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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de I'engle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 MM 15.6 Z8 3.2 3.6 4.0 1.4 II 2.5 2.2 2£ 1.8 1.6 ^ /APPLIED IIVHGE Inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester, iNew York 14609 USA (716) 482 -0300- Phone (716) 288- 5989 - Fax ,/« )«-«fwS?. -OE3s^T•B2^g^A.Ii^r, OP THB ^cutttsft MtfiDtmatton ; oa> OP CALVINISM AND PRESBYTERIANISM IN SCOTLAND, BY THB REV. ALEXANDER MoLEAN OP EAST PUSI^NCH. GUBLPH: nUVTlD AT TM " ADTIBTIMH " ©ITfOl, iqci '^^ THE TI^I-CE3SrTl:J3SrA.Ii OF THE itdttisJi l^efcjirmati'jjtt j on, OP Calvinism and Presbjterianism IN SCOTLAND, BY THE BEV. ALEXANDEB MCLEAN' OF EAST PUSLINCH. M GUELPH: ?RUVT£D AT THE 'UoVZHUBEK'' omCB, 43t^ V ( i5 'ii ' € 'U Trl-Ccuteaury of the Scottish Reformation. _ The IWner aud foust of uuloavonud k^d^^^jiluted bv i^ v.n, a,,pon.fneMt, iu commomorutiou of the wonderful "! ^ of I..-ael n.o.u ,h. oppn..sio,. and thraldo.u of ^t a,; ;" l\" «ujo,uod upon hi.s ancioMt people the uunuul obs^rva .'co or ho « perpetual ordiaaace throughout their .'Cuerutio.s tV ' "" clu-'rish the me,.u,ry of thdr ddiveraaC hlT; ^^ ''''' *^ -•,ht kaow the ,ai,ht, woH<. of God T;;:.:!"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ people, and be stirred up (o a .n-atefu arknn.l ^ " . ^"^ ^'* no.. The tin. of theJe..:^,:;;^; :::::r^:i^^«^f^- bu,nnnu... of months," (he period from which thev Zr.f I year ; - for in the month of Abib the I o d tSri. 'T ^" forth out of E.ynt " And \t .„, / ^ htoiirrht thcia bundred and thirty year., even th^ Jf-.a...^il T^l "^^ ^''''' t at all the hosts of the I.ord went fort wil/ll d .rB^' It .s a n.ght to be much observed unto the LoTd for b f^"' out from the land of R rypt • this is iJ u . . J""'-""-' / devolving npou us, thoir descendants, to maintain tho great princi[)le3 and masculine theology of tho Reformation, and hand them down to our childroii entire and unimpaired, as wo received them. And wo aro to do this the'more earnestly, both because those principles contain the truth of God, and also are tho purchase and fruits of our ances- tor's blood. Presbyterians will not deny, generally speaking, whatever country they belong to, that it was in Scotland, more than any other country, the battle for Presby terianism was fought and won. It was in tho year 15G0, on tho 17th August tho Protestant religion was ost.\b- lishod in Scotland, when the Scottish Parliamant ratified the first con- lession of faith, passed an act against idolatry, abolished tho mass, and tho jurisdiction of the Popo. And as we arc already aware tho tri-centenary of the Ueformation was accordingly commemorated in Scotland in August last. This is truly a time " .Much to be o1)sorvea unto tho Lord," and to bo much remembered by tho Church of God. It was on the 20th of December 15G0, the same year, precisely three hundred years ago that the first meeting of the General As- sembly was held at Edinburgh, a day " much to be observed for a memorial throughout their generations," by all Presby- terians. Piety and patriotism alihe dictate gratitude for great favors and privileges, and a sacred remembrance of those men who, by their disinterested labors and toil, have under God, Been instrumental in procuring them. It is the very height of in- gratitude to be otherwise disposed toward them. Indeed, in proportion m men aro actuated by enlightened piety, and genuine patriotism, they will always be found to cherish tho memory of Ihoso glorious events, in their national and religious history, from which stupendous results have flown to them, and with which are identified their highest achievements, their most sacred rights, and their most precious and distinguishing liberties and privileges. It is no less s I I f Oharactorl.ti... ol'natin.H, th.u. in-liv.MuuIs. to uWrve a Rmtcfut comnuMnomfuM (.f^n-ut an.l l„.n..(u.iul .i.liv.nuu.s, of,!.,.,!... .rnn.I and .ntorest.n« ovo„tH, whid. lurm an c,k,c1. i.. their J.isto.y: an.l w uc h olevat.. t UMu iu tho hcuIo of exJstoMco. socially, mo.ali; 1" reh^jousl,. The IMunnati,.,. l,as I.e.. a -/reate. buLsIn,, Id lar;^o than all tho other events ofn.udern history put to-a-thor. W. h grafludo to Cfod we are doHirous to con.nuMnorato or at least ca'i attention, to ,h. Uofonnution from Popery, and to ^ru,,Ie. of oar ta.ho. in it. hehalt; This season rennnds Irlu oZ pnv. o.es as Protestants and Presbytenans. And if onr children Hhould .nqnu-e of ns, " What is this VWhat mean ye hy this sen in. •'- our answer ,H that our fuhers were "bondsmen" within the ,h. n.nnons ot Antichrist, .,.d that it pleasnl (}od in his «overei.n mrcy. by strength of hand," to deliver them from tho bondage nnd darkness of Popery, emancipate them from the yoke and ll^adon. of .^The Man of Sin," and establish the bl^^j: dear Son >mong them, which blessing we, as well as they have ^nK.rto enjoyed. Let us then with hearts thankful to the (Jroat R poser of all events " w „- .^out Zion, and ,o ronnd about her, tel the towers thereof. Mark ye well her bulwark., consider he im'aces, that ye may tell it to the generation following. For this God . ^our God for over and over, be will bo our guide, even unto foltv-^c!!:;:^.:!^^"""'^" of this subject, I womd adopt the 1. The moral and religious state of Scotland before the Refor-' niation. 'viwi 2. The:ri3e, progress, and consummation of the Scottish llefor- mation. "vivt 3 The subsequent history of the Reformation, and the present state of religion in Scotland. niD^*ior° ^^'"^"""^ ''"'^ ecclesiastical polity of the Scottish Refor- 5. The duty devolving upon us to maintain the doctrines and pnno.ples of tho Reformation, and transmit them to future generations. 1. The moral and religious state of Scotland before the Refor- mation. W...S ..1 ..Acceding ,„ „,c „,,i„,„ ,,,„„j ^|,„,„ ^„ ' "' *Jl ■ ; "»■ l..il.4, 2J. ItwM |.art,cnlarly so in the Apostolic a™ u M jtii the elouients and instninionts of death ^\n^ r... . ,.1 tK„ • 1 . ,. , . ' ^ Cloud overshadowed thpm " Jn in.ds ottheroniop.o,us. ^^ Alas I how is the 'old bocon •"" "i-i-, 1 latonic notions about ilirt diili-'urcl r, f • ■ ""■'V"''"''"" "P»" ■'. "Iioroby it wa,, much "Tho Man of Sin " ,-n *i ^.'''Ceii.ea the first movements of iiio .yanot bu m the corruptions and errors, which anno'i.Pr? a , artly prevailed in his own dav. lie perceived the latere -m of the myster, of nnqnity " in the elements then at work, ^ioT althou,.h hey were not as yet systematized and united, yet 4 n i discordant ,- but were pregnant with a capacity of un'ion, and |y wanted time and experience to develope their adaptat on lo thi ormatnm ol tlie,,,antic system of Popery :-2 Thes! Ch. l^H 1^. 1 inn. Ch.4, 1,2, 3, &e. ' ;'Tho Son of Perdition" was once a child-and -the mv-terv of nmiuity" wjvs not always a well organized svstem. -The na 0' -a was not hke Adam, a lull grou-n man at I.is Hrst appo ra c f I ^ Ho, oven now, „. his oV] a.^e, leanincr l.im.solfon1hest.a'orr',nn.f. re.no,„her.s his ouHy davs an-l Juvenile ns.sociu.ions. Tl o ■ o ^^^^ of tho mystery ofini,u;fy,- as .he Apostle tolls u.s, wore ■ 1 "1 at work :n the Apostolic .ge,„ the darlc and turl.Jlo t . jtf wran-lin- controversies, an.l in "tho ;,; l HO f..,]ln,i^' A *• . • '/■•"""' '"0 it-'ons of soionce fa soir 80 called. Antichrist, however wn^ ^« nf . m x i ^ ftm^r/ u'''''^ *""'' "°''°""' l'°""' P"?""'-™ "-s over. to hi„rselP fe- X'^tt^ , f;^ ---f if-llibility, arrogated -and of dethroning- Emnerors ^nd .-."°"'^'"- ^" ' changing lawa genceg weo Bold for erery conceiv-ihlp *.'^'''^'' f ^"»- Tndul- pardonod for .oney, and liL^y aTd teTtTe\.i. ::\r^ ^"" future depr3dation« T.a. elBo sold for mrey Tho° ^ ? '°™™* prostitutioB wore Jican'-ed by th^ «!il, ^; J "'^ ^""'^-^^ °^ of the spoils to fiiltle coffer and ;■"' f i ^^^^'-^-^^ division ofthevatican. NoIitrfaX ' J^^" , "'7^^' ^^^^^"^ and only doing God's servrtoT^ aM. w"; 'f^'^'^'^^^h •< ThA lU-ar, «f o- M "^'^^^°'^> to p... aJ such to death. It was thus lis way upon the earfl,";fJI' . flesh had corrupted ChA,'amo„„ Iwlil r T"" "' ^" ""''""Shored flock of Alpine Mo„oW™.^TtrclT„H° T """""' °" ""^ ""' first L-mdlGd by its Divine author, oigliteen centuries ago; for It i» a well-known historical fact, that an evangelical church existed among the Waklonses during the darkest ages of Popery. THE IXTKODUCTIOX OP CIIUISTUNIl'y TxTO GREAT BRITAIN. The date of tlie first introduction of Christianity into Great Erita.n, ,s involved in great uncertainty. It is not unreasonable, however, to suppose that the violent persecutions ragin- everywliere ^vuhin the dominions of Papal Rome during the first three christian ccntunes, would liave driven many christians into the territories of unsubdued nations, and th.t the Gospel was tlius introduced into tao unconquered districts of Scotland and Ireland-of this indeed there seems to be no doubt. The Gospel was preached in Ireland 1.1 the Fifth Century, in the days of St. Patrick, (and very likely long before his day. In Scotland the Gospel was preached in the hrxth Century, (and no doubt sooner) through the instrumentalily ot Coluraba and his pious fellow-workers, the Culdees. But this light was soon extinguished in the British Isles by a blast of the corrupt breath of Antichrist. Pope Gregory the Great, sent the Italian Monk, Augustine, with forty assistant Missionaries to intro. duce the growing corruptions of Papal Rome into the British dominions-and the consequence was, that they soon impeded tho progress of the Gospel, and subdued and silenced the Culdees. Great ignorr.nce and awful wickedness prevailed everywhere. Tho Priesthood was tho most ignorant and profane part of society. JJut It would encroach too much upon our space, intereating thourrh it might be, to give anything like an idea of the fearful stat°e of thln.rs in Church and State in Scotland, prftvious to tho Reformation °I cannot, however, resist the temptation of giving an extract, bearing* upon the point from the venerable Dr. McCrie's "Life of Kn-x ° This profound Historian says : — '' The corruptioiia by which the Christian religion was univer- sal!];' disfigured before the Reformation had grown to a greater height m Scotland than in any other nation within the pale of the Western Church. Supcrgtition and religious imposture in their grossest forms, gained an easy admission among a rude and i^^norant people. The full half of tho wealth of the nation belonged to the Clergy, and the greater part of this was in the hands of a few in. dividuals who had the command of the whole body." "Bishops and Abbots -ivalled the:first nobility in magnificence, and. preceded them in honors. A vacant Bishopric called forth power- 9 M comreUfor. .l.o oonlon.].-! A,, if a. f^v. a pKnci- allty or reify K.n,.,^,. miono. henencs wco opc-y p.t ;, o ' l^LS ontiio iIliioralG a,Rl "nwo. i'lv minloos of r n,n u.,, r , .;.rolIi,„ ba..d. a,Hl tl.o hastu.Is of Disl^l. ' '""^^'^^^■^' " Tho lives of the Clo,,y wcro ],.eo,r,. 1 ..,,M to religion .„c] hibited under 1?.^ so, oiostioiviliv n <• , , ^' ana ],.o- i^'om contracting ),.vHw^^"'^,:"!V' '" ^^^'^-^''-l on'-e. most s!.,.ele .; oHi ■ cv S,^ Z l^''':T "^ ""'"'^'^ '^^ ''' their harlot., n ovid^d tL ' f' . "^""".''^ ^oT, avowedlvkopt their daughter; in^ ":•; ' r:!!;'^^ ^r'"'^' '"' ""^« ,0 .y ..,v wI,o.n wee .o n,o.. .. to .ouiJ.JX Za ot t ie>r lami ipWjv Si'oh Ii'wo nii; .„„ r ,, , <-''»- i^ oou ries winch they b '.^ht! '" "" ^^'" °' ^^" ''^'^^^^ " The Kingdom Siva ir-.livHIi i'»po:.. If i.ll„ i ■ „ , »Im, likelooral,.dov,„K.d|.,a:'.;„°- ■■ ', ,"''°"' ''"" ''> wM, „„ ••! .•,■', ' "' '''" "■'■"''l! »ni f'ril (lie fir w.th pcsl,lo„„aI ,„fcc,l„„i „i„, p,i„,,, „,,i, .„,„^ „ J '° I^arse s.™, of money voie r-,„t.al|v c: „„, , ,| „„. o HI,! r- ' , ' .;.c:..cl,a„,e f„.. whiel, v,e,.o .ecelvej' lend 1, , ^ ^ j*;"' vooden .mase,,, „,d l,o„e,, and ,:.„!%,■ art^cl., of ,. "",, ool 7 bot with tl,o Devi f:'lv°"'".' "'■''' '•« '•"'■■o™'". '■■■»oo„:- ofholy wa.e " h ;^ r:: ;°:^:' r""'": ""S'^""'--! 'I.e.i.;„e, fo.wd the favoH;e:::;i:y':rt^;:ihe ':;.""' °°^ '"'-''' =--■-' - Hi.o.i,,. "TdTe f ; zi^d" :r'hr r-^' -^ --""» Ee.lenee Lere and ilere f.om hi, ve vlll ' ' '"'''' ' the »n,.ip,iei.y of mo„a.„rie3::d it dlrnZdl'''- ,^" '° and as to the avaridousDO,., and ranaeilv „" P . ^''auohery-. the beds of the dyin,, end d;lm°;,a. " ' ''''''"' '.^aests ,0 . Weive., o. ,e the ehath 3" lirZre^et;;^ m iu Tied ofT their corrsc-present, as soon as the coM lian.l of dcatl. had visitod the family, we must pass by without further observation. 2. THE RISE, PROGRESS, AXD CONSUMATION OF THE SCOTTISH REFORMATIOX. Notwitlistandin- the dark picture I have just presented of the prevailing state of things i„ Scotland before the Reformation, still It IS generally supposecl that the influence of the doctrines of the Culdees, was not entirely lost upon the Scottish people, even after they had been suppressed as a church. The last document si-ned by them as a public body, of which we have anv account, comes down to the year 1297, from which it may be reasonably supposed that the influence of their doctrines was not, as yet, entirely extinct. Ihe Lord, as m Israel of old, might have not a few amon- tlmm, akhough secretly, who did not bend the knee to Rome, and who hice Simeon, "v.-erc waiting for the consolation of Israel " and tha Reformation of the church. The light of the morning star cf the Reformation, the famous John W.ckhff, had also penctrcited into Scotland. This Patriarch of the Reformation, was born in Yorlrshire in 1324, advanced to be Master of Baliol College, Oxford, in I'JGl, and advanced to the WardcnshipofCanterburyHallinlSGS, where h", continued until expelled by the Pope in 1370 for his advocacy of reforming pdnci- pies in the church. Wickliifhas been compared to " The'voice of one crying in the Wilderness "—a voice and nothin- more-a mighty agency which is known only by its efibcts. This noble ser- vant of Christ stood in the same relation to the Reformation as John the Baptist stood to our Saviour, and as David stood to the Temple of Jerusalem. He could truly say with David :—'' Now behold, in my trouble, I have prepared for the house of tlie Lord '' The writings of Wickllff found their way to the continent of Europe and particularly to Bohemia, whore they fell into the hands of John Huss and others, whose eyes had been opened by them. But to retnri to Scotland-John Resby, an Englishman, and a disciple of the celebrated Wickliir, found Ids way to Scotland, whore he ''strengthened the things that remained and were ready to die" by the preaching of the gospel. He .ovived the embers of the doctrines of the Culdoes. But he was burned to death at Perth in ^ho year 1407 along with others who were his followers. The next II VI t.mofpapalperseout>ou wr« Paul Cmwar, a Bohemian, and a ollowero Joha Hass, .ho was apprchoudea at the in.tiga ion of Wardlaw, ]3.shop of St. Andres, ana.,ick Hamilton. He. howev^ T ,?„ , ,? ^an, was weak and fickle., and p.oved .0 . .'.p.; -^^ f Ca' d.a. who sooa succeeded in gaining h-'m ovei' to couoteuauce and even encourage his own cruelties. ^ But the lleformation had made great pro-re^^ dn .'n. <^. , . im^ethat it was pa.:onised by the Re en it '^ ?''"'^ ^ilem, was sl-^ady. la spiie of til ' l ' ''^"'^'' '''""°h a'^d his /ollowers ihP k 1 ^'osruoa of Cardinal Beaton ^T^'O'^o^eis, iherailiamentpassed anactin l')49 nt bo^an to >vavor in hi at- uehnient to the llAonnuiiou, his nmhlU eh'^nhnn:, Williun.s and W.,^h, were dismissed from the com t, and had lo flee out of the couary lor thou- lives Having got the Ke^ent on their side, the . P. esthood w.,h Cardnml lieaton ut their head, were determined to extin..ns!i the ]>gl,t and stem the tide ore it reached its flood, and ni their aesper^ile elfort to accomplish ,.it they respected neither muk nor a;je n«r sex. Suflice it to s.y, that the Cardinal recovered liis lost ascendancy in the government of the kingdom, so far as to persuade the Parliament winch met at Stirling in lo-i:], to revive the old Jaws against heresy and heretics. He, moreover got him- self appom.ed to carry those laws into effect. And for this pnrposa Le resolved to travel through the kingdom, and setup petty inquisi- tions everywhere for the suppression of heresy and punishment of heretics. The result of all this was, that a great multitude of Ood s people were persecuted unto death, were brought as <'sheep to the s aughter," and ''their blood was shed like water. Both Cardaiul a.id li.g.ut visited Perth, and there put a large number of God s people to death. Among the martyrs of this and the pre- vious years may be specially named, Forrest, the Vicar of Dollar famous tor his conversation with the Bishop of Dunkeld, who thanked God that he always lived in entire ignorance of what the UIdand.\ewlestamcntwas; as also Gourlay, Straiten, Russell, Forrester, Kennedy, Simpson,KylIor, and that noble woman Helen •.tark, who was drowned at Monks Tower. But the martyrdom of George Wishart was the death knell of Popery in Scotland. After an absence of some time in Germany and t.nghuKl, he returned to Scotland in the year lo44. He at once preached the Gospel to his countrymen and his trumpet -ave no uncerluiu sound. But Cardinal Beaton soon got him into° his hands and condemned him to be burnt for heresy, which was ac- cordmgly done in the year 1546. His disciple, Knox, was deter- mmed to accompany him to his martyrdom, but AVishart returned bim back saying:— "go back to your pupils, one is sufUcient for one sacrilicc." The pile by which he was to be burnt was erected J^pposifo th» Gmlhmrs palaco, that him.olf aM-lhl. Pnos;, „,„,.t J-. full v,ow . tho „u,-fy,. ia tl.c iu-o, nn.J ,eas^ th,M,.evos Jith'u « ,.ad spoctuolo of h. tonn.n... W;..I.„, ,,, ,,,, „ „., ,;.,^ ^^.. ,, ^ >''^'' <'I>Hu. ul.out .1;..^ ^vui,t, his I.aiuls li^cl I,ehi„d Lis I.a,\- -iiu] a ropo rouu,l ins noek. Altor the firo luul l;jn^le,l nroun,! hi'.n! and ho ;..uvowd(.. Imd expludod, tl.o G^..,ul„ p.:.c.oivi„, 1^ bud. lu.n 1)0 of goo.| counu.-. Wi^IuM,, ui.h nuMu.in, voioc, ro' r^.od:-. I,„, f„.c tonn,.,.ts n.y iuKly but uo-waysabalos myspi it.'- Wl..aioubn^to.vard. th. Canli,..!, u-ins. s.i.it roi.i.od „ his a.ony, ho «a,d :-<* Ho wh , in ,„oh st.to fVoa. that hl,h pace food eth h,s oyes u,th .ay tonn.nt.s, withia a IImv davs shall ho haa^od oat at tl... s.uno wiad,,u-, tu bo soou u-ith as au'.ch igaominy as'ho now loanoth there .a prido. Accordia,, to this prophetic laiv'ua.e the Card.aal was sooa after stoi.ped ia his blood v career by a well' niented death, and there was not in Scotlaad one j^it iot who L'unent- ed Ins re.noval, uUhou.^h thoy would not generally approve of the maaaor m winch it was accomplished. Oi, the 2!»th of .Afav 1 " !(• sixteen men n.ade their way to the Palace of St. Aadreui, a,;d s].[y the Carctn.al w,th the sword ia his own bed-room. The wretched man Jie-l, cyiag: ^'J a,n a priest, I am a priest. Ye will notslay molly ly! all., one-' -r,,,.- saith ll.thria^noa, « diocl David J. eatoa without ultorin:,^ one word ofrepeafaa.e or n-aver leavmg behind hin> a aamo uarivalled n, Scottish aaaals for the fearful comlnnat.o.i of evil qualities of NWiich his character was com posed-unscrupulous nmlation, far roachia-Mrcachery, deliberate' mahce, gross iicea.iousaess aad relealloss cruelty." Jt may be s-dd that the geneml foelin,, as to the manner of his death was eorrec'tly expressed by LuKlsay the, Scottish Poet, in the following lines.-? " As for tho Cardinal I grant He was the man wo weel could want And we'll forget him soon: And yet 1 thiak, the sooth to say, Although the loon was weel away, The deed was foully done." citil T<^7'T7' ■''■""' "■^,'^ ^^''"' '"'^^'' ^<^Pt posse, ion of the . tastle ot St. Andrews lor nearly two years. In a short time the llegont was convinced that he was not to reap the expected enjoyment fro.a his elevated position. The Quee^ irt Mull, I'r noynr o^^i^od 1,0,. ,,i,,, > • . ... -.M;::;»';:?,;:t:;;:r<;:-:;:r™:'"^:::tT - ♦ ',« Ti, , , •'^ ^ ^ " of Scotland was Iho noarPst IipI,. t« t. e Thvono, the Pap-'sts fully e.-cpected hov acco.sioa to hf S / ol England. The JJarthoiomew massacre in F ' n , ?^ '° P.'otostants were «o t..eheronsI, a.d c o n d!:;; '," tbe commencement or those woes wifh whL 'i '''*' ""'^ tended . to wear out the s.-„ts of 2' C^U'-'^'T '"' i"* g eat Spanish Armada which made its way to iJl r^''" *''° Ireland, and Scot'and, to subject thertoV ''"'''' ^"^'''^'"'' Keformation, and against which tte .e iofT' '^ '""'' ''' ed, was the attempted e.vecuuion of a nar o" h " '"'^"''■ to eS-ect the universal destruction of Cest ' '?'f p '" ''''^"^' Such was the state of things in Scothnd a t " ^'''''^-^---^ the Iteformation-such was^he det m 1^^^^^^^^ eommencemont of work-such was the combinationtrr U and''": '"^ '''' eTort. put forth to suppress it. Hencer he roulh'lLr" ■'' --.theKe.r.atio,ajn^:;:;:— 2- 17 liisl of these covcuanU was subsLriliPi? n» ri- i, i December, 1557, because "ft ho n ^''"'^"'»'' °" ^'^^ •'^'J "f poHltion to the I ef< 3o", Thi " ^'"'*^''^''' '^^-^^^^ous op- ^JlHt, 185!); thetT Zrst'r ■'^'T"'^ ^'"dHtcd at Perth, May loGO, when the Hege h fo:ti ^ J.'^C T '"'T' ^^''^ '^' enslave the nation by means oTltn I '/"^^ wasencleavori,,. to ^-re Pope, w. j.^ ia:::t;:zLJi^:r' JOn.V KNOX AND THE UEFOUMATION PEniOD. IW and undaunled John Knox ir„ f', "■"'"''° "''"■■ studying for ,1,0 P, oXd 1 !,° '""""■•^ ""■ "'» >■»" «f dea.h « -de. :^L;tp;^:r :;:''£ ^-nr'rrr^ -rX"; v^io'ift" r- ""'• '^'- "-"'.^° cot:; J- feiven 10 idolatry, his spirit was stirred in him ■ " o.n,i "The Lord » „i,h ,IT,1 t °°''"' "■""' ''"' ""' ="<" ^- .1.7 .nisbt and .ho luV=^^^^7;» '' 7" f ;«'<>"• 0° i" tbi, land of Antich™., ha:rno V en "h'ef ■ ""t^T""''' f "■ ?° ing—for Knox waaamon "''""^^^- >^ith fear and trembl- ™ constrained Z ZVLZ'T'T^ °' -"'«-e-l,„ from love to hi, counlrvll »T ', T '°™ '" ""'' '^'""c'- "'^ put hi, hand to t „; 7n" 'aL'T/' '"''''"' «"«<■" «". '» ™ in the year 154?%! , "'"" "S"" '°°''ed back. It was given unto him " w^r, / P"'^'^'"^ ^''^ grace that pveacher and pasto ' Bui li ^m'^ ''T' ''"^ ^° '^^^°^« * skinofhisfaoLhone,'' w^' '"^^^^^^^ ?° " "'«^ "^^ ^^at tho their request from „ ^ extremely reluctant to comply with saerednrortrMrisSoS^^^ would not, however tatv; ""f ^'' «-""nwcrthiness. They -.onth4.no.a::L;':eS^Ldt3sr-j:rtt IW k«o,„. c„. of the Mirnster, of St. Arul.c.',, along with Rou^l,. Acoo,.Ii„.Iy onaday flxo J for, I.at purpose, T.o„.h, who pronch. e.l a «ennon suited to tho ocoa.sio,,, turned t-Knc.; H. tI,o t of h.s discourse, and addus-od him in thoM, >vo.d.s.-' Then, ad,lros.sm, himself to ,ho con.re^.Uion, he ^ald :-'< wZ'.t th.a your charge unto mo? and d,> ye not approve this vooatl , •! They all answered: -It was; and we approve it. ' "Overwhel,. .d" «ays Dr. MacCrie «hy this unoxpectod and solemn cha.. ' Kn . nn r an n.e(n.ctual attempt to address theau.llence, hu.n n o ^ ^ n^s^^edoutof the assembly and shut himself up in his H:n.X;' n.s countenance and behaviour, from that day till the day ,hnt he was eompelled to present himself in tho public place of preaehinr u>er,-jiry, „•..! , ' " ->^"' ■ ■"v.ii,..t-rM 01 rue univ( with a great number o£ Canons and F;-iar. of dilT.rent orders. His i Irxt wn.^ frcii, Duniol, c. T-y "I •>- i • , ■ '"" ".^ 1"> ar.lR.aifd I ' I''il,y!u,-uu Harlot. A. — U then to acti.; r U TZ , "TT'"'^ ''' -^'-' -<» tho If.furme.H and tho P« t ,u ,! "" ?' -"t.norH, b.t.oon Church ,.i- If.me, not onl ' '""'": "^'*- "«-''"^'<«i »ho -.•eii..uhn.a..di..;:::i,^— ^^^^ thoorj and ;,ractioc.; hut t hieflv 1,., rf ■''*"" l"''*'^'"!"'.',' in Jy. l'^:.il V ..an d, and o. ,", ' J^ ^ ^' ^'"- ^^"^ -co.du... CI.u..h of Uo.„o is Antiduist CaV ;;''r!"" ^'"^*''^' ''^l'** ''urkMcss, truth and error desnot nT • "'" ''''"""" ''■^'''* '*»r IViends Z il[ vT ' "f ''^^^'"^ '•''" ««» J. ouch -gallop, whore he was co fi ^d (! '"""l'"""' «" boa. d tho La|,|.e.ed by the lall of the Ca.X ' St A. T'''^ *7 ^■^"'■'^- '^'^i^ o ms took relu,,ro aHer tlie death of the r^' ^^''"'' ^'"^^ '"»f ga ley, he was brought to the ya ,,"^' ',\ .f 7'- .^j' ''ou d the J.7 o.recto severe coufineu.ent. JJut e ," ^{•'* ^'"'^"^ ^^ver, of mmd d.d not lor.ake hin,, fbr he e omi . . I^.^p"'""' ^'^''^'^^^ .s leliow.p,,,ouers with the assured o'nr ^? ^''' ^"' *« co"'"o t tivitj. It was no doubt i-iteuded tV.,- 1! i I *''^''''^ "'"'n tl'<"ir cap- fccotiaud liberty luul hi,usdi-l\Vibt.^^ t the .„au who ^a Ji Whose feet with letters they did mrt And he lu irons lay -^ "'^^ -urt, Lntd the tin.0 that his' word came log.vehmi liberty: ® 1 lie word and purpose ^f the Lord, i>"nu„napas.s.onlrr."-P3aIn, log l, 20 After he had obtained his liberty lie endured for six years the disappointments and sorrows of an exile. lie first visited England, where he became Chaplain to Edward VI., and was offered tho Bishopric of Rochester, which he declined, because he considered Prelacy had no Scriptural authority. On the accession of bloody Mary to the English Throne, he was obliged to leave the country. Ho set out for the Continent, like the Hebrew Patriarch of old, "not knowing whither he went." He first became Pastor of a Protea- tant Church at Frankfort, and afterwards of an English and Scotch congregation at Geneva, where, besides his pastoral labors, he took an active part in translating the Bible into English— commonly known by the name of" The Geneva Bible." The removal of Knox must have been a dark and mysterious Providence to the friends of the Reformation in Scotland. After the work was commenced, and the deliverer of the country stood before them, an arrest was laid on both : — " Thy way is in the sea and thy path is in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known," Psalms 77c.— 19 V. But it was all well ordered. He assuredly found the words of our Saviour true in his own experience : — "What I do, thou knowest not now, but thou shalt know hereafter," John 13c. 7v. When hejbecame an exile he was much about the age of Moses, when he fled from the face of Pharoah. He was sent to the school of affliction, that he might become inured to hardship, ma- tured in experience, and patient under contradiction and provoca- tion. In his exile, he, no doubt, greatly acquired that self-possession in difficulty and danger, that self-control, calm and resolute r -sist. ancG to every unrighteous opposition which so remarkably distinguish- ed him in after life. That man needed no ordinary training for hia work, who was destined to "confront the hostility of a Popish Court, moderate the turbulency of factious Barons, and control the zeal of a people, who, till that time, had been strangers to tho blessings of religion and liberty." Moreover, Knox in his exilo came in contact with the pire&t lleformera and Scholars of the ag«, 80 that he must have reaped untold benefits from his sojourn abroad. His intercourse with Calvin alone was worth all the sorrows of expatriation. It is beyond all doubt, that the mighty spirit of Cal- vin made a profound impression upon the penetrating mind of tho Scotch Reformer. The most intimate friendship existed between 21 il.ose IlUi3tnou.s nuliers of Clmrcho3 and ft.mulors of free nnfions. Dr. HonryinhisHlbofCiIvin, »ay,s.— "From the year 1554, we sec frequently in Geneva, and in close intercct.rso with Calvin, h man of the ino8t Bingiihir appearance, Btrongly lj„ilt, wilh a bold, severe expression of countenance, of a firm but yet tender nature ; this la tl,o fan.ous Scotchman, Join. Knox. Jt might have been miuzmcd that two such powerful aud ardent characters as these llelormera could not have agreed well together, but thev cherished for each other a genuine alfectiou-the one could submit himself to the other." During Knox'a absence, the seed already sown wag loavenin- the community, and the Scriptures, which were still in ih^ hanck of many were gra.lually opening their eyea. It is iude.d true that tho 1 opi^h party displayed more courage, and were taking bolder steps to crush the Reformation after his departure. They even prevailed on the Queen iJcgentto Humn.on the Preachers before the Council of State upon a charge of sedition. Ihit the Protestant r,p„,u.,nen perceiving their design, on the appoin.e. day, forced themselves without any ceremony into the presence of the Queen, sitlin- in Councn with the Bishops J and Chalmers, of Gadgirth, a bold luid zealous man, spoke thus, in the name of all .—" Madam, we know -hat tins proclamation is a device of the Bishops, and of that bastard, tho primaie of St. Andrews, that stands beside you. We avow to God, that ere we yield, we will make a day of it. These idle drones oppress us and our tenants ; they trouble our preachers, and w iiio -o in l,w, .,,• i i '*^"'-^'') •""1 made his an- and pale wi(h Un- 1 I. ..c.: ha.to d <" • "", f^'^"'^-'^^"-'^"' conto.np!ati.„ i. du.b di.^ \ 7 .^ t^: wir"' '"' 'T"^'"'^' concocted fo. the I-uni.h.ent;,- le i 3 T ' o"' '7 '"' '''^ ^vas no less disturbed at il.i. -^'^e Q„eoa Regent, who K:.ox an outlaw a 1 a Lbd T '"'f '"'''''' ^"'^^-'^ly proclaimed 1-n out of the coT, ;!; ' ''''''''' '" '^^'^'' ^''- '" ^"oMeu- wji:^L::":::;r-'^-^^^ ^°""^^' ^-va,::,.itedb, around bin,, „nd sent woul to Kuo " C^^^^d' "T '" "'"^ ance that be would be shot in the Z T 1 'l"; ', "''^""■ Church ai the head of his a-n.v U L 7 ^'^^^"^''"1' ^^^'"^ ^^ Pupal Church was sfli;r%.?^, ,'' ^"''''^'' ''^'^ '^"^w that the remain at l.on.::d Uo h a ':;:',^'r:f^ 'T''' ^""^ '^ To which entre^iiiP. '^ l '^^' '"' "'"'o -^'^^ stone. 2:i tnan to defend ,n.. I only cravo andionco ^r]n,U if ;, , , • , think of i,i» ,,.,„,. n ■,,,,;;'*■ ""■' "'■■" ""■>• -""■'' 'o "•■'", Ills n^vn 'nnijiiai'o wnq ■ " Arrv ,7, ,1 • not M a loss l,„,v , r,! n "'^f'"™'"-; a,„l tliorefore ,va, upon the j,„u „r„,o co,;,*;,i, ! ":','""" — »■• '"--'-i .Uo, and plaoo Ma.v on „,o E • L " l?"™""""'' .t"" Scotland/ The QuocnEeidwiT: "°" ""^ """f 2-t II: ' «1" ^:'! Pol-sh volt'"'"''' "'"^ ''' "'^"" ''"'' '""^ '•'^'•' '^ --^^^(^ th« ■I o()i3n yoke for over. I'AULIAMKNT RKCOr.N-,..S TH. ntPOUMED n,.;,.,«IOX AND THK KIKST OEXERAI, ASSEMHI.Y MFETH At length tho lime for which Knox had so much longed, and 8o iHi K.cha.d, Larl of Cork, has preserved among his papers the fol lo yn.g curious ane.doto of the reign of bloJv Ma, y I'toaeen JL ry ],av,ng dealt severely with the Protestants in E -Vand si^."ned aCommissionfortotake the same course with them in TrtP i Coe'on^ofr ^P -^l^ with greater fo" e-ll'; ", ^a e ' Dr' Lole one of her Commissioners: This Doctor comin,^ luh 7i the Protestan relig.on, and also having a brother, ame.lJoh-^ iieutliereof a sheet nfnn.npr wlfi, ., , „ i i> i ""u piates m the knave of club/behfcf'Sd ^ V ^t rlX''?^'"^ '^^.''■''^^> Cas,le, the Lori Fiu-watr'l etV L„° D p„tr sen" rh";", '° "'" before him and llio Piivv-CouiicTl ■ ubrT ,n„ i, J , , 'V™"" the meanwhi'p ' Tii^ r» «* i • . , . , snuiiie the cards in ;;^e .aa Mafe.had, and gave he,' L pSV^TdSrhe? ill 28 often pr.M arrived. And like Elijah on Mount Camel, - hem. r na i ; * summary of t e Christian religion ; but they had no wishtoo ny tho places and authority of the Romi.sh Hierarchv, or form a spirf T^iTZtioiD^'T^ ''' civirju.isdi:::-o„:''n »»8 on tlie 20th of December, 1560, the li-n meeting of Mo fim ■ * n It was coavon: . .. the name, and I.3 T.o sole aulhorit, of the L^ d J... s Chrut who alee is Ki... ,,:k1 hoad of his church TW kep wuh.a their own spintuul .phco, without yieldin s hJ ,^ to the^ato, clai,«iu, aupenorit, to it, orassertia, co.:^ ':^^ •t. Ihey were prepared to -^Ve to C.ca:- what berou^ed to C V 1 quai,faed bj the K.nor a„d Head of the Church, for .he work to i.8hcd m the Km^^dom by the hi^^hcst civil authority, but the friends of theIl3fo„uation felt that their work w.s on'y commenced i re.na,ned wu them to proclaim the Gospel throughout tereudth and length of the land. But who can not only ;.press, b ev ' ma.ae the. wonder, theirjoyand ,n-atitud..as they ioundhm av t^P™f?^"''"' ^'"" were men here who could ,2 Teanf •'^"'' '? l""'' ''-'' ^^^°" "^--^ -t of measure, abo e «t.ength insomuch that they despaired even 01 life" 2 Cor Ic 8v One woud almost suppose vhat t^elr surpnse was such that Ihey" feu hke Peter when -be wist not that it was true which was doni 7 *r: '^J^ '• ''"t thought he sawa vision-'-Acts 12-1): or like the D,saples of our Lord when it is said of them, - They yet be- ;::: "' "^-r'^-^^'^ 240-41. nowa pHcabl/to hel sUuatiHQ were the words of the Psalmist :- When Sion's bondage God turn'd back, As men that dream'd were we Thea fill'd with laughter was our mouth Our tongue with melody.— Psalm 126. It may be truly said of this venerable Assemble, "There we-fl Quanta m those days." The times needed such m^n, and the Lo-'d •pecjally endowed them for their work, and expressly trained them for the occasion. The men who laid the foundation stone, and b«.l« th»w,13, of th. Reformation T.mrle in Scotland in ,ho«' a: troubIo«. tlrn^, mu3t haro beoa no ordinary men n. ^« *v and beauty of the superstructure declare the vi^I , ■ '^''' founders and architects. K,mx and h^ nob e 'T' ^^ '''' '' ''^ tiou on 1 10 Oaurch mid natin-i At,i- .• ' '°''' '""' iw«ti». pla,al,- »a,i,;,jc,uout, a„aauat,mllw,„i„da,>ro,- „,,,lf,!!!,, ' '"" .n..oi«,ea to c„„ Cl,u,.ci and co«„.,V, tU v 1^ o,et U L'T and we hope ever will. ' ^®' letauied, " A vine from E„-7pt brought thou hast By thine outstretched hand • And thou, the heathen out did'st caat To plant it in their land. Before it thou a room did'st make Where it might grow and stand j Thuu caused'st it deep root to take, And it did fill the land."-P8alm'80c. ; 8, 9. 8. THE SrBSEQr.XT nrSTOHT 0. THe RE.ORMATIOX, ..B XHX PR. SKXT STATE OK RELIGION IX SCOTLAND. It would be a great mistake to suppose that the reformers rr^f.A W hen- labors after Parliament had recognised theTf f Religion, and the first General Assembly had k d it I ^ """^ It is indeed tru3 that it was with no .r^'^2^'^:^^, theemauc.pat.on of their country from the supersti ion fi '■ m ^ I Whh itBprJneiplM and inflnm.cea. Rnox an.) I.is worl^,* a^cclatei bad a secoi.d battle to fi;;l,t, a:.rl a 303 ,ui triu;,, ,li u, a.'ii ./.. „ , le33 di^ucult tban the first. I,i some casM, and uaJer certui ', ci.- cumatances, it is more difficult to ":.old f.Ht tli.« wv have already attained " thun obtain the possession ortiieiu m first. It in ly t' uly be said of Knox that he appeared .'reater in his seeuad labors than be did even in hia first. ■ John Knox wag tho real orJ^/Jnator of popular education in Sc, f land and it may be said, in Britain. Ho wa. emphatically the man of the people, and his noble si-ntinients re-ardin„' iheia were • ''Let the masses of the people be educated." His grai.d aim was ihat every several Kirk have one Schoolmaster appointed : " and tint tlie comitry should be filled wiLh Parish and Guunnmr Schools Provincial Collc^rcs, and munificently endowed Universities Ho was the first man to see 'le new era that wasduwnin ^mon them— the firat to see that the people were not always to confiiu.c the Ignorant slaves and tools of Princes. Lord, an.i Barons-the first to see that the common people wore the best defenders of the conn try and were therefore to lu>-e its d.Mtinic. in their own hands- and the first to urge .he absolute necessity of giving them a thurou.^h education, secular and reli^Mous, that they mi^^ht be quuiidcd to dis- charge well the great trust that was to bo conunilted them, r.oliti- cally and religiously. When submitlingthe details of h.s educational scheme to the Scottish Parliament, as containect in the Fi.rft Book of Discipline, Knox concluded by saying :~" IfGod shall -nant quietness, and give your wisdoms g.ace to set forward education in the sort prescribed, ye shall leave wisdom and learning toyournos- terity-a treasure more to be esteemed than any eaithlv treasure ye ai-e able to amass for them.- This was the grand cliaracteris- tic of the Scottish Reformation, that it excelled all others in its re cognition of the rights of the people, and of the duty of educating them Mr. Dodds, in his speech at the Tri-centenary of the Scot' tiah Reformation says :-" The education of the common people- a treasure more to be esteemed than any earthly treasure ye are able to amass for them." What am I readi.ig from ? From the work of some enthusiastic modern cducaiionist? From some •peech of Henry Brougham's delivered in 1 836 or 1840 ? No but the wordt of John Knox, written 300 years ago I He said to him* i 23 n > eclf-fwo mar r-osumo to contract in'.o feot.lowo-da Ins flwellf,.., >atnul.c,h.u,|,u-..I will ,„ake ...y couuny ..cm^ I '. by intelligence, a...,,,.., lo. ,l.e fl 1 !i , r'" VT* ta run .he ,ace of hie with the auiliest, a.d ii !h Te b ' j with the stroii 'o.st " ^ "* "'^ Siiiiiiil pro,,oa..,J, lor cHluculioaal. ova,, ^elic.l ami oU ; , , "'""''^'^'y 1^-t even the e..e,.t t. which uf^.^^;^:::^^^ ^'7'- luvaluul.le h;e.si.,, to ih. eou.u.y. Oar iJLre d V' "' "" tend with cn.el I'ani.t.s, altenv kI. ^/tl a Z J '' "' ^" ^"*- anstocacy, a,.d la.tl, with un int.i -^ L! Cl '"' ?""'""" .l;.;^Q.e, hath, the .^ 1-, . •'^ "'"'■""-'" cxaiiDe," HavaRniv'o nr "A- ." .1.0 w„.M, „„, „„, ,•,,„ aencv.; L, Z„ I I^,, °" ""^ Wi.l, ,1,0 po„„|„, .„d „,, ■,,,;,,,, , ;,- '^j p*Z""°," ''>""'' of God ,„ ,„ .t,cr a:,J fo„„, ,„ ,^ ,,,„„ ^f ,,,„ j,,,, '° ^ '^ ''""' iri from him it descended to tl.o people. Henrj Imd renounced Po- -ry from vo.y «us,.c-ious m )tivc3, to say tl.o least, and his Uefor. mut,o„ was hke hwusoH; a .notiey sy.tom ur..«li,i,;„, that proved ed no ia.the,. .ha .uit.d his o.u capricious,!., and IZl Views. He dul not .p.arrel with PopcMy, hut with the Po e a d wh.ie ne disliked the fb.mer, he stili'lov;d, and la,-, 1 ' Uu d the latter He just su-.u.utod hi,n.lf .s U.e head o^f tl ^ >n.te.d oi the Pope. In othc- wa,d. he became his own Po d then. Pope. I e wa, alike opposed to Lutla. and the 1 , Po Uff. And the fViends of the Anglican Church n:ust still t ' that th,s . us greatest defect. I.s bondage to the state, de I 0, he nghts of t. e people, want of discipline, independe, ee d self-government, leaves it in the po-^er of each ■..•' „,n to do Vhat seen^eth ^rood in his own eyes. The En^lis? .overnm.nt was determined fron, the be.innin,. to retain as n.uch o? Pop " the Church, as they possibly could, and in this dcterminatio t ! have been only too successful. Hence the rise and .rowth of H:,h-church,sm, Tractarianism, and Pusoyis-u in that'' C e 1 OOP e wdl aKvay. reap according as they sow. They sowed .he r t ot trndition, .eremony, and ritualism, and reaped Tractarianlm u Id Puseyasm and other irregularities at vari.ace with Script ue.^ the^-uus. This, and this alone, account, for the great . o" the Eagbsh Clergy that have gone over to Rome ot° late yeat " In Scotland" says D'Auoi^ne, "The Reformation proceeded from he convers.on of souls anaong the people ; it made i s wly from the nnvard to the outward, from low to hi rl T„ v , 7^ ^ tnange i the ecclesiastipal constuutaon was t.r the most part accomplished by the Governm nt and consisted at first of little more than the substitution of the Kin , for the Pope as the Head of the Church. The state, by swal W ing up the Church, has become great and powerful ; but whltt hj cond,t.on the people ? Must not Statesmen themselves ackot kdge that they are poorer and more vicious. This would not have been the case, if the Church, instead of appearing only by its di-^n7 tones, on the Bishops, bench, and iu the Privy°Counci!'h d ^ ' bestowed nghta on her little ones~oa those members of the flock; ^ to whom the WOrd^riveS so hi,rh ; „ , Ir, thp -,, ,, . ^. ,. , • Cod. .. It was therefore natural . „ t It . h ? .hou.. hear .ule>> the Ch.eh of Seot,.:^;!!' tt' l^'' t oa the o.ho,. hand n. ,he Church of England, where the peo, :,. hive but few njhts, and. must re.n.ii.i nu„e or loss nassivo. u- 'i Z Church of Scotland is that h. whi.h h. '" u' n u,, :'? f fou^dthe n^.s.ud thevita.it, orthechw:t;a;,:;;:^::: tly u!!TT •^'""■'" *'^ '""^^ ^ioeiiedL;.t,.ast\o t^e rapa.y. "H they dos.ro to oppose Uomo (in En.'Iand) it cannot he done ly rcscMnhlin, he, o. b, placin, depondonce pi n-erarchy, o,- upon the assiUance of the 3,ate, as Uon.e hensel^do but on the contrary .,y a contrast with Rome, by sockin,/su,,po rl n.the faUhandactn-.tyofaChnstian people." D-Auhi,;e-8 L - many, Kii-lund, and Scotland. P. P. lOG, 110, 153, J54 la Scotland as already stated, things were v^ry .llfforent. inas- much as they kept at the greatest possible distance from Popery both >n matter and form ; and the prese.it state of religion in thi; country, as well as the history of the past, amply justify their wisdol and foresight so far. With thorn there wa/ ^^ attempt V^^t the mummeries and fooleries of Popery. "I'uuu Thomas Randolph, the worthy envoy of Queen Elizabeth to Scot- • land expressed Ins surprise at the interest manifested by the Scotti h pooplem the Reformation, in the following terms:-<'S.ill '' 1, he, addressing the Reformers. «I do not see how the Reformation has become such a popular movement in Scotland, or why the peo" pie should have been so ready to cast off their old religion, with then, old all.es the French I In my country, had not Henry VIII taken the matter .n his own hand, it would have been lon^ ere our clowns and yeomon would have quarreled with the Pone: or. en tared to sack and burn Monasteries, far less to pull down altar images, and crosses, and toss them about the streets as your Protea' tants have dune." V""i -fiotes. "It was the rascal multitude," replied Knox, "that did these th.n,.s. T,.ue. the, di : pull down all manner of Friars and somi Abbeys, which willingly received not the Reformation: and lei me forwarn you that to prevent the rooks Jron returning, tne iZ ^<-J^stopulUo.n their nests. But we protested aju,.:: t .h'.W,!. licmoht.on of AbK^r,: «r>d a« to tho Pariih Ohurche,. hU 4 1.1 ' 33 wc dnl, nan to clcun.io .hem of images, and al! oti.or monnmM.li of nlohiUy, ttud to order that no niusscH should be said i.. .h.,,.. Hm in answer .o your qur...io„. Ik n,. .ay. that our pc-oplw have hoor, w-J-ll .nH.ruH..! .,. ,h. .ru.h.sof ,h., holy llnu:.\, by ,!,.. ,n«aH,in . « our .MuH,o,a. 'IV.o y. he. I V.a y ,„.• Q ...m. ..t u'in „ .t tl'; l.I.c.,ty o. ,,roi.h,-c.yM^. Sc-oUa,..! h...si.,uu,. u.. i,.t.. new I.R. and Sc -t,aad will eou.iuuu to llouri^h l.y .he ,,roachin,r of (i,„\', wu.d It was oiv.,.s..i..,. ,,. .hi. ,h a rui I ,h. cau.se ... ,|.o r.,.,, j,. ,.,,„; '"'"■. 1''" '';"'i^!» i.' ""^•<> „... was ...ill .v.,.c. A.I 1 ..st year .h.y ii.h.ed a,nin ' the hrc.,1 ..1 ,.e,:.secu.iaM ; hurniu,' (•„„,■ h,.uc... mkm. 1„: ea.in ^a r ' o..lM.d.y a..ddra,^,Mu,v...,.d o.d Wal...... Mill „. ,l,e ^,,C for 8ay.,.„^the L.n . p-ayur i,. K.. .|isl,. ]{,.. it was h,..red t„ G.-d's word that ,,ut .he last n iil h. thoir crti,,." The E.i^li.h An.baa- «ador wa.ms.rwcted U> us., all lawful „,.,,„ ,,, i..f,„,„^.^. „,„, ._ suade the Seo....sh li.U.uun. to cu.or.n ..., and ado,,, as .Lir modl.heK..,'li.sho..ahli.shmen.; but he was soon conviuced or tl.e i.n;.ractieabili,y of .Ins ,.ro,o.al ; and was obii ^ed to ro.orl hij 111 auecess .,. ^ho. foHowin,' te.n.s :— 'Ilowboit, I had .hem soae^ere in tha. whieh ,h.y prof.-ss, a-d so lo.h to rcn.il auy.hin, of what Ih -y have rec-ived, thai I see hul,, hope .he,e.,f. Kuux n|.on Sun- day las., guue the nnss and the cand , such a wipe, tha. n.ea as wise and learned as himself wished hiu. lo have he!.' his peace " In wr..,..,. ... Seere.ary Cecil, and when alludin,. to Kno.v.'lh„. dolpha,^unsays:-MVhe,ey..urh.noure.vho,.e.hus,o.tou.nes3 I assure y.n. ,he voice of on« a.an is able in an hour t.. pu Z: hfe u. us than ... hundred trun.pe.s continually blusteri... ia our curs* MARV ARIin-ES IN SCOTLAND. Mary Stuart, tho youthful and beautiful Queen of Scots, arrived « BdH^bursh ou m 19U, of Au^^uat, lo6i. During her stay L t" ranee, lier uncles of the house of Guiae hnd been specially train- ing hur lor tho ^'reat work of o\ erturuin,; tho lloforiuution in Scot, knd. Of thu uncles of Mury it may truly be Maid, that '• instrU' ments of cruelty woro in thoir habitations." Thoy woro bad mon and ;hM!r elTbrts to make Mury a bad woman were crowned wHh auct >J,H. They .stronfj;tliciif'd hor prejudices, and filled her mind with hatred to the I'lotestaiit Keligion. They revealed to her tho I»lot of tho Poi)ish Sovereigns of Europe to cxtorraiuute Protestant- ism througlioiit Christendom ; nnd told her if hIio would only sup- press tho Reroruiation in Scotland, and restore its ancient faith, that Papal Europe vould pieaent her with the throne of Itlngland, the Sceptre of Klizabetli, us tho re-,vurd of her labors. This was on object worth contending for, and jMary did stru^'gle hard to ac- complish it. In the first instance she was to endeavor to win them by smiles and caresses, tears and hypocritical promises. And thoso weapons made great ex«cution, for tho Aristocrucy, and Court vis- itants in general, soon abated in their zeal for Protestautis.n, or were entirely gained over. But there was one man who dreaded fr-Mii the very first the infhieneo of " tho holy water of the Court " ftnd upon whom it hud uo other ellbct than that of stirring him up to greater watchfulness, determination, and action. I need hardly say that this was John Knox. To his groat sorrow he soon pcr- cci\ ed tho wonderful efleet tho fawning arts of Mary had upon tho Protestant leaders. Some apostati/.ed and almost all be^^an to temporize. The Reformed Religion was to bo tolerated however, till the plot was fully matured, and stakes and gibbets prepared for such as proved still obstinate to '-tho holy water of tho Court." Meanwhile, Romish rites, one after another were introduced in tho Chapel of Holyrood Palace; and Mary said that ''she hoped, before a year was expired, to have the Mass ard Catholic profos- Bion restored throughout the whole Kingdom." At this time tho Papists of the North rose in arms to force Popery again upon Scotland ; and they were not ignorant of the fact, that "the Court was friendly to their enterprise. Knox, who was a great discerner of character, and a man of great penctratioi.' and sagacity, was not long in the company of Mary, when he expressed his judgment of her in the following terms : " If there be not in her a proud Auind, a crafty wit, and an indurate heart against God, and hi» ...uiAl! 'iy her frowns. liut now that tho Papists liad t.iken up arms, the Queen had as- sumed a more anlhoritatlve lone, and tho nobility had become so lukewarm,' Knox was ahirmed. He was no doubt grieved to see his country thus letro-radin- fast lowaids that horrible abyss from • AvJiich it had so recently been delivered; and fulling' so fastasleep uiK.n the knees of Delilah." He at once stood " in the deadly im- minent; breach," and ihrew hiniselfbetween the cause of Christ and those that sou.^ht to desti'oy it in the land. Knox was not an hire- ling, but a ''good shepherd," who was ready to lay down his lif(3 for Christ and for his sheep. At this timfe, bo it renu'nibercd, there was no free ju'css, and no other or^;'an of public sentiment in the country but th(> pulpit alone. And the pulpit of .John Kno.x gave no ui'icertaiu sotnid, which indeed if it did, the Uefornialion Avould have been irretrievably ruined. In the pulpit he thundered ftgainst the cruelty, deceit, and sophistiy (.!' (he Pui)ists— rallied the ranks of the Protestant nobles and inspired (hcMu with courafro —a koued the suspicious of the nation, and warned them of tho trea.uery and evil designs of Popery— and he also defeiKhnl tho lleformation in the royal presence, with a courage and faitlii'ulness energy and abilily, that has never been excelled. Such was tho success that crowiu'd his perilous and long labors, that he got tho Parliament of loti?, not only to ratify all the acts which had been passed in IGtJO in favor of tho Preformation, but even to give ad- ditional securities. It was thus Knox conducted tho Kofonnation to its consumnKilion, and preserved it in Scotland. The preser- vation of the Jiefornnition this second time wasl)y far tho greatest and most arduous work of Kno.x. 'J'he eiuunies of the Reformed faith, had almost achieved their purpose, and would certainly have done so at this time, had it not been for Knox. ]t is no wonder then that they have never forgiven him for this good and great Avork. It is here particularly they calumniate and misrepresent him so furiously and unscrupulously. But it is liere we love and Julniire him. as intensely as they hate him, for his patriotic, disiu- I 3i Wrested and faithful behavior. At the outset of this second strur- glo he warned the nation tVom the pulpit, - that one iMas.s ysLa more feariul unto him tliaii if ton tlioubaud aimed enemies were landed in any part of the reahn, of purpose to suppie.js the whole religion." I shall here -ive a specimen of wluit generally passed between the Queen and the Reformer, when he was fuvored with an inter- course with her. One one oocnsion " she charq-es him with hav- ing tau-ht the people to receive a reii,.ion dille:ent from that which M-as allowed by their priaces." To which Knox leplied, "that true reli-ion derived its ori.^in and authoritv, not from prin- ces, but from God; that princes u-ere often most i^uiorant on this point; and that subjects we, enntlunuid to frame their reii -ious sentmients and practice aceoidin- to the nibitrary will of their rulers, else the Hebrews ought to have conformed to the leli^-ion of 1 haraoh, Daniel to Darius, and the primitive christians to that of llu) Uumnn Kmperors." The Qucon said, "think you that sub- jects having the power, may re.si.^l (heir princes ? " The Kefornier rephod: "if princes exceed (heir bounds," Madam, "no doubl; they may be resisted, even by power. For no greater honor or greater obedience, is to be glNc. (u Kings and Piinces, than God has commanded to bo given to fudier aud mother. Hut tiie father may be struck with a frenzy in which he would slay his eiiildren. ^ow, Madam, if the childr.-a arise, join together, apprehend tho talaer, take the sword from him, bind his hatids and keen him iu prison, till the frenzy be over, think yon, Ma-hun, (hat (hechiidren do any wrong? l^vcn so it is with princes that would mur.Ie,. tho eluldrc-n ot God, that are subject unto them. Their blind zeal i,s nothing but a mad frenzy ; therefore to take the sword from them obmd then- hands, and (o east ( n in,,, prison, till they bo brought to a moro sober mind, is no disobedie.ice against princes hut just obedience, because it agreeth with the will of God " Tho Queen again said: " Jiut you are not the church that I will nour- ish, I will defend the Cliureh of Home ; fo. it is, I think, the' tnie Church of (Jod." •• Your will, Madam, is no reason, neither doth your thought make the Itoman Harlot to be the true spouse of Chnst, replied Knox. "My conscience is not so," said tho Quccu. " CouBcicnce, Madam/' replied Iho Kclbtmcr, "retiuirci knowledge, and I fear that right knowledge you havo none "' As he was le.vmg tho Palace, he overheard one of the Popish at tendants saymg, -He is not afraid." " Why," replied Knov, should the pleasing face of a gentlemman afray mo I have looked in the faces of many angry men, and yet have not been alraid above measure." On another occasion, being offended at the freedom with which he spoke of her marriage, slie summoned him to appear instantly before her. After enumerating various instances of her condes- cension and kindness to him, the Queen said, "and yet 1 cannot be quit of you, I vow to God I sliall bo once reven-ed !' At this moment she burst into a flood of tears which interrupted her speech. Knox replied : " Out of the pulpit, ho believed, f w had occasion to complain of him, but there he was not his own master, but was bound to obey him who commanded him to speak plainly' and to flatter no flesh on the fr.ce of the earth." But she indi-' nantly interrupted him by saying, ''What are you in this Com- monwcalth?" "A subject born within the same," replied the Reform-- er, '' And albeit I be neither Earl, Lord or Baron in it, yet has God made me (how abject soever I be in your eyes,) a profitable member within the same. Yea, Madam, to me it pertains no less to forewarn of such things as may hurt it, than it doth to any of the nobility ; for both my vocation and conscience require plain- ness of me." At these words the Queen began again to sob and weep with great bitterness. After she had given vent to her feel- ings, Knox said, " that he never took delight in the distress of any creature; it was with great difficulty that he could see his own boys weep when he corrected them for their faults; and far lesa could he rejoice in Her Majesty's tears; but seeing he had given her no just reason of ofience, and had only discharged his duty, ho was constrained, though unwillingly, to sustain her tears, rather than hurt his conscience, and betray the Commonwealth by his silence." In a great rage, she commanded him instantly to leave her presence, " and wait the signification of her pleasure in tho adjoining room." Here he addressed himself to the Court ladies who sat in their richest dress in the chamber; " fair Ladies, how pleasing were this life of yours, if it should ever abide, and then, in the end, that we might pass to heaven with all this gay 3t gear! But fye upon that Knave Death, that will come whetW we ill or not." Tiie Couitiers knowing that ^.laiy had a groat dislike to the GeneralAssomhl.es of the Chnrch, absented themselves from the first General Assembly held after her ar.ival in the country. And when they were challenged for their absence they denied the pro- priety Or lawfulness of such convocations without the permission Her Majesty. " Take from us the liberty of Assemblies" re- plied Knox to Maitland, "and take from us the gospel. If the liberty of the Church must depend upon her allowance or disallow- ance, we shall want not only Assemblies, but also the preachin- of the Gospel." It was shortly after this, the Lords who wero present at the trial of Knox for treason, with one voice exclaimed, God forbid that ever the lives of the faithful, or yet the stayino- of the doctrine, stood in the power ef the Papists ! for just experr- ence has taught us what cruelty lies in their hearts." _ l)r.Wylie at the late Tricentenary of the Scottish Reformation in Ldmburgh, in si.eaking of Knox, gave utterance to the follow- ing weighty and truthful sentiments: -^lo had penetrated the de- sign of Mary, mflexibly formed, and craftily, yet steadily pursued, overturning the Reformation of her native land. He saspected wha has suice been discovered to be the fact, that she had put her hand to that bond ofblood by which she engaged to become the executioner of her Px^otestant subjects, when the time should be fitting. He beheld, in fine, la the dark back-ground of Mary's tlu-one, in terrible phalanx, the banded despots of Europe, who had made Scotland the keystone in that arch of conspiracy and assasination which rose, spanning Europe, and he stood boldK- for- ward, m the name not of Scotland only, but of humanity, to de^ nounce, and if possible, prevent the perpetration of the gigantic crime. In that Chamber of Holyrood, and in that pulpit o^f St. Giles he fought the noblest battle ever waged upon Scottish soil, and defeated a more formida;)le foe than Wallace encountered a Stirling or Bruce at Rannockburn. Unassisted and alone, it may be said he foiled the tactics of the most treacherous and cunnin^ race of Princes the world has ever seen. He broke in pieces thl firm knit leagues of Papal conspirators, plucked from their very teeth this poor country of Scotland, which they had marked for 4 *l 8f their prej, and rescncfl it from tbo vile uses to which they had deS' tilled it, to bocnmc ou!; of the lijlits of the world and a mother of f.ce nations. Th.ou^h all tho u;,'oa of the future, tlie foremost place among Scotsmen niust ever boion,' to Knox. lie was tlie lostoie/ of his oouiii;y's tuitli, tho founder of his country's liber- ties. THE DEATH AND CHARACTER OF KXOX. At len;^tli Jolin Knox, after a short illness, rested from his la- bors, lie died in the sixty-seventh year of his aje, wasted and exhausted, not however so much from old a^^e, as from the gieat labors of body, and tlie still greater anxieties of mind which he had sustained. No wonder that he was weary of the world, and weary of the corrupt and unprincipled men with whom ho had to contend hi it. On Vrednesday, the 2(;th of Xovemlicr 1.j72, he was buried in tho cliureh-yaiduf\St. Giles. Ills luueral was attended by all tlio nobility who were in the city, and a great concourse of people. When his body was lowered into the grave, the Regpiit, Morton, pronounced his culogium in those well known words, « There Lies ne « ho never feared the Face of Man." Never before was there a more deserving or a truer culogium pronounced bj- any man. As the character of Knox has been so much abused and maligned by the enemies of true religion, I shall make room here for a\nv ex- tracts bearing upon his character to show the estimation in which he was held by such as knew him liest, and were therefore better qualified to form a correct opinion of him. Taehard IJannatyne, who was Secretary to Knox, said in a speech which he delivered before th(; General Assembly : "It has pleased God to make me a servant to that man. John Knox, whom I serve, as God bears me witness, not so mueh in respect of my worldly commodity, as for that integrity and uprightness which I have ever known, and presently understand, to be in him, especially in the faithful admin- istration of his oiiice, in teaching of the word of God. Again, in speaking of tlie Ilelbrmers death, he said: "In this manner de- parted this man of God; the light of Scotland, the comfort of tho church within the same, the mirror of godiiness, and pattern and example to all true Ministers, in purity of life, soundness of doc- irine, and liolduess in repr-n-iug of wickedness ; one that cared not tho favor of men, how great soever they were. What dexterity in teacLing^LoldnessmreprovIng, and hatred ;a wi.kcdnc.s .vas In Inm, my ignorant dullness is ,)ot ab'o to doclavo. nh;e]i if I slionl obtained thesanction of the law for Prelacr, the King wro.elo tho Bishops and sau : - So that hereafter, that rebellious and seditiou. crew the Presbyterians) must either obey or resist God, their natural King, and the law of the country. It resteth therefore to you, to lose no more time in procuring a settled obedience to Ged and to us. Tho sword is put into your hands; go on therefore to use It and let it rest no longer." Immediately many faithful preachers and pious private christians were subjected either to im prisonment or banishment, for not recognizing the spiritual jurisdic- tion of the King, and hia creatures, the Bishops, for not renouncing their Presbyterianism and sacrificing their consciences and the5 liberties at the shrine of a prowling Prelacy. It was at this time the banishment of the famous John Welch who used to spend eight hours daily in prayer to God, took place' He went with his family to France, where he continued for sixteen years, and where his services proved eminently beneficial to tho Church of God. Such was the assiduity with which he applied him self to the acquisition of the French language, that he was able to preach in it in the course of fourteen weeks, after which he becam. Minister of a Protestant congregation at Nerac. But havinlu 0:^0. "tl>o dovil never muJe such u nmtch as tl.ut " « ft i. 2 't I.:-, .«ir " Huid Mrs. Wold., '. for wo never anked his advice.' ' J uncs «.sked l.er how .ua..y chiM.ea her (Uti^or had lof,, and ifther ^e'« lu.l. or lusse.. Sho Huid three and the/ wore all --eB .< I.Kl ,,e thanked- cried the Kin,, Hfti "^ up .oth h.s hand, -.for if they hud boon three lads, I had ucver Z ioyod n,y tluce Kin .,Io,us in peace/' U,,on i.ain ur^in. h r request that he would yive her hunband his native air-°Give urn the i)evil," veplied the Kin,. ^^GWo that to your hun. y Court,e.. answered Mrs. Welch. The King at last said if shI would only porsur.de her husband to submit to the Hishopa. he would allow hnn to return to Scotland. Mrs. Welch liftinc. u, hor apron and holdin,. it towards the King, replied in the true°spirit of her father -Please your Majesty, I would rather raceive his head there Mrs. W e ch was truly worthy of her father as tf daughter, and of her husband as a wife. But the sainted Welch was soon re- leased both from the power of that despot and from his own suffer- ings. He died in London, in May, 1622, an exile from his native country on account of his faithlullness to Christ and his love to the truth. But Andrew Melville was the champion of the Scottish Church after the death of Knox. He was a successor in all respects wor- thy of the great Reformer, and was not a whit behind him ia bold- ness and fortitude. Ho returned to Scotland after an absence of ten years on the continent, where he spent the most of his tirao with Calvin and Beza. On a certain occasion he was one of a depu- tation sent ^7 the Commissioners of the General Assembly to the King to remonstrate against his Majesty's conduct in recoivinc. the Papists into favor, and appointing them to the highest offices in the Government of the country, when at the same time he was cruelly persecuting the Presbyterians. James Melville, Andrew's nephew was appointed their speaker, because he was a man of courteous manners, and in favor with his Sovereign. But he had scarcely begun to address the King, when his Majesty abruptly stopped him, and accused the Presbyterians of sedition. As James Melville was about to reply in his usual courteous and submissive tone, his uncle rSoS TJ'''''' ^''^'f' and judging that the occasion demanded u tearless statement, and an uncompromising maintenance of the i^j 4« lii i ]' -'i"' 1 :■ ;!■ li ^liol« truth, itepped forward »3 address the Kin?. His Majesty lummoned up all bis authority to silence him, but to no avail, for Melvillo took him by tlio sleovo and callin;,' him (iod'i silly vansal, addressed him in the followin;f faithful and truthful strain : " Sir," ■aid the valiant servant of Chri.st, "Wo will always humbly re\er. cnce your Majesty in public ; but since wo have this occasion to be with your Majesty in private, and since you are brought in extreme danger botli of your life and crown, and along with you the country and Church of God, are like to go to wreck, for not telling you the truth, and giving you faithful counsel, we must discharge our duty, or else be traitors to both Christ and you. Therefore, sir, as divers times before I have told you, so now again I must tell you, there are two Kings and two Kingdoms in Scotland ; thtre is King James, the head of this Commonwealth, and there is Christ Jesus, the King of tho Cliurch, whoso subject James the Sixth is, and of whose Kingdom he is not a King, nor a Lord, nor a head, but a member. Sir, thoxe whom Christ has called r,nd commanded to watch over his Church, have power and authority from him to govern his spiritual Kingdom both jointly and severally ; the which no Christian King should control and discharge, but fortify and as' list, otherwise they are not faithful subjects of Christ and members of his Church. We will yield to you your place, and give you all due obedience, but again I say you are not the head of the Church, you cannot give us that eternal life which we seek for even m this world, and you cannot deprive us of it. Permit us freely then to meet in and to attend to the interests of that Church of which you are tb«l chief member. Sir, when you were in your swaddling clothes, Christ Jesus reigned freely in this land in spite of all his enemies ; his officers and Ministers convened and assembled for the ruHnn- a aqd welfare of his Church, which was ever for your welfare, de- fence and preservation, when these same enemies were seeking your destruction and cutting off. Their assemblies since that time continually have been terrible to these enemies, and most steadabla to you. And now when there is more than extreme necessity for the continuance and dischari'^e of that duty, will you (drawn to your own destruction by a devilish and most pernicious counsel) begin to hinder and dishearte i Christ's servants and your most faithful subjects, quarrelling thorn for their convening, and the caie they l^are of their duty to Christ and you, when you should rather coun» 47 leuance them as tbe godlj King, aud Kmperort diil? liul.ir, if Ood'H wisdom be tl,o only truo wisdom, thi. will prove mere »ud mud tolly; hiscursecu.inotbutli-htuiKmit; i» .scoki.i- both yo •hail loose both J whereas in cleavi.i- ui.n;,ri,tly to (iod, Im true Borvanta would be your true friend*, and ho would ec.n.pel the rest countorfeitlyund lylngly to give over themselves and servo you." So apoke Andiew Melvillo. It would have boon well for poor kiugs if they always had men about them possessed of tho fortitude ond faithfulness of this valiant and sterlin- man, instead of tho flatterers and sycophants who generally resort to them and com- pose their courtiers. This confounding speech terrified the Kin" and those around him ns much as the hand-writing on the wall did Belshazzar of old. Ho dismissed the deputation with fair promises, which of course he never meant to perform. ^ In May, IGOG, letters worn received from the Kin?, who wasthea lu London, by eight Mmisters. including Andrew Melville, and hia nephew, summoning them to London to a friendly conference with his Majesty, under the pretence of a strong desire on his part, as well as in great condescension, to ameliorate the state of ecclesias tical affairs in Scotland. This was a piece of the most outra.a-ous hypocrisy, and consummate viilany on the King's part, as his°baso conduct towards them after going to London clearly proved : where he imprisoned them, and treated thorn with every possible con- tempt and cruelty. When they were in London he compelled them to attend the Royal Chapel, where special sermons, by his authority, were preached against them; whe.i ut the same time the r,ghtofreply,orany sort of self-defence was denied to them' This was certainly a singular and cowardly mode of conducting a controversy, where the speaking wa^ ,11 on one side. On the 28th September all the Scotch Ministers received a messa-e from his Majesty to be in the Royal Chapel early next day; °and Andre,. Melville and his nephew received a particular charge not to be ab sent. It was the day of St. Michael, and was celebrated with much Buperstitious pomp. On entering the chapel, and hearing it resound with all kinds of music, James >relville whispered to his uncle that he suspected the great popish display of the day was desLnied to ensnare them, and put their patience to the tost. '• On the altar were placed t^o shut books, two empty chalices, and two candle I i 48 Sticlv-s with iinllglitod candles. And (lie King and Queen appioacIicJ it with great ceremony, and prcsoiitod their offerings. When tho Service was over, the Prince de ViuUiemont said, lie did not seo what should hinder the Churches of Rome and Engl;md to unite • and one of his attendants oxclaimod, "There is nothing of the Mass wanting here hut the adoration of the liost." On returning to his lodgings, Andrew Melville coni})oscd a few verses in Latin on the scene wliich he had just witnessed in the Church; and wliich have been translhted to English as follows: — ""Why stand there on the royal altar high, Two closed books, blind lights, two bag ins dry ? Doth England hold God's mind, and worship cloao Blind of her sight, and buried in her dross? Doth she with Chapel put in Roiiiish dress The purple whore religiously express ? By means of some court spies, who frequented Melville's lodg- ings, a copy of these verses was conveyed to the King, who pre- tended to discover treason in them, and to be highly incensed against him for them. Incredible as it may now appear, he Avas instantly summoned to appear before the Privy Council of En"-land on this account. Melville at once acknowledged that he was the author of the verses in question, which he composed, as he said under feelings of indignation and grief, at seeing such superstiti- ous vanity in a reformed Church, but that he was not conscious of any crime for what he had done. His accuser, llichard Bancroft Archbishop of Canterbury, argued that such a libel on the worship of the Church of England brought the offender within the laws of treason. In the days of Queen Eli^^ubetli this same Bancroft wrote a book " against tho title of King James to the Crown of En"-- land," and of which, no doubt, he would be very sorry to hear any mention at this time. But to sit silently under a charge of treason against himself on such a silly pretext, and by a man of whom he had such an unfavorable opinion, was more than Andrew Melville could do. And he therefore indignantly exclaimed, "My Lords, Andrew Melville was never a traitor. But my Lords, there was %• tlio 49 •at ft!ch»rd Banoroft (let him bs ioaght for) who, duiin* ih» lift of th» late Queen, tt rote a treatise a^'uiust his Majesty's title t» the crown of En^'land J and here (puilin,,' the corpus delicti from his pocket,) here is the book which was answered by my brothe Mr. Davidson. Bancroft was thrown into the utmost confusioQ by this bold and unexpected attack. Meanwhile Melville went on to char.,'a the Archbishop with his delinquencies. He accused him of profunin,' the Sabbath, of maintaining' an anti-christiaa Hier- archy, and vain, foppish, superstitious ceremonies, and of silencing the true preachers of the Gospel for scruplin^' to conform to those! Advancing' gradually as he spoke to the head of the table whore Bancroft sat, he took hold of his lawn sleeves and shaking them, and calling them "Romish rags," he said, "If you are the* author of the book called "English ScoUizingfor Geneoa discipliiie," then I regard you as the capital enemy of all the Reformed Churches in Europe ; and as such I will profess myself an enemy to you, and to your proceedings to the eTusion of the last drop of blood ; and it grieves me that such a man should have his Majes- ty's ear and sit so high in tliis honourable Council." The poor Archbishop, and indeed all the sycophants that sat with him, were utterly confounded before this noble servant of Christ. The un- daunted Andrew Melville, however, was never again permitted to return to his native country, but was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where none of his friends had access to him. Even hia nephew was not permitted to see him; and he was denied the use of pen, ink and paper. No creature wai allow.^d to see him but the person who brought him his food, for at least ten months. AU those Ministers whom the King had, on a friendly pretext, invited up to London, were proscribed in their liberty, although not so exclusively deprived of it as Andrew Melville. James Melville was not allowed to return to Scotland, but was strictly confined to Newcastle. After four years imprisonment in the Tower, through the inter- position of the Duke of Bouillon, one of the grandees of France, Melville was permitted to go to Franco, if he preferred baaishmoat to imprisonraoat. In France he bocame Professor in the Uoirep. ■ity of Sndan, and was in all tan ye-^ra in that ooaatry at the time •£ ki» de^th. He died at the »dvr»aood a^o of cettatf Mv«a jbam. ilj r'li I' . 'iSl J^i. drinB It; %"°^^^'^^-oUisbod scholar and thoolo,,ian of llu^ZT T P'"'''-^' ^'^^ '^'■^ imprisonment is so lidic- bnthn r r^'"''"^'""'^"^'« ^^^^^^-^^ !"» -as so base hat both are far beneath contempt, and are only worthy of s!n «d his cruel disciples. ^ The followin! no ic'of A^ .^^e"; 2 Church thfo"' "^%^%*'-d-^hof that venerable father of freedom andWss:;:nilr^^ TO ull'^TV' ^'^'-"^ --"tion, wL diedafsedr ; country by the mahce of the times and man, bec..u33 ho had with fort, ude and firmness maintained the truth, a.d ,iven testim ,ny to I before the prxucos of this world. He had l^.t a .ood con- lavoxsofmen, after bs imprisonment in the Tower of Load.n, and his hvnig an exile for mora thr.a ten years " The venerable Dr. McCrie thus closes his "Life of Melvilla." "Iftheloveofpure religion, rational liberty, and polite le te s orms the baszs of national virtue and happiness, I Icn'ow no indl ! idual after the Reformer, from whom Scotland ha. received Greater benefits, and to whom she owes a deeper debt ot gratitude and Kipectflmn Andrew Melville." Si'*"iuae, ana JV^'lTu''^: '"'^ °" '^' ^^'^ "^ -^"'y' ^ '''^^ attempt was made m Edmburgh m the Cathedral of St. Giles, to force the En.. hsh or rather the Popish service upon the people. The PrivT Council, the Lords of Session, and the Ma;ristrate3 of the city, with • large mu titude of the common people, were present li the Church Th. Dean of Edinburgh in his white surplice com- menced reading the Service; but he had scarcely commenced, when suddenly an old woman of the name of Jannet Geddes started up, and seizing the stool on which she had been sitting hurled it •t the Dean's head, and exclaimin r, " Villain ! dost thou say Mas, at my lug Immediately her example was followed by others, and the Church became the scene of great confusion. The Dean afraid of his life, left his surplice and JIasa Book behind him and flea. Liudday, tb« biahop of Ediaburgh, aswuded the pulpit, and Ihe people clearly perceived that there was an attempt made that day to overthrow their Presbytorianism and their liberties; and nhri^FT" r""', ''""'^' ™''S' °^ ^^^^* h-d taken place .n E,hnbur,^h spread all over the country, and were received by Presbyterians throughout the land as a warn:ng to rise in do- f.nce of thou- libc, ties. But moreof this anon. Another anecdoC related of a worthy Scotchwoman of a kindred spirit with Janne* Geddcs muy not be out of place here. It is as follows : When Cosvpor was made bishop of Galloway, an old woman who had been one of h,3 parishoner.. at Perth, and a favorite, could not be per- suadod that hor Minister had deserted the Presbyterian cause. Resolved to satisfy herself, she paid him a visit in the Cannon<^ate. Wnere be had his lesidence as Dean of the Chapel Royal Th© rettnue of servants through which she passed, staggered the good woman s confidence, and on being ushered into the room where the bishop sat in state, she exclaimed, "Oh, Sir! what's this? and ye hae really left the guid cause, and turned Prelate ? " '<.Tannet " • ud the bishop, "I have got new light upon these things." "So 1 see Sir," replied Jannet, " for when ye was at Perth, ye h.id but ae candle, and now ye've got twa before ye; that's a' your ne^r light." ^ THE SECOND REFORMATION. . The King had by this time cast off the mask, and publicly de- clarod h.3 determination to root Presbyterianism out of the country .and establish Prelacy on its ruins. He was resolved to force the nation into conformity with his own religious views. What the Stuarts all the while aimed at was Popery, and as Presbyterianism was ,ts strongest foe. and at the greatest possible remove from it, they knew well enough by destroying it, that they takin- out of the way by for the greatest obstacle to the estabii.-, ,ent of Ro manism again in the country. As Pielacy has always been consid- ered the half-way huuS3 between genuine Protestantism and real Popery, Charles was awa^o if he only got the nation to receive it. they would be at least halfway to Rome, and having thus got over the first half of the journey, there would be a greater likelihood of getting them to travel the last half of the mad. Put the T^resby- t«ri.D8 ^'*m • r , ' ^^-^'-nL^^e. In . I.i.h G'-^iM.v IGIO, Alx.rclec.. luV J; ^ '"'"'^•'^^ '" l''<^6 and 1(508, person be intruded into a,; ZT . T'""'''"'^ ''''^' "^ • was oppointcd ,o b' huEl' .'"'{' '" ""^' '""'^■"^' ^-""'^'7 July 63t) Th . I^''",bur^h o.i the ihi.d W.dne^dnv of ^■iujj!,, a„'ain&t wlioni char-jes wore »-,\-oi. ,-iw.r 8ion and ivrannv << A • • , °^ "^'^ o'^en nioi 01)1)163 fla,.-ant d^;. d t . til • ! :" V^^i-^^-t.ine, and the L.t buth-breukini^ b.i r" L"'' '.^ "'""^'•^' d,unken„es., sab- and abominable ..^i' A :^Z:k\:-'' "^7 ^''^" °''"«-- against the., the Asscnb,, ; ,' ^^;;;o.nd.putabl, proved sentence of deposition .u.dexwl Henderson to pronounca «ermon to be p eached b 1 T"'°''"" "°'^"«' '^'^' ^^^'^er a was Psalm 1 10 If ^ , ' '"'*'^''' ^'^ ^'>« ""'-^^''^n. His text the .~ ;nVr :s t ^'-^r'^' t ''^^•^'•^"' ^'■--- ^0 Church of Scotland to Ttsr \ T '''' ''''''^'^'^ ^^^' '^^ the sermon Hendio; i torero llf'^H" r^' ^'^" nouncedthesentencoofderoi.iou an/ "^'"'"'^'^ P^°' the bishops J twoArchbish psa ^sf^B^^^^^^ ^"^^""•^» cated, four were deposed lit ! ^" ''■"'■" ^^communi. ticai Junctions. Se were ah" "'^l';'*-^' '""^ ^'^'''■'' ^^-^--•^' wasimtnoral, either, sZd. T"' ^^'"'^''''^ ^^''' ^^--^'^e^ Ministry. The ArehSon of «■ ''°''' '"" *'^ ^^^^^ ^^ the fainted when Lcot^^^^^^^^^ ""^''T ^'' '' '^^'''^ '^-t he him, had announcedr ^^"'"''^ '' '"''™^^« ^''^ ^'^"tence to to use len"; to h ; zi::::^ "^' '""'°'^' ^^^™ ^-' «°^'« -^e labors of tJs admlblt t " lltrt Is ""Vr '"^ ''''''' ''^ pronouncing the Apostolic b el'd cU X"e ha"""'?.' 'j Henderson, as they wer^ ahn„f . *^'''"'""- ^^ have now," said •f Jericho iJhZZir^ruT'r'''''^'''^'''^ *^« ^-U- 0, teti,ffltb»tre.bm]detUtIi»o bew.r» of the curw of '^?l ,ii»i ffiftl the Bothallte.** ^'And so," adds Baillie, "w© all departed with gieat comfort and li imble joy, casting ourselves and our poor church iu the arms of our God." 'J'he awlul mulcdiction of Hiol was fulfillod in t'le destruction of tho Suiait,} from the fiist-born to the lust of their poslCiity. This was iicihiii 8 th.- most important Assembly the Church of Scotland ever held, and the epoch is there- fore culled the Second Reformation. The solemn Lea,'ue and Covenant was also written by Hender- son, and ho was Moderator of tie Assenil)ly of IG4;>, whicli ap- pro, ed of it. It was read ii> tho Gcucal Assembly on the ITth of August; and aCtewaids carried to the Convention of Estate.", and unanimously ratified by tliem. It was sul)sequently sent to London and subscribed by tho English Parli.tmpnt and the Weslminiter Divines on the 2r)th of Se[)tomber. This noble duetimeut com- monly called the Solemn League jxnd Covenant, " bound the Unit- ed Kingdoms to endeavour the preservation of the Ilelorracd Re- ligion in the Church of Scotland, in doctrine, woiship, discipline and governir nt, and the refoimation of religion in the Kingdoms of England and Ireland, according to the word of God, and the example of the best reformed Churches — the extirpation of Popery and Pielacy — the defence of the King's person, authfnity, and honor — and the preservation aud defence of the true religion, and liberties of the Kingdom in peace and unity." Henderson rested from his labors on the 19th of Augrst, 1646. Little before his death he said to Sir James Stewart, " Well. I am near the end of my race, hasting home, and there was never a Bchool-boy more desirous to have the play, than I am to have leave of this world, and in a few days I will sicken and die." "Thus," says Hethrington, " passed away from eaith one of those gifted men, whom the Ruler of all events sends forth in time of great emergency, to mould the minds of his fellow men, and aid in work- ing out the will of the most High. He was one of the most dis- tinguished of an age, fertile in great mpn; and with all due vener« ation for the names of Knox and Melville, we do them no discredit when we place that of Henderson by their side — the first three of the Church of Scotland's worthies." The Second Reformation was completed when the General As* seabliM of 1647 and 16 kS ratified the Confession of Faith of %h» 57 Weitiuluatcr Assomljly of Diviues, and the Larger flud Sboilot- Catechisms. The Directory for Public Worship, aud the Form of Church Oovernmeiit were already ratified hj the Assoiribly of 1G4.\ And tliose books have ever snico coritiiuind, and we trust ever will continue, to be the uulhoritutivo stuudards of tho Presbyterian Cluirchcs. TUB KILLIXO TIME. Tlie struggles and sufferings of tho Presbyterians in Scotland, from the ti'mo of Patrick llumiUou to the death of Henderson, were truly severe; and that period of trial and persecution extended over a century and a half. But tho cruelties of the past were light in comi)arisuu with those of the future. 'J"he words of the Lord to tho Prophet are very applicable here—" Hast thou seen this, Sou of Man ? Turn thee yet again aud thou shalt aeo greater abomina- tions than these." Ezek. 8, 15. The period from IGGO to 1G33 is commonly known by tho name of the Second Captivity of tho Scottish Church. The barbarities and cruelties committed ujion the Covenanters in Scotland dm ing this period, by the House of Stu- arts to force Episcopacy upon them were .scarcely exceeded by tho cru- ellies of the Pharoahs of Egypt, the Horodsof the New Testament, Nero, and the Caisars of Homo. During tho reign of tho Inrst Charles, and at his instigation, and by his authority, the Papisti massacred no less than two hundred thousand Protestants in Ireland in a few months. In the Province of Ulster alone, which was chiefly inhabited by Protestants, there were one hundred aud forty thousand cruelly murdered, whieh of course almost depopulated it. But Charles I. might with truth say to the Scottish people: *'iMy father made your yoke heavy, and I will add to your yoke ; my father also chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions." 1 Kings, 12, li. This perfidious monarch, to lull their suspicions and [>ut them ofT their guard, subscribed the National Covenant, and tho Solemn League and Covenant ; and took tho oath to defend and support the Church of Scotland. The awful oath which ho received, kneeling and holding up his right 'hand, is as follows : " By the Eternal and Almighty God who livclh and roigaeth forever, I shall observe and keep ail that is contained in this' oath." Md (■' M '^u.-in, tl.«e 28 ,oars of blood S H L^' u T I'' '"^ ""«"'^- '^•1 tI.o misonos that could possiblJ t ? T "' ^'"^ ^""'-'^^ were scourged, vvorotorhn-ed,vverJb;„i,jf "^"^" '"°»5 (hej were starved, were burned, were d,nu ' ^'^ ''"'' S"«''>*-'ated, ->cl the, were slaia with the «: "^^Th ' u'/'T"' '''^' ''^^ cniX.un ho has ,M>ea us of the sufT ri„! ofr'^^''.^'^"' '" »''« 'J-^" l^I- stie to the Ileb.cvs, has by an S: "!'' '^^'"'^ «'""'''- '" tl'o ot the sufferiuga of the saiu.s of th C Z.f "'''' "". '^ ^^'^^'•'Pfon would actually iuuvgino that ho was cb'll ,'"" ^'""^ '^'■^'^- «"« ponod whou he says: -^...d oZ'ZuiTr''':'''' ^'^"- and scourging,, yea, moreover of bonds a^ ""'' '""^'^'""o^' wore stoned, they were sawn asundor ""i"'««''n'ont; they wiUul. sword; theywander;d: ,2;r'"'V^^"^ ^'^^^ l^c.ng destuute, afflicted and tormontr./ O f wi " 'i'"'^ "''^^■^'^^"■^' "ot worthy; they wandered in deserU .nd '"' ^ '' ''"'^ ^'' dens and caves of the ea.th." Hob "f ,^ '""""^«'A and in form an adequate concepiion of the don. ■' . ' '^* '^"* ''^'° *^'*» those who were in hund ods thrown .^'f ^'"'"^"■^ '^"^ «"i'ui.h of ^^-»P dungeons? .)fth,.se w,":. 7'"""'^'^ '''^ -'"^ "nd Bheep to savages in desolate and burl ro ?"';' "■ ' ""^ '"^"^ ^'^e preat sufferings on their Ion. voy^.^:^^^^^ ''^""T ' ^"^ ^''^J'^'ir -i>o.-s? Who can render a; alt? J7 '-"'^'7 ^"^ ^-'-^ U".ler the cloak of justice ? Who 1. IJ ^'"/""'^«'« ^-"n^itted tures to which the Covenanters ;e,:r;' ''' '"''""-» *«- boar witness against thomcelves t hll ^ "^ '"'"P*^' ^'^^'^ <« beloved breth,;n? Who ct ^ T r^^^f -^'^tives, and their -no were driven out of the "c '^^ !" ^n • '''''''''' '' ^I-- Mountains, to seek refuge in th ca e « "', f °"' '' ^"^"'^^=« «" were hunted fro.u placed plaeeV;;;' ''"^^ *'- -'^^^^ and -0 the barbarityof soundinrrls on r" '"^^'^ ^'^^"•^^^^- voices of the marlyrs" Omfn , ''^''"'^^ *« ^^own the to express their syii hy'^r , 2"''" "' "'' '^"^" ^"^'^ ^ ^-^d Buffered,'' saysaLnous'a o^^;::f■T"^^'■'^^^"'^' "^'^^^^ describe, and which heart eanhard t " "' ''f '"^'^^ --"-* -•cu,ns.ancos of hunger, nailed e^.d'r '^V''^" ^'^^ ^^^l I. If» w thon ,!,elter, coronn?, fire or fool : n,n« d.,r,t harbour, rnter v2/ ?' ""'"''', '' ''^'""' "'"'^ '^''^'" '»'■ '''''^'h. Many f,>,- vcn.urm. o roccve them, wore fo.-ce.l to lly t , fu-.n, nrul hovcuI put to death for no other ofFence. Fathers we>e po.secuto.l for Bui^ply.n,^. the.r children, aud children for nourishin,. their paren.s hn.band. for harbourin,,' their wives, and w.ves for chorishi'.. ,h..i.. o«n husbands. Ti,o ties aud obligations of the laws of nature were nodefe.K.o, b„t it wa. mad. d.ath to perf.na natural duties; and mtiysullorod death for aets of pi.ty and cha-itv iu cases where human nature could not boar the Ihou-hu of suirerin- u. To such on extreme was tiie ra-o of these persecutors carried " " Their cars were cropped, and their faces branded witli liot irons. Tho tortures of tho in ,uisitiou- the rack, the boot, the tlu.mbki,.. the la,'-ut, were common modes adoptod by their [.erseeuto.s." It was Claverhouse's custom to collect children to,reshor under ten yoirs of a.^e. and .,mvo his soldiers orders to fire aver their heads in order to e.tart information from them re,^ardin ^ their parents'. What,' say. the venerable Dr. MaeCrie. -persons of judgment and candour will condemn the Covenanters, orsav that they ac-tod other- wise than u became men of conscience, inte.'rity and spirit to act? Men who had been betrayed insulted, harassed, pilla,a>d, and treat- ed in every way Ifke beasts, rather than reasonable creatures • and by whom? lly a perfidious, profane, profli^r^te Junto of atheists and debauchees, whu were not fit for governing oven a colony of tians- ported felons, aided by a set of Churchmen, the most despicable and worthless that over disgraced the habit which they wore or profaned the sacred function in which they impiously dared to 'of- Cciate." On the last Sabbatu of October, 1GG2, there were 200 Presby- terian Mnnsters deprived of their stipends, and banished from their churches and flocks, because they would not receive Prelacy, and renounce Presbyterianism And in a few months there were nearly four hundred Ministers subjected to a similar treatment throughout the country. Their places were filled by a drunken, profane, i° nor- ant and immoral s< of men, who were a g>*eat disgrace to religion.' But the sheep did not hear them." " I believe," says Kirkton, "ther»wMn«yer8ucha«ad Sabbath ia Scotland, a« whea tht 69 v| ft,i poor persecuted Ministers took leave of their people. Tho inmeri. entations of the people reaeiublcd tho wild wnilinga of a city taken by storm: — " ^" At the risk of their lives with their flocks they would meet, In storm, and in tempest, in rain, and in sleet ; Where thf» mist in tho moor-nfloiis luy darlvost, 'twas there, III the thick oloiid concealed, they ass(!mbled for prayer. In cities the wolls;of salvation wore sealed, More brij;htly to burst in tho moor and tho field, And the Spirit which fled from tho dwellin.^s of men, Like a mauimcloud rained round the camp in the ^len." Berore closing this part of our subject, wo shall p[ivo an instance of tho hurrililo cruelty of those times, and wo confess it is wilt flomo reluctance we do so, as we are well aware that such a tru" gcdy must shock the feelings of all who read it. " Accipc nunc Danaum insidias^et crimine ab uno, Disce omnes.^' Ilaclvston, of Rathillet, with three other prisoners, was carried wounded and bleedin^' to K mburgh, where tlio M \:;istrates re- reived them at the foot of the Canoiigato, and hud previously received from the Council tho following disgraceful orders concern- ing them:— "The Magistrates of Edinburgh are appointed, as soon as tho body of Dr. Ilae'u ton of Uuthillot is brou.ilit to the \Va\er- gale, to receive him. and mount him on a barebacked horse, with his face to the horse's tail, and his feet lied beneulh his belly, and his hands flittered with ropes; that the three other prisoners bo convoyed on foot, bareheaded after him, with their hands lied to a goad of iron; orduia tho said executioner to carry the head of Cameron upon a luilbort from tho Watergate to the Council-house," &c. The Council commanded that Rathillet should be put to death in tho following inhuman manner: " That his body be drawn back- ■n-ard on a hurdle to the Cross of Edinburgh, that in the first jilace his right hand is to be struck off, and after some lime his left hand then he is to be hanged up and cut down alive, his bowels to be taken out, and his heart shown to the people by the hangman : then hii htart aud his bowels to be burned, in a firo prepared for that fri purp.HOon.h,«caM: t hut afford, his head be cut off, and h.. body d.udcd int. r,u,.c,.u..t.:M.i.s h.ad to ho fixod ontUo f.u.lh at huHMuland, that .,..,,,. p.osum.. ... h. i„ ,:„.«,.«(», ..^ I'oulor h.. ufh.x..d .,n higher |ud.3 .l.un tho rost." Tin. umo,!,,.., se,.l,.:,.o ..s a....u,dh.,|y cnr.i.d oul ,„ iho v,.,y lol.or ui-H, Hmh- '!'','.!'!.!'!'■"" "'" "'"' ""-'■•^"''^«^ '^'■•it-le uml ehn«iiuu ';'"'^"l"^'mofihath.M- was ly in-." No .m nor Ja.nos tho VI. th. last of tho dosj-icahh, Stuarf.s, was sun for twpiity-(>i rlit years, on the ;:afc.s and market crosses of Ihi? town — lost the horrid sjicc-taclcs nii/ht ho appealed to a^ moniinieiils ortheir cm-'ty, and niij;ht oeeasion the question to bo ni )vod, by whom, aid f )r wlia' piir|)(iso were they set up there. ''Whoa tlie landi i;,' of the Pii'ice of 0;aii,'o." say.^ Ilollirington, "and the revolution wliieh ('olh»wcd, put an end to tiio persecution which had continued fn- twcnty-oi^'ht ye.iis. a L-onipuUition was made, from wliieh it up leared lliat ubovo ei.'htoeu thousand Iiad sulfered by deatli, slavery, exile or im|iii.soiirnciit. iiiOieted iii the vain endeavor to destroy the I'rcsbyteiian Cliurch of Scotland, and cstablisli Prelacy on its ruins." Tiie number of thor-e who perished fhroui;;hci)Id. huiiLfer, and other ]<; ivations, in prison, or in their w.i!ideriu;fsu]ion tho nriuntains, and their residence in eaves, eaiinot bo wo'.l ealeuliited, but will eo taii'Iy ma'vc up the sum total to ei;^hl0(!n thousind peo.)!e. i'lit under tho altar and about the throne of the Lamb, where their lie, ids are crowned, nnd their wliito robes ser^u, there an exact account of their numbers will at last bo found."' " There worthy of his masters came Tho despot's champio;i, bloody Graham To stain for aye a wariior'a sword, And lead a fierce, thou 'h fawning horde, The human bloodhounds of tho earth To hunt the peasant from his hearth 1 Tyrants I could not misfoitune teaeh, That man has rights beyond your reach? Thought ye the torture and the stake Could that intrepid spirit break, Which oven iu woman's b c;ist withstood, The terrors of the fire and flood " " Wondeiful," says Woodrow, "were tho preservations of the persecuted about this time. Tho soldieiij Ireqiiently got thefr clothes and cloaks nnd yet missed ihemsolves. They would have gODO bj the mouths of the cavai and daus iu which thoy w«t« Iurk« I •«g. ftnd the do's wonl.1 o . ^ ^I't. J.i,J, and jot Ihoy renriin.vl , ,• ^""*' ""der Ourli,„i,,s precluded the „„«-•,,• "'"I'scovered.- lr..ll ,«««„„„,„ „.. ,, , ■'"•^"''"» '""".land led, 'vi.ynioi,o„:::™t"ii' """^"'°' Tat' I'lUCSKXT ST4TL. * -'^'' century, i„ , ,,n •''"'''^' ."'^ -""-npu..,,.,! ' ,f "•''"*"• nod— .v'oni<..,>. .1 /-'"^'"y- IhiM baiioii >....< • *-"ii}le a....,i. "I ': "■'="' "'■ M*„.,i.„^,."t"';""« -'"■=■ I- o^yojc.,,, * ;"■''" ■y-.j.i,aif. ,, i'r"7 "'■ '1.0 i"%"«» in .Ik. r,„" :r '.""■ '■""••""- ... . ,. '" "■'"■• ^-- "^......se Mi,,,,:: w„„ ;::: ;.;;;;■ 7."- " :;, ...r,,::;' "f .1.0 pe,-.,ec.„,i„„, |-„„„d „,'"'" "'» E;.i«c„pa| ,„„fc, ;„ , ' """• ;':: r '"' ■> '>«i « . ;r,:;': "" ' '■'• « «^i'x 1 f ' '} I, i ' I l,omo, anl. ro.n, the smdi.;..s when thoy wore not bettor en^arred, were .enenuly called upon, in oa.o.. of disputed settlements, to Ib.ce wo.thlos. Ministers upon reclai.nn.g con.'re.ation. ; and Pre.bytonea have bo.n known, with th.ir help, to settle Ministers over the walls o Churches after the people had iled from the "thieve., ''"^'Jf ^■'; "7, hirelia's," tliat were thus " clinihin- up some other way. J^ui theslu^pdidn.t hear thorn, but Hod from thorn." In mus.n,. upon this period, it is a relief to turn our eyes to the worl!>> Ivs- l/iues, and thoir noble associates, "brethren and companu-ns ,n tribulation, and in the kin,'dom and patience ot J'sus tin.sl. They raised up the tabernacle of David that was fallen, proaohod the -ospelin all Its power a:,d punty, and fed the people ol (.od throu^^hout the huul with the true broad that came down (rom heaven. The few faithful that were in .he Chur.:!', however, contun.od to protect a .ab.sttho oncroaohments of the Slate an-l the doloci.on ot the Church, until al last ihoir number was increased and the .U.e one becatne a thousand. Th.mpson, (Chalmers, and other wortha. whose names cannot r.ow be nienth.ned within the ,.a,e ol the Church, and MacCrio, with his writings, beyond its pale, were he honored bvstruments of brio V„u' about the entanc>pat>.n o! the Church of Scotla.ul, and of restorin,' her ancient const.tul.on. lulhe disruption of IS 13, the true and b-yal s:u,s ol the ro ormod Church of Scotlan , the successors of Knov, MoUiHe, Ilondeuson, and the Erskiues, vindicated her ri.his a:,d nuiintanx.d h r prr-roga tives when thov vofusod to be ;;ov..rn.Ml hy ih- Civil t;,.u:U >nslead ofthowordofVjod-whenthey broke asunder (hose chaais by which the State sou ,d,t to keep her ^n bonda,o-when they severed their conneelio., with -he State, rather than violate her o, ..u.al and dearly bou.^ht principles-rather than betray vho n .hts ar.d liberties of the people, deny the doctrine of the Kn.gsinp and Hoad- 8hip of Christ, or his ri.-ht to mlo in his own house. In sho.t, the Church of Scotland, rather than deny those Scriptural prnaiplos tor which their fathers sudered and died, sucriftced all State en.oUnnents and declared herself free ; and Um., in the nineteenth century Btartlod a sceptical world with the evidence that the sp.r.t and power of rrimilive Christianity fitill exist. And thi, d.smterested- 65 nf!S3 and tulthfnlncss to Christ's cross aud crown ou the part of those men who did what they could to iniiiiituiu the honor and glory of both, will jjo down to posterity r^s the greatest event of the nine- teenth century, in a reli^jious point of view at least, that has yet transpired. The three great divisions of the history of the Church, subse- quent to the Reformation may be thus viewed : — 1. The Anii-Popery period of the Church in the sixteenth cen- tury. 2. The Anti-Prelacy peiiod of the Church in the seventeenth century. 3. The Anti-patronage period of tk« Church in the eighteenth century. Since the Reforniaiion, Scotland has eonfts»edly taken the fore- most rank among the nations of the world in int»llii{ence and mor- rality, and in its attachment ;o the Cliiislian religion. Probably uo other country has giron stronger prools of the reality and power of religion, or of its religious sinctrily and earne«tneii3 than Scot- land. And we have no hesitation in saying that religion was never more flourishing in that country than it is at the present moment. Hut instead of giving our own observations upon this point, which might either be partial, or at least liable to be suspected of so na- tural a tendency, we shall prosont the views of others upon it ; and tlieir testimony will have iho merit of being purely disinterested. D'Aubigno says : "Scotland ajjpears to me to present the best proof of the Reformation. Christianity has sunk d.-oper into them than into any other nation, comparatively speaking, it is of all Pro- testant nations, that in which the gospel has worked the best, and in which its elfects have been the m ist durable. This gives to Scotland a great importance in that christian restoration which wo should wish our age to witness. It is perhaps destined at the prc- se»t period to be the vanguard of Chri.-;t'i army. All things coa- aidered, better preachers are to bo fonnd in Scotland than in any other country of Christendom. It ii in Scotland we find all tliat distinguishes in the most striking manner the Evangelical from the Papal Church. As to the instruction of the people, it is much raorr. generally diffused in Scotland than in England. The Biblo and the catechism are faniiiiar to evcM-y Scottish child. Scotland, Holland, and our French Switzerland, which ure the three conn- tries in which the ]{(.)■ ;"«;^t pure, are also oUmClZ^^!^!, Zf- '''''^''''' ^^^ th. "' <''« woW,}, ,ho.o over which n^ <^'"''-^'ondon,, „a. even «ally ^proui" ''''^'' ^"tellectuHl culture is most u„im! ^'-^-^^'ofn!otl!!!!!!!-o^^^ «t (he Tri- '^'''•'--'^■«tu.oodnm„'" ,;^^'^'^:^^^^ ^» ^"?"«t last, said: «.spoe,,UIy had .struck hi,a T « '"^^■'' ^'^ •'''^"">^"', three ^-o^'CJod.mu.tbohap.v.ndh-';/"?''^'' ^^''^^'^^'^ ^« the ;•; - -ttor to hi,n thau a h o ' d t . '"' '" '''>' '"^^-'^ ^-'o, /'''■•'•''•'•'^•thut«truckhi„ "" f- ^'' '"^ ^'^^^''•^' «^^«- The CI"'>-c-hofChristis, howillh'.! '''"'' ^'>« true Iivi„. ^--^;- I^".H.h'n.eetl" r;;;:?'^*;.--''-twhat h, .^^ ^-o.nWy llnll. Theyou.Thto ;";■"';■' '^''' ^^'^-^ Great ;--fU.eirnobh.aLo.sro :„: :Jr''^"''^^'^ «« *'- g'oriou. tJ'« 'ast three centuries, with t^r,."' ™'^'^^' ^''^ ^"nW ^^•li^'ious heart." ' "'' ^''"^''^"^^ ^^ ^ J"3t pride and of ^ ;^;™'uj:'^:r:n^^ a Methodi. <''".'-'' of Scotland: '^TI.o ^. , .^^.''"•'''''^ ^^ the Free i Imt wonderful connuuMty have u.l\ ''''' "^ *^« ^^nd - '-thin, to he cou.pare n ; ^T " """' "'^'^ ^^^-'' thor^ 'ory. The Church .i,. ,, / ^ '^ ^^^ of cccIosu.tioal his- t'-' n.urch of Scotlandiu ll-^: "" '" ^'''^'•"l'^''- ^^ -;'«od in the course of the .ivt;;"," ""^^"''""'^ ^^ "'^ ^-ncy "lous sum of nearly tweutv fh • , "'"' '""""""ts to tho fab- to I.or Ministcrsi-wl ?■ ;:'''''''^«^''^''-- «he has p , ;-n«.noSI,,.,,^„:; ; -r^-% was ^:^^ has Zl Imve cost $22.3,000, while „,.,.. '^"""'■'- "'">'• colleges I >rf> qnartor of u million, nii-i iho .iv,.,-,,.,, n >■•,,• J 1.0 I ree CI,,,,-,.!, have |„,,vi,|o,| f„, ,„„;, Mmk. .. ' mol in Edi„l,n„.|, Z,' „ ■ ^ '"" '""'""'"W" 'lay 40 me,i b=.i..,.i,„ w„a, i„.,.,o„.,„',o.„„;;,„,t ; ;„ "::,;;:""' ■'"""; thei'bare nofowoi-fl.-,., -x-nn r> i J""«ea. At tm.s moment mmdo s,o.la,„l,,|.a„ovorilw„„i„„, r„,,„„. ..„, ' ha..ic a„, .,. ,„L, „„urL;::; '.';■::,;- ."'i ,*"" A 3embly at E.linburgl,, wl.ich wo aro horo to colebr.tou I f wluch as Cluu-choH, we ourselves have sprung!'' ' ''""' ''Land of Bruco and Wallaoo 1 rT ^y™^ •'^■'^'■'■^ '''^^-^ «tood, And for tlicir country and flieii- fulth Like water poured tlioir hlood. Whore wives and little cliildnMi UeresteadCast to the dcatli And ojraves of martyr warriors Arem the deseit lieath. m h^ i'<" 6H .W > Mr' 4. THE TDEOLOaV AND EUCLEHIASTIC.VI, POLITY OF TlTi: acOTTISH RKFOUMATION. Tliero H reason to believe that Scotland wa^ Calvinistic in its theology, and P,e.sbyterian in its eccloaiastical polity since the fust introduction of Christianity into that country to the present time — the Popish pciiod of course excepted. Coluinba, and indeed all the Culdees were strenuous adviicates of iho doctrines of grace and of the purity of the clergy; and were th.nefore hi all the es- rential elements of both, Calviiiists and PresViyteriaij-:'. In all Ifhe. lihood, Patrick Hamilton, the !'"ionii,i).3r of the Reformation in S^cotlaud was Lutheran in his ti.eology, tin it was in 'i,at School he •was instructed in the Christian reli-'ion J and George Wiahart was Helvetic in his !h(';ological v.-rws, as he visited Switzerland, studied in thoi.- school • t^.nl translated the first Helvetic confession into his mother tongue. Jiut then all the Itetorme.s, hnc all tliose teachers at whos^ feet they :;fi.t, \'/ere Culvinists. Luthev, Zwingle, and Me- lancthon were Calvini»tii, uud so were lh«» English Reformers, Latimer, Ridley, Cranmer, uud Roger"?. The practice of lecturing, or expoiinding a large portion of scripture in one discourse, which after wrrds became so popular, and we may add profitable, in Scotland, is said to have been intro- duced by Wishart. And tho hook on which he lectured — the epistle to the Romans — and the prrcfice of exposition which he inaugur. ated, have alike ever since bun national favorites. It was in the days of Kno.x, iowovcr, that the theology of Scot- land, accurately speaking, assumed the Calvinistic or Genevan type. But it is beyond all contiorers/ that John Knox was a Cal- vinist before he ever met with (Jalrin. It was in the Scriptures •which he studied so earnestly and prayerfully that he found his Cal- vinism and Presbytorianism. It is indeed true that he thoroughly studied the writings of Augustine and Jerome, and was not a little assisted by them in forming his theological views. The Scotch Reformer, has not, like Luther, given us a i account of his spiritual conflicts and trials ; of the struggles and anguish of spirit which attended his firet discoveries of truth, and preceded his triumphant entrance on the possession of peace in believing ; but there can be no doubt that his ardent and penetrating mind must have under- gone a great turmoil, a. id sustained a desperate struggle before he got himself extricated from the superstition and errors in which he C,9 I acOTTlSH was horn a,.d brou.^ht up. His case was truly repm.Pntod by (h. good so.I „. .h.c:aho ...ed wa. slow i,: ,nalu,;, i,l anpoaranco Id IrtiT r r' '■'"'■' "'"■'^'' '^° ^'-^^"^ '■» ^•-^<^'"«'-'. i'> «-^k- t.on were th« „,ost profitable yea,, of his life, to l/i.nselt; to his couutry, a. to the Church of Christ, inasmuch as they for.ned !Z unun. p„.„t .u h,s eventful career, and the crisis of the Scottish murr?'. : ' '';: '"'""' "'"^ --P-honsive mind, could not be satisfied w.th anythiu,^ short of kuowing truth in ail Us re- ^t-ons and harmonies. Cousiderin-Moe active life which ho led Knox has wntten largely, and all his writings show that he was a man ofgreat strength of mind, natural sagacity, and genius. Hi. Treat>.e on Predestination alone, .hows, if he had the leisure re- quisite for >t, that he would have taken high rank as a thinker amon.^ the theologian! of hii day. ° The first ConfMBion of Faith, which was laid before Parliament m the year 1560, althongh it was drawn up in the short spacH four days, cont.med a brief but able .ummary of the fundamental doctrmes of the gospel and embraced the leadi-.g point, of the Cal- v.mst.c theology, M d>d all the other creeds and confession, of the Churches of th« Befornation. Thi. oonfe.sion was ehiefly drawn up by Knox, and on th. whole io an able document. And it is a remarkable fact that no charge La, since taken place durin-r three centunes, m the theological riew. of the Scottish people, notwith- standmg the fiery trial, uid.ercre persecutions to which they had been subjected, to make th.m change their religions riews. T-^e theology of the old ScoU' oonfesiion, is just the theology of the Scottish p )ple this day. °^ ^^° _ The next important period in tte theological hiatory of Scotland IS the ime m winch the Confession of Faith of the Westminster Assembly of Divine, with tke Larger and Shorter Catechisms, was received and adopted by the Church of ScoHand as their Confession ofFaitn During the interesting period between the adoption of the F,r,t Confession, and that of the Westminster Confession, there appeared no a few great and learned men in the Church, "who bore the burden and heat of the day." The learned and upright Andrew Melville, author of a Latin Commentary on the Epistle "to the Humans, was certainly the greatest light of this whole period Jh^ Commentary, thou -li iMief, U cnmprche;isivp, find (fisplay^ grout lo;i;ical nceuinon uiul iiitoHoctiial vigour. The Commi)*sioncrs from tlie Cliuroh of Scot'aiid lo the Woat- miiister Asrfemhiv, were Alcxnn.lei- Hoiulorson, Uohcrt Dou,'la.^, Kobert IJaillio, Gcor^v Gillespie and Sa.im.l I{«illiorfo.d, Mini.s]o:w, with the Earl of Cassiiis, Lord Maitland, and Sir Areliihald Juhii- Bton, Eidci-H. Of Ilendeisou wo have already siioknn, and of (lil- lespio wo may say that he was the most powerful controvcisaiist of his years, and we mi^'ht acM, cf Ids day, in Hritain, on eeclesiasticnl subjects, and hi;* writin,^'^ which are still considoroil a standard work, will amply Jwar us out in sayin;? so. Of Samuel llutherford, the author of the most precious and heavenly "letters" ever writ- ten by any uninspired man, suffice it to say that he was, not only one of the most learned men of his day, but also one of the deepest thinkers of the century in which he lived, as hisi various writini,'s will amply testify. A8 to the venerftblo Westminster Confession, and the two Catc- cliisms, we can truly say, that time, and a more intimate and thorough aeqiaintance with thoiri, only tend to a growing' attach ment and admiration of them on our pait. Wo have no hesitation in pronoiincing thoae authoritative standards of our Church, tho most scriptural, the most loijical and philosoj)hical, and nitogetlier the most complete, com[(rchensIve and exhaustive summary of tho christian religion that has erer been written by uninspired men. The illustrious authors of the Confession and Catechisms, did not turn to tho right hand or to the loft from Scripture to accommodato their theological views to the natural prejudices of men, but on tho contrary declared the whole counsel of Ciod. It is to those book-f, or rather to the theology set forth in them, that Seot'rind owes its proud position for three centuries, morally, intellcctuAlly, and religiously. These formularies have been the guardian of thoii* faith, and the bulwark of pure and undefiled religion ; while at tho same time they have been a wall of D-'i -ut against tho onsets of Reductive error, and against heterodoxy in every shape and form. Whether tried by the unerring- mln of Scripture,' or at the tribnnal of a true philosophy, or by the standard of a rigid logic, the West- minster Confession of Faith, and Larger and Shorter Caiechisnis will be found impregnable in their statements of doctrino and ex- position of truth. " Those Westminster Divines havo erected a ^1 J no MctJiodit i i form Ik. I. "tL/j Kei)t m flior.^ . -^ •'^ '^'"^ ^"^" atductive «iT(,r." ° "*' ^"*' ""sets of cvor■^r r t'raco „f p .^""'•™ ""J cliliauio,, of . , ""'' '" "•" «»n-ivedr n ;■ '"''"'^^^'^ iv-MowIod^c . Vr" ''"'' ""^ "'"« ^■^- "PMd th« „ „ """'™"'o iialionlliron„l, „ / ' ■"" Poracru. m p'fi 1^; Hi 7a u)nA. m .treu;4th, its .luiver >vm. Still full, and like Aaron'« rod that blousomed, its saroui- was slill tVagrant. Such was the success of the gospel in Scotland, such was the sancliryiutf inlluccc of this theolo'^y, and such was the p.ety of .t Preacher-, that the rery unomies ol'lrue .eliglon were constrained I , >\Ti»cig« its good fiuils and moral power. ..hop 1]..^-, »n ori.on.nt to the Covenanters, thug speaks of their preackcri : - Ther w.re a j,'rav., solemn »ort of people, and had an appoaraaco Ikat crcaUd respect. They used , visit then- pari-shes mueh-werc fall of the Scriptures-were ready at extern- Lre t,rayer-and had brtu^^ht the people to such a degree ofkno^- c-d..e tl' • Mid servo nts would have prayed extempore. Their M.nistcrsbrou„'ht their people about them on the Sunday „i.ht«, where the sermon- were t..lked orer, and every one woman as^vell as men were desired to -peak their sense and thoir expen- ence, and by those means they had a comprehension of matters of religion greater than I have seen amon,? people of thai sort any- whcM.. The preachers all went in one tract, of ra.smg observa. Lns on points of doctrine out of their text, and provu.g these by a ons, Ld then of applying those, and showing the use that was ubeuadeofsuchapoiut of doctrine, both lor n.s ruction and terror, for exhortation and comfort, for trial of themselves upon ,t and for fr, nishing them witt the proper directions and helps, and "is was so methodical that the p. 0... grew to folio, .sermon lite throu.^h. every branch of it. As they lived m grea. famd.ar- rwihth^ir people, and used to pray oft and talk w.th mr m private, so it can baldly be imagined to . iu. degree they wero loved and reverenced by tl;em. They kept scandalous persor.« un- der a severe discipline ( breach of Sab..a.h, tor an oah. .r the least disorder in drunkenness, persons were cited before th. Church Session, '■ nd wer«» solemnly reproved for it." Burnc . further s. .s of the people : - Wc were indeed amazed to Bco a poor commonality so capable to argu uponpoiu'. ot Gov- ernment, or on the bounds to be set to the power of princes m mat- ters of re ..ion 5 upon Ul these topics they had texts ot bcripture athana, and wero ready with thnr an wev, to anything that was said to tho... This measure of knvviedg was spread oven among the aeanest of them, Uieir cottage , . and their servants." 7.1 good fru., f Scottish theology Wo mZ h ! u " ''"'^ of » f • ^L ''"'-'o/' *vo may hoar now t ho test monv of a frien . the same point : Kirkton sava • " At .l,„ ,,'^"°""y could read the Scnptures, and were provided with iJihlo. cither by th .r parents or the.r Ministers. Nobody complained n.oro of our Church Oovernmont than our Taverner.s, who e ordinary Tameur Uon was then- fade was broke, people were become ,030^'' It has been the custoux for many a day to ron-eseut tie Coven an^rs as fanatics and hypocrites, and th'ir roLie s ,. LetS" i^n nati. talent, and theol4i::ri:XrSl^^:, God and themselves, and in short in all the essential qualification, was one of the Covenantn.g preaches, William Guthne author of that famous book '' T'lo ri...;o*- j '^'uuine, author , uuoK, x,ie Christian's L'leut interest " th«t 4l,/» have truly great spuits in Scotland 5 there is for a -^entlen .n M But .ho man above all olhors, who stan,,.,-,! iho theolo-. of tl,. It:rra.'""f°° "'■"" """-"^ -^ »'■» '- 1™ i* l«.U.Onghlf„l, the gmvc, m,J piou. TiK.ma, Bo,toi,. There ,„.' '# m tl" H:! l^ iw 74 liave l)ccn otlicri his iuperiori ir» voma depnrtincntB of theology, Biifl who may have been bettor acquainted with ita litoraturo and hiHtoiy, but for britij^ing out the t lie do^'y of the Scriptures in a ■tyle udiipted to the cnpaciticn ul'uKMi in gcuoral, Hiid withal in a prol'uuud, accurate and cdiiyin^' maiuior, Thomas ik)»ton is, boyond doubt, the theolo/ian of Scotland. In exhibiting the fundamental doctrinoH of the go.spcl, in brin„'in;f the truth homo to the coincien- CP8 of uiiawftkont'd sinncri, in cuinforting and edifyiijr the Church of God, ami in the sarouraud utiction which accompanied the gos- pel from his lipa, Hoitton had no superior. His writia;;8 may bo considered somewhat repulsive in our day, on account of their manj divisioiiH and 8ul)divii«ion8, and their unpolished stjlc, butwerenture to assert that there are fe * modern nuthors whose pajjes are so pregnant with thought, arc so clear and logical in argument, and ore 80 rich in Scriptural doctrine. Wc.>ro the question put to us by ono wishing to know what Chris- tianity really is, '' what ono book within a moderate compass would you recommend to give me an idea what Christianity is, and in short to toll mo in sum and substance, what the Hihie teaches," w« would unhesitatingly reply, f^et "Boston's Fomfold State," for, as David said of the sword by which ho slew Gi)liuth, There is none like that. In the dark days of Moderatism, when the majority of the Ministers of Scotland did not preach the gospel, .nany a pious family spent the Sabbath profitably reading the •'Fourfold State " and many of the children of God when meeting together for prayer and who could apply the langu.ige of Mary to their preachers "they iia, taken away my Lord, and I know not whore they have laid him," were fed and strengthened by its savory instructiotis. It was the preaching an 1 writings of such men as Boston and the Erg- kines, that kept the candle of the gospel from being utterly extin- guished in Scotland during the disnml reign of Moderatism. There are many who are under the impression that the ''Fourfold State " is all that Boston wrote, but'instcad of that ho was perhaps the most voluminous writer of his day, and indeed one of the most ex- tensive tlioological authors of any period, and we might truly add one of the most prohtablo and edifying. At his death the famous Ralph Erskine composed the following lines: — " The great, the grave, judicious Boston's gone. Who once, like Athannsius bold, stood firm alone Whose goldsn pen, to fuluro times, will bear His fame, till in the clouds his Lord appear." Th« "Mftrrvwcoulrovariy,- in which ]}oston took «ucli au lu- lor«it, although of such an «iht'r«al iwituro us not to u.l.ait of bri„i; tested by the crucibit of aujr cxistiu^ creed, was net »vi-!, „• good results to Seotliiiid. This coiitrover«y coiil.l oi.lj tit^; terest and ui«ot with Hyiniuuhy Rmour. tliiuluii^r „i,.1 .-.t-lii-^ni ; . I)le. It was ita Hbstruaei>e,ii, ctubracin- lur^'ol)-, uad IVom^thc ' .,; • tur« of th« subject noccsHurily, mefaphyiical Mid ub.stiact quostiouH, and nicely theological terms and distinctions, that rendciod it su beneficial to til* i-oople ; bccuudo it made such u demand on the mental faculties to comprehond the controverted points, and liiereby the intcllcc* wa. awak.ned, and all itt powers exercised and Btrengthon«d by that Ttry exercise, for furtiier purauits. It is by exercise th» mind id cultivated and Hhari)encd, and the physical system ia r«ifnlated. If w« recollect well, it is boniewhoro in iho writiu'fs of Thomas Carlyle, we «aw it renuirked, that a chi'd placed in a baiket, by his .very tdort to get out of it, strengthens Lis muBcleB and joints. The Ap.isile J'anl tells us that it is by roa- Bon of use the senses are sxercised to discern both good an'v, dors ^not Ignore legitimate authority and or.lor, by way of resolving the Church into a mob; nord.n.-.^ it introduce any such disorder as if every man hag a law to himself, free to do and believe what ho pleases. On the contrary, it embraces the elements of law and organized authority. Ii secures liberty without confusion, and or- der wituout despotism. lu short, it prures the perfect harmony of hberty and order. Presbyierianism is no less up,,osed to the law- lessnessofthemob, tbanto the despotism of the Stuto or tho Church. It assorts the rights of tho people in spiritual mattors, and teaches them to maintain them in civil affairs. As ;■. system it 18 well adapted to train people to maintain and value civil and re- ligious liberty. " No less significant," says Dr. Humphroy, in his admirable dis- course, " is the history of the Church of Scotland, where our the- ology has been perpetuated for three hundred years, ltd develop menu in tho way of order have been infinitely remarkable. In the first place, tho persuasions of tho English Court, and thobayon- etsofherarmics, have not been able to fasten an episcojiacy on the Kirk. Secondly, a representation of the j.eople, sHting in all the Church Courts, has ever bee , of the aubstanco of her polity. Thirdly, the Kirk, although condescending to bo by law established' has never been Erastian, and the moderate party so called, which verged towards Erastianiam in policy, exhibited at tho samo time the mostmieriuivocal ten lencies towards Arminianism in doctrine • whilo tho opposite party contended both for orthodoxy in faith, and for the righ:. of (Jud's people in tho free choice of their Pastors Lastly, the unexhausted forces of our theology, having delivered the Kirk from every other element of bondage, is perpetually 80 ■' ill Blli 4ij 8tru<»gling throu;rli a series of agitnfions and disniiillons to purge her from the remaining? iniquity of pntrona^re. These diatmbancos will be incessantly renewed, from generation to generation, until the venerable Kiik muat take hor choice between disowning her patronage, or losing all her children, or abandoning that ancient faith which teaches them to vindicate their rights, even unto a separation from her sacraments. Either her theology, as in Eng- land, or her subjection to the State, as in this country (America) must disappear from the crucible, or the crucible itself will be broken by the antagonism of its ingredients. So intolerant is this theology of any other than a polity absolutely free." "Unlike the English," says Miller, " the Scotch form, as a peo- ple, not a heap of detached particles, but a mass of aggregated ones ; and henee, since at least the days of Knox, Scotland" hag formed one of the most favorable soils for the growth of Protestant- ism, in a Presbyterian type, which the world has yet seen. The insulating bias of the English character leads to the formation of insulated Churches, while the aggregate peculiarity of the Scottish character has a tendency at least equally direct to bind its congre- gations together into one grand Church, with the ai'-a, not of a single building, but of the whole kingdom for its platiurm. It is not uninstructive to mark in the national history how thoroughly and soon the idea of Presbytorianism recommended itself to the popular mind in Scotland. Presbyterianism found a soil ready pre- pared for it in the national predilection ; and its paramount idea as a form of ecclesiastical government, seemed the one natural idea in the circumstances. An Englishman might have thought of gathering together a few neighbors, and making a church of tliom; the Scotchman at once determined on making a church of all Scot- land. The attempt to establish a Scottish Church on an English principle filled an entire country with peraecuiion and sulferiug, and prov»d but an abortive attempt after all." THE SCOTTISH POI.l'IT. The Scottish pulpit hos been instrumental in no small degree in forming and developing the religious and intellectual character of the country. It combined with remnrknblo harmojiy tiie exposi- tory and doctrinal, and the experimental and practical modes of preaching. Greater prominence was gireu to preaching in Scot- tl eluded by apn v.C tlol . '. r'^'"'^'- ''"^ ;,'oneralIy con- uy apniyin^T tlio doctrines and essons of tl.of>x.+ *^ *u for exhortation and comfort for tr;..l nP *i , "'-^""''' ^°'" f,^.. r I- , ""iJ'i> 101 tiial of thoinso vos unon if ami laiKl, and was maiiitft ned in qnifo nfoii • So gonorally were tliCy brou 'ht nndo,. th^ vn wl„lc „ Scotland wi,l,„,., hoari,,, » ^ol , , d ?,,! '''°°'' »oarc, have lod.-e a ho„,„ „.,,;; oJ.LI , l"'" T'^ »i"3i..S, reading th. »ord, and „,„„ w. , r '■""'"'''^'> ''7 Hyh Commissioner, ,.„,d,i„. ?„"''"' '"' "« ''""l .aj..i.d„, room wi.i:::™i ;k r;:,;: ':t ""^ ^r '- - 82 . .f' is iiit- ji If of a ntiaa's soul should depend upon it.'' " We banish these men from us," said the Duke of Hamilton, "and yet when dying, vro call for them." "All tbinjxs considered," says D'Aubij^'ne, "bet- ter preachers are to bo found in Scotland, than in any other coun- try of Christendom. We ge.jerally sec mingled in due proportion in their discourses, the objective truth, and the inoividualify of tho preacher. Tho developemont of the latter principle, the subjective element, is very prominent among some of the leading men in Scotland, but not to the injury of the other. Perhaps on the con- trary, among the mass of the preachers, the former element is too predominant." Tho Princeton Review in speaking of the Free Church deputa- tion who visited the American Churches after the disruption, says: "And the impression made by the sermons delivered in our church- es by these distinguished men, was altogether favorable. The im- pression indeed was made on some minds, that from these speci- mens, the preaching of the Scottish ministers, at least of the Free Church of Scotland, was supc rior to that of any other body of chris- tians in tho country. As a class, perhaps, it may be true that the pulpit of tho Free Church id superior to that of any other body of christians in tho world." Under the blighting and deadening influence of Moderatism, however, things were very different. The Scottish pulpit then gave a very uncertain sound. But there were noble exceptions. Be- neath the shadow of ^fode^alism, Armiiiianism made great progressj and even Sociniauism was not ashamed to walk abroad. The Mo- derates substituted the covenant of works for the covenant of grace . preaching "do this and hve," instead of faith in Christ. They Bubstituled sapless moral essays and sentimental episodes for doc- trinal and instructive preaching. Many of them ignored the pecu- liar doctrines of the gospel altogether, and gave the people husks for bread. Laxity in discij)line, as might be expected, kept pace with laxity in doctrine. The Autobiography of Dr. Carlylc, lately published, shows how hostile Moderatism was to evangelical reli- gion and vital godlirr'ss ; and what a curse it must have been to Scotland. It also discloses, or rather confirms, what was well-known before, what a drunken set the Moderates were, and how regardless Ihey were of the eternal welfare of the-r flocks. Poor flocks I It was the blind leading the blind. It is no woudi r that religion w*»at ttl-mt'bb, imdersufli v.ntdioiJ ;ir..IiMv, v i Ktelv moved Wha. fL; . '^""''"i" "'■'' ™"«»ie- fiddles, or by excito.eat or no 01^01 ^tT' '{ "«"" °^ the sanctuary for scriDtm-al k. ! ? "i con'rafy, they went to .pm. a„d i„ u„.L. The ,.a,e,. faalt of L S o^tk I^ C thoir long praj-ora. Bat we beli.-vo ia Uiia there i, a i7 . "hich certainly was much needed Tl,«\f7 ? '"''"BoUon, 1/ lengthy and fornu, in theirprtycl "'"" """" ""''"""• Th„ rapid pr„gre::i I elrS ^H Z^^r ™''™- je.,^ the enth„.ia.,„ of men nndt he „ ^00 "f t,"', ""J tto sent mentaliam nawli,),. .j "'^ """""co 01 itvivals, and ..;^-o.ern.iaoi„; "1":^ \tlt r;:rr^r'°r''° °^ 6«" Ute „.„„ ofth. »,od Old .heolV 0': "'Ull:: 4f u diriniij" tb«reiui-e hai much uecd uf ihetuUditj, lu^uiveuMt, »D(f Us subtantial ingrediimlu of the old thoolojjy, " to quttlify fervor and convert it into wholesome atiiuont." Wo still prefer the aermona of IJoaton, the Esskirics, Edwards and the Grout Puritans, to the elo- quent discourses of the prcacheia of our own day. Greatly as we ndniirc some of the popular preachers of the day, we consider their sermons but li^'ht food indeed, in comparison witii the thou;^htful and savom-y sermons of Thomas Boston and John Favel, not to speak of others. Mi\ny are now so captivated by beauty of langua'e, melody of voice, j^nd grace of manner in the preacher, that thoy are quite pleased wiih the shell without the kernel. CALVINISM AND PRESBYTERIANIBM, IN THKIH DEAUINO ON SPECl'LA* TlVJi AMJ UOCrUINAI- HIBJKCTS, AND IN TUKlll PIUCTICAI^ INflAKNCE ON taillSTlAN tULUCHES. Did circumstances permit it, wo would like to survey the history of Calvinism and Picsbyterianism for the last three centuries, with the view of shewing their influeuce on speculative and doctrinal iubjeels, and their practical influence on christian churches. But this wo cannot do at present. Our space >a already more than ex- bausted ; and all that we can do is briefly to refer to some leading points relating to this vast and important subject. Aug>istino, the greiitest of the christian fathers, expounded and defended theCalviniatic theology a thoua-ind years before Calvin was born, and his writings were the main source of sound doctrine, true piety, and evangelical life in the church, during the dark and dismiil reign of popery. Andwhensvera wr.rning voice was heard within the church, against its growing corruption and great apos- tacy, that w arning proceeded from the followers of Augustine, and wherever the least spark of light appeared ouring the reign of this tliick darkness, that light was reflected from the pages of Au<»u8- tine. After those doctrines bad been buried for ages, thron;h the super- stition and corruption of Rome, Luther brought them again to light, and exhibited the scripta al doctrine of the justification ofbin« ners more clearly than it was done oven by Augustine ; more clear* ly than it was done since the apostle Paul expounded it in his epis- tles to the Romans and Galatians. This was Luther's great work, •ud such was the importance the Refoiiner biniself attached to bit m doot.iu«uft'mtui.«tujiwtirtctttio», thutU vullcd ii iho aiUo!« of 8 •tandin;,' or fulling church. Luther, however, did not uccoru- r-lrsh .nud. ly war of cun„cetiu. the dociriue of jusiiticatiu.. with the other dooinnea of the chmthm leli.'ion. It w«3 the work of u Culviu to svstenutize u„d consolidate iho doc.trn.es of revelation, and to unite to^'elhor tho vuiJous paMs of the ehn.tian «y.stoin, in all their rolafiuns and hannoni.s. Tor thid great worlv the Lord had al.undantly ,,uulilied him. His pro- found und euu.,.rehensive .nind :,na,,H.d the duct, iue orjustidca.ioa 08 taught by I'uul, and afterward, by Luthc-r, a.d c.,ml,i,.ed it with tlie gr-..at n.as. of scriptural doctrine scatto. ed throu,rhout the works Of Augustine a.ul other christian fathers and .chooln.eu, and as the result of tins survey of Divi.o Ucvelatiun, and of the chris.iaa WMlers that preeecded him, ho presented tho Church of (lod with h.s immortal "Institutes." Calvini.n. is therefore tho eon.binalion ofAuguslinianusmand Lutherianism upon the cardinal doct.ine of (ho sinner s acceptance with (iod. Calvin ha. been so grievously nus- represented and maligned by his enenies, that it n.ay not be out of place here to make room for a specimen of what his friends and loos say of him. That schoolarlj Unitarian, John Scott Porters, who wrote so vn-,dently against Calvin, eays of him : " His life w«s f.u.^al, chasto and temperate He liv. J and died a poor man, while ht^ ^ield^d the power, and dui-ensed all the honors of his adopted count, y I suppose no nmn ever read the Insiiiutes of Calvin, without acknow- ed^ing ,t to be the ablest work on Divinity that he ever „e,used Us merits OS an intellectual eflbrt, a,e unapproached by those of any prior, contemporary, or even subsequent work. For zeal for pe.severance, for unremitting diligence, for the e/Ibtts which' he made, and was throughout life continually making, as a writer as a Bcholar, as a theologian, as a pastor, as a correspondent, as a' le- aslalor, as a statesman, as u jurist, as a poet, he stands far abov^ all men that I ha,o read of. The Calvinistic system was perhapl the most logically faultless that ever was invented " Dr Killensays: -Calvin was at onco the soundest politician and the most profound divine of hi, generation. We know of no onesincethe days ofthe Apostles, who has rendered greater eer^ V.CO to the cause of Christianity. Ch.is.ondom has yet to learn tht fuU amount of Us obligation to tbia ewiaeat max, of God It i, 1 ^m .'i . I If [Ml PriMcipul Cuunin.Iuun s.ys : - I]„t whHhor we look to tI>o powc:, and u,,ac.,.es w.th which iU.l .„dowod hin, the .nannor in w i7h; ea.i ovod ,he.n, and tlu. roM.ltH by which his h.bora have bee^ fol ^011 as that of the pasi century. Dr. Owen wan hv f«. ♦k profound divine that Jh-i.ain hL yet prod ed 'Ac ' T"' t.ons that are .ado to hia writinjin lur 2TL '^., ZL:^^ ^bc P.0 , ,, , ,,^.^ ^,^^^,.^^ excellence 'a rh";; merit. It ,8 because the colossal Owen aoundod the dc.th .r subject on which he wrote, that his works a e auci a^^ il? treasure and storehouse in divinity I„ shor! h A ? "'^'"'"«ble deservedly called .-the PHncJ^^iv^ I^^^'^^^^;^^ ^f ^n, of Leeds, in spoakin, of Owen, said : - You mf^' ^!'- mtl. learning of Li,bttbot, the strength of C::;lt h^l" .0 Howe the savour of Leighton, the raciness of Heywrod :; 3 glow of Baxter, the copiouaness of Barrow, the spl "lur of spates, are all combined." apiflnaour of At present however, it is not our desion to exoound th- r.. v doctrines to the gospel commonly denomina^dTaK " i 1' TrtZ upon the discussion of the Calvinistic theology in it 1" /«. evidences Suffice it here to say. that the p'Llia orTtL i f aturos of Calvinism are, that it traces the salvation of si me ' the sovereign and electing love of God the Father, to the death OuT ; .'^^^'^ ""' ''''''' '' ^'^-^-l worki;g of the Ho 7 out, and that to the excluaiou of everything eU, 'u lo^om ^ Scriptures assign tu t Jehovnh, and refu-^-s and man. It ul(,t„} „ to the sinner, cxcliid( •T make, the purpo,. of ,hc Father, the dmh of the Son in its inten- on and resul.s a.l ,ho savin,, work of the IIol, Ghost, co-cxtrn- ane and c.cM.qual. < Mv,„i«„. „,,,,,„, ^,,,. ^j^,,^ ^,,^j ^,^^_.^ ^^^ 111 the salvation of sin,icr« to the Tri.mo ..vide tho nlory of Bai .ition between God M the systems of ihoolo^ry, (! nies any merit • , . , f""i.''«'ng, and >;ives him the xcriplural place n worku., out h.s own salvation. Calvinism a«.,n« their res ec ^ve places aecorclmg to Scipture to the sovero.,.uy of God. tho rie^f ; ' "'^'"7'''^'^'""'^ Ghost, and to the sinner h.mself ... ,he great work of salvation. It w„ . because it thus nu ..ck a. the r. ,t of all creatur. merit, denied ,v savi:; .m.! y o the saerament.s, good works, the intercession of suints and priests, that C alv„„sm was so well adapted, and proved so emiuentlj sue ccssful m up-r.,nt„,g j,operj, overthrowing its idolatr>, and r^s.st- ing Its eiicr.. nts. "It is im, e," sap Principal Cunningham, "t.. bring out fully and deh. .,y, the sum and substance of what is tat^W.t in Holv Ch' ,TrM ""V" r''^" "'''''• "'« ^''"""'^' «'•« Son, ami the fundamental doct-na-s of Calvinism. The distinctive characteristic ofSocnmmsm is that it virtually invests men with the power of Bav,ng themselves A.minmnism virtually divides the work ofsav- .ng men between God and men. Calvinism, and that alone, give, to God the whole honor and glory of savin, .inner., making me" while uphnd and sustained in the possession and exercise of all tha as neeeasary for moral agency, the unworthy and helpless recipients at God'i hand of all spiritual blessings." ««-'P«uits The Calvinistic doctrine of predestination is often obiected to on the ground that it n.akes God the author of sin, is inconsistent with the dnme goodness, and is incompatible or irreconcilable with human liberty and accountability. These objections, we free- ly admit, aresomewlint plausible, and well fitted to startle men at first sight But we are no less convinced, that intelligent andean- did men after reflecting much upon the subject, and examining it carefully m the hght of reason and revelation, must feel satisfied that It IS alike supported by both. We say reason and revelation, because wo are strongly impressed with the fact, that the arsu. ments in favor of Calvinism, or predestination, derived from reason, MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) I.I Z8 lie m 1^ 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ ^PLIED IIVMGE I, nc 165J Eosl Main Street Rocheste. . New York U609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288- 5989 -Fax 1; ' or general considerations, tiOie appeal to the iindorstantl 66 arc mimWy triumphant, riored m fromS.nptuio." It has been profou •'"g, with the argumoiits derived con, that a little 1 greater knowled-o tends to estabflsh profoundly remarked by Lord Ka. 'earuin;,r hag a tendency to at) The same is true of C fund: but ilvinitinij a superficial e mental principles, ofion termiui.tos unfavorab leism, but that men in the belief of a God., xaniination of ita more profound examination of tl e tc its ci ai reason and pro\iilei vor. the di W lomin the li-rht of S ms, e rip tare iiee, oencMally termiiKitcsinaverdictin its the solemnly believe that such is the ctritie of predestination in Scriiilure th word of God as h 'uido, prunnnence given to U no one v 'lo takes would ever think of disputin-r that it is there, dilished general laws 1:1^;;:^;:,.;^^::::;^ ll^:^ could not forsee the reach and operation of tl4e a 'nd ; , ;-nd to produce the individual 'results which liu'ei':? ations, for our part wo cannot believe it It i. o.noll . ^ ,' admUtedbyallwhobelieveinthe:;L::;7S^l]rt:: w atever God does in time he purposed in eternity to do i T^ "itelhgencc of (iod necessarily proves that he must have . , p^pose ^^,.e he proceeds t^ iction ; his ^Z^ t^ :£ZZ P ove that that plan must date as far back as his own bein- or x" isteneej and the necessary conclusion is that predestina i^n i. . rational . w.II as a Scriptural doctrine. Henc' I tn I'C S9 us that a .pa,.row can.ot full to tl e 'ound t t ' 'Tr."^'' of our head can f-.ll m t) 7 " ' ' "°"^ <^^ ^^"^ ^""S "eaci can tall to the ground, without his providence that it oslaWhl, ,,re '. ' argument, on tho W the suppor f til . ,a :r r i T"'"^ ^^^"'"^^'^'^- ^'- '>ii^- 9tt ofmoralcoDsequeac^a; for, besides its incurable teudeucv to ia- tiame the augry passions, and to excite obloquy agains* individuals, which render. It a pmclical restraint on fre« inquiry, tho eraploy- ment of it in dispute seema to betray apprehensiona derc^^atoi from the dignity of morals, and not consonant either to ihe drclatea of reason or the lessons of experience. The rulos of morality are too deeply rooted in human nature to be shaken by every veerin- breath of metaphysical theory." And John Locke, the greatest o°f Lrit..sh Metaphysicians also says : '' If you will argue for or against liberty from consequences I will not undertaKe to answer you." This mode of argument should never be resorted to, without -reat caution, inasmuch as it is liable to great abuse and is commonly adopted only by such as are unwilling or incomnetent to ar-ue questions upon their own proper merits. The limitation of our taculties, " our ignorance a.id prejudices," often render us incom- potent judges what is, and what is not consistent with the divine character. What may appear to us now inconsistent with the divjne character, might, and no doubt would, upon more ample means of judging, appear perfectiy harmonious with it. It is by this mode of argument Socinians and Unitarians attempt to over- throw the doctrine of the atonement, and Arminians attack Cal- VI n ism. Arminians are'particularly'oud and incessant in their declam- ation on this topic. And what makes their conduct particularly so inconsistent and ofiensive is that their own system is oncumber.d with the same ditliculties they press upon us, and liable to the same objections they urge against our views. We now proceed to prove that this is the case. Arminians. however reluctant, acknowled-ro the foreknowledge of God; acknowledge that God knew in eter- nity everything that transpires in time. We say however reluctant because many of them denied God's foreknowledge, and clea-' ' showed that their sympathies were in that direction. Armin':. at least many of them, have not scrupled to divest God of his at- tributes of omnipotence and foreknowledge, whilst at the same time they have not scrupled to invest man with the attributes of perfection. They were equally prepared to pronounce God imper- fect and man perfect. But generally speaking they admit the fore- knowledge of God. What wo maintain then is, that there can be no foreknowkdg* v Ithout pred«3tiualion : and ev«n should ther. W. thnt Cureknowledge i. liable to t!,e vorv same object,ons n.ado to for.o,.d,nat>on-.^ The g.-eat artici.s of divine fo.okno. d'o uts, sa\s bu- U ilhain Hamilton. '■oreh'otl T "?"'^ "' P'-^-ti„ation is tl.e only foundation of -oiek, oH-1 d;^e, because God could not foreknow that things would H unless he had purposed that they should be. AVe mainrair hat > isn„pos.bIetofo.ekno.vc.e,taini,whatis to be fu.tl e t an Ood or some other cHuse has foreordained it. If God as \r«in Jans admit, foreknows all thin-^s as fbrv «>,. ii / ..„„ ,1 , ,, I'l'HoS, as they shall come to ra,««. then thCV Shll n,^,y^n *„ _, ., . ^ '> then they shau come to pass, at the time and place It one sohtary tlun. he foreknew from eternity, docs not come to pass precsey as he foreknew it, his foreknow! d,o wo d be defect, ve, and ,f he foresaw thom from etornitv, then (hoy eo 'd not but take place. But how did ho become 'certain? V ll ; , there was a certanUy in the thing, it could not be foreknown An «.,certan. occurrence could not be certainly known to , atd there ore overytlnng certan.ly known must certainly be. Eut\ ho ywo these thn.gs that certai^Uy ? The cause of thdr certainty ws o-ther the purpose of God that they should be, or the cause of was :n the tnn.gs themselv. But the things' themselves "id no as yet ex.st and could not therefore give certainty to themselves • E. tie then God in eternity gave these things the certain^ oftheu.ex,stenceby his decree or purpose, or %lse th 1 i 5s themselves gave certainty to themselves while as yet they had no bemg. That they w. Id infallibly exist is an otL, nd' t e c r tam foreknowledge of that existence is also an effect, con ec.uen. upon God s purpose or some other cause. But what > as tl al^ cause bot of the existence of the things and th« certain foreknoC! ledge of them as such ? The cause of it was not from themselve, for an efiFect cannot be its own cause, and as yet they had no bein<. even as an effect except in the purpose of God ; and there was no be:ng .n t^e immensity of space but God alone and if Ly were cer amly forek-nown, there was no being in eternity to .wl thom that cortan>ty but himself. Therefore the certainty bo "a to the.r ex^stonc and the forekuowlcdgo of it, could onfy arise from »2 "•^ and was only ,.r,n'^oq„en(up,„i(;od's purpose to |„i„o- thoni into exL-jlence, for tlieie wiu un lacing then but Iiiui.«eir. Thus we {incl, and there Is no possibility ofovadinr tho conclu- sion, llmtforelniowlodgo infers forcoidiniition, .-vnd dra-.s prodcni- iiution after it; and it is as Sir William llamilt..n slat's, '^-nibur- rasscd by the self-iame diflicuitios " as predestination. Nothin-' but stupidity, prejudice, or something worse can possibly prevent "peo- ple from seeing and acknowledging the validity of this argument Every consistent and intelligent person must admit that the" whole of the dilllculty now under consideration, consists in the unalterable certainty of free acts, and must also admit that foreknowled-^e sup- posGSor infers certainty, assure as freeordination secures It If Toreknowledge, which establishes certainty, be consistent with lib- erty, predestination which secures it cannot be incompatible with it J and if certainty be inconsistent with liberty, foreknowlod-e is just as subversive of it as fore-ordination. A predestinated a°ct -W no more necessary than a foreseen act, so that predestination no more necessarily interferes with accountability than foreknowled.re. *' This argument is so conclusive that most theistical advocates "of the d*ctrine of contingency, when they come to deal with it, give tho matter up, and acknowledge that an act may be certain as to its occurrence and yet free." Hence tile Arminian theory of a divine foreknowledge without divine foreordination, is a great absurdity alike opposed to reason and revelation ; and is simply^a so- phistical mode of speaking by which Arminians attempt to evade a dilllculty, and to approximate to scriptural language without ad- mitting scriptural truth, and by which they r-anago to bring tho whole subject into confusion, and thereby impo. e upon people who are superficial in thought and knowledge. When we press the argument from the divine foreknowledge upon Arminians, they are in the habit of saying by way of repty that foreknowledge has no causal influence upon what is to be, and that as God is omniscient nothing is successive or future to him. We grant that foreknowledge as such, and of itself, has no causal influ- ence upon what is to be, or upon ihe things foreknown, but the question is, and it is not to be evaded in that childish and sophisti- cal manner : Docs foreknowledge suppose the unalterable certainty of the things foreknown? Haa God who foreknows what is to be any causal influence upon what ho thus foreknows ? Can God's fore!cnnwlnl,e be .sepnmte.1 fpom hi,,...ir> \v . . . , to and nothing is succo.ive and fnturo, bu s'tili t o f.r ' tfmt we oxKst in timo, nn.l that to „. the e is a ',?""""' P'-osoMt. u„cl that human acts arp I-. I "^ ''' ''•^" "'^ '^ an.i conse,nent,, fo.ZC a , r^in" T 'Tf ^""'" '" ^'"^^' deav'orcHl to evade the force ofTh ' ., ' . ^ '^''''' '''''^'''^^ •^'^• Codmight foreknow all 1 1 1 ^ in'r ^^"'^•^■■''^♦'-^«'''->".^'' '-OW th. f,.ee act. of „.en. 'i'Jt u f Zd'"' ri'T ^" ""• thou, as ClaHco adnuts ho could, n't case tho" "''"" certain, as God could not certunlvfno '"'' /^'>' ^^^"-^ ^'I-'''»1'7 and therefore God's purpose o ! ' '''^'''' '''' '■'"^^'•t«''"> would .00. /,no.a„ce .as an oss^;;:^^ . J '^f 1 1^' '' ^t Vut :r ij -^r^^"^ ^^'''^^ ^^ eouid:t:!o:^.^^t- and such : f::;tsophis:;"""^^ ^^ "^ -^'-^ aboutsuch afoiblo, In corroboration of the line of irrmmo^-* i we Lave ,„„oU ,,l.,as„,.c i„ ^il^^Z^^ "^ """" P"""'"'?' a..d ,1,0 caclusivcoi of our a,!:,t wTl'; " °",'' "°"'"'°"' u.ea„ ,1,0 well.k„ow„ Dr. \Vl,,lo vIITk ,'^"""'i"™ l""«- "'« ...ach .,. ,„o,o i.n.o.a,,co .oS„f;*r'3 ^Lr'K ''' concession due to U,o force of tm,h ,„7 I""" " " " «o„ .0 .1,0 «.a,,,i.,,™e„ of \::t::;:,2°T"' ""'"""■ tended, as he tells us he is not a Calv.ntr ' = °'" '" '"• thisL^tT^'flvr::;^"',''™''' "^ --^"-- of jeetionsfa .en,r; r;|f4rthTraM "^ '° ' *« "^ ■">■ from ,he conelnsil;? „L.to*d "" r""' "'°"'™™ the moral att,ibu,es of the Deity hlh ■, ''«'?' "'^P'>«i»« the reprobation of a lar™ ,m! ' r intended, ro„de,-cd biiit/ That Jtsz '':zfiz"'" '"'"''■ .u. ;e shonid bri^fa'ntiiTh :Vei;irL:f ''"""™- ot^orrSeroTasxr-T °'^' *-^^^^^^^^^^ - -- ~ ri' :s,:: rxTZzz :: »4 m m .! St It li a fn^.htful bul an uh.leniahle t.ml.. that mulliiudf. ever. i„ christian countries, are born hm.I brought up uiulfr such ciicum- stances us aflbid them no probable, often no possible chance of obtainin^ra knowic.l^re of reli-iuus truths, or a iiabit of moral con- duct, but are even trained from infanoy i,, superntitious error and gross depravity. Why this should bo permitted, neither Calvinist nor Arm.n.an can explain ; nay, why the Almi'^hty docs not cause to die m the cradle every infunt whose future wickedness and mis- ery, if sullbrc-d to i,M-ow up, He foresees, is what no system of ro- hgion, natural or revealed, will enable us satisfactorily to account '-In truth, these are merely branches of the one great dimculty the existence of evil, which may almost be call.-d the only dilfi culty in thoolo-y. It assumes indeed various shapes • it is by many hardly recognized as a difficulty, and not a few have pro- fessed and believed themselves to have solved it ; but it still meets them, though in some new and disguised form, at -very turn, like a resistless stream, which, when one channel is dammed up, immedi- ately forces its way through another. And as the diUicuhy is one not peculiar to anyone hypothesis, but bears e./ua/Zy on all alike whether ofrevealed or ofnatural religion, it is better in point of prudence, as well as of fairness, that the consequences of it should not be pressed as an objection against any." (Essays p. p. 86, 85.) "I cannot dismiss the subject without a few practical remarks relative to the difficulty in question (the ongin of evil.) First, let it bo remarked, that it is not peculiar to any one the- ological system ; let not therefore the Calyiuist or the Arrainian urge It as au objection against their respective adversaries; much less an objection clothed in offensire language, which will be found to recoil on their own religious tenets, as soon as it shall be per- ceived that both parties are alike unable to explain the difficulty. Let them not to destroy an opponent's system, rashly kindle a fire which will soon extend to the no less combustible structure of their own. Secondly, let it not be supposed that this difficulty is any objec to revealed religion. Revelation leaves us, in fact, as to this ques- tion, just where it found us. Reason tells us that evil exists, and shows us in acme measure how to avoid it. Revelation tells of the nature and extent of tlio ovil .ml- does not affect to clear p a ,1 1 1 ? '"''' " '^ 'i"'^^""^'" '* tiou. advocates would LLnfr '' ""''"^ ""^ '"'•^ '■-•'^"• pretension, wluch i ' >t^"^r,7"""'''^ ' "^^ '""'-'^ "'- 'I'oy have no po.er t^ ^ v ^-^'Cirt I"" ^'^'^^"^""^ '^^ There is nothing ne.v to u, in the 1 '"' '^ ''''^ about it is the facr that Arch i ! Z? 'T''^' ' "" *'"^^ '« '-^«I We sa, that thi« feature om^^^^^^^^^^^ " ^'^ '^ ^"'vinist. Armiuian before to sneak Un ru' '"'' ''' "^^'^ "^""^^^ a"y jeet. It i. to be 1^^.^^;:^^^ ?'! ^^^'-^-'^^ »P- this sub' in which Arnii.nans hure comnuw.r , . '"*' <^«cl«"''-ition argument, a. ^1 which his u^rf "'';'^"' ^" ^^'« "^'-eh of th« whole scock ,a trade as po^. f"'"^"' ^ "^^ '^'^^ ^^-^ of their or e^- tt:r:;::^;ntx p^^"7'os, r-'- ^^^ -^^^^ seein, he is Almighty/and wa' " 'T' ''''''''' '' ''^^' Can they reconcile it vh the div .''"'"!" '"^ '' '^'''^--^ 't' whatever was m cde for i'a^I , atl b'^ ""^ '''' '" P^^^^^ tion ? Can they „,uke it co si f ' f ?'" ^''''^^'^ ^'^ '^'^''^^-^ there is so much evil and v d f' '"' f "'''"^ ^'-^-- that Ooa is omnipotent, and th ef riblT: " '" ""^' ' "^^"^' ^"=^^ make it consistent with the divine , '?''"' ^' "'' ^'«» they rants are allowed to com int w T '^''' """"'^'''''^ ^^^^ '7 Ood foreknew and brerw t eir w''?'f ""' '"^" "^^"'■^'>'' -fa- eternal misery into "'1 He "''='''"^^^' ^"^ '-^'^o foresaw the make it consistent vitiredi^e"" ^"""°- ^^^ '^ Can they Pnnciples, that the great 1^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'"'^ ^'-^ own Wd of the pro vision of mTr"'^''" ''' "^^'^ »«-«^ in, these rem^arksripiroTo'^r^^' ^"-'^i-* i" mak- boalittlemoremodetando' "?■'"'"' *'"^ ^'^^ ' «^ld ism; andtoremrdthertttr";";'"'""""''^ "^^ ^-^'n- not be throwin- stone 111 " '"' '" ''''' ^'^"^^^ «h«uld upon these points and ;, ^ r '^^""""^ ^^nbarrassed with us to'shu. their':;:lthe f7ct" ""' "^' ''^^ '''' "^^ '^ ^"0-^ to IrmillZ!"''*' '°"' '^^ ^'^ ^'•^"'^^^ "P^« which we object H hi! • ■"SI . Ul Wn ohj.ct to Anni,.iani.m Leonuso it virtually dethrones l^'no. lluu(..Kl .Io,.,-,.unes u„ythi„,, ,... exerts any r.al ,.(!in-oncy . hoproduct.oMofunythin, amo„. M. rational coa.uro.s; I.„t ';uc.sevo,ytlnn.hean„.u,,onlhei.. elmmctor and eton.al con- lu.on undotormuKHl and indcd nninllu-nrod l.v their Creator and (.overnor, and votually beyond his control. VVo object to it bo- cause ,tdo,Made. God to th«co,.di,ion of a „ore ipoc.ator, who ouly «ec-8 what .s goin-. on among his creatures, or forsco.s wllat is to ako i.iaco among thorn, but must be guided in all his dealing- with thorn, by what he thus sees or forsces iu them. 2nu. Wo object to Arminianism becauHo it represents God a, ookmg from the heights of heaven to see whence the salvation .f the human lam.ly ,s to come, aud because it represents God as un- able to .uve some sinners notwithstanding his Almighty power and r nr r^^'r* '''-' ^^^ '-' ^od-wiL but ,;;; not and leave them m possession of their liberty, break their lurd earts, and therefore it is only those good sort of people, who are ot so w.ckedas others, and who are of clay more easily moulded standinc ' ' " '"' "''"^ ^^ ^' ''' ''^ omnipotence notwith- hfn?\ ,7' °^-'''*^ ^'•™"'^»5«'"^ because it makes salvation to he 01 debt, inasmuch as it says that God could not justly have left the human tamdy without the provision of the gospel, which would i-ender salvation of justice or debt and not of grace. We object to It because it robs God of the glory of redemption, makes the i ' ner, partly at least, the author of his own salvation, and thereby gn-es him occasion to boast before God, and overthrows salvation by grace. We object to it because it places the effect before the cause, masmuch as it founds the .alvatiou of the sinner upon his foreseen faith and good works, whereas there is nothin<^ good in ^e children of men until God first creates or produces it in them. We further object to this system because it represents us as choos- ing God before he chose us, contrary to what the Apostle says .— "We love him because he first loved us." IJohn 4 19 It represents the sinner to be before Godiu the matter of sllva'tion, fouiuiod. P'OIlUtlCo UliOll wliul, ,t id •Ith. Wo objuct to Ariniiiiauism, Ijocnuac nil il,.,t •* n .1 i-,i. '"I'Ho 'J'e. ■•'Ut It 13 smiicrs t leiuscvoafli'it PfMi^... . d,llo,e„eo „o.,„...„ ,„.„■ „,„I „„.c.,,, a„d 0„d.i,:l JVeco^ e,u.lIyj;,vo„ „, all ,„e„, ,„n„„ ^^ „,„ ,„ bclf ™ ij „' ;' par.„„,,, of „„«,,, , .,„ ,„;;„, ,; p^:t: g, 1.:, r Imowled^'o of th.M,. f. -fi ^'^e^-^'vation of men upon the fore- Uuood to a ,,ima';ie 1 1 i.I Z" " v," '" ^■'- '° "^ ■■"• 08 tivcun.l twenty articles ; ].ut whoro is iu complete ooi.fossion of IVith, it. thirty ur forty d.apf. ,s ? Wh.no U its Lnr;,'or Catophio/V Nuy, whrro i.i fvon its Shorter Cateehlsm ? \V|,o,o is its whole Lody of Divinity, froiu inulor tho hand ofii nia,stor, sharply defining ltd terms, accurately Hfatin^' its helief, laying down the conclunions l(.-ically involvod tliorein, tryin- iheso coiiclusions no less than their premises by tho word of God, refuting ohjeolions, and adjuHt- ing all its parts into u consistent and systematic whole ? It has furnished us indrud with some detached negations and philosophical theories. W,. have, for exaniplo, its flat denial of our doctrine of predestination, but has it to this day met for ilsulf, the problem of foreknowledge infinite I)y u more plausible solution than the cele- ))rated sophism, that although God has the capacity of foreknowing all things, he chooses to foreknow only some things ? We have also its notion of the freedom of the will, wherein was supposed to be tho germ of u systematic Armlniunism; but this buddin-r pro- mise was long since nipped by tho mitimely frost of Jonathan Ed ward's logic. It is clear that an expositioH of this theology, whidi shall satisfy tho logical consciousnoss, is indisj)onsable to" its per- petuity, otherwise it cannot take possession of educated and discip- lined minds—educuted by the word and spirit of God, and discip- lined to exact analysis and argument ; otherwise again, although It may exert a temporary inlluuice, it will retire before advancinr. spuitual and intolleclual culture. It is also clear that the first century of Us existence has not i.roduced that exposition. Another century may demonstrate that such a production is impossible, by showing that the scriptural and logical element is not in the Arminian sys- tem; that the law of alHuity and crystallization is wanting to its disjointed principles; that this theology, combining many precious truths, and many cai)ital errors, resembles a mingled mass of dia- monds and fragments of broken glass and broken pottery, which no plastic skill of man or power of fire can mould into a siuTlo transparent, many-sided, equal sidedcrystal, its angles all beam- ing, and its points all burning with light—a Koh-i-noor indeed." If the doctnno of Predestination and the divine foreknowledrre be true, as we believe it is, there is no doubt a necessity of some kind, attaching to all our actions, but that does not preclude their having also a liberty attaching to them. God lias created us ra- tional and responsible beings, and notwithstanding that He ever JU :'!> have already «hw wT. ";;", '^'•^^''"•^"■'"^^^•^' '-V '- wo »^ecnu.o all his action wT . "''' ■T""'" "'" ^"'"'''^^ '^ "'-'•'^'» predestination < .! "^17; " T' '"' ""^ "'••^^^''''' ^^•"'- jiity ofan action i;!rt^x\;;r;?:^'''h;^'^^''^ «^ '^« '»«r- He , .Htroy.d IliH own n>oml . t „•" ^ Viri' ^^.'^ "^"' «^'i""S We tIaM.loro conclude that ue do i, a „ ' I'T'-^ "'" •'"' '^^•'«'-- n^.^'j;;l;!oni""'^'--^'''-^'-^- event should occur, and tha t hou d !o T ''' ?/^ /'"" '^ ^^''l"'" and accountable agon.v t na,f '' TI o k'^ "'".'"^ ^^ t''^' ^''eo cr.be the occurrence 01^11 Jvc Us ,„-^"';^^-"lf'"'H throu.rhout as- «8 free and accountable i b in h. - f, Jtl. ' 1 1 ^'"' ''^'''''''' '"«» not only so, but " ror)res,.n;« r' " ■ "'"'"' ^^^TurrcnccH : and very triusa'ctions wl ch ^ ;'; "S ^^ j!,^, 7 Tl ^"l''^^""^ "^ "-^' nined by tho will of God " Tho^ ?f ^' '^''" '-''r' ^'^ '^« '''-'tor- and Shimei were respccU civ arcnV I ''■'!•''* *^,"'^^-'I'''' ^''"^•'O'^l', because thoy acted fvL-ly audi,, fnli'", '^^ ^^^'■"' ^vickcdneas sitions, Itx'lin.^s, and naU.ro ml *"?""""'''"' ^''"' their di.spo' " So now it was not you hat o n1 ^'^ f T^'^ ,^'^"'' '"'^ '^'^'thren /-I ened the heart of Pharaoh " Kv' o ",'0 ^l''' " *'^« ^^^^^ '"^^'d' said, -Let hinx cur«,,X ihe W h^t S • n "^1"' °f/'^'"''»<-'' l^^^rd 11. Tho Apostle I'o/,*J, I. '''^'^"'''*"^''»' 2 Sam IC foreknowledge of God ve K i ^ the detormuiato counsel and crucified and'^sIainV' Vets ' 2 { u'l""'' '^^ '''""^"^ '>'''"<^« havo Holy child Jesus whom tl, 'i . ^P'' "^^ ^ '"'t'' a;?ainst thv tius/pilate, wurtiro Gon e" nd tSe'.'""?' V\" Hon.;? a,;^'po f- ered together, l^r to^do wi;^ 1 ^'7^''^^. "^ ^«'''^^' ^vere gath- determi].edbefore^oi;l ^^^^'^X^^,^'^,,^-^^ ^]f ^''7 cofnscl death of Christ was predestinated W /l ; ^r' ^^:,""0 ^^e tind tha to death, only did '' wLuSrvf I, ^^f"'^T ^'*"'" ^^'« P"t him ternuned before to iJdi^e-' an r;.?:i' and counsel of God de- wickedhandV' whichcSnotle^ le'X''"'^"'" *," ^''""*'' " '^X «^ents, as otherwise there would be o ITl T''" ' ''^ ,""' ^''^^ Hence we find that predestiTi lZ. fu • 'r'<:' ''d"ess in their act. Scriptures to be con iy^^ett • h Vo Hbe:;!;'''^ '"aintained in tho i^ui wuu iiie liberty and responsibility of :;l..!{ M I, ft Du.so wlio riroduw the aet, uiid that action jircilfstlnatod. On,- liberty, or m„rul u-oncy, coiwists i:i llie power orutti.i- i.iacc-ora- nncc witli the huvs of our mUtuo, .such as our coavictiSiis, indina- tiuMS leoling.s aiul ininuuieiit dispcsitions, and in our beiu'^ dotor- niinedni all that vve do l,y v.hat is within ourselves, free fW;„, a„v natural necessity or outward compulsion, and may be called u liU- crty ot ratio.uU spontaneity. The decree ofGod m predcstiuation belt everremembered, does not constrain any one to act in omm- sifiou to his own sacred and cherished propensities. It does not . force a man to wickedness, if liis nature is inclined to holiness and It t oes not force hirn to what is ;?ood if his whole heart is set ou eyi! lo act m accordance with their respective natures iii the iu-hest liberty that can be enjoyed by God, angels or men Our consciousness, which is a first princiole, eipially establishes our liberty, and our dependance on God, " in whoso hand our life IS,- and "in whom we live and move and have our beiii"- " We have the same evidence for our liberty and accountabiury as we have ior our existence. We believe both in the soverei-nitv and omnipotence of God, and in the freedom and accountability'^ otnrui their apparent mconsistency notwithstanding. We cannot deny either without contradicting our deepest feelings, and our very na lure. We caimotdeny to God "who giveih to all life and bi^ath and al things, ' Acts 17, 25; the control of all our actions, with- out robbing hnn of his glory, deifying man, and running into athe- ism. Nor can we, on the other hand, deny to man liberty and selt-action without making him a mere machine or an irresponsiblo agent, and without contradicting his consciousness. If we n ivo ur> the rational and scrii)tural doctrine of predestination, wo drive God out from among men, and make him at best but an idle spectator of our actions In short we hold that God decrees, and yet that mi» retains his liberty J that God is omnipotent, and yet that man "i^ t.ee. We are not ashamed to confess our inability to Dcrceivo tli« harmony between predestination and human liberty, and vetilftf we believe m both. Tlie tie which connects them is invisible to us, so that we do not know their relations to each other, but wo believe in both simply because God reveals both to us, and mik upon us to believe them :_" Sucli knowledge is too wonderful for us. It 13 high we cannot attain unto it." Psalm 1.'] no , o « • , i tlKU a spunou- cun> J th r, o ^ b'^'' •'""''"^ r'"'"'" ^^"^ '" '-" I>er.nit,s u.ul ordains, wj nus't ] T 'TV' '',"-^'''' ''"^ '''^ <-'l shifting tli,>„i cither bucbVn n 'T •'''"' *" '■•'''""^•''' thon? I,y the ScHptures leave t cm N,?^^-"''^' '''"'" ^''« J'''^^'^ '■' ^vJiich long as niou aclcriowlcd-re tint fl >, • V ""^^ ^'^ ^"^'e, lor as moral Governor of tKuW 7^^ ^'?^' "'"^ ^'"'t ^'« '« the they believe it or no wire >a % tl.r''/^''^ T '"^"1 * '^'^^'^^^^^'^ inthon^this depth, which 11 rib'Ua^^^^^^^^^^ ''"' ^""^■^'^' ^ licultv, tlio oriirin of Pvil a .. •°- P'^^^ °* *"'-' O'le irieat dif- oxpedi'en^ do'^rlot t l^' get Zr 'on;"^\-'f '''r ''^^'""^'^ -' vyh,chthejsovclK.mently?ud inecss mtlH ''' "^ *'^^ ^''"''^""y simply uuu.age to put it one stenK^^ ^/''T "l'«" "«• 'H.ev meet it ther^, not inly in a lifVn^.; '^^'f •'"'^'' ^'"* '»"«<' '-^fter ufl tionalineurnbrances/ilch t m S;L f'"f''' ''"^ '''^'^^ ^^^^^i" it in its progress. Tiie onlv ^rn Sf^^ercd and carried along witli thatitet.ablesthen^o^,l"?e•t>m^^^^^^^ ^'''' *¥"' t that they have crushed it oi^^t o?e-?tonr f""^'" ''""P''^ ^^'i^ve increased it. Their cavil, such a' Z ' ''"''" V' ''"'^"'^ ^^«>- ''^"'O as us, unless they a.e prsnaTod m « ■'',^«"*''*">s theniselvos as much tkat what is to bi wiVno be '!l 7''^7 thcuonstrous absurdity tainmaynevercome ols' No rhn'''"''?"^ {""'''''' «« <^'S conclusi-.ene.s of our argument a^an.' P™"^ "^^^^ be asked of the than the subtorfuges to wh ilf th^ ?n ^^^ ^™'">Hn hypothesis IVom its pressure." Someof h«n,{ '^^^^^^.to relieve themselves God is difcctive in knowldU but alio "''""'""'^^ "°* «»'j' ^^'^ constantly resisted, and his piirpo^^^'of rfT'"' ''f ?''" ^^^" ^"^ power of control : thai lie is inTim,!^ ". • ^^warted beyond his the universe different f.om\UltrT^^^^^^^^^ ^'''■' '^"'•^^' ^^ defeated by his own creaturesnnH J/ ^ '''";' ^""^ ^« constantly rh;sh his purposes orCoS^i^Z'^^"'''''^ ""''^^^^ '' ^^^^^'n- leSll^iJinS^^l^rSl^Jh^'r---"-" ^-« -'^-w. the liberty and resj.o^nsibi itj ma' burv":^^ '"'' ?'' ,^'"' ^^'^'^ m both as natural and revealed tuhs IV. 1 T?'"'' \^'''' ^^'^'^«^" ns the word of God, "inculca es h umilifr P*^' °«oi%. as well tion of truth because of he Ihnlnr ^ "P''" "'''" ^^^ mvesti-ra- ulties ; and warns us of the ™ tr ? . "n '"^P'^'-^'^^^''^" of our fSc- making our capacities of dstinor'.''"'^ ^"^ absurdity of Lending doetriLs, Z\n^aZeL7TT'^. "".'? (""^ ^"'"P''^" t-h, or of their consistene/wSi;:;:!!::;^:!^^,;^^^^^^^^^ 1 02 Huiia];Ieiios.s ul bulj(.v...,. iipoM MilliucMt muiir,(l,<. thin..a v. 1ml. in HO.no respocls aro l.cyond our ^r,,,,,,, andthat can'nut bo fully tukou m or con.preho-Hled I.y (l,o oxorci.so of our faculties, when brou'^ht didUuctiy to boar ujion thoui." ^uu^ui, Join, Locke say.:-" I cannot luivo a oloaror pcrcoptioa of any- thing than that 1 a,n Iroo, yot I cannot make froodoni in man con- sistent with oiunipotoiice and onmiproscnce in God, thou-h I am as u ly persuaded ot both as of any truth I most fii inly a^sscnt to, and theroiorol have Ion- since -ivon ove the cousidoratioii of that question, resolvm- all nito the short conclusion, that if it bo possi- ble or Ood to make a iroo a-ent, then man is free, tliou-rh I see no he way of, t." Vol. ;], p 487. " If all things must "stand or iaUby the measure of our understandings, and tliat denied to be where wo uid inextricable diflicullies, tiiore will very little remain HI the world, and we shall scarce leave ourselves so much us under- standings, souls or l)0(h'es." King's Life of Locke, p 92. Sir William Hamilton says:— "The philosophy therefore which 1 profess annilulatos the theoretical problem- How is the scheme otibeity, or theschemo of necessity to be rendered comprcheu- Bible /—by showing that both schemes are equally inconceivable, but It estabhshes liberty practically as a fact, by showing that it is either Itself an immediate datum, or is involved in an immediate datum of consciousness." Keid's Works, p 5\)'J. How the will can possiblybe free must remain to us under the present limitation otour faculties, wholly incomprehensible. We are unable to con- ceive an absolute commencement, wo cannot therefore conceive a free volition." How therefore moral liberty is possible in man or Ijrod, we are utterly unable spoeulatively to understand. But prac- tically, the tact that we are free is given to us in the consciousness ot an uncompromising law of duty, in the consciousness of our moral accountability." " We are though we know not how, the true and responsible authors of our actions, not merely the worth- less links in an adamantine series of effects and causes." Discus- sions, p 624. John Wesley says:— "And if any one ask how God's foreknow- ledge IS consistent with our freedom, I plainly answer I cannot tell." Misc. Works, Vol. 2, p 277. _5th. The duty devolving upon us to maintain the doctrines and principles of the lleformation, and to transmit them to future ecu- erations. ° 3 Ui! As we have already extended our remarks far beyond our ori- ginal intention, we regret that we cannot enter upon this part of our 8ul)ject. We have brielly glanced at the results of three cen- turies of Calvinism and Presbyterianisin in Scotland; and all that we now ask is, that they should be judged by their fruits. If the tree 13 known by its fruits Calvinism cannot be that bad tree that ivitiisiii ai'e i.'Ki'lIi- ill WilJH lo:! nation, and n . .,t Culvh, , „ ; ^ n o ¥n'''' •'" "" ^'"^'''^^ concession- /horc is nn-^vln t t- i <""""'">,',' rciiuuKahle in justice to MaKc^ 4Vou" i TA^^,? i''^ ""^ '^"'' ""P^'^^^'^ '>'^-d It IS this-that from the earli sU™ low,/.?. '"'''''' ^'■''\ «'"g>'I^r. consider the character of to nnV-^f . ■ ^'',""'" «"'" ^^'J^- if we themodeni Calvin ts and X>S^'; f ?'^^' ^^^ J^-^^h fesenes, their antagonists, the I? 0^0^. f £' <^' n" ^"'"If^'-^J ■"'ith that o f the Jesuits, we shall find tS Jef 1,^'^'^"''''/;''^' A"ninians and degree, in the^mc-f/ce of tfeVS JSi^' 'T^^''^' '", "« ^'««« and liave been the highest luZr I If^ """^ respectable virtues, 'ij'os, and the best " It has been tlie dory and h!p«. f^ i-eh-ious superiority.—. gone hand in hand'vS i^li ion °TlL^^°;'^"f /'^^^ oducatiorfhas stood near the Church Tlio « «*« ♦• sthool-liouso has always Shorfr Catechism hu; tWe%,o "' il '^^''"^ ,^^^ii^^t in the been tlie real pabulum of irpeopT ZTfV ''''}■ '^''^■^^^^^, grea measure to be attributed wCve^"?*V^V' ^''''' '''''' ^ nonly distinguishes their nation! p?7n' /™''"r,f . ""■ """'^^ supe- wha It did for our fathers in days .?S'bv Tl -""f . '^'^ ^"^^ *^°'» be discharged in tho fnn,;i,/„ /• ^^^ "y- I'"^ f'uty can easiiv -t elsewhie atlL'dt^ rl"Votd'1'";' '^'"°'' ^'^-^ - terras, and logical order mal-ll ti C <^*^^tnne, correct use of mental discipli'-ne for tV^nrinefle^tttl -"'"^''T ''' ''''' pasoningfaculties,andinlayrn"asS developing tho intelligence. Wp lna„a n ♦„ "^ ° , °^" loundation for enlarfmr] light andSera^'om^se crcfled"^""^^\^'^^'^ pretended S formers and great Divines of tJesevonw".r^° "'P^'^^^"* '^^ I^- enlightened age. What Jr tl SfT ''' "''•"^"'"^ ^« "^^h^-d our ;^!f - !^-^?^^ and^^:;^c?i;i^S?4 :?^£'?.jl -^- to ^ho masculine theoi;<.y and sound f-"''^ T^^^ ' --•" • Covenanters 3lCtans^ilP[l !i'/-P f ' °^ *'^^ Information xiir libertv. and. .n^,.!!™^^"!^^'^^,*'!^ fathers of civil and reli<.ious liberty, and are incon^^paiiwX^^ f"' ^"^ -'Vous has ever produced. The Con. ,^ml n theologians that Britain education for which lOiox S tl ° cl '''i:""^'^"' "'^^ P^P'^'^" ong since become the foundation stnnnlr".^'' ,f ?"tended have tion, andthe guardian ortheiZ. 1 ri ^'- ^^''^''^ Constitu- "WhatarethrM.assa're.inltn" r ''^"d liberties of the people which we read SThf mSs uS"']' ''"'';"^ 1' T ^'^^ ''^'^'^^-l ™o:.t tunning interest and which we would ,1 J:' '' V04 feelin;,.^ too deep for utirco aIJ *"' TV"'' "'"^ ^•'^^" ^^i^'^ record the Mtlia^^oai^^^^,^^^ ^^^y^l?' ^''?. J^^^''^^-^-^^^ ^^''''^h "nJ a free Church ? Are thov not JZ ''1 ^"'' '' l'"'"" ""-^P^'^ lie buried us martyrg iatho cause oVrSvir"'^'''*r'"-""^'^'^ °'"<'>^^'" They won ny their bird tV 'if u-' ''^'^o'ous freedom? maintain by^our J fortrand nrfvir °''l ''^'f} ""'' ""'' ^'^^'^^l to it said bv posteri thrl^ v^ ' '^'J*^ r" "^ ''° ^''"'"^b' We birth-ri.htLroru'^VuJdl^^r'lTi'ir';? :;:,""^ ^, ^^'-^^t-'^ ^'"^ outward nrosDeritr vvP c^MffiM-n,! f I* , , ^'^''" '"^'^ sunshine of "Yes, though the sceptic's ton-ue deride Ihose martyrs who for conscieirce died- i hough modish history blight their fume And sneering courtiers hoot the name Ut men who dared aloue be free, Amidst a nation's slavery, Yet long for them the poeVs lyre Miall wake its notes of heavenly fire. Iheir names shall nerve the patriot's hand, Upraised to save a sinkin^r land, Andpiotyshalljeamtoburn With holier transports o'er their urn." ERRATA. pro^of ihlN- w'^''^ll°''' ^'?^"°'- ^'^^^^ ^^" P'-^^^' J^^ co'^ld «ot see Ji, V P^n! ■ '" ^^^'' undergoing a final revisal, and as a neces^ P„I.'""''^"'"?^ «°«^« typographical errors have crept into the I'!tt are tlie gaze with i,,'e.s which •urc j,'o.speI iiy of them IVoedom ? called to ugly have •ugglo tiio inshine of vfa which m not see I neces" ito the se 85; a" for 1 make