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BY S. AUGUSTUS^I^ITCHELL. PHILADELPHIA : THOMAS, COWPERTHWAIT, & CO. 1839. Jih II a] \^ i^ it Entered, according to tlie Act of Congress, in the year 1839, BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, In the clerk's office of the district court of the eastern distriot of Pennsylvania. J t- i Ij H t; • STERIX)TYPEU BV J. FAQAN PHILADELPHIA. THLNTEI) BY J. KAV, JUN. AND BROTHER. ^'Ji^^ z^ in the year 1839, ELL, le eastern diatriot of PREFACE. At no former period, hns the science of (icogmphy been ronaidered of more imporlniifr, nn n hranch of elementary edurntiuii, Ihnn nt the present lime i nrid its vntuo nnd iildily are m obvious as to recjuiro but lillle ilhiMlni- tion. I'orhuiw no study is boiler culeuhitcd to awoken and fherisli that spirit of curiosity and imiuiry which is so natural tu the youthful mind ; and none, under proi>er regulElion and tuition, afTurds a belter prospect of lenchng to useful and iniiwrtant results. Within the last twelve or fifteen years, the great attention paid to geogra- phy in our principal schools and seminaries, has been the means of producing several meritorious works on this subject. They have each their re8()eclivo peciiliarilies and excellencies; and are generally well calculated to ord the scholar in his progress towards acquiring a considerable knowledge of that interesting science. They ought not, however, to be regarded as aupcfHeding all further endeavours in this department of usefulness, or as discouraging any well intended cffurta of others t/> do good in a similar way. Geography is, more than ony other science, in its nalure constantly pro- gressive; nnd hence, demands unceasing diligence on the part of those whose attention is directed to the publication of worla connected with it A con- siderable deficiency, in this res()ecl, is observable in some of the most (wpular school geographies now in use in this country. Several fail in representing various (mrts of the world, according to their actual subdivisions at the present day. Kven the divisions of our own coun- try are not accurately laid down ; and, in the exhibition of iho South .\merican States, there is a general deficiency. Australia, or New Holland, though divided by the British government, a nnmtier of years ago, into two great sections, is neither described nor represented in that way in any school geo- graphy extant. Important misstatements have been also observed in some of the works alluded to, which have doubtless escaped the observation of their authore ; and, though they do not essentiblly detract from the inurita of their respective works, must still bo regarded as material blemishes. In one work, (edition of 18.38,) it is asserted, that the western part of the State of Tennessee is in- habited by the Chickrxsaw Indians— that wild horses and buffaloes abound in Arkansas — that the greatest part of the .State of Alabama is inhabited by the Choctaw, Cherokee, nnd Creek Indians; and that the interior of ISewlbund- iand is inhabiled'by the Red Indians. All these statements were true,anum' ber of years ago; but are not so at the present day. The Mississippi Valley, or the country extending from the Rocky to th» Allegheny Mountains, is described, in the same work, as being more than 3,000 miles wide. Yet the whole continent, from ocean to ocean, measured across the centre of the valley in question, is only 2,600 miles in extent. The IJoa Constrictor is enumeroteil as one of the animals found in Africa. It is staled, that the largest are about 80 feet long ; and besides deer, d(«s, and bullocks, even horses with their riders are said to be destroyed by this enormous serpent ; both expiring together in the same fatal fold of the mon- ster ! This is a mere popular fallacy, unsupported by any authentic testimony ; and certainly ought not to be inserted in a work on ELEMENTARif education. In another work, the population of the Ionian Islands is stated to be 800.000; while, in foct, it is less than one-Iburth of that amount. Another school geo- graphy describes the island of Teneriffe as one of the Cape Verd islands ; while, in fact, it is one of the Canaries. Nor are the atlases less erroneous I A\ \ ' » ,>*-«cstaiit»««i»iBtw*»***«>«t«- Vl PllEFACB. than Iho doscriplivo googmpliy has Imjcp ahuwn to be. The tnops of Soiilh Atnoriea, in two of lhc;n, ro|>rviiciit the rivor Amnxuii as (lowing fniiii Ijnko Tilicucn : this is n iiusilivo ftntr ; it Iwiii^ well kiuiwn lliiit llio hfiid wiiiors of Iho Amazon rivrr iiro enliroly nojiaraled from tlio liiko nlxivc-inciitiunctl, by mngos of iho highest niounlanis in South Anirrica. Tho immilaliun of iho cilicH and Iowiih, in Nevorol inaiis, is UHsunuul, iiiHomo cases, as dunbic, and in olhers, only one-half Iho anionnl slalrd hy ilic must uulhonlic writers : somo places, of which we know iiolhing certain, and olhun whoso very existence is prublomatical, arc exhibited as contuining a dotinilo number of inhabitants. A very groat disoroiiorlion is likewise olwervod in tho lengths of iheconniM given to many of tfio rivers; — somo stated as 5(H) or (JOO miles long, are repro- ■onted as absolutely shorter than others of 300 or 400 miles in Ihoir imnio- diato proximity. The above-mentioned errors onil misstatcmoiits, although among tho most prominent that have boon detected, form but a litho of what really exist in the very popular works in which they have been liiiind. In this exposition, tho author Irusls he is not actnulcd by on invidious or malignant spirit ; for, while ho exhibits Irecly tho inoorreclncss of somo works, he willingly boars testimony to tho general accuracy and cxcellonco of olhers. He believes that he has gone fiir to establish his (josilion, that a want of at- tention is observable in the compilation of somo of the most popular school geographies extant, and that iinprovomonts may still Ih) made in works of this kind. Ho does not by any moans exiicct to estajK! orrore himself; but hopes, by n close attention to the revision of his work, as it comes from the press, to av'oid ony so far removed from tho irnlh as those above slated. Kssontial errors or misstatements, in w altliongh nmnng tlio mmt 10 of wliut really exist in (iiiiiU. rtimtcil by on invidious or corroclneHS of Homo workR, V und cxcellonc'oufullicrs. |Kmi(i(in, Ihnt a wont of nt- f the most popidiir scliool I Ih! miide in works of (his orrore himsolf ; but hopes, t comes from (he prens, to bovoslalod. ilomenlnry cdurntion, can iioy iKjsscss; and, when it of youlli, in the study and tills instances, bo retained icomes a|)|)arcnt. I schools, in the same do- m uncertain, the expense ;h many have complained, s work a periodical revi- led States ; which will bo irs thercailer, for the pur- int discoveries or political omenta in teach-ng. I as nearly as passible ; ao the pro|;res8 of the pupil, ts prescribed for his work [ins of the earth, according ntic works on the subject, iginal drawings, and are y engraved, in a neat and Dbcria are not usually ng associations connected e Ibund useful. The map e imptrtant religious anu iclpul islands of that inte- p has not been introduced hose remarkable circum- al drawings, and are en- ' these embrace a nuiuber I »•' PREFACE. VU of leading olijerls in nature and art, and othcm oluridato important facia Binlcd In the b(«ly of (ho work. A few, i( will lie perceived, arc of a nutiiiiiul character : IhcHc illuslmtn winic of the niiwt imiwrlunt inridtuils In the hinlory of our coiinlry, luid will associate, in the mind of the pupil, in a siriking and imprcHslve inniiiicr, with (lie characteristic features of the slates lu winch (hey arn attachiHi. Teacliers will oljservo that the work througliout is divided into short sections, such as iiro nmsidorcd suflicient liir one lcH»on,whicliaroiiiurkeilfbr tho piirpoBO of saving the teacher the trouble of designating them. Tliey are gradually enlarged during the |irogresH of Itie uurl'., so as to correspond with tho Incrcitscd capacity of the pupil. ThoHO wIki may coiicoive a single section insiiflicicnt for a Icsfon, niny give iwo or morn at once. Tlie nlun has been adopted at tlio suggestion of euvorul cxperieiicrd liacbers, ana ' ill rvi doubl lie found useful. Nearly all the ma[iH belonging to the alius have scales of miles attoched to them, by tho aid of which, wim a pair of cuni|ias8es, or the edge of a slip of |iapcr, the Iranier may measure the longtli aiid breadth of countrien, islands, seas, eiills, &c-. This will give varicly lu tho exercises, and impress on the mind of (be pupil in a more decided manner than by any other method, many vHliinble |iurticiilHr« that, if incerted in the geography, would increase its dimensions much bc>'nnd its prtMcribed limitM. CoiiMidcrohlo care has been bc.il(>«elale8, is c<- , liially in- creasing. In a very popular schail geography, (edition of 1838. '_ ■ iiiinties in Mississippi are slated as amounting to Sli, Alabama 36, Georgiu '.'i :iiid Ar- kansas 30; while in the Map of Iho Soiilhern States accompanying iJ i work, the numbers are respectively 56, 46, 90, and 35,— thus making on increoM of 61 counties iu four stales only. ^ iM 'M '■W*^ ■jH g.r." »f fl6ate»JK« w INTRODUCTION. GEooHAriiY i> a i^oicription of the world, willt ita inhsbitanii ind productions. It is not only an entertaining and curious, but Jiiglily useful study. It opens and enlarges the mind ; gives o true knowledge of the various situations of countries, with their rivers, mountains, &.o. ; and is of such importance in history, that without it, nothing can b« understood with either satisfaction or correctness. It must have attracted the attention of mankind at a very early pe- riod. The desiro to become acquainted with the country thuy lived in, and to determine and establish its boundaries, would naturally direct their attention to it The study of Geography will enable young persons, when they hear of distant countries, to tell where they are situated — what arc their pro- ductions — how they are governed, and what kind of people live there. To know these things is very im|)ortant; and will give all who aro acquainted with them an advantage over tJioso who possess not such knowledge: it will be a saiisfaction to themselves and to their parents; and will be a proof tliat they have attended well to their studies. TO THE PUPIL. Tbo engraving on the opposite page is a picture of one side of our earth, as it would appear if seen iVom a great distance. It rolls like an immense ball through the heavens, surrounded on every side by the planets ond the countless myriads of stars, all performing their stated motions under the guidance of the great Creator who first called them into existence. Men live on, and are constantly walking about, this great ball, the earth. Cities and towns are built on it ; trees end plants grow on it ; and ships sail on the sea : yet the earth is all the time turning round and round, as if you rolled a ball or an apple on the floor, or threw it from you into the air. All this is true ; but it is hord to understand. It is done by the power of God, who made us, and all things on the earth, with the sun, the moon, and the vast multitude of stars we see in the •ky. " In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth ; the heavens, and all the host of them." Gen. I. II. ,,. MITCIIFXI/S SCHOOL CEOCiRAPHY. ON. Willi ita inhsbitania ind and curioufi, but iiiglily ; gives a true knowledga ir riven, mountain!, &.o. ; ithout it, nothing can b« caa. nkind at a rory early pe- thc country thoy lived in, it, would naturnlly direct persona, when they hear latcd — what arc their pro- kind of people live there, id will givu all who aro )S0 who poaaeaa not aucb Irca and to their parents ; 2II to their studies. licture of one side of our distance. It rolls like an led on every side by tho II performing their stated tor who first called them iboat, this great ball, the Bs end plants grow on it ; II the time turning round the floor, or threw it from lard to understand. It is all things on the earth, e of stars we see in the aven and the earth; tho r. (8) PART FIRST. GROr.RAPIIICAL DEFINITIONS. 1. What is Geography T Ana. It is a description of the surface of the Earth. 3. What is the surface of tho Earth? A. It is the part on which we live. 3. How is tho surface of the Earth divided 7 A. Into land rnd water. 4. How much of ilw earth's surface is Land 7 A. About one-fourth part : the remainder is water. On the map of the World, No. 1., in the Atlas, you will see that tliero IS a great deal more water than land on the earth. The coloured part allows the land ; tlie rest is water. (9) 'It ■if»3Batw It,', ^W 10 Or.OOnAPIIICAL drfinitions. 6. llovf much mora wuUr limn land in tlicro on tlio ICurlii T A. Till re i.>» at \ It In suit. 8. IIow (iocK the Oconn np|K;nr7 A. It npiM^urs l)luc unti boundioss, like the sky. I). Mow wide in it 7 A. It is HO wide, that uhips iimy sail for weck.s, and oven inotitlm, oil it, without coining to Iniid. lU. Ill wlitttwuy duoi tliu Ueeun liriiefit mankind? A. The numerous fishes, with the ^rent whales, and the other uiiiinultt that iivtj in the cK-rnn, ruriii»h food and employ- niont to niuiiy niiliioiis of the human family. 11. Fur what purpoao do thipR sail on thu Uccui 7 A. They carry the pro; -t ;.-K55; : . ^^"g ^^^^"^ ^°""'^' " ^ - ._? ^. ..' * Pamlico Sound. 27. What is a Channel 7 A. It is a pas- sage of water, wi- der than a Strait, as the English A Harbour. Channel. What is « Harbour or Haven 7 It is a small bay, where vessels may remain at anchor 28. A. in safety. A Lake. . • ' • 29. What is a Lake 7 - A. It is a collection of wa'cr, entirely surrounded by land, [NITIONS. rranean Sea, the Black IS the Grecian Archipel- lies, which is sometimes ing into the land, as the ■ --( icting different bodies of at its depth may be mea- lurface to the bottom, as Long Island Sound, ',^js, Pamlico Sound. 27. What is a Channel 7 A. It is a pas- sage of water, wi- der than a Strait, us the English Channel. Is may remain at anchor I GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. I3 ns Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg, or the Lake of Geneva, in bwitzerlanu. ' 30. Where arc the largest Lakes to be found ? A. In North America : they arc so wide and deep, that the largest ships may sail on them. > 31. Is the water of lakes salt or fresh 7 A. Lakes are both salt and fresh : of the latter, the largest IS Lake superior. " 32. Which is the largest salt lake 7 A. The Caspian Lake, or sea, in Asia. Salt lakes, when large, are commonly called seas, as the Sea of Aral, the Dead oea, &c. 33. How do lakes discharge their waters 7 A. Fresh-water lakes generally discharge their waters through a river into the ocean; but salt lakes have seldom any outlet. irely surrounded by land, 84. What is a river 7 - . . ? A. A stream of fresh water, running from springs or from lakes, into the ocean, as the Mississippi, the Amazon, &c. 35. How are rivers formed 7 A. By numerous small branches, riowing from mountains or hills. 36. What are the amall branches of rivers called 7 A. Brooks and creeks. 37. What is the place where a river empties into the sea called 7 A. Its mouth ; and where it rises, its source or head. 38. What is the place through which a river flows called 7 A. Its bed, or channel. ■ 1'* 1 1 'Y u GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. ti ^1 m V ' Falls or Pnsxaic. When rivers flow down steep or perpendicular banks, they form falls or cataraets, as the falls of Niagara, the falls of the Passaic, and otliers. 39. What is a Canal ? A. It is a wide ditch or channel, fdlcd with water, through which boats convey travellers and goods from one town to another. Cuiial and Lock. 40. Where arc Canals most numerous 7 A. In the United States, Great Britain, and Holland 41. Which is the largest Canal in the world 7 A. The Imperial Canal, in China. «■ 42. Which are the largest Canals in the Ignited .States? A. The Erie Canal, in New York: and the Pennsylvania Canal, in the State of Pennsylvania. ^•' ^iMSV I i¥ flgffi;aSgT^ejRag£3» 3t M r ,, -i7» < fe < Kr .tc%sawft-.>*. T i y . im i wr - . INITIONS. icular banks, they form falla Is of the Pussaic, and otliurs. illcd with water, through goods from one town to mms^ itain, and Holland porld 7 ! Cnitcd. States T c : and tlio Pennsylvania %' GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 4 NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND. 43. Ifow is the land surface of the Carth divided 7 A. Into two greaf divisions,— tlie Eastern and Western continents. 44. What does the EarstBm continent oompri»e7 A. Europe, Asia, and Africa. 45. What docs the Western continent comprise 7 A. North America and South America. .' " 46. What other division is ther« on the earth 7 A. Oceonica, which comprises the islands of the Pacific Ucean. NORTIfERN OCEAN IS O R T a Hiiftflonr S^OUTHERN OCEAN. ..'^I',^'"'' "'■*' *'"' ^^'o™ ttnd Wcrtern continents somctimoi A. The Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The word hemisphere signifies half a globe. ;' ! ' f if GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. *^The map of the world. No. 1.. in th« Ada.. ahowB the Eastern an. WcBtom Hemisphere. . „ . » 48. Into what divUion is the earth divided by the Equator t A Into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 49 What does the Northern HcmUpherecompn*e 7 1 All that part of the earth between the Equator auJ th North Pole. . , 50. What does the SouUiern Hemisphere comprise 7 A All that part of the earth between the Equator and th ^ Ce lap'of the world. No. 2.. in the Atlas, shows the Northern an ^t;rr:.r.divisiWthela.^.;;.e^ A. Continents, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Islands, Capes, Pre montories, &c. ..... . , 52 Why are these called natural divisions 7 1 Euse they were made by God, when he created th world. America is a continent. ^^ Africa and South America are peninsulas. Darien, and the Isthmus of Suez. tt,7» tte Britblllaland., or Newfouodtod. of Good Hope, Cape Horn, &c. r uT; : IirP^^of land, extending mto the se. th exttrne end o ^Wch is sometimes caUed a cape, some ■ ZTl point, and at others, a headland. ^^^^ttWK^N- NITIONS. M, 8how9 the Eastern aw ed by the Equator 1 n Hemispheres. ■ • '0 comprise ? een the Equator auJ th re comprise? een the Equator and th lias, shows the Northern an the land surface of the earth uses, Islands, Capes, Pre lions ? God, when he created th ontaining many countries irly surrounded by watei insulas. which joins two parts of itinent; as^e Isthmus o entirely surrounded by we rfoundland. ng into the sea, as the Cap , extending into the sea, th times called a cape, somt headland. 18 GEOOttAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. A. Fire and smoke constantly rise from many Volcanoes. CI Wlmt is wnvUiincs thrown out by Volcanoc. \ A. Melted lava, large Btones,nshes, and often Hoods of water. rr"rsr:;';s:;::x^one.aifarein of water ; nnd some by v«rt Bhowers of hot aihei. Ascer.t of Mont Blane S are always covered with ice and snow. ^ 66. What if • hiin A. It is a portion of land raised up, but not so steep as a mountain. 67. What is a Valley 7 „,u;iio A. It is a low portion of country between mountains or hills. 68. What is a Plain T ' A. It is a portion of country nearly flat or level. 69. Are all plains olike in appearance T , - A. No ; some are covered with grass, some with trees, and some only with sand. w fu^ as 4 i I JITIONS. from many Volcanoes. )lcanoc« 1 md often floods of water, le world ? rards of one-half arc in B by the burning lava which ave been destroyed by floods ashet. ed, that it is difficult to a»cend ints a party of men going up rope. They were more than ilmost frorcn with cold. The lose in the hottert pi*ta of th« low. p voluimn of hut wntiT, witli a iioinu hkc nimiori, to the htiglit of 'JO or 100 feet. 8- ON THE FORM AND MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. 88. What ia the earth 7 A. It is one of the planets. 89. What arc the planct« 7 , i i A. Immense bodies like the earth, which revolve round the sun. 90. What is tlio shape or form of the earth 7 A. It is round, like a bull or apple. Dl By what otlier names is the earth known 7 A." It is also called the World, the Globe, and the Sphere. 92. How many motions has the earth, and what arc they 7 A. It has two motions ; the daily, and the yearly. 93. What is the daily motion of the earth 7 A. That in which it turns round every twcnty-fou- .ours. 94. What is the yearly motion of the earth 7 A. That in which it goes round the sun once every year. 95. What is the efftct of the cartli'H yearly motion 7 A. A change of seasons is produced by it. 96. What is a change of sessons V ^«aH^ IITIONS. mirioii, from wliit li tlio ^ liccti murly nil pmiipnl 11! iiiucliiiie on llii! riijlit 111' iiiclurr, uiul iHgro «lavV:PINI»iON8. A. It in nonrly '^rj.UOO milos in circumlc rcncc, nn.l 8,000 in diuiiirtir. 108. WIml \» mMiit by the rirciiinf.r.nrp of tlic .'rirtM f Cinun.l^n'iico is tl.o disitunco round ll.o middle ol it- Bur- fucc or olllsidc. 109. Wlinl in mcont by aiamctcr? It is tlip distanc; across or throi.gl. tl.n mid iio -nrt ol il. no. If yo„ wrre to run a ll.roid round ll«.Mml«i.|. 'J" I"' . :!l'l"wln lnn.,il. of il would U- the cxtrnt ot tlio rirtiimlorc'^ ind II yoB w«rt acroMtbocutpart, tbiiH.o.ddbou.o . l«. 111. 8oirre«l - Iho im. on.ftfcnci ot tin earth, that if a nmi. rould ptiurt IVoni wutcr, it woti'd talio bui. one ibouMnJ l»y. "r throo yearn, r conio round to the p'ac b. ■.turted ftoin. reckoning that he tnivclled twcnty-i.ve rnde. every d^ ,-. SOI Cai prii 113. What are the circlei of the earth ' Tliry nro the c(|uator,thc tropics, liic polar circles, and tlic parailuLs and meridians. 113. Arc thc«c circles alike in extent? Tlio equator and meridians only are of the same extent, and ui-e called Ihc great circles. 114. WIlut are the other circlei? The Trnnical and I'olar circles, and the Parallels. These being smaller in extent than the former, arc called small circles. 11.5. What il the Equator? It is an imaginary great circle extending from east to west round the globe, and at an eqiMil distance from each pole. On map of the World. No. 1.. the Equator i? »ho Une '»'»♦ P""f throuKh the middle of both hcmisphcrcB. You will find the word equa- lor near it. 116. What iH the distance of the Equator from the Poles? It is 90 (\ g]. cs. nf r' out 6250 miles 'rom the North Pole, and the samc'fVom th.; South Pole arc cm the fli-tONS. •cutTircrL'iJCC, nml 8,000 (• of ilic I'ririli 1 1 iho niiddlo of iu sur- tlio inidllo '^"'^ >•' >i' Iho oiiUifl )f li 1 . 1'H" 'I'' iiiilcrpii'^ !.nd llyod WBM litlit! liiidil! »m' i'i*»iuie it t \,u.llil bt) illO • ' ':l«. rlrnM/ iVicnco ot tl o c»rth, 1 1 Ml uut inter. v)ption IVom him ow tliouMiiJ 'liiy«i <"' Diuid to the p'ac hi »turt«d c triivclleil Iwonty-iive roilu* he polar circles, anJ the are of the snmo extent, nd the Parallels. These former, are called small tending from east to west lance from each pole. |uator is the line that pnggei You will find the word cqua- itor from the Polos 7 lilcs 'rom the North Pole, 119. What are Ihn nninci of Ihn Tropics? Tlu' nortlicrn fri)|)ii! is railed tlio Tropic of Cancer, and tlic^ .southern is called the Tri)pi(! of Capricorn. Point out on map of thn World, No. 1., the Tropirs of ( 'unci and Copricorn. You will find them hi'twcon Ihe ligiirca 'JO ond .'M) that art printed on tlio edge of thu map. 120. "■ ittt ore tlio Polar Circles 7 They are two small circles running from cast to west. Idl. Where arc Ihcy placed? At the distance of 2HJ degrees from each Pole, laa. What arc Ihcir names? The Arctic Circle is the northern polar circle, and the Ant- arctic Circle is the sduthcrn polar circle. Point out on mnp of the World, No. 1., llin Arctic nnd Aiilnrctio circle"). They are hetwccn the figures CO ond 70 which are written on the cd|^ro of the map. Parallels. Mcriiliniia. 133. What are the Parallels? They are circles running from east to west. ill! HI vll 1 ',1 I i !!' GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. lili. How are tlii'y represented on the Maps ? 15y lines crossing iVoni siilc to side. 125. Wlmt arc the Meriiiiiins ? Thoy are circles nmiung from Pole to Pole through the Eijuiitor. 130. How arc they represented on the Maps? By lines extending from ihc top to the bottom. Point out on map No. 1., the Parallels and Meridians. 127. What arc the degrees of a great circle / A. Every circle is supposed to be divided into 360 degrees, and every degree into 60 geographical miles or minutes. 128. What is the length of a degree of a great circle ? A. It is 69i common miles. 139. How will you find the number of miles in any given number of degrees ? A. By multiplying the degrees by 69^. 12 LATITUDE. 130. Wliat is latitude ? A. It is distance from the Equator either north or south. 131. How is latitude divided ? A. Into north and south latitude. All countries situated north of the equator, are in north latitude; and those soutli of it, are in south latitude. 132. How is latitude represented on maps ? A. By lines drawn across the map from side to side. These arc called parallels. 133. How is latitude numbered ? A. The numbers arc marked on the sides of the map, at the ends of the lines of latitude. 134. How is latitude counted? A. In degrees from the Equator towards the poles, from 1 to 90. 135. How can you distinguish between nortli and south latitude ? A. If the numbers increase from the bottom towards the n tl ■V. •■INITIONS. Maps ? Ic. Pole to Pole through the Maps ? lo tlie bottom. and Meridians. t circle ? e divided into 360 degrees, ical miles or minutes. )f a great circle ? jf miles in any given number >y 69i. E. )r either north or south. le. All countries situated latitude; and those south naps? map from side to side. 1 the sides of the map, at towards the poles, from 1 en nortli and south latitude 7 m the bottom towards the GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. lop of flic map, it is Norlh Latitiido ; but if thny increase fruin til'.' top towards tlio Ijoltoin, it is South Latitude. 136. On Map of the World, No. 1, Eastern Hcinisphcre. In what latitude is Euroiic ? Ans. N. Lc. 13". In vvliat latitude is Australia ? Ans. S. Lc. 138. In what latitude is Africa ? Ani. N. and S. Lo. 13!). In what latitude is Asia ? Ans. 1\' Le. MO. On the Western Hemisphere. In what latitude is North America ? Ans. N, Le. Ml. In what latitude is South America? Ans.N. Le. and S. Le. South latitude. H2. Wiiat latitude have places on the Equator ? A, Tiicy have no latitude, lor it is on the Equator where latitude begins. M3. What is the latitude at the Poles ? A. It is 90 degrees, which is the full extent to which lati- tude is carried. 144. What is the meaning of the word latitude ? A. It means breadth ; it was applied long ago to distances north and south, because it was supposed to be much less than longitude. 145. Do the degrees of latitude vary in lengtli 7 A. No ; they are all alike in length, being 69i miles each ; the same as those on the Ecjuator. 13 LONGITUDE. 146. What is longitude 7 A. It is distance east or west from any established meridian. 147. How is longitude represented 7 A. By lines running from the top to the bottom of the map. 148. How is it reckoned ? A. In degrees east and west on our maps ; it is reckoned from the meridians of Greenwich and Washington. 149. How is it counted 7 A. It is counted from the place of beginning, 180 degrees I ill 28 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. each wny ; (horcforc tlio longitude of a place cannot be more than 180 degrees cast or west. 150. How is it marked 7 A. It is gfiiernliy marked in numbers on the top and bot- tom of the limp, at the end of the meridians. On map of llie world, No. 1, the longitude is marked on the Eiiuntor, in consequenee of ii want of room at llio ends of the lines ; but on ma|i3 Nos. 3, 4, .5, (i, vtc. it is marked at llic top and bottom of the niapH. 151. How ean you distinguish between east and west longitude? A. If the numbers increase towards the riglit hand, it is east longitiidu ; but if they increase towards the Icll liand, it is west longitude. 153. Arc the degrees of longitude, like those of latitude, all of the Bame length ? A. They arc of the same length as those of latitude at the Equator only. 15.3. How do they differ from those of latitude ? A. They constantly decrease as we go either north or south from the equator towards the poles, where the meridians all meet, and the longitude ceases. 14 154. What is the m.aning of the word longitude? A. It signifies length. It was use;! for this jnirposc because formerly the earth was supposed to be much longer from East to West than from North to South. 155. On some of the maps the longitude is marked on the top from Greenwich, and on the bottom from Washington, the difference being 77 degrees. The same lines serve to express the longitude of both places, and arc numbered accordingly. 156. How do nations generally reckon longitude ? • A. From the capital of their own country. 157. We reckon ours from the city of Washington ; the English from Greenwich ; the Frcncli from Paris ; and the Spaniards from Madrid. 158. On the Equator a degree of longitude is G9.| miles in length ; at 24 degrees of latitude it is only three-fourths of that ejttent ; at 60 degrees it is one half; at 75 degrees one quarter ; and at the poles it is nothing. 159. Places on the Equator have no latitude, and those on the first me- ridian no longitude; therefore, at the point where the first meridian crosses the Equator, there is neither latitude nor longitude. Urc 1 1 on t 1 1 < croa licit 1 I sur 1 I 1 I har 1 I con ] I tors 1 1 pas 1 Sou 1 tow 1 1 Wc ] m^mmmim"- ^INITIONS. if a place cannot be more ibors on the top and bot- iieridians. adc is marked on the Equntor, ;iids of tlin lines ; but on niajis 3 iind bottom of the niapH. n cast and west longitude ? irds the riplit hand, it is towards tho Icll liand, it D tliOBC of latitude, all of tlic as those of latitude at the ■ latitude 7 s wc go either north or poles, where the meridians d longitude ? e;! for this ))urpose because be much longer from East udc is marked on the top from isliington, the diiTerenec being express tlie longitude of both 1 longitude ? n country. Washington ; the English from I the Spaniards from Madrid, itudc is G9.| miles in length ; at ;hs of that ejctcnt ; at 60 degrees ; and at tlic poles it is nothing, itudc, and those on the first mc- loint where the tirst meridian ude nor longitude. GliOOIlAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. IfiO. What is tho dilfcrcnco of longitude between Washington and liri'ciiwich ? 101. What is the length of a degree of longitude on the Equator. 1 G-J. What is it on the 42d degree of latitude ? on the 00th degree 7 on the 73tli degree ? and at the Poles ? IG.*). Where is there no latitude 7 1 G4. Where is there no longitude 7 On maps Nos. 1 and H, you will find that the meridian marked 0, crosses the Equator in tlio Gulf of Guinea. In that spot, there is neitlicr latitude nor longitude. 15 MAPS. 165. What is a map 7 A. It is a picture of a part or the whole of tho earth's surface. 1G6. What is a number of maps made into a book, called 7 A. They arc called an Atlas. 167. In what way are mops usually drawn 7 A. Tiie top of the map is north, the bottom south, the right hand is east, and the left hand west. 168. What is meant by North, South, East, and West? A. They are the four cardinal or principal points of the compass. 169. What is a compass 7 A. An instrument used by naviga- tors at sea, to point out their course. 170. How docs it point out their course 7 A. The needle, or bar of the com- pass, always points to the north. 171. In what direction are North and South r A. The north is towards the North Pole, and the south is towards the Sou*h Pole. 173. In what direction do East and West lie ? A. East is towards that point where the sun rises, and West where he sets. 173. If you stand with your face towards whsre tlie lun rises, the 80 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. m North will be on your left hand, the. South on your right hand, iin('. the West will be behind you. A Map. 10 Im Ai Sn 174. On maps, rivers are shown by block lines winding according to tlicir course. 175. Mountains ore shown by lines which form a shade in tlic direc- tion in which they extend. 176. Cities and towns ure shown by a black dot, and the capitals of countries by a largo dot and eight Bmallcr ones around it 177. The boundaries of countries are made by dott:d linos. 178. Sandy deserts and sand banks in the ocean, are shown by a great number of dots resembling sand. The oeoun, or sea, is shaded by lines to sepu/dte it from the land. 179. The latitude is shown by lines extending on the maps fVom side to side, and the longitude by lines running from the top to the bottom, except on map No. 2, of the world, where the latitude is shown by cir- cular lines, extending ui succession farther and farther from the centre, and longitude by straight lines extending ixom tlie centre to the cir- cumference. 180. Point out on map No. 3, of the Atlas, the Mississippi, the Mis- souri, the Rio del Norte, and the Columbia livers. 181. Point out the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Balti- more, New Orleans, Havanna, La Pucbla, and Guanaxuato. 182. Point out the capitals (iueboc, Washington, Hoiston, Mexico, and St. Salvador. su pc ro ••INITIONS. Ii on your right hand, uni'. the ^m^V'^/^ ff^l:!^ • Y(\'w\ 1 f UMi ft ' Til ■ ■^^7 \_ u "EI-J „ ilack lines winding according rbicli form a shade in tlic dircc- I black dot, and the capitah of er ones around it f; made by dotted line*. in the ocean, are shown by a The ocoun, or sea, is shaded stcnding on the mops ftom side ing from the top to the bottom, •e the latitude is shown by cir- er and farther from the centre, Dg ixom tlic centre to the cir- Atlas, the Mississippi, the Mis- )ia i ivcrs. ^ew York, Philadelphia, Balti- a, and Guanaxuato. Washington, Ho iston, Mexico, OEOORAPHICAL DGFINITIONS. 183. Point out the boundory between the United States and Mexico, lichvocn the Uiiitrd Stiitcs and liritisii America, and between British America and Kussiuii America. 184. Point out the great American Desert, the great Sundy Desert in Mexico, , id Uic Grond Bank of Newfoundland. 185. Point out the Rocky Mountains, the Alleghany Mountains, the Snowy Mountains, and the Mexican Cordilleras. 17 ZONES. 186. What arc Zones 7 A. Sections or divisions of the earth's surface, formed by the tropics and the polar circles. 187. What docs the word Zone moan ? A. A belt or girdle, because it passes round the earth. 188. How many Zones arc there ? A. Five : one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid zones. TOKBID ZONE. 189. What part of tlie earth's surface is occupied by the Torrid Zone ? A. The part which lies on both sides of the Equator and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. 190. What is the meaning of the word Torrid ? A. It means very hot, parched, or dried up. ii% I! J.' I! IIW HU» | ■IWH 1] I If' Hi hi. 1 tit ;'i a ■* u 32 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 191. W.'mt is the breadth of the Torrid Zone ? A. It is 3243 miles in breadth froim North to South. 192. VVliy is the Torrid Zone the hottest part of tlic oarUi? A. Bticause it is more cxiwsed to the heat of the sun than any other part oi' the earth. 193. What arc the seasons of tlie Torrid Zone 7 A. Two ; the wet and the dry. 194. To which of our seasons do tliey correspond ? A. The wet season corresponds to our winter, and the dry to our summer. 195. What is the climate of the Torrid Zone 7 A. During some parts of the year it is delightful ; but at other times the heat is very oppressive, and the earth is parched and dried up. 196. To what is the Torrid Zone subject 7 A. To the most violent storms of wind, which destroy almost every thing within their reach. 197. To what else is the Torrid Zone subject 7 A. It is more subject to earthquakes than the other parts of the earth, and is also the scat of dangerous and deadly diseases. 198. For what is the Torrid Zone remarkable 7 A. For the finest fruits, many of the most useful vegetable productions, and the largest and most ferocious animals. 199. What are some of the principal fruiU of the Torrid Zone 7 A. Oranges, lemons, pine-apples, cocoa-nuts, the bread- fruit, &c. 200. What are some of the most useflil vegetable productions 7 A. Coffee, tea, sugar, indigo, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, pepper, &c. 201. Which arc the most remarkable animals? A. The elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, camelopard, lion, tiger, &c. 202. What are some of the other remarkable animals 7 A. The ostrich and condor, with numerous birds of splendid W' it li( i ii »m«wiM " t ' >i ' i ' teii»»-MWtjw! . »a* ,i, plui in.s( Zon( A dfilc 21 A pris( 20^ A. 20( A. pcratc Zone. yo7 A. 208 A. 209, ITI0N9. one? North to South, part of tlic oarlli 7 c heat of the sun than Zone? rrcspond 7 our winter, and the dry 'one 7 it is delightful ; but at iive, and the earth is if wind, which destroy bject 7 kes than the other parts ' dangerous and deadly kable? he most useful vegetable t ferocious animals, lits of the Torrid Zone 7 cocoa-nuts, the bread- vegetable productions? namon, cloves, nutmegs, limals 7 ipopotamus, camelopard, ■kable animals 7 amerous birds of splendid pliimngc, and the largest and most venomous serpents and uistjcts. ' Zone"?' ^^''"'^ "'" "'" '^'""''''^'''°" "'"' ''"•'''s of "-''o jwople of the Torrid A. Thoy are gcnoralljr of a dark or black colour, and in- dolent anil ofleminato in their habits. aOl. Wliut is their character ? A. They arc but seldom distinguished for industry, enter- prise, or learning. j» <-' 19 TEMPERATE ZONES. 205. Where are the Temperate Zonei situated t A. Between the tropics and the polar ci .cles. 306. How are they distinguished from each otiier 7 A. The one north of the equator is called the north fern- [«ratc, and the one south of tlic equator the south temperate i.'07. What docs the word temperate mean 7 A. It means mild, moderate ; neither too hot nor too cold. SOa Where is the north temperate Zone situated 7 A. Between the tropic of Cancer and the arctic circle. 209. Whcrr is the south temperate Zone situated 7 A. Between the tropic of Capricorn and the arctic circle. I • l!l i t 1 -4 IB " i" 84 GEoanAPHicAr definitions. «110 WImt is the breadth of the tcmiKjrutc Zones 7 A. Tl.ey occuf.y a brcadtli of utout 2070 miles cacli. 2il. Wliut arc the Boasons of tlio tcinpcralo Zone* ? A. They are four; Spring, Summer, Autumn or Fall, and Winter. OV' Wliat do the temperate Zones enjoy ^ A." Thoy enjoy a more equal and healthy climate than any othrr parts of the earth. 213. Do the temperate Zones equal the torrid Zone m the number of their vegetable productions r \. The vegetable productions of the temperate Zones are nci'ther so numerous nor luxuriant as those ol the torrid Zone 214. What are the principal vegetable productioni of the tempoiate ""'iVorn, wheat, and rice, with apples, F'^ches, poors, olives, fifrs, &c. , . . 1 215. Arc the animals of the temperate Zone, like those of the torrid Zone I • J I A. No: they are generally of smaller size, and are less numerous and ferocious. 21G. Of what kind are the animals of the temperate Zones mostly A. They are mostly of the domestic and useful animals. 217. What are some of the domestic animals ? A. The horse, camel, ox, ass, mule, sheep, hog, and dog. 218. What are some of the wild animals? A. They are the bear, wolf, buffulo, elk, deer, fox, &c. 219. What are the colour and character of the inhabitants of tl.c temperate Zones? . • i u A. Those of the north temperate Zone in particular have white or fair complexion, and generally more strength ol body and mind than the inhabitants of the other Zones. 220. For what are they distinguished ? A. For industry, enterprise, and learning. 221. What do they comprise? A. The most civilized and improved portion of mankind. 222. What Zone lies south of this country ? 223. What Zone separates the north temperate and soutli temperate Zones from each other 7 224. In what Zone do we live ? I Zoi £ J •2 2 A 1 0; Zoiu A o; A 22 A sumi .iiSfipBswa^wfeiwaBaK^wF— INITI0N8. ■tttc Zonus 7 III 2070 miles cacli. )rate Zones f icr, Autumn or Fall, and healthy climate than any e torrid Zono in the number the temperate Zones are 3 those of the torrid Zone produotiona of tbo temperate 1 apples, peaches, poors, I Zone* like those of the torrid mailer size, and are less the temperate Zones mostly ! 3stic and useful animals, animals 7 lule, sheep, hog, and dog. ials7 fulo, elk, deer, fox, &c. ictcr of tlie inhabitants of tlic te Zone in particular hnvc jnerally more strength of s of the other Zones. 17 1 learning. iroved portion of mankind, ountry 7 temperate and soutli temperate OEOOHAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. no 35 FHIGID ZONES 225. Where are the frigid Zones situated ? A. Between the polar circles and the poles. 296. How arc tlicy distinguished 7 A. The one north of the equator is called the north frigid Zone and that south of the equator the south frigid z',;?" 227. Where is the north frigid Zone situated 7 A. Boiween the arctic circle and the North Polr. 228. Where is the south frigid Zone siluutcd.7 A. Between the antarctic circle and the South Pole. 221). Why are the Zones about (lie poles caUed frigid 7 A. Because the climate is excessively cold. The word frigid means cold. ZoS ^'"" " "'" '""'" "*■ ""' *="'''"<"« "f "'8 ""•"'to of thew A. The great distance from the Equator. 231. What arc the Frigid Zones covered with 7 A. Chiefly with ice and snow. 232. What are the seasons of the Frigid Zones 1 A. The seasons are two; a long cold winter and a short summer, without spring or autumn. i ! tf^ a i * 80 OEOGRAPIIICAL DKFINITIONS. 333. Whut fruitH uro fouml in Hii-- I'linKl Zoiich ? A. Ui.ly a \hw Hiimll iKriius wliidi grow in those parts nearcHt to the tcinjicratu Zones. 234. What kind of animals live tlicru 7 A. None but the most hardy, as the White Bear, Musk Ox, Reindeer, A:c. 035 What arc ll.o nuinlH-r. Btaturc, and colour of the inlmbitunUT A. 'They are but few in number, of short stature, und have dark complexions. 23G. In what arc they deficient? A. In intelligence, kuny ignorant of reading, writing, and learning. QUESTIONS ON THi DIFFERENT ZONES. ( The fir$l Map of tit Allot before the h -.mer.) 'J37 On map of the wcrl.l. No. (.. Western Ilcmisphoro, point out the countries that arc in the Torrid Zone. n n A. They are part of Mo., tlic whole of Ga., La., Uu., 238. Point out the Islands in tho Torrid Zone, beginning at Uio left hand side of the map. A. Th. y arc Sh., Me., Ns., Fy., Fc., N.-Ca., Sy., Gn., Mr., Gs., W.-Iy., C. Ve. 239. Point oui tho countries in tho Torrid Zone, on tho Map of the Eastern Hemisphere. A. Thcv am part of the Gt-Dt., the whole of Sa., Oa., L..Ga., Sn., Ea., Zr., part of Aa., part of Hn., Sm., part o^Ca. . „ „ . 240. Point out the Islands in tho Torrid Zone, in tho Eastern liemi- sphere, beginning at tlio left hand. A. They arc S.-Ha., part of Mr., Ma., Cn^ Sa., .Ta. part of Fa., Hn., Pc., Lc., Co., Bo., Cs., Sc., Tr. N.-Ga., N.-Id., N.-Bn., Le., part of An. 241. Point out the countries in the North Temperate Zone, of th« Western Hemisphere. A. They arc a part of Aa., part of N.-Bn., Lr., part ot Gd., Ca., U.-Ss. part of Mo. D I" of W Eai of' f sphi S «ph( 2, •plu em Ii V V V V II w Ir V\ izcd SITION6. Zolll'H ? :li grow ill those parts I the White Bear, Musk colour of the inlmbilanU? r short stature, unci liavo of reading, writing, and r,RENT ZONES, /ore the It ;rner.) stern llcinisphorc, point out kholc of Gu., Ca., Ga., 1 Zone, beginning at tho left , Fe., N..Ca., Sy., Gn., rrid Zone, on the Map of tlic the whole of Sa., Ga., , part of Hn., Sm., part id Zone, in tho Eastern Hcmi- ., Ma., Cn., Sn., .Ta., part , Sc., Tr. N.-Ga., N.-Id., North Temperate Zone, of tlio of N.-Bn., Lr., part of OEOGIIAI'IIK AL DEFINITIONS. 37 213. Point out 11,0 i.lunjM. A. They uro iIk,. Ah., Vs., Nd., As. Ka!!.S.E:;ii;i'' •''""""" "■ "- N°'«« Temperate zone of tho D. ^fP7. " i" " -y"""' n'' ^"-^ ^'''•'. '^^"•' "/•' P"'* ^f "'0 Of- irn^'t ol" u!"' ^ " ^ ^■•' ' "•' '"'" '^' '^"•' '^y- P"'-' ^f ""•. Tt., 911. Point out the islands. ^^A^Thoy are Id., llj,..ls., Sn., Jo., Nn., Ku., Lo., part Vvi;!i';S!,i;l!;:° """"'"^ '" "•*' *>""' T-"I-r«te zone of the A. They are t'i., Ms-As., Pa. 216. Point out the IslandM. Eastern Km-Seli! '"""'"" '" '^^ ^""' '^""'P"""' ^ono of U.o A. They are Cc«..Cy., Ca. 218. Point out the inlands. ofla-Tvirlr'"-' *'"•• ""' ^^•' ^^•' P"'^'- ^r- P«rt .peJ2'id:ri^ii:;^s?:rSdfr.rz?^ e?„ i[en.is;ir: tS^HlS '" "" '^"'" '''"^'"' ''""" °'" "'« *'-'' In what Zone does the United States lio 7 N. To. What Zone contains the largest animals 7 Td. Which Zones contain tlio most useful animals 7 Te Which Zones produce tho most hardy animals ? Fd Which Zone is most subject to violent stofns of wind ? Td in whir.^ Zone are the people tJie most industrious 7 N. To' »viucli Zone is the most subject to eartliquakcs ? Td in which Zones is the climate most healthy ? To. i^cd n'a&V' nTtc.'^™'" ^"'"' ^-tains tho most powerful and civifc • Itp- !l '1 f I 38 oKocinAriiit'Ai, dijfimtionb. y> POI.ITIIAI. UIVISU)N». 35^. Tlio iiil.^bited imrU of tlio rart'i Imvu Ixcn ftom very early tini'n ilividtd iiitu liin|iirtn, Kingdonii, Ktpublicn, mid Hlutuy, of Tarioim kiiidik t!,'i3. Wlmt in nn KinpiruT A. It is a stiitc coinpoHcd of several counlrics governed by an l'',in|M'r(tr. 351. |l(iw iiru Kinplrei noinrtiiiicii rompodcd ? A. Of counlncs iminediatcly joining cneh otlicr, which form a compact Ixjdy ; as ihu i-rniiiio of Austria. Sr>:>. W'httt do otlicr KnipircH comprinc ? A. TcrritoricH Bepurafcd i>y vast ooonns, and situated in distant parts of the eaitli, as tiie Hrtish ICnipire. 356. Wlmt is n kin)rdoni 7 A. It is u country govornixl by a iting, ns France, Spain, Ace. Piilncn nt V«raaill»>. 257. What arc Palaces 7 A. Buihlings inhabited by Emperors or King.s. They are generally of great extent, and cost vast sums of money. S58, What is a Republic 7 A. It is a country governed by a President, as the United States, Texas, Arc. 351). How ore Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, &.c., subdivided 7 A. Into governments, rxs in Russia ; departments, as in France ; cantons, as in Sw.tzcrland ; province.^, as in Spain and Portugal ; and states, as in the United States, Mexico, &c. S(>0. What are the subdivisions of the various states which form our Republic 7 A. Into counties, exccjit in South Carolina, whore they aro en Mi jiris dw( / Itoir a A and 3i A and it.s li 2( A case! 2C A, eoun 'orioNii. IONS. Ii;ivii Ix'cn ftom very carly_ Ki.|)ublicii, iiiiU Stutuy, o( il countries jjovcnicd by mcd ? iiijT enrli otiicr, which ' of Austria. noonriN, nnd situated in sh ICnipirc. ig, ns Frnncc, Spain, Ace. rs or Kings. They are ist sums of money. President, as the United lublicB, &-C., Rubdividcd 7 sia ; deparfmrnts, as in ; provinces, ns in Spain nited States, Mexico, &c. various states whicli form Carolina, where they aro OKOOBAPIIICAI. DRFINIT10N8. 30 nillrd districts, and in Loui.iinnn, where tJioy arc culled jinrishi n. mil. flow arc roimti(n Hutnlividcd 7 A. Int.. towns ill N.u i:n^l..ri.i, nnd into townships in the IVh.ldlo and some of'tho Western States. <.'ily of Kt. IVl(•r»lJllr^h. 269. What i.s a City 7 A. It is a larir.; ....Il.rtion of houses of various kinds, com. pnsmK churches, Imnks, lit.rarics, manu.-iictorics, stores, unj d«l'lluijr.h0US<>8. ' 2fi3. In wlrnt way i, a city particularly distinKi.i.hrd from a f.rnn 7 A. By being incorporated with peculiar i.riviicges. and in being governed by a May.r, Al.lcr.nen, &c. Stil. Wliat Ih a town, and a villag« 7 A. A town is n collcciion of houses smaller than u citv. ami a village is smaller than a town. ^' 2;j 26.5. What in a township 7 A. It is a tract of country generally divided info farms, il" limiu" "'"'"'"'"« "'''"^' ^'""«^^' ""^ even cities, within 3(i6. What is a county 7 A. It is a division belonging to a State, comprising in many coses a large extent of country. ^ 2G7. Wiiat docs a county contain 7 ro,fn'.„^r'''^ *''''^y ''''Ty '" '^° U"''«^ States contains a county town, or Court-house. '.m /-^'^''ijj^,t^ tn 40 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Vij I' #1 2(58. What is dono there ? A. Courts of justice are held there, and those who break the laws arc tried and punished. i26t). Wliat is the capital of a State ? A. It is the city or town chosen for 'the meeting of the State Legislature. 270. ^Vllat do tlic capitals of States usually contain ? A. The State House, State Prison, Governor's residence, and other offices connected with the government of the State. 271. In some states, the most important place in it is chosen for the capital, without any regard to its position, as Boston, in MassaehusetU. In most instances, however, a central position is adopted. 272. What is the State House ? A. The house where the Legislature of the state meets- 273. What is the Legislature of a State ? A. A body composed of men who have power to make laws. 274. Who is the Governor of a State ? A. He is the person who executes tlie laws of the State. 275. What is the capital of the United States ? A. It is the city of Washington, the place adopted by the American people for the annual meeting of the national Congress. 27G. After whom was it named 7 A. General Washington. 277. What is the National Congress ? A. It is an assembly composed of the representatives elected by the people. 278. For what length of time arc the Representatives elected by the people. A. The members of the Senate are elected for six years, and those of the House of Representatives for two. 21 279. What two bodies docs Congress comprise ? A. The Senate and the House of Representatives. 280. What are the duties of Congress 7 A. To make the laws by which the nation is governed. Ai a; •%^l --**i«SSj [IT10N3. and those who break for'thc meeting of the illy contain 7 Governor's residence, overnmcnt of the State. ilacc in it is chosen for the s Boston, in Massachusetts. >n is adopted. e of the state meets- ? ave power to make laws. tlie laws of the State. Stales ? le place adopted by the necting of the national of the representatives oprcsentatives elected by the re elected for six years, latives for two. mpnse ; Representatives. the nation is governed. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIOXS. 41 mc^nlj" "'"'' ''"' "'' """ "'^y °^ Washi..gton docs Congress hold ils A. In tiic Ciij)itol, which is one of the finest buildin.rs in Anicnca. ° Cniiitol at Wasliiiigtoii. 282. Who executes the laws passed by Congress ? A. The President, with the aid of the other officers of government. 283. Who is the President of the United States 7 A. He is the chief magistrate, or head of the government. 284. By whom is he chosen to that office 7 A. By the people of the United States. 285. During what period does he hold his office ? A. Ho holds his office during the term of four years. 28G. What forms the American nation 7 A. The whole of the people of the United Slates. 287. The word nation signifies a distinct body of people livinff under one government. f'-^fxi uiiug 288. What is a Country 7 A. A large tract of land, a region, one's native soil. 289. What are the boundaries of a country 7 A. Those parts of land and water which lie next to the line which separates it from another country. 290. What is the interior of a country 7 ,, A. It is the central or inland parts. ;«•-'■ a ! Ill GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. "91. What is the frontier of a country ? A. Those i.arl3 which lie near the border or boundary, the outside portions. /..•*,-. o<)0 Thus wo Bay, the Northern frontier, the Southern fr""*'". «^<=- aeernhnp ns the purU are .ituate.i to the North. South, La^t. or West. 293. \V!,iit are the niaritinie parts of a country ? A. Those jvirls whit^h border on the sea coast. Europon. AfricaiL Anierlrau. 25 RACES OF MEN. 294. Man is tlio most perfect of tlic works of God, being created in his own image, and for.ncd by his wisdom, to subdue and exercise dominion over all the earth. 295. From whom has the whole human race descended t A. From our first parents, Adam and Eve. 296. What docs the human race present 7 A. Several varieties, diflering greatly from each other in colour, form, and features. 297. What is the cause of the varieties in the human race 1 A. It is probably owing to a difierence in climate, food, and mode of life, un•^. no doubt partly to causes which we do not understand. 29ti. What are the various races of mankind T ITIONS. Kjrdor or boundary, the the Southern frontier, &c., rth, South, East, 01 West. mntry 1 i sea coast. 4a African. Anicrirau. :n. rks of God, being created in lorn, to subdue and exeteise 1 race descended 1 and Eve. it? atly from each other in in the human race 7 ence in climate, food, and causes which we do not inkindT GEOQRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. A. They arc five, the European or Caucasian, Asiatic or Mongohan, Aincricun, Malay, and African, or negro. 299, How may they be classed in regard to their colour ? A. Into the White, Yellow, Red, Brown, and Black races. 300, What nations does the European or White race include ? A. The nations of Europe, Western Asia, the North of Africa, with all the white inhabitants of America and other regions. 301, What nations does the Asiatic or Yellow race include 7 A. All the nations of Asia east of the Ganges river, (ex- cepting the Malays of Malacca.) 302, What other nations belong to this race 7 A. The Finns and Laplanders of Europe, and the Esqui- maux of America, also belong to the Asiatic race. 303, What part of the earUi docs the American or copper-coloured race inhabit 7 i r - A. The whole of the American continent, except those parts occupied by the descendants of Europeans, with the Esquimaux and Negroes. 304, What nations does the Malay or Brown ract include 7 A. The people of Malacca and Malaysia, with those of Polynesia and New Zealand, 305, What part of the earth does the African or Black race inhabit 7 A. All Western, Central, and Southern Africa, with a consiilerable part of Tviadagascar and Australasia. 306, A large number of this race are found in both North and Soutli America, where they, are chiefly in a state of slavery, 307, The European or Caucasian is the most noble of the five races of men. It excels all others in learning and the arts, and includes the niost powerful nations of ancient and modern times. The most valua- ble institutions of society, and the most important and useful inventions, have originated with the people of this race. Which is the most noble of the five races of men ? In what does it excel all others ? ^Vhat does it include ? What has originated with the people of this race 7 L'niiilltutttgr '"""'" '"""' ^"''''' P"' "'■""' P«°P'«°f tJie To which raoe do you belong ? ( 44 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 26 m STAGES OF SOCIETY. 308. Nations live in various stages of sooi.-ty, nn.l their condition is found to depend materially on the progress they hav-o made m know- ledge, learning and refinement, and in their skill in Uie mechanic arts. 309. How may nations bo divided according to their habits of life and state of iroprovemcnt ? A. Into five classes, viz • savage, barbarous, half-civiiized, civilized, and enlightened. 310. How do men live in the savage state ? A. By hunting, fishing, and on the spontaneous produc- tions of the ground. They arc generally clad in the skins of wild animals, and reside in miserable huts, or dens, and caves m the earth. 3il. What is the general character of savage nations 7 A. They are bloodthirsty and revengeful, often eat tnc flesh of tho enemies they take in war, and treat their women ^^^l'^^^^- 312. What dc- gree of knowl- edge do they pos* sess ? They pos- sess little or no knowledge of agriculture, or the mechanic Ilahitalions of the Kiiintsclmtdalo. arts, and UfC ignorant of reading, writing, and a regular form of govern- ment. 313. Who . nations arc examples of this class ? A. The nations of Australia, or New Holland, and New Guinea, most of the Indian tribes of North and South America, and the Kamtschatdales or people of Kamtschatka. 314. In what manner do barbarous nations live? A. By agriculture and the pasturage of cattle, sheep, &c. 315. They understand a few of the most simple arts, and are ac quainted with reading and writing only to a very limited extent. an !ol of eoi get ml tur civi iik( aiu md sci( i prii cati ; and INITIONS. lETY. society, nnil their condition is 98 tliey iiavo nmdo in know- ir skill in tlio mechanic arts, urding to their habits of life barbarous, half-civilized, ;atc? the spontaneous produc- orally clad in the skins of c huts, or dens, and caves savage nations 7 revengeful, often eat tnc ar, and treat their women 312. What de. gree of knowl- edge do they poa- sesH ? They pos- sess little or no knowledge of agriculture, or the mechanic '-''• arts, and arc I regular form of govern- his class 7 r New Holland, and New bes of North and South or people of Kamtschatka. ations live 7 rage of cattle, sheep, &c. most simple arts, and ore ac to a very limited extent. ft^pS^v i- GEOOIIAPHICAL DEFIMTIONS. 45 31 U. What natioiiH arc cxiuiiplrs of this class ? A. The roving tribes of Tartary, Arabia, Central Africa, and the people of A byssinia. ' 27 317. How are the half-civilized nations distinguished 7 A. They understand agriculture and many of the arts lolonibly well, have written languages, with some knowied'ro of learning and books. ° 318. They have also established laws and religion, some little foreign commerce, but arc very jealous of strangers, and treat their women generally as slaves. .Illi. What nations may bo considered as belonging to the aulf- civili/.ed class 7 A. China, .Japan, Burmah, Siam, Turkey, Persia, &c. 330. IIow are civilized nations distinguished 7 A. The arts and sciences are well understood, and the inhabitants derive their subsistence principally front africul- turo, manufactures, and commerce. 331. What is the condition of the great body of tho people in some civilized states 7 A. They are very ignorant and superstitiojs, and there is likewise a vast ditferenco between the condition of the upper and lower classes of society. 322. What countries rank among the civilized nations? A. Russia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, &c. 333. What is tho character of enligbxi '"♦ions 7 A. They are noted for the intelligence, enterprise, and industry of tiicir inhabitants ; among them also the arts and sciences are carried to a high state of perfection. 324. How are they otherwise noted 7 A. Females are treated with politeness and respect, the principles of free government are well understood, and edu- cation and learning are more general tlian among other nations. 395. What nations belong to this class 7 A. The United States, Great Britain, Franco, Switzerland, and some of the Gennan States. Pt I I, I h 1 1' 46 GEOGRAMnCAL DEFINITIONS. VVulurloo nriilge. a^e Enlightened and civilized niilions nro disliiipuislicd by tiic number and variety of tlieir public buildings, and works of iialional utility; of these, colleges, hospitals, libraries, bridges, canals, rail-roads, &c., aro amongst lluj most prominent. 28 GOVERNMENT. 3:27. In every part of the earth it har- been found necessary to have some system of government, or some power or authority, that shall protect the good and punish the wicked. 328. Without government, no one could bo secure either in his per. son or property, and the world would be a scene of confusion and bloodshed. 329. What 's government 7 A. It is the {)ower or system by which the luws of a country are made and executed. 330. What is the object of government ? A. To afford protection to life and property, and ensure the happiness of tlie ])cople. 33J . What are th? different kinds of government ? A. Three; Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy. 332. What is Monarchy 7 A. It is tliat form of government in wliich an Emperor or King rules during his life. Emperors, Kings, tkc. are also called Sovereigns. ,^ 333. What are the forms of Monarchy 7 A. Two ; absolute and limited Monarchy. 334. What is an absolute Monarchy 7 A. Where the monarch governs according to his own will. rul Pc all mil Mil till' tl.J are wil by I :i srii roci mo; ill a|.|i one will 1 Btiti 2 1 1 son T 18 fr 3 3 The rcpri 3 iliei -4.it IN1TI0N9. na arc disliiipuislicd bj^ tlic Jiiifjs, and works of national ios, brid^rcs, ctinaU, rail-roads, been found necessary to have lower or authority, that shall Id be secure cither in his pcr- jc a scene of confusion and by which the laws of a It? and property, and ensure government ? cy, and Democracy. t ill wliich an Emperor or •ors, Kings, &c. are also lonarchy. according to his own will. OEOaUAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 47 335. What countries are ruled in tliis maimur / A. China, Turkey, if Persia, and geiieraily all the states of Asia and Africa. 3'm. Sumo countries arc ruled by tyrants, who unf tlii'ir people witii great cru- elly, and in cuii)-e(|iicnce an.' ul'niid to go abroad williout being surrounded by soldiers. ,u 337. Tiio picture reprc- J(l! Boiits the Emperor of Mo- rocco, who is one of the most despotic sovereigns in existence. When he appears in public, every one he mc(as must fall Emperor of Morocco. with their faces to the earth, and there remain until the despot haa pnesed 338. What is a limited monarchy ? A. Where the power of the monarch is limited by a con- Btitution. 339. What states are ruled uy a limited monarchy? A. Great Britain, France, Sweden, &c. • 29. 340. What is an aristocracy ? A. A governmcn' where the power is vested in a few per- sons called nobles. Tliii" does not at present exist as a distinct form of government, but is freruently found combined with others. 341. !low is aristocracy frequently found combined? A. With monarchy and democracy. 342. This is the case in Gn. ^t britain and other limited monarchic*. The king represents the monarchy, the nobles the aristocracy, and the representative body the democracy. 343. What is a Democracy or Republic ? A. It is a free government, in which the people choose llieir own rulers for stated periods of time. 1 ■ 1 ,6 ;'! 4 ;■ i -f i ri «.A A% * 48 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 344. What Btoteg arc Republics 7 , „ , o i A. The llnitoa States, Texas, Mexico, and all the Spanish American Stutes. 345. Wliat was the first kind of government I A. The Putrianhul, in which every father or patriarch rules his own ianiily or servants. 34G. Docs this kimi of government still exist? A. Yes ; but it is found only amongst rude and barbarous tribes. 347. What tribes arc governed in tluf manner A. The Bedouins of Arabia and the Great Desert, llic Lap. 'anders, and some others. 318 How diu Patriarelis become chiefs ? A. In process of time families increased in numbers, and patriarchs l)Ccanno chiefs and rulers. 349. IIow did chiefs, &.c. become monarchs? A Some chiefs teing ambitious and powerful, conquered others, and i)Ccamo monarchs of empires, kingdoms, &c. 350 Wlat titles do rulers assume in ditTcrcnt parts of the world ? A. In Asia, they arc called Nabobs, Sultans, Shalis, Ra- jabs. Imams, Khans, &c. 351. What are they called in Europe? A. Emperors, Kings, Princes, Dukes, Electors, &c. 35". What arc Uicy called in America ? A. In America the chief magistrate of the different repub- lies takes the name of President. RELIGION. ^ns All races of men, even the most savage, appear to believe in Tany dit5=*^er ric'^Sglon. and exhibit one of the n^t .tnking divereitics by which nations are distmjiuished from each other. 354. What are the principal systems of Religion ? A. The Christian, Mahomcdan, and Pagan or Heathen. 35J A. kind. 35( A. A. Chris 35S A. the P Pope. 35S A. theB ship. 36C A. Luthc IITIONS. CO, and all the Spanisii cnl I ry father or patriarch exist ? (rst rude nnd barborous anncr ? 3 Great Desert, llic Lop. ? rcascd in numbers, and rchs 7 and powerful, conquered lircs, kingdoms, &c. Tcrcnt parts of the world ? ibs. Sultans, Shalis, Ra- kes, Electors, &c. 7 ite of the different repub- GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 40 355. Who aro ChriHtiuns 7 A. All those who believe iu Christ as the Saviour of nrnn. t savage, nppcar to believe in osscssnd of power superior to is faith is manifested, form so libit one of the moat striking shed from each other. if Religion 7 md Pagan or Heathen. kind. A Cliriilian Churrli. 35G. Into what classes arc they divided 7 A. Three : Roman Catholic, Greek, and Prote itant. 357. Who aro the Roman Catliolics 7 A. Those who acknowledge the Pope aa head of the Christian Church. 358. Who constliute the Greek Church T A. Those who adopt most of the forms and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church, but deny the authority of the Pope. 359. Who are Protestants 7 A. Those who reject the authority of the Pope, and tuke the Bible aa the only foundation of Christian faith and wor- ship. 360. How are Protestants divided 7 A. Into various sects, of which the chief are Episcopalians, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Friends, &c. 361. Who are Mahomedans or Mussclmanp I A. Those who believe in Mahomed, a religious impostor, who lived in Arabia about 600 years after Christ. 4 'I 51 ''! .11 ,111 i w M fir: I '-^i fla aEOOIlAI'HlCAI. DEFINITIONS. A Mnhomcdaii Mowpie. ai 3G3. AVIio arc Pnfjnns or llciitlicns 7 A. Those who iMjlirvn in false Gods, nnd who worshif- itlols, Ix'nsts, birds, serpents, &c. aoa. Thoy coinpriio Bcvcrnl clnascK, »ucli as nramins HiiiUllii»K worsliipiiera of the (irand Lunio, dec, and number more Ihou one hull tlio inliubitanU of Uio earth. Pnffan Tuiiiplu. 364. Who arc the Jews ? A. They are those who believe in the Old Testament, hut reject the New, and expect a Saviour yet to come. 365. The Cliriatian nations are mucli superior in knowledge and power to ail others, and tlirough the increase of tlieir colonies, the in- fluence of the press, and the exertions of the Missionaries, will no doubt, in the course of a few generations, spread their religion over the greater part of the earth. \V(1 nil (hi cIlD Ulll .1 piiii urn UIKJ llllOl tlll'l Am .'icni II II II II II II 3' *..« NITI0N8. »|iii' Gods, nnd wlio worship ncli as nramins, Uii(Ulliinl>'. 1 nunibtr more than one liulf in the Old Testament, but jr yet to come. h superior in knowledge anil rcase of tlieir colonics, the in- I of the Miwionaries, will no , spread their religion over tlie OBOORAPHK AL DKFINITIONrf. 51 nCO. 71,0 ImportMMcr attach, , I \,y inm.kind, in nil .nmrtirs of the world, to t hn „or^h.|. .,t the D.ity, i» inosl Mriklnjfly .hHi.h.y.d hy the nmul„..r, .,1 roMly und s|.l.ndi.l tdinccs er.cttd for rrligi,! purpoU >Vhat iiiilioiiH are HuiHrior in knowkdjj,. and jiowcr to nil otiicrs / ihiMuriV?'" '"""'" ""'' '■''''*'''"" '" ^ "I'"""* o**^"" "'o IT'olcr purt of To whiit .lo mankind, in all .|imrfcr. of the world, attach imporlunco .' How M it must Ktrikinjfly di»|iliiyt.d ! 3i;7. ThoHo lire ci.II.nI nmonff Cliristians. chiirrhos cuthcdr.ik nnd Sdion^'irp"'" • !'''5""-'"r.""y "•'«« tho nume of Mos'.iuTJ; Ma among tlio I'agnn Hindoos, tliey arc termed Pagodas. 32 I.ANfJl'AGES. nnS. Tho diversities of lanpiiap,. f„nn one of the most slrikinir ponits of distinction l)ftween tlu, various nations of the earth, and their urrangenient into a Rtiieral nyst.',,, ronstitut.s an important hrancli of (r<:o)rrni.liy The langna^rs of cuhivutt.d nations nro botli written ond e|K)ken; while those of savage und barbarous races ore incrclv verbal and arc not rcdiieed to writiiijr. ' ' „l.n!;'■J'!'^ "•"'".'"'.'■■ "•■ """Ji""! languages in the world, amounts to bout 80, hut ine uding the various dialecU or branches derived from tl.ini, they number upwards of ■.mi), of whieh more than I'iOO arc A.nericnn and about MO Kuropcan. In Asia and Oceanicu, there are nearly 1000, and in Afrieu 1>76. How many original languages are t» re in the world ? How many brunches or dialects are u /v^ from thom 7 How many of these are American ? How many arc European ? How many are there in Asia and Occsnica ? How many are there in Africa ? moJie tlt''.h^''p""'r 'r^".T '" "P"K«".''y «he K'eato.t number of piople, but the English is tho most widely spread, and will probablv ncTund strrngft'"' ""• " d.stmguishcd for iu simplicity, concise^ 371. The number of books printed in the Engli-h language is prob. tipun in the case of any other language. Wliat language is spoken by the greatest number of people ? \Vhieh is the most widely spread 7 Where is it spoken 7 For what is it distinguished 7 ■KpriiUed^'''"''"'*^'' '" " ^'°^"''''' "'"' "'° ^'''""' """'''" "^ ^^' '14 wm** 1^ ' I 5'i (IKOISIIAPIIKAL EXERCISES. 33 EXKRCISKS ON TIIK MAPS. MAP OF TIIK WOULD, NO. 1. niM'OKK TIIK I.KARNEH. Of wiml llcmisplicircii iIoch tlila Mup coliHint I Kn. oii;), piii;i! 16. What (Treat diviHion lies partly in the Kustern and partly iu the Western Hemisphere ? Oa. This division is comiiosed entirely of islands. Whieli Hemisphere contains the most land 7 En. Whieh Heinispliero contains the most water? Wn. Which Hemisphere contains the largest islands? En. Which is the largest islond in the world ? Aa. Which arc the two next largest? Bo., N.-fia. Which is the largest division of the Eastern Hemisphere 7 Ao. Which is the smallest division 7 Ec. Which division of the Eastern Hemisphere extends ftullinl luuth? Aa. Which extends farthest to the north ? Aa. Which extends furthest soutii, Europe or Asia ? Aa. Which extends farthest west ? Aa. Wh«ch extends farthest cast 7 Aa. i 34 Which is the most southern land in the Eastern Hemisphere 7 Es.-Ld. Which is the most southern in the Western Hemisphere 7 Gs.-Ld. What is an Ocean 7 A V Ac.. V Ac. T both Hern V v\ w ^^ w w Aa. \\ W u \\ u w Ir W Sd.,6 W w w w Ec., I w S,.A« m X w A MAPS. KE TIIK I.KARNEH. It I Ell. oiiil Wii. iio? cuit of longituJo 'iO Icmi»phcro contuin ? Ec, ,t, or Old World. tc? ^ west of longitude 20 [Icmisphcro contain 7 N.- snt, or the New World. Ill (JO 16. HuHtcrn and partly in the [ids. dT En. tcr? Wn. iilands ? En. An. [..fin. cm HcniiBplicre 7 Ao. lero extends fUttllt-it south? La. Asia? Ao. lastcrn Hemisphere 7 Es.-Ld. ern Hemisphere 7 Gs.-Ld. cmu(iriAi>iii( Ai. KXF.iicismii. A. It is u vnHt Ixxly Aa. Which extends farthest East 7 S.-A. Which extends farthest West? N.-A. Is North America in North or South Latitude 7 N.-Lc. Why is it in North Latitude 7 Is South America mostly in North or in South Latitude 7 S.-Lc. Why is it mostly in South Latitude ? In what direction does South America lie from North America? S. What regions lie South and South-east of South America 7 &.• Sd., S..Oy., 8..Ld., G.-Ld. 95 MAP OF THE WORLD, NO. 9. What Hcmi8|riMlH does ttiis Map comprise 7 Nn. and Bn< Wliieh Hemiafiwre contains the most land ? Nn. Which Hu m ility "ro contains the most water ? Sn. What pwM diMsioni aro wholly in the Northern Hemisphere 7 Au., Ec., N..JV Whkfc gmt divisions aro partly in the Northern Hemisphere ? Aa., a.A»v«)k. VrtMl does the Northern Hemisphere comprise 7 A. Ail that part of the earth north of the Equator. Wh*t docs tlic Southern Hemisphere comprise 7 A. All that part of the earth south of the Equator. i;'lf:' il "M 1 1 ^V'l .^^'i^-- u ^*-%l 54 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. Wluit great divisions are partly in the Southern Homispliore 1 Aa. S.-Aa., Oa. Wiial four regions lio nearest tlio North Pole ? N.-Sa., N.-Za., Sn., Gd. Wliat lands lie nearest the South Pole 7 Gs.-I.d., Es.Xd. What navigator has sailed nearest the South Pole ? A. Captain Wcddell, in 1823. What other navigator sailed nearly as far south ? A. The celebrated Captain Cook, in 1774. Captain WeddcU sailed within 1100 miles of the South Pole. Somo navigators have gone much nearer to the Nortli Pole : Captain Parry went within 500 miles of it, but was stopiwd by the ice from approacli- ing closer. He found the sea, even in the middle of summer, covered with ice, and no signs of cither birds or beasts were to bo seen. 36 MAP NO. 3. — NORTH AMERICA. What Ocean bounds North America on tlie East ? Ac. What Ocean bounds it on the West ? Pc. What Ocean bounds it on the North ? Ac. An Ocean is a vast body of salt water. Wliat Sea is north of Britisli and Russian America ? Pr. Wlwt Sea between the West Indies and South America ? Tell what a Sea is. Refer to Question 22, page 11. Cn. What great Gulf lies cast of Mexico ? Mo. What Gulf between Mexico and California? Ca. What Gulf west of Newfoundland ? S.-Le. What Gulf west of Prince William's Land ? Ba. What great Bay separates Prince William's Land from Greenland 7 Bs. What great Bay is south-west of Prince WiUiara's Land 7 Hs. What Bay south of Hudson's Bay 7 Js. What Bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 7 Fy. What two Bays on the east coast of the United States 7 Dc., Ce. What Bay cast of \ ueatan 7 Hs. What Bay west of Yucatan 7 Ce. What Bay east of Guatimala? Ga. What Bay west of Alaska 7 Bl. Describe a Bay. 24. \\ A\ A\ \\ ^^ w D V Mn. W w G.-S V V V T V \\ CI. M V V W W D H JRCISES. luthcrn Hcmiapliere 1 Aa. jrtli Pole ? N..Sa., N.-Za., Gs.-I.d., Es..Ld. ulh Pole ? south ? 1 1774. 3 of the South Pole. Some Nortli Pole : Captain Parry id by the ice from approach, middle of summer, covered ists were to be seen. AMERICA. JieEast? Ac. 'c. kc. in America ? Pr. Soutii America? Cn. 32, page 11. Mo. nia? Ca. -Lo. and 7 Qa. iin's Land from Greenland 7 WiUiara's Land 7 Hs. i. ew Brunswick ? Fy. United States 7 Dc., Ce. WliBt Strait between America and Asia 7 \\ hat Strait west of Greenland 7 Ds, AVIiat docs it connect 7 B.-By. and the A.-On. What three Straits north of Labrador 7 Hs., Fs., Cd. What Strait separates Newfoundland fiom Labrador? Bo. What is a Strait 7 25. What two Sounds in BaiHn's Bay ? Ss., Ls. What Sound on the cast coast of Greenland ? Ds. What two Sounds in Russian America? Nn., "-Ws. What Sound between Queen Charlotte's and Vancouver's Island? Q. V». Wiiat Sound north of Cape Ilatteras ? Ae. Describe a Sound. 2G. What five Lakes are in the northern part of the United States ? Sr., Mn., Hn., Ee., Oo. Wliat river do they all flow into 7 S.-Le. Wiiat arc the four principal Lakes in British America ? Wg., Aa., G.-Sc., G.-Br. What two Lakes are in the northern part of Mexico 7 Ts., Ba. What Lakes arc in the western part of Mexico ? Te. What Lake is in the southern part of Guatimala 7 Na. Tell what a Lake is. 29. 37 What River flows into the Polar Sea ? Ms. Which are the two chief Rivers that flow into Hudson's Bay 7 Nn., 01. What River of the United States flows into the Pacific Ocean ? Ca. What River flows into the Gulf of California 7 Co. Which two '-rgu Rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico? Mi,, Ne. What River flows into the Gulf of St. Lowrence 7 What River flows into the Gulf of Georgia ? Fs. What River flows into Ungava Bay 7 Kli. What River flows from Lake Chapala? Ge. What River flows from Lake Nicaragua 7 S.-Jn. Describe a River. 34. How are Rivers shown on Maps ? 174, S..Lc. What Peninsula is in the south part of Russian America ? What Peninsula north of Hudson's Bay 7 Me. What Peninsula in the southern part of Britbh America? Aa. N.ga. i I! ,ii :;^^it 56 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. What Peninsula in the southern part of the United States? What Pciiinsuhi in tiie western part of Mexico ? Ca. What Peninsula in tiio eastern part of Mexico ? Yn. What is a Peninsula ? 54. Fa. W..Is. Ca- Hi., What Island lies cast of Greenland 7 Id. Wliat Island west of Greenland ? Do. What Island in Hudson Bay ? Sn. What four Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence? Nd., Ai, CBn, P..Es. What Islands east of Savannah ? Bi'. What Islands south-east from Florida? 5a. What Islands between North and South Americu? Which are tlie four largest of the West Indiu Islands ? Ja., P.Ro. These ore calleo the Great Antilles. Which arc the two chief Islands on the west coast of the I. nited States ? Vs., Q..C8. Tell what Islands are. 56. Which is the most western Cape of North America ? P.- We. Wliich is the most eastern Cape ? Re. Which is the most southern Cape ? Ga. Which is the most southern Capo of Greenland ? Fl. What three Capes on the cast coast of the United States? Cd., Hs., CI. Which is the most southern Cape of the United States? Se. The most southern Cape of California ? Ls. The most eastern Cape of Guatiinala ? G.-Da. What is a Cape? 57. 38 What Mountains extend through the whole of North America 7 Ry What are they called in Mexico? M. Cs. What Mountains extend along the west coast of Mexico? Sy. What Mountaitis extend through the eastern part of the United States ? Ay. What two Mountains are in the southern part of Russian America? S..Es., Fr. What two Mountains are in the western part of British America? Bn., Hr. What is a Mountain? 59. ■*31*^ \ w M( Wi M callc( WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI Th WI Th mark, Wf ■:.''l '4 ;vi WI WI Thi WI WI WI: Wli Wl] Wii Wli Wli Wh Wh Ini In^ Ini RCISES. ihc United Slates ? Fa. ilo.vico ? Co. [uxico ? Yn. awrcnce? Nd., Ai, CBn, 5a. America ? W.-Is. st Indiu Islands? Ca^ Hi., Iio west coast of the l nited th America ? P.- We. eenland 7 Fl. af the United SUtes 7 Cd,, B United States? Se. Ls. G.-Ds. loie of North America 7 Hy 3s. coast of Mexico? Sy. eastern part of the United n part of Russian America 7 rn part of British America? GEOGttAPHICAL What Highlands arc in the nortiiern part of Greenland ? Mountains iind Hills are often called Highlands. WImt two Peaks arc in the western piirt of tiie United States ? Ls., Js. Mnnntains tliat arc higher than those around them are sometimes called Peaks. What Peaks are in the northern part of Mexico 7 Sh. What Volcano is in the southern part of Mexico ? PI. What two Volcanoes arc in Guatimala ? Wr , Ca. What is a Volcano 7 C2. What Desert lies in the western part of the United States 7 What Desert lies in the northern part of Mexico 7 G.-Sy. What is a Desert? 70. Which is the most western division of Nortli America ? R.-Aa. This is called Russian America because it belongs to Russia. Which is the most custom division of Nortli America ? Gd. This is sometimes called Danish America because it belongs to Den- mark. Which is the largest division in the North 7 B.-Aa. i'lis is called British America because it belongs to Great Britain. ■ hich is the largest division in the Centre 7 U.-S. A'liich is the largest division in the South 7 Mo. What division lies between the United Stutes and Mexico 7 Tb. Which division lies south of Mexico 7 Gu. This division is likewise called Central America. What small division lies north of Guatimala ? Bo. What great Archipelago lies east of Mexico and Guatimala ? W.-Ib. What is an Archipelago 7 23. What is the capital of British America 7 Qc. What is the capital of the United States 7 VVn Wliat is the capital of Texas 1 Hn. What is the capital of Mexico 7 Mo. What is the capital of Guatimala 7 S..Sr. What part of North America is crossed by the Tropic of Cancer 7 Mo. What parU ore crossed by the Arctic Circle ? Gd., B.-Aa., R.-Aa. In what Zone is the middle part of North America 7 N.-Te. In what Zone is the southern part 7 Td. In what Zone is the northern part 7 N.-Fd. I t.HPi;gg(im f, '''-< ■ > Hi ^^! J i, f. ti GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. 58 WlHit countries of North America arc in tl.e Ncrtli Frigid Zone? G(l., n.-Aa., n.-An. , n A™ n vi,at Sr., Hn., What Wliat What MAP NO. 4. — UNITED STATES. country hounds the United States on the North ? B.-Aa. Ocean hounds it on the East ? Ac.-On. Ocean hounds it on the West ? Pc.-On. Gulf bounds it on the South ? Mo. Gulf separates Vancouver's Island fiom Oregon Territory 7 Ga. Republics lie west of the United States 7 Mo., Ts. five great Lakes are in the northern part of the United States? Mn., Ec., Oo. is the name of the eastern part of Lake Huron 'i Me. Lake lies cast of Lake Ontario ? Cn. Lake lies north-west of Lake Superior ? Ws. What great river extends through the middle of the U. States 7 Mi. Which are its three great western branches 7 Mi., As., Rd. Which is its principal eastern branch 7 Oo. Into what Gulf does the Mississippi flow ' Mo. What River with two names in the western part of the United States 7 On. or Ca. What arc its two principal branches 7 Ls., Cs. What three Rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean north of Cape Cod? Ft., Kk., Mk. Wh it three between Capo Cod and Cape Charles 7 Ct,, Hn., De. What three flow into Chesapeake Bay 7 Sa,, Pc., Js. What River flows into Albemarle Sound 7 Re. What two flow into Pamlico Sound 7 Tr., Ne. What seven Rivcis flow into the Atlantic between Cape Lookout and Cape C^annaveral 7 C.-Fr., G.-Pe., Sc., Sh., Aa., S.-Ms., S..J8. What three Rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico east of the month of the Mississippi 7 PL, Aa., Apalachicola. 40 There are eight Capes on the Atlantic coast of the United State*. Wl \VI Wl Wl Fr., ( Wl Y,l) Wl Wl tissipi Wl Ac, I Wl Wli Wli Wli Wh Wli Roc Wli •icorg Wh States Wh rnile( The Ini Thi n'h Wh Tlic Wh Ifov IIov The li' S( ccntnii l'iiiti"J *..,v^ ERCISB9. in tlie Ncrtli Frigid Zone ? pcratc Zone ? B.-Aa, U..S., Mo., On., W.-Ifl. ,h America ? N -Ts. ) STATES. on the North 7 B.-Aa. kc-On. Pc.-On. lo. fiom Oregon Territory 7 Ga. States ? Mo., Ts. jrn part of the United States? f I-ake Huron V Me. Cn. perior ? Ws. niddle of tlie U. States 7 Mi. chcs? Mi., As., Rd. Oo. w ' Mo. western part of the United Lb., Cs. ;ic Ocean north of Cape Cod ? )c Charles? Ct,, Hn., De. ? Sa., Pc, Js. id? Re. Tr., Ne. antic between Cape Lookout 3., Sh., Aa., S..M8., S..J8. of Mexico east of the mouth )la- coast of the United States. What are they 7 Cd., Mr., Vs., Ily., lis., Ll., Fr., C'l. What two C'apps are on the west side of Florida ? Rs., So. What CaiM! west of Apaliichcc Bay ? S..B». What C'-ur CajK-'s are on tlic I'acific coast of the United Slates ? Fv.. Fr., Ocl., Mo. ' What three Bays arc bctwctn Cano Cod and Cape Halleras 7 N.- Y,Dc.,Ce. \Vlmt four Bays arc on the west coast of Florida ? Cm., Ta., Vr., Ae. What three Bays between Cbim; St. Bias and ths moutlis of the Mis- Bissi[ipi River ? Pa., Mc, Bk. What tlirce Sounds are between Cape Lookout and Cape Cod? Po., At'., I..- Id. What Sound on the west coast of Vancouver's Island 7 Na. Wliat Island is there on the coast of Maine 7 M..Dt. What two Islands lie south of Massachusetts ? Nt., M..Vd. What Island lies south of Rhode Island ? Bk, What Island lies south of Connecticut 7 L.-Id. Wliat Islands lie south of Florida 7 F.-lia. and T.-Is, Kocfs signify low sandy islands. What Island is separated from the Oregon Territory by the Gulf of •icorgia 7 Vs. What range of Mountains is in the western part of the United States ? Ry. What three ranges of Mountains are in tho Eastern part of the I'niled States 7 Cd., Ay., B.-Re. Tliese three ranges are called sometimes the Apalachian Mountains. In what State is tho Black Mountain 7 N.-Ca. This is tho higiiest mountain in the eastern part of the United S' ites. H'Imt Mountains are in Pennsylvania and New Jersey 7 Be, What Mountains are in Vermont and New Hampshire 7 Gn., We, The White Mountains are the highest in Now England. Wliat Mountains ore in Arkansas and Missouri 7 Ok. 41 26. !fow many St itcs arc there in the United States 7 How many Territories, ir jiuding Florida 7 fi. There is also a District, called the District of Colunibi.i, which you "1' SCO on Map No. 7. It is 10 miles long and 10 miles wide, and contains Washington City, the capital of tho United States. Thus tho \)\\U"} States contain 33 separate divisions. 'm ill 1: 1 li tt; 60 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. Tliere nrc 13 Stales lyiii),' along tlio Atlantic Ocean between Florida and New Brunswiclt. VVimt are they ? Me., N.-H., Ms., R.-I., Ct„ N.-Y., N.J., Dc., Md., Vo., N.-C, S..C., Ga. Wliut State lies north of Long iHland Sound ? Ct. To what State does Long Island belong ? N..Y. What three States and Territory lie on the Gulf of Mexico? La., Mi., Aa., Fu. What two States lie west of tlic Mississippi River ? As., Mi. What three Territories lie between the Mississippi -nd the Rocky Mountains 7 la.. Mi., In. What Territory lies Uitween the Mississippi River and Lakes Supe- rior and Michigan ? Wn. What four States lie directly cast of the Mississippi River? Mi., Tc., Ky., Is. What State lies on both sides of the Mississippi ? La. What Slate is bounded by Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior? Mn. What three States are bounded by Lake Erie ? N.-Y., Pa., Oo. What State is bounded by Lake Ontario ? N.-Y. What two States does Lake Champlain separate ? N..Y, Vt. What two States are separated by the Connecticut River ? N.-H., Vt. What two States arc separated by the Delaware River ? Pa., N.-J. What two States are separated by the Potomac River ? Va., Md. What two Slates arc separated by the Savannah River ? S.-C, Ga. What two States are separatee' ' the Chatlahoochec River ? Ga., Aa. What five States are boimded L^ the Ohio River ? la., Is., Oo. Ky., Va. What two States arc separated in part by the Cumberland Moun. tains? Va., Ky. What two States aro separated by Uio Alleghany Mountains 7 N- C, Te. 42 Which is the largest State ? Va. The smallest ? R.-L What is the capital of the United States ? Wn. Which of the Eastern States have each t»o capitals ? Ct., R.-I. The six Eastern States are Maine, New Ilaaipshire, Vermont, Mas- sachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. What is the capital of each ? Aa., Cd., Mr., Bn., Pe., Nt., Hd., N.-Hn. The four Middle States aro New York, New Jersey, Feniisylvania, and Delaware. What is the capital of each ? Ay., Tn., Hg., SXBRCISCS. Mlaiilic Ocean between Florida I..I., Ct, N.-Y., N.-J., De., Mii., I Sound? Ct. ng? N..Y. on tlie Gulf of Mexico? L«., lissippi River ? As., Mi. the MisBissippi .ad the Rocky ssiRsippi River and Lakea Supc- )f the Mississippi River ? Mi., Mississippi ? La. 3n,Michignn,and Superior? Mn. akcErie? N.-Y., Pa., Oo. ario? N..Y. lin separate ? N..Y, Vt. e Conncctieut River ? N.-H., Vt. e Delaware River ? Pa., N.J. e Potomac River ? Va., Md. e Savannah River ? S.-C, Ga. e Chatlahoochec River ? Ga., Aa. Ohio River ? la.. Is., Oo. Ky., Va. part by the Cumberland Moun- tlio Alleghany Mountains ? N.- ;ateB ? \Vn. ach two ciipitals 7 Ct., R.-I. New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- icut. :d., Mr.. Bn., Pe., Nt., lid., N.-Hn. fork. New Jersey, Penivsylvania, Tn., Hg., Dr. GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. 01 The eight Soulhcrn States arc Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, (itorgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Wlial is the cni)itul of each I As., Rd., Rh.,Ca., Mo., Ta., Jn., N.-Os. The eiglit Western States ar-. Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, aiiO A'Uansan. What is the capital of each ? Cs., Ft., No., Dt., Is., Va., J..Cy., L.-Rk. The organized Territories are Florida, Wisconsin, and Iowa. Wliat is the capitiil of each 7 Te., M.-Cy., Bn. Through what States dora the 4'nh parallel of Latitude pass ? N.. Jy., Pa., Va,, Oo., la.. Is. Through wliat Territory docs it pass ? la. Through or near what Cities and Towns docs it pass ? Pa., Lr., Bd., Wg., Zc., C;s., Bn., tiy. These places have all the same or very nearly the same latitude. What six places have nearly the same latitude as Washington City 7 Wk., Ph., Mn., Vs., Va., S-Cs. By placing a ruler on the Map directly on the pla t named, keeping it parallel with the lines tiiat cross the Map frc Mst to west, tho learner will see at ono all those places that have tin le latitude. What places have tho same latitude as the City of New-York 7 Nk., Br., Br., Pu., Lt., Pa., Hn. What places have the same latitude as Boston 7 V.'r., Dt., S..Jh., Ga. Through what Slates docs tho meridian of Washington pass ? N.- Y., Pa., Md., Va., N.-C. Through or near what Cities or Towns docs it pass ? Ea., Ga. These places therefore have the same longitude as Washington City. What four places have about the same longitude as Boston? Sm., Nt., Ph., Dr. 43 MAP NO. 10. — SOUTH AMERICA. What Ocean bounds South America on the East ? Ac. What on the West? Pc. What Sea bounds it on tho North 7 Cn. What arc the principal Mountains of South America ? What is their length ? The highest peak. Mount Sorato, is nearly 5 miles high highest Mountain in America. What is the next highest Mountain ? li. On what side of South America are the Andes ? Wt. What Mountains are on the East? Bn. How long arc they 7 As< It u the Ml ■1 i Ha..:v 62 OEOGRAPIIICAL EXKlltiSES What Momituiim aro in the wchI part of Uruv.il ? til- What Mountains arc lM;twccn Ura/.il and Uuiana ^ Ay Which is the largest River in South America ? Wliich i8 iiH laru.st branch ? Mi. Wliicli is tiio sceond Hiver in lcngtl\ ? R.-Pa. Which is the third? Oo. Whicli is tlic fourth .' S. Fo. Into wliat Ocean do tlicsc tlow / Ac. What River flows into the CariW»can Sea 7 Ma. Wiiich is the most northern Cape of South America? Gs. Which is tlie most soutiicrn Cai)C 7 Iln. Wliich is tiic most eastern? S.-Rc. Whicli is tlie most western ? Bo. What two Gulfs arc on the Caribbean Sea 7 Dn., Va. What two arc on the west coast ? Gl,, I's. What are the princiiial Bays on the west const ? Pa., Co. What are the principal Bays on the east coast 7 A.-Ss., S.-Ms., S.-Oc. What Islands are in the Caribbean Sea 7 B.-Ac, Ma. Those are a part of the Liltle Antilles, which form the southern divi- sion of the West Indies. Margarita belongs to Venezuela, and is the onl? West Inu.-. Island that is owned by a South American jm^er. What five Islands north of South America ? Td., To., Ga., Bs., S.-Vt. Those form a part of the Caribbeo Islands. What Island lies between the Amazon and Para rivers 7 Js. What Islands on the coast of Brazil south of the Equator 7 la., As., S.-Sn., Ca., S..Ca., Ti. What Islands cast of Patagonia ? Fd. What Island south of Patagonia? T.-Fo. What Island cast of Terra del Fucgo? S.-Ld. What Island cast of Staten Land 7 S.-Ga, What Islands south of Terra del Fucgo 7 Cn. What Island south of Ciiili 7 Co. What three ArchipelagocB south of Cliiloe 7 Cs., M.-Ds., Q.-As. What Island soutli of the Gulf of Penas 7 Wn. What Islands west of Chili 7 J-Fs., S.-Fx. What Island in the Gulf of Guayaquil 7 Po. LEUCi81iS. ,f Uru/.il ? til- 1(1 Uuiana ? Ay. incrica ? An. R.-PB. 3ca? Ma. ■toulli America ? Gi. in. Sea? Dn., Va. 1., Ph. ,t9t conHt ? Pa., Co. iBt coast 7 A.-Ss., S.-Ms., S.-Gc. ca 7 B.-Ac, Ma. B, wliicli form tlie southern divi- telongs to Venezuela, and is llio by a South American jtower. rierictt ? Td., To., Ga., Bs., S.-Vl. tlands. m and Para rivers 7 Js. south of tlic Equator ? la., As., Fd. T..Fo. ro? S..Ld. 's..Ga. lego 7 Cn. Chiloe 7 Cs., M.-Ds., Q.-Ab. 'enas 7 Wn. J., S.-Fx. [uil? Po. OEOUUAPHICAL EXEBCISEtf. 44 Wiiit Lake lies in the north-west i)art of Vcnr/.ncla 7 Mo, Wliat Lake forms part of tlio boundary between South Peru »nd Bolivia 7 Ta. Wli«t two Lakes arc in Bolivia? Uy., Xs. What three Lakes arc in Unenos Ayrcs ? Ve., Ph., In. Wliut two Lakes arc in the southern part of Brazil 7 Ph., Mm. What Lake in North Peru forms the source of the Amazon Hiver 7 lis. What arc the cxicnsivo gias..y plains in Iho east part of Brazil culled :• The Sm. What arc the elevated plains in the west part of Brazil called 7 C.-Vv. Point out in Venezuela the word Llanos, and in Buenos Ayrcs the word Pampas. These are the names jrivcn to extentive plains in those parts of South America. They are, like the Sertam in Brazil, the Prai- ties in North America, and the Sleppes of Asia, covered with grass, on which vast herds of cattle roam and teed. The three most northern divisions on the west side of South America are called the Colombian States. Which arc they 7 Va., N.-Ga., Er. The three next lying immediately south of these arc called the Peru- vian States. What are their names 7 N.-Pu., S,-Pu., Ba. Which is the largest division of South America 7 BI. Which is the smallest division 7 Py. Which division belongs to the British, Dutch, and French 7 Ga. Which is the most northern division of South America 7 N.-Ga. Which is the most western division 7 Er. Which is the most eastern division 7 Bi. Which is the most soutlicrn division ? Pa. Which two divisions are separated by the Andes 7 B.-As. and CL What is the Copital of New Grenada 7 Ba. Of Venezuela 7 Cs. OfEquador? Qo. Of North Peru? La. Of .South Peru 7 Co. Of Bolivia 7 Co. Of Brazil 7 R.-Jo. Of Paraguay? An. Of Uruguay 7 Mo. Of Buenos Ayrcs 7 B.-As. Of Chili 7 So. What States docs the Equator pass through 7 BI., Va., N.-Ga., Er. What is the Equator 7 115. What States docs tho Tropic of Capricorn pass through ? BI., Py., B.-As., Ba. M i i 04 GEOOBAl'HICAL EXBllCISES. In what Zone in tlml part of South America that lies north of the Tropic of Capricorn J 'I'd. , a t„ In wh.il Zone h that part south of tJio Tropic of fapricorn 7 8. Ic. What portioi- .f South America i» in tlio Torrid Zone, the UrgMt or cmallest ' lit. llow do you know it it in the Torrid Zone ? 189. In wliat Latitude ih the (rroateot part of South America? 8. Lc. Why is it in South Latitude^ 131. What is Latitude 7 130. In what Longitude is South America, reckoning from Greenwich 7 W. Le. How do you know it is in West Longitude 7 151. What is Longitude 7 146. MAP NO. 11. -EUROPE. What Ocean bounds Europe on the West 7 Ac. What Ocean bounds it on the Nnrlli 7 Ac. What Sea bounds it on tlie South 7 Mn. What Mountains bound it on tiio east 7 UI. There are eiglit Seas in Europe. What aro they ? Ih., Mn., Ma., Bk., Av. What Sea is on the nortli of Russia 7 We. What Sea between Russia and Sweden? Be. What Sea bi'tween Scotland ond Denmark 7 Nh. What Sea between England and Ireland 7 Ih. What Sea between Europe and Africa 7 Mn. Wliat Sea south of Turkey 7 Ma. What two Seas south of Russia 7 Bk., Av. Wliat is the name of the Sea between Greece and Asia ? Whot is an Arcliii)€lago ? 93. We., Be, Nh., Ao. What large Islands lie west of Europe 7 B-Ii. The Island containing England, ScoUand, and Wales, is called Great Britain. What Island lies west of Great Britain ? Id. „..,.,, What four groups of Islands arc west and north of the British Isles 7 Hs., Oy., Sd., Fe. What large Island lies west of Norway 7 Id. ERCISES. ncricft that lies north of the Fropic of C«pricorn? 8. To. 10 Torrid Zone, the largest or one? 189. f South America 1 8. Lo. reckoning from Greenwich? tudc? 151. :UROPE. est 7 Ac. Ac. In. 7 UI. hat aro they 7 We., Be, Nh., We. n 7 Be. nark? Nh. md7 III. i7 Mn. k., Av. I Greece and Asia 7 Ao. pc7 B.-I1. Jand, and Wales, is called Great iin Id. it and north of the British Isles ? (ray 7 Id. (IF.OGRAPinLAL EXEnciSEa. What Islands aru in the Duhic .Sva? Ad., Do., 01., Gd., Od., Rn., Zd., F.I. What Islands in tho Mrdittrrnnean belong to Spain 7 Be. What Islands Inilong to France 7 Ca. To Great Britain I Mn., In. ToKgypt' Ca., What Island south of Italy ' Sy. What Mountain do you observe un it 7 Ea. What Island cast of Greece 7 Nt. What small Island Ixjlwccn Tuscany and Corsica? F.a. Tliis islnnd is remarkable fjr bcint; tho place to which Napoleon Bo- naparte was banished in 2814. What Island lx;nrs the same name as a kingdom in Italy ? Sa. What small Island between England and Ireland 7 Mn. What Gulf between Sweden and Russia 7 Ha. What two Gulfs in the Baltic Sen ' Fd., Ra. What Gulf south of France 7 Ls. What Gulf south of the ningdom of Sardinia? Ga. What Gulf cast of Italy 7 Vc. What Gulf in the Black Sea 7 Bs. What Bay north of Spain 7 By. I 40 What Channel between Franco and England 7 Eh. What Channel between Wales and Ireland 7 S.-Gs. What Channel between Ireland and Scotland 7 Nh. What Channel Iwtwccn Diiitnark and Norway 7 S.-Rk. What Channel between Denmark and Sweden 7 Ct. What Channel between tho Marmora and Black Seal 7 Co. Wiiat Strait between Franco and England 7 Dr. What Strait between Euro|)o and Africa 7 Gr. What Strait between Corsica and Sardinia 7 Bo. What Stroit between the Mediterranean and tho Sea of Marmora 7 Da. What Strait between the Ul ,ck Sea and the Sea of A2ov7 Ee. What Strait between Italy and Turkey 7 ()o. What Mountains form the buundury between Europe and Asia? Vh What Mountains divide Sweden and Norway 7 Dd. What Mountains divide France and Spain 7 Fs. 5 ' : i l;U ee GEOGRAPHICAL EXliRCl8E8. WImt Moiintoini in France? C«., Ae. WImt Moiinlainii in tlic norlli of S|miti f Cn. ^VImt MoinituinBin tlicKoulliofSpain? Sn-Mn., Sa..Na. Wlmt MountainH in Swilicrland? A.. tl>e«,; urc the h.frhc.t in En- rop. Ml. rilanc iH the hi«ho»t of the Alpi., U i» near three luilc. liigh. Whiit Mountains ixlonil Ihrough Italy? Ae. Wlial MountninH in the cant of AuHtria? Cn. Wiiut MounUin* extend llirough Turlicy ? Dn. Wliich Whicii Which Which Which Which Which Which Whicli ia tlic most 13 the nioHt iH the most is the most in the nioKt in the nioit ii the mo«t is the moit is tlio most Nh. northern cape of Europe 7 goutlicrn / Mn. iouthcrn cape of Norway ' No. southern ca|M: of England? L.-Ed. southern capo of Ireland ? Cr. nortiicrn cape of Spain ? 01. wcBt Ny. — Which is tho most Soutliern 7 Ge. — Which is tho most Eastern 7 Ra. — Which is tho most Western 7 Id. 48 MAP NO. 12. — ASIA. What great division bounds Asia on tho West i T.-: What great division bounds Asia on tho Norti! -' \ '! N. Vhat great division bounds it on the South West 7 Aa. V^hat Ocean bounds it on the North ? Ac. or Northern. Aa. 111^ tfi^ 68 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. What Occim bounds it on the South ? In. VViial Ocean bounds it on the East ? Pc. An. What Sea divides Asia from Africa ? Rd. What Sea Bei>arates Hindoostan from Arabia? What Sea lies west of Syria ? Mn. What two seas lie north of Turkey 7 Mu., Bk. What Sea lies cast of IVova Zembla ? Ka. What Sea lies eust of Kamtschatka? Ka. What Sea lies wist of Kamtschatka ? Ok. What Sea lies west of the Kurilo Islands ? Jo. What Sea lies between Niphon and Corcu 7 Jn. What Sea lies west of Corca? Yw. What Sea lies east of Cochin China? Ca. Asia contains three interior Seas : which are they 7 Cn., Al., Dd. What Mountains sepa/ate Europe from iVsia 7 III. What Mountains bound Siberia on the South 7 L.-Ay., G..Ay. What Mountains extend through Mongolia ? Tn. What Mountains bound Thibet on the north 7 Kn. What Mountains bound Hindoostan on the Nort'ii-East ? Hh. Which is the highest of the Himmalch mountains and its height 7 Ce. What Mountains in the southern part of Hindoostan 7 Gt. What Mountains arc in Turkey 7 Ts. What Mountains are in Persia 7 Ez. What Mountains bound Independent Tartary on the South 7 H,-Ko. What Mountains are in China 7 Pg., Mg. What Mountains separate Circassia from Georgia 7 Cs. What three Gulfs arc in the north part of Siberia 7 Oe., Yi., La. What two Gulfs between Persia and Arabia 7 Pn., Os. What two Gulfs on the west coast of Hindoostan ? Ch., Cy. What Gulf Separates Hindoostan from Ceylon 7 Mr. What Gulf south of Birmah 7 Mn. What Gulf between Siam and Cambodia ? Sm. What Gulf cast of Anam 7 Tn. What Gulf north of Kamtschatka 7 Ar. Which is the most northern Cape of Asia ? Which is the most southern Cape 7 Ra. C.-Vi. BRCISEd. In. 'c. Id. rubia? An. VIu., Bk. K'a. Ka. Ok. ds ? Jo. eu 7 Jn. Ca. h are tliuy ? Cn., Al., Dd. 1 Asia ? Ul. South? L.-Ay., G..Ay. olia ? Tri. north ? Kn. tlie Nort'ii-East ? Hh. nountains and its height ? Ce. )f Hindoostan 7 Gt. irtary on the South 7 H^-Ko- Mg. am Georgia 7 Cs. t of Siberia 7 Oe., Yi., La. irabia 7 Pn., Os. lind jostan ? Ch., Cy. Ceylon 7 Mr. lia 7 Sm. Ar. Uia7 C.-Vi. la. GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. M gaa ; a i Ejii->fc^- ^BWWBffi^?^^^^ U9 Wliich is tho most eastern Cape 7 Et. Which ure tho most soutliern Capes of Hindoostan and Birmah 7 Cn. and Ns. .4() Wliat tlircc great Rivers flow into the Northern Ocean 7 Oc., Yi., La. What River flows into tlio Channel of Tartary ? Ar. What two large rivers flow through China 7 Ho., Yg. What River sei)aratcs Cochin China from Cambodia 7 Ca. What River flows into the Gulf of 3Iartaban7 ly. What two Rivers flow into the Buy of Bengal 7 Gs., Br. What River bounds Hindoostan on the west 7 Is. What two Rivers unite and flow into tho Persian Gulf 7 Es., Ta. What Rivers flow into tlie Caspian Sea 7 Va., Ul. What two Rivers flow into the sea of Aral ? Ao., Sp. What River flows through Little Bucharia 7 Cr. What Island west of Syria 7 Cs. What Island south of Hindoostan 7 Cn. What Islands in tlie Bay of Bengal 7 An., Nr. What Island west of Malacca 7 P.-Pg. What Island south of China? Iln. What Islands east of China 7 Fa., L.-Co. What Islands form the Empire of Japan ? Jo,, Nn., Se., Ku. What Island east of Mantchooria 7 Sn. What Islands south of Kamtschatka ? Ke. What range of Islands east of Kamtschatka 7 An. What threo Islandii nortli of Siberia 7 Ki., Lf., N.-Sa. My. What Strait separates Asia from North America ? Bs. What Strait between the islands of Jcsso and Niphon 7 What Strait between Corea and Japan 7 Ca. What Strait between China and Formosa 7 Fa. What Strait between Malacca and Sumatra ? Ma. What Strait between Arabia and Abyssinia 7 Bl. What two great divisions does this Strait separate ? Aa., Aa. Aa. What Peninsula lies between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea 7 What Peninsula south of Siam 7 Ma. What Peninsula between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan 7 Ca. What Peninsula between the seas of Ochotsk and Kamtschatka 7 Ka. '1 , 70 GEOGRAPHICAL EXEilCISES. Wl.al Isthmus between tl.c Red Sea : .id tl.c Mediterranean Sea ? Sz. Wliat two great divisions docs it <.iiitc ? Aa., Aa. What Isthmus west o( tlic Gulf of Siam ? Kw. 50 Wliat three Lakes are in the southern part of Siberia 7 Ty., An., Bl. Wliat two are in Sooiigaria ? Bh., Z.-Nr. The word Nor in Central or Middle Asia, appears to mean Lake. What Lake is in Little Bucharia ? L.-Nr. What three Lakes in China ? K.-Nr., Tg., Pg. What Lake in Afghanistan? Zh. The Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas, are in fact Lakes, but have been called Seas because their waters are salt. Rn. Ce. ■Ty. Sa. Hn. Tj what Empire do the Northern parts of Asia belong ? What Empire in the middle and eastern parts of Asia? What great division in the south of Asia ? la. What country north of the Altay Mountains? Sa. What great division south of tlie Altay Mountains ? C. What great division cast of the Caspian Sea ? I.-Ty. Wliat country soutli of the Black Sea ? Ty. What country east of the Mediterranean Sea? What country east of the Red Sea ? Aa. What country south of tiie Caspian Sea ? Po. What countries east of Persia ? An., Bn. What country between tlie Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal ? What countries east of the Bay of Bengal ? Bh., Sm. What division cast of the Cambodia River ? Am. What countries are included in Anam ? Ca., C.-Ca., Tn. part of Ls. What country north of Anam ? Ca. The Chinese Empire includes nine different countries ; what arc they ? Sa., Ma., Ma., L.-Ba., L.-Tt, Tt., Bn., Ca., Ca. Independent Tartary includes six different countries ; what are they? Ks., Ta., Ka., Kn., G.-Ba., Kz. ,^ , „ ^, Afghanistan includes two different States ; what are they 7 Ht, Cl. What Empire lies cast of the Chinese Empire ? Jn. What is the Capital of Siberia? Tk.-Of the Tartar State.s, Kokan, Khiva, and Great Bucharia ? Kn., Ka, Ba. - Of Persia ? I n. — Of tiie Arabian States, Hedjaz, Yemen, Nedsjed, and Omon I Ma., Sa., Da., Mt. — Of Herat ? Ht. — Of Cabul ? CI. EXCISES. I the Mudiltrrancan Sua ? Sz. Aa., Aa. n ? Kw. rart of Siberia 7 Ty., An., Bl. 'fr. ia, appears to mean Lake. •Nr. Tg., Pg. in fact Lakes, but have been I of Asia belong? Rn. rn parts of Asia ? Cc. sia ? Ia. intains ? Sa. y Mountains ? C.-Ty. inSea? I.-Ty. ? Ty. lan Sea ? Sa. Aa. ;a? Pa. Bn. !a and the Bay of Bengal 7 Hn. ingai 7 Bh., Sm. liver 7 Am, 1 7 Ca., C.-Ca., Tn. part of Ls. 'erent countries ; what arc they ? 'a., Ca. "erent countries ; what are they 7 ates ; what are they 7 Ht, CI. D Empire 7 Jn. Tk. — Of the Tartar States, Kn., Ka., Ba. — Of Persia 7 Tn. len, Ncdsjed, and Omon 7 Ma., Cabul7 CI. GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. Of Lahore? Lc. — Of Hindoostan 7 Ca. — Of Thibet 7 La. — Of Birmah? Aa. — OfSiain? Bk. — Of Anam? He. — Of China? Pn. — Of Corea ? Ko. — Of Japan 7 Jo. What country in Asia docs tiie Arctic Circle pass through 7 Sa. What countries does the Tropic of Cancer pass through 7 Aa., Hn., Bh.,Ca. In what Zone is the northern part of Asia ? N. Fd. In what Zone is the central part of Asia 7 N.-To. In what Zone is tlie soutliern part of Asia 7 Td. In what Latitude is Asia wholly 7 N.-Lo. How do you know it is in North Latitude ? 135. In what Longitude is Asia from Greenwich 7 E.-Lc. How do you know it is East Longitude 7 151. 51 MAP NO. 14. — AFRICiL What Sea bounds Africa on the North 7 What Sct> bounds it on the East 7 Rd. What Ocean bounds it on the East 7 In. What Ocean bounds it on the West 7 Ac Mn- What Strait separates Morocco from Spain 7 Or. What Strait separates Abyssinia from Arabia 7 BL What Gulf between Tripoli and Barea ? Sa. What Gulf between Berbora and Arabia 7 An. What Gulf south of Upper Guinea 7 Ga. What Bays on the southern part of the west coast? G.-Fh., Wh., S.-Cr., S.-Ha. What Bay on the east coast north of CafTraria ? Da. What Channel between Madagascar and Mozambique ? Me Ba. Which is the most northern Capo of Africa 7 Which is the most southern Cape ? Ls. Which is the most eastern Cape 7 GL Which is the most western Cape 7 Vc. What celebrated Cape near the southern extremity of Africa ? What two Capes on the desert coast 7 Br., Bo. What Cape at the southern extremity of Liberia 7 Pb. G.-Hc. ft "I 'H 79 GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. What Cape at the northern crtrcmity of Mozanibi(iue 7 Do. What Cape at the nortliern extremity of Zanguebar 7 Bb. Wliich is the principal River in Africa 7 Nc. The Nile is remarkable for flowing 1600 miles without receiving the ■mailest tributary. Into what Sea docs the Nile empty 7 Mn. What are its three chief branches 7 Ad., Ai., Te. What three Rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean on the west coast of Africa 7 SI., Ga., R.-Ge. WhatRiver in Liberia? S.-P». What River empties into the Gulf of Guinea ? Nr. This is a very remarkable river ; though heard of 20 centuries ago, its source and mouth were discovered only a few years since. What River between Angola and Bcnguela ? Ca. What River between Loango and Congo ? Co. What River south of Bcnguela 7 Be. What River runs through tlie country of the Hottentots 7 Oe. What River flows into Dclagoa Bay 7 Me. What River flows into the Mozambique Channel 7 Ze. What Rivers run through Zanguebar 7 Oe., We. What Rivers flow into Lake Tchad 7 Yu., Sy. Wliat two Lakes in Soudan 7 Td., Fe. What Lake north of Banibarra 7 De. Wliat Lake in Abyssinia 7 Da. What Lake in Barbary7 Lh. What Lake west of Zanguebar and Mozambique ? Mi. 52 What three groups of Isknds in i. Atlantic Ocean belong to Por- tugal 7 Ae., Ma., C.-Ve. What group of Islands belongs to Spain 7 Cy. What three Islands in the Gulf of Guinea belong to Portugal 7 Ps., S..TS., An. Which is the most northern Island in the Gulf of Guinea 1 F.-Po. What two Islands south of the Equator belong to Great Britain? An., S.-Ha. St. Helena is remarkable for being the place of imprisonment and burial of Napoleon Bonaparte. He died here in 1821, afler a residence of sijc years. What great Archipelago in the Indian Ocean 7 En. Fi SRCISES. Mozatnbi(iue 7 Do. Zanguebar 7 Bb. No. ) miles without receiving the In. 1., Ai., Te. atic Ocean on the vrest coast uinea ? Nr. ;h heard of 20 centuries ago, r a few years since. lela 7 Co. 0? Co. f the Hottentots ? Oe. Me. Channel? Ze. Oe., \Vc. Yu.,Sy. OEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES. 73 zambiquc ? Mi. Ulantic Ocean belong to Por- n? Cy. nea belong to Portugal 7 Ps., the Gulf of Guinea 7 F.-Po. ktor belong to Great Britain? le place of imprisonment and here in 1821, after a residence Ocean 7 En. Wiiut arc its prinripiil Isluiula and groups ? Mr., Co., Se., Ac., Ma. Which are the MuBcarcnlia Isliinds ? Bn., Ms. The latter is olliu calltd tlic lelc of France. What Islands bi long to Great Britain ? Ms., Sc., Ae. Wiiat Island belongs to France 7 Bn. What Islands Ixjlong to Muscat ? Tu., Zr., Ma. Wliat Islands bttwccii Madagascar and Mozambique? Co. What Islands nrrth-cafai of Cape Guardafui ? Sa., A.-Ca. To what power does Soeotra belong 7 Kn. V/hat Moantains extend througii Barbary ? As. What is the highest Peak of the Atlas Mountains ? Mn. How high is it? What Mountains between Soudan and Guinea? Kg. What INlountains between Soudan and Eliiiopia ? Mn. What Mountains in Congo ? CI. What Mountains in Cape Colony ? Sw. What Mountain west of Mozambique ? La. These Mountains have been called by geographers the Back-Bone of the world, but their very existence is now considered doubtful. What Mountains in Madagascar 7 Ra., Rd. What great division occupies the northern part of Africa ? By. What States docs Barbary inclua? ? Mo., As., Ts., Ti., B.-Jd. What great division lies south of Uarbary ? G.-Dt. What great divisions lie south of the Hreat Desert 7 Sn., Sa. What great divisions lie south of Soudan ? U.-Ga., L.-Ga. and Ea. What great division lies west of Soudan 7 Sa. What great division on the west coast on both sides of the Equator ? L..Ga. Wait great divisior on the east coast on botli sides of the Equator 7 Zr. What great division lies south of the Mountains of the Moon 7 Ea. What lolony occupies the southern extremity of Africa 7 C.-Cy. What two races of men inhabit the country north of Cape Colony 7 H?., B«. 53 What countries lie on the Red Sea ? Et., Na., Aa. In what country arc the mouths of the river Nile situated 7 Et. What is the district comprised between the outlets of the river Nile called 7 Da. v'.l •'. 74 GEOGRAIPHICAL EXERCISES. Wlint ia a Delta ? It is n term npplu .! to th>-c ili«tfict» i mbraf 'i: Wy the outlets of rivers. The Nile, Niger, (.;iri){c.', eacii tiieir rcHpcctivc lult^i^. [ii, and (iIIh;.- jjreat struaiiiB, bavo F t 1-^ -1 ( '; . ' 1 What Desert occupies a largo [mrtionof the ncria of Africa ? G..Dt. What DoM' it between i';e river Nile and the li-'d Sen? Nn. What Dcser' i>- erosscii liy Ihc Tropic of Capricorn .' Ch. IJow long anil wide is the Great Desert? This is the largest DLar.-f in the world: mid I .^ugh extremely hot, and in ino-l pliices r'. .itilute of wa'^■l, yet jntam;- a number of fertile spolf ciUc'J Oast's nil of which are iiihal'i'.cd. \Vluch lire tlio (ive principal Oas-H? Fn., Tt., As., Bh., Ty. There ari' four .ither Oases: whi :. rothoy' Aa., Sh., E.-Dl., E.-Kh. What is !i!0 w;;acrn pari (>'' the tuoat Desert called ? Sa. What is the Cai>itnl of Morocco? Mo. — Of Algiers ? AI. — Of Tunis? Ts. — !>r Tripoli? Ti. — Of Fczzan ? Fn.— Of Egypt? Co. ~ Of Nubia ! N.-Da. — Of Foota Jalloii ? To. — Of Ashanteo ? Cc. — Of Dali(iriu\v ? Ay. — Of Benin ? Bn. — Of Kaarta ? Ko. — OfTimbuctoo? "To. — Of Bambarra ? So. — Of Houssa ? So.— OfYarriba? £■> — Of Bornou ? Bu. — Of Bergoo ? Wa. — OfDar- fur? Co. — Of iuirdofan? It.— Of Abyssinia? Or. — Of Congo? S.-Sr. — Of Ang<.:i? S.-P.-Lo. — Of Bcngucla ? S.-F.-Ba. — Of Ca. zcmbe? Ce. — Oi Monomotapa? Zo. — Of Mozambique ? Of Capo Colony ? C. Tn. — Of Imcrina ? Tu. What parts of Afriea are crossed by the Tropic of Cancer 1 G. Dt, Et. What parts by the l-^uator ? L.-Ga., Ea., Zr. What parts by the Tropic of Capricon. ? Hs., D.-Cb., Bs., Mo. In what Zone is Africa mostly ? Td. In what Zone is that part of it north of the Tropic of Cancer 7 N. Te. In what Zone is that part of it south of the Tropic of Capricorn ? S. To. Africa comprises about 37 degrees of North Latitude, and 35 degrees of South Latitude. In what Latitude then is it mostly situated ? N.-Le. Africa comprises more than 50 degrees of East Longitude, and about 1 8 degrees of West Longitude. In what Longitude is it then mostly 7 E.-Le. 54 MAP NO. 16. — OCEANICA. Which arc the three grand divisions of Oceanica? Mu., Aa.| Pa. BRCISBS. braf il iiy thr outlets of rivers. 1(1 (iilici' ^rcat strvaiiiB, Imvu 'the notlii of Africa ? ] the H'll Sen ? Nn. f Capricorn .' Ch. G..Dt. 1 : nw(! t .^ugh extremely hot, 1 jntaina a number of fertile iUu). ; n., Tt., As., Bli., Ty. ;l»:y ' Aa.,Sh.,E.-Dl.,E.-Kh. Desert called 7 Sa. [o. — Of Algiers? AI. — Of Fczznn ? Fn. — Of Egypt ? iiUoii > To. — Of Ashanteo ? Bn. — Of Kaarta ? Ko. — So.— Of Houssa? So.— •OfBcrgoo? Wa. — OfDar. byssinia ? Gr. — Of Congo ? nguela ? S.-F. -Ba. — Of Ca. - Of Mozambique ? Of Capo Tropic of Cancer ? G. Dt., Et. Eu., Zr. .? Hs., D..Cb., Bs„ Mo. ho Tropic of Cancer 7 N. Te. le Tropic of Capricorn 7 S. To. forth Latitude, and 35 degrees 1 is it mostly situated ? N.-Le. I of East Longitude, and about ; Longitude is it then mostly 7 :EANICA. f Oceanica 7 Ma., Aa., Pa. GROGRAPIIICAL EXERCISES. Which is the Inrgcst division of Oceanica ? Pa. Which is the smallest division of Oceanica ? Ma. What three considerable Islands does the Equator pass throiigh in Malaysia l Sa., Ho., C's. What Island lies south-cast of Sumatra ? Ja. What five Islands enst of Java? By., Sa., Ja., Fs., Tr. What Islands c;-'. "I" C'-lebcs ? Se. Wliat Islands oast of the China Sea ? Pe. Which are the two largest ol the Philippine Islands ? Ln., Mo. What Strait separates Sumatra from Malacca ? Ma. What Strait separates Sumatra from Java ? Sa. American vessels grncrallv pass through the Straits of Sunda on going to or returning from China. What Strait between Borneo and Celebes ? Mr. What Islonds between Borneo and IMindanas ? So. What Mountain in Sumatra directly under the Equator 7 Or. Which is the largest Island of Australasia ? Aa. What are its divisions ? N.-Hd. and N.-S.-Ws. What Colony on the south-cast coast of Australia ? B.-By. What Colony on the west coast ? S.-Rr. Whut Island south of Australia ? V.-D.-Ld. What Strait separates Australia friiii Van Diemen's Land ? Bs. What Strait separates Australia from Papua or New Guinea? Ts. What two Gulfs on opposite sides of Australia ? Ca., Ss. Which is the principal River in Australia? My. Which are the principal 3Iountains in Australia? Be., Bs. Which is its principal town ? Sy. What What Bn., Lc. What What What What What Zealand What large Island north of Australia 7 Pa. or N.-Ga. Islands north-east of Australia 7 S.-Ao., N.-Ga., N.-Id., N Islands east of Australia ? N.-Hs., N.-Ca., Nk. Sea between Australia and New Hebrides 7 CI. Islands south-east of Australia ? N.-Zd. Strait between the two largest Islands of New Zealand ? Cs. Strait between the middle and southernmost Island of New ? Fx. Bays in the northern part of New Zealand 7 Is., Py. 7a UEOGRAI'IIICAL EXBKCISKS. i ) '5 , Wliicli Arcl i iclago of Polynuuiu docs tlio K(|uator puss tliruiigli ! CI. Whicli arc the priiici|>al ArcliijH'tugncs and luluiids of I'olyiicaia iiurtli of tlu! Krjuator / AIh.-A., As.-A., (^u., Lc, Sli., Aii. Wliat Arclii|iclugo iicN on tlic 14()th meridian of Longitude went from Greenwich ? Ma. WImt groups of IshiudA dues it contain 7 Wn., M». Wliich arc the principal Islando cast of the 100th meridian of Longi- tude west from Greenwich, and south of Uio Equator ? By., Go., Cm., Al., Ps., Pu., Gr. P..W8., K..G8. Which arc tlic principal Islands that lie west of the ICOth meridian of Longitude west from Greenwich, and south of tJio Etiuator ? Nf., Fy., Fe., Hi., Fa., Ko. Which is the most northern Island of Polynesia ? Ms. Which are the most southern Isles of Polynesia ? Kc. Which is the most coKtern Island of Polynesia ? Er. Which are the most western Islands of Polynesia ? S.-As. The most important group of Islands l)eloriging to Polynesia is on the 20th parallel of iVorth Latitude. Which is il ? Sh. Which is the principal of the Sandwich Islands ? Hi. or Oe. What high Mountain is on the Island of Hawaii ond ita heiirht ' M..Rh. * What distinguished personage was killed here in the vear 1779 ? C. Ck. What Tropic crosses the northern part of Oceanica ? Cr. What Tropic crosses the southern part 7 On. What great Circle crosses the central or middle part ? Er. In what Zone is the northern part of Oceanica .' N.-Te. In what Zone is the middle parts 7 Td. In what Zone is the southern part 7 S.-To. Oceanica comprises .50 decree- ; South Latitude, and 40 North Lati- tude. In what Latitude then is it n:ostly 7 Sh. Oceanica comprises about 8.5 degrees of coat and 72 of west Longi- tude from Greenwich. In what Longitude then is it mostly 7 Et. m >p»iiiii , i II "- ilKCISKS. K(|Uiitor piiHs tliruii;;!! ' CI. itl luluiuls of I'olyiiL'Hia iiortli Sh., All. Idian of Loi)(ritudo we«l <'rom ' Wn.,M8, .ho 100th meridian of Longi- iio I'^quator ? By., Un., Cm., west of the 1 COth meridian outli of tlio Elyncsia ? Ms. •lynegia? Kc. ' « yiicsia ? Er. < Polynesia ? S.-As. elonging to Polynesia ia on ;!i is ii ? ah. Islands ? Hi. or Oe. of Hawaii and its height' ed here in the year 1779 7 ' Oceanica ? Cr. On. middle part 7 Er. canica7 N.-Tc. Tc. Latitude, and 40 North l^ati- ' east and 7i2 of west Longi- St.. DB3CRIPTIVE GEOORArilY. PART SECOND. 77 DESCRIPTIVE G! ^GUAPIIY. Figure and Population of the Earth. 50 1. The Earth is a vast glote or spherical body similar to a solid ball. Its entire surl'acc is about 200 millions of square rnilcs, of which one-fourth or 50 millions of square miles is land, and the remaining three-fourths are covered with water. 2. Ignorant people suppose ihc earth to be a flat body, bounded on all sides by the sea and sky. More attentive observers were, however, ^ong Qgo persuaded that it is a globe or sphere, similar in form to a ball or apple. 3. Various circumstances render it evident that the earth must be a body round in every direction ; of which one of the 1. What is the earth? What is its entire surface? How much is land 7 How niucli is water 7 3. What do ignorant people suppose the earth to be 7 Of what were more attentive observers persuaded 7 X What is one of the most striking proofs that the earth is round in •fill '■ri 78 DESCRU'TIVE OKOGRAPllV. f t M moat «triking proofs is ihnt fumislu-fl by nn col ipse of tho ,n,.on, which lakes plaff in consrimcimo of tliu cnrlh <;oinmj^ bt^tworn tlio sun aiul tho mo..ii, i.imI .•iiusiii',' th« circiilur shaiiow of tliu cartli t<. 1h; thrown on the liitl-r hody. 4. If thfl earth, instead of being ronn.l in ull .lirrclions. was m.'rcly a rireulur Ihit lH,c)y like thn top of u ronn.l l.l.lo. ll.e h md^nv thrown from it on tl.o moon wouid at one time or other prenent tho «p|K!an.m.o of an o"«l. of a «tr...Kht lin. , or .on.c other figure d.lVcrent trom that which it hiJ ulwuyM htin found to asHunie. 5. Saiiiii« round the worhl is another i>ro..f of its giolmlnr form. It is well known that niivi^iitorg, by Icuving any sea- port, I'hih.del|)hia lor instance, and sailing as nearly east or west from it us the lijrni of the ditlerent contnients will jwr. mit, may go round the world and reiiirn to the place they loll in a direction opposite to that from which they started. 6. To fail round tlio world is called firrumniivigatinR it, and was first accomplished by M.iK.dlan, a Portnj-i.eHo navigator, "'"f" '''""; three hundred years ngo. It was for a long tunc eoi.Hidercd a gant undcrtakinir, hut it has been of 1 ite years bo otlcn performed, that it W not now thouglit to bo an enterpriiie of any impottancc. 57 7. When a ship comes from sea towards tho land, wo first aet sight of the to|)s of the masts and rigging ; as slie advan- ces nearer, the lower parts are seen ; and at last the hull, or body of the vessel, come s distinctly into view. II the earth was not spherical, the hull would be the first part seen. 8. A i)crf.on i-uilimr to the southern parts of the earth, (H^rocives that tho sun apirears more and more to come directly over him at noon, which nt length actually happens ; and after he has parsed the Iviuator he Hun begins to appear to the northward, and will go farther and farther in that direction as he advances south. , !). New stars will also come into view in the southern horizon, while those in the northern parts will (fraduuUy disappear. These circum- stances could not possibly happen if the earth were a flat tody, whereas every direction ? 4. If the earth was a circular flat body what apixiar. ance would its shadow present? 5. What in another proot o» its Blobiilar form? How must navigators sail to go round the woriur 6. What is it called ? Who was tho first that did it? VN hat was U for a long time considered ? 7. What do we first get sight of when a ship comes to sen ? What at last comes distinctly into view ? 8. What will a personsailing to tho south perceive ? After ho has passed the Equator, what will begin to appear? !). What will coino into view . 01 b( d SI 3; ti ai li f tl a t 8 c \ c t 1 c I 1 li liy an eclipso of tlio trv. of till- wirtli <'()iniii;^ iimsiii^ thiiiMic) navigator, morn than ong liiiio coimidured a (rrcat ISO otlvn iiirformcd, that it i» y iiiipottancc. towards the land, we first nil riifging ; as sheadvan- ; and at last the hull, or f into view. If the earth J the first part seen. ta of till) tartli, (M;ri;civt's that rcctly over liitn at noon, wliirh J has |>aH8cd thu FViiiafor, (he id will ^o farther and (iirther in the southern liorizon, while ly disappear. These circum- iirtii were a flat Ixidy, wlicrcaa lirciiiar flat body what ap[H>ar. Vliat in another proof of ita sail to fro round the world 7 t that did it ? What was it i we fifKt get sight of when a istinctly into view ? 8. What e 7 After )ic Iibh passed tho What will eonio into view 7 Ship ciiininR IVain flea. on the 8up|)osition that it ia spherical, they all apjK-ar Himplo and pro- bable. 10. The inhabitants of the earth amount to al)out eij/ht linn- drcd millions, and if they were equally distriliuted. every S(|uarc mile of land would contain 16 liuman brines 11. On an averaf^c, a generation of men is supposed to exist about 33 years. Some individuals live more than twiee, and a very few tliree times that period ; but the estimate is that 8(10 millions of human beiiirrs are born and die every 33 years; being at the rate of almost 25 mil- lions a year, 6(3,000 every day, 2700 every hour, and 45 every minute. 12. The creation of tho world, according to the Injok of ( lenesis, took place near 6,000 years ago, so that supposing the average duration of life to have been always the same, alx)iit 175 generations of men would have existed since that time. 13, In tho early ages of tho cnrth, however, tho duration of life was greater than at present; therefore, it is probable that a smaller number of generations of men must have existed than according to tlio abovo calculations. What could not possibly happen t 10. How many Inhabitants'aro (hero on the earth 7 Suppose they were equally distributed, what would be tho effect 7 11. How long on an overage does a generation of men exist 7 How many are born and din every thirty-three years ? How iqlMiy dio every year 7 Everyday? Every hour 7 Every minute 7 13. How long has tho world been created 7 How many generations are sunposcd to have lived since that time 7 1.3. When was the duration of li:;: f^'cutor w^ I I '«! UBSCBIl'TIVE OEOGBAPIIY. 80 14. Tlio world rnnipriscs five (zreal divisions, viz: Amen- ca, Kiiropt-, Asia, Arrica, and (V.-anicii , these am cnoh subdivided into various Hiiii.in.si, lvin«doms, Uopublics, Aic. 15. America in a gront .oiUln.nl, entirely i.0|mrnt.Ml (Vcn. the other parti of ti.e cnrtii. It is olkn tallu.l tl.o New World, und alio tl.« Woitcrn continent. 16. Europe M the BmallcHt .)f the five grand divi.ioni.yct it contaiiii the most powerful nationM in the worlil. 17 Asia is tho largest divis-ion of tlio Globe, and coinnrises mor« than one Imlf of tho Euslorn continent. It is tlio most populous quarter of tho earth. 18. Africa is a great jicninnila, united to Asia by tho isthmu* of Suox. It is tho least known of any of tho great divisions of tho earth. 19. Oreanica comprises the various groups of Islands situated in th« Pacific t)ccau between tho ICastcrn and Western continents. 20. or tlic population of the earth, 400 millions belong to tho Euroiienn or Caucasian race;, 280 millions to the Asiatic or Mongolian race, 00 millions to tho African or Negro rai^e, 20 millions to the Malay race, and 10 millions to the America i race. Anterica Europe . Asia • . • • Africa • ■ Occanica SquareMlIrK is^o'.dooj 3,500,000; 16,000,000 11,000,000 4,500,900 ■■npiilstinn. 45,000/)00 •i30,000,000 450,000,000 57,000,000 18,000,000 50,000,000 800,000,000 1* Northern Ocean | Pacific do. Atlantic do. Indian do. Souttiern do. Siiunro Milc'R. "einooiooo 77.000,000 34,000,000 20,000,000 13,000,000 {150,000,000 tlmn at present ? 1 4. What does tho world comprise 7 What are they 7 15. What is America? 16. What is Europe 7 17. What is Asia? 18. What is Africa? 19. What does Occanica comprise 7 20. Of the population of tho earth, how many belong to tho European race 7 The Asiatic 7 Tho African 7 The Malay 7 Tho American 7 Tell from the tabic the number of square milos and population in America. In Europe. In Asia. In Africo. In Oceanica. Tell the extent in iquwikniles of tho Northern Ocean. Tho Pacific. The Atlantic. TholtSian. The Soutliern. th te w th P' I'l ri ol iti n: di n ol 2' IRAPIIY. at divisions, viz : Aincri- •caiiicii , these am cnoh ij{(loms, Itopiiblics, iic. cly KopflrntiMl (Vmii the other New World, nnd ul»o tli« rand diviaioni, yet it containi Globe, and comnriM* mora It in tlio most populoui quarter d to Aula by the isthintw of o grcttt divisions of the earth, lups o( Islands situated in th« Vusiorn contimmts. til, 4U0 millions belong to !H0 millions to the Asiatic be ACricnn or Negro race, U millions to the America i I' Northern Ocean | Pacific do. Atlantic do. Indian do. SouUicrn do. Si|unro MilcB, "c/iooiooo 77.000,000 34,000,000 20,000,000 13,000,000 1 150,000,000 Id comprise 7 What are they 7 Europe? 17. What is Asia? Oceanica comprise ? 20. Of belong to the Euro|M;an race 7 aluy? The Anioricttn ? Tell lo8 and population in America. OceanicB. Tell the extent in Tho rauific. The Atlantic. 21. America is an extensive continent, comprising one of tho grand divisions of the globe. It contains aliout ll. roe- tenths of the dry land on the surface of tho earth, ami is washed on all sides by vast oceans. 22. Its climate is various, embracing that of every Zo ic ; tho torrid, the trmjTerato on both sides of the equator, ind part of the frigid. It is said to be colder, generally, than in places in the same latitude in other parts of the world. 23. This continent is distinguished for the variety nnd richness cf its vegetable productions, the number of its mines' of gold, sflver, and precious stones, and for the frc.'odom of its political institutions. 24. The inhabitants aro supposed to amount to cbout 45 millions, of whom 19 millions aro white, 10 millions of In- dians, 8 millions of negroes, and 8 millions of the mixed races. 25. Tho whites ore chiefly Englisli in the North, and Spaniards in America, Q. — 21. What does America contain? 2Q. Wha|w*«id of the climate 7 23. For what is this continent distinguished 7 24. What ia the number of inhabitanU 7 85. What are the Whites 7 6 62 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. U, tlic South, with some French, Portuguese, Germans, Dutch, &c. The negroes arc Africans and tlieir descendants, who were purchased as slaves in their native country and brouglit liitlier from time to time. G. The aboriginal population consists of two distinct races ; the Esquiinaux* inhabiting the shores and islands of the Arctic regions, anil the cupper-colourcd Indians who are spread over the rest ol the continent. 7. America is frequently called the Western continent, from its extent, and also the New World 1, m its recent dis- covcry. It was unknown to the rest of mankind until the year 1492. It was at that time discovered by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy, who was the most skilful navigator of his age. 8. The great object which engaged the attention of the maritime nations of Europe, at that period, was b passage by sea to tlio East Indies. 9. The splierieal figure of the earth, wliieh Columbus understood, made him conceive the idea that the eastern parts of the world stretched so far towards Europe, that they might be readied in a moderate space of time by sailing westward. 1 0. The project of Columbus was generally regarded as so visionary, that it was only after many years of ardent solicitation, that Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, were at last induced to patronize his enterprise. 60 n. Ho was furnished by them with three small vessels and ninety men, and Icfl Palos, a port on the south of Spain, August 3d, 1493. On the 12lh of October following, ho discovered Guanahani Island, which he named St. Salvador. li. He visited at that time several of the adjacent Islands, and re- turned to Spain, wliere lie was received with the greatest honours. He made three other successful voyages of discovery, but was, notwith- standing, treated with gross injustice by those who were envious of the fame he had acquired. i I' ■ it: The Negroes? G. The Aboriginal population? 7. What is Amer- ica frequently called ? In what year was it discovered ? Who dis- covered it? 8. What great object engaged the attention of the nations of Europe at that period? 9. What idea did Columbus con- ceive? 10. Who patronized him? 11. What did they furnish hini with Wt When did he leave Spain ? When did ho discover Guanahani ? 12. What did he visit at that time ? How was he received in Spain ? * Esquimaux, Es-kc-ni6. GRAPHY. , Germans, Dutch, &c. The )ants,who were purchased as it liitlicr from time to time. a of two distinct races ; the Islands of tiic Arctic regions, B spread over tiic rest of tlic 1 the W' stern continent, tVorld 1. in its recent dis- L'st of mankind until the discovered by Christopher Italy, who was the most the attention of the maritime a passage hy sea to ti>c East which Columbus understood, em parts of the world stretched JO reaciicd in a moderate space crnlly regarded as so visionary, cnt solicitation, that Ferdinand verc at last induced to patronize :hrec small vessels and ninety th of Spain, August 3d, 1493. discovered Guanahani Island, ' the adjacent Islands, and rc- with the greatest honours. He }f discovery, but was, notwith- ' those who were envious of the jpulation? 7. What is Amcr- was it discovered 1 Wiio dis- engaged the attention of the Wliat idea did Ck)Iumbus cnn- 1. What did they furnish liini lien did lie discover Guanaliani ? low was he received in Spain ? Js-kc-nio. AMElltCA. 83 13. The discovery of Columbus excited aspiritof cntcrprifc unknown and unfclt iit any lime before, and drew numerous adventurers from all parts of Europe. M. In 1497, John Cabot, and his son Sebastian, natives of Venice, in the service of Henry VII. of England, discovered North America, and explored the coast from Newfoundland to Florida. 15. In 1499, Amcricus Vespucius, a native of I'lorcnce, visited South America. On his return to Europe, he jiublished the first account of tlic New World, of wliieh he claimed the original discovery, and thereby gave his name to the Western Continent. This however docs not lessen the glory which crowns the discovery of Culumbus, and which will de- scend with his memory to the most distant ages. 16. It was at first supposed that America was a part of tiie Eastern Continent ; tlic Islands first discovered received therefore the name of the West Indies, and tlic inhabitants that of Indians, which was after- wards extended to the natives of the whole country. 17. Much controversy has taken place on the origin of the inhabitants of the Now World : they were found in various stages of society, from the lowest savage state to that of a half-civilized people. The conclu- sion is, that they emigrated from the Enstern Continent, and that they reached America from the nearest points of North- Western Europe and North.Eastern Asia, but at what period is entirely unknown. 18. Several years elapsed before America was known to be a scpa- rate continent ; at length Balbao, a Spanish adventurer, ascended the nio'Mitains in tlic isthmus of Darien, and first saw the Pacific Ocean, 19. Tiie Western Continent is generally described under two grand divisions, viz : North America, and South America ; these are joined together by the isthmus of Darien. There is also a great collection of islands lying between the two continents, usually called the West Indies ; but by some it is also termed the Columbian Archipelago. What did he afterwards do ? How was ho treated? 13. What did the discovery of Columbus excite? 14. Who discovered North Amer- ica ? 15. Who published the first account of the New World ? After whom was it named ? What will descend to the most distant ages? 16. What was America supposed to be? What did the Islands first discovered receive? The inhabitants? 17. What has taken place on tlie origin of the inhabitants ? How wore they found ? What is tlio conclusion? 18. Who first saw the Pacific Ocean? 19. What are the divisions of the Western continent ? m ' S 1; i; :,.> 1 ,■ Vl/ 84 DESCRIPTIVE GBOGKAPHY. NORTH AMERICA. V^. I ' Ai North American Indians. 61 1. North America comprises the northern division of the Western Continent. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Isthmus of Darien, a distance of 4800 miles in length, and from 3200 to 2600 in breadth. 2. The Rivers, Lakes, Plains, and Mountains, of this continent, are all on a grand scale, and arc among the most remarliablc in the world. 3. The Mississippi and Missouri far surpasses, in length of course, the principal rivers of the eastern continent ; and Lake Superior is the largest body of fresh water known. It forms, with the great lakes witli which it is connected, a vast interior sea, affording a continuous navigation many hundreds of miles in extent. 4. The precious and useful metals and minerals, exist in North America in great abundance. Gold, silver, copper, and viii, are found in Mexico ; and gold, iron, lead, and coal, in the North America. Q. — l. What is North America? What is its extent? 2. What arc on a grand scale? 3. What is said of ils rivers and lakes ? 4. What exista in great abiindiincc ? What vi/ HAl'Hy. IICA. lians. e northern division of the n the Arctic Ocean to the 300 miles in length, and and Mountains, of this and arc among the most iirpnBSCS, in length of course, lit ; and Lake Superior Is the forms, with tlie great lakes >r sea, affording a continuous tent. Is and minerals, exist in Gold, silver, copper, and ron, lead, and coal, in the irth America? What is its Ic? 3. What is said of its I great abiindiinec ? What NORTH AMERICA. United States — \vhere the throe latter abound in such quanti- ties, that ngcs of the most active industry will not probably exhaust them. .■). Among tlie animals of North America, there arc several species not found in any otiier part of the world. The grizzly and barren ground licars are peculiar ; also the moose or elk, the wapiti, and the caribou or rein-deer. The buffalo, musk-ox, and rocky mountain sheep and goat, all differ from n.niinals of the same kind found elsewhere. Buflhlo. Rocky Mountain Sheep. 6. Various s|)ecies of birds abound ; of the rapacious kind, there arc eagles, vultures, hawks, falcons, «fcc. The bald-headed eagle is well known as being the chosen emblem of our own republic. The wild turkey is a native of this continent, and was introduced into Europe about 30 years after the discovery of America. Biild Englc. Pinna'.cd Grouse. 7. The highly esteemed canvas-back duck, the diminutive hum- Ml H abounds in the United States? 5. What is bquI of the animals of North America ? 6. What species of birds abound? What is said of tlie wild turkey, &c.? 7. What other birds are mentioned 7 m fli 86 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. ming.bird, tl.o wlup-poor-wiU, the bl.io jay, and th" '"°=^'"S ^' ^' "° uU confinea to this conthumt ; wliilc grouw, pheasants., &c., ot ditlcrcnt kinds, arc found in various parts, -ud arc liiglily esteemed tor tooa. Alligator. Rattle Siiake. 8 The alligator exists only in the southern section of the continent, beine seldom seen north of Louisiana and the Carolinas. The rattle- snake is peculiar to the New World ; it is formidable for the deadly venom of its bite, and comprises tivc or six different varieties. 9 The Indians and Esquimaux constitute tlic original inliabitants of thu country. Tlic Indians are usually tall, straight, and erect m form, of a dark coppcr-colour, with high cheek-bones and long coarse black hair ; wliile the Esquimaux are short ond stout m person, and ol a dirty reddish yellow complexion. The latter are lively and cheerful in disposition, and appear to be more social and domestic in their fiabits than sivages usually arc. 10. North America is politically divided into the Republics of the United States, Texas, Mexico, and Guatimala : these occupy the conti- nent south and west of tlic great lakes, while the northern parts com- prise the colonial territories of Great Britain and Russia. OBSERVATIONS CH THE QUESTIOWS. In bounding any country or ptate, let the learner tell what is on the north, what on the south, on tl.o east, and on the west. To the first question on the following page— How is Russian America bounded ? the answer will be, on the north by the Polar Sea, soutbby the Pocific Ocean, east by British America, and west by Bhering s istrait. In telling of Gulfs, Bays, or Sounds, say wliat countries they are in, or are siu-rounded by, and what Oceans they are connected with, thus: Baffin's Bay is bounded east by Greenland, west by Prmce William s Land, and leads into the Atlantic Ocean. 8 Of the alligator 7 9. Who comprise the original inhabitants of the country? What is said of the Indians? Of the Esqumiaux? 10. How is North America politically divided ? mmmmm RAPHY. 1(1 the mocking bird, arc , plicasants, Slc, of dillercnt iglily esteemed for food. Rattlu Snake. icrn section of the continent, d tlic Carolinas. The rattle- is formidablo for the deadly X different varieties, itute the original inhabitants y tall, straight, and erect in cheek-bones and long coarse Irt and stout in person, and of latter are lively and cheerful al and domestic in their habits ed into the Republics of the mala ; these occupy the conti- .■hilc the northern parts corn- tain and Russia. SE QUESTZONS. the learner tell what is on the I on the west. age — How is Russian America 1 by the Polar Sea, soutI> by the md west by Bhering's Strait, ly what countries they are in, they are connected with, thus : ind, west by Prince William's o the original inhabitants of dians I ,-idcd ? Of the Esquimaux 1 NORTH AMERICA. •87 Tell what Countries, or divisions, biraits separate, ond what Oceane, Bays, &c. they connect: thus, Blicring's Strait separates America fr jm Asia, and connects the Pacific and tht Arctic Oceans. Tell where Lakes are situated, and with ,vhat Rivcvs they .ire con- nected ; thus, Lukes Superior, Huron, Erie, aiid Ontario, ar? bt.wcen Canad>! and tlie United States, and flow into the St Lawrence RUer. Tell where Peninsulas arc situated, to what countrici they b'')ong, and what waters surround thern : thus, Novi Scotia is in liie soutliern part of British America; it has the Bay of Fundy and thj Gulf of St. Lawrence on the north, and the Atlantic Ocean on the south. Tell where Islands are situated, and their direction from the nearest Continent or other Ulands : thus, Cuba is in the AVes^t Indies ; it is south of the United States, east of Mexico, and north of .Vamaica. Tell wlicre Mountains arc situated, how they cx'.end, what countriea they separate, and what their length is : thus, the Rocky Mountains are in the western part of North America; they extend through Russian America, British America, the United States, and Mexico ; they sepa- rate in part the United States and British Amcrici, and arc 4,000 miles in length. Tell where Rivers rise, in what direction they flow, and where they empty : thus, the Mississippi River rises west of Lake Superior ; it flows southward through the United States, aiid empties into the Gulf of Mexico. USE OF THE SCALES. By means of the Scales of Miles, which ar-; attached to nearly all tl)e Maps, the learner may measure the length and breadth of Continents, Seas, Gulfs, &e. Thus, for example, take witli a pair of compasses, or the edge of a slip of paper, the length of the Scale of l.Iiles of Map No. 3, and measure with it from Smith's Bound to the southern ex- tremity of North America ; it will Ik; found to extend nearly five times the length of the scale, or about 4,800 mile-. On north latitude 40 de- grees, the breadth of the Continent is 3,600 riilcs ; on latitude 53 degrees, 3,000 n)iles, and from Nova Scotia to Porto Rico 1,800. These exercises will give variety to the studies, and impress on the mind of the pupil the length and breadth of countries and tlicir distances from each other. Sec, in a more decided manner than by any other method. By studying the Explanation on the Maps, the learner will under- stand how the Capitals of Countries, the population of the cities and towns, and the lengths of the rivers, arc represented. 62 Map No. 3. — How is Russian America bounded ? British Amcricii bounded ? Capital ? United States bounded ? Capit •! ? Texas bound- ed ? Capital? Mexico bounded? Capital? Gui.timala bounded? Capital? Balize bounded ? Capital/ How is North America bounded 7 { \ 88 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Where is Coronation Gulf? G. of nootl.ia? G. of St. Lawrence? WelcoineG.? G. ofGeorgia? G. of Culiforniii ? (i. of Mexico? G. of Tcliuuntepec ? What is a Gulf or Bay ? 24, page 13. Wiicrc is Bristol Bay ^ Melville B. ? Hudson's B. ? Musqnito B. ? UnuavaB.? James' B.? B. of Sir Franeis Drake ? B. of Fumly 7 Delaware B.? Chesapeake B. ? Tampa B. ? B.of Campeclic ? B.ot Honduras 7 B. of- Guatimala ? * Whcrs is Norton's Sound? Prince William's S.7 Smith's S.7 Lancaster S. ? Davy's S.7 Quccu Charlotte's S.? Albemarle h,? What is a Sound 7 26, pr.ge 12. Cumberland S.? Fro- Gut or S. of Canseau 7 Whore is Bhering'st Strait? Davis' S. 7 bisher's S. 7 H\id8on'sS.7 S. of Bcllisle 7 t Claaset's S. ? How wide is Bhering's S. 7 What la a Strait? 25, page 12. Where is Great Bear Lake? Great Slave L.7 Athabasca L.7 'Vinnipeg L.7 L. SupiTu.r? L.Huron? L.Michigan 7 L. Erie? L. Ontario 7 L.Chapala?^ L. Nicaragua? |1 What are the lengths of the four first and of tlie last Lake 7 What is a Lake 7 29, page 12. Where is the Peninsula of Alaska ? Melville ? Scotia? Florida? Yucatan? California? What is a Peninsula 7 54, page 16. Greenland 7 Nova Where is Cape Prince of Wales 7 C. Bathurst 7 C. Brewster ? C. Farewell? C. St. Lewis? C. Race? C. Sable? N. S. C. Cod? C. Hatteras? C, Sable 7 Fa. C. St. Antonio? C. Gracias & Dios? C. Mendocino? C. Morro Hermoso? C. St Lucas? C. Gotda? Point De Witt Clinton? P. Bcechey ? P. Barrow? Capes are fre- quently called Points. What is t '^ape or Point ? 57, page 16. Where is Nu- ,ivack Island 7 KodiakL? SitohaL? Qupcn Char- lotte's I. 7 V' oouver's 1. 7 North Georgian Islands 7 Southampton I.V Disco 1.7 Newfoundland L? Anticosti 1.? Prince Edward's 1.7 Cape Breton 1.7 Bermudas Islands? Bahama Islands? The West Indies? Cuba? Hayti ? Jamaica? Porto Rico ? The last four are called the Great Antilles. Where are the Caribbee Islands ? Where is Curacoa? Margarita? Buen Ayn ' Oruba? Torluga? Orchilla? The'last six are callud the Little Antilles. What are Islands ? 56, page 16. * Gmliinn'a, Gwa-temah'-la. + niirrmg's. Bo-rings'. } BeUide, Bel-iitt'. 5 Chapaia, Sha'-pa-la. II Nicaraeva, Nic-ar-aw'-guo. RAPHY. tliia ? G. of St. Lawrence ? forniii? (i. nf Mexico? G. ? 24, page 13. rludson's B. ? Musqnito B. ? icis Drake ? B. of Fumly ? t. ? B-ofCampeclic? B.of Villiam's S.7 Smitli's S.7 irloUe's S.? Albemarle S,? S.? Cumberland S.? Fro- Gut or S. of Canseau / Slave L.? Athabasca L.? 1 ? L. Michigan ? L. Erie ? a ? II What are the lengths of [elville ? Greenland ? Nova n? Bathurst ? C. Brewster ? C. C. Sable ? N. S. C. Cod ? ntonio? C. Gracias h Dios? C. St Lucas? C. Got da? P. Barrow ? Capes are fre- 6. I.? SiuliaL? QuPcnChar- irgian Islands ? Southampton iticosti 1.? Prince Edward's lis? Bahama Islands? The ica ? Porto Rico ? The last ;re are tlie Caribbec Islands ? 1 Ayrc ' Oruba? Torluga? ttlc Antilles. •s, Bc-rings'. t Dettide, Bel41«'. ?{ic-ar-aw'-gua. RUSSIAN AMERICA. 89 03 Where arc the Rocky Mountains ? and what is their Icngtli? Wiicre ore the Snowy Mts. ? AUoghany Mts. ? and their length ? Where aro the Arctic Highlands ? Tliu Mexican Cordilleras I Where is Mount St. Elias ? Mt. Brown .' Mt. Hooker ! Tell the heights of tho three last Mountains. Where is Long's Peak ? Spanish P. f Popocatepetl*? Tlie Water Volcano? Cosiguina ? Tho three last aro Volcanos. What is a Volcano ? 63, page 17. Where is Mackenzie's River? Great Fish R.? Churchill R.? Nelson R.? St. Lawrence R.? Frazer's R. ? Columbia R.? Colo- rado R.? Rio del Norte? Brazos R. ? Mississippi R.? Give tho lengths of all these rivers, and the i)arts of the Ocean into which they How. What is a River ( 34, page 13. What stream do you observe extending along the east coast of tho United States from Florida to the Grand Dank of Newfoundland ? Gf Sin. This is a remurUabli- current in tho Atlantic Ocean, wliieh runs where it is nanowest at the rale of 5 miles an hour, lessi ning in ra- pidity aa it (lows north. Tlie water is warmer in the (iulf Stream than in the adjacent parts of the Ocean, and of a diti'ercut colour also; so that sailors know wlien they come within Um limits. How many milr ; is it from Labrador to Russia? To Denmark 7 From Van- uver k Island to Mongolia? From Califuriiin »'• t'orea? To Thiltcl To llindoostan ' From the United Statt s to Greece ? From the Bermudas to Madeira? From the United States to Egypt? From Guatimala to Ilinuoostan? Which are the eight largest Cities in Nortli America ? The popula- tion of these is 80,000 and upwards. Bn., N.-Yk., Pa., Be., N.-Os., There 'are six Cities that contain between 40,000 and 80,000 inliabi- tants each ; which are they ? Ml., Ci„ S.-L.-Pi., fio-. ^a^' ''v-''!^-„nn • There are fourteen Cities that contain bctv.cen 20,000 and 40,000 in- habitants each ; which are they ? Qe., Ay. Pg., Lc, Cn.//s., Do., Vd., N..Ga., Ln., Co., S.-Jo., Kn., S.-Js. What is a City ? 202, page 39. e* RUSSIAN AMERICA. 1. RuasiANf Ameri.-a .. -^v -.ses that part of the Conti- nent lyin uuliuii Islanders, (1 to tt great distance west- arc inhabited by a race of A^hich contain each from 50 LimcrouH apartments, which, eflcctually from tlie weatlier, .inerica on the north ? Pr. — untry on the cast ? B.-Aa. — — The most western Cape? 1. — What two MouBtains in land is Nqw Archangel situ- : desolate and barren re- fit most perpetual winter summer of a few weeks' f inhabited ? 2. What have How do thov trade with the rd from Alaslia? By whom /hat do they contain ? How I ? To what po\7er does it lan. GI^EK.\^AND, AND bUITlSH AMFUtC A. 91 (kirnlion. Tlu3 wliolo region is cluimcd by Diiimaik, which has fonoed some small .ic'ttlcmcnts along the w.wf.;rn coast. i> Several of ti.eso are also Moruviun miHaioiiary stulioi t, where tlio inhabitants imve been in some measure converted Irom llieir ignorHUce and suiH^rstition.and partly CMh^-htcned by the docf.rmes of Chni.tianity. X In the Northern i.art of Greenland, Captam Ross , iscovercd a district which he named the Arctic Ilighlunds. The inhabitants, who h:id novel before «ecn an EuroiH)an, were sci/ed with the utmost anto- ..ishment. cnixicially at the ships, which they at first imagined to bo husrc birds with wings. . , , , r ...a 4 The eliffs on tlie const present the remarkable phenomenon ot rtU snow, the nature and origin of wliieh has excited much controversy among the learned in Europe. Map JVo. 3. — What Bay boundn (Jrecnland on the west? B^.— What Ocean on Iho east? Ac. — What is its southern Cap ! ti- — Wliat missionary stations on the west coast? Hg.,Si.., K.-lii., i-h., J"., I,u. - Wliat land on the east coast ? Ss. - Docs the largest or smallest part of Orecnland lie north of the Arctic circle ? Lt. — What /one then is it in ? N.-Fd. BRITISH AMERICA. 1. British America comprises the whole of the American continent lying north of the United States, with the exception of the extreme north-western portion, which is clamied by Russia. It is a region of vast extent, being equal in area '.o the whole of the form r country. 2. Its divisions are New Britain, Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, together with the Island of New- foundland. About one-tenth part only of these territories is as yet settled by a civilized population. 3. The climate of British America is very sev(;re, much exceeding what is fell under the same latitude m the Old Con- tinent. Even the southern sections are covered with ice and snow for five or six months in the year ; and in the northern parts of the country the winter is almost perpetual. 4. The lakes which form a portio._ of the boundary hne betwecu belonff •' 2. What arc scvcral'^e" ettleraePls ? Of the inhabitanta 7 3. What did Captain Koss discover? V/hat did the nat.ves un.-vgme respecting the sllips of their vbitcrs ? 4. What do the chlTs on the coast present? , British America. Q.-l. What docs BH'i^I' A'Trer.ca comprise ? 2. What are its divisions' 3. Of the dunato ? 4. Iho UKcs ? I' \ 111 1* if It'll fll ' ; 'i , i; t , Ik ■ j • ' 1 M DliSCail'TIVE GUOGHAPHY. 1" tliix tcrrilorv una the f m.', .! Htnlrs, urc on ii Rrcnlrr sralc than in any olhir piirl of (!i(^ wr'\<\. '1 iirsc form n viist iiiiiind hi n "l" IVohIi ^> nlpr, wliicli ii* iiuviKal>io li)r vi-hhcIh of the lar(rcHl Imrlhcn, ancl i» Im . rstd by u numlxT of ntiain-boatH, Hliips, A,t., ill ulinout tvcry direction. mk-Mm TJio White or Croat Pnlar Bear. M»f>i Ox. r>. Tlio Wliitc near, Munk 0.\, Caribou nr American Rcin-Dcer, and other nnimalfl, nlioimd in nil iho nortlurii p.irtx of lliis ri|i;ion, nndsiip- |ily the inlmbitants with llir cliii'f parlo. fhrir lolliiiifr and food, bosidca fiiniishinK the Hkins whicii arc bartered willi the tradirn nl'tlK' Hudson's Hay Company for the viirioiis niaiiufuctiirrd iiiliclc« wliiidi h^ivc beoonio essential to the comfort and even cxisliiicr of the Indiniis. G, Each province of Uritish Anicriea liaa u governor and council, wpimintcd by the Sovereign of Great itritnin,* anil ii liouse of Commons or ReprCHentutivcB chosen by the pceple. The whole territory, however, is under the control of a Governor (uiicral, who rcsidea at Qui her. 7. Canada was originally settled by the Fr.nch, but fell into the hands of the EngliBli in ennsequencc of tlic victory gained near Quebec, in 1759, by General Wolfe. a Since that period the trade and population of these provinces have greatly increased, and they have likewise enjoyed a considerable degree ol prosperity, but owing to various unpopular acts of goverimient, much discontent has been of late evinced by the (jeople, espeeiully in Cannd.i. Map No. 3.— What bounds Uritish America on the North ? P.-Su. — On the West? H.-Aa. — South ? U.-Ss.— Kast? A-On. — What separates it from Greenland? D.-Hy. — In what continent is British America ? Wn. — What circle extends through the Norih part ! Ac. — In what Zone is that part of it wliich lies north of the Arctic circle? N.-Fd. — In what Zone is the southern part? N.-Tc — In what latitude is British America? N.-Lc. — In what longitude from Greenwich ? W.-Le. What do they form ? 5. W^Jiat animals abound ? 6. What is said of the provinces of British America ? 7. By what people was Canada first settled ? 8. What has taken place since ? What has been enjoyed 7 E vinced ? ___________ * Britain, Brit'-in. RArHY. n irrcnlrr scale than in any I iiiiiind HI n "l" IVphIi >' i'''''. 4l liurtlun, and i» Inc .crscd ulinosi every iliructiuit. or American Rcin-Dccr, nnil (jarU nC lliis redinn, andsiip- irir .-jdlliiiif; ami Ibcil, bfsidca litlie trmlrra nrtlic Hudson's I iiiliclcs wliicli li'ivc becomo of ihc Indiniia. iiiH a governor and council, II,* and 11 house of Commonu riii; wlioli' territory, liowover, I, wlio resides at Qn< her. 10 Fri.neh, but fell into the victory gained near Quebec, ition of these provinces have njoycd a conf.iderablo dci^roo ar acts of governnient, much people, C'speeiully in Canndii. !rica on the North 7 P..Sa. Ss, — Kast ? A..<)n. ~ What In what continent is British irouEfh the North part ? Ac, cli lies north of the Arctic outhcrn part ? N.-Tc. ~ In 3. — In what longitude from aboimd ? 6. What is said By what people was Canado e ? What has been enjoyed 7 NKW imiTAIN. 07 NKW BRITAIN. 1. New nritniii rnni|iiises tlmt imrt of Uritish America situalnl north of tho CuikkIus iind the United Htatcs. It con- tains more tliun tliree-fourtlis of tin; whole of tlu; Jlrilish pos. sessions, and is divided hy Hudson's JJay into two unwinul [lorlions. y. The only trade in this region is I wiiirh, the Hudson's Bay Company l> tradini.;-houacs in varions quari' Hay wcstwiud, to the shores ol ward almost to thtj Arctic Ocean consequence ollen called tiic Hudson of furs, to facilitntfl iblishcd forts and •m Hudson's the north- rcjiion is in ajy Territory. Iloavcr. Raccoon. 3 Tho Benvcr, Raccoon, Muskrat, and other animals, arc eagerly hunted for ti. furs; tho exports of which have amounted m son e year* to upwards of .. million of dollars from the port of Quebec alone. 4 Tho coast ot Labrador, and the whole of the northern shores ot this recion, from Greenla.id westward to Bhcring's Strait, is inhabited by the Esquimaux, a race of savages diftering essentially from Uio Indians, in form, disposition, and complexion. ,, . 5. Among these people on the coast of Labradrir, c Moray-an Missionaries have established the settlements of Nan., Okkak, Hopcdole, &c., and have partially improved thei/ habits and condition. Map No. 3.— What territory liesalo.ig the east coast 7 Lr.^ - On the east sfde of Hudson's Bay ^ 'e-Mo. - On the w^st side ? N .-N.-Ws. N.-S.-Ws. — On tho coast of Ba ffin's E >y ? P.-W. Ld. — West ot the New Britain. Q. — 1. What docs New Britain emprise ? .2. What trade has it? What company has established ibrts in various quarters ? 3 What animals are hunted for their furs? 4. What peopl. inliabit the coast of Labrador and the Northern shorct ! 6. What have tho Missionaries established ? 1 fi7;.-S-!H*i'---' 04 DESCRIPTIVB UEOUKAI'IIV. (iulf of noolliia 7 H.-Fx. — Kant of IlutlnirHl Inlet f W.-^.-Ltl. — WIkiI largu Hiiy in New Uritiiin ? IIh. — Hnw limif nnd wide is il ? — Hctwcrn Now llritaiii and (irctidiind ^ IIm. — lluw wide \» it ' ~ Nuuic lliu I'mir InrK' Hi I.aki'H in New Ilritiiin ? (J.-ltr., (J..S.>., Aa., Wg. — Tlio K'lijjtii of oucli / — W'lint lar^rc rivcr Howh into tlir I'olar Sun t Mh — Itu lenclli ■' — What two , utTH How into luko AllinliiiBtM t I'f., Au.— Tlitir TrngtIiH ''■ — Wliul riv(;r tlowB into I.ukc Wituiipi g .' Sn. — \U Icnjrlh .' — What rivir ('onncttH I.aku VVinnii>cj( with liudHoiiV Iliy ' Nn. — Whirh nrn the principal forlH '. Rf., Kn., CI., Yk., Sn., Ay., .Mr. — Tho prim ipullndiaii tribes f Cr., I).-I{1>., Cs., Kx., Jl.-ht,, A^-. — Wiiat Mountains urc in Iho west part of Now Hrituin ? Ry. — 'I'lu ir IcnL'th / — Which arc the two highest f Un., llr. — The heiifht ui each ? 08 'M UPPER CANADA. 1. Uppeb Canada cxtctiils along tlic wliolo chain of the grrnt lakes almost to the western extremity ol" Luke Supe- rior. The clitnntc is generally healthy and salubrious. The summer heats crc more niaderate, and the winters shorter and less rigorous thtin in the Lower I'rovinccs. 2. The soil in the settled parts of the country is mostly very fertile, and yields obundant crops of grain, wheat, Indian corn., ;lax, &c. Tobacco is also cultivated in the south-western di.s^ricts. n. The most important canals in British America are in Upper Cantida ; these are the Ilidcau and the WcUand canals; the first extends from the IJtawas river to Kingston. The VVelland canal unites Lake Eric with Lake Ontario; both these works allow vessels of 125 tons burthen to pass througli. 4. In this province, on the Niagara river, which connects Lake Eric with Lake Ontario, is the Falls of Niagara, 1C5 feet high. Tliis is one of the most magnificent of Nature's works. The noise of the cataract is heard, and the cloud of vapour which rises from it is seen, at the dibtance of several miles. 5. Toronto and Kingston, on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, urc the two principal towns of Upiicr Canada. Toronto, the capital, is pleasantly situated on a bay of the same name j it is regularly laid out, and has a number of handsome buildings. G. Kingston is the principal British naval station on Lake Ontario; Upper Canada. Q. — 1. What is the extent of Upper Canada ? Of the climate ? 2. The soil ? What docs it yield / 3. Canals in Upper Canada ? 4. What great falls are in Upper Canada? How high are they ? 5. What is the Capital 7 6. The principal Drltiiih naval station 1 JIIAMIV. •Ht Inlets W..l.Ld. — Wlmt iijr mill wide is il ? — Hctwccii uw wide ia it ' — Niimi' lliu Hr., (i..S.>., All., Wjr. — Tlio I into the I'oliir Sin I Mh. — luku AllialKiBtM / IV., Au. — I.ukc Winiii|icft f Sii. — lu iiini|>cg with Uudsoii'H Iljy ' .... Kn., CI., Yk.,Sii., Av.,Mr. -Kli., Cs., Kx., ll..Ft., A. •f Now Hrituin / Ry. — 'I'liiir IJii., llr. — The htiiflit of VDA. g tlic wlioln clinin of tlic extremity ol" Lake (Supo- Itliy und sniubrious. Tlio ind the winters shorter and ivinccs. the country is mostly very of grain, whcnt, Indian livuted in the south-western in British America are in u and the WelUmd canals; river to Kingston. The h Lake Ontario; both these rtiicn to pass throiigli. vcr, wliich connects Lake Eric ra, 1G5 feet liigh. Tliis in one ks. The noise of tlic cataract rises from it in seen, at the icrn sliorc of Lake Ontario, arc adn. Toronto, the capital, is noino ; il ia regularly laid out, a. aval station un Lake Ontario ; extent of Upper Canada 7 Of locB it yield / 3, Canals in ire in Upper Canada? How al ? 6. The principal Drltiuh '> >-..„ , m, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 lfi|j£ 125 ■JO "^"' MBH ■^ 1^ 12.2 f[ it£ 12.0 yuu ^IJ4 FhotogiBphic Sciences Corporalion 23 WIST MAIN STRin WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) •73-4903 ;-,t^:a57;'*V,-i-v,'/:i;,,i^-1i;,-..:SiriW)i(taoaS ^-^»feWi,i-.j /^.,^.,-i: . CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVi/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical IVIicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Pulls of Niagara it has a fine harbour and a flourishing trade. Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara river, is a sniaU town with about 12000 inhabitants. Godcrich, on Lalie Huron, and London, on Thames river,* are the cliicf towns in tlie western part of llie province. Map No. 4. — Wiiat Inltes ">eparatc Upper Canada from the United States ! Oo., Ee., Hn., Sr. — What river, in part, from New Yorli ? S.-Le. — Wiiat river from Lower Canada ? Us. — What is llio eastern partof Lalce Huron called? Me. — What Isles in the north part? Mc. What Island in the western part of Lake Superior ? Re. — What is the length of Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and OnUrio ? - Gii Map No. 9, tell who was defeated on the River Thames, in 1814 ? Pr. — Who was killed there ? Th. He was a celebrated Indian chief. — On Map No. 7, tell what battles were fought in 1814 near the falls of Niagara ? F-Ee., Ca. 69 LOWER CANADA. 1 . Lower Canada cxtcnd.s on both sides of the St. Law- rence river, from its mouth to the river Utawas. The lower part of the province is rugged, cold and sterile ; but the upper portion is fertile, well watered, and more moderate in tem- perature. All sections have, however, the climate of Sweden, though in the latitude of France. 2. More than three-fourths of the inhabitants are of French origia ; they speak the French language, and are all Calho- Lower Canada. Q.—l. How far docs Lower Canada extend ? 2. How * 'name$, Tames. mn 96 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGIIAPHY. lies. The remainder nrc mostly natives of Great Britain and their descendants, who arc principally Protestants. 3. Education is much neglected, nnd llio chief part of the people are very ignorant. Tlic native French Canadians are called hahitans. They are gay in their dispositions, cour- teous and polite in tlicir manners, and strongly attached to their rcli- f'lon and native country. 4. Lower Canada produces wheat, Indian corn, and other grains com- mon to the northern parts of tha United States. The exporU are grain, flour, lumber, furs, pot and pearl .. , . ashes, &c. Canailian Ilabitans. City of Qupbec. 5 The city of Quebec is the capital of Lower Canada, and also of all British America ; it is very strongly fortified, and situated half m a plam along the River St. Lawrence, and the other half on a steep, perpendicu- lar rock, 350 feet high. These are called the upper and lower towns. 6. Montreal » is the commercial capital of Canada ; it is the centre of the fur trade, and of the commerce with the United States. The town of Three Rivers is the next in importance to Quebec and Montreal. William Henry, Chambly.t and St. Johns, arc small towns on the Sorelle } River. many of the inhabitants are of French origin ? What are the rest? 3. What is said of education ? The character of the t rench Canadiiin 7 4. Produce? Exports? 5. What is Quebec ? 6. Montreal ? Name the other Towns. • Montreal, Monl-rc-awl'. t Cliamhly, Shamb'-le. X Sorclte, Sor-el'. mAPHY. ves of Great Britain and y Protestants. icution is much neglected, chief part of the people are lorant. The native French US are called hahitans. They in their dispositions, cour- [id polite in their manners, )ngly attached to their rcli- 1 native country. ,vcr Canada produces wheat, corn, and other grains com- the nortliern parts of the states. The exports are grain, imber, furs, pot and pearl tc. NEW BRUNSWICK. 97 Lower Canada, and also of all ed, and situated half in a plain er half on a steep, perpendicu- the «■ hat pur. oL The first settler, of Dow England paid a very laudable atten- K^te this important subject ; and so early a. the year 1628, a luw wa. pasaed for tho education of every ch ild in tho colonic.. ployment of .team ? How many steamboats ? 14. What i.. aid of tho American. ? Of canals 7 15. ftail-roads ? 1 6. Of the United State. 7 Common school education 7 Scminarie. of learning 7 17. The ecncral AI'HV. 1 Wliale. 300 ttcamboaU hare been tv oxiit ; and the number of (I in itoainbontH, locomolive g pur|ioic8, in not Icsa than thcr nation* in the niimbor united length of the former liich, with ono or two cxcu|>- ty ycari. 1 the laiit ten jreara, amount I carriages arc propelled by m 30 to 30 miles an hour, uishcd for the general diflfu- iteraturo and science. The arc widely extended than in iimcrous seminaries of learn- B no universities and colleges rd States has done but littlo most of the states have mado funds set apart, for that pur- paid a very laudable atton- as the year 163d, a luw was 10 colonies. Is 7 14. What is said of the 16. Of the United States? learning 7 17. The general S^^aaaaaau- UNITED HTATE8. 101 76 18. There is no eslabliiihed rliurch in the United States, religion being led (u the vuluiitiiry choice of the {K'ople ; yet in all the well-Nvttlud parts of the Union, religious iniitruetioii and olwervantTs ore as liiitlilully dis. penned und iivrlbrmed as in any other country in the world. l!l. Tlie great body of tho ncopio are allaehcd to tJia various scctx beUingiug to tho Priitoatant Ihith : of tlieao the Hoiitists, MethodiBts, I'reiiliyteriuns, and l.utlieruns, iitand first ait to numbers. There am alw many Kotnan (^(liolics, Universalists, Unitarians, and Friends or (juukers. 30. Tho United States is a Fcoiiitcd hy the Prcsideiit, with tho advice and consent of tliu Senate, anid hold tlieir offices during life or good behaviour. 34. Tlie Executive power is vested in a President, wlio, together with the Vice-President, is chosen ibr fiMir years by electors from all the states. The princijNil subordinate otficers of the executive department are the Secretary of State, of tlie Treasury, of War, and of the Navy, tlie Post-Muster licneral, and tliu Atloriiey-tieneral. They are ull re- movable ut the will of tho President, and, with liie Vice President, form the Cabinet. 35. Tho inhabitants of tlie United States may be estimated at about sixteen and a hulf millions, of which the black or coloured raccb form one-sixth part, considered as The Indians number about 300,000, but arc not usually forming a part of tlio population of the Union. Government T Of the first settlers in New England 7 18. Fitablished Church? 19. To what are the great body of the people attached 7 What are they 7 30. What is the United States? 31. What is said of the government 7 S3. Of the legislative (lower 7 House of Represent- atives 7 Senate 7 33. 7'lie judicial power 7 34. Executive power 7 The subordinate officers 7 What do they form 1 35. What may the \V\ M fpiS in 104 DR8CRIPT1VB CEOOnAPHV. aC. Thii smouiil, ill |.r(iiH)rliim to tlir vast itrritory ovrr wincli it i» niinml, id mimll, roiii|iaml with tlic o|ml«. lion of nearly llirec inillionH of pBtriotic inhubiUnU be estimated at ? Tho blacks? Indiana? 26. How does it compare with tho (rapulation of aome European states ? 27. What were tho United Statce formerly? When did they take up arms? 28. Why were they incited to this ? 29. When and where did tho first battle take place? What did tlioy do on tho 4tli of July, 1776? 30. What is aaid of Groat Britain? Of General Washington? Tlw |r« tin |K.1 n tl d' n tl d a tl fl u APIIY. t( rritiiry ovrr wliicli it U IHijiuliilion iif noiiiv of tlio Ifinl till! iiihnliiliinU of (liu 1,000, it prCM'lltll tint IIIOHt iiid in tlio liiitory of man- nie* nr profinnck of Orrat ■>ii culomoH, will) ■ | arms III the niolhur country. Nliri! of Oroat Dritain, wlin coiincnt, and paaacd Yarious binit. I and the liriliith Irftofw, took 9th, 1775. On tlii' 4lh of indent, under the title of tho luo tho country were great, d bloody ; but animated by a I other gallant and |)atriotic ' Indiana 7 S6. How does uropean atalea ? 27. Whot n did they take up ormi? When and where did the on the 4th of July, 1776? ioneral Waakington? Tbo UNITRD HTATE8. 100 ImHerii, Ihn prnpic nf the I'nili'd Slalrn, after a wnr of ciulit yearK, (IriAf Ihu ilritiah uriiiicH from tlicir uliorri, anil catabli^hed llitir iiidv. IHiicknte. Htxiinatiiin »f (ipiicral \Vaiiliiii|lnn. 31. At the cloao of the Revolutionary \Var, tho American Army, though HutTering great privutioiiN, (llNlmii(l>:d, without violence or diHor- der; and the ('oinniandcr in Cliiif, (•c'iiltuI Watthiiigton, rciigncd tho almost absolute power ho poRMesHcd to the authority thot conferred it, thus preHcnting to tho world the rare cxuniplu of a great military chief (leicending voluntarily to the rank of a private citizi'n. 3'i. The present Conitiiution of the United StutcH was frnmed anil adopted in 1781), and liaa aiiice licen amended. It icciircH to the penplo the grand principlcH of freedom, liberty nf coiiHcienee in inutteri of rcli- gion, liberty of the preaa, trial by jury, and tlio right of chooaing and of being choHcn to olfice. The PresiikiilH of the I'liitcd folates niiicu the adoption of the Constitution, are oh fullowa: 33. 1. George Washington, of Vir. from 17W to 17!t7— 8 years. S. .lohn Adams, 3. Thomns JetTerson, 4. James Madison, 5. Janiea Monroe, 6. John Quincy Adama, 7. Andrew Juckson, 8. Martin Van Buren, people of the United States? 31. The American army? The com- mander in chief 7 3i. The Constitution ? What does it secure to the people 7 33. How many Presidents have there been 7 Who were from Virginia 7 Massachuietts ? Tennessee ? New York 7 How many years did eacli servo ? Mass. 17117 to 1801—4 Vir. 1801 to 180!»— 8 Vir. 180!) to 1817-8 Vir. 1817 to 182.')— 8 ms, Mass. 1825 to 1829—4 Ten. 1829 to 1837—8 1, N. Y. 1837 IX iff' II ,^l t 'I .< 106 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 77 How arc Jic United States bounded 7 On the North? tho South ? the East? the West? What is the cnpital of the United States? \Vn. The cnpitala of countries, the scholar will perceive by the explanation on the map, are made by a large dot with eight small ones around it | and the ca|.ital8 of states on Maps Nos. 4 and 5, are made by a small ring or circle with a dot in the middle of it. Which arc the six Eastern Slates T They are Me., N.-II., Vt., Ms., R.-I., Ct. Point out their capitals. .. Which are the four Middle States? They are N.-Y., N.-J., Pa., De. Point out their capitals. Which are the eight Southern States? They are Md., Va., N.-C., S.-C, Ga., Aa., Mi., La. Point out their capitals. Which are the eight Western States? They arc As., Te., Ky., Mi., Is., Ia.,Oo,Mn. Point out their capitals. Which are the Territories of the United States ? They are Fa., Wn., la.. In., Mo., On. Point out the capitals of the three first. The others are not setUed by white men. How many States are there ? How many Territories ? How many States and Territories are there altogether? Besides these, the District of Columbia contains the seat of Government, so that the whole of tho divisions of the United States are 33. Where is Lake Superior ? L. Huron ? L. Michigan* ? L. Eriet ? L. Ontario ? L. Champlain t ? L. of the Woods ? Tell the length of each Lake. Which two are wholly in the United States ? Mn., Cn. Where is Manitouline Lake? Moosehead L.7 Chesuncook L.? Timiscouata L.? L. Memphramagog § ? L. George? L. Macaco? L. Pontchartrain II ? L. Pepin? Itasca L.? The Mississippi flowa from this Lake. Where is Rainy Lake ? Red L. ? St. Croix* L. ? Win- nebago L ? * Michigan, Mish'-e-gan. t Erie, E'-re. t ChamjMn, Sham'-phme. $ Memphramago/r, Mem-fra-ma-gog'. || PotHchariTam, Pon^haHrane'. Yor A pa O V » See V ^ I piii Osi IIU Mf Wl hoi Sa Ro R. K( Fi II R T St. Croix, Saint Croy'. GRAPHY. he West T s? \Vn. ill perceive by the explanation 1 eight small ones around it ; I and 5, ore made by a ■mall it. ['hey are Me., N.-II., Vt, Mb., 'hey are N.-Y., N.-J., Pa., De. 7 They are Md., Va., N^., They arc As., Te., Ky., Mi., d States ? They are Fa., Wn., t The others are not settled re there altogether? Besides :he seat of Government, so that States are 33. ? L. Michigan* 7 L. Eriet? e Woods? States 7 Mn., Cn. isehead L. 7 Chesuncook L. 7 (7 L. George? L. Macaco? J. 7 The Mississippi flow^ from BdL.? St. Croix *L.? Win- re. X Champtain, Sham'-plane. II Pontchartram, Pon-ehor-tnine'. UNITED STATES. 78 107 Where is Passamaquoddy Bay? Pcnob'.cot B. ? C^o.^" ».? New York B 7 Delaware B. 7 ChesaiHsakc B. 7 Chatham B. 7 Tampa B. 7 Ipulachoc'R? Pensacolafl.? MobiletB.? Black B.? BaraUna B. On the Great Lakes, where is Saginaw B. 7 Thunder B. ? Green B. ? V here is Long Island Sound 7 Albemarle S. 7 Pamlico S. 7 How many miles long are each of these? also Chesapeake Bay 7- Sce Map No. 7. Wlicre is the Mississippi River 7 Where does it rise 7 Where docs it empty ? How many miles long is it 7 What arc its ciiief tributaries and their lengths? Where is the Missouri River 7 Yellow Stone R. 7 Big Horn R. f Platte t R. ? Kanxas R. ? Arkansas R. 7 Canadian R. 7 Red K. 7 Osage R? Des Moines R. ? St. Peter's R. ? Wisconsin R. ? Rock R. ? Illinois § R. 7 „ » .„ , n ■> Where is the Wabush R. ? Maumee R. ? Ohio R. 7 Alleghany R. ? Monongahela R.7 Kanawha R.? Cumberland R.7 Tennessee R. ? White R. 7 Washita 11 R.? Yazoo R.? Where is the Pearl R.7 Tombigby R. 7 Alabama R. 7 Chatta- hooeheeR. ? St John's R. ^ Fa. - Alatamalm R. 7 Savannah R. SantccR.7 Great Pcdcc R. 7 C. Fear R. 7 NcuselT R 7 Tar K.7 Roanoke R.7 Jamc. R.7 Potomac R.7 Susquehanna R. 7 Delaware R. ? Hudson R. 7 Mohawk R. ? Where is the St. Lawrence R. 7 Connecticut R.? Merrimack R. ? KennebeckR.? Penobscot R. ? St. John's R.? Mc. Where is the Oregon or Columbia R.7 Lewis R.? Clark s R. 7 Frazer'sR.? Clamet R. ? fell how long each of these rivers is. Where is Cape Cod 7 C. Malabar 7 C. Charles 7 C. Henry ? C. Ilatteras? C. Fear ? C. Lookout? C. Cannaveral 7 C. Sable f C. Romans? C. St Bios 7 •• Where is Mt Desert Island? Nantucket L? MarUia's Vineyard ? Long L 7 Florida Reefs ? These are low sandy islands. Where are the Tortugas Islands 7 Manitouline tt Isles ? G'and I. 7 I Royale? The Apostles ? The four last are in the Great Lakes. Where is Vancouver's Island 7 How long is it ? * Apdlachet, Ap-a-lash-c'. %m»m», Ill-e-noy'. ♦• St.Blat, Saint Blaw'. tAfofeite, Mo-beel'. II Washita, Wash-e-taw'. tt Manilmdine, Man-e-tu'-lin, t Platte, Plat. tiVeuw, Nuse. f. \ 108 DESCRIPTIVE GIJOGRAPHY. 79 Where is Mt. Ruinicr » ? Mt.llood? Ml. Jcfllrson ? Ml. OlympuB + ? How high QIC Ihc two (ir.tl ? Where are llic Rocky Mu. ? How long arc they ? Where is Long'H Peak? James's Peak 7 How higli are they ? Whore are the O/ark Mis., and what is their lieight t Where arc the CuinlKJrIand Mis. ? Aiiegimny MU. ? Their longtii and height ? Where is the Blue Ridge ? BluoMts.? Green Mis. ? White Mta.? Black Hills ! Where is Black Mt. ? ic. Sec. ? The three Biiles 7 The three Paps ? The last arc said by some to be the highest mountains in the United States ; but this is uncertain Long's Peak is the highest known. What nine Cities in the United States number .30,000 inhabitants and upwards ? Bn., N.-Y,, Ay., Pa., Be., Pg., Ci., Cn., N.-Os, Wliat seven Cities number from 20,000 to 30,000 ? LI., Pe^ Bo^ Wn, Nk., Le., Rd. What seventeen cities have from 10,000 to 20,000 ? Br., Pd., Sm., Hd., N.-Hn., I'y., Ua., Rr., Lr., Wn., Wg., Dl., S.-Ls., Nk., Pg., Sh., Me. How far is it from New Jersey to Portugal ? From New Jersey to the Azores ? From Chesapeake Bay to Portugal ? From Capo Hatleras to the Strait of Gibraltar 7 From Charleston to Madeira 7 From Savannah to Bermuda 7 From Florida to Morocco ? From Florida to the Canary Islands 7 How long and wide is the Atlantic Ocean 7 The Gulf of Mexico 7 the Pacific Ocean 7— See Map No, 5. Map of the Learner's own Slate. — In what Slate do you live 7 Is it one of the Eastern, Middle, Southern, or Western Slates 7 How is your State bounded ? What rivers has it ? Tell what they are. Does it contain any mountains ? If so, what are they called ? Is your stato on the sea-coast, or in the interior, at a distnnce from it ? Docs it eon- tain any Bays, Sounds, Inlands, or Capes ? Wliat is the Capital of your Slate 7 What is the Capital of a State 7 269, p.igc 40. In what county do you live 7 Point it out on the map. How is it bounded? How long and wide is it ! You can tell this by the scale of miles. Wliat is a County ? 266. * Jlaiiuer, Kay-necr'. t Ulympm, Ol-imp'-iia. sit N« Cc of tic pr ni flf fr tc ai 3. V GRAPHY. [I. JcfTcrson ? All. Olympun + ? ig arc they ? k 7 How high are they ? H their lieight I Uegimny Mts. ? Their loiigtii ,7 Green Mts. ? White Mts.? . &,c. ? The last arc said by some to States; but this is uncertain number .30,000 inliabitants and ;., Ci., Cn., N.-Os. I to 30,000? Ll.,Pc.,Bo.,Wn, to 20,000? Br.,Pd.,Sm.,Hd., , S.-Ls., Nit., Pg., Sh., Me. lugal 7 Jibraltar 7 Savannah to Bermuda 7 lorida to the Canary Islands 7 ccan ? ;an 7— See Map No. 5. what Slate do you live 7 Is it r Western States ? How is your Tell what they are. Docs it are they called ? Is your state distnnce from it 7 Docs it con- 8 ? What is the Capital of your to ? 269, pnfre 40. In what llio map. How is it bounded? tell this by the scale of miles. t Olympus, Ol-imp'-iis. EASTERN STATES. EASTERN STATES. 100 80 1. The Eastern or Now England States, comprise tliose siluatcd to tlin enst of the Hudson river. They are Maine, Now Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. 2. The surface of New England is greatly varied ; much of the soil is good, yet, in general, it requires diligent cultiva- tion, and compels the farmer to use considerable industry to procure good crops. 3. Elorses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, are reared in great numbers ; and grass, Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, and hemp, are extensively cultivated. The principal fruits arc apples, pears, peaches, plums, Arc. 4. The manufactures of the Eastern States are very ex- tensive, and embrace a great variety of articles. The cotton and woollen factories employ numerous individuals, and a iVeie England. Q.— 1. Which arc the New England states? 2. What is said of the surface and soil? What docs it require? 3. What arc reared in great numbers ? What is extensively cultivated ? Which are the principal fruits 7 4. What is said of the manufactures ? no DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. largo amount of capital. Since the manufacturing system has prevailed, this part of the United States has increased rapidly in population and wealth. 5. The New Englanders arc extensively engaged in com- merce, and in the cod, mackerel, and whale fisheries, which train vast numbers of the most experienced and intrepid sea- men in the world. 6. The inhabitants of the Eastern States are almost exclu- sively of unmixed English origin, and from the earliest settle- ment of their country, have ]xen used to habits of industry, economy, and enterprise. 7. They have always been a religious people. Among them tliu Sabbath is strictly observed, and all classes generally attend public wor- ship. It is considered disreputable for u man to have no religious belief; and there are few individuals who are not connected with some religious society. 8. Education is more general than in any other part of the world; ond large funds have been set apart by the diftcrent State Legislatures for the support of coniinon schools. It is rare to find in any piirt of tho Eastern States, persons of mature age, who arc ignorant of reading, writing, and arithmetic. 81 9. Institutions of learning were established, nt an early period, by the first settlers of New England ; some of which, ut the present day, are among the most respectable and efficient in the Union. Many of tho most distinguished men in the United States have been educated at Harvard and Yale Colleges. 10. The people of New England were, at on early period, noted for their republican principles, and were the first to resist the tyranny of the British Government. The destruction of the tea in Boston harbour, and the battles of Lexington and Bunker's Hill, were among tho first events that led to tho independence of the United States. 5. What are the New Englanders engaged in ? 6. What are the in- habitants ? To what have they been trained ? 7. What lip.ve the inhabitants always been 7 What do all classes generally attend ? What is considered disreputable 7 8. What is said of public instruction ? What is rare to find 7 9. What was established at an early period 7 What are they at the present day 7 10. For what were they noted 7 What were they the first tu resist 7 What were tho first events that led to the inde- pendence of the United States 7 ^a GRAPHY. le manufacturing system ted States has increased insively engaged in com- nd whale fislieries, which crienccd and intrepid seu- n States are almost exclu. nd from the earliest scttle- sed to habits of industry, IB people. Amonjf tliem tliu ea generally attend public wor- a man to have no religious are not connected with soma any other part of the world j ho ditTcrent State LcgiNluturcs is rare to find in any part of c, who lire ignorant of reading, ished, nt an early period, by the which, ut the present day, aro it in the Union. Many of the States have ixicn educated at D, at an early period, noted for i tirst to resist the tyranny of on of the tcu in Boston harbour, ir's Hill, were among the tirst 10 United States. jcd in 7 6. What are the in- trained 7 7. What lif.vo the ilasses generally attend '! VVIiut is said of public instruction 7 y period 7 What are they at they noted 7 What were tlioy 8t events that led to the indc- llarvard Univcrsily. Map No. 6. — Which aro the New England States? Me., N-H., Vt, Ma R-I CI,— Whicii extends farthest north and east 7 Me.— wVach farthest south and west 7 Ct. — Which is the largest sUte 7 Mo -The second in extent 7 Vt. — Third 7 N.-H.- Fourth 7 Ms. — Fii^h? Ct— Smallest? R.-I. — These states extend from lati- tHdc41 degrees to 48. — How many degrees of latitude then do thejr include 7 They oxtcnU cast and west from 31 degrees, to 10 east longi- tude from Washington.— How many dcgrcos then of longitude do they include 7 Which is the largest river in New England .' U. — The next' Pt— What river is partly in Maine and partlpr in New- Brunswick? S.-Js. — How long are these rivers? Which is the larecst lake wholly in the Eastern States ? Md. — How long is it ? — What lake is partly in New England and partly in the state lying west of it 7 Cn. — Mow long is this lake ? Lake Champlnin is navi- irable for vessels of large burthen. Di ring the war of the Ravolution, and that of 1812, naval battles were fought upon it Commodore M'Donouirh's victory, in which the whole British fleet was captured, took place September 11th, 1814. Which is the highest mountain m New England ? Wn. — Which is the next highest 7 Kn.— [ho next ? Mj How hieh are each of these mountains 7 — Which are the thr^i principal Islands in New England ? M.-Dt.. Nt. M.-Vd - Which state has the greatest extent of sea-coast? Me.— Which has the smallest ? N.-H. — Which hLs no sca-coast ? Vt —How many miles is it from Maine to Nova Scotia? -To Spain? -To Circassia?- From Massachusetto to Italy 7 - To Turkey ?- From Long Island to Greece 7 112 U DESCniPTlVE GEOGRAPHY. 82 MAINE. Liiiiiber Varil, ¥*) hi :'J,' 114 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. extent, and it hus but a small share of commerce ; but it i* distin{?uisbcd for its productive agriculture and nourishing munulhcturcM. 3. The country on the coast is level ; in the mterior, tho surlUcc is greatly diversified by hills and valleys, and moun- tains of considerable height. White Mountains. Among these arc the White Mountains, the most elevated of ahy in New England. They are distinguished by tho names of Washington, Franklin, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, &c. 4. Tho White Mountains arc covered with enow for ten months in the year, and are seen from a greet distance at sea. The W'ld ana Bnblime character of the scenery, causes them to bo often visited by numerous travellers. 5. Concord, the capital of the state, is a pleasant and flourishing town, and contains the State Houae, State Prison, and other buildings- Portsmouth is the only sea-port, and the largest town in the state. It has a fine harbour, and contains a United States' Navy-Yard. 6. At Hanover, is Dartmouth college, a respectable and flourishing institution. Dover, Somersvrorth, New Market, Exeter, and Nashua, roast? Commerce? Agriculture and manufactures ? 3. What is said of tho country ? The White Mountains ? How are they distin- Kuisiied? 4. What causes them to be often visited? 5. DBscribo Ooncordf Portamouth? 6. Where is Dartmouth CoUege 7 Whatu 3aid of Dover and other towns? RAPHY. of comnicrco ; but it ik iculturo and flourisliing ivcl ; in tho interior, tiio and valleys, and inoiui- ntains, the most elevated are distinguished by the dams, JetTcrson, Madison, vith snow for ten montliR in tance at Bca. The wild and them to Ik) often visited by is a pleasant and flourishing 3 Prison, and other buildings, he larjtrest town in the state. ted States' Navy-Yard. a respectable and flourishing Market, Exeter, and Nashua, manufactures 7 3. What is tains? How are they distin- ! often tisitcd? 5. Describe Dartmouth College ? What is VERMONT. arc all Inrgrly rngngcd in nianuriicturci. licrst, and Kccni', are thriving towns. 115 Haverhill, Iianrastor, Am- M(ip AV). fi What river BrparntcH Nrw ITampxIiiro from Vcnnonl? Ct. — How lung ia it 7 — What rivrr runs through tlio centre of llie Hialc .' Mk. — Mow )!ing is ll?-^What lake (lows iiilo it? We. — lliiw long is it ? — What mountains are in Coos country? We. — AVIiic'h IM tliu principal f Wn. — How high is it 7 — Which in llio prinilpnl town iind \l:f ,K)pulalion t Ph. — The C^apitiil and its |M)pula. tion I ('d. — l)n what rivi:r is Concord I Mk. — Which is tho most northern county? Ch. — The tlirco most souIIhtii connlies ? Cc, Hh., Um. — In whiit coui;»y is the Capital? Mk. — Whiit "i.iinty contains liiur c )inity towns? i'.'\. (County towns ar<; uistinguishvd by a ring witli a dot in it.) 84 VERMONT. Baft on Lake Chaniplain. 1. Vermont is a mountainous but healthful and productive state. The Green Mountains, from which it derives its name, extend through it from North to South, dividing it into nearly two equal sections. 2. The soil is fertile, and all kinds of grain, suited to the climate, are produced in abundance. Cattle of various kinds Vermont. Q. — l. What is Vermont 7 What is said of the Green I : : i;!l 110 I>ES(RH'TIVB OROOaAPllY. ur« raise! willi gn^nt fiicility i iho \^'f, butter, nnd .•hcc«. nro well known (or thtir fxcdlfnco, an.l w.x.1 .» nn important ^'TtL nmv \n entirely in the interior; yi-t, l.y Lake Cham- plain, nnd the t^nnnl of the same name, Ht.run-lK.nt« n .1 other ve-xeU huvc brought its territory into conueclion «Uh the *'U. . »,,. 4 4. Part of Iho lr..7"«7, '"Ji".:!':, .h^ conluinh.K l.o.we. for Mg^K tl'« ""«". •™ "'^••" TZi^wn? o the lane towufcl. Iho canal, on their way to Albnny .nU the towni on Ui« S.'i'lio territory forininu thii .Into wb» first explored by th« Freneh from Cannda.but wa« «.ltlcdbytho KnRli-h more t Imn a hundred year. bkT Durini the revolutionary war. Vermont acted » ^/P';""'^^,^; oml the nam" of Green Mountain Boyi. ac.|uircd by the braYory of lier aoldierp, ha« over boon regarded aa a title ol renown. 6 Montpelier, tho capital of the Flute, ia a neat little town on the Onion river Burlinffton i. the lar«.-.t place in the atato, and the mo.t commereTal town on Lake Champfuin. It contaii.. tlK= Un.vora.ly of Vermont . , ' „ i 7 Bcnninirton ia celebrated for the victory obtamed by General Stark, in 1777, over a detachnnmt of He«iiunH belonging to Burgoyno « 'TMiddlebarg and Rutland, on Ott«r erwk. and B'»"'«'S'~> JJ'*: wieh, and Winifiof, on the Conneeticot riyer, are amall but ««>"' '"h "« townarthe Irttef .Uuin. the Norwleh Umveraiiy. • raapectabta liter- ary and acientltle inatitution. JMij* fh. 6. — What river bonnda Vermont on the wit T Ct — What rtaU doe. it «>p'""J" mont T N.-Y. - What country lie. north of Vermont ! Ca. - What Il^to liea^ I 7 Mfc- What four atnam. How into Uke ChampUiin ? wf LX,On.iOr.-What two lalanda are in Lake Champlam ( N iCs^Ko—Thc*,, with ..mall penin.ula lying north of them, form the county of Grand hie.- What Lake in ,mrtly m th» «tate^nd wirtW in Cai:aaa ? Mg. - What mountain, extend tlirouffh the .tote ? S^. 1 WhTeh ia tho hilhert peak / Md. - How high .. it '- What other pX? C-Kp, Kn.-When wm the battle of Bennington foughtV^ Mountain. T 2. Of the «>il 7 Cattle. &c. 7 3. What i. .aid of the BlateTT Of the trade 7 Of the rati, on Lake Champlam ? i. The Revolutionary war? 6. Describe Montpelier. 7. Bcnnmgton. 8. And other town*. U'llY. r, Inittor, nnd chccWt i w(xil is ni> important ' ; yt'l, by link*^ Chnni- niu', stcnin-lKMitH nnd / iiitu coimtftioa wilh tho rnnnl In Albany, hiM Iniinenie ratU of timber, ollcn •con nailing u|» th« iny Miiil tlio towni on th« rit explored by the French norc tliBii ■ liundrcd ye«r» t acted a coniipicuou» iwrti ircd by tho brarery of her renown. a neat little town on tlie in the (tato, and tho moat contain! tlic Univoriily of tory obtained by General iiM belonging to Burgoyne'a lek, and Brattlcboro', Ni>r- r, are amall but flouriahing liveraity. •iMpecUbl* liter. It on the et«tT CL — What ..H.— What Lake bound* doea it wp«rato iVom Ver- of Vermont 1 Ca. — What flow into Lake Champlain 1 n arc in Lake (Champlain t insula lying north of thcin, .kc iH partly in this stalo/ind M extend through tho atatc? - How high i» it T — What the battle of Benningtoa >. T 3. What is aaid of tlic 1 Lake Champlain 7 9. Tho ior. 7. Bennington. 8. And MABHACHUHBTTf. 117 Briliili iruoptavacuallnf Boalon. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. Ma«8aciiu«ettb is tho oldest and niost important of the New England States. It is tho most thickly settled section of the Union, nnd is distinguished for the enterprise and pub- lie spirit of its citizens. 2. The agriculture is conducted with a superior degree of skill nnd intelligence ; but tho commerce, manufactures, and tho fisheries, arc the great objects of pursuit. The shipping amounte to nearly one-third of the whole owned in the United States. 3. Tho literary, religious, and charitable institutions of Mn8sachu»?tt8, are highly important, and are in a flourishing condition. Harvard University at Cambridge is tho oldest and best endowed literary establishment in the Union. Williama College at VVilliainstown, and Amherst College at Amlierst, arc also respectable institutions. Maiiachutetl!^. Q -1. What ii Maa«ichuar.tt* 7 For what la it diaUnguiahcd 7 2. What i> aaid of the agriculture? ComineroeT Manufacture, and the fiaheriea 7 The shipping I 3. What .. said of Ky Md other inaiitution. 7 Wb.t Qf Hurvard Uwverwiy? ( I .- 'f r ♦!.;' !.i li-li u llfl DEWRIPTIVR OEOflRAPHY. 4. TluH Stnto contuiiiH a numlicr of floiiriiihing townH ami villiif^fH, liiniiy of wliii-li iiii hiiM', whieh in tilly leel i..|iiuru. ("ainhridge, united to lloHton lij two bridgcB, contuiiw llnrvard UniverBity. a Rilem ifi a flomlBhinif and wealthy place; it i» the »econd in .MnH. BUchuBelUi for iliiconiinerce. Newbury, port has coiiMidcrnblo trade. lUverly, (jlouceBter.mid iMaibliheud. ore Lirge. ly cnRng'cd in the cod fiBliericB, und 5jintuckctttnd New Ilcdrord curry on tho wlmle-fiMliina to u greater extent thnn any other place in the world. 9. Lowell, on tho Merrimack river, is funious for ilH cotton and woollen mills, and its great extent of water-i^wcr. Taunton and tuU River are consiidorablo manufucturing town.<. I-ynn is noted lor t lO vast amount of boots and slioes made in it, and Lexinpton for btiiiR the place whore the first battle was fought during the revolutionary wur. Dunker Hill Monument. 4. What docs this state contain ? 5. Describe Riwton. Its sliippmR. Trade. Huildings, &c. 6. What is said cf tho Ainericun revolution ? What di.l the British Covernmont do > What did the Anierieiin sriny do? 7. Describe Ctmrle-ton, An. Tho Hunker Hill Monument. 8. Dc Bcribe Solem, Newbury ,)ort, Nantucket, and New Bedford. 9. Dcscnbo ifli iini «in di III: th 11 ■11 bo til APIIV. (lonriMhins town* nml mil Cor llm ii< MtncH» of I'ir fhiirches » meet- cnimidcrc'il thu litorh in<>•) r IH notrd lor llio nunilii^r wliii'li nro tlir Stuto IIouho, I llimpitul, Siv. in liy thrt'u hridKi'Mi utandH ^ IK'ninKulii, thi! ccntro of ovcnjiiud lay Knniivr liillt tor thu lintllK loiiuht on it 1) ri'vciUitiiiniiry wur. Tliu ill Monnniint, now liuildinK , Ih Io be -J'M lirl W\gU from whicili in fillv li^i't Hi|iiurn. K, niiitfd to lloHton li> tw(» mtuiim llnrvard Univt-rBity. :m it a flouilHliiiiK and lace; it in iho second in Mm- I for ilnconmicrco. Ncwliiiry- lonsidcrnlilu tiudc. Ilivirly, r.nnd Maibhlicud. nro large, d in tlic cod fiHlicriud, und tund New Ili'dford curry on -fmliin^r to II (ireattr extent other place in llio world. faniouH for itH cotton and .[lower. Taunton and Full \u. I ''■'••,^'•2 :'?. 'T,.;:„ " , num. iTro in M^:^^^^^ 'T'^^f WuT T. -'Hu' "f , ,untain.westoftl,eCon. ':Z[JX^:^i^ iiousai, f Mt. v;;rr";TMu- ■ I,. <;reen Mountains. Wliich ar. he prin. d r.vcr. f t «., Mk. low long are th.-y ' ^^ >' h ore /■heir bnigtlisT— Wliat cup « are on > bays ' Ms., i '.Cd.. Hs.- What inl... ties do thcso nJaiids f ".n ? Nt, 1)^ oounly I Kx. — Tho i, «t s.-ut'-yrn - Th.; most western i He. — WImt latiun ' In what county n- it f A places have each a population oj upwui, ■'n. Toil by tho Scnlo whatc»iiil.il lio» aboi -What county town in Maine Ues a few . . I most important jJace in llw »taU\ km \ Tial county towns in Counccticiit aro = I, >lon a» Portland ? Mn., Ilin., N..l'n. K 'do Island is not quit, mi fur ? Uk-- fic. < ii about the same di-tunno? Nt.-- co. ity and county town / Nt — Wliut dc. Kr. loitent? par. 8. - Mow far is Trov ■ cc.i.T? Amherst? Kxeter ' How far i. iV_ whii sUtci are tho two lost the capitals I -87 miles I'rom llostoii ? lid. fartl«r? Pd. — This is ^■n^ formerly the eai.itul. Iho s.inio distance fiorn ,at ihlund bc'loiiBinir to ,.t island in Massnchu- ,1 the nume of tho M , iiid carry on to a . uoiii UosUin? Wor. / Montpclier J Of RHODE ISLAND. 1. Rhodk Island is the smallest stnle i Se Union, but is :H0DI! ISI.ANU IS VIIU Diimii^-»v ="— '\ • c ™ lily situated, und possesses numerous laciUties lor com- pleasiiii..,, — inerce and manufactures. Lowell. Taunton, &c. 10. Plymouth and tho other towns. mod. Uland. Q.-1. What U Rhode Island? What does it pos- • »Vbro««ter, Wurs'-ter. Ii i ) m V. Ill' ■p 120 DESCniPTIVB GEOGRAPHY. 2. The face of the country is mostly level, except ia the north-west, which is hilly and rocky. Part of the state has a thin and poor soil, but the islands bordering on the Narra- gansct Biiy are of great fertility, and are celebrated for their line cattle. 3. This state is extensively engaged in the cotton manu- facture, and took the lead in that branch of industry. The first cotton-mill erected in the United States was built here. 4. Rhode Island has no Constitution, and differs in this respect firom the other states. She is governed by the charter of Charles II., granted in 1683, the provisions of wliich are so liberal, that little inconvenience has been hitlierto experienced from the want of a constitution. 5. Providence is the second city in New England in popDlation, wealth, and commerce. It contains the State House, Brown University, tiie Arcade, and a considerable number of churches. Iti manufactures are various and important. 6. Newport is noted for the beauty of its situation and salubrious air. Its harbour is one of the finest in the United States. Rhode Island, on which it is situated, has, from its beauty and fertihty, been called th« £den of America. 7. Bristol is a handsome and flourishing town : ite foreign and coasU Ing trade is considerable. The villages of Fawtucket, Slatcrsville, ond Woonsocket, are noted for their ninnufactures ; the first is situated on both sides of the Fowtucket or Blackstone river, and is partly in this state, and partly in Massachusetts. The population is about 6,000. Map No. 6. — What state bounds Rhode Island on the north and east? Ms. — The west 7 Ct. — Whot ocean on the south 7 Ae. — What is the principal bay? Nt. — Wlich are the two principal islands? R..Id., Bk. — What county ik) they belong to? Nt.— Wliich are the capitals ? Pe., Nt. Their population ? — In what county is Frcldenco ? Pe. — In which is Newport 7 Nt CONNECTICUT. 1. Connecticut Is noted for the excellence of its literary institutions, and for the intelligence, enterprise, and good morals of the people. 2. The state has a varied surface of hill and dale, but is Bcss? 2. What is said of the country 7 Of the soil. &,c. 7 3. What i» this state engaged in 7 4. How is it governed ? What has been hith- erto experienced? 5. Describe Providence. 6. Newport. 7. Bristol. Fawtucket, &o. Contuciicut. Q, — l. For what is Connecticut noted? 2. Whatia »BWBW I M I' i » » I Tt i ff WViiM»w^^> '4M ^-Ve^g ''^^^ lAPHY. itly level, except ia the Part of the state has ordering on the Narra- are celebrated for their :d in the cotton manu- inch of industry. The Stales was built here. differs in this respect fivm irter of Charles 11>, graDted ral, that little iDconvenience t of a cou8titution. ew England in popolation, ic House, Brown uniTersity, hurchcs. Iti manufactnies gituation and salnbrions air. d States. Rhode Island, on id fertility, been called th« town : its foreign and coast- Pawtucket, Slatersville, and res ; the first is situated on ! river, and is partly in this >puIation is about 6,000. i Island on the north and on the south? Ae. — What the two principal islands? ^ to? Nt. — Wliieb are the what county is Prcldenco ? excellence of its literary ;, enterprise, and good of hill and dale, but is If the soil, &,c. 7 3. What i« ned ? What has been bith- e. 6. Newport. 7. Bristol. ecUcut noted 7 2. What ia Scliool-HouK. EmigraiitB to the West. seldom mountainous. The climate is healthful, and the sou generally good, especially in the valley of the Connecticut river. 3. The chief products are the grains, &c. common to New Endand : orchards are numerous ; cider is produced m con- siderable quantities ; and butter and cheese are made annually to a great amount. 4. The manufactures of Connecticut are extensive and va- rious. The principal articles are cotton and woollen goods, clocks, tin-ware, silk goods, carriages, &c. The foreign trade is chiefly with the West Indies, but is less extensive than that along the coast. 6. The provision made for the public education of the peo- ple in this state, is more liberal than in any other part of the world. The interest of the school fund affords instruction to nearly ninety thousand children. 6. Perhaps no Atlantic state has sent so large a number of active and industrious settlers to the western country as Ck)nnecticut ; and her emi- grants, wherever found, are among the most enterpnsmg aiid mdustnous port of the population. said of the surface? Of the climate and soil ? 3 What arc the chief producte 7 What is said of orchards, &c. ? 4. Of th* ,7'«""/''^«t"Jf« ] T%e principal articles? The foreign trade? 5. Pubhc education? What does the interest of the school fund afford 7 6. What is said of ! , !i 122 DRSCRIPTIVE GEOGUAPHY. 7. The si-nt of govirninciit la divided between New Haven and Hart- ford. TIk! loniicr is Bituattd at the bottom of a Bmali bay opening into I g Island Sound. It is built in squares, with straight and wide streets, and its regularity and neatness" are much admired. 8. Yale College was founded in this city in 1701. Besides the col- lege buildings, tlicre ore several churches and other public edifices that excite general attention. Tlie lioarding-scliools and seminaries for youth of both sexes, arc highly respectable and well conducted. 9. Hartford is a handsome and flourishing city. During a few years past, it has rapidly increased in commerce, population and wealth. It IS the seat of Wasliington College, and of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the first institution of tlie kind established in the United States : it has about 140 pupils, receiving instruction in the various branches of learning, and acquiring a. knowledge of the useful arU. 10. New London and Stonington employ a number of vessels in tho whale and seal fishery. Middletown and Norwich are extensively en- gaged in manufactures. Lichfield was long noted ibr its law-sclioo^ which is now discontinued ; Bristol for its inunufactures of clocks, and Collinsville for those of axes. Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connec ticut river, was the first place in this state occupied by tho English. 89 Man No. 6. — What state bounds Connecticut on tho north? Ms. -On the cast? R.-L-West? N.-Y.- South? L..I.Sd.-How long is Long Island Sound ? To what state does Long Island belong T N..Y. — What three rivers flow into the Sound ? CL, Ts., Hk. The length of cacli river ? How many miles is tho Connecticut navigable 7 For what kind of vessels ? The Housatonick ? What is the populaUon of Now Haven ? Of Hartford ? Which are tho four next largest towns, and their population? Nh., N.-Ld., Sk., Ld. — Which counties have each two county towns ? Fd., Mx. N.-Ld. „ ^r j » How many miles is it by the scale from New Haven to Harttord f What county town is about the same distance? Ld. — The city of New York, Northampto.- on the Connecticut river, and Block Island, are all about the same distance from New Haven. How many miles la it ? Hartford is nearly half way between New York and Boston. How many miles is it from each ? New Haven is about the same distance from Newport, Providence, and Worcester. How many miles is it? Hartford is situated very nearly half way between the eastern and western extremities of the state. How many miles is it from each? Hartford is about the same distance from Providence and Poughkeep. sie. How many miles is it from each ? How far is New Haven from the north line of the state ? From the north-east corner of the state 7 From the north-west corner 7 settlers to the western country ? Of emigrants ? 7. Of the seat of go vernmcnt ? Describe New Haven. 8. Yale College, &.C. 9. Hartford. 10. Deicribe Now London. Stonington. Norwich, and the other towns. g it ti a V V t I W) APHY. !cn New Haven and Hart- f a BHiali bay opening into , witli straight and wide uch admired, n 1701. BcsidcB the cul- ] other public edifices that lools and seminaries for nd well conducted, city. During a few years Hipulation and wealth. It 3 Asylum for the Deaf and shed in the United States : n in the various branches 16 useful arts, a number of vessels in tha orwich are extensively en- jr noted tor its law-school, lunufactures of clocks, and the mouth of the Conncc- icupicd by the English. sticut on the north? Ms. -South? L.-I. Sd. — How does Long Island belong 7 Bund ? CL, Ts., Hk. The Iho Connecticut navigable ? [ ? What is the population the four next largest towns, d, — Which counties have New Haven to Hartford 1 ance ? Ld. — The city of ut river, and Block Island, [aven. How many miles is cw York and Boston. How is about the same distance How many miles is it? ! between the eastern and any miles is it from each? Providence and Poughkeep. low far is New Haven from th-east corner of the state 7 ants ? 7. Of the seat of go B College, &.C. 9. Hartford, erwich, and the other towns. MIDDLE STATES. 00 MIDDLE STATES. 1. The Middle States comprise New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They occupy one of the finest portions of the Union, and are distinguished for their rapid growth in prosperity and wealth, and for the enterprise and industry of their inhabitants. 2. These states exhibit some of the most mountainous tracts in the Union. The Allegheny, the Blue Mountains, and other ranges, stretch through the country from south- west to north-east. They are almost universally covered with forests, and contain many wild solitudes among them that are seldom or never visited by man. 3. The climate is generally more mild than in the New England States, except in the northern parts of New York, where the cold of winter is equally severe. 4. A greaV portion of the soil of the Middle States is fertile, well cultivated, and produces large crops of excellent wheat, Middle Stat«a. Q. — 1. What do the Middle States comprise 7 What do they occupy ? For what are they distinguished ? 2. What do these states exhibit? With wlmt are they covered? 3. What is said m 124 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Tho fruits are chiefly Indian corn, rye, oats, rniil barley apples, pears, pci. ^hcs, and plums. 5. The most useful minerals, coal, iron, salt, and lime, abound to a great extent in various parts of the country ; and mining is actively pursued, especially in the coal regions of Pennsylvania. 6. The commerce of tho Middle States is extensive, and is carried on chiefly through the cities of New York and Phila- delphia. The internal trade is greatly facilitated by the numerous canals and rail-roads which extend through the diflerent parts of the country. 7. The manufactures are important and various ; a yaai amount of capital and labour is employed in their fabrication, and thousands of both sexes are supported by them. 8. In the Middle States common-school education is not bo general as in most parts of New England, except in the state of New York, where great attention has been paid to tho subject. 9. In Pennsylvania a svBtem has been lately adopted that will afford the means of educaUon to all clagsoa of the people ; but in New Jersey and Delaware, the plans pursued for that purpose liave not as yet proved very efficient 91 10. The ereat body of the people in the Middle States are of British descent; but in some parU of Pennsylvania Uicre are many Germans, who speak only their own language, and arc often ignorant ot the Enelish tongue. In New York and New Jersey, tlicre are a number of Uie doBcendanU of the original Dutch settlers of New York, and m ■oiue sections that language is partially spoken. 11. At the close of tho revolutionary war, so many emigrants from the eastern states settled in New York, Uiat a majority of »Jie preiient population of that state arc natives of New England, or their ilescend. ante. These, by their industrious habits, their enterprise and general intelligence, have contributed much to the prosperity of that aecUon ot the Union. of the climate ? 4. Of the soil ? The crops T 5. What is said of the minerals? Of mining? 6. The commerce ? The internal trade? 7. The manufactures? 8. Of common-school education? In New York ? 9. In Pennsylvania ? In New Jersey and Delaware ? 10, Of what descent are the great body of the people ? What ot the Germans ? Dutch ? 1 1 . Of emigrants from the New England states ? What have they contributed 7 LAPHY. The fruits are chiefly 1, iron, salt, and lime, rts of the country ; and in the coal regions of atc3 is extensive, and is f New York and Phila- jatly facilitated by the ich extend through the ,nt and various ; a yaai )yed in their fabrication, orted by them, ihool education is not so ;land, except in the state 1 has been paid to the tcly adopted that will afford I people ; but in New Jersey irpose liave not as yet proved Middle States are of British a tliere are many Germans, 1 are often ignorant of the Jersey, tlicre are a number Bttlers sf New York, and in >ken. ir, so many emiffmnts from lat a majority of tJie preoent V England, or their descend, their enterprise and general prosperity of that section of )p8 ? 5. What is said of the eree? The intern* I trade? school education? In New ersey and Delaware ? of the people ? What of the rom the New Enghnd states 7 NEW YORK. 133 Map No :,- Which i.. the largest o the ^^fl^^:;,,,''-^:^ S;:icreid"v«s„oa!;a;7eT!n''N..Y -S^^^^^^^^^^ P,!- Which state haB the greatest «^^^^^^^^^ •7h 'l^'iXTc -^ w m;7y d'^g^^^^^^^^^^^ i'.en.do they in- vvi.n» iH its lonirth ? — The next m size ? Sn. — 1 His isiana lorin. coast ? N.-Y . — 1 no nexi • a ^ ^ york to Turkey ? •- From Philadelphia to Norfolk ? NEW YORK. view of the lower part of the City of New York. the globe beyond our own borders. New.York. Q.-L What is New York? What does it exhibit? 120 DEScniPTlVE GEOGRAPHY. I 2. The nortlicrn portion of the Btato is, in part, mountain' ous, and but thinly settled ; the eastern is hilly, and tolerably productive; while the western part is level, romurkably fer- tile, and increasing rapidly in population. 3. The agriculture is well conducted. Wheat is the chief siaple; but corn, rye, and otlu^r grains, ure extensively culti- vated. The flour is of excellent quality ; and, with other pro- visions, is largely exported. 4. The manufactures arc c.';tensivc and flourisliing, ond the commerce of the state is on a great scale. Near three-fifths of the imports, and more than one-fourth of the exports of tlw Union, are made by New York alone. 5. Iron ore is found in great abundance, and lead, gypsum, and limestone, also abound. There are numerous and im- portant salt springs at various places. The principal are at Salina and Syracuse, where more than two million bushels of salt arc made annually. 6. The mineral springs of Rallston and Saratoga arc well known throughout the Union lor their medicinal qualities, and are much visited from all quarters. The waters are largely exported to the other states, and even to li)reign countries. 7. This slate shares with Upper Canada tlic Full!i of Niagara, one of the greatest wonders of tiio western continent. Tlie wideut and most imposing part of this cataract is on the Canadian side ; while t!iat on the New York side, thougli narrower, is several feet higlier than the other. 8. New York is distinguished for its magriificent public works, of which the Erie, or (3rcat Western Canal, is the largest in the state, and one of the principal works of the kind in the world. 9. The success attending its completion and use, fully convinced the people of the United States of the advniitiigcs of works of interniil im- provement. There are, likewise, a number of otiier canals, nnd also rail-roads, in suecessPul operation, besides some that are partially com- pleted. 2. What is said of the northern part ? Eastern ? Western ? 3. The agri- culture? 4. Manuikctures ? Irnjiorts ? Exports? 5. Iron ore, 4.e. ? Salt springs ? How much salt is made unnnally ? 6. What is suid of the mineral springs? 7. Of the Falls of Niagara? 8. How is New- York distinguished ! Wliat is said of the Erie canal ? crly to the amount of more than seventeen millions of dollars. 17. Brooklyn, on the opposite side of the East river, is properly a suburb of New York. It commands a delightful view of tlie city and surrounding country and is a pleasant place of residence. About 50 miles above New Yoik, on tlie Hudson River, is West Point, the seat of the United States' Military Academy for the insUuction of officers o*^ the army. 18. Albany, the capital of tho state, is 150 miles from the oity of New York. It contains the State House, and many other bandjome public and private buildings, and is the centre of an extensive and im- portant inland trade, being connected with tho ocean by the Hudson river, and with Lakes Erie and Champlain by the State canals. 94 19. NewbuTu, Poughkeepsie, C itskill, Hudson, Troy, and Lansiii|f- burg, all on the Hudson, are flourishing towns. Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo, are the most important places on the Erie canal, and are noted for the rapid increase of their population. Besides these, there are num- rous thriving towns in various parts of the stale, of which Rome, Au- burn, Geneva, Canandai|;ua, Ithaca, Oswego, Sackctt's Harbour, and PlatUburg, are tho principal. 16. What is said of the Great Fire? 17. Describe Brooklyn. West Point. 13. Albany. 19. Newburg, &c. Utica, &.c. Thr other towns. ~:A^X4^^^^-^- ,-■ Q / APHY. 10 great fire of December and other pfoi>crty to the liars. East river, is properly a rhtful view of Uie city and of residence. Alwut 50 cr, is West Point, the seat le instruction of officers of 50 miles from the oity of nd many other haniijome ro of an extensive and im- the ocean by the Hudson y the State canals. idson, Troy, and Lansin{f> ns. Utica, Rochester, and I Erie canal, and are noted sides these, there are num- itatc, of which Rome, Au- o, Sackctt's Harbour, and Describe Brooklyn. West Utica, tic. The other NEW JEROEY. Afun iVo 7.— Whut countries bound New- York on tlio nortli ' I'.-Cii., I,..ru' — What Htiites on tlic kouUi ? Pa., N.-J. — On the cnsl / Vt Ms, ft. — WImt arc the three niotit riortlirrii eouiitiif ' S.-I.e., Fu' Cn. — Mc)8t Boutherii .' Kil. — Mo8l eoBtern ? Sk. — Most west- crnf t'u. — Whut two ({rtat lakes seiwrate New-York Iroin I |>i>er Canoda ? Ee., (Jo. — How long aru they ! What river forms part ol lliu »H)undury between this stale, and ITpi)cr Canada ? S.-Le. — Mow loiif; is it ? How lonK is I-akc Chiimplain ' (Seorgo ? Oneidi ? S^vuv- ntclos' fayuga? Seneca? Canandaigua ? Crooked and Hluck Lukes ? What three rivers How into Lake Ontario ? v lat li Uie longUi of Long Island ? What Sound separates it from Connecticut 7 95 Battle of Trenton. NEW JERSEY. 1 New Jersey possesses consitlernhle variety of surfncc, bein"" mountainous in the northern pans, moderately level in the middle, and low and chi clly san dy m the south. Neio Jtrtty. Q.— 1. What docs New Jersey possess ? 2. What is 9 ■I <■ i VM DKrt( lUPTIVB OEOCIIAI'IIV. a. Most f)f tl>o noil is well cnllivalcil, nnd produces tlio various Kraiiia (•onimoii to lliis part of the Tnion with friiilH anil vo-i.-tahirs in nl.ur.daiic.', which suj.ply the market» ol the iarj^iMilirs in the adjacent stales. 3. The irinnuracturcs are extensive nnd nourishing. They .•oinprise euiton ami w(H.llen goods, with various urticles of iron, i^lass, leatiier, vVc. 4. Stveral important canals nnd rnil-ronds extend througii the state, and add gnutly to the (iicilities of intercourse l»c- tween tlie northern and southern parts of the Union. :,. Til.; p.n|.lc of Now J.rm-y »K)rc thi.ir full nlmro in Ihu periN iinil liarJsliiiw of till' rcvoliilioti i iiiiJ noiiic of lliu nio»t iiii|nrUnt tatttai of til It |Hriml were li>u((lil wiUiin the HmiU of the ulat.'. f. Trenl.iii, on tlie Iklawnrc river, ul the head of liilo-watrr, l» tho cnpitul of New Jersey. It Imn coimideriihic tru.lc and iiianutuctu/. x. oi.'l is iiot.d for tho capture of the Hcssioiw m 177b, by Oenerul WHHJlillgtOII. . 7. Newnrk is tho \;it\n-*i and iiiobI iinixirtnnt place in the Btato. It i» prrltily »ili.atcd and well built, and Ims exlennive inannfaetures. Now hriuiHwick, ..n the Uaritan river, ii* the dipil of u Itrlile nud populous dintricf, and is a place of connidcrable trade. e Paternoii, at the fulls of the TaBHaie river, is one of the prinriiK.I niunufuclnrinK towns in the country. Here are nmneroiw mills, lac- tori, s, f„uii.lerieH. and all the dilVLfent eBtabliHliinents necessary m a place devoted lo the fabricati'-i. on a larjfe scale, of cotton nnd woollen goods, paiH-r, and machinery of various kinds. 9 Princeton is u neat and pleasant town. It is the sent of New Jc'tsevfolleire, one of the oldest and most respeeliible literary iiistitu- tioiis in the Union. Kliiabethtowii, Burlington, Cainden, and Salem, arc thriving towns. Man No. 7. — What bounds New Jersey on tho north ? N.-Y. — AVhaton the e.st? A.-On.. N.-Y- -West .'Pa., l>e.- What nver Beparates New Jersey from Pennsylvania and IKlawaro / l>e. — \\ lint river separates it from New York / Hn. _ Which are the three prin- cipal rivets of New Jersey 7 Pc, Rn., Me.- Which is the nms northern county? S.x.-Thc most southern 7 CMy. -1 ho most eastern ' Hn. — The most western 7 Sm. — NV hat ( ai«- at the south- ern extremity of New Jersey 7 My. - What Ray on the sonlh-jvest > Dc. — In which county is Trenton 7 Mr. — Newark 7 L.x. — Pater- paid of the soil? What does it produce 7 3. What is said of tho manufactures 7 What do they comprise 7 4. W hat extends through tho state? 5. What is said of the people? 6. Describe 1 ronton. 7. Now- ark New Brunswick. 8. Patcrson. 9. Princeton, and other towns. M'llV. fil, mill produces the he I'liion with fruil»« i|il>ly the nmrkctH of ind flourishing. Tlicy h various urticlcM ul* •ronds extend throu};h ties of iiiliTfoursc; ho- of the Union, ill utiaro in this perilx miil \u moat iiiifiorUnt battk-s >r tliu Klato, hrail of liilcwatrr, in tho truilc and inanutucturrK, iDUB in 1776, by Ounorul nt plucr ill the Btiite, It in nnivc iiinniifiirtiiros. Now it of u fertile aiitl populuua ,cr, is one of the prinri|Kil ! uri! niiini'rnufi niillx, liiu- ibliNhnu'iitH ncct'HMury in a eule, of cuttoii iind woollen Ih. n. It 18 the sent of New rc»i>eetiible literary iintitu- rigton, Camden, niid Sjleni, f on tho nortli? N..Y.— It? Ph., l>e.— Wlml river id IKliiwaro > I)u. — Wh.it - VVhieh are the three prin- Me. — Which is the most icrn? ('.-My. — Tho most — What Ca\H' at the south- hat Huy on tiie Konth.weMt ! ~ Newark ? Ex. — Puter- 7 3. What is »aid of tho 1. What extends through the Dtseritio Trenton. 7. Now- Princeton, and other towns. rKNN.>(" llio trade and cunnnerco ,is nilm)I!i ■sides nion; than (ivo \v() rnivxTHitios, nino cndcniii's in the state. 'Iiilnilrlpliiii, wm endowed cplicn (lirard, who died in 1! purpose of erecting and r of English Qnakcrt or in, wlioso lil.cral viewa in vnrdH the natives, ciiiured ce for many ycura between the war of the revolution. What havn they added ? jer of BchoolK ? 7. (iirard What in Hiiid of Williain revolution 7 I'KN.NHVLVANIA. l.'iJ Il w an ill her i liicriiiy llmt jrldrlmiM dnl.ir.ilion wan inadi', w hirli ni'tirlrd iiiid pluccd on n mirc liaalii llir ijvil mid iHililicat ri/flita oriiiiiiikilid, und loriiit d a new era in the hiviury ut' tliu wt'rid. 10. Murri'tliiiri;, (ho ivp'il.il nf thn Ntuti', In pIciiHiuitly Nitiiiitrd na tho eniit li.iiili lit' till' SiiHi|iiiliiiiitiu river. Il coiitiiiim the Htutu eupitiil, and other pillihi! lii|ilillli;rN. , It. Pliiludi Ipliia Ih mil! iiC tlie iiioit ri'!;iil:ir niid IniiiUniiii'ly.hiiilt citiin ill Aiiiirieii, It HtinKJii mi tlii' wext li.i:il( iil' llii! iKiiMurv river, mitt liiMilreil iiiili :« I'riiiii tlie hen, mid in inli'il liir tlie cleuiihiiiii* of the ■IreetH, and the mut a|>|ir.iraiiee ol'tliu liiiildiii|;H, Vi. In iiiamiru('lurP'<, i( n the lirHt ejly in t' cniniiiereu iH in ii highly tlmirlnliiii^r cmi the WeHlLTii Slntex Imh hicmiie very i l> «' (oal eniplnya iiiaiiy vi^niieU uiid men, 'iiiJ i 13. I'liiluileljihia ii celihiiited an n Ken ni !ii of t'eapitul. i Heienep, ea- iiiylviiiilii null tht) Demon Meclieul Srhn.il hiith eiijny u hi;;h repiltati >ii. The piilihe uiiil Crivato achnoU are niiiiicrou« and well uttciidud | and tho city ubounda I benevolent and religioua inslituliona. niilai'ii.'l|iliia Water- Wuriia. 14. It il alflo adnrnrd with many hnndaomc public buildings, of which tho United Stales' Kank, Merchants' f'xchange, and Mint, uro 10. Describe Ilarrisburg? It. What is siiid of Philadelphia 7 For what is it noted 7 V-i. What is said of its innnurauturen 7 Conimerco ? Exportation of coal 7 13. For what is IMiilndelphin celebrated 7 Wlmt oro numerous? In what docs the city aboiu.J 7 14. With what is it J Sif iff'l m m (IT Ti.' 'JH 134 DKSCRU'TIVli onOGRAPHY. the most cIcKant. Tl>c I'l.ilulclpla. Al.ns-Housc State r'^"'t^"',i"y' Niival Asyl-ii". niul Oir^rd C'o!k-c, all i.far the city, arc large and in.- iiortimt edifices. 15. The F,.irmou..t wat.r-works, on the PrhuylkiU* nvcr were erected lor the puriH.sc of HupplyinK the city with pure ""d «'.°h:somc water, which is eonvcy.d iu pipes, a.nountn.g altogether '» "«"!"" miles in length. .1,000,000 gallons of water are used every M hours. l(i. The ship of the line Pennsylvania was huill "t the United States- Navy Yard, in the lower part of this city, and launehed ,n IS-"- 1'"'^ vast ship, probably the largest ever constructed, is -Ml feet long, and oi deep ; carries 140 guns, and is 3,300 tons in burthen. 17. Pittsburg, situated at the head of the Ohio river, is greatly dis- tinguished for its numerous inanufuctorics, and its extensive inland trade. The surrounding country abounds in bituminous coal, and the eonslautuseof that fuel causes a periietuaJ cloud of smoke to hang ovxr the town. Alleghany and Birmingham are considered suburbs ot 1 itts- burg, and arc connected with it by bridges. 18. Lancaster is a flourishing city, and is situated in the midst ofn rich and fertile country. Reading, Easton, Lebanon, Carlisle, Pottsvilo Reaver, Wilke8barre,t and Erie, are all considerable towns : the la tor is iinporlant on account of its harbour, which is one of the best on the lakes. 98 Miip No. 7. —What lK)unds Pennsylvania en the north ? Ij-Y. — On the south ? De., Md., Va. - East ? N.-Y., N.-J. - N\ est ? Oo., Vn. — What river separates Pennsylvania from New .lersey f "e- — What river flows into Chesapeake Ray? Sa.- Which are Us two chief branches ? Nh., Wt. — What livers nmte ..t 1 it sburg ? Ay.. Ma.-Wliat river do they form ? Oo.- What river flows into to Susquehanna above Harrisburg ? Ja. -Tc 1 the lengths of the lore- coing rivers. — What two rivers flow into the Delaware ? l.h., hi. — What river flows into the Ohio below Pittsburg ? Br. -How imny miles is the Delaware navigable for steam-boats ? -What mountains extend between Rerks and Schuylkill counties? Re.->Vhat moun- tains in the centre of the state? Ay. - VV hat two ridges ,n tho western part? LI., Ct— In which c°""'y " /''= '"'';^P'"'^ ' ^u"; - Harrisburg T Dn. - Lancaster ? Lr. - Pit sburg ? Ay • - What is the population of Philadelphia ? - Lancaster ? -Harrisburg ? - Revd- ■.,.r ^ - Easton ? - Erie I - Heaver ? - Pittsburg? - What lake form, the north-west boundary of the state ? Ee. - What town on the lake Kc. - In what year was Rraddoek defeated ? - In what year were he battles of Brandy wine and Germantown fought? — When did the massacre of Wyoming take place ? adorned ? Mention the public buildings ? 15. Fairmount water-works ? 10. Of the Ship Pennsylvania? 17. Describe Pittsburg. 1«. Laiu caster. The other towns. 'diuylKill, Skool'-kil. t Wilkesbane, \Vilks'-bar-ry. r I a V V I ['HY. use, State Ponitcntiary, c city, arc large and im- Srhuylkill* river, were fitli pure and wliolesonic ; allofether to near 100 e used every 24 liours. uillattlie I'niti'H States' liiuiiched in 1837. Tliis I, is -Ml feet long, and H'J urtlitn. )liio river, is greatly dis- md its cxtcneivc inland bituminous coal, and tlie ud of smoke to hang over nsidcrcd suburbs of Pitts. situated in the midst ofn banon, Carlisle, Pottsvillo, crable towns: the latter is ae of the best on the lakes. on the north? N.-Y.— ,Y., N.-J. — West? Oo., )m New .lerscy ? De. — ia. — Which arc its two uiite i.t Pittsburg? Ay., k'hat river flows into the 1 the lengths of the fore- 10 Dcluwarc ? Lh., SI. — burg ? Br. — How many oats ? — What mountains ics? fie. — What moun- What two ridges in tho is Pliiladelphia? Pa. — ttsburg? Ay. — What is ? — Harrisburg ? — Read- jburg? — What lake forms — What town on the lake ? > — In what year were the fought? — When did the i. Fairmount water-works ? Tibe Pittsburg. 18. Laii- ilhcsbarre, Wilks'-bar-ry. DELAWARE. 1. Delvwake is the smallest in iK)pulation, and, except Rbode Island, the least in extent, of any state m the Union. Its general aspect is that of an extended pluin mostly favoui- ablo for cultivation. 2 The chief iiroducts arc wheat and Indian corn, ot which the former is generally of excellent quality. Brandy- wine crt«k, in the upi«r part of the state, supplies extcns.vo water-power for a number of large manufacturing establish- ments. The principal articles furnislied by these, arc flour, corn-meal, cotton and woollen goods, paper, and gunpowder. 3 The northern part of Delaware is the principal thorough- fare between the northern and southern states, which is .iiuch facilitated by the Chcsai^ake and Delaware Canal, and two rail-roads which extend across it- 4 Near Lewistown, an important national work,tl«! Delaware Brenk- watr lias b«n erected, for the purpose of affording a shelter to vessels Tn rtorw weather. The work consists of two ,«ers, au ice-breaker Tmr^l aT.d a bJe.k.water 2800 fcel loug. Tl» cost of Uic whole .s estimated at three iijillions of dollars. •.,,,» 5. Wilmington is the largest and most im,K,rtant P'='^': '" '^%^^^*; It is a well-built and growing town, and contains a Umtcd htatcs 5 s U, ev ral banks, u nun.ber of churches, &e., and is supp hed w waTr by works on tl.c Brandy wiive. It has considerable trade. With Ton^ manufuctures, and sends several ships U, the whale fishery. r. Dover tlvc scat of govcnunent, is siUiatei.' on Jones s creek, and coniaSs a ha^.Zae State House. New Castle. (Georgetown, and S^,wrn=^ are places of some note. Lewi.town, near the e>. ranee to DelawiueflV, ;««'»-■ "W^-^ '^'"^ '" ^'" """^ being ong.nally settkd by the Swedes and Finns. Map No. 7.- What state '-.";>« D"'-- '^^^H^H^^ ^.^'^^^ It^^r ^ulare'i^;.7Newtr:e^V De. _ Wh,.t Cape mOic solfth part of the state ? Hn. - WIm.h is the >no«t northern county ? N.-Ce. — What is the [wpulation of tlie principal town 7 Ddaware. Q. - I. What is said of Delaware ? 2. What are its chief products ? 3. What is said of the northern part ot the state mat canalis n it ? 4. What is said of the Delaware I reak-water ? TdS Wilmington. 6. Dover. New Castle, and other towns. fl""t 8] \ ■ J; t l*lt It: ! 111! It. 136 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. SOUTHERN STATES. 1. The Southern States comprise Maryland, Virn;inia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Missis- sippi, and Ixiuisiann. The District of Columbia and tho Territory of Florida arc also included in this section of tho Union. 2. Tlie whole R-gion e.vtends from the Susquehanna to the Sabino river : its shores are washetl by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. 3. On the sea-coast, tho ground is low and often swampy, but sometimes sandy. In the interior, the surface is greatly diversified, and frequently iiilly and mountainous. The highest elevations in the Atlantic States are found in this section. 4. The inhabitants of tho Southern States arc chiefly occu- pied in agricultural pursuits; many of them have large plant- ations, with numerous slaves. 5. Tho wealthy classes are generally well-educated; possess culti- Smiihern Stalta. Q.— 1. What do the Southern States comprise? 2. How far does tho whole region extend ? 3. What is said of the land on tlie sea-coast ? In the interior ? 4. How are the inhabitants chiefly employed ? 5. What is said of tho wealtliy classes I What of th« va E in Si t'; ti< n n si fi ii c I iiJ APHY. m^* TES. I Maryland, Virt^nia, rgia, Alabama, Missis- of Columbia and tho \ in this section of the he Susquehanna to the by the Atlantic Ocean low and often s^vampy, •, the surface is greatly 1 mountainous. The ates are found in this States arc chiefly occu- thcni have large plant- ;H-educated; poesess culti- ioutlicm States comprise ? 3. What is said of tiie land are ii-.o inhabitants chiefly by cloBBCR ? What at* tlia SOUTHERN STATES. 137 vatcd mindH, and refined manners ; and arc noted for their hospitality. Ediieulion is not no t;cncral auion(r the i>oorcr classes ol the pcoi.le us in the Middle and Eastern states. fi. Nearly tlu- whole of tho cotton crop of the rnited States is raised here ; which, with sugar and rice, is confined to its southern section. In tiio northern, tho pnncipal produc- tions are tobacco, wiicat, and corn. 7, Gold nWinds in nearly all the Atlantic States of this region ; but is almost exclusively confined to the upper and middle portions of the country. Tiiis metal is now so exten- sively found, as to have 1 come an object of national importance, a The gold region embraces a great extent of country, and reaches from Virginia, Ihroiigli North and South Carolina, and Ooorgia, to Alabama. 9. Branches of the I'niied States' :\Iiiit arc established at Charlotte, in North Carolina, and at Dahlonega, in Georgia, for the purpose ol coining the gold Ibund here. 10. The population of tho Southern States is chiefly of British origin. There are, however, many descendants of the French and Spanish colonists, particularly m Louisiana ana Florida. , . 1 1 The Negroes, who form about two-fifths of tho l)npuIation, consti- tute a sejarate-clas;. and are mostly held in slavery. '^'- '"•''''-.;X: nearly all emigrated west of the Mississippi river. A few bcmmolc^ Btill remain in Florida. Map No. 4. -Which is the larRest division of the So.Uhern States? V„ The smallest? S.-C — Which is the most northern ? \«.— Sutler??" ^S-Easlern? N.-C. - Western ? U. -Which div. Bions border on the Atlantic Ocean ? Md.\ a. N..C.S..C.,^n^« -Which border on the Gulf of Mexico .' Aa., M.., L. ., T^- "T ™ state is divided by Chesapeake Bay mo two parts ? " '.-^V ha 'er ritory* has a coast both on th e Atlantic o cean and the Gull of Mexico poorer classes ? 6. What is said of the cotton crop ? Of o'l'" Pf":'"^; Tns 7. Where does gold abound ; What '-"V^hTun ted S^a ' d^s the gold region embrace ? U. What is said of tl.-. United States ^\"d.\vhat is said of the population ? It. Of the Negroes ? Of the Indians ? ~Tti,o •IWritoriei of tho United Slates are of two kinds, organlMid and iin- orS^'d Tl^ tot "'e ^oMcd by white inhabitant., but eontain a popula- V P l^JBM Il H f'vl 138 nR^CRIPTIVR GEOGRAPIIV. Fa. — Till- Simdicrii StatcH extend frnm Intitudu 40), lo 94 drgrccn. How iiiaiiv (It'ii iTcs i>f latitude, llien, do tliry roiii|irise / They extend fVfun loripitiiil>; '-i drjrnes etist I'roni Washington, to 17 west. What ninount of lonjritudu do tliry include 1 102 liJBibardnicnt of Fort M'tlviiry. MARYLAND. 1. Makyland is more irregular in its outline than any state in tli<; Union, and is divided by Chesajreake Bay into two sections, which are called the Eastern and Western Shores. 2. In agriculture, manufiicturcs, and commerce, this State holds a re.specfablo rank. Flour and tobacco arc the staple productions. Of the Ibriincr article, more than 500,000 bar- rels have been inspected in Baltimore in one year. Maryland. Q. — I. How is Maryland divided 7 3. Wliat is said of lion of less thnn 60,000. On ntlnining that nutnlwr, the people of a territory, by receiving the sanction of Congress iu that eflTect, may elect a governor and representatives tu the National Ix!gislature, similar to the other states. Florida, Wisconsin, nnd Iowa, are the organized territories. Missouri, Ore- gon, and the Indian Territory are inhabitetl by Indians only, and are unor- ganized. The last IS |)eopled chiefly by the emigrant tribes, who are go- Terned by their own chiefs, under the superintendence of the goverrmentof the United iSlates. IRAPIIV. ntitudu "lOJ lo 24 drijrci'ft. y roiii|irisc ' They extend ingtoii, to 17 west. What 'Uciiry. in its outline than any y Cliesa|X3akc Bay into Eastern and Western id commerce, this State tobacco are the staple nore than 500,000 bar- in one year. idcd 7 3. WImt is said of ilwr, the people of a territory, eflfect, may elect a governor E, similar to the other states. cU territories. Missouri, Ore- I Indians only, and are unor- emigrant tribes, who are go- indence of the goverrment of MAllYL.XND. 139 3. Tlio cliief minoral products arc iron and coal. The first is l!) 1 ii> viirioiis parts of the State; tiic last occurs in the \vo.st What is said of this government ! 5. Describe Baltimore. 6. Its public build- ings. Tho Washington Monument. 7. What is said of lort -M Henry I 8 Describe AnnaiKilis. 9. Frederick City, and other towns. HO ' 'i DRSC.ilU'TlVli GllOGIlAl'IIV. 103 View ill Washington. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1. The District of Columbia is a territory often miles square, under the immediate governinent of Congress. It is divided into Wasliiii^ton and ..icxnndria Counties, and con- tains the Cities of Wasliington, Georgetown, and Alexandria. 2. It lies on both sides of the Potomac river, and was ceded by the States of Virginia and Maryland to tlic United States in 1790. It is about 110 miles from the mouth of the river, and nearly 200 froni the sea. 3. TliP City of Wasliinfclon, the Capital of tlie United Stairs, was laid out in 17!)1, under tlic suporintcnJrneo of the distiiiKuiHlicd man wliose name it tioars ; and in the year 1800, tlic seat of government was chaiifjcd from Philudil|ihia to tills place. 4. Waf'hin.^lon is the reHideneoofthc Prosidont of the United Slates, and tlio oUicr chief executive ofliterH oi* the (iciioral Government, aUo of the ditTereiit foreijjn ministers sent to this country. 5. The National Congress nicety iicrc in the Capitol every year on tho Dintrkt of Cnhimhin. Q.— 1. What is the District of Columbia ? How is it divided? What dnrs it contain ? 2. By what states was it ceded? At what time ? ,1. What is the City of Washiiiffton ? When was it laid out ? When was the Government removed here ? 4. Who resides in Washington ? 5. What body meets here ? What Court ? first its I Wu 6 35J Sen ceil 7 CO larf woi 'J Ro( wit wl< wii 1 aiK sot is: th( of an of ;:iAi>iiY. niSTRICr OF COLUMOIA. 141 UMBIA. a territory of ten miles lent of Congress. It is tlria Counties, and con- gcfown, and Alexandria. Potomac river, and was Maryland to tlio United js from the mouth of the ul of tlie United Stiitrs, wiis ^0 uC the distiiiiriiiNliL'd innri :*00, the seat of govcrniiiciit CO. roBidont of the United States, 10 (ieiieral Gavcmnicnt, alsu lis country, the Capitol every year on tho s the District of Cohinil)ia ? ? 2. By what Btalcs ^as it ["ity of Washiiiffton ? When lent removed licre ? 4. Who meets here ? What Court ? first Monday in DocmmIkt, and the S,.,.ren.e Federal tourt also holds 5' unmml sessioiiH in this eity. UurinR the sessions ol C onKreB*. Washington is thionK-d with visiters from all parts ol the world. 6 TheCpit..! is « lar^re and nr.iK.iifie.nt l.n.ldni(r of white frees one, 35'"foe l-mLsiii th.^ ^-I'ai'' "f'l cross, with the KepreHcntat.ve» lljill and SenaW CliuH.Ur in the two wings, and a Bpaeioan Rotunda m th« '"'TtUc Representatives' Hall \n .cmi-circulir, M feet in length, and 60 in height, lighted from the lop, and adorned with a . ,. lonnade ol pi- Ur"fJoutilui!y''poi.Hhcd. it i. one of the most elegant halU ,» tlie '" Tit Senate Chamter is of tlie same shape, and 74 feet loi^. The Ro unda is 90 feet in dian.eter, an.i is % feet to the lop of the dome w th 1 It is all of marble, and tlie floor is ham soniely paved, fo whoulhasamost grand and im,K,sing clloet. The centre, and each wing, ore surmounted with domes. 8 The President's House, built of white freestone, on an emmcnca aitTmile a.d a ha.f^w^ J^ ^^^S St^ iKt^iil ^;:^^^o2Z::;;rrrif.\^c. side are the omees lor tlie State, War, Navy, and Treasury Departments. 9 Alexandria, on the Virginia side of the Potomac, six miles south of WashSn"ha8 a considerable trade in l!.ur and tobacco. George- in, separ'LU from Washington by Rock Creek, .s a thr.vmg place, and has some commerce. Map No. 7. -On what river is Wasliington ? Pc-On which side is Tl E -On which side is Georgetown ? E. - A lexandrm ? W. 1 What s the ,K,pulation of each of these places ? '1 '« '"S'^** P"J* ^thc Dilfrict is on the Maryland side of the river, and forms Wash- bgS County! That on the other side forms Alexandria County. . VIRGINIA. 1 Vinr.iNiA is tho lary the Alleij;li:iny Moiinluins ami the nine Hiili;e. The numtry cast (if the latter is generniiy level, while the western division is hilly and nnnnitaincuKS. 4. The prixluetions nl' the north aiid the south, Wiieaf, eot- ton, and tobaeco, are all raisetl here. Indian corn is (dso extensively cultivated. Ciold, coiiper, lend, iron, coal, and salt, abound. Ktncral companies are at present employed in working the goldmines. G. The mineral-springs of Virginia are relohralcd for their medicinal properties, and arc much resorted to during the summer season. The ]>rincipal of these are, the Warm, the Hot, and the White Sulphur springs. 0. Several imporiar.t rr.iUroads and canals arc already finished in this state, and others arc advancing townriia completion. By these, transportation and travelling will be rendered easy through a large portion of the state. 7. Vir(riiiia was nninn|r tlic lending Btiitvs timi dinliii^riiislird tlum. selves during tlic Revolutionary war. In the year I7H1, tlio siege and surrender of Yorktown took plaec — when I ord Cortuv.iilis and liiH iirniy were made prisoners of war ; an event that dceiilid tlie hillicrto doubtful contest, and secu' ;d tlic independence of tlic United States. of riv nil n( tin at< an is Im A in U n tl t< t 1 V r t 1 in Virginia ? 4. What urc the prodnrtions ? Wiint is said of gi.ld, &c. ? 5. Of the Mineral .Springs .' C. Rail-rouds ? 7. Wliat was Virginia? 4V^ VIKOINIA. 149 iAi '■■4vvr iwallin. ,il<><^li:iiiy Muiinluiiis and f tiv.! latler is ij,enrnilly lly and nminitaindiis. lid tin; soutli, Wiiinif, cot- 0. Indian corn is also r, lead, inm, coal, and J at present employed in I are r elobralcd for their resorted to during the liesc are, tlie Warm, the and canals arc already arc advancing t(nMirii8 1 and travelling will be n of the state. t<.'s thai (liiiliii(riiislir(l tlicrri' he year I7H1, tlio siege mid n lord Cortuv.illis and Ids lit tlint decided the hilhertu ciicu of tlio United States. ? What is said of pr.ld, &c. ? ? 7. Wliat was Vir{jiiiia? ft. Tlic Natural Bridtfo over Ciidar I'reek, a Biiiull Ktrcoin riiiiiiing intii .Tainc» river, roiisiHtH of nn eiior- moiis chaHiii, WO tiet ill depth, nearly |)er|ieiidieular, througli whieh the ereek jiiiBiioH. A liuije rock iH thrown neriMfi the chamii at the to|i, liiriiiini; a i.atural bridjje till I'eet in widtli, and covered with soil and tree*. 9. Richmond, the capital of the Mtiito, KtaniJH on James river, 110 niilcH from iU month, it IH Burronndod liy a fertile («iuntry, and has a Nourishing trade. Its exiKirts ate wiieat. Hour, tobacco, and eoaU. II*- '.'',''''i;VV'"''"''r"r„f Natural m..^... Virginia. ;:.^3-mo :rZ";*n"c:;nmoroc than any other town in the state At liosport in I'ortsinouth, op,H.Hite to Norfolk, is one of the luo-t imiiortant Navy-Yurds of the United States. 10.-, 11. Petersburg, FrederickBlmrg, and Lynchburg, arc each i'"!"';*""' towns. Wheeling, on the Ohio, is the channel ol a great deal of busi- nZ Yorktown is celebrated/or the surrender of I,..id t "r.^a .» to the combined American and French armies, under (.eiieral Washing- n cCottesville is the seat of tlie University of Virginia. Moi.t.cello two miles from this place, is noted for having been the residence of Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States. 12. In Westmoreland county, on the Potomac is shown t he Rjx.t whoro Washington was born. The house, which stood about ball a mt froLr rr ver, is now in ruins. A simple stone with the iiiseri,.- lion, "Here, on the 11th of February, 1732. (J«oroe W*sni.N.roN wa. Imrii " dcsierites the consecrated sjiot. . „ „ ,, 13 Far her up the river, eight miles below Alexandria, is Mount Vernon t e for^fer residenc^ of that great and good man. Here repose his mortal remains, which have recently been de,K,sited within a beau- tiful sarcophagus, the offering of private munificence. What is said of Lord Cornwallis. &c.? S. Describe the Natr;al Ilridirr <) Richmond. 10. Norfolk, &c. .,..,. i 1 Vtersburg, and the other towns. For what s Yorktown eel- cbrat^-d? Of Charlottesville? 12. Where was Washington born? 13. Where is Mount Vernon, &.C.? 144 DKStRlPTIVE GEOGRAI'HV. flfa/i Nn. 4. — Wliat iKmn.ir. Virg iiiiii "n the norlli f Tum MJ. — On tlic .. uth I N..ra. - Kn.t • A,.( >n. - Wr.t ? Oo.. Ky. - \V hat r.j..r qmratc. Vir«inia Iron, Ohio ' 0„._ Which from Maryhnd 7 c -What river nn.l inoiint..ii« fr-.tn Kr.,tucky ? "-f^y- '^''•- ^^'"" two rniiKei of im.iiiituiiin ixltiid thr..ii({h Virginia ? Ay., U-Kc — How long and hiRh ur« the AilcRhony MounUuim / Man No 7 —What liny w'puratcii thu two ;aBtcrn counlica from tho ro.t of tht'.talo I ('.•. - What two Capo, ut tl o cnlranno of Cliena. .Make Hay? (>.. Ily. - In what county ih Uiclimond 7 "«•-»" which i. Norfolk 7 Nk. - I.vnchhnrK f (I. - W he. liiifr ()o. - I'.lrr.burB ' Do. — In which county i» Waitliinnrton » hirth-placo f Wd. — Mount V,rnon? Fx.-Thc TnivcrMty ofVirKinia7 Ac — In what year did Cornwallis mirrcndcr .' - What lour river, flow into cLapcaL Way 7 Pc. Rk.. Yk.. J». - Tell the Ungth ot each. - On what river i. Richmond 7 Jn.- IVtcr-lmrg ^x.- Lynchburg 7 J.. — Yorktown7 Yk. — Fredcrick«bur{r ? Rk. — W heelinK 7 Oo. - tniarleaton 7 Ka. — See Map U. — A vast quantity of aalt u manulac t^red at thii place. 100 Making Tar. NORTH CAROLINA. 1. North Carolina is an extensive but thinly peopled State. The country, for mon; than sixty miles from theriwst, iH a low, sandv plain, intersected with many swamps and inlets from the sea, and covered witii extensive pine forests. North Carolina. Q. — 1. What i« North Carolina? Doicribe tho I A.>*.\ RAI'IIY. Iho mirth / Pu., Mil. — On t? Oo., Ky. — What rivur liich from Marylund 7 Vc icUy ? »..Hy.,tU— Whut I Virginia f Ay.| D.-Re. — ntniiiii ' vo ja»tcrn counlici from tlio lit tl'o cnlronco of Chewi. p iH Uichmond 7 Ho. — In (•|._VVhiiliM(f 7 (to.— I WaBliiniTton'i hirlh-placo I (TKity of Virginia 7 Ac. — What four rivora flow into ;ll the U nglh of each. — On J ' Ax. — Lynuhburg 7 Ji. |{|t._VVIittling7 Oo. — quantity of tall in manufac- misive but thinly peopled si.xty mill's from tliociwst, with iTiuny swamps and ii extensive pine forests. srtli Carolina? Doicribe the NORTH CAROLINA. ^45 2 In the interior the surface is varied and hilly; and on Mountain lK•in^ "^G fi-cl in height. •t The fine forests which occupy the lower part of the Stiit'e f ..i ote of tlH, ntost important items ol .ts trade. p:::tn.'.rt-F"ine. tar, pitch, rosin, and lun.hcr. tn great :'o;rot and^lr vln'ooridcred of great naUonal imporUnce taiM the ifniversity of North Carolina. .•S5.*fi:?:rr^=-?-<^»«''"'--^''" Vo.— On __ ____ ___ inoun- the ^.iTtu•/i*;.\ar.Sl1iA^'»Spi."^.r.,o.».&. and other towns? 10 * Raleigh, Raw'-le. 1' f I I 1 \ I '■ 1 h m IH I un l)R«CRIPTIVR GROORAPIIY. tAirm rxlfintl lliroujli iho wist |mrl of Norlli Caroliiiii ! Ay., n.R.-. — Wliicli ID till- lii({|i..^t iiuiiiiitain f Ilk.— iluw liii[li i« it ' Wliul tlirco ca|>oi uit tlio coiiHt I lid., Lt., Fr. Miip A«. 7. — WliJil two Noiinilii ill Nnrlli Ciirolina ? Ac, To.— IFmw |nii)r arr Ih.y 7 WIihI two rivcrH ll.iw into AllMiiuirli' S.<' Kiiir, LiiiiiIht, Yiiilkin, and t'litawLNi rivcm tlow t How loiijf arc they f Iluw far aro ( howuri, Hoiinokr, Tar, and Cuim Fimt riviTH navi({iilili-, uiul for wliilt kind of vciihi'Im > I'low I'imny iidiabitaiiU , Fayctti'vilic, KnlriKti, ( 'liarlotlc, and Kdi n- Imvo Wilinin|{toii, Nowbcrn. _ ..^. , ^,., Ion ' In vvlittt couiiliu* aro tlio foricoinif inwni. ' N.IIr., ("n., (M., Wc, Mg., Cn. — In what county i» tlic lIiiivrrHity of North t'aroliim I Oc. — In what year wuh the bulllo of (;uilford Courl-llouiiu foujjhl / 107 •aitia of Kutiw Spring!. - I'TII CAROLINA. , "' !• T'' "*<< Mfc«' nearly in the form of a triangle bctwrrn North Carmmtmm Georgia. It is alwut linlf the size of the latter, and » similar to the adjoining states in climate, soil, and prwluK-fions. -'. Cowon is tli« great staple of South Carolina ; but rire, tolwcfo, tat, pitch, turpentine, and lumber, arc also amongst South Carolina. Q. — 1. What ig snid of this state 7 Flow doca it eotnpare with Georgia 7 2. Wliat is the great staple ? What arc its lAPIIY. Cariiliiiii ' Ay., n.-Iti', — w IiIkIi i« it ' Wtiut tlirtu CnriiliriA ? Ar., Po. — IFuw I AllM'iiiiirli' Siiiiriil I lir., r., Nil. — 111 wlmt ilircT'iiiii iBwba rivcm tidw I llotv ^okf, Tar, anil Ciijifl Fimt N ! iliiw iiiuny iiilmbitaiiU li'iKti, I 'hurliitli', mill Kili ii. Inwiih ' N.llr,, Cm., (M., vrmity of Norlli t'aroliim I rd Cuurt-lluUMi tiiuglil ' 1 of a triangle bctwcvn out half tho sizo of tlic states in clinitttc, soil, th Cnrolina; but rice, bcr, urc also amongst this state 7 flow dooi it lat staple ? Wlmt arc its HOI!TH CAllOMNA. 117 t ilH proilurlM. Wlirut, Inilian com, aii.l iiuligo, aro rulHt'il lor lioiiio ci)i>.Hiuiii>tii>n. M. Tin- i-oinin<'r<;c is f.xl<'niivi> and valiial.lr. It ci insists ill 111.- .xport i.r a.^rirtiliuml |.ru.lii.tH of llm slat.smu ..I l,,rn.M,.mniitirs..rth.moniiHf.l iii(loor^;iFiiuui Nortii ( amlma. ,»' 'n,.. Cln.rl. .1.-1. Hii.l llii.i.l.nr), ri.il.ro...l, i:ili mil'- '•' l.;"i;«l'.;'<"no of 111.' Kf"""' «"rl*»'"l'
  • ' >""'' y-' i"'i"«""^^'' •'. "'"' '""• "''■"'"'y t;rrally Ih.ih I'lli il Hi'! trade iif t'liiirk^nton. r» The wliiir r.si.li'iits, csiiiriiiiiy of llic lower and middle wvtions of tho staf, are .•hielly wealthy i.latU.rH, vvh... m general, iiave lur^e incomes, and arc diblmguHhcd lor their intelligence and relinenu-nt. (i »..ulli (•arolii.a wns i.a ill..Hlrioa» iictor and m.trcrcr in tho war of iu.lrpra.lt.nc.-. Il.r .uiiilul wan lor u conMd.ralil.; iMTuid i,. ,K,.«HHi.,n • Imcrn'myi and the liuttliH of tli. ^^.^^H•,^., Ui.ib'h Mo.u.tiun, and I'utaw SiiriMKH, w.ro lui.oaf; tho .uohI in.i«.rtunl thai tooli place during Ihc revolulioniiry coiilcKt. 7 ChnrlfHton Ih tlir principal city of South Curoimn, and tho largcHt in the Atlantic Hlales south of the rotoinnc riv.r. lu coinmtrco ih con- Iciable, and i« aiim.ully incrcaning. The citizen, are noted lor their liotipitahty and urhanity. , , , . . . ■„ 8. Columbia, tho capital of tho ntat*-, is regularly laid out, with very ,vido .iceu, and in k neatly huilt town. (ieorKetown. oiOV inyaw Kcamde.i.onthcWutereo river, and lIumburK. on tho Suvaimah, opiiositc to Auguist.^, are amongnt tho principal town, of tho «tuto. Map No. 8. — Wliat lioundH .South Carolina on the north 7 N.X'a. — On of« west ' ( Ja. _ East 7 A.-On. -What river «parates it from Oeoraia 7 Sh. - What rivers flow into Winyaw Ray 7 O.-Pc., \V v. _Xt river south of Winyaw Bay 7 ^- " ^h^t r'ver- fo m tl o Santee 7 Wc, Cc. - Tho Congaree 7 Sa., Dd. - What ri> ers llo y • . u. ll„i,.„» .,.iiiid7 Eo Ce. — What aro tho lengths of uU thu ICSngS s 7-H I rSy milos. and for what kinds of vessels nro ho'wacean aw,Great Pcdee,\vateree. and ConRarec ''vers navigaWo ? _ What i. the population of Charleston ^"O' ^" "■^'^la? -Cam^^^ and Georgetown 7 -In what year ^^ <"•/''?- 'lY Tairdf ICmX fi,„„l,t 7 -TCharhston 7 - Monk^s corner ? -Gates defeated / - King s Mountain 7 - Cowpens 7 - Hobkirk's Hill and Eutaw Springs -In what district is Charleston 7 Cn. - Columbia 7 Rd--t;»X"\ »^^- _ Which is tho most northern district 7 Sg. - Most soulliern 7 Bt — Eostern 7 Ily. — Western 7 Ph. other products 7 3. What is said of the commerce 7 . f Of tho cUonand llnn.burg rail.road7 •'•/>V'". it^e/^T Ues ri£ What was South Carolina in the war of independence? 7. UtstritHJ Charleston, b. Columbiu, &.c. DESCRIl'TIVE GEOGRAPHY. 108 Gold Mining. GEORGIA. 1. Geobgia is, noxt to Virginia, the largest of the Southern States ; it was tiic last settled of the thirteen original colonies, and is now rapidly increasing in wealth, population, and im- portance. 2. Tlie great staple of Georgia is cotton, of which the annual crop exceeds 300,000 bales. The other products are rice, lumber, pitch, tar, and turpentine, which are all exported to a large amount. Some tobacco is likewise raised in the northern, and sugar in th" r.ouihern parts of the state. 3. The cotton is produced of two kinds, the sea island, and upland. The former is double the value of the other, and is raised only in small quantities on the islands that lie along the sea-coast. 4. The principal mineral is gold, which is found in the northern part of the state, and engages the labour of numer- ous individuals. Iron and copper e'so occur. Several rail-roads are now in progress in this state. Georgia. Q. — 1. What is said of Georgia ? 2. What is the ^reat Btaplc of the state ? What is the amount of the annual crop ? What arc the other producU ? 3. Wliut is said of cotton ? 4. What is tlio I PHV. rgcst of the Southern ecn original colonies, population, and im- ;otton, of which the le other products are hich are all exported kewise raised in the ! of the state, nds, the sea island, ilue of the other, and islands that lie along ich is found in the he labour of numer- ?o occur. Several late. 2. Wliat is the g^reat e annual crop ? What ittou ? 4. What is tho FLORIDA. 149 k I 5 Savannah i. the chief commercial depot of Georgia. ]\ .<>^f'^f nah connects it with Hamburg. Columbus, on the Chattahoochee, and Macon, °« '*'« O-'-g^'ee^T amongst the most flourishing places m Georgia. Darien, BrunswicK, and st Mary's, on the sea-coast, are improving towns. Map No. 8. -What bounds Georgia on «.e north? NXa^-On the south' Fa. — East? S.-Ca., A.-On. — West ? Aa. — W tiat river lejarate Georgia from South Carolina ? Sa.-What "v?r Bepurates it in part from Alabama? Ce.- What r.ver m part from Florida? S..MS. - What five .ivcrs flow into the Atlaut.e ocean ? Sh O. Aa Sa S.Ms. — What rivers form tho Alatamaha ? Oe., Ou— Wiidi rWers form the Apalachicola ? Ce., Ft.- What is the population of Savannah" Augusta? Columbus? Macon? In what counties aro Ese t^wns? ^Cm., Rd., Me.. Bb.-In what county '« MiUedge vie? Bn.- To what towns do steam-boats ascend th^S^YT^f/ Oconee' Oemulgec ? Chattahoochee ? and Fhnt rivers ? VVhatiB Siedistance of each from the sea? Which is the largest island? Cd. — What extensive swamp in Ware county ! Uo. 109 FLORIDA. 1 Florid v was for nearly 200 years a Spanish Province, and'was ceded bv Spain, in 1819, to the American govern- ment. In 181*2,' East and West Florida were formed mto a territory. 2 The surface of the country is level, and not much ele- vated above the sea. The soil along the streams is very fertile, and well suited to the production of cotton, rice, to- nrincipal mineral ? What are the other minerals 7 What is said of ?LT.rrds7 5. Describe Savannah, Milledgeville. 6. Augusta, and tho other towns. , , . .i. Florida. Q. — 1. What was Florida? When was it^ ceded to the United States 7 When was it formed into a territory ? 2. What is said 150 nESCRIPTIVB GEOGRAPHY. bacco, sugar, nnd corn, (^rangos, figs, datrs, and pomrgran- ntcs, arc among its fruits. Indigo was at one time extensively cultivated, but is now abandoned. 3. But a small part of Florida is under cultivation. It is l)ctter suited for a grazing than an agricultural district. Vast herds of cattle, horses, and swine, range over its pastures. 4. Live-oak timber, so valuable in ship-building, is one of the most important products of Florida; and, with cedar logs, boards, scantling, &c., are cut to a considerable extent. Cot- ;,(i ji ton, and the other products of the soil, with hides, lallow, and bees'-wax, form the chief articles of export. 5. The Seminole Indians inhabit the Everglcdes, a country in tho soutli purl of the territory, covered with long rank grass, nnd frequent- ly overflowed with water. From this region tiio savages sally Ibrth, and commit fearful murders and depredations upon the white in- nnbitants. 6. St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States, and is built in tlip Spanish stylo. Its climate is delightful, and it is often resorted to h" mvalids in quest of liealth. 7. Li'-nsacc, the capital of Florida, ia situated in a healthy and fer- tile . . It contains the Capitol, and several churches and banks. 1 »» Apaluchicola, and St. Joseph's, arc the chief commeicinl placBsui iMiddlo Honda. Tliev are all thriving towns. Pcnsucola ia important as a naval station for United .States' ships of war. ^fap No. 4. — What bounds Florida on the north ? Ga., Aa., — On the east ? A.-On. —West and south ? G.-Mo. — What Ca|)c is on the cast coast ? CI. — What Capes on the west ? S.-Bs., Rs., Se. — What Bays on the west? Pa., Ae., Vr.. Ta., Cm.- What are tho two chief lakes ? Ge., Mo. Map No. 8. — What river separates Florida from Alabama ? Po — What from Georgia ? S.-Ms. - What rivers flow into Pensncola Hay J Ea.,B..Wr., Y.-Wr.— What into Choctawhatchie Roy? Cc — Into Apalachec Bay ? ()y., Oa. — Into Vacassar Bay ^ Hv. — What river flows into the Atlantic Ocean north of Sf, Augu.slii.e ? S -Js — What into the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachicola ? Aa. — Tell the lengths of the seyen rivers that have figures attached to Uiem. — What is the uoiiu- lation of Tallahassee? — St. Augustine ?— Pensacola ? — In what counUes are these towns 1 Ln., S.Jn., Ea. of «ie surface of the countrv ? Of tho soil ? Of its productions ? r ff Vi'.". u " l^"" «."iK:d? 4. What is cut to a considerable ex- lent ? Which are the chief articles of export ? 5. What is said of the Seminole Indians? What do they commit? 6. Describe St. Auguiu wne. 7. lailahassee, and the other towns. APHY. ilatrs, nnd pomrgran- t one time extensively Icr cultivation. It is uitural district. Vast ige over its pastures. iip-builf!ing, is one of nnc', with cedar logs, lidciable extent. Cot- itli liides, lallow, and lort. ■glcdes, n country in tho unk grass, and frequent, the savages sally Ibrth, >ns upon the white in- nitcd Stales, and is built and it is oflen resorted ted in a healthy and fer- •al churches and banlcH. c the chief commercial Iff towns. Pi-nsucola is ihips of war. norlli? On., Aa., — On — What Ca()C is on the S..n»., Rs.,Se. — What u. — What arc tho two roni Alnhama ? Po. 3W into Pcnsncola Hny 7 chie Bay? (>. — Into ly ? St.— What river Lslir.e ? .S..Jh. _: What — Tell the lengths of in. — What is the popu- Pensacola ? — In what ' Of its prorluctions ? ut to n eoiiBiderablc e.T- 5. What is said of the 6. Describe St, Augui*. I Steamboat loading Willi coltoii. ALABAMA. 1. AtAB-MA Is remarkable
    v.ng">«l d'^P"l"]S^^ ^Jf^'^ cipal part of the city is built on a high bluflf or bank, 300 feet atove the surface of the river. were formerly cultivated ? Of Indian corn ? 3. Of sugar ? What is Tald of the r Jil-roads ? 4. Of Mississippi ? The northern and central SttB? s! Discribo Jackson. 6. Natchez. What of its commerce? in 154 ," DRSCRIPTIVB aEOOnAPHY. 7. Vipktiliiirjr is Nitiiiiltcl more than r>00 niiivs from the Hen. It it a (loiirithiiic jiI.um', iind, liki; NaUUcz, currii'H on a direct trndu with tlio ru.'liin HI oiioMs of tlif Hiiioii. Ships of iargc burtliti, urn brought up to tliu town, from the <;ulf of Moxico, by mcnns of the powerful itcam tuw-b<>ati* Ufid on the .MicsiHsippi river. H. Among other thrivinff places in the state, nro Grand Gulf, on tha Mississippi river, und Tort Gibson, 7 miles from it, in the interior. M;incli(Httr, or Yaioo city, on the Yuzoo, (Jronada, on the Yalo Busha, and AlM-rdeen and C^olumbus, on the Tombijfby river. The latter ia tha north-eastern emporium of the state. Map No. 8. — What state Imunds Mississippi on the north 7 To. — On the south .' I,a., G.-Mo. — On the east 1 Aa. — On the wci,t ? Aa., La. — What river separates it from Louisiana und Arkansas I Mi. On what river is Natchez f Jackson? Grand Gulf ? Vicksburg? Man. Chester, or Yazoo city .' Grenada ? Columbus 7 — What is the popu- lation of each of these towns 7 — How many miles from the aca do steam-boata ascend the Tombigby 7 Tallahatchee 7 Yak Buaha? Bijf Black ' Pearl 7 — IIow far is Vicksburg from the sei What kind of vessels ascend to it 7 Jn what county ia Natchez a. Vicksburg 7 Wn. — Jackson 7 lis. — Columbua ? La. — Grand Gulf 7 Cc. 112 LOUISIANA. 1. The territory comprising tliis state, together with the vast region lying west of the Mississippi river, was formerly nil called Louisiana, and was purchased from France by the United States' Government in 1803. 2. The country along the Mississippi in this state, is gene- rally lower than the surface of tlie river, and is protected by levees or embankments of earth, which extend for nearly 200 miles. 3. The great staples of Louisiana are sugar and cotton, but rice, corn, and tobacco, are also cultivated. A vast amount of capital is invested in the sugar business, in lands, slaves, &c., and the produce of that article has increased tenfold within twenty years. 4. During the late war, a powerful British army invaded thia atate ; 7. Vicksburg 7 IIow are sh; s brought up to this place 7 8. The other towns 7 Ijouisinna. Q. — \. W'hat is said of the territory comprising thia «tnto 7 When was it purchased 7 2. What is said of the country 7 a. What are the great staples 7 4. What took place during the lato \ bi Ji al ci CI b< lAPHV. il(!8 frnm the Den. It ia ■ m a direct trndo with tiio :c burtlic'i. nro brought up Bn» of the powerful itcam 0, ore Grand Gulf, on tha I from it, in the interior, enada, on the Ynio Busha, by river. The latter ia the >pi on the north ? To. — I. — On the wet-t ? Aa., La. id Arkansns I Mi. — On rJulf? VickBburg? Man. lus 7 — What 18 the popu* y miles from the aca do ihatchce? Yak Busha 7 ■g from the se> What mty is Natchez .s. — ulumbus ? Ls. — Grand ale, together with the pi river, was formerly d from France by the i in this state, is gene- n, and is protected by extend for nearly 200 I sugar and cotton, but ited. A vast amount iness, in lands, slaves, has increased tenfold army invaded thia atate } his place ? 8. The other territory comprising thia is Raid of the country ? ok place during the lato LOUISIANA. Ifi5 Bottle ol" Nbw Orli'iina. but they were totally defeated by the American army, under General Jackson, January 8th, 1815, and the country was abandoned by them shortly afterwards. 5. New Orleans, the capital of the state, ..- the second commercial city in the Union ; its inland and foreign trade is very great, and is in- creasing every year. From 1,500 to 2,000 flat-boats, 50 to 60 steam- boats, and a forest of the masta of aca vessels, may bo seen nearly always lying along its lev6e. 6. The produce that arrived at this place from the various states, &c. watered by the Mississippi and its tributary streams, during the year 1838, is estimated to amount in value to seventy-five millions of dollars ; among which were 750,000 bales of cotton, 300,000 barrels of flour, 50,000 hogsheads of sugar, and 40,000 hogsheads of tobacco. 7. The city is built on level ground, and is several feet below the sur- face of the river at high water. It contains a number of public build- ings, some of which are splendid structures. The population during 'he winter season is from 40,000 to 50,000 greater than at otlicr periods. 8. The towns in Louisiana arc all small ; some of them, however, have considerable trade, Donaldsonville, Plaquemine, Baton Rouge, and Bayou Sara, arc on the Mississippi river, and Alexandria and Natclu- todies on Red river. 9 The great Raft, an immense accumulation of timber, which pre- vented navigation to the upjier parts of Red river, has been lately cut through, and stcam-boaU can now ascend that stream several hundred miles further than formerly. war ' When were they defeated ? 5. Describe New Orleans. 6. What of the pro..*3S3 150 DESCniPTIVE CBOORAPHV. hn Mnp ^o. B. — Hv wlint is T.oiiiNinnn boundnd on tlin north ? An., Ml. — On llif ciiHl ? Mi. — .Siiilhr (J.-Mo. — Wr8t? Ta. — Whnt riviTw H(|mrut(! LdiiiHinim fr.iiii MiHHiH»ip|.i / Mi., PI.— Wlial river from TixiiB? Sc — WImt two laki-8 aro in tlio cnnttrn port of tho Rtutc ? I n., Ro — Wliiit two in the noiitliern part ? (;ii., Mil. — How lonir is the MigaUsippi ? IJc d rivtr 7 WiiHhita ? Sabine ? Calcawu ? flayou Macon ? Uur'.hoIoMicw / Some rivers are termed Dayoua in liouitiann. What la tlie popidution of New Orleans ? Donaldsonville I Baton Roiigu ! Alcxandric I Ntttcliitoche!i ! In what purislicg arc these situ- atid ? N..08., An., E.-R-Rc., Rs., Ns. — In what year -vai the battio of New Orleans fought ? 113 WESTERN STATES. 1. TiiE Western Stntes comprise Oliio, Kentucky, Tennes- see, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Arkansas, the orjinnized territories of Wisconsin and Iowa, together with the Indian Territory, and the unorganized territories of Mis- souri and Oregon. 2. From the great extent of this region, its climate pos- sesses considerable variety of temperature; the winters aro more variable, and the quantity of snow is less than in tho same parallels in the Atlantic States. 3. The most striking features of this vast country are its We$tern States. Q.— 1. ^\ hat do tho Western States comprise? 2. What is said of the climate ? Tho winters 7 3. The most strikinj nu •i'l tlx CO A I frc tri nil Wi sU of an vo s e; ol fii a tl RAPHY. (lod on tlin north ? An., Ml. Wr8t? 'IV — VVhntrivtrH li., n.— Wlial river from ) cnstcrn port of tho Rtatc ? ' t^ii., Mil. — How long is Sabine ? CulcaRiu 7 nayou crmcd DayoUB in Ijouitiann. ? Donaldsonville 1 Outoii vhnt purislicg arc tlicao situ. ' what year 'yaa the battio TES. Iiio, Kentucky, Tennes- iiri, and Arknn.sas, tho cl Iowa, together with ized territories of Mis- egion, its climate pos- turc; tlie winter."? are low is less than in the IS vast country are its r^estcrn States comprise T a ? 3. The most striking WESIBUN STATlit!. 167 numerous rivpis, towerinj; forests, and extensive prairn's. •J'lic latter are wid(3 si-rcading plains, stret.diing farther than liio rye can riiicli, destiluK-, for the most part, of tret;s, and covcreil with tall grass and (lowering shruhs. 4. That i>art of this rei^ion lying Iwtwcen the Uocky and Alleghany Mountains is oHen called tho Mississippi Valley, from its beinj; cliieflv watered by thai great rivcr,_ and its tril.utnry streams. These atlord immense facilities lor inter- nal commerce, and, in fact, constitute it one of the best wat(!red districts on tho face of the globe. 5 There arc, at ..rcnent, on the western waters between 200 and .300 steam.boats, many hundreds of arks or Hiit-boats, besides a inultit.ido of smaller croft constantly engaged in tho commerce of the country, and immense (luantities of produce of various kmds arc annually con. veyed by them to New Orleans. 6. Lead, iron, coal, salt, and lime, abound in the Western States, and, probably, no region of cciual extent in the world exhibits such a combination of mineral wealth and fertility of soil, united with such rare facilities of trunsi>ortation. 7. Cotton n.r.d tobacco arc produced in tho southern districts, while wheat, Indian-ccrn, hemp, oats, and barley, arc exten- sively cultivated in the other parts. Cattle, hogs, and horses, are raised in abundance, and constitute an important part ot the wealth of the people of these states. 8. A considerable portion of tho western country has been recently settled ; but the cheapness of land, the fertility of the soil, and tho general character of tlic climate, are causing a tide of emigration to How, which is filling up tho country with unexampled rapidity. 9. A laudable zeal is manifested in the cause of education. The number of common schools is rapidly increasing, while colleges and tho higher seminaries of learning are also multiplying. 10 The population of the Western States and Territories is probably not less than four and a half millions, of which the negro slaves consti- tute about one-ninth part. Slavery is prevalent in Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas, but does not exist in tho other states and territories. features ? What are prairies 7 4- What is part of this region called ? Why 7 What do they afford 7 5. What is said of steam-boats, arks. &c. 7 What is conveyed by them ? 6. What is said of lead, iron.&c. 7 7. What is produced in tho southern districts 7 In other parts 7 What of cattle, &c. 7 8. What has been recently settled 7 What is filling up the country 7 9. What is manifested 7 Of common schools, col- leges &c.? 10. Of the population 7 Where is slavery prevalent f ^i^ I ;, 1' ; I 158 DKHCUIPTIVK OKOORAl'IIY. Ill II. Nnirly all thn Iiulim.^ iit llio Uiiilrd Slilm iiro nmnil witliin llw liiiiila of (liiH (pmrUr of thr I'liimi. S.imi! nl" tli.Kf nrr (mrliiilly rivil. i/.r(l, liiit n roiiNiiltriilili- iiiiiiiliir Nlill rnimiii iiiicliuii|;ril ; nml wliilf tlm n'ttli'iiiriitH, url«, anil iiii|iniviiiiriilM ciC wliilo riitiii art; iiurriiwinK tlirir iHHiiidurics, tliiy still rttaiii Hair original »uv«{;«! cliuriicUr uiiil coiidi. lion. Indians viewing the ini|iroveiiicnta of while men. • '?■ T*!? ^'li?''"' Choctaws, Clicrokecg, and other trilics now reHldcnt in thu Indian Territory, and under the protuclion of the General Govern- nicnt. increaso steadily in populiition iind prosperity j wliilo tho Sioux, Kiccureeg, niack I' eel, and other rudu, roving bunds of the Upper Mis- •ouri, are decruiudng ropidly in number uiid importHnce. 13. Within a few years, tho sinall-iwx iins swept tlirm by thousands from tho fuceof tho earth; and tribes but lately numerous tuid powerful arc now reduced to » few individuals. Map No. 4. — Which is the largest of tho Western States 7 Mi. — I he smallest ? la.— Which is the nioKt northern ? Mn. — Southern 7 As. ~ Lustern .' Oo WcHl.rn 1 Mi — Which is the largest of the western territories ? On. — The most northern and western ? On. — The most eastern ? W-i. - .iMost Sv^uthern ? In. — The western sUtes and territories extend from latitude 3.3 degrees to iil,„ut 54 J. How much latitude then do they include 7 They extend from almut 4 de- groes of longitude to 56 degrees west from NVasbinglon. How much ^•'" J^'',"/,," '■■'''' "'' "'" ^"'''""'' • ^^'"'t '" narrowinff their bounda- rii-s 7 What do tiu-y still retain ? 1-2. What of the O.rks, (;hocfiiw.s &C.7 lhc!5m.x,Kir,.ura,,&c.7 13. Wh.it is said of the sni.-ill-pox 7 UAniY. Si ilrd iiru f)iini»., In., \h. — What Klale has the «>liii) l^r itn nnflliitn hiiuiiiliiry ! Ky. — Wliieh Iiuh Ihu Ohio f'lr iN \\r»l. in hnimil.iry f Va. — lluw many niiliK ih il liy thu »eale Inini the iii/iilli iil' Ciil'.iiiihi i rivrr lanlwaril tn the Umky >liiiiii. l.iiiiN ' llciH- iiiaiiy iiiilri is il fnim tlic Uneky Moiiiitaiii.s to l,iiko Miehiifiin, iiuaHiirrd nil tin' |iarillil of 1 1 di^jreeH t How many iiiili « iH it Irom the head ofllii- .Vikaiis.iH to the hii.id of the Alleghany rivrr7 TliiM i- ahotit till' iir.Mlihl ixlriit tli:it eaii lie iiienHured lliruii|{h the cen- tre of the .'\Ii'*Ni>-i|i|ii valley east and west. How far in it from the head to the nioiilli of the MiH^.^Biiijii river in n HtruiKht Une t How (hr is it from tin: month of the Ohio river to the northern tioniuliiry of llii- noi»7 and from the n.inie jioint, to the eaiit lionndury of Kentucky 7 The itatcM of .MisHonri ami Indiana are aliout thu lamo extent fiuni nortli to south. How many miles is it 7 115 1. This flourishing state, tliou! 'i settled in 1789, only fifty years ago, rnnk.s next to Vir>;ini(i in the number of its inhabitants; and its in.Tcn.sc in wcaitli and importance is unequalled in the history of any other country. 2. The southern section of Ohio is uneven and hilly ; the OHIO. Ohio. Q. — 1. When was this state settled 7 ITow does it rank 7 2. Wlmt is said of it 7 How is it intersected 7 3. What arc the staple 160 DBScniPTIVB OBOORAPHY. r*>maiiulirclmrdrt flniiriish here, and prodiu-i; thi! tincst applcN, uiid all tho fruitN of llm Western 8tati.'s, in porfcetion. Ilorscs, cattle, and hf'f^s, are abundant, and thouaantls arc tvery year driven to the eastern nmrket». 4. Iron nnd eoal arn loiuid in va.st quantities, and jult springs are numerous, ^h^t)u|■^cturc8 nro carried to n greater extent than in nny other western state. They consist of cot- ton and woollen go«jds, with flour, paper, and stunm nmchi- nery. 5. The Oliio Htuto canaU wcro projected ubout the yfar_1823, and ■ro, ao far nH coni|ilctod, in aucccialul opcrution. Tlie influonco of thcBc works lioa, in many cusua, cnhunced fonr.fuld the value of ])rivate property in and near the placoa where they arc located, li^aidca increa*. ing greatly the connnerco of tlio atato. Various other canula and rall- ruada are in the courae of construction. G. Culumbui, the capital of Ohio, is aituutcd in a rich and bcautiAil diatrict. It is regularly laid out, and eontaina aoverul public building*, churchca, Slc. 7. Cincinnati ia the largest and moat important place in the weatern ■tatea. The growth of thia city hna tx-'cn cxceedmgly rapid, and has kept pace with the incrcaac of the atatc. It ia regularly laid out: Miuny of its private dwellinga arc elegant, its public cdificca arc numcrouH, and aoinc of them arc handsome specimens of architecture. 8. This city carries on an immense trade buth up and down the Ohio river, and the Miami canal which joina the former at thia place. Pork is one of the chief articles of trade ; besides which, wheat, flour, whis- key, and a great variety of manufactured articles, are exported. !). Zancsvillo is un important place, and is noted for its flour-mill* and various manufacturing establishments. Cleveland is the principal port on Lttko Eric, und is a place of extensive business. Stcubcnville, Dayton, Purtsmuuth, Toledo, and Sandusky, arc nil thriving and flour- ishing town*. , products? What is sold of horses, &.C. 7 4. Iron and c; i ' 'tTanu. factnres? .5. Stole conuls? What hos been their influence . Other canals nnd rail-rouds .' G. Describe Columbus. 7. Cincinnati. How is it laid out? 8. What docs it carry on? Whot are nx|)orted 7 9. Describe Zanesvillc. Cleveland. Stcubcnville, and thr other towns. IRAPHY. •imive priiirios in many with nutneroiw riv»TH, [H)wct fur niilU, iiiunu- (i wlu'iit ; hut rye, ojifn, y cultivutcd. ( JrclmrdM ,i|ili>N, unil ull tli(! fruitM I. lloMCH, ciittir, and c every year drivi-n to iHt quantities, und jult ore carried to n greater . They consist of cot- pcr, and steam rnuchi- ubout the yi'itlN33, and srution. Tlie influcnco of xir.f'uld the valui: of private are located, l)^«idca increan- riouH other canals and rall- ied in a rich and beautiful na Boverul public buUdinga, ortant place in the weaterp ;xeeedinfr|y rapid, nnd liaa i» rcffulnrly laid out : many lie edifices arc numerous, jf architecture. both up and down the Ohio former at this pince. Pork I which, wheat, flnur, whis- tides, are exported. is noted for ilH flour-mills Cleveland is the principal vc busincHM. Stcubcnville, arc nil thriving and flour- I. Iron and Cu. ' .tfanu. n their influence .' Other juh. 7. Cincinnati. How Whot are eximrted 7 9. lie, and thr other towns. KE.NTrCKY. ini Afap A'o. 0. — Whiit Wmds Ohio on the mirth 7 Mn,, T...i:i'.— Hmilli? Ky., Va.— KiiHl? Vii„ Pii. — VVc:.t ' la. - Wh.it river t;>rmN ilH H-Hilh houiichirv ' Oo. — Whot rivirs How into l,iikc> l.rirT Ml'., Sy., Iln., C.I. — Wliich Mow into the Ohio river/ Mi., I,.-Mi., So., Mm.— Whiit Im till! |H>piiliili.m of Ciiii iiiniiti f '/iim nvillr f Cli.vtl..nd / Hli'iilMnivilli) .' CohimhiiH ? Chillirolho ' Diiyl.m ' I'orU- iiioiilli f In what coimtiis art; Ihciic pliiciH ? Iln., Mm., Cii., .In., hi.. Km., My., Si).— How l(iti(f istheOhio/ Mauiiu'c f Miami f SnotoT MiiHkiMffum ? What roud extends tlirough tho state Ironi cost Itt west? m 110 1. This state was first settled by the rclcbratcd Daniel Boon and others, in 17«9. It formed for a time part of Virginia, but in 1790 a separation tooit place, and two years afterwards Kentucky was admitted into the Union. 2. Tlic surface in tlic eastern section of the state is hilly and undulating, but in the western it is level, occasionally extend, ing into prairies. Much of the soil of Kentucky is celebrated for its fertility. 3. The principal products arc hemp, tobacco, wlicat, nnd KenUieky. Q. 1. Ry whom wiis this stote nettled? What iliil it form 7 Wiiat took plucc t 3. What is said of the surface 7 Of Uio 11 il f ir !'■ i' 162 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Indian corn. Cattle, horses, and hogs, are raised to a great extent, and numbers are annually carried into the neighbour- ing states. 4. Salt springs or licks arc numerous, from which large quantities ol' salt are made. Great numbers of the bones of the mammoth have also been found in some of them. 5. There arc several extensive caves found in tliis state that are great curiuBJlics, of wliicli the Mammoth Cave is the most remarkable, havint; heeii explored to a distance of several miles from its mouth. The earth in some of these eaves is strongly impregnated with nitre or saltpetre, and considerable quantities of tliat aiticlc were made from it during the late war. 6. Until the year 1795 the people suiTcred greatly from Indian hos- tilities; many had fallen in battle in their fields or houses, by the hands of their savage foes ; but since that period, Kentucky ha« advanced rapidly in population, wealth, and importance. 7. Frankfort, the capital of the state, stands on the right ban^ of the Kentucliy river, in a highly picturesqno situation. I^cxmgton, the old- est town in the state, is situated in tlic midst of a rich and well culti- vated district. It is tijo seat of Transylvania University. 8. Louisville is the principal city of Kentucky, and one of the most important places in the Western States. It carries on an extensive trade. Many thousands of flat-boats arrive here, yearly, from all parts of tlie upper Ohio, and steam-boats are daily arriving and departing in every direction. The town is well built, and regularly laid out ; with spacious, straight, and well-j)avcd streets, running parallel with the river, intersected by others meeting them at right angles. The landing is convenient for boats. 9. Maysville is a flourishing commercial place. Newport and Co- vington, both opposite Cincinnati, arc thriving towns, and contain sonio manufactures of cotton-bagging. Map No. 9. — What states lionnd Kentucky on the north ? Is., la., Oo. — South ? Te. — East ? Va. — West ? Mi.. As. — What river forms its northern Iwundary 7 Oo. — Its western ? Mi. — What river and mountains arc its eastern boundary ? B.-Sy., Cd. — Which arc the principal rivers in the state ? Te., Cd., On., Ky., Lg. — Tell the lengths of all these. On what river is Frankfort ? Louisville 7 Maysville 7 Paducaii ? What is the population of each of these towns 7 Of Lexington 7 Which is the most nortlicrn county 7 Be. — Eastern 7 Fd.— Western 7 Hn. „ Boil 7 3. The principal products 7 Cattle, &c. 7 4. Of salt springs 7 Wl'<:',t has been found in some of them 7 ,5. What is said of the caves 7 Of the earth in them 7 6. Of the people 7 7. Describe Frankfort, liPxington. 8. Louisville. 9. Maysville, and otlicr towns. lAPHY. i, are raised to a great icd into the neighbour- roiis, from wliich large imbers of the bones of some of them. I in tliis state that are groat lie most remarkable, havini; Prom itx mouth. The earth Lted with nitre or saltpetre, ire made from it during the d greatly from Indian hos- slds or bouses, by tlie hands ], Kentucky ha« advanced e. lis on the right bank of the ation. Iicxnigton, the old- Ist of a rich and well culti- ia University. ;ucky, and one of the most It carries on an extensive here, yearly, from all ports r arriving and departing in d regularly laid out; with ning parallel with the river, it angles. The landing is 1 place. Newport and Co- ig towns, und contain souio ;ky on the north ? I3., Ia., ? Mi.. As. — What river 3stern ? Mi. — What river l.-Sy., Cd. — Which arc the Ky., Lg. — Tell the lengths Louisville 7 Maysville ? aeh of these towns 7 Of county ? Be. — Eastern ? &c. ? 4. Of salt springs 7 What is said of the caves 7 ! 7 7. Describe Frankfort, >d otlier towns. TENNESSEE. 117 103 ! TT ;,,, "^^^^«?:5f^^..'ft? •-•i -^ '^ft^Si* 3.?(|ut' dis- trict, ami contains a nuuil)er of elegant public and private buildings. 'J'lie Inidc in active and cxlcnuive, Knoxville, on the Ilolston rivt,r, was the first scat of government of tliu Htatc. (!. Franklin and Columbia, south of Nashville, Bolivar on the Hatchcc, and Mempliis on the Mississippi river, are among the most flourishing towns in Tcimcssee. Map No. 8. — What state bounds Teimcssee on-tlie north 7 Ky. — On the south? Mi., Aa., Gu. — East? N.-Ca. — West? As. — What river separates lliis state from Arkansas? Mi. — Which ore the two principal rivers ? Te., Cd. — Name the head brnnehcs of the Ten- nessee ? i'l., Ch., Iln., F..I!d. — Tell how long all these rivers uro ? Ifow many miles from the sea do steain-boais navigate the Hatchce, Cumberland, and Ilolston rivers ? 'I'o what towns do they ascend 7 llr., Co., Ko. — What mountains separate Tennessee from North Car- olina ? Ay. — The Allegheny mountains, in this part, are distinguished by the local names of Stone Mt., Smoky Ml., &.e. — What mountains between the Tennessee and l.'uniberland rivers? Cd. — IIow high are they? What is the population of Nasliville ? Memphis? Knoxville? Columbia? In what counties are each of these towns? Dn., Sy., Kx., My. 118 MICHIGAN. 1. This sfutc comprises two large peninsulas, one of wliich is situated between Laltcs Huron and Miciiigan, and the otiicr between Laiies Superior and Micliigan. 2. The former contains the wliitc population of the state, uhiic the latter is inhabited almost solely by a few Indians, and is but little known. 3. The settled part of Michigan is level, fertile, and highly productive. Large crops of wheat, corn, oats, and barley, arc obtained ; while apples, pears, and other fruits, grow in abundance. 4. The great lakes by which Michigan is surrounded, are cliief minerals ? What is said of iron 7 5. Describe Nashville. Knox- ville. 6. Franklin, and other towns. Michigan. Q. — 1. What docs this state comm-ise? How arc they situated ? 2. What does the former contain I The latter 7 3. What in said of the settled part 7 What nre obtained 7 4. How is Michigan U API IV. ho stiito gives employment iiil-workn. brtile uiid pictures>(|ut' dis- lic and privuto buildings. irst scat of government of lie, Dolivur on tlie Hatclicc, mong tliu most flourishing see on -the north 7 Ky. — N.-Ca. — West ? As. — 18 ? Mi. — Which aro the head branches of the Ten- ong all these rivers arc? uts niivigiifo the Ilatchce, it towns do they ascend? cnncssec from North Car- tliis part, arc distinguished I., &.C. — What mountains rs7 Cd. — IIow high are Memphis? Knoxville? ' these towns ? Dn., Sy., 3iiin.siilas, one of wliich tlicliigan, and the otiicr )opiilation of the state, iloly by a few Indians, !vel, fertile, and highly orn, oats, and barley, J other fruits, grow in ;an is surrounded, are describe Nashville. Knox- lomprise? How arc they ? The latter ? 3. What ed ? 4. How is Michigan AIICIIIOAN. 16fi 1 Perry's Victory. navigable by vessels of the largest size, and even naval b.ittles have been fought on them. Perry's victory was gained within the limits of this state, September, 1814. 5. Numerous steam-boats imd other rrafl aro constnully employed in the trade of the country, and iu convoyin;^ emigrants i'rom the east to tlic west. 6. Detroit, the capital, and the principal phice in the Kfitr, is ndmiralily situated for commerce, of whicli its sliare is iilready extensive. Tlio city is regularly laid out, and contains a number of handsome public buildings. The population is at least four times greater than in 1830. 7. Monroe City, near the mouth of the Kivcr Raisin, is an important and thriving place ; it is a great thoroughfare for emigrants going to llio interior of the state. Mackinaw, on an islind at the entranoo to Lake Michigjin, and St. Mnry's, at Fort Rrady, aro the most northern settle- meats in the state; the l()rmer was long noted for its fur trade, which of late years has been on the decline. Momit Clemens, Tecumseh, and Ann-Arbour, in the eastern, and .N'iles and St. Joseph, in the western section of Michigan, are all ilonrishing towns. Map No. 4. — What laUo bounds Michigan on the north ? .Sr. — On thccast? Hn. — West' AIn. — 'Vliat states on the south ? Ia.,Oo. — What rivers separate Mieliliran from Wisconsin? Ml., Me. — What country cast of Michigan ? U.-Ca. — What territory in tlic west ? Wn. — Where is Mackinaw ? Fort Brady ? Burroundcd ? What has taken place on them ? 5. What is said of ttcamboats, &c. ? 6. Describe Detroit. 7. Monroe city. Mackinaw, &c. Mount Clemens, and other towns. .S*"" .1"! V, 0' 1 1 I ■ IGO DEriCIlirTIVB GEOGRAPHY. Map Nii.l. — WhA luUc llos iKtwcin l,:ikns Huron nnd Eric ? S.Cr. — What river iiiiilvs it to L:ili(; IIiii(>ii '> S.-Cr. — Which to Luke Eric ? l)t. _ Wh.t h tlif i)(i|i\ihitioii of Diaroit ! Monroe ? Nilcs ? To whftl p':ioo on tho St. Jos'j|ih'.s rivur scn by the Legislature to o north? W.-Ty. — On li., I..Ty.— What river - On tho east ? Wli. — scribe Chicago, Vandalia. Springfield, Jacksonville. MI.^SOURI. 109 What rivers {\o\v into the IMississipjii ? Itk., !>■., K;i. — What rivers into the Illiiiciis ' Kr., D.-IV, l'\., Vii., Mw., Sn., Sii.— U'liiit rivers flow iiilolhe Wiiliiisli .' Vii., !;.■<, l,..WIi. — IIdW Imi),' is i;i(-li of tho fores-oing rivers .' What lake on the north-east ' Mn. — How many inhabitants has Cliiciigo ? (iiilen.i ^ IVoria? tiuincy ? Springfield? .TaekHonville? Alton? In what countie.o arc tin se towns ? CIt., Js., Pa., As., Sn., :\Iii. .Mn. — How far from the sea do steain-liuats ascend the Illinois ! IJock / and Sangamon rivers ? Indians attacking Mistiouri Traders. MISSOURI.* 1. Missouri is, next to Virginia, the largest state in tlio Union. Tho fa<:o of the country is diversified with hills, plains, and prairies, of which the latter predominate. 2. Wheat, Indian-corn, hcnip, and tobacco, are largely riilfivatcd, with some cotton in the southern part of the stale. This is an admirable grazing country, and vast herds of horses, cattle, and hogs, arc raised in it. 3. Missouri is rich in minerals : the load-mines have been worked for more than 100 years, and produce at present several million pounds of lead annually. 4. Tho Pilot Knob and the Iron Mountain arc immense masses of Missouri. Q. — 1. What is Minaouri ? AVIiat is said of the country ? 0. What arc cultivated ? Raised ? 3. Wlial of the minerals ? 4. Ue- \A I »r ♦ Miasouri, Mis-su'-re. 170 DKSCIIU'TIVE GEOGIIAI'HY. ni'iirly pure iron, niid Hurpans eviTy tiling of the kind found in uny part uf llic World. Cujiper, /.itic, and eual, uIhu alioiind. md suit in iiiudu to soii.v extent. a. Tlirre In n roiisidrrnblu trudo earrled on lutwecn tliiH ntuto and Sii III I'V, ill New Mexico. The truderH Ibriii caraviinH of nuiiieroUH in- di\idu(ilM, with iiiuiiy hornes and woft""''. They eiirry various articles ormerelmndiM, and being (Vequently uttaukcd by lndiui)'<, deleiid them. Belvcti with their ritles, 6. J( lUrtioii City, the capitiil, is on the Routh Bide of the Missouri riviT ; it is u small town, und contains the State House and I'enitentiary. The eily ol'St. Fiouis is the liirj,'C8t place west of the Mississippi river. It i;i very liivouralily situated ibr trade, und has an extensive eoinmcrcc. Numerous steuni-boats are constantly depurting for and arriving ftoni nearly all parts of the Missis-ippi vulley. Though this city is 1,200 niil( » from the sea, yet its enterprising inerchants are about to establish a direct trade with Kuro|Ks und tlic Atlantic ports of the Union. 7. St. Chnrlcs, Franli' n, Booncville,* Lexington, and Lilicrfy, arc all on or near the Missoui river j they are small but thriving towns: tho last is the most western town in which u ncwspa|)cr is printed in ttio United States. It i.s IM'2 miles from Washington City. .Viip An. !». — What territory on the north ? I.-Ty. — On the west ? I.-Ty.— What Btiites on the east .' Is., Ky.— South ' As. — What rircr on the eust > Mi. — On tlie west, and in the centre > Mi. — Wliat rivers flow into the Missouri? L.-l'e, Gd., Cn., Oc., 'Jc. — Into the Missis- eipid .' St., Mi., Mc— What rivers ilow into Arkansas? W.-Wr., U.-Hk., Ct, We. — What mountains in tho south-west? Ok. — How high are they? What mines in Washington county? Ld. — What mountains ? In., P.-Kb. — How many inhabitants has St. Louis ? St. C^harles ? I'ulinyru ? In what counties arc these towns? S.-Ls., S.-Cs., Mn — In wliich is Jeflbrson city I Cc. — Booncvillu ? Cr. — Lcxing. ton? Lc.— Liberty? Cy. 122 ARKANSAS. 1. Arkansas is one of tho latest formed of the American states, having been admitted into the Union in 1836. The eastern part of the country along the Mississippi is low and marshy ; but the interior is elevated, healthy, and pleasant. scrilx: Pilot Knob and the Iron Mountain. 5. What trade, &c. ? What do the traders form ? 6. Describe Jefferson City. St. Louis. 7. St. Cliarlos, and the other towns. Arkan$aa. Q. — 1. Wliat is said of Arkansas? Of tho country? *Bu Mi. — Wlint rivers ic., fJc, — Into the Missis- into Arkansas? W.-Wr., 1 south-west? Ok. — How ton county? Ld. — What bitants has St. Louis 7 St. these towns ? S.-Ls., S.-Cs., Boonevillc ? Cr. — Lcxing. jrmed of the American Union in 1836. The Mississippi is low and lealthy, and pleasant. . What trade, &c. ? What n City. St. Louis. 7. St. insas? Of tho country? _ WISCONSIN TRRRITOUY. 171 2. TIk! I;iiii! !)(ir(k;rin^ on tin; rivers is qoiK^rnlly fertile, aniJ prodiu'es alminl.iril crnps ol' rot Ion and corn. W liwit iinil j»rnin firow well in tin; upper country, while peivclics, piiuns', (inJ fitlier i'.iiils, lire raised in ahimdunee. U. This slate has coiisiducahlii advantages for commerce. Nearly every part of it is interseetcd Ity streams that (low into the .Mississijipi river. Steaiii-lKjats ascend the Arkansas iliirin;; liiLjh water nearly (i()(( miles above its mouth, and the JJed, \\'hiti% St, Francis, and Washita rivers, are all more or less navij5aljl('. 4. Tlio hot springs, about li.ly iiiilcH west of Little Rock, are ainnng the chief curioHitii-s of the country ; the water of some of them in Huf- ficienlly hot to boil an egg in fillriii iniiiutus. Thoy are very numeruuH, and much resorted to by invalids, who generally lind tho use of the water benefieiul to their health, 5. Little Rock, the capital of the state, situated on the Arkansas river, ultout UdO miles above its inoiilli, is the most important town. The chief of the others arc, Arhansuii, |{at>svillc, Ilclcnu, Fulton, und Fayettcville. These arc all of limited (Kipulatiun. Map No. B. — What bounds Arkansas on the north? Mi. — On the south? La.— F,aHtf To., Mi.— West .' In. Ty.— What river sepa- rates ArkaiiHiui from Tennissee and Mississippi? Mi. — What tlireu rivers flow iiiln the Mississip|)i > As., We., S..Fs. — What are thi two principal rivrr.s that flow into Louisiana I Rd,, Wa, — Tell the lengths of the foregoing rivers. How liir ere the Arkansas, White, Washita, and Red rivers, navigable for steam-boats I Name tho places where tho navigation ends. F,-(!n., He., K.-Fo,, Jo. — In what county is Little R..<:k? Pi. — Fort .Smith .' Cd. — Fulton? Ild. — Fayettcville? Wn. — Batcsvillc .' le. — Helena? Ps. WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 1. Wisconsin formed, until the year 1830, the western division of Michigan Territory. A large portion of it is but little known ; and it is, for the most part, still in the occupan- cy of the Indians. 2. It is yet but thinly settled by a white population ; but its 2. Produclions? .3. Commerec ? Steam-boats? 4. Hot springs? 5. Describe Little Rock, and other towns. Wisconsin Territory. Q. — 1. What did Wisconsin form? What is said of it '! 2. IIow is it settled ? What arc attracting emigrants ? ij^^' /)." 1 r i i, I 4 11'^ Dl'.rfl Illl'lIVr. (iKOiillAl'IlV. grca». miiKTiil rcsdtirrrs mni tJitili! soil nrf> nltr;\i'tin{; mimcr- WIS ciiii^rimls iViuii d.i' cnslcrn piiit nl' ilii' I'liiDii. a. Tliis coiiiili y in licli in iniiii'i;il pnidiu'lH. Ja'uiI in foiimi in gri'.it (|iiiiiitilii-*, (iml co|>;ii'r mi.l iron also iilHiiiml. 'I'lu' |irini'i|)nl triiilf ol' Wisconsin consists in tlic cx|)'>rlin;{ of kad (inii (illicr |ir<)ihicts, to tlic various inarkcls on the iVIississiitiii and ( )|iio risers. ■1. .Mndisim city, tlif nipiliil of Wincormin, in sitimtcil nboiit linlf wiiy ImIw.cii the Misi^i^i-ipipi river Hiid f,iilti! Micliii,mn. Tlioii({h liiil liilcly laiil Dill, n iiiinilitr ol' l)iiililin){» I'uve hivn orccti tl. MiUvnukce, Kiicinc, Nuviiriiir), Miiitrul roint, rruirii;* du Cliicii, mid CuhsviIIi', urc llic ollar priiic'i|ml towiiii. C'lii|i|iewsy Hark I.oili;i' lliti'li Hurk C'lnov, r>. Tlio c'liicf Indian tribes in tliii) territory nrc the ('hipiicwnys and tlio MiiinoiiioiiieM. Tlio Ibrmfr Bubsi^t mostly on tlie wild ricu willi which the niiineroUH lakes abound. They nmku lodfrea und canoes of birch bark, but have not niucli mechanical injrcnuity. 'I'lio MeniiD- monies are BU[H.'rior in skill to the ("hipiM'ways ; they prepare belts, inoccusins, sheaths, &c. very neatly, and ornament tiicm with beads und [lorcupino quills. Map No. 4. — What kiuiida Wisconsin on the north? B.-Aa. — South ' Is. — East ? Mn. — West ! I.-Ty. — Wliat river fnrina nearly the whole of tlic wes'crn boiindiiry ? Mi. — What rivirs tlow into Lake Superior' S.-Ls., iMI. — Into (iicen Hay 7 Me. — Into the SlissisHippi river? Wii., km. — What lakes in Wisconsin? IM., .St., I'll., Wo. — VVliul lakes on the raht ' Sr., Mn. — What lakes fi.nii jiirt o' the north niid eastern boundary ! Ws., l{y., Sr., .'Mil. — Ilow iiir from the sea crvn sleam-briats asci'iitl the .Mississippi river? Miip No.\). — In what eouiily is llie e.ipilul.' De. — .Milvvaukiit ? Me. — Cassville ? (it. — I'mirir dp CIiiim? t'll. — Ilow Car from tho Bca do Dieain-boats ascend tho Wi.^consin ! Koek Kivcr .' 3. What is snid of the mineral products ? Of the trado ! 4. Dcscr'o Mailison city, Milwnnkie, and the oilier lov.ns. .O. Wliieh arc tho chief Indian tribes .' Deserilic the tiiipiicways. 'i'lic Meiinomonies. ' rruirie da Chim, rniy'-ro-du-S-lieon'. cm A PI IV. )il iM-f nltr;u'tii){5 mimcr- 111' ilii- I'lii'Mi. pnuliii'lH. JiCtuI is found iron alsu alK/iiml. 'I'lic i in tlif c.\[t')rlinj; of kad larkels on the i\lissi.ssi|>[ii in, id ■itimlud nbotit linlf wny lii'liiirnn. Tlioiigh hut liitcly ercctt (I. Milwniikci', Itacini', n, iiiul CuHavilli', uru lliu utlicr Iliri'li Burk C;ino«, tory nrc the ('hip|)cnrny8 and inoBlly on tlie wild rice with y ninku lodfris and cnnocB of ienl ingenuity. 'I'ho Mcniio- )|M'wnyH ; they prepare htlti', 1 ornament tiicm witli bends in on tlic north? B.-Aa. — I'y. — Wliat river fnrina nearly Hi. — What rivcra flow into iten Hay 7 Mc. — Into tliu lak<'s in Wisconsin ? IM., Sr., Mn. — Wliat lakes (i.rni ! Ws., J{y., Sr., .-Mn. — How lio Mississippi river? ;;apital .' IV. — .Milvvaukie ? n ! Cil. — Itiiw far from tlm > Ifoek Kiver .' or tlio trade ? 4. Dcacr'u r liiv.iiM. C>. Wliitli are On; K'wnys. 'I'lic Mennomonien. ■ro-du-!Shecn'. IOWA Tiiitiiiioav. IJl IOWA TI'.URiroUY. 1. Iowa 'I'iihhitihiy was onjjaiii/.cd hy Conjjrcss in 18:J8. Duriiit? till- two prccrding yuurs, it lornicd the WL'sttirn division of Wisciinsiti. '2. Til'' ('(iiinlry, so liir as it lias hern r'Xi)l()rf'd, is licantiliil in a|i|itiiraii('(', and nf iini'(jiriiniin Irrtilily ol' soil. MoHt liiMiriuiit crops of corn, wheat, and oals, arc jiroduccd. ih Lend in tho principal mineral, ft is fiiiind in groat nbiuidance ; and ihn fnifsl Icnil-inini's in tin: United States are lhos(! worked in tho vicinity of I)uliU(iue. * Coal, iron, and limestone, idso aboiinil. ■I. Tho towns lH,'ing all of riceiit fornKition, nro yd Hinall, Ihoiijfh mont of tlicni are tlirivin); iniil tlouriahin^. Ilnrliiigton, on tho MiHHiH- Bippi river, ;» the Beat of ^j.ivernment. It was laid mil in 1831: it is (ituatcd in a fertile district, and has eonsidtrahle trade, 5. Dubuque, the principal town in the Territory, is in tho centre of the mining district of Iowa, and contains a iiuniher of stores and tav- erns, with several handsotnc public buildint;s. I'eru, Fort MadiKin, and Monroe, arc among the prinei{>ul of the other towns. Bloin Chief ond tiis Son. Indian Hkin Lodge. C. The Siou.x, Winncbaffocs, lowas, and Sacs and Foxes, are tho Indian tribes now resident in this Territory. Tlie Siou.x are one of the most powerful tribes within tho limits of tho United States. They live chiefly on the prairies, making lodges of buflalo skins, and employing Iowa Terrilnrij. Q. — !■ When was Iowa Territory organized ? 2. What is said of the country ? 3. What is tho principal mineral? 4. What is said of tho towns ? 5. Which is the principal town ? 6. What * nubuqitr, I)u-book'. ■^^X: 174 DRflCRII'TIVE OEOORAPilY. i:.' v , t '( iloifi to I'lirry biinli'iiH. Tim HcbIi of \\wm- nniiiirilH Jh., Sx. — W'likli (V>w« inl" tlii! MiHuiKnippi ? S..I'«., Ill , Dm. — How loiij; iircllio Miimoiiri, MlNni-oiiiipl, Hell, St. I'llcr'K, lowii, unci Dch MoinrH riviTi» ? rroiii wliiil lake iliiis lli(! ,Mis«i«Hi|i|ii river rtow ? In. — WImt liiiliiin IrilitK in llii-iTi'rriliiry t Aid., An., Sx., Wn., IN., Mil., niid 1''h. iWi(/» A«. St.- Ill wImt county in llurliiiijlon ? Di. — To wlinl dU- lance IVoni tlio luu du itouni-boatii aiiccnd tlu' Dci Moinci rivor? 133 Eniiyraiit Imliaiii laiiiling nt Fort Uibaoii. INDIAN TERRITORY. 1. The Indian Territory is tlio country assigned by tlio United States' government for the future resilience of tliuso Indians who liavc from time to time emigrated frou» tiic east- ern parts of the Union. 2. The population numbers nlmut 70,000, of wliom two- Indian tribes reside in Iowa 1 Describe the Sioux, (pronounced Soos.) What is considered by them a great delicacy 7 Indian Tirritory. Q. — 1. Wlint is the Indiun Territory 7 9. WImt KinAPIIY. ii'iM! aniiimlx i« roiinldiTcd hr llii' iiDrlli ' ll..An. — Siiutli I I..Ty. — Whit rivrr (iiriim the i. — Whiit riviTH How iiorlli f I., Sx. — NVIiii.'li (liiWK into till' (T iircllio Miiinoiiri, .Mi«Hi-<>ii|>pi, rivrri»7 I'riiin wlml lake dms liiitiiin trilM.'M in (lii-i'lVrrilnry ! liiidloii ? I>», — T(» what UU- i till' Dau Muinca river? nt Fort Oibauii. ITORY. c country assigned by tlic ! future resilience of lliuso ic emigrated from tlie cnst- 5ut 70,000, of wlioin two- is tlio Sioux, (pronounced Soos.) icacy ? 10 Indian Territory 7 9. Wlmt NIriiiOLni TERimOHY. 170 thirds Imvc eiiiinriiled fmii) llic (itntcs rnMt of tin; Mississippi rivrr; the ninuiiidcr iiiiiierliiiii to trilKH long rosidi nl in tliia rt'ij;ioM. :). The Clioctaws, Cret'kii, Chcrokwn, nnd Shnwnfos nro the most ndviinced iDWiinis civihzation of iiny of th<' Indian triU^s in this quiirtcr. 'i'liey htivo ^i .ii-rally ^oud houses, well-tilled liejils, and own horses and cattle to some extent- 'I'liey have idso native tnechunicH and nierehiutls atnoiig the:.!. 1. 'I'lic Al"irit;iiml Imliuns nnicivt, Coi llir iiiomI [inrl, cil" riiwnio", ()-ni;< !". KonziiH, ( >nmhiiH, in: Tliry itiil rttiiiu tlioir oriijinul Kavmfo Imbili* iiMcliunKril, nnd live nioatly by liunling. T). In MivtrnI cif llic trib«n of tinii territory, a numlwr orminiionnrici rv»k\r, wild liuvr ini|irovi(l tlm niorul nnd Bpirilunl rondilion of tlie»i! jM'opli'. Among the SliawnccH.tlii! FJaptiHtH liiivr cHlulilinlird a printin|f- (illlci', I'rdin wliicli Imvc Ikcii iHHUcd HfliooMiookH, and collections of bu- crcd pitlry, in Hovcrul liidiun Iuiikuiikch. A inonllily journal, nnd iinnnul rt'tfinlur, an; aUo printed here. Map jVo. •». — How U the Indian Territory bounded on tlic north? M..Ty.— South? T»., N..Mo.— KhbI? I.-Ty., Mi., As.— West ? Mo. Wliut arc the priiieipal riverH that (low lhroii)jli it ! IV., Kh., Ah., Cn,, Rd.— How loiiK arc llie»c rivers ? Wliut I'liiteil Slates' torts are ni tins territory I I,h.,(Jn., Tn.— t)n what river is the Council llluft's ? Mi.— What desert in the western part of the territory ? tJ.-An.— Wlmt moun- tains form part of its western boundary ? Uy. — Where is iKing's I'cak ? James Peak ? How high nro they ? Numo the Indian trib«'« wholly resident in the Indian Territory. Os., O.4., Ks., Ds., Ss., Km., ()»., Cs., Cs., Cs. — Name those that are jmrtly so. Of the latter there ore three tribe*. P»., Kb., P.-Ps. 120 MISSOURI TERRITORY. 1. Missouri TEHniTonv is n vast wilderness, thinly in- hahitcd only by ditlcient tribes of Indion.s. It consist.s of extensive prairies, over which roain countless droves of btit- fulo, elk, doer, and wild horses. is the number of the population, ic. .3. Name tlie tribes most ail- vonccd towards civilization. Describe their condition. 4. What do the Aboriginal Indians consist of? What do they still retain? 5. What have the missionaries done? What have the Baptists estab- lished ? What has been issued from it 7 Miitouri Territory Q.— 1. What is Missouri territory 7 Of what ri 176 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. *%I, White ttadcrc bartering witli the Indians. 2. On the western frontier the Rocky Mountains rise up to a great height, and have their tops covered with perpetual snow. Among these the grizzly bear is found: he is the largest and fiercest animal of his kind, and is peculiar to North America. 3. This region is visited by the white traders, who barter with the Indians for G"^-^y B''^''- the skins of buffaloes, bears, beavers, dec, taken by them in hunting. There are also many white trappers and hunters, who live like the In- dians, and are absent from the settlements frequently for three or (fjur years at a time. 4. The principal native tribes are the Pawnees, Sioux, Riecarees, docs it consist ? 2. What is said of the Rocky Mountains ? Grizzly bear ? 3. Of the white traders ? White trappers and hunters ? 4. Na- tive tribes ? What of their habits, &c. 3GRAPHY. itli the Indians. [ocky Mountains rise up to ps covered with perpetual snow. Among these ~-~, the grizzly bear is r'' found: he is the ' largest and fiercest ) animal of his kind, ^i and is peculiar to North America. 3. This region is visited by the white traders, who barter with the Indians for the skins of buffaloes, n in hunting. There are liters, who live like the In- ements frequently for three he Pawnees, Sioux, Riccareea, e Rocky Mountains ? Grizzly trappers and hunters ? 4. Niu OREGON TERRITORY. 177 Crow, and Black Feet Indians.* Most of them are roving in their habits, and being in possession of an ample store of horses, roam from place to place, in quest of buffalo and other game. Map No. 4. — What bounds this territory on the north? B..Aa — South? L-Ty East? I.-Ty. - West ? CTy.— What mounUins separate it from Oregon territory ? Ry. — What river from Iowa ter- ritory ? Mi. — From the Indian territory ? Pe. — How long is the Missouri? Platte? Yellow Stone? Big Horn ? Tongue? and Run- ning. Water rivers? What hiHs west of the Missouri river ? Bk.— What tribes inhabit this territory ? B..Ft., Cw., Ms., Rs., Ss., Ss., Ps., As., Ps. — How many miles from the sea have steam-boats ascended in this territory ? Misrionary preaching to the Indians. OREGON TERRITORY. TT ^* P?*=''°^ Terbitory is the most western part of the United States. It extends from the Rocky Mountains to the I'acific Ocean, and contains an area greater than that of the M'hole of the Southern Statea. Oregon Territory. Q.-l. What la Oregon Territory? Ho w far does • For several yeare post the small-pox has fearfully den>Uied this reeion • some of the most powerful of the natiVe tribes have Lt^^iVZJ^tiZ. sands of th«i/ population, and have become almost exUnbt The^MMdwi nation were in a sWt Urns reduced ftwn 1,600 to 31 individuals j thesehave nXs™n« trib?. '^*'^'' Ricca«e.,and their race Cce^ied to exiit 12 m 178 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 2. The climate is said to be more mild than in the same latitude; on the eastern side of the continent. In many parts the soil is fertile, and well adapted to farming Wheat, corn, fruits, and vegetables, are raised of excellent quality. Pine trees of enormous bulk grow on the banks of the Columbia river, and many of them attain a height of 250 feet. 3. Though claimed by the United States, the territory is at present actually in possession of Great Britain. The traders of the " Hudson's Bay Company" have established forts at various points, and exercise an almost unlimited control over the natives. Forts Vancouver, Wallah- Wallah, and Colville, are the chief trading stations. 4. At Fort Vancouver is a village containing fifty houses, with 800 inhabitants. From this place a direct trade is carried on with the Sandwich Islands and Great Britain, which employs several vessels, be- sides a steam-boat. About 3000 acres of land are under cultivation at tliis settlement. 5. The inhabitants of the territory arc reckoned to amount to 80,000. They consist of a number of small Indian tribes, with the few white traders and hunters attached to the "Hudson Bay Company." Thuro arc also several American missionaries in the territory, endeavouring to sj>rcad the light of the gospel among the Indians. 6. Animals of various kinds abound, whose skins and furs form the chief articles of export The sea-otter is found on the coast, and the hair-seal in the Columbia river. Salmon and sturgeon are the fisii mostly used for food. They exist in great abundance in all the princi- pal streams. Map No. 3. — Whflt bounds this territory on the north ? B.-Aa. — South? Mo. — East? B.-Aa., and the Missouri Territory. — What bounds it on the west? P..On. — What mountains on tlie east ? Ry. — Tell the highest of these. Bn., Hr. — Their heightu. Wt>«) country in the northern part of the territory ? N.-Ca. — The princij..) ; 'mda ? Q..Cs., Vs. — How long are tiicy ? The chief iivers ? Cd., .us., Ct-., Fs. Their lengths ? Map No. 4. — What are the seven chief Indian tribes in Oregon Tor. ritory ? Cs., Ss., Ss., Fs., Ns., Ch., Ss. — What mountains in the west- ern part 7 Os., Jn., Hd., Rr. — How high are the two last ? it extend 7 What does it contain 7 2. What is said of the climafe ? Soil 7 Pine trees 7 3. In whose possession is it ? What is said of the Hudson's Bay Company 7 Which ore the chief trading stations 7 4. What of Fort Vancouver 7 What docs tho trade employ 7 5. What is said of the inhabitanU 7 Of what do they consist 7 What of iho niissionarieg 7 6. Of the animals ? Salmon, &c. "> 5RAPHY. ! mild than in the same jntinent. In many parts ) farming Wheat, corn, ■ excellent quality. Pine e banks of the Columbia iight of 250 feet. 1 States, the territory is at ■eat Britain. The traders have established forts at )st unlimited control over llah-Wallah, and Colville, Gaining fifty houses, with 800 trade is carried on with the oh employs several vessels, be- land ure under cultivation at reckoned to amount to 80,000. an tribes, with the few white dson Bay Company." There the territory, endeavouring to Indians. , whose skins and furs form ter is found on the coast, and non and sturgeon are the fish it abundance in all the princi- tory on the north ? B.-Aa. — ! Missouri Territory. — What mountains on tlic east ? Ry. Their heightu. Wt>«) ronntry .-Ca. — The princij'.)' ;- 'mda 't e chief iivers ? Cii., .us., Ce., if Indian tribes in Oregon Tnr. - What mountains in the west- ;h are the two last ? What is salij of the climnfe 1 sion is it ? What is said of the 1 the chief trading stations? :s tho trade employ 'I 5, What o they consist ? What of Iho linon, &c, ? I View on the Prairies of Texas— Catching wild liorses. REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. 1. Texas formed, in conjunction with Coahuila, one of the states of the Mexican Republic. In 1836, the people de- clared themselves indei)cndent, and adopted a form of govern- ment, with a President and Congress, similar to that of the United Slates. 2. Tho climate is mild and healthful. The face of the country consists chiefly of vast prairies, tho soil of which is exceedingly fertile, and produces in abundance cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, wheat, &c. 3. Texas is one of the finest countries in the world for raising cattle. Pasturage being very plentiful, they increase rapidly, and great numbers of them are driven every year into the United States, for sale. 4. Vast herds of buffalo, deer, and mustangs or wild horses, roam over the unsettled prairies of the interior. Numbers of the latter are taken with a leather thong or rope, with a running noose at tho end of it, and being properly broke are rendered serviceable, cither as draught or saddle horses. Texas. Q. — 1. What did Texas form ? In what year did the people declare their independence ? What have they adopted ? 2. What is said of the climate? Fuee of tho country? Soil? 3. What is Texas ? 4. What ■ 180 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 5. The inhabitants of Texas ure nearly oli Anglo-Americans, wlio have cmierated from the United fe'-ates. There are, i.!8o, some Mexican Creoles, Negro slavcB, and Indians. The whole amou.^ts. probably, to GO.OOO, of which the first named constitute about two-thirds ot Uio number. 6. The towns arc yet small. The principul of thorn arc, Brazo.ia, Matagorda, Bexar, Sun Felipe do Austin, Nacogdoches, and San -lU- gustine. The city of Houston, recently luid out, .« tlie capital. 7. The commerce of this youthful state is already sufficient to em- ploy, to advantage, a number of trading vessels between iier principal commercial towns nnd New Orleans; and foreign vessels arc beginning to carry the products of the republic to European ports. , Man No. 3. — What bounds Texas on the north? U.-Ss., Mo. — South? G.-Mo. — East? U.-Ss. — West ? Mo. — What river tonna the north boundary ? Rd. — East ? So. — West ? Ns. Map No. 4. — Which are the chief rivers in Texas ? Co , Bs., Ty., Nb. How long arc they ? From what lake does the Brasos river flow? Sc. — On what river is Houston? S..Jo. — Into what buy does it flow ? Gn. — How far do steam-boats ascend the Brasos river ? What is the population of San VuWpe de Austin ? Ifcxar, and Nacog- doches ? What animals abound in the north-west parts of 1 exas 7 B8«W.-Hs. 129 MEXICO. 1. Mexico is an extensive territory, comprising a number of divisions called states or departments. Previous to tlie year 1835, it was a Federal government, somewhat similar to that of the United Stales ; but it is now a central or con- solidated republic. 2. Most of the surface of the country is elevated ; a great part of it forming a high table-land of from 6000 to 8000 feet in height. From this elevated plain, a few volcanic peaks shoot up to a still greater height. The chief of these are Popocatapetl, Orizava, Toluca, &c. 3. Mexico is famous for the variety of its vegeteole pro- ducts; comprising, according to the elevation at which they is said of Buffalo, &C.7 How are they taken? 5. What ai3 the in- habitants? 6. What is said of the towns in Texas? 7. Of the commerce ? Mcrico. Q. — 1. What is Mexico? What of its government 7 2. What is «aid of the surface ? Of the volcanic peaks 7 3. For what is l<<«pttiili.^^ :APHY. li Anglo-Americans, who ■e are, i>!ao, sonic Mcxicnn liolc ainou.^ti, probably, fo ; about two-thirds of tlio )ul of them arc, Brazoiia, acogdocheH, and San Au- dit, is tlie capital. s already sufficient to em- scls between iier principal reign vcsscIr are beginning )pcan ports. j do north? U.-Ss., Mo.— Mo. — What river forms West ? Ns. in Texas ? Co , Bs., Ty., ike does the Brasos river S..Jo. — Into what buy 8 ascend the Brasos river ? istin ? Bexar, and Nacog- irth-west parts of Texas ? y, comprising a number icnts. Previous to the nent, somewhat similar I now a central or con- try is elevated ; a great of from 6000 to 8000 lin, a few volcanic peaks The chief of these are 3ty C/f its vegetable pro- elevation at which they ken? 5. What av3 the in- 'ns in Texas? 7. Of ihu hat of its government ? 2. nic peaks 7 3. For what is MEXICO. 181 Pyramid of Cbotula. Indiaui. Maguey PlaDt. are planted, the principal grains and fruits of torrid and tem- perate climates. 4. Indian-corn is the staple article; of which, two and sometimes three crops are gathered in the course of the year. Wheat, rice, and barley, are also cultivated ; and sugar, cof- fee, tobacco, vanilla, cochineal, &c., are raised chiefly for internal consumption. 5. The American Aloe, or Maguey plant, is ex( nsivcly cultivatef? for the sake of its juice, of which the liquor called pulque, the favourite drink of the lower order of Mexicans, is made. 6. The manufactures of Mexico are in a rude state, and are chiefly confined to coarse pottery, with glass-ware, and cotton and woollen goods. Silver plate and jewellery are, however, well and skilfully made. 7. The commerce lias never corresponded with the extent and resources of the country. The mines of gold and silver have always been the chief object of attention. 8. Many of these are at present in a ruinoub statp, and those that are worked do not yield more than half their former amount From 20 to 25 millions of dollars were once obtained from the mines of Mexico annually, which is now reduced to 10 or 12 millions. Mexico famous ? 4. What is said of Indian-corn ? Wheat, Sic. ? 5. The American aloe ? G. The manufactures? 7. (Commerce? Mines? 8. In what state are they 7 9. Of the inhabitauU ? What do tbo :;^ I'll 'Ik .hoataigy^:^.... , I, ■ "f WWf WHi 'i ff ry'^-'*— '— ! t, 1 1 f". M 189 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 9. Theru iiro tliroe classes of inlmbitnnls in M.xico ; tliu Wnlrg or CreuleH, the Indians, and tl.c mixed races. 'I'I'C "■'"" .ompriso Mettizoes,or Ihc desrcndants of wliitesand Indians ; MiilaUi}es,iA wli.tc and negroes; and Zambuc,, of Indians and i.egrocs. 1 liese races were onco as distinct from eael. oilier us if tlicy had belonged to diiferent nations— but tlio Revolution lias placed all classes on an cciual looting, and men of all complexions arc alike free, 10. The Citholic religion is established by law, and is the only system tolerated in Mexico. The number of the clergy, including all belong- ing 10 the church, amounts to about 14,000 persons. 1 he aniusenients of IhciMJoplo arc chiefly those of Old Spain ; bull-fights, and religious processions. 11. At the time of the discovery of America, Mexico formed the most powerful of the native empires. IJeing conquered by Spniii, it remained for 300 years the most important colony belonging to that crown. In the year 1851, the people declared themselves mdopendent, and established a republican form of government ; but like all tUe Spanish American Slates, this country has been, since the revolution, much distracted by civil war. City of Mexico. 12. The city of Mexico, the capital, is situated in a delightful valley, which is elevated 7000 feet above the sea, an J in tlie vicinitv of several of the highest mountains in North America. It is distinguished for the heuulyof its architecture, the regularity of ite streets, and t he (.xteiit of the squares and public places. Vi- "^nrk"' is well supplied with hU the animal and vegetable productions ot l ountry ; many ot the latter are raised on floating gardens in the ncigliaouring lakes. 13. La Puebla is next to tli capital in importance, and is noted for iU manufactures of glass and earthenware. Guanaxuato, Zacatrcas, und San Luis Potosi, arc all connected with rich silver mines. Near the first are the great mines of Valenciona, which in 37 years yiulJcd 1G5 millions of dollars. mixed races comprise? 10. What is said of religion 7 11. At the discovery of America, what did Mexico form ? How long Old it_ remain a colon/f What look place in 1821 V U. Describe Mexico. Ui..v is it distinguished ? What of the markets ? 1 J. La Puebla and other towns 7 lAPHY. in Mexico; tliu Wiilm or :es. Tlic liiUcr CDiiiiirisu iidiaiis ; Miilatlnes, ol'whila negroes. Tliesc ruces wcru ■ liad lielongcd to (iiircrfnt ilasscs on un cciual footing, f law, and is tlic only system Icrgy, including alt bclonfj- pcTKons. Tlic nniuscnionta in J buU-figlifg, and religious mcrica, Mexico formed tho ling conquered by Spniu, it it colony belonging to that red thcrnsclvts independent, ernment; but like all the been, since the revolution, ituoted in a delightful valley, inJ in tlic vicinity of several 1. It is diBtingiiished for the f its streets, and the (.xtciit •nrU"' is well supplied with it I ountry ; many of the ncigliaouring lakes, importance, and is noted for ire. Guanaxuato, Zacatecas, iln rich silver mines. Near a, which in 37 years yielded id of religion? 11. At tho m ? How long Oid it remain Describe Mexico. Kir.v is it , La PucWa and other towns ? DALIZB SETTLEMENT. 183 130 14. Cholula, tho ancient capital of a great indcjxsndcnt republic, has declined into an unimportant town, containing 6,000 souls. Tiic (lyra- mid of Cliolula is the work of art, wliieh, next to the pyramids of Kgvpt, approaches nearest in magnitude and vastncss to those of nature. It is composed of brick, and tiiough only about onc-tliird as high as the Great Fyruniid, is nearly double tho length. 15. Tiie chief sea-ports are. Vera Cruz and Tampico, on the Gulf of Mexico; AcapulcoandSan-Dlas, on the west coast; and Guyaina8,onthu Gulf of California. Monterey is tho principal place in Upi)cr California, jind is often visited by American whale-ships. Bauta F6, in New Mexico, is the centre of the trade with Missouri. 16. Baiize Settlement. — On tho cast side of the Penin- sula of Yucatan is the Balize Settlement, which, though within the limits of Mexico, belongs lo Great Britain. 17. It extends along the Uay of Honduras about 150 miles; and was iii'.iiidcd tor the purpose of cutting logwood and niniiogany, which form its chief products. The inhabitants are mostly Indians and Negroes, with a few whites. Tlic town of Oalize, tlic capital, is situated on the river of the same name. The (exports from tiiis place in 1830, were of the value of a million and a iiulf of dolluit. Map No. 3. — What Irounds Mexico on tlic north ? U.-S. — On tho south and west ? P.-On. — What two Republics on the east ? U.-S., Ts, — What soa and gulf on the east ? Cn., Mo. — What peninsula 1 Yn. — What gulf on tho west ? Ca. — What peninsula ? Ca. — What bay west of Yucatan 7 Ce. — Ea'St ? Hs. Miip No. 4. — What rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico ? R.-Ne., Ns. — The Gulf of California.' Co., Vi. — Tli« Pacific ocean? Ge. — What lakee are ia Mexico '! Yu., lia., Tc., C^n., Ca. — What mountains ? M.-Ca,, Sy.. — What desert in tlie north-west? G..Sy. — What states border on the at is now reviving. 8. New Guatimala is the most popi:lou? pl.ice in th.i country, and ia a handsome city. Leon and Cartago are cr,i;8iderab)i) towns. Oraoa and Truxillo, on tlie bay of Honduras, arotlie chief pca-ports. Guatimala. Q. — I. What does Guatimala occupy? What has it assumed ? 3. When did it become mdepcndcnt ? What is suid of the government ? 3. Of the country ? Wutcr Volcano 7 Cosiguina t 4. Of the soil 7 Mines ? i. Wiiat is suid of the population 1 Of the Catholic religion ? 6. Of the east coast ? 'i . Describe St. Salvador. Old Guatimala. 8. New Guatimala Stc, QRAPHT. 'RAL AMERICA. irrow tract between the r the Western Continent ; ion, assumed the title of a. i, and adopted a form of t' the United States ; but prosperity of that repub. ii war. tern coast by lofty raitffcs of cs, one of which, tf.\o Water Mt quantities of water ; while odl^uiua, were, in 1834, heard by It were carried to Jamaica, fic, and yields, in perfec- products. Its indigo and nes of silver are numeir- pixxluctive. juatimala is composed of remainder of the mixed lished religion, no other n is caRed the Monquito shore. ) by tnd«pcn) towns. Oraoa }tl>e chief pco-ports. main occupy? What has it [indent ? What is suid of the ulcr Volcano 't Cosiguina ? id of the population ? Of the 7 v. Describe St. Salvador. WEST INDIES. 185 Man No. 3. — What bounds Gualirnala on the north 7 Mo., Hk. — East ! CSa, — Wtst and south ? P.-On, — What bay on the north 7 Hs. — On the cast? (ia. — What liiko in the «outh? Na. — How long is it? What river connects it with the sea 7 S.-Jn. — Which is the tno»t populous city 7 N.-(>a. — The tour next in |H)pulution 7 Ln,, Co., H..Sr., 0.-(-ia. — What is the population of tliusc places ? Map Nil. 5. — Guatimalit comprises five states. Point them out 7 Ga., Hs., S..Sr., Nu., CKa. — \V hnt is tlu! capital of csch 7 N.-(ja., Ca., S.-Sr., Ln.. Co. — la wh'it state is the Water Volcano situated? Ga. — Volcano of Cusiguina ? Na. — Lake Nicaragua 7 Na. 132 Slaves cul'ivuiiiiK the Biigar^ane. WEST INDIES. 1. The West Indies consist of a large collection of islands, situated between North and South America. They are nil, with the exception of Hayti, subject to ditferent European powers. 2. These Islands comprise four great divisions : the Baha- ma Islands, the Great Antilles, the Little Antilles, and the Caribbee Islands. The latter are divided into two groups, the Windward and Leeward Islands. 3. The climate is mild and pleasant in winter, which lasts WeH ludiet. Q.— 1. Of what do the West Indie* consist? 2. What do they comprise 7 3. What is aftid of the climate ? What wanetime* *■•* rf»<» ;{5 mSSs 't'* ,i \m dkhc:ripti"I3 geography. I ; i from noccnihcr to May ; Init tlio remniiidorof (ho yonr is hot nnd iinlicalihy (or stniii;^crs. Ik'twccn August and Ocloter, tji'mondoiis hiirricaius or storms sometimes occur, which often do f;reiit injury to towns, houses, and shi|)|)iny. •1. The Wijit Indies al)ound in nearly all the productions of warm climates, and arc rich in a var' 'v of articles of great importance in commerce; whi!' mahogany and several other woods r 5. Tlic principal fruil» ore, oranffON, l)ailiumH, iiluntuiiiH, &c. Tlio two luit at: fund, with liiit littlu uttrntiun to •lioir cti, uf birds is Ibuiid in the Wcbi indiux, nearly coiMiiion to tliu neighbouring continontii. jrests furnish "rrs. pnpawK, excellent ,it variety , f, however, ; (reen Tutll«. Guana Lizard, i„ i . 11. "!■ !■ G. The grco.i turtle and cuana lizard arc both highly prized, a8 o.irord. ing delic' us UlliiMi. JmnHlm ?nn,nt0 lliirlmiliH'ii I(I>J,IN)U Triiiiilail ^A.lNin Aiiliiiiia :MI,II)I(I tlrriiniln tri.iNIII Hi. Vtnrent lt)l,*MO HI. Ktll'i >JI,(KN) Uiiiuinka IW.IMKJ ('•IliUI. Kliifatiin. Ilricliii'iiinn. ■'(irl Hpalii. Ht. Jciliii'ic. HI. (Jciirgo. KiiifHiiin. llaiiMi 'I'urro. Ki»vaii. Inhibtunfi. Capilil. Ht. Liirii IH.IKII) I'nri'riiif)'. TiilmKii M.IKN) Hi nrlKirniigh. Ncvia IV.imn I'hnrli'Niimn. MoMlM'rrnI ><,{**) ri)iiiniiih. Ti.rti.lii 7,1k*) KimU llurboiir. AiiKiiilln 3,nrom Europe by the first settlers : those have increased prodigiously, und have in some instances regained their original wild state. 9. The birds are numerous and of various kinds; the largest are the rhea or Aneriean ostrich, and tho condor or vulture of the Andes, which is the largest bird of flight known. There are also toucans, orioles or principal rivors? 7. Forests? 8. Tho most remarkable animals ? 9. The ■vi5l iiiii :*e^-' II f'l i^ If '('■ ^AlM I, ii H i ! <;- 102 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Bed-billed Toucan. Oriole Nest*. hanging-birds, with tlio bkcksmitli or bell-birds, and humming-birds ot a hundred different species, fVom the size of a w.en to that of a hum- ble-bee. 10. The inhabitants of South America amount to about 14 millions, and consist of nearly the same classes as those of the northern division of the continent — Whites, Indiana, Ne- groes, and the mixed races : the latter comprise Mulattoes, Mestizoes, and Zamboes. 11. The whites are chiefly Spaniards and Portuguese, and their descendants : of these, many of the wealthy classes are well educated and intelligent ; but the great majority of the people are ignorant, indolent, and often vicious in their habits. 12. Considerable attention has been lately paid in some of the South American States to education. Schools and universities have been es- tablished in several places, and l.nowledgo is beginning to dispel part of the ignorance which prevailed. 13. Nearly the whole of South America wan, for tliree hundred years subicct to Spain and Portugal : it is now, with the exception of Guianii, entirely independent of European control. The Spanish port is divided, with one exception, into a number of distinct republics, whose govern- ments are similar to tlial of the United States ; while Brazil, the part settled by the Portuguese, is a limited monarc'iy. 14. The Roman Catholic is the established religion in all the South American States, and no other system is tolerated ; but persons of other persuasions are allowed to reeide without molestation. birds? 10. What is said of the :.ihabitan:s? 11. Of the whites? 12. Education, &.C. ? 13. How long was South America subject, &c. ? What is said of the Spanish part 7 Portuguese ? 14. Which is the established religion ? ^\^t^^^- .i=»'^ — .«,.»*,i.v--&- EOGRAI'HY. Oriole Nesti. r bcU-birds, and humming-birds size oft Wi'cn to that of a hum- America amount to about 14 10 same classes as those of linent — Whites, Indiana, Nc- e latter comprise Mulattoes, mniards and Portuguese, and ly of the wealthy classes are >ut the great majority of the 1 often vicious in their habits. 1 lately paid in some of the South als and universities have been cs- ledgo is beginning to dispel part :rica was, for tliree hundred ycors low, with the exception of Guiana, trol. The Spanish part is divided, F distinct republics, whose govcrn- ited States ; while Brazil, the part d monarc'iy. tablished religion in all the South ti is tolerated ; but persons of other lout molestation. .^habitan:s? 11. Of the whites? was South America subject, &c. ? Portuguese? 14. Which is the 193 east ? SOUTH AMERICA. 130 Map No. 10. — What ocean bounds South America on the Ac — On tlie west ? Pc. — What sea on the north ? Cn. How is New Grenada bounded ? Its capital ? Venf7.ucla — bounded 7 Capital ? Brazil — bounded ? Capital ? Ecuador— bounded ? Capital .' Chili — bounded ? Capital ? Guiuno — bounded 7 Capital 7 Buenos Ayrcs — bounded 7 Capital 7 North Peru — bounded I Capital ? Paraguay — bounded 7 Capital 7 South Peru — bounded ? Capital 7 Uruguay — bounded ''. Capital 7 Bolivia— bounded 7 Capital 7 Patagon'ia — bounded 7 Capital ! On what side of South America are the Andes 7 Wt. — What num- ber of miles do they extend 7 Between what two states do they form the entire boundary 7 Ci., B.-As. — Between what two do tliry tbrni the boundary in part ? Br.., S..Pu. — What is the next greatest range of mountains? Bn. — What number of miles do they extend ? In what state are tliey almost wholly ? Bl. What are the tliree largest rivers 7 An., Pa., Oo. — How long is each of these 7 How wide are the mouths of the two largest 7 Wlirro is the Magdalena 7 Into what sea docs it empty ? Cn. — Which are the four principal branches of the Amazon on the nortli side 7 Ta., Po., Ca., No. — What arc the chief branches of the Amazon on the south side ? Uc, Ju,, Ps., Ma., Ts., Xu How long are each of the foregoing rivers 7 What two rivers form the Amazon 7 Uc., Ta. — Which rivers form the Rio de la Plata 7 Pu., Uy. — Into what ocean do the Orinoco, Amazon, St. Francesco, and the Rio de la Plata, flow ! A.-On. — What rivers are south of the Rio do la Plata 7 Co., No., Cs., P.-Dc. Where is the Gulf of Darien? N.-Ga. — G. of Venezuela ? Va.— G. of Guayaquil ? Er. — G. of Penas ? Pa. — Where is the Bay of Panama? N..Ga. — Talcahuana B. ? Ci. — B. of St. George ? St. Mathias B. ? Pa. — B. of All Saints 7 BI. Where is Puno Island ? Er. — Islands of St. Felix ? Is. of Juan Fernandez? Chiloc 1. 7 Ci. — Wellington I.? Pa. — I. of Terra del Fuego 7 Where are the Falkland Is. ? Pa. — I. of St. Catharina ? Itamuraca 1. 7 Joannes 1. 7 Bl. — Between what two rivers is the latter situated 7 An., Pa. Where is the Strait of Magellan ? What regions does it separate ? Pa. and T.-Fo. — Where is tlie Strait of Le Maire ? What docs it separate ? T.-Fo. and S.-Ld. Which is the largest city of South America? R.Jo. — The next largest? Ba. — What three cities number 70,000 inhabitants each? Qo., La., B.-As. — Whicli ore the most northerly and the most south- erly capes 7 Gs., Hn. — The most easterly and the most westerly 1 S..Re., Bo. What proportion of South America lies north of the Tropic of Ca- pricorn ? The largest or smallest 7 Lt. — In what zone, then, is it IP" II J«- 1 !.; 104 DRSCRIPTIVB GEOGRAl'IlY. in.istlv ? T(l. — In wlint zone is l»io remnimltr? S.-Tp. — In vyhat li, „rHplir.(.' is Smlli AiiiLTiua wliolly I Wn. — In wlmt l.cniiB|.I..Te is it iiirtly ' Sn. — Houtli America cont;iini) about l'J°ot north, iinU -.V .,V soiilli lulitudi'. In wliut lutitudc iH It tlu'ii ? 8li. — It extn.ris „iii ;!.V^ to .vlJofiongididi', wcBt from (iretnwicli. In wlmt lont'itudo Iriiii tlKU in it reckoned? N^'t. Mow ninny niilos is it from Cininna to Newfoundland? Brnzil to ( ire.i.limd > Ouiana to Liberia ! New Grenada to Borneo ? Keuadur to ll;o (lallapatroH U. > Peru t,>Otal.eil(: I Cl.ili to New So.itli W ales I Ciiili to New Zealand ? Brazil to the west coast of Africa ! Urnguay lo the fai«^ "'■ f'-ooJ ""!>'•' Patagonia to Vun Dicmcne Lund I I'atagonia to Kcrguelen'B Land. 137 COLOMBIA. 1. The late Republic of Colombia occupied an extensive rejrjon stretcliing from the Pacific to tlic Atlantic Ocean. It was tiie most powerful of the South Anicricaii States tliat threw oil' the voko of Spain, and was divi.lcd in the year 1 831 into the repuJhcs of New Grenada, \eiKzuula, and Ecuador, or (iuito. 2. The western part of this territory is traversed by some of the loftiest ranges of the Andes. In the cast it consists of extensive plains (called llanos by the inhaliitants) which form a part of the vast level region that spreads from north to south over the whole interior part of the continent. 3. The climate changes acconlins: to the elevation ; hence the veiTCtable productions are various. On the high table lands, among the mountains, avn raised the wheat, rye, barley, oats, and fruits of temperate climates, while the lo\y country is prolific in the most valuable products of the Torrid Zoik;. 4. Mnnufaeturea arc but little attended to in Col.anbia, Imt commerce is carried on to some cxlen*, chicHy with tlic L'niled States and Great Britain. Tlie exports arc mostly in the tropical protluctions ot Ide country, and consist of sugar, colfee, cacao, indigo, hides, sarsaparilla, &.C. 5. The mines of New Grenada yield in gold and silver about two Cohmhia. Q.— 1. What did the Republic of Colombia occiipy? What was it ? When and how was it divided ? 2. What is said of the western part? In the east 7 3. How does the climate change? VViiat of the vegetable productions ? 4. Manufactures 7 Lxports f a. Mines ? Pearl fishery ? ;0GRArnv. rerun imltr ? S.-To. — In what I \\n, — In wlmt licniisplitTc int:tini) about I'J" of north, uriU 1 iH it tlun ? 8li. — It L-xtt'iiclj (iretnwicli. In wliut lonnitudc 1 to Niwfdundlund ? Brazil to I Orciinda to Horni'O ? Ecuador ,! ? Cliili to N( w South W'alis I west coast of Africa ? Uruguay ronia to Vun Dicmcn's Lund I 3IA. iiibia occnpkd an extensive 1 to tlic Atluntic Ocean. It i^outli American States tliat ivas (iiviil<(l in the year 1831 la, \'ineziiula, and Ecuador, u'ritory is traversed by some les. Jn the cast it consists i i)y the inlialiitanis) which on that spreads Irom north )art of the continent, (iinsi to tlie elevation ; hence (irioiis. On the high table raised the wheat, rye, barley, late.s, while the low country rodiiets of the Torrid Zone, led to in Colombia, hut commerce ith the L'nilcd Stales and Great the tropical productions of tho cao, indigo, hides, sarsaparilla, &.C. ;ld in gold and silver about two Republic of Colombia occupy? it divided? 2. What is said of How does the climate change? 4. Manufactures? ExporU? COI.OMniA. niillionx of ilollars annually, 'riicrt! are also mines of copprr, lead, and tin J and dinnioiidH, ciiicnilcls, um i. a fertile plain, 8000 feet above the sea. It contains a number of han some churches and convents, and a university. The surrounding country yields two crops of grain annually. 10. Carthagena, on the coast of the Caribbean sea, is the principal port of this republic ; its trade with the United States and Great Britain New Grenada. Q. — G. What is said of New Grenada ? 7. Of roads 7 How are travellers carried ? 8. What is said of bridges ? 9. Describe Bogota. The surrounding country 1 10. Carthagena ? Popayan, &c. ? /(•i r iK.,, m lij ! { i 1 ' ! f i I lOJj DKril IIU'TIVH ClKCHiUAl'llY. •H .xIi'uhIv.'. r.^payun unci PnKt.i, in tin- m.utlicni purl of Now (Jrcnadn, uikI ranain.i, ni. ll.f Houtli iiido of lliu Iitliinui. ol Dancn, urc nil placen of Boiiif iiii[)orl,iiu'u. Mil) No 10. — What houiidn N.iw (ircnMiIa on tlio north "! CSa.— South ' Kr. - Kant I Vu. - \\>„l ' l'.-( )u. - What InthPUiH con- uvvU it with North Ain.rira ? Dm.- Whirh aro the prm.iiMil riverp. f Ma Ca., Ca., I'm.. N"., M.a.i ? What in the popula- tin,, of HoKotuf I'opayai. f CarthaRrMa ? Moinpox ? Ilomla f What niounlai.iH .xl.iul uhm^ thr wtnt coast ? As. - NVhat n.om.tauik uaiit of Ihu Mugdoluna ? Ana. The north cast range ol llio AndtB. I'M VENEZUELA. 1. VENEZi-EtA comprises the most oaisUuri part of Colom- hill. A rango of inoiintaiiw, tho iiorlh-eii.st ijruiich of the Andes, L'.\toiul.s niont: nciirly tl>c wholo of the iiortliorn const. Tiio rcmaiiidfr of thi.' ri'i)iii>iii- cdiisisis of u vast pluin, form- ing part lA' tho great Llanos of ('olunibia. 2. Lii pendt'Mt tribes of Indians. 7. Theciiniate, esiiecially of (inito, is that of periieliiul si)ring. \egetMtion never ceases, and the trees and meadews are crowned with coi. tant verdure. The country is (leliH|i(. (ill, and is called th(! ever<,'reen (iuilo. It is, hnwever, sMijji.'ct to dreadful earllKiuakes and viuleiit |eiu|>e.st.s. S. The (Jallapijros, or Turtle Islands are cliiiiuod hy the Republic of Ecuador. 'J'licy lie on bctli siiles of the iipmtor, alH)ut (J.'iO inilch wcnf. ward from South Aiucrica. TlicHe islands, which enjoy a d(lij,'htl'ul climate, and u fertile noil, arc occupied hy a Ci.lony fioiii (iiinynipiil. !). fcjuito, the capital, is situutcd on Mt. riiliioelia, II.ODI) fi 1 1 above the sea. It eontaiiiH handsouu: streets uiid scjuares, nnd inimy ehiirclios and convents, built with inajnilieence and taste. It has two uiiiverKitits, which are well attended. 10. Guaya(iuil,t on n pulf of the samo name, U the sca-portof this republic. It is one of the most tlourishing conimcrciol towns of South America. Map No. 10. — What bounds Venezuela on tlio north / C.-S.i. — South? HI. — Kast? (in. — West? N.-fJa.— Which is the chief river? Oo. — Ilow loiit; is it? Mow tiir is it navi^rnble for ships? For sloops? What river comu^ets the Orinoco and the UioNeirro? fo. — Wlmt lake is in the north-west part of Venezuela? Mo. How long is it ? From what lake d(MS the Orinoco tlow / 1 1. — What Indians are in this territory ? (is., C^s., Os. — IIow many inlmbitant.i hasCaraccas? Coro.' Valencia? Cumana? What i.sland belongs to Venezuela .' Ma. What bounds Keuridor on the north ? N.-Ga. — South 7 N.-Pu. East? HI. — West.' I'.-On. — What range of mountains is in the western part 7 As. — What two largo rivers in the soutli ? 'i'a., Vi: Thcso form the Amazon river. IIow far is it navigable for ships ? Ecuador. Q. — G. IIow does the Republic of Eruador lie 7 What is said of i.l\e civilized part .' Of the population 7 The western portion 7 7. Of llio climate 7 8. The Gallapagos islands 7 9. What is suid of Quito ? Wlmt does it contain ? 10. Describe GuayB(]uil. * Spelled by mistake in Map Jio-lO, Eipiador, instead of Ecuador. t (luilo, Keo'-to. } Guayaquil, Owoi'-a-keel. 1 •^i il!H 1 1' \i\ li: I i^i- 108 D!'.rf( IIUTIVR (li;o(iU.\rilY. For »\>M\M 1 lli.w III my iiilinliilaiitit li ih (iiiidj I W'Imt llircc ruicii niiiiilar ^'O.OOd mill • IJ.i., (Jl., Ca.— U lull mniitiliiiii "oiitli of Uuito I (•„, — I'liis wiH I'liniiLily loiiiiulrrid ihc liijriiial in Soutli AiiuTicu. i:ill GUIANA.* 1. CSi'iANA cNtciid!* from the Orinoco to tlio Oynjiock river, n (listjiiirc of Mcvi'ii liiiiiiliv.l mill's. Aloiij^ lilts sm-filioro Iho (•(iiiiiirv imscnls tlic ii|nii araiicc cifn low cxlfiiNivc |>liiiii ; hut in III.' 'inlciior, ii.iir the ^iourcus ofliic rivers, it is ili;vut(;il unil inoiiiitiiiiiiius. y. The soil is cx(TC(lin),'Iy forfile, produciiif? siignr, colllo, cayiniu' ix-pixT, iiiul cloves, wilii ii greut variety of Iropicivl fniil.1, in alniiKlaiirc, .'I. ThiH rctjirm in (llvidnl bclwcrn llin Ilrilinli, Hiik'h, nnd I'rLiirli. Dritisli (Juiiiim I'dinprw'H tin' rnlmiii'H of Ksminiilio.t Dniicriini.iuiil Her- Iticc. Tlic nipit.il is (i('iir);i't"""i " I'l^"''' »• •'"""i'lrnilili' trudu, DiiU'li (Jiiiiinii, or SiiriiiiiMi, Iiuh for ils riipitul I'liniiniiril.o, lliu iiiimt iiiiporj mt plaic ill lliix (iiurttr. Frciu li (iuiuiiu, or CiijcmiP.t lm» a tupilul of ihu BUiii* imiiic. ■1. 'I'lio mass of tliu poimliilion of (iiiiiinn is roinposcd of nrgroTH. TiioNC ill the llrili«li t(jloni(.'a Imvc hiiii lately Hit iit lllRrly ; Imt in Sii- riiimn iiiul C'uyciiiii', llu'v aru ntill liild ii8 hIuvis. TIio inlirior of tlio coiiiitry in iiilmhilcd by Alurooiia, or runaway negrots, and iiidi pendtnt tribii of Indians. PERU. 5. Pkru comiirises the states now enlled North Peru nnd South Peru. When first disroverod by the Simniards, it was inhaliiteil by n race of Indians nnich more civilized thuu uny of the other nations of Soulh America. G. This country has been always proverbial for the great wealth furnished by its mines of gold, silver, and mercury. Ouinna. Q. — 1. Wlint dors Guiana comprise ? What is irniil of tliu country? ~'. Of the Boil? 3. How is tiuimia divided? 4. What is euid o("^tlio population ? IIow is the interior inhabited ? Peru. Q. — 5. What docs Peru comprise? When first discovered how was it inhabited ? C. For what is it proverbial ? What was • Quiana, Gho-a'-na. t Esueijuibo, I-Ji-Be-Ue'-bo. ) Cayenne, Ki-an'. xiiiAriiv. H (iuilu f Wlint tliriM' rilicn lilt iiKiiniliiiii Hoiitli ol' (jiiitu I llljrilist in Soutli AiiuTicu. iioro to tlic Oyn|)oi*k river, Aloiij^ ll») sc'ii-slioro Iho n low cxIciiNivc pliiiii ; l)ut ic rivers, it is cli;vutcd untl !, produciiif? siignr, coiroo, a great varioty of IropiciU in DriliHli, Piilch, ntxi I'rLiirli. l')!iii;h tlio whole extent of Pern. On the const the eliniate is lioL Wain Kilduiii fiills, and niiicli of the siirfaeo is sandy and arid. On tlie liijfli lable-l;iiiv ilishcd its indcpondunce in al Bolivar, the liberator of , and consists, for the most ie cast side of the Andes, bet above the level of tiie opious harvests of Indian- nd, also, some wheat. It louds, and cottages situated 4. Lake Titicaca forms part of tlio western bounda- ry of Bolivia. It lias no visible outlet, and is raised 13,500 feet above the sea. This lake is navigated by boats made of rushes closely plaited together ; the mast and rudder alone are made of - wood, which, owing to the scarcity of that article In this .^ region, forms the most valua- ble |)art of the vessel. / 5. The condor, the largest of the vulture kind, is found in Bolivia and other parts of the continent. Inhab- iting the loftiest summits of the Andes, ho descends to tlic lower country only in pursuit of prey. He 3ks deer and other quadrupeds. the beak to the end of the tail, i to 13 feet. formerly called ? What is it ? J ? After whom was it named ? t does it yield? What of its B Titicaca. 5. Whut is said of CHILI. 203 6. Chiiqui-acn,* or Ln Pliita, the capital, contains a university, well iiHiiidfd, utid a public lilirary, said to be the best in South America. I.,i l'a7, i.s till' larn;ost city in llolivin, and, though situutcd in a deep villi^y, slaniis at llie lit.'i;;lit of ld,10U Icct above the ocean. It con- luins u catliednil, and several convents and ehurehes. 7. Potusi, the hist known city in Bolivia, is elevated 1.3,000 feet aliovo t!io ^■t'a. It is but indiU'erently built, and is not so Hourisbiiig a.s it once w:is. 'J'lic iiinniiljin on wliicli it is situated is one huge silver mine, ll yiildcd ill l.'i.'i years the vast sum of sixteen hundred millions of diiirir.-i i but in now less productive than formerly. H. t'urliabainba t lies in a fertile and well-cultivated district, and the city carries on ii considerable trade in grain, fruits, and vegetables. t'ubija, or Puerto dc l:i Mar, is the oidy sea-port Bolivia possesses. It is a small village, and being situated in a desert country, is of but little importance. Map No. 10. — What bounds Bulivia on the north ? N.-Pu., Bl.— South ? B.-Aa. — East ? Bl., Py. — Wist ? S.-Pu. — On what ocean is the south-west part situated ? Pe. — Which arc the principal rivers 7 Me., Bo.,<;c., Py., Po., Vo. — How long is each of these I The largest lake? Tu. — How long is it? What two mountains east of Lake Titicaca? Sa., li. — 'I'lieso are the highest in South America. How many inhabitants has the capital ? La Paz ? Cochabamba? Potosi ? Oruro ? What desert occupies the coast of Bolivia? Aa. — What tribes of Indians are in Bolivia ? Ms., Cs., As. IW CIlILI.t 1. Chili consists of a lonj,', narrow tract of country, situ- atcd between the Andes and tlic Pacific Ocean. The climate is remnrl Wliat has Chili been called? 2. What is said of earthquakes and volcanoes? 3. Of the soil? Products? Agriculture, &c. ? • C/i«giii»aco7chu-ke-8a'-ka. t Cochubamba, Co-ka-bam'-ba. X Chili, Chee'-lo. S(&5»' 204 DESCKIFTIVE GKOOUAPIiy. ^ni , ! 11 IS 11 II fertile, and proilucps tlic finest wliont nnd otlicr grnins, besides fruits of various kind-', in nbmulnticc. Wine is iiindo to some extent, and ngricidturc nnd the raising of cattle arc netivcly pursiiid. 4. The C'hilrsu are a courtcnus nnd polite people, and appear to he more industrious and enterprisin}; than most of tlio other inhabitants of South America. iVIines of (fold, silver, and copper, irc numerous. The latter arc the most abundant and profitable. 5. Chili exports lo Europe and the Unilci! States gold, silver, ami copper, and to I'eru grain nnd flour. • A considerable trade is carried on with Due- no8 Ay res across the Andes by troops of mules, which convey merchandise, money, &c., to a considerable amount. In travers- ing these stujiendous heights, the animal:--, and even their drivers, often slip from the narrow, steep roads, which wind among the moun- tains, anu are dashed to pieces on the rocks beneath. 6. The southern part of this territory is inhabited by the Aricnunian Indians, a brave and warlike race, who have defended their !ibcrtic9 against the encroachments of the Spaniards ever since their first en- trance into the country. 7. Chiloc and the islands in its vicinity belonfj to this state ; also the Juan Fernandez islands. The most eastern of these is noted for being the solitary residence for several years of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, whose adventures gave rise to the well-known story of Robinson Crusoe. 8. Santiago, the capital of Chili, is situated ninety miles from the coast, in a country that furnislies the most sublime and beautifiil pros- pects. The houses are mostly of one story, and surrounded with gar- dens. The streets arc regularly laid out, and many of the public buildings are handsome. 9. Valparaiso is the chief sea-port j it has an excellent harbour, and carries on considerable commerce. Valdivia, Coiicepcion, and Coendou3 heights, the animal:--, and even their drivers, ids, which wind among the moun- ; rocks beneath. ry is inhabited by the Aricaunian vlio huvc defended their liberties laniards ever since their first en. nity belong to this state ; also the iastern of these is noted for being rs of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch ihe well-known story of Kobinson 3 situated ninety miles from the most sublime and beautiful pros- story, and surrounded with gar- id out, and many of the public it has an excellent harbour, and I'aldivia, Coiicepcion, and Co(iuiui- irts ? Trade with Burnos Ayres ? ory ? 7. Chiloe ? For what is c Santiago 'I 9. Valparaiso, and 1 BRAZIL. 205 Map No. 10. — What Iwundw <:hili on the north? Ba. — South? Pa. — East.' H.-As. — West? I'.-On. — What mountains separate Cliili from Huenos Ayres > As. — Wliiil island lies south of CMiili ? C'e. — How long is it >. What islands lie west of Valparaiso .' J.-Fz. — What isliind was the reRi M.-Ttt. — What islands lie north of Jiia.T Feriiande/. ? S.-Fx. — What is the population of Santiago .' Valparaiso ? Conccpcion ? • Quillota 7 Santa Rosu .' S. Felipe ? Valdivia 7 Copiapo 7 143 BRAZIL. Bkazii is the only portion of the new world ever j»ovorned by an European sovereign in person ; tiie King of I'ortugal having reigned liere, under the title of Emperor, from the year 1808 until the year 1821, at which time the country was declared independent of Portugal. 2. This is an extensive region, (leing twenty-fivo times the size of the British Islands ; rather larger than the w'lole of the United States, and comprising almost one-half the area of South America. 3. Brazil is one of the finest countries in the world, and enjoys great natural advantages, in the fertility of its soil, the variety of its vegetable productions, and the value of its min- erals. L'roi'siing a Brazilian River. Brazil. Q. — 1 When was Brazil What king reigned here from 1808 until 1821 ? declared independent ? 2. How does it compare with the British Islands and the United States? 3. What is Brazil? •Quillota, Ke-lo-la'. :' > jja* I, I u»' ! ) r i I t' r ^1 1 , in I < iM li^ SOG DESCRIPTIVE GEOGllAPHY. 4. The interior in very thinly scttlt'i), and much oF it ia yet cuvcrcd Willi dense forests. Koads arc rare ; and the numerous streams o' ^ destitute of bridges, and, in many cases, of ferry-boats. The rivers arc generally crossed on raHw, moved by poles ; whilo the horse, held by the head, is made to swim. 5. The mass of the people are very ignorant and indolent. Nearly all the labour is performed by Negro slaves, who constitute about three- fillhs of the whole population. r». Agriculture is in a backward state. Manufactures iicarcely exist ; but commerce is actively carried on. Sugnr, cotton, cotl'ee, hides, and other products of the country, aru exported chiefly to the United Slates, Great Britain, and Por- tugal. 7. Brazil is rich in gold and precious stones. The diamond mines are worked on account of the government, and furnish nearly all the diamonds of commerce. 8. Cuttle multiply to an immense extent, especially in the region railed the Serlum ; and in the extensive ]>lains in the siiuth, near Itiu Grande, some of the large farms have from :^0,UUO to 40,UUU head. 9. The western part of Rrazil is called Amazonia; although not a political division, the name has been long in use, and originated from the reports of the early explorers of a nation of Amazons, or female warriors, residing on the banks of the Amazon river. 10. Rio Janeiro is the most populous and flourishing city in South America. Its Iiarbour is among tlie flnest in the world, and is visited Palace of San Cliristuvao. What docs it enjoy 7 4. What is said of the interior? How arc the rivers crossed ? 5. What are the mass of the people ? 6. Of agri- culture? Manufactures? Commerce? 7. In what is Brazil rich? 8. What is said of cattle? 9. Of the western part of Brazil? Uow did the name, Amazon, originate ? 10. Describe Rio Janeiro. GEOGllAPHY. I, and much oF it ia yet covered Willi llie numerous strcuinti a' ^ destitute ry-boats. The rivers arc generally hilo the horse, held by the head, isi ry ignorant and indolent. Nearly slaves, who constitute about three- kwnrd state. Manufactures i actively carried on. Sugnr, products of the country, aru >latcs, Great Britain, and For- )rccious stones. The diamond ' the government, and furnish merce. extent, especially in the region isive plains in the 8iiuth, near Kiu e from 30,000 to 40,000 head, called Amazonia; ulthouj^h not a 1 lon^ in use, and originated from r a nation of Amazons, or female e Amazon river. lous and flourishing city in South finest in the world, and is visited Cliri:jtuvao. laid of the interior ? How arc the mass of the people ? 6. Of agri- :ce ? 7. In what is Brazil rich ? •f the western part of Brazil V late? 10. Describe Rio Janeiro. BUENOlS AY RES. 207 by the vessels of almost every commercial nation. The city is tolcral !y built, much in the European style, though the streets are rather narrow. The country palace of the Enijicror, near the city, called San Chris- tovuo, being of a light and rural style of architecture, has a very pleasing ctVect. 11. Bahia, Pernambuco, Maranham, Para, and Rio fJrande, are all iinjioitnnt sea-ports. Tijuoo, in the interior, is the ehlef town, and centre of the diamond district. Villa Rica, Villa Boa, and Cuyabu, are each surrounded by mining districts. Map Nu. 10. — What bounds Brazil on the north? Va., Ga., A.-On. — East? A.-Un. — West? Va., Er., N.-Pu., Bn., Py., Uy. — Which lire the jirincipal rivers that flow into the Atlantic ocean ? An., Pa., I'a., S.-Fo. — Hdw long are they ? How wide is the Amazon river at ii« mouth .' Which are the chief brunches of the Amazon ? Xu., Ts., I\f:i., No., Va, — How lung arc they ? How tiir i.s the Amazon navigable for ships .' For sloops ? Hjvv far can sloops ascend the Madeira from the sea ? What mountains extend along the coast ? Un- — How long uro tliey •' What are the chief Indian tribes that inhabit Brazil / Ts., Ms., Bs., Gs., Cs., Xs., Cs., Bs. — What island at the mouth of tlio Amazon 7 Js. — How long is it 7 What land was fust seen by Cabral, tlic discoverer of Brazil, in the year 1500 .' What is the population of liio Janeiro? Baliia ? Pernambuco 7 t'uyuba ? Scrgippe del Key ? What towns have ^0,000 inhabitants (acli > Pa., iMni., Ai., S.-PI., V.-Bj. — What district east of tlit St. Francisco river I Dd. lit BUENOS AYUKS. 1. The states comprising the llopuhlic of Buenos Ayics were the first in Soutii America that tlirew oft' the yoke of Spain. At tiicir declaration of independence, in IHlfi, diey wore, including the Banda Oriental, called tlie Uniied Pro- vinces of the Rio dc la Plata ; afterwards the Argentine Republic, and, finally, the present name was adopted. 2. The surface of the country consists of vast plains, call- ed pampas, which s' -etch from the Atlantic ocean to the Andes, and from north to south through the whole e,\tcnt of the territory. 11. Which are important sea-ports 7 Rica, &c. 7 What is said of Tejuco, Villa Buenoa Ayies. Q. — 1. What states first threw off the yoke of Spain 7 When did they declare their independence 7 What were they first called 7 What afterwards 7 2. How far do the pampas si. etch ? 3. iT' .1! i-*frf I ^1:; - -■-'^'^itn-T'"'— r--i**ff •A n* f"! v., ;-Sl. I 808 Di'.tsciin'Tivn (iiiooRAriiv. Gaurlios calchiiig Cattle with tliv Lauso. 3. They arc chiefly destitute of trees, nnil covered with high grass. Numerous herds of liorses, mules, and cattle, graze and range over tiiom. Tlw rhea, or American ostrich, with the jaguar, and several kinds of deer, also, abound on these plains. 4. The Gauchos, or inliubitants of tlic pampas, load a lifo of rude independence. Tlicy liavc no care in rearing or feeding cattle ; but liave only to catcli tliein with the lasso, or long leather noose, to kill, or drive Ihem to Ouenos Ayrcs ; and, in the case of horses, to break and mark them, thut they may be afterwards known. 5. Beef is the principal food used on the pampas ; neither ^rain nor vegetables arc cultivated ; nor is tho cow often made to give milk. Horses arc so numerous and cheap, that every one rides ; even the beg- gar begs on horseback. 6. Wheat and barley arc raised in a slovenly manner. Immediately round Buenos Ayrcs, Mondoza, and some other towns, the grain is threshed by making cattle gallop over it. Fuel is so scarce, that the people make their fires with dried thistles ; also, with tlie bones, fat and dung of animals. 7. Buenos Ayrcs, the capital, is situated on the south bank of the Of what are they destitute? What graze on them? What also abounds ? 4. What of tlie Gauchos ? How do they catch cattle ? 5. What food is used on the pampas ! What is said of horses ? 6. Of wheat and barley ? Of fuel ? 7. Describe Buenos Ayrcs. 8. Cordova, and Mendoza. P c. P it le with tliu Laiiso. of trees, nnd covered with )f iiorses, mules, nnd cnttlo, {) rliea, or American ostricii, tds of deer, also, abound on tlic pampas, load a life of rucio n rearing or feeding cattle ; but ), or long leather noose, to kill, ur the ease of horses, to break and rds known. an the pampas ; neither ^rain nor B cow often made to givo milk, lat every one rides ; even the beg- a slovenly manner. Immediately some other towns, the grain is :r it. Fuel is so scarce, that the thistles ; also, with llie bones, fat Luated on the south bank of the Rio de la Plata, about 200 miles from the sea. It is the centre of trade for this i)art of South America, and carries on an extensive coinmcrco Willi llio Ignited Slates and Orent Britain, exi)ortiiig thitli Py.. Vy- West 7 Ci. ~ South ? Pa. - What mountain, separate Buenos Ayres from Chili ? As. — What river from Patagonia ? R,.,Vo - J rom Urngui.y ? R..Pa.. My. _ From Paraguay 7 Py., Pa. - What 18 tlK3 length of the Rio dc la Plata 7 Parana ? ParagJay ' Colorado? Rio Ijegro 7 Suladillo? Salado, and Vermcjo rivers? . ow wide IS the Rio do la Plata at its mouth ? How far i» it naviga- bio «or Bhips? How tar is the Paraguay, for sloops? What is the population of Buenos Ayrcs 7 Of Cordova 7 San Juan ? Mendoza ? 145- PARAGUAY. 1. Paraguay is a fine fertile district, situated between Ine Inraguay and Parana rivers. TJic population is composed chiefly of Indians and Mestizoes, not more than one-twentieth part being whites. Vast herds of cattle and horses feed on Its rich plains. Paraguay. Q. — 1. What is Paraguay 7 What is said o.' the popu- 14 tlO DKPIRU'TIVE CiEOGIlAI'IIV. V.'. Tliis stnto (Icrlarpil its in(lf|K'nil»Mirc in 1^13, nnci sJiuri. ly iidirwards li-ll iiiulcr llic roiitrol of l>r. FrniUMn, a imlivc •■. Crcdli', will) iisHiinii'd tli(! poucrs of n Diclutor, niid riilts Inc J^ Alf' poojilc ai'i-nnliiig to his own will. 'I. 'I'IiIm NiriKiilar innn Hvch without pomp nr pnrnrlc, nnd, tlinii;:h I iinnu'tiincH actiii); willi neverity, ap|N'arH to irmiiiluiii liin |H)wi'r iiiiifii. ', i>:iiri'il. All till' iiiliubitnntH arc taii)rlit rciiilinir, writini;, iiiiil iiritliniilii'. i Kviry one JH oliligi'd to work at noiiiu oncuputiuri,nnd idlciicHH and Uij;- ' giiiy aro unknown. 4. .Mate, or ]'nrn(ruay tea, is the nioHt ccli'liritid production of tliit ri'i;ion, nnd him ht'eii lon)( iiNcd in ii nmiincr Honicwhut Miniilur to thu tea of China over ii (front jiurl of South Amurico. !>. ANNiunprion, the cupitnl, ih nn irrc)riilarly built town, on thu cntt bunk of the Purafruny river. Itupua, Curuguuty, and Villa Kica, iip- |K.'ar to be the next important townn. Ji f ■ I i- I ! 'n URUGUAY. 0. The Republic of Uni^iiny was formerly called tlio Handa Oriental, and attached to the United Provinces of (In^ Rio do la Plata. It was afk'rwnrds, for a time, claimed liy Rrnzil ; bnt in 1828, at the clo.se of a bloody war btitwci ii the llrazilians and the lUienos Ayrcans, tlic two parties agrcul to its lK!coming an independent state. 7. Montevidtio,* the capitol, Htanda on the north bank of the Rio do la Plata, nnd ims the liest harlmur on that river. It eximrtH great qu^iii- titicH of hides, Slc. The country around this city \» lirtile, though liiit ]H>urly cultivated. Maldonado and Culonia arc small towns on the Uia de la Plata. 8. On the upper part of the Uruguay river aro the remains of tin' IMinslons formed by the Jesuits. These contained at one time thirty towns, and 100,000 Indians, who were converted from idolatry, instruct, cd in (hrniing and some of the UNcful arts, and disciplined as solilii ra ntlcr the IOuro|)ean manner. Hut the towns are now decayed, nnd tl inhabitants reduced to less than one-tenth of their former numbers. latinn 7 2. Of the state 7 Dr. Franeia ? 3. iF 'he inhabitants ' 4. What is the most celebrated production 7 5. Dcs.. ibo Assurnpcion and the other towns. Uruguay. Q. — 6. What was Uruguay formerly called 7 To wliut was it attached 7 By what power was it claimed t What occurred in 18i28 ? 7. Describe the capital. The other towns. 8. By whom were • Montevidto, Mon-te-ve'-do^). F.OUItAI'lir. K'niloiico in 1^13, nnci short. Irol of Mr. Frnncin, a imlivc of n Diclutor, niid rtilus tii<' t pomp or pnrarlc, mid, tlioiii,'h irH to irmiiiluiii liiii |H)wrr uiiiiu. rciidinir, writini;, iiiiil iirilliiiirtii'. uccuputiuri,niid idli-iicHH uiid l)r)r. loBt I'cli'liritcd proriiirtion of IIu.h innnncr Hoiiicwhut Hiniilur to (liu li Amurico. rcKiilarly built town, on tho cn*l , Curiiguuty, and Villa Kica, up- AY. y wns forniprly called tlio I tho rnitcd Provinces of lln^ irds, for a time, clainu'd Iiy ic of a bloody war between rcnns, the two parties agrcul tatc. on the north bank of tho Rio do ;bat river. It vx|X)rtH great qiMii- ind this city in li'rtllc, tliuiigh liiit ilonia are Hinall towns on the Uio uay river arc the rcmainti of the mo contained at one time thirty I converted from idolatry, inslruci. arts, and diHcipHncd as Holdiira townu are now decayed, and tl !iith of their former numbers. mcia ? ction ? 3. )f 'he inhabitants ' 5. Dc8.. ibo Asaurnpcion PATAfJONIA. 911 Miip Sii. in, — What river (iirniH thu eoMt and uniilh iHiiiiidary nf I'd. riigiMy ' I'.i. — 'Mill u'l'nt boiiiicliiry ' I'y, — Wliut lrii|iii' cxh iwU n'.irly tliroiii.'li llii' iniildid iif l'irii;{ii,iy 7 ( ii, — lliiw iniiiiy iiili.iliit- niilr' liiin tlir (M(iiliil I The iilliir InwnH ' \V iiiit I mcIn I'ni^riiiy nil (lie iinrlh ' Py. — On the Noiith f ll.-I'ii. — \\rst? I'\..|{. — MiiHt / III. — How lipii'd JH the rmiiiiiiy river ? R. — Ne,'rtW Uhat i^ the |Hipiiliiti(iii of Ihe eMpiliiP Ol' l\|uldiiimdo f lUivv iiir Ik it from I'riignuy to the (',i|h' oI' (iuiid llnpe .' lU) SuiUirii killing aoulK. reiigiiiiin. I'ATAOONI.V. (Tuoy formerly called ? To whul f a it claimed I What occurred in 5 other towns. 8. By whom were in-te-ve'-do^). 1. P/VTAooNrA, the southern division of Sonth Americn, has never been explored except along the coast. Tho diicf p.irt of it apjieai-s to be a cold, barren, and desert region. ■2. It is very thinly iiihuhited by various tribes of IndiuiiH, who aro s:iid to be cxcelleiil h(ir«eiiien, and are usuiilly described iis u niition of giants. Tliey liiiiit the Uliea, or Ainericun Ostrich, which abounds in the northern piirt of their country. .1. Terra del Fiiegn, lying south of Patagonia, is peopled by a raco of iniacrable savages, in the lowest state of wretchedness. the Missions formed ? The Jesuits were on order of Cuthilic Priesip, who estiihlishcd Missions in various parts of the woilil. What is said of the Indians ? The towns 7 ralrinroniii. Q. — 1. What is Patagonia ? AVhat does lite chief port npp»!ar to he .' 2. By wlmin is it inhahiled ? What u saiil of Ihcni 7 3. Ily whom i.i Terra dil l-'uej;!) p .(ijiled ' If 813 i\ i¥' \' i; r l)ES( IIIFTIVE tiKOCJUAI'MV. SOI Til AMKIIICAN IHI.ANKH. 1. Sol Tii-iiAHT iViim Patiipitiin nrc Rfvi-ral j,'roii|is u*' i^l.'iiulM, Hi'iitlcivd at viii'ioiis dintancrs IVoni iho coniiiu^iii. 'I"li( V n)m|)i'iso ilio l''iilkliiiiil IsIiuuIh, Hini'li (.Imrgia, mul >SMt|l|^^ ii'li ioi.:o ol' |iro<:uriii|f vculn, tliu Turn of wliicli ore very lino and viilimhlu. Map No. 10. — How is ratagonia lioiindcd ? Wliich are it» cliief rivrrH ? Vs., I'.-Dc. — What tribcH iiilmldt il ? Ph., Mw. — Wlinl iiiiundH lie tn tlio cuHtward ? I'M. — What i-trnitH Bcparntu this reRioii from Terra del Fiie(,'o ! Mn. — What island on the west coast? Wii. — What island ensl of Term del Fiiejro ? S..[,d. — Wliat celebrated Cape Bontli of Terra del Fnego ? IIn. — This capo is tho tioutliern extrcinily nf Hermit's Island. Map No. 1. — Western hemisphere. — Which is tho mo»t northern, Graham's Land, or the Falkland Isles ? F.-Is. — The most soiilhcrn ' G.-Ld. — Wliich arc the most eastern islands ? S..Ld. — Which in the most distant from Patagonia? S.-Ld. Soiilh American hh». Q. — 4. What do theso islands comprise? 5. What is said of tho climate ? What do tho Falkland Islands con- lain ? By what powers are lliey claimed .' 6. What is farther to the south ? 7. What aro they covered with 7 In what do their shorn' abound ? B. What is said of vessels from Stoningtou ? OOUAI'MV. N ISLANDS. in nrc drvural ^roupji n!' timers IVoiii \h(\ coiiliiuiii, hiiidH, Snii'li (.uiirgio, mill III iiiul • » , incl ' Ir Hliiin s ill uiitiii i ind, ' ■" |ii ilif l''iilli. I't.i littln I iintniiih iiiiiiiy ^jnud linl' .iiiil ' il Nlii|w vvliirli luivi- iii'.'d liiiii J (irviit llrituiii uiul iiiiiiIn i>r Hoiitli Slirllnriil, Soiitit I'l l/iiiiil. 'J lit'HU liiivu ull belli », covered rvni in inld-mitnincr iitrd liy n Niii)rlL' hiiiiiiin hi'in{r. Ni'a-i'lr|>1iuiil, and \uiit iminlicrH ■ pmlM ill New r'n|;lund firqupiit iiK ivalH, tlio AirH of wliicli arc loundcd ? Which nro itn rliiti' iiilmhit il? Ph., Mh. — Wlinl Imt HtrnilH BPparntu tliiH region ishiiid nil the west coiisl ? Wii. (fo ? S.-IaI. — Wliiit CLlcbriiti'd II. — Thui capo is tho xoutherii — Which is tlio ino»t northern, ' F.-Ih. — The nioHt Hoiithcrii ' 1 iulands ? S..Ld. •— Whicii in Ld. hat do thcso island* comprise ? it do tho Falkland Islnndn con. iicd .' 6. What is further to tho vith 7 In whnt do their shorva roin Stoningtou ? 9- »-.*■■. 5 - EUltOPK. 1. I'-ITROPE, though llin smallest c)l' tho tliri>i ureni 'ivisions of till! odstern Cdiitinorif, is the lirst in iiii|ii)rtaiic(', lo most tliickly |>oo|)lud, and tliu iicst ciillivntud. U. In modern times it has bcon tlic point from whii civil- i/ation and linowledjro have heeii extended to other i lions, and its emi),'nints have peopled all tiio civilized counli s of tho other parts of tiio world. y. Kuropc is deeply per.efrated hy Iar;.;e inland seas and nnnierous gulfs, wliieh allord groat natin-al advantage for eonnneroial pursuits. Its interior n.'giiins are \V( II wai' vd, though none of the rivers are of the first inagnilude. I'ho piiiicipal of them are tho Volga, Don, Dnieper, Duniibo, Tagiis, Loire, Uhinc, Uiione, Kibe, and Vistula. 4. Thougli the surflicc of Kuropc is greatly diversified, yet tlie mountains are inferior in extent and elevtuion to tho.sonf Asia and Aineriea. Tho princijial ranges arc tho Dofrafiulds, Alps, Car|)nthians, A[ionnines, and I'yronccs. Europe. Q — 1. Whiit in Kuropc? 3. Wlmt has it been in modern timcH? 3. !i.)w is it pcnelrnted ? What is said of its interior reijionH' Wiiich are the principal rivers ? 4. What is said of tho nioiiiilains ? Un 11 •.ll^tt^" It lA ^if 1 ' ' ' ! 1 ; ^ i 214 DESCRIPTIVK GEOGRAPHY. P "-,.'•■■-" ^""Vn' " .i.^~ •.''■:.." •r^z Willi Scottish Ox. Wild Arusmcin Slici']). 5. Tlie native nnimiils of Etiropc nro less in mimbnr tlian those of some of the other rpiarters of the earth. Tiie liorse, ass, dog, and cat, came oritfinully from Asia : l)ul the ox and the sheep are, probably, of nutive orifrin. A few of the wild Seottisli oxen are still preserved in parks in the north of ICn^lund ; and the niusnion, or wild sheep, i^i found in Sardinia and Corsica. l!earili.'il Vulture. Golden Eagle. fi. The birds of Enrope comprise a nnmbcr of diiferrnt kinds, many of which also almnnd in the neighbouring regions. The bearded vul- ture IS the largest of the European birds of prey. It is found among the highest summits of the Alps, and destroys sheep, lambs, goals, and oilier animals. Tlie golden eagle frequents the British isles, and the adjacent parts ; while the bustard, crane, stork, flamingo, spoonbill, and pelican, are met with in various quarters. The turkey was brought irom America, the peacock and common fowl from Asia, and the guinea-fowl from Africa. 7. Tho cultivution of tlie soil has boen carried, in many parts of Kiiropo, to great perfection, and has been rendered highly productive in all the necessaries, and most of tiio 5. Of tho animals ? G. Birds ? 7. Of cultivation ? 8. Manufactures OGUAPIIY. Wild Arusnicin Slier]). ; less ill number llian those of I. The liorsc, ass, dog, nnd cat, and the sheep are, probably, of tisli oxen arc still preserved in he niusiuon, or wild sheep, in Gulden Eagle. nmbcr of different kinds, many ring regions. The bearded vul- Is of prey. It is fonnd among jstroys sheep, lambs, goals, and icnts the British isles, and the ', stork, flamingo, spoonbill, and ;ers. The turkey was brought non fowl from Asia, and tho has boen carried, in many )n, and has been rendered ;ssaries, nnd most of tiio EUROPE. 215 lixurles of life. Grain of various kinds is raised in all quarters, except in tlic extreme northern ; wiiile the, vine, olive, mulberry, and orange, Hoiirish in the southern parts of the continent. 8. Tho amount and variety of tlic manufacturer, of the European nations arc unrivalled ; and by means of the exten- sive commerce carried on by the maritime states, they are distributed over almost every quarter of the globe. 148 9. Though Europe was the latest portion of the eastern continent that received the light of civilization, yet it must jiuw be considered as the centre of refmenicnt and learning. The most useful inventions, the finest productions of genius, and the improvement of all tlic sciences, belong to the people of this region. 10. Universities and colleges are numerous in almost all European countries. These provide for the higher branches of learning, and arc generally on a larger scale than any in America. "Sonie of them arc endowed with extensive funds, valuable libraries, and botanic gardens; and attract many students from various quarters, of whom, some are from our own country, and other parts of the new world. 11. In several parts of Europe, the common branches of school education arc much neglected, and the lower orders of the people are not so well instructed as in tlio United Stales. Numbers of them are unable to red or write ; and in some countries they arc extremely ignorant and bigoted. 12. Schools for instructing the poorer classes are most numerous in Prussia, Switzerland, Ilolland, Belgium, and Scotland. In the latter country, more of the peoi)le receive a learned education than elsewhere. England, (Jerniany, and France, excel in literature and science. 13. In almost every part of Europe, great distinctions of rank prevail between tiie upper and lower classes of society. Orders of noliility are established everywhere, except in Turkey and Norway. Nearly all the individuals belonging 9. What is said of Euro|)e? 10. Of universities and colleges? 11. Common branches of education ? 18. Where arc ac'iools most numcr- ,;*;-■ lA i>i^' it: 210 DESCRIl'TIVE GEOGRAPHY. to those reside in splendid nuinsion.s, and enjoy every luxurv which money can |.mciire ; wliilst the poorer eiassos lodge in mean eottages, and earn a very scanty subsistence by the hibour of their hands. 14. The religion of Europe is almost entirely Christian, except ill Turkey, where the Mahomedan system is estab- lished. Tiie former is divided into tiiree great churciics, thu Roman Catholic, the Protestant, and the (iVeek church. The adherents of the iirst-nanicd amount, probably, to about 120 millions, the second to 5-.i millions, and tlie last 50 millions. There are_ also about ryi millions of IMahomedans, and iix millions of .lews. ' l.'i. Kiiro|>c comprises Gl indepciidtnt states. Of tlicso, three arc Btylcd Empires, IG Kingdoms, 7 Grand Duchies, I Kleetorntc, 11 Ouchics, 1 Landgniviatc, 11 Principalities, 1 Lordship, 1 Ivclesiastieal State, and 9 Republics. The population of the whole is cstinialej at S.'iU millions. IG. The slates which rank highest in tlie scale of national importance ore. Great Dritain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. These are called the five Great Powers. They direct and control the alTairs of the whole continent, and, more or less, influence the destinies of every civilized nation. iin IIow is Europe bounded ? Which is its largest city and river? Norway; . . . Bounded ?— Capital ? : France Bounded ?— Capital ? Sweden . . . Bounded ?— Capital ? Spain Bounded ?— {Capital ? Russia Bounded ?— Capital ? | Portugal .... Bounded ?— Capital ? Denmark . . Bounded ?— Capital ? Austria Bounded ?— Capital ? Holland . . . Bounded ?— Capital ? i Prussia Bounded ?— Capital ? Belgium . . . Bounded ?- -Capital ? '■■ Switzerland . Bounded ?— Capital ? Kngland . . . Bounded ?— Capital ? I Italy Bounded ?— Capital ? Scotland . . . Bounded ?— Capital ? j Turkey Bounded ?— Capital ? Ireland Bounded ?— Capital ? , Greece Bounded ?— Capital 7 Where is the White sea? Baltic sea? North sea? Irish sea? Mediterranean sea? Black sea? Sea of Azov? Sea of Marmora 7 How long is each of these seas? Where is the .-Vrcliipelago? Where is the gulf of Bothnia ? G. of Finland ? G. of Venice ? How long arc each of these 7 Where is the gulf of Dantzick ? G. of Lyons? G. of Genoa? G. ofTaranto? Where is the bay of Biscay ? Where is the channel called the Cattegat? The Skager Rack? ous ? 13. What is said of the distinctions of rank ? 14. Of religion 1 How is it dividid? 15. What docs Europe compriso? IC. Which states rank highidt ? EOCiRAPIlY. JUS, ami fiijoy every luxurv it lliL" poorer flasscs lodge iii y scanty subsistence by tlie s almost entirely CIni.slian, ahoniedan system is eslnb- iito tliren great diiirelies, the nil the (ircck church. The )unt, probably, to about 120 s, and the last 50 millions. IS of Mahomcdnns, and 2i L'lit states. Of tliesi', three arc iiid Duchies, I Kleetorntc, 11 tics, 1 Lordship, 1 Declesiastical in of the whole is cstiinated at tlie scale of national importance jstria, and Prussia. Tliose are lirect and control the atTairs of influence the destinies of every is its largest city and river ? ncc Bounded ?— Capital ? in Bounded ?— Capital ? tugal .... Bounded ?— Capital ? itria Bounded ? — Capital 7 ssia Bounded ? — Capital ? tzerland . Bounded ? — Capital ? y Bounded ?— Capital ? ■key Bounded ? — Capital ? cee Bounded ? — Capital 7 sea? North sea? Irish sea? of Azov ? Sea of Murinora 7 re is the ."Vrehipclago? . of Finland ? G. of Venice ? 9 the gulf of Dantzick ? G. of f Where is the bay of Biscay ? ittcgat? The Skager Rack 7 ns of rank ? 14. Of religion 7 iluropc coinpriso 7 IG. VVbich EUnOI'E. 817 St. George's Channel? English Ch. / North Ch. ? Chunnelof Constantniople .' Whore is the strait of Dover ? .S. of Otranto ? S. of the Dardanelles 7 b. ot l.nikale : h. ol Gibraltar ? How many miles wide is the last ' Where is the Petehora river? The Dwina ? Onrga ? Tornea ? D,il? Duna? iNiemen .' Vistula? Oder? Ell.e ? Weser ? Rhine' I l.umes.' .Shannon? Seine? Loire? (iaronnc? Douro? Tai-us? (.u:idiuDa? Guadal.|u.vir? Kl.ro ? Khonu ? I'o ? Danuhe ? Dnicslrr? Bog' Dnieper? Don? Volga? How long is each of these rivers ? Where is the lake Onega? Ladoga? Piepus ? Wencr 7 Wetter 7 Oeiieva ! How long is each of these lakes ? Where is the peninsula of Jutland ? Of the Morea ? The Crimea 7 AV hat large peninsula lies south of the Bay of Biscay ' Sn PI — U hat pcniiisulj lies west of the Gulf of Venice ? ly. n^yi"''?.'1.'"'f"'^'''''^'''- North C? The Naze? C.Clear? Land's Lnd? t.linisteTre? C. St. Vincent ? C. de Gutt? C. Teuluada? L. Passaro ? ( . Matapan ? Where is Iceland ? The Lododen islands ? Faroe isles ? Siicthind ' Orkney ? Hehrides, or Western isles ? British isles ? Isle of Man ? Anglesea? hcilly islands? Balearic Is.? Majorca? Minorca' Iviea? Corsica? Sardinia? Klba ? Lipari Is. ? Sicily' Malta' Ionian isles? Corfu? Cephalonia ? Zanle ? Cerigo? Candia ? Milo? Naxio? Ntgropont? Lemnos ? Where is Aland ? Daffo ? Ocsel? Gothland? Oland ? Riigen? Zealand? Funen 7 Where arc the Dofiafield mountains ? Ural mountains ? Pyrenees ? (.eyennes? Auvergne ? (;antabrian ? Sierra Morena ? Sierra Ne. yada? .\lps? Apennines? Carpathian? Balkan mountains ? Tell the length ol the range, and the heights of those mountains that have hgurcs attached to them. wu^''"\ "^'^'^ of people arc in the northern part of Russia ' Ss.— What three races arc partly in Europe, and partly in Asia? Bs., Ks., How many mil. s is it from Iceland to Norway 7 From Norway to Greenland ? Scotland to Labrador ? Ireland to' Labrador ? Eneland Gr. to Newlbundland ? France to Canada? Oporto to New York ? Franco to Nova Scotia 7 irK) swe:den and norvvay. 1. Sweden and Norway are now united info one kingdom, and are under the control of the same sovereign. The government is a limited monarchy. Ea(;h state has its par- ticular constitution, its own laws,"and a national legislature. Sweden and Normy. Q.— 1. What arc Sweden and Norway 7 ^Sil ■'■. I n ', 1, ' 1 1 L 218 DESCRIITIVE (iEOGUAPIlY. 2. Tills region forms u vast peninsula, bounded on the ono sid(3 by the Alliintic ocean, nnd on the other by the Hiiltic s«i. 'I'ju; I'liuiate, thougii severe in winter, is lieallhful ; and many ol" the inhabitants, e.s))eciiilly of Norway, live to a great a!.;e. li\tensive forests eover a large jiart of the counlry, and but a small portion of it is suited to agriculture. 3. Grain is seldom raised in suflicicnt quantities to supply the wants of tlie people ; and m the northern districts, pine bark or moss, is oHen mixed with (lour, to make bread. The southern sections arc the most fertile, and produce potatoes, barley, oats, rye, and some tobacco. •1. Sweden has but few manufactures, and Norway still less. The working of the mines, ship-building, the cutting of timber, and the fiblieries, form the chief branches of industry. The conimereu is active and extensive. The ciiief exports are iron, steel, copper, timber, and fish. 5. The habits, manners, and characters of the Swedes and Norwe- gians have much resemblance. Tliey are lively and cheerful in disposi. tiori, polite and hospitable to strangers, and are strongly attached to their respective countries. C. The religion of both nations is the Lutheran. Education is gen- eral, and the < hicf part of the lower orders of the people are able to read and write. Amongst the !)easantry, every man is his own carpen- ter, slioemaker, blacksmith, &c. NORWAY. 7. NonwAY was united to Denmark in 1380, and contin lied to form part of the Danish monarchy until 1814, when it wp.fl annexed to Sweden. It is one of the most mountain- ous < cuntrics in Europe; and abounds in sublime and romantic scenery. 8. Near the LofToden islands there is a terrific whirlpool, called the Malstrom, which sometimes draws in ships, and dashes them on the rocks licneath. Whales, and other animals also, are occasionally forced into it. 9. Christiania is the capital of Norway, and the seat of the storthig, or national legislature. It contains a university, a cathedral, a palace, Whnt is the government ? 2. What does this region form ? What is Eiiid of forrsls ? 3. Grain, &c. ? 4. Of manufactur5s ? What aro the cl ef branches of industry ? Of the commerce ? 5. The habits iiianners, &c. > 6. Religion ? ' - 7. When was Norway united to Denmark ? Annexed to Sweden ? 8. Describe the iMalstroMi. 9. Christiur.ia, Bergen, &c. OGIIAPIIY. insula, bounded on tlic ono the other by the Baltic swi. cr, is licallhful; and many orway, live to a great a^c. ; jiart of the counlry, and o agriculture. iflieicnt quantities to supply he norliiern districts, pine (lour, to make bread. The rtile, and produce potatoes, 0. i, and Norway still less. The lie cutting of timber, and the industry. The coniniercu is 3 arc iron, steel, copper, timber, 3rB of the Swedes and Norwe. e lively and cheerful in disposi- , and are strongly attached to ! Lutheran. Education is gen- rdcrs of the people arc able U> ', every man is his own carpen- mark in 1380, and contin lonarchy until 1814, when 3nc of the most mountain- ids in sublime and romantic a terrific whirlpool, called the hips, and dashes them on the lis also, are occasionally forced ^, and the seat of the storthig, iversity, a cathedral, a palace, s this region form ? What ia )f manufactures ? What are ! commerce? 5. The habits, rk ? Annexed to Sweden ? 8. Bergen, &c. NOIIWAV. 210 sTVcrul iliuri Ill's, and ollirr piiMi;; biiililinfjs. Its Iriidc is rliicHy in liiiilit r, tiir, I. ml llio prodiicf of llio mines. Hi rsrin ami Dronthcitn arc the next ini|iiirtniit tiiuns. HaminurfLst, un tliu island uf Quuloc, is the most nortliirn town in liur()j)0. C'liri>li.'i liu. Map No. 11. — What bouiul.s Norway on the north? A. -On. — South? S,.Rk. — liiist? Sn. — Wist? A.-t)n. — What mountains on the east? Ud. — How long and high arc thry ? What islands north of the Arctic circle ? Ln. — Which is the chief river ? Gn. — How long is it ? What is the |)opulation of Hcrgeii ? Christiania ? Dronthoim ? Kongsbcrg ? Which extends farthest north, Norway or Sweden ? Ny. 151 SWEDEN. 1. Sweden, though enclosed by high mountains on the north and west, is, in general, a flat country, much diversified hy lakes and rivers. The northern part of the kingdom is barren, and very thinly peopled ; while the southern is much more fertile, containing some thickly settled and well-culti- vated districts. 2. In science, the Swedes have attained considerable distinction. They have cultivated, with great ardour, botany, chemistry, and min- eralogy ; and their learned men are particularly well versed in tho languages of other nations. They have also, at diifercnt periods, been noted l()r their martial spirit, and, under some of their kings, have acquired great military renown. .1. Stockholm, the capital, is built on several small islands and pen- insulas, near the entrance of Lake Mular into the Baltic sea. It has a Sweden. Q. — 1. What is said of Sweden? S. Of science, &c. ? 3. Describe Stockholm. 4. Gottenburg, &c. Islands in the Baltic, &c 1 ■tV^l l^ tfi^' i r 1 , ' ''^WMv, 220 DESCRIl'TIVE CnOCillAI'MY. mCc, nnlic hiiildiiijrj, 'I'lie lian£;ar, or groat iron WHrrliniisc, is icniurkulilu I'ur tliu ininicndu quan- tity uf tliut urticlu d('|)usitcd in it. Siiickliolin. 4. Gottcnburg i» tlio second town in Sweden, in trade and population. Corlncrona is tlie station of tiic Swer. The I.aplandi rs move alioiil fiom [dace to place, with tlitir licrds of rdiiileer, unci .-eldom re-^idc in towns. f^. In Hunnner, they live in tents, and in winter, in lov,', rude huts, formed of stones and earth, ami rovered with liirf. The tiw villages found ill this country aro very small, seldom containing mere than one or two hundred inhab- itants ; nnd the whole nation, though occupying a country nearly equal in exlent to France, is supp mcd not to c.x- ccid ;K),()00 individuals. '.'. 'I'liesc jieople have bc(Mi nearly all converted to Chris- tianity, nnd are, generally, ottachcd to its duties. Among them, great crimes nrc unknown. They never use profane language ; and observe the sabbath very strictly. •rts---^t Laiilaiidcr's Tint. Man No. 11. — What bounds Sweden on the north and west? D.- Ms. — East ? G.-Ba., B.-Sn. —South ? B..Sn. — Which arc the prin- cipal rivers of Sweden? Ta., Kx., La., Sa., II., La., Dl., Ca. — Tell the length of each of these. The chief lakes I Mr., Wr., Wr. — How long arc the two last ? What ii the populotion of Stockholm ? Gottenburg ? Gcflc ? Carlscrona ? Culmar ? L'psal ? and Fahlun ? [')2 RUSSIAN EMPIRE. 1. The Russian Empire comprises nearly ono-half of Europe and Asia, and part of North America. It reaches half-way round the globe, and embraces one-seventh part of the habitable world. 2. This state has been much increased within the last G. Describe tlie Laplanders. 7. What is said of the reindeer ? 8. Hovir do the Laplanders live in summer ? In winter? What is said of the villages? Of the whole nation? 9. To what have the people been converted ? Ri'fsinn Empire. Q. — I. What does the Russian Empire comprise ? How far docs it reach? 2. Wliat is said of its increase? Of its l^ ui^' i«|ii; 15 I If if i 999 I). -I lUl'TlVr, (iKOtlRArHV. -IS.:: ■-, SK.^' '*^. Kiifsiun Army. seventy years, by the nnncxntion of Finland, a gront pnrt of I'oliinJ, anil various tlisfricts of Turkoy and Persia. Its population, which, 100 years ago, was estimated at only 15 millions, now numbers four times that amoimt. H. The inhahitanis consist of a {greater variety of difli^ent nations, flian is to bo f )und under any other government in the world. Tlie chief races in I'Airopean Russia nre Russians, Poles, Fi.ms, Tartars, and Cossacks. The latter form, in time of war, n most ell'icient part of the Russian army. 4. The established religion is that of the lireek church, but all others nre tolerated ; nnd there are to be f()und in Russia, lioman Catholics, Protestants, IMaliomedans, Jews, nnd Pagans. The government is an absolute monnrcdiy. The Emperor is llic head of church and state, nnd is styletl the Autocrat of all the Russians. .11 power emanates iVom him, nnd lie is considered to derive his authority from God alone. 5. Tiic military force of this emi)ire if the largest in Euroix>, nnd is a source of nn.\iety to the neighbouring stntes. The regulnr army nmounts to 700,000 men. The nnvol force, on the Black nnd Baltic seas, consists of between 200 pnpiilntion 100 yrars npo? 3. Of what do the inhnbitnnts consist? Name I lie chief races, 4. What is said of the religion / (idvtrninciit ? 'i'lie Emperor .' o. .Military forec / Army ' N.iv ,• ? fi. 'I'lio con- noijRAi'Uv. my. of Finlnnd, a groat part of Turkoy and Persia. Its ), was estimated at only 15 that amount. I ji;roatcr variety of didl^ont !r any otlier government in "0|ican Russia nre Russians, acks. Tlic latter form, in of tlic Russian army. that of tlio (Ireek rlnirch, d there arc to he f()und in itants, IMahomedans, Jews, monarchy. Tlio Emperor nd is styled tlio Autocrat of lanates lVf)m him, and lie is from God alone, i cmi)iru h the largest in ,' to the neighbouring states. 700,(100 men. The naval is, consists of between 200 liat do the inhnbilnnts consist 7 I of llir religion f (idvcrninfiit ? \nnv ' N.iv • ? 0. Tlio con- KUrftll.VN P-AIflUK. i2!i3 and 300 vessels of various kinds, and is considered to bo, at prrscnl, ill a very elliciciit coiidiiiun. 0. 'I'he ronnncrce is extensive, iiikI is annually increasing, having doubled in amount in about twenty-five years. Tlii! exports are tallow, hemp, sail-cloth, iron, timiwr, and grain. 'J"hc manufactures have hitherlo been rude, and chiclly con- fnR'r..scuii'rivi; (ikogiiai'IIY. lA Ul^' t ^ H|iraii liiiKniii. ThrNe I'liniiiili F{i|rii anil Mi'iial wild iarijc sii|i|ilivs of (iiiibcr, pitch, tiir, \.r,. n liicli aro iictil to otlitr piiflH of tlio coiitiiiciit. , I'lio hiibilntionx of llio lower or.ltra of tlio people, c«pccinlly in tlio M l:i(fei., aro (nrinnlol tlio r<.UKlUriiiik« of trecMlie iiitor.lircH bclwii-n wlMdi aro lillril witli iiioHH mid .lay, nnd tlio ligl.t admitted liy H<|iiiiro ,.|HMiinjr». 1 liey tliiis rcHoniblo pile* of logs, rulhcr than liumun hub- It.ltlOlllt. .'■>. St. Pt■ter^bu^(^, tlio cnpitul of Rm,«in, in Hilimtcd at thn connneiic. ..( the river Neva with the (Julf of Finland. It wiw Ibuiided in 170,1, by fcter the Great, and in now a innRnidecnt eity, with nuinerom piducci,_ churches, und other edilicex. It in the prineipnl place of rem. iiierco (or the oiii|.ire, und the seal of its lourninj; und wiencc. (!. MoRCow, the old cap. ital, was one of the larpcNt oiliea in Kiirope. It wu» deserted by the whole pop- iilatiunin IHK'.and almost (lealroyed by lire, to prevent itH affording an usyluni to the army of tlio eiii])cror Napoleon, who hud invaded the euuntry. It in now Ileal ly rcuiiill. Onuufthu etiriosities of Moscow is the ureiit bell, the lar^reHt ill the world ; it in G7 feet in circunileren''e, Vj feet liiffh, und weiijlis nearly •200 tons. Anionic the nu- inurouH public buildings, the church of St. Basil is remarkable for the peculjor style of its architecture. 7. Cronstudt, 2-} miles from the capital, is the chief station of the t.u^isian navy, and is noted for its extensive fiirtilications, docks, urse. nals, &c. Riga, on the Bultic, Archangel, on the White sea, and Odes. Ba, on the Black sea, are nnportant sea.ports. Tiie latter carries on a ^Tcat trade in wheat. and Spitsbergen ? What of Alond, &c. ? 4. What is said of thn foresU ? Of the habitations, &c. I 5. Describe St. Petersburg. 6. Moscow. Describe the great beU. 7. Describe Cronstudt, and tim other towns. 15 I'hiirch of SI, Basil. 1 U30 DKricnil'TiVi: (iUOCillAl'IIV. lA itt ''I Map A'l. II. — Wliiil IiouikIii Uii-iiii on llir tiorl!i ' A.-Oii. — U'li »iiiH nil llii' siiulli f Ilk., Av. — VVIml ITU iiiid ifiill' mi llii' «i>t ' It' , Hii. — Wliiit iiKiuiitniiiit oil lliii ciiHl ? I'l. — WImt rivi:r» ronn ilu; noiilli-i'iut limmclury f V,i., |)n. — What rivcri (low iiilo tlits Wliilu M.ii ' Mr., Di, Ou.— Into the Rulf of Riga' Dii. — 'I'lio |,'ult' of l>niil/.i(k ' Vii. — Tim icii of A/ov ' Dii. — Tlw llliirk m-n ' Dr., i!;,'.. Dr. — Till tlin Itriiftli of nil tliino rivim. WliicJi nro tlm tliri>; |iriiiii|iiil liUiHl Oil., I, a., I'*. — fliiw loiijf id I'll I'll of tlifno ' AVIiiit is ihi' |io|iuliili(m of St. IVtrrBhitrg f .Mohcow f Kiiinn ? CronHtiidt f OiliHHii? IJiifii^ Wiliia f Oril' Wiiriin./ ? Criirow? I.iililiii ■* OiiU'liiil ;Tiilt' ii Kl. I'it»!r»liiir(( ' Cron-tiiilt ' iitiil Hi'VcM I'll. — How loin; "la it I How loiiff ii tlio gulf ot Bolliiilu I Tliu White uva't 'I'liu Uiavk Ufa 1 VA POLAND. 1. PotAND, onro an important stntr, wqh con(|Ucrc(I niul (liviilcil, ill llio year 170.'i, bftwecii Uu.s-iiii, I'ruy.sid, and Aiisiria. In IWlTi, |turt of aiu'iciit I'oliiml \ms ciTctcd into n kinmiorn, siilijoct to tin; cc'itrol of iIk; I'miitrorof Kussei' and forced to submit. Poland- is now incorporated witii Uii.ssia, and no longer e.xists n.s a separate state. 3. Many of the Polish patriot.s, preferring e.xilc and poverty abrciad, to oppression at home, have (-migrated to other |)art.i of the worlii, and some of them now reside in the United States. During the war of the American Revolution, two Polish generals of distinction, Kosciusko and Pulaski, camo to thi.s country, and took part with the Americans in the con- test with (Jreat Britain. 4. 'I'lio people, as in Russia, arc divided into two great clagaeB, noble» and slaves. Tlu nobles, wlio arc inoro numerous than in any ot'ier country in Kiirope, have always, in the eye of the world, formed the people of Poland. They are bruvc, frank, gnd hospitable, and so gny Polawl Q. — l. What was Poland? What look place in 1815? ■2. In 1«30 ? 3. What is said of the Polish patriots ? Wliat officers cnme to this country? 4. How are the prople divided ? H. Of the KOGIIAI'IIV. i\ nil till' fii.rDi ' A..(")ii. — \VI. 1 ri'ii iiikI |;iiir uii llic wri-t ' Itr , f I 'I, — WImt rivi:rfi rnrin tin; hat river* (low into 'lie Wliilu of Ki((" ' ""• — 'I'I'i' B"l' "'' ' i)ii. —Till' Hliirk »vn ' Dr., ■o rivcrn. Wliifli nro the thru; v liiiiK in cni'h of them) ' What Miwi'dW 1 Kiunn ! ('roiiHliidl f Wiiritn^ ? CriH'ow? I,iihhn ■" 'rrin"tnill ' iiriil l{('v 1 i t ','i' t ' 228 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. B»tr3 C'lilH'iihiigiii. The soil is generally fertile, nnd well adapted to tlie raising of grain and cattle. i\Ianul;u-tnrcs are not niiicli attended to; but commerce and the fisheries are carried on with sonic activity. 3. The Danes arc an Iinncst, indiistrimis proplo, but are not remark- able for niterin-isc or irnprovoiiient. Literature and Hcience arc on a respectable footing, being patronized by tbe gorerninent. There aro universities at Copenhasien and Kiel, and common schools arc numerous in almost all i)arts of the kinjrdoni. 4. The established religion of this country is the Lutheran, but all other sects are tolerated. The government is an absolute monarchy, but it is administered with, perliaps, more mildness, than any similar government in Europe. The king of Dcnmurk is n member of the German Confederation, as sovereign of Ilolstcin and Lauenbcrg. 5. The foreign possessions of this kingdom are (Jrccnlaiul, Iceland, and the Faroe isles, the islands of St. Thomas and Santa Cruz, in the West Indies, some factories on the gold coast of Africa, with Trunque- bar and Serampore, in Hindoostaii. 6. Iceland is a cold and dreary region, inhabited by n simple, mnrali and industrious race, who are better educated than the common pciiplu of almost any other country in Kurojjc. ll is celebrated lor its volcano, its caldrons of boiling mud, and its hot-springs, called geysers, which EjKjut up boiling water to the height of 100 feet. 7. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is one of the moat handsome cities of northern Europe. It has a good harbour, with considerable commerce, and is noted for its vast docks, and extensive fortifications. 8. Elsinorc, situated at the narrowest part of the sound, or entrance to the Bailie, is the place where all ships which tt.ide to that sea are !3. What does it comprise ? What is said of the climate? 3. Of the Danes ? Of literature and science ? 4. Established religion ? Government, &c. ? 5. Foreign possessions ? C. Describe Iceland. For what is it celebrated ? 7. Describe Copenhagen. 8. Elsinorc, &c. Il'l MPPP :OGRArHV. well iKlapterl to tlio raising -: are not iniifli attoniled to ; arc carrioJ on with sonic mis proplf, l)ut are not rcniark- .itcraturu and Hcicnce arc on a y tlie gori-rnmcnt. There aro J common schools arc numerous Miiiitry is the Lulhcran, but nil iiciit is an absolute monarchy, lore mildness, than any similar nciiiiiurk is a member of tlic Ilolstcin and Lauenberg. iigdom are (Jreciilaiid, Iceland, riiomus and Santa Cruz, in the I coast of Africa, with Tranque- n, inliabitcd Iiy a simple, moral, ucatod than the common |ii'i)plu ll is celebrated tor its volcano, it-spriiiirs, called geysers, which 100 feet. rk, is one of the most handsome [ood harbour, with considerable l;s, and extensive fortifications. it part of the sound, or entrance lips which trade tu that sea are said of the climate ? 3. Of the :e ? 4. Established religion 7 cssions ? G. Describe Iceland. Copenhagen. 8. Elsinorc, &c. TUB .NETHliRI^ANDS. 22i) obliged to piy a heavy lull. TIk^ money received here piyu a 1 ir.'e P'lrtiim oftiie cxpmse.s of the I),iiii.
  • , are excellent ; and the gardens and orcii' ardb are cultivated with uncommon care. 4. In commerce, manufactures, and the fisheries, the Dufch formerly excelled all other F^uropean nations. These bram^hes are still consid r- able, but are now much surpassed by those of Great Britain. Canals are more numerous in this country, than in any other part of the world. In summer, all the travelling is performed in canal-boats ; and in winter, when frozen, the cunals are travelled over by sleighs, and by the peopla on skates. The Netherlands. Q.— l. What did the Netherlands comprise, &c. ? 2, What is said of Holland ? 3. Of the climate ? Tlie cattle, &,c. ? u I ;i 230 DESCKIi'TIVE GEOGRAPHY. R' lA HI*' I i jif ^ 5. Tlic Diilch nrereniiirkablu (or their industry, I'ru- gulily, and neat- ness. Smoking tobacro is a pruc- tiuc almost univor' sal amongst tlicm, and a Hollander is li:irdly ever seen ..... . without a pine in Peasantry m Holland. j,;^ ,,^„,,j,,| ,p,,^ dress ond appearance of the peasantry, in some parts of Holland, arc peculiar, and have not varied in a long series of years. The prevailing religion is the Presbyterian, but all others arc tolerated, and the minis- ters of all seels are supported by the government. G. Amsterdam, the principal city of the kingdom, is still a place of great commerce, although much declined from its former wealth and iiiiportancc. The city is intersected by numerous canals, over which llicrc arc near 300 bridges. 'I'he houses and streets arc kept remark- ably clean. 7. The .Stadt-IInusc is tlic most splendid building in Holland. It rests upon a loimd.ition of 1.3,6.59 piles, or long tiniliers, driven into the ground. It is built of freestone, with a front of 2W feet. It contains numerous paintings, stutne.s, &c., and cost nine million dollars. Rot- terdam is ne.vt to Amsterdam in conuiierce. View of the Hague. 8. The Hague is the capital of Holland. It is one of the best- built cities in Europe. It contains many handsome buildings, and is intersected by numerous canals, which arc bordered by rows of trees. The inhabitants amount to 50,000. 9. Leyden and Utrecht arc famous for their universities. The for- mer is noted fur a siege that it sustained in 1573, against the Sjwniards, 4. The commerce, &.C. ? What is said of canals? 5. For what oro the Dutch remarkable ? Of religion ? 6. Describe Amsterdam. 7. Tlie Stadt-lio'jsc. 8. The Hague. 0. Leyden, &c. iW MT' lOGRAl'IlY. 5. The Diilch arereninrkablu (or their industry, I'ru- gulily, and neat- ness. Smoking tobacro is a pruc- tiuc almost univor- sal amongst tlicm, and a Hollander is hardly ever seen without a pipe in hia mouth. The y, in some parts of Holland, arc scries ol' years. The prevailing lers arc tolerated, and the minis- ovcrnnient. the kingdom, is still a place or ined from its former wealth ond l>y numerous canals, over wliicli !cs and streets arc kept remark- plcndid building in Holland. It !, or long tinilKTH, driven into the a front of 2W feet. It contains Oust nine million dollars. Rot- itrce. Hague. [lolland. It is one of the best- many handsome buildings, and fhich arc bordered by rows of 100. for their universities. The for- d in 1573, against the S|>uniards, d of canals ? 5. For what aro \m ? 6. Describe Amsterdam. 'J. Lcydcn, &c. BELGIUM. 231 when the women performed nil tho duticg of soldiers. This city con- tains 30,000 inhabitants, and Utrecht about 45,000. Map A'o. 11. — What bounds Holland on tho north and west ? N.- Sd. — On the south? Bm. — East? Ilr., Pu. — What river flows through this country ? Re. — How long is it? What bay lies north of .'Vinsterdam ? Z.-Zc. — What country lies duo west from Holland ! Ia\. — How Mian^ tnilos is it by the scale ? Whet soa 8«|>aratca Holland and Kngland ? Nh — How many inhabitants has Amsterdam / Rotter- dam ? (ironingcn 1 157 Brussels. BELGIUM. 1. Rkt.civm, or Flanders, is, in proportion to its extent, the most thicUly-pcoplcd kingdom in Europe. It is filled wiiii populous cities, and covered with places remarkable in liis- tory, as tlio scenes of great victories and defeats, among which are Waterloo, Charieroi, Fleurus, &c. 2. The country is extremely beautiful, being mostly knel with a fertile soil, and so highly cultivated, that it has been cal|p'iifVoli'iil, niul rtligujiis jjiir. pOHCH. 0. 'I'lio lilor:iry institiitirinn, aiul Icnrnrcl mm of tliiH «"(niiilry, iir^ highly treasures «>r |>octry, i.'li)i|nc"ntr, |iliilusu|)liy, niul ncirncc (Jrcat rxi r tiiiiiM aru made l)y various n'!i|;>u»s usHocialiuns, tu Hprcud llii- ('|jrisli:iii religion and (.'ivi[i7.ation anions the liuutiii'n ; and niitncroiis niir^aiun. Brits have been sent to variouH parts of tlic cartli, lor that purpose. 7. No )|rcneral provision hax lieen devised fur the education of ll i poorer chiBses, but 8|K!cial cllorts ore now making fir tliut |)ur|H].c . Many ol' the |)cople arc extremely ignorant, nnd numlnTs are wlidlh de|K'ndent on Stmdny Neliools for inslruetion. The hi};her Heminari(s of learninfT arc very numerous, and lurniah great laeilitica for obtain. ing a BUjicrior edueation. 8. The EpiHCopal is the established religicn, and the sovereign U the supreme iicixi' of tiic church, wliieli is governed l)y two Ar.^sl*«i^&u - tii-.ocnAi'iiv. Ijli', I ' iH'voli'iit, 1111(1 rtlipiims pur. IcnriKfl mm of tliis «"(niii(ry, iir^ wgv vxfvh tlio l')iiKlisli, ill nil tit lusupliy, iiikI xciriicc. (Jrcut i xi r. u.HHocialiuiiD, tu Hprcuil the ('liri!s> . ijrnorarit, mid iiiiiiilH'rii are wIkjIK islriictioii. The lii};hcr Hviiiinarus I lurniah great facilities fur obtiiiii. died re1i((icn, and the Bovcreij^ii U lich is governed by two Ar( hhiiilio|K other cliurelics lire called diORciil- {itiiitH, l'.'eiil)ytcriiiiiH, Koiiiuii ('atliii. lalf of the population, s excellent ••••...is, and suliHtontiiil J croHH the iaUind in every dircetioii, Is, greatly facilitate tJiu vast iiiluiid [60 LES. iws and riiggcil region, situnleil The soil is less fertile niid lorn, but the producls are llie chiefly of flannel, in which llift nrc nhundnnt, ond consist of Vast quantities of iron, chiefly into the United States from he yrnr 1283, was governed by its las been united to England, and the Ih styled Prince of Wulus, Wales from the island of Anglescn, ifrlu'st pcinlnnries of learning, &.c. ' :uls, bririffes, iVe. ' I'lio Hoil, &.C. ? 11. Alnniifuctiirrs ' Vah's governed by its own kings ' I 13. What is said of the Menui K.VOLAND. 997 ts iToHsed by llie MeHiii bridge, one of the most remarkable works of tlio ind in the world ; it consists of iiiiinujise iron chains, which connect Menni nriclgc arches of masonry, 560 foot apart ; thus forming d salb and usoflil (.triictnre. 14. Iiondon, the capital of the British Empire, is built on both sides nf tlir river 'riiame*. It covers n vast extent of ground, being about ti miles in lenirlli, and from 3 to 5 in breadth. It is admirably situated iiir trade, and is the richest, most populous, and most coiiimcrcial city ill the world. ->9^Mr mm Wistminslir Abliiy. \!>. It contains a great number of public buildiiiijs, of which St. Pnul's Cathedral, the Tower, Westminster Abbey, anil the Bank of England, are the chief. The bridges of London attract attention, by their beauty anil utility ; tliey arc six in number, all built of stone, except one, which is constructed of iron. IG, London presents a striking contrast of wealth, intelligence, and morality, with ignorance, poverty, and vice. No city in the woild has BO groat a number of learned Bocicties, and literary and scientific cstab- England. Q. — 14. Describe London. 1,5. What does it contain? IC. What does Loudon present? 17. Describe Greenwich. Chelsea. i i ''■ \ ,fi fr'"^'' u! l^ ttf* V i ) I If ' v:' 238 DEStUIl'TIVE OnOfJnAI'IlY. T-'-^V^;.,^ New l,(iiiiliin nriil|!(-. liHliincnU ; anil nono can compare with it in its charities fur the poor, the siL'i<, and the ignorant 17. Five miles hclow liondon, on the Thames, is Orccnwirh, famous for its nnviil hospital for infirm sciimrn, and its observa' ry, from whii'h loiiKitudu is reckoned. Alwvc Iiondon is Cheisen, r' ntoining the Rreat national asylum for invalid soldiers. Windsor, iid miles from London, in celebrated for its cnstle, which has been the summer resi- dence of the Bovcreipns of England, for upwards! of 700 years. IS. Liverpool is next to London, in commerce. It is the principal scat of tlio trade with America, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and prosperity. Manchester is the second place in England in population, and is famous for its cotton manufactures. Oxford, and Cambridge, arc cclc Iirated for tlieir universities, and to them owe their celebrity and im- portance. ' 10. Birmingham is noted for its manufactures of hardware. Shef- field for cutlery. Leeds and other places for woollen cloth'. Kidder- minster for carpels. Worcester for porcelain. Itristol and Hull for thiir shipping. Portsmouth, and Plymouth, arc the great naval stations of the kingdom. Bath is esteemed the handsomest city in England, and is famous for its mineral springs. 20. Mcrthcyn Tydvil is the largest town in Wales. It is situated in the midst of numerous iron foundcries and furnaces. Population, 18. What is Liverpool? Manchester? ID. For what is Birmingham noted? Leeds, and other places? 30. Describe Mcrthcyn Tydvil. Swansea, and the other towns. i J ' ^^mtmm^ SnOfJItAI'IlY. th it in its charities fur tlie poor, 10 TliamcR, is Circcnwirli, famous imrn, nnd its obstTva' ry, from e London is Cliulxen, r> ntninin); soldiers. Windsor, U'i miles from hich has been tho siunnicr rcsi- fot upwards of 700 years, in commerce. It is the principal is rapidly increasing in wealth in England in population, and la Oxford, and Cainbridpe, aro cnle- hem owe their celebrity and ini- nnnufacturca of hardware. Slicf- ijaccs fiir woollen cloth'. Kidder- porcelain. Itrisitol and Hull for mouth, arc the great naval stations the handsomest city in England, town in Wales. It is situated in Dries Olid furnaces. Population, ? 19. For what is Birmingham 20. Describe Mcrthcyn Tydvil. SCOTL.WD. 230 00,(H)0. .*r nco-biitMng ; |>opiilalioii, l,'t,(ilMI. (L'ueriiiartlii II, mid CiiiTiiarvuii, are liolh pliicca nf iiii|iortiiiiint of Enjflaml ' L.-Ed. — What islands lie south-west of the Lund's End ? ^y.— What iaiiinds in thu sou'V part of the English t'hunncl ? Jy., '•y- — These, with Alderney nnd Snrk, belong to England, though on tho coast of Frane-i; they ore otlun called the Norman isles. IJow ninny inhahitnnU has London I Manchester / LiveriKwl ! Leeds I Ihixlol ? Hull f Portsmouth ? Newcastle I On whut river is Lon- doll '! 'IV — How li»r is it from England to Newfoundland I 161 SCOTLAND. 1. ScoT'.AND 's sitiintcil to tho north of Knglnnd, ntul is ix'k'liratrj ;',„ ,ho i^rniulcur nnd wildnos.s of its scenory. It is divided by the (iraiiipiun hills into two sections, the High- Itmds nnd tho Lowlandsj. 2. The Highlands is n cold, liilly rogiuii, well adnpf'sd for pnsturnge; but the 1 wlunds is an ngrci-alily div<;rsifled country, with a toleruUio soil, which is well cultivated, nnd produces oats, wheat, ryo, barley, and jKitutoes, to a consid- irnblo extent. 3. The manufactures are flourishing nnd important, ospc- cially those of cotton. The principal minerals arc coul, iron, nnd lend, of which the two first arc very abundant. Tho commerce and the hsheries arc valuable, and give employ- ment to a great number of the inhabitants. 4. The Scotch, as a nation, aro grave, serious, and reflecting ; but, at the same time, enterprising. They are, in general, better instructed, and more moral and religious in their habits, thon any other people in Europe. Many of the natives of this country have distinguished tlicm. selves in various branches of literature, and some of them have been amongst the most celebrated philosophers, historians, and poets, of Great Britain. Slcotlanfi. Q.— l. How is Scotland situated? Divided? 2. Describe the highlands. Lowlands. Products. 3. The manufactures. Min- I!" , 1 J,"^ :!t;|l'i i I i;^l:i 840 DEP* UU'TIVE OECMJUAI'lIY. 5. The Hebrides, Orkmy, bikI Sliillaml imIi'*, belong to Scotluiid. Thcw arc thci rrdciil oC iiti iiniiK'tino niinitx^r of ica-lowl, which llif Ulandcrn ciilrh \>y iiwiiiifiiiu with roiHjii from the high porpcmJiciiliir clitTi tu which they ri'iort Edlnlurg, G. Kiliiil>»rK is the incttopoIlM of Scotlnnd, and hai long been dia- tiiiauiHhtd 111 thn in nt of m !■ iii-c and liltTiitiire. ItB uiiiv.ri'ily is parlirulurly noted, and confiiins n (rreutir nuinhtr of Htudents than niiy othor in Kuropc. Tlio city huH lew niiiniifiictiircH ; it rurries on, how. fvtir, a cronHidcruhlo trade tliroii)fh Loitli, wiiich, though formerly about two mill's distant, U now connected with it by continuous ranges of buildings. 7. (Jlasgow is thfc largrflt rity in Scotland, and owes its nros|)crity rliiclly to manufactures. It contains a lar(re numt)cr of iiandsonio buildinirs, mostly of modern construction. Its university is celebrated, and the cuthedrul is the best preserved sjiccimcn of Gothic jreliitceture in Scotland. 8. riisley is noted for its muslin manufactures, and Aberdeen for its sliip-liuilding. (Jrcenock is the |M)rt of (JIuskow, and the most com- mercial place in Scotland. Dundee, Perth, and Inverness arc all im- l>ortant towns. Map JV». 11 . — What bounds Scotlnnd on the north and west ■* A. On — South? Kd, I.-Sa. — Kast ? N.-Sa. — What separates this kin; dom from Ireland? N.-C"l. — From the Hebrides? Mh. - " firths are on the east coast ? My., Fh. Firth is the term u- Scotland for bay. — What islands north? Oy., Sd. — West ? lU i^r W.-Ih. — What Inrprc island south-west ? Id. — What is the iKjp*.intion of (ilusjjow ! Kdinburg ? Al)erdecn ? Paisley l Perth ' Invicmcss ? How far is Scotland from Labrador 1 crols. Commerce, iVc. 4. Describe the Scotch. 5. The Hebrides, Ac. 6. Describe Edinburg. Its universities. 7. Glasgow. S. Paisley, Aberdeen, and tho othnr towns. [JKUOUAI'IIV. llatiil ihIci, bnlunit to Hcotlmicl. riiinitH^r of ica-lbwl, which lln tua iVuin the high porpcniJiculiir Sdithind, and hai hng been dia. nd hltTiitiirc. Its uiiiv. mity is iilir immhtr of Htudt'iils than niiy niimifiirtiircH ; it rurrics nil, liow. ill, wliich, though furmurly ubout with it hy cuiitinuuUH rungi's of Scotland, and owes its nrosiH'rity H a iuriire numt)cr of iiiindfionio lion. Its univcrnily is celebrated, i specimen of Gothic architecture lanufacturcH, and Aberdeen for iti of (ilusKOW, and tlio moat corn- Perth, and Inverness urc all im- nd on llie north and west ^ A. -On •^u. — Wlint separates this kin; 1 the Hebrides? Mh. — Wk.,, , Fh. Firth is tlie term iissv m rth? Oy., Sd. — West ' ll~. . I ? I(J. — VVIiat is the imp..,/. ...ii ? Paisley f Perth f Invicrntss f the Scotch. 5. The Hebrides, crsities. T. Glasgow. S. Paisley, IRKLAND. Ml Till' nmiit'n ('simcwty. Wl IRELAND. 1. TnEiA\D is n fine fertile island, lyinp; west of Gront Hritnin. Tlio clinittto i.n mild and moisl, which iiroiliKHs ii hcmitiful nnd continued verdure, and has led to its poetical a|)|)(!llations of the Emerald Isle, and Green Krin. a. The surface of the country is moderately uneven, with l(;w mountains. There are many pent bogs, which supply fuel, hut ore useless for other purposes. 3. Agriculture is in a less improved stale than in England or Scotland. Barley, oats, wheat, and (lax, arc extensively cultivated ; hut potatoes arc the chief product, and Ibrm the principal food of the poor. 4. Grazing, and the dairy, are the bost-mnnnged parts of Irish hushaudry, and produce the best beef, and iMilier, in Eiiiui,, J, men is manufactured to some extent, ami fi)rms, : ■ the products of the soil, the chief exports of the country. ."}. The people of Ireland are generous, quick-witted, and itable; they are, however, easily offended, and jjrone to >entment. Though the Episcopal is the established re- igion, yet four-fifths of the inhabitants are lloman Cath;)lics. Many of them are ignorant of the English tongue, and use the Irish only, a language similar to that spoken by the Scotch Highlanders. Ireland. Q. — 1. What is Ireland? What is said of the climate? a. The surface, &.c. 3. Agriculturi' ? Chief products ? 4. Grazing, fic. Linen? 5. Describe tlie people. Religion. 6. Of the peas. 10 if Itf II 1^ iif' ' I ! I ' ! ! I II, 1 ii< i' n I ifl I'" ! It iiA • «anii f 242 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. fi. The great innss of tlic peasantry live in a state of abject povcrly nnrl wrctrlicdiiess. Tlioy are dej^radcd by tlie oppression of the grcil iiiiidliird'^, and thrir agt-iits. The payment of eliureh titlics, and iiu- mcroiis (axes, swallows up their earningn, and diseournges the spirit nf industry. JSegfars arc nnnicrous, and, notwitlistanding tlie natural fertility of Ireland, many of the iioor iiave perished with hunger. 7. The Giant's Causeway, whicli is situated on the north coast of tin; island, is nn astonishing work of nature. It consists of vast numbers of perpendicular columns of basaltic rock, rising from 200 to 400 tcet above the surface of the water. 8. Dublin is the chief city of Ireland : some of its streets are truly magnificent, and its public edifices are numerous and beautiful. Among the latter, St. Put- rick's Cathedral, the Dank of Ireland, tlit Exchange, and the Four Courts, arc conspicuous. The chief parts of the suburbs, and some streets in the city, are (he abodes ol' thousands wlio live in the most abject wretchedness mid distress ; indeed, few places exhibit a greater contrast between wealth and poverty, than Dublin. 9. Cork is the second city in Ireland. Its harbour, called the Cove, is capacious and strongly fortified. The commerce of this place is exten- sive, and it exports great quantities of salted provisions. Limerick, Bolfust, Galway, Waterford, and Londondt.ry, are all important towns ; the two first are situated in fertile, populous districts, and liave an extensive trade. Four Courts, Dublin, Map No. 11. — What bounds Ireland on the north, south, and west? A.-On. — On the east? I.-Sa. — What separates it from England? I..Sa. — From Wales ? S.-Gs.-Cl. — From Scotland? N..C1. — What is the south cape of Ireland ? Cr. — What river flows into tlie Atlan- tic ? Sn. — What island on the west coast ? Al. — What bays? By., Dl. — How many inhabitants has Dublin ? Cork ? Limerick ? Bel- fast? Galway? Waterford? Londonderry? How far is it from Ireland to Labrador ? How long is Ireland ? How wide ? untry ? Beggars ? 7. Describe the Giant's Causeway. 9. Cork, and' the other towns. 8. Dublin. *fP!^PP!iRlii GEOGRAPHY. ry live in a state of abject povcrly dcd by tlie oppression of the grcil payment of cliuruli titliCH, and nu- ningH, and discournges tlic spirit nt' , and, notwithstanding tlie natur;ii or iiave perished with hunger, is situated on the north coast of tin: iture. It consists of vast numbers B rock, rising from 200 to 400 feet eland : some of its streets are truly re numerous and beautiful. Among the latter, St. Pat- rick's Cathedral, the Dank of Ireland, tht Exchange, and the Four Courts, arc conspicuous. The chief parts of tlie suburbs, and some streets in tlie city, are the abodes of thousands who live in the most nbjcct wretchedness and distress ; indeed, few between wealth and poverty, than and. Its harbour, called the Cove, is 'he commerce of this place is extcn- les of salted provisions. Limerick, ndondt.ry, are all important towns; le, populous districts, and have an land on the north, south, and west? tVhat separates it from EngLind ? — From Scotland ? N.-Cl. — What — What river flows into tlie Allan- St coast ? Al. — What bays ? By., Dublin? Cork? Limerick? Bel- mdonderry ? How far is it from s Ireland ? How wide ? le Giant's Causeway. 8. Dublin. 218 Making Wine. Oatlitriiig (jrapis. FUAMCE. 1. France is a great and powerful kingdom, and has for ages been distinguislied for the important part it has cn- aclcd in the affairs of Europe. 2. Tiie country is beautiful and fertile, and the climate temperate, dry, and salubrious. The chief part of France is one wid'iiy extended plain, a large portion of which is well adapted to cultivation. 3. Agriculture is more improved than in many other parts of F,ni-o|;.,. I'he manufactures are productive and various; ;un] the commerce, though not so extensive as that of Great Britain or the United States, is carried on to almost all parts of the globe. 4. The chief products of the soil are wheat, Indian-corn, grapes, olives, some tobacco, and the sugar-beet. The vineyards of Franco yield 3.50 different kinds of wine; they occupy 5 million acres of ground, and their annual produce is from 800 to 000 million gallons. 5. The French are a brave, active, and ingenious people, polite nnd gay in their manners, nnd fond of show and amusement. The chief part of the inhabitants of France are but imperfectly educated, not more tliiiii one-half being able to read and write ; yet no country presents great- er iiieilities for acquiring knowledge in all its brunches. France. Q. — 1. Wiiat is France ? ii. What is si id of the country ? 'J. Of agriculture, &e.? 4. Products? Vineyards? 6. Ucbcrilie liic -lisil ■ I i ri \: ; I t' 244 UESCRtl'TIVB GKOORArHy. 6. Colleges, schools, and public libraries, ore nuiiirroiis, and the eil , of Paris contains the most celebrated seienlific assneialion in the worW. 'J'herc is no established religion in France, und the niinifiters of all llii- dill'erent sects are sujiiiorted by the povernnicnt. 'I'lie chief part of Ihi. inliahitants, however, belonjf to tho lionian Catiiolic church. 7. France lias lon>j held u high rank, as a military power. I'liilir the late Emperor Napoleon, the army amounted to u million of mm, and was the terror of continental Kuro|ie. It now amounts to upward, of 100,1)00 men. 'I'lio navy is on a respectable footing, and comprises iiSO vessels of all classes, of which Hi arc of the line, and 20 steam- vessels. 8. Pans, the ca))ilal of Frai.re. is the second city in Europe for size, and probably the first in splendour. The public buildings and palacis arc ninnerous, and, generally, exce' lliose of London, It is also notd for the be.-uily of its public gardens, tbuntaii^s, and monuments, and fur the value of its libraries and literary institutions. It is especially dis- tingui^hcd lor the gaiety and dissipation of its inhabitants, and the variety of its public amusements. liJ'OHS. 9. Lyons, situated on the Rhone, is the second city in France. It lias been long noted for its silk manufactures, and its gold and silver stufls. Marseilles is the principal pca-port in the Mediterranean Bordeaux is well known for its wines ; Kouen for its manufiicturts of cotton, woollen, and linen ; and Strasburg tor its cathedral, the steeple of which is the most lofty of any in Euro|)C. 10. Rhcims, Lille, Nantes, and Orleans, arc important places. Tou- lon is the chief naval station on the Mediterranean ; and Rrest, on the Atlantic, is tlie principal naval depot in the kingdom. Havre, at llio nioutli of the Seine, is the sea-port of Paris, and the chit f seat of the trade of France witli the United States. 11. The island of Corsica, in the Mediterranean sea, belongs to France. Its surface is mountainous, and its soil is stony and ill culti- vated. It has some valuable iron-mines, and there arc important fitiii- French. Of tlie chief part of the inhabitants ? 6. Colleges, o arc of the lino, and 2U steam- lie second city in Europe for size, riir public buildings and palacts OHO of London, It h also noted nmtuii^s, and monuments, and fcir institutions. It is especially dis- ation of its inhabitants, and the is tlio second city in France. It lufuctures, and its pold and giivir pca-port in the Mcditcrrr.neiiii ; Koucn for its manufiicturts of huTg for its cathedral, the steeple Europe. cans, arc important places. Tou- Mediterranean ; and fircst, on the t in the kingdom. Havre, at tlio f Paris, and the chitf seat of tho L'S. B Mediterranean sea, belonfjs to , and its soil is stony and ill culli- ines, and there arc important fiuii- inhabitants ? 6. Colleges, &c. ? litarv power ? Army ? Navy ? 10. Rhcinis. Lille, &c. 11. Cor- SPAIN. 215 cries on the coast. Bustia is the chief town, and Ajp.ccio was the birtii- place of Napoleon Honapartc. Miip iV«. 11. — What bounds France on the nortli ? E -CI., Ilm. South ,' Sn., M..S;i. — ICa.-t ! IJn., Sd.. Sa. — West ? B.-Hy. — What river Hows into the Kiiglish ehaniicl ;' Sc. — Into chc Bay of Biscay? I.C., (Je. — Into the (iulf of Lyons? Re.— Ilow long is each of lliise rivers .' What river lorn", the boundary between France and Uadon > He. — What lake dees the Rhone How from 7 Ga. — What mountains separate France fri ni .Spain 1 Ps. — From Sardinia ? As. — What mountains between the RIk ne and the Loire ? Cs. — West of the •Loire' Ac.— What is the population of Paris? t Mar- Milles ? Lyons ? t Bordeaux ? I) Rouen ? Nantes 1 || Lille I i; Toulouse ? Strasburg ? Orleans ? •» Toulon ? What island in tho ; "Mediterranean sea belongs to France? Ca. — How long and wide is j it? How many inhabitants has Bastia? ttAjaccio? Ilow far is it from I France to Canada ? To Nova Scotia ? How many miles in extent is Franco from north to soutli ? From east to west ? Madrid. SPAIN. 1. Spain was once the most powctful and important kinsdom in Europe, but it is now among the most leublo and least influential. ~'. It is traversed by several chains of mountains, which cause the surface of the country to be greatly diversified wiih beautiful and romantic scenery. The soil'is generally fertile; but agriculture is much neglected, and, owing to the Spain. Q. — 1. What was Spain? 2. By what is it traversed 7 * /.oi'rc, Lvvor. t Mnraeitlea, Mar-salzc'. t HorrFeaiix.Buor-d^ HJoHen, Roo-ong". \\ Lille, l^\e. IT 7'ok/ousc, Too-looa'. •* Toulon, Ti!o-long'. tl Ajaccio, Ajal'-sho. I ' fiT- l^ *»^' I' (.;:- ^r ll I •!,:>; i /, I ! 5,1 II ; 1 r J I; 1 < i 'wife,, 'Hi^k ■nA Merino SlRi'p. 24fl DESCRIPTIVR GROCiRAl'HY. nnarc-liy niul civil wars wliic.-li linvf long prcvailoil, niamitiic- turcs ami coinmuivc arc reduced to a dejilorablc slate. ;}. Tho exports am winrs, hrandy, '•asins, wool, silk, \,:\- rilla, tVe.: the imports an; eliitf- ly Uriii.'sii nianufiicluroH and colo- nial prod'K'c. Tlio rearing ot" Merino !* icep is nn imp(jrl;nU hraneh ol' ii'dustry iu .Spain, ainl the fineness of the wool is will known : a few years ago, tlipi-o animals were estimated nt 18 millions, attended by 16,000 shepherds. 4. The Roninn Catholic is the only religion tolerated in this eoiiii. try. The clergy were formerly very rich und powerful, nnd possossi il greot iiiHuciiccj lull viirioiis causes have of lute cniiihined to ditniiiisli their iiiiportance. Tliere is a number of universities in Spain, l)ut they arc far behind those of other Kuropcan countries, and seem ratliir calculated to |>cr|)ctuato error than to introduce the lessons of truth : there is but little encouragement for general education, and very few of the lower class learn to read and write. 5. Gravity of manner, with great pride of birth and rank, distin- guish thJ higher class of Spaniards : but those of the lower order are cheerful, frugal, good-hnmourcd, and courteous. The fcvourito annisc mcnts of the people arc music, dancing, and bull-fights : tlie latter exhibitions arc generally attended by thousands of both sexes and of all ranks, and arc looked upon with enthusiastic delight. 6. Spain formerly possessed immense territories in North and Soutli America; but of all these vast possessions, Cuba and Porto Rico aloiio remain to her. The other colonies consist of the Canary Is ands iji tlie Atlantic Ocean, and the Philippine, Caroline, and Ladrone Islands in the Pacific, 7. Madrid, the capital of Spain, has neither commerce nor manufac- tures, and derives its importance solely from being the scat of govern, inent. It contains a number of churches and convents, and several splendid palaces. It is a iiandsomc though gloomy city. Barcelona nnd Cadiz are the chief sea-ports. Granada, Valencia, Cordova, and Saragossa, arc among the principal cities. 8. Gibraltar, at the 9outhern extremity of Spain, is the strongest What is said of the so'l, &c. ? 3. Exports ? Imports ? Merino Sheep ? 4. What is said of religion ? Universities ? Education ? 5. What is said of the higlicr class ? Lower orders ? Amusements? 6. What did this country formerly possess ? Of *he colonies ? 7. Dcserilie Madrid. Bureelona, &c. 8. Gibraltar. Oalearic isles. 9. AndorM. mmm. '.OCillAl'HY. vf long prcvniloil, niamiilic- to a (k'i)lorablc slutc. Tho oxports nrn wines, Iv, '•n.sins, wool, silN, liii- (Vc: till! imports an; cliitf. itiili maiuifacliircs and colo- liroil'K'c. Tho rearing ot" no i!^ icop is nn impcjrtmU L'h ol' iiidustry in .Spain, iind llncncss of the wool is will n\ : a ibw years ago, tlipi-o lillions, attended by 16,000 religion tolerated in tliis couii. rich und po-^-eriul, nnd possossiil ive cf luti; cniiihin^il to diiniiiisli LT of universities in Spain, l)ut opcan eountrics, and Rcern ratliir o introduce the lessons of truth : general cducution, and very lew rile. pride of birth and rank, diHliii- but those of the lower order i\ro courteous. The favourite aniiisc leing, and bull-figlits : the latter thousands of both sexes and of nthusiastic delight, ise territories in North and Soutli sions, Cuba and Porto Rico aloiio consist of the Canary Is ands in c, Caroline, and Ludronc Islands 9 neither commerce nor manufac- ly from being the scat of govern. rchcs and convents, and several tliough gloomy city. Barcelona Oranuda, Valencia, Cordova, and tics. cmity of Spain, is the strongest jrts ? Imports ? Merino Slieep ? crsitirs ? Education ? .5. What rders ? Amusements ? 6. What Of *he colonies ? 7. Dcsurilie ir. Oalearic isles. 9. Andorr.i. PORTUGAL. S41 forlification in the world. It wi.s captured by tho English In 1704, unil lias continued in their |H)Hses»ion ever niiico. The Halearic Isles enniprise .Majorca, Minorca, Ivica. and somo smaller islands: tliey art; inlniliited liy a iKiacealilu and simple pe()|)l.'. Port .Mahon, in Minorca, is olleii resorted to by I'niled States' slaps ol" war. <). Andorra.— This little republic, with a teritory of 190 squaro miles, and a population of 15,0*10 inhabitants, occupies a valley on tlio southern side of the Pyrenees. Besides Andorra, ihu capital, u towa of ^,000 inhabitants, it contains five small villages. Map No. 11.— What bounds Spain on tlie north? Fe., R.-By. — Soulh ! M.-Sa., A..Un. — East ? M-Sa. — West ' PI.— Which are the chief rivers of Spain ? Ho., Ts., Ga., Gr., Ko. -- Ilow long aro each of thcw ? Which arc the chief mnuiitains ? Ps., Cn., S.-Ma., .S.-Na. — Which separate Franco from Spain ? Ps.— What mountain lies west of Barcelona ? Mt. — This is noted for its singular tbrm and tho monasteries built on it. What islands lie cast of Spain ? Be. — VVhat strait separates Spain from Africa ? Gr.— How wide is it ? Wliat is the (Hjpulation of Madrid ? Barcelona? Seville? Granoda? Vulen- cm I Cordova? Cadiz? Malaga? Saragosaa ? PORTUGAL. 1. This kingdom, like Spain, hos declined frora its former greatness. Three centuries ago, it was celebrated for the valour of its soldiers, and the skill of its .sailors. !t took a distinguished lead in modern discoveries, and was for a time the first commercial nation in PiUropc. 2. The surface of the country is agreeably diversified with mountains, hills, and plains. The climate is mild, pleasant, and healthful ; and the soil is rich in the fruits and products ' Potliitral. Q. — 1. What is said of Portugal? 3. Tlie surface? Climate ? Chief staple* 7 3. What is said of commerce 1 Manufkc 948 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGHAPHY. I .^' V l^ ! i m . u i.j^s0mmmm rdrtiisuc'so runiiaiila. pei'iiliur to soulliori) Europe. \\'ino, salt, oil, jiud wool, arc llic chief staples, 3. 'i'lin commerce of I'or- tiigal, wiiici), (luring the time of its prosperity, was very ex- tensive, is now inleriijr to that of aliii.ist every other mari- time nation in Eurojjc. The manufactures are small in amount ; and an imperfect knowledge of tiic commonest arts is ohservablo among the people. 4. Tlic iiffric'ulture is in a very backward state ; and tew of the im- provi'iiieiit!i ooiiiiiion in other countries are known licrc. Much of tliu produce of the soil is carried to market on tlie heads of female peasants. •5. Iiitrrature and science are greatly circumscribed. All tlio best foreign works are prohibited, and every thiriir published is subjected to a rl^rjd censorship. The religion is tlio Roman Catholic ; no other is tolerated, and the body of the people arc greatly under the influence of the til rgy. fi. KduciHion is in a low state ; the monks, who are generally the teachers, being themselves imi)erfectly educated. The peasantry arc held by the nobles in a state little short of bondage. They have been usually represented a 'idolent, cowardly, and rcvengelul ; but, on rnany occasions, durin, ./le late war with France, they displayed quali- ties not unworthy their gallant ancestors. 7. Lisbon, the capital, is u place of considerable commerce, and has one of the finest harbours in the world. It was destroyed by an earth, quake in 17i)5, and 30,000 of the inhabitanU perished. It is an ill-built and dirty place, but contains some handsome public buildings and squares. 8. Oporto, the second city in the kingdom, is famous for its port-wine, of which about 75,000 pipes are annually exported. St. Ubes is noted for its salt-works, at which about 100,000 tons of salt are made every year. C^oiinbra is celebrated for its university, which contains 40 professors, and about 800 students. MapNo.ll. — What bounds Portugal on tiio north and east? Sn. — West and south? A.-On. — Which are the principal rivers ? Ts., Do., (Ja. — How long is each of these? What ci;pc forms the south- west pohit of' Portugal ? S.-Vt. What is the population of Lisbon ? Oporto? Coiuibra? St. Ubes ? Braga? Elvus? Evora' turcs ? 4. The agriculture 7 5. Of literature, &c. ? Religion 7 C. Education 7 7. Describe Lisbon. 8. Oiwrto, St. Ubes, &c. SOGUAPHY. X'liliur to soulhorn Europe. I'ino, salt, oil, and wool, uru ic ciiic'f stjipics, 3. 'J'lin coniincrcc of I'oc- tgnl, wiiici), liuring the time ' its prosperity, was very ex- nsivc, is now iiilbriijr to tiiat aliiDst every other muri- ne nation in Euroi)c. The anufactures are small in jdyc of the commonest arts ward state ; and tew of the im- I aro known here. Much of tliu on tlie heads of fcnmle peasants, ly circumscribed. AH the best I thiriir pubhbhed is subjected to Roman Catholic ; iio other is c greatly under the influence of monks, who arc generally tlio r educated. The peasantry aro t of bondage. They havu been irdly, and rcvengetul ; but, on ith France, they displayed quali- rs. ;on8iderable commerce, and lias It was destroyed by an earth. itants perished. It is an ill-built andsome public buildings and (lom, is famous for its port-wine, lly exported. St. Ubes is noted 00 tons of salt aro made every university, which contains 40 il on tiio north and east? Sn. are the principal rivers ? Ts., What ci;pc forms the south- t is the population of Lisbon ? :a ? Elvas / Evora ? ' literature, &c. ? Religion 7 3. Oiwrto, St. Ubes, &c. GKKMANY. 940 IGO GERMANY. 1. GEnvAw is an extensive country, situated in tiio centre of i''.uro])e. It once contained upwards ol' HOI) separate divisions ; but now comprises the Empire of Austria, tlio kingdoms of i'russia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and Wirtem- burg, with -"J .smaller staies and four republicjs or free cities. 2. These Ibrm the Union styled the (icrmanic ('onlJ'dera- tion ; the object of whicii is to provi() 1)R.'^CJ]II1'TIVI2 GKOGllArHV. T). 'I'lu! llcrnmns nrt; gcnorally nn lionoaf, industrious nml IHTsnvi-'rin;,' riio; : to thfir iiiufuuity tlio world is inilclited Tor ll.c iiiv'iilinn ul" |iriiiliiii.S Wiitclics, and liiiMpuwd'T ; tlicy .'iif piissiduiitily liiud ol' iimsir, and ilu'ir luanii'd nieu are dis- liiif^iiislicd *l()r tlicir attaimm-iils in litcralurc and science. H. The pidilic libraries of this country nro ITjO in niniilKT, witii "i niilliuii volumes, and there nro nf)t less than 1(>,UIH» aulhnrs, producinjj every year Ironi 'l,(lt)0 to 5,(l(t() Ixioks. 'I'lie uuiver.silies are highly celehrated, and much resorted to iVi.m other countries. Seminaries, styled i,'ymnasia, are nu- merous, many of which rank as distinguislied schools of learning. 7. Ill tlu! iiiranH of education, llio north of fJcrmnny far surpasses tlic- suiitli. In SuxDiiy, Prussia, Bavaria, anil Koiiie iif the tinialler di- visions of till' iKirtli, scliools are numerous, and there is hardly_ any piTson to l)e found that cannot read ; wliih; in other quarlerH of the country the lower claBses are Htill very ignorant and averse to im- proveinent. 8. In religion, Germany is divided between the Catholic and Protest- ant churches : the former includes the majority of the people, number, injr 20 fiiillions, while the riotestimts amount to aliout Iti millionn : tho latter comprise Lutherans and C'alvinisls priiici|ially : these have lately niiiled in many places into one church, which takes the name of the Kvaiigelical Cliurch. There are also bouib Moravians, Mcnnonists, Jews, &c. 107 EMPIRE OF AUSTRIA. 1. AusTHiA is one of tlic most important states in Europe : it comprises about one-third of Germany, with Hungary, Calicia, Dalmatia, and the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice in Italy. 2. The principal part of the inhabitants arc Roman Catho- lics ; but ail religions arc tolerated. The national education is scribe tho Germans. What did they invent ? What is said of music? Learned men ? G. Of tlie public libraries, &,c. ? Authors 7 Universi- ties 7 Si'Miinaries, iVe. ? 7. What is said of education 7 8. Of rc- lifrion ? What do the (Catholics number? Tho Protestants? Of tlio Lutherans, Calvinists, ite. yli/d/Wu. Q. — 1. What is Austria? What does it comprise? 8. What is Huid of the inhabituiits > 3. Of tlie sea-coast and com- OGllAI'HY. nil lioiiost, indiisfrioiis nml ly lln! worlil is iiulclited |i)r , iiiiil i^iiii|)i)\vi!'T ; tlicy .•lie heir Icanu'il iiifii nrc dis- litcraliirc^ mnl sciciuo. country nrc ITjO in nmiilMr, ■ nro not less tlian 1(),U()(» oni 4, Authors 7 Univcrsi- snid of education ? 8. Of rc- cr ? The Protestants ? Of tlio ? What does it comprise ? 3. Of tlie Bca-coaet and com- KMPHIK OK AISTRIA. 251 cxtrpmol)- dcfKMcnt, and there aro ninny restraints upon the liberty of llie press and I'rcedoni ol" speech. ;). Ansln.'i has but a small extent of sea-coast, and a limit- ed eonimcrce. It has no loreij^n colonics; but the Duchies of 'riiscany, I'arina, and Modena, in Italy, are dvpendc^it states, (luld, copper, iron, mercury, and salt, abound; the salt-mines of W'ielie/.ea in (lalicia, liave lieen worked lor (lUO years, but still appear inexhaustible, tlrnin and wine* arc the chief ])roduets ol" the soil. 4. Tiic I'iii]|)('r(ir of Austria is nbsohite in all parts of iiis dmninions, exr'jpt in limitary and Home other disiriets. In the former he is styleil kinfr only, and liis nnthorily is liniiti.'d by a diet or assembly of tlio nobles and clergy. The inhabitants bilonjj to sevcrul distinrl nations, comprising Germans, Poles, Italian^, Hungarians, Jen-s, Oypsies, iVc. .I. The Austrian army is large, amounting to upwards of iiTO.OOO men, and though res|)eetuble for its discipline has not generally ranked higli for ellicieney. The Rmpiro possesses no advantages for a navy ; yd a small forcu has been organi/eil on the liulf of Vonico, and uu uruiud flotilla is maintained on tlio Dunubo. Siiuarc of Imperial Talucn, Vifiiiaa, C. Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire, is one of the finest cities in Euro|)c. It contains a number of palaces, churches, and other public buildings, some of which are splendid structures. The citizens are described as a good-natured, lios|iitablo ptojde, much devoted to pleasure and luxurious living. 7. Prague, (Jratz, Prcsbiirg, nnd roniburg, are all places of some note. Buda nnd Pest, situated on opposite sides of the Danube, ore joined together by a bridge of boats. These towns united, form the nicrec .' Of gold, &.c. ? 4. Of the Em|)cror 7 Describe the inhab- itants. 5. What is said of the army ? Navy 7 6. Describe Vienna, 7. Prague, &c. "" ' Trieste. II m m T-'-'iT' u 1^ t0 'J.VJ DESCHIFTIVF. (IF.OCiKAHIY. ni()»t iinpnrlnllt rily in Hilinfiiry. Piliril/in in nl«) nil tiiiportnnt tiiwn. TricHtc in tlu' cliii'l'Hra-iinrlof Aiistri:i, aiiil ii riitii.i(l<'i'alili' triiilu i« c-ir.i('d oil lirtwicii thin jilaii', the I'liitc d Slati'H, iiiul iitlicr ciiuntririt. Nii/i \ii. II. — WImt iMi'inilH AiiHlrii on the north? Ra., Sy., I'a., rd. — Soiilh ' 'I'y — f'tt"' ^ '{!'• — ^^'<'»' ' 'i-Ve, !y., Iln.— Wlmt aro the rlii( I'divisioiH of Austrin ? lly.,Tl., |)ii., arc of tho Protestant faith, and belong to the Evangelical or Lutheran Calvinistii; Church ; but all other sects are tolerated, and are on an equal footing. 4. The government is an ab.solulc uilitary monarchy. Tho army is Prussia. Q. — 1. What is said of Prussia? 9. What is it? Its productions 7 3, Commerce? iManiifactures ? What arc the chief part of tho people 7 4. What is said of tho government 7 Army ? ■iimiip—wi' w i' i m KillAHIY. lirct/in i« nl«> nn Iiiiportnnt Ktriii, aiiil II riiiii.iil<'ralili' triiilu !'() StatcH, iiiul (jtlicr cijiintritH. nn tlio north 7 Ra., Sy., I'.i., •Ml (!..Ve, ly,, Bn.— Wlmt aro l>;i., ( io. — < 'liifl' rivcm I I )c., tirNt ! I'rin('i|ial iiiniiiiliiiiiH I una I rrinjui; I I'lHl I lluilu ! iiti I in^'dom in thn yonr 1701, IS bccomu one of the most Europe. ry, with numerous rivers, ts the soil is fertile, while ifit for cultivation. Griiin I. commerce, hut the inland ufactures nro princijially n and st(>M In nxiro ((intrul, and icliuul* niuro iiiuiirr'ouM Ih ri' lli.in in any conntry in Knroiic. .'■>. 'I liiM kiiij;'iivi': ciuucuAriiY. lOU IIANOVKR. 1, IFam)VKR, fiiiriMTly im (.•Ifctornlf', iKVfitnp n kin},'(Inin in IHl,"); niid was uiidi r llio CDiiirol of n fjovcnutr-j.v'iu'nil, nppoiiitrd liv till' lii llif iicci'.ssioii o('(|iu«'ii \ictiiria tu llir ll'i;i>li tliruiir, luT uiu.li.', I'lnii'it Augustus, liijcaiiii' kin;^ ol" I liiiiovci'. a. y\(;riiiiltuii! iiiul iiiiimiliiLliircH nrc not viry fli>iiiiHliiii)j ; lint llio iiiiiuH urr iiii|iiirtiiiil, iiml i.\lcmii\tly wruinjlit. uuld, ►ilvir, iron, Imd, uml cMpticr, till nlioiiiul. .'I. II, mover is the e:i|iital ol llio kinirdDiii, and derivrx Uh eliirf iiii- |iorliiiire I'nim tliiil eirciiiimtiuiee. (M)ltiiiy:eii in eeleliiutLd (lir iln uiiiversily, wliirli is liljiriilly Hii|i|iiirt< d liy Die ILindveriiiii Kovernmuiil, aii'l coiil.iiiis tlllll Ntiidiiits, It:' liliriiry, nlisiervutury, luid botanic gur- deii.t, aru uinuiiir tliu iiioHt vuluublc in J'^uniiK.'. SAXory. 4. Tliis kiiigilom is one of tlic most populous tind indus- trious ol' the Clrnunu states. ( 'Diiuiu'rco, niaiiuliirttiros, nnd iniiiiui.', iiro carrii'il on with ^rvnl industry. Vast (liH'ks ol sliri'p art) raised, tlio wool of which is largely exported, and is highly esteemed liir its fineness. 5, DreHdeii, the capital of this Iiinndiim, is one of the finrst cities in the nortli of Cicriiiuiiy. Its [mhlic lnjildiiijrK, lihrarics, and nalliries of piiiiitingi), are reinarkiilile. Lripzic is liiiiioiiH fur ila uiiiverHity ; nnd for itH jfreat IliirH, luld twice a year, at wliich vast (]Uiintilies of books und utlier artieli's are uuld. WIRTEMBFRG. 0. This state was erected into a kinj^'dom in 1^00. It is one of the most (ertilo and hest-cidlivated parts ol' (lermimy, nnd jiroduces grain, wine, und fruits of various kinds. 7. Cherries are cxtcnHively mined, from which is made the gtronj; liquor called liirchwas.^er. (Iiise and Hiiail." nre reared and l.ittencd ui Burprining iiuiiiberB, und Kent to Vieniin and Italy. .Stull(;nrd, the cap- ital, is u well-built city. The royal liliinry conlainH 2(IU,(lf)ll vuhiineH, and is remarkable for its eollcitlioii of bibles, which coinpiises y,ii50 copies, in G8 dilTerciit lungunge!". Uannvtr. Q. — 1. What is paid of llaiiovor ? 2. Of the ngrinullurc, manufactures, &,c. f 3. Describe the oiiiiital. (Joltiiigcn. 4. Uevcribo Saxony. 5. Dresden. Leiip/.ie. 6. What i;t said of Wirtonibcrg? Oi.ltAl'IIY. idi'iitc, Ijooiimo n kingdom irnl of 11 f»(iv«;riutr-j»('m'riil, Oil llic acccssidii ol'i|ii(«'ii r iiiK.k', llniL'st AuguslUH, (' not viry fli>iiiiHliiii)j ; lint llio ruu^lit. (juld, bilvir, iiuii, liud, U'flofii, and tlcrivi'n itH rliirf iin- iiiltiii<;i'n in ('L'I>'liiutL(l llir itH liy lilt Ilanoviriiiii (ruvrrtilliuiit, , iiliHiTvalory, iiiiiJ botiiniu gur- )urii|)u, ir. ! most populous nnd indii!i- iiimcrcf, inaiiurncttiroH, nnd iiiiliislry. Viist (locks nl L'li is largely pxporled, and om, ii ono of tho flnmt citicR in (liii^'M, lihriirics, ami niilliriiis of tiiiiiniiH tiir ilH niiivcrxlty ; unci which vuat (lunntilits of books It i 1^ KRG. a kingdom in 1^00 illivatcd parts of (Icriimny, its of various kinds. rom which is made tlir strong jiiiiils nrr rciircd and liiUuncd in and Italy. .Stullgnrd, the caji- iinry cuntiiinH 2(IU,(lf)() voluini'H, I' biiilcB, which cominiscs b^^M iinovor ? 2. Of the iigrinulture, ipital. (iottini^cii. 4. Dcvcribo VVhat i;t said of Wirtcnibcrg? TIIK 8MALI.KU (iKH.MAN HTATKS. 255 8. The smnllcrr utiitos of (icriimny nmonnt to UH in nuiH" l)i'r; tliry I'oiiiprisi- 7 j,'rnnd diidiii s, l) diu'liii-i, I i'lrc|iinil<', 1 l.iiiil;^raMat(', Id principaiilii's, 1 JunKliip, aiiil i iVcc i;iiii's. Till' pupulnlion varifs in aiii'iiiiil in tlir dilli'ii'iit statfs iVoni T'.'ii.tMMi to ■J,'i(IO persons, lipriniuM; iin iiggrcgato of ncurly (i,ll|MI,llllll. !•. SoMK^ of flirxf slalcM pnntnin iiii|iMrlaiil ciliiH nnd Ihwiin, iiiioinr wlilrli arc ( 'arUriihi', till' iMjiilil, ntid iM:iiih> ini, llir Urgent |>lier in lliiili II ; uIdii, DarniNtadt in lleiiHi'-l>iiriiii«ladt, nnd .Mrntz, or Al lynii'e, on till* Ithilie, in the Nanic xtiiti'. 'I'lir latter in relehrated an the plaeo wliere |iriiiliiig wnH invented; and the li(ie«e where F'uiwt and (jutleni- burg made tlieir llrnt iumtya in tliat urt in ill aliowii. — jiaiiirt^n^r "Zxir"-' M.nl?,. 10. Free Citii-.s. — Tiio frrr citius or(!( rrnany nn' fTiuii- liurii, Iinl)fc, and Frankfort. Tlifse nre all tliat i(;in,iin of tJK! (iuiious lianst'atic Leaguf, that t)npn comprised H5 of tho most cfimmfnial Fiiropcttn cities, nnd ruk'd, hy their ^veaiili and firms, n great part of iS'orlliei'n Fm'ope. U. Hamburg in the most conniiorcial rity in fJc' luiiy. Il is llie real of extensive inuniifuetiires; and the »hi|iH of almost all ii:itii:ns vi'it its port. I.iihee nnd nreinen are ini|iortant eoinnieieiiil towns. I'ranUliirt is tlie cent of the (Jerinnnic Diit, or Congrri's, of the (leriiian jiriiiceN. It it) celebrated for its loini-annual fairs, which nttiaet iiier- tliaiits from all ]iarts of Euro|)c. Man No. 11. — IIow is Hanover hounded ? What rivers flow through it ? Ee., Ws., Eh. — How long arc they I What is the populutiuii of Hanover ! Gottingcn ? How is Saxony hounded? V ; • ser tlows through it? Ee. — How long is it? What is the popiiiu ijii of Dresden I I/cipii( ? 7. What is extensively raised ? 8. The smaller states of (Jermnny ? 9. What do they contain? Dos^Hbu MeiUz. 10. Of the free cities? 11. Hamburg, «.c. ? Frank kit ? |A Alt' 25G DUSCIIIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. How is Wirtcmbcrg bounded ? Wliiit river flowii through it? Ho. — How long is it ? What ia the population of Stuttgard ? Tim ? What is tlie population of Hamburg ? What river ia it on ? Ec — Wliat is the population of Urcnicn ? What river is it on ? Wr. — On what river is Frankfort.' Ans. the Mayne. What is the population of Frankfort 7 Of Lubec ? 170 Berne, \i"^ ,!■; ;!!' ' Mi U'l SWITZERLAND. 1. Switzerland is the most mountainous country in Europe. It is I'emarkable for the grandeur of its natural features and scenery ; and for the freedom of its political in- stitutions. 2. It is known by the name of the " Helvetic Republic;" and is composed of 22 cantons, each of which is ftn inde- pendent state ; but for national security they are united together, and governed by a general diet. .3. Switzerland is traversed by the Alps, the highest moun- tains in Europe. Extensive fields of ice, called glaciers, cover the summits of these elevated peaks ; and avalanches, composed of vast bodies of snow, sometimes rush from tlieir lofly sides down upon the valleys, burying travellers, buildings, and even whole villages, in one common ruin. 4. The nature of the country presents various obstacles to its culti- vation, but they have been, in a great measure, overcome by the indus- try of the inhabitants ; and spots apparently doomed to eternal sterility arc crowned witli vegetation. The products are grain, win*, and various kinds of fruit j but pasturage is the chief object of the farmer. 5. The Swiss are an honest, brave, and hospitable people, ardently Switzerland. Q. — 1. Describe Switzerland. 2. By what name is It known ? 3. Of the Alps, &c. ? Avalanches 7 4. What iu said of ->^**»!!aM6a W i l « wi— i» gi «W lOGRAPHY. lit river flows througli it? He. lulion of Stuttgard 7 Ultn ? ? What river ia it on ? Ee. — iVIiiit river is it on ? VVr. — On layne. What is tlie population .AND. it mountainous country in the grandeur of its natural ! freedom of its political in- f the " Helvetic Republic;" each of which is ftn inde- 1 security they are united ral diet. the Alps, the highest moun- Ids of ice, called glaciers, ted peaks ; and avalanches, , sometimes rush from tlieir burying travellers, buildings, ommon ruin. Its various obstacles to its culli- measure, overcome by the indus- cntly doomed to eternal sterility products are grain, viin*, and is the chief object of the farmer. and hospitable people, ardently jerland. 2. By what name is it donches ? 4. What iu sold of SWITZERLAND. 257 attaclied to liberty, and to their native country. Education is general amongst them ; and great crimes are rare. The Protestants and Cutholics in Switzerland are about equal in numbers. The languages spoken in tliis country are the German, French, and Italian. 6. Berne is usually considered the capital of Switzerland ; but Zurich and Lucerne share with it that honour, each being alti-rnatcly the seat of government for two years at a time. Geneva is beautiliilly situated on the hike of the same name. It is a handsome city, and is distinguished for its literary institutions, and for its extensive nianuliic- tures of watches, of which 70,000 are made here annually. 7. Among the quadrupeds found in Switzerland arc the Alpine spaniel and the ibex. The former is one of the largest animals of its kind. Several of them are kept by the monks of Mount St. Bernard for the purpose of discovering travellers lost in crossing tlie mountains Alpino Spaniel. Ibex. in time of snow. The ibex is a species of wild goat, and dwells among the highest precipices of the Alps, whither they are often followed by tliose who hunt them. Map No. II. — What bounds Switzerland on the north? Fc., Bn., Wg. — South? ly — East.' Ba., Tl. — West ? Fe. — What moun- tains are in Switzerland ? As. — How long are they ? What lake in the south? Ga. — In the north? Lake Constance. — What river flows from lake Clonstance ? Re. — From lake Geneva ? Re How long are these rivers ? What is the population of Geneva ? Berne ? Basle ? Zurich ? cultivation? Products? 5. Describe the Swiss. What is said of education ? Languages ? 6. Describe Berne, &c. Geneva. 7. Whdt q'ladrupeds are found in Switzerland 7 17 m i - ,8 'il ii'Mt 1^ 3fi8 DESO.IPTIVE GEOGUAPHY. 171 ITALY. 1. Ttaia' forms a great peninsula, bounded on the east by the Gulf of Venice, and on the west by the Mediterranean sea. It was the country of the ancient Romans, and is filled with the remains of their splendid cities and buildings. 2. Though in a state of dwiine, Italy is one of the rnost interesting countries in tlie world, and almost every spot in it lias lM;en the scene of some remarkable event. The country 's noted for the mildness and serenity of its climate, and f^r the beauty, diversity, and romantic character of its scenery. ;?. The soil is generally fertile, and is in some parts well rultivalcd. The "chief products are wheat, corn, rice, oil, wine, and silk. The principal fruits are oranges, figs, dates, and almonds. 4. In Italy are to l>e found the finest specimens of archi- tecture in Europe. The churches are costly and magnificent, and the dwellings of some of the nobles rival the palaces of kings and (!m|M:rors. 5. The Italians are highly distinguished for their ski) . in sculpture, Italy. Q. — l. What docs Italy form? 2. Whi is it noted ? 3. What is said of the soil ? Prod What li it? ucls" ? 4 For what Whot aro KOGUAPHY. Y. sula, bounded on the east by ; west by the Mediterranean anfiont Romans, and is filled id cities and buildings, lino, Italy is one of the most I, and almost every spot in it arkable event. The country rcnity of its climate, and fur itic character of its scenery. [■, and is in some parts well i are wheat, corn, rice, oil, ruits are oranges, figs, dates, le finest specimens of an-hi- ?s are costly and magnificent, 16 nobles rival the palaces of uished for their ski), in sculpture, rm 1 2. What li it ? For what ! Boi! ? Product? ? 4. Whnt uro ll* BAKUIMIA. 250 painliiip, arcliitccttirr, and iinisir; l.iit are not imidi noted at present ibr literature or seicncr, 'Day are naturally a lively people, with aetive pissioiis and ardiiit iiniijriiiiitions, and generally have expressive coiuitenanees and animated sparkling eyes. fi. Tlio prevailing religion is the Roman Catholie : its priests arc very numerous, and much attention is paid to religious eeremonieH and proccHsions. Education is not general among the great body of tiio people, and tlic lower classes arc in consequence very ignorant. Italian Cnstunio. 7. TIio higher ranks wear the usual European dress ; but among the lower orders, there are various local peeuliarilies of costume. The tbod oi' the Italians is generally light ; fruits and vegetables are more common articles of diet than flesh, and, as in the other parts of the south of Europe, oil and wine are much used by all classes of the people. 8. Italy comprises the kingdoms of Sardinia and Naples, the king, dom of Lombardy and Venice, the Popedom, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duehies of Parma, Modena, and Lucca, the Republic of San Marino, and the Principality of Monaco. SARDINIA. 9. The kingdom of Sardinia embraces the north-west sec- tion of Italy, together with the large island of Sardinia. The continental part of this kingdom is fertile and well cultivated. to be found ? 5. Describe the Italians. Education ? 7. Of the higher ranks ? Italy comprise ? 9. Describe Sardinia. nacQ. 6. What is said of religion ? Food, &,c. ? 8. What does 10. Turin. Genoa. H. Mo- ,: t.miiT 1^ ttf' I i '. il ll i 860 DESCRIPTIVE GEOOIIAI'HY. (JlMKlU. There are some important manufactures of silk, and the com- merce of Genoa is considerable. 10. Turin, the capital of the kingdom, is tho most regularly built of all the Itiilian cities, with broad, straight, and clean streets. Genoa, surnamcd the Superb, was long the capital of a powerful republic, and is noted for being the birth-place of Columbus. It is now the chief sea- port of Sardinia. Alessandria and Nice are cities of some inipor- tance ; Cagliari is the chief town ol' the island of Sardinia. 11. Monaco.— The principality of Monaco is a small independent state, under tliu protection of Sardinia; it contains a population of 6,500. Its capital, Monaco, is a village with 1,000 inhabitants. Map No. 11. — What bounds Italy on the north ? As. — South and West ? M.-Sa., Fc. — East ? (i.-Vc. — Which is the prmcipul river ? Po. — How long is it ? What gulf south of Sardinia ? Ga. — What strait between Corsica and S.irdinia? Bo.— How long and wide is Sardinia? What is tho population of Turin ? Genoa? Caghari? Sassari 7 172 LOMBARDY AND VENICE. 1. The kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, called the Lombnrdo- Venetian kingdom, is situated between the river Po and the Alps. It belongs to Austria, and is one of the most fertile and best-cultivated territories in Italy. Agricul- ture, trade, and manufactures, are in a thriving state ; and science and the arts are much encouraged. Lombardy and Venice. Q. — 1. How is tlii? kingdom situated 7 Of EOGUAPHV. icturcs of silk, and the com- om, is the most regularly built of iglit, Olid clean Btrctts. Genoa, pital of a powerful republic, and lutnbus. It is now the chief sea- Sice arc cities of some impor- le island of Sardinia. Monaco is a small independent liii : it contains a population of ro with 1,000 inliabitants. on the north ? As. — South and — Which is the principal river? ;)Utli of Sardinia ? Ga. — What ? Bo. — How long and wide is of Turin ? Genoa ? Cagliari ? ^D VENICE. rdy and Venice, called the ! situated between the river i Austria, and is one of the crritories in Italy. Agricul- are in a thriving state ; and icouragcd. >w is tliip kingdom situated 7 Of TUSCANY, THE POPEDOM. 2G1 Milan Cathedral. 2. Milan, the seal of jrovcrmncnt, is a hiinHsomc city. lis puhiic buildings are imincrou" and splen- did. Tiic cathedral is the Tincst Hpccimcn of Gothic nrchitccljrc in rxislcncc; and the sta- tiios witli which it is iidorntd arc said to anioiint to 4000. .'!. Venice, the cap- itiil of tlic ancient rc- piil)hc of that name, was long the chief mnr- itime city in the south of Europe. It is one of the most remarkable places in the world, being built upon a number of small islands, which arc joined together by SOU bridges. Verona, Padua, and Mantua, arc important cities. 4. Pabma, Modeva, and Lucca. — These are small territories, called diichios, situated south of Lombardy and Venice. Parma is governed by Maria Louisa, the wile of the late emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte. Modena is under the government of a duke of tlie house of Austria. Lncca is iroverned by its own duke. It is one of the best cultivated districts in Italy. TUSCANY. 5. The grand duchy of Tuscany is tlie most prosperous state in Italy. Manufactures of silk, soap, and Leghorn bon- nets, arc carried on to a considerable extent. The latter employs a number of women and children. 6. Florenre, tlm capital, surnamcd the Beautiful, is on': of the hand- Borr-.cst cities in Europe. Its palaces, churches, galleries, and libraries, arc all celebrated. Leghorn is the sea.port of Tuscany, and has an extensive commerce. Pisa, not far f-om Florence, is noted for the Campanile, or leaning tower, which is 190 feet high, ind inclines up- wards of 15 feet from the perpendicular. It is now 601 years old. THE POPEDOM. 7. The territory forming tlie Popedom, called also the States of the Church, occupies the centre of Italy. It is ruled Agriculture, &c. i2. Describe Milan. 3. Venice. 4. What is said of fuxma ? Modena and Lucca ? 5. Describe Tuscany. 6. Florence, ill r^f TV V \^ Hi'' 208 »EbC!l2PTlVK GBOGBAI'HY. M M ijiiu. I ^-m^if^- by the I'opo, who is tlio lif-ad of tho Ciitliolic cliiircli. This (lisision of Ituiy is less pros|x'roiis tliun the neij^hlMuiriug states. 8. Ronip, the capital of tin sc stntrs, wns, in nncicnt limos, llie I iri.'i'st city in llii.' world. It w.is flO miles in rirrumHrcnrc ; and had a p<)|)ul.ition of two niillinn inlialiitanls. 'I'lioiigli now innrli dcravcd nnd :i great iiart of it in ruins, it is still tlic most intcrtslinp city in !» U contains a vast nnmber of rlmrrlus, super!) pularrp, and mng- nifinitil remains of antifpiily. i>\. F'etir's, llu- larffc'sl of its eliiirclus, and Uic larcesl in the world! was 111 years in biiildinu, and eost a sum equal !o 160 millions of ilollars at the present il.iy. Holojjna, Ferrara, and Ancona, are, aller the capital, the most noted towns. 10. 1?»N Marino. — This little republic is under the protection of tho Pope. It occupies a tract of 40 sipiare miles, with 7000 • diahitants; and has retained its independence 1300 years. The pui.;shmcnt of deotli hi'.i never been inflicted within this territory. Map No. 11. — What bounds Lombardy and Venice on the north? As. — South? R.-Po. — East? Aa.— West? Sa. — What Rulf on the south-east 7 Ve. — What is the population of Milan ? Venice ? Padua? Veronn? Mantua? How is the ix>pednm bounded ? What is the population of Rome ? Bologna 7 Ancona ? How is Tuscany bounded ? What small island west of Tuscany ? Ea. This is noted for the residence of Napoleon Ronn|>artc, in 1814 and ItilS. — What is the population of Florence 7 Leghorn ? Leghorn, &c. 7. What is said of tho popedom ? 8. Describe Rome. 9. What is said of its churches, &c. 7 10. Describe the republic of San Marino. BOGBAI'HY. ■ tho Ciitliolic cluircli. Tliis tliun tilt! neighlxmriiig states. trs, wnB, in nncicnt limes, llio iiilt'8 ill (•irruiiircrciirc ; and Jiud l». 'I'limifjii now imirli dcruvcd 'till IIlc most intcrtsliiiff city in irr.lu's, su|icr!) puliirrp, oiul ning- tcrV, till' larffi'dt of its fliiirclii'.s, f'cars ill liiiiUliiit.'. mid ciist a s^uin present il.iy. Holojrna, Ferrara, most noted towns. lie is under the protection of tlio ire miles, with 7000 • ilmliitants; 300 years. The pUi.;8hmcnt of lliis territory. jardy and Venice on the north ? —West? Sa. — What Kulf on population of Milan .' Venice ? hat is the population of Rome ? small island west of Tuscany ? of Napoleon Rona|>urtc, in 1814 f Florence ? Leghorn ? c popedom ? 8. Describe Rome. ? 10. Dcscritw the republic of NAI'LF.S. — 17:i — 2G8 NAPLES. 1. TiiK kingdom of Naples, or of the Two Sicilies, is tho most omsiilcrable in Italy for extent anil population. It occu- pies the southern lialf of Italy, together with the island of Siouy, anu rhc Lipuri Isles. il. lidtli parts oints the ! guverninciil. ^ks and Ttaliann. They are on rry on a consirfiTulilc eointncrco opiihition olllie itlands amount:* le, with IH,000 inhabitants ; hut lie, is the capital. Poimlutiun •lebratcd island in the Medilcr- lining 80,WM inhabitants; and itions. It formerly belonged to eriiil military order ; hut is now lU Vulelta, the capital and port, dcd? What strait scparatrs it ere in the south .' ']'«. — What What mountain near Naples ? B lie north of Sicily ? Li s the population of the city of nia? Taranto' Bari 7 Syra- Ina 7 Stromboli ? 6. Describe ind the other towns. 8. What ' 9. Descriho the inliabitanti). It is Baid of Malta ? Giii;i;tK. 806 ruse? IIiiw long and widi' Ih Sicily 7 What i.H mountains, and lieautiful nnd fertile valleys. The climate is mild and pleasant ; and the soil, though badly cultivated, produces to some extent, cotton, oil, wine, silk, tSic., with fruits of various kinds. Greece. Q.— to oppression 7 ■ 1. What is said of Greece 7 2. Describe Modern Greece. How long was it subject 3. The interior. What if. vT'i^r lil' 1^ 2UU DKSeilU'TIVK GEOORAI'IIV. 4. Tlic Ororku uro on octivo, vijforou* race of (icnplr, and nrc irrn. crilly 8;— an event whicli secured the independence of tJreece. L 9. llydru and Spezzia, two small islands on the const of the Morci were famous for their commereo before the Revolution; and their me,- chant-ships formed, during the war, nearly (he whole of the Greek iiaval force. 11. mer- ' -**IB Kt. — Wliat is the population of Athens ? docs it produce ? 4. Describe tho Greeks. What did they display ? Employ in war? 5. What is said of the great body of the people? 6. The government ? 7. Descril)e Athens. 8. Tripolizza. For what u Novarino celebrated ? 9. For whut were Hydra and Spczzia famous ? lEOORAI'lIV. on* raco of (irnplr, and are prn. y. In llicir lo(f cnnli'Ht witli the iriivrry iKit iinwnrlli> iln ir lurme llips WII8 witli lliftu ,1 fiiVdiirili; j)t(l Hiitiic of Ihc liirgcHt n siiiN Orccco are dcntitulo of I'ducatimi for imprnvcmcnl, and arc cajrrr It upon their Umg |M)litirii| nervi. ikintf ''* intr<>so nieunly-built hoiinca contrast ita niK'itnt uplenduur. are among fho eliief town* of the destriiclion ol' the Turkish f Knglaiid, Franec, and Runniii, which sccur<'d (ho independence lands on tho coatt of the Morra, i the Revolution ; and their mer- nearly (ho whole of the Greek ^ on the north? Ty. — South 'hat (MiiinBiila Ibrms tho aoulh. led to the northern part of the What Ih the Routhern ca>>;: of of tho Morea ? Co What ^Vhat islands eaBt ? N(., Mo., 1. — How long ia it ? To what the populition of Athens ? I'ks. What did they display ? the great body of the people ? ens. 8. Tripolizza. For what cru Hydra and Spczzia fanioua ? TUHKBY, 867 17S TUUKKV. 1 TcHKr.v, (If tin; dtlndmn «'ii>j)ir(', r()(nprisos two great ilivisimis, Turkf\v in lOKrop; (in thi- hands vl' Mahoinot A!i, the Tiiclia of I'-t-'Vpt. 3. Tho govfrnrn univily. 'I'liry arc t.ni|)rriili; in liolh cnliiin iinri drinluni;. Turk nnd wirir nrn i)rciliil.itid liy llic Kiinn. C.'otVrr- IN Ihr |iriii('i|iul Ipcmtiik"' ! tlidiiyli iirdoiit hiurilrt iind ii|iiiun iin uit'd to Home extent, fi. In reli(ri,)(i they nre titricl MnhoniodanH. Thoy eiill IIiobc who iif;li iir(li.'iit K|iirit<4 iinil l 111' (tnekn, Alli.miiiiH, iiIh, JewH, iinil (iypsieH. Tliere 'n tlio only (litreicnce of rank beini; IIIKiplM. •t i EUROPE. he smallest of ihc two jrrrnt re. its surfaco is niountniii. Turks. Of eating-, &e. ? 4,, Of r. Iniportiint elianifes ? Army and lier inhabitants? Of nobility, iVc. ? t is Turkey ii. Einfipo ? S. Wliut tl';!Ki;y in eliiopk. 200 oiH, niiil, througlioiit most of itu extent, iiitcrspcrseil \vill» iH'aiitifiii ami fertile valiuyn. '-'. Ill Ni.il iiiiil I'iiiiiriti', this ciiiinlry is lii^'hly liivonrcil ; iind uiiili'i- a iilxriil ^(ivcriiiiiciit it wmilil dunhlliss hcnmn' 0110 of the iiio.s* lldiirishin;; coiintrii's uf I'liiruiM'. Tlic proilucts lire corn, w'noiit, rife, eottun, silk, wine, oil, iVuilb, vVe. 3. The operations of njjriciilture and maiiiiliictiireH are hut nei{lijr(,'iilly (ondiieteil. 'I'lie eommeree is rjiiclly carrifd on hy liireignei'H, and is mostly confmi'd to the port of Con- •staiitinoplo. 'I'he iiihind tradi; is eonsiderahle, and is in tho hands of (Jreeks, .lews, Armenian.s, &e. 4. Till) liorHes and ciittlo of thin rr((ion urn ({cnerally largo nnd fine; Tho Wulluchiun nhecp an tliu furinor arc i'roiii thu Arabian Ntuck. Wallucliiaii i
  • ji'|i. IVIicaii. reniarUahlo for the singularity of llicir horns and wool : the latter is lonjf and Htraiglit, but rather coarHC. The birds, particularly the water- fowl, aro numeroiis, and of various kinds, among which tho pelican ni I tlainingo are conspiciiouH. 5.Tlie proviiicoB of Wnllaeliia, Moldavia, and Servia, usually inclu- dec in European Turkey, ate governed hy their own princes, and iiro in uU respects independent, except that they pay a fixed tribute to tho Porte. The jieoplc of these provinces are inueli oppressed by their ruUra. They beloiiff mostly to the Greek church. 6, Constantinople is the capital of tho Ottoman Empire, and the third city in Europe in population. Its situation is beautiful, and its harbour extensive and commodious. It presents a handsome appear- ance at a distance, but is found on examination to consist of narrow, crooked streets, with low, gloomy-looking houses, built of wood. is said of its surface 7 Soil and climate ? Products ? 3, Of agricul- ture, &,c. ? C;ommcrce ? 4. Horses and cattle ? Wallachian sheep, iSiC. ? 5. What IS said of Wallachia, &c. ? 6. Describe ConstantU I' dmi' f \\i■^ t (I '4- ! ' '* 270 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 7. Fires occur so oflcn, that it is said Constantinople is entirely rebuilt every fiileen years. The Mosques, or Malioinedan places of worship, are numerous, and some of them are superb structures. The mosque of St. Sophia, once a christian church, is accounted the finest in the world. The Mosques of Sultan Aehmet and of Suleyman are large and splendid, but are not ni:r d by the same classic tuste. 8. Adrianople is the second city in £uro|)ean Turkey. It was long the residence of the Sultans. Bucharest, the capital of Wullachio, is a large dirty city, built in a swamp : tlie streets, instead of being paved in the usual way, are covered with planks. Belgrade, Widin, Silistria, and Shunila, are all strongly-fortified towns. Serajevo, Saloniea, Sophia, and Joannina, are all places of some note. Map No. 11. — What bounds Turkey on tho north ? Aa. — South 7 Gc., Ao., S.-Mtt. — East 7 B.-Sa. — West 7 G.-Vc. — Which is the chief river 7 Do. — How long is it ? Into what sea does it flow 7 Bk. — Point out the principal mountains. Bn. — How long are they ? What strait between the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora 7 Ds. — VVhat chunncl leads into the Black sea 7 Ce. — What is the popula- tion of Constantinople? Adrianople? Bucharest? Serajevo? Sa- loniea? Sophia? Joannina? Ibraila? Shumla? Seres? La- rissa 7 177 ASIA. 1. Asia is the largest and most populous of the great divisions of the globe. It has been the seat of some of the most powerful empires of ancient times, and the theatre of many of the most interesting events recorded in history. 2. It was here our first parents were created, and from this quarter the descendants of Noah peopled the world after the flood. It was also the birth-place of our Saviour, the scene of his miracles and death, and the field on which the apostles first published salvation to man. 3. The vast expanse of Asia stretching through almost 80 degrees of latitude, presents every variety of soil and cli- mate. Its large rivers are inferior only to the great streams of the Western Continent, and its mountain chains are among the most extensive in the world, and attain to a greater height than those of any other region. nople. 7. What is said of fires 7 8. Describe Adrianople. Bucha- rest, &c. A»ia.0—1. Wiia! is Asia? Of what has it been the seat? 2. What is said of our first parents ? Our Saviour ? 3. Of the wii M. .---'•jivt-raim'iiit ^ i j iB aumvm si^i^ imvm ;eography. j said Constantinople is entirely iKques, or Maiioinodan placcB of them are superb structures. The n church, is accounted the finest in Achmet and of Suleyinan ore (I by the same classic taste. £uro|>ean Turkey. It was long arest, the capital of Wallachia, is tlie streets, instead of beiiijnr paved onks. Belgrade, Widin, Silistria, ficd towns. Scrajevo, Sulonicu, if some note. ley on the north ? Aa. — South 7 West? G.-Vc. — Which is the ? Into what sea does it flow 7 lins. Bn. — How long arc they ? and the sea of Marmora ? Ds. — sea 7 Ce. — What is the popula- e ? Bucharest 7 Serajcvo 7 Sa- iraila 7 Shumla 7 Seres 7 La- A. most populous of the great been the seat of some of the nt times, and the theatre of ents recorded in history. 3nts were created, and from Noah peopled the world after •th-place of our Saviour, the h, and the field on which the to man. I stretching through almost every variety of soil and cli- ior only to the great streams id its mountain chains are world, and attain to a greater •egion. 8. Describe Adrianoplc. Bucha- Of what has it been the seat? ? Our Saviour ? 3. Of the loii ASIA. 271 Asia. 4. Asia is distinguished for the great variety of its rich productions. It supplies the other parts of the world with tea, with some of the finest spices and perfumes, and also with silk, diamonds, and precious stones of various kinds. 5. The institutions, manners and customs of the people are the same at the present, as in the earliest times ; and no ailvance appears to have been made for a long period in arts, sciences, or learning. 6. In disposition and temper, the people are grave, scrirus, and recluse. The women are generally kept in ignorance, a.:** are not taught reading or writing ; they ore also, in many parts of Asia, reeiirded almost as slaves, live in strict retirement, and do not go abroad without being closely veiled. 7. The governments of Asia are generally despotic, and their ad- ministration is frequently arbitrary and tyrannical. Robt)ery is often practised as a regular trade, even by chiefs and princes, and as a call- ing that they consider honourable and honest. 8. Agrieulturo is pursued in many parts of Asia, with great indus- try and care, but not with the same skill as in Europe. Many of thn manufactures, though conducted with the most simple tools and machinery, are not surpassed in richness and beauty by those of any other part of the world. and climate? Rivers 7 Mountains? 4. For what is Asia distinguish- ed 7 5. Of the institutions, manners, &.c. 7 6. Disposition, &c 7 Of the women 7 V. Whaf is said of the governments ? Robbery ? 8. Agriculture 7 Manufactures 7 9. Commerce ? Foreign Trade 7 fea mt? i'^ *if' \ H 'I yrrm \ I' : i ( !i 272 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 9. A lucrative commerce has been carried on in this quarter, from the earliest times. The internal trade by caravans, though not so im. portant as that by sea, is yet very considerable. The foreign trade, particularly that with China and India, is chiefly in the hands of the English and Americans, and is extensive and valuable. 10. Some of the most remarkable animals of Asia, are the Elephant, one-horned Rhinoceros, Tiger, Leopard, and Musk Deer. The Horse, Camel, Ass, Sheep, and Goat, are supposed to have had their origin in this quarter, and with the Peacock, common Fowl, and Flieasant, have been spread from hence over other parts of the world. Gigantic Cranes, as tall as a man, and the Cassowary, similar to the Ostrich, with an infinite number of birds of brilliant and varied plumage, abound. Musk Deer Tiger. 11. Crocodiles, different however from those of Africa, are found in nil the large rivers of the south ; and Serpents exist in great variety, from the gigantic Python and Anaconda, measuring from 12 to 20 feet in length, to a species of otily an inch and a half long, whose venom causes the person bitten by it to fall into a deadly sleep. 12. Asia comprises a Jupiter variety of different races of men, than any other quarter of tfi>**orld. The chief part of the inhabitants are Pagans, whose modes of worship embrace various forme of idolatry Brahmins, Buddhistfl, worshippers of the Grand Lama, of Confucius, and of spirits or genii, are the most prevalent : they number probably 360 millions; Mahometans, 80 millions; Christians, Jews, &c., 10 mil- lions : total, 450 millions. 13. Though nearly the whole of this vast multitude is involved ii, heathen darkness, yet the exertions of Christian missionaries and the distribution of the Scriptures in various Asiatic languages, will no doubt in time enlighten the nations, and lead to the spiritual redemption of this great continent. 10. Describe the animals. Birds. 11. Crocodiles, &o. 12. What does Asia comprise ? What is said of the inhabitants ? How many J idolaters are there 7 Mahomedanj, &.C. 7 13. What is said of the mis- sionaries, &.C. igSs**.'- ~' - GEOGRAPHY. in carried on in this quarter, from ide by caravans, though not so im. considerable. The foreign trade, iidia, is chiefly in the hands of the nsive and valuable. ! animals of Asia, arc the Elephant, lard, and Musk Deer. The Horse, ipposed to have had their origin in common Fowl, and Flieasant, have arts of the world. Gigantic Cranes, nry, similar to the Ostrich, with an t and varied plumage, abound. Tiger. • from those of Africa, are found in md Serpents exist in great variety, conda, measuring from 12 to 20 feet inch and a half long, whose venom 11 into a deadly sleep, riety of different races of men, than ^he chief part of the inhabitants are embrace various forms of idolatry I of the Grand Lama, of Confucius, it prevalent : they number probably tlions; Christians, Jews, &.C., 10 mil- f this vast multitude is involved in IS of Christian missionaries and the rious Asiatic languages, will no doubt il lead to the spiritual redemption of Is. 11. Crocodiles, &c. 12. What lid of the inhabitants ? How many , Slc. 7 13. What is said of the mis- ASIA. 273 178 How is Asia bounded ? Which i.s the largest cily nnd river ? Siberia . Tartary Turkey Arabia . Persia . Douiided .' — Capital ? Hounded '—Capital ? Bounded ? — Capital ? Hounded ? — Capital ? Bounded ? — Cupital ? Afghanistan Bounded ? — Capital ? Bcl<«)chistan Bounded ? — Cupital ? Ilindoostan Bounded ? — Capital ? Wliere is the sea of Kara ? Japan? Yellow Sea? Eastern S. Dead S. ? Mediterranean S. ? Black S. ? Caspian S, Where is the Gulf of Obe ? G. of the Lena? Birmah Bounded ? — Cupital ? Sianj Bounded ? — Capital ? Anam Bounded ? — Capital ? China Bounded ?— Capital ? Chinese Em.. . Bounded .' — Cupital ? 'i'hibet Bounded '! — Capital .' Corea Bounded ? — Capital 7 Japan Bounded ? — Capital ? Kanitschatka ? Ochotsk ? Jesso? ? China S.? Arabian S.? RcdS.? ? Sea of Aral 7 G. of Anadir 7 Tonquin 7 Siam 7 Martaban 7 Manar 7 Cambay 7 Cutch 7 Orinua 1 Persian Gulf? Bay of Bengal V Where is Bhering's Strait 7 Strait of Matsmay ? Corca 7 Formo- sa ? Malacca ? Babehnandel > Where is Capo Cevero Vostochnoi ? C. Chalagskoi 7 East Cape 7 Cape St. Thadeus 7 C. Canilwdia? C.Romania? C. Comorin? C. Kas-al-Gat ? C. Isolette ? Where is the Obe River 7 The Ycnesei 7 Lena 7 Amoor ? Hoang-Ho7 Yang-tse-kiang 7 Cambodia 7 Mcinani ? Salwcn 7 Irrawady ? Burranipooter ? Ganges 7 Godavery 7 Ncrbuddah 7 Indus? Euphrates? Don? Volga? Ural? Amoo? Sihon 7 Cashgar ? Where are the Islands of Nova Zembla 7 Kotelnoi 1. 7 New Siberia 7 LiaghofF I. ? Bherings Is. 7 Aleutian Is. 7 Kurile Is. ? Tchuntar Is. 7 Scghalien? Jesso? Niphon 7 Sikoke? JKjusiu 7 Loochoo Is. 7 Formosa 7 Hainan ? Pulo Pinang 1. 7 Andaman Is. 7 Nicobar Is. 7 Ceylon 7 Laccadivc Is. 7 Maldive h. 7 Cyprus 7 Where is Balcash Lake 7 Zaizan Nor 7 Altyn L. 7 Baikal? Poyang L. 7 Touting L. 7 Koko Nor 7 I,. Zurrah 7 Where are the Ural Mour\tains? l-i leAItay? Great Altay 7 Taurus Mts. 7 Mt. Sinai 7 Ramleah I Mt, Ararat 7 Caucasus 7 Elborz? Hindoo Koo? Ghaut? Beloor? Thsoung-ling 7 Thian- chan? Kuen-lun? Feling? Meling? Where is the Peninsula of Kan:t8chatka 7 Corea 7 Malacca 7 Hindoostan? Arabia? What two seas form tUo western part of Turkey into a peninsula 7 W! ■' seas and gulf form Arabia into a peninsula 7 Where is the isthmus of Suez ? Of Kraw 7 Where is the Desert of Cobi 7 Of Akhaf 7 Great Suit Desert 7 Great Sandy Desert? In what latitude is Asia? In what longitude? In which Zone is the northern part ? The centre 7 Southern 7 18 274 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 179 1^ *¥' iJ . ASIATIC RUSSIA. 1. Asiatic Russia is an immense region stretching fror', the Ural Mountains to tlie Pacific Ocean. It comprises Siberia, the coimtries situated between tiie Ural and the Volga rivers, and the Caspian and Black Seas ; the last of which is called Caucasian Russia. SIBERIA. 2. SiHEHiA contains nearly a third part of Asia, and is mostly a cold, dreary region, occupied by wide and extensive plains called stcpiies. Some of its southern districts are however rich and fertile. a, Siberia serves as a place of banishment for convicts and prisoners of state. Some of tliese have been men of superior talents, and have been banished only for their virtues and adherence to liberal principles. 4. The Ural and Altny Mountains contain numerous mines, which furnish gold, silver, platina, and different kinds of precious stones. Fiir-hcaring animals abound in Siberia, the skins of whiclj form one of the chief articles of its trade. Its original inhabitants aie composed of various ignorant and bar- barous tribes, who live by hunting and fishing. 5. Tobolsk is the capital of Siberia: all the commerce of tlie country passes through this city, and large caravans of merchants trade be- tween it and Khokan in Tartary. Irkoutsk, Tomsk, Yakoulsk, and Oohotsk, are the next important towns. Kiachta is the only place at which the trade with China is permitted. 6. Tht! country lying between the Volga and Ural rivers con- tains the cities of Astrachan and Orenburg: the former derives its chief wealth from its sturgeon fisheries ; it has also an extensive trade with tlic interior of Russia. Orenburg carries on a great trade by caravans with Kiiokan, Bucharia, Khiva, and other Tartar cities. CAUCASIAN RUSSIA. 7. This country lies between the Black and Caspian Seas, and on both sides of the Caucasian Mountains. It is a rough and rugged region, but certains many fertile districts, peo- Asiatic Russia. Q. — 1. What is Asiatic Russia? 2. Describe Si- beria, 3. What is said of convicts, &c, ? 4. What is said of the Ural ord Altay mountains ? 5. Describe Tobolsk, &.c. 6. Astrachan, &c. 7. Caucasian Russia. Describe the country. 8. The Circassians. !ij*J.''-: EOGRAPHY. USSIA. lense region stretching fror'. cific Ocean. It comprises ween tlie Ural and the Volga .ck Seas ; the last of which [A. third part ol' Asia, and is 'upied by wide and extensive f its southern districts are banishment for convicts and e have been men of superior I only for their virtues and contain numerous mines, which Fercnt kinds of precious slones. ia, the sliins of whiclj form one sed of various ignorant and bar- i fishing. : all the commerce of the country caravans of niercliants trade be- Irkoutsk, Tomsk, Yakoulsk, and IIS. Kiachta is the only place at ,ed. Volga and Ural rivers con- )urg : the former derives its chief has also an extensive trade with rics on a great trade by caravans ther Tartar cities. RUSSIA. the Black and Caspian Seas, in Mountains. It is a rough s many fertile districts, peo- Asiatic Russia? tc, ? 4. What i? said of the Ural ASIATIC RUSSIA. 975 tribes arc in Siberia ? population of Tobolsk .' CircassianH. plod by various races who arc almost wholly engaged in war and plunderitig. 8. 'I'lio'Clrciissians inhabit the northern, and the Georginns tlic south- frn side of the mountains; 'ho former niniiitain uhiiost continual war with the Russians, who liavc long endeavoured to conquer thcni, but hitherto inclTectually. !l. The men nie celebrated for their activity and valour, and tJiC women for their beauty and elegance of form ; many of the latter are 8uld by their parents as slaves to traders, who carr_y them to Turkey, Persia, and other countries wlicre they are purciiascd by the wealthy classes. 10. Teflis is the capital of Georgia ; it has a strong castle, and is tlie resilience of the Russian governor. Derbeut and Kisliar, both on tlio Caspian Sea, are towns of some importiincc. Map No. 19. — What bounds Siberia on the north ? A. -On. — South ? A.-Ms. — Kast? S.-Ka. — What great rivers ilow into tlic Arctic Ocean? Oe., Ye., La. — How long is cnch of these ? Which is the most northern cape of Sibcvia ? C.-Vi.- - Eastern ? Et. — Southern ? La. — What strait between Siberia and North America? Bs. — Ilow wide is it? What lakes are in Sibei a ? Bl., Ty- — How lonjr aro What peninsula lies east of the ."ca of Ochotsk ' Iva. — Wliat Ss., Os., Ts., Bs., Vs., Ks., Ti. — What is the Irkoutsk ? Tomsk ? Barnaule ? Omsk ? Tobolsk, &c. 6. Astrachan, &c. country. 8. The Circassians. fl. For wliat are the men celebrated? Tcfli«, &c. The women ? 10. Describe mi>'Wi ■■ -Mfe^^"] -^>'i?C£J;=^'¥^i r ,, j^Wfnrr- 1^ ilf' I i 'lit? ! 1 276 DE9CU1PT1VE GEOGRAl'HY. What rivers flow into the Caspian Sen 7 Va., I'l., Kr, — How lone arc the two first ? Wliat inonutainH Kcpiirato Circussia and Georgia ' Cs. — What cminlrii'H hound (ioorgia on tlie south? Ty., Pa. — What 13 the population of Orenburg ! Astrnchan ? Dcrbcnt t Teflis ? 180 TURKEY IN ASIA. 1. Turkey in Asia extends over some of the finest regions of that continent. It contnined in nncicnt times u number of [wpulous, flourishing, and important states; hut ignorance, .superstition, and barbarism, now cover the hind; and few traces of its former civilization remain, except ruins. 2. The islands of f!'c Archipelago, once celebrated for their vrcallh and prosperity, arc now reduced to a more complete slate of barbari.'iiu than even dio continent. 'I'lie principal of those, still under the con- trol of the Turks, are Rhode?, Sanios, Scio, and Mctclin. 3. Hmyrnn is the chief emporium of Asiatic Turkey. Carpets, rairs for paner, opium, fig.", &c., are the chief exports. About 2,000 Eii- ropean's, principally French, reside licrc, and form a iocicty among themselves. 4. Trebisondc, on the Ulack Sea; Brusa, F.rzcrum, and Diarbikir, in the interior ; Bagdad, on thu Tigris ; and Uusporah, on the Euphra- tea, arc all important cities. On the west bank of the Euphrates arc the vast, but shapeless, ruins of Babylon, the most s|)lendid city of an. cient times ; whose walls, towers, and gale", were esteemed one ot tlic wonders of the world. 5. Syria formed, un;i --f the Turkish Empire, uler of Egypt ; having ^■BWBftfcijSRW^^^BBW^''****-'-' ' SYRIA. latel' one of the chief divisions It is now under the control of the b(;en conquered by liim from the Sultan, his former master, in the war of 183 6. No country was anciently more celebrated than Syria. In the south was the country of the Israelites, and the birth-place of the Christian religion. Tlic cities of Tyre and Sidon were renowned Inr their commerce ; and Damascus and Antioch were famous ii>r their wealth and population. 7. Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the oldest places in the world ; and is known to have existed in the days of Abralmni. It is the most flourishing citv in Syria, and carries on an extensive trade. Aleppo was tlie fmesl ci'.y in Syriii. In 1822, it was nearly all destroy- ed by an earthquake ; but is now slowly reviving. Tri|)oli and Bcyrout, on tlie Mediterranean, are places possessing some trade. JEOGRAl'lIY. Sen 7 Va., I'l., Kr, — How lone K(.'p!irnto C'ircussia and Georffi'i ' on tliu south ? Ty., Va. — VVliut rnclian ? ly- Dcrbciit I Teflis ? N ASIA. aver some of the finest rcj^inns in niifient times u numijei' of ji-tant states ; Ijiit ignorance, i\v cover the kind ; and few remain, except ruins. , once celcbrntcd for their wealth more complete state of barbarism ipal of tliose, still under the con- i, Scio, and Mctdin. of Asiatic Turlicy. Carpets, raifs cliie'f exports. About 2,000 Eii. licrc, and form a iocicty among ; Briisa, Erzcrum, and Diarbi kir, is ; and Dnsporah, on the Euphra- 10 west bunk of the Euphrates aro ylon, the most splendid city of an- id gale", were esteemed one of tlio lA. 1\ . one of the cliicf divisions now under the control of the conquered by him from the le war of 1832. re celebrated than Syria. In the iclites, and the birth-place of the I'yre and Sidon were renowned for nd Antioch were famoua liir their I, is one of the oldest places in the ted in the days of Abraham. It is and carries on an extensive trade. In 1822, it was nearly all distroy- K\y reviving. Tripoli and Ucyrout, Bsessing some trade. PALESTINE. 277 Christ and liia Disciples nil Uie Mount uf Olives. PALESTINE. 8. Palestine, or the Holy Land, occupie.s the southern part of Syria. It is the most celebrated country in the world ; and remarkable for being the scene of most of the events recorded in the sacred scriptures. 9. The surface is greatly diversified witli mountains and valleys. or tlie former, Lebanon iias been long noted for its tall cedars ; Fisguh, fur the view it gave Moses of the Promised Land ; Tabor, for the transfiguration of Christ ; and the Mount of Olives, for being the scene of the ascension of the Saviour to heaven. 10. Jerusalem, the once famous capital of the Jewish nr.tion, whcro Diivid and Solomon 'jigned, and wl'ieh was so often the resort of Clirist and his disciples, is now a gloomy, mean town, owing its cliief .support to the veneration in which it is liilil by Christians, Jews, and Maiioinedans, \ "i'''' still nrocures it the visits of many pious pilgrims, 11. IJethlchem, sit m lonth of .Tciusalem, is remarkable for being the birth. pluce of our Saviour. Nazareth, where he resided until ho coinnieii ed his ministry, is, next to Jerusalem, the most holy place in Palestin?. Gaza, Jopna, and Acre, are the principal towns an the coast. Map No. 12. — How is Turkey bounded ! What r'.ver flows into the Persian Gulf ? Es. — What flows into the Euphrates? Ts. — How Tarkfy,S;r. Q. — 1. Describe Turkey in Asia. 2. The islands of tlio Archipelago. .3. Smyrna. 4. Trehisondc, &c. 5. What did Syria form? (i. What is said of the -"orntry ? 7. Damascus? 8. Describe Palestine. The surface. Mountains, i&c. Jerusalem, Beth Ichcm. Nazarolh, &c. sjiai^^iiga^is^P»«®^*aK^«^ ifinvm fT^ 1^ i¥' fS^: '■n^ 27S I)r,.-'( Ull'TlVK r.KCXiUAfHY. long arc llii'sc riviis ? What iiioiintaiiis lio iinrth nf the Mfditrrranrnn Sua .' 'I's. — \\l\w higli «r'' liny ' Wliiit inniiiitaiiiiK in llir iiorlli-ctiHl ' At. — What is tlic population fit' Smyrna ? V.ntrwnl Ilruna / Trc. hisonric .' Hussorali / Diarhikir .' Aloiul ? Jiajriind ? How is Syria hiiUMclcd ? Whit is tlio poiuilation of Piinin.«cns? Ak'ppo? .)/«/) Nit. 13. — What ecu bonn'is Palrstiuo on the west ? Mn. — What river Hows into llic Dead Sea? Jii. — How long is it? How long is tiie Dead Seu ? IHl Dciloiiiiis attacking a Caravan. ARABIA. 1. AnARt.v is n large pen'nsula, con.sisting of vast sandy deserts, intfrsiicrscd with fertile spof.s like islands in the ocean ; these, when cultivated, yield various fruits and other products in great perfection. 2. Arabia comprises several distinct states, of which tlie principal are Mecca, or the ITcdjaz ; Ncdsjed, or the territory of the Wiihabees ; and the Imun;ats of Yemen and Oinoii, Nearly the whole of the west coast of Arabia lias been con- quered by the Pacha of Egypt ; and its chief towns are garrisoned by his troops. 3. The inhabitants are principally Arabians, witli f.onio Jewiiih and Arabia. Q. — 1. What is said of Arabia, &.c. ' 2. Describe the iKOCiKAfllY. lins lie iinrtli rif tlio Mfditrrranpan iVli:it iiwiiiiitaiiiiK in the iioitli-ciiNt ! yriKi ' llr/iriim ? Ilruna / Trr. Alosul ' iiafrilnil ? is llio pojiulalioii of Piiiiin.«riis ? Palrsliiic on llio west ? Mn. — ■J. ? Jn. — How long is it ? How iig a Carnvaii. IIA. ula, coDKisting of vnst sandy lie spots like islands in the yield various fruits and other distinct states, of which tiie jaz ; Ncdsjed, or the territory uieats of Yemen and Oinoii, oasl of Arabia lias been con- it ; and its chief towns arc r Arabians, with f,onio Jewiiih niiri ' Arabia, &.C. ' 2. DcBcribc the AHARIA. 21ili Hindoo merclmnln in lliu towns. Th« puop^u of the desert, calk'd ItedoiiiiiH, h\r in tcntH, and lead a 4vaiu:crinff lift', keeping larjro ImdH of horHDH ami cunielH. 'I'Uny iiru lujspilablf unil conrtLouH to tliDso who trust and visit llicm ; but oilon attack and rob tliu caravans that pass tlirougli thiir country. 4. 'i'lic Arabs arc of a brown conipli'xion, Ibin r.nd spare in iicrson, but vicforoUM and active, Tboy are extremely Icniperate, generally conteiit- iiig tlicn)Belvc8 at meals with a few dtttcH or a piece of Jmrd bread, and a little oil or milk. ,'}, The horsca of this country arc the finest in 'lie world, and rcle- bralcd for lliiir «willne».s and beauty. The nio»l '. > ful animal in llio c.Tiiiel : it will travel tiir Bcveral days without water, carrying a burllicn of tjllO or 701) pouiidK. C'otfec, dates, senna leaves, indigo, iiid [icails, are the principal jirodiicts of Arabia. The lust are obtained on thu coast of the Persian Oiilf. 6. Mecca, the bittb-ptuce of Maliomcd, is the !ioly city of IMahoni- cdans, which every one of that ncct is expected to visit onco in his life- time. It is supported entirely by the pilgrims who resort thither every year. Their number in 1831 wu.t estimated at 120,000. 7. Medina is celebrated as containing tlie tomb of Mahomed, around wbieli 300 silver lamps arc kept constantly burning. Jidda is the port of Mecca, and Yambo that of Medina. Sana, the capital of Yemen, is one of the chief citicin of Arabia ; and in situated in tlie midst of the most fortilc district in that country. 8. Mp< ' 1 is tlic chief iitaport in the Red Sea; and is the scut of the colTee trade. Makulla tind Kesliin arc small towns, jiosflcssing a limited siiaro of commerce. Muscat is the ea|)ital of Omon, and a rrcnernl depot for tlin mcrchajidisc of India ond Persia. It carries on an ex- tensive commerce, both by sea, nnd with the interior by caravans. 9. The Imam, or chief, of Omon has a navy, comprising several largo ships of war; and his Mibjects are the best native sailors in the cast. Hesides his territory in Arabia, he |x)sses3ea scvciai largo islands on the coast of Africa, and in the Persian Gulf. Map No. 12. — What boirnds Arabia on tl.-e north? Ty., Sa, — South ? A..Sa. - Eapt .' P.-Of. G.-Os. — We.'t ? R.-Sa, — What isthmus joins Arabia t:> Africu ? Sz. — What mountains are in Arabia? Si., Rh. — What Jeser ties lict A'cen Yemen and Omon ? Af — What race inhabits it? Bs. — What divisions of Arabia lie on the Red Sea? Hz., Yn.— What on the Arabian Sea? Ht., On. — On the Per.-ian Gulf? La. — Mow long is the Red S^ju ? The Persian Gulf.' What is the population of Muscat ? Suua ? ' Mocha ? IMccca ? Medina ? Jidda ? Yambo ? Arabian states. 3. The inhabitants. The Bedouins. 4. The Arabs, &c. 5. Describe the horses. Camels. Principal products. C. De- Boribe Mecca. 7. Medina, 8 Mocha. Muscat, &c, 9. What is said, of the Inuuu 1 -Mpite>y^ss^ffifM^^^^Jt^"»****-'^'^^^^^ ii fT^'i^ll 1^ iit' i ' * ; (■] ; '^ 'I 880 tESCBU'TIVE fiKOGHAPHY. Telioran. PERSIA. 1. Persia was, in early times, ono of the most powerfi'l cmi>ire3 in Asia ; but its ancipiil j<|)len(lour is abridjjed, and it presents scarcely a shadow of its (brmcr greatness. 2. Its mountains and desorts arc peopled by hordes of robbers, who plunder the fertile and cultivated Inicfs. Agri- culture is discouraged by their incursions; and places fc-- nierly well settled, arc now, in a measure, deserted. 3. Silk is tlic staple produce of tliis country. Other productions are wlicut, rice, cotton, tobacco, rhubarb, assala'tida, &c. Tlio Persians manulhcture beautiful carpets, shawls, silk, tiijH;stry, arms, porcelain, &c. The foreign commerce is inconsiderable, and is now in the hands of Europeans. 4. The |)eoi)Ie of Persia are the most Irarned and polite of the East- cm nations. They are lively and fond of show ; skillid in the use of flattery and compliment; but are accused of dissimulation and insin- cerity. 5. Teheran, the capital of Persia, is a modcrn-built city, inhabited by the kini fiirc. It is now divided into the 111 md Hoioochislaii. separate ti^rritones ■ ! H. The inhaliitiint- |ilc in their manners, m. in every town and villa^; tribes. ?a Ih"*. a hmited di t hoKl and warlike ravn, *im- ■^pitality. There are bcIhhpIs ncanipments of the pastoral .>)ii is very (jenerally diH'used. y Cabul, the capital of .viglianistan, enjoys a delightful cliinnlu ; anil is surrounded by a fertile, wtU.c iillivated country. The next im- portant l>A^nH are Peshawur and ('jndalmr. Herat is a. very ancient city. It is the capital of a small independent sl.te; and is uUo important on account of its manufactures and cum- inercc. BEIX)()CHISTA.V. 10. Hkloociiistan is divided among a number of smull iiuli:|)eii'l''nt tribes, of wliom the Hcloocheos are the chief. They air mostly of warlike hfibits, and ollon makd piimder- ing ineursions upon each other. 11. The Ilrahoos, unlike the other tribes, an peaceal.li', mild, and ndiistrious. They follow a pastoral life; and live in little villutjcs uii;;>n|r the mountains. This co,:ntry has but few towns. Kclat, the principal, is the resi- dence of a chief, or Khan, to whom some of tlio tril>es are subject. Map No. 12. — IIow is Persia boun(l((i What river separates it from 'I'artary '.' Ak. — From Tiirlrey '' Ts., Ks. — What sea on the north? Cn. — Ciulfo.) the south? Pn. — What mountains extend across Persia? Ez. — What dcH ;rt south of the Elborz Mountains? G.-St — What is the ) opuliition of Teheran? Ispahan? Tabrcez ? Reslid ! Meshid ? V'e d ? Shiraz ? Kerman ' What bounds Afghani itan on the north ? H.-K.-Mm. -- South ? IJii. — East? l.-Rr. — West? Pa.— What lake in the vest ? '/.h. — What river flows into it? Hd. — What is the po;iulmion of CubuW Candahar ? Herat ? Peshawur ? What bounds Deloochistan on the north "^ An. — South ? A.-Sn. — East? l.-Rr.— Wesl? Pa. — What is the population of Kelat? tJundava ? 8. Describe the Affrhans. 9. Cab\il. tan. 11. The Bruhoos, &c. Herat. 10. Describe Beloochia- ,^^3ig«^jS^SIi;@i^5<^,ii^v^*^^?««safefet- -««s&.*'^' "f- f-^iffj^l 1^ ti*' il! Hi ; ;> I : i m .1* ■ll/l? i !*!,! 2H'i ni-.:^( nii'TiVK fji:ounAi'Hv. Turlur C'lirinuii. TAUTAUY. 1. Taktary coiiipnlionds all the central part of Asia, Rtrctching from the Caspiiui Sra to the Pacific Ocean. lis yreat divisions are Independent Tartary.and (.'liinese Tartnry. 2. Independent 'J'artary comprises a number of small states prolessirijf tlic MiiliomcJan fa.tli, and f,'overned by princes cidlod Khans, ('hinesn Tartary is under tiie control of the Cliineso i» fJKOOnAI'HY. H3 ^^^^^&^,. ->fi^£:^ rAUY. nil tlic cenfrni part of Asin, !r(i lo the rnciCic Ow;nn. Ila Turtary, and (.'liiiiosc Tartnry. prises a number of small states i.th, and f^ovorncd by princes •y i.s under tiio control of the lor the most port adopted the . rcjjion comprise Bcvcrnl distinct ■lit 'J'lirtary and I-ittir niicliaria aro at' Soongaria or tliu Kulinucks, and nre the true Turtars. Tlio Mant- V the ruling race in China, differ in ARY OR TURKISTAN. ' extends eastward from the 10 Kir. The climate ? G. Agriculture ? 7. Cotton manufactures, &e. ? 8. Inland trade ? Foreign commerce I IC dianinnrls ? 9. IVfcribp the Hindoos. 10. How are they divided ? 280 DESCRIl'TIVE GEOGRAPHY. i^^if' i I :• I' :i:?; other aniinnlii. TIutc nri; likewise in HinilooNtan a number ofMuhoin- cdanH, witli some CliriHliuiis, buth native and Euiopcnn, unci Jcwh. Ix!. The eiiicf purt of Hindooslan in under the cnntrol uf the Hritisli E;ist India company. Their territory contuin't a populiition ofiibout K) millions ;.llie tributary states US millions, total of the company's territory 1«3 millioiiH. To this nnist be added one million Cor the lslanarcs. 16. Ceylon. The Coralline Isles. nknlh '^"^^ ! GEOGRAPHY. in IlindooNtan a number ofMuliom. lalivc and Eiiiopenn, and Jcwh. n in under the control of tin; Driti!^]! >ry contain'* a population of about H.) lions, total of the company's territory iddcd one million for tho l!:Si-.^hf'- ■Sfiii I tiiif; (lie prifsts iind rnmciit tliite yciirN, titlitr us a mol- lis of the proplc nrc in n low state; c better tliun slaves, lieing obliged c hard labour ; iiiid, in Anam, tlicy if buying and Hulling, tlent of Chin.India. Kqiun: Milei. IntutlUDt^ Brilisti territories .■■ 77,000 l.non.lKX) Malacca 55.000 '.'iHl.noi Total, U'.'O.OIHl aO.HOO.IloO 16 I AH. 9 founded about eiglity vears eriod was the moat important irmans are a military people, leir late contest with the East icry efficient. BCD, has been the capital since \&2i. though but lately a splendid city, Irrawaddy river, is the ehief sen- aid of the governments 7 Nobles ? Of the women ? 5. How many it is its extent in square miles? most populous ? the Birman Empire founded 7' Describe Ava. Umerapoora, &c. INDIA. ANAM. 289 8. Tin; empire of Anam is of recent orijjin, and dates only froiii llu; In'jiiiniiini; of the present (cntiiry. It ('(jni. jiilses Ton(|iiin, Cochin-China, and Cambodia, with part of Laos. f). The late Emperor Caung .''Imnjr, organized his army and navy, constructed (ortreHses, and established nniiorics at>er the Kiir(i|j( an manner; he thus ucquirid a Ibrmidable military foree, and was eiiiihlnl to add to his original possessions the inipottunt territories of Toii(|iiiii and Cumbodiu. lf». Hue, (he capital, is an immense fortification, built in Ihn Kurope;m Etylo ; lOO.OUO men were employed on the works during tlic period of their construction, and 1,'J(I0 cannon were mounted on the walls. Saigon, in Cainbndia, is the chief sea-port of the empire : it contains u royal arsenal, and carries on an extensive commerce. SUM. 11. Siam is a considerable kingdom, situated between Birmah and Anam ; its territory, watered by the iMeinam river, is frrtilo and liiohiy prolific in various tropical pro- ductions. The people arc mild and courteous, but cunning and avaricious. 12. Unnkok, the capital, is situated on the river Meinam, and may bo reg.irded JRilost •fts a city Hoating on the water ; many of the hfiuses are built^on ral>s moored in the river, and can be easily moved from place to place ; these are inhabited chiutly by Chinese, who constitute a large portion of the population. BRITI.SH POSSESSIONfe. 13. Tt|p British possessions in Chin-India, comprise a strip of territoi^ 'ying south of the Burrampooter river, and an- other south of the Sahven ; these were both acquired at the close of the late war with Birmah. 14. Arracan and Amherst are the chief towns : to these may be added the town and territory of Malacca, Pulo Pinang, or Prince of Wales Island, and the city of Singapore ; the latter was founded in 1820, and declared a free port. It has in consequence acquire. Tlio peninsula of Malnrrn is orciii)ic(| hy n numlxT of smull indi;- pf'iuUiiit stntes, of wliicli biil littlo is known. Thu inhnbitants, chiflly Miiliomefliins, arc called Muliiys, and arc by turna merchants, pirates, and robberH. 16. The well-known Orangf Outanj; ii found in Muliicca. Tlio fabluii lonf; pro- palpated of lliin giffftntic Ape, walking erect like n man, wugine war witli clubs. Sto, arc nil now cxploaed. Its natural conformation proven, in agreement with itfi habits, thut it is only adapted liir climbing trees and living among the branches. •■- i: 1 : 11 ! , : ; 'i •' ,' •i ■ i ' ■ ' i Map No. 13. — How is Dirmah bonndcd ? Siam bounded ? Annm bounded ! IMnliiuca bounded ? VVhiit rivers flow into the Gulf of Murtabiin? ly., Sn. — Into the Gulf of Siam ? Mn. — China sea? Ca. — How loni; arc ull these rivers 7 What isthmus connects Malacca with Siorii ? Kw. — What strait separates it from Sumatra? Ma. — Which is the SDutli c:ipe of Birtnah ? Ns. — OfMalacc*? Ra. — Of Cambodia ! Ca. — Wliat is the population of Bunkok 7 Ava ? Hue 7 Saigon ? Umcrapoora 7 Arracan ? Singapore 7 What islands lie west of Siam ? An. Nr. 187 CHINESE EMPIRE. 1. TnK Chinese empire contains the greatest number of inhabitants subject to any one government in the world. It embraces China, Chinese Tartary, Corea, and Thibet. The population of the whole is supposed to be 230 millions. ,Thc great mass of the people are Chinese ; but the ruling race, to which the Emperor belongs, is the Mantchoo, by Whom China was conquered, in 1644. British Possessions. 14. Arracan, &c. 15. Malacca. Andaman and Nicobar islands. 16. What is said of the Ornnff Outang 7 China. Q. — 1. What docs the Chinese empire contain ? Wh»t It GEOGRAPHY. CCA, Tlin peninsula of Malnrrn is i('(l by ft numlHT of smull indo nt stntt's, of wliicli but littlo is 1. Tho inhnbitnnts, chidly meflims, arc called Mulavs, re by turns nicrchatits, pirates, abborw. The well-known Orangf Outanjf ii in Mttliicca. Tho fabluR lonjr pro. (I of IhiH gigantic Ape, wiilkhig ike n man, wugine war with clubfi, c nil now cxploaed. Its natiirol nation proven, in ngrecnicnt with liits, thut it is only adapted for ^g trees and living among Iho ca. landed 7 Siam bounded ? Annm hut riverB How into tho Gulf of ilf of Sinm ? Mn. — China Bea ? } VVIiut isthinus connccta Malacca pnnitus it from Sumatra ? Ma. — • Ns. — Of Malacca 7 Ra. — Of Illation of Bunkok 7 Ava ? Hue 7 Singapore? What islandB lie EMPIRE. itains tlie greatest number of government in the world. It ary, Corea, and Thibet. The osed to be 830 millions. ,Thc linese ; but the ruling rare, to he Mantchoo, by Whom China iic. 15. Malacca. Andaman and af the Orang Outang 7 ilne»e empire contain? What it CHINA. 201 Group of Chinese. CHINA. 2. CniNA comprises a territory about three-fourths tho size of the United States. It is noted for the great antiquity of its government ; the singularity of its nianners and cus- toms; and for its jealous and reserved policy towards other nations. 3. The soil and climate, fi'om the great extent of country, are extremely various. The former is cultivated willi the greatest care, in every part : even the mountains and rocks are made to yield some u.seful product. 4. ManufacUircs are numerous ; and many of them have been car- ried, by the Chinese, to a state of considerable perfection. Foreign commerce is carried on at Canton, cliiefly with the English and Anier- icunB, in tea, silks, cotton, and china-ware. 5. The export of tea alone to (Jreat Britain and the United States is about (!0 millions of pounds, annually. The inland trade of China, by means of the numerous rivers and canals, is very extensive. The Grand, or Imperial cunal is the largest in llie world, being 600 miles in length. It i.s said to have employed 30,000 racn upwards of 40 years in its construction. 6. The great wall which bounds China on the north is, probably, tho greatest work ever accomplished by ni in. It is 1,500 miles in length, 2t feet in height, and of such '' ' .. . ■ . ride abreast upon it, tho Tartars. thickness, that six horsemen can easily It was hmll '3,000 years ago, as a dcicucu against said of the people 7 2. What docs China comprise ? For what is it noted ? 3. What is said of the soil ? 4. Manufactures ? Foreign commerce? S. Export of tea? The Grand cunal? 6. The great ,SSe«5iiiSHjp53r_ 29S DKSciiiPTivE oi;o(iu.\riiv. I^ir I 1 1: Hi! '■ jg!!il Bi lA#« 7. Tlio cliii^f hoiiuly oC tlm woiiu'ii, in lliin cnuiitry, in llioil)(lit to Im lliu iiiimllin" ii;;tli, iiiiil two in liroAillii. H. Till' |irim'i|uil IIkmI omiI id rii r ; 1ml llic pooro cIiibkck I'lil riitK, mice, iiud |iii|iiiii'M i iind ollcn kuIUt I'roiii Cuuiiiir. Soii|W niudc ol' cdllilti bi^d^'-o(•^lH, i(iii.>liiir, and olliir gununy iiul>slanot», uru unionj,' tliu liixiirii H ol' tlie riili. !l. I.cirninff ih hiitldy olrciricd in Cliinii. Tli.y li.ivo many boiiliM, on viirioUM HnhjriitM, jil uri' V( ry di I'm ii tit in Iriir lilcriiluri- and miiiict;. Tilt! MiuidariiiH, or gma ollicirK, iniiiloyid in llir iidininiMlratioti ot'lliu Covornnicnl, owe llii ir rank and litlu tiilirtly to tlitir »kill in lullcm. Cliiiit'iH.' Militiiry. 10. Tlio army of China is Baid lo amount to HOO.flOO men ; Iml, compared with fciiropoan soldicrc, their appcnranee is most nuniihtary. Their paper lithnclB, wadded jfownB, quilted pellii oatu, and eliuimy Batin bw iiH, ilii' t him »e iinil Tartar, of wlileli the loriiur is the liiiixt i li'tiarit iiiiil pnpiiliHis ; hut ihi' hitter \a iiilnriied liy the iiii|M'rial paliiii' ami giinliiiM, 'I'lie shopH are very iiUiiM riiiiH, and priiieipally only oiii' slury hi^jh: they an' iiiiiiriKil with Iliii^H, Varnish, paintings, and lanliins, 'I'lie sin its are immensely eriivMJdl, li)r the ChiiK >i' spend iiiiieh ol' llii ir lime in Ihe ii|h ii air. I I. Nankin, the aneient i apll il, is iiiiieli larger than I'l kin ; Init it i<< now greatly decayed, and Is iioti d liISS»S-C23 If TOTO m i^»i^' i I li =-il »- 1 It 294 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Pal'ici) of 'l'e:j|iuo Loiiituo. 5. Teshoo Lornboo is the sent of an inferior Lama, who resides in a large monastery, compostd of 400 houscH, encompassed by a higii wail, Jigagungar is the most populuus city in Tliibet. Map No. 12. — How is Cliina bounded? What sea lies between China and Corca ? Yw. — VVliat rivers flow into the Eastern sea ? Il.-do., Yg., H -Kg. — How long are tlicy ? VVliat islands lie east of Cliina? liO., Fa. — What islands south ? Hn. — How lonij are For- mosa and Hainan? What mountains arc in China? Pg., Mg. — What lakes ? Tg., Pg., K.-Nr. — What is the population of Pe kin ? Canton ? Teentsin ? Sootchow ? Hangtehow ? Kingleching ! Nun- kin ? Voutchang ? How is Thibet bounded ? What rivers take their rise in it ? Br., ly., Ca., Yg. — How long are all tliese ? What mountains are on the north? Kn. — The south-west ? Uh. — How high are these ? What mountain west of Lassa ? Ce. — How high is it ? What river runs through Little Thibet ? Is. — What is the population of Jigaguii- gar ? Of Lassa ? 189 COREA. 1. CcREA is a large peninsula, situated between China and Japan. The people have no intercourse with any nation, ex- cept the Chinese and Japanese, and are consecjuently but little known. 2. This kingdom is ruled by a sovereign, who pays homage and tribute to China. The arts, learning, and written language of that country are in use in Corca ; hut the spoken language is entirely differ- ent. Kingkitao, the capital, is situated nearly in the centre of the country. Corea and Japan. Q. — 1. What is Corea ? 2. What is said of the Bovereign? Arts, learning, ..Vc. ? Kingkitao? 3. What doe* Japan GJEOGRAPHY. mo l.oiiilijo. n inferior Lama, who rcBidcs in a >uscH, encompassed by a higii wail. f in Tliibet. lundcd ? What sea lies between ivcrs flow into the Eastern sea ? e tliey .' VVliat islands lie east of )Uth ? Iln. — How lonij are For- iiins arc in Cliina ? Pg'., Mg. — k'hat is the population oF Pe kin ? langtchow ? Kinglcching ? Nun- rivers take their rise in it ? Br., ;se ? What mountains are on the Ih. — How hiffh are these ? What How high is it ? What river Wiiat is the population of Jigagun- EA. a, situated between China and tcrcoursc with any nation, ex- e, and are consecjuently but sovereign, who pays homage and ng, and written language of that spoken language is entirely differ- jated nearly in the centre of the s Corea ? 2. What is said of the liingkitao? 3. What doe* Japan EMPIRE OF JAPAN. EMPIRE OF JAPAN. a95 3. TiiK empire of Japan comprises the islands of Niphon, Kiiisiu, ami Sikoke, willi llie southenimost of tlie Kurile islands. The [K^oplo, like IIr! Cliinese, are very jealous of l:j,iropeans ; so that our Knowledge of tiie country is rallicr limited. 4. Tiio agriculture is in a highly improved state. Hice, wliviit, sugar, cotton, and tobacco, are extensively cultivated, and the ti-a-plant grows wild in the hedges. The mnnufac- turcs are numt;rous, ;uid inchuk: silk, cotton, porcelain, and lackered or Japan ware, in which, and the working of metals, the .Japanese excel. (Jold, silver, and copjier, are the princi- pal minerals Ibtind in this country- 5. Jiip^ui is one of tlio most civilized nations in Eastoni Asia. The pcopli' pay great attention to tin; eduoalion of tlniir childn d, and (eniaks iire instructed with the sainc care ne the ollitr sex. 'l'li<.'y rigorously exclude foreigners from the en)|>jre, ami peiniit none bi;t llie Cliincsc, Cori'ans, and Dutch, to have intercourse with tlii.tn. 'I'he li.tter are sulijcct to murh indignity, yet they submit to it for the sake of tlie prolils of tJie trade (!. TJKi worship of Ruddlia, of Confucius, and of spirits, or genii, prevails in Japan. Tliu last is called the religion ol' Sinto. The govLTiiniisit is absolute; and there are two monarehs; t!ie Kul)o, or ijiinimandiT in chief of tho army, is the rojil soarciu'i ; wbile the Dairi is the spiritual hvad of tlic empire. He lives relirt d, in bis palace at Miaco, and seldom ventures abroad, except on a visit to sonic of the great teniiijea. 7. Tlic laws arc cxlr<^tne)y ticvc-ro, and arc rigor'^usly cxecoied. The se<;arity of person and property is, in consenuence, O'lidercd very complete, (jrcal criini;s and captt.il punishments are, |» rh ips, more rare hcie than ill almost auyotlur iuitjuii. C'Mllinir to j ii xi : , and im- iiiersion in boiliii;; oil, are cjinmoii moriis of punisliiii,^- tin; guilty, 't'lie parent is made to suffer lijr Uic crimes of tie child, and the child ioi those of the parent. 8. Jedo, the cajjital, is one of the largest cities in the world. It is scvoii miles iong, and five broad; and contains ;':'ariy pidaccs of the great lords, who must reside bete part of tlic yK-.:r. 'I'iie biiildings, on account of tlic frequency of eartli(juakes, are built of one story only. The city is subject to dreadful fixes, one of which, in the year 17U1, consuiueil 100«()00 Iiouses, comprise? i. Whet is said of the agriculture? Manufactures T Gold, &c. T 5, What is Japan? Wh.it is said of ei!iie;ition ? For- eigners? 6. The worship of P.uddha, itc. ? 'I'he goveniriient ' Mon- nrclis ? 7. What is said of the laws? '"utting to pieces, itc. ? 8. Dcscilhsi icio. S. Aliaco. Oijaco. IS'angatiaki, _ ■■iS^^^^^*Bssi«5S^^*SS«S^^' % 5H^Sji|P?rv^-« ■^"■*^^'^j*^" ' -^-S L-.- : -^Z . ill l^il^' U , i, ; ■ i1 '■ 'i ■ ' 1 i 1::; p:i 296 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 9. Miaco is the religious capital of Jnpan ; and is also liie centre of its litcTUturo and suiencc. It contains some very large palaces nnd temples. One of tlio latter, Fokosi, is 1,000 Icct long; and contains un iniafTC of Buddlia, 83 feet liigh. Osaca is a large city in Niplion. It in, like Venice, intersected by numerous canals. Nangasaki, in Kiu;uu, is the only jwrt at which foreigners arc allowed to trade. 'I'lir; Dutch are here restricted to a small island, where they are nilowcd a space of only 600 feet long, by 120 wide, in which to carry on their buijiiicss. Map No. 12. — What sea bounds Corea on the west? Yw. On the cast? Jn. — How wide is the sea of Japan ? What strait sepa- rates Corea from Japan? Ca. — What country hounds Corea on the north ? Ma. — What sea on the south ? En. — Which is tlie largest of the Japan Islands ? Nn. — The ne.xt in extent ? Jo. — How long is each of these islands? What strait separates Niphon and Jcsso ? My- — ^Vliat island lies north of Jesso ? Sn. — How long is Sighalicn ? What channel separates it from Mantchooria? Ty.— Wliat islands lie north-east of Jesso ? Kc. — Wliich is the largest of these ? Sn. — What ocean bounds Japn on the east ? Pc.— How long and wide is the Pacific ocean ? How many miles is it from Japan to Mexico ? How niiuiy inhabitants has Jedo ? Miaco ? Osaca? Malsinay ? 190. AFRICA. 1. Afhica is the third in sizo among tho grrat divisions of llie globe, being nlwiit onc-liiird less than jUin, and three times larger than Europe. It is a vast peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Sucv:. 2. This quarter of the world is almost wholly in a state of barbarism; yet, in anci(;nt limes its northern countries were among tlie most enlightened in tlie world, and still have written languages. They are now, however, among the lowest of the half-civilized nations. ;{. Africa is the liottcst region of the globe ; and lies mostly within the tropics ; and the innuence of a trojiical climate ex- tends even to those portions which are in the temperate zones. The most striking natural feature is the great desert, which extiMids 3,000 miles in length, and 1,000 in breadth. It is covered with sand and gravel ; and appears like the bottom of a dricd-iip sea. Africa.Q. — l. What is said of Africa? 3. Of this quarter, &.C.? a' GEOGRAPHY. of Jnpan ; and is also the centre of ains some very large palaces und , is 1,000 (bet long; and contains Osaca is a large city in NIplion. lumerous canals. Nangasaki, in pigners are allowed to trade. 'I'lir; 1 island, where they arc allowed a ) wide, in which to carry on their Corea on the west ? Yw. — On tea of Japan ? What strait eepa- /liat country hounds Corea on the ith ? En Which is the largest lext in extent ? Jo How long rait separates Niphon and Jcsso ? ? Sn. — How long is Sighalicn ? intchooria ? Ty. — What islands ch is the largest of these? Sn. — St ? Pc. — How long and wide is les is it from Japan to Mexico ? Miaco? Osaca? Malsinay ? 0. [CA. izo among tJio grrat divisions !iird less than jVsia, and three i.s a vast peninsula, joined to I is almost wholly in a state linios its northorn countries ;d in tlie world, and still have now, however, among the 3ns. of the globe ; and lies mostly encc of a trojiical climate ex- ;h are in the temperate zones, iure is the great desert, which and 1,000 in breadth. It is nd appears like the bottom of Lfrica ? 3. Of this quarter, &.C. ? Mfi AFIMCA. 297 Africa. 4. The rivers of Africa arc but few in number ; and none of them are navigable, to any extent, fur large vessels. The pi'inc[)ul streams are th(j Niger and the Nile. The latter is remarkable for flowing sixteen hundred miles without re- ceiving u single tributary. 5. Tiio mountains are, generally, more distinguished for their extent than their elevation. The Atlas Mountains in IJarbary, the Mountains of the Moon in central, and the Snow Mountains in southern Africa, are the principal. Other ranges, as tlic Jryslal Mountains in Congo, and the Lupata Mountains on the east coast, are so little known, that even their very existence is doubted. C. The principal Afrinan animals are the elephant, liippo|K>tamus, catnclopard or giraffe, and the two-liorned rhinoceros, with the lio.i, leopard, zehra, &c. The African lion is the noblest animal of his rare ; tliose found elsewhere being much inferior in ;7ize and strength. The antelopes comprise not less than si,\ty different siwrics : of these, the springbok is found in troops of several thousands, 'i'he camel in north- em, and the ass in western Africa, are the chief beasts of burden, and are oi'U'n employed in long and painful journeys. 7. The ostrich is the largest Africin bird, and the largest in the world. It runs with great rapidity, but doi'S not fly ; and its feathers arc valuable as ornaments of dress. The secretary vulture, or serpent- 3. The Great Desert 7 4. Rivers ? 5. Mountains ? C. Describe the animals. 7. Birds. 8. Crocodiles, &,c. 9. Great kingdoms. Agri- .?*^l^»s«!«if^W»!-;«aHs.-****6«- rVi : 296 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRArilY. ' l^il^' ( African Lion. Springbok. eater is remarkable for devourinsr the raost noxious of the serpent tribe. The sociable vulture, as arge us the condor, and similar in its hnblis. IS found among all the hi{r|. mountains of the interior. The bustard and gumci-iowl, with grouse, partridges, and water-fowl of various Kinds, arc numerous. 8. Crocodiles are found in all the rivers of the tropical parts of Africa; and serpents, scorpions, and lizards of various kinds, abound. I he Willie ants are singular insects. They build nests 10 or 12 k-ct high, which are divided into apartments with magazines for provisions, arched chambers, and galleries of communication. 9. Africa has fewer great kingdoms than Asia or Europe. It is chiefly divided into a number of [x^tty states, whose governments are rude and despotic. The operations of agriculture and manufactures are very imperfectly performed ; yet, owing to the fertility of the soil, the products of the former are in many places ve.-y abundant. 10. The chief trade of the interior is carried on by caravans, con- Bistmgof numbers of camels, which cross the desert in various direc- tions; and perform, on this sea of sand, the business accomplished by ships on the ocean. Commerce, on the northern and western coasts, is carried on mostly by Europeans, and on the east by the Arabs. 11. Africa has furnished slaves to Christian and other nations for hundreds of years; and the traffic, though somewhat checked of lafc, IS still actively carried on. • ^1"""^ .®!;'*."i"" ""•* '""l ^'"''^•* ^'»'"'« «'"« formerly deeply engaged in I ; but both nations ha^;e forbidden it; and it is punished as piracy by the latter power. The trench, Spanish, and Portuguese, still pursue tlio trade on certain parts of the African coast 12. The people of Africa are estimated to amount to almost 60 mil- culture. Manufactures. 10. Trade of the interior. Commerce. 11. What IS said of slaves? Great Britain and the United States? U. What number of inlmbitants 7 To what do they belong, &c. GEOGRAPHY. Bpringbcik. le most noxious of the surpcnt tribe. e condor, and fliiiiilar in its hnbiis, itnins of the interior. The bustiird ridges, and water-fowl of various the rivers of the tropic.il parts of d lizards of various Isinds, abound. s. They build nests 10 or 12 kct ents with magazines for provisions, ammunication. ■doms than Asia or Europe. It is city states, whose governments are s of agriculture and manufactures t, owing to the fertility of the soil, iny places very abundant, or is carried on by caravans, con- cross the desert in various direc- iand, the business accomplished by the northern and western coasts, is i on the east by the Arabs, to Christian and other nations for though somewhat checked of late, ites were formerly deeply engaged in it ; and it is punished as piracy lanish, and Portuguese, still pursue •ican coast mated to amount to almost 60 mil- of the interior. Commerce. 11. Britain and the United States? To what do they belong, &c. ill AFRICA. 290 licmfl. They belong to two great races, the African and Caucasian. Tin; former arc the most nuiiuTous, and comprise the chief part of the inlialiilants south of (lie (Jrcat l>csert. They arc nearly all pngans ; and are cxlreniely i^'iiorant and nnptrstilious. Tjiu Moors, Aral>s, Kerbcrs, Egyptians, Abyssinians, Fcllatas, &c,, l.iloiig to the Caucasian race. They are chiutly Mahomcdans ; and |Ii(jiil;!i superior in knuvvledge to the African races, are still rude aiul burb^rous. 191 How is Africa bounded? Morocco . Algiers . . Tunis . . . 'I'ripoli . . i;-ypt . . . Nubia . ■ . Abyssinia Libc'tia . . . . Bounded ?- , . Bounded ?- . Bounded ?- . Jioundcd ?- . Biiundi'd ?- . Bouiidod .'- , . Bounded ?- , . Bounded ?- -Capital ? ■Capital? -Cipital ? -Capital ? -Capital ? -Capital ! -Capital ? -Capital ? Ashantee . . ■ Dahomey . . Benin Congo Angola .... Bengucla . . . ('u|)e Colony Mozambique Bounded Bounded Bounded Bounded Bounded Bounded Bounded Bounded ?— Capital ? ?— Capital ? ? — ('apital ? ? — Capital ? ?— Capital ? /—Capital? ?— Capital I ? — Capital ? Where is the Gulf of Sidra ? Gulf of (iuinea ? Gulf of Aden ? Strait of Gibraltar ? Strait of Babclmandel? Channel of Mozambique ? Whc'o is Great Fish Bay ? VValwiseh B. ? Santa Cruz B. ? St Helena B. ? Dclagoa B. .' Bombetok B. ? Anton Gils B. ? Vohe- maire B. ? Where is Cape Bona ? C. Guardafui ? C. Bassas ? C. Dclgado ? C. Corrientes > C. Lagullas ? C. of Good Hope ? C. Cross ? C, Frio? C. Palmas? C.Verde? C.Blanco? C. Bojador ? C. Ambro? C. St. Mary ? Where is the River Nile ? The Senegal River ? Gambia ? Grande ? St. Paul's ? Niger ? ('ongo ? Ambriz ? Coanza ? Bp nibaroughe ? Orange? Manice ? Zanibeze? Ozee ? Webbe ? Yeou ? Shary ? Misiiclad ? Where arc the Atlas Mountains ? Mts. of Kong ? Mts. of the Monn? Crystal Mis.? Lupata Mts.? Snow Mts.? Red Mts.? Kiidama Mts. ? Where arc the Azores Islands ? Madeira Is. ? Canary Is. ? Capn Venio Is. ? Fernando Po I. ? Prince's 1.? St. Thomas I. ? Anno- bon I.? Ascension I. ? St. Helena ? Ethiopian Archipelago ? Mas- ctircnha Is. ? Mauritius I. ? Bourbon I. ? Seychello Is. ? Almirante Is. ? Comoro Is. ? Monfia I. ? Zanzibar I. ? Pemba I. ? Socotra I. ? Where is the Great Desert? Libyan Desert? Nubian DesTt? Desert i,i' Challahengah ? This is called also the Karri Harri Desert. What three great circles pass through Africa ? T.-Cr., Er., T.-Cn. In what zonfs is Africa situated .' Td., Te. In what zone is it mostly ? Td. Africa contains 37 degrees of north and .35 of south latitude. In what latitude then is it mostly .' Nh. It contains 50 degrees of east and id of weat longitude. In what hingitude tiien is it chiefly ? EL -»^fi'^^^^9ai««®«««a»»Aws»*i«!*»-^^^ 7~^rrrr:i' 300 DESCllIPTIVR GEOGUAPriY. 10-2 l^#l^' s. * ■' Arab Families removing. BARBARY. 1. BARBAnv is that part of nortliern Africa which includrs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, together with the in- terior region called Beled el Jorid, or Land of Dates. 2. It is traversed some distance inland by the Atlas Moun- tains, between which and the sea-roast the climate is mild, and the soil is, generally, fertile, but poorly cidtivated. Wiient and barley are the principal products ; but grapes, olives, almonds, dates, and other fruit j, are raised in great jxirfection. 3. The foreign commerce of the Barbary states is extremely limited, and much burthened with arbitrary exactions. The exports consist principally of the raw produce of the soil. The most active traffic is that carried on by tiie caravans with the interior country south of the Great Desert. 4. Piracy was once the chief employment of the people of this region. Many vessels were captured, and numbers of European and American sailors were enslaved by them ; but this practice, so long a disgrace to Cliristcndom, no longer exists. .5. Barbnry is inhabited tiy several distinct racca. Tlin Moors, who are the riding people, inhabit the towns. Tlio Arabs, orijfinally from the Great Desert, live in tents ; and raise cattle and grain. In re- liarlary. Q. — 1. What does Hurbary inclndo ? 2. By wliat is it traversed? What is said of the clinialo 7 Soil, &c. ? Products? 3. Commerce ? 4. Piracy ? 5. Describe the Moors, ti. ShelUUis 1 Jews, ' ■ > **' 'W«H » M ii .| i J I W i'i ™ w)WWWPpipPIII GEOGRAPHY. 02 ics removing- ^ARY. nortlicrn Africa which includrs 1 Tripoli, together with the in- Drid, or Land of Dates, nice inland by the Atlas Moiin- ; sea-roast the climate is mild, e, but [loorly cultivated. Wiiefit products ; but grapes, olives, i, are raised in great perfection. ' the Rarbary states is extremely with arbitrary exactions. The the raw produce of the soil, at carried on by tiie caravans 1 of tho Great Desert, if employment of the people of ere captured, and numbers of irs were enslaved by them ; but ice to Cliristendom, no longer ral distinct racca. Thn Moors, who towns. Tlio Arabs, orijfinally from and raise cattle and grain. In re- liirbary inclndo ? 2. liy wliat is it linialo? Soil, &c. ? Products? 3. ibo the Moors, ti. Shcllulis ? Jews, MOROCCO. 801 movinj; froni ono spot to amitlier, the women, cliildrrn, mid smaller (Inmislic aiiimulrt, are cariiid on camels. 'Plio nun, on liorsrliiick, drive tho eattU' ; and are armed, ready to defend their |)toi>erty, or repel a|;^ression. (1. The Shi Ihdis irdiabit the Atlas Mountains, and live chiefly by himtinffand oiiltivutinft tlie ground. They belong to the Uerber race, supposed to have been the tirBl inhabitants of this part of the continent. 'I'lie Kabyles of Algiers, the 'Pnarieks and 'Pibboos of tho Great Desert, and part of the inhabitants of Nubia, all appear to be the same people. There arc also nnnibura of Jews in Uarbary, who are nmeh oppressed, and heavily taxed ; but, being allowed to engage in trade, olten l«come wealthy. Uei^ides these races, there are many negroes, brought originally from Soudan, who in Morocco foiin the chief part of the military foicc of the empire. 7. Extent and Population of the Bitrhary States. Sijuarfi Milcf. ritl'iil^lt'iit. Pop. tiiSq. M. Morocco iPO.iKX) ; ((.oiio.iino :u A|,,ipr, '.KIINHI l,.'i(MI.(MK1 1 lii 'Pllllj^' .'.((.(Mill 1 1,0(K),(H)(I , i.>0 'l',|,„ili ' 10(1,000 I COO 1)00 1-i Dflid elierKl I40,1HI0 | UOO.OIK) j _0_ Tolul, .570,000 I 10,000,000 ! l!li View of the Plain of Mnroccn, and lliu Atlas Mountaina. MOROCCO. 8. Morocco is the most important of the Barbary powers. It includes the kingdoms of Morocco and Fez ; and has also a nominal control over these of Suse and Tafiiclt. y. This state is, at present, ninch less flourishing than formerly. &c. 7. Which is tlie largest and most populous state in Barbary ? The next in extent ? In population ? 8. What is Morocco? 9. What ;^««^i^MKSS«<5:rfl»t«.--s*s;«s«#»!^*«*»'- TnT?" 1 ' l! i' 802 DESCRIPTIVK GEOGRAPHY. The BcU of its (fovcrnmcnt arc cnlcnlntcil to di«coiwn(fc ontcrpriKe, BjfricullHre, niul rvcry brancli of usofiil industry ; and itH coinmerre, onco coiiHidnralilc, is now ulinoHt dvHtroyed. 'I'lic only important innn. ufacluro \a lliat of Morocco Iciitlior, wliicli Ih aupurior to any niudc elsewhere. 10. The city of Morocco, the cupitiil, is sitiiiitcd in n fertile, thickly, wooded plain, near the foot of the Atlas Mountains. It is cncloned hy a wall, nnd is surrniinded hy numerous (fardcns. Fcs! wos, for a long time, the most rpleudid city of western Africa. It is now much decay- ed, and a jfreat portion ot it is in ruins. 11. Mequincz is sometimes the residence of the emperor. Its in- habitants are more civilized nnd humane than those of any other city of Morocco. Mojradore is the chief sen-port. Rabat is one of Ihc most important towns on the coast. Sallcc, almost adjoining it, ws» long noted for its piracicif, but is now nearly deserted. JW«/) iVo. 14.— Whot bounds Morocco on the north? M.-Ss.— South .' G..Dt.— Kast? As., B..Jd., G..I)t. — What strait scpurnlis It from Spain ? (ir. — What islands lie west of Morocco .' Mu., Cy. — What mouiitains extend through .Morocco? Ah. — Which is llie principal peak ? ,M...Mii. — How high is it > What is the population of Morocco? Fez? Mcquincz ? Rabat? Mogadorc ? Sunla Cruz J How far is it from Morocco to Florida ? 193 ALGIERS. 1. A LGiRRS occupies the territory of the nncient Numidia. The people of this state were the mo.st enterprising and daring pirates in Barbary, and formerly maintained a naval force which rendered the name of Algerincs a terror to the people of southern Kurope. It was conquered by France in 1830, and is now held as a colonial territory. 2. The city of Algiers is strongly fortified. It has a good harbonr, and carries on a considerable trade. It is now a half French and half Moorish town. The invading an.iy captured in this city 10 milHon dollars in money, besides an ample supply of ships, stores, and ammu- nition. 3. Constantinc, Ma.scara, and TIcmscn, are the most important towns m the interior. Gran in tho west and Bonu in the eastern part of the territory, are the most considerable sea-ports ; the latter is the seat of is said of its condition? 10. Describe tho city of Morocco. Fez. 11. Mequincz, and the other towns. Algiera. Q. — 1. What docs Algiers occupy ? What is said of the people ? a. Describe the city of Algiers. 3. Constantine. 4. What ^^im^is^iiii mnrnffmrnm K GEOGRAPHY. cnlciilntcil to diacntimifc ontorprJKP, usofiil industry ; and itx coiniiivrrp, I'Htroyed. 'I'lic only important innn. Iior, whicli is aupurior to any niudc ipitiil, i« situated In n fertile, tliickly. Atlas Mniintuins. It is cnclomMl liy KTous (rardcnn. Fez woa, (or a loiiij stern Alrica. It is now inucli demy- uins. residence of the emperor. Its in. lumano tliiin those of any other eily lief sen-port. Rabnt is one of ihc St. Sallce, almost adjoining it, was 3W nearly deserted. liorocco on the north? M.-Sa.— Jd., G.-Dt. — What strait seniirnlis ids lie west of Morocco .' Ma., Cy. ph .Morocco ? As — Which is tlie liijrh is it ! What is the population Rabat ? Mogadorc ? Sunla Cruz / ■Ida? 93 lERS. rritory of the nncient Numidin. !re the mo.st enterprising and d formerly maintained a nnval 3 of Algerines a terror to tlie [t was conquered by France in ilonial territory. y fortified. It has a good harbonr. It is now a half French and half ly captured in this city 10 million supply of ships, stores, and amiiiu- mscn, are the most important towns and Bona in the eastern part of the 3 sea-ports ; the latter is the scot of scribe the city of Morocco. Fez. iers occupy ? What is said of the Ugiers. 3. Congtuntine. 4. What BARKART STATES. 80d the nolfd coral fishery which yields to the amount of 300,000 or 4110,000 dullarh annually. TL'NIS. 4. TiT5is is the most fertile and liost cultivated of the Unrbary Slates, and the people are at the same time the most civilized and industrious in this quarter. a. Of the products of the country, grain, dates, olive.nil, and wool, arc rx|iorti'd to some extent. There us a considerable tratlic also carried on with interior Africa. C. The city of Tunis is tlio largest and most tlourishing place in Ilarliary, and being no longer engaged in piracy, has applied itself (o inanut'uetures and commerce ; of the former, silk stuffs and velvets arc tlic most considerable. Kairwan, Monaster, und C^abcs, arc important toivns. TRIPOLI. 7. TRiroi.i is the most eastern, and is also the least fer- tile and populous part of Harbary. Its soven-ign is more friendly to Christians, and has shown a greate'r desire to introduce the improvemenis of civili/i'd lile into his dominions, than any other prince in this part of the world. H. The territory of Tripoli is marly all a desert, but contains some fertile districts along the sea-coast, in which agriunlturc is uctively pursued. An extensive commerce by means of cura\ans is carried on with the countries of interior Africa. Fezzan, the groat emporium of the caravan trade, is tributary to this state. Barca and Augela, also, belong to it 9. Tripoli, the capital, ha.T a good harbour, and carries on a consider- able commerce ; the streets are narrow, with low mean houses ; but the palace of the Dey and some of the mosques are handsome structures. Mesurattt is, next to ttic capital, the most important town. BAHCA. 10. Barca, the ancient Libya, is separated from Tripoli by an extensive desert. It was in ancient times noted for its productiveness, but hardly any part of its soil is now culti- vated. The inhabitants are chiefly Arabs, who wander about the country with their flocks and herds. 11. The ruins of ancient cities arc numerous and interesting; of is said of Tunis 7 5. The products ? fi. Describe the city of Tuni«. 7. What is said of Tripoli ? 8. The territory ? Commerce ? 9. De- Bcribe the capital. 10. What is said of Barca ? 11. Ruins, &.c. 7 -:r|:8s5®ffi^!?n»aSiJ*»*.'-;««;ajft«is .i.**'-^'. .:f^m"'l ao4 DEHCRIFTIVI:: QEOUIlAi'MY. \^t0' Tonibi of I'yreiie. tliCBp, (^yrino, with iln Nccrn|M)lb<, or city of tlio tointia, ii tlio mnut Htrikiii|r. IKiriiu uml lli'iiiriizi uru llir only jiIui'i'h tliut cun bo ouIN towiiK. 'I'lic iimt vv;in ca|iturc(l with great gallantry by (iuncrul Eulon, an Aniiricuii, in Italia. Miip Nil. \i. — By wliat in Aljjii'r'* boundud on the north 7 M.-Si. — Hiintli ? H..J(I. — Kast ;' 'I'm \\\»t f Mii. — Wliiit nioiintains nro in the Bonth ? Ah. — How loiij; iiru llicy .' What In tlif |Hi|>iila. tion of AlfrJL'rH .' ('unstantinc ' liona ^ Oran ^ Whul lM)niidH'riiiiia on thu north.' iVI.-Sa. — Soulh ? R.Jd. — Kant ' M..Sa., Ti. - VVfHt .' As. — What rape on tlit! north? Itn. — What lake in tlio goutli ? r,li. — What IH (he |Mi|nilatiiin of TiniiH ? Kairwan ? VVhnt boiinilM Triiioli on the north' M.-Sa Sonlh? (;..Ut. — Wcsl ' Tm., Il..Jd. — What ((ulf »i'|) II iii:s Tripoli from Uarca ? Sa. — Wliiit is the |>o|)ulalion of TriiNili ' What bounds Itarrn on the nortli ! M..Sa. — South ? L.-Dt — Bunt > Et. — West .' G..Sa. hn IlELED EL JERID. 1. The Hclcil ol .Icrid, or I.mul of D.ifos, strHchos along Ihc iiortlKTii idge of the (ircat IXscrt, I'roiii tlu; Atltis Moun- tains oil tlio west, to tlif IVoiitiois of Tripoli on the east. a. The soil, tlioii^rh dry and arid, produces dales in great abunda..Ji h form the chief food of the inhabitants. This recion comprise gion comprise! which Bcveral petty states, which arc peopled by various tribcsof Berber's and Aruba. Bfled il Jtrid. Q. — 1. What is said of the Belcd el Jerid I 2. Soil ? .JlltlijBijj fci X— il' iK' 1 OEOUHAi'HY. .^^r •y, - of Cyreiie. . , or city of IIki tointw, ii tlio mn«l I till! only jiliii'i'it tliut (^un be cullrJ til threat gallantry by (juncral Eulon, L-rs bniiiidud on the north 7 M.-Si, — Wi'Ht / Mil. — Wliiit iMoiintains !!(,' lire llicy .' VVImt In tin- |Hi|)ula- ioiiM ^ Oriiii ^ Wliul lM>iiiidH'riiiiia ? n.-Jil. — Kast ' M.-Sa., Ti.- ! north / Itn. — Whot lake in tlic iitiiin of TiniiH '. Kairwiin 1 VVhnt .M..Sa. — Soiilh ? (;..Ut. — Weill ' Tripoli from Uurca ? Sii. — Wlial Vliiit bounds Iturra on the nortli f Et. — West .' G.-Sa. 194 EL JERIU, liimil of D.-ifc's, strHchos along ii DiMTt, I'roiii tlu! Atlas Moim- \c.rs of Tripoli on the east. I, produces dulcs in great abundui.jr, nliabitantfl. Thin region comprisca |dcd by varioUD tribes oFBerbc-rB mid said of the Bulcd cl Jerid ? 3. Soil r TIIR OUnAT AFUICAN DF.SEIIT. .'ion 3. Nearly nil tlio towiix nn- nurroiuidid liy wmIIh, miil ;iri- iiilinliilrd fciinc by hvo anil ollii rti by llirec dilUrent Iribo. 'I'Ihv iirr in I'un- Ki|uenn' dividid into riirrcsponiiing Mclionii. KurinrtK I'lnlrls olhii iirciir belwic n ilie triJMH in llicwi' towns, in wliii li i vc nl Ihr (.'itiH eon. ln'eling tl ditlirriit r|niirl(r« lire eliwcd, niilil |Miire is reniored. I'ghwnut, Tnggurt, and (iiidunieii, aru the principal townn. > .- 1^ - ^7 ^ k TIIK GUF. AT DESHUT. 4. TiiK Oreat Desert stretches with hut lilllc inferriiption from tho Atlantic o<'cnn to iIk- river Nile. It is ciniiiinsed (if vast sandy plains, swept by hot winds and parched hy a liurning sini. 5. Tho Desert is here and there diversified witli watered and fertile s|iotrt, called oasv.i ; of these, Fe/.z.-m, Tiiiesiy, Hilmah, Agdass, and Tiiaf, appear to Ix; tho |)riiicipal. That part of the Great Desert cxtendinj; from Fezzfin to the Allan- tic ocean, is called hy the Arabs the Sahara, while the rasf. em and smaller section is most usually termed the Libyiiii Desert. 6. Fczzan is tho largest of the oaics, and is tributary to Tripoli. Its |)cople, reckoned at 70,000, possess but little energy of eliarnctf r, and arc imperfectly acquainted with the arts. It is printijcilly inipor. t:int as the cen'rc of tho caravan trade. Mourzuk, the capital, is a small iiiud-walled town. .States, &e.? .'J.Towns? 1. Describe the Great Desert. .I. How is It diversified 7 What ii the Sahara, &c. 7 fi. Describe IV/zan, 7 20 r^^finH' 8oa b^SCltll'TlVB UKO.JR.irHy. 7. The crntrnl ptirt of tliu Dewrt i* wcuiiicd by tlio TiIiIiooh nml llii' 'I'll iriiUH. 'I'lic liirinrr iirr iim liluck uh n"i{r. A|{(lu»» Biiit 'riiiiUiKt i > iil'i: njitl til U' ill thrir |Miiiiieitiiion. H. Ill criiHiiiiiij; ilii: tirwil iKsdcrt, triivi'llcrii arc often ^'undorrd by tl^ biirliatiiiiN iiiliiibitaiits ; tliiir livri urv iiliii tiiilaiiurrud '~v the njh . Iiliiwii up liy tviiiin'Htit, which tillH and diirUtiis tliv oW, mid tiiri'tiUiii in ^iilliicatr mid ovriwIiLliii thoin, 'I'lio ucciKiiinnl I'uilurcH of . r ' lilt' iiHiial iilii|i|iiii;,''|>lnL'i'N, in likcwisu iilWii atli'iidud with Cut. ' j., iici|||i'Iilth; tVniii the luttur caUKC iti thr year lHi)5, a cnru I'l ot ) raiiK'lH, and !2,000 iiivii, p«iriHlu'd with tliirHt. !l. ( )ii thr tu'O-cuait of llio duntrt arc viirioua wn '. rinf ■ .id tury triliL's, who olWii iiicvt witli a rich boot in liii > " 'U iihipwivi .1 on their KhorvN, and wliiili arc alwuyii (lunrti 1 tlxi gruulii- avidity. In dilVtrnit piiitn nf X\tv dcwrt, tliut' .i n u..:ii oC rook mli till! cxteiiHivo demand tur wliioli in Siiuiiin cauMw the surrao- ut' tl> drunry rcgiuli to be olluli ciilivonvd by .10 paHiiigu vC iiunKrouH -^uru VaiiH. Ill A/»/> No. M. — How is the Ilek'.l ul Jerid boundud ? Ho\ (•ri.al DcHcrt bounded .' What trib<'» are in the centre ? Tb ;» till! Oil tin,' west I yh., VV»., Tm., Bo. — VVliut aalt-inirMK ore in the Orful DiHcrt ' Ty., Tt., An. — What oamn nre in the (Jroat Dtnert I i'li., 'J'y., nil,, ,\s., 'I'l-, An,, 8h., E..DI,, K,.KIi. — V^hat country in the " ' ■ How Jonj; and wide in the (jreut IX-Hcrt ? Wlmt cuiHa Hr., Do. — How liir in it to .Mexico ! To Cuhd ( Mnitli I l.r are on the eoavt ' mi THE REGION OF THE NILE. 1. Tut! Region of the Nilu comprehcndH ull that part of Africa wuterod by the river Nile nud ita tribuUiriea. h (■onipri.seH Egypt, Nubia, Abyasiuia, Kordofun, Darliir, Fertit, vkc. K«YPT. 2. EisvtT 19 celebrated for its great antiquity, and the c.irly civilization of its inhabitants. Its mij/hty pyramidH, Kplenilid obeli.sivs, and the ruiiiii of its ancient cities, all uttuHt itti foruier niaiinificence. Tihiioos. Tuaricks. 8. WImt i« laid of travellers ? 9. Of the sea- coast ,' The Rreion of the Ml,. Q. - 1. '.Vhat does Iho Rci ion of t!)" Nile niiiiprchend ? 3. What is a^A nf Egypt ? 3, Of itn prestnt luler? ... i B i flbmawiiM . mKimw t m ! GKOan.irHy. lert i« oi«il hy tlio TihlmnM oiiJ I lilick Mri n"Kr(H'H, liut ul' u ilill'i nnl ir |iriii('i, ill iliMtrii't. 'I'lic 'liiuriiU i|{lit Hjiiirklin^ t'yt'n uiiil urii|K'uii>. A|{(la»t niiil 'rimUu>.tuu I trBVi'llcr* aro ollen |.'iiiidorrd by tin I urv iilaii t'lidanucrcd ''V tliu ' i itul (lurktiiM tliG aW, iiiul tnnMtci, The occihiiiiml I'uilurcH of ■. . r ' viitu iilWri atli'iiilixl wit'< fuk.! ' >.i ri tlir yi'iir lrt(l5, a ciiru m of 1, Ml ith tliirMt. t arc viirioiM wn '. ■rinf < jd , rich boot in tlii « ' 'U iihipwiti >i I iilwayn (lUnd'Hia i i Um^ grful>>< ili'wrt, tliur< uu: iiitUtiH ol' rock kiIi ; I Siiuuin cnuMB tho Riirram uf tin I by uio puHingu of iiuiiKruua ';uru- I'll ol Jurid boundud 7 Uow 'ii tlic ib<'» uru in the cuiitrt! ? T»., 'I's. — — VVliut aalt-inirx'K arc in llie tiriMt a»i» nru in llic Groat Desert I I'li., )l., K.-Kli. — Vyiiat country in the li ill tlif Great IX-Mcrt ? Wliat cu|Ma V tiir in it to Muxicu ! To Cuba t »)5 OF TIIK NILE. ilo com|)rehcnclM all that part or Nile nud its tribultirifs. It Vbybdiuia, Kordofun, Darfur, YPT. its grcnt antiquity, nnd the early Its mijjhty pyramidn, Hpleniliil icicnt cities, all uttunt itti ibruiiir ■aid of travellers 7 9. Of the sea- ■yhotdooi tho Rci ion of t.'m Nile Egypt? 3 or itH preRiil lulcr? EG VI' I'. U07 ;K It wns, until lately, n Turkish pruviiirf!; Imt llin pn-" lit ruler Ims rciuicrt'd liiiiisclf iiieoplcd. 7. KoRUOFAV was sometime since conquered by the Pacha of Egypt. Its soldiers, like those of Hornou, wear armour in time of wrr. Fkriit and Donga are known only by report : the former is said to abound in copper. The Snii.i.i'us are a nation of negroes, of unusual si/o and strength. ABYSSINIA. 8. AnvssiMA, the ancient Ethiopia, is a country of riig- ped mountains, intersected by deep and li'rtiio valleys. Thougli situated in the torrid zone, the climate is generally temperate and pleasant. Wheat, barley, and tetl", a very Ah/-i«.Q. — 1. What is Nubia? 2. What is sriid of the soil? 'X The inhabitants ? 4. The remains of ancient temples? 5. Describe Dongola. C. Darfur. 7. Kordofan. H. Abyssiuia. i). What is said is=ta^f«^nWf53KpfW ■rtTn^i' 1^*1^' 310 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. smiiU grain, are the cliief products ; and salt is the priiripal rninoral. y. Tlic proplo are in soiiio rcsincli> supii inr fo tlic nalioiiM nrouiul them, niid liuve miiiui knowlcdgi' (if tlic i,ils; yet llitir iiiiiiiMcis ;ire extremely cruel and liceiiliuus. At llicir teasis, t!iey eat raw llesli cut from tlie aiiiiiial wliile yet warm, liito.xicatiou is tWquciit, a pluralily of wives is coinriioii, and yreat depravity of manners prevails. 10. The religion of Aliyssinia is n corrupt kind of t^lirislianity, in- tcrrnixed with Jcwi.sli rites and ceremonies. Circumcision is pr.ictisul. Baptism and the Lord's 8np|H'r aic administered, and >Salurday and Sunday are both observed as u sabbath. The churches arc numerous, and are iniiih adorned with paiiilinf;s. Tiearninjf is extremely limited, beirifj confined to the priests, and is connected principally with their system of relijriou. 11. This country was formerly under one government, but now com, prises three divisions — Tiirre, Ainhara, and Shoa and Efat. Some of the provinces have been conquered by the Galhi, a most ferocious and brutal people, who in their incursions spare neither age nor sex. They pcrlbrm immense marches, swim rivers, and endure incredible fatigue. 12. Gondar, the capital of Amiiara, is llic largest city in Abyssinia, and is said to be eight oi ten miles in circuit. Antalo and Adowa are the other principal towns. Axiim, the ancient capital of Abyssinia, is now in ruins, but is remarUable for its antiquities. Mnssuah, a pi.rt belonging to Kgypf, is the only place througli which the trilling l'oreij;n trade of this country is carried on. Map No. It. — How is Nubia bounded ? What river is in Xubii? No. — What desert? Nn. — What is the population of Suake:n ? Shendy ? Merawe ? Old Dongola > New Dongola ? Derr ? Wli it bounds Abyssinia on the north? Na. — South? Ea. Al. — Kast ? R.-Sa. — West? Ss.— What lake in the centre? Da.~Wh;.t river flows from it? Ni. — What is the population of (iondar / Antalo? Massuah? Axum 7 What countries lie west of tho Nile ? Kn., Dr., Bo. — S„uth of Darfur ? Ft., Da. — What river flows through Bergoo ? Md. — Tho capitals of these countries ? It, Cc., Wa. — Tlie population of Cobbe ? 197 WESTERN AFRICA. 1. Tnrs region extends from the Great Desert to tho Tropic of Capricorn. Its chief divisions are Senogainhia, and Upper and Lower Guinea. A highly productive soil, a rich luxu- of the people? 10. Religion? 11. Government? Describe the Galla. 12, Goudar and tJic otiier towns. CnOGRAPIIV. ucts ; nnil s.'ilt is the priir'ipnl i'li> supi rinr to tlic iialioiiM nroiind ' tlif iuls; yet tlitir iiiiiiiiiiTs arc llii'ir tciislH, iUuy oat raw llosli cut liito.xicatiijii JH tWqucnt, -.i plurality avity ol' iiiaiiiiors prevails. n ciirriipt kind ot' tJlirislianity, in. nonios, Circiinifision is practisul, ; adiiiiniHtorfd, and Saturday and itli. Tliu clmrclics aro iiunn;roiis, s. lii-arninjr is cxtrcinily limited, 3 coiiiKcttd principally with their ik'r one govcrnnirnt, hut now com, ra, and Slioa and Efut. Some of y the Gnlhi, a most ferocious and » spare neither age nor sex. They ,ers, and endure incredihlc fatig-iie. a, is Ihc largest city in Abyssinia, I circuit. Antalo and Adowa aro le ancient capital of Abyssinia, is r its antiquities. Ma.ssuali, a pi.rt through which the trilling Ibreipi nded ? What river is in Nubia? I is the population of Suake:n ! ' New DontiOla ? Derr ? Whit Na. — South ? Ea. Al. — Kast > ! in the centre? Da. — What ; is the population of (iondar ! at countries lie west of the Nile ? :., Da. — What river flows through hcse countries ? It., Cc., Wa. — AFRICA. the Great Desert to the Tropic s are Senegamhia, and Upper productive soil, a rich luxu- Jovernmcnt 7 Describe the Galla. WKSTKllN AFKICA. :ni rinnce of vegetation, and a great variety and abundance ol animals, distinguish this jiart ol' the continent. 2. The inhabitants are rude, ijfnorant, and barbarouf!. Ti.cir chiefs are cruel and despotic, and in some parts arc rejrarded by their sulijeets as a .■sacred race. Mahoniedanism is the relisi''" of many tribes ; but Feli'cbism, or the worship of fsiiakes, li/aids, and other dL-^UBtintr objects, prevails to a great extent. 3. The slave-trade has been carried o:i by Europeans from this region to a greater extent than frntu any other part of Africa ; and, liotnith- standing the exertions made to siipprcso it, iminbers of fluv( s aro still carried off. SEN EG AM BI A. 4. Skxeoamhia stretches from the Great Desert to the colony of Lib(;ria. It contains a niituber ol" dillercnt states, of winch Foota Jullon, Bamlxuik, ami Wooiiniana, all in the interior, appear to bo tlie principal. 5. The inhabitants of Foota .Im.i ■ n' belong t<) the F(;ulali nation, who aro widely dispersed over Westi rii and Central Afrie;. 'I'lity are the most civilized |H'ople of this region, and have dark clive ecip.plexi.ns, with high and ofkn pleasing fratures. The .lalotrs tiiid Mar.iliiigct s aro also important races, but differ from the Fouk.hs in their complexion and general appearance. 6. The French, Eii^lish, and Portuguese, have settlements establish, cd on various parts of the coast, fbr the purpose of trading with the natives for slaves, ivory, guni.arabir, and gold.dnsl. Western Africa. Q. — 1. Describe this region, a. The inliiibilnnts. Religion. 3.' Slavctradc. 4. Wliat is said of Senegambia I 5. The Foulahs ? Juloffis, &.C. ? 6. The French, &.e. .' /-^f-ffrr 312 DESCRIPTIVE GKOGUAPHY. i lf< ' I r ] i SIICRUA lkom;. ^7. Till. Hritisli Colony of Sicrni licono wn>! o.stnMisIirfl in 17S7, II. I- llif [lurposc of iiitnKliicing il,o Cljristiuii religion ami civiliziition into Africa. 8. 'I'iir bulli ot' lli(! inlinbitnnls arc lilwratcl slaves, tiilivn from cnp- tund sliivu-slii|.s. Tlif population of i.|ic colony is about M(l,ll()(), of wliom not ini.ru lliim Kill art- wliitrs; tlio cxtrcnir unlieallliiness of lln; olimiilc rrml. iinff it almost iinpossihlo for tlirm to reside here witli Hallt;,. I'Vi clown is the capital of Sierra Ltone, besides which there are W or li) villaircs. UBRRIA. 9. LiiiDiiiA, now the most interostin'^ country in Africa, is an AMnricnn colony, fpundod in l^-Jl, j.y tiie Amcricmi (.'olonizatiun Soc-iety, as a place of n;liif;o for'the free negroes and eniancipated slaves of the United Slates. HI. Many have emigrated thither, and the colony is in a flourishing condition. Si viral of the neighbourins; tribes have put themselves under its pn.Kclion, and are endeavouring to imitate its customs and learn its arts. 'I'he slave-trade has bwui abolished within the limits of Liberia. S. vc ral vessels, built at Monrovia, Irude along the coast with the native t.il,'s, Ibr gold, ivory, palm-oil, &.C., in e.'jchange for Ameri- can and Karoi'ian manufactures. 11. The first pctlkd and chief town is Monrovia; it contains up- wards of jllO liouses, iuelnding churches, .schools, a public library, &c. Tlierc are ten other towns ani. villages wliich are situated at various ponils on the coast, from the St. Paul's river to Cape Palmas. The terrilory of I.ilxria e.vtcnds along the sea-shore about 300 miles : it contains j.llOO colonists, and 20,000 natives. Map No. II. — How is Scnegambia bounded ? What are the princi. pal rivers > ,S1,, (Ja., Nr., R.-Ge. — How long are the three first ? What caiM) on the west ? Ve. — On the south ? Ps. — What French settle- ment on the SiMiegal rivcr ? St.-Ls. — British settlement on the Gam- bia ? Hi.— What stttlcment on the Rio Grande? Pe. What ishuids lie west of Cape Verde ? C.-Ve. — What British Colony in tho south ? S.-T,e. Miip No. l.j. ~ What arc the principal rivers of Liberia ? How loiig IS the St. Paul's river ? Which is tho most northern capo ? Mt. — • Southern ' I's. — Tlierc are eleven colonial towns— which aro they ? ^allve towns ? What colony at Cape Pnlmas ? Md. — At tlie St. John's river .' Pa. Sirna Tjrime. Q. — 7. Describe Sierra Leone. 8. What is said of the inhnl)il;mts ? i». Describe Liberia. 10. What is said of the colo- ny ! 'J'iie neighbouring tribes ? The slave-trade ? 11. The chief towns, &c. ? How fa., docs the territory extend ? GKOGItAPHy. Sierra I^fono wnsi cvtaMisIiffl in i'i)(liicing lli(j L'ljristiua religion ire lilwratc'I slaves, taUrn from cap- 1 of ilin culony is iiboiit M(l,ll()t), uf cs; tlio cxtrciiii! unlieallliiiifss of llio ssihlo for tlirm to reside here witli f Sierra Ltoiie, besides wliicli there KRIA. iiiterostiiif^ country in Africa, is (1 in IH-JI, l)y tiie American •eoCnjUif^o for the free negroes ! United Slates. r, and the colony is in a flonrishing om-inst tribeff liave put themselves ivoiirinf/ to imitate its cnstoms and I bo<;n abolished within the limits of lonrovia, Iriido along the coast with Ins-oil, &.C., in c.fcbange for Ameri- town is Monrovia ; it contains up- irchcs, schools, a public library, &c. lages which are situated at various Paul's river to Ca\->e Palmas. The the sea-shore about 300 miles : it ) natives. bia bounded ? What are the princi- low long nre the three first ? What louth ? Ps. — What French scttle- s British settlement on the Gam- I the Rio Grande? Pe. — What ;,.Ve. — What British Colony in the ncipal rivers of Liberia ? How long the most northern capo ? Mt. — n colonial towns — which are they ? Cape Pnlnias ? Md. — At tlie St. Sierra Lrone. 8. What is said of Tia. 10. What is said of the colo- The slave-trade ? 11. The chief ritory extend ? I'PPER GUINKA. 313 liW UP PER GUINEA. 1. Uri'KK OfiM:v extends frmii Sene;^ainliia to Biafrn. Tii(! const is divided by navigators into tli(! (!min, Ivory, CJold, and Slavi; (..'oasts: tiieso are so named from tlie chief oiijects of trade at the resix'ctive pit.cos. •J. Hesides part of tiic colony of Liiieria, this region con- tains tlie native kingdoms of Aslianli'C, Dahomey, IJenin, iVe. also some I'inglish,' Dutch, and Danish settlements. 3. The kingdom of Ashantkk is situated to the north of the Gold Const, and is the most important native state in Western Africa. The inhabitants possess some of the comforts of civilization, but live not- withstanding, in a stale of shocking barbarity. 4. The horrid custom of sacrificing human beings at the decease of the sovereign, or any of the royal liiinily, [irevails to a great extent, and three thousand victims are said to liavo bi c.i immolated on the grave of the king's mother, on one occasion only. The houses in Coomassie, th'.' capital, are ne.it and well-built. 1 ho streets arc all named, and are each under the charge of a captain. 5. The tJoi.n Coast contains a number of European settleimnts or faeloriiH, fouruled for tlie purpose of trading with the natives for gold dust, the most valui.ble product of the country. Cape C oast Caslle is the principal of the British liietories, Klmina of the Dutch, and Chris- tiansburg of the Danes ; these an; all fortified and have small garrisons. 6. Dmiomev, on the Slave Coast, is a fertile countty : it is inhabited by a warlike and ferocious people, whose manners and customs are even more cruel and barbarous than those of the Ashantees. Aboiney is the capital. , i . i . • Be-nin is but little known : the king is not only absolute, but is con- sidered a god in the eyes of his subjects, and all crimes against him are punished both as treason and impiety. LOWER GUINEA. 7. The principal countries comjirised in Lmvcr G'linea, are Loango, Congo, Angola, and ]?enguela. The sea-coast of tliese countries is known to navigators by the name of the Coast of Angola, or simply the Coast. 8. BiAFRA, CAr.noNGAS, and Gaboon, lying south of the Niger river, arc reported to be fertile and populous countries, but are seldom visited. Upper Guinea. Q. — 1. Describe Upper Guinea. 2. Kingdoms, &c. 3. Ashantce. 4. What is said of human sacrifices ? Coomassie ? 5. The Gold Coast ? 6. Dahomey ? Benin ? 7. Describe Lower .®«a^?««W*»»W^='^'^'P I i fttm I'' 1;. ^a:''k liil ^Jti .-^It nn.SCRIPTlV F, (JEOOU APHY. :l:ivc trndo aiLiI I.ouii;;)). l.oAVdo povuri-cs a line cliiimto and u fiTlilK soil; (In f.irriid nil (n sniiie exliiit I'lojn its iliid' |ii)it>i, Caliciulu !'. CoNco, Av(i()i,A, Hr;.\(iii:i.A, and Matk.mii', an: silii.tcd to tlio P'liitliwnPil of llir rlvir rniij-i). Tlic wliulc region is Hiiid to lie lirtilc, tlioiii,'li in koiik; piirls but tliiiiiy |)c'i|ili.tl. 'I'liisi; IciTilorics vvirf ili-i- oovcird liy tlir rortiifiiiesc in Mf<7, and ivcr since tliut time have Iweii under tlieir I'ontrol; but their authority in tho interior is uupposed to bo only niiininai. HI. ('AssANfiK and IMooi.ooa nrc ennntries reported to ho far inland. 'J'he iiilialjilants of the latti r ar(! more eivili/.ed and iiidnslricjiis lli.in those on the roast, yet the atrocious eiistorn of human saerifue pre- vails. .St. Salvador is iIk; principal town ofC'on'ro. St. Paul de Leanilo and .St, Felipe de Henjriii la, are the eliit'l' si'a-iK)rts : I'roin tlicso tho tlave-trade is carried on to some exieiil. II. 'I"he ('iMDKnAS ("oi'NTRY evleiids live hundred miles southward from Di'nffiii la. 'I'lie whole coast appears to 1m' a disc, I, hut the interior of the country is well (ilted liir pasiurajre. The iiiliahitant.4 aro a simple niid inotlensivo race; they are clothed in ox-hidvs and |K)ssen8 lurgc herds of cuttle. Miip Xo. 14. — What bouni's I'pper Cuinea on the north ? Sn. — South? (J..(ia.— Kast ? L.-CJa. — Wist? Sa., F.a. — What mountains on the north ? Kj;. — What is the population of t'(joinas>,io ? .Mminoy? Benin ! Ifnw is Lower (Juiiiea hounded ? Which arc its rivers ? Co., Az., Ca., Be. — .Mountains ? C'l. — What islands in the Gulf of Guinea 7 F.-Po., Ps., S.-Ts., An. — To what [xiwcr do the rlirce last bclonij ? What river divides Uppi r from Lower Guinea ? Nr. — What is the population of Loango ? St. Salvador ? St. Paul de Loando ? How far is it from Guinea to Brazil ? From Angola to Brazil ? 19f) SOUTHERN AFRICA. 1. SotTTiiERN Africa comprises nearly nil that part of the continent whieli lies south of tin; tropin of Capricorn. Its subdivisions are the Cape Colony, CuflVarin, the country of tlie Hottentots, and the country of the Bosluianas. 2. The Cape Coi.onv was settled by the Dutch in 1615, It was twice cniic|iiered by Great Britain, and was finally confirmed to that power in 1H1;1. 3. Tlie soil along the sca-eoast is, generally, fertile, end productive in 10. Cassangc, &c. II. Guinea. 8. Biafra, &c. 9. (Jonj^o, iVc. Cimhclias country. Soulhi-rn Afiira.Q. — \. What doiis Southern Africa comprise? 9. Wiint is said of tlie Cape Colony ? .3. The soil ? Fanners ? 4. Cap« ; (JKOGUAPHY. (I a tVrtilo soil; tlie ^Invc trade in •liii r (iDit-t, (';ili(;ilil:i iiliil I.oaii)4(>. nd Matk.mb', nru Kilii.tcd lu tin; (• wIkjIc region U s;ii(l to lie Itrtilf, ii'ipk'tl. 'I'liise tcrriliirics wire ili-c- iiml ivcr since tlial time have Ixtii rity ill tliu intcriur is Bupposeil to be eoiintrics reported to bo far inlaml. iiiire eivilized and iiidiistrinus th'in IS eiistorn of buuian Haerifue pre. town {irt'nnjro. St. Paul de Leanilo lie ebiel' seii-jxirts : I'roiii tliese the leiil. Mils live hundred miles sfiiithwnrd I ap;vars to Ih" a deseil, but tlio d liir pasiurajje. 'Hie inliabitaiils • ; they ure clutiicd in ox-liidvs and |ier (iiiinea on the north ? .Sn. — \Vi si ! Sa., Fia. — Wliat ninuntoins opiilation ol't'iioinastjie ? Aboincy? iided ? Which arc its rivers ? Co., — What islands in the Gulf of -To what [xnver do the vlirce last from Lower Guinea ? Nr. — What .Salvador? St. Paul de Loando ? ? I'Vom Angola to Brazil 7 19 N AFRICA. irisfs nearly nil thnt part of )('th(! tropic of Capricorn. Its my, CfiflVnrin, the country of Y of the Boshiinnas. I by the Dutch in 1615, It was and tvas finally confirmed to that generally, fertile, end productive in 'o, r,iiit rncc ; 1mi« urc very filtliy in tlitir linliit^, ""<' I'"'" "i"ly iiJlly ill iKTHi.ii. Scar to hn of llii- same' race .is llir Cairri's; hot li.ivf made more progrtss in industry and Iho arts. 'I'luy dwtll in towns of smni' niaguiludu ; and cultivate tlio ground, raising millet, beans, wal( r-iiielons, &.c. They have firire herds of eiillle, the rolil.ing of which from each other IS Iho cause of fre(|uent wars among the ditVerent tribes. Lnt- takoo, Mashow, and Kurreeeliane, are tlieir chief towns. JlfflH X,). It. _ What countries lie south of the Tropic of Capricorn? lis., Bs., CCy., Ca. — What is the most soutlicrn capp .' Ls. — What other cape is there > ({.-He. — What rivers in this region / Oe., Ke,, G..hi„S..f,a., .Vic— How long is the first ? What mountains? Sx. — How high arc they ? What desert extends north-west from the Iloshuana country ? Ch. This is also called the Ka.ri.Harri Desert. — How far is it from the I'ape C:olony to the Swan River Colony ? Wlmt IS tho population of Knrrcechanc ! Mashow .' Lattukob 7 CaiM) Town / Ciraham's Town ? 200 K.VSTKRN AFRICA. 1. Eastern ArnrrA coniprisps a vast txtont of const, reaching from Caffrariu to Abyssinia, «000 miles in length. tcntots ? !). The Bushmen ? 10. Country of the Boshuanas ? Towns. &c. .' Herds of cattle ? Eastern Africa. Q. — 1 , What does Eastern .\frica comprise ? 9. ''^ ■|||i!|[|i»iliiii»'ili i : GEOOIIAI'IIV. liif* are very fillliy in their lml)it^, Sdiiu of llieiii Imve hojn lnii<;lj| liy firoiinil, ruiso cattle, uriil work at a ntdls, (tn iilmrwt naked, nnd rcnide in Us in the roekH. 'I'hey use ixiisoMcd ivihl lieiistM. They displny Nome in- ill iiiiitatioii r>t' the oxtrieh, and thiiH iiiiNiui Hiitlicieiilly near to destroy it. i'( hniM". ■ — Till- I!(wliiiaiiear to hn of i.ive iiiaile more |irojrritis in imlusliy s of snme mn^'iiilude; and eultivalc I'ali r-iiK'loiis, iVc. e, the rolil)io^r ol' which from each ■s iiiriiins; the dillereiit tribes. Lat- lire their ehief towns. e Koiith of the Tr(i[iic of Capricorn ? ; most southern cape ? I,s. — What lat rivers in this region ! Oe., Ke., lie first > What iiiountalns ? S,v. esert extends north-west from the also calli.'d the Kairi.IIarri Desert. I'olony to the Swan River ('olony 7 eeclmnc ! Masliow .' Lattakoi) ? )0 AFRICA. rises a vast oxtont of const, y.ssinia, .'JOOO miles in length. ountry of the Doshuanas 7 Towns, Iocs Eastern Africa comprise? 9. EAHTKIt.N AlltUA. 'Ml Senrrily niiy pMrl ol' tlic wi.rM is su iiniuTrcctly known, ns tlir iiili'nur ill" this icyiuii, III' oiipoMS su nmiiy uhstaclcs to ihc iii\i'stij;iiliiiiis of till' triivrlliT. •J. 'I'lic htiitc's 1)1" this tirritury lire generally orcf.j.icd liy iliu-li hruwii (ir hliii'U iKilions, will), liiiwi.'vcr, Unv imt little rr- .si'iiililaiire Id nej^'fiM's exciiit ill rolnlir. In smiK' ol'thiin, llio iiiiialiilants arc nut ciiiirely ile.stitiilu df arts ami imliistry. :J. The CiirNTKV oK THE SoMAii.lES e.vteiids from Aliyssiiiia to ('iir«! (iardaliii. 'I'lie people are an aetivi' iiiduslrioiia race, who trade with the Arahs, Hind,..*, and the interior trihes. 'I'lie eouiilry is hilly niid kaiililiil.aiid may be eoiisideied as the native refrioii of incense, myrrh, and .siveel siiielliiifr guini'. 4. H. rhora and Adel arc the chief states on the coast, of which the I)riiieipal towns ure Ikrliora and /eyia; Ilurriir, in the interior, is the resid. nee of the Sultan of the Somaiilies. "J'ho inland country is seaieely known, hut apjiears to he oeeiipied hy the savage (ialla, and liy the king- doin of Ciiiigiro, wlio.se inhabitants are e(|Uatly liarbaruiis. 5. A.IAX, or A/ANi.\, stretchuig southward from ('aiic Oardufui, is sanily, hilly, and, except in the northern parts, barren. The want ol iKirbours, and the tierce character of the inhabitants, liave prevented it from being iiiueli frequented by traders. (). Z\NOiiEnAR extends from ("alio Ilassas to Cape Delgado. It con- tains several stales, of which i«!agado.\a, IVlombas, and Quiloa, appear to lie the chief: the latter is under the control of the Arahs of Muscat. The eily of Melinda, once a liandsoine and important place, is now in ruins, having been, with the whole of its territory, desolated by the savage Galla. 7. The commerce of this region is carried on principally by the Arabs of Mii.seat, who navigate vessels called dows, the planks of which, instead of being fastened in the usual manner, are sewed together. The ports of.Moiiibas, Lamoo, and Brava, are Bometimes visited by American vcs- eels. 8. The PoRTUOuEsu Possessio.vs commence at Cape Delgado; the authority of this nation was once very extensive and firmly fixed, but it is now little more than nominal. Mozambique, the residence of the (iovernor General, Quilimanc at the mouth of the Zambcze river, and .Sofala and Inhambane, arc the chief stations on the coast ; those in the interior arc Sena, Tete, and Manica. The Uade, now greatly reduced, is chiefly in slaves, gold, and ivory. it. MoNOMOTAFA, Of MoTAPA, a oncc ))Owcrful empire, is now destroyed : its territory is mostly occupied by the Maravis, a warlike, plundering What is said of its states ? 3. Somaulics ? i. Berbora and Adel 1 .^. Ajan ? f). Zangucbar ? 7. Commerce ? 8. What is said of the Portuguese possessions? 9. Monomotapa? 10. The Bororas, «;c. Cazcmbe ? »-«pa§B»KK',S- i^TJTIWSJBIt'--. --TnTT'tf \^t*' I \i mn IlIlHlRirTIVi: OHUtJIlAFIIY. tribe, wlioHc chiuf, rnllcil tin.' ( 'linngmnvra, rcnidoH nl /iiiihan, thn anrirnt ea|iitiil. Kirtlur inlaiiU In (lie iDiiiilr^ of llu; iMoviziin, an indiiiitriuua aiiil iK'itc'calilr rni'c, 1(t. 'Die ItdiiDiMs 1111(1 Makimis nro pi)|)itl(iUN tribcM in the interior: tlic latter iirr r('|ii>rlril to lir i iiiinllialN, ('azk.mmk, a luii);iliiiii Hitiiat'd in tlii' ccnfrr of the CDiilinriit, In fcrtilf nnil |Hi|iiil(ii)s, mill hiilijcit tu tliu vjll uI'm (!('k|iiiI; it yiildn in ahiinilain i; iruii und iiijiiicr, und jioiinisxch a (:(in»u> arc |)ii|iiil<>tiN tribcH in the interior: ImlN. I till' ctntrr (if till' roiitinriit, In firlil. ;!! Ill' II i!('K|iiil; it yii'liJH in iiliiiiHliiiir. iili)iiilrrul)li' trutlu in tluvoii and ivnry. riitcn ncrliorii I'rnin Arnliiii ! An. — ' (ii., ()i., Its. — lliiw I'.ir \» it liiiiii '/^iiiU'iU'lmr ItcN niirtli iit tlif Ki|ii;ilfir ' lis,, (j;i, — lliiw liir (ruin Ziuigui li.ir II Ziiiifiiiliar f \Vi'., Of. — III .Mil- iiilains .' F.n. — Capi'M .' |)o.,t'f.- |i!u troin .MadagiiBcur I Mc. 'X\ CBNTUAL Ab'Ull'A. .'UO 1 L AFRICA. riprises nil the iiitorior of tlio Grout Desert. Its northern di- lins boon purtiiiliy explored iiy rn, CHll(.'d Etliii)|iiii, has never (1 is, cniiNequentiy, unknown, gion, tlie Nigt;r, (callod by tlie niitivts ic Ccntrul Africa. Northern division. .loliliu, or Qiiiirra) won Iuiik n »ul'ji'< luf inlcnuc intrrmt li> tliii civilixcd wnrlil, ill i'iiiii»i|iiriir>^ of Hit- \iii' .< <>|>iiiiiinit cnti riaiiii d iniinTiiinK it' .Ml. r.iiU, III I'l.'i, ililiriiiiiii il till' ii|i|Mr p.irt ul iln riiiir>>r ; iiml llic |.,wi r ii.iit, mill 11 riiiiTiuliuii in tin ''nil ui (iiiiin :i, ui rr a^ti rl.iiiii il liy till' liri.lli'iK I.uml rf, In If-.'HI. ll w.is iihriiidi d, a llvv yiarn hiim, liy hvo Blcaiii-ljculB, liir u ilidl.iiic c nf JIMI nnlrH. ;j. .Siitiilun is, ill niiiNt [iiirt.s, li'rtile nnd poimluiis ; nini tlm iiilialiiliiiit.s p'Mi'rnlly cmtI iIius" ul' the rimsi in iiiilii^li'v nml iiiti'lii;;riii;i'. It eiiiil.'iins ii grriit nunilxT ul" states, • iiiiciiei in e.Meiit ami chnrneter. 4. Kaauta, till' iiiiinl wmttTii Htntr in Soudan, ih a rnncidrrublr kiiiij- ildiii, of iiiiiili'r.itc firlilily; the <■ ipil.il of uliiili is Kiiiinioo. Itoi rk Mini Wa.-ski.a (ill llii' Ni),'(r, and Komi I'.xtiiiiliiif; iiIoiik lln' iiioniitiiins n: till' ((iiiiii' name, an; all iiiiprr.'i illy kiioun. 'I'lii' lir»t alnmidH iii (•■'111. UKKiiiioand .\!a.isi\a on llic wostmi, and lULnod on llie eaut side i,i llif NijiiT, ari' riiuiiliirs willi u lilrli lliu I'ivili/.i il world in ttnpiaiiilid only liy naiiif. Walut, tlic c.pitul of Ik'croo, in nportt'd lo curry on a ^riat truilr in null. j. llA»inAHRA was, until lately, the most iinportniit Htatc in linn qiiar. I^r; lull It in now divided into two di«tini:t liiii|;iloiiiH. Lower H..in- li.rra, the l.mt loriiied of llie two, is tliu most powerful hliile ; mid lii ;,'uveriied by a I'oiilali, or I'ellata ebicf. Jeniie, tlie t':ipilal, is one iif lliu most eoiniiiercial towns in this part of Africa. Sejro, the eapilal of llpiicr or Old Ilainbarra, in cncloaod by u wall. 'I'lif Iiou«l'» arc built of clay, and wliitcwoslied. fi. TLMBUtroo ia the centre of the trade for Western Soudan. It iiua for a loiip time e.xeiled /treat iilteiitioii, from its siippoied riches j and i. the point nt wliieli ninsl Kiiro|icuii travellers li,i\(' iiiiii. d lo arrive. .M. f.iillie, who visited il in l.'-'H, has di.siii Ued, in a iiuaiuie, tlio reputalion it enjoyed for weullh and importance. 7. The Fki.i.ataii are the mimt powerful nation in the interior of Africa. They are Hiinihir to the Koiihilis; bul are mere wuilike. They ii;ive conipu'red lloiissa, the iii(v.l elvili/..d coimlry in tliin quarler; al.-n H vera! dniall Ftatea on the Nifr- r. Soceatoo is their eapit;il. Ki.no and tashna arc important cilitw in llonniiii. Zcgzeg in a liuu lerlilu district, the capital of which is '/aria. 8. BoiiHSA and Youbi are eonsidorablc Iowpb on the Niger. The former is the capital of Horgoo, a coiifedcracy of Ktiites on the samo river; arid Yonri is the place at which Mr. Park lost hi.s life. NvKre and Yahriba are fertile and populous countries ; llio people of which are the most improved and industrious of all the Neyro natioii.s. Kyco, the capital of Yarriba, Ib said to be I,') miles in circuit. y. noB.NOu is one of the most im|Mirtant states of Soudan. A con- Southern. 2. What il said of the principal river 7 3. Soudan ? 4. Kaarta, &C.7 .5. Bumbarrn? 6. Tiinbuctoo ? 7. The Follaliis ? 8. Douasa, &.C. ? 9. Bornou ? 10. Beghurmi? Darkulla ? Mandara? H^^;3ii?S3»j8#fir«5KS^« ■■^fiiri^ 320 DE.S( lUI'I'IVR (JF.OGHAI'IIV. i^tlt' 1^ ni noil it) the l.irf,'rHl tnwn. 10. llK(iii.«nMi, lyiiift iioiitlM'UHt of tlio I.alu- Ti'liail, ii* at|iin»t iii- wiiy« at war with lliriiuii. 'i'lio cavalry III' liotli tlnsr ir.liiuis cnviT tlii'iiiHi'lvcrt, iiiiil rvrii tliiir Imrm c, Willi iriiii ariiiniir; anil Iiiiil willl liini; KpiiaiH. Dmikii.i.a is inliali- itcil liy a lirnr l'a(.'aii rarr, callid 101 Fi^llati, wlin liulit witli |nii' nuiu'il arroU'H. .Mvmimia oi'ni|iir8 u tini' iirtili' Nallry riintiiiiiiii|{ Ntviral |>o|iiili>ii4 towiiH, ul' wliicn Mora it liiu cliiuf. Afn/i A'o. 1 1. — How Ih Siiiidan bounded? Wli t arc itn rivcri 7 Nr., Yn. Sy., 'la., Ik'. — Mow liiiip Li tin- tirHt f Wliiit liiltis arr in Soudan.' Td., Kc, l)f. — How iDiijf is tliu Cimt ' \\ Imt nidiintnins 7 Kg., IVIn. — What 18 llid iH)|iiilaliim ol' Hi go .' Jcnne ? Tiniliucloo? Huccatoo ' Kuiio '! Zaria ' Doiisaa ? liornou 7 Angornou 7 •■H\'2 AFUICAxX ISLANDS. 1. On bntli sides of tlie Africnii continent nre to Ik; found a niimt)or of sinj^lu islutuls and groups of i.slnnds, belonging principally to difltTiMit ICiiropcin powers; most of tiieni uro populous, fertile, and productive in a variety of valuable corn- modi lies. 2. The Azorks or Wehtkhs Isi.ks liavo a fine climntc and fertile foil, which pro which is less important than for- merly. Funchal is the capital. The Canary Islands arc noted for their wines, fruits, and Canary African Inlands, Q. — 1. What is said of the African continent 7 2. Describe the Azores, 3. Madeira islands. Canary iblands. 4. Capo .iitLiijiA ut m 'l M . K l — HiiiriiiiiMHiiiimai mimpiiuiMWuii *»< OF.OOUAI'IIV. H llic (irnil Dcsi rt ttilli Trinoli, iti K (MKM, lyiiiir iiorlli 111 (,aUi' IVImhI, IH II ili'^trii'l ill |i( iiilciit nil liiiriiniii mill I'liniixlirN III ihiil niuiilry ilH lirnvrxt iiiiil iiiont rtl'i i'IIm' HiililiiTH. Iliii|iiili>iM towiiH, uf which .Mnru in thu cliiut'. Iiuiindfd ? Wh t arc itn r'wcn ? is the lirHt 1 Wliiit IiiIun iirr in fr in tliu tirKt ' W'Imt iiiiiiiiitninH ^ II of Sign .' Jt'iinc ? Tiinhuctoo ' i8a ? liurtiou ? Angoriiou 7 « ISLANDS. ricnii continent nre ti) Ik; found id {groups of islands, Ix^'lunging an powers; most of tiieni uro in n variety of vaiuuhio com- i.r.n liavo a fine climntc and furtilo gin, wine, and fruits of TnriuuH jiiiidii, :lo in St. Michael's, and Angra, in f tlio whole group. fill, nnd fertile island, long celebrated !> which 18 less important tliun for- for their wines, i>uil8, and Canary id 8«id of theAfriciin continent 7 2. islands. Canary iblands. 4. Cape AFHICAN I.SLAND8. 381 Link Th. SI i«lnnd. c»tit„ii luoroiii. noiintiiiim, of which Iho mn«t cHHirm. .1 thr Vak oi l.i.i-riir-. .Sui.tu (>«,., in ihe i.|a„d of Tune- ritle, iM ilr iipiiiil. 4. Til.. • APK Vmi.i.: Ih, ,NnH. Thr rliiimtr of tlirsr i«! m.l, i, hot nnd unh.all Mill, anil tli.. ...il h iim^ily dry ami and. Many „f ihr iiiliuliiliintii .lied o( laiiiiii,. in Ih.M. Iroin ll„ . tf, . In of ii l,ii,g.i oMliiimd dmiiL-lit. hogii, on,, ol the iHJandH, i„i, tains an nrtiv.. vol.aiio. Salt, i-oal-skin* nnd MMiiii.- lotion, nre tin , |„tf nrtitlcH ..f trade. The lapital is I'orto 5. A-rrNMioN U,.ssi>, now u-arriMin.d l.y n snnill military llirr,., w,., lotiK nnni lial.ilid and lanimis ll.r ,N liirllr. St. M.liini in n Miiall rmiky wlanil; it IniN hill one liarliimr and town, (.Fain.Mimn,) uiid in noted (i.r having hini the re.idi iice of Najioleon lluonai.arte Ibr hLx yearxr hu died liere in M.iy, lB:;JI. '' fl. TijH 1:tiiioi'i.\n Ahciiii-elaoo, .sitiinled on llic oasfern side of Afnrn, cun.pnM.s .Mmin-nsaif, the Miisi.aivnlm, beyi.|i(.|!<., Aiiiiiraiii.., ( 'niinuii, ami .xnine oiIht islai.d.s. I '^■'^'V'*" »"••*'» i« riilations mi the m iylil.oiiring islands. a Imhrina, or III,, kiiitrilom of llie Oralis, tlie most important slato in lias island, w.in loiinil. ,1 l,y IJailaina, 'I'liis piini,' rir, ivid Chri-lian nasNionarn/H, and end. aMnnnl to ..ivili-^e his siilmets hy iiilnaliiiinff iimonir tliiiii hnropraii arts and sei, hits. ||„ „as poison,.,] |,y |,i„ wile in If-UM. Siiii... his ihalli, ll... k.ni;.lom has liii'i, the mi ,.|. „f an.-ir..|iy and lonhiMon. rananarivoii is ih,. ,„|,„;,|. |!„mM tok liny, and the other l.iys and ports, ai. soiin times visited l.y Ami rieaii v.sst.k !t Kastward from Ma.lafrasear ar.. tlir .MAsrAKKViiA Isi.amis. These are Hornnov and .Ma, n.rras or the Isle of Frame: ,|.,.y „re both well- fettled, lertile islands, and pioilnie i otf, e and sujrar to a emd vMvut. Hour ion eonlaniH a voleano eonslanlly l.mnin^r, whieli seiveH at night as a light-hoiise to manners. ** 10. T.IK Smci.ki.i.k am. Ai.M.iiANTK Isi.ANDS me n .lepemleney of Mauritius : Ihi.v piodii. e lottmi and eoeoa.mils. 'I'm: ('o.Moao l.si Ks aro ■""unlamons ImiI lertile. The inlialiitants have hen, marly all i xtir- p.-it...l hy the ravaifis of tl„. Madatrasiar pirates; .MosKiA.'ZA.s/inAH nnd Pkmra, nre (eriile, well-seltled islands, and helon,; i„ .M„.,,„, ',-|,J town ol /an/iliar, on the island of the same naiii,., eontuins ahout 111 (U)(l ml.al.itaiits. Skotua is snl.j.et to Kesliin in Aiabia, and is eliiolly noteil lor the superior (jiiahly of ils alms. Verde island.s. .5 Ascension and sT Ifilonu. 0. What docs the l.th.opimi Arc iipelagi, ,:oi,iprise .' 7. What is said of Madiigascnr? Lr'T" r^'^- "'•■'"i'r ',''" .^'"*^<^'"-''"l'" I"'''"'!.''. 10. The Sey. ciiclle, Arc. Comoro. JMonfin, &.c. Socolru. 21 1 i .-jg,^4f(5^^!^^^g^^?3f'. ',-<\^- nftif^^f--*'-'^-'^^ 322 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAl'HY. 1^1*,' ! -'1 i 1 <\ ' 'i • ; 1 .si. i 'Ml 5 i tl i I Map Nu 14. — Till llio popiiliitioii of Hip foUowinfr islnnds nnd tli« ■nation to which th.y 1" 1om« : A/...r.s ; M„*' Verdo ; (oiirlmn; Aliniraiitc, iiiiil Sinclirllc. iscar ( How loiiir in lliis iHlaiul ? - Smitlicru ! S..M\. — Mow far in I .' Wliat islands lie liilwccn Ma- Wliat li-laiids btlong to iMuBCut ? i to Ivt'sliin I of Occanica. NICA. lio islanrls lying immediately the groaler part of those in the roil Asia and America. They lulaysia, Australasia, and Poly- AYSIA. lamc from the Malays, the most ^ion. It is also called tiie East itains the Islands of Sumatra, lalled the Sunda Isles, 'together leanica, 2. Malaysia MALAYSIA. :V23 with Celelics, the Moluccas, or rfi)ice Islands, Ihe I'hillipiiine, and some smaller irnjiips. 3. Tlic iliinati' of Malaysia is that of tlic tDrrid zmie. 'rh<> soil in liijrhly jirolilic, and yields in ahundiinci- the must rxiinisitc spites and trnits. 'I'hc cluvi', inilnici.'. niacr, liMiiaMiiin, aiul lii'liper, ahonnd ; also sugar, collrc, cotton, rici', tohaccn, and in-1'^. •«3«6?SJJ^'';i^*JfW'--'' r^lfY^^, 324 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGUAriiy. \^t*' 8. Ratavin, the cnpltal of Java, and til' tin' Dtilcli possessions in this qunrtrr, is less important lli.m Coriiuily ; 'mt still ct.iriirs on an c.xten- sivo coininc.Tco. Cliiril^on, S.irnnr.oiL', aMil Smiraliay.i, arc tlir other most ini|Hirtaiil towns, lliislward (roiii .lava arc the Islands of Hally, Sninhawa, Floris, and Timor. The last is liild jointly hy thu Dulcli and Porlnj^iicKC. 9. 1!oiim:o is one of the lardist islands in tlio wnrld. Its area is about fipial to that of the Middle and Soulhoin States nnilfil. Tlie interior is occupiid hy a ninnlpcr of nide, liTorions tribes, between wliom and the people of the eoist there is e.aist mt w^ir. Anionsj the Dyaks, one of the inlainl trihes, an iridiviiliial eainjot ohrain n wile, or aspire to llii^ dislinetion of nianhnml, nulil he can show the lii-a(i of, at least, one enemy, as a proof ol' his prowess, (iold and diamonds are found in considerable (inanlities. TIk^ prineii)al trade i.s at Henjarniassiii. 10. Immediately eastward of l!i>in(o are the Sonlio Islands. The inhabitants, all pirate.s, are the Alirerines of the eastern seas. Celebes is a larfje lirtile island. The inhaliit mts, ealled Macassirs, and Hui;is, arc madly devotnl to f;atnes of elianee. The women miii^rli: freely in all t'lc uBairs of lile; and are even sometimes elevated to high political stations. 11. The SncE Islands, or Moi.itcas, produce the precious spices, cloves, nutiiieis, and mace. Gilolo, Ceram, li.mro, Banda, and Ainboy. na, are the principal islands. Nassau, a small tr)wn on tlie island of Ncira, is tlic residence of the Dutch governor. 12. The Piiii.ii'Pinr Islands form an extensive ffronp of two lnrf;c and a number of small islands. They are very rich in natur.il^ re. sources, and furnish many valuable articles ol' commerce. They belong to Spain; but the inhabitants are chietly of the native races, Tugaltts, Bisayas, tVc. Amonff some of these are several small milo. pendent states. Manilla, the capital of all the Spanish colonies in the east, is a larpe and llourishiii}.' city. It is the centre of an extensive commerce, and its harbour is thronged with Euroiwan, American, and Chinese veasels. Map No. 16. — What great circle ))osses through the middle of Malay- sia V Er. — In what zone is Malaysia ? Td. — How long is Sumatra ? Java? Celebes? Luzon? Mindanao? How long and wide is Bor- nco ? What is the population of Sumatra ? Java ? Borneo ? Celebes ! Philippine Islands? Manilla? Bativia ? Sarnarang ? Achccn ? Palanibang ? What strait separates Sumatra from .Malacca ? Ma. — Sumatra from Java ? Sa. — Borneo from Celebes ? Mr. — How wide uo tlic straits of Suiida ? 6. Sumatra? 7. Java? 8. Batavia? 9. Borneo? 11. Spice Is. ? 12. Philippine Is. ? Manilla ? 10, Sooloo Is. ? •: GBOGUAI'UV. [111(1 y llic Dutch , islands in tlii! wnrlil. Its area is J and Si)\illioin Slates iniilfil. Tlio ol" riidf, l(Ti)ciuiis tribes, between tlicre is e, instant Wiir. Anions; tlio 1 indiviiliial taiinot olirain a wile, or id, iiulil lie can sliow the luad of, at i prouess. (inld and diamonds arc li(! prineiiial trade is at Heiijarinassiii. oiiKo are the Sonlno Ishciuls. Tlic [.'erines of the eastern seas. ( 'elelies hit lilts, ealled Macassir», and Hiiiris, laiiee. The women min;;le iVeely in I soinctiliies elevated to high political r.ifrAS, prndnco Ihn prcciona spicps, o, Cerani, It.iiiro, [{aiida, and Aniboy- ssan, a small town on the island of ;li governor. inn an extensive group of two large 'I'liey are very rich in natural re. able articles ol' comincree. They tants are chietly of the native races, oiiie of these are several small iidrt. tal of all the Spanish colonies in the ity. It is the centre of an extensive )ngcil with EuroiKJun, American, and lie iMsses through tlie middle of Malay, lysia ? Td. — How long is Sumatra .' .danao? How long and wide is Bor- Sumatra ? Java ? Borneo ? t'clebcs ! Bativia ? Sainarang? Achccn ? ites Sumatra from Malacca ? Ma. — iieo from Celebes .' Mr. — How wide tavia? n. Borneo? i. ? Manilla ? 10. Sooloo la. ? AUSTRALASIA. 'J)l 325 CiJiiMtls Uiiiiiiii;; at lluiany Hay. AUSTRALASIA. 1. ArsTHALASiA comprisos a number of ialnmis lying soiitli-eastward iVom Malaysia: of these, Australia or New Holland, New Cuiiiea, and New Zealand, are the most exten- sive. The inhabittmts belontr eiiielly to the black race called Papvian Neo;roes, and tiro among the most degraded of the liuman funiily. 2. Ai.'STRAi.iA, formeHy called New Holland, is the largest island in the world. It is claiMiell by the British gcvernment, who have laid it off into two great divisions: "the western is called New Holland, and the eastern New South Wales. The Blue Mountains are tlic highest range, and the Murray the largest river, yet discovered. .3. Tlie aborigines of Australia are very rude and degraded : those in the interior exist on roots, grubs, worms, and what little they kill in the chase. Those on the T^ coast live mostly by fish- ing, yet their canoes arc of the rudest description : Australasia. Q. — \. What is said of Australasia? 2. Australia? New HoUuiid ? New South Wales .' 3. Describe the aborigines. 4. N'Dtive oil his Log. *a(J^SIgjSi**»?f*-^5ft*&i»»'i«a8*** "'^fl 1 1 .,^1, 33G DBSCRIPTIVE GEOGRAI'HV. \^tt some aro mnrrly n Iiirgo piece of barii iMded and lied up lit each end, and some oidy a log on which th.y sit and jruide with their hands. 4. In the south-east part ot' Austraha is the HorAvy Hay Coi,a\Y, founded in 17rt7: to this place rn.inv thousands of eriminiils Inve been banrshed Iroin Great Ifritain. 'I'lic'linlk of tlie pi.pidalion is, however, formed of free setlkrs : to Ih'se, th(> eonviets, as they arrive I'roni Uritain,' arc apportioned as labourers dnrinjr i|,e jieiiod for wliieh they were Bcntenecd. 5. 'I'ho Colony extends along tlie coast about three hundred miles : it IS divided into n rniniber of ■ -.iiiies, and cntains several towns : Syd- ney, the capital, has a ir(jod harbour, wilh enn>iid, rable connneice. The country is in general belUr udipled lor gr.izing than tillage, sheep are abundant, and llieir wool Ibrins a lirge part of the eX|M.rts : wheat, Indian-eorn, and potatoes, are Ihe principal crojjs raised in Nt\v South Wales. 6. On the west side of Australia is the Swan Uivkr Colony: •everal towns have been laid out, but no great improvement has yet taken place. Some distance to the soulh-east is the recent settlement of King George's .Sound, called Albany. 7. Van Diemen's [.and, or Tasmania, is n -arly ejpial in size to South Carohna. It was settled in In:) I, in a manner sinnlar to the Rotany Bay Colony : its climate is colder, but its prodnelions are nearly the ■amc; about one-third (d'the populilion are convicts: liobart Town, the capital, is a flourishing and thriving place. a New Zkalanu comprises two large and one simll island. The area of the whole is about equal to that of the Stale of Virginia. The 8oil is fertile and produ:es Indian-corn, vanis, potalois, and a species of strong and servieeahle llax. The naiives are a fmcly-lormed race of savages, but very w:.rlike and ferocious, and are krwjwn lo be canni. bals. They belong to the Alalay varii ty of the human family. 9. Tattooing is practised to a great extent amongst them, and the faces of the chiefs are often entirely covered ov( r wilh various regular -^ figures. In the northern island there arc several missionary stations, at which 300 or 4(M) New Zealand youths are receiving educa- tion ; an evident improvement is taking phico among many of the tribes, and wars are much less frequent than lormi'rlv. 10. Papua, or Nkw Glinka is believed to bo one of the most fertile countries in the world, but the interior parts have never been explored. LoL'isiADK, New Buitain, New Ireland, .Solo- mon's AnciiiPEi.Aoo, the New Hebrides, and New Caledonia occupy the north-eastern part Botany Bay Colony. 5. What is said of it ? Sydney ? Country, &c. ? 6. Swan River Colony. 7. Van Diemen's Land? 8. New Zealand ' 9. What is said of tattooing 7 ID. Of Papua, &c. ? Louisiade, &c. ? New ZeaJaad Cliief. jEOGHAI'HY. rli iMdcd and tii'd up lit cnch end, it iiiicl jTuiilu Willi tliiir ImndH. ralia is llic HirrAvy Rw Colony, llioiisaiids ol' iriininiils |i ivo bcfii lulk of tin; popidatiiiii IS, liowcvcr, invicts.im tiny arrive I'roin Uritain, the iiLiiod for wliicli tlicy were oast alxiiit tlirci! Imndrcd miles : it and ciiiUiiins scvirai towns: .SyJ. Willi cniisid, ratili' cimiiiince. iiiliplfd II. r };f"''ii: tliaii tillago, linns ii lir^i; part of the fX|M)rts : lliu jirincipai crojis raised in New u is the SwAX IJivkr Colony: at no fji-eat iiuprovenient lias yet luth-cast is the recent settlement ly- A, is n lace. irge and one Riinll i.sland. The at of the Stale of Virtriiiin. The rii, yams, potatoes, and a species natives are a liiuly-tbrmed race ions, and arc known to be cunni' ity of the human family, t extent ainonirst tliem, and the ovcied over with various regular the northern island there arc fiiiary stations, at which 300 or land youths are receiving educa- eiit iinproveiiient is taking place of the Irilies, and wars are much than formerly. or Xkw (hinea is believed to bo )st fertile countries in the world, jr part.s have ni^ver been explored. s:w BiiiTAis, Nkw Ireland, Solo- ■ELAGo, the New {Iebriues, and iiA occupy the north-eastern part of it? Sydney? Country, &c.? nen's Land ? 8. New Zealand ? f Papua, &c. ? LouUiade, &c. ? POLYNESIA. 337 of Auatrclin, and arc t)ut little known. The inhahitants of these islands, like all savages, are divided into petty tribes, and are at constant war with each other. Map A'«. IG. — What great circle forms the north boundary of Australasia? V.r. — What tropic ere.-ises Australia.' Cn. — In what zones is Austral.isia ? Td., S.-Te. — IIow lon-r and wide an^ Australia and Van Djemen's Land? How long arc' New (iuiiiea and the two largest islands of New Ziahind .' What strait feparates Aiisl: ilia and New Guinea ! Ts. — Australia and Van Dienien's Land ? lis. — How wide are they .' What island is inhahitiil by (Convicts from .Ni w .Siiitli Wales? NK. — What is the |io|)ul..tion of the llotaiiv ilay ('ohmy ? Van Diemen's Land? Ni w II. brides ? Ni'W Call (h.nia ? Swan River Colony? !C()vered by .Magellan in l.")l:3. The ori ginal inhabitants have been nearly all exteiniinuted by the S|)aniurd9. The I'aromnk Isi.ASns are but little known, being situated in a torn- pcbtnous ocean and exposed to furious hurricanes. These islands, with the Ladrones, '■ 'tli belong to Spain. 5. The Sanowk 11 Islands arc the most important nnd interesting of this r-'gion. Hawaii or Oahyhee is the largest of the group: its urea is nearly eipi d to that of the i^tale of Conneeticuf. The people in 1819 destroyed their idols and cni!)rttccd Christianity. 6. A number of missionaries from the United States rrc rcsidiilg here, and a large pioportion of the inhabitants have been taught rending, writing, and arithmetic. Cliurehes have been erected : the press has been fo- some time in operation, at which school-books, the Scriptures, newspapers, iSiC. are printed in the language of the country. 7. The town of Honolulu, in the island of Oahn, is the capital of the Sandwich islands: it contains about 5(100 inhabitants, of whom lOO are whites. Great commercial activity prevails here : many Ainrrican and European ships are always in port, and a considerable number of small vessels belong to the natives. 8. The Menoana ARCiiii-Kr-Aoo comprises the Marquesas .-ind Wash- ington islands: they arc very li-Tlile, and lurnish Ibod to the inhabitants almost without labour ; the people are among the most finely formed of any known race, and arc but little darker than Southern Europeans. 9. The SociEi'V and Geob^.ian Isi.anos are remarkable for being the first in Polynesia, of which Ihc inhabitants embraced (.'liristianity. Otaheite, or"Tahiti, the largest of the (ieorgian islands, is one of the finest in this quarter of the world. Dancing, once the chief amusement of the people, was performed on all occasions of pleasure, worship, state, or ceremony, but is now less practised than formerly. The Tearl or Pai'motu Islands are a numerous rungo of small islands; they are but little known, and many of them are uninhabited. The Austral, Hervev, and Pai.liser Isi.anus are situated at variou.9 distances from Otaheite ; the people speak a language similar to tliut of the Otaheitcons, and have all been converted to Christianity by tli8 missionaries. plo, &c. 4. Ladronc. Caroline. !>. Sandwich islands. G. What is said of the missionaries? 7. Honolulu? 8. Mendana Archipelago? 9. Society and Georgian Is.? Pearl? Austral, &,c. ? 10. Friendly CJEOGRArHY. general milil iiml gentle, yet ficrcn le |):\rlie\il;ir oliject ; iiiid their ron- ■li I'lToeily, lli^it Hoiiu' islaiida have mueli udilietcd to various cruel r native rcli;,Mon j;ave lull sanction, leiiijLfs, tliu calinjT of liuniaii llesli, uiun. Tliewc practiccH, though uo( rely ceased. le first known to Kuropcans of unj d by .Magellan in 1.")!-'. The ori 1 extemiinuted by the S|)aiiiurd9. le known, being situated in a torn- !s hurricanes. These islands, with ic most iniportant nnd interesting ■e is the largest of the group : its ale of Connecticut. r idols and embraced Christianity, m the United States rrc rcsidii>g habitants have been taught reading', have been erected : the press has ivhich school-books, the .Scriptures, anguagc of the country, island of Oahu, is the capital of the 5(100 inhabitants, of whom 100 arc prevails here : many American and ind a considerable number of small nnpriscs the Marquesas and Wash- and I'urnish Ibod to the inhabitants re among the most finely tbrmcd of larker than Southern Europeans. NANDS are remarkable for being the nhabitants embraced Christianity. Jie (ieorgian islands, is one of the Dancing, once the chief amusement jccasions of pleasure, worship, state, led than formerly. IS are a numerous r^ngo of small and many of them are uninhabited. Ell Islands are situated at various e speak a language similar to that icn converted to Cliristianity by tlie a. Sandwich islands. G. What is lolulu? !^. Mendana Archipelago? arl? Austral, &,c. ? 10. Friendly POLYNESIA. UlalM'ilr.iiL Duiico. 10. The rRii:M)i.v Islands comprise the Navigator's, Tonga, Ilabaui, and Feejee islands; the inhabilaiits of the latter are the most ferocious and savage of any in I'olynesia; they are large and muscular, and of very dark complexions. In the Tonga and Habaai islands, upwards of i!,000 childien are inslrueled in the schools, and the church numbers uj)wai ' jf 1,100 native members. 11. Pitcairn's Island is settled by the descendant." of the mutineers of the ship iJonnty : the inhal.ilaiits are an amiable, religious, and moral people, and speak the Kiiglisli language. The Centkal Archi- PELAiio, and the Archipelagoes ■>{' .AlACiLi.i.AN and Anson, are composed of a number of small islands : l.icy are but little known, and are seldom visited. The BoMN Islands are settled by a colony comprising a few Ameri- can and English sailors, who took wives with them from the Sandwich islands. Miip No. IG. — What great circles pass through Polynesia 7 T.-Cr., Er., T..Cn. — What rones is Polynesia in? N.-Te., Td., S.-Te What is the population of the i^undwich islands? Washington Is.? Marquesas Is. ? Society and Georgian Is. ! Paumotu Is. ? Cook's Is.? Austral Is. ? Navigator's Is. ? Vavou ? Habaai Is. 7 Tonga Is. ? Feejee Is. ? Ga?nbier Is. ! Pitcairn's I. ? Easter I. ? How far is it from the SanJ.vich Islands to London ? To New York ? To the coast of Mexico? To the Columbia River? To China ? From the Maniuesas to the coast of Peru ! What islands have been converted to the Christian religion ? Which have been partially converted .' How many miles docs the Pacific ocean extend ii-om east to west ? From north to south ? islands? Tonga, &,c.? 11. Pitcairn's island ? Central Archipelago, &c. 7 Bunin islands ? THE ESV. y gc i - j^ ! " ■■»' , ' ■ :'*■ " ^ssssssssss i-^,^'-!;-i.V.S!_'/''