceed a few rods down (he lake to a point of landi where he cotild more con?enientIy take him in — Mr. Van Alsttnb, it was suppofied. misunderstanding his friend^ proceeded directly up the lake, to the very spot where the Indians were then assembled, who with their toma- hawks instantly despatched him ; after which they follow- ed the two survives, in an old csnoe, two or three miles down the lake, Li *^ ?ing unable to overhaul them, tbejr discontinued the p f:^^it. ,t Copy of a letter from Col. Robsstson to Genl Wash* ' • iNGTON, dated, 'Z?^ -: »?»;* f^-^Hi. ** Nashville y Aug. 1, 1787. " By accounts received from the Chickasaw na* tion of Indiana, we are informed that at a grand council of their warriors, it was unanimously deternniDed to com- mence active operations against the whites ; the Chero* kees they expect will join them. The white inhabitants in this quarter are drawing together, and are d^^itig every thing possible for their defence, but I fear without some timely assistance we shall all (all a sarrifice to the wan- ton barbarity of our savage foes, who we expect are now on their way to this place to the number of one thousand* Major Hall and his eldest son fell a sacrifice to their fu- ry two ddys ago, near Bedloc'a Lick. Tbey have killed V ■ I; Mi' ill- T! ! !, iti 7 '-^ ^146^ f-l. f < -if. I' »l % • i' ;?. #■ ' * Va ?.* :•( I iffcMi twanty'fbur pertoiis Td th<:^'coapi« 6f » few irmtby io thit Mttlement, bnidee a grcAt Mumbsr more near \U From Burke county we learn that on the 1 1th instant, tvo nen, • womsn* and her little daughter, wei*e icalp. 0k at WilHams'ti S^^^mpi on the Ogechee river, by a pirty of Itotnant— t^ little girl (to deter them from their cruel design) held out a bottle of Honey, telling them it Wat rum, begging them in the mean time to spare her nfeo—they told her they did not w^ant mm, but her hair !— they knocked her down and sca^^/ed her, but we are hap^ py to lea*rn abe is in a fkir way of recovery. By a letter from Kentucky, I am infortied that the In- dians have done more mischief in that state the present year, than for at least four years past. Scarce a boat can past below Limestone but what is attacked by them ; •ix or seven have been captured, some with very valuable lading— >by a prisoner who escaped from them a short time since, we a.'s informed that the Indians have pro* cured a boat, or rather a kind of floating battery, with the aides built high and rendered bullet proof; this boat is stationed near the mouth of the Great Miami. They a Ibw days since captured a boat in which were a Capt. AsBLBT and his family— a son of the captain having been very spirited in the opposition, the savages imme- diately put him to death, cut out his heart and broiled it, which they afterwards devoured in the presence of t4ie unhappy father, who hat since made his escape from them— a proceeding so barbarous as this, I have never heard ot being practiced by the savages before.'* CSopy of a letter from General Clarxk to his Honor tht Governor of the State of Georgia, dated, •V. ** Leng-Creeki Sept. 24, IfBT* "I had certain information that a man wfts kiUeil fc«T*J> »l rsr. «ti ihe 14(h ntar Green«borooglii bj • parljr of six or lewtn lodiaM ( and that on tbe 16th Col. Bam«ii, wUM • small part/ was waylaid by 90 or 60 indiatia { and thM he had three of bia party killed. This, and the inrorm^ tioii contained in Mr. fiAitNAiD's Ust Ittter^ and a ?aHe* If of other accounts equaitjr alarming, determined me to raise what men I could in the course of 84 hourSt and marched with them to protect the frontierti in which apace of time I collected 163 meni chiefly volunteers, and proceeded to the place where Col. Barbib had been at. tacked, where I found the bodies of the three men men- tioned above, mangled in a shocking manner, and after I bad buried them, proceeded on the trail of t>ie rourder< era as far as the south fork of the Oakmulgee. where, finding I had no chance of otertaking them, I Itft it and went up tka said river, tintil I met with a fresh truU of Indiana coming in towards our frontier settlements ; I immediately turned and followed this trail until the morn, iag of the Slst, between 11 and 13 o'clock, when I cam* up with them. They bad just crossed a branch called Jack's Creek, through a thick cane brake, and were en. camped and, cooking on an emine.ice. My force then consisted of ISO men, 30 having been sent back on ac> count of their horses being tired and lost. I drew up my men in three divisions, the right commanded by Col. Frbbman and Major Clarkb, who were ordered to sur- round and chaige the Indians, which they did with such dexterity and spiri: that they immediately drove them from their encampment back into the cane brake, where, finding it impossible for them to escape, they obstiiutely returned our fire until half past' four o'clock, when they ceased, except now and then a shot. *• During the latter part of the action they seized every opportunity of escaping by small parlies leaving the rest to shift for themselves. About sunset I thought it most ni' ':'' M 1 1 :i;J mm : lg" ) " ' » V'# *..C' ¥ ■?> if..; ii ; —148-^ •dviseable to draw off, m the men had tuflbred for want •f provision* nearly two dayi, and for want of water dur- ing the action, but more panicutarlf to take care of thi woundedt which ainoun'ed to eleven«and six killed. Frona every circumstance I am certain there were not le«a than S5 Indiani killed, and am mduced to suppose, that could I have ktaid all night ' mr t have found 40 or 50 dead of their wounds by th« .iK ning— In short they were total- ly defeated, with tbe lo«4 of their provisions, cloathing, 8cc. consiatiog of the following particulara : 2 gunn, 33 brass kettles, and 87 large packs, containing b'ankets, match coats, boots, muccasons, tomahawks, pipes, up- wards of too hdlters and bribles, &c. from all which I judge their number was fully equal to oui «. Co). Fbik- iSAn and Major Claris distinguished themselves, and from the spirit and bravery with which the whole of my little party acted during the action, I do not believe that had we met them in the open wood*, we should hate been more than five minutes in destroying them all* ; " While I was on this excursion two skirmishes hap- pened near Greensborough,rn one of which one man wca wounded, and in the other six stand of arms were lost, being guarded by only two men, while the rest of the party was gathering fodder. " I have now to beg your attention to the unfortunate wounded, who are at Read's Fort ; a doctor, some wine, tea, coffee, and sugar, are indispensably necessary. <* I am, Sir, with the utmost r fian a fatal blow; after which she hauled him through the passage into the house !— the others (unconcious oC the fate of their companion) supposing that they had now nearly succeeded in their object, rushed forwardi four of whom Mrit. Mkbril in like manner despatched before the cUiers discovered their mistake.— The reir.ain- ing Indians, after retiring for a lew momentS) returned and renewed their efforts to enter the house— despairing of succeeding at the door they got on the top of iha house and attempted to descend the chimney, to prevent which, Mr. Mbrril directed his little. son to empty upon the fire the contents of a feather-bed, which had the de- sired effect, as the smoke and heat caused thereby, soon brought down rather unexpectedly two of the enemy 1— Mr. MERitiL exerting every faculty at this critical mo« ment, seized a oillet of wood vnlh which he soon des- patched the two half smothered Indians^ while in tha mean time his heroic wife was busily engaged in de* fending the door against the efforts of the only remain- ing one, whom she so severely wounded with an axe that he was soon glad to retire. A priiioner who escaped from the enemy soon after n ' y . . ^ . # iki trtnstction, informed that the wounded stvage abotii^ mratitincd was the only one that escaped of the party, which consittcd of eight— .that on his return being asked bjr the prisoner " what news," he answered ** bad news for poor Indian, me lose a son, me io«e a brother— the squaws have taken the breech clout and fight wor&e tbuil the " £on^ JTmvw ."• - On the Sd June, 1788, as two nten and three boys were fishing on Floyd's fork of Salt River, thty were sittddenly attacked by a par:y of Indians, -,whu killed the the two nnen and nnade prisoners of the boys. Soon af- ter they liberated ont* of the lads, firnt presenting him with a tomahawk, which they desired him torarry to his friends, and infoim ihem what had become of his com- panions. >About the 20th, the Indians fired on nine Frenchmen as they were proceeding up the Wabash river, four of whom they killed and wounded three— on examining the dead they discovered one of them to be a French trader, who was married to a daughter of John Brandt, the fa- mous Indian Chief, on which they assisted in ' cutting the arrows out of the wounded men, and afier exprea* king great sorrow for what they had done, departed. On the 10th July a party of Indians attacked the house of a Mr. Chenowetb, they killed and scalped two of his children end tomahawked ard scalped his wife, whom they left for dead— Mr. C. (who hao his arm broken by the fire of the savages) with the remamder cf the fami- ly made their escape.— A sick daughter who was confin- ed to her chamber, aad who during the bloody affray bad been forgotten by her father, remained ignorant of the horrid massacre until the succeeding day ; when, no one of the family coming to her assistance, she succeeded in cnwling down itairsi where ahc was inexpressibly shock- H 255 npmi V' I 'f ' '..I ii' i cd at (fie tif^ht of a beloved parent atretehed vpmi the floor, almokt lirelest, and bcaide of whom lajr the manf led bodiet of her dear brothers. Fortunaiclyi her unhap- py father returned the succeeding day to the hottsei and conveyed the two surviving n^embert of hi» faroilj to the bouse of a friend, where they finally recovered. Copy of a letter from Colonel Maxwell, to his Ekcel- • W lency the Governor of Georgia* da*ed ^ . '< Midvtajft (Liberty County) May S4, I78f. Sir, " Last Tuesday there was a train of Indians discov- ered making for this settlement, by a few men employed as spies. I immediately issued out orders for embody- ing the militia, and three small parties were collected on the frontiers that night. On Wednesday morning, aa soon as a party of my men turned out of the foH the Indians attempted to seize them. There were six ne- groes who turned out of the fort wiih guns, who as soon as they discovered the Indians, retreated back into the fort, to which they were closely pursued by the In- dians — there was a considerable number of men in tht fort, by whom it was most gallantly defended, while some of those who quit the fort attacked the enemy in the rear, which soon made them retreat with some loss to a fence, where they kept up a heavy fire at the fort, for some time, without effect. They carried ofF three ne* groes. Several parties of men soon- got to the place, but pursued without waiting to collect a force sufHcient to at- tack them. Capt. Fsasxh, with a small party, came up with them on the side of a swamp, which they immedi- ately run into, and prevented his charging them. It ap- pears from the best accounts, that there were at least fifty in that party. The next morning they killed a man at a pUntatton of Capt. SAtfOsa'Sf just below the one which *'%: ♦ Sir, it it aKnost next fq an accident, that my whole pauy was not cut off, the river was lined with In- dians* I routed two parties, and finding where their strength la^, evaded coming to action, by crossing to the oth6r side of the river ; and, in short, I made such ex< pedition, that they had not time to aiserr.ble in one body. They killed one man, and wounded another, who were lant down express In a light canoe to me, directing me to fortify on an island, until I could be reinforced. I completed a passage to and from the post in 3 1 days.— The distance between the two places is called 530 miles* This will prove to you how easy it is to ascend the river Ohio. The Indians are daily committing depredations in Kentucky, and from the Miaftii we learn that the troops there would be ansafe to go 200 yards from their post, as lurking fellows are frequently seen in wait for them* I Want much to know if our new councils are about to take measures to get possession of the Western Posts. ThiS| and this alone^ will secure peace with the . U l\ Y' Indian*. The pretence of the Governor it much want' cd at the different lettletnenta on the MiitUaippi : and in. deed it he does not come out eoon, we may judf^e from appearances those tettlementa will generalljr break up. <' Mr. Mattis, a lurveyor, with his party, were oi^ the 0th of August attacked by the Indians. His party con»isted of a cer))oral» six soldiers, and five New-Eng- land men, vvho were employed in surveying near the great Kenhawa, about 100 mites down the river from KSarieila* Two of the party rising earlier than the others, went to look after their pack-horaea i^ the remainder (11 in num* ber) after having risen, were sitting on their blankets* when they received an unexpected fire from a party of Indians, not knowing there were any near them. Seven were shot dead on the apot ; the remaining three, with Mr. Mattis, and the two who were looking for their horses made their escape ; the unfortunate peraons killed were 6 soldiers, and a New-England man by the name ot Patcbbn, from near Boston.— Mr. Mattis and the others made their way down the river, where Col. Mxios with a party were also surveying. They found them alarmed, as one of the chain- bearers had discovered two doga ahead of them in the woods ; they immediately dis- charged their guns and re*loadt-d, which proved a lucky circumstance, aa the Indians then lying in ambush for them to come on, supposing themselves discovered, went off, first drawing with wet powder on the bark of a tree, the figure of an Indian tomahawking a man* Col. Mxioa and hia parly immediately quitted their employ and re- turned safe to Marietta. A party of Shawanese Indiana afterwards took a New-England man (Mr. Garovxr) prisoner at Wolf-Creek; he was employed in cutting timber for a mill now building at that place, ^8 miles from Marietta, but being an excellent woodsman, he made hia esca^'C after traveliiog 60 or 70 milea with them*" a: ■ r r .,* ^iSf* Co|iy of a letter from a gentlemin in Marietta to hi« #>• friend in Wanliingion, da(ed» t ** Maritua, March 4, 1789. . *' About eight weeks since, two brothers br the name •f JoHNaoN, one It, the other 9 jrears old,' were piayinjc on the western banic of Short Creek« about twelve miles from Wheeling, skipping stones in the water.— At a dis- tance they discovered two men, who appeared to be set- tlers, tteiog dressed with coats and bats.— These men to amuse and deceive the children (as the event shewed) engaged in the same sport, advancing towards the boys, till by degrees they got au near that the children discov- ered Ihem to be Indians ; but it was then loo late lo make thair escape. The Indians seized and carried them six miles into the woods, where they made a fire, and took op their lodgings for the night ; their rifles and toma- hawks they rested against a tree, and then laid down, each Indian with a boy on his &rm. The children as may be supposed kept awake— the oldest begun to move, and finding his Indian sound asleep, by degreen disen. gaged himself, and went to the fire, which had then got low and ttirred it up; the Indian not waking, he whisper- ed to his brother, who likewise crept away, and both of them went t« the fire. The oldest buy then observed to his brother, *^ 1 think we can kill these Indians, and get away from them"— the youngest agreed in the proposal of attempting it. The oldest then took one of the rifles, and placed the muzzlci wnich he rested on a aniull stick that he found for the purpose, close to the head of one of the Indians, and committing the execution of this piit of the business to bis brother, ordered him to puit the; trigger at the moment he saw him strike the other In- dian with one of the tomahawks. The oldest gave the signal; the youngest pulled trigger— the rifle shot away the lower part of the Indian's face and left him sense* I ' ! ) \ '< fri •*♦ ♦I ii leii ; be then told h!* brother lo kijr oRy for he had doof for his ; afier which he snatched up the gun and ran } thf boy with (he tomahawk g^ve the stroke with the wrong; end, the Indian started on his seat— the boy found the mistake, and turning the tomahawk in b'a hand« gate him another blow which brought him to the ground ; he repeated his strokes until he had despatched him« and then made the be^t of his way after his brother. Whei| the boys had found the path which they recollected to have travelled before, the oldest ftxed his hat on a bush, as i| directory to find the scene of action the next day* The tomahawked Indian waa found near the place where the bo\s hud left him* The other waa not there $ but waa tracked by his blood, and although so weakened by hia wounds, that he could not raise his rifle to fire at his pur* auers (the whites) they suffered him to escape ; but it ia supposed he must have died of hia wounds. These two Indiana were sent out to reconnoitre the best place for u| attack, which waa to have been made by a body of warri- ors, waiting in the neighborhood* ** Late accounts from Kentucky advise^ that about tho first of last month, the remains of two boats which had been burnt (doubtless by the savages) were discovered ashore on a small island in the river Ohio, about 18 miles above Limestone, that 14 men had al»o been found oq said island killed and scalped, that these unfortunate vic- tims to sf*vage barbarity were judged to bs part of the crews cf said bca^s, and it is conjectured that the women and children belonging to them were taken prisoners to the Indian country. That on the lOth of the same month) 18 horses were carried ufT by a party of Indians from a place called the Hoiling Fork, that seven men pursued the plunderers, and came up with them a short distance from their encampment, when an engagement took place, in which one white man of the name of Wilsok, waa .,#. . •r'kJl tu^' ■■v» ImIM } wd Mf eral of the Uwnj race rntbing out from the camp to succour their brethren) obliged the other sis to mnkit • precipiute retreat." , Copy of a letter from a gentleman residing at the we«t< :fiiii^;fi% ''W** to * fri«»««i Feb. I, ir90. " Our proepeots arc much changed.— Instead of peace and friendship with our Indian neighbors^ a horrid savage war stares us in the face ; the Indiana, instead of being humbled by the de»iruction of the Shawaneso towns, and brought to beg ibr peace, appear deiermined on a gener- al war, in whith our settlemenu are already involved.— On the evening of the second inatant, they fell on a set- tlement about forty miles up the MuskinguBD) aurprised a block'houM, killed fourteen peraona, and carried off three others* The persons killed are, John and Philip Stacy, sona to Cok William Stacy, from Nkw- Salem, Ka- ra Putnam, aea to Major Estra Pumam, from Middle* town, in Massachttsetia, John Camp, from the same place, Jonathaa Farewell, and James Cash, and William Fatton, from New-Hampahire» Zebubo Troop, from IBaare, William James, from ConDecti<^ut, Joseph Clarke, from i^hode* Island, a man by the name of Mceks, with his wife and children, from Virginia. These were all killed in an4 it the Uock*house. Francis and Isaac Choat, from Leiceaiey, and one Shaw, who kept at a hut about 50 rods from the block- house, was nut found by the party that went out, and it is hoped that they are prison- ers.— What number of I^iana were concerned in this mischiet, or from what tribe, we know nut, but from those Indians who till lately used to visit our settlement every day, withdrawing themstlvea entirely t'roir our sight, ever since the expedition against the Shawsnese, there is little reason to doubt but the Delawares and the Wiandots, aia \\\ I ! ' 1 1: ■il »■><.. ^158^ u jr-' ^ 't i\mii II welj «• otlieni Imtc had a hand in thii nefariont b»f« nasi. " It it impossible for me to give you a jast idea of the distress into which this event has thrown the inhabitants! eapecially those of the out settlements. For my own part I have for some time been of opinion i that the spring would open with a general attack on the frontiers, in which event I did not expect we should escape, unless govern* ment should timely send troops for our protection, which we was in hopes would be the case. But it seems the enemy are determined to take advantage of our defence- less situation. I consider this event as the forerunner of other attacks of a more serious nature, and which may involve us in complete ruin, unless prevented by govern- ment immediately taking measures for our protection.— To their protection I conceive we always had an indispu- table claim, which claim, if possible, is increased by tho circumstances that have brought us under the resent- ment of the Indians, and at least, in some measure pro* duced the mischiefs that we are fallen ipto." Copy of a letter from a gentleman in Kentucky to his /•AKi^.. \ r. friend in I^biladelphiai dated ■wf^^vms^p'^ '* April 4, 1789. « As to the Indians, they have been troublesome all winter. Since October last, 60 persons have been kil- led within the limits of this district, besides a number destroyed on the Ohio ; among whom is our old acquain- tance, Mr. John Mat, late of Botetoute, whose exit deserves notice, because he was actuated by motives of humanity. The affair is thus related by a captive that has lately made his escape from the Indians, who was a spectator, and an unwilling instrument in the tragedy. Mr. Mat, in descending the Great Kanhawa and O- hio, abcut the 80th ef March last, discovered on the m^^ * — i5f-: *^ western shore of the latter, near the mouth of Sciola, m white man, who, with a plaintive voice, was calling, for God's sake, to come and talce a poor prisoner on boardt that was endeavoring to escape from the savages. This had the intended effect. Mr, Mat ordered the boat to- wards the shore, and did not discover his mistake until the Indians rose up from their ambush, fired, bhot him dead, and wounded some others of the passengers on board, who immediately endeavored to make off; but being told in the English tongue, they should have good quartets, surrendered wirhout resistance. The Indians, however, on boarding the boat, massacred all, without distinction. Two days after, the same party attempted to decoy three large boats ashore that were coming down from Fort Pitt, but luckily they were discovered in time, and our people sheered off. The enemy, being prepar- ed, manned one of their boats with about SO warriors, and gave chase. The crews of two of the boats, fear* ing they might be overtaken, quilted them, and went on board the best sailor, where they threw overboard ail the horses, and some heavy articles, and plied all their oars to effect their escape. The Indians also exerted themselves in the pursuit, keeping on a steady course for about 20 miles, notwithstanding 24 well armed white men were on board the American boat, with one of our Colonels of Militia, and the sides of the boitX high and bullet- proof. Thus, for want of a little resolution and skill, a fa- vourable opportunity was lost, to destroy a number of the vile enemies to the human race. The Indians, on their return, took possession of the two boats that were abandoned, and found in them IT horses, 5000 dollars worth of merchandise, and considerable property, be- longing to the emigrants. Fort M'Intosh, on the Ohio, was a short time since 1 • I ■^ :.'. .160-^ m^ - attacked by a party of Indiana^thejr secreted themselvei iiear the fort and succeeded in kill'ng the centiael on du- ty, ihey then rushed into the fort and discharged their pieces on those wUhih, but ofie man Was Wounded, who, in endeaToormg to escape, was tn'^/iahawked by an In* dian. One ball just grazrd the temple of capt; Forbes, who commanded the guard, and fou' others struck the log above his head, the splinters and bits of which cut his face, and left it as if scarified. The garrison con- sisted of twenty men and there were about forty of the enemy. Thus, sir, we fihd that Indian treaties do not secnrft our country from the depredations of the savages ; our last hope now is that the President of the United States will, ere lon{>, adopt such measures as will prove the efficiency of the Federal Government, to protect the citizens of the United States, however remotely situa- ted from the seat of government." ""* *T^^j J ■».: ' ■! ■ ^^^^^ ■■■• '^,ijh' **-'!^ ■■ ' %■<• "''■f;';' ■•■■ Copy of a letter from Mr. Isaac Choat to a friend in Leice&ter, dated, " Detroitt Feb. 3, 1790. *< I have nothing of more importance to write than an account of roy misfortunes. — On the night of the 3d of January I was taken prisoner by a party of Delaware In- dians, of which you will probably hear before you re. ceive this ; but of the circumstances of my capture you may wish to be informed. Francis Choate, myself and two others, were at a house about 200 yards above the block house, which the savages surrounded, and took us all alive ; and i(fter plundering the house, bound ui and took us off. They then went to the block house, fired in at the door, and killed 13 persons^— After which they proceeded off with us as fast as they could, and travelled 36 days before we arrived at their towns, which f:\;v mtu on the 97th of January. On the 39th they tent lAe «• a present to (he commanding officer of thia plac?^ Mrhere I arrived this dayi and have been well received. They are abcut to clothe me decenily, and g'>vc me an allowance of provi»ionS| until the river breaks up in the apring, and ti.en I am to be sent to Montreal. As to Francis Cuoatk, he was given to a Mingo Indian, who has promised to bring him here in the spring ensu- ing ; whether he will or not, God knows." ' CAPTIVITY OF MRS. HERBESOBf. Mas'st Herbeson, on her oa'h according to law, be- ing taken before John Wilkins, Esq. one of the com^ monwtalth's justices of the peace, in and lor the county of Alleghany, deposetb and saith, that on the 23d day of February 1790, she >v.ta taken from her own house with- in 200 yards of Reed's blnrk-house, which is cslled 35 miles from Pittsburgh ; her husband being one of the spies, was from heme ; two of the scouts had lodged with her that nighr, but had left her house about sun rise in order to go to the block house, and Stad left the door standing wide open ; shortly afier the two scouts went away, a number of Indians cami: into the house and drevr her out of bed by her feet, the two eldest children, who also lay in anuth-. bed, were drawn out in the same man- ner, a jounger childi about one year old, slept with th« deponent ; the Indians then scr-^rnbled about the articles in the house, when they were at th "^ woik the deponent went out of the house and hollowed to the peot>le in the block house ; one of the Indians then ran up and slop- ped her mouth, another rpn up with his tontinawk drnwoi and a third ran and seized the tomahawk und called her his squaw } this last Indian claimed her as his, aiid con- linaed by her ; about fifteen of th« Indians then ratt :|!, M- -IP M urn m It •' 'lis ; ■ « i ■ ^ ;!;'^ -.1 ' ■ ,'»!'. M' !? I in doxin towards the block-boase, and fired their gun% atth* block and atore^house) in consequeiKc of which one &n). dier was killed and another wounded, one having be«n a» the spring, and the other in doming ^r looking out of th« storehouse; the deponent then toUii the Indians theio were about forty men in the blck hor,se and each mm had two grnis, the Indians then went to them hat wer© liring at the block house and brougti^ ihtm b;>ck, (hey then bcpari lo drive the deponent end her rhildrtj! vtay, but a bey nbout three years old btinp- unNvilling to Itavt- the houu^^ lixy look it by the iieels and dasl'^rd it ag iist the house, hen stabbed and scalped it ; they then look the depotw nt and the Uvo other ( hildrcn to the top of the hill, where they stopi fJ uv.til they tl ,d up the plunder they had got ; while they wt-v busy ul>cut ihis, the de- ponent counted them, and \.'».- jtiumbcr amounted to thir- ty two, including; twi> "white men that were with them painted like the Indians. That several of the Indians could speak English, and that she knew thrse or four of them very well, having of- ten seen them go up and down the Alleghany river, two of ti>cm she knew to be Seneccas, and two Munsees, who had goC their guns mended by her husband about two years ago-^that they sent two Indians with her, and the other took their course towards Puckty*— that she, the children and the two Indiana had not gone above two huni^red yards, jvhcn the Indians caught two of her un- cle's Worses, put her and the youngest child on one, and one of the Indians and the othrr child on the other— that the two Indians then took her and the children to the Al- leghany river, and took them over in b&rk canoes, as they could not get the horses to swim the rivtr— after they had cro:!*';d the river, the oldest child, a boy about five years of age, began to mourn for his brother, one of the liidiana then tomahawked And scalped him ; that thej J ,» 'M — i«— ar.d B of- two who two the the two un- and that lAl- Lhey hej five the thej trATelled til day rtry hard, and that night arrived at a lar^i; camp covered with bark, which by appearance, ^t'ght ho}d fifty men ; that the camp appeared to have l>e*'n occupied acme lime, it was very much beaten and ^ni v;? beaten paths went out in different directions from it I hat night tliey took her about three hundred yarda Oorn the camp into a large dark bottom, bound her armsi gave her some bed clothes, and lay down one nn each f'tde of her ; that the next morning they took iter into a thicket on the hill side, and one remained with her till ihi middle of the day, while the other went to watch ih3 pu'.h, least some while people should follow them, they then exchanged places during the remainder of the djy, the got a piece of dry venison about the bulk of an egg that day, and a piece about the same size the day they were marching; that evening (Wednesday the 23d) they moved her to a ne# place, and secured her a:: the night before : ddring the day of the 23d she made teveral at- tempts to get the Indian's gun or tomahawk that was guarding her, and could she have got either, she would have put him to death, she was nearly detected in trying to get the tomahawk (torn his belt. The next morning (Thursday) one of the Indians went out as on the day before to watch the path, the oth- er lay down and fell asleep, when she found he was sleep- tng she stele her short gown, handkerchief and a chiid'a .-, frock, and ther made her escape~the sun was thert about < ; - half an hour high— that she took her course frarft-Vltfe^rJ; ;!. • Alleghany, in order to deceive the Indians, as they wowia-ivjsr^ig naturally pursue bar that way ; that day she truvelJed' along Conequenessing creek, the next day she aliered her course and as »au believes, fell upon the waters of Pine * creek which empties into the -Jleghanyj tiunking this not her best course, took over some dividing ridges, fell in on the heads of Squaw run, she lay on fadividing ridge •^ h ■*■ '■-. :*■>•-. : I —144— A I \ •n Fridajr nightt and on Saturday came to Squaw nin, continued duwn the run until an Indian or tome other person nhot at a deer ; ahe saw the person about 150 yards Trom her, the deer running, and the dog pursuing it, which, from the appearance, she supposed to be an In- dian dog ; iihe then altered her course, but again came to the same run, and coniipued down it until she got bo tired that she was obliged to lie down, it having ramcd on her all that 'day and the niglit before; she lay there that night, ii raint-d coobtanily ; on Sunday morning she pro- ceeded down the run until bhe camu to the Alleghany ri- rer, and continued down the river until she came oppo- site to Carter's hoyse on the inhabited side, where she made a noise, and Jamxs Closivr brought her over the river to Cartbb'i hou^e* This deponent further laysy that r< c nvcr?') g with pne of* the Indians that could talk £ng!'3i< ''cpy, and a great captain ; that he took Buv.sr's scalp, and that they would have him or twenty sca>«i;; ; he again said that they would exchange for him ; that him and two more were sent oi^t to see what the Americans were doing ; that they came round frcm Detroit to Venango-* the Indian took paper and shewed her that he, at Fort Pitt, could write and draw on it ; he also asked her if a campaign was going out against the Indians this summer » she said no— he called her a liar, and said they were go- ing out, and that the Indians would serve them as they did last year ; he alt>o said the English have guns, ammu- nition, See. to gi^e them to go to war, and that they had jgiven theni plenty last year ; this deponent also says, that she saw oue of the Indians have Captain Can's sword> were ngo— Fort r if a — It5» which she well knew ; that one of the Indian« ttked her if she knew Thomas Gi'itt, she said ah* did^he then Mid tha' GiHTT livfd r^ar Fort Pitt, iha' he was a (good man but not as (;ood as his brother at Detroit, but that his wife was a bad wumani she tells lies onv the Indians, and is a friend tu America* Sworn before me the da/ and year above wnuen. > JOHN WILKINS. Copy of 8. letter from Capt. Johm Roskrs, to his Ex- cellency Henry Lke, blsquire, dated " District of Mora ^ April 1, 1790. " Dear Sir, *» When I got into the Holstein country, I found I was in time to accompany governor Uloukt to the trea- ty in this diiktrict : I pushed for Knoxviile, the territori- al seat of governmtnt, which place I reached the 4th of July, and set out for this the next morning, with the governor and general Pickiks, attended by eighty cav- aliVi raised for tiiree months dmy, for the protec.ion of this distiict. A pa:ty of fifty infantry, many families, and other persouh, on their way to this country, was fir- ed on by a pirty of Indians concealed in a cane jrake, on the lOili July, about twenty mil.'s a head of us, and iifiet;n from ;he settlemcrrt, which they rev ned thu same day ; upon the soldiers pressing forwaid they re- treated, without doing uny damage : We got into the frontiers of this dit^trict the next day, and learnt ihat one Zkioleh's station, at two miles distance from us, had been taken by the savages. On the night ef the 36th Jctnuaiy, a man had been kilUd in the fi.ld, and a negro girl tomahawked and scalped. Thai day a party of three men *vcn* to take in the body of the dead man which luy wiihin fify yards of a fence, behind which the Indians weie still codcealed} who fired t^on the ment i I: 11, 'M ^ d. *^' I. — IC6— and wounded them all, tbtf however made their eicapt to \ house, w^ere they were closely pursued by the In> dians, who, after succeeding in (fctiii % poatession of their gutii and in killing their homes, disappesrcd. Mor« of the neighbours assembled ir. the evening, and carried in the dead man, after wlii.ii they returned to their re- spective homes, beinf; all alarmed for the safeiy of their families, leaving at Z.ioler's only two men besie'; the three wounded above mentioned. The Iniliani rduioeJ in the night, attacked the station, and found that alt the pcvnle had asscnbled in one house, to the number of twenty '>ne D.'racas, men, women, and children ; the Indians then set fire to the adjacent houses, vrhich soon communicatcf' ihe flames to the one in which the people were, and quick'y reduced them to the drcsdful dilem- ma of perishing by the flames, or quitting the house and submittmg themseltes to the tomahawk of a savage enemy— they chose the latter^— the three wounded men escaped, as uid Mrs. Zbiglkr, with an infant in her arms ; a Mr. Wilson was wounded in the breast on opening the door, he however followed his wife and six children until overtaken by a party of Indians, he then bid them farewell, fired at the Indians and escap- ed ; hla wife and children were tak'?n prisoners-— Mr* Zeiglkr was supposed to have perished in the flames { a young r.ian was tomahawked near the house and a negro wenrh killed on their retreat— among the ashes of the consumed dwelling were found the bones of such at perished in the flames. . - ..,kvA , i; w. .*>^ This countiy U in a deplorable situation ; detached from the great body of the union ; the inhabitants very dispersed ; almost every part of it a frontier ; so that few are safe in their beds— the lands in . measure lie fallow, or are tilled with the plough m one hand and a rifle in tb" other ! Many fields which have been tilled ^\ :hed |very that lie id a lilled in this manner, are now deserted) and fine growing crops left to be destroyed by such stock as were una- voidably left about the deserted plantations ; and almost every day is distinguished by savage murders and oth- er depredations. I have procured an accurate list >r the killed, wound- ed and missing, since January 1789, which I enclose you for inspection ; which I believe will be found lo be more than has bcrn lost since that time, upon ail the frontiers ot the nnion beside. Yet it is said in the At- lantic states, thai there is peace with the Creeks— peace with them, is only another name for war as to this dis- trict. I have received information from Kentucky that John Bbhklt and his son were a short time since attacked by a party of Indians in their orchard. The former was wounded, but bravely returned the fire, and killed an Indian in the act of scalping his son* On the succeeding night the same party opened the alsales i f James Douglass, and took twelve horsea tbe-efro.:) ; the next day a party of whites under the command of Col. Samubl Wilsov, lell in with them wounded one, put the party to flight, and regained the horses. A short time after the Creeks killed and scalp- ed a Mr. Ramsey, an old resident among the Chero. kees, declaring it was their orders and determination to kill the Virginians wherever they found them." Copy of a letter from an oflicer in the service of theUni. ted States to his friend in New- York, dated, vv. f * : f >, u Buffahe CreeAf April 19, 1790. " I left Fort Franklin the 3d instant, and arrived here the 11th in the evening, at the house of Mr. Winnet, who informs me thai upwards of four thousand hostile In- dians were now assembled at the Miami villages) and that It* V . — 168— their number was dailf increasing;— Captain Powit and •evcral other f^entlemen of the British arnijr dined with me yesteidajr, und fionn their conversation I ann perfectlf convinced thnt the Iruiians ere supported by the British in the vtr< ;. . "' / w^ bopf oft letter from Fort Watbington, Fcbmarj IOth# 1790. ** On Tue«da7 tnorning the 6th inkt. Major AoAi^i with ISO mounted volunteers from Kentucky, having charge of a large number of ^/ack hortea laden with pro- tiaiona, deatined for the advanced post», waa most daring- ly attacked by nearly an equal party of Indian!, although under cover of Fort St. Clair— notwithstanding whichi and that our people fought desperately, the Indian-, drove then into the fort, and carried off all the provisions and horsea (both pack and cavalry) save about twenty killed and four woundrdi and stn'pptd the camp of every thing ; carrying the whole off with most audacioua insult and triumpht But aa soon as the party were re*aupplitd with ammunition from the garrison, they sallied forth near m quarter of a mile from the enemy ; but too late to re- cover the booty which the Indians had made. The cour- age and daring spirit of thtse people were panicularlf conspicuous on this occasion, as they fought almost un- der the guns of the Fort. Our loss was one captain and « ten privates killed, and some Wounded, besidea borsetf and provisions estimated at fifteen ihousand dollars. Two of the enemy it is said have been found dead. If these Indians had wi iters among thtm, what honorable testimo- ny and eulogy might they not give of the noble bpirit and heroic bravery of the hative American character, rather than dc])reciate it as the Europeans do. Two of our men have lately made their escape fiom the Miami villagea and arrived here— they give account of a mock fight lately exhibited to amuse the numeioua Indians as- sembled there, and to divert their squaws and children.-— It was in ridicule of Major-General Clakkk's disposi- tion of his troops on the fourth of November 1789, and of his flight before the Indians, who pursued him and hit array whilst the other plundered hit camp ; they have W . «. ■,«i'. I *>■ t i !»'■;! 1 liii. hvf,: '^■if i'.! — .170— gifen ont (hat llity mean to celebrate this tTcnt annually, by a like sham fight and a great dance to be called Cen. Glabke's fight and dance. It is to be hoped wf shall yet have an oppc~' ..uty to retaliate, and to teach our enemy to amuse themselTea at our expense in a Ies« ludicrous manner. It seems Gen. Clakkk's field of action vras on a branch of the Wabash, twenty four leagues (instead of fittcen miles) from the Miami towns which are now inhabited by the hostile Indians ; and that Gen. Clarke's course from Fort Washington, was by mistake, greatly too far to the west. <( A letter from a correspondent, on whose veracity wo can rely, in the territory of the United States south of the river Ohio> dated'the 17lh ult. states, that every thing wears a gloomy aspect on the western frontiers ; that about the last of December, the Cherokees sent in peace talkers to Governor Blouvt, which were only intended to facilitate the commission of further depredations by them) when the guards from our out-posts were withdrawn . that from the Uth to the SCth of January, the Indians killed vti\\ wounded 19 persons in Cumberland, among whom was Ewin Shelbt, brother to the Governor of Kentucky \ that four of the Chickamogga towns and the upper Creeks have declared war ; that the Creeks had killed a family in the county of George ; that the barbar- ity exerciaed by t^iem in this massacre, was enough to make human nature shudder at the bare recital.— They butchered them like so many dogs, caught their blood and bowels, expos'fd them to view, and then gave the whole to a tame bear to devour ; that the Cherokees bad killed two Creeks, wounded several, snd taken two prisoners ; that the Creeks threaten to retaliate, and cut them all off; that the inhabitants of the territory are waiting with im- patience for the general government to aifoid them suc- cour and protection ; that treatiea with the savages wUl \: '^^ •frtfU ffotblnff, Ml what promiiet ihtf fttafce tb'dty, thej «HII not htsitite to brMk to>ma(rro# ; that a party of the «nemy were known to M on the frontier, ki the time of «ur correspondents wHtin|f these particulars* and that h« «xpected every moment to hear of some murders being itOmmitted by ihefta. " When will government afford protection to the de- fenceless inhabitants on the frontiersk** Copy of a letter from a gentleman in 5onth*Carolina to a friend in New- York, dated, '^ Charleston, April 6t \790: << An etpress arrived from Gen. Pickbns and Colonel AffPsasoN, which brings advices to the Governor, stating Chat a general Indian war on the Western frontiers of the touthern states seem inevitable ; that by intelligence from tht country of the Creeks, all the tribes except the Cus- satawB are determined for war ; urged by Galpbin, the iticcessor of M'Gillitray ; and that they have already commenced hostilities within the Carolina line, a party of them having killed and scalped a man on Tugaloo. We hear his axcellency has ordered one third of the militia in the upper districlii to be drafted, and held in readiness for immediate service, should the savages make further (iepredatioQB on the frontiers. " Yesterday evening a gentleman arrived here from Augusta, in Georgia, who informs us, that six of the Creek towns, with a number of Cherokees, had declared war against the United States, and were actually march- ing under the command of Bowlxs and Galfhin ;o at- tack the frontiers* On the 23d ult. the Indians, S7 in number, came to the house of a Mr. Richard Tbresheb, in Augusta, and fired upon and killed Mr. Thresuxr, two children and a uegro v^>;iman ; Mrs. Tsrxshxr, to avoid if po^bible 4, fVtm^' it •.!.l*^ ^. i I it -.1 ; r '■ ■ m li'l ::h ,1, m'- the fate with which fthe w«t threatened, fled with tn iitt fant of about five or six weeki ol4 in her armii and leapr ed into the river ; ihe Indians pursued, shot her through each thigh and right breast, stabbed her in the left breast with a knife, cut her left arm nearly ui, and then scalped her. In this horrid situation she remained umil tha fteighbors cnuM assemble in sufficient numbera lo cross the river and pursue the Indians. As the first canoe vras crossing '^he had strength enough to call for assistance, they went, found her hanging by a busli in water nearly up to her chin, her infant at the bottom of the river, ^ few yards from her. She lived 24 hours, and when in« formed by her physician that it was impossible for her to aurvive much longer, she with a. fortitude that is rarely tp be met with, called her friends around her, and in a calm but pathetic manner, gave hjer hand to each one^^ wishing them a better fate than hftd 'qefalicn hertielf and family f and when aft^r her speech failed, as neighbors were constantly coining in, she continued to give her hand until about five minutes before she resigned her breath, which was withuat a groan* *' Mrs. Tbheshrr was about twenty five yeais of age, of a respectable family and elegant person, and possessed an uncon>mon educalioh. " On Thurbday the24tli two men were killed in Frank- lin, and 40 horses carcied off; and since the accounts above lectived, all the inhabitants on the frontiers have rt reaied into forts, without arms or anamunition.-r At one meeting uf near 40 per&ons ihty could only mus- ter five old inu^ket3 ; o heighten the horror of their coil- diiioii, the Indians were momently txpccttd. " As simihr murders are daily commiutd, it called up the frj.irit of 800 galiant foilowsi, who marched last week against the savages, determimd to revenge the cruelliqy perpetrated on the infant, the mother, and the defenceless. >%.*t m. m- (* To tee the country tU in fortf , breaking ap, leaving their farm-tt (heir bouaea and com burnt up, is truljr dia* Iresaing. At ibia time nearly half the country are in forts* ** Captain Kbmton with about 34 men, who went up the Oh.o in order to intercept the Indians who took Mor* gall's station, fell in with a trail of a party of Indians on the Waters of Paint Creek, coming in to the settlement. He followed them, and at night observing he wab near them, sent forward bon»e spies to discover ihtir fires ; un- luckily the spies fell in with their camp, and before they diitcovcred it the Indians were alarihed by a d tion of atta:king our metropolis, though they made an attack only ou our block house, which they burned and killed uvery person therein) consisting of SI men, and before a force could be collected to oppose them, they fied to their own country. A company of 600 mounted infantry gathered immediatelyi commanded by General Sevier, and followed them upwards of 150 miles in* to their own country, burning and destroying all before us, without any opposition, until we had committed T of their towns to ruin, we at length arrived at a very large town near the Creek nation, where we killed sev- eral and took fivje prisoners* W« were fired on the fol- lowing morning, by a party sf them, and had three of our men wounded and three horses killed : being fa- tigued, and provisions plenty, we remained there three tlays, each night of which we were fired on by the en«' my^ but received no damage. From thence we pursued our route to within 8 miles of a large town, in the Creek nation, where at a cros- sing place of a river, almos! impassable with horses, the enemy had collected in a large body, and entrenched themselves where we had to pass, but fortunately for us, our pilot took a wrong path which led to a town about half u mile lower down the river, but on the opposite side to us ; we could not cross there with our horses, and had to return to the ford, where the Indians had throwu up en'.rencbnients ; the enemjr^ however, see- ¥ « i 1' ■^ — Iff— Ihg n pau tb« irtt ford, left their poitf and ran 6<^ \S> oppose us at the towHi and before they coulri rllttiT^ to their eotrenchmcnte, our people hac cro^xd the «>r when a ytry heavy fire commenced, which lasted bout fifteen miuutcs, when iho eneray retreated, com* pletely defeated; leaving behind them several killedi and the appearance of a great many wounded. The loss we sustained was very trifling, only 8 men killed. Accounts from the N.W. side of the Ohio, state, that the Indians are very troublesome in the n';:ighbour- hood of Columbia. It is reported that two boys were taken prisoners a short time since by the savages, who, after emasculation, were set at liberty, in which situa- tion Ihey returned home. This opens a new scene cf Indian barbarity, unheard of before I" «•*- CONCLUSION. INNUMERABLE were the instances of Savage barbarity exercised toward the defenceless inhabitants cf the frontiers, from the year 17S3 to that of 1 79 1— we have recofded but a small numb«r of them, but a nnm- bev suflS*^'enily large, we presume, to convince the reader of their euormity — not until those unfortunate people had repeatedly solicited the aid of Govevnmert, did the lat. ter consen'. to take up arms for the protect'oh of their defenceless brethren ;— when every pacific measure fail- ed— when every proposal of peace, however jrot &nd e- suitable, was rejected and treated with disdain— humani- ty dictated that recourse should be hnd to more encctual measures to pa stop to the murderous career of an unnatural enemy.— -Hence the commencement of hos- tilities by the Americans, and hence the expeditions of Cieaerals Harvsr, Scott, Wilkinson, St. Clair and fl- '■• if: IPi ''k IV, rill.— And althorgh the former vai defeated HAik |be glorious victorf of the latter brought aboil, lesir&blc event— the enemjr were taught therebf superiority of the whites, even in their favorite mode of warfare— >the]r buried the hatchet oud sued for peace, and a Treaty (satisfactory to both parties) tooD followed,, to the articles cf which, they have eter since and continue faithfully to adhere* The following list of names of the various Indian na- >^I r/. in NorihMAmerica,in 1794, with the number of their fighting men, was obtained by a gentleman employed in tht jbove mentioned Treaty; The Chor.tu^vs or Flatheads4S00, Natches 150, Chick- 'isnvfi 750, Cberokees 2500, Caiahas 150, Piantas a wan- c!e<-ing tribe 800, Kissquoresquas 600, liankashaws 350» C^^htenons 400, Kikapous Sno. Shawnese 300, Dsla- ware3 300, M-amies 305, tJpper Creeks, Middle Creeks} Lower Creeks, 4000, Cowiias 700, Alibomas 600, Akin- saws 2000, Ansaus lOCO, Padomas 500, White and freck- led Pinai 4000, Canses 1600, Osays 600. Grand CauJt 1000, Missouri 3G00, Soux of the Wood 1800, Blancei or white Indians with beard 1500, Asinboiis 1500, Chris- tian Cauz 3000, Ouiscousas 500, Mascoiins 500, Lakes 400, Muherouakes 250, Folle Avoine or Wildoat Indiana 350, Puans 700, Powaiamig 350, Missasagues, wander- in?* tribes 2000, Olabas 9C0, Chipawas 5000, Wiaudots 300, Six Naiions 1500, Round Heads 3500, Algnqoins Sooo, Nepisians 400, Chalas 130, Amite»ies 550, Muck* niacks 700, Abinaguis 350, Conaway, Huiuas 2J0.'^ TotaF 58780. ^r.^^n .;>::> t/ii^ i-v FINIS, S5iT- W! 'Si'J^i ' "tSiti ■;'*■^ Hf (■ ■.'H)i. is ■*M- -fr^ *0, ! ^ ^ '' ( <7 1 ^li berebf' hvorite Bed for i) iooii it •ince Jitn na- of their loyed iQ , Chick- s a wan- ws 350) 0, Dela" : Creekst 10, Akin- ltd frcck- ind Caux , Blancea lO, Chris- 0, Lakes tt Indiana wander- Wtaadota Mgcqaina 0, Muck" IS 2^0.—