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Photographic

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1 2 3

•^

SI.

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6-3 3"^

" S^i

ON A SUNG SERVICE AND ITS APPURTEN.VNCES.

A L E C T U R E ,

Delivered OH the occasion of the first use of the Organ, after reconstruction, in t/ie Church
of the Holy Trinity, Toronto. October 27, 1874.

BY HEXRY SCADDIXG, D.l).

1. It is now exactly twenty-seven years since the first opening of tho
Church of the Holy Trinity for Divine worship, the date of that event
being the 27th of October, 1847, the eve of the Festival of St. Simon
and St. Jude. The consecration of the building took place at the same
time. It was a memorable day, as a few survivors may still remember.
For a week-day service, the congregation was tolerably numerous. The
first Bishop of Toronto preached on the occasion.

2. On that 27th of October, the large voluntary choir, which led in the
musical portion of the service, were placed in front of the Communion rail,
in two divisions, facing one another, immediately under the seats occupied
by the oflUciating clergy. Tliis arrangement was regarded by many persons
as singular, at the time. The i)ractioe in Toronto, and for the most pai't
throughout Canada, had been to place the choir in the rear of the congrega-
tion, away from the clergy whom they assist. But in a short while the
sense of strangeness among the worshippers wore oflf, and the convenience
and propriety of the arrangement adopted were acknowledged. The prin-
cipal reason why the position of the choir at the head of the congregation
seemed strange to many was, that our population consisted in 1647 — to a
greater extent than it does now — of emigrants from Ireland and Scotland,
to whom the customs of the English Church, in the counties and dioceses
of England proper, were comparatively unknown ; while of our native-born
Church-people but few had as yet crossed the Atlantic and witnessed with

thoir own oycb the ways of their brethren in the southern [)ortion of Great
Biitain. The emigrant fro'ii England, on the otli-^r hand, Avell kninv tliat
tlie pLicing of the clioir in ch>se proxin\ity to the clergy was no new tiling.
He knew that such was the position of the choir in nil the enthedr.ils and
other large re)>r('S(nitative churches in England and Wales. He knew that
the very re:i»son why, in all such churches, the ujUKn* or easternmost portion
of th(! building was calhsd the choir, was because thnt Avas the place where
the choristers or singers were intended to be, and where accommodation
foi- them was acco.-dingly provided. It Avas not without ditlicuity, liowcver,
that the iX)sition allotted to the' choir in the Church of the Holy Triiuty
was maintained. Every now and then, at the outset, some dis.satisfaction
would be ex])ressed on the part of singer.s who, from previous habit, i)re-
ferr<Hl the greater inde])endenee of a place in a gallery. But gradually all
feeling on this head subsided. The old English arrangement was felt to be
a gootl one, and attended by many ad\antage«. llius it ha.s happened
that, from the tirst day of the opening of this church to the present time,
its choir has contiiiued to execute their office in the part of the church
where thev execute it now.

3. After the lapse of a year or two, it became possible to secure for this
church the possession of an organ. Again there was a temporan' Moiider-
ment at tlie place where it was erected. A church organ had ne\er ])efore
been seen by the generality of persons in any other position than at the
rear of the congi-egation. And several times, after a gallery had lieen
constructed expressly for the instnuuent, and the instrunient itself had
been set up, it became necessary to check an incij)ient agitation for a
removal to the more customary })osition. At length, however, the same
good sense which confessed that a choir should be at the head of the congre-
gation which it led, confessed also that it was reasonable for au organ to-
be somewluit similarly placed,

4. Another peculiarity in tliis church Avas fsoou noticed and criticized,
and this \A^as the adoption of a certain measured tone in the recitation of
the prayers and in other jHU'ts of the Divine service. The acouspfics of the
building, as architects speak, were discovered to be very })ad ^ and it Avaa
found by those Avho were required to minister in it, that the difBculty could
be overcome oidy by the adoi>tion of a high key, and adltering to it with
considerable uniformity in tlie prayer*, in the rejiding of the lessons, and
in preaching. Thus Avithout j)remetlitation in the fii-st instance, but after-
Avards Avith conscious intention, a monotone Avas adoi)ted — a nioile of con-
ducting Divine Avorship which preAdously had nowhere been practised
amongst us. In all churches, we kiiOAv, a certain peculiayity of style more

111

or less cliaractei-lzcs the clui-oy ^vlio ofliciatn tlioreiii. ^Yitll us the monotone
liecame the peculiarity, on a j)iiiici[ilt! of convfiiionce or utility. But it
was well known })y all those who were familiar with Enxlaml, tliat fio
time inimcmori il such a mo'le of recitation in public worsliip hatl been tl
rule in all the catheilrals ami many other large churches. It \v;is well
known, too, thiit by sueh a method of reading and si)eaking, the human
voice, evr.n when not loud or powerful, can be made to reach a grciit dis-
tance with ea?io and pleasure to all concerned ; to penetrate, i^■ need bi\ the
nooks and recesiies and labyrinthine iiassages of intricat.j buildings.

f). And then a fourth step was taken, giving rise again to the usual
wonderment for a bri(>f season. A service wholly choral was ventured on,
at first occasionally, and then on Sunday evenings regular) v. and on the
•mornings of the greater festivals. Here, as before, all wrll-informed ])ersoiis
knew that in tliis there was no deviation from old English practice. From
time immemorial, in all the ciiLhcdnds of Kngliuid and in many other
distinguished churches ther;-, a service wholly choral has been the rule.

G. Finally, when at length it Iny in our jmwer to improve the interior
arrangements of tlie ch.uic.d of tliis church, and to lu-ing it into tha state
in which it is now seen —furiiish"d. that is to s:iy. with seats and desks of tjie
kind usvml iu the larger churches of the uiother country — it was d'cidcil that
our singers, men and hoys, should assume the sim{)le white attire wliicli,
ffrom time imnumiorial, it hail bi-eu the custom for choristers in the English
Church to wear, when occ'upyiug in church that portion of the buildin<^
which from them is called the chou . and cooperating there wath the cler<rv
in thf conduct of Divine worship. In my youth i never heard of any
o))jectiou to this practice. It was an <;:irly experience of my own, to be
greatly attracted Ijy it. How clearly present to ma at this instant is the
time when, as a child, I tirst saw a l)aud of choristers in their wliite attire,
in a venerable Citthedral in n.'vonshire. and as a child longed to be one: of
them. Subseipiently to that incident. I sat for three years at Iciust, oa Sun-
days and holydays, in the nudst of a white-robsd company, in the cli ijk'I of
an English colh.'ge. N(> word that I am aware of was exer breathed
against the dress v/hich we were instructed to wear. It was univt-rsally
regarded as one (jf the beautiful seemlinesses approved of Ity the. Church,
and not without countenance in the pages of the New Te.stameut. I re-
joiced when it became posHil)le here in Toronto, in the sanetuai-v where
we tamo together for Divine worship, to rej)roiluce a spectacle which
always seemevi so fair iu the Mother Church — a sighi known to be so
attractive thwe to young and old.

7. F.!\v worils tiro nooilod to slio^ tliit a sorvicj to wliioU n jnnsical iii-
tonitioii j;iv«'s cliUMctor, is in :iL\v)r.l in:"j with very aiiciout precixleut, aiul
ii wi<l(>-sjirti;iil piMcticn aiiioug inou. Those ainoiig.st us who ai'o conscious
(if professing; little knowledge; in n^Ljiiril to s\ich matters, niiglit reasonahly,
without trouMiug themselves to enter on tliis point at all. rest entirely
contiilent that there must he good grounds i'ov such a service, or else it
woultl never have been used and sanctioned l)y a great National (.■hurcli
like that of which they are memhors. It w.;ro folly to imagine that there
is any partich) of the Book of (Jommon Prayer, whether in relation to tloc-
trine or ceremony, wliich has not juissed the ordeil of strict independent
scrutiny ; any partich^ which has not been well studied and deliberately
a])proved by minds veiy competent to decide on such subjects.

8. The ancient precedent for a public Divine service of a musical cha-
racter, which will at once occur to every one, will, of course, be the j)ublic
worship in the great national temple of the Jewish people at Jerusalem.
This involved music in a very great degree, as every reader of the First
Book of Kings, the Second Book of Chronicles, and the Book of Pslams
must hav(; again and again observed. And this character was not im-
pressed on the service for the first time by the kings, David and Solomon.
These kings only increased the dignity of the music which was already
customary in Divine worship. And elsewhere in the land, besides Jerusa-
lem, <lid this use prevail. Scattered in convenient situations throughout
Judea were forty-eight towns possessed and inhabited by portions of the
tribs of Levi — the tribe set apart for the purpose of maintaining for ever
the j)ublic worship of (Jod in the nation. Each of these towns was what
we should call a collegiate town. It contained a collegiate establishment,
with suitable buildings and grounds, with lands adjoining yielding revenue,
out of which the Levites were fed and maintained. In these colleges, the
prototypes of the later colleges of Christendom, the young membei's of the
Levitical tribe were trained by experienced men for the learned professions,
as we speak, and particularly to be public ministers of religion — public
instructors of the people in religion. And music, as tissociated with pro-
spective official duty, was a leading element in the education given. Down
to the latest times of the continuance of the Jewish people in their own
land, schools after the pattern of the Lovitical colleges were maintained, in
which were trained not only those who should minister in the great Temple,
but .also those who should read and offer prayer in the minor places of wor-
ship in villages and towns, — i. e. in the synagogues, as such places came at
a late period to be called. The synagogue- worship, like the temple- worship,
had a musical character and tone ; and amongst the scattered Jews, to this

11-
lul

)ly,
•ely
3 it
ircli
iiere

il<»ut
itely

clia-
)\ibUc
iilem.

First
'slams

3t im-
loiuou.
ilready

Jerusa-
ugliout
of tbe
or ever
ts what
liuiont.
eveuue,
Tes, the
of tlie
"essious,
—public

vlth pro-
Down
lielr own
tallied, ill
t Temple,
!es of wor-
s came at
e-worshlp>
vys^ to this

dav, that ciistoni, dorivcnl from iimiioniDriiil use, coutimu's, as aiiv one iii:iy
observe for himsjlf who has access to a uio.l.'ni syuag();,nu) win'H hi', in"
worshi}) is going on.

9. The institutions of which mention has just l).'t'ii iiiaili' as <'\istiii'4 iu
tlie olden timo for tht'. training of the Levites, arc known aiuoii^ stu Idits
of Jewisli history as *' Schools of the Pi-opliots '' — an ex[)rt;s.siou sonu'wlmt
unintelligiblo if we take the term '• j)roj)het " to tleuote one who pr.'.liets
future events, which is tlie sense the word onliuarily bears, i>iit tiiis is
not the only, nor even the primary, nieauing either of tlie Heljrcw words
emph>yed in this relation, or of the Greek correspondent words. tV.Mu wiiieh
our Englisli correspciiident terms ai-e derived. They demte lalher the
utterances and office of (me wlio interprets ; of one who s[»eaks for another ;
pre-eminently of one who s[)eaks for (ioil, or who is su[)pos;'d to spi'.ik for
God. The words include the notion of musical loiies — of lallgual;(^ and
comi)ositions to which a musical accoMipaiiiment would be an aid. Thus in
1st Chronicles xxv. 1, the sons of A.sa[)h, of lleman, and of Jedutliuii aiv^
si)oken of as being appointed "to prophesy with har[)s, with psaltt'ries and
with cymbals ;" whihi at verso the same [)ersons are said to be !i[)pointjd
for song in the house of tlu! h )rd. with cymbals and jjsalteries and
hari)s, for the servic;; of t!n' house of (rod; showing that pi'ophe.sying
and singing in jmblic woi-.ship were in some sort ('([uivalcnt ex|)rv)ssions.
In other places, also, in books of the Old Testament, a like meaning must be
given to tlus Avords "'prophet," *' iiro[iln'ey," •' prophe.syiug." It is hence
to be deduced that in the schools or colleges (jf yo\ithful Levites, in the
Levitical cities, the training in rhythmical expression and musical intona-
tion was so j)romuient a thing, that these institutions cime to bi^ [lopjihirly
known as " Schools of the Prophets" — schools, /. f-., where ihe peculiar
modes of recitation adopted in [irayer, ])reachiug and song, by inspired pro-
phets, were i)racti.sed.

10. St. Paul, it may be noted, in two of his H[)istles, employs the words
"prophet," " pro[)hecy," " ])i()[»hesying." in this technical Jewish sense.
In the early Christian assemblies, especially among those Christians who.
by birth were Jews, the prayers, the hymns, the j)ul>lie iliscour,ses, {)artook,
as was natural, of thi^ ancient Jewish rhythmical manner, the ancient
Jewish musical intonation, and S) were referred to under ancient, Jewish
technical expressions.

1 1. But we ni.iy go liack to tlm?s anterior to the Jewish t;v.u^)le, ant 'rt(jr
to the Jewish tabernacle, and to ar^^^is of th? earth greatly exceeding Judaa,.

find find nwr jtjvtT' Iciits, if \v(> de.sin! tlicm. for imisii- fu [I'lldic w.ir liip.
From Iiiiits givou us in tlii* Ji'wish r»"(>r.ls tlicins"lv!s, jis mIso from onli-
n uy liistorie.il dii-umcnt.-!, fiiul likcwisi' from st-idpturrs to Itc kccd in
Eiy])t and Assyria, and othi • j)ai'is. w- Icai'ii (hat in tlic nations, fir and
wide, rc'lii^'ioiis ^voi-slii]) was ai l.vl liy music, iiuisi(^d instrunionts and son^j.
In all this we liav(^ tfruund foi- iK'licf tliat cvcmi anion;^ tlic primeval ]»co-
plcs to whim l»y inspiration or rovolition an acccptahle niodo of l)iA iiie
woi-shii) was made known, such a jinictiec preMiihid. For such a conciir-
rence of usaf4,f' like this amon:^ tiihos locally severed would scarcely be
found, were it not a relic of a pi'imitivt; use obtaiiung in the human family
whil(! yet conipiuutively small.

12. Now. the calliui( in the aid of uucsical intonation in (giving exprossion
to devotional fi^elin^ and i'eliy;ious thou<fht is a rea.sonal)l« thing; for
music is the languagi; of emotion, and the ficulty of religion in man em-
ploys itself givatly among the emotions. The intellect, indeed, checks
it and steadies it ; hut tluj imagination mid taste, the sen.se of beauty and
cosmic order, the sense of the wonderfid, the awfid, the mystical — each and
all stimuLite it, and furnish Helds for its t'xcrcise. For every mood of the
spirit of man music has a voice. It has, therefore, a voice for his emotions
when they are X'oiused bv reliixious tluKight and devotion — a voice which,
like a ciy, a moan, a sob, is often more intelligilth; than articidate speech.
It is in accordiuice with reason, then, and a phenomenon not to be wondered
at, that men in their devotioiuil and other religious utter.uxces should
soon glide into a musical intonation. In truth, is it not a common expe-
rience tluit whenever you hear an iiirpassioned jn-ayer or an impassioned
address, whether among the educated oi" uneducated, you speedily detect a
quasi-chant I Two AnicriiMns, named Moody and Sankey, have within a
few months past been attracting nnich notice in Scotland by "singing,"
as they express it, "the CTOspe-1" — i.e. bv singing Christian hymns and
other similar cxjnjsitions, in some peculiarly cleai', sweet, tender and pa-
thetic style. A writer in the Da'dij Editihur(jh Review observes, in
reference to the performance of the.se itinei-ants, that " for generations, most
of the Highland ministei-s, and some of the Lowland ministei^s too, liave
sung the Gospel — sung their stn-mons, aye, and the prayei-s too. The
ditfarouce is, that they sing very badly, and Messrs. Moody and Sankey
very beautifuJly." I subjoin this renmrk of a Scottish writ<n' as an illus-
tration of what was just now said, that there is a ntitural tendency in
human beings to. adapt amusicid intomvtiou when moved to speedi in the:
sphere of religion.

\v:)l; llip.

•(tin onli-
> srrli in
s, fill' iuid

anil song,
icval pco-

of Divine

a (loncviv-
icarcoly bo
\an family

oxprossion
thing; for
\ man em-
;ed, checks
beanty and
[ — each and
lood of the
lis emotions
jico which,
ate speech.
)e wondered
ices should
union expe-
[mprtssioned
lily detect a
fe within a

" singing,"
liymns and
ler and pii-
jbserves, in
iitious, most
i-s too, have
too. The
lud Sankey

as an illus-
leiideucy iu

)eecli iu the:

1.^. If the eas^ be so, then we cm w.-ll couiv-iM' guardiaiiv, and guides
of juiMii- \v.M-s)ii|i fccliug it t i 1» • a duty t» r.'gal it ■ iu s.iui • wav this
natural mode of religious ('xpr>'ssi;)U -to suhjert it to rule, tn niak.' it in
some sort an art ; otiicrwise public assemblies for worship might (piiekly
dcgcnerat;' into comfortless llaliels. Ilence (-ime autiioriz vl modes of i-e-
oitation of a musical cli ir.icter ; and wo m ly If sure lint the Jewish
" Schools of the Prophets " were not tin; lirst (.-xamples of such institutions,
hut that they were representatives of earlier .schools, anu)Ug that people and
elsewhere, existing i'or a lilce purpose.

11. The case of worshi)tp -rs likewise, as well as that of ministrants.
rerpiired to ho eonsidiTed. hy the early guides and guardians in religious
matters. Hence, iu due tinu-, arose aullioritative directions for tlie people
to follow. W(< all know liy experience the instinctive sympathy which is
at once set up between a midtitude and any man who, with i-eal fiHtling,
speaks to them, especially on the subject of religion. Tic guardians of
V. orshi]) had to see to it that this instinctivo sympathy did not generato
tumuli and confusion in ])ublic assemhlies. They took into consideration,
therefore, what it would be seemly lor the people to do. when they yearned
to express the ooucurreuce of their hearts in words which were uttered to
and for them ; and finally responses, somewhat in the tone and strain of
the ministering otHcial, were allowed. When, for example;, in the tone of
supplication, the uiinistrant said, '•() Lord, hear our jirayer," th<' people
might re.s})ond in a similar strain. '• And let our cry come unto Thee."
When, in tones (jf praise, the ministrant said, " Pi-aise ye the Lord," tho
peoidii might reply, " The Lord's uauje he praised." A ri'spousive worship,
in modulated, appropriate tones, had tjnis its origin iu the instinctive sym-
pathy which Hul)sists between soul and soul, between voice and voici' : and
we can feel little suqu'ist^ that such a practice should have been instituted,
and should have prevailed among the primitive races. < >f all nations, tho
Hebrew people maintained the primeval jtvactice iu the greatest vigour and
purity, and whereever any of its lineage spread, iu the P^ast and in the
West, there a mode of Divine worship was set up which moi'(! or less ex-
emj)lified the [tractice referred to.

1 0. No Avonder, then, when the employment of a certain musical
manner iu religious ministrations w;us known to Ije of early and very ex
tensive use, and was felt to be, under authoritative guidance, reasonable — no
wonder that such a i)ractice suggested itself to tlu? (.'hristiau t'lmrch from
the very beginning of its existence. No wonder that such a jtractice has
obtained throughout the whole area of Christendom, iu its eastern or Greek

! II

division, in its contnil or TiUtin division, and in its wosteni or En^dish
division : nowlicrt*, indeed, iiisist<'d on as an indisponsalile tiling' — for thoro
are |»Iac'e;-j wlxin^ sucli a practice is intixpedient, and soino whcro it is
perhaps inipussiljle — but ovorywliuro allowed, and la tittiiig quarters en-
couraged.

10. Tn considerations such as thoso which liavn now been presented, I
lind a justification for having asstnited to the introduction of u so-called
musical service into the Church of tht; Holy Trinity. It cannot bo wrong
to have assisted in handing on tones of prayer and strains of sacred song
hallowed by the use of our fellow-men in Divine woi-ship in the reniotest
ages ; heard in the assenddies of the primitive ChristiauL^ ; licard in the
assemblies of their predecessors of each preparatory dLsjiensation. It cannot
be wong to have contributed to a coiuitlete presentation of the English
Church system in a new region. While there was wanting among us an
example of a congnigatiou worsiroping (lod in the antique choral way, it
coidd not be said that the English s\ <t(Mn was liere in its entirety. The
natural unprenu.'ditated manner iu which the use of such a service first
sprung up in this Church has already been described. That it was in
souie deijreea want, is shown by the considerable numbei's who liave availed
themselves of it ; that it is ndished })y nuiuy, is shown by the hearty
manner in which it is Sunday after Sunday participated in. I do not say
that it would be wise tt> set uj) such a service in villages or nussions where
there is but one place of woi-ship of the English communion. lUit in
towns like oui" own, where, there is a large choice of churches belonging to
our conunuuion, it ought surtdy to be an ott'eirx? to no one thatthert; is one
place of worship where such a service can be partici[)ated in. In a city of
sixty thousjiud inhal)itauts or more, V. ■ '-e must be a sufficient pro[)ortion
of Church people of musical predilections to i-ender such a service desirable
and useful.

17. A further i-eason for such a service has aiisen since its esfeiblishment.
Of late yeara theix^ have arri\-ed anxongst us emigrants in inci-eased num-
bers from England proper, where now, throiighout the length and breadth
of the laud, a sung service is a familiar thing. Those who have be-
come thoroughly habituated to .sue!) a mode of worslii[) feel its aUsence to
be a great [(rivation ; they feel as if they were cut off from worship which
to them seems truly congregational — from prayer which to thenx seems
truly common. It is proper, therefore, that there should be a church
amongst us where such emigrants may find Avhat they desire — such emi-
grants being, however, at the same time, admonished that there are some
things connected witli choirs, practicable enough in English parislies, whicli

or English

ig — for thoro

wlioro it is

quaj-ters eu-

. pi-csoutcd, I
>f n so-callec^
not be wrong
■ sacrtMl song
the remotest
lieiml in tho
on. It cannot
: the English
among us an
L'lioral way, it
ntirety. The
a service first
lat it was in
o have availeil
>y the hearty
I do not say
nissions where
iiion. But in
'S belonging to
Kit then; is one
In a city of
put proportion
rvico desirable

ostjiblishinent.
ucreased uuui-
h and breadth
who have be-
its aUsenco to
worship which
to thenx seems
d be a church
ire — such emi-
there are some
pavislies, whicli

ai^e discovered liy experience to bi' fiital to the cordial acceptance of chorul
services if insisted upon hen-. Of sncli things, the responsible clergy on
the spot must bi- held to }>♦• the licst Judges.

IS. From time immemorial the musical service authorized })y the Churcli
of Knglanil ha.s comuiended itself to tl .^ " 'dgment and taste of Kiiglishmen
of the highest intellect and the sincerest Jiiety. Ifoly George Hei-bort
walkf in twico a week to Salisl>iiry from I5eni((rton to attend the
Cathedral service, urn', at liis retani ho wouhl say, as his biographer, Fzaak
Walton, tfdls us, " that his time spent in [)ray(!r and Cathedral nnisi-' eUv
vated his soul, and was his heaven upon earth." P^iglish lawyers, Engli.sh
statesmen, English scholars, English poets, have ;J1 felt tiieir hearts lifted
up to God in the choral service ; while the pooi, the ])umble, the illiterate,
the young, have, by their fondness for it, given, in iiiany an instance, perha])s
unconscious evidence of the same experienof Without rebuke and without
olfence, nay, witli the full apj :• obation of C' rgy and Vviy of every school
of thoK.'Iit, has till! musical service l>fton maiutrii'jed in all the Catliedra's
of England, in all Minsters and Collegiiitc C'nU lies theit>, in the lloyal
Chapels, in the Chapels of Colleges, in the Ch:i[)(ds of the Inns of Court, in
the famous Temple Church, and the almost oipially famous < 'hurcli of the
Savoy, from time immemorial. No one, therefore, has a right to stigmatize
such a service as a parti.san thing, and brand a congregation with odious
names for adoj»ting it. It is only within a feu- yeaivs — })erhaps within
twenty — that efforts have been made to throw discredif 11)011 such a ser-
vice ; a result which has bcicn br()Ught about by the eccentricities of a few
in the mother country, whose indiscretions we strive to eschew, bein,'
sincerely desirous that the example set here should be cordially followed
whei'ever such a coiu\se miirht be found advi.sable.

li). Happily, in our communion there has been no prejudice to overcome
ngjiinst the organ as a help in Divine woi-ship. Tiiat instrument, as it is
to be met with now in various places in Euro[>e and on this Continent, is
one of the noblest products of human ingenuity — one among the niaiiv
pieces of mf^chanism whereby, especially in th(> [)i'esent ag<\ the weak hands
of men are enabled to accomjdish the work of Titans. The organ, as j)er-
fected in these days, is felt to be a worthy offering on the part of man to
God — ^to that beneficent Fatlier who has endowed man with wit to contrive,
aiid power to construct. We are taught to [)raise G(xl with the best meml)er
that we h.'ive — i. c with the tongue, the instrument of speech ; with all the
beauty of language and all the graceful modulations of souiul of which the
human voice is capable. When, then, such a piece of mechanism as the
organ was contrived ; when such an extension of man's power, in a musical

ggaaBtewgasgaMTTmBr

direction, wms discovered, it was natural that devont i)er.sons should seek
to st'ize upon it as an auxiliary in the conduct of Divine worship, espe-
cially when Divine worship had alread}', as we have heard, availed itself
from time immemorial of the aid of musical tones. The terms of the
"■ statute for Israel " ran thus :

"Siut,' al<md iiuto (Jod our strength :
Miiko ;i JDyfiil iKiis^! luito the (io.l of .Jacob.
Take a pjiahii, and hriiig liithor the timbrel,
The pk^asant harp with tlie psaltery.
Blow u}) the trumpet iu the new moon,
Tu the time appointed, on our solemn feast day. "

And hero Avas a goodly a})paratus in which timbrel, pleasant harp, psaltery,
trumjtet, and a crowd of other desirable enrichments to sacred song, were
united, and made siibject to man's will : a mere combination, indeed, of
dead material, metal and wooden tubes, ivory and ebony keys, lung like
bellows of leather, rods and levers — all mute and motionless until touched
by man's lissome tingers, moving at the command of man's mind divine;
but then at once becoming instinct with life, a member incorporate of the
human frame, as veritable an adjunct of power to man's voice and speech
as the telescope is to his sight.

20. It is Avell known, however, that it was some time before the organ
could be applied to ecclesiastical uses. When first heard in Europe it was
an instrument wholly secular — an acceptable reinforcement to the rude
orchestra of a royal palace. The Emperor Constantinus Copronymus sent
one, we are told, from Constantinople, as a present to King Pe[)in of
France, in a.d. 7o7. In Thomas Acjuinas' day (1221-1274), as we learn
from one of his Quaestiones, it was still not heard in Eurojiean churches. It
was probably felt by the clergy, the guardians of Divine worshi}), that siich
a coadjutor in church — though yet it had by no means acrpiired the dimen-
sions and complexity of structure which it afterwards did —would become
a sort of tyrant and dominate themselves. And here, in point of fact, has
lain the danger of organs, and of choirs too, x-egarded as ministrants a})art
from clergy. Here has been the source of the prejudice which from time
to time has arisen against organs or choirs. In 1280, liowever, as we
learn from the Rationale of Durandus, the organ was in use in some of the
churches of Europe. From that period the practice of admitting it into, the
sanctuary grew and spread. (For the testimonies of Thomas Aquinas antl
Durandus I am indebted to Gregorie's Discourse declaring what Time the
Nicene Creed began to he Sung in the Church, now lying before me. That
of Durandus T have been able to verify by i-eference to my own copy of
the Rationale, printed at Venice by Erbard Ratdold in 1485.)

lis slicnild soi'k

wursliip, t'spe-

lI, i\v;iilfHl itself

c tenus of tlio

b harp, psaltery,
jreil song, were
ation, indeed, of
keys, luug-liko
as until toueUed
I's mind divine;
corpoi'iite of the
voice and speech

before the organ
in Europe it was
leut to the rude
Copronynius sent
1 King Pe[)in of
7-1), as wo learn
tean churches. It
orshii), that such
|uired the dinien-
— would become
point of fact, has
ministrants apart
which from time
liowever, as we
ise in some of the
nittiug it into, the
mas Aquinas and
'ng what Time the
)efore me. That
3 my own copy of
485.)

21. Abuses, indeed, in connection Avith the crgan came in— just the alniscs
which had been anticiitated. The l{oi»nly On the Place <in<l Time of Prt()/ci\
sot forth in Elizabeth's reign, speaks of organs as being among tlie tliiug.s
which the reformers of the National C'hurcli had smittL'n with llit^ii-
anathema. A story is told in that prescribed diricoiu'se, of a woman coiii-
plaiiiing to her neighbour thus : •' .Mas. gossij), what shouKl we now d) at
chmvh, suiL^e all the saints are taken away ; sines all tho goodly siglits w;'
were Avont to haA'e are gone ; since we cannot hear the like piping, sing-
ing, chaunting and playing upon organs that wo c;)uld Ixifore I" And on
the continent of Europe, the C-ouncil of Trent, aiming to purity the National
Churches there, seriously entertained the idea of abolisliing the use of
organs in Divine worsliip. Though, througli the inliuence, it is said, of
the Emperor Eerdinand, no enactment to that eti'ect was made, yet bishops
weri' orilered " to keep from their churclios all those kinds of music in
wliieli, whether by the organ or in tlie singing, there is mixed up anytliing
that is lascivious and imj)ure." Such were the wonls of the decree. (l.'2nd
Session, l."')()2). Abuses, nevertheless, in connection with organ and clioir
did not cease, as we hear from tinn) to time bemoaned to this day by
continental «'hurch authorities. Tluis the Abbe Cllaiixi says, speaking of
France in 18C)8 — '' One hears often in churches certaui styles of music
unworthy of the house of God, and which, instead of edifjdng, scandalize
the true and pious members of the Church." And this abuse, he says, is
spreading f>-om the pari.sh churches of large towns to those of thehund)lost
villages. Again, M. Danjon, organist of Notre Dame, in Paris, descri])es
what lie saw at a religious festival at Liege : " There were twelve bishops,"
he says, " and a numerous body of clergy on their knees befoi-e the altar ;
ther(i was a vast multitude of the faithful in the church. Nothing wouhl
have produced an eli'ect,'' M. J)aiiion thinks. "• similar to the magniticent
plain chant of the y/«H</a .SVrt/*, sung by ,'iOU voices. Instead of this," he
continues, *' tltere were violins, violoncellos, clarionets, voices out of tune,
unnatural shouts, clattering of cyudjals. and, in the midst of the din, a young
lady pertormiiig voeiil roulades on the saci-ed words Ecce panls aiKjehirnm.
I abstain from all comment," JM Danjon subjoins, "on so aftlicting a fact."
In Italy, too, church music, at the present moment, is in an ecpially un-
satisfactory state. I derive the words which T now quote from a writer
in the last i.ssne of the Dublin Ihvieio, a Romanist [)ublication, to Avliich
also I owe INI. Danjon's testimony : "The whole of Italy, not even except-
ing the Eternal Cit}^ has set an example of the greatest tolerance of abuses.
There "s not a church in which a style of music so little religious in cha-
racter is not pei'formed, but that one could A^ery easily substitute foi- the
sacred words of the Liturgy the libretto of lui opera. And how can tliis but

b<'," the writer asks, •• iu a country where the writer of twenty-five operas
lias lieeii chosen a choir-master of 8t. Peter's I" Iu passing, it may be ob-
served, that iu a hxte widely-read pai)er in the Contemporary lieview, it is
implied that there is no organ in St. Peter's at Rome ; — for that, it is to
bo supposed, is the " subliiu ; bisilica" alluded to by the writer (Mr.
Gladstoit^). I certainly remeiab:;r noticing an organ iu St. Peter's iu
18.")2, in I portion of one of the side-aisles where the ordinary daily ser-
vice takes place — an uncons[)icuous instriinxent, indeed, and, if my memory
serves nK^ nioveabh;. — Throughout the United States, likewise, complaint.s
have lou" been very general of tho music eni[»loyed iu public worship, — the
personal rights of the individual m Mubers of congragations baing usui'ped to
too great an extent by organists and choirs.

2'2. In the utitiouil and other cliurchis of the E ist, the orgm has never
been adopted as an auxiliary iu Divine worship ; which is somewhat
strange, as it was, as we have seen, within the liordeis of one of those
chiu'ches that the instrument attained a certain degree of perfection, fitting
it to be a present from an emperor to a king. It would have been well,
])erhaps, for the Eastern clergy, had instrumental accom[)auimeuts become
a custom with them. An enlarged acipiaiutance with the science of music,
as existing iu Europe for exaniph;, might therel)y have been induced.
Objects of mental interest would have been multiplied amongst them, and
thcii intellectual condition, to that extent at least, imiu'oved.

2.3. It will not 1(1' out of ]>lace to add a few words on the germ out of
which the organ has s[)rung. Tlie word orijan itself sim[)ly denotes an in-
strument — an ajiparatus, animate or inanimate, for effecting any purpose.
Thus we say the organs of speech — the trachesi, the larynx, the epiglottis,
the tongue, the ]>alate — by metins of which we form articulate, intelligible
sounds : the organ of a school or party — the printed sheet or periodical
through which tJie school or party gives vent to its ideas. The term is
applied to a uuisical instrument in three books of the Bible, and it is from
this application that we derive tlie familiar use of the word, as denoting by
l)re-eminence the instrument or organ ])y means of which, bettei than by
any other, man can embody in musical si)eech the emotions of his soul.
We have the word in Genesis (iv. 21), where Jubal is spoken of as " the
father of all such as handle the harp and organ." We have it again iu the
Book of Job (xxi. 12), where of the i)ros[)erous wicked it is said: "They
take the timbrel and harj) ; they rejoice in the sound of the organ." And
iu the Book of Psalms we have it (Ps. cl. 4) : " Praise liim with the timbrel
and dance ; praise him with stringed instruments and organs." The Hebrew

enty-five operas
ig, it may be ob-
ey Review, it is
-for that, it is to
the writer (Mr.
1 St. Peter's in
(Unary daily ser-
d, if my memory
iwise, comphiints
ic worship, — tlie
baiiig usurped to

org lu has never

A\ is somewhat

of one of those

perfection, fitting

I liave been well,
animents become

science of music,
'e been induced,
nongst them, and
k'ed,

II the germ out of
ly denotes an in-
ting any purpose.
IX, the epiglottis,

ulato, intelligible
leet or periodical
\s. The term is
)le, and it is from
rd, as denoting by
1, bettei than by
ions of his soul,
token of as " tin?
A-e it again in the
tis said: "They
he organ." And
II with the timbrel
ns." The Hebi-ew

word hu'jdh, which the English word on/nn is made to represent, denotes,
as we are assui'od by scholars, a reed or l>il>e ; a set of reeds or pipes : that
which, in fact, was the germ of the organ, viz., the primitive iustruuient of
music which we still occasionally see in use : the syrin.x, or pi[tes of Pan, a
row of reeds of unetpial length, to which the human breath, forcibly api)lied,
gives voice. When, inst^'uil of the l)reath of man, a mechanical conti'ivance
was ust'd to (dicit musical notes, the apparatus at once ))ecanu> an organ, in
the nKjdern sense of the term; and the mediieval instrument of nuisic pre.
sented to Pepin by Constantinus Co])ronymus was little more than an
ap'-aratus of this kind, Avith tinger-keys addeil for the? admission of air to
the reeds. In the common representations of St. Cecilia, the; media'val
patroness of sacred nuisic, such an instrument of music is usually seen in
her hand. For (>xaniples you may reter to woodcuts in Mrs. Jameson'.s
Sacred and Leyendarij Art (pp. 'X){)-\).

24. But it is time to turn to our own organ — the instrument by means of
which we aim to add dignity and expression to the psalms and hymns and
spiritual sungs of the worshippers in this church.

To j)rovide such an accessory to pul)lic worship here was one of the
earliest enterprises on which our ct)ngregation ent.'red. It involve<l tliem
in the first great expense which they ever ventured to incur; and it was
long before the debt then contracteil was jiaid. Having for such ])urposes
no resources but the voluntary gifts of the people through the ofiertory and
otherwise, such undertakings entail great jiersonal anxiety on the elerify in
charge, and on tliose of the laity who in relation ther(;to make themselves
in any way responsible. Now, after the lapse of some twenty years, it has
been found expedient to reconstruct this instrument ; to make it almost a
new ono, with the exception of its exterior case — -a work wliich. happily, the
original }>uilder, Mr. John Th')nias. of this city, has survived to undertake,
and wdiich Le litis executed with skill. W(i now make our api)eal to the
congregii.tion for the funds requinxl to meet the ex[)endit\u-e. I coulidently
hope that many hearts will bi' moved to generous contributions — that the
real and often exalted pleasure which is ex[)eriei '^ed here in "the joy of
worship" by large nund)ers of young and old, by large nund)ers of the
comparatively rich and the eompai*atively but not utterly poor, will render
it .10 difiicult tiling to gather in the sum that may be necessary.

25. The instrument, as renovated, will sufiice for our wants. Appliances
for music " exceeding magnifical," wouhl assuredly l)e out of place here, in a
church designed as this is, by and from its very origin, for the common use of
a promiscuous nudtitude, it is not desirable to have a service over-elaborate,
over-artistic — -a service for the display of brilliancy in vocalists and other

I
' i

performers ; but ratlier .1 service whcroiii iudividiiiili.sni .shall l>e laor^'ed,
ftud general devotional efft;ct alone studicnl ; a service winsome and concilia-
tory ; attractive to nil estates and conditions of men ; and not impossible
t'j bo copied in any Canadian tow.n where there is a Church population
suttkra.'utly larg'i' to furnish forth a pro])er (piota of musioally-inclined wor*
shippers.

20. As to the one modernism here to which exception may be taken —
namely, the singing in pro^jession on entering the churcli, and again on
leaving it— tlio practice ne^d not b) adopted by any w'lo think it impropn*.
For my own i)art, I r.^gard the new ciistoin in this way : the choristers and
tjlergy must enter th^ clmrch in some m inner, and depart from it in some
manner. If they choo-je to sing a hymn as they W,dk, instead of walking
in silence, it surely is not out of character in a choir to do so ; and if the
congregation choose to unite in that hviim at the op ;ning and clo.siug of
Divine service, it is not uiu-eason able that they should be permitteci to do
,so. It does not displace or abolish the opening and closing voluntai'ies on
the organ, which are customaiy things; it only adds to them the human
A'oice and appropriate words.

27. In regard to the accaptauco or non-acceptance of ii sung service else-
where in the Province of Ontario and other parts of Canada, much will
depend upon the discreetness of the choir and organist of the Church of the
Holy Trinity. Lot the choir and organist here adhere, in essentials and
externals, to old English practice, as gathered from Cathedrals and other
great national churches of mirk,— ^and then it is probable that a service
musically recited will be respocted ; will be loved ; will, in due time, be
adopted in convenient localities. But let the choir and organist here prefer
the example of exceptional places of wor.ship in England, where the caprices
of a com[)arative few have in recont timo.s obtained ascendancy, and where

^^recklessness of tlie Christian sentiment of the Oliurch at large, within
the limits of their own country, is avowed, — -then the same service will, of
course, be evil spoken of far and wide in Canada; will be loathed and
rejected, and never beconie an element, as it might otherwise be, refining
refreshing, exhilarating, in Canadian Church life.

28. It does not fall within the scope of this lecture to speak of congre-
gational singing and hymnody. In respect of these there is little to be
desired. I suppo.se no Sunday or other festival ever passes without the
hearts of many being warmed and elevated by the power of united sacred
song in the Church of the Holy Trinity. Everywhere, in these latter days,
choirs and congregations are greatly to be congratulated on the copious

all be mov<,'ed,
le and concilui-
iiot iiii[)t)ssiblo
rcli j)Oituliitu)n
y-incUued wor-

nay 1)0 talcon —
, ami again on
ilk ifc iniin-opn-.
ti clioristiu's anil
from it ill some
taad of Nvalkiug
so ; and if tlie
g and closing of
psrmittod to do
» voluiitavies on
ihem the human

uma service else-
iiada, mucli will
lie (Ilnirch of the
in esHCuthd^i ami
ledrals and other
)le that a service
ill duo time, be
rauint here prefer
vhere the caprices
aucy, and where

I at large, witluu
,u) service will, of

II be loathed and
wise be, refining,

spoak of congre-
)ve is little to be
asses without the
of united sacred
n these latter days,
ed ou the copious

Kton-s o( adiuirabh! hymns to which tluy liave access. All C'linstendonl
has bcvn laid iindi'r tril>iit;! for tlu'ir benefit; tlu' Greek Clmrchos. the
Latin riuirdies, the Syrian Churches, the Lutherans, th(( Calviuists, the
Moi'aviaiis, tlie Englisli Nonconformists, ( 'ongrcgationalistH, "SVosleyaiis.
!Pi'esbvtoriiiiis — to sav nothiii'f of the manv "sweet siiurevs" of our own
comnumion in i)ast and present times. Never, in any branch of the Church,
wore siu'li privileges ])osHessed in ])oint of iiyiniiody as we at this iiHiiuent
enjoy. No longer ai'c assemblages of intelligent men and women to be
invited to join in uncoutli doggerel, in nni'e;d iliapsody, ui puerile and
niau<llin commonplace. For e\('ry occasion, and on every conceivable reli-
gious tojuc, s})iritual songs in aVtundance are now to be found, chaste and
simj)le in language ; wholesome, oftentimes sublime, in thought ; jwetiy in
a ti'iic sense ; geiuiinely devotional, and in every way suited for use in the
worship of (.4od.

29. Tli'^ melodies, al.'^o, with A'.Iiich of late years Christian hymns IiaA'c
beconn associated in tho pojMilar mind, are equally admirable: now bri';'ht
and joyous, ik>w tendiH-and full of })atli >s, iKnv i^rave and sorrow-laden —but
always religious in character, I'everential and churclily. In homes and
communiti;'S where s\ic!i hymns liecome household words, such melodies
household sounds, a reiining iinil ehnating etiect must bo the result.

.■^0. Will it be said that the Psalms of David, have Ijeen displaced? Not
in our communion. In discarding the verses of Tato ;iud Brady we do not
discard the Psalms of David, any more than our fathers did when they dis-
carded Stex'iihold and Hopkins. In common witii all Christendom, we
religiously cultivate the use of tlie Psalms of David, so called. We honour
them by not tampering witli tlicau : by not versifying thein. We enshrine
them in our Book of Public Praytn- aj^ in an ark or holy chest. We thence
draw thorn forth daily, and r.icito them in strong old Saxon Engli.sh: in
words and ])hrasos which exhibit the same power, the same rhythms, tlie
same parallelisms, the same distinctions of emphasis, the same irregular"
flow, the same cadences, that characterize them in their native liebrew.
And when, in addition, we hear ilu>m sung by responsiv(! bands of singers,
as here — a sympathetic multitude of '-young men and maidens, old men
and children," at the same time heartily johiing in the venerable melodies,
and observing the venerable tones .vhich, with due thought, have lieen
appro]>riated to each— then we hear the Psalms of David, in ellect, to a
very great extent, as they were heard of old by the ass(>mbled tribes of
Israel in the courts of the Lord's House, tlu; great Temple at Jerusalem,
the type in this, as in so many other respects, of that wider and nobler
Temple, the Chris tiau Church, which is the Mother of us all.