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 -VA 
 
 Ttyk co^*tev^ cffviyiAAA^tcctJu 
 
 [-^a;<rac/y^l^ Proceedings of Canadian fnglitute, 18U0.] ^J* 
 
 THE LANGUAGE OF THE MISSISSAGUAS OF 
 SCUGOG. [Abstract] 
 
 BY A. F. Chamberlain, M.A. 
 
 In the course of a visit paid to the Indians of Scugog in August, 
 1888, the writer was enabled to collect a vocabulary of some 700 
 words, besides personal and place names. The vocabulary shows the 
 Mississagua to be almost pure Ojebway, there being, however, several 
 points in which it seems to possess dialectic peculiarities, such as the 
 use (more frequent than in Ojebway) of the o — so often elided or 
 absent in other Algonkin dialects, as recorded by travellers ; it is 
 very di£B[cult to catch this o-sound, and it is perhaps more often 
 indistinctly sounded than omitted altogether. A few words also 
 seem peculiarly Mississagua and to differ from those in use by other 
 Ojebway tiibes. The language which the Mississagua must closely 
 resembles is that of the Algonkins of the Lake of the Two Mountains 
 88 recorded by Cuoq (Lexique Algonquin, 1886). The following 
 words are not to be found in Wilson's and Baraga's Dictionaries, 
 or different words are given : 
 
 Ash (Black) wisdc^ak. 
 
 Bald-headed Eagle . . . .amigigikwani. 
 
 Bark-dish (for win-1 ,^^^^^ 
 nowmg nee. j ^ 
 
 Bulrush andkanashk. 
 
 Burdock osdkatdbawug, 
 
 (sticky thing). 
 
 Chisel ishkon (horn). 
 
 Ohickadeo gidji kon^shi. 
 
 Chipmunk ogwingwis. 
 
 Clam dssewi. 
 
 Currant (wild black) amikawomin. 
 
 Ear-fish (of Lake Huron) . . otdtogamek. 
 
 Fox-bird dnuk. 
 
 Hemlock kdkaminh. 
 
 Hell-diver aMngibis. 
 
 Heron moahkdoai. 
 
 Iron-wood mdneh. 
 
 Landing (for boats) kapiskoin. 
 
 Maple (hard) anindtik. 
 
 *' (soft) chigimanish. 
 
 Meat-bird gmngwinh. 
 
 Milky Way namehpakioeh- 
 
 bikamitowut, 
 (the sturgeon making rily water). 
 
 Mat (for drying rice on) . . opddjigan. 
 
 Mudturtle mishika. 
 
 Moth (night-flying) nitos. 
 
 Parched rice kawptaigan. 
 
 Sarsaparilla okddak (leg-root)' 
 
2 LANGUAGE OF TUK MIHHI88AGUA8 OF 8CBUGOO, 
 
 Saasafraa menagwdkomis, Stove piwabikMkon 
 
 (scented tree). Sun-fish okwaUuihi. 
 
 Spruce kowdndak. Trolling-line odddjigdkon. 
 
 Sticks (fur beating rice).. patodffmatak. Water-lily okitabuk. 
 
 The Mississagua vocabulary appears to contain but few non-Algon- 
 kin words. Owiatoiia (blacksmith) appears to be an Iroquois loan- 
 word ; ndpcmi (flour) is but the French la /arine Indianised ; bojou 
 (good day) the ordinary salutation, is the French ban jour. At 
 Scugog, however, very many English words such as knife, fork, table, 
 buttons, spoon, etc., are used by the Indians in ordinary conversation, 
 and they have forgotten many of their own words fonnerly in use. 
 One Indian said they had no word for " tree," and several of them 
 had hard work in recollecting the words asked <rom them. In 
 response to enquiries as to the existence of a " children's language," 
 the writer succeeded in discovering only two words (used by the 
 children) which differed from the ordinary speech, viz. : tehteh (father) 
 and dodon (mother). The words, as a rule, are strongly accented 
 especially when a monosyllabic, and there is sometimes a peculiar 
 
 drawl, as e.g. in the word for porcupine ka h\...k\ The ■ 
 
 short & and 6 are not very distinct, and both tend to become the u of 
 ItU ; d and t are indistinct, the sound really made being a medial 
 between these, the same holding of p and 6, and gi and k. A peculiar 
 sound is that of the pronominal prefix n' as in n^teh (my heart). The 
 vocabulary contains a fair proportion of monosyllables and dis- 
 syllables, the former being radical words (in most cases) the meaning 
 and etymology not being apparent ; this holds also of many dissyl- 
 lables^ SuqU are : — m-Akwa (bear), mnHk (beaver), miS'kuk (boK>> 
 ondih («row), ddjig (fisher), dM> (earth, etc.), imwi (bhiebmnry)^ hW 
 (my fiither), n'foA (my heart), nin (I), man^k (loon;, moont (moose). 
 Like other Indian language the MississagUA coi^tains many of those 
 descriptive names which are of interegfc to the student of OnoBaa4i»> 
 logy. Such are : — Debiki^it (noon = night son), mnukega/min (cran- 
 berry a vMkvsh-fruit), okadaJe (sarsaparilta = leg-root), menagwtdtofom 
 (sassafras = scented tree), imnnUtania (sheep = hide not durable), tkiAi- 
 hanwwg (shot => duck-8tones)« omiikaki (fnog =: devoid of hair, or fur)^ 
 pevodbik (iron = it crumbles off), voaHmotohiohiOigwuH (looking-glass » 
 where they see ghosts), otftgwanibiaan [rainbow = he (».«., the Mamton) 
 covers the rain with a mantle], etc. But few woixls appear to be of 
 
pRoccRDiNcm or THE canadiah institute. 
 
 3 
 
 
 ononiatoi)oeic origin. To this category belong most probably :— «At- 
 ship (duck), kokaah (pig), papi, (laugh), kokoko (owl), kakaki (raven) 
 and perhaps a few others. The change that has taken place in the 
 vocabulary, judging from a comparison with the " Old Algonkin of 
 La Hontan," and a Ms. vocabulary of Mississagua (1805), does not 
 seem extensive, e.g.: 
 
 1806 makwa, amik, chicbip, wikiouam, pouacan, chipi, cema, nipi, etc. 
 
 {bear) (beaver) {duck) {hotue) (pipe) (river) (tobacco) {utater). 
 1888 mukwa, amik, shiship, wikiwam, poagan, sipi, aema, nipi, etc. 
 1703 -, amic, chichib, ouikiouam, poagan, sipin, sema, nipi, etc. 
 
ORIGIN AND DKVELOPMENT OF GRAMMATICAL GENDER. 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OP GRAM- 
 MATICAL GENDER. [Abstract] 
 
 BY A. F. Chamberlain, M.A. 
 
 The ordinary view of the origin of Grammatioal Gander is expressed 
 by Prof. Whitney (Language and the study of Language, 1873, p. 
 78) in these words : — " The whole language was the scene of an im- 
 mense personification, whereby sexual qualities were attributed to 
 everything in the world, both of nature and of mind ; often on the 
 ground of conceptions and analogies which we find it excessively 
 difficult to recognize and appreciate." Canon Farrar attributes it to 
 the domination of the imagination (Chapters on Language, 1873, p. 
 188). Paul expresses a similar opinion (Princip. der Sprachgesch., 
 1886, p. 220). The common ground taken by those who try to 
 explain Grammatical G«nder is that it arose from the fundamental 
 distinction of sex, through the medium of personification. 
 
 The principal languages possessing Grammatical Gender are this 
 Indo-European, Semitic, Hamitic, Bantu (Hottentot, etc.), Oigobi 
 Caucasian (some only), the Khasia (of S. E. Asia) and perhaps a few 
 oUiers. In an able essay (Das Nominalgeschlecht in den indog. 
 Sprachen, Intemat. Zeitschrift f. allgem. Sprachwissenschafb lY, 100- 
 ' 109) the eminent philologist and grammarian, Karl Brugmann, en- 
 deavours with some success to prove that personification will not 
 explain the phenomena of Grammatical Gender in Indo-European 
 speech. Bleek's numerous essays on the Bantu languages are very 
 valuable, as also is the work of M. Lucien Adam (Du €tenre dans les 
 diverses Langues, Paris, 1887), and much of value is to be gleaned 
 from the encyclopaedic volumes of F. Miiller. Regarding the American 
 group of speech, Dr. Brinton says : — " A grammatical sex-distinction, 
 which is the prevailing one in the grammars of the Aryan tongues 
 does not exist in any American dialect known to me" (Lang, of 
 Palaeolithic Man, 1888, p. 14). Along with the American stand the 
 Australian, Melanesian, Polynesian, Malayan, Mongolian (Samoyed, 
 Vraliap, AltMo, Japanese, Corean, etc.), Monosyllabic of S. E. Asia 
 
 V 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 k 
 
 (some only, as Burmese, Chinese, Siamese, Annamese), some African 
 tongues (as Fulah, Nuba, Kunama, Barea, Somali, Niam-niam), 
 Dravidian (except where Sanskrit has influenced), Caucasian (some 
 only as Lezghi, Ude, Gteorgian, Mingrelian, Lazic, Suanio), Basque, 
 Negro Languages of W. Africa (as Serer, Nupe, Sonink^, Mandingo, 
 Sereohule, Basa, Qrebo, Kuru etc.), Kham.Bushman, Nicobarese and 
 Andamanese. The distinction of animate and inanifncUe so character- 
 istic of Amorican tongues appears also in several old-world languages, 
 as : — Caucasian ( Abchas, Kasikumuk, Artschi, Hiirkan, Tfichetsohenz, 
 Thusi, eto.), Dravidian, eto. The Khasia, Tibetan, and Hiirkan and 
 Avar are of especial value for our study of this subject. It is in the 
 American languages taken in connection with these that the solution 
 of the problem is to be found. To the American tongues, considered 
 in this respect, M. Lucien Adam and M. Raoul de la Grasserie, have 
 devoted considerable attention. The probability of the distinction 
 between animate and inanimate having preceded that of male and 
 female is very great. The able essay of M. de La Orasserie (Revue de 
 Linguistique, XIX, 96-102) throws considerable li^'ht upon the sub> 
 ject The following scheme shows the ideas of IS, -^e La Grasserie, 
 regarding the origin and development of Grammatical Gender : 
 
 I. Ego (animal) — non-ego. II. animate (homo) — inanimate (vital- 
 istio distinction). III. rational — irrational (rationalistic). IV* 
 andric — ^metandric (conception of man as superior in intelligence and 
 dignity to woman). Y. Meidzobiotic — meiobiotic (conception of 
 greater or less intensity of vitality. YI. Masculine — Feminine. 
 
 Man first distinguished the ego and the non-egOj and along with this 
 the like-me and the unlike-me. Then he separated the animate and 
 the inanimate into two great groups, himself included in the firsts 
 The next step was to discover the rationalistic distinction between 
 himself and the other animals ; this led to his esteeming himself 
 higher in dignity and intelligence to woman, and again to a distinc- 
 tion based upon the degree of intensity of vitality which finally led 
 up to the differentiation of masculine and feminine. Instead of there 
 having been one original sex-distinction from which grammatical 
 gender and all other genders arose, there have been many more, more 
 in some languages than others, and not until all these categories have 
 been examined and searched into can the problem of the origin of 
 Grammatical (lender be solved.