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Maps, alates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul ciichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, jt de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■.,-^-';~-.. The Noble Army of Martyrs. ; ''yF£cs-' -W ^tHpn!^«T'i .< ■ ii'«pi ^ownv^mr' THE MARTYRS' MEMORIAL AND BALLIOL COLLLGE, OXFOriO. li-cc I'liue 4'J.) THE Noble Army of Martyrs AND Roll of Protestant Missionary Martyrs from a. d. i66i to 1891 BY JAMES CROII. montreal Author of "The Missionary Problem," etc. Per crucem ad coronam " PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION AND SABBATH-SCHOOL WORK 1334 Chestnut Strekt PHILADELPHIA l/ L 15^ LoO ^' Cg COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY THE TKUSTUBS OF THB PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION AND SABBATH-SCHOOL WORK. Ail Rights Reserved. ELECTROTYPED BY WESTOOTT «L THOMSON, PHILADA. l/ CONTENTS. PART I. PAGE I. Martyrdom in the Apostolic and the Early AND Middle Agks n II. Martyrs of the Reformation Period in Eng- land, Scotland, Ireland, and the Continent o.' Europe 24 III. The .Scottish Covenanters 52 PART II. IV. Roll of Protestant Missionary Martyrs from A. D. 1661 to 1893 75 V. After-thouohts 142 Missions are not a Failure 142 Testimony of Eye-witnesses 147 A Plea for the Enlargement of Missionary Agency and an Increase of Christian Liberality jcq E.xpectation, Promise, and Fulfillment . . 161 Comparative Table of Statistics 166 5 0429 'wiPW|WW^»lP»'"i" ni"|*""*mn»"> ■»"¥■" ' ■ "."r PREFACE. This little treatise was undertaken for the sole purpose of furnishing a roll of Protestant foreign missionary martyrs — i. c. of the men and women who have died by violence at the hands of the people to whom they were sent as Christian missionaries. The title adopted, however, seem- ed to call for at least some recognition of the vast army of confessors and martyrs who pre- ceded the Protestant witnesses ; hence the divis- ion of the work into two parts — the first dealing with the subject of martyrdom generally from the apostolic age to the time of the P'nglish Reformation and of the Scottish Covenanters, the second part being confined to the era of Protestant missions. In traversing so wide a field as that surveyed in Part I., the chief difficulty has been to com- press into the smallest possible space such an amount of material as might serve to give some- thing like historical sequence to the subject in 8 preface. hand. With this in view, a selection has been mude of a few typical and representative names in successive periods of time who forfeited their Hves in the propagation of Christianity. For the most pirt, their names are very familiar ; the story of their lives and deaths has been repeated over and over again by ecclesiastical historians, from Eusebius, " the father of church history," down to Mosheim and Milman and Neander of our own times. The material to draw from is abundant and easy of access. In order to make the missionary roll as com- plete and reliable as possible, no pains have been spared to obtain accurate data. A pretty large missionary library was diligently ransacked and laid under contribution, and correspondence was had with the secretariat of more than seventy- five missionary societies, British, American, and Continental, most of whom showed a lively in- terest in the work ; while a number either con- tributed information de novo or corrected lists sent to them for their approval. For this kind co-operation the author is deeply grateful, espe- cially to the secretaries of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (commonly known as the S. P. G. So.), the preface. Church Missionary Society (C. M. S.), the Lon- don Missionary Society (L. M. S.), the Baptist Missionary Society (England), the Church of Scotland Foreign Missionary Society, the Amer- ican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions (known as the A. B. C. F. M.), the Presby- terian Boards of Foreign Missions in the United States, North and South, the Protestant Epis- copal Church in the United States, the Moravian Missionary Society, the Swedish Missionary So- ciety (by Dean Vahl of Copenhagen), the Rhen- ish Missionary Society, and the Hermannsburg Evangelical Lutheran Society. Letters were also received from the secretaries of the follow- ing societies, intimating that none of their mis- sionaries died by violence, though many had suffered persecution : The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Strict Baptist Church (England), the Baptist and Free Baptist Mission Boards in the United States, the Reformed Presbyterian Church and the Cumberland Pres- byterian Churches in the United States of America, the Basle Evangelical Missionary So- ciety, the Canadian Baptist and Congregational Churches. Other sources of information will be indicated in the body of the work. 1 10 preface. So far as is known to the writer, this is the first attempt that has been made to commemo- rate the Protestant missionary martyrs as such. Their memories are the common heritage of Christendom, and are certainly v/orthy of com- memoration. It is hoped that this Httle volume, insignificant though it may seem to be in com- parison with its high and solemn sitbjer.l-, may in some degree be useful not only in directing attention to the faith and heroism of the dead, but also by increasing interest in the work which is being carried on by the men and women who are in the foreign mission field to-day, and who stand greatly in need of the sympathy and moral support which Christian people, individually and collectively, have it in their power to bestow upon them. J. C. MoNTREALj December i, 1893. THE NOBLE ARMY OF MARTYRS. PART I. I. MARTYRS OF THE APOSTOLIC AND EARLY AGES.' " The glorious company of the apostles praise thee. The goodly fellowship of the prophets praise thee. The noble army of martyrs praise thee." • Martyrdom does not necessarily imply tes- timony borne to truth or to one's belief, at the cost of life, voluntarily or otherwise. The pri- 1 Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, New York, i88l. Kurtz: Text-book of Church History, Philadelphia, 1870. Macracken : Leaders of our Church Universal, Philadelpliia, 1879. Killen : The Ancient Church, its History, etc.. New York, 1883. Walsh: Heroes of the Mission Field, London, 1879. Caulfield : Lives of the Apostles, New York. Fox: Book of Martyrs, London, 1826. Farrar: Early Days of Christianity, London, 1882. 11 12 Zbc "Moble Hrmi? of ADart^rs. mary meaning of the Greek word niarlur, often used in the New Testament, is simply a 7vitncss. It is so translated in Matthew l8: i6, in Mark 14 : 63, in Acts i : 8, and elsewhere. In this sense of the word, there have been many that may properly be called marlyrs — who have testified to the sincerity of their re- ligious convictions at the peril of life, without the actual loss of it. Hundreds, thousands, perhaps, of devoted men and women, in the discharge of missionary labor, have fallen vic- tims to fever, cholera, the plague, or other deadly diseases, who are doubtless as truly entitled to be called martyrs as those who have fallen beneath the stroke of the tomahawk or who have been burned at the stake. David Livingstone and his wife, Mary Moffat, Bishop Mackenzie, Joseph Mullens, Alexander Mackay of Uganda, the six Combers of the Congo Mis- sion, Ion Keith-Falconer of Aden, Harriet Newell, Henry Martyn, Bishop Heber, Asahel Grant, Adoniram and the three Mrs. Judsons, and many others that might be mentioned, have certainly not been surpassed in faithfulness and heroism by any whose names have been enrolled in the army of martyrs. XTbe flobic Hrms of /Rart^rs. 13 But those only are accounted martyrs in the technical meaning of the term, and as it has been generally understood since the apostolic age, who have sealed their testimony with their blood— who have died by violence at the hands of the enemies of true religion. It is in this limited sense that the subject is to be dealt with in these pages. Martyrology has always been a favorite, al- most a hackneyed, theme with ecclesiastical writers. Under the name of Acta Martymm accounts of the persecutions of the Ch istian Church were written and circulated among the congregations of the faithful, in the form of biographic sketches of those who were cruelly treated or were put to death as witnesses and confessors of the truth. Literature of this kind had already become plentiful when Dccius as- cended the throne of the Roman Empire, a. d. 249. His brief reign, known as "the era of martyrdom," was characterized by the most violent persecution of the Christians. Half a century later, Diocletian issQed his intolerant edict for the suppression and extinction of Christianity, requiring that all copies of the Holy Scriptures should be destroyed, that all H XTbe moble Brm^ of /iDart^ra. Christian churches should be pulled down, and that all records of martyrdom should be sup- pressed.^ The immediate effect of such edicts was that multitudes 2 of Christians were put to death, and that many surrendered their books, denied their faith, and returned to the worship of heathen deities. A much larger number, however, re- mained steadfast, E^sebius gathered together the literary fragments that had escaped destruc- tion at the beginning of the fourth century, and 1 History abounds with accounts of the wholesale slaughter of Cliristians in the days of the Roman Empire. Instances are recited by Fox in which large numbers were put on board of vessels filled with combustible materials, which being set on fire, " shiploads thus received martyrdom." " The forty martyrs of Sebaste," often referred to, were forty soldiers of Sebaste in Armenia, who, in A. D. 320, during the reign of Licinias, were placed by order of Lysias, the commander, naked, on a pond covered with ice, and kept there during the whole night, where they were frozen to death because, as Christians, they would not sacrifice to the gods. Their corpses were then burned and their ashes strewn on tlie waters. * To commemorate his supposed triumph over Christianity, Dioceletian had a medal struck with this inscription : " Diocle- tian has everywhere abolished the superstition of Clirist. The name of Christ being by him extinguished." How little did he know ! ? f LU. Zbc noble ami? or /iDarf^rs. 15 became the chief authority on the martyrology of the first three centuries. Successive sacred historians followed up the subject, sometimes with greater enthusiasm than discretion. Thus, as time roUed on, the idea became prevalent thit a bloody martyrdom was the essential ter- mination to the life of a saint. Hence the mor- bid hankering even for martyrdom exhibited by not a few; hence, too, the multiplicity of sen- sational legends with which tradition, otherwise respectable, became surcharged, and the avidity with which it was utilized " to point a moral or adorn a tale." " Saints took the place of the old gods. Their number increased every year. The more men felt the lukevvarmness and worldliness of their own religious experience as compared with the strength of faith displayed by :he first witnesses for the truth, the higher did -the martyr' rise in popular veneration. Altars and churches were erected over their graves, or their bones were deposited in sacred edifices. The days of their martyrdom were observed as festivals and celebrated by oblations at their tombs. Ecclesiastical orators extolled them in enthusiastic language, and poets sang hymns in their praise. Nothing could equal the ¥ k i6 Tibe "Woble Brm^ of /IDartyre. ! I ii zeal with which their bones were searcheil out or the veneration with which men gazed on them." Pilgrimages to the shrines of saints and martyrs came into vogue, and have continued to the present day, notwithstanding the " pious frauds " that have so often been perpetrated on credulous multitudes. The leg-bone of a stag, for instance, kept in the sacristy of the cathe- dral at Geneva, was for a long time passed off as the arm-bone of St. Anthony; and in the same place a piece of pumice-stone was devoutly adored as a portion of the veritable brain of St. Peter ! The Bible is very reticent on the subject of martyrdom. Isaiah may have been sawn asun- der, but the Book does not say so. Jeremiah perhaps died from the effects of cruel treatment, but it is not said that he did, though doubt- less his whole life was a continued martyrdom. The stories of Daniel and of the three Hebrew youths afford proof, however, that neither perse- cution nor the martyr spirit was unknown in Old Testament times. In the New Testament, the deaths of only four of Christ's faithful wit- nesses are mentioned — John the Baptist, behead- ed ; Stephen, stoned to death ; James, killed with the sword ; and Antipas, " my faithful martyr who i 1 ITbe IRoble arm\? cf /iDartprs. 17 was slain among you." But tr.idifon asserts, with a unanimity that can scarcely be ques- tioned, that every one of the twelve apostles, excepting John, and Judas the traitor, suffered martyrdom. No one doubts that St. Paul and his own son in the faith, Timothy, shared a like fate. Making due allowance for the tendency to exaggerate which characterizes the writings of some of the Fathers, there remains ample evi- dence thnt the persecutions and sufferings of the early Christians were excessive alike in their severity and their duration. Saul's "breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the dis- ciples of the Lord" was as nothing to the brutal treatment of Christians for the space of two hundred and fifty years by the Roman Empire, in an age most fitly described by Canon Farrar as one of " heartless cruelty and unfathomable corruption." Satanic ingenuity was taxed in devising means of torture and death. Unoff-end- ing Christians, just because they were Christians, were beheaded, crucified, flayed alive, stoned to death, pierced with lances, shot with arrows, burned at the stake, roasted over slow fires, cast into blazing ovens, drowned in the sea, or were I I 18 TTbc moblc Erm? of /IDarti^rs. butchered in the amphitheatre — " to grace a Roman holiday " ! There were times when as many as twenty to thirty thousand human lives were sacrificed in the Coliseum in a single month; and, of all the victims, none were so acceptable to the mob as the Christians.' While bishops and pastors and other prominent Christians were ■special Iv singled out for attack, the persecution 'U'as by no means confined to them : neither age ;nor rank nor sex escaped. Children and delicate women often submitted to torture and death with as much fortitude as stalwart men ; illiterate artisans and poor slaves sometimes evinced as much intrepidity as hoary-haired pastors. " At the sight of such tremendous sacrifices heathen bystanders looked on with amazement. They said to themselves, ' The man has children, we believe ; a wife he has unquestionably ; and yet he is not unnerved ! He is not turned from his purpose by these claims of affection ! We must look into the affair. Be what it may, it can be no trifle which makes one willing to suffer and ready to die for it.' " Reflections like these would naturally have the effect of checking, from time to time, atroci- ' Fanar, in Sunday Magazine, 1S88, p. 517. ! I H i f t XTbe ittoble Brm^ of /iDartins. 19 ties sanctioned by law, for which no justifiable reason could be given. The tens of thousands of idol- and image-makers might urge, like De- metrius, that Christianity was endangering their craft. Politicians and office-seekers might say that the Christians, in their stealthy meetings. were hatching treason— that they were an ele- ment of danger to the peace of the empire which should be removed ; but, obviously, the true ex- planation of these persecutions was that Chris- tianity, in the persons of its early professors, was a standing protest against the utter rottenness of society and the depravity and licentiousness of the rulers of the people.* ' Imagine that awful scene, once witnessed by the silent obelisk i" the square before St. Peter's at Rome! Imagine it, that we may realize how vast is the change which Christianity has wrought in the feelings of mankind ! There, where the vast dome now rises, were once the gardens of Nero. They were thronged with gay crow.is, among wliom the emperor moved in his frivo- lous degradation, .and on every side were men dving slowlv on their cross of shame. Along the p.aths of these gardens on the autumn nights were ghastly torches, blackening the ground be- neath them with streams of sulphurous pitch, and each of these l.vmg torches was a martyr in his shirt of fire. And in the amphitheatre hard by, in sight of twenty thousand spectators famished dogs were tearing to pieces some of the best and purest of men and women, hideously disguised in the skins of bears I I '--^ ao zbc Hoblc Hnn\? of /IDart!?r5. Ignatius, the bishop of Antioch, after being scourged and tortured by fire, was " sent to the lions" in the CoUseum at Rome, by order of Trajan, a. d. 107.' Ignatius is said to have re- ceived hiH final sentence joyfully, as the realiza- tion of " his ardent desire for martyrdom." " God's grain of wheat I am, to be ground by the teeth of wild beasts, that I may be turned into the pure bread of God ! . . . Oh, that at once, without delay, I may find these fierce mon- sters who are awaiting me!" Marcus Aurelius, one of the most popular of the Roman emperors, has this stigma attached to his name — that he rivalled all who went be- fore him in cruel treatment of the Christians. He hated them with a perfect hatred, and used or wolves. Thus did A^ero b.iptize in the blood of martyrs the city which was to be for ages the capital of the world. — Early Days of Christianity, p. 39. > Farrar says that Ignatius was the only Christian martyr known by name who perished in the Coliseum. Other writers think that the number of Christians who suffered in that place has been greatly exaggerated. None could have fallen there during the Neronian persecution, which was perliaps the fiercest of all, for the Coliseum was not completed until A. D. 81, when Nero had been dead twelve years. ilL_ Ube Uoblc arms of nDart^rs. every means in his power to extirpate them. It was during his reign that Justin Martyr was beheaded. It was at his instance that Polvcarp, the venerable bishop of Smyrna, was burned at the stake. When asi,L breath to the truth of the doctrines for which he died. Besides these, no less than sixty-eight others were put to death in England for adhering to the teaching of Wyclifife and for reading his English Bible. The Lollard doc- trine spread also to Scotland, and met with sim- ilar opposition. In the year 1407, James Resby, an Englishman and a disciple of Wycliffe, was burned at Perth on the charge of heresy— the first martyr of the Reformation in Scotland. Again, in 143 1, Paul Craw, a native of Bohe- mia and a disciple of John Huss, was burnt at Zbc iRoble Uvm^ of /iDart^rs. 27 the stake in St. Andrews, with a ball of brass in his mouth to prevent him addressing the peo- ple in his last moments. ON THE CONTINENT. John Huss. the Bohemian reformer, died at the stake in Constance, Germany, on July 6, HIS- "The chief aim of my preaching," he said to his accusers, "has been to teach' men repentance and the forgiveness of sins, accord- ing to the truth of the gospel of Jesus Christ ; therefore I am prepared to die with a cheerful heart." The sentence which was to release him from all his troubles having been pronounced, he was stripped of the sacerdotal robes in which mockery had arrayed him, each of the seven bishops in attendance bestowing his curses on the martyr. The gorgeous procession then formed and proceeded to the place of execution. In a meadow outside the city gate a stake had been driven deep into the ground, and around it were piled fagots mixed with straw. To this Huss was firmly bound. When the fire had done its work the charred remains of the man of God were gathered up and cast into the Rhine, that no relics of him should remain. 28 Ubc no\>u armi5 of /iDart^rs. >i a II i ill I i' !ii Jerome of Prague, a Bohemian knight, the friend and co-laborer of Huss, was also burnt at the stake in Constance, May 30, 14 16. The charges against both of these martyrs were openly professing and teaching the doctrines held by Wycliffe, rejecting the authority of the pope, claiming that the Bible was supreme and that Christ is the Rock on which the Church was founded. These tenets they certainly had maintained, and in defence of them they will- ingly died, " rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer" in so good a cause. GiROLAMO Savonarola, the fearless and cele- brated Italian monk, perished at the stake in Florence, May 23, 1498, in the same manner and for the same reasons that Huss and Jerome suffered in Constance. When stripped of his priestly robes Savonarola received the sentence of degradation : " I separate thee from the Church militant and from the Church triumph- ant;" to which he replied, "Nay; from the Church militant, if you please, but not from the Church triumphant: that is more than you can do." " The followers of Savonarola were ac- customed to come secretly and kiss the spot • ifi'' TLbc noble Hrms of /IDart^rs. 29 where the flames had h-cked his blood. Think- ing to put an end to this, practice, the reigning dukS erected a statue of Neptune where the martyr's stake had stood; but the beautiful fountain which played around it did but the more indelibly fix the spot and its tragedy in the world's memory, and the visitor in every coming age will be able to turn to the spot and say, ' There was planted the stake which gave deathless life and endless fame to Savonarola.'" These three were the pioneers, so to speak, of the martyrdom of the Reformation period on the continent of Europe— the precursors of vast multitudes who were to suffer for the same cause, as we shall presently see. In the mean time the fires of persecution were being kindled elsewhere. IN SCOTLAND. Patrick Hamilton, the proto-martyr, as he has been called, of the Scottish Reformation, was burned at the stake in St. Andrews. Feb- ruary 24. 1528. in the twenty.fourth year of his age. His last words were, " How long, O Lord ? How long Shalt thou suffer this tyranny of man ? Lord Jesus, receive my spirit !" It is added that 30 Ubc "Woble Brm^ of /IDartisjrs. " the ri'vJ^ [i. e. the smoke) of Patrick Hamilton infected all on whom it did blow." I i [ I m I i! ii I George Wishart was burned at the stake in the same place on the ist of March, 1546. The crimes for which he was condemned were such as these: for despising "Holy Mother Church;" for preaching against the seven sacraments ; for denying the doctrine of transubstantiation ; for denouncing the confessional and disavowing be- lief in purgatory. " He was in character and deportment one of the most amiable and inter- esting of those who had received the new doc- trines, excelling all his countrymen of that period in learning. His piety, zeal, and courage in the cause of truth were tempered with un- common meekness, prudence, and charity." He had preached the doctrines of the Reformation with great ability and acceptance. He was led to the stake with his hands bound behind his back, a rope around his neck, a bag of gun- powder attached to his person, and an iron chain about his waist. After having commend- ed his soul to God, he addressed the people, exhortinsr them not to be offended with the word of God, notwithstanding the torments Ubc noble arms ot /iDart^rs. 31 which they saw prepared for him. He ex- pressed forgiveness of his enemies and perse- cutors; then, kissing the cheek of his execu- tioner, he said to him, " Lo, here is a token that I forgive thee : my heart, do thine office." The executioner pulled the rope with great violence, so that the martyr was soon strangled, and in a short time his body was totally consumed by the fire. Walter Mill, convicted of like heretical opinions with Hamilton and Wishart, expired in the flames at St. Andrews, April 28, 1558, being eighty-two years of age. When led to the stake, his gray hairs and tottering steps excited universal sympathy. "As for myself," said the patriarchal martyr, " I am four-score and two years old. and cannot live long by the course of nature; but a hundred better shall arise out of the ashes of my bones, and I trust in God that I am the last that shall suffer death in Scotland for this cause." His prayer was heard. He was the last in the long conflict between Popery and Protestantism in Scotland.* •The names of twenty individuals are given by Fox and other writers as having forfeited their liv.s in Scotland at this !i 1 l\ Ubc "Moble Brm^ of /IDart^rs. THE ENGLISH REFORMERS. Thomas Bilney, a native of Norfolk, was the first martyr of the Reformation in England, After preaching for some time with great suc- cess, he was arrested in November, 1527, but was persuaded to recant. He soon repented the recantation, however, and resumed preaching ; but he was immediately rearrested, and, as he absolutely refused to recant a second time, he was condemned for heresy and burned at Nor- wich, August 19, 1531- :;! .1' ■y.\: 1,1 r'l 'il i ^rM iiitii- WiLLiAM TvNDALE, descended from an ancient Northumberland family, was an active promoter of the Reformation in England. His great life- work was the translation of the Scriptures from the original languages into English, and Imving them printed for the first time for general circu- lation. Owing to the opposition of the adver- saries of true religion, he was obliged to retire to Antwerp, where he carried on his work for some time without molestation. The first edi- tion of his New Testament translation had to be time on account of their religious tenets. Many others, how- ever, suffered by imprisonment, banishment, or confiscation of goods. iill TLbc iRoble arm\? of /iDart^rs. smuggled into Kngland.and was publicly burned by order of Tunstal, the bishop of London, in St. Paul's churchyard. Five subsequent edi- tions shared a similar fate. At the instigation of Henry VIII. or the English ecclesiastics, or both, Tyndale was arrested, in -isoned in the castle of Vilvorden (near Antwerp), tried for heresy, and convicted. He was first strangled in the castle yard, and then burnt, October 6, 1 5 36. His last fervent prayer was, " Lord, open the king of England's eyes." He had said, at the commencement of his enterprise, " If God spare my life, ere many years I will cause a boy that driveth the plough to know more than the priest or pope." And, sure enough, the circula- tion of the Scriptures in England, which he brought about, was the means of opening many eyes which before had been shut up in spiritual darkness. How many perished by martyrdom, for con- science' sake, during the brief reign of " Bloody Mary"~i553-58_will never be known. The number is variously estimated at from two hundred and ninety-six to neariy four hundred. The number of "burnings " is given in detail in 3 I ■ i:; '' I 34 Ubc l^oblc armi? of /Dart^ra. Aubrey's History of England, ii. p. 6io. The black priority belon<:j.s to Smitlifickl, where forty-three persons yielded up their lives; Canterbury follows with only two less ; Col- chester, twenty-three; Stratford-at-Bow and Lewes, each seventeen ; Chichester diocese had nineteen; Bury, eleven ; Rochester, five; Maid- stone, seven ; Oxford, Gloucester, Newbury, Litchfield, Northampton, Salisbury, eacii three ; and Norwich, eight. Among the sufferers there were one archbishop, four bishops, twenty-one clergymen, twenty widows, twenty- six wives, and nine maidens. The longer these severities continued, the more merciless they became. But the patient endurance, the noble heroism with which the terrible ordeal of martyrdom was "undergone, and the undisguised sympathy of spectators in the end aroused the public con- science and showed the futility of thus "fighting against God." It is unnecessary to multiply instances, for, with the record of a single case of the martyrdoms of the period before us, it may almost be said, " ex uno discc omncs." .!!;> Dr. Rowland Taylor, rector of Hadley, was burned at the stake on Aldham Common, Feb- ! liii! ' [iii:: n XTbc Woble Brm^ ot /IDartprs. 35 ruary 5, 1555. Such were his distinf^uished ability and learning, his personal piety and pas- toral faithfulness, his inflexible adherence to the doctrines of the Reformation, and his sublime heroism in his last moments, tiiat, thou^jh he was but a " country parson," his name and his memory are invested with imperishable renown. " If Rowland could have foreseen the illustrious grandson whom Providence was preparing for him in Jeremy Taylor, he might have humbly imagined that God had approved his martyrdom by raising from his ashes a spirit worthy of his name." In passing through his parish to the place of execution, he said to the weeping friends who came out to have a last look at their beloved minister, " Good people, I have taught you nothing but God's holy word, and I have come hither this day to seal these lessons with my blood." He was placed in a barrel partly filled with pitch, which being set fire to, the good man continued praying till one of the officers, more humane than the rest, put an end to his misery with a stroke of his halbert. Bishop Farrar of St. David's, Wales, for re- fusing to return to the " Holy Catholic Church," 36 Zhc "Woble Brm^ of /IDart^rs. was by the bishop of Carmarthen condemned, degraded from his sacred office, delivered up to the secular power (mockery of justice !), and, on the eve of March 30, 1555, was burned at the stak'3 in the market-place of Carmarthen. " Hav- ing given signal instances of his unshaken zeal for the horor of Christ during life, he suffered for him at the stake with a degree of heroism equal to that of any of the noble army of mar- tyrs." .,1! ■' :! i:! \' Rev. George Marsh, some time a country curate in the county of Lanca3ter, a sincere and earnest Christian, unassuming, yet having the courage of his convictions, was burnt at the stake near Chester, April 4, 1555. On reaching the place where he was to die, turning to the spectators, he told them the cause of the cruel death that awaited him — for propagating doctrines contrary to the so-called " infallible Church." He exhorted them to remain steadfast in the faith of Christ ; v;hich done, he prayed to God for strength equal to the hery trial, and was chained to the stake, having a number of fagots under him and a cask full of pitch and tar hanging over his head. He suffered for a considerable time [III' '' Mil ^^^ "^oble arm» of /iDartyrs. 37 exquisite torture; then, spreading forth his hands, he said in a loud voice, " Father of heav- en, have mercy upon me!" and so his spirit went to God who gave it. Margaret Polley, the first female martyr of the Reformation in England, was burned at the stake at Tunbridge, in July, 1555, on the charge of heresy. She was a woman in the prime of life, pious, charitable, humane, and learned in the Scriptures. Though repeatedly offered her life if she would recant, she resolutely refused to do so, and suffered accordingly— sealing the truth of what she had testified with her bLod. Hugh Latimer, bishop of Worcester, one of the foremost of the leaders of the Reformation in England, was burned at Oxford, October 16, 1555. On the same day and at the same place —for they were chained together to the same stake— Nicolas Ridley, bishop of London, re- ceived the crown of martyrdom. On their way to the stake Latimer cheered his companion by saying, "Be of good comfort, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by Gods' grace, in England as, I trust, shall never be put 'IT™ ~ ^•n^HTmrfyirf W.HI,*"^ l^l ■■ yfl- ^Tl '■^ 38 ^be H^oble Hrm^ of /iDartgrs. ! :i I ^-i! 1 !i"''ill Pl-U out." Ridley spurned the offers of life and lib- erty coupled with a recantation. " I will never deny my Lord Christ," he said, " and his known truth ; I commit our cause to Almighty God, who will indifferently judge all." So these two servants of the Lord went to the stake, set over against Balliol College. They mounted a pile of fagots. The smith passed a chain around their middles; a bag of gunpowder was attached to the neck of each ; the fire was kindled, which did its work too slowly, for the fagots were green. Latimer, who was eighty years of age, died first ; Ridley lingered long in dreadful agony, exclaiming, " Into thy hands I commit my spirit; Lord, receive my spirit!" This barbarous transaction was the climax of the tragedy then enacting, and marks the beginning of the end of that reign of terror. ^ 1 Among the Parker MSS. preserved in Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge, is a curious document headed " Costs and charges of the maintenance of Bishop Latimer, as by the bailiff's account to Arciibishop Parker, from the 7th October, 1555, to the day of his martyrdom." The cost of each article purchased is given separately, such as eggs, "boyled meate," " rosted befe," " a woodcocke," " wyne," ale, and cheese, etc. It appears that on each day only two meals were served, viz. dinner and supper. The menu continues to be specified with scrupulous exactness Ubc Boble arms of /IDart^r.^. 39 John Philpot, archdeacon of Winchester, was burned at the stake at Smithfield, December i8, 1555. His offence was that of all the others who suffered at that time— claiming the liberty until we reach tlie ilinner furnished on October i6— the last of whicli the martyr partook, for immediately following are these entries : Item, layde out for thry lode of wod fagotts to burne Rydlaye and Latimer xij'=i2s. od. Item, one lode of furre fagottes iij>iij'3= 3 << 4" Item, for the carige of these foure lodes . . ij' = 2 " o " Item, a poste xvjd= i << 3 .< Item, two chaynes iij»iiiji= 3" 4.. Item, two staples yjd_ g., Item, foure laborers jjs yjjjd = 2 " 8 " Item, spente in suite to your honorable lord- ''"P xl» = 4o" o" It is said that Cranmer, from the window of the place where he was imprisoned, witnessed the painful sufferings of his col- leagues; and in the Cambridge MSS. there exists a gruesome document detailing the costs and charges incurred through the incarceration and burning of « Doctor Cranmer." The items are much more numerous, of course, than those given above, for they cover a much longer period, but they close with a similar ghastly record of wood and chains and staples. In the Ashmo- lean Museum, Oxford, may be seen at any time the identical steel band which encircled the archbishop's waist, bindnig him to the stake beside which he perished for his faith.— Cw/. ij> Eev. L. H. Jordan, B. D., Oxford. i 11: 40 Ube "Woble Brm^ ot .IDart^rs. <^:.l 11,:;; I N '■: = of conscience in matters pertaining to religious belief. From all accounts, he was an admirable man, learned and pious. He finished his course, giving hearty thanks to God that he had made him • orthy to suffer for his truth. "Shall I disdain to suffer at this stake," said he, " seeing my Redeemer did not refuse to suffer the most vile death upon the cross for me?" Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, was burned at the stake in O.xford, March 21, 1550. His great learning, high rank, and v,he important part which he took in the Reforma- tion combined to make him one of the most conspicuous martyrs of the period. Cranmer was born in 1489. He became a professor of theology in Oxford, where he strongly incul- cated the study of the Holy Scriptures, then much neglected. He was appointed chaplain to Henry VIH., by whom he was sent on an em- bassage to Rome to interview the pope in regard to Henry's unlawful marriage with Catherine of Arragon. For his services on that occasion he was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. On the death of Edward VI., Cranmer, against his own private judgment, had been prevailed Ube "Woble Hrm^ of /iDart^rs. 41 upon to give his official countenance to the claims of Lady Jane Grey to the succession. That sealed his doom. Queen Mary hated him. He was arrested and tried for both treason and heresy. He was degraded from his sacred office, imprisoned for three years, and subjected to ceaseless persecution. In another weak moment the aged prelate was induced to sign a renuncia- tion of the faith he had long preached ; but when, for the last time, he faced his accusers, beinj? permitted to speak for himself, he said, " For- asmuch as my hand offended in writing contrary to my heart, my hand therefore shall be first punished ; for if I may come to the fire, it shall be the first burnt." And so it was ; for when the supreme moment came he thrust liis right hand into the flames, and kept it there till it was burned to a coal, while he solemnly disavowed the recantation that had been extorted from 11m. ' Cranmer. was associated with Coverdale and others in publishing the edition of the Bible in 1539 known as the " Great Bible "—frequently called Cranmer' s Bible, because he wrote an elaborate preface for it. It was the authorized version for twenty-eight years, and indeed the only " authorized " ver- sion ever published, for neither the Bishops' nor King James' ever had the formal sanction of royal authority. ! ili^^ :\$'\ .'it ■■ ■' 'iM'iii 42 TTbe IRoble Hrm^ ot /IDart^rs. Sad it is to say that the killing-time in Eng- land did not cease with the death of Queen Mary. The latter part of the reign of Elizabeth, " that bright occidental star of most happy memory," was stained by acts of intolerance which cannot be read without shame and indig- nation. Systematic efforts were made during a number of years to suppress the Puritans by im- posing upon them rigid conformity to the form of religion established by law, which they could not conscientiously observe. Hundreds suffered death, imprisonment, and persecution in conse- quence of these arbitrary enactments. They told with special severity on a certain class of " Separatists " known as the " Brownists," who In front of Balliol College, Oxford, there is a beautiful Gothic monument to the memory of the Oxford martyrs, designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and which has the following inscription: " To the glory of God, and in grateful commemoration of his servants, Thomas Cranmer, Nicolas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, prelates of the Church of England, who, near this spot, yielded their bodies to be burned, l)earing witness to the sacred truths which they had affirmed and maintained against the errors of the Church of Rome, and rejoicing 'hat to them it was given not only to believe in Christ, but also to suffer for his sake. This monument was erected by public subscription in the year of our Lord God MDCCCXLL" (See Froiitis/>ic'ce.) ^be IWoble Hrm^ of /IDart^rs. 43 took their name from Robert Browne, a clergy- man who had separated himself from the Es- tablished Church and had gained for himself a considerable following. " It is difficult, if not impossible, to present an accurate list of the Elizabethan martyrs, but, in addition to the two Dutch Anabaptists burned in 1575, and to liar- rowe, Greenwood, and Penry, who were hanged in 1592 and 1593, the names of those who were executed, during this reign, for religion were : Matthew Hament or Hammond, burned at Nor- wich in 1579 ; John Copping and Elias Thacker, two Brownists, hung at Bury in 1583; William Dennis, at Thetford ; and John Lewis and Fran- cis Kett, burned at Norwich in 1584 and 1588. The names of sixteen who died in prison are also recorded. . . . Uniformity, so far from be- ing secured by these rigorous measures,^ was ren- dered yet more impracticable." MANIFOLD PERSECUTIONS. Hitherto, attention has been directed chiefly to individual cases of martyrdom. But it must not be forgotten that, as the outcome of the Refor- mation, a wave of persecution— or, perhaps, it 1 Aubrey : ii. p. 722. 44 XEbc •WoDle armp of /lDart\>r5. were better to say waves of persecution — swept over the whole of Europe. In most countries Protestantism came to be regarded as synon- ymous with revolution and rebellion, and was dealt with accordingly. The following histor- ical references will suffice by way of illustration : .;ti, . ;.>!i ■ i^-'i!i nir'vl IRELAND. If Ireland escaped the persecution that swept over England during Queen Mary's reign, it was only because the Protestant Church was as yet too small numerically to attract the atten- tion of the party in power. But a hundred years later, when Presbyterianism had made itself felt in Ulster, and wide-spreading revivals of religion began to stir the hearts of the people, the same means were taken to suppress the Irish " Non-conformists " as had been adopted in England and Scotland— and with similar re- sults. All the powers of the Established Church were employed for their extinction. The Presbyterian ministers were ejected from their parishes and driven into exile. But a worse calamity was impending, when Jesuitical intrigue planned the utter extirpation of the en- tire Protestant religion. "The long-projected xrbe IRoble Brm^ of /IDart^rs. 45 insurrection broke out in 164 1, resulting in a massacre of the Protestants of Ulster for which the history of Protestantism, happily, presents no parallel. According to the most reliable com- putation, 40,000 perished by violence within the first year of the rebellion. The Presbyterian Church during this troublous period presented the melancholy spectacle of a temple in ruins. The outbreak was no less disastrous to the Episcopal Church. It was almost entirely swept out of existence. Many of her clergy were brutally murdered, her public services ceased, and in all those parts of the kingdom where the Irish displaced the English power the prelates of the Establishment were ejected from their sees and their splendid palaces and lordly revenues appropriated by Romish bishops."— Cleland: The Presbyterian Church in Ireland, pp. 109-12 1. FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS. The persecutions to which the Protestants in France and the Netherlands were subjected were still more severe and protracted than those which accompanied and followed the Reforma- tion in Britain. The story of Philip II. of Spain I 46 Xtbe IWoble Brm? ot /IDart^rs. Ilii^li' warring against his newly-acquired subjects in the Low Countries is a tale of unrelieved hor- rors. "The Duke of Alva carried on this fright- ful war of extermination and persecution for six years (i 560-1566), during which he boasted that he had sent 18,000 persons to the scaffold, besides the immense numbers destroyed in battles and sieges and in the unrecorded acts of cruelty perpetrated on the peasantry by the Spanish soldiery. Hundreds of thousands were at this time driven into exile."* In France, the massacre of Vassy, enacted in 1563, was the match applied to the charge which was now ready to explode. On March I some 1200 Huguenots met in a barn for wor- ship : 6o of them were hacked to pieces on the spot, and more than 200 severely wounded. The culminating atrocity of the time was the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, begun in Paris on August 24, 1572, and followed by similar tragedies in Lyons, Dieppe, Rouen, Havre, and many other cities and towns. The number of persons killed for professing adher- ence to the Reformed doctrines at that time is variously estimated at from 70,000 to 100,000, 1 Smiles : 27ie Huguenots, New York, 1867, pp. 63, 67. mr" jlljii XTbc IWoble arms of /iDart^irs. 47 and the number who fled the country to other continental states (chiefly Holland and Prussia), to Britain, and to the American colonies could not have been less than half a million. GERMANY. The land of Luther, the cradle and home of the sixteenth century R-formation, must needs suffer persecution. Martin Luther had dealt the papal system in Germany a mortal blow, and decrees went forth from the Vatican that Protestantism should be rooted out of the land. A great army was raised. A desperate battle was fought. The Protestants were defeated. The reign of persecution began. Ministers of the Reformed Church were burned at the stake, hanged, or thrown into the rivers and drowned ; their adherents were subjected to the most mon- .strous outrages. The worst came, however, in 1631, when the Protestant city of Mad^eburtr was taken by storm, and 20,000 persons, with- out distinction of rank, sex, or age, were slain. Six thousand were drowned in attempting to escape across the Elbe, after which the remain- ing inhabitants were treated with unspeakable cruelty and turned adrift. II r; 48 Ube IRoble Brmy ot /IDartgrs. BOHEMIA. The martyrdom of Huss moved the hearts of his countrymen as nothing else could have done. Within four years the bulk of his countrymen had embraced the faith for which he died, and then a violent persecution began. A sencence of extermination was pronounced by Papal Rome against Protestant Bohemia. The pef)ple were roused into action, and stoutly resisted inter- ference with their rights of conscience. The Hussite wars began, and raged for eighteen years, during which rivers of blood were shed. In 1526 the flames of persecution burst out anew: a fresh series of martyrdoms followed, be- ginning with the burning of Nicolas Wizetenarz and his hostess, Clara. Very soon Bohemia had an army of martyrs all her own. Protestantism was crushed out of existence. Again, in 1627, an edict was issued by Ferdinand II. to the effect that, " having a fatherly care for the salvation of his kingdom," he would permit none but Catholics to live in it. All who refused to join the Church of Rome were commanded to leave the country. Many of the nobles sold their an- cestral domains and wen*- to other countries. Hundreds of aristocratic families followed them. Xlbc "Hoblc Hrmp ot /Dartgra. 49 Tens of thousands of the common people left their native land, never to return to it. Still, a remnant of the Reformed Church remained, which became the nucleus of the little Moravian Church, distinguished fcr its piety and its mis- sionary zeal. ITALY. The massacre of the Waldenses in the valleys of Piedmont is pathetically recited in Milton's well-known sonnet: " Avenjje, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, wliose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold. Ev'n them who kept thy trutli r,o pure of old, \VIien all our fathers worshiped stocks and stones. Forget not : in thy book record their groans Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold Slain by the bloody Piedmontese that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks. Their moans The vales redoubled to the hills, and they To heaven. Their martyr'd blood and ashes sow OeV all th' Italian fields where still doth sway The triple tyrant ; that from these may grow A hundredfold, who, having learnt thy way, Early may flee the Babylonian woe." As early as the seventh century the Wal- denses occupying the valleys of Piedmont in the extreme north-western part of Italy were known 4 50 Ubc floblc arms of /Darters. as an Apostolic Church, distinct and separate from the Church of Rome. Holding fast to the doctrines of the New Testament, they stead- fastly resisted the encroachments of popery, and in so doing were subjected for centuries to the direst persecution. At the time of the Reforma- tion their miseries reached the climax. In 1545 twenty-two of their villages were burnt down, four thousand persons were massacred, and the congregations were all but destroyed. At fre- quent intervals the fires of persecution broke out anew. Multitudes were burned. The mouths of some were filled with gunpowder and their heads blown to atoms ; some were buried alive ; some were cast into fiery ovens ; while others were thrown down from lofty crags, to be dashed in pieces upon the rocks beneath. The result of long-continued oppression and hopeless resistance was that the people emigrated en masse to other countries, carrying with them the gospel of truth, which they proclaimed to others wherever they went. Again, headed by their gallant pastor Arnaud, they forced their way back to their native valleys under enormous sufferings and dangers, to encounter renewed persecutions for a hundred and fifty years Ube noble Um^ of /Darters. 51 longer. But at length "the revolution of 1848 came as the cry at midnight. At the hear- ing of that voice the Waldensian Church arose and trimmed her lamp. The political tem- pest which overturned the '^hrones of her op- pressors rent her fetters, and freed her in a single day from all her disabilities."— Wylie : Azvalrnm^ of Italy and Crisis of Rome, p. 229. m i; III. THE SCOTTISH COVENANTERS. Various estimates have been and will be made as to the true character of the Scot- tish " Covenanters." By some they are laud- ed as heroes and martyrs— the saviours of their country ; by others they have been de- nounced as traitors, rebels, and fanatics. There is a measure of truth in each estimate. The crime for which they suffered was certainly that of resisting the ordinances of the realm, which demanded of the Presbyterians of Scot- land conformity to a prelatic form of church order and government, and a renunciation of that form of worship which had been established by law in Scotland at the time of the Reforma- tion. On the other hand, it was replied that Charles II., on ascending the throne, had sworn to maintain and defend the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and that, immediately after his coro- nation at Scone, he perjured himself by endeav- oring to exterminate the Presbyterian Church 52 ''' ■ ■ V' Ube iRoble arm? of /iDart^rs. 53 and to establish Episcopacy in its stead. Law- makers, they said, should not be lawbreakers. The king had broken the law of the land— why might not the people?' With respect to the political controversy we have nothing whatever to do, but we are greatly concerned in the his- torical fact that a vast number of people endured persecution, and that many were put to death in the struggle which ensued in that country for freedom of conscience. A fitting introduction to this branch of our » Macaulay, in his History of England, has tliis reference to the Covenanters: "The attempt to set upaprelatic church in Scotland was disapproved by every Scotchman whose judgment was entitled to respect. . . . Although the Episcopacy es- tablished by law was detested, there was no general insurrec- tion ; but in the western lowlands many fierce and resolute men held that the obligation to observe the national covenant was paramount to the obligation to obey the magistrate. In defiance of the law, these people persisted in meeting to worship God after their own fashion. Attacked by the civil power, they re- pelled force by force. At every conventicle they assembled in arms. Hunted down like wild beasts, tortured till their bones were beaten flat, imprisoned by hundreds, hanged by scores, exposed at one time to the license of English soldiers, aban- doned at another time to the mercy of marauders from the highlands, they stood at bay in a mood so savage that the bold- est and mightiest oppressor could not but dread the audacity of their despair."— Vol. i. pp. 185, 188. li 54 Ube Woblc arms of nDartprs. subject is the inscription to be found on the " martyr's monument" in Greyfriars churchyard, Edinburgh. This is perhaps the most remark- able of a great many such monuments scattered over the whole of the South of Scotland. They are not confined to churchyards : they are to be met with on solitary moors, in secluded glens, on bleak hillsides, as well as in places of public resort. The inscriptions on all of them partake •of the rugged simplicity and determination of •character which marked the Presbyterians of that time. The Edinburgh one reads as fol- ilows : ** Halt, passenger ; take heed what you do see— This tomb doth shew for what some men did die : Here lies interred the dust of those who stood 'Gainst perjury, resisting unto blood; Adhering to the covenants and laws ; Establishing the same : which was the cause Their lives were sacrific'd unto the lust Of Prelalists abjured : though here their dust Lies mixt with murderers and other crew, Whom justice justly did to death pursue. But as for them, no cause was to be found Worthy of death : but only they were found Constant and steadfast, zealous, witnessing For the prerogatives of Christ their King ; Which tniths were seal'd by famous Guthrie's head. xrbc noble Uvm^ ot /Darters. 55 And all along to Mr. Renwick's blood : They did endure the wrath of enemies : Reproaches, torments, deaths, and injuries. But yet they're those who from such troubles came, And now triumph in glory with the Lamb. " From May 27, 1661, that the most noble Marquis of Argyle was beheaded, to the 17th February, 1688, that Mr. James Ren- wick suffered, were one way or other murdered and destroyed for the same cause about eighteen thousand, of whom were ex- ecuted at Edinburgh about an hundred of noblemen, gentlemen, ministers, and others, noble martyrs for Jesus Christ. The mosi of them lie here." In another part of the same churchyard may- be seen the flat gravestone on which the parch- ment containing the "National Covenant" was spread out for signature in 1638, when such a demonstration ensued as had not been witnessed, perhaps, since the assembhng of the tribes of Israel at Shechem. The document was signed then and there by thousands — many weeping aloud, some shouting for joy, some adding to their names " ti// dcat/t," others opening a vein and signing the solemn document with their blood. 1 » This was no new thing in Scotland. As early as 1557, a document of the kind, technically called ^he First Covenant," had been drawn up, on the advice of Knox, and subscribed by '■i\ i 56 Ube "Roblc arms ot ^art)?rs. Long before this, the people of Scotland had shown a determination to resist encroachments on their civil and religious rights. Had not Andrew Melville at one time seized King James VI. by his coat-sleeve, and, calling him " God's sillie vassal," told him plainly that there were two kings and two kingdoms in Scotland? " There is Christ Jesus, the King, and his king- dom, the kirk, whose subject King James is, and of whose kingdom he is not a king, nor a lord, nor a head, but a member," Later, it is told how John Welsh, the son-in- law of Knox, suffered banishment for fourteen years for the stand he had taken in the matter the nobility, binding themselves to maintain the Reformed relig- ion in opposition to the machinations of Romanism. This one, in 1638, was a renewal of "The National Covenant" drawn up in 1580, which, after inculcating loyalty to the sovereign, contained a distinct disavowal of prelacy ^ and bound the subscribers " to adhere to and deftnd the true religion, forbearing the practice of all innovations already introduced into the worship of God, and to labour by all means lawful to recover the purity and liberty of the gospel as it was professed and established before the said novations, which sensibly tend to the re-establishing of the pop- ish religion and tyranny, and to the subversion and ruin of the Reformed religion and of our liberties, laws, and estates." (The full text of the covenants is usually appended to the Confession of Faith.) TLbc tioblc arms of /Darters. 57 of religious toleration ; how he fell into ill-health, so that a return to his native country was recom- mended as the only means of saving his life ; and how his wife, having obtained an interview with the king, pleaded for her husband's restoration. " Let him sign submission to the bishops, and he shall be free to return," said the monarch. " Please your majesty," replied the noble matron, suiting the action to the word by holding out her apron before him, " I would rather kep his heid here." One of the very first to publicly resent the introduction of the liturgical form of worship in Scotland, as has been often told, was Janet Geddes, an old woman who kept a stall in the High street adjoining St. Giles' Cathedral. The officiating dean had no sooner commenced the service in St. Giles' in prelatic fashion, than, in a fit of virtuous indignation, she rose up and hurled her cutty-stool at the pulpit, exclaiming, " Dost thou say mass at my lug?" The rude attempt to vindicate the rights of conscience by even such a crank as this was the signal for a tumult during which the dean was glad to make his escape; it also served, says Cunningham, " to stir the sentiment of the entire community W'f' 58 Ubc "Koble arms of /Dartijrs. into a white heat of resistance." Nothing short of what did happen could be expected of a high- strung community in which the women showed such mettle. The scene of the woeful tale of the Covenant- ers lies chiefly in the districts of Nithsdale, Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, and Galloway. There the fires of persecution raged most fiercely for the "^acG of nearly twenty-eight years — 1660- 1688. If it be asked what authority there is for the seemingly incredible statement that " about eighteen thousand were murdered and destroy- ed," it is proper to state that the actual number who forfeited their lives at that time was prob- ably not more than five hundred; the term " destroyed " must be understood as referring to those who were banished the country or driven into exile, as well as those who were fined, im- prisoned, and tortured. A sufficient answer to the question, thus modified, is that these things are matters of common history, which nobody attempts to deny. They are vouched for by Macaulay and Aubrey and other historians, and by ecclesiastical writers like Calderwood, Bishop Burnet, Cunningham, Wylie, and Hetherington. xrbc Woblc arms of flDart^rs. 59 But by far the most complete account of these persecuting times is to be found in The History and Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution, 4 vols., Glas- gow, 1829, by Rev. Robert Wodrow, minister of Eastwood, whose veracity is above suspicion, and who, from his having been for four j'ears librarian of the University of Glasgow, had ready access to official documents from which copious extracts are made. This ensures the accuracy of his narrative. Moreover, these things happened in his own life-time. The Marquis of Argyle, the eighth earl of that ilk, was the first and noblest victim of this period. For his adherence to the Covenant he was tried and condemned at Edinburgh " to be execute to death as a traitor; his head to be severed from his body at the cross, and affixed to the same place where the Marquis of Mont- rose's head was formerly." On receiving his death-sentence, Argyle said with composure, " I had the honor to set the crown upon the king's head, and now he hastens me to a better crown than his own. I coul die like a Roman, but choose to die rather like a Christian." So W :i 60 tlbe "Woblc Hrin^ of /Darters. saying, he quietly mounted the scaffold, knelt in prayer, and had his head struck off with " the maiden," The Rev. James Guthrie, minister of Stirling, v/as put to death a few days after the execution of Argyle. He had publicly declined to recog- nize the jurisdiction of the king in regard to his religious utterances in the pulpit; he had ex- communicated the royal commissioner, the Earl of Middleton, for his alleged drunken orgies; and a still stronger reason was that he unspar- ingly and openly denounced prelacy. He was accordingly beheaded at the market cross, and his head was fixed on the Nether Bow Port, where, it is said, it remained for twenty-eight years, and was then taken down by a young student named Alexander Hamilton, who after- ward became minister of the church in Stirling where Guthrie had preached. Guthrie, whatever were his faults and failings, met his fate with great composure. When on the scafi'bld he exhorted all people to uphold the covenants, which he hig '/ magnified, his last words being, "The covenants, the covenants, shall yet be Scotland's reviving!" lip I xrbc "Woble arms of /iDartijrs. 6r Shortly after these transactions there began a succession of indescribable horrors. Men were hanged in batches of five to ten, their heads being cut off and exposed to public gaze over the city gates or elsewhere. Some were sub- jected to the torture of the thumb-screw and the "boot," after the manner of the papal inquisi- tion. Others were marked for life by having their ears cropped, and were transported to the colonies. Women were whipped and branded as traitors. One instance in particular excited a large amount of sympathy — that of Hugh McKail, a young preacher, learned, eloquent, and pious, who was charged with complicity in the designs of the oppressed party, some of whom, driven to desperation, had taken recourse to armed resistance. McKail solemnly declared himself utterly unacquainted with their move- ments. Yet, in spite of this avowal, he was brought before .le Council and ordered to confess on the pain of immediate torture. Upon stating again that he had nothing to confess, he was subjected to the torture of the "boot." He was carried back to prison, and, with four others, was hanged and beheaded in Edinburgh, December 26, 1666. 62 XTbc "Woble Hrmi? of /Darters. Donald Cargill, ex-minister of the Barony parish, Glasgow, and four others with him, were hanged and beheaded July 27, 1681, their heads being fixed on spikes over the gates of Edin- burgh. For twenty years Cargill had withstood the fiercest persecution. His powers as a preach- er were wonderful. He finished his course as became a hero and a martyr. On the scaffold he expressed unwavering trust in God and assur- ance of heaven. "The Lord knows," he said, " I g"o up this ladder with less fear than ever I entered the pulpit to preach. Now I am near the getting of the crown, for which I bless the Lord. I forgive all men tlve wrongs they have done me. Welcome ! Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, into thy hands I commit my spirit." In the early summer of 1685 a melancholy tragedy was enacted on the sands of Wigton Bay, in the Solway Firth. Two girls named Margaret and Agnes Wilson, eighteen and thir- teen years of age respectively, had been sentenced to be drowned for attending the " conventicles " and refusing to take the abjuration oath. The life of the younger was spared through the en- treaties of her father and the payment by him Ubc noble arms of nDart^rs. 63 of a hundred pounds. The elder girl, and also an aged and pious widow named Margaret McLauchlan, in whose house at Wigton the hap- less sisters liad taken refuge, were tied to stakes within tide-mark in the water of Blednock, which empties into Wigton Bay. The girl saw her aged companion in tribulation perish, as she had been placed farthest out. Still her faith failed not. Though importuned by her friends to save her life by praying for the king and tak- ing the oath, she steadfastly refused. "That her last breath might be expended in the wor- ship of God, she sang the twenty-fifth Psalm, repeated the closing verses of the eighth chap- ter of Romans, and prayed till her voice was lost amid the rising waves." The story is pa- thetically told in the following lines : The Maiden Martyr. A troop of soldiers waited at the door, A crowd of people gathered in the street, Aloof a little from the sabres bared And flashed into their faces. Then the door Was opened, and two women meekly step Into the sunsliine of the sweet May noon. Out of the prison. One was weak and old— A woman full of years and full of woes ; 64 XTbe laoble Hrmi? of ADart^jrs. li The other was a maiden in her morn, And they were one in name and one in faith, Mother and daughter in the bonds of Christ, That bound them closer than the ties of blood. The troop moved on, and down the sunny street The people followed, ever falling back As in their faces flashed the naked blades ; But in the midst the women simply went As if they two were walking, side by side. Up to God's house on some still Sabbath morn ; Only they were not clad for Sabbath day. But as they went about their daily tasks. They went to prison, and they went to death Upon their Master's service. On the shore The troopers halted ; all the shining sands Lay bare and glistening, for the tide had drawn Back to its farthest margin's weedy mark. And each succeeding wave, with flash and curve. That seemed to mock the sabres on the shore. Drew nearer by a hand-breadth. " It will be A long day's work," murmured those murderous men As they slacked rein— the leaders of the troop Dismounting, and the people pressing near To hear the pardon profl"ered, with the oath Renouncing and abjuring part with all The persecuted, covenanted folk. And both refused the oath ; « Because," they said, " Unless with Christ's dear servants we have part, We have no part with him." xrbe IRoble Brniy of /IDart^rs. 65 On this they took The elder Margaret, and led her out Over the sliding sands, the weedy sludge. The pebbly shoals, far out, and fastened her Unto the farthest stake, already reached I]y every rising wave, and left her then, As the waves crept alxjut her feet, in prayer That He would firm uphold her in their midst. Who holds them in the hollow of his hand. The tide nowed in ; and up and down the shore There passed the provost, and the Laird of Lag— Grim Grierson— with Windram and with Graham; And tiic rude soldiers jested, with rude oaths. As in the midst the maiden meekly stood. Waiting her doom delayed— said she would turn Before the tide— seek refuge in their arms From the chill waves. And ever to her lips There came the wondrous words of life and peace : " If God be for us, who can be against ?" •'Who shall divide us from the love of Christ?" " Nor height nor depth " A voice cried from the crowd A woman's voice, a very bitter cry— " Oh, Margaret ! my bonnie Margaret ! Gie in, gie in, and dinna break my heart ; Gie in, and tak the oath !" The tide flowed in : And so wore on the sunny afternoon ; And every fire went out upon the hearth, 6 mi 66 Ubc moble arm^ of /IDarti^rs. And not a meal was tasted in the town That day. And still the tide was flowing in : Her mother's voice yet sounding in her ears, They turned young Margaret's face toward the sea, Where something white was floating— something white As the sea-mew that sits upon the wave ; But as she looked it sank, then showed again, Then disappeared ; and round the shoreward stake The tide stood ankle-deep. Then Grierson, With cursing, vowed that he would wait no more, And to the stake the soldiers led her down. And tifc. icr hands ; and round her slender waist Too roughly cast the rope, for Windram came And eased it, while he whispered in her ear, " Come, take the test." And one cried, " Margaret, Say but ' God save the king.' " " God save the king Of his great grace," she answered ; but the oath She would not take. And still the tide flowed in, And drove the people back and silenced them ; The tide flowed in, and, rising to her knee. She sang the psalm, " To thee I lift my soul." The tide flowed in, and, rising to her waist, " To thee, my God, I lift my soul,"she sang. And the tide flowed, and, rising to her throat, She sang no more, but lifted up her face— And there was glory over all the sky, Ube floble Utm^ of /Dart^ra. 67 And there was glory over all the sea— A flood of glory — and the lifted face Swam in it, till it bowed beneath the flood, And Scotland's Maiden Martyr went to God. James Renwick, the last of the Scottish Cove- nanters to suffer death on the scaffold for the Presbyterian cause, was a young minister, only twenty-six years old, but a matured Christian. His accusation was based chiefly on his disown- ing the king, maintaining the right of self-de- fence and liberty of conscience, and his con- tinuing to hold field-preachings. All means were used to induce him to yield submission to the form of church government, or to make such a concession as would have justified the Council in sparing his life. But he preferred to die rather than, by disowning the covenants, to discourage his faithful followers and cast a stumbling-block in the way of God's people. So he was sent to the gallows, February 17, 1688. His last audible words were, "Lord, I die in the faith that thou wilt not leave Scot- land, but that thou wilt make the blood of thy witnesses the seed of thy Church, and return again to be glorious in this land." His prayer was answered. I HI 68 Zbc "Roblc Brms of /iDart^rs. During all these years the Covenanters — or " Conventiclers," as they were sometimes called, because they had no regular places of worship — were hunted like partridges on the moors and hillsides, and were frequently shot down wher- ever they happened to be. Wodrow's History abounds in particulars, minutely detailed, re- specting hundreds of instances like the follow- ing : " John Browning and five others with him were shot on the public highway on their con- fessing that they were going to a ' conventicle ' to hear sermon from a field-preacher." "John Gibson and three others were betrayed in a cave and shot without process." " James and- Robert Dunn, with four others, were surprised by a party of horse in MinigafT while engaged in prayer, and were shot on the spot." " Wil- liam Nivcn of Pollokshields was indicted for not going to hear Mr. Fisher, the Episcopalian in- cumbent"! "John Brown of Priesthill, 'the Christian carrier,' was shot by Claverhouse, cap- tain of dragoons, in front of his own house and in presence of his wife, turning to whom the heartless trooper said, ' What thinkest thou of thy husband now, woman ?' To which she meekly replied, loyal to her principles even in Ube IRoble arms ot /iDartsrs. 69 her grief, ' I ever thocht mickle good of him, and now more than ever.' " So vast was the number of persons who, on one pretext or another, fell under the displeasure of the government, that there were neither pris- ons enough to contain them nor courts of jus- tice enough to try them. The famous Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth, two miles from the main- land, and which rises perpendicularly out of seventeen fathoms of salt water to a sheer height of 480 feet, was purchased by the government and converted into a state prison, and in its dark and damp dungeons many of the Covenanters were confined. The names of at least sixty of them have been preserved, among whom were Alexander Peden, John Blackadder, John Welsh, and Gabriel Sempill, ministers. Two hundred prisoners were marched off on foot, their hands tied behind their backs, to Dunnottar Castle, in the North of Scotland, where they were im- mured in filthy dungeons for months awaiting trial, and in the end were transported to the colonies. About this time also fifteen hundred persons were penned up in Greyfriars church- yard, Edinburgh, and were kept there several 70 Xlbc floblc Uxm^ of Oiarti^rs. months without shelter from the inclemency of the weather. " Long had the night of sorrow reigned." But relief came at last. The landing of William of Orange in England, November 5, 1688, usher- ed in the glorious Revolution. The principles for which the Covenanters fought and died had gained the victory; prelacy was abolished by act of Parliament; James VI. was a fugitive; Scotland was free ; religious persecution ceased at that time, and for all time, throughout the British realm. PART II. INTRODUCTORY. The brief and disconnected paragraphs that follow have nothing in them on which to base a claim for " authorship." They are a bare statement of facts, the sources of information being stated in every instance for the conve- nience of those who wi'^b to inquire further. Nothing more has been aimed at than to present in chronological order a list of the names of our Protestant missionary martyrs, with just enough of the biographic element to identify them with the fields in which they labored and the places where they fell. It is altogether likely that a few names may have escaped notice, owing to the great difficulty of obtaining the requisite data ; for such names have not always been the most prominent in history. The missionary who toils in some remote corner of the earth for twenty, thirty, or forty years has little chance of 71 72 Ubc •Roble Uxm^ of /iDart^rs. becoming a celebrity. Few care to know much about him, save the church or the society in whose service he is engaged. He very rarely blows his own trumpet. The average missionary has no desire to pose as a hero. He has no ex- pectation of earthly revvard or renown. One, and one only, retained the honors of Westmin- ster Abbey, and /lis heart lies buried at Ilala, in the centre of the Dark Continent — where he would have it to be. When the missionary dies, a passing tribute to his worth is engrossed in the minutes of some executive committee, or appears in some local magazine : that is about all. Yet missionaries are content to suffer and die for the cause they espoused, if they may but have this testimony at last — " They pleased God." Eliot, Brainerd, Ziegenbalg, Carey, Morrison, Marshman, Ward, Martyn, Duff, Moffat, Liv- ingstone, Vanderkemp, Schwartz, Burns, Wil- son, Heber, Shaw, Hunt, Ellis, Mullens, Judson, Scudder, Grant, Coan, Calvert, Geddie, Keith- Falconer, Mackay, and many other grand mis- sionariei' have been deservedly the subjects of elaborate biographies. Most of these men died peaceably in their beds, with kindly hands and ■ XLbc "Roble Hrmg of /IDartiijrs. 73 hearts around to smooth their pillows. There was not a " martyr " among them in the sense in which we use the word. But few have even so much as ever heard the names, say, of PtUr Mils, the preacher of righteousness who was slain two hundred years ago in Formosa, or of Christian Erhardt, whose bones were left to bleach on the bleak shores of Labrador, or of those Jive devoted missionaries of the Rhenish Society, " together ivith the tuives of three of them" who were cruelly murdered by the Dyaks of Borneo thirty-three years ago. The roll now submitted, containing the names of one hundred and thirty persons, pur- ports to include the names only of European and American missionaries, their assistants, and their wives. It does not include the names of the native assistants mentioned in foot-notes, nor those of Mrs. Haycock, the missionary's mother, who was killed at Cawnpore, Miss Jennings, sis- ter of the missionary chaplain at Delhi, nor the two adult daughters of Mrs. Thompson, who shared their mother's fate there. Considering the dangers to which all foreign missionaries are exposed, more or less, from the ignorance, superstition, and treachery of the peo- 1 1 74 ^be IRoble Uvnvs of /IDartprs. pie among whom they labor, the number thus shown to have come to a violent death is sur- prisingly small. Of the whole number named, about 30 were lay missionaries ; 1 7 were the wives of missionaries and chaplains; 31 of the 130 fell in India; 18 in South America; 17 in the South Seas; 16 in Africa; 14 in North America; 11 in China; 7 in Borneo; 5 in Labra- dor ; 4 in Turkey ; 2 each in New Zealand and New Guinea; i each in Japan, Corea, and Af- ghanistan. It is due to those who have supplied informa- tion for this Second Part to state that we have not always quoted their ipsissiwa verba; in some instances the substance only of communications has been given. Again, some, interpreting too literally our request for " brief sketches," sent notices far too brief; yet, however imperfectly set forth, amid much that is sorrowful, on the whole these notices will be found to contain some elements of encouragement, of hope, and of inspiration by those who are trying to discern the signs of the times in this, the day par excel- lence of Missionary Opportunity. ^ IV. ROLL OF PROTESTANT MISSIONARY MAR- TYRS, A. D. 1 66 1 TO 1893. 166 1. Anthonius Hamuroek, Arnold Win- sheim, Pctrus Mus, Jacobus Ampzingius, four Dutch missionaries at Sin Kang, on the island of Formosa, China, were slain by order of Kox- inga, a pirate king, along with a number of teachers and other Hollanders — in all about five hundred males. Some were beheaded, others were killed in a more barbarous manner ; their bodies, being stripped naked, were buried fifty and sixty in a hole together. Nor were the women and children spared, many of them like- wise being murdered, " though some of the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest sold to the common soldiers." Such was the tragic end of the first Protestant mission to Formosa,* where in recent years the 'This is the earliest Protestant mission to tlie heatlien of which any authentic account remains. It was instituted by the Church of the " United Provinces of the Low Countries " (Neth- erlands) in A. D. 1624. The first missionary sent to Formosa 76 76 Ube floblc Brmis? of /IDart^rs. Presbyterian Church of England and the Pres- byterian Church in Canada have each planted missions in the southern and northern parts :>{ the island respectively, both of which have was Rev. George Candidius, who arrived out May 4, 1627, and remained four years. In 1629 he was joined by Rev. Robert Junius, born in Rotterdam of Scotch parentage, who remained fourteen years. During that period he admitted into the Cliris- tian Church five thousand nine hundred adults by baptism ("dipt"), and united in marriage more than a thousand cou pies. He induced the people of twenty-three villages to aban- don their idols and accept Christianity ; he translated portions of the Scriptures into the vernacular, established Sunday-schools and Bible-classes, and left the mission in 1643 in a flourishing condition. From first to last, thirty-two ordained ministers were sent from Holland to Formosa. Mr. Junius, on his return to Holland, became the pastor of Delph, but continued to take an active interest in the Formosa mission. Strange, that after a lapse of two hundred years, when every trace of the Dutch mission has been obliterated, the gospel is again being preached there to a people but recently reclaimed from heathendom, whose ancestors were members and office- bearers in the early martyr-church of Formosa. The early date of the Dutch mission will appear the more remarkable when it is remembered that John Eliot, the " apostle to the North Ameri- can Indians," began his great work in 1646 ; that the first Prot- estant missionaries went to India so late as 1705; to Africa in 1737; to China m 1782; to Polynesia in 1796; to Madagascar iu l8l8; to Hawaii in 1820 j and to Japan in 1859. XTbc IRoble Hrms of /Dartijrs. 77 been singularly successful.— Campbell : Mission- aiy Success in Formosa, London, 1889, p. 66. 1752. John Christian Erhardt (Moravian Miss. So.), a pious sailor and member of the Moravian Church, was the first missionary to the Eskimos of Labrador. Accompanied by four pioneers, he sailed from London in 1752; whilst coasting along the shores of Labrador, in the hope of meeting more of the natives, he went ashore with the captain and five of the crew in a boat loaded with articles for barter. Not one of the company ever returned to the ship, hav- ing all been murdered by the natives. — Secre- tary of Moravian Missions, 7 Furnival's Inn, London. 1755. Martin Nitschman, a missionary of the Moravian Missionary Society at Gnaden- huetten, Pa., U. S., was shot in the doorway of his house by a party of French Indians, and with him were killed Susanna his wife. Christian Fa- bricius, Gottlieb Anders with his wife and infant child, Anna Catherine Senseman, Leonard Gat- termeyer, George Shweirrert, Martin Presser, and John Frederick Lesley — eleven in all. ■n 78 xibc •Roblc Hrmi? ot flDart^rs. Fabricius was tomahawked and scalped ; the others were burnt to death in the garret of the house where they had taken refuge. Five of the missionary party escaped. One of these, Senseman, had the pain of seeing his wife perish in this fearful manner. VVhcn surrounded by the flames, she was seen stand- ing with folded hands, and, in the spirit of a martyr, was heard to exclaim, " 'Tis all well, dear Saviour ! " The entire mission premises were destroyed, all the property of the missionaries was cairied off by the savages, and the mission in that place entirely broken up. — Brown : His- tory of Missions, i. p. 274. 1782, Joseph Shebosch (Moravian Miss. So.), a half-blooded Indian missionary assistant, met his death during the second massacre at Gnu- denhuetten, when ninety-six innocent Christian Indians were barbarously put to death. She- bosch was one of the first victims. '^'^ \vas fired at and wounded by hostile Indiana, aad then cut to pieces with their hatchets. — Secre- tary Moravian Missions. 1799. Daniel Bowell, Samuel Harper, WT' Z'jc floble Hrm^ of /Darters. 79 and Samuel Gaulton, all of the London Mis- sionary Society, were murdered by the natives of Tongataboo, South Seas, on the loth of May, about three years after their arrival in the Friendly Islands. — L. M. So. Missionary Regis- ter, pp. 2, 3. 1799. Samuel Clode (L. M. So.) was born in 1761 ; sailed with the above-named Tongataboo missionaries from England, August lo, 1796; arrived at Tahi'J March 6, 1797; removed to Port Jackson in March, 1798, and was there murdered by a soldier, July 2, \ygc,.~L. M. So. Register, p. 2. 1800. Peter Greig (The Scottish Mission- ary So.). This society, instituted in 1796, .sent its first two missionaries to Sierra Leone in Sep- tember, 1797, in company with Peter Ferguson and Robert Graham of the Glasgow M. So., and Alexander Russell and George Cappe of the L. M. S. On ai riving at their destination they separated, intending to form three distinct sta- tions. Within a few months Messrs. Russell and Cappe died of fever ; two were sent home invalided ; Messrs. Brunton and Greig went into ^Hl 80 XTbe IRoble Hrms of /IDart^rs. I' the interior about one hundred miles, and com- menced work among the Susoos on the Rio Ponga. The chief of that tribe, however, would not allow them to settle in his disti-ict, and they removed some twenty miles farther up the river, where Fantimanee, the local chief, re- ceived them kindly and gave them the use of a new house he had built for himself Mr. Greig soon acquired a sufficient knowledge of the lan- guage to be able to address the people, who fathered round him in considerable numbers and showed evident interest in his teachings. Though several times brought to the verge of the grave by fever, the missionary persevered hopefully until his earnest labors were termi- nated, unexpectedly, under very distressing cir- cumstances. Seven men of the Foulah nation who were traveling through the country came to pay Fantimanee a visit, and were by him in- troduced to Mr. Greig, who treated them with the greatest kindness and amused them by showing them a number of European articles which he had in his possession ; he even allow- ed three of them to sleep in his house. To one of them he had given a fine English razor. In the dead of the night, when the missionary .I'as xrbe iwoble Hrm^ of /IDartyrs. Si sound asleep, the ungrateful wretch arose, and. stealthily enterini,^ his chamber, with that razor cut his throat from ear to ear. Rev. Robert Alexander, sent out by the Edinburgh Society to join Mr. Greig, was obliged, soon after his arrival, to leave the fever-infected country, where, indeed, there seemed to be little or no prospect of success in missionary work. The mission to the Susoos, however, was revived by the Church Missionary Society in 1804, but had to be relin- quished at the end of fourteen years, during which time upwards of thirty of its employes fell victims to the climate. The slave-trade, which had long been the chief occupation and main.stay of the Susoos, proved to be another insuperable barrier to mission work. Although the Rio Ponga mission has not since been re- sumed, these early attempts and heroic sacrifices were not altogether in vain. Portions of the Bible have been translated into Susoo, and at Sierra Leone there has grown up a very flour- ishing mission, with upward of 100,000 native Christians.— 77/r Martyr of the Poiigas, London and New York, 1857. 1824. John A. Smith (L. M. So.), "the 6 .11 v» 82 XTbe "Woblc Hrms of /iDart^rs. Demerara martyr," was born at Rothwell, North- amptonshire, June 27, 1790, was ordained in 1 8 16, and arrived at Demerara as a missionary in February, 18 1 7. A revolt having, broken out among the negroes, the opponents to their re- ligious instruction took occasion to attack Mr. Smith, who was arrested, together with his wife, in August, 1823, on the charge of refusing to carry arms against the insurgents at the com- mand of a captain of militia. He was tried by court-martial and sentenced to death. On refer- ence to King George IV. the sentence was re- mitted ; but the reprieve came too late, for the fearless and devoted missionary sank under his miseries in the common jail, where he was treat- ed with merciless rigor. He died February 6, 1824. His personal property was confiscated. His wife was made a partaker of his persecution, and was even denied the melancholy privilege of following her husband's remains to the grave. — L. M. So. Register, p. 49, and Bvoiviis His- tory, ii. p. 269. 1825. William Threlfall (Methodist), "the martyr of Namaqualand," a zealous and devoted young missionary, was sent to Khamiesberg, Ube iRoble Brm^ of /lDart!?ra. S3 South Africa, in 1825, to assist Rev. Barna- bas Shaw, accompanied by Jacob Links and Joannes Jagger, two native converts. Mounted on oxen, they traversed the country three days' journey beyond the Great Orange River, when all three were attacked at midnight as they lay asleep on the ground around their fire, and were murdered by their treacherous native guide and a party of Bushmen, that they might possess themselves of the beads and trinkets they car- ried with them for the purpose of buying food. The native converts were first dispatched by assagais. Threlfall, finding escape impossible, fell upon his knees and received the fatal blows while '• talking with God." The chief instigator of the crime was apprehenaed by the colonial authorities and executed.— Brown : i. p. 521. 1834. Henry Lvman (A. B. C. F. M.) was born in Massachusetts, U. S., in 18 10; a graduate of Andover Seminary; was ordained at Nortiiamp- ton, Mass., Oct. 11, 1832; studied medicine; with the Rev. Samuel Munsen, landed at Bata- via, Java, in April, and, a month after, proceeded to Sumatra, intending to visit the Battas of the interior. On June 23, set out on foot with a i: 84 ^be tioblc Uvrws of /Darters. party of fourteen native assistants. Scaling dan- gerous precipices and penetrating dense jungles, they reached the village of Sacca, then at war with another village. On the 28th they came to a log fort, from which rushed about two hun- dred armed natives, who attacked them with tumultuous noise, coming so near with their spears and muskets that Mr. Lyman pushed by their weapons with his hands, entreating them to come to an explanation, at the same time throwing them some tobacco. This not pacify- ing the rabble, both missionaries gave up their firearms ; but all was in vain. Mr. Lyman was shot dead on the spot. The people of the neighboring villages, having learned that the strangers had come to benefit the Battas, avenged the deaths of the missionaries by burn- ing the village of Sacca and killing many of its inhabitants. — T/ic Martyr of Sumatra, New York, 1861, p. 413. li 1834. Samuel Munsen (A. B. C. F. M.) was born at New Sharon, Me., U. S., March 23, 1804; graduated at Andover in 1832; was or- dained October 10, and sailed with Mr. Lyman for the Indian Archipelago June 10, 1833. Ube noUc arm^ ot /IDart^rs. S5 Having accompanied him on his fated expedi- tion to the country of the Battas in Sumatra, he shared the crown of martyrdom with him. No sooner had Mr. Lyman fallen than a shout arose from the Battas, which was answered by those in the fort. A rush was made for Mr. Mun- sen, who was run through the body with a spear. Their cook attempted to escape, but was pursued, and by one blow of the cleaver was killed. The rest of the party— coolie porters, guides, and interpreters— numbering in all thir- teen, with difficulty effected their escape. Ly- man and Munsen were young men of the very highest Christian type— full of zeal and enthusi- asm in the missionary cause they had espoused.' ' Nearly thirty years after this, tlie missionaries of the Rhen- ish Missionary Society took refuge in Sumatra from persecution in Borneo, with these results: at the close of 1890 there were among the Battas i8 mission stations and 86 out-stations, num- beri^ng about 17,000 Christians, with 5000 candidates under in- struction, of whom 400 were Mohammedans. There are now forty-one churches which provide for their own support and that of their native evangelists who later among the surrounding heathen. In 1889, six native preachers were ordained and 59 young men applied for admission into the theological seminary. Truly, in this case, as in many others, tlie blood of the martyrs has proved to be the seed of tlie Q\\\\xd\.— Missionary Herald, Boston, Jan., 1S92, p. 29. 86 XTbc l^oble arint? ot /IDartisjrs. It may truly be said of them, " They were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided ; they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions." It may be added that Mrs. Lyman and Mrs. Mun- sen returned to America: the former subse- quently married the late Dr. Charles Wiley of Northampton, Mass., and now resides in Orange, N. J. Mrs. Munsen died in Farring- ton, Me., in 1 891, 86 years of age.— T/ic Martyr of Sumatra, pp. 144, 415. 1839. 3°"^ Williams (L. M. So.) was born at Tottenham High Cross, London, June 29, 1796; ordained at the Surrey chapel, September 30, 18 16 ; sailed with his newly-married wife for the South Seas same year, November 17; ar- rived at Eimeo November 17, 181 7. After la- boring for twenty-three years in Polynesia with remarkable success, with the intention of plac- ing some Samoan teachers on Erromanga, in the New Hebrides group, he landed upon that island on November 20, 1839, and was imme- diately attacked by the savage inhabitants and clubbed to death. In February following, H. M. ship "Favorite," Captain Croker, reached ?!?■! Ubc 'Woble Hrmp of /©artsra. s; the scene of the massacre and opened communi- cation with the natives, wlio confessed that they had devoured the body of the murdered mis- sionary, of which nothing now remained but some of the bones, which were taken on board and carried to Samoa, where tlie people mourned the death of their beloved missionary with indescribable sorrow. Mrs. Williams died in England in 1852. James Harris, an Englishman, a friend and companion of Williams, accompanied him on his fatal visit to Erromanga, being then on his way back to England with a view of becoming a missionary to the Marquesas. Upon first landing at Dillon's Bay, they thought the na- tives were friendly, and accordingly advanced a short distance from the beach ; but, soon per- ceiving that they were hostile, they turned and ran toward the shore, but failed to reach the boat in which Captain Morgan awaited them. They were overtaken by the savages in the water, and both were killed.' — The Martyr Missionarj, Phila., 1844, p. 250. ' Madagascar. — It is not recorded that any European mis- sionary died by violence on this island, but it is well known that VI 88 Ubc "Woblc arm?? of /Carters. 1844. Thomas Smith McKean (L. M. So.) was born at Garlicston, Wigtonshirc, Scotland, February 17, 1807 ; was ordained pastor of Kirk- wall, Orkney; arrived at Tahiti, South Seas, October, 1841, and settled at Waugh Town Station, where he was killed by a musket-ball fired by the French, June 30, 1844. — L. M. S. Register, p. 157. the converts to Christianity were persecuted witli terrible severity (luring the long jxiriod of thirty-two years. As the first persecu- tor (Ranavalona I.) was a woman, so was the first martyr — Ras- ALAMA, a young woman whose heart (loil had ojiencd to receive the truth. She was put to death on August 14, 1837. As she went along the fateful road to the place of execution she sang hymns of joy ; and while she calmly knelt in prayer the spears pierced her Iwtly, which was left to be food for dogs on the spc)t where a beautiful memorial church, dedicated to tlie memory of the martyrs of Madagascar, was erected thirty-one years after- ward. Ran.ivalona filled the land with terror and mourning. The only crimes for which the Christians suffered \Kcr>^ praying and reading; the Bible. For these they were put to death by dozens and scores : they were stoned ; they were speared ; they were hacked to pieces with swords ; they were dashed over rocky precii)ices ; they were loaded with fetters, and died lin- gering deaths in their chains, ^'et in the midst of all these trials they manifested a faith and constancy in their new religion such as have never been surpassed. The Martyr Church of Mad- agascar became a New Testament Church. — Mears, The Story of Madagascar, Phila., 1873. ' xrbc "Woblc nvmn of /Dartijrs. S9 1847. Marcus Whitman, D. D. (A. B. C. F. M.) was born at Rusliville, N. Y., U. S., Septem- ber 4, 1802; was appointed medical missionary to the Indians in Oregon in February, 1835. After a year in the West, he returned home to procure associates for planting missions. In 1836 he went West again with his wife, Mr. Henry H. Spalding and wife, Mr. Gray, and Mr. Rogers, an assistant missionary. It is said that these two ladies were the first white women who ever crossed the Rocky Mountains. After many heroic attempts to accomplish his mission, and with many tokens of success, Dr. Whitman con- ducted.a party of more than a thousand emigrants in wagons across these mountains. On November 29, 1847, Dr. Whitman, his wife, and two adopted children, Mr. Rogers, and ten American emi- grants, were cruelly murdered by a party of Kayuse Indians. Mr. Spalding narrowly escap- ed, and lived to carry on the good work in these Western wilds for twenty-seven years. It is added that forty-eight women and children belonging to the emigrant party were made slaves by the murderers and treated with great barbarity. — Brown, iii. p. 153, and Encyclopedia of Missions, pp. 360, 472. w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 S ^ IS 1.8 U ill 1.6 m v3 A ''^>'/ '/ /A ^ ,-\ :\ \ "% .V *> ^ ^ \"^^ ^ v\ ' 1847. Walter Mason Lowrie (Pres. Board, U. S. A.) was born at Butler, Pa, U. S., February 18, 1 8 19; graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary, 1840; ordained in 1841, and soon after sailed for China, where his career was sin- gularly useful, and even brilliant. His history of mission work in China, under the title of T/ic Land if Sinhn, is highly spoken of. He was one of the Bible revision committee who met in Shanghai in 1847. Returning to Ningpo from that meeting, he and his attendants were attacked by pirates. Sitting in the bow of the vessel in which they sailed, while reading his pocket Bible he was seized by three ruffians and thrown in'o the sea. — Encyclopedia of Mis- sions, New York, 1891, p. 571. 1850. C. S. Fast (Lund, Swedish M. So.) was born in 1822 ; went to China in 1849, and was stationed at Foo-choo-fu, where he was killed November 13, 1850, by some Chinese pirates. — Lund Missionstidning, 1849 and 1851. 1 85 1. Captain Allen Gardiner, a naval officer, was born in Berkshire, England, June 28, 1794. After having spent some years in mis- ' Ube IRoble Hrmg of /iDart^rs. 91 sion work in South Africa, he turned his atten- tion to South America, and was the founder of the Patagonian mission— himself and Robert Hunt, a missionary catechist, being the pioneers of the mission— in December, 1844. On his last fateful expedition he sailed from Liverpool on September 7, 1850, with six companions— Dr. Richard Williams, John Maidment, John Bryant, John Pearce, John Badcock, and Joseph Erwin— all full of zeal for the good of the poor, wretched Patagonians. They arrived at Banner Cove, Picton Island, in December followin"- Nothing was heard of them for months after, when a British cruiser was sent in search of them. The skeletons of all seven were event- ually discovered. They had attained the crown of martyrdom— not, however, by violence at the hands of man. The papers "found beside the remains gave ample proof that they died a ter- ribly lingering death from sheer starvation.— Young : Light in Lands of Darkness, London, 1883, p. 52. 1856. J. S. Thomas (Methodist). This excel- lent missionary lost his life in South Africa, under very distressing circumstances. He had ... Jf-.-^,., 93 XTbe IRoble Hrmi? of /IDarti^cs. just been removed from Clarkebury to Beecham Wood in Kaffirland, the country being in an unsettled state. Some of the people who had joined his mission had recently been fighting with natives of another tribe, when three men were killed. Their friends vowed vengeance, and were not careful to inquire who the real aggressors were. They made a raid upon the mission camp. In the middle of the night the alarm was sounded, " We are attacked by the Fondas !" Mr. Thomas, after arranging as best he could for the safety of his family and others who flocked to his dwelling in dismay, went out to endeavor to appease the enemy, letting them know he was their missionary. Finding expos- tulation in vain, he turned to go back ; but, alas ! it was too late. The savages rushed upon him and quickly speared him to death. — Moister : The Missionary World, p. 384. 1857. The year of the Indian mutiny stands out in melancholy prominence as that which proved fatal to a larger number of missionaries than any other. Here is the roll of missionary martyrs who witnessed and suffered in India, as given by Dr. George Smith in his Life Zbc iRoble arms of /Darters. 93 0/ Dr. Duff (vol. ii. p. 340), with only one name added— that of Carl Bach : 5 6. I. < 2, < f Rev. a. R. Hubbard. Rev. W. H. Haycock. Rev. H. E. Cockey. ^ Rev. M. J. Jennings. ^ Rev. E. T. R. Moncrieff. Rev. John McCallum. Rev. F. Fisher. Rev. G. W. Coopland. ^ Rev. H. I. POLEHAMPTON. Rev. J. E. Freeman. Rev. D. E. Campbell. Rev. a. O. Johnson. Rev. R. McMullin. Rev. Carl Bach. Rev. William Glen. Rev. John Mackay. Mrs. J. T. Thompson. Rev. Thomas Hunter. (i) The first four on the list were missionaries of the S. P. G. Society. Mr. Hubbard was killed by the mutineers at Delhi, and along with him fell four valuable assistants — Messrs. D, C. Landys, Louis Koch, and Mr, Cocks, and also 94 Xlbe IRoble Brms of /iDarti^rs. 11 1 I i^ii Chimmum Lall, a native teacher of exemplary piety. Mr. Haycock and Mrs. Haycock, his mother, were both killed at Cavvnpore. The for- mer was shot just as he was entering the intrench- ment that had been thrown up for the protec- tion of the Europeans. Mr. Cockey was first wounded by a musket-ball, and was afterward shot on the parade-ground at Cawnpore, togeth- er with a number of others, in the presence of the rebel chief Nana Sahib. Mr. Jennings was the military chaplain at Delhi. He also took an active interest in direct missionary work, and was, indeed, the founder of the S. P. G's mission at Delhi, He and his sister, Miss Jennings, were both killed in their own house on the pal- ace-gate. With the removal of these earnest and successful missionary laborers the Delhi mission was swept out of existence, and it was said at the time, " Surely the place where they fell will henceforth be a hallowed spot." Dr. Sherring is good authority for the statement that the mission was renewed, and is now more pros- perous than ever. A detailed account of the massacre and its results may be found in The History of the S. P. G. Society, 1701-1892, chaps. 78 and 81. Zbe Woble Hrm^ of /iDartsrs. 95 (2) Mr. Moncrieff was military chaplain at Cawnpore. There he and his wife and their young child were killed in the intrenchments on the ninth day of the siege. Mr. McCallum was chaplain at Shahjehanpore. When the mutiny broke out there the English residents had assembled for worship; tlie church was sur- rounded by the Sepoys. Mr. M. escaped with the loss of one of his hands, but on the evening of the same day was decapitated by a Pathan. Mr. Fisher was chaplain at Futtehghur. He and his wife and their infant child were attacked by the mutineers while endeavoring to escape in a boat. Mr. Fisher jumped into the river with his wife and child, who were both drowned in his arms ere they reached the shore. Mr. Fisher was subsequently captured and slain at or near Cawnpore. Mr. Coopland was the chaplain at Gwalior, and there he fell in the mutiny of the Gwalior contingent. Mr. Polehampton, chaplain of the forces at Lucknow, was shot while attending the sick in one of the hospitals in the residency. Though partially recovering from his wound, he eventually sank from an attack of cholera. (3) This group of four missionaries — Messrs. 'T'-*^rT-rT r 7 • m 96 Ube IHoble "Bxxwq of /iDacti^rs. Freeman, Campbell, Johnson, and McMullin — were all connected with the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (North). They were stationed at Futtehghur, and were all mercilessly put to death at Cawnpore on the fatal 13th of June, along with over a hundred others. In attempt- ing to escape from the mutineers at Futtehghur, they were descending the Ganges in a boat, but were discovered by the rebels, made prisoners, and carried to Cawnpore, then the headquarters of Nana Sahib. The mission at Futtehghur was broken up. The native Church was scattered after nearly thirty of its members had been put to death. One of them, Dhokal Parshad, an esteemed native Christian teacher, was urged by the rebels to renounce his Christian profession, with the offer of promotion ; but he refused to deny his Saviour, and, while his wife and his children were prisoners by his side, he was blown to death from the mouth of a cannon. The sorrow caused by the death of the mis- sionaries was intensified by the sad announce- ment that Mrs. Freeman, Mrs. Johnson, a.id Mrs. Campbell and her two children were among the victims of the Cawnpore tragedy. Ubc noble Brm^ of /Darters. 97 At the outbreak of the mutiny Mr, McMuHin had written home to say, "This cloud is fearfully dark ; but, whether our lives be prosperous or adversL , God has some gracious purpose which will sooner or later be made manifest." * (4) William Glen and Carl Bach were con- nected with the London Missionary Society. Mr. Glen was a son of the late Dr. WiUiam Glen, a well-known Scottish missionary and translator in Persia, and formerly of the L. M. So. at Mr.zapore, India. He died in the fort of Agra, from privation, and with him died his infant child. Mr. Bach was a native of West- phalia who had studied at Bonn, Heidelberg, and Lancashire Independent College; ordained in 1849, he went to India, and was soon after his arrival appointed principal of the Govern- ment College at Bareilly, where, during the mutiny, he was shot, on June i. In view of impending danger, Mrs. Bach had fortunately escaped to Almorah. ' For this information, and more to follow, thanks are due to Dr. Lowrie, Senior Secretary of the Presbyterian Board, New York. r i tl 98 t:bc IRoble arm^ of /iDart^rs. ■ (5) John Mackay (Baptist) defended himself with several friends in Colonel Skinner's house at Delhi for three or four days, when the roof of the cellar in which they had taken sh-^lter was dug up by order of the king, and they were all killed. Mrs. Thompson was widow of the Rev. J. T. Thompson, an eminent mission- ary and founder of the Baptist mission at Delhi. Mrs. Thompson and her two adult daughters were killed by the mutineers in their own house at Delhi. i !i (6) Mr. Hunter was born in Aberdeen, 1827; was ordained as a missionary to the Punjab, July 19, 1855 ; and on the evening of the same day married Miss Jane Scott of Edinburgh. They .sailed for India in August, and, after remaining nearly a year in Bombay, Mr. Hunter, with his family and his first convert, Mahommed Ismael, went to Sealkote. The mutiny broke out there on July 9. Up to that time Mr. Hunter had re- fused to leave his post, though he might have taken refuge, as others did, in the fort at Lahore ; and now, fleeing for protection from the rebels, with his wife and infant child, all three were killed in the buggy in which they were driving. A mus- Ube iRoble Uvm^ of /©artprs. 99 kct-ball passed through the face of Mr. Hunter and entered the neck of his wife; a jail-warder completed the murder with a sword, killing the child also. Dr. George Smith, to whom v.e are largely indebted for these notes on the Indian mutiny, mentions the names of a number of native teachers and catechists who suffered at this time, many of them enduring martyrdom with as great fortitude and faith as the missionaries themselves, others making a noble confession of their Christianity at the cost of persecution, im- prisonment, and the loss of their personal property : J^am Chandra Mittcr, head master of the American Presbyterian mission school at Fut- tehpore, a zealous Christian, educated under Dr. Duff at Calcutta, fell a victim to the cruelty of the mutineers at that place. NilayatAli, an eminent native preacher, a con- vert from Islam and a member of the Baptist Church, was killed by a party of Mohammedans in the streets of Delhi at the time of the out- break. On being captured, he boldly declared his faith in Christ. " Yes, I am a Christian," he IIH ' loo ^be "Woble Brmi? of /IDartsrs. said, " and am resolved to live and die a Chris- tian." His last words before his execution were, " O Jesus, receive my soul !" The widow of this faithful martyr, and one of his daughters, who escaped as by a miracle when other Christian children were being tossed about on the bayonets of the murderers, are now at work among the Zenanas of Batala. Gopccnath Niindi is another of the native con- verts whose steadfastness under prolonged and bitter persecution is spoken of in terms of high- est praise. Robert Tucker, county judge at Futtehpore on the Ganges, between Cawnpore and Allahabad, was not a missionary, but he had enough of the missionary spirit to become a martyr ; for, when he was surrounded by a party of Sepoys, and summoned by them to abjure Christianity and accept Mohammedanism, he resolutely refused, and after shooting fourteen of his assailants — so it is said — he fell nobly confessing Christ. Of the fifteen hundred English-speaking resi- dents who were murdered during the mutiny, thirty-seven at least were missionaries, chap- lains, and their families ; about the same num- Hbc IHoble Hrms of /iDart^rs. loi ber of native missionaries, teachers, and their children were killed.' Missionary property to the amount of $350,000 was destroyed. But saddest of all was the terrible culminating 'Speaking of the mutiny, Dr. Duff said, in 1857: "To pre- vent all misconception with reference to the missionaries who fell at this time, it ought to Lie emphatically noted that nowhere has any special enmity been manifested to them by tlie muti- neers. Far from it. Such of them as fell in the way of the rebels were simply dealt with precisely in the same way as all other Europeans were dealt with. They belonged to the gov- erning class, and as such must be destroyed to make w.iy for the old n.itive Mohanunedan dynasty." While that may be (uite true in a general sense, it must be remembered that the fact of these men being Christian missionaries cost them their lives; and, as has been slated in the case of some, a renunciation of Chris- tianty might have saved their lives. They are therefore to be accounted martyrs in the fullest sense of the term. Dr. J. Murray Mitchell has this to say for the steadfastness of the native converts during the mutiny : " Before the great mutiny of 1857, if missionaries had been asked what would be the effect of persecution on the native Church, they would prol">. ably have expressed but little hope that the converts would aspire to the crown of martyrdom. Well, the terrible convulsion came, but the native Church clung faithfully to Christ. Not a few meekly endured great suffering, and some calmly died the martyr's death. So far .as could be discovered, only two con- sented to become Mohammedans through fear." The report that came from the Gossner Mission, where the persecution had been of the hottest, was, " Not one apostatized." Il(^ / / li 4 'ip' i 102 iTbc Boblc Hrm\? of /IDart^rs. tragedy that will ever be known as " the mas- sacre of Cawnpore," done by order of the A^atia Saliil), whom the British government had petted and bountied, and whose officials he had in turn feted and feasted. Nana evacuated Cawnpore on the approach of General Havelock at the head of the 78th Highlanders, but, to revenge himself on the victors, he caused the two hun- dred helpless women and children whom he had held for some time as prisoners to be indiscrim- inately butchered in the most brutal manner and their mutilated remains thrown into a deep well. ! iii! 1858. J. WiLLSON (S. P. G. So.). This mis- sionary was murdered by Kaffirs on Sunday, February ?8, 1 858, while walking from East London to Fort Pato, S. E. Africa. — History of S. P. G. Society, London, 1892, ch. 38. '!'i I I 1858. J. Garland Phillips (S. Am. Miss. So.) belonged to London; was appointed as missionary catechist in 1854; arrived at Keppel Island, West Falklands, in January, 1855; in October, 1858, he sailed on a missionary expedi- tion to Terra del Fuego, the scene of Allen .^ Ubc Woble arm» of /©artgrs. 103 Gardiner's martyrdom. With him were nine Eu- ropeans, besides some natives. Having landed at Woollya, on Navarin Island, on Sunday morn- ing, November 6, they had just commenced a devotional service in a half-finished house on the shore when they were attacked by a party of savages numbering some three hun- dred. The whole party was massacred. Cap- tain Fell (of the missionary vessel "Allen Gar- diner") and his brother fought like heroes, back to back, but were miserably beaten to death with clubs by the infuriated savages. Mr. Phillips reached the water's edge, but at the moment he had his hand on the boat he was struck on the head by a stone and fell stunned into the water; the natives dragged him out and killed him on the spot.— Young : Li'^r/a in Lands of Darkness, p. 60. 1859. Ferdinand Rott (Rhenish M. So.) was born May 8, 1823; sent out to Borneo in 1 851; was killed by the Dyaks of South-east Borneo in Tanggohan on the 7th of May. At the .same time and place — Frederic William Kind, born June 7, 1830, fi; iM: ^ ! i 104 Zbc "Woble armi? of /iDart^rs. sent out in 1857, was killed, together ivith his ivi/l. Also, Fried. Eberh. Wigand, born" January 9, 1827, sent out in 1857, was killed, together ivith his wife. Also, two days later, on May 9, Ernst Edw. Hoffmeister, born March 9, 1822, sent out in 1851, was killed on the river Kahajan, in the same district, together ivith his wife. This is the story, very briefly told, but very touching, of the martyrdom of four be- loved missionaries and the wives of three of them, just as it came to hand from Dr. A. Schreiber, Foreign Secretary of the Rhenish mission. From other sources we learn that the mission began in 1835 ; that the disturbances which occurred at the time of these massacres entirely put a stop to the mission work until 1866, when it was resumed; and that the S. P. G. Society has also a mission in the northern part of this large island — probably one of the hardest mission fields in the world. Yet even here the work, carried on chiefly by native preachers and evangelists, is progressing steadily and surely. 1861. Henry M. Parker (Protestant Epis- i< i| ■•; Ube noble arms of /©art^rs. 105 copal Church in the United States) was born in South Carolina ; appointed missionary to China in 1858. He and his companion, Rev. Mr. Holmes (a Baptist missionary), set out on a inission of peace to the Tai-ping rebels, whose leader professed to know the principles of Christianity and to be commissioned by God to overthrow the existing dynasty. Immediately on meeting a company of scouts near Foo Chow, and before a word could be spoken, both missionaries were slain by the sword.— Rev. Joshua Kimber, Associate Secretary. 1 86 1. George N. Gordon (Presbyterian Church, Canada) was born on Prince Edward Island, April 21, 1822; was educated for the ministry at the Presbyterian College, Halifax, N. S., and was ordained and designated as a missionary to the New Hebrides, in the South Seas, in 1856. En roi^tc to his destination, he was married to a cultured lady in London — Miss Helen C. Powell. They arrived at Erro- manga June 17, 1857. After four years of heroic service in the place that had been consecrated by the blood of earlier missionaries, he and his wife were both brutally murdered by a treach- w^ n io6 XTbe IRoble arms of /iDartsrs. E 1; erous band of heathen on the 20th of May. Their mangled remains were buried by some of their faithful teachers. Bishop Patteson of the S. P. G. Society, soon to be a martyr liimself, visited the island shortly after, and read the burial service over thei;- graves. — Dr. Steel : Y'/ie Neiu Hebrides and Christian Missions, p. 197. 1862. James Ward (Moravian Miss. So.), a half-blooded Indian and missionary assistant resident at New Spring Place, Indian Territory, U. S. A., was shot by the Cherokees during the war, having remained too long at his post of (\\xiY .—Secretary M. M. Society. 1862. William B. Merriam (A. B. C. F. M.) was born at Princeton, Mass., U. S. A., Septem- ber 15, 1830; a graduate of Andover Theologi- cal Seminary, 185L. He went to Smyrna, Tur- key, in 1859, and thence to Philippopolis, where he remained till his death.^ On returning from lAsAAD Shidiak, a Maronite, became a Christitin, and con- nected himself with the college at Beiiflt in 1825. For this he incurred the hatred of his co-religionists, who persecuted him unmercifully. Nothing, however, would induce him to recant, -■■t "■?*• TLbc IRoble Hrm^ of /IDartgrs. 107 the annual meeting of the Western Turkey mission, held at Constantinople, with his wife and in a dismal dungeon, loaded with chains, he wore out the miserable remainder of his life in one of the wildest recesses of Lebanon, maintaining his Christian profession till the last. He died in KS30, and is still remembered as "The Martyr of Lebanon." The J ear i860 is memorable for the massacres of Christians in Syria, on Lebanon, at Damascus, and elsewhere, which awakened the indignation of the Christian world. More than one thousand persons were murdered in Hasbeiya and the sur- rounding region. At Damascus, on the 9th of July, the wild Moslems from one of the suburbs of tlv city, with Koords, Druses, and Arabs, burst upon the Christian quarter, plundering, butchering, and burning— not opposed, but aided, by the Turk- ish soldiers, who could have suppressed the insurrection at any time. The slaughter continued several days, and the killed were estimated at five thousand. Those who escaped these massacres fled to Beirflt and Sidon, destitute of everything.— Anderson: Oyiental CJiurrhes, i. p. 70; ii. p. 349. Similar to the above is the case of Mirza Ibrahim, a Persian convert, who was imprisoned for more than a year in Tabriz for abandoning Mohammedanism and accepting Christ as his Saviour. "The jailer and guards heaped upon him shameful indignities find brutal outrages— all borne with utmost patience and unfaltering loyalty to Christ. Boldly yet tenderly he preached Jesus to his cruel jailer and fellow-prisoners. But he died at last from the violence of the baser prisoners, who, throttling him again and again, demanded, ' Is it Esa or Ali? ' And every time the answer came back, ' It is Esa !' His throat io8 ^be •Roblc Hrm^ of /lDart\?r3. ! J and child, the party with whom they were trav- eling was attacked by a band of mounted bri- gands. Endeavoring to escape, the driver of his wagon urged the horse^' on to full speed ; the robbers pursued, firing rapidly, and killing and wounding several of the travelers. Mr. Merriam sprang out to protect his wife and child, and immediately fell, pierced by two bullets. He was buried at Philippopolis. His wife and child escaped with their lives, but such was the strain upon Mrs. Merriam's system caused by this disaster that she closed her earthly career about three weeks after her husband's murder. — Rufus Anderson : Oriental Churches, Boston, 1884, p. 191. 1862. Jackson G. Coffing (A. B. C. F. M.) joined the mission staff in Turkey in 1857; in 1 86 1 was commissioned to explore the Taurus Mountains, and on his return requested permis- sion to plant a mission at Hadjin, where he and his family were well received. But after a few weeks the Moslem governor and Armenian was so injured that he died shortly after, as much a martyr to the fai'.h as any on the records of the Christian Church." — New York Independent, July, 1893. xrbe "UoUc armi? of /lDart\)rs. 109 priests commenced cruel opposition, and drove them from the place with much loss and suffer- ing. They spent the winter at Adana. On March 25, on his way to Aleppo to attend the annual meeting of his mission, when three miles from Alexandretta, he was fired upon by two men in ambush, and died of his wounds next day. His Armenian servant died four days later from gunshot wounds received at the same time as his master. One of the murderers was captured and executed. The sorely afflicted widow remained many years in the mission, use- fully employed among her own sex. — Anderson : Oriental Churches, ii. p. 221. 1864. Edwin Nobbs, son of the late Rev. G. F. Nobbs of Norfolk Island, and Fisher Young, two of Bishop Patteson's faithful assist- ants in the S. P. G's Melanesian mission at Santa Cruz, died from wounds received by natives there ; the former on August 5 ; the latter on August 15.— Miss Yonge : Life cf Bishop Pattcsoii, London, 1875, pp. 73-78. 1864. Levi Janvier (Presbyterian Bd. U. S.) was born at Pittsgrove, N. J., April 25, 18 16; Q> // V i no Ubc IRoble Hums ot /Il>art>2r, Klas Lutseka, Joshua Mabengwane, and Daniel Sokombela, three native Fingoe teachers of the S. P. G. Societv, were mas- sacred by Kaffirs at Mhogotvvana, Kaffr.aria, on All Saints' Dav, 1880.— ///^/^;-j. of S. P. G. So., ijoi.iSgi, ch. 39. 122 XTbe IRoble Hnu)? of /iDartsrs. nomadic tribe of herdsmen; proceeding on about a mile, they resolved, as the weather was very warm, to pass the night in the open air. At midnight, when they were fast asleep, three men from the Yuruk encampment stole softly up, and, taking deliberate aim, shot Garabed through the heart. Dr. Parsons, then starting to his feet, was also shot, and fell dead. The cold- blooded murderers, whose object was plunder, after having stripped the bodies, drew the.ii a little aside and left them unbuned among the hushes.— Alissiouary Herald, Bos; on, Oct., 1880, p. 384. 1883. Heinrich Schroder (Evan. Lutheran, Hermannsburgh Mission) was born in the prov- ince of Hanover, Germany. He was killed in the Zulu war, on June 6, at Hhlobane, in the northern part of Zululand, M^\cd..— Secretary , Rev. E. Harms. 1885. Bishop James Hannington (Ch. M. So.) was born at Hurstpierpoint, in the county of Sussex, England, September, 3, 1847. He completed his studies at Oxford University, and was appointed curate of his native parish. He n" TLbc IRoble Utm^ of /iDart^rs. 123 went out as a missionary to South-east Africa in 1882. On June 24, 1884, was consecrated bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa. On Octo- ber 29 in the following year, after a protracted ordeal of barbarous treatment by the l-ino- of Uganda, and after having seen his companions one after another speared to death,' the bishop met his destiny like a Christian man, and fell, facing his murderers, pierced by a bullet, at Usoga, near Uganda, "when the noble spirit leaped forth from its broken house of clay, and entered with exceeding joy into the presence of the King." ^ — Dawson : Life of James Hanning- ton, London and New York, 1891. > Tlie first victim was speared to death, partly by King Mwanga Iiimself; another was hacked to pieces; and a third was clubbed to death ; but tlie greater part, after l)eing tortured in various ways, were burned. Some of these martyrs died con- fessing tlieir faith and exhorting their executioners to repent of their sins and believe in the Lord Jesus Christ. After the mas- sacre the head executioner reported to the king that he had never killed men who showed such fortitude and endurance and that they had even prayed to their God in the fire. "General Chari.ks George Gordon ("Chinese Gordon"), though not technically a missionary, was such in reality— as noble a Christian as ever trod the earth. He was killed at Khartoum, in the Soudan, January 26, 1885. When asked at Downing Street if he would go to the relief of the besieged mf m 124 Ubc moble mm>8 of /iDart^rs. SI :: I ; 1886. John Houghton (Methodist), a native of Lancashire, England, went, and with him his young wife, as missionaries to East Equatorial Africa from the United Methodist Free Church. After residing two years at Ribe, they removed to Golbanti, about 120 miles north of Zanzibar and some distance inland. Everything looked favorable for a time, but ere long, on the 3rd of May, an exceedingly fierce tribe— on the war path, bent on revenge— made a sudden raid on the settlement. Mrs. Houghton was the first to notice their approach ; but, instead of fleeing, as her servant did, to a hiding-place, she ran to the chapel where her husband was at work, to warn him. Before he had time to realize the danger or to make any " palaver " with the furi- ous savages his wife lay dead at his feet, and in a few moments more he himself was struck dead with a spear, and fell only a few paces from where the lifeless body of his noble wife was lying. Not content with the murder of those who had never harmed a member of their tribe, the Masai scoured the whole countryside garrison, he replied that he was wilUng logo that very night. "I would give my life," he had said, "for the poor people of the Soudan." And he diJ. Zbc noble Hrm^ ot jflDart^rs. 12: and murdered whosoever of the natives they found.— Brewin : T/w Martyrs of Golbanti, Lon- don, 1887, p. 122. 1889. Arthur Brooks (L. M. So.). This artisan missionary went to Central Africa in 1882. He was traveling toward the coast, en route for England, when, on January i, he was shot, together with several of his men, by a party of insurgents at Mkange, near Saadam. — Secretary C. M. So. 1890. A. T. Large (Methodist Church of Canada) was a native of Listowell, Ontario ; a graduate of Victoria College, Cobourg, in 1855 ; soon after which he was sent to Tokyo, Japan, as mathematical teacher in the missionary col- lege there. On the night of the 4th of April his house was entered by two burglars armed with cutlasses, who brutally murdered him.' ' Only one Trotestant missionary martyr in Japan, and that one not because be was a missionary. But it is never to be for- gotten that in the year 1590, forty-eight years after the introduc- tion of Christianity in Japan by Francis Xavier, no fewer than 20,370 Christians were put to death, and that on one day, the I2th of April, 1637, 37,000 were slain ! It should also be re- pll 126 xibe "Woble Uvm^ ot /lDart)?r3. Mr. Large fought his assailants like a lion. His wife (also a Canadian) was severely wounded in attempting to save her husband's life, but she recovered, and remains in the mission. Mr. Large's death was attributed by the brethren in Japan to the desperation of robbers in search of money, and not to antipathy to foreigners or to the Christian religion. — T/ic Outlook^ Toronto, June, 1890. li 1 891. Christian Ferd. Boesch (Rhenish Miss. So.) was born August i, 1858; sent to New Guinea in 1889; was killed by the Papuas of German New Guinea^ on May 25, 1891, at membered that the " foreign devils," as the Jesuit missionaries were called, were finally expelled from the empire; but that in three years from that time they sent out a fresh band of mission- aries, seventy-three in number, who, on their arrival at Naga- saki, were arrested, and all but twelve lieheaded, the rest being returned to those who sent them, with the message that, " Should the king of Portugal, nay, the very God of the Christians, pre- sume to enter Japan, they would serve him in the same manner." The question is gravely asked to-day, by missionaries of large experience and undoubted authority, what is there to hinder Japan becoming a Christian nation in the very near future ! 1 Cho and Mataio, two native teachers from Lifu, Loyalty group, who were located on Bampton Island, New Guinea, by Rev. A. W. Murray of the L. M. So., were the first martyrs of Ubc IRoblc arms ot /IDart^ra. 127 Franklin Bay. Two days later, on the same spot, was killed Fr. William Scheidt, who was born December 15, 1857, and was sent to New Guinea in \^%7.~Bcnchtc thr Rhdnischcn Missions-GcscUschaft, No. 11, 1891. 1 89 1. W. Argent, a member of the Central China Wesleyan Methodist Lay Mission, who that mission. They had, it seems, incautiously interfered with some of the superstitious rites of the heathen, who retaliated by giving them the fat.al blow with their clubs whilst their heads were bowed at evening prayers, on March 12, 1S73. Their wives lived for some time after. The heathen (juarrtled about them, one being ultim.itely killed by the enemy of the warrior who had tai^en her as his wife. The other was caught by a crocodile whilst wading out to a point where she had been in the habit of going to see if any boat or vessel was coming to her rescue. The savages afterward confessed the great mistake they had made in murdering their best friends, supposing them to be enemies. In 18S1 four n.itive missionary teachers, and the wives of three of them, were treacherously murdered by the sav.iges of Kalo, New Guinea, without any known provocation. Though little is known of the interior of this great island beyond the fact th.1t It is peopled by some 800,000 cannibals of unsurpassed ferocity, many openings for missionary work of a most promis- ing kind have been made, chiefly through the efforts of the London Missionary Society.— McFarlane : Among the Canni- bals of Nnu Guinea, Philadelphia, 18S8, p. 54. r i i . 128 zuc Ittoble army ot /iDart^rs. went out to China in 1890, was killed on June 5 of the following year under these circum- stances ; An anti-foreign riot ' having taken place at Wusueh, near Hankow, the mob set > The conllicts which arose diithig the Inst century betwixt ttie Jesuits and the Chinese government ended in a bitter persecu- tion of the Romnn Catholic converts. Thousands and tens of thousands were tortured and put to deatli. Under the existin. field. The average life of the mis- sionary is apparently not much below that of the rest of mankind. V. AFTER-THOUGHTS. MISSIONS TO THE HEATHEN ARE NOT A FAILURE. " They ihat be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firma- ment; and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever." — Dan. 13:3. What a cloud of witnesses is here ! Were these men and women who hazarded their lives for the spread of the gospel wise, or were they fools and fanatics ? Is their work, and the work of missions as a whole, worth the cost that has been incurred ? Are missions to the heathen a failure or a success ? There are a few professing Christians who deliberately pronounce the missionary enterprise a mistake from beginning to end ; others say this inconsiderately; but, happily, the number of such people is much less than it was half a century ago. There are also a select few who hold, with Canon Taylor, that missions to the heathen have proved a failure. It is for those who 14Jt Ube Woble Hrmp of /iDartvrs. '43 take a disparaging view of missions to reconcile their str.tenients witli their personal experience, for, obviously, to term missions a failure is to make Christianity itself a failure. What would be the condition of society in Europe and America without Christianity ? Probably such as it was before Christianity was introduced by missionary agency. "At the time when the great Founder of our faith was preaching his gospel in the cities of Galilee, the inhabitants of Britain were practicing Druidical rites under the shadow of their ancient oaks." ' The first missionaries to Scotland are said to have found the natives dressed in "war-paint;" and it is told how Kcntigern built his hut by the Molen- dinar Burn, and hung his bell on a forest tree to summon the "savage neighbors" to worship, where now the city of a million displays its motto, " Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the Word." What has been done for us should be done by us for others. Dr. Warneck, in his excellent History of Prot- estant Missions, puts the matter tersely and logically in this form : " All men are in need of redem ption, since all are sinners. God willeth ' Cunningham : C/iiirch History of Scotland, p. I. s:iS 144 ^bc IRoble Hrmg of /iDartijrs. that all men be saved, and has therefore made the salvation provided in his Son the universal means of salvation for the whole world. It fol- lows that it may be said, with mathematical conclusiveness, that the message of salvation must be proclaimed to all people." Have missions been a failure? "It is marvel- ous," says Bishop Walsh, " how little, after all, even the religious public know of what is going on in the mission field." Twenty years ago the American Board of Foreign Missions decided to send no more of their missionaries lo the Sand- wich Islands, not because the work had failed of success, but because, in fifty years' time, a nation had been civilized and was ready to assume the responsibilities of an independent and self-sup- porting national Christian Church. Missions have not been a failure in Fiji and other parts of Western Polynesia, where heathenism, with its cruel rites and disgusting orgies, has utterly disappeared. What mean those memorial churches in Madagascar, erected years ago on sites consecrated by the blood of martyrs ? Did Christianity die out there with those martyrs ? Not at all. The most recent reports state that there are now twelve hundred churches and XTbe noble Uvmv of /IDartgrs. 145 71,586 communicants in that island. The Lon- don Missionary Society alone reported, last year, in addition to its own staff. 895 native ordained ministers, 4298 native preachers, 49,685 church- members, and 204,149 native adherents. Even the Fuegans and the Papuas of New Guinea and the degraded Bushmen in Central Africa- hopeless as they seemed— are being reached and influenced by the gospel. Look at India, in many respects the hardest mission field in the world. There the mission- aries have to cope with a system of idolatry sanctioned by the continuous practice of long ages, and to argue with peoples as intelligent and vigorous as themselves-a race of philos- ophers and mathematicians wedded to an in- tricate system of ancestral faith compared with which Christianity, in th^ir estimation, is a modern innovation which they are bound by everything they hold sacred to resist to the uttermost; whose creeds are traced back through thousands of years, and whose preju- dices are as firmly rooted as is our faith. Christian missions cannot be called a failure m India. The wonder is that the results are what they are. The number of Protestants in [46 XTbe IRoble Hrmi? of /iDartprs. Ill 1 85 1 was estimated to be 91,000; in 1861, 138,000; in 1871, 224,258; in 1881, 417.372; in 1891, 1,000,000. During these forty years the number of native communicants increased from 14,661 to 178,000 — more than twelve-fold. In the presidency of Madras there were, two years ago, by actual count, 255,000 Christians and 76,154 communicants. The American Bap- tists claim 35,906 adherents in their "Lone Star" mission, so long a hopeless enterprise; and their success in Burmah has been as re- markable as in India, the reported membership for 1 89 1 being 29.689. In the North of India there is also, at the present time, a very decided movement toward Christianity. " The hour for which the mission- aries have long been looking and praying has at length struck." In Oude the Methodist mis- sions have been reaping a rich harvest. " There seems to be no limit," is the language of one missionary, "to the number of converts except that placed by the ability of the Church to con- trol the movement and to provide instruction for the new converts; and for this a thousand new native preachers are needed." Similar re- sults have followed the labors of the Episco- Zbc noUc arm^ of /IDart^rs. 147 palian, Presbyterian, and Congregational mis- sions in the northwest provinces. TESTIMONY OF EYE-WITNESSES. Against the pubhshed opinions of the few who have no faith in missions there is to be placed the testimony of many independent eye- witnesses in support of their favorable results —the testimony of statesmen and travelers, as well as that of " experts ;" in other words, deputies appointed by churches and societies to visit mission fields with a view to ascertaining what progress has been made. Recently-pub- lished volumes are filled with such testimony.* Si. William Hunter, Director-General of the Bureau of Statistics in India, states that in a given period the increase of population in all India was d^/a per cent, and during the same period the increase of Christianity was t/arty per cent. And his opinion is that " English mission- ary enterprise is the highest modern expression of the world-wide national life of our race, and any falling off in England's missionary efforts ' Young : T^e Success of Christian Missions, London, 1890. Liggins : The. Great Value and Success of Foreign Missions, New York, 1888. [48 XEbe "Woble arm^ of /©arti^rs. li H 11 will be a sure sign of swift-coming national decay." To the same effect is the testimony borne by Lord William Bentinck, under whose administration suttee was abolished, Lord Law- rence, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir William Muir, long president of the Asiatic Society, and now prin- cipal of the University of Edinburgh, Lord Dufferin, and other statesmen. Sir Arthur Gordon speaks with authority of the changes effected in Fiji by Christian mis- sions. Miss Gordon Gumming, whose length- ened residences in India, China, Japan, and the South Seas entitle her opinion to weight, is eloquent and enthusiastic in her descriptions of missionary success. Even Mr. Charles Darwin the naturalist, whom nobody would accuse of being a missionary partisan, had his opinions so far modified by the transformations he witnessed during a five years' cruise in H. M. S. " Beagle" (183 1- 1 836) that he requested his name to be enrolled as a member of the South American Missionary Society, gave them a liberal dona- tion, confessed his mistake, and found himself compelled to say that " the lesson of the mission- ary is the ' enchanter's wand.' " An American minister, accompanied by his wife, spent two Ubc noble arm^ of /IDartt>rs. M9 whole years in a private inspection of the foreign mission fields, and on their return each, in a separate volume, published an interesting and valuable account of missionary progress in many lands.> Mr. VV. S. Caine, M. P.. a leading mem- ber of the Baptist Church in England, came home from a flying visit to India and publicly denounced the missionary methods of his own and other churches. On the other hand, Mr. Joseph Mackay, a Canadian elder who had amassed a fortune and was liberal in his contri- butions to foreign missions, having a keen eye to business, went in his old age to see for him- self whether or not the money he had thus given was a good investment. He came home thor- oughly satisfied. " From personal observation." he wrote, " in Japan, China, and India, I feel that not one-half is generally known of the great work done by those who, resigning almost all that makes life precious, have devoted themselves to the service of God in heathen lands.^ Dr. Norman Macleod of Glasgow, Dr. W. F. Ste- venson of Dublin, Dr. Rufus Anderson of » Bainbridge : ^r. ,id-the- World Tottr of Christian Mis- sions, Boston, 1882. » Ellinwood : The Great Conquest, New York, 1876, p. 174. 1 •r-T 150 Z\i^ IRoble arms of /IDart\?rs. Boston, Dr. Prime and Dr. EUinwood of New York, each of whom visited foreign mission fields officially, were unanimous in their opinion that the services of the missi' laries are of in- calculable value. A PLEA FOR THE ENLARGEMENT OF MISSION- ARY AGENCY AND AN INCREASE OF CHRIS- TIAN LIBERALITY. But when all is said that can be said about the value and the success of missions, it must be admitted that the means at present employed by the churches of Christendom are very dis- proportionate to the magnitude and importance of the work that remains to be done. The number of heathens is vastly more than when Carey went to India — at least two hundred mil- lions more is Dr. Murray Mitchell's estimate. This fact would be overwhelming but for the compensating consideration already referred to — namely, that the relative rate of increase of pop- ulation is steadily in favor of Christianity, and that there are good reasons for expecting that ratio to continue with yearly increasing volume. The wonderful facilities for communication with all parts of the world ; the opening wide of doors Ube Woble Hrmg of nDartpr?. 151 long closed to the gospel; a willingness in many places to receive it; a desire on the part of many young men and women to give themselves to the work; the nations of the earth, for the most part, in peaceful attitude ; and, not the least im- portant, the almndatice of money available, — all these seem to warrant the expectation that even spiritual forces may come under the law of geo- metrical progression.' A very brief inquiry will serve to show that the number of missionaries employed and the > A startling calculation : Suppose the population of the globe to be sixteen hundred millions, and that in all thnt vast number there was but one true Christian, and that he should be the means, during the coming year, of converting two others; that each of these should bring two others to Christ during their first year; tliat the work should thus go on continuously, each new convert leading two others to Christ within a year; start- ling though it may seem, the whole world would be converted in thirty years ! The Greek Church has a very appropriate method of im- pressing this fact on the minds of its people. One evening every year a vast multitude assembles in the Cathedral of St. Isaak in .St. Petersburg, each one carrying an unlighted candle. At a given signal one taper is lit ; immediately it lights another, and that other its neighbor, and so, with lightning rajmlity, it passes from one to another, and in a few moments the whole vast edifice is in a blaze of light. 152 Ubc floblc Hrms of /iDart^jrs. amount of money expended in mission work are both alike lamentably insufficient. The bare figures will speak for themselves. The entire population of the world is about fifteen hun- dred millions (i,500,cxK),ooo), of whom at least one thousand millions are non-Christian. The number of Protestant ordained missionaries, European, American, and native, is about eight or nine thousand, and the expenditure of all the missionary societies is not much over ten mil- lions of dollars a year. What are these among so many? If there are eighty thousand min- isters in the United States for a population of sixty-seven millions, how many, at the same rate, should be given to China, with its 400,000,000; India, with its 288,152,672; Africa, with its 200,000,000? How many for the whole of the non-Christian world? China should have 477,612 ministers. India " " 344,063 Africa " " 238,806 The whole non-Christian world .should have 1,194,030 ministers. But suppose the United States to be over- churched — that it should have only one-quar- ter the number cf ministers, say i for every . Zbc iRoble Hrms of flDart^rs. 153 3350 persons; then the mission field, in the same ratio, should have, not 8000, as at pres- ent, but 298,507 ordained ministers. If that seems still too many, give each missionary a congregation of 10,000 souls, and the number of missionaries is reduced to 100,000. To pay each one the moderate sum of $1000 a year would of course call for ^ioo,ooo,oco — ten times the amount at present received for missionary purposes. Supposing the money to be forth- coming,' would it be possible to get loo.coo missionaries ? Why not ? After years of figlit- ing, with prodigious loss of life and at enormous cost, Abraham Lincoln, determined to put an end to the rebellion, demanded of the nation 300,000 more men — and he got them. In answer to prayer, the China Inland Mission sent out in one year (1887) a hundred new mission- aries ; they arc now praying for a thousand more, and they expect to get them.* All the great missionary societies have enlarged their ideas in this behalf. Instead of sending out missionaries * " We are pra^ 'ng now for a thousand missionaries for Cliina, and it is proposen Dy a volunteer movement that the Church of Christ shall send thirty thousand missionaries into the field." China's Millions, July, 1892, p. 88. 154 ^be laoble Hrm^ of /IDartsrs. by twos and threes, they now go forth by dozens and scores ; and still the Macedonian cry from missionaries in the foreign field waxes louder and louder every year : " Come over and help us!" There is a latent power lying dormant in the churches, the full measure of which has never yet been dreamed of. " This pound of coal that I hold in my hand," said Mr. Tyndall in a lec- ture on heat — " this pound of coal produces',, by its combination with oxygen,, an amount of heat which, if mechanically applied, would suffice to raise a weight of one hundred pounds to a height of twenty miles above the earth's surface." That is not a strained comparison of what might be accomplished through the wisely-directed agency of the smallest, " weakest " Christian congregation there is, whether in the direction of giving men or money for missions. An oc- casional missionary sermon or the sickly appen- dage of a lukewarm congregational missionary association is an imperfect means of developing enthusiasm that will compare with that of the early Christians, who did not call their posses- sions their own, and who, when scattered by per- secution, went everywhere preaching the Word, I , r< ■ ■■■ ' i*i'ii XTbe "Hoble Hrmp ot /Darters. 155 . Instances of exceptional individual and con- gregational liberality are not wanting, and when they occur they are stimulating and encourag- ing. Robert Haldane selling his beautiful estate for ^750.000 and using the proceeds for the furtherance of evangelistic work was a grand object-lesson. Mr. Arthington of Leeds has given, and is still giving, large sums of money for foreign missions.^ Perhaps the largest single gift ever made to the foreign mission cause was the princely legacy of one million dollars be- queathed by Deacon Asa Otis of New London, Conn., U. S., to the American Board a (aw years ago, respecting which it was said at the time by some that the efifect would probably be to check the ordinary inflow of the society's revenue. * "At the recent centenary meeting of the Baptist Missionary Soc. ■ 1 London a letter was read from Mr. Arthington stating that he would he "glad and thankful beyond measure" to give an additional ^^30,000 (,*!i5o.ooo) for foreign missions, provided the different societies unite in a wise dislriljution of their forces. At the same meeting it was announced that the treasurer of the society, Mr. Rickett, had contributed six thousand guineas (§31,500) toward the Centenary Fund of ^100.000 being raised by the society l)y way of a thank-offering to God for the great success that had attended its work during the one hundred years of its existence. i5<5 Ubc "Woble Hrmi? of /CarU^rs. The result, however, has been the reverse of that. Two ladies in the State of Maine, upon hearing of Mr. Otis's bequest, immediately sent the Board one thousand dollars as their thank- offering that God had put it into the man's heart to do this. Others followed the example of these ladies, and the tide of benevolence has been rising in that quarter ever since. And what are these gifts but drops that precede the cominsf showers — indications of the inherent unemployed resources of the churches that will in time become available to much larger extent than at present? In the "new departure" that is to be, a Christian congregation will be re- garded less as an assemblage of people to be preached to or at than as a training-school or college where members and adherents of the Church, enkindled with the " enthusiasm of humanity," will be fitted for active service in the department of usefulness for which each is best adapted, and wliere those who cannot ren- der personal service might at least be encouraged to cultivate the grace of giving of their means, systematically and proportionately, for mission- ary purposes. Was not the clerical wit right, of whom the TTbe noble Hrm^ of /Darters. 157 story is told that, on a sultry summer's afternoon, finding nearly one-half of his congregation fast asleep, he stopped short in the middle of his discourse, and, after a solemn pause, startled the slumberers by addressing them thus in ringing tones : " My sleeping friends ! if ever ye get to heaven, won't ye be able to laugh at the mar- tyrs!" Dr. Duff used to say that the churches were only " playing at missions." Dr. Pierson, Dr. Murray Mitchell, and others competent to express an opinion declare that, in regard to foreign missions, a great deal more than one- half of the churches are asleep, and that the most perplexing problem of the age is how they are to be awakened out of sleep. A hundred millions of dollars would have been considered an exorbitant sum of money a hundred years ago. Not so now. People are becoming familiar with large figures.' The wars of thirty years during the present century are estimated to have cost the inconceivable sum of ' The New York IFor/./ recently published a list of the names of 122 American millionaires, with the estimated fortune of each opposite his name; 75 were credited with over five millions each , the average was eleven and a half millions, and the total amount ^51,427,000,000. 15S UDc "Moble arms of /IDarti?rs. thirteen thousand millions of dollars ($15,000,- ooo,CXX)). It cost the American Government five thousand millions of money and 500,000 precious lives to save the Union. It costs Eng- land a hundred millions of dollars a year to keep the peace in India. The paltry sum of one cent a day from the rank and file of thirty mil- lions of Protestant communicants would yield more than a hundred millions of dollars a year, leaving out of the count what will be given when wealth recognizes the obligations of stew- ardship, and when " Holiness to the Lord" shall be upon the bells of the horses of the million- aires. Britain and America together spend fifteen hundred millions of dollars ($1,500,000,000) an- nually upon intoxicating beverages. Fifteen hundred millions ! Yes. In silver dollars, placed on top of each other, they would reach up into the skies 2959 miles ! Fifteen hundred millions a year would support one million five JiH7idrcd thousand missionaries at $1000 apiece per annum. Our modest contention is only for 100,000 missionaries, and $100,000,000 annually for their support, for such a length of time as may be necessary. ' Zbc iRoble arm^ of /Rartprs. ^59 Ten millions of dollars! Is that all that is given for missions to the heathen by the great and wealthy churches of Christendom? That is about all— amounting to an average of ^s:^ cents per annum per communicant. Now, some will say that such calculations as these are visionary ; that they are to be accounted as the dreams of an enthusiast or the vaporings of a disordered brain. Well, they are submitted to the candid judgment of enlightened criticism and conscience, to be valued at just what they are worth. Some will ridicule the idea. Many good people, doubtless, will say that a hundred millions of dollars would be an " intolerable burden" on the churches. It might be so re- garded were it to be perpetual ; but it would not be required very long. At the end of ten years one-half of the amount might suffice; in ten years more the most magnificent enterprise of the ages might become an accomplished fact; for the aim of every well-ordered mission- ary effort is to establish, in the shortest possible time, native self-governing and sclf-supportiug churches, as has already been done satisfactorily and upon a large scale in Hawaii, Fiji, Mada- gascar, and elsewhere. i6o XTbe "Woble Hrm^ ot flDarti^rs. Our argument is based on the conviction that the time has come, or is very near at hand, when sectarianism and denominationaHsm will merge their differences on mission ground, and when the churches of Christ will martial their forces for a combined, a vigorous, and a determined assault on the kingdoms of darkness, in a Bala- clava charge, a siege and storming of the Re- dan of heathenism. At any rate, it is evident that missionary finance must undergo a mighty change if the work is to be speedily done ; else why should we any longer sit and sing, as we do, " Were the whole reahn of nature mine, Tliat were a present far too smaU ; Love so amazing, so divine, Demands my soul, my life, my all." It required a special miracle to convince the apostle Peter that /w should preach the gospel to the Gentiles ; and there are many nowadays whom such a miracle would not convince of their obligations to enlighten the heathen. There are those who believe that the final triumph of the gospel will be preceded, if not by another era of persecution and martyrdom, by some other appalling manifestation of the divine sov- Ube -Roble Brm^ of /Darters. i6i ereignty. Be that as it may, the need of the day is a revival of the spirit of martyrdom and unfaltering faith in the ultimate success of a righteous cause. EXPECTATION, PROMISE, AND FULFILLMENT. It was in May, 1792, that William Carey was appointed to preach the annual sermon before the Baptist Association at Nottingham. He took for his text the first three verses of the fifty-fourth chapter of Isaiah, and preached therefrom a powerful discourse divided into these two heads: (i) Expect great things from God ; (2) Attempt great things for God. That sermon set the heather on fire. The Baptist Foreign Missionary Society sprang into exist- ence; Carey himself became its first missionary, and the cause of missions received an impetus that was felt over the whole Christian world, the influence of which continues until now, and'will continue to the end of time. Robert Haldane reasoned himself into the advisability of parting with his patrimonial es- tates. He said to himself, "Christianity is everything or it is nothing. If it be true, it . demands every sacrifice to promote its interests • 11 ' i62 ube "Roble Hrmi? of /IDart^rs. if it is not true, then let us lay aside the hypoc- risy of believing it." He believed it to be true, and devoted his whole life and all his means to its furtherance. Adoniram Judson, one of the earliest Prot- estant missionaries to Burmah — a country pro- nounced by all his friends and advisers as " utterly inaccessible to the gospel" — went there, nevertheless, and met with much opposition and little success for many years. He could speak of the horrors of his imprisonment and the intolerable weight of his fetters. But he never despaired. When asked, "What of the pros- pects ?" his ready reply was, " Bright as the promises of God." Yes. His promises are the believer's guarantee for the fulfilment of proph- ecy, and his assurance that missionary labor is not in vain, and can never be a failure : " As truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory of the Lord." ..." Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine in- heritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession." ..." The earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea." ..." Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be Zbc •Roble Hrm^ of /Darters, 163 made low : and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain : and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together : for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it." No less specific and generous are the promises to those who have faith enough to put their money into the Lord's treasury : " Honor the Lord with thy substance. ... So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine." ..." Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in mine house, and prove me now here- with, saith the Lord of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it." ..." Give, and it shall be given unto you." /.nd this for the man himself who goes out in search of the lost sheep : " Go ye, and teach all nations, ... and lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world." What could be more encouraging than decla- rations like these ? The Bible is full of such promises, whereby the Almighty is pledged to bless every effort that is made for the extension of his kingdom. 164 tlbc "Woblc arms of /Darters. Hell Gate is the name given to a narrow and tortuous channel in Long Island Sound that was dangerous to navigation by reason of a sub- merged ledge of rocks. The United States government resolved to remove the obstruction. It was a difficult and costly undertaking/ but it must be done. Under a skillful engineer a numerous band of workmen was engaged for six years in drilling holes into the rocks and charging them with nitro-glycerine. Apostles of failure meantime expatiated on the waste ot time and money and the absence of any visible results. The engineer went on quietly with his work. At length, when the whole mass had been honeycombed, in the presence of hundreds of thousands of spectators a little child was told to press a button, when there immediately fol- lowed an explosion that shook earth and air — a mighty upheaval of water and ddbris that darkened the sky — and the reef was gone ! Heathenism may not disappear so quickly as that. A thousand years are with the Lord as one day. But an analogous process has been going on in heathen countries for more than half a century. Its strongholds have been un- ' The cost of the blast here referred to was 1^106,509.93. xrbe IJloblc arm^ of /Darters. 165 dermined, and, sooner or later, the crash will come, when the gigantic systems of Hindooism, Shintoism, Mohammedanism, and other folse religions will be overthrown, and on their ruins will arise the ransomed Church of Christ, built on the foundation of apostles, prophets, and martyrs, Himself the chief corner-stone. Then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written in the Book: "The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ ; and he shall reign for ever and ever. . . . Biessing, and glory, and zvisdom, and thai 'giving, and honor, and pozver, and might, be unto our God, for ever and ever. Amen." SUMMARY OF PROTESTANT FOREIGN MISSIONS STATISTICS. The following condensed statement is com- piled in part from carefully-prepared tables of the American Board of Foreign Missions, Bos- ton, U. S., and partly from the elaborate statis- tics of Dean Vahl, president of the Danish Mission Society. Owing to the want of uni- formity in tabulating mission statistics, it is impossible ' give with absolute certainty all J 1 66 trbc floblc Hrms of /JDart^rs. the facts that are desirable; but the followincr is doubtless a near approximation of the number of missionaries and other agents employed in foreign mission work, and of the money raised in the home churches for their support. The comparison with the figures for 1881 exhibits substantial progress all along the line : Societies in- Ordained European Mission- aries. 2643 1 1 59 85 700 Ordained Native Mission- aries. 1975 879 30 204 3088 2271 8,7 All other Helpers. Commu- Income in nicants. Dollars. Great FIritain .... United States .... Canada Continent of Europe. 27.378 12,169 517 _5.865^ 45.929 21,684 24,243 328,5.8 85,244,948 25»,932 4.55>.''37 8,229 250,0.639 Incre;ise in 10 years . 1758 179,680' 1^3,242,019 The population of the world is computed to be about i ,500,000,000, as follows : Protestants 137,000,000 Roman Catholics 205,000,000 Greek Church 89,000,000 Mohammedans 175,000,000 Jews 8,000,000 Heathen 886,000,000 The Protestants are usually classified, approximately, as follows : Lutherans, of various orders 35,000,000 Methodists, of various orders 25,000,000 Episcopalians, the world over 22,000,000 i a iM g ' if»i i|W W i» >- XTbc "Moble Uvm^ of /Darters. 167 Presbyterians, of various orders 20,cxx),ooo Baptists, of every kind 17,000,000 Congregationalists 6,000,000 ' All other denominations 12,000,000 The following are some of the principal for- eign mission societies and their respective in- comes (at home), approximately : British Socikties, Founded Income, 1891-92. 1649 The New England Company J'TiSoo 1701 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel . . 582,600 1792 Baptist Missirnary Society 37S.OOO '795 I-ondon Missionary Society 743, 120 1799 Church Missionary Society 1,346,900 1817 Methodist Missionary Society 625,645 1824 Church of Scotland 170,000 1843 Free Church of Scotland 311,060 1840 Presbyterian Church of Ireland 80,000 1844 Presbyterian Church of England 9S,ooo 1847 United Presbyterian Church 237,500 1862 China Inland Mission 243,000 American Societies. 1810 American Board of Commissioners, etc . . . ^^840,804 1814 Baptist Missionary Union 600,000 1819 Methodist Episcopal Church , 622,912 1835 Protestant Episcopal Church 190,000 1837 Presbyterian Board (North) ........ 931,292 1858 Reformed Church (Dutch) 118,000 ^, . 1858 United Presbyterian Church 112,816 i68 Ubc "Roble arms of flDart^rs. 1862 Presbyterian Church (South) $130,276 1876 Cumberland Presl)yterian Church 12,405 Con riNENTAL Sociicties. 1721 Danish Missionary Society 521,500 1732 Moravian Missionary Society 120,000 1797 Netherlands " " 30,000 1815 Basel •• " 210,000 1 819 Leipsic " " 80,000 1822 Paris " " 50,000 1824 Berlin «' " 78,000 1828 Rhenish " « 100,000 1835 Swedish " " 90,000 1842 Norwegian " " ....... 100,000 1849 Herniannsburg " •• 64,000 Canadian Societies. 1824 The Methodist Missionary Society $80,000 1844 The Presbyterian Church in Canada .... 114,291 1866 The Baptist Missionary Societies 50,000 1881 The Congregational Missionary Society . . . 2,500 1883 The Church of England Missionary Society in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick 16,743 At the beginning of the present century there were only seven missionary societies in existence: they employed 170 mission- aries. In 1890 there were 300 societies, including 50 women's and 10 medical societies ; the number of ordained missionaries, European and native, w.as 8067 ; other helpers, 43,000; of com- municants, almost 100,000,000. The incomes of these societies amounted in all to over $n,ooo,ooo, of which nearly $2,000,000 came from the ladies. INDEX. Abyssinia, 115-119. Adelbert, 23. Africa, Central, 134, 145. A^ra, 97. Albainis, 22. Alexander, Rev. Robert, 81. Alexandretta, 109. Ali, Nilayat, 99. Alva, Duke of, 46. American Board, 132, 144. Ampzingius, J., 75. Ananilapore, 1 10. Anders, (iottliel), 77. Anderson, Dr. Rufus, 149. Aneityum, 139. Anti-foreitjn riots, 128. Ari^ent, VV., 127. Ari^yle, Marquis of, 59. Arnaud, Past(jr, 50. Arthington, Mr., of Leeds, 155. Aikin, Rev. J., 116. Aurelius, Marcus, Emp., 20. Australia, 115. Average life of missionaries, 141. Bach, Carl, 93, 97. Badcock, John, 91. Bainbridge, Dr. and Mrs., 149. Baker, Thomas, 1 1 2. Bampton Island, N. G., 126. Banner Cove, T. del F., 91. Baptist churches, 133. Baptist F. M. Soc, 161. Bardezag, Turkey, 121. Bareilly, India, 97. BarfT, Charles, 140. Barrowe, " Separatist," 43. Bass Rock, the, 69, Battas, 83-85. Beatty, Mrs. \V., 137. Bentinck, Lord, 148. Bible, the Bishop's, 41, the Great, 41. King James', 41. Bilney, Thomas, 32. Blackadder, John, 69. Blandina, martyr, 21. Blantyre, martyrs of, 135. Boesch, C. F., 126. Bohemia, 48. Boniface, 23. Borneo, 73, 103. Bowell, Daniel, 78. Brainerd, 72. Brooks, Arthur, 125. Brown, John, Priesthill, 68. Browning, John, 68. Brownists, the, 42. Bruno, 23. Bryant, John, 91. Bumby, Rev. John, 136. Burgess, Mrs,, 137. Burmah, 146. Burns, 72. Bury, 34. Buzacott, Aaron, 140. Caine, W. S., 149. Caldwell, Bishop, 139. Calvert, 72, 109 170 1rn^cs. Campl)ell, D. E., 93, 96. Caiiailiau elder, 149. Caiiilaliar, Afj;liaiiibtaii, 121. Caiulidiiis, Rev. CJcorge, 76. Canterbury, 34. Capjie, Geort,'e, 79. Carey, William, 72, 161. Caryill, Donald, 62. Casualties, 134. Cawnpore tragedy, 73, 96, 100, I02. Charles II., Rex, 52. Charlotte Islands, 117. Chichester martyrs, 34. China, 128- 1 5 2. Cho, native teacher, 126. Ciiurch Missionary Society, III, 120, 133. Clara, 48. Clode, Samuel, 79, Cuan, Titus, 72. Cockey, H. E., 93. Cock.s, Mr., 93. Coffing, J. G., 108. Colchester martyrs, 34. Comber family, 12, 135. Congo mission, 135. Conventicles, 68. Cook, Captain James, 117. Coopland, J. W., 93, 95. Copping, John, 43. Corea, 112. Cotton, Bishop, 137. Covenant, National, 55. Covenanters, Scottish, 52-70. Coverdale and the liible, 41. Cranmer, Archbishop, 40. Craw, Paul, 26. Cunningham's Ch. History^ 57. Damon, Mrs.. 140. l)ar\vin, Charles, 148. Decius, Emjieror, 13. Delhi mission, 94-98. Demerara martyr, 82. Denmark, 115. Dennis, William, 43. Dieppe massacre, 46. Diocletian edicts, 13, 14. Draper, Rev. J. W., 136. Duff", Alex., D. D., 72, 157. Dufferin, Lord, 148. Dunn, lames and Robert, 68. Dunnottar Castle, 69. Eaki.y Christian persecutions, II, 12. E.ast London, South Africa, 102. ICastern Iviuatorial Africa, 134. Eliot, John, 72, 136. Elizabeth, Kegina, 42. Ellinwood, Dr. E. E., 150. Ellis, 72. Engblad, John L., 115. Era of martyrdom, 11. Erhardt, Christian, 73. Erhardt, John C, 77. Erromanga, New Hebrides, 86, 105, 117. Erwin, Joseph, 9!, Eusebius, 14. Fakricius, Christian, 77. Falkland Islands, 102. Earrar, Bishop, 35. East, C. S., 90. Eell, Captain, 103. Eerdinand II., Rex, 48. Ferguson, Peter, 79. Fiji Islands, 113, 144, 148. Eingoe teachers, 121. Fisher, E., 93. 95. Foo-choofu, China, 90. Foochow, China, 105. Formosa, 73, 75, 76. France, persecutions in, 45. Freeman, J. E., 93, 96. Freeman, Mrs., 96. Frere, Sir Bartle, 148, Futtehghur, India, 96. 1Fn^eJ♦ 171 Futtchpore, India, 99, (Jaraiiah, I)u (111 Kian, 121. (iardiiuT, Captain Allen, 90. CJattcrniyiT, Ixonard, 77. (laulton, Saniut'j, 79. CJcddes, Jaiicl, 57. Geddie, i)r. John, 72. (Jeor^'e IV., Kux, 82. Germany, persecutions in, 47. Gibson, John, 68. (iill, Kev., 118. (ilasjjow, 143, Glen, William, 93, 97. Gloucester martyrs, 34. Gnadenhuetten, 77. Golbanti, Kast Africa, 124 CJoodenough, Commodore, 1 1 7. Gopenath Nundi, 100. Gordon, General C. G., 123. George M., 121. George N., 105. James D., 117. Mrs., 105. Sir Arthur, 14S. Gossner mission, loi, 138. Gottschalk, 23. Graham, Robert, 79. Grant, Asahel, M. D., 12, 72. Gray, assistant missionary, 89. Greek Church festival, 151. Green, Mr., China, 129. Greenwood, " Seixiratist," 43. (Jreig, Rev. Dr., China, 1 28. Greyfriars churchyard, 54, 69. tirieg, Peter, 79. Guthrie, James, 60. Gwalior, India, 95. Haldane, Robert, 155, 161. Ilambroek, Antonius, 75. Hamilton, Pal-ick, 29. Hamment, Maithew, 43. Hannington, Bishop, 122. Harper, Samuel, 78. Harris, James, 87. Mau-hau superstition. III. Ilaveiock, (ieneral, 102. Havre, massacre in, 46. Hawaii, missions in, 140. Haycock, Mrs,, 94. Haycock, Rev. W. H., 93, 94. Heath, missionary, 1 18. Heber, Hishop, 12, 72. Hell Gate, 164. Henry VI H., Rex, 33. Hereford, Nicolas, 26. Hermannsburg missit)n, 133. Hervey Islands, 118. Hill, Rev. VV., 115. Hillier, ini.ssi '36. ^^hitely, John, 114. Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 89. Wicliffe, John, 24. Wigand, Fried., 104. Wigton ]3ay, 62. W'ikholm, Otto Frederick, 129. William of Orange, Rex, 70. Williams, John, S6, 140. Dr. Richard, 91. Willson, J., 102. Wilson, Dr. John, 72. Wilson, Margaret and Agnes, 62. Winsheim, Arnold, 75. Wisliart, George, 30. Wizetenarz, Nicolas, 48. Wodrovv's History, 59, 68. Wusueh, China, 128. Xavier, Francis, 125. Young, Fisher, 109. ZlEGENBALG, 72. Zululand, Africa, 122.