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• • •
IV. A Study of Xorth ARrr.uicA>r GEnANiACEAE.
By "William Tkelease.
(Read Feb. 16, 1887.)
±X the foUowinj? pngcs, I have brought together descriptions of our species of Gera-
niaceae, and a few biological notes on them, together with references on their pollination,
disseniitation, etc. No general revision of our species of this order has been undertaken
since the publication of the first volume of Torrcy and Gray's Flora of North America,
1838-40. The systematic literature and the synonymy of North American species will
be found in Watson's Bibliographical Index to North Amei'ican Botany, I, 149, while
the more important papers on the order as a whole and its subdivisions are indicated in
Bentham and Hooker's (Jcnera Plantarum, I. A. synopsis of the larger species of Ge-
raniiun, by Engehnann, appears in G.'ay's Plant. Fendler., pp. 20-7.
I am indebted to Professor Gray and Mr. Watson for the free use of the Gray herba-
rium of Harvard University, and for many liel[)ful suggestions; to Dr. Britton for the
specimens contained in the Torrcy and other herbaria of ColnmlVia College; to Miss
Carter for access to the herbarium of this Society; to Professors Prentiss and Dudley
for the specimens in the Horace !^[alul herbarium of Cornell University, as well as for a
lai'ge suite of dui)licates of the eastern species; and to Dr. George J. Engehnann for
forwarding me the specimens in the Eugelmann herbarium of St. Louis. A number of
friends have also favored me with smaller collections, chiefly of eastern species, the most
valuable of these being a suite of speeimens of OxaJis 7r(??«'ra, collected about Cincin-
nati, by Mr. C. G. Lloyd, aiul a Nuttall specimen of O.valis pmnila from Mr. J. H.
liedfield, of Philadelj)hia, a fine suite of O. Stdsdor/n from Mr. L. F. Henderson, of
Porf land, Oregon, and flowers from the ty[)e si)ecimeus of O. Dillenii, at Oxford, secured
by Professor Gray.
GERANIACEAE, Bentham and Hooker, Genera, i, p. 2G9.
Annual, biennial, or perennial plants; ours herbaceous or merely suffrutescent. Leaves
alternate or occasionally o|)posite or pseudo-verticiilatc, simple, divided, or compound,
mostly cut-toothed. Inflorescence sometimes evidently cymosc, or the flowers solitary
I (71)
wtm
72
WILLIAM TRELEASE ON THE
and terminal or apparency racemose or nmbellate. Flowers hermaphrodite, mostly 5-
mcrous (3-4-mcivi*^ \)\J^hmnantheae) and symmetrical, neai'ly hypogy nous. Sopal« and
petals distinct tir.'iiuacly: Set. '..Stamens mostly twice as many as the petals, distinct or
somewhat JDWtnate \\v.(M(rlis nytA. bflpaiimns ; anthers round-oval, more or less versatile,
two-^t4Fed, •(lehisicing'lon<>itnmlila'H7.'-Chu-pels as many as the sepals, alternate with them
and united abbut,ttn;Aixi)e'*(V)lujniit except in Limnantheae ; ovary deeply lobod, its cells
1-x-ovuled; styles corn'monly nni'ted below, the capitate or lateral stigmas mostly distinct.
Glands of the receptacle as many as the sepals and opi)osite them (reduced and opposite
the petals in Oxnlis), or wanting when tne flower is spurred. Seeds with little or no
albumen excojjt in O.valis; embryo straight or incumbent, the cotyledons somewhat pli-
cate and lobed in the genera with dissected leaves. A heterogeneous order of about
750 species, chiefly of subtropical and temperate regicms, related on the one hand to Zy-
gophi/lkae, and on the other to liutaceae. The suborders are treated as distinct by many
continental writers.
GERAXIEAE'.
Flowers regular or nearly so, 5-merous, homogone'^; sepals imbricate, persistent, en-
larging .somewhat in fruit; petals imbricate, deciduous; anthe'-iferous stamens as many
as and opposite the sepals or twice a-^ many, Avith persistent filaments; glands opposite
the sepals, conspicuous; carpels alternate with the sepals, 2-ovuled, becoming l-seeded,
breaking elastically from a i)ersi.stent fluted beak. — Ga'auiuceae of continental writers;
five genera, three of them confined to Asia and Africa, the other two widely distributed.
GERANIUM, L. Gen., no. ()73 ; Boiitli. nml Hook., Gen., i, 272.
Usually caulescent herbs with 8inii)le radiately-divided petioled and stipulate leaves;
peduncles mostly 2-flowered; stamens ten, all antheriferous (except in G. jynsillnm),
mo.stly united a little at base; ovary deeply divided; ripened carpels dehiscent on the
inner side, the stylar appendage finally arched, glabrate on the inner side; seed round-
oblong, smooth, reticulate-ridged, or hexagonal-pitted, with little (»r no ali)umen; embryo
incumbent with sinuously iblded cotyledons. — About one hundred species, almost con-
fined to temperate regions.
Sjtxopsis of North American Species.
*Perennial from a stout caudex; flowers large, l.'j-UOmm.; seeds reticulate-ridged.
Erect, not cespitose; leaves large, 100-200 mm.
Petals glabrous or only pubescent within; plant scarcely glandular except that the ca-
lyx hairs are often tipped with small glands.
Thu eharactci's given refer only to our represcnta-
tiVL-S.
' 'I'lial Is, I'sucnlially alike in a Klv«'n species, so far lis
tlie relative leMytli of .stuniens unci pLstlJH is eoneerneil.
NORTH AMERICAN GERANIACEAE.
78
c, mostly 5-
Sepalii and
, distinct or
8S versatile,
B with them
)od, its cells
stly distinct,
nd oi)posite
little or no
mewhat pli-
ler of about
land to Zy-
ict by many
I'sistent, en-
ns as many
ids opposite
ig 1 -seeded,
ital writers;
distributed.
ilate leaves;
jnisillnvi) ,
jcnt on the
seed round-
en; embryo
iihnost con-
i-ridged.
that the ca-
iccics, so fur lis
1h t'()in;oriied.
East of the Eocky mountains; calyx only moderately villous; pedicels canes-
cent G. maculatum.
Northwestern ; calyx and usually pedicels very villous. . . G, erianthum.
Petals more or less villous within; at least the pedicels conspicuously glandular.
Stout; flowers purple; glandular hairs rather short, dirty yellow; tip of beak short
and thick. ........... G. inciswn.
Slenderer; flowers mostly white; hairs long and white, tipped with purple glands;
tip of beak longer and slendei'er G. Hichardsonii.
More or less spreading and cespitose; leaves of medium size, 30-75 mm.
Upper leaves mostly as broad as Ipng, with equal cuneate lobes.
I'edicels, etc., mostly glandular; filaments mostly about equalling the pistil.
i . G. Fremontii.
Usually retroraely canescent and not glandular; filaments a third longer than the
l>istil. . . . . . . . . . . G. caespltosum.
Upper leaves longer than broad, the terminal lobe longest, ovate-lanceolate.
G. Ilernandezii.
* *Annual or biennial; leaves seldom over SOmm.; flowers smaller, 4-15 mm.; seeds
smooth, reticulate, or pitted.
Carpels not bristle-bearing above; leaves radiatcly lobed or mostly dissected.
Peduncles mostly 1-flowered; leaves J3-eleft, with serrate divisions. . G. Sihiricum.
Peduncles 2-flowered; leaves several lobed.
Peduncles and pedicels long and slender; carpels subglabrous, not wrinkled; seeds
deeply pitted G. columhinum.
Peduncles and pedicels mostly short; carpels hairy or rugose.
Seed reticulate or pitted.
Pubescent or short-glandular.
Coarse; branches uniformly leafy; lobes of leaves rather broad and short;
seed very low-ridged except in the variety. . . G. CaroUnianum.
Slenderer; leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, their lobes long and
narrow ; seed deeply pitted G. dissectum.
Olaudular-villous with purple-tipped white hairs; leaves shallow-lobed ; seed
retieulate-ridged G. rotundifolium.
Seed neither pitted nor conspicuously reticulate.
Carpels finely appressed-pubescent, not wrinkled; flowers pale; stamens five.
G. imsillum.
Carpels subglabrous, transversely rugose; flowers deep purple; stamens ten.
G. molle.
Carpels bristle-appendaged at the upper end, strongly wrinkled; leaves
1-2-ternately divided; very graveolent. . . , G. Rdbertianum,
74
WILLIAM TKELEASE ON THE
1.^ G. MACULATUM, L. Spcc, G81 . A foot to a foot and a half high, orect, siibHimplc,
not ecspitoso, puhescont or cancscent with H[)i-oa(ling or mostly retrorse hairs, occasion-
ally villous; leaves mottled, the radical mostly 2-4, long-i)etioled, suhorhieular, incisely
3- or sometimes 5-parted, the divisions cuneate, the lower 2-elell and all once to thrice
J]-lobed at apex with ahrujjtly acute or subaciiminate coarsely acuminate-serrate lobes,
basal sinus open, Y-shapcd; cauline leaves mostly two and f)pposite, occasionally alter-
nate or sessile, otherwise like the radical; stipules oblonj^-elongatcd-triangular, entire
or acutely l-l5-lol)('d near the apex; peduncles l-o, mostly 3, umbellately clustered
between the stem-leaves, simple or once or twice uml)ellately branched, the lateral fre-
cpienlly bearing single or paired reduced leaves; pedicels mostly paired, at length about
an inch long, erect in fruit, retrorse-canescent; bi'acts linear, similar to the stipules;
flowers large, rose-purple; sepals ovate-oblong, abrnjitly awned, the outer mostly vil-
lous and the inner ciliate; ])etals about 15mm. long, woolly-ciliate at base; filaments
somewhat ciliate; beak of fruit ^.l-)}.") mm. long, finely pubescent, abruptly narrowed
above; styles free for 2-!} nun.; divisions of ovary sparingly close-pubescent and villous,
ii.a-lnnu. long; seed tinely reticulatc-ridgid, as in the rest of this section, 1.5 X 2 nun.
— Open groves, Canada and New England to Saskatchewan and Missouri, south to
Florida {fule Torrey & Gray, Fl, N. A.) aiul Alabama (Mohr, Prelim. List PI. Ala. );
common in the northern states. I have seen no specimens from farther south than
Georgia and Kentuck\ .— PI. 0, iigs. 1-2; 10, iig. 4; 12, lig. o.
2. Cir. EUiANTiiUM, DC. Prodr., I, G41. (l. viactUatKin, -i. Hook. Similar to the last,
but more or less leafy-branclied; leaves with more numerous narrower crowded lobes;
jiedicelf^ rcely over a half-inch long, erect in fruit, iniequally canescent-pilose; calyx
densely viiious with long white hairs, many of them gland-tipped; petals purple, gla-
brous Or minutely pubescent on the iniu'r side; fdaments long-pilose; beak .'J()-I}5mm.
long, cancscent and somewhat villous, slendt^r-tipped; styles free for 2-.'imm.; seed
1.5 X 3mm. — Alaska and northwest British America; also in northeast Asia. — PI. 9, llg.
3; 10, lig. 8.
3. G. INCISUM, Nutt., Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. A., i, 200. (L alhijloiiim, var. (?) in-
cii<um. Torr. & Gr. (/. J/ool'crianimi, var. incLsnw, Walp. (t. riiicosii^simiim, Fisch.
«fe Mey. (f . 2)eHf a;/ ijntim, Vln^^vhn.l G. Frciuontii, Mimonw, Cat. nos. 325-0. (r.cri-
antlnim, Torrey, IJot. Wilkes' Exped., 251. Habit of (/. macaUdnm but coarser, uni-
formly leafy-branched above, the brauchlets subtended by more or less reduced leaves;
pedicels and often petioles or even the entire plant dirty glandular-pubescent and some-
Avhat unccpially villous; leaves incisely 3- or mostly 5-pai'ted, the lowest divisions
again 2-cleft and all rather narrowly cuneate, basal sinus usually narrow, Y-shaped or
nearly closed; jjcdicels at last an inch or two long, the longest more or less refracted in
fruit; (lowers about as largo as in G. mac i datum and similarly colored; outer sepals
glandidar and somewhat villous; ])etals (within) and lilanu'nts sparingly white-villous;
beak 35-15nun. long, vei-y glandular, shoi't-[)ointed; styles free lor 4-0 nun. ; divisions of
ovary glandular, 3x5nim.; seed 2x3mm. — Woods and oi)en places, mountains of
British America to Dakota and California. — PI. \), figs. 4-5; 10, fig. 11 ; 12, fig. 1.
• Only tilt' iiuiubL'iL'il .--jjccic's belong oiir flora as fiulumii.' or truly imtunili/.eil.
side; ra
NORTH AMERICAN GERANIACEAE.
75
8iil)Himplc,
i, occasion-
iir, incisely
e to thrice
[•rate lobes,
luilly alter-
Ill a r, entire
' clustered
lateral fre-
ngth about
le stipules;
mostly vil-
; filaments
^ narrowed
iind villous,
f} X 2 mm.
i, south to
n. Ala. );
south than
to the last,
ivded lobes;
ilose; calyx
)urple, j^la-
: .'UKJfimm.
hum.; seed
—PI. {), i\g.
var. (?) iii-
niim, Fiscli.
-(). (r. ari-
ioarser, uiii-
leed leaves;
t and some-
st divisions
^^-shaped or
refracted in
)uter sepals
hite-villous;
divisions of
lountains of
, Hg. 1.
t
•
4. G. EicirAKDsoNir, Fiseh. & Mey. Index Sem. Petr., iv, 37. G. alUflorvm, Hook.
G. lluokerianum, \\a.\\^. Similar to the last but slenderer, inconspicuously retrorse-
pnbescent below, the peduneles and pedicels villous with spreading Avhito hairs tipped
with i)urpU! glands; ui)perniost reduced leaves lanceolate, serrate but not lobed; pedi-
cels more or less rellexed or spreading and bent in fruit; sepals eanescent and somewhat
glandular; |)i'tals ])urple {'i) or mostly white, villous on the inner side like the fila-
ments; beak 2;')-){0min. long, sparingly (iui'-pubuscent and villous-glandular; styles free
for about 4mm.; divisions of ovai'y 2 X 4mm., pubescent and somewhat glandular-vil-
lous; seed l.a X 2.o-)5mm. — Open places and ravines in the mountains, Saskatchewan
to Ni'W Mexico and Arizona; also found in California. — Pl.l), figs. G-8; 10, fig. 1.
^^. CI. FiiKMoNTii, I'ori-ey, (Jray's Plant. Fi-ndler., 2(5. More or less cespitose from a
Very stout caudex, a span to a foot or (wo high, the smaller plants sometimes subacau-
lescent, the largei- with slentler spreading leafy branches, . omewhat eanescent, the
pedicels and ol'tcn branches and petioles yellow-glaiulular; leaves typically closely
appressed-pubi'scent and stout-veined, rouiul-renit'oi'm, .'{-|)arted with broadly cuneate
divisions, tlu; lower once or, especially on the i-adical leaves, twice cleft on the lower
side; radical leaves usually with closed sinuses, the cauline similar or mostly truncate at
base, Avith divergent lobes, all of wliich ar^' incisi-ly once or twice ^-toothed at apex
with crenate-acuMiiuate coarse teeth; pedicels at leugth an inch or two long, refracted
in fruit; flowers rose-i)urple; pi'tals 12-15mm. long, emarginate, somewhat villous with-
in; filaments pilose, cipialliug or exceeding the ])istil; beak 2.V30 mm. long, dirty glan-
dular; styles free foi' t-o or even G-8 mm.; divisions of ovary 2 X f mm.; sparingly hairy
and glandular; si'cd 2 X 'Jinin. — Mountains of Utah, Coloi-ado, and New Mexico. Per-
haps not distinct from the next and very closely related to the jireccding. The larger
form with conspicuously refracted pedicels is var. I'arrijL Fngelm., Amer. Journ. Sci.
and Arts, tliird series, xxxiir, U).">.— PI. 0, fig. f).
6. O. CAKSiMTosiJM, James, Long's Exped., ir, 3 (?) ; Gray, PI. Fendler., 25 (!). Sim-
ilar to the last, but mostly longer stemmed and more decuml)ent and spreading from a
shorter or slenderer caudex, eanescent but not glandular, except on some pedicels of a
few speciuuMis; leaves less tVe(pu;ntly truncate at base, with a more or less open sinus,
their lobes nari'ower; peduncles long; pedicels mostly refracted in fruit; sepals long-
pointed; petals smaller, 8-12 mm. long, scarcely emarginate, villous within; filaments
bearded, conspicuously longer than the pistil; beak 2.j-3i3 mm. long, gray-pubescent,
stout-pointed; styles fice for •l-.'iimm.; division of ovary more or less villous, sometimes
with a few >ery short glandular hairs; seed l.oX 2. .")-.'$ mm., reticulate. — Mountains,
San liernardino Co., Califoruia(?) (<S'. B. Parish, 180G), Arizona, New Mexico, and
Texas, to Mexico.— PI. i), fig. 10; 10, fig. (5; 12, fig. 3.
There is reason to doubt whether James' plant was not really the preceding, for he did
not collect south of I'ike's Peak, while this species, as I understand it, is distinctively
southern.
G. I'HATKKSK, L., of Europc, is repf)rtcd by Fowler (Prelim. List of New Brunswick
Plants, 20), as escaped from gardens near St. John, N. B. But it need not be de-
scribed here.
7fi
WILLIAM TIIKLEASE ON THE
G. IlERKANDEzri, DC Proili'., T, 010. Perennial and ccspltose (?), largo and
spreading, the lower nodes much dilated, loosely villous with often gland-tipped white
hairs; radieal and lower leaves 50-70 mm. aeross, on petioles nearly a foot long, 3-cleft,
the basal divisions sometimes again lobed on the lower side, all ovate-oblong, cut-
toothed or lobed towards the apex; upper leaves much smaller, deltoid-cordate, 3-partcd,
the divisions acute and serrate-lobed, the ovate-lanceolate middle one largest; pedun-
cles not over an inch long; pedicels mostly shorter; sepals long-awned, the inner some-
what red-margined; petals white (?), half as long again as the calyx, spatulate, entire;
lilaments ciliate; styles free for about 2mm. — Iluachuea Mountains, southern Arizona
{Li.miiiDii, 120")!). Apparently the same as Mexican specimens {^Sokaff'aer, 101), but
not in fruit.— I'l. 0, fig. 11.
G. SiiuuicUM, L. Spec, G33. A slender-stemmed, repeatedly forked, short-villous,
Asiatic annual, having 15-o-parted leaves with coarsely .serrate, broadly lanceolate divi-
sions; small, dirty-white, purple-veined llowers mostly solitary on bent pedicels an inch
long, the 2-l)racted i)eduncles of erpial length or shorter; sepals awned; petals about
5mm. long; beak canescent, l.")-liSinm. long; the divisions of the ovary puberulent and
sparingly villons, 2 X 4 mm.; seed 1 X 2mm., minutely reticulatc-areolate. Collected as
a roadside plant on New York Island in liS()7 (Denslow), and, as I learn from Doctor
IJritton, observed near the same |)lace within a year or two. It was also collected on
a refuse-heap, in Cambi'idge, in LSSo (^Moron;/). — PI, 9, fig. 12.
7. G. COLUMHIXUM L. Spec, 082. Very slender-stemmed, spreading and prostrate,
hispid with a close gray pubescence which is retrorse except on the leaves and sepals,
not at all glandular; leaves more or less IJ-5-dividi'd and dissected into mimerous linear
divisions; stii)ules set iceous-pointed; |)eduncles very long; pedicels at length an inch
or two long; sepals ovate, awned; petals purple, al)out equalling the calyx, spatulate,
mostly eroded; beak 15-20 m:n. long, with a lung slender tip, approssed-hispid; styles
free for about 1mm.; divisions of ovary 2 X 13 mm., nearly glabrous, keeled on the back;
seed subglobose, 1.5 X 1.75mm., deeply pitted. — Pennsylvania {Porter), Virginia (Car-
tiss, Peek), Dakota {Uratfeller). Introduced from Europe, etc. — PI. i), fig. 17; ^0, fig.
7; 12, fig. 9.
8. G. Caroliniaxum, L. Spec. 082. fr. «/;■»;«, Moench. G.laniiginoHiim, J acq. A
span to a foot high, stout-stemmed, spreading when large, loosely gray-pubescent and
mostly dirty-glandular; leaves incisely )}-.}-parted, divisions cuneate, more or less deeply
cut-t) )thed or dissected into linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels sehlom over an inch
long, often densely crowded, the i)edicels frerpiently somewhat bent in fruit; sepals ovate,
acuminately tapering to a prominent awn, with recurved margins; ])etals rose-colored,
about equalling the calyx, obovate, emarginate; beak about 20 mm. long, short -pointed,
loosely villous or glandular; styles free for about 1 mm.; divisions of ovary 2 x 4 mm.,
not keeled, villous-hispid, when ripe mostly black; seed 1.25 X 2.25 mm., low-reticulate.
— 0|)en places, Canada to Washington Tei-ritory, south to Florida, California and
Mexico; most common in the South and West.— PI. 0, fig. 1,'}; 10, fig. 2; 12, figs. 0-7.
Var. TkX/VN'um, collected near \ew IJraunfels, Texas, by Lindheimer, in 1818, dillers
in having deeply pitted round seeds like those of G. coliunbuium, but with the habit and
i
f
NORTH AMERICAN GERANIACEAE.
77
large and
ppi'd whito
ng, .'{-cleft,
blong, cut-
c, JJ-parted,
;st; pediin-
iinor somo-
ate, entire;
irii Arizona
r, 191), but
lort-villons,
leolate divi-
:)o1h an inch
letals abont
erident and
!)ollt'cted as
•om Doctor
collected on
d ])rostrate,
and sepaln,
Lirou.s linear
gth an inch
c, spatulate,
ipid; styles
n the back;
L?inia (Cur-
17; ^0, fig.
n, Jacq. A
)esccnt and
■ less deeply
ver an inch
icpals ovate,
ose-colored,
ort pointed,
2x1: mm,,
(V-retienlate.
lifornia and
!, figs. G-7.
1818, di Hers
le habit and
i
i
folingc of Carolinianum. I have sec. only a few plants, of a single collection, and hnvo
looked in vain for other characters by which this form can be separated, although the
seeds indicate more than a varietal diU'erence. — PI. 12, fig. 8.
Var. LONOH'KH, Watson, King's Kep., v, HO, of the mountains of Colorado and Utah,
dill'ers from the type in being of looser growth, with longer spreading peduncles and
pedicels.
Hentham, in some instructive remarks on this species in Flora Australiensis, i, 200,
regards it as only a form of the next, with which it certninly has much in common. While
our plant is sei)arated from the European dlsscrlinn without much dilliculty, it must bo
admitted that Australian specimens are identical witii those from the United States, with
the exception that their clusters of fruit are mostly less dense and their roots jjcrennial.
Bnron von Mueller, who for a time agreed with IJentham in i-eferi'iiig the Australian
form to disHictinii, and once' called it Cdndliiiaiiuiit, writes me that he has now adopted
the name (J. [tUofiiivi for it.
(I. DissKCTUM, L. Amoen., iv, 282. G. CaroUnimium, (Jray, Proc. Am. Acad., vrii,
378. Very similar lo tlu; preceding, but the leaves rather more remote below, and, like
the small pale tlowers, clustered at the ends of the branches, their lobes longer and nar-
rower; seed closely and rather deeply pitied. — liiti-oduced into various places from
Europe. I have seen specimens only from Oregon {Ilall, 72) and Washington Terri-
tory (N//Z>v/or/"),but it is reported from various loc'.ities. Most of what has passed in
America for this species is (r. Caroliiiianinii. Small specimens, like those of Hall, have
nmeh the habit of (i. ^>».sv7//i'»/, but are distinguished by the seed. — PI. 0, fig. 15.
(t. UOTIJNDIKOLIUM, L. Si)ec., <i8;{, from Europe, resembling G. Carolinianum \\\ its
fruit and seed, and of nearly the habit of C. pnsil/inn, but with the leaves short-lobed
and the stem, etc., villous with long white hairs fii)j)ed with purple glands, has been
collected in Michigan (Faniull) and on ballast about New York city {Brown). — PI. 9,
fig. 1(5; 10, lig. 9; 12, fig. 1.
9. (t. I'i;sii.li;m, L. Six'c, 2 ed., 9.")7. Slender-stennned, spi-eading, soft-pubescent, or
the calyx, etc., villous and usually glandular; branches leafy; leaves small, round-i-eui-
form or the cauline truncate at l)ase, equally cleft into nine oblong or linear lobes each
more or less regularly 3-toofhed at ai)ex; peduncles frequently opposite the leaves, short,
like the i»edicels; sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, not awned; petals pale purple, about
equalling the calyx; fruit very small; beak about Khnm. long, short-pointed, ])uberulcnt;
styles free for about 1 nun.; divisions of ovaiy 1 X 2nnn., finely canescent, keeled, not
wrinkled; seeds HX 1.1mm., smooth. — Open jjlaces. New York and Pennsylvania to
Ohio; also reported from Canada (Macoitn, Cat. in, 502) ; introduced from Europe.
Five of the illaments ai'c said to be constantly without anthers, as in Erodiam. — PI. 9,
fig. 11;10, fig. :{;12, fig. 10.
(t. Moiii.K, L. Spec, 082, a very similar European plant, but readily distinguished by
its dark flowers with ten antheriferous stamens, glabrous transversely Avrinkled carpels,
slightly striate seed, and hmger soft pubescence, has been introduced in New York
{Sarfircll, Knicsf^-ern), Ohio ( Werjier), Washington Territory (Sidsdor/) and Van-
couver Island (Mttcouii) ; it is also re[)orted in Ontario {Macoun, Cat., iir, 502), and has
Key to tlic System of Victorluii riiuits, ii, 10.
n
WILLIAM TRKLEASE ON TIIK
been colK'ctL'd on ballast at New York City (nroiun).—V\. 0, fig. 18; 10, fig. 5; 12, figs.
i:j-u.
10. G. KoiiEUTiANUM, L. Spop., ()81., G. inndorum, Don. A span to a foot and a half
high, eirct or spreading-decunibent, puberulcnt and loosoly glandular-vllloUH, purplo-
tlngc'd, graveolont; leavcH ronnd-ovatc, oueu or twice ternately divided, the ultimate lobes
oblong, coarsely acuiniiiatc-toothcd; sti[)ule.s triangular, obtuse; pedicels half an inch or
less in length, erect in llower and fruit; sepals ovate, lanceolate, long-pointed, connivcnt;
])etals rose-purple, 8-12 mm. long, spatulate, with long narrow claws; filaments glabrous;
l)eak 2(>-2."> mm. long, with a long slender point, minutely glandidar-puberuient; styles
free foral)outl mm.; divisions of ovary L.T X 2f}-',i mm., loosely wrinkled, sparingly pu-
bescent, breaking away from tiie style with 2 long white apical I)iistles; seed 1 X 2 nnn.,
smooth. — Damp ravines, etc.. New liriniswiek and Canada to New York, west to Min-
nesota and Missouri {Jhle Tmcifs JJsf); also found in Euroi)e, Western Asia and
North Africa.-ri. 0, 1'ig. 19; 10^ fig. 10; 12, figs. 11-12.
Our Geraniums are annuals, becoming biennial, with the foi'inalion of a tap-root in
some instances, or normally perennial, when they pi'oduee a larger or smaller rootstock
which is considerably branched in one or two species. A number are weak-stennned,
and when tliese reach any considerable si/e they are decumbent, their eidarged nodes
possessing the sensitivi'Uess to gravitation which is characteristic of the swollen nodes
of grasses', etc., which causes the stem to form abru[)t geniculate bends at the lower
joints. The pubescence consists of simple 1-celled pointed usually somewhat roughened
hairs, frcfiuently appressed and, on the Icjwer part of the stem at least, retrorse, in a
consideraI)Ie number of species. Besides these there are in many species long, mostly
spi'cading, white hairs, consisting of a long basal cell, and a single row of shorter cylin-
drical cells above. In Cr.m(tcnlatt(m,i\nd especially (r. t ridnf/iunt, these, which abound
on the cal3'x, often rendering it very villous in the latter, ai'c tipped with rather small,
purple glands, freipiently rudinientai-y in the former. In (/. rotamltfollnui and (n. liich-
urdso)ili, though somewhat shorter and more rigid, they abound on the pedicels, etc.,
still preserving their white appearance; while in (>'. Frt luoidii, and esj)ecial'y (/. incisnta,
they are of a dirty-yellow color. As a rule, hairs of this class appear to bo ])retty con-
stant in their occurrence or a])sence in a given species; but some pedicels of G. anspi-
iosinn are nearly or quite destitute of glands, while others, even on the same ])lant, are
evidi'Utly j-'landular-pubescent, and, judging from other plants, too much reliance should
not ])e placed on characters dei-ived from the i)ul)escence. (Note 1.)
The iufioresccnce of (rcvaniam is essentially cymose, the stem ending in a 1- or, mostly,
2-flowered peduncle, while lateral peduncles arise from the axils of the cauline leaves in
simple plants of the rnacnlabun type, their ultimate branches likewise ending in paired
])edi(els. In (r. nincidafum the lateral peduncles arc sometimes more than 2, and l)ear
reduced leaves, wliile in its wcistern represiMitatives they are regularly leafy and elon-
gated, but otherwise similar. There is at first sight little to connect the more branched
' On '•'. lluherliumim, scu liiil/.oii; IJol. Ti(l.s>;iiill, \ii; .lust's .Jiilirfsbi..':lit, i.\, 420.
i
NOinir AMKUICAN CKUAMACKAi:.
79
r. 5; 12, figs.
»ot ami a half
lions, purplc-
iltimato lobes
lit" an Inch or
d, connivent;
nt8glal)rouH;
•nient; styles
■(l)arlngly |)U-
vd 1 X 2 nun.,
west to yUn-
ii'ii Asia and
a tap-root In
ilk-r rootstook
t'uk-stonnned,
iliirged nodes
swollen nodes
at the lower
lat roughened
ri'trorse, in a
■? long, mostly
shorter cylin-
which abound
I rather small,
and (f. liit'h-
pedicels, etc.,
ly G. inclaitiu.
bo pretty con-
i of G. vaespi-
inie ])lant, are
eliance should
xl- or, mostly,
ulino leaves in
ding in paired
an 2, and bear
L^afy and clon-
niorc branched
decumbent forms with (his simple type, for lli(;ii- leaves are scattered and, in C pn.tifhim,
etc.. the 2-llo\vered pcduiieli's iire frcMpK'nlly opposite the leaves. Hut in (f. Sifiiricimi,
which is more oi- le^^s regidarly diciiolomous, the forks are occupied by mostly 1-llowcred
peduncles, clearly the tei-minal shoots, and in the sleiulcr-stemmcd species with the pe-
dinu'les o|»p(tsite the leaves the former are as certainly tci-minal, the leafy prolongation
of (lie stem being in reality an axillary branch. (Note 2.)
'fhe most iutei'estiii«jf par( ol' a biolctgical study of (uvunlnm is thiU relating to its
ixilliuation, fnid in this i('s|)eet it bus a historicul interest, for it vvas the detection of tufts
of liiiirs friu;>iug the bases of (he petals in (i. si/h'iifi,cn.iit, whi(rh led Sprengel just a
centiu'y ago to exiuninc the (lowers (tlosely in an elfort, if possible, to determine their
use, for he was utilitarian enough t(» l)elievi' (ha( not even a hair grew without purpose.
Jlis study, cari-yiug him laitlier than lie had at lii'st anticipated, led to the publication, in
17S):i, of a work whieh he (luaiutly styles the "nisclused ScK-ret of Nature," which not
only contains unieli of scientilie value, but is one of the most intercHting biological
treatises ever wi-ittt ii, auti, guiding the researches of Darwin, Miiller, Delpino, and many
other observers, has cuutribiileil not a little to the foundation or. which the theory of
evolution l)y natui'al seU'ction rests.
No great attention has been given to the pollination of our American species; but, so
far as they have been oliserved, the liiets agree closely with those brought out by >[uller's
Study of the same or I'elated species in (iei-many, so I cannot do bi'tlcr than refer to his
admirable aceount <»f the latter.' I may add that (he lai'ger-llowei'ed species are conspic-
uously protandrous. their two sets of stamens bi'coming ei'cct, ami dehiscing successively
at the centre of tin- (lower, which, a(U r their anthei-s have fallen, is occupied by the now
expanded s(igmas; while in the species with smallci', less cons|)icuous (lowers, the dura-
tion of the staminate stage is much shortened, or, in (>. piisi'/hnn, where the lunnber of
stamens with anthers is reduced one-half, (he (lowers are synacmic or slightly [u-oto-
gynous and certain of self-poHiiia(ion if crossing is not sccmx'd.
The largc-dnwcred species are, in (he main, incapable of self-pollination, and depend
exclusively (except in occasional synacmic (lowers) upon (lu' good odices of insects,
chiedy bees of ditlerent kinds, \vhi<h arc attracted by the conspicuous petals, the veins
of whieh i)oint to an abuudauci' of nectar, seci"e(tMl by live pi'omincnt glands at the bases
of (he sepals. 'VU\s is pi-od'cdd from inclement weather by tufts of hairs fringing the
petals below, and, usually, from creeping insee(s like ants which cannot ellectively bring
about cross-fertili/ation, by (he red'oi'se or glandidar pubescence of the pedicels or stem.
Doubtless the facility with whieh several of the small-llowcred species gain a foothold
in new countries is to be I'xplained by their ability to self- fertilize where they are not
visited by appro|)ria(e insects, as well as by tlu-ii annual habit and abundant seeding.
(r. liohertktniDit alone, with narrower (lowers contracted into i sort of tube, is adapted
to poUiuati(m by long-tongued insects like the Sf/rpliidac, which visit it freely in Eu-
rojx', though I do not know (hat i(s American visitors have been recorded. (Note )}.)
The riju-ning carpels, as they di'v, contract in such a maimer that the outside is short-
est, so that there is a tendency for their ends (o bend outwardly; and, ultimately, after
dehisciu}? alony,' the ventral suture, they break away at the base and suddenly cu
ey In-ealf away at tli
Fertiliiiution of Flowt'is, p. 149.
up-
WEMO/ii" nosioN soc. NAi. iiisi , vor.. iv.
12
80
AVILLTAM TRKLKASE ON TIIK
wards with cnnsiilorablo force (PI. 10). TIu' segments of the ovary havin*^ ah-eady hent
themselves at a sharp anj^le with the beak, the result of this movement is to throw the
seed, or even tlie entire carpel, to a considerable distance. So far as I liave examined
them in tiie field, or as the indications of herbarium sjieeimens are to be trusted, our spe-
cies Iichavc uniCormly in this manner (thou<>h in L. imslllum the carpels do not bend
abruptly above the ovary) with the exception of (i. Hohrrtiaimm (PI. 10, tig. 10) and some
of the <Mhcr s,>i.a]l-llowered species, where the ripened segments of the ovary, though
nominally dehiscent, remain closed about the seeds, imprisoning them. To compensate
for this, these si'guients nearly separate from the stylar appendages, with which, in (t.
Jioh'tiidiiinti, they are linally connected only by a ]niir of slender silk-like bundles of
fi'!)res. When the style at length bn'aks away and suddenly becomes arched, these
fi'oi'cs give way and the ovarian segment with its enclosed seed is thrown olf with much
foi'ce, often to .i distance (>f many feet. (Note i.)
KUODIUNt, L'llor., Ceraii. PI. 1-(1; IVntli. nnd Hook. (Ion., i, 272.
At length mostly caulescent, with often pinnatisect leaves; i)eduncles mostly umbel-
l.itely sivcial-llowered; tlowei's nearly I'cgnlar, the upper ])etals a trille smallest ; stamens
with aiilliers '), opposite the sepals, iilteri\atiiig with as many sterile lilaments; carpels
very sharp-|)oiuted l)elow. coveri'd with obli(|uely ascending appressed hairs, at most tar-
dily dehiscent; stylos spirally twisted lu'low wlu'U ripe, bearded on the inner side; seed
obconieal or oblong, not sculptured; otherwisi' as in (irraniinii. — About fifty sj)ecies,
mostly natives of the n(»rth f'.'m[)ei'ate portion of the ()\d World, some of them widely
distributed as wei'(ls.
Svvopsis «»i' Noirni Ameiucax Si'KcrKS.
*Le;!ves round-ovate, with approximated lobes, oi- Udt lobed; seed large, -I-;' nun. long.
Pedicels glandular, seeds stout. ...... A'. marroji/ii/Uion.
Not at all glandular, seeds slender. ...... ^. Tfxanutii.
* * Leaves o\ate-ol)loug, with approximate lobes; seed smaller, nut over W nun. long.
Fruit very small, beak 2.") mm. l(»ng. . . . . . E. vialac/ioides.
Fruit n>ueli lai-ger, beak 70-120 nun. long.
Leaves pinnatifid with ii-regi'Iariy toothed segments. . . . E. liofri/s.
("auline li'aves bipiunatisect with linear-oblong segments; si-pals and fruit very
large. ........... E. (Jiconhnn.
* * * Leavi's obldug, with remote segnients; seed as in the last.
Jieaves [tinuatilid, or bi]»inuatilid, with ii'regularly sei-rate segments; stipides obtuse.
E. iiioschalmn,
J^eavis bipiunatisect, with narrow sharp-toot lu'd segments; sti[)ides acute.
E. cicutavium.
nun.
Mexie
iutrod
and 1)1
])r(iacl
NORTH AMERICAN GKR vNIACKAE.
81
<; already bent
to throw the
ivo examined
sted, onr spe-
ll do not bend
10) and some
n'ary, though
'() compensate
whieh, in <>.
ve bundles of
arehed, tliese
olV with mneh
mostly nml)el-
llc'st ; stanu'iis
lents; earpi'ls
s, at most tar-
iier si(K'; st'<.'(l
t lilty species,
I" tliem wi(U'lv
-I-.' nnn. long.
nnvrophyllum,
E. Ti'xanum.
IT 3 mm. long.
'. malacholdes.
. E. liotrijs.
and fVuit very
I'L Ciconiinn.
tipules obtuse.
E. niosc/iatum.
icnle.
h\ cicntarinm.
1. E. MAcnoiMiYLLUM, Ilook. and Ai-n., Bot. IJeecliey, ;J27. Aspan to a foot or more
high, l)i-anched when hirge, canescent-liispid and Avith eo|)ious interspersed ghmdular
hairs, at least on tlie [ledieels; radical leaves rcniform, triangular-ovate, with a broad sinus,
obtuse, doubly crcnate or with about r> round lobes; cauline leavi's subdeltoid, ineisely
i")-lobi'(l, willi coarse round-acuminate teeth; lower petioles longer than the blades; stip-
ules heriiaceous, ovate, acuminate; j)eduncles mostly exceeding the leaves, 2-7-Howered,
tile pedicels somewhat refracted; bracts lanceolate; sepals ovate, with spreading acute
oi- acuminate-pointe<l tips, usually scarious-margined, i)urple-veined, at length 12-15 mm.
long; petals 10-15 mm.; beak linally 40-50 nun. long; divisions of ovaiy more densely
hairy than in our otliei- species, conspicu<»usly truncate, 15 X !l nun.; seed 1.5 X 4.5 nnn.
—Texas to Califoruia.— ri. 10, (ig. 12.
2. E. Ti-AAM'At, <Jray, IM. Lindheimer, 157. h\ i)iac,roj)hiiUum, (iray, Ives' Kep. 8.
Very similar to the last but not at all glandular; pedicels and llower-buds silvery canes-
cent; U'aves Iriaugulai'-cordalc, with a itroad siiuis, obtuse, ;5-pai'ted. the cauline often
Avitii sinuses widenid i)elow, tiie basal divisions mostly cleft on tlu' lower side and the
terminal Iriloited; sepals abruptly acuniinate-pointed, S-12nun. long; petals purple,
15-18 nnn. long, sometimes greatly reduci'd or wanting; beak 50-70 mm. long; divi-
!<ions of o\ary not prominently tiimcate, l..")-2 X 9 mm.; sei-d .8-1 X 3.7-4 nnn. — Texas to
4 Calitornia.— ^IM. 10, lig. i:}.
I I'L M.\i,A('in>ii)i:s, Willd., Spec, in, O))!*, a somewhat glandular, small-llowered plant,
if Avith ovati' somew bat ineisely 5 -!)-loi)ed ii-rcgularly toothed leaves, short-pointed sepals
fabout 5 mm. long, and veiy small fruit, the l)eak 25 nun. long, divisions of ovary 1x4
nun., t>bli<|uely truncate, sei-d .8 X 2.5 nnn., has been collected on ballast at Xew York
Citv {liroii')!).- — From the Mediterranean icglon. — I'l. 10, lig. 11.
11. lio'ruvs, lii'i'toloni, Amoeu. Ital., o5, witli loosely white-villous stems and ])etioles,
. jiiiei'^ely 5-0-parled ovati'-oblong leavi's, the cauline with I'atlur narrow acute divisions,
:i*thin ciliate stipuhs, |»ointless sepals 8-ihnm. long, and large li-uit, the beak 70-120 nnn.,
and st-arccly truncate divisions of ovary 1.5 X Tl nnn., has been collected in the Sacra-
mento ValU'y, California {(I'muc) and on a rcfusi'-hcap in IJoston (Murraij). — From
V South Hurope.— I'l. 10, lig. 10.
m V- CicoNUM, AVilltl., spec, ill, (»2',>, with glandular somewhat eanesceiit stems, ovate
§ leaves, the cauline bipinnatisect. abruptly awn-pointed sepals at length 8-10 nnn. long,
5 and huge fruit, the beak ovi'r 70 nun., divisions of ovary 2 X !)mm., has been collected
§ on ballast at I'biladelpbia {MdrfiiKhde). — Also from the Mediterranean region. — PI.
1 10 lig. 15.
I :{. V]. MoscHATUM, AN illd., Spec, nr, 0;M. \'illous with coarse thin-walled spread-
:^ing hairs; lea\es oi)long, pimiately dividt'd, tli\isi()ns 9-i;>, the lower remote, ovate, in-
■^ eisely lobed or iricgidarly biserrate; stipules ovate-deltoiil, thin and scai-ious, olituse;
Sse|)als abruptly nuicron;'t(', 8-10 nun. long; pi'tals rose-colored, .'{-5 mm. long; beak 40-45
2 nun.; divisions of capsule 1 X 4 nnn.. obli(pu'ly ti'uncatc; seed 1 X 2.5 mm. — California to
M INIexico, becoming a conunon r<»adside wt'cd. A native of llu' Alediten-anean region, also
E introduced into South America and Australia. Said to give an unpleasant taste to milk
■ and butter when eaten by cattle. The form with rather dei'i)ly cut leaf segments ap-
5 proaches var. pi tiiplndlaefoUant, of the next. — IM. 10, fig. 17.
*«9w**«»
82
WILI.IAM TUKLKASK ON TIIK
4. K. CK "UTAKiUM, L'Hi'r., Ait. Iloit., K.w, ii, 414; Hivwer and Watson, liot. Calif.
I, 04; Yascv, lii'j). Depart. Agric, I.S.S1-L>, L'.*);}, IM. L'2. Loosely wiiitc-villous; leaves
oblong, piniiately U-ll-(li\i«le(l; divisions remote, ovate, [)iniiatiseet with ol)lon<>;' or linear
sharply serrate si'giuents ; stipnles searions, laiieeolate, acute ; peduncles about 0-tlowered ;
sepals about 8 nun. long, mostly abruptly i)oiute(l, the awn tipped with 1-2 loug white
hairs; petals i-osc-jjurple, about ilnuu. long; beak .'iO-40nun.; division.'', of ca])sule 1 X o
mm., oI)li(iuely truucate; seed .8 X 2..')-l} nun. — Oivgou to Nevada and Texas; also met
with occasionally as a weed or ballast-plaut elsewhere (A[ich., Tuthill, Bailey; Mass.,
Mnrraii, Lowell, Oalr-fi; Maine, Farlow ; New XovV, Knleskern, Ilolton; Pennsylvania,
Rtdjiihl : New fJersey, Z'r/?7.7/'," New Brunswick. Ilaij). rntroduced from south l']urope.
Flowering in dry places wlicu li'ss than an inch high. Kelished by cattle, and said (o
impart a ])ka>ant taste to iheir milk. — 1*1. 10, lig. 18.
So far as their vegetation i,> concerned, the species iA' Eroiliinii agree in the main with
(l(n-a)iium. As a rule llu,' are less b.anchcd. (Note;!.) 4Mie inlloresccnce dilU-rs
chictly in that the umbels aiv mort' t'lau 2-IIowere(l, and the pi'dicels ai'c always more
or less rclk'xcd dmiiig the maturation of the fruit, to bi-come t rect, ultimately.
The llowci'.- arc ii>UMlly tiu'ucd more to one side when open, than in (reraniinn, and
this change in tlu'ir position is accompanied by a slight (U-grei- of irri'gularity, the two or
three ])t'tals on the lower side being lai'gi'r, by which they are fitted to sei'vc as an
alighting place for iust-ct visitors — chielly bees. The llowi-rs are usually distinctly pi'o-
taudrous, and si'crete vn abundaiu-e of nectju. In the main they dilfer very little from
those ol' (fiidiiium in tln' way in which they are ])ollinated. A'. cicKlariitm has been
shown by Ludwig to l)e gyno-diot'cions. (Note <).)
The contrivances for dissemination are even more iriteresting in this genus than in the
last. The I'ruit is essentially the same iu both, the segmenis of the ovary being pi'o-
longed in Hat bands tliat extend along an axile beak and form the styh's above. TheHe
appendages oi- awns consist in both gemra almost exclusively of mechanical (bast) li-
bi'cs. In (t</i-aiiii())i, those forming the outer part contract to a greater extent than
those nearer the axis, as the Irnit ripens, so that ultimately the base of the awn curves
outwards iu a I'adial plane, as has already been explained. In Kroi'lam the carpels remain
practically indeliisccnt and are firm and sharp-pointed at the base, gradually enlai-ging
upwards, and are coveied below with oblifpiely asci'uding stiff hairs, supporti'd at the
base by firm cells ])rojecting from the ei>idermis of the ovary. The awn is simih'r to that
of the last goinis, but while its outer fibres merely shoiten in di-ying, the inner ones, for
the lower half, contract spirally, so that the lipi'ued car[)el is not only thrown elasti-
cally from the ])lant, but the awri ultimately becomes cc^iled below into a dose helix, from
the to[t nf whic'- liie up[)ei' half bends away in a gradmil curve. Tim awn is also
beardi'd below, on the inner side, and when it at length becomes twisted, the long loose
hairs point outwaidly in such a mannc as to act iu some measure as a parachute, favor-
ing the further removal of tin,' fruit by the wind.
When moistened, the ri,wns become straight, resuming their coiled form again when
allowed to dry, and repeating these changes with every alternation of moisture and dry-
NORTH AMKUICAN GERANIACEAE.
on, Bot. Calif,
villous; li'iives
)l()njif or liiit'ur
)ut9-rt<)wcrt'(l;
-2 long white
' cajjisule 1 X ;■>
L'xas ; also mot
Bailey; Mass.,
IVnnsylvania,
south I']uro|K'.
le, and said to
1 the main with
I'sccncc dilU-rs
■e always more
atcly.
icranlnm^ and
lity, the two or
to serve as an
distinetly pro-
vei-y little from
rimn has been
ims than in the
ary beings pro-
above. These
mieal (bast) li-
w extent than
the awn curves
carpels remain
ually enlarginj:;
u|)porti'(l at tiie
is siinili'r to that
' inner ones, lor
' thrown elasti-
loso helix, from
'he awn is also
, the l()n<^- loose
iracliute, favor-
)rni aj^^ain when
)isture and di-y-
noss. Supposing the basal point of the carpel to be slightly caught in the soil, which
readily happens either as the fruit falls or when its movements begin, its withdrawal is
rendered ditticult by the stilf ascending hairs with which the ovary is clothed; so that
while the crowding of ihe awn against bits of stubble, pebbles, or whatever small o'»-
jects it may chance to have lidlen among, tends to press the fruit farther into the earth
with every movement, whether the result of moistening or drying of the awn, the jn'oba-
bility of its witlulrawal, when once caught, is small. In some experiments performed in
my laboratory several years since, by Mr. !<]. II. Parker, it was observed that after the
fruit iiad l)een buried in damp soil for a few days, the awn softened at its base, so that
a pull, which otheiwise might have withdraAvn the fruit, merely broke away the awn,
/
i'riill 111' Eri)diuiii glancophylUnn, X 2.
,^hus removing the only source of danger to the self-jjlantcd seed, a provision which was
inlso noticed in StijHt, arid has been recorded for these genera by Koux and Darwin
esj)ectively.
The contrivances in the fruit, therefore, ai'c of a double nature, referring not only to
its removal from the parent ))Iant, but to its insertion in the soil when a suitable point
has !)een reached. It is interesting to note that similar provisions are met with in widely
Be])arated genera (Anemone § I'ulsatilla, and species of Stipa and Aridkki), not at all
related to Emdiam; as well as in J*dar(/oniu)n, a genus which stands very near the lat-
tci-, the fruit of wiiich is less elastic, and consequently more dependent upon the wind
for dissemination, although it is ultimately planted in the same manner.
II W>M W W I 'W ii J. wat9K«iaF!»;ta
8-A
WILLIAM TUKLEASE OK THE
Our species of TJrod'n(m, ineluding' those which have become imtiiralized or are merely
occasional halhist-ijhuits, bcloiijj; to the section with the arciied upper half of the awn
naked or at most short-pubescent; but in another section, represented hy J^. glancojt/ii/l-
Itiin and several other species, this appenda<;e is much elon<>nted, and plumose with m
double series of long silken bail's. There can be little doubt that the carpels of species
of this section are carried about freely by the wind, while they may at length be planted
bv the coiling and uncoiling of the lower part of the awn, as in the species already de-
scribed. This may also be expedited by the action of the wind upon the plumed awn,
after the fruit has once caught in the soil, as T have convinced myself by grasping tin
ovarv between niy thumb and linger, and blowing irregularly upon the plume; the re-
sult in every iuhtanci' ])eing to crowd the ovary down several millimeters in a sboit
time. (Note 7.) Ilei-e again it is interesting to observe an identical contrivance \\\
Stipa jicnnata and related species, which dilfer from others of the genus in possessing a
long-plumed awn.' Moiifioiiin, a clo.se relative of J'Jrodium, likewise includes species
with plumed and plumeless fruit.
half
irugcj
fthe sepj
] 2. L.
LIMNAXTIll^AIl
Flowers regular, very slightly pcrigynous. )5-,">-merous, hoinogone; sepals valvate,
pi'rsistent and somewhat enlarged in fruit; |)etals convolute or o|)en, withei'ing-pei'sist-
ent; stamens twice as many as tlu- si'|)als, all with antlu'rs; glands opposite the sepals,
evident; carpels opposite the st'pals, tlu-ir 1-ovuled ovaries distinct, the style I'ising from
the centre; fruit a series of semi-drupaceous i'ugose-tul)erculate nutlets. — Limnantlia-
rcdc of continental writei's; two gt'iiera, exclusively Noi'th American.
LIMXANTIIKS, R. V,i\, LoiuLm aixl K(liiil>. I'liilos. Mag., ii. TOJU'iitii. siiid Hook., Cumi., i, 271.
leather sui-culent annual herbs with altei-nate once to thrice pinnately dissected peti-
oleil mostly (Stipulate U-aves; llowi'i's solitary at the ends of bractless axillai'y peduncles,
1- (»r mostly .'j-niiMoiis; petals <(bo\ ate-cnneate, mostly emai'ginate, convolule; lilaments
distinct, somewhat dilated at base, their tips at first recurved outwards; antiiers at length
inti'orse; style about iMiualling the stamens; seed exalbuminous, closely invested by the
|)eriearp; I'uibryo straight, with plane cotyU'dons. FUKikut, IJaillon, Adansonia, x, ;J()2;
Hist. (U's PI., v, 20, in part. — Foui- speeii's, confined to the Pacific slope.
1. L. At, HA, Hartweg, IJenth., 1*1. Ilaitw., 'M)\. \ span or two high; young leaves and
llowi r-buds very white-lanose; h-aves remotely .VO-dividi'd, the divisions linear-oval,
mostly lO-l.") nun. long, entire, IJ-htbi-d or trilid; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuti' oi* acumi-
Jiale; petals ])ale yellow or white, I'Uiarginati' or truncate, 10 12mm. long; stamens about
' 'I'lic cxpci'liiKMits of Ml'. I'ai'kcr with tills f;rass (wliicli
coiisistcd ill biirt'ly .sliirtiiif; the point i)f tiic fruit, in Uiosu
ciiflli, ami pliiclii); It wluTf the iilr fioin a silylilly opciiud
wiinlow blew upon it iutt'rmllti'utly) ilfiiioiistrateii tliat
this I'lirt'c aionc is snillcii'iit to bury liio }{i"i'lu coinplctclv
in siuiiiy soil wliiii:' twuiity-Cour lioui'H, wlille Ihu liy(j;i'"-
scoplc action of tin: lowci' |)art of tiie nwn Is iii.so ('lllcieiit.
See, fuitlicr, Lubbock, Kept. Urit. Assoc. 18S1, 008.
petals, a
-~Vanc(i
FLOHIJK
jPlowe
othei'wi.-
too close
J. F.
rdiglnos(
brous, wi
late or
sepals (>
e^ialliii'
3*4 nun.
nia; soim
rp,
le I
Hounced
31've as
1
NORTH AMERICAN GERANIACEAE.
85
!tl or arc merely
lalf of the awn
jfe/'. glaucof»/ii/l-
|)lumose with a
•pels of speeiis
iji^th be phinted
•ies ah'eaily de-
le phimed awn.
)y g-raspin<? tin
phime; tlie ro-
leters in a 8horl
contrivanee in
in possessing a
nehnU's sj)eeies
sepals valvate,
tlu'rinj;'-pt'i'sist-
ositi' the si'pals,
tvle risinjif from
N. — Limnuiit/ia-
)()k., r,i>n..i,27t.
f dissected pcti-
llai-y pcilnncles,
oliitc; filaments
ntiicrs at lenj^th
invested by the
lansonia, x, 302;
ounj4" leaves and
ions linear-oval,
acute or ai-umi-
j; stamens about
/ tliu fjnilu coinplcit Iv
Diirs, wliili! liie liyKi"-
IL' iwvii Is also elllclfiil.
Assoc. 1881, 0C8.
half as hmg' as the petals, anthers 2 mm. hmg; frnit obovoid-jiyriform, ])romineiitly
Jrngosc-tubcrculate, 2.5 X 4 mm. — f'alifornia. A low plant, with [)etals no longer than
the sepals, is found near Yreka by Greene. — PI. 12, lig. 10.
i 2. Ji. Dorca.vsir, R. lir., ^. 0. hlotrVen Doiu/hisil, Bi\\]\on, I. c. Glabrous; sepals
S]iar;()wer; petals deep yellow, [)ale-margine(l, occasionally rosy tipped, conspicuously
feveined, spatulate-cuneate and emai-ginate, to obcordate-cuneate; fruit varying from nearly
^'pniooth to strongly tnbercidate; otherwise like the last. — California to Oregon. — PI. 12,
■4igs. H)-17.
:{. L. KOSKA, Hartweg, Benth., PI. ITai'tw. :U)1 ; Brewer and Watson, IJot. Calif.
II, V-)S. Veiy similai' to Z/. Doiuihift'il ; leaf-lobi's usually narrower and linear; petals
mostly broader and, like the stamens, marked by numerous very delicate interrupted
fengitudinal rosi'-purph- lines; fruit vi'i'y rough. — California. Pi'iliaps no more than a
"^riety of the last. Flowers heliotrope-scented.
4; 4. \j. Macouxu, n. sp. Floerhn pro.serpiiincoides, ^liU-(n\n,llv\A. Geol. Surv. Can-
i^a, IHT.Ti-O, 192; Cat. Can. PI. i, !>1, in part. LlnitKinf hcs I)on(/Jasii,^hwouu, <Ji\t.
TBif, 0O2. Glabrous, 2-3 inches liigh; divisions of the leaves H-J*. remote, .'Mi nnn. long,
Otate, mostly ;{-cleft, their lobes broad and very acute; (lowers 4-nu'rous, not showy as
in the other s|)ecies; sei)als oblong, i-ather obtuse, enlai'ging somewhat in ti'uit; petals
while!?), oblong-cuncate, erosely truncate, IJ-l nun. long; stamens about equalling the
petals, anthers .Innn. long; fruit obovoid. ){ mm. long, with very prominent tubercles.
—Vancouver Island {Macuioi). Collected (»idy once, in ISTo. — PI. 12, tig. 18.
FLOEHIvKA, Wilia., N'cuc Schr. (icscllscli. iiiitm-f. !•>., Berlin, ui, 448; Boiitli. niul Hook.
Gen., I, 27.5.
Flowers r{-mer<nu'; jictals oblong, entire, shorti-r than tlu' si'pals, open in aestivation;
otherwisi' as in l/unnuidhis^ which, as Uaillou. Eichler, and others have shown, is much
t0<| dose.
1. F. iMtosERPiNACOiDES, "\Vill(l., I. V. F. lacusfris, I'crs. F. pnlustris, Nutt. F.
iginoKa,^\\\\\\. Cahoinha innnat(i,\li')\\\. rxwd Schult. Xectvis 2)innata,V\\vA\. Gla-
|()ns, weak-stcunnt'd. a span to a foot high; divisions of the leaves mostly o, lanceo-
or occasionally elliptical, iO-l.li mm. long, remote; llowers very iuconspieuous;
|)ala ovate, acute, enlarging in fruit; petals white, 1-2 unn. long; stamens about
nailing the ju'tals, anthers .2mm. long; fruit subglobose, loosely tuberculate above,
mm. long. — IJich, damp woods, Canada and New England to Oregon and Caliibr-
south to Pennsvlvauia and Missouri. — PI. 12, (ig. 20.
* The Linmantheae do not ai)pear to have bei'ii much studied fi om a biological stand-
jpoint. In the large-llowered species the abundance of nectar is advertised bv a ])ro-
l|ounced fragrance as well as by the color of the corolla, the veins or striae of which also
IpBrve as nectar-niarks. They arc said to be much visited by bees, and are clearly
i*
•;<*M5«W»«
80
AVILLIAM TRKLEASE ON THE
adapted to ])(»lllnalion by these insects. Darwin' lins shown that the flowers are fertiU>
with their own poUen. Floerlra and, api)arently, Liwnanthrs Maroutrii, with smaller,
inconspicuous flowei's, are apparently adapted to pollination by small bees and are likely
to be Couud ("idly seH-fcrtile, but no observalions iiave bei'U made on them. The seeds
ol' both j^enera are enclosed in inte^unu'uts consistinj^ of brown, rather thin-walled
cells, the outer and iinu'r layers of which are collapsed cul closely surrounded by the
indehiscent, rnjjfosi'-tubei'cniate ])ericarp, which is soft, and consists externally of thick-
walled, rather |)ale cells, some of which, on the outsicK-, develop into thick-walled, ver-
rucose, rounded papillae. \ am iniable to oll'er any suj^^ticstion eonci'rniiif^ their dissem-
ination, or the use of the peculiar roughenin*'- ol' the i)eiicarp. (Note S.)
OXALIDE.AK.
Flowers rep^nlai', .'-merous, liomo,i>'one or hetei"of»'(ine ; sepals ind)ricate, persistent;
])etals convolute, distinct or somewhat united near thi' base, dccidnons; stamens twice
as many as the sepals, sometimes with an additional si-t of auricles or stei'ile scales;
}>lands greatly reduced or wanting, alternate with the sipals wlu-n present; carpels
alternate with the sc[)als. 0.iv///Wr(^/r of continental writers. — Fivegenei-a, thive of them
contlned to tropical Asia, one South American, the otiu'r widely distributed.
OXALIS, L. Gon. n., 382; Bentli. ami Hook, den., i, 27(5.
Annual or perennial often bnlbifi-rous herbs, sometinu's sullruticose (»i- frutescent,
with compound petiolate mostly estipulate leaves; stamens ten, monadelphous below,
in two sets of ditferent length, all antheriferous; ovary somewhat lobed, forming i\
loculicidal capsule tipped by the ])ersistent distinct styles; seed with a longitudinally-
dehiscent arilloid outer coat, the firm more or less viscid inni'r integument nsualls
sculptured; emliryo straight, with jjlane cotyledons, in altundant albuintMi. O.ri/s ol
older writers. — .\.i)out 220 specie's, mainly in South America and Africa.
Synopsis of Xohth Amkiucan Speciks.
*Caidescent; flowers yellow, sometimes, like the rest of the plant, tinged with red-pur-
Leaves nnifoliolate with free setaceous stipules . . . O. dIchmdraefolUi-
Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, estipulate (J. livrhuidicri.
Leaves i)ahnately trifoliolate, estipulate or with short adnate stipules; leaflets subses-
sile, more or less ol)l;(picly obeordale-cum'ate.
Leafy branches from a stout woody caudex O. Wrif/htii.
'Cross aiul Soll'-furUliziiUoii, Itiik'x.
NORTH AMKRICAN GKUANIACEAK.
m
tvors aro frrtilc
t, with smaller,
* and arc likely
in. The seeds
er thiji-Avalled
•onnded by the
■nally of thiek-
[•k-walled, ver-
<^ their disseni-
)
ite, pei'sistent;
slaniens twiee
1" Hterile scales;
resent ; carpels
a, three of them
l.'d.
Stems not from a caiulox, but mostly pt^'cnnial from slender rootstocks.
Flowers usually small, homo<j;-one, the styles about equallinj^ or longer than
the longest stamens ....... O. rornicufata.
Flowers large and showy, heterogone or appealing so.
Ke[)ent, with adnate stij)ules; llowers doubtfnlly trimorphic.
O. corniciifatft, var. (?) nuirrantha.
Erect, stii)iiles none; flowers clearly trimoi-phic.
Low, sleiuler-steimned; leaflets not margined (Oregon). O. Siiksdorjii.
Tall and rather st(tut, leallefs dark margined (>[iddle States). O. recun^a.
* * Acauleseent ; U'aves and scapes IVoin the end of a siendei' pei'ennial scaly rootstock;
flowers white or j)inkisli, somewhat yellow at base and mostly red-veined, homogone;
Reaves palmately trifbliolate.
Scapes l-llowered: capsule round-ovoid O. acelosella.
Scapes nml)ellately several-llowei'ed; capsules linear . . . O. trUlilfolla.
* * * Acauleseent; leaves and scapes from a scaly bull); llowers heterogone, rose-violet;
leaves palmately l5-l()-folioIate; sepals (and usually leallets) tipped with orange callos-
ities.
Leaflets constantly 3.
Obcoi'date or transv(M'sely Imrile-oblong; ca[)sule round-ovoid . O. vlolacea.
Ohcordate-deltoid; capsule lineai'-oblong ..... 0.lat!folia.
V^-shaped; capsule ovoid-oblong O. vei^pertUionis.
TA'aflets IJ-i") (mostly 4), deeply obcordate O. diarr/ens.
Leallets o -10, narrow, deeply notched, bilobed, or V-shaped . O. decaphijlla.
' or frutescent.
lelphoiis below.
)bed, forming a
longitudinally-
gument usuallv
linen. O.cys ol
ed with red-pui-
dlchmdraefoUo.
(J. IhrlamUerl.
; leallets subses-
O. Wn'ghtU.
- 1. O. i)i('noNDi?AEVOi,r.\, Gray, PI. Wright., i, 2''. Caulescent, a si)an to a foot high,
t)erennial, appressed-i)ubescent; bi-anches spreading or procumbent, woody and rough-
jbarkedatbase; leaves unifolioli.-x', leaflet round-ovate, wavy- Margined, cordate, abruptly
Repressed and mueronate at apex, 12-30 mm. long; ])etiole as long, or somewhat exceed-
ing it; stipules setaceous, free from tlu' ])etiole, often 10mm. long; flowers homogone
s( V), 12 mm. long, solitary on axillary peduncles ecpial to or surpassing the leaves, and with
fi|;wo setaceous bracts near the summit; sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute, dilated at base;
petals spatulate, entire, submucronate and slightly ciliate above, half as long again as the
Ipalyx; capsule round-ovoid, 10 mm. long, i)ui)esecnt; seeds about three in each cell, with
jprominent tubci-oles arranged in transverse, more or less oblique rows, l.t x 2.2 mm. —
^ew Mexico ( \Vii<iht) and Texas {Be rhi tidier, ]Vrl(j]d, Palmer, Jiecerchou) to Mexico.
-*-ri. 11, tig. 1.
mt 2. O. Bkukandikiu, Torrey, Hot. ^[ex. Bound., 41. ('aulescent, a span or less high,
''l>erennial " from a slender subterranean rhizoma," somewhat woody below and much
^©ranched, gray- or rusty-pubescent ; leaves piniiately trif()liolate, estipulate, on jietioles
Hbout l.")mm. long; terminal leaflet obovate-oblong, lO-l.limm. long, on a stalk half as
Jong, lateral ones smallei-, opposite, oblong, very short-stalked, all obliquely emarginate
At apex nearly glabrous above; flowers heterogone (V), about 12 mm. long, umbellate at
llpie ends of axillary peduncles about equalling the leaves; umbels mostly 3-flowered ;
Ipedicels usually shorter than the flowers; se[)als lanceolate, acute; petals obovate, subcn-
gJliKMoMiR iiosroN SIX', v.vr. iiisr., v(p|,. iv.
88
WILLIAM TRKLKASE ON TIIK
tiro, tlirlce ns loiij:? ms tlio calyx; ciipsule ov«)i(l, about 't mm. loiij?, pubcsci'iit ; seeds 1-I{
ill oaeli cell, I'lisilbi'm, somi'wiiat llalteiu'd, witii S proiniiicnt loiij^ididinal xh^'/AXg vvin}j:s
or rows ()(■ It'i'tli, .S x l.<)mm. — Texas {lierhnulltr, lOlM 'irt'lA, Ji<mndur>f Commission.
>!r/ioff, 110); not eollected recently.— PI. II, (!<,'. 2.
.'{. (). WuKiiiTir, (Jray, Pi. Wiij^iit., i, 27. Caulesct'iit, perennial Croni a wtout, conical,
subterranean caudcx, at llie apex of wbieb the decunibeni lealy branches ai-e clustered,
otherwise very similar to the next. — .Arizona and Indian TcrritiMT to 'i\'xas, fxtendini;-
into hnver Caliloruia and Mexico. An Ari/(Mia specimen ( IT. /''. Parish, '.VI) is densely
<;ray-tomeutose below. — IM. 11, li<j:. .'{.
4. (). coHXK'Ui.ATA, L. Spi'c, l.'5,">. (). piisi/l((, Salisb. ('auleseeiit, an inch to a span
or more hi^ih, ainuial or pereimial, sicuder-stemnu'd, crrct or procumbent, in .some forms
rootin<i: at the nodes, ^^ray or rusty stri<<osi'-pid)eseent ; leallcts IJ, obcoidate, broader
than lonji', lO-Iomm. wide, the lonjj: slendt'r petioU-s dilated below the basal pulviiuis into
I'ound or truncate ciliate stipules; llowi-rs ."J-S or in souu' Ibruis 12 nun. lon<f, solitary
or usually paired, (»n bibraeteati' peduncles equal to or exeeedin<;- the leaves; [u-dicels
mostly louji'er than tlu' flowers, rellexed in fruit; sepals oblon<?, rather obtuse; petals
obscurely erenulate or emai'<;iuate, about twice as |on<x as the calyx; styles about ecjual-
liujj: the lon<;' stamens, or, in lai';jfer-ll(»weri'd specimens, exci-edin;;' them; capsule erect,
ol)lon<;. l(>-2(> mm. lonj;, slri^iose; si-i'ds about ten in each cell, but vary in^jf {.greatly in
uumlx'i', ovate, acute above, nuu'h tiattened, with ]-'.i deep mar;::inal ;:^rooves and lunn-
erous transvei'se ridji;es somewhat intei'iMipted by two low lon<;°itudiuaI elevations on
each side, .8-.i> X I-l..") mm., mostly dark brown when ripe. — Over the entire country;
il<»wi'rin<r thi'ou<i'h the season. A cosmopolitan weed with many forms, .several of which
have received pecilic names, but are now <i('nerally united. — PI. II, (ij^. 4.
Yar. (?) MACKANTHA. Decumbent from a stout or slender horizontal n»otstock, the
branches erect, a span hij-h, pilose with spreading? pointed hairs; lealli'ts narrower;
Mowers j)ale, 10-1.") nun. I<»u<^, exti-emely varial)le in the relative leuj.!:lh of stamens (or
]»erhaps hetero<::one-trim.irphic), otherwisi' as in the type. — Arkansas to Texas aiul alouj;'
the (iulf to Florida; al.so in ( "alifornia.— PI. II, li^'. ;">.
Some plants are very similar to specimens from .\ustralia refei-red to O. microplnjlhi
(u»»w regarded as a variety of <'onilriilat<i), but ai'c not the form usually known by that
name. If tlu- llowers ari' truly ti'imorphic this will have to b«' separated Irom coriiiru-
UiUt. It may jxtssibly be (>. pifosu, Nutt., of which I have seen only a frafj^nu'iitary
fruitiujj^ specimen, and is apparently O. piimih/, Nutt., which I havi' set'U Irom the Tor-
rey herbarium and that of tlu' Philadelpliia Academy, tlu-ouj^li the coui'tesy of Doctor
lirittou and ^Iv. Hedtii'ld, so that if it is ever raised to .specilic I'auk it will have to bear
the latter name.
Var. STurcTA, Sav., Lam. Diet., iv, t)S.'{. (). s/ric/tt, L. and most authors, f). Dilhnii,
Jacq. O.^fiorida, Salisb. O. Ijijoh', Pursh. (>. t'lirai/a, lOlliott. Annual, or olten per-
ennial ])y runninj^ rhi/omes, erect, a spiin to a foot high, the stem subglabrous to very
villous, but usually only slightly strigose; leaves without sti])uleH; inlloi-escence in lux-
uriant specimens a dich(ttomou8 cyme, in others umbellate; flowers about 8 nun. hmg;
petals subentire; otherwise similar to the type aiul of like distribution, but beginning
to tl*. wer later. According to Eichler the lirst flower is frecpu'iitly <)-mei'ous.
Ipnius',-
Otigina
io haM
|entin<j
^e leiij,
t»eeu di:
l^ieinity
KOllTII AMKRICAX GKUAMACKAK.
Hi)
cent ; seeds 1-8
tl zijfzag winjj^K
'If Commission.
I Htout, conicnl.
s are clustered.
'XMS, extendiii;^'
, '.\2) is densely
t inch to a span
, in some forms
oidate, hi'oader
al pulvinns into
1. lonjj^, solitary
eaves; pedicels
(•htusc; petals
It's al)ont ecpial-
; capsule erect,
•yin;,^ jfreatly in
M)vcs and lunn-
I elevations on
entire country;
everal of wliicli
4.
il rootstock, the
(lets narrowiT;
of stamens (or
\'.\as juid alonj;'
O. microplif/llo
known by that
d from coniiru-
y a frafjfinentary
I from the 'I'or-
rtesy of Doctor
ill have to hear
rs. (). Dilhnii,
al, or olten per-
lahrous to vi-ry
•escence in lux-
)Ut 8 nnn. lon^;
hut beginning'
rous.
.rac<|uin, whose illustrations otherwise well represent our extreme form of (). cornlni-
ta/a and its variety sfrirfa lij^m-es the former without stipules, and the latter with
jfounded stij;..'<'s, while the reverse is true.' Klonjj^iited Mcute stipules, such as Sidis-
^nry- and Sowerl»y ' tifjfure, have not lu'cn ol)si'rved in our specimens, hut can readily
I)e conceived as residtiuj:^ Irom tlu' proloufjfation of the acute outer an<:^Ie of such trun-
tated stipules iis some of our j)lants possess. The pidteseence of most forms of tliis
Ipecies consists of spreadiujj^ or appi'cssed unicellular pointed hiurs, with thick verru-
feose walls, iiitermiiiiiled with which are ii very few hluul hairs c')usistiii<;' of ji sin<;|(;
l^ow of smodlh. tliiu-walled cells. In var Htrichi the |>ointed rough hairs ai-c ahinidant
On the leaflets, pedicels, etc.. hut they are cominuidy le>is uiMUiMMtus ou the lower part of
tlu' stem and |»etioles. Where tlieseai'i^ htiir-y (and lliey are extremely vill«»us in some
plants growing in shaded places), the pid)esceuce often consists almost exclusively of the
tliiu-walled hairs, which are often of unusual h glli, and easily show their septate ehar-
teler under a haiid-leus; the same is somi'linu's trui- of the capsules.
i">. (). SiKSDoiti'ii, n. sp. (}.<()r)iirii/(if<t,(iyii\\ I'roc. Ainer. Acad., vtir, 'MH. Perennial
from a slender creeping roolstoek. slender-sleunned, erect, a span or two high, more or
jess pilose, (»r loost ly villous; leaves eslipulate, loiig-petioled, trifoliolate, leallets deeply
Obcoi'dale, with un(M,ual lobes as unich as 2.'> nun. wide; Mowers mostly paired on long
Axillary peduncles, helerogone-trimnrphic, bright yellow; bracts subulate; sepals obtuse,
downy; petals thrice as long as the calyx, lomui. long, wavy-margined, not einargi-
nnte. Fruit not seen, but presmnal)ly as in (). roriiiciihifn. — In wooils; Oregon (\ut~
tail, I [(ill, //ruilrrsDH, Si(/iS(/orJ') ; collected in diuu- l»y Mr. Suksdorf.
(). O. i{KOiiK\ A, l']Hiott. Hot. S.( ar. and (Jeorgia, i, il^*). Annual (?) or i)ereuuial from
S slender rootstock, erect, simple, 1 -"J ft. high, glabrate or somi'what soll-villous; leaves
long-petioled, estipulale; leaflets large, as much as ()(>m!n. wide, bi'oadly obcordate with
H shallow sinus, somewhat pubesceut and ciliate, narrowly mai'gincd with brown-purple;
|p)wers umlu'llalc or sid)cymose, \2-\'f nun. long, _\ellow, brown-striate at base, hetero-
gone-trimorphie; otherwise similai- to O. coniinilata, var. strivta. — Open woods, etc.
Garoliua {fi<l( Elliott), U^ I'einisylvania (rV/zr//), west to OWu) (Lt^u, Lloi/d) Tudiana
(ji</t' liaiiHK, liot. (Jaz., II, L'l) and 'renuessee {<,'attiii;/i-r). Flowei'iug I'rom May to
fl'nne or the early part of flidy. — 1*1. 11, tig. (5.
Elliott based his descrii»tion <»n the short-styled plant, which he says is "very counnou
||c'ar ("harlestoii, intermingled with O. stridd, with which it has been confound(Hl."
iparey, whose specimens, so fai' as I have seen tlu'Ui, were all long styled, regai'ded it as
©. JJillcaii, from which, however, it is (piite distinct, judging from the figure, in l)il-
tenius's Iloi-t. Ethel., II, PI. "Jlil, on whicli tli<' latter is basi'd, and a single flower of the
Otiginal of the figure, kindly secured for me, at Oxford, by Dr. (fray. Lea, who appears
lb have studied it carefully about ('ineinnati, conti'ibuted a suite (»f specimens, rcpre-
ienting the three forms of flowers, to Torrey, but was apparently misled into considering
i^e length of stamens and pistil meri'ly variable, triinor|)hie heterogony iu)t having thci
||een discovered. I am indebted to Mr. C. CJ. Jjloyd for a suite of specimens from the
^Hcinity of Cincinnati.
' Oxiilis Moiiojjr., l'l. 4 -.">.
•Trans, l.liiii. Soc., ll, l'l. -';!, tig. 5.
•Eugllsb Bot , ri. 172(1; Third fd., PI. 821.
!»()
Wll, 1,1AM 'Mill KASK ( N 'I UK
7. ( ). ACKTosKFj-A, L. S|it('.. \'S.\. (K Atiii ilniiKi , I{i<j;cl. (). Mttufdiiu, Will"., AnniilH of
Niiliiic, I, lli. Aciiulfsciiil, iicri'iinijil l>v a sU-ihUt siiii|»li' or s|)iii'iii;;:l_v Itrimrlicd root-
stock, inofc or less rust v-|miI)(scciiI ; leaves few ( iisiiiillv 'Ait) a span or less \\\<^\\; pet-
ioles slenili'r. artieiilaled willitlieir dilated hases, that persist on the rootstoek cliisli-ri'tl
at the end of i-aeli year's ;ir(»\vth; Kallets ;{, l)roa(llv oheordate, with a minute appeiid-
a<''e in the narrowed hase of the sinus; scapes solitary or few, sli;;htlv exeeedinjj;' the
leaves. l-llii\vered, L'-ltracled al)oul an inch helow the Mower; hracts hroad and I'athei
olttuse; (lowers open cup-shaped, lO-i.') nun. lonj;", honio;;one (hut usually app uij;' a-
il" the ioiiii'-st vied I'orni of a triniorphic species); sepals ovate-oi)lonj4\ rati- ttiise;
petals ;5-l tinier a^ loni;' as the calyx, euiai'^iuati-; capsule sidi;;loI»ose, '2-'.\ nui. .ui;;, it>
cells l-'J-secded, ylahrous; seeds ovoid, acute ahove, with ahout ."» shallow lonj;it iidinal
<'ido\i>< on each side, and ohseui'clv pitted. — Damp woods Croin the nioiintains iil" Noi-th
('.•udlina far northward, where it rauji'es Ironi the Atlantic to the Saskatchewan. Also
I'onud in lluropc. Asia jind North Alriea. Ui-curvcd scapes hear cleistojicnc llowers.
mostly concealed amou<;- the moss. etc.. at the liase of tin- jilant. — I'l. II, W'^. 7. A form
with dccpci-eoloi'i'd llowers found in New liruiiswi(dv, I'tc.. is var. sn/ijiur/iarasnHs.
DC. Prod. I, 7(M>.
Vai'. ()i;k<;.\n.\. O. Oirt/rniit, Xutt. in 'I'orrey aiul fJray. Fl. \. .\m., i. 211. O.
(icftosi'l/d. Hook.. I'M. Hor.- Amer. i. 1 IS. Lar^^cr in every way and more rusty-ptdu-sci'iit.
as uHich as a fo(»t hi;^h and with leallets in extri'ine cases over 10 mm. hui;;'; llowei's liO-
li;"> nun. lonj^'; capsules Ithum.; seeds '2.,'t x •i.'tuuu.; otherwise as in the type. — ("alifor-
nia to Washinjiton Territory. 'I'lu' description of fruit and. in part, of inllorescencc, in
IJotany of California, i, iK), relates to tlu' next species. — 1*1, 11. fii;-. S.
S. i). TiMM.ilKoi.iA. Hook.. Fl. Hor.-.\mcr.. I. 1 IS. (). iiKurnplnillu, Dou;il.in llook./.r.
(>. Orifiana. liiewei- and Wal-on. Hot. Calif., i. IK), in pai1 ; (iiay. Froc. Anu-r. .Vead.
Virr, Ii7S. Habit ol" the la>t, sparinjjriy puhescent or ;4lal irate; lca\('>« a span to a fool
liijih. leatlcls •J.")-].") mm. lony' and usually ahout as hi'oad; scapes mostly several, a litth
lonjAcr than tin- leaves, umhellately ahout ()-llowere»l ; pedici-ls at length e(pudlin<jr the
capsuli's; hracts acuti-; llowci-s small. .">- 12 nun. lonj;:. homoiione; petals deeply emar-
<;inatc or hilld and nearly whiti-; cajisulc linear", Lf") mm. Ion;;', its cells ahout (J-seeded,
glabrous; seeds i'ed-hrown.ol)lon^. obscurely c(»arse-pitted and sctmcwhat lon<;itudinalI\
striate, 1 X 2.1.' nun.— Damp woods, \Vashinj;ton to ()re<i:on. — Fl, 11. iij;. \).
i>. (). vi<)LAt;KA. 1.. Spec. |:U. <). loiiffiflora, Ij. O. piifi-/ii/ftt, ^h\\s\). Aciiulcsccnt.
IK-rcnnial from a stout brown bulb with rusty-eiliate scah-s, «;labrous or the pi'dicels and
hasi's of the leavis ^labrati'; leaves several from each bulb, a span or less hi^ii, leallets
;{, ahout 10 nun. lonji", broadly obcordate with an open sinus, the midrib tippt'il on the
lower silk' with a pair of usually pi'omint'Ut conlluent oran<;c callosities'; scapes several,
mostly about twice as lon^' as tlii' leaves, umhellately ;{-12-tlowered; pedicels at length
rather lonjifer than the llowers; ])racts acute; llowi-rs l.~)-20nun. louj;, heteroj^one; sepals
ovate, obtuse, w it h two more or less conlluent oran^'e callosities on thi' out ei- side at the tij);
])etals thrice as lonj;as tlu' calyx, undulati'ly obtuse or tiamcate. rose-piu'ple or sometimes
■white; cai)sule I'ound-oxoid, about .num. I(»nj;-, its cells about IJ-seeded, glabrous; Heeds
il)out a
linns, t
tvice II
length
wise a I
10 mm.
17:.. :'.i
12. (
Q. rio/i
(or son
about ;
Wai'ds:
feer, IS,-
Bigc
' These eiillosities, or ho-C!i11c<1 };lmi(ls, arc coiiiinoii to
many species of Uiis .section ol' U/alis. hi O. Murtinuii, hi-
jiiirUlii, etc., MM inli:iiiiiiij;iiiiil serien ol'siniiU ciillo>llles of
till' siiiiie ntitiire occtir-s iiroiinU Uie lower stirface of the
leallets.
NOiail AMKIJICAN (IKUANIACKAK.
01
Ijaf'., AiiiuiIh of
Iti'tniclicd r<M)t-
It'ss lii<4;li ; |H't-
stock chisd-iiMl
niniitc ii|)|K-ii(l-
rxcccd'm^j;' tin
loiid iind ratlici
Iv !i|i|i iiij^' a--
rail ' )liisc:
;{ mil. .injj^, il>
)\v Inii^itiidiiial
nlaiiis :»1" Noilli
ilicwaii. Also
lujiCllC llo\V('l>,
liuj. 7. A lonii
km., I, L'll. ().
iisty-|)iilK'S('('iit.
ii^-; ll(t\vci-s liO-
tyi'f. — ( 'alillir-
iilloi'csci'ncc, ill
i;;l. in lliM»k. /. <■.
c. AiiuT. Acad,
span In a Tool
Ncvi'iai, a liltli
til (M|uallin<4' tile
Is deeply I'lliar-
al»(»ill (l-sceded.
t l<)i)<4'itiidiiiall\
. Aeaiilcscj-iit.
he iH'dicels and
ss hi^li, leaflets
1) ti|>|)ed oil the
; scapi's several,
'dicels at li'iiglli
er(»g()iie; sepals
T side at the tip;
»le or sometimes
j^lahrous; Heeds
■ lower .surface of the
koiiipiTSHed ovoid, irre;j;iilarly nigose-tulterenlate, I..") mm. l<tii«!f. — "Woods, A'crmont to
^lt)ri(hi, west to the Wctcky Moiiiitaiiis and 'i'e.xas; the western iorm common in dry
5])i'n ;j;roves. — 1*1. I I, li;;-. I(>.
KK (). I AriKoi.iA, lllUv., Nov. (ieii., V, LM7, I'l. M»7, VAU. .\caulescent, a span or
nore hi;^li, I'rom a small scaly l>nlh which hears niiineroiis stihterranean hnlltilerous
'#hoo|s tw(» or three inches loii^-, siihglahrons; Icallcls .'5, \>ithoiit apical (-allosities, very
broadly ohcoi :latc-dilloid with ol)lf)ng (hvergeiil lohes, nutrc or less ciliatG; lloAvern
ahoiit as ill the last; allciiiale lilaiiiciil.v with lateral auricles; capsule (immature) liiiear-
ohlong, K* mm. long, its cclU ahoiil o-sei'ded ; seeds (latlciicd, ovate, acute ahove, trans-
Versely rugose, with about I longitudinal grooves on each sidi', .7.") X l.'Jnmi. — Ari/omi
(^J*riiif//(\ ISMI, no. :{(M). /ji nunoit, litiol), from Me.vico and South ^Vmcrica. Leaves
iinoother, less conspicuously \eiucd and more deeply parted than in the ligure cited, and
tlic slanu'iis <lill'ercnt, liul agreeing well with \arious Mi-xicaii specimens rclerred to f),
hflfohd ('. //. Liolhrl, lll'2)— I'l. II, lig. VI.
II. (). vi;si'Ki!Tli.n»\is, Torr. and (Jray, Fl. .N . .\incr., i, <i7!>. O. Drinnniondii,
ItJray. PI. Wright., il. '_'"); Toirey, Uot. Me.\. IJouiid., II ; Watson, Index, i, l."»;{. Ilems-
Jey, Miol. ('cntr. .Viner., i, l().'{. Acaiilesci'iit troin a scaly hiilli, glabrous; leaves lew,
tlxiiit a span high, Icallcls !>, o|tcn V'-shapcd, more or less conspicuously calloused in the
■iniis, the linear liliint lobc> Id iJ.num. long, u>ually o mm. or less wide; scapi' ni'arly
t>vice as long as the leaves, iu(»stly solitary, umhellalely about <>-llowi'rt'd ; pidicels at
length an inch long; bracts aciitish; sepals with l-(l narrow callosities. Mowers other-
wise about a> in (). rloUuid. hrtcrogone; capsiiK- ovoid-oblong, somewhat pubescent,
10 mm. long, its cells about l-secdcd; seeds as in (). ilpcuplniUd. — 'l\'\iis {^Lindheiiiici;
17.'). :il I, l.'.7, U'ritj/d, 7I(), DriintmuntL -S).— IM. 11, tig. III. *
Vl. (). DiNKlUiKNs, Benth., I'l. Ilartweg., !>. O. nsindUittnts, (Ji'ay, I'l. l\'ndlci'., 27.
0' violarta, (Jray, I'l. Wright., i, 'Si, ii, l*."). \\\ inch and a hall' to a span high, glabrou.s
(or somewhat hairy V), with the tlowcrs and habit of O. vloliictti. Leaflets l5-o, mostly
4, deeply obcordate or ciiiU'atc-bilobt'd, without an apical callosity, 10-20 mm. long and
about as broad, the sinus extending to the middle, lob»'s divergent, mostly narrowed up-
wards; Iriiit y — New Mexico {Fim/lir, Ul, Wn'(//if, \)i)H) and Arizona {JiiisJiy, Septeni-
]^M-, lSl^o),rrom Mexico. — I'l. II, lig. 11. Similar to ( ). tefr(ip/t///la. Ci\y.,hn\ smaller. A
Ijtrge specimen distributed by l!ie I Kpaitnu'iit of Agriculture without locality or date
jnay possibly bi' the latter.
1.'5. (). i)i:( .\iMivi.i,.\, llIiK., .N. (ieii., Sp., V, 2:58, PI. KiS. .Vcaule.scent from a more or
^ss hairy bulb which produces short -stalked bulblets, glabrous; leaves several, about a
ipaii high; leallets .*) 10, liiiear-obcordate- V-shaped, 20-I{.") nun. long, the sometimes
Iparingly ciliale lobes .'}-.') nun. wide, midrib ending abrii[)tly, not callous-tipped; scapes
Biostly twice as long as the leaves, umbellately about 10-llowered; llowi'rs hetcrogone
about as in O. riuhnu n, but tlii' si'pals mostly v.ith l-() callosities; ca])sule ovoiil-oblong'
8nmi. long, its cells about 4-seeded; seeds pale brown, compressed, round-ovoid, longi-
tudinally H-10-creased ami transversely wrinkled, .7 X .Omni. — ^Vri/ona {(rveene, 1880
ilo. 211, VritKjh', 1881, ;501, Lcnimon, li\'i.\) and New Mexico ( IIV//////, 00!»), extending
into Mexico. In some ^lexican specimens, apparently to be referred here, the scape
02
WILLIAM THKLKASK ON TIIK
mill |M'ti(tIt'H aw piilu'nilcnt or Iduscly villMiis, nnd the loiidctH iirt' occasidimllv hoiiu'wIiiii
hiiirv. It sliould In- iwdt'd tliiit ttur llowcis of this M|H'(it.s anil O. fafi/o/la ari* iiiiicli
lamiT than tliosf li^iiird l»y Kuiilli.— I'l. 1 1, lij;. I J.
A ruiupariitivi' I»iMl();;ical -iiidy of tlu' spccicH of iliis ;;«'miis. with ahiiiidant material,
W(»idd 1m' <»I" imusiial iiiti'i'i'st. 'I'linsc like (J. riiniiriilitf(t, var. sfn'rfa, which )ii'odii(i
li-aly ^tt'iii"-. '•"' >"|»it'iid l»y Mditi'i'iiiiicaii slioots, Hhnw iiow ihi- raidcscriil type may he
(•((iiiu'clid wilii liir a« imlrsci'iit, as rcprrsciiti'd \)\ \Ur (^rl>((l.^^l/ft| ;i;riMip, wliicli p;-(idii(t
their leaves and llowers I'roin tlie apex i>l' a slender rhi/onie. 'I'hese I'ui-est-inhahitin;;
species, with piiNisleiil stipular-dilated leal-ltases a^';ire;,fateil ahont the terminus of each
year's <;rowtli. whih' the scales are remote i'lsewhere, pave tin- way li»i- the riohinn j^'roiip.
inanv <>r whieii are prairie i»r desert spi-cies. In some tropical American species (tf thi-
;;ronp. the so-called siip«', risin;;' to the siirfacc of the ^frctund, is sparin;,Hy scaly, hu^-
• ••otiii;;' the rhi/onie ol" (>. anlosilhi, while the snlttcrraiu'an part ol" O. i nnraphijlhi
mi^ilit he called with almost i'(|ual propriety a stout scaly interrupted rhi/on. •, or .1
iloselv a>;jiii'jj:ated series of hidhs. IJut, in the majority ol" these spi-eies, vcj^n'tativi
pi'opajiation is «'lVi'(te(l hy Itnlhilerous shoots, the hases of which disappeai' aHer a time,
while the inner leat'-hasi's persist at the apex as fleshy reservoirs ol" food, and the outer
scales, at hiiji'th dry and sclei'otic, usually villous-eiliati' or ipiite hairy, sparin;<l\
jilandular and ehar;;'ed with resin-cells, serve as prot«'ctin;;dr;;ans. 'i'he earli«'st ve;;c-
tativi- iMier^y of these Itnlhilerous plants in early sprin;;' ^oes to the »'\paiisiou of ioli-
a<,a' and Mowers, hut is s<ion diverted to 1' ■ loi-ination oC a fleshy tap root, rich in water
which is drawn upon as the season ofahiindant moistur*' is succeeded hy the drought ot
sunnner, so that ]tlants that ;j:row in exposed districts ai'c ahle to mature their Iruil.
while those in the woods lre(piently hloom throu<;'h the late summer andautunui, lon<;; a iter
their leaves have disappeared; linally the remaining store ol" water is applied to the
ripeninj; of the hull*.
Mildehrand.' who has considered this suhji'ct at len;^th, notes, apparently with reason,
that African s|)ecies, which are exposed to greater heat during the d(»i'mant seas(»n than
llio>e ol' America, uniformly produce hidhs that ai'c protected hy a thicker scaly coating,
while, hy the grt'ater length of theii" suhtci-ranean shoots, they are carried deeper into
the earth. The eidargement of the a|»Ices of these sh«»ots with an accompanying reduc-
tion of their scales, oi- of the apices of slender rhi/onies like those of (). vnniiculitid, var.
sfrir/ii. I'csults in tuhers such as characterize O. cnisslraulis- and othei- specii-s, several
of which hear large and cdihli' tuhers.
While these cases may si-rve to illustrate the modification of the simph' caidi'scent
type in one direction, (). l]'ri(ffitu (U-parts from the cornicii/afd ty|)e in developing a
stout snhtei'i'anean caudex, from the sununit of which tlu- leafy hranehes spring, and this
form is iMUcii intensified in a group of acaulesceut South American species with thick
' Scliiit/.fiiiriclitiiii^icii l)i:i (Icn Oxallszwicticln (Mil'.
(Iclltsdl. l)l>l. (il'SSL'IW(Ml., 11, lONj; L(l)Ull>VLTllllltllissC (llT
OxiilisurU'ii. Jena, lf<«4,— abstiiitt in Hot. Cciitrull)!., xix,
' /iicciirini : Niiclilni;,' Mono^'r. .Vuht. OxiilLsartcn,
I'l. J.
The
A inarke
exposed
miliar e:
the dayl
»nd intc
pOHUre
»ponse
I^hl. t
In A<
eircunm
I^Bnts
OOnnnoi
phydnn
ipecio
^n wit
noveuK
of the
The
NOIMII AMKUIfAN (j1KKANIA( KAK.
Ililllv Noincwiiiil
i/'o/in arc iiiticli
iiidtiiit iiiatcrial,
\vlii<-li protliK)
il lv|)c may \)t
wliicli |):-<mIu(-(
•ifst-iiilial»itiii;;
ri'iiiiiiiis Dfcarli
species of tlii-
\y^\\ s<-aly, sn^-
( K I nnr<ii)liiflhi
I ilii/on. ', or :i
'cies. Vegetative
ai' alter a tiiiie,
il, and the nut«'i
lairy, s|iariii;^l>
le earliest veyfc-
paiision of iWli-
i)t, rich ill watei'
1 the (lriMi;;'ht ol
It lire their friiil,
tiiiiin. loii^^anei
applied to t)i(
itly with reason,
laiit season than
r scaly coating'',
lied deeper into
ipaiiyinj; rcdiic-
ronilcitlithi, var.
species, several
iiple caulescent
in (h'Velopiii*'' a
sprinj;, and this
lies with tiiick
. Ami-T. OxiiliNiii-ti'ii,
I
J^iinks, of which O. artivnhita^ is a reprcHeiitative. On the other hand, lln'rc is no doul)t
l^at I he hittiT approach the Imlhil'eroUM type, tin-oiiwh the tnne<iplnflhi Corin already de-
^.icrihed.
W^. ( 'oiiiiiionly the leaMets are di^itately cinsicrcd at the end ol" an «'lon<^atcd petiole; lint
'Hie pinnate t vpc. lepreseiiteil aiiioiiy- our species liy (>. Hi ihtiiilii ri, is not iiiicoinnioii in
ifhr tropical Ainericaii Kpccies.and in the section /{io/ifn/fimi the eloii<i^at('d leaves coiiNiNt
6t' a lar^^c niiinlier ol' crowded leailels. On the other lia>id the suppression of all lint the
tt'rniinal leallel results in the iiniroliolale leaf of (). i/ir/iomlrti' J'nfiti and a lew species
that do not occur in onr territory; and in (f. ritsrif'onin't< (soinetinies (pioled aii*l li;;iir«'d
M (t. J'rufi'ni'f tis),\\u- rediKiion and linal aliortion of the leailels, accoinpanied liy an un-
Miial dilatation of the petioles, ic.siilis in as perfect pliyllodia as those of Acacia, — lint
these stand with llieir edyes taniiciitial to the stem, not radial as in the latter ^^ciiiis. A
twiiisitioii to thiftype isallorded liy a considerai)le series of species in which the petioh's
•re more or less dilated :iiid ellicicnl in assimilation. On the other hand, llildelirand'-
has pointed out that the leaves of seedlings of <). I^nnianfh'a are at first trifoliolate,
thon^li the later leaves consist of 7-!> leallets.
The leaves ol" O.ra/idioi have Ion;;' heeii known to possess the power of movement in
H marked dej^ree. 'I'he clian;;e of position of ihe leallets at ni^flit. so that tiie_\ are then
exposed to a minimiim ( lin^ l)\ radii'tion — the so-called sleep of tlu' leaves — is a I'a-
niiliar example. I'ndei- the inlliience of li;4'ht and warmth, this position is c\chan<;°ed in
the daytime for <inein which they have the hext exposure for assimilation; lint a sudden
md intense illumination cansrs the leallets to close aj;ain more or K-ss, and continned ex-
pOHiire to either li^iil or darkiuss for a period of days lin^aks the readiness oi' their re-
sponse to either, while it has lieeii shown that if so fastened that they cannot close at
nighl. they soon l»ecoiiie leeltle or die.
In Ari'rrhn(i.\\H- leallets are usually in evident motion, from an intcnsiljcation of their
ciK'iininntation, — a movement which has lieeii carefully stiidi«'d liy Mr. Darwin in many
plants. In this respect Ihi-y resenilile Ihe small lateral U'allets of /)i stiiix/iiiin (/i/raiis, the
OOTimion " tele<;raph plant " of <!rreenhoiises. It is also known that the leaves of ^«'o-
phyf'iix- to a <'erlain extent those of Oxa/is aciinsiihi. and in a still less (le<;ri'e of other
MSecii's, are inllneiiced liy shocks, which cause the leaflets to assnme the nocturnal posi-
tk>ii \>ilh more or U-ss rapidity, as in Miiudso, li(ih!)i!ii, etc. 'i'lie seat of these ditrerent
Hiovenients is in the pnlviiii near the base of the ^I'eiieral petiole and of the short stales
of the leallets, and in the midrilis of the latter.
• ^I'he llowfi's of most species are s(»lilarv or nmliellately clustered; lint in the former
0§ec the peduncle is li-liracted some distance lielow the Howi-r. and tlu' ninliels are
tfkew ise siiliteiided liy two or more liracts. In specimens of O. /vVi/r/tva ' some of the
fcHfanches of the nmltel have lieeii observed to liranch, and this, with the constant pri'si'iice of
toe hi-n-ts referred to, indicates that the intlori'sceiice in thesi' cases is in reality a reduced
Oynic. A typical dichot<iinoiis c\ me is, in fact, regularly devi-loped in luxuriant speci-
mens of O. lornictdafd, var. sfricl((\ In O. BrasificnuiK, bu'.ilets have been observed,
•Hot. Mii^ii/.itiP, ex, ri. II74H.
•Hot. /lOliitig, IHN7, i!.
•Ziicciiiiiii : Miiiio;;!'. Oxiiliil., l'.» ; .luL'(|Uiu: Hurt.
* (111 tills sulijcct sett Ziiocnriiil : Xaclitraf; Moiiojjr. Aiiicr.
Oxiilisnrti'ii, IIM); WydliT : rriii;rsliciiirs .Iiilirb. wiss. Hot.
IX 1 I'.klilrr : lJl(itliuiuliii},'rilliiiiii', li, 'Mi, I'tc.
94
WILLIAM TRKLEASE ON THE
ivpliU'inij: llowt'iN. and PliikiMict' stah's that the lK>\vors of our 0. vtohico.a aiv soinclinu >
sue ci'i'dfd In l)iill)k'ts, — an ot'currcncc that (.'annot be common hi the wlhl phmt.
Thf tl<)\v« IS aio tyiTR'allv open Ciinni'l-sliapiMl. t'xpandinjj: in sunshint-, the (h'<i:roo < i
warmth phi\inu- a vimt impoi'tant pari in this |)roci'ss. at k-ast in sonii' species'-. 'Y\\r
stanuiis art' in two sets oruni'ipial U'njith, as in (f'cnniiinn. etc., whik' tiu' stvk's appc.ir
to he typicallv ahout t(iual to thi- h>nii' t set. But in the niajofity ofspi'cios tlic lk)Wt'r-
of diir(.'iii\t individuals ai\'([uitt' (Ussiinilai- in tliis ri's|)fct. so tiiat thrse spccii's i\rv wlini
lliltk'Itrand'' and Darwin' have (ailed heterostyle<l. or (Jray'. heteroyone. In O.vdlls t\\>
heteropHiv is tvpically ti'iniorphisin, three forms of tlouei's existing in ahout I'ipial num-
])ers on dilleri'Ul plants of a ^ixt'U spi-cirs, the pistils of one heiui;- shorter than the short-
est stamens (short-styled), those of the see:tnd hciny .intei'niediate lu'tween the two set-
(mid-styifd ), while tliJisc < if the third are lonjjer than ('ither set of stamens (lon<>;-style(r).
Coinucted with thisr dillrreiiees inthek'U^th of the pistil are dilferenees in the stamens,
so that the two sets of cither form of llower eorre>poutl in leiiu'th res|)cctively with tin
pistils of the two other forms. Hildel)raiid, who examined the specimens of O.vdlis in
several lai'u'e hci'haria. has rccordeil his ohxrvations on this point in <letail". But whilr
the appearance in a majority of cases was that of iriinorphisin, only one or two forms c!
llowt'rs wei-c found in many of the species I'xamincd. In ino>t instances, howt'Ver, tlu'si
coi'ri'spond to one of tiic three forms that I have characlcri/ed. The same may he sai'l
of the many liuiircs of dacMpiin' and others who havi' illusti-ated this <;-cnus. It was aK'
.sjiowit liy IIild> irand" that in some trimorphic species snhmitted to experiment, the <;reat-
est fruitfuluess resulted oidy IVom the fi-rtili/ation of a pistil liy the ])ol!en Irom stamen-
ol'it- own len<;th, — a rule that has keen found to apply j^enerally to heter(»;ji^one plants ;
and Ilildehraud has recently a,i;ain remarked on the fre(pn'nl si'lf-slcrility of a sinj^li
form"*. The polk'U and sti;iina> of such trimorphic species as have ht-cn examined in thi-
ri'spcct. also show the diHei'cntiation usual in trimor|)hic plants, the pollen iiiains of tin
lon;^" stamens Ix'iuii' larjicst. tho'c of the short stamens, smallest, and those of tlu' mid-
leiijith. intt'rnu'diate in size; while tke stiu'matic papillae of the lon;;-styIed flowers art
lonii-cst, tkose of the short -styled, shortest, and those of the mid-styled, of intermcdiati
lciii::tli.
In the examination of herkarium or Lii'ccidiousc matci'ial of trimorphic species, the niuu-
licr of specimens lieiuu' limited, it may ri'adily ha|>pen that only one or two of llu' form»
arc found, when a -eai'ch in the held amoiiii- hundreds of individuals would reveal all in
appro\imatt'ly c |iial mimliers. Hut c\cn under these c(>nditious, one or more id' tie
forms may not hi' found in localities wlicrc an introduced species has multiplii'd mtn-sex-
ually''. or where kut two forms have keen iiUroduced; for tkesc, ]»ropanated scxuallv, kut
witk(>ut \\\v inter\ eution id' tkc otlicr forms, may possikly reproduce onl\ tkcmselvi's'-.
Hence the prcsiunakle trimorpkism oi' such s|H'cii's as were known to have one or two nl
the foi'uis of (lowers usual in such cases has not keen <i'encrally disputed.
Some yt'ars since, having access I'or the first time to numerous wild plants ol' a sup-
' .\liiiiii.'r>Hiiii l!.)l. I. I'l. in:>, iIl'. I.
• rf. J'lVir.T: I'liy-inl. rul.TS. 187:1.
'■' Moiinis)i<T. ncrlin. WnA. t^;!;. ;!('i'.).
* Dill'iiriii I'.inrw iif ['lowers, various pljU'cs.
■ Aiiii'r. .Ioi;rii. Sci. iiiiil Arls, M Sit., xiii. hl'.
■• Moimtsliir. Ucrliii. Akiid., IMili;, ;!")!.
■ oxali- Moiio:rr:i)iliia. 17:U.
•• li.pl. /tilMii!,', \X7\. 41."., 4;M.
"|)!ir\viii: Dill'i'ri'iil Koriiis of Mowers, etc., I'luiiitcr
'" Ilililfliriiiid ; liol. Zcii. 1HH7, iios. I ;t.
" Iiiirwiii: Dilli'rciil Forms of Klov.crs, IK'2.
'■•■ nililiOiriuiil : .Moii!i!sli.'r. liiii. \\itu\.. l.'^Di;. ;!7;t; \\o
/fit,., lt*H7, .'i ;liiirwiii: DiilVrcnl Kornis of KlowiTs, '.'i'
in till
NORTH AMKUICAN OKHAMACKAE.
95
a are soinctlnn^
ild plant.
'. tlu' (U'<i:ivi' it
• ■» rill
Spt'CU'S". I 111'
lu' styles appt'iii'
I'cii'S the llowei-
species are wli.it
In O.ruHs till
>i)iit etpial miiii-
!• lliaii tile sliort-
I'en the twii set>
IS (loii^-styletl).
■^ in the siaiiieiH.
etivi'ly with llir
US ol" O.vaU.'f ill
ail''. But whil.
tr two lonus I •
<. liowi'Vei', tlu'N'
line may he sai^l
us. It was alMi
iuu'iit. the ;j:reat-
eii from stamen-
erti;;t)ne plants :
rility of a sinj;li
examined in tin-
Im ,i;rains ol" tlh
hose of the 1111(1-
tyled llowers aii
of intennediati
species, the nuiii-
t wo (tf till' I'onn-
•uld reveal all in
or more of tin
Itiplied nou-se\-
ti'd sexually, hiii
Illy tlu'insclves' .
ve one or two oi
•d.
plants of a sup-
liiucr-i, c'ti-., Chiiptor •
IIS. 1 ;i.
Idv.ci-s, 1,K'.>.
Akail.. isiii;, :tr;i; IVu
•'(iriiiN 1)1' Klinvirs, "Jt'o
jiosed trimorphie s|)eeies ((). rl()hifi(i),i\n*\ oliser\ in^' only lonji"- and short-styled jilants,
^ niiide iiieMsiirenients of the llowers of many plants, hut loiiiid only these two lorins, ;t|-
3|hoil^ii the plant is very ahundaiit and a native spceii's. I have since exainiiu'd a ureat
|Hany more plants nhoiit Madison. Wi-coiisin, in the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo., ;iiid from
Central Illinois, uithoiit tindiuij,' a >inulc mid--tvlcd tlowei'; and my eorre^|ton(K!i!s who
flave paid attention to tiic-ul>icct ha\ehad the same experience. Nmneroiis herl)ari-
mn >pccimcns, rcpn -citlinu" nearly lln' entire ran^'c of the specie-^, are also all loiiii'- or
tliott-'^t \ li'd. l-'ror.i a carefid consideration of these facl'^. I have Iieeii couvineed that
thi-- specie- lia> liccoiiie dimorphic from the suppression in some manner of the iiiid-
Styled form, for ii cannot he doiihted that il is dcsceiidi'd from oriu'inally trimorphie pa-
reiil>. -iiicc the ^tameii- are still in two remote sets, imt a- yet I'oiniiiiicd in a siui;'lc set.
^ouii'li in ilowci'~ of h;iih -iirts they appear to lie -imiewhat clo-ei' to^'el her t liaii they
slioiild i»e in a tiimnrphic >pecic<. Mr. I». M. N'aim'lian. who stinlicd (). riohiad in my
lahoralory >ome yea!'> since. ll!oii"j,iil that he dctcctcil an alioi'tiou uf the |'olleii of the
8nid--lamcn^ in hoth loinr- and short-'-tylcd llowcis, indicatinu' a lo^s uf function that
Bli.ii'ht hi' held as iiidicati\e of their ulliinale di-appearaiicc Ilo\v far ihi^ may he true
I (111 not Know. Ml'. I )ai'\\ in. !o u Ihhii ^oiiie of tln^e l'aci-> were coimiiiinicated sjiortlv
bt'ioi'c hi~ dcaili. al>o llioiiL;'hl that thi^miuht l)e a t riinorphic species l»ecomin,n" or hc-
Ct/iii((liinoiphic\ 1 may addliial our other >peeies of tlu' r/oA/rrr/ y-roiip arc found only
Wlidei t!ie-e two forms in hcrhai'ia. ><> far a- I have exaniined tlieiii; I»ut llildehrand has
CUiti\aled the iniil-st\led form of I >. n .-^jx rhi mins-.
( )ii!' \ cllow -llo\ve!'ed caiilescrni specie-^ of t he coriiiftiltiln u'roiip are more pu/zlin<>-
than tho«-e wliieli lia\c ju-l hccu considered. In the typical sinalicr-llowered form of
O.voniiriiliihi and its \ arict \ ,<//'/c/'/ the styK'>are a little shoi-ter than, or ahout eipial to,
the louder --tamcus, and the llowcr- arc iiuipiesiionahly hoino^-ouc\ lint in the common
vi'loii^ .'^t. Loiiis phiut, w hieh i- I'cuardcd a^a foi'ni of var. -ihirlu. the llowers are lar<>-er
and the pistil appear^ to ha\ c iiiei'ca^cd in lent;'lh correspond iu^'ly with tiie petals, as may
b«B seen from the following- measurcinenl--, from the i>asc of thcllower ('I'alde \). 'riiese
flowci's iniuht lie taken for the loiiLi-^lylcd foriii of a trimorphie species; hut the pollen-
grain- from lioth set- of >lamen- are e-^<eutially of the same >i/c, so that this theory is
Untenalile'. and hot h foniii'iihihi and this varicls are to he rei^-arded as merely variahk-
in the iclati\(' length of -tameu'- and pi-til'.
^riierc are also niimeroii> stipulate specimen-- wliieji could he referred to O. conu'riildfa
in the hroad sense in which that species i> understood, if it were not that lluw are still
Uirj^cr-.lowcri'd and may he trimorphie. I apjieiid some iiR'asurenu-nts of the stamens
•As I >tnl(tl ill till' .Aiii.Tii'iin NatiinilisI, in IS.'^;.', llllili'
braml (Mount -h.'i-. licrliii. Akml., \>iu;. .'!.-.:.— iiml r.'ri'iilly
in liot. Zciliiiifi. \>ii*7, '2'2) rt'poi'S imc mill ■ilvlnl -|Mriiuiii
of O. >-iiil,i,;'it. willioiit loculily, ill tlu' lurliariiim uf .\W\-
Wldir liraiiii ; ami a llmii'c "1" a uiiil-^tyli'd Miumi' <<( what
||:Calli'cl (>. riolitciii \> siivcii liy I'ayd' i OrLraimni'iili'. I'l
j^ lljr. 1'.',— ciijiii'd ill r.uorssfii's llniulli. Sy-ii. Hot , ii.
108). I aNii lliiil .-ii'ViTal iiiiilsl\ li'il -iicoiiiU'ii?. umiiT llii^
MOlc. I'i'oiii alioiil liiniiiis .\yi-i'-.. ill till" (ii-ay lierliai'linii,
bntllii'.v ai'r iioi niii' Nmlli .ViiiiTK-aii |il:iiu.
It^UllllKH lli»ril> Hill'. S.Vl' IIISI , Mil. !\'. II
'I.i1h'1isvitIiii1iii1-;si> ■,1i'v O.valisartcii. 3r>.
'Sif lliiilchraiul : Miiiialslii'i-. IUtI. Akail., ISiiO, HilS;
i!i>i. Zrit.. i-.:-!:, ■;:.
Mlilililiraiul vMoiiat-hor. Utrl. .Vl^ail., ISi'.i;, »(W-!))
I'ciiiiiil imc idiiii-.stylod •.|H'i'jiMrii nl' sfyicln I'olli'i'ted by
'I'l'i'viso (hut wiiliDiit iiiiiiralinii of iiicalily ), and one from
Missouri, xvliilo a s|n'ciiiu'ii frniii lu'iitut'l^y is said to he
sliorlstvlrd.
' Si'u Dai'Win'.s DliriTi'iil Forms ol I'lowi'l's, |si.
gg WILLIAM TRKLEASE ON THE
Taiii.k 1.— I-argc flon-creit O. couxtcit.ATA, vnr. sthk'ta.
LenRtli of Stnmens.
Stnmens.
Pistil.
Corolln.
3 mill.
4 mm.
7 mm.
10 mm.
3
4
1
10
Kr«tiii one piniit. ■
3
r,
7
11
I
3
4
!l
3
5
(i
3
4
.">
B
2
3
,5
8
3
4
7
8
Fi-ni one plum J
3
.')
N
ft
.i
,■>
li
«
3
4
h
3
4
5
8
Avenifte.
3 mm.
4-1 mm.
G.2 mm.
Taiii.k II. O. coiiNtciTLAT*. rnr. ( ?) MACRANTII4.
A. f.oiigitylfii.
Locality.
I.eiiglh of stamens.! i^tiiinena.
1
Pistil.
Florl<)n.
New Voik.
Ciilirornin.
4 mm,
4
4
A mm.
I'l
r.
.■5 .'5
7 mm.
7
fl. MIdatylfvl.
Stnmens,
Pistil.
Stnmchs.
New Yolk.
4 mm.
n mm.
(1 mm.
Ciiliroinia.
5
7
9
"
6
7
8
((
46
,5.'.
f>
r. Short ili/leil.
Pistil. Stnmens.
Fliiridu.
!i mm.
6 mm.
.stamens.
7 mm.
n. nottblful.
.stnmens.
Kloi'ida.
R mm,
5
6 mm,
6
Pistil,
e Mini.
s
and pistils (Tal)lt' IT), hut liavi' not liad an oiiportunity to iiicasiiit' the polh ii oCtlu'dil-
iercnt sets ol' stanieiis. Some of (In- specimens come very near O. pilosa, Nutt,, as rep-
rosi'nted l»y a tlowerless s|K'ciinen of Niittall in the 'i'orrey lii'rhai'iimi. It will Ite seen
that the last two (and others hav,' been observed) have the styles e([iial to the lon<>ei
stauuiis. as in typical fv>/v//Vv/^//f/. alt hoiiiih the llowers are vci-y much lar^i^er. Jiotaiiisl-
who are able to study this lar;^'e-ilo\vered form in tiie Held shtuild make the iiu-asiirc-
nients on a large uumbi'r d' sjiecimens, necessary to determine whether it i^s heterogoiif
or not.
While the heterogony of this form is at best only presumable, we have tw(» truly tri-
moiphic >pe( ii's of thi> section, as may be seen from 'l^ibles III-VI.
As these species are all very closely I'claled. they appear to illustrate the manner in
which an oriji'inally iiomo<i;one species, variable in the i-elative li'ii^lh of stamen.s and
j)istils in some of its forms, may i^ive rise tootlu-rs which are trimorphic.
The specimens of (). antosello and its variety ()r((/<i)iii, and of 0. fri/fiff'ofia, that 1
have e.\amined. a<;rce in !iavin;.v the two sets of stamens very iineipial in len<;lh, whilt
the })istils mos:tly considerably surpass the l(Hi<;'er set'. The appearance is, therelore.
' r/. Diiiwlii: Din'ciont KoriiJH of l''lo\\\'is, 182; iiik) n^'olehnind ; Moimtsber. Hi'il. ,\kiul., 18(i<l, 'MU-; Hot.,
Zfit., 1HK7, DC.
siSi'
NORTH AMERICAN GERANIACEAE.
97
(?) MACBANTIU.
inciiK.
risiii.
mm.
7 mm.
7
ihtil.
StnmciiH.
mm.
mm.
'.1
S
H
imciiH.
.'■tanii'iiB.
TAIII.K III. O. .SitKSUOUFII.
7 mm.
iniptiH.
mm.
Pistil.
C mill.
lollfii of \\\v (lil-
X, Nutt., a.^^ rep-
It will he seen
al to the loiijitr
^er. Motaiiist-
vc the mea.siire-
it i.s lietiToj^'oiif
(' two ti'iily tii-
' tile inaiiiiei' in
ol" stamens and
lllllf'olin, that 1
n !en>;th, wliili
fe is, thcrelbre.
ul., 180(1, 'iW-; JJot.,
A. MidttyM.
tiiKlliorMtiimonii.
I'lMII.
Stamens.
1
Corolla.
!> mm.
mm.
8 mm.
W.iiim.
I'lxtil.
/;. Short-Hti/leil.
.Stnmciin. .Stiimciio.
m''
t; mm.
7
7
8 mm.
10
l>
in mm.
18
13
TaHI.K IV. roI.I.EN OK O. SUKSUOnPll.'
A. Miilnlyled flower.
B, Shorlttyhd flower.
Long Stimioiis.
Short Stnmens.
Long Stamens.
Hid Stamens.
SOm
33 u
SOm
43^
4.1
30
.W
43
?40
.10
47
? ,50
43
30
M
40
43
33
ryO
30
47
33
."■iS
47
47
33
47
40
47
33 !
47
40
47
30
47
30
47
33
.".3
30
43
33
47
47
47
Wi
47
43
47
33
47
47
4.1
.30 ;
.50
43
47
33
50
40
Avernse 4.'S.4 n
34.'2 fL
40 fi
i2n
as if tliese mi>^lit lie the persistent loiij;--st \ led I'onu of ori<'inally triniorphie ancestors.
But as ihe ]-.olleii of tile two sel> of ^taiueiis does not show till' dilfiTeiitiation that would
be expected in that ease, it is more prohahle that tliev are to he compared with the still
Unditfei'eiitiated and homoji-one (). CDniicn/d/a.
In all of our s[)eeies the flowers are adapted to pollination hy hccs, which are attracted
by their conspicuous color, and nsnally directed hy veins of a dee|)cr shade to a moi'c or
less ahiindant supply of nectar secreted hy a series of small ^'lands at the hases of alter-
rite stamens, on the (Uitside. 'I'liis is <;i'nerally protected from rain and dew l)y the
.lairiness of the loin>-er stamens or styles, as well as hy the closing;" of the Howers at
night and in cloudy weather. (). vorniciilida and (A arttosrlla, the only cosmopolitan
l^ecics, apparently owe their extensive dislrihiition to the facility with which they are
JKSlf-fertilized. The small tlowers of the former are freely self-fertile, althon<»"h they are
iHjsited and intercrossed hy small hees in sunny weather, presnmahly with henefit to the
ipecies; and the latter produces rcflnci'd l)iit extrenu'ly fruitful cleistoj^amous (lowers
on pcflicels that are concealed at the hase of the plant'-.
While the .North .\inericau spec-ies deviate very little from the open funnel shape tliat
appears to he typical of the ^•eiiiis, this is not true of all species. The corolla of O.
macr<>.'<fi/li<\ for exainiile, a South American species, is len<^thened uito a slender tuhe
2X 15 li.">mm.,a modiiication which clearly adapts the Howers to pollination hy lepidop-
tera. (Note 10.)
0.1 III Is is a j>-enns with explosive fruit. (Note 11.) At maturity the carpels dehisce along
' 111 lidtli liil)lcM iif polli'ii iiii'iisiiri'1111'nls, ilic >ti()iii'r
4tBI>l<''<'>' of fl'L'HllIy !<\Vll|ll'll <{I'IUIIS IVl>lll Ill'I'lllllilllU N|)UL'-
in<MiN I.S givi'ii.
' ' Accor'Hiig to llllilebriiiul (I.olx'MsvcilKilUiissL', l'2) 0.
Oifiriiw. Ill ciilUviitioii. produces only open tlowers through
the C'lilirc srii.soil.
•".Iiiciliiin : O.xali.-* .Monogr,, Pis. 9-12. On lliis .species,
see I'unhor Wiilpers, Uopei'toriuni, i, 477; and iUlilebrund:
Moimtsber. Uerl. Akiul., 18(10, 3G'-2.
m
WILLIAM THKLKASK ON TlIK
the dorsal siiliu'c', iiiid, ill the sli<;litcst (nucli, tlu'ir seeds are expelled in rapid sueeessidii
to a distance oC sevi'ral leel. In j^atlierni^- (). cDrtiirnlala, 1 liavi' been sui'prised at tlic
sudden pattering;' of a do/en sinds aji'ainst my laee and clotliinji', while tlii' eapsidi' \\;is
ai)|)arenth still closed, ami it was only on closely examining' it that I eoidd coiiviiin
nivscir that it wasri^ally di'hiscent and empty, the vaUcs rcniaininu- close t(»^'ethef. 'I'ln
niechani>m 1)V which the seeds are expelled is (piile uidiKc that ol" any other plant willi
which I am ac(piaiii1ed. In the ripening- of the seed the inner inte^-nmenl becomes lirm
and hard, while the outer de\tlops into a thick lleshy loose arilloid envelope, that nlti-
mati'lv >plit> jontiitudinally on the side oppo>ite the i-aphe. and, pressing;- upon the some-
what llalt( ned xidi's of the seed, lorei's it out. nuich as a hoy would snap an oran^'e sei li
rromhetween his thumh and I'orelinut'r.
'r vr.i.i: V. !>. nr.ri ii\ v.
A. /.■■n.j-8l;/leil.
I.rn(:lli of sla;iUMis. !
I'istll.
/;. Mi./nhili'l.
■ —
•
siaint'ti^.
I'Mir.
»laini'll9.
4 mm.
G iiini.
8 mm.
I'iMil.
L.t mm.
4
.S7lr.)-/ xhiiil.
aiitrnvnu.
li mm.
TAIU.K VI. I'OI.I.KN nv (). HKClllVA.
ii /;. Shfll sOilt.l ll,„rrr.
I,'>n>; ^I.■mtt'n-. Mi<l ^l]tll)(■l
A. l.i>ny»tiiliil Jluirer.
Mill -i:inMMi>.
1
■illillt "lailUMI~.
: ;i;i ^
27 m
30
■-'7
27
30
1 30
23
{ 3U
23
1 30
27
27
27
27
23
S7
a
30
23
27
SO
30
30
27
27
27
27
27
23
27
23
.TO
20
27
27
27
23
27
;io
27
27
27
27
Avi>rngc2H.2»j
2S.7 n
:m
:i3
3;i
M
at
33
33
aa
33
33
33
30
30
:«i
Xi
30
3;i
31 M
.'13
:10
!>li
JO
33
30
30
33
31
33
33
30
33
,H3
33
33
.'CI
.33
33
33
.13
3^1
31.1
»i
32.4 f>
IIALSAMIXEAI'L
Flowers ii'reuiilar. i"-inerous. iisiially imsymmeti'ical I'roni the suppression of 'J sepaK
homo>;-one ; St [)als and petals imiiricate deciduous; stamens .*), '•lands \va ..i;^"; carpi'l-
alteniate with the sepaK, se\ t ral-ovuled. — Jla/saminncew ol' eoiitiiieiital writersj tW'
•^■'■iiei'a, one containin;^' only a single speeii's,
' III § IJi'ijilii/lHtu Ihvy si'|)nr;iti' sli icly ami ()|)i'ii on llii- iniii'r sulili'i'.
The
ifevoiis
several
to]).'l|
for its
The
secrete
the hri
adapt*
NORTH AMKUICAN GKUANIACEAE.
00
I'iipid succvssidii
siirpi'isi'd ill the
the ciipsiiU' \v;i-
Cdllld COllvilK I
l(»;;cllu'r. 'I'll!
otlii'f |)l:iiit uilli
lit ItCCOllU'S lil!|!
(■ln|)c. tliiil iilli-
lllioii tile soiin -
c'lll OPMIl^'l' St'l li
IIKCIIIVA.
slitiil sti/ltil iliiirrr.
rtiiiiiciix. Mill Ktami'K
:li; ^
.!!/*
sn
:i3
Xl
.'iO
:i.l
M
;!i!
Hi
:i.'i
M
:i:i
M
3,!
33
.a
SO
:!ii
30
:l:l
33
M
31
.■i:t
33
.1(1
33
:!ii
30
:!i;
33
:i:i
33
:!ii
3.1
:»
:«
:l.l
33
;i:)
33
XI
3;i
Itl.l n
32.4 M
IMl'ATIKN.'^, I.. (nMi. iH). 10(18; IViilli. mikI Hook., ficn., i, 277.
.; Aiuiiiiil lii'ih.s witli siicciiU'iil Iriiiishici'iil, slciiis, iiiul tliiii altcniJiti' pctiolcd .•<im|tln
fejivfs, without sti|)ii!('.'^; Ilowcrs several, on loosely hi'anclied hraeteate axillarv pediineles;
itpals ,'{. the |»o>teri()]- |ielaloid. saccate, ami mostly fsleiidei'-spiinvd; petals ."5, the lateral
©lies on each side united; staiiieiis united somewhat l>y their appeiida,u'ed lilaiueiits, and
with more or less eoiiiiate anthers; style almost none; ovary not deeply lohed. its valves
bl'i'al^iu^- elastically Ironi their septa and coilinj;'; seed oblong, with I'oui' longitudinal
ridij'es, otlu'rwisi- nearly sm<iotli. exalhuminoiis, the einhryo slrai<;hl with nearly plain'
COt\ie(lon>. — Altoiil 1."),") >pecie>. 'JO in A IVica ; mo>t of the others in tropical .Vsia.
: 1. I. I'liAA, N'litt. (ien. I, I l<! /. hijinid. ^\'alt. /. iio/itdiu/i re, ;■}, Michx. I.
mariilnhi, ^Iiilil. 'I'wo to lour i'eet hi^h, liranched. ;^lai)roiis, somewliat ()ran<;c' or pur-
plt'-tinted; lea\<s usually l! !> in. lon^-, a little <i-lancoiis helow, elliptical-ovate, rather
opt nse, coarsely creiiale-serriiti', the short teclii imicroiiate or the lower subulate, hase
snlicMpdati' oi' ino-tly at ute; lower petioles aliout etpiallini;' the blade, the U|iper shoi'tel';
tdiiiiclese(|nal to tlie lenvo or the upper longer; pedicels 2- I. each with a sin<j;-|e 'inear
act about ihe middle; ll(twei> oraniii-U'llow mottled with red-bi-owii; saccate sepal
loii^'er than broad, rather abruptly coiitractiil to a slei.'der spur which is half as lon;^' as
the s;ic <ii' moi'e. iiolehed at the end, and Usually cio>e':y incurved; eleistojj,"ene Ilowcrs
J^oduced in abnndance. t he coherciil marly I'c^idar ]icrianlh carried up on the maturiiii;'
0Vary; capside oblonj;-. |-|-set'ded; seeds somewhat compi'csscd. il X ," mm.— Wet |)laces,
Canada to I'lorida, west to Oren'oii ;md \la--Ka (//tfr .Mi'rh(iii)\ introduced into Kn^i'land.
Pale, spotless (lowers soim-tiuics occiu': and others destitute oi' a spur have bi-eii collected
from Mas-achiisetls ( /i'n/y/y///,s) to the ('olumbia \'alley {/ji/a//). A'ery similar to the
European I. mil ihiiHii II . \\\\n\\ h.is a more coinucopioid -mc with its spur not toothed at
the eml, ;ind larii'cr laler;il petals.
2. 1. rAi.i.iDA. N'litt. /. c. /. iiolltiDuirrc. ^liclix. /. onria, Muhl. Iiar;.i'er in every
way, as much as ." -(! feet hiuil, and paler; leases sometimes lO X 17 mm., usually ."> X '.)
orli'ss; lloweis jiale yellow, le-^s promiiieiit ly uiott led ; hooded si'pal as broad as loiiii'. the
nOt<'hed -pur not -o clo-ely incur\ed and less than one-third its leiiiith; bracts ovate,
acute; otherwise like the l;ist. — \N'ct places. ( 'aiiada to (ieor^ia, west to Saskatchewan
and ( )re,u'on, usually less abuudani than the pr<'eedin^'. .\ pink-lloweri'd Ibrin is Ibuud
in^Cw York (/>»<//«//. Cuiiinja Flora, Ii>).— I'l. .12, ti--. 15.
•sion of 2 sepal--
va ..!;;•; earpel--
tal writers; twi'
The lower teeth of the leaves oC some species of fiii/i(ilifii>i are luoi'e or less nectar-
iferous at till' apex ; or. as in the liJirden b;ilsain ( /. hd./.'^dDu'na), ihr petiole also bears
Sevei'al sueh ;^lands, which are lioiuoloii'ous w itli llu' serrations oCtlii' bladi'. .Vccoi(lin<;'
to]>elpino. the>e are coutiivance-- by which a body-i;uard of ants is kept on the jilant,
for its derciice a,i;ainst caterpillars and other enemies.
The llowers oi' /. iidllidii and I. fnlra, like those o|' the related lOiiropean T. ttolifnitf/ere,
secrete nectar in a spur I'oiined i'roui the pro|onj.;'ed posterior sepal, and advi-rtised by
the brij^ht eoloriiii^- oi' this sepal and the petals. They ari' protandrous, and evidiMitly
adapted to pollination by rather lonj^-ton<>iu'd humble-bees, which liiid an alighting [daco
jl^W
100
AVILLIAM TUKLEASE ON THE
on the lower pclMl iiiid the lloor (»!' tin- siiccnU' so|)aI, and toucli iintlicrs or s(i<^nia with
their backs while leedint-- on the neetai'. lii'iinett, tht' only oni- who has earerully .studied
tlie llowcis from lliis >taMd|)oiiit. lias shown that the appenda^fi's on the iinier side of the
lihiMH'nls ioi-m a hood which, in conjunction with the pendent position oCthe Mowers, el-
lectually |)revents sell-pollination. 'I'he nectar spurs ai'e tre(|nently perforated hv hnni-
hle-hees. and hivi'-hei's std)st(|Ui'Mtl_v make use of thesi' pci'l'oratious to abstract neetai.
DelpinoliMs shown that some exotic species an- apparently pollinated by lepi(h>ptera,-
the lon;i->pniTcd /. Siilt<tii(t, which i» now extensively ;;i'own as a •••I'eenhouse or Ixtr.h i
plant, is t'\ identlv of this class, and according;' to liaillon, /. I/iniih/ofitina, of ^^adaJ::as(•al.
is oi'nithophiloti>. It should bt' noic<l also that Inunminji'-bii'ds ai-e not infreipient visitor-
to our own /. f'li/ra. IJotli of our species bear rej;ular clcistonanious llowers (»n tin
axilhns peduncles, and the yrcati-r part of their fruit ri'sidts from the fertilization lA'
these reduci'd llowi-rs, which arc very abundant.
'I'he ripening' capsules iwv in a >tatc of tension which linally I'csnlts in the outer pan
ol" the \;d\e> bi'cakinj;" away below from their septa, which remain, with tiu' seeds, ;ii-
tached to tlu' persistent axile column. Tiie liberated vahcs then rapidly coil up, strip-
i)in"' or shakin"" oil' the seeds as thev do so, and often throwing.;' theui to a considerable
distance from the plant. (Xote \'2.)
'Vhv tribe /'( /<iri/<i,iii(ii'. which is not I'cprcsented in our district, but is well known in
tlu' culti\atiMl "L:craninm>"" [I'l /iirf/diiinni) and nasturtion {7'roji<uoliini), possesses sonu
inti'rotin^* peculiarities coiuiected with |)ollination, which ;an only be indicated in tin
briefest outline here. The llowci's are pi'otaudrous. with one sepal produced as a louu
spur that is iidnale to the |iedicel in the formei', and \'\vv in the latter •^enns. The epi-
dermic, liuinu' the narrow eiivity of this spur, is provided below with short, uuieellulai
iiaii's. the walls of which are thickened in a peculiar mumier at the apex, the interior n|
the swollen tip linally under;;'oin,u' a nmcoiis dei;H'neration coniu'cti'd with the secretion
of nectar. ( )ceasionally tln' cavity of the si)ur is double in P) /(tr;/i)iiiitiii, and in abnor-
mal cultiw'ted forms it sometimes <lis;ip|>ear>; the well-marke(l veininj;; of the upper
petals, which xrves ;ic a ni'ctai'-mark, t hen disa]tpearin,L!;' al>o, as Mr. Darwin has shown
In /'('l<ir(/(niii(iii ■.omiJi . etc.. the tlowers are well adapted to pollination by bntterllic-.
Owin^ to tln'ir lateral position, their pt'tals are uueipial, as has been shown to be tin
case in EnnVnui). 'I'his ii-ri'^ularity is somewhat inlensilied in tin- (M)nmion "rose-irera-
niiuu" (/'. y/v/r/o/rz/.s), and vi'ry nnich so in /'. fifr>i(joniiiii, v\i'., \\\r llowers of whi<li
Delpiin) has nut inaptly eoiiipai'e(l with the papilionaceous tyi-e of Li'^^uininosae. Not
a few ~peeiec ol" this ;;enus are nearly scentless during- the day, but extrenu'ly fragrant
at uiu'ht, ami in this and othci- peculiarities indicate adaptation to cross-fertilization by
noctui'ual moths. TrojKK nlam, with numerous species, |tresents a series ran<i'inu' from
such as an bee-pollinated to others which are as clearly ornithophilous. (Note \.'.\.)
S47; Mini
BeobiK'lii
blumrii.—
800. Ual.
Wlllenic
palHttr<',
Xdlnbiir;;!
Orhvc
On the til
4. On
d«r I'fliii
and I.iav
SOfl, pi. :
On I Ik
FrdskMi,
UntjMs.
Ulna is ;
6. I'oi
th«t the
oovei'cd
6. On I
in hl^'ii \i
eiautuii
eral ili>>'
(S. marr
tangon, 'J
Sojffi W
(NIH, ;uii
or stigma with
iircl'ully studiiil
iiin'i' side of tlic
tlie llowors, cl-
bratcd hy Imin-
!il»strji('t lU'C'tar.
Ifpidoptera, —
loiisc or l)or.l( I
III' Madaj;"as(';ii .
i('(|iu'nt visitoi-
llowcrs on till
Irrtili/atioii d
1 tlic outer pail
li till' siH'ds, al-
ly coil up, striji-
o a considcrai)!!
wi'll known in
. possesses sunn
indicated in tin
duced as a lonu
enus. 'I'lic I'pi-
iliort, uuieellul.il
\, tile interior i>\
itii the secretion
///, and in ahiioi-
ig o(" the uppt 1
rwin lias shown
(11 hy Inittcrllie-.
shown to lie tin
moll "rose-<>;'era-
Howcrs of wiiicli
iliiiinosae. Not
li'einely fra;^raiil
^-fertilization i)v
t's ranj^ini^ from
(Note i;i.)
KIOFKIJ KXCES COXCi:UMX( i C. KR AM ACK AE.
Ijfjiiiinlckd : Hillr. z. vcif;!. Anatoiinc ilcr (iciaiiiiii'ciic (Ablmmll. Sciiokiiili. iiiiliirli. Oi'Sflj^i'li., XIV, lliift 3; lint. (Vtl-
irali.l.. xxxi, :!i;i.
1. On llir >;eiu'nil iiimioiny of (i.Taiihiiii sen IruilMcli: Hot. /('itiin;,', 1S74, ".4.", etc. Modillcil .sUiiiiiilii i iviitiM'-iioi'cs)
of <i'. liiiliciliniiiim arc cliMiMisfti'il !)>• Ufhikc; Jiiliili. \vi>s. HdI,, v. 'I'lio iippi'aniiici' ol' mlvoiitlvf hiulx on Uii; roots, lii
■Onic ca.-cs, Is iioli'd Ity Wannili«: Hot. rkls.skrlft, ii ; ,Iii>t, \-, :t:(. Wr iss • I'llaiizeiijiaaic, l«li7, and Alialonile dt-r
Man/I'll, Im;m, i; ,Iiist, vi', 33-4, di'serlbi-.-* tliu cliariicli'ijsllc I'oriiiM of t l(■llolllc■^^.
8. On tli(.' iiilloif.scoiiof of lln-dniiae scu Wydlcr; .laliil). wiss. Hot., \i. Ilel't 11; .lust, v, ;ifi2 : KicJiUn'; Illiilljuildia-
gl*ninii', II, etc.
8. On the inoi-|)liolo;;y of tliu llowci-.s of Uemniiiie sci; Kiank : .lalirl). wiss. Hot., x; KIcliliM': ltliillK'ii(llay;r.'UnnK',
111 Halllon ; Mist dcs I'laiucs, v, etc., wiicri' otlicr iifcit-nci's arc to \h', Connd. Inslniciivc ob.xcrviUions on tcrato-
logical llciv\rr.-i ol' 11. Uiilii rlinHiiia A\f slvcii liy CliiNt, in ilii! riotiiiiisi'lic Zcitiiiig I'or Iss;, i;, p|. i.nx tlii.s is l)cin;;
written.
On liic pdlliiintioii of (itraiiiiiiti sci' .Axeil ; Anordnin^farna Kancros;. UclV. 1(10 (seviTftl .species); I'cnnctt: Joiirn. Hot.,
MTU, -',"> (Cr. Ittih, rlinninn scll-lcrtllo in late aiituimi); Honnior: Ann. .Sc. iiat., tl -cr., VIM, 14(i, pi. ■-*, f. 11,>*-1;!l' (liistolo;:y
^ lK-ct,ir-KlandM)i Uonnier and Kialniult: Ann. Sc. iiat. <; .sf r., vii, 111 (Ijrifjlilcr color ol' '.'. i;o(jfia''(»H»i at lil^'li cleva-
^ns) i HiRkiuy : Valiy Land of Sidcnce, Tn {ii. n^ilmnnDu) j llarwin : t'ros-- .nul Self-rcrlin/allon. ti'O (secretion of lu'c-
VU after f.di of petals in (r. phiimm) ; Dclpino : Ultcriori Osserva/.ioni, ll'' (nectary, ',17) ; pidlinatlon, 10.'>; early falliii;; of
anthers, li;;i ; visits of Ulii/niiin mstnilfl to (r. itiireniiii'iim, .'117) ; Kccond. dellc riantc Aniocarpee, iiO; Dodcl-l'ort : Illnstr.
Maii/.ciilelicn, l.iclciiiMK " ; Krrcra ; Coinpl. rend. Soc. roy. Hot. HcIk. xviii, \'<, \2 ('r'. jihainm ) ; Krrcra and (icvaert : /. c.
XVII, l;i-' (tr. iiliiiciim) ; (ioodaie : Wild flowers of Anierii'a, 1m ; llec kel : (oniples rend., 1H7K, '.' (niovenieiit.s of .slaniens) ;
Heilsiow ; 'I'rans. I. inn. Soc. n. «., l, 'i^>'-X (Melf-fertill/ation) ; llildcl)riliid : Hot. Zeit., lS(i5 (expcrinieiits on Ii. jn ate use);
Oe«ciileclitt'rverlliciiun>f, 17, f. Ii {(i. jnuiteiLie, prolandrons) ; Irniiscli ; Hot. Zeit., 1874, 5(1.") (nonnaliy rednced ilower.s of
fli. mii'iuhir.iim) ; Kerner : Klowers and their nidiiddcn (iiie.sts, 112 ((.'. liobertidiiiim) ; Kirhy and Speiicc : Kntoinolo;::y, 4(ia
(Bees. Kjii tiliin i-iiri('y'tti(.i, .sleep .suspended liy their inandililc.s fioin tiie i)eak off', iilmi ma. according; to Linnaeus) ; Knafjij.s :
LepUloptcrist's (inldc. ■■<.s (lepidoplcra at Ilower.s i ; I,nl)l)o<'k Hritisli Wild i'lowers (G. .■<i/h-<iliciitu, 'J; (i. jn-'ttf ime, S7 ;
oompai ison of large- and small llowcrcil species, 4:t, 7-'i ; Scientillc Lectures, 14 (rf'snnu'') ; .Minnanlt: Nat. Canadlen, .\ii,
947; Mlillcr : .Nature (visitors of H. ni/li-.tiictitn and II. /irx^ii.sc, xi, il.'l; Kynodioicisni of (r. .-iiih-'iliriim. xviii, 51 '.I; Weiteru
BeobaclilnnHcn, ll, :.'17-is (visitors); HefniclituiiK der Hliiincn, Kit) (comparative study of liie (ierinan species) ; Alpen-
blumcn, — (study of Alpine species); Kertillzatioii of Klowers, 14!) (jjeneral review of Kiiropean species) ; Ulccn : Attl
Soc. Ital. Sol. Nat , xiil, '>')!> Hi. phuriim) ; I. i: xiv, 251.' ((/. aaiKjiiimnm); Uoth: H(!ytrii;;e (17.h;1),ii, "0 (nectary); Soyer-
■Wlllemei : I,c Ncctaire. M (ne<tiry); SpreiiKol : Ncu entdeckle (ielielniniss der Nalur (I7!i;l) {U. aijlvntiriim, J, lilMi; If,
palUitii', ;t;i5 ; (/. Itofiertinnma, ;t;!7 ; U. Kiiiiijiiininni, iiniltitue, ri\lii\nuii and iivilh', ;i;!s) ; Thomson: Trans. Hot. Soc.
BdlnbuiKli, XIV, .■)-' ((i. iiii'i-djilij/lliim and mnllf in New Zealand).
Orlcve ^(ial•d. Cliioii. ii. s., v, (!!t!), vi, 4'.)) uivcs an account of a supposed liyhrid of Vel'injiDiiiim :nitale and Ii. prntenne.
Qd the ldst<ilii{;y of the einhryo sec Klaiiault : .Ann. .Sc. nal., ll sfr., VI, 112; (iijr.ird : .\nn. Sc. nat., ('. sf;r., xi, H.'id.
4> On tlie mode of dissemination of Heranium see Hiscliolf; l.chil). Hot., ii', 470; llildebraiid : \'erl)reituiiy;sinittel
dor rflin.;en, ;i7 : .laiirh. wiss. Hot., ix, 2i;!», pi. 25( = 3), f. 3s. Luhhock ; I'op. Sci. Monthly, xix, 1(11; Klowers, FrulLs
■nd Leaves, 57 (Iroin Kortnlj;litly Kevlew); Stelnhi luck : Hot. Zeit., 1.^7H, 580; Ziinniermann : .Fahrl). wiss. Bot., xil,
SM, pi. 3(1. AlsoOlbson. ilarper's Maj:, Oct., Is,s5, (187; Olvers: Hot. Centrabl., xxi, :U8 (.lust, KSSC, (18,-i).
On the seed-stnictiire, see Marlolli : I'hiiiler's Hot. .falirb., iv, 237. pi. .">. f. 9-10; .Strandm.nk : Hidr. till Kanncdonicii cm
Frdskalet's HyjiKiiad. Thesis, Liiiid., 1874. 27, t. l.'i. The development id'tlM- cnil)ryi> is discussed hy IIe;rclmaier : Versl.
Unttrs. Ivntw. dikol. Kcime. 1878 ; and Hofmelst.'r : Emhryoliild. riianeroL'.. 112; and an ac'count of the chlorophyll It con-
tains is;!lveii hy Klahault- Hull. Soc. Hot. dc Kraiicc, 187:1, 2.-i0- 1 : .\nii. Sci. nat., il sfr., IX. 174.
S. Kor tlie leat-posltlon of ICr' nU v ivt iiudir vaiylii;; circumstances, cf. Kraiis : Flora, xxxvii, 71. (loepperl has observed
that the leaves or E. rtciilariitm, like those of a nuniber of other plants, become red during the winter months, when
covered by snow, nisuniinjj; their (jreen color in spring;. — SIt/.her. Schies. Qesellsch. Natnrk., .Ian. 20, 187(i.
tf. On Ihi' |iollliialioii of Kiiiiliiiiii see Honnler and Klahault : .\nn. Sci. nat., (! sfcr., vii, 105 (llowers inorehrljjlitly colored
in hl{,'li latitudes) ; Dclpino : llllcrlori Osscrva/.ionI, ii', !I7 (nectary) ; Ilenslow ; Trans. Linn. Soc. I5ot., 2 ser., i, 358 {E.
etcuttniiiin. seiftertile) ; .lordan : Klora, ixix (I8(;tl), 251-2, pi. 5, f. 17 {K. n'fiitnriiim} ; Luihviu;: Kosmos, viii, 357 (;?cii-
enl discussion of pollination) ; liiulschia. ii. 5 ( /i. riciddriiim !iml var. jiiiiijiiiiill'ti/iiliKm) : Hot. Ccntralblalt, viii, 87
(it. ni'iirddrniiiii and E. rinilitriinii) ; Midler ; Kosmos, iv, — ; Wechsclbeziehun;;en, !>4-5 (A,', ricnttiriiim) ; Weilere Heobach-
tnngen, 218 (/■;. linilarinm); Hcfruclitunjj der Hlumen, 1(1(1 {K. rii-iilnn'iim] ; Keitilization of I lowers, 83 (A', cinit'irium) ;
Soycr Willemet : Le Ncctaire, 37 (nectar-glands') ; Sprcngel : Kntd. Ueheimniss der Natur (A'. ciciidirniDi, 338 ; h'. moscha-
turn, 340; Weihe: I)e Nectaills, 21, 31» (nectar-glands).
(101)
102
HKKKUKNCKS CONX'KRN'IXO (iKUANIACKAK.
7. On the siriicluro. (Ils-.('mlii.'lli>ii iiml sclf-plimtliii: of KraiWnm fruits nvc Ascliorsoii : Jnlirl). UitI. (i;iil., I, .T.'l, pi '
Anausi (mt lliiiiNli'liii ; lii-clioll': l.iliil) linl., li', 47(1; ('mikc: Kic'iiks iinil M;irvi'ls oC I'liiiit I.ilV, 'Jsl ; K. Kiirwlii ; Trati-
l.imi. Soc , L' SIT., 1, I.")"); Di'Ciimlo'.li' : I'hvsinl. Vi'n., II, — ; Hi'lpiiio: lViisli>ri, 1 1 ; (Jcimliili' : ('iiiniiioli Plants, ri7 ; (in.
Anu'i'. .Iiiiirn. Scl. innl Arts, ;i sit., xi, l."iS; (Anynsl uiul) llansicln: Sllzlii-r. iialnili. V(^r. IfliclMl. ii. Wi'stpli., isils, ■■ ,
Hot. Zi'llinia. Kstlli, fillO: Illltli'hniinl : .lalil'b. wlss. Hot., ix, i;tl.-,, pi, '.'."i (icI'i'iTnl to as pi, :n, ;', ;l:t 7; .lauii's ; Hot, (la/,ii -
lV,L'0:i; l.nliliock: Top. Scl. Moiilliiy, XIX, lliil; Flowers, Kinils ami Leaves, ,ss (IVoni KoiMiilKlilly Uevlew); Marlo.^i i.
NaMire, \xv, 17t; Mallei : Mu;;, Nal. Illst., ix. 'J:.', 10 Myfiires : .Meseliajew : I'roc, Assoe. Natinallsts mid I'liyHJeJaiis, >-'
retei'^bili'ii, issil, lit L>0 i.Inst. \lll' , LMil) ; Nolihe; llaiiill). .Saineiikniitle, 4,sH, I, ;!'.>;!; O, Uonx : .\nii. Sue, Hot, ile I.v
|s7;i, 2."i; ("onipt, lieml, .\ssoe. i', invai^e, ii, .IN'J ; Saelis : 'I'exl Hook, H||; Sleanis; Aiiier, Naliinillsl, xiil, 4111, f. i ..
Sleiiihrliiek : Hot, Zeit,, |s;,s, .■,;',i. | I. 1:!, f. Ill; WIeliiira : Klora. 1M,M', M. pi. 4, f, 1 -J; Zliiinii'iinann i .lalirli. \vi«s. Hoi., \ n
,-irii. Also Until : Monail. Mill. iiai. \ ir.. ]■ raiiklnil, lss(, h: pi, •.' (.Iiisi. is.sC, ti.sr.).
i III phiiiiose liillls ol' Mniisiiiiiit si'c .Vseliersoii, /. r. 'I'lie ilNseniiliall f I'lhiriimiiinu U illicnssi'd li.v llelplilo : I'.'ii
eri Mill:'. Hill., II ; !•". Daiwlii : 'I'r. I. inn. Sni-.. Hot., :' ser,, i, U!,'>, pi. LM, I', ."i ; llildelir.iml : .laliih. wlss. Hoi., ix, '.'i;!^, pi. '.'
;'.ll, 17 s ; Mallei : Ma^ Nat. Ili>l , IX, •.':!; Steaili< : Am Nat.. Mil, till; Sleliiluiliek : Hot . /ell,, IH7H, 111 1 : Zliiinu'nnai, ,
.laliili \vi*s. llol., XII, ."i71, pi ;ii!. r. '.'"i s. III tills Ki'iiii" llie eoiiiraelloii ol llii' awn depends larjjely upon llie llii l^
eiied epldeniial celN. wlille toi>ioM Is illeiied liv the ineeliaiiieal Hint's, Aceordlim lo Stoiinis, /'.7i//v/ii»ihiii rrnll.s are I. •■
readily .si'll'-planted lliaii those of Kr'^ilim,!. Si-veral observers have iiollei'd th.it the Irnlls of /vci,i?i)(i/i, like lliosr ..
•SV/^Ki, etc., are injurious to aiiiiiials when eaten, and may even penel; ate tlu' lle>h when lliey beeomu enlanuled In lli
hair. Si'e varions plaei's In .Nature; llntli : Kosnios, ix, ■-'77, ete
For d<'s(riplioiis of the seed-eo;its see .M.irloth: l''.nul(r's Hot. ,lillirb., IV, '-'.'.7.
'I' lie cotyledons of a n limber of species are desciibrd by (iodroii v liev, Sc. ii:it. Sept., IS77 ) wlm liiives u series of ^roii, ■
of >peci<'s on ilit'lr foriii.
s. On II, e iilorpllolo;;y of the l.inti. tilllii'tr see "ailloii, /. c. ; .MiiiipiisI : Hot Noliser, 1S7'.I, lO'.i, ele. The iiiovi'ineiiU
the st;iiiiciis, refi'rnd to above, are also noted liy lleckil; Comptes lieiid., ls;s. i.xxwii,— ; ,lnsl, vi'. :117. (In '
aii;iloiiiy of llie Kinbryo see Flahanll : .\nil. Sc. iiat.. il ser.. VI, 111. pi. M, f. '.'I.
'.I. (In the leaf iiiovenieiils of (/i-i(/|./c,/(! .see Ha 11 Ion : Ilisl. des I'lantes, v, L'J ; |)e Hrii'lloU i see .\Iorren) ; Hriiee : I'hii -
'rriiiis., 17s."i, i.\x\, ;i,"iil; Cooke: Freaks of I'laiit l,ife, -1:1; Diirwiii; I'owi'r of Moveiiieni In I'laiils, various plae. -
Kolreiitcr: Annals of Hot, II. •-'; l.Mich: .lonrii. I.inn. ,Soe., Hot., XM, '.Ml-l'; Masters: Pop. Scl. |{ev., vil. 'Jil ; Nrorre i
Hull. .\cad, roy. .Sc. HeiU',, m". I'S. iraiisl. Ann. Nal. Hist., iv.Jl.SS; I'lVlfer: I'liyslol.i};. riilersiicliiiiii.'eii, I.s7:!, 74; IN'ri.i.l
Hewejjiiiiaeii lllalloruanc. is;,-, (^,lii.,i. m, 7',l">;; I'll in/.eii|ihyslolo;;le, ii, I'l'.s ; \' irey ; Joiirii. de I'liiirinacie, Paris, .M \
ls;ll), L'.s'.i, criticised by .Morrill. /. '■. 7(1.
For phyllodhi see Znccariiii : Moiio;;i'. .\incr. i iMilisarteii, 1(), Nachlra^, H'.': Illldebraiid : Flor:i, Is7,'i, ;lu't,pl. s, f.
Hot, lU'sisler, XXVII, pi. 41.
10. ( In the lloral siriictnre and pollination of Hftlis see Axell : .\iiordniii;i;iriia. 1-, 711, lor, ; H:iillon ; .\d;insoiiia, \ ii •
(O, ciir)iifiil(it'i) ; Hi'lllU'tt : .lonril. Mini. Soe , X Vll, ■.'7.'> (cicistojrainoiis Mowers of (}. ni-rtimi'llii i ; (!iis|iary : l)e .N'celari ■
p. 54, f. '.'o (nectary ol (>■ nrrinsi llii) : Darwin : Dillereiit Forms id Flowers, various passa;;es referring to a number of si"
cii's; 111 l|iluo: lltiriori (issorva/.loni, ii', lU (nectar glands) ; Foiirnler: Ffcondalloii. ."il. ,'>',i (,cleisto;{!iinous tlowers an i
order of dehisce'ice of sl;uiiens); Fritscli : ll''ob;iclii iin;;i'n. lit, '-'"i. '.'li time of openiiej; ;iii 1 elosin;; of Mowers of n
ai-doni'llii and O. fd-ii-ln) ; Ileiislow : 'I'raiis, Linn. .Soe., J ser., i, ,'l."i'.l, pi. 41, f. I.i, 14; Pifp. Sci. liev., win ^'(. iifftimili \
ttui\ 0. <;iniintl'itii \. llildebrand : (iesclilechlervertlieiliiiiu;. In lex ; .M inalsber. Hcrl. .\k;id., |s;i;, ;li;;i ; Hit. Zcii., Is::
41,"i, 4111 ; Hot. Zeit., Iss7, 1, 17, ete, (lielcioijony or lioinouony of many species, and experiments on their lerl illzatloii
Mcelian : Proc. Phil. .\c;iil.. ISsii, :'„10 ((•lelslou:inioils Mowers of (). iii-ff.isrlhi \ ; .Miclndel ; Hull. Soe, Hot. Fraiwe, \||, I
(cliis|oi;:imous tlowers of 1. iicftnsellii ) ; Mold: Hoi. Zeil., lsil:t, ,<II2 i cleistoyene Mowers u( itriliLStllU) ■< Frit/. .Mnlln
■leiiaisclie Zeitsclirlft, IsTl, 7."> (O. ltf;jii<'lii [=•(>. (Jiillie.rii4rii.ii.i\) ; Itollirock : .\iiier. Naturalist, i, 71 (clelstojiai .ms (lowers
Soyer-Willeinet : r,e .Necl;iire, :'.7 (nect:ir fflaiids I ; 'riiomsoii ; 'l'r;ins. H >l. Soe. Fdlnburuli, xi\ , 102 <). inniiiuiliil'i and "
Mdijill'iiii'-'i in New Ziidamh; 'I'n b!:ise : .\incr, N:it., Iss^, l:t {(). viulaceM); 'I'revlraniis : Hot. Zelt., fsi;;i, 117 iclelsto^i-
nions ilowers uf O. iii-fhiaflln).
11. (In the sei-d sir net lire and disseiniiKilion of Onilin see li:illlon : .\d:insoni;i. \l Must, iv, 41! 1 . ."lO:! > ;'llist. des Plant c -
V. LM ; Hischntl : I.i lilbneli der Hot., Il', 171 , ; l)v (■;ilidollc ; Physiol. Ve;:., II,— ; Kriera and (icvaert : Hull, Soe, Hoi. lick:
XVII, '.Hi. '.IS; Kliod: Allier, .Nat ur:ilist, XIII, !>.">; HililelMMlid : .lalirb. wiss. Hot., IX, 2lli> ; I.ollde : Kntwick. lllld H;iii S;iiui i
sclndcii. 17, pi, I. f. lo; .Marlott: Fnyler's Hot., .bilirli. iv, 24,'(; Nobbe : ilaiidb. Simeiiknnde, 4,"iO, Is:; Peck: Plants ..i
Mount Ma rev ; Isso ., 4(i(; ; ,s;i. Hijnire : Phintes usnelles des Hrasilieiis, pp. :i I of le.\t lo pi. 41! ; Ziniiiiermanii : .lalirb. wi--
Hot , v|l, ."<7:l, pi. :'.(i. f. ;!.'!; Ziiecariiii : Nacliti:iy; .\iner. (ixailsiirlcn, I'.l.l. .\!so, (iibsoii: Harper's .Ma:;., Oct., Is.s.'i, ('»'
and l.o'nicono: Niiovo (iiorii. H> t. Il:il., xi\ , '.'7 (,liist, lss'_", ."-Jl, where exalbniniiioiis t)..-,ilis seeds an: discussed.
'J'lie histoloviy of tile embryo Is (!iscns»ed brieMy by F'laliiiult : Ann. Sc. init ,, (i sf'r. , \ I, ll,">.
12. On the ^eiiend histology m' Impnti' us sec Heyse : Nova .\ct;i I,i'op.-( 'arol. .\rad., xi.iii, ls|.
The fnlbir (exli;iinipti;il i necnu-ylands ;ire considered by Hoiiiiier : ,\nu, Sc, ii:il, , (lsf:r, , viii, !IS; Dclpino : Piodr. .Monoj
Phiiite formicaiic, issi;, ;',i; ; Kerner : Flowers and their L'libiddeii (iiiests, 1:',7; Ifcliike: Hoi. Zcitnnu;. Is74, 511; Jalii '
wUs. Hot.. X. Iil2.
For tlic pollination of the kpiiiis see Allen ; Proc. F;s.sex Inst., iv, ">;( (lininmiii!? birds at [. fitli-n) ; .\xell : .\iiordiilnaarii i
(clcisiiinainy, 12, 7',i ; prot;iiidiy. 10i',i ; W. W. Hiilby : Hull, 'rorrey Hot. Club, vi. 17:'. (perforation of I. fiilnt by lltnijuis .
Hailioli: Hull. Soe. I, inn., P:iris, lss|, 2si; Delpiiio: ."{ivlsLi Hot.. 18KI, 117; .lusl, ix', ."ilH) (/. Uiimlinlliuitit polllinited In
birds) ; He;il :.\in. N;it.. M\ . 201 ; Hi unci I : .loiirii. I.inn. Soi . Hot., xiil. 147, |il. ;i { .lourn of Hotany, ix, ;17(>) : Pop, Si i
UKFKRKNCKS CONCKRNINO CKUANIACRAK.
mi
I. (i:irt., I, 3'Jl, pi 'I
V. Diirwiii : TrMii-
III riiiiil-*, ">7 ; (JiMi ■
I. \Vi>st|lll., IHIlH, ■' ,
lililli'S : lliil. ()a/,i T' '
{(•view) ; Milrl<)>l i
s mill IMiyslcliiiH, ^
Sue. Itol. lie I.y
h-i, Mil, 4l:l, r. 1 , .
llllll. WISH. Hill., Ml
,1 \,\ llrllilim; I'.'ii
llid., IX. -'I'.'*. I'l. '.'■
•'ill: /iiiiini'i'iii.iii I
i;;i'ly iipmi lln' llii k
iiiiiiiiiiii fi'iiIlM lire li ■■
•i.iliiiin, llki' tliosi' 1
I' I'lilan^li'il in tli
,S('S a SCfll'S Ol m'tMl, •
. 'I'llC MIOVl'lllClll-
nsl, vi'. :'.17. On ■
)IITIi) ; liriiri" : I'liili-
lUil.N, variciii-' |ilai' •
fi'V., VII. 'Ji'>; Mm II
t'li, I.STIl, 7» ; TcriM,!
Iianiiaiif, I'aris, .\l \
, |s7.-i, :\J\. i>l. M, f. ;
1(111 : .Vilaiisonia, \ II '
■iKpary : l>i' Ni<'Iim , •
11^ III a iiiiiiihiT (iC >|"
stii;;!iiiioi|i llmvi'i'M an 1
islii;j <if llowi'i'.s ol' II
■v., XVIII (". arrliim
iM'.l; H.)l. Zi'il., I.v
III tlii'ir l(-rtili/.alli>ii
V. Hill. Kiaiicc, vii, I
liiu'lliii ; Krit/, .Millie I
ltisiii;;ai .Ills lliiwii^
O iiiniiriilntn ami "
., 1m;:{, H7 (clflstii:; I-
tv., I'*7n. :ll.->; .Idiini. [.inn. Snc, xvii. '.'7H (<'lclNtojjiiin()ns IIowith (if /. ». ':'iniiifre iiiiil I. I'lih'ii) ; Diirwiii : f'ross- and
lf-l'>rllll/.all(in, liii|i\ ; DiHVrcnl KoniiH (if I'luwi-rs, .'IL'S; |)('||inii) : Kcroinl. I'iiiitc Aiiloi'ai'iicc. :ii) ( /. Inihuinina) : I'llf-
;^rl ((ssiTva/.liiiil, n' (early I'alliii^; iif aiillnTx, Hilt. I'L'; /. .ifiiitijlurn, cti!., iKillinaleil liy l,i'|iiil(i|il('ra, L'74 ; /. tKililiiinirre
Mril liiillliialnl. ;l;ll>) ; l)i-.svililX: l.c Ncctairi'. IO:t ( lu'clary } ; Krri'i'a ami (icvacn : Ciiiiipt.. rend. Sue. Hul. llelK., xvii, !Mi
(<(luislii;:ainy ) ; (iravlM: ('(iiiipt. rend. Sue. roy. Hiil. He|({., Off.. II, IMSII (clelsldKaiiKins lldwcis of /. jfiililiiiiiin'i^) ; (Jriiy ;
^■ni'ru I'l. r S, II, lUl; .Viner. ■lolirii. Sci. and ArtN, :l scr., XIV, 497 (elelslnj; iiiinu.s llowerMj ; lleiislow : l'o|i. St. Kev..
3IVIII. ; 'I'raii.x. I.liiii. Soc , Hot. L' ser.. i, ItdO ( f. /la/i'/Z^i'irt self-fertlle) ; lllldciirainl : Kailien der Hllltlieii. I.s (color-varl-
•tlniis III /. iKilmiiithia) : (iesclilerlitei'verllieililiiLt. \>* (|Mdlaiiili'y> : .\. de .IiiMsirii ; .Moiioifr. .Malpi^liiicCcs, l.st.l, Hfi (elels-
MgltiMiills 111 I We r,-< discovered liy Weildeh ; Von .Ml ill I : Hot. Zeil.. |si;:|,;!|:| ( elejsiou iiiioiH llowersdf /. «.)/lV. ()/;/. /•/■) ; I.iieke :
Ball. Soc hot. dp Krailci, XMll, ;)<!7 i eleisloaumyj ; .Mllller: HelViiclilniii; lier Hlii ii, 170; Weltere Heoliacliliinaen, '2\'.t ;
Farlili/. ilioii iirKloweis, Ico ( /. unUt'Di'iert') : Siiydi^' : .Viner. Nal. XIV, I'.'ii i /. I'lili'n liird-|iollliiatiMl) ; Trelease : Hull. Tor-
ny Hot. (lull, \ II, '■!» (perforation of /. I'lilru i ; W'eddel,— see .Iiissieil.
Tlie disseininatioii of /i/i/.'KiVii.f In con.siderud tiy HWeliolV: I.elirliiicli iler Hoi. ii', I7ii; Ilildeliiand : .lalirl). wiss. Hot..
IXi2;i>*: I.ollde, /.('. ; Nohbc : Hiuidli. Sainelikilllde, |H7. ele
For llic slnieliiie of the seed-c(iats see l.iilide: Kiit wickeliiiii; iiiid Mail eliiiirer Sainnimclntleli, Inaiiir. Diss. r<elp/iu.
18T4. II, |il 1. f. ii !•; Straniliiiark : Hiclr.iu till Kanneddineii oin Krdskalel'.s Hyuiiiiad., Akad. .\flimidl.. I, mid, I.S7I. •.'!», f, ■r.\.
Tlie liisloloyy of Mie eiiiliiyo ii desciilicd liy I'laliaiill : Hull. S', ■•.Idit. de !■ ranee, XXIV; Ann. .Sc. iiai., i! ser., VI. Ill ;
QJrmd: .\nii. Sc. nal , t! sf r., XI, '.•ll.'<, l!:'.l, pi. IH; Keiiike; I'lilers. i., Waelislliiiiii mid .Morpliol. der Wiii/.elli. |x7l.
18. riie principal lileralnri'coneeriiina the pollinati'in of /'•■I'li'inniiiui will he I'niiiid in Heal : .Viner. Natiiralisi, xiv, r.'i;
(vlHii" of luiininlii^iliirds) : Darwin: Cros.s- and SelfKi'itili/atlon, various places, andiiri4{in of Species, UB; Delpiiio :
lllterioil Os.serva/.ioiii, il', (papilionaceous Mowers of /'. nilml'i ilium, ''J, 'H. •JilJ; prolandry of ninhels, ]'>H; curly fallliijx
ofniiiliers, 1(1:1; /'. »«i'/iir;i/(i/tand lnhiHiim inotli-polliiiiited, ;i74-.'i; visits of liiriN. :);{() (see also Hot. Mas;., .xi.v, no. l;iS(!,
Olllioeliirnai fray ranee) ; I-'econd. I'iiiille .\iitocarpee. 110: Difesa Dicnuaiiiia. -M'.'; Kon ruler : Keediidallon. I IH Cprotandry') ;
llon.slow Tians. I.liili. Soc.,'.' ser., Llii-..-^-'.! ; Miiln 1 : I'liy-iol. vi':;ef , I'lilt. pi. tl'. f. (! (nectary ) ; Holli: Iteylrane, 17h;I, ii, 7tl
(neelaiy ) ; Soyer Wllleiiiel : I.e Neetaire. .17 (iieclary); SpieiiL'ei : ICnIdeckt. tielieiiniiiss, 340 t ( /'. /Kcfrm/i, .miik/c anil
jll«l'((''(''l'i»'l ; Trelease: .\nier. Itee .loiiilial. IHSO, W'l, 1117 islrncliire of iieil;iiy, with Humes of papill.ie^ ; .\iner. N.il-
uralisl. xiv, .'li'i'i (vlsils of birds) ; Wallace: rrii|iic;il .Nature, •.'7.'> (self-fcrlile island species) ; U'ellic: De Nectiirlls. :'ii.
89 (nectary I ; Weslwooil: Modern I'liissillcatlon of Insects, ii. "i4l (visits of V'lifjiiniu rustntla to lldWers).
In addllicii Id llie refereiicus on friiil ;{lvcn above see Deipiiid : I'l'iisicn, II; Stearns: .\iner. Niitnralist. xiii. 410. (in
dli8<'iiiiiiali(in ; and Slrandniark: Hldr. Kiinned. Kriiskalel's llyyynud.. L'!», mi seed-coals.
For liie inosi iiiipurlaiil llteialiire reliilin;; In llie pollinatidii of 'inijHi'iiliiiii see Helirens : Flora, 1H71t, xxxvii, 'J."i,
I4ft-I.'>:i. pi. :i (I'cclaiyi; l):irwiii: Cross- and Sell- Kertili/.alioii. index ; Delpllio: I'lteriori Osserv;i/.ioiii, a', ( /'. Irifuh'r,
Itl ; /'. miijim. •.'i;.")) : von Kreyliold : Nova Acta l,eo|i -( 'arol. Ak:i(l., \\\i\, no. I (7". peul'iiihiillina ; f.nbliock ; Hrilisli Wild
Flowers, 7.1 ( /. tu'ijiiH) \ .Meyeii : Secret iiiiisor;;:iiic, 'i-> (iieclaiy i ; Spri ni;i I : Klilileckl. tielieiinniss, L'llt ( 7'. (uujim). (»ii llic
Mods, see llolnieisler ; Kinbryobildmij! der riiaiieroj;aiiieii, !l:l, and Slrandniark: Hidr. Kiinneil. Friiskalul's Hyjjjjiiad., 30.
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