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J ' 
 
J ' 
 
 J 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 C A N A DA. 
 
 
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 VOL. I. 
 
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 Printed by A. Strahan, 
 Piinlers-StreeU 
 
 C A 
 
 IT 
 
 THE C 
 
 By G 
 
 4^, PUTY P0S1 
 
 PRINTED 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 C J N A D A, 
 
 FROM 
 
 ITS FIRST DISCOVERY, 
 
 COMPREHENDINQ 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF 
 
 THE ORIGINAL ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 OF THE COLONY OF 
 
 > LOUISIANA, J 
 
 Bt GEORGE HERIOT, Y.%<u 
 
 4.. PUTY POSTMASlEa GENERAL OF BRITISH AME&ICA* 
 
 fi?c. &c. Gft. 
 
 VOL. L 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 / 
 
 ■ «-'r 
 
 ?R1NTED FOR T N. LONGMAN AND O. REE§, 
 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
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 As no 
 hitherto 
 it has be 
 the folio 
 are not c 
 an origii 
 their con 
 foire de 
 years ag 
 names of 
 wife beer 
 are as un 
 The ] 
 Nations, 
 Canada, 
 
 )i 
 
 * Voyag 
 Voyag 
 LeCI< 
 Voyag 
 Lettre 
 L'Hifl 
 
~n 
 
 PREFACE, 
 
 As no regular Hiftory of Canada has 
 hitherto appeared in the Englifh language, 
 it has been deemed advifeable to eommit 
 the following flieets to the prefs. They 
 are not offered to the Public as compofing 
 an original work. The greateft part of 
 their contents has been taken from V Hif' 
 toire de la Nouvelle France^ written many 
 years ago, by Father Charlevoix. .The 
 names of the other writers, who have like- 
 wife been coniulted on the prefent occafion, 
 are as under *. 
 
 The Hiftory of the Iroquois, or Five 
 Nations, is much involved with that of 
 Canada, the inhabitants having been ne- 
 
 i^k 
 
 * Voyages dc Champlain. 
 Voyages de la Henton. 
 Le Cle'rc fur I'Etabliflement dc la Foix, &c. 
 Voyages de la Patherie. 
 Lettres Edifiantes et Curleufes. 
 L'Hiftoire des Voyages. 
 
 A3 
 
 cefTitated, 
 
 .K- 
 
 
k 
 
 VI 
 
 \i '! 
 
 li •< 
 
 i* f. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ccfTitatcd, for a long feries of years, to 
 maintain, againft tiie unremitted efforts of 
 that people, aa almoft continual ftrugglc. 
 Although at once the mod warlike, as well 
 as political, of all the natives on the con- 
 tinent of America, the number of their 
 warriors exceeded not a few thoufands ; 
 and they \<mg continued to fpread terror 
 and defolaiion throughout an extvint of 
 feveral thoufand miles. The promptitude 
 and energy with which their meafures 
 were ufualiy executed, compenfated, in a 
 great degree, for the fmallnefs of their 
 numbers. Their mode of warfare was by 
 ambufcade and furprife, and they feldom 
 hazarded an open engagement. The chief 
 credit of a leader confifled in providing 
 for the fafety of his ov/n party, and at the 
 fame time of deftroying or of capturing 
 as great a number as poffible of the enemy. 
 This mode of combat, doubtlefs, originated 
 from the ftate of the country inhabited by 
 lavages, it being every where covered with 
 thick forefts. 
 
 The courage difplayed by favages feems, 
 generally, to confift more in patience dur- 
 ing 
 
 tfj 
 
PRErACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 I 
 
 ing rufFeilng, than In expofinn; tliemfclves 
 to the chances of open war. Habituated 
 to view with indifference the profped of 
 death, they endure the moft excruciating 
 torture without betraying any fymptom of 
 fear, or indicating a fenfatlon of pain. 
 This fpecies of courage feems only to dif- 
 fer from that of civilized nations by the 
 mode in which it is dircdied. 
 
 The leading principles which actuate rhe 
 favages of North An:erica, are their che- 
 rifhing a ftrong and unalterable attachment 
 for the tribe among whom they were born, 
 the refped: and tender recolledion which 
 they entertain for the memory of their de- 
 parted friends, and their implacable hatred 
 to their enemies. 
 
 The manners and cuftoms of various 
 nations on the continent of America will, 
 perhaps, compofe the fubject of a future 
 difquifition. 
 
 Although fituated at an immenfe dif- 
 tance from Canada, Louisiana was, froin 
 its original difcovery, and other circum- 
 flances, confidcred, at its lirft fettlement, 
 to be intimately conneded with that pro- 
 
 * A 4 vince. 
 
 
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 !" 
 
 :...«. 
 
 ■^^i- 
 
 ■;*:• 
 
 « 
 
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 vince. The dlocefe of the Bifliop of Que- 
 bec extended to the fcttlcrs of the latter, 
 and the inifTiC'iiaries cftabhflicd there were 
 under Ids diredloa. The colony of the 
 Illinois, which was originally attached to 
 Canada, but afterwards added to Louifiana, 
 had a dirccft communication with New 
 Orleans, by nicans of the navigation of 
 the Mifiilippi, and contribued towards 
 tl^e fuT.^iort of that fettlemcnt. The Hif- 
 tory of the Fftablifliment of Louifiana is, 
 therefore, not improperly included in that 
 of Canada. 
 
 i 
 
 QlJEBEC, 
 
 26ih October 1803, 
 
CONTliNTS, 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 r\ JSCOVERr of Canada. — Voyages of Jacques Cartier, 
 ^-^Settlement of ^tebec by Champlaw.-—He accompa- 
 nies the Algonquins andHurons on Expeditions againji the 
 Iroquois, '■^That Nation attack the new Colony, and are 
 repulfed.— -Commerce and Government of Canada vejled 
 in a Company of a hundred AJfociates^-^^ehec taken hy 
 the Englifh. — Rejlored to France by the Treaty of St, 
 Germain en Laye. — Death of Champlain the Governor. 
 -^His Charaaer.-^Ejiabiyhment of the Order of St. 
 Sulpicius on the Ifland of Montreal^ - Page I 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 ConfruBion of Fort Rich lieu. — Interview nvith the Iroquois 
 Deputies at Three Rivers.— -Ma^acre of the Hurons at 
 St. Jo/fph. — Incur/ion againji the Hurons. — Caiamities 
 of that People. — Fifty Frenchmen fettle among the Iro- 
 quois. -—-Pillage of the Ifland of Orleans. — Efcape of 
 the French Settlers from the Country of the Iroquois, --» 
 
 Arrival of the firjl Bijhop,- Dijlrefs of the Colony 
 
 EreEliouof a Seminary at ^tehec. — Tremendous Earth- 
 quake.— EJlablifjment of a perma?:ent Council. — Eng' 
 lijh take Pojfejfion of New Belgiumf - - 5 6 
 
I' ' 
 
 t s 
 
 \ii 
 
 5 . I ,' 
 
 i 
 
 h< ■ 
 I*' 
 If 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 T/>c JJfocliti^s fHt'render their Charter to the Sovereign.'-^ 
 
 Canada placed tmder the DlrcFihn of the Company of the 
 
 If^e/I Lidifs.'-^ Arrival of Troops and Supplies. — Con- 
 
 JlriiRicn of Forts on the River Sorel. — Expedition of Af, 
 
 de Tracy. — Rrgttlaiion refpfi^inp Tithes. — Church of 
 
 ^icbn- creeled into a Bijhopric. — Commencement of the 
 
 Mijfon of Loretto. -^ ■ Iroquois Chrijlians fettle near 
 
 Montreal. ^-CharaUer of AT. de Ccurcelles. — Of the 
 
 Count dc Frontenac.--^ Robert Cavelier Sieur de la 
 
 SalCf _ - - - . Page 1 1 2 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 Expedition of M. de la Jiarre againji the Iroquois. — Dif 
 ' irefi of his Arm^.-^Conference at the Bay tf Famine.— - 
 M, Dcnonville Governor-General. — Manner in ivhieh 
 the Traffic. for Furs was condu^ed.-^ Affairs of the 
 Clcriiy. — Of the Law. — Iroquois Chiefs feized at Cato- 
 roc'jny^ and conducled to France for Galley'Slaves.-^ 
 Expedition againfl the Iroquois. — Conflruflion of a Fort 
 at Niagara. — That Fort^ on Account of an infeSlious 
 Malady^ abandoned and deJlroyed.-^Treafon and Policy 
 of a Huron Chief called the Rat.'-^Chara^er of ths 
 Alarquis de Denonville^ - * . » lyj 
 
 4" ,> \ " 
 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 VV, 
 
 ,M 
 
 h-ruptisn and Dcvnflation by the Iroquois^ in the If/and of 
 Montreal. —Return of the Count de Front cnnc to Ca- 
 
 nada.' 
 
 Attack] 
 
 Knfkel\ 
 
 Party 
 
 natirn. 
 
 Allies.\ 
 
 If and I 
 
 ^Att\ 
 Englij 
 
 delaM 
 
 thofe 
 
 iion. 
 
 na 
 
 da. 
 
 u 
 
"■ I 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 nada. ^'Conference of Iroquois Deputies at ^lehec. — 
 Attack and Pillage of Corlar. — Of Senmite/j.-^Of 
 Ki'ijkebe. — Convoy for Michilimakitiac attacked by a 
 Party of the Iroquois. — Arrives in Safety at its De/Ii- 
 natirn.—'Caufes a Change in the Difpofition of the French 
 Allies, -^Dcfcent of the Iroquois on the Vicinity of the 
 Ifiand of Montreal.-^Sir William Phipps fails from 
 Bflon with an Armament for the Redu^ion of ^lebec. 
 -^Attempt on that Place. — Failure.-— Return of the 
 Englifb Fleet. — Iroquois attack the Fort of La Prairie 
 de la Magdelaine.'^Ob/linate Courage and Refolution of 
 thofe Savages.-^Mantel's Expedition agairi/l their Na- 
 tion, - - - - Page 227 
 
 XI 
 
 B O O K VI. 
 
 Deputies of the Iroquois arrive at Montreal. — E.xpedition 
 agninfl Port Nelfon fitted out from ^tebec. — Conference 
 •with the Huron and Irr)quois Deputies. — Hofiiliiies of 
 the Iroquois. — Re-eflablifljnient of the Fort at Cataro- 
 quoy. — Irruption of the Iroquois."— Deputies of the Hit' 
 rons fent to foUcit a Diminution of the Price of Alenhan' 
 dife.-^Avfnver of the General.— ConduSi of a Siou Chif, 
 , '—Change in the Difpofition of the Allies of the Upper 
 Country, effedied by the Addrefs of M. dc la Moite 
 Cadillac. -^ P. 'e partitions for an Expedition agninfl the 
 Iroquois.-— 'Re fu It of that Expedition. — Death of La 
 Chuudiere Noirey principal Chief of the Iroquois^ 
 
 280 
 
Xll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 Dfnfh of Oureohare at ^ithec^MeJfage of the Governor 
 of New Torle. — Anfwer. — Propofal for the Reefta- 
 blijljtnent of Peace with the Cantons. — Death of Louie 
 de Bouadey Count de Frontenac. — Continuation of his 
 CharaSltr. — The Chevalier de Callieres, Governor' 
 General. — Deputies of the Iroquois and of the Allies 
 attend a Conference at A font real. -^Treaty of Peace 
 entered into between the Governer- General and the 
 Savages. — Death of M. de Callieres. -^His Chara£ler, 
 -^Succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. — Conference 
 of the Outaouais and Iroquois at Montreal — Tumult at 
 Detroit.--' A Party of the French and Savages attack 
 and burn a Fort of the Englifh. ^^Expeditions of the 
 Evglijfjy and of the Frenchy - P^ge 339 
 
 BOOK VIII. 
 
 Warlike Preparations of the Eng / if j.^- Conference of the 
 Savage Deputies at AIontreal.-^Army of the Englifh 
 march in different DireBions to invade Canada.-^Re- 
 treat of the Armies. — Part of the Engli/h Fleet wrecked 
 on Seven I/lands. — Outagamis march to attack the Fort 
 at Detroit. — Arrival of the allied Savages to the RelieJ 
 of that Fort. Outagamis entrench themfelveSy build a 
 Forty and are befteged. — Reduced to great Extremity.'— 
 Refufe to furrender at Difcretion. — After a Siege of 
 nineteen Days^ they efcape during a Storm. — Are over- 
 taken. — Objlinate Refjlance, — Are compelled to furren- 
 der at Dfcretion.—Are put to Death.— Governors of 
 New England and of Canada receivty in confequence of 
 
 the 
 
 'f i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 the Treaty of Utrecht, InJlruBions for a CeJatUn of all 
 HoJlilities.^Fort conflru6ied by the Englifb at the 
 Mouth of the Chouagon, and by the French at Niagara, 
 -^Fropo/ai of M. de Vaudreuil for peopling the Colony, 
 »^Death of M» de Vaudreuilf - Page 396 
 
 3«: 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 ')e la Sale fails from France, in a Squadron^for the Dif 
 covery of the Mouth of the Mifjtftppi, by Sea.-^ Arrives 
 off St. Domingo. — Lofs of one of his Veffels, — Arrives at 
 Bay St. Bernard. — His Pink is wrecked. — Return of 
 the Frigate to France.'^Cofi/lru^s a Fort at the Mouth 
 of a River. "^Afcends that River and conJlruBs another 
 Fort.'^ Abandons the former.^-'Lofs of the Ship LaBelle. 
 »^La Sale returns from viftting the Country of th§ 
 Cenis, — Sets out with a Party to penetrate to the Mifjl- 
 
 ftppiy and thence to the Ilinois. — Murder of three of his 
 Party.'—His own tragical Death.-— His CharaHer. — 
 Two of his Murderers dejlroy each other. — Party fet out 
 
 for the Cenis. — Seven Frenchmen accompany thefe Sa^ 
 vages in a War Expedition, — Vi6lory. — Ceremonies. — 
 Joutel and Cavelier feparate their Party from the Mur- 
 derers of La Sale,— Set out for the Ilinois, '^arrive at 
 the AhaufaSy—at the Miffrftppi, — at the Ilinois,— at 
 ^ebec,~'in France.— The Clamco'sts fall upon Fort 
 St. Louis, and majfacre all the Inhabitants, exeept the 
 three young Talons, their young Sifler, and a young 
 Farifan. — Remainder of thofe concerned in La Sales 
 Murder confined in Chains ^ to befent to the Mines of 
 New Mexico. — The young Talons and their Sijier, 
 by aftngular Series of Events, are rejioredj after an 
 
 Abfence 
 
"(/','' ■m/'iLiiiiliiili 
 
 ,'i 
 
 iii 
 
 XIV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Ahfenee of fever dl Tears ^ to their Country y dnd their 
 FriendSf - - - P«>gc 430 1 
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 iVri 
 
 Voyage of M. de Iberville for the Diftovery of the Mouth 
 of the MiJJtftppi by Sea in 1698-9.— -^rWva/ at St, 
 Domingo f — at Penfacola. — Explores one of the Branches] 
 of the Mouth of the Miffftppi. -^Afcends to the Oumas. 
 —Builds a Fort near the PafeagoulaSy and returns to \ 
 France. Arrives again at the Biloxi. — ConflruEls a 
 Fort on the Eajl Side of one of the Branches of the Mijft- 
 ftppi* — Afcends to the Natchez. — E/labli/hes the Head 
 ^tarter s of the Colony at the Biloxi. — The Ilinois.-^ 
 Various Nations bordering on the Miffifippi viftted by 
 La Sale in his former Travels.— 'Manners andCufloms 
 of the Natchez. — Of the Ilinois after their Converfton to 
 the Chri/iian Faith, - . - - 484 
 
 BOOK XT. '^: ' 
 
 Magazines and Barracks conJlruEled on the Ifle Dauphine. 
 i^- Council to decide on all Affairs civil or criminal ^ for 
 three Tears, compofed of the Governor y chief Commiffton- 
 try and Rcgijier. — Saint Denys fent by Land to endea- 
 vour to open a Commerce with the Spaniards of New 
 Mexico. — // conduced to the Capital — confined in Pri- 
 fon—liberatedy and fent back with Prefents from the 
 . Viceroy.— 'Marries Donna Maria de VilefcaSy Daugh- 
 ter of the Governor of Saint John. — Treafon of the 
 Natchez. — Fort and Magazines conflriiEled in the Great -^ 
 Village of that Nation. — State of Commerce. ^^Crozat 
 fur renders his exclu/ive Privilege.— Government and 
 " ' Commerce 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Commerce vejled in the Company of the Wejl. — Govern" 
 ment ofthellinois Country joined to that of Louiftnna.— 
 Firfl Settlement of New Orleans — Attack on Penfacola. 
 Capture of that Place. —Mijionaries arrive in Louifi' 
 ana.— Con/piracy of fever a I favage Nations againfl the 
 French. — Majfacre of the French by Natchez,— The 
 Sunt the Grand Chief of the Natchez^ fenty nvith his 
 Family and Attendants^ to Saint Domingo, to be fold as 
 Slaves. — Difperfion of that People. —Company of the 
 Indies retrocede to the King their Sovereignty over Lout* 
 fiana and the Ilinois, - - - Page 533 
 
 vt 
 
 THE. 
 
. -** iV 
 
 c 
 
 Difcovery of ( 
 
 . tlement of , 
 
 ' Algonquins 
 
 ^uois.'^'Th 
 
 repulfed. — 
 
 " in a Compi 
 
 . the Engltft. 
 
 Germain e 
 
 ^His Ch 
 
 Su/picius 
 
 AFTER 
 ^^ topht 
 Ferdinand 
 tile, varioi 
 Europe we 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 C J N J D Ji 
 
 ^C, ^C, 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Di/covefy of Canada,— -Foyages of Jacques Cortter. -^Set- 
 tlement of ^ehec by Champlain. — He accompanies the 
 Algonquins and Huron: on Expedititns againji the Ire 
 i^uois.'^That Nation attack the new Colony, and are 
 repulfed. — Commerce and Government of Canada vejied 
 in a Company of a hundred AJJbciates.'-^^ebec taken by 
 the Englijh. — Rejlored to France by the Treaty of St. 
 Germain en Laye. — Death of Champlain the Governor, 
 ^His Charaaer.-^EjiabliJhment of the Order of St, 
 Sulpicius on the Ifland of Montreal, 
 
 A FTER the difcovery of America by Chrif- 
 
 topher Columbus, \i nder the patronage of 
 
 Ferdinand and Ifabella, king and queen of Caf- 
 
 tile, various expeditions from diflferent ports in 
 
 Europe were fitted out for iAveltigating and ex- 
 
 ^ou U > / . » ploring 
 
 1492, 
 
 «^. 
 
tf 
 
 JHISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 149a. 
 
 If 
 
 |! 
 
 if 500.- 
 
 'j-5' 
 
 plorlng the coafts of the New World, whicli had 
 promifed to its firfl vldtors inexhauftible fources 
 of wealth. 
 
 Henry the Seventh, king of England, whofe 
 ceconomy had deprived him of the honour of 
 contributing towards the accomplifhment of an 
 event, the mod important in its confequences 
 that had ever taken place among mankind ; to 
 atone, in fome meafure, for his incredulity and 
 negleft, fent, in lefs than two years afterwards, 
 on difcoveries to the weftward, and with a view 
 alfo of finding a (liorter paflage to the Indies, 
 John Gabato, a Venetian, who was the firft Eu- 
 ropean that vifited Newfoundland, and part of 
 the neighbouring continent. 
 
 Another navigator, named Gafpar de Co- 
 terelle, explored all the weftern coaft of New- 
 foundland, and part of Labrador. Not long 
 after this period, the great bank of Newfound- 
 land was frequented by Britifti and Norman 
 failors, for the purpofe of carrying on the cod 
 fiflieries. 
 
 No attention to the eftablifhment of fettle- 
 ments on the continent of America was paid by 
 any of the powers of lurope, until Francis the 
 Firft of France fent c it John Verazani to ex- 
 amine the coafts of iuat country. 
 
 It is much to the rrcdk of the Italians, that 
 the three great ftates who fhare the continent of 
 
 the 
 
 V 
 
 ) 
 
 f 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA; 
 
 1535- 
 
 the iSfew World, owe to their countrymen the book 
 firft difcoveries which were made in that quarter. 
 
 To Chriftopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, 
 Spain is indebted for her rich poflTeffions in the 
 weftern hemifphere. — Jean Gabato and his fons^ 
 citizens of Venice, opened to the Englifh a know- 
 ledge of the territories which they afterwards oc- 
 cupied ; and Verazani, a native of Florence, 
 communicated to the French the firft fatisfatlory 
 information of the tradls of country which were 
 deftined to be fettled and poflefled by that 
 people. 
 
 Another celebrated navigator may be added 
 to thefe^ Americus Vefpuccio, a Florentine, who 
 rendered to the Caftilians and Portuguefe emi- 
 nent fervices in the New World ; and who, al- 
 though not the firft difcoverer of that continent, 
 had the fmgular and enviable pre-eminence of 
 communicating to it his name. 
 
 Verazani, after having made two voyages to 
 America, during the latter of which he ventured 
 to difembark on fome parts of the coaft, to 
 which he gave names long ago forgotten, fet out 
 from France on a third expedition, with a de- 
 fign of eftablifhing a colony on that continent ; 
 but having never been afterwards heard of, the 
 thoughts of adventuring thither were for fome 
 years j^bandoned by the French government. 
 
 B2 Philip 
 
 St 
 
 T525. 
 
HISTORY 07 CANADA. 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 . 1525- 
 
 W^ 
 
 >534- 
 
 II 
 
 fei^i 
 
 Philip Chabot, admiral of France, at length 
 prevailed on his fovereign to refume the former 
 intention of eftablifhing a colony in America, 
 from whence the Spaniards drew immenfe quan- 
 tieS of treafure. The plan which he fuggefted 
 being approved of, Jacques Cartier, a captain of 
 Saint Maloes, was felefted for carrying it into 
 tffed:. Having received his inftrudlions, Cartier 
 failed from Saint Maloes, on the 20th of April, 
 with two vefiels of twenty tons each, containing 
 twenty-two failors. He arrived, on the loth of 
 May, near Cape Bonavifta, in the ifland of New- 
 foundland, and defcending from thence fix de- 
 grees to the fouth-eaft, entered into a harbour, 
 to which he gave the name of Saint Catherine. 
 Procciding on his courfe towards the north, he 
 difcovered fome fmall iflands in the Gulf, which 
 he called lies aux Ot/eaux, or Bird Iflands. After 
 having failed for fome days along the coaft of 
 Newfoundland, without being able to afcertain 
 whether or not it was an ifland, he direfted his 
 courfe to the fouthward, and entered into a bay 
 of confiderable extent, which, from the heat pre- 
 valent there at that feafon of the year, he dif- 
 tinguifhed by the appellation of Baye de Chaleurs, 
 This is the fame which in fome ancient maps 
 bears the name of Baye des Efpagnols, and it is 
 faid, that the Spaniards having landed there, and 
 
 finding 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 iS34- 
 
 finding no mines, pronounced repeatedly thefe b o o ic 
 two words, ^^ Aca Nada^** " here is nothing;" 
 which fome of the favages having ufed to the 
 French, made them at firO: imagine that Canada 
 was the name by which the country was ge- 
 nerally known among the natives. When he 
 had coafted a great part of the Gulph, he took 
 polTeffion of the country in the name of his Moll 
 Chriftian Majefty, and fetting fail for France on 
 the 15th of Angull, arriyed on the 5th of Sep- 
 tember at Saint Maloes. 
 
 On the report of this voyage, which was laid 
 before the king and his minifters, it was con- 
 ceived that confiderable advantage might accrue 
 to France by the eftablifhment of a colony ia 
 that part of America. Cartier accordingly ob- 
 tained a commiflion more ample than the firft 
 with which he had been inverted, having now 
 under his guidance three fliips well equipped. 
 Accompanied by feveral young gentlemen who 
 wifhed to attend him as volunteers, he embarked 
 on the 1 9th of May in La Grande Hermine^ a 
 veffel of one hundred and twenty tons bur-den. 
 On the 25th and 26th of July, the three veffels 
 arrived at the place of rendezvous in the Gtilph, 
 after encountering on the voyage a fevere ftorm, 
 ill which they had been feparated. By the vio- 
 lence of the weather, Cartier was compelled, on 
 ihe ift of Auguft, to take refuge in a port at the 
 
 B 3 eittrance 
 
 '535- 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 B ® o K entrance of the river, and on the northern coaft, 
 I. 
 
 which he called Saint Nicholas, and it is one of the 
 
 }S$5' 
 
 V 
 
 Hi . 
 
 J t.^. ^. ^' ' / / t '•; 
 
 |.' 
 
 t 
 
 Xt 
 
 few places in Canada which have retained the 
 names given to them by that navigator. The vcf- 
 fels again entered the gulph on the loth of Auguft, 
 when Cartier gave to a bay, which is fituated on 
 the north coall and oppofite the iflandof Anticofti, 
 the name of Saint Laurent, in honour of a Saint 
 in the Romifli calendar, whofe fafl: is obferved 
 pn that day ; a name, which was afterwards ex- 
 tended to the Gulph, and to that immenfe river 
 which there difembogues its waters, formerly 
 known by the appellation of the river of Canada ; 
 ivhich, for vaftnefs of fources, length of navigable 
 courfe, and pi^lurefque grandeur, and beautiful 
 fcenery exhibited by its banks, flands unrivalled 
 by any body of frefh waters on the habitable 
 globe. To Anticofti he gave the title of Af- 
 fumption, but this has now yielded to its former 
 name. ' ' 
 
 On the I ft of September, he entered the 
 mouth of the Saguenay, and thence continuing 
 to range along the coaft of the Saint Laurence 
 for about fifteen leagues, he anchored near an 
 illand, which he called Tlfle vux Coudres, from 
 the quantity of hazle trees with which it abound- 
 ed. In afcending the river eight leagues further, 
 he approached another ifland, larger and more 
 |)eautiful than the I^ft, in whofe woods he dif- 
 
 covere4 
 
HI8T0RY OF CANADA. 
 
 covered a number of wild vines, whence he called 
 it rifle de Bacchus, an appellation which after- 
 wards gave place to that of Orleans. From 
 hence he continued his courfe for upwards of tea 
 leagues higher, and arrived at the mouth of a 
 rapid river which flows from the northward, 
 denominated jy him la Riviere Sainte Croix, 
 becaufe he er tcred it on the 14th of Septem* 
 ber. 
 
 On the 19th of the fame month, Cartier failed 
 in the Hermine, to proceed to the ifland of Mon- 
 treal, on which was an Indian village called Hoche- 
 laga ; but on the 29th his veflel getting aground in 
 lake St. Peter, he profecuted his journey in two 
 long boats well armed, and arrived at Hochelaga 
 on the 2d of Odober. The inhabitants of this fet- 
 tlement received with kindnefs both him and his 
 attendants ; and during his flay he afcended the 
 mountain of Montreal, and was highly gratified 
 with the beauty, extent, and variety, which the 
 country prefents to the eye when viewed from 
 the fummit of that eminence* 
 
 The inhabitants of the village were Hurons, 
 who appeared to be inoffenfive in their manners, 
 and as they had never before feen any of the 
 human fpecies of the colour of Europeans, they 
 attributed to thein fomething fupernatural, and 
 were particularly ftruck with the appearance and 
 effeft of their fire-arms. 
 
 ? 4 Cartier 
 
■H 
 
 ^S35* 
 
 M\ 
 
 f t 
 
 ; j 
 
 ! i 
 
 ■ i 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Cartier left Hochelaga on the 5th of 0£lober, 
 and on the nth arrived at Saint Croix, where^ 
 from the advanced ftate ot the feafon, he found 
 It would be neceffary to pafs the winter. During 
 that period, he and his people were violently 
 attacked by the fcurvy, which was cured by 
 means of the bark of the fir-tree, from a parti- 
 cular fpecies of which the Canadian balfam is 
 produced, 
 
 ' In the following year Cartier returned to 
 France, and made a favourable report to hi«i 
 Sovereign of the country which he had vifited 
 and explored. 
 
 From the date of this event, nearly four years 
 had elapfed, when Fran9ois de la Roque, Seig- 
 neur de Roberval, applied to Francis the Firft 
 for a commiffion to profecute the difcoveries 
 already made in Canada ; and letters patent, bear- 
 ing date the 15th of January 1540, were granted 
 for this purpofe, declaring him Seigneur of Nor- 
 imbegue. Viceroy and Lieutenant- General in 
 Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, Terre Neuve *, 
 Bellifle, Carpon, Labrador, la Grande Bayef, 
 and Bacculaos, and giving him over all thefe 
 places the fame power and authority which the 
 king hirofelf poflefled. 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 t Bay of Chaleurs. 
 
 II 
 
 M. de 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. ^ 
 
 M. de Roberval embarked the following year, b o o x 
 and failed from France with five veffels, Jacques ^ -,'-,^ 
 Cartier accompanying him in the ftation of firft '535- 
 paptain. IHie voyage was fuccefsful, and a fort 
 was conftru^ed, according to fome writers, on 
 the borders of the river Saint Lawrence, to 
 others, on the ifland of Cape Breton ; and Jacques 
 Cartier remaining there as a corKmandant, with 
 feveral men, a fufficient quantity of provifions, 
 and one of his veffels, M. de Roberval returned 
 to France to folicit more ample fuccours. 
 
 The poll appears to have been injudicioufly 
 chofen, for the cold and other inconveniencies ^ 
 
 difcouraged the or^rrifon, which was likewife 
 moiefted by the natives, who, on their part, were 
 offended that ft rangers fliould form an eftablilh- 
 ment in their territory. Jacques Cartier defpair* 
 ing of the return of IVT. de Roberval, embarked 
 with his people, with an intemion of failing for 
 France, but meeting near the coaft of New- 
 foundland, the Viceroy, accompanied with a con- 
 fiderably fuppiy of men, arms and provifions, 
 ^as readily prevailed on to join him. 
 
 As foon ^s M. de Roberval had re eftabliflied 
 his garrifon, he left Jacques Cartier there a 
 fecond time, with the greater part of his people ; 
 he afterwards afcended the river Saint Lawrence, 
 and entered the mouth of the Saguenay, from . 
 whence he difpatched one of his pilots to en- 
 deavour 
 
 I." 
 
?o 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 J 
 
 iSZS- 
 
 J598. 
 
 deavour to difcover, beyond Newfoundland, a 
 pailage to the weftward. The pilot failed no 
 higher than the 52"'' degree of latitude, and re- 
 turned. The time employed in this voyage to 
 Canada is not mentioned in any extant memoir, 
 but it appears that M. de Roberval did not 
 remain long in that country, as he communi- 
 cated to Jacques Caf ti?r the difcoveries he had 
 made. 
 
 He embarked again for Canada a few years 
 afterwards, accompanied by his brother, who 
 had acquired confiderable reputation in the 
 army, and was called by Francis the Firft, le 
 Gendarme 4'Annibal. Both they and Cartier 
 periflied on this voyage, together with all their 
 attendants, and it never could be known how 
 or where this misfortune happened. With them, 
 every hope of eftablifhing a colony in America 
 became for the prefent fuppreffed. 
 
 After France, torn by civil wars, had re- 
 fumed her former tranquillity under Henry the 
 Fourth, the Marquis de la Roche, a gentleman 
 of Breton, obtained from the king the fame cjm- 
 iniffion which M. de Roberval had enjoyed. He 
 vifited the coafl: of Acadia, made fome obferva- 
 tions upon it, and returned to France. Being 
 unable, from unfortunate circumftances, to pro- 
 fecute his enterprife, his death, it is fuppofed, 
 lyas occafioned by difappointment, 
 
 From 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 II 
 
 1598. 
 
 From the period now mentioned, not more book. 
 than three years had elapfed, when the Sieur Pont- 
 prave, an expert navigator^ and one of the princi- 
 pal merchants of St.Maloes, who hijd made feveral 
 voyages toTadouflac, and conceived that confider- 
 3ble profit might be reaped from the traffic for 
 furs, if purfued excliifively by one aflbciaiion, 
 propofed to M. Chauvin, captain of a veflel, that 
 ^ commiflion for this purpofe, containing alfo all 
 the prerogatives granted to M. de la Roche, 
 fhould be procured from the king. That com- 
 miflion having been granted, fome fmall veffels 
 were equipped and failed for Tadouffac, under 
 the guidance of M. Pontgrave, M. Chauvin 
 having alfo made this voyage. The former 
 wifhed to afcend as far as Three Rivers, becaufe. 
 that place, which he had before examined with 
 care, appeared to him the moft eligible on which 
 to form a fettlement. The only intention of the 
 latter, however, was to trade for furs, with 
 which he foon loaded his veflels. He made ano- 
 ther voyage for the fame purpofe, and with equal 
 fuccefs. 
 
 M. Chatte, governor of Dieppe, fucceedingM. 
 Chauvin, formed a company of merchants at 
 Rouen, and fitted out an armament, the condutl 
 of which he committed to Pontgrave, to whom 
 the king had given letters patent for profecuting 
 difcoveries, and edablifhing fettlements in the 
 
 river 
 
\ ' I, 
 
 12 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 f , 
 
 ■ I 
 
 11 f^ 
 
 ml f 
 
 m. :. i' 
 
 k. 
 
 BOOK river of Canada. Samuel de Champlain, the 
 \_ -J- _ r commander of a veffel arriving at the fame time 
 ^59^' from the Weft Indies, M. de Chatte propofed to 
 him to embark for Canada, to which, after ob- 
 taining leave of the king, he confented. 
 
 In 1603 they arrived at the place of their 
 deftination, where Champlain, after remaining 
 for a few days, embarked in a light batreau with 
 five failors, and afcended the St. Lawrence from 
 Tadouffac as high as the Falls of St. Louis on 
 the fouth fide of the ifland of Montreal, where 
 Cartier had formerly been. The village of 
 Hochelaga was found almoft deferted, but a 
 very few inhabitants remaining. 
 
 He defcended to the Ihips, and failing to 
 Acadia, left a fmall fetilement on its coaft. He 
 reconnoitered the northern coafi: of the Gulph, 
 which he named Malebau, becauie his veflel was 
 in danger of being ftranded. He there wintered, 
 and took pofleflion of it in the name of the king 
 his mafter, as alfo of Cape ^^lanc, which is to ths 
 eaftward. 
 
 The company with which Pontgrave and 
 Champlain were concerned, increafed in number 
 in proportion as the commerce in peltry became 
 more confiderable. The Malonefe, in particular, 
 entered with fuch fpirit into its views, as greatly 
 tended to an augmentation of its funds. 
 
 ft':-! 
 
 M.de 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 13 
 
 M. de Champlain, whofe inclination did not boo 
 
 K 
 
 lead him to take much intcrefl: in commerce, and 
 whofe fentiments were liberal and directed to the 
 public welfare, after having maturely fearched 
 for the mod eligib'^ fpot on which to found a 
 fettlement, which the court of France defired 
 might be made on the coafl: of the river, he 
 chofe the promontory of Quebec, where he ar- 
 rived on the 13th of July. Having erected 
 fome huts for himfelf and his people, they began 
 to clear the land of the wood with which it was 
 covered. 
 - M. de Monts, who was at the head of the 
 affociation in which Champlain and Pontgrave 
 were engaged, and who having had a patent for 
 forming fettlements and trading in North Ame- 
 rica, had been unfuccefsful in the execution of 
 the objeds he had in view with refpeft to Acadia, 
 and had thereby, in a great meafure, loft his 
 influence with the men in power. Champlain 
 and Pontgrave attached thettfelves neverthelefs 
 more ftrongly to his inte^;-;'fs, and failed for 
 America, a year from the date of their laft 
 voyage, the former with a defign to fuccour and 
 advance his fettlement at Quebec, the latter to 
 profecute the traffic at Tadouffac. 
 
 The infant colony was found in as good a con- 
 dition, as from the circumftances of the climate, 
 end the induftry of the fettlers, could be fup- 
 . . pofed. 
 
 i€o3. 
 
 1638. 
 
 '?■■ 
 

 
 T. 
 
 
 t. 
 
 5 r 
 
 ' • • It 
 
 *, : I- 
 '-' . lis 
 
 ■' i 
 
 r:H 
 
 u 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1608. 
 
 pofed. Direi^ions had been given for the culti- 
 vation of rye and corn, and the crops produced 
 from both had been lufficiently abundant. The 
 vine had alfo been planted, but from the long 
 duration andfeverity of the cold, it gave but faint 
 indication of ever being able to arrive at any 
 degree of maturity or perfedion. 
 
 The favages who frequented and owned the 
 neighbouring country, were called Algonquins. 
 The Montagnez poflefled the territory bordering 
 on the Saguenay and the fettlement of Tadouf- 
 fac. With neither of thefe tribes did the French 
 find any difficulty in forming an alliance, efpe* 
 cidly as they aflifted them in times of want, 
 which not unfrequently happened, particularly 
 when they had been unfuccefsful in the chace. 
 
 But the greateft advantage which thefe natives 
 hoped to derive from the French, was by procur- 
 ing their affiftance againfl their common enemy 
 the Iroquois. 
 
 Champlain having wintered at Quebec, and 
 being there joineqf*'ln the fpring by Pontgrave, 
 and a party of Hurons, Algonquins, and Mon- 
 tagnez, who were on their march againfl their 
 common enemy ; the former, without due re- 
 flexion of the future confequences which might 
 enfue from his early interference in the wars of 
 the favages, was perfuaded to accompany them 
 and to become their leader. From hence doubt- 
 
 lef9 
 
med the 
 onquins. 
 ordering 
 Tadouf- 
 e French 
 ce, efpe* 
 of want, 
 rt'icularly 
 chace. 
 "e natives 
 ^ procur- 
 in enemy 
 
 ;bec, and 
 Dntgrave, 
 nd Mon- 
 inft their 
 t due re- 
 ch might 
 wars of 
 any them 
 :e doubt- 
 lefs 
 
 ■? 
 
 i 
 
 i6o». 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. i» 
 
 lefs niay be traced, the calamities and dangers to book 
 
 which afterwards the colony was frequently ex- ^ '. j 
 
 pofed, and which at fome periods threatened its 
 total deflru^tion. 
 
 He embarked with his allies, on the river St. 
 Lawrence, and profecuting their journey in fmali 
 birch canoes, afcended the river of the Iroquois, 
 now called Sorel. After pafling the rapid of 
 Chambly, they encamped before the enemy, and 
 entrenched thcmfelves towards the land fide 
 with large flakes. It is not the cuftom of favages 
 to fortify themfelves on the fide towards the 
 water, as they are never attacked from that 
 quarter. They only arrange their canoes by the 
 border of the river, or lake, and the furprife 
 muft be fudden if they have not time to embark, 
 and get beyond the reach of danger before the 
 entrenchment can be forced. When they have 
 encamped, they detach fcouts to reconnoitre, 
 but this is only a ceremony. The fcouts never 
 go far from the camp, and if they return without 
 perceiving any figns of the enemy, the whole 
 band goes quietly to reft. They are often the 
 dupes of fo ra(h a confidence in fecurity, but ex- 
 perience has not taught them to remedy the 
 negled. The Iroquois alone make war witfi 
 great circumfpe^ion, which is doubtlefs one of 
 the chief caufes of the fuperiority which they 
 have gained over their foes, who do not yield to 
 
 them 
 
!*;i 
 
 i6 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 j6c8. 
 
 it 
 
 BOOK, them in valour, and whofe fuperior numbers 
 I. 
 
 ought to have iubdued them. 
 
 "Without effe6t did Champlain reprefent to his 
 allies the danger to which they expofed them- 
 felves by a condud fo extraordinary ; the only 
 reply which they made was, that men who had 
 toiled during the day, required to pafs the night 
 in repofe. The whole of the country through 
 which they pafled during this expedition, ap- 
 peared rich and agreeable. A large lake, near 
 thirty leagues in length, and twelve in the 
 broadefl part, at which they at length arrived, 
 Champlain diftinguiflied by his own name, which 
 it has ever fmce retained. 
 
 The enemy were met on this lake, but as 
 favages feldom fight upon the water, both parties 
 gained the fhore. On thu following morning 
 they engaged, when the Iroquois were defeated, 
 chiefly owing to the fuperiority which the French 
 with their fire arms gave to the allies. 
 
 After this expedition, Champlain defcended 
 to TadoufTac, where he embarked with M. Pont- 
 grave for France, leaving the colony under the 
 diredlion of Piurre Chauvin. He was well re- 
 ceived by his fovereign, to whom he gave a par- 
 ticular tiefcripiion of the colony, and of the 
 covmiry in which it was fettled; and on this 
 occafion the appellation of New France was nrft 
 given to Canada. 
 
 8 Champlaiai 
 
itiSTORY OF CANAbA. 
 
 >7 
 
 Champlain and Pontgravc embarked at Har- 
 fleur to fail again for New France, havin^^ two 
 armed Veflels under their command. They had 
 not long arrived, when the former was folicited 
 by the Montagnez and Algonquins to accom- 
 pany them in a fecond campaign againfl the 
 Iroquois. They marched to the river Sorel, 
 and Champlain followed them in a barque ; but 
 he found not there the number of warriors 
 which his allies had induced him to expefl. 
 
 He at the fame tirtie learned that a party com- 
 pofed of a hundred Iroquois was not far didant, 
 and that if he wi^ed to furprife them he had 
 iiot a moment to lofe. He therefore left his 
 barque, and entered into a canoe^ atrended by 
 four Frenchmen in feparate canoes. The con- 
 federates had not proceeded on above half an 
 hour, when they fprung afliore, without faying a 
 word to the French, and deferting their canoes, 
 fwiftly ran into the woods. Champlain found 
 himfelf much embarrafTed refpe£ting the mea- 
 fures he ought to purfue, as he had been for- 
 faken, without a fmgle guide, and had to walk 
 through a marfliy country, and acrofs pathlefs 
 forefts, infefted by multitudes of mufquitoes 
 and other winged tribes of torture which cloud* 
 the atmofphere. Having proceeded for fome 
 time as chance dire«^ed, dreading every moment 
 that he might be loft in the woods, he perceived 
 
 VOL, 1. c a favage 
 
 l6;0. 
 7 til Mar. 
 
HP 
 
 t9 
 
 HISTORr or CANADA. 
 
 1610. 
 
 ^ii 
 
 ! ^ t 
 
 h i 
 
 IL'^l 
 
 B o o K. a favage whom he joined. Shortly afterwards 
 an Algonquin captain came to him, and befought 
 him to quicken his pace, as the allies were en- 
 gaged with the Iroquois. The fhouts of the 
 combatants foon reached his ears. The allies 
 had attacked the enemy, who were well en- 
 trenched, and were repuifed with fome lofs. At 
 the fight of the French their courage rekindled, 
 and they rapidly returned to the charge. The 
 Iroquois, who were yet unfkilled in defending 
 themfelves againd fire arms, began to relax, and 
 to take fhditer, many of them having fallen by 
 Ihot from the blunderbufles. Ammunition at 
 length failing the allies, who had not provided 
 for fo long a refinance, it was propofed they 
 fliould aflault the entrenchment. Champlain 
 with his four Frenchmen placed himfelf at theii' 
 head, and notwithftanding the vigorous defence 
 of the befieged, a confiderable br^^ach was made. 
 In the mean time a young Frenchman, whom 
 Champlain had left in his barque, arrived, ac- 
 companied by five of his comrades. The fortu- 
 nate arrival of this fuccour allowed the aifailants 
 time to breath, whilft they alfo kept the enemy 
 engaged. The favages again returned to the 
 aiTault, and the French placed themfelves on the 
 wings to fuflain them. The Iroquois became 
 overpowered by thefe repeated attacks, and al- 
 raofl the whole were killed or captured ; fo«ie 
 
 running 
 
 

 ifrirroRY OF cawada. 
 
 tunning to the river, there plunged themfelvcs 
 headlong and were drowned. The aQIon being 
 thus terminated, there arrived another party of 
 Frchchmen, who were incHned to folace them- 
 felvcs for the lofs of a participation in the honour 
 of rhe vidory, by a (hare in the divifion of the 
 fpoils. They feized the beaver (kins which con* 
 cealed the nakednefs of the dead. This gave 
 much umbrage to the allied favages ; who, by 
 the exercifc of their ufual cruelty on the pri* 
 foners, and by devouring one of them, excited, 
 on the other hand, horror among the French. 
 There the barbarians boafted of a difinterefted- 
 nefs, which they were furprifed not to find in 
 their more civih'^ed allies, and conceived it a 
 greater evil to defpoil the dead, than to eat th« 
 flefli of prifoners, and to violate all the laws of 
 humanity, by taking delight in inflifting the moft 
 cruel torments on enemies no longer able to 
 defend themfelves. 
 
 Champlain demanded of them one of the cap- 
 tives, whom they willingly beftowed. He alfo 
 engaged the Hurons, who were about to return 
 to their country, to take with them a French- 
 man, that he might acquire their language, upon 
 condition that they would allow a young Huron 
 Co accompany him to France, that he might be 
 able to report to them the iUte of that kbgdom, 
 
 c 2 of 
 
 «f 
 
 i6io> 
 

 
 j6io. 
 
 
 «0 HISTORY OF CANA 
 
 of which they had already To jbhtm heard a de-* 
 fcription. 
 
 Pie accordingly embarked with him the fame 
 year, and returned, (lie following fprtng, when 
 he conducted him to Montreal, where he chofe 
 a fpot for a habitation, which he intended to 
 cftablifti there *, but which, however, he did not 
 carry into execution, being obliged to return to 
 France, where the death of the king had tended 
 10 eompleat the ruin of the affairs of M« de Monts. 
 'This gentleman, by lofing his mafter, loft at 
 the fame time all his remaining intereft, and 
 found himfelf no longer in a condition to en- 
 gage in any undertaking. He exhorted Cham- 
 plain, whom he had never abandoned, not to be 
 difcouraged, and to feek out fome more powerful 
 patron for the infant colony. He accordingly 
 addrefled himfelf to Charles de Bombon, Count 
 of Soiflbns, who gave him a favourable recep- 
 tion, agreed to the propofal which was offered 
 him, of becoming the parent of New France, 
 procured from the queen regent the authority 
 necefTary to maintain and to advance what had 
 already been begun, and nominated Champlain 
 his lieutenant, with ample and unreftrained 
 power. 
 i6iz. The death of this prince, which happened 
 foon afterwards^ did not derange the affairs of 
 
 New 
 
 if' 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 II 
 
 1612. 
 
 New France, for the Prince of Condc readily b 0^0 k 
 condefccnded to take charge of them, and con- 
 tinucd Champlain in the employ with which the 
 count had inverted him. There arofc, however, 
 fome difficulties relating to the fur trade, which 
 were occafioned by merchants of Saint Maloes, 
 and this circumftance detained him during twelve 
 months in France. 
 
 On his return to Qtiebec, he found the feltle- 
 ment in fo profperous a ftate, that he thought it 
 unneceflary to remain there, and afcended with 
 M. Pontgrave to Montreal. After fpending fome 
 days on the ifland, the latter dcfcended to 
 Quebec, and Champlain made a voyage on the 
 grand river of the Outaouais, whole courfe is to 
 the northward of Montreal, and whofe juntSlion 
 with the waters of the St. Lawrence contributes 
 to feparate from the continent that large and 
 beautiful ifland, and the fmaller Ide de Jefus. 
 From thence he rerurncJ to Quebec to join 
 Pontgiave, with wh im he embarked for St. 
 Maloes, where they arrived in the end of 
 Augud 
 
 He then entered into a new plan of aflbcia- 
 tion with merchants of that city, of Rouen, and 
 of Rochelle. The prince, who had affumed the 
 title of viceroy of New France, approved of the 
 aiTociation, and procured foi hat body letters- 
 patent from the king. M. de Champlain, np 
 
 c 3 longer 
 
y 
 
 aa 
 
 HISTORY QF CANADA, 
 
 
 i'i I 
 
 i6iz. 
 
 BOOK, longer entertaining any doubt that a colony in 
 which fo many wealthy perfons were now inter-« 
 efted, and which had for its patron the firft 
 prince of the blood royal, would foon acquire 
 a more permanent and (olid form, began fe- 
 rioufly to think of providing for it fpiritual aids, 
 of which it had hitherto been almoft totally def* 
 titute. He demanded and obtained four Re- 
 colets, whom the company chearfully fupplied 
 with every neceffary article, and he conducted 
 them himfeli' to Canada. — When they arrived 
 at Quebec, M. de Champlain immediately pro-. 
 ceeded to Montreal, where he found a number 
 of Kurons with fome of their allies, who en- 
 gaged him in a third expedition againfl: the 
 Iroquois. By his complaifance to thefe favages, 
 it muft be allowed, he took the true means of 
 (jonciiiating their friendfliip, and of becoming 
 acquainted with their country, where he con- 
 templated the eflablifiiment of a profitable com- 
 merce, and the means of their being converted 
 to the Chriftian faith. But he much expofed 
 himfelf, and refleded not, that this facility of 
 condefcenfion to the will of barbarians, was by 
 no means fuitable for procuring that refpeft 
 which his charaQer and fituation demanded. 
 Having occafion to return to Quebec, he re* 
 quefted that the favages would delay their de- 
 parture until he rejoined them j but forgetting 
 . ' |heir 
 
 « 1 ■ 
 
 nri 
 
HISTORT OF CANADA* 
 
 23 
 
 1612. 
 
 their promise, or being impatient, they embarked book 
 with feme Frenchmen who remained at Mon- 
 treal, and with Pierre Jofeph le €aron, Recolet, 
 who was willing to embrace this opportunity of 
 accuftoming himfelf to the favage mode of life, 
 that he might more quickly acquire their lan- 
 guage, by being under a neceffity of fpeaking it. 
 The ravages having difregarded their engage- 
 ment, it appears that Champlain might, without 
 difficulty, have acquitted himfelf of that which 
 he had given, and his experience might have 
 fuggefted to him, that to retain refpedl among 
 barbarians, any mark of infolence or diftruft 
 ought not to be paifed with impunity. — The 
 only circumftance which can juftify Champlain 
 in refolving to follow the Hurons, who difdained 
 «^o await his arrival, appears to have been his 
 anxiety for the fafety of the Recolet, whom his 
 zeal, rather than his prudence, had induced to 
 attend them. 
 
 He therefore departed with two Frenchmen 
 and ten favages, whom he met on his arrival at 
 Montreal ; and, although they travelled with 
 much expedition, he could not overtake the 
 Hurons, until he approached their village. It 
 was here agreed they fhould wait until the 
 neighbouring warriors aflembled. The interval 
 of time was occupied in feftivity and dancing, 
 and ip giving way to the emotioas of joy which 
 
 c 4 they 
 
t 
 
 «4 
 
 v-i 
 
 •ii: 
 
 
 V 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 they appeared to feel at the profpeft of being 
 aided by the Frenchmen in their war, of which 
 they already aflured themfelves of vidlory. j,^^... 
 The greater part of the people being con- 
 vened, they left the village ^n the ift day of 
 September, and palfed along the borders of a 
 lake three leagues diftant from thence, where 
 there were extenfive fiftieries referved for the 
 winter. An adjoining lake defcends into the laft 
 by a narrow channel, in which great quantities of 
 fifii are caught by means of pallifades, almofl: 
 fhutting up the paflage, and leaving only fmall 
 openings, where nets for enfnaring the fifli are 
 extended. They there halted a fhort time, 
 waiting the arrival of the other favages, who at 
 length joined, with their arms, provifions, and 
 other articles. A council was immediately held, 
 in order to make choice of fonie q( the moft re- 
 folute men, whom they might difpatch to give 
 advice to five hundred warriors who had pro» 
 mifed to reinforce this expedition. For that pur^ 
 pofe they difpatched, in two canoes, twelve of 
 their ftouteft men. In the mean time it was re- 
 folved to invefl the fort of the enemy. After 
 having travelled along a variety of rivers and 
 lakes, during which fcveral days were occupied, 
 they arrived at the theatre of hoftility, and be- 
 fore the fortified village. Although it had been 
 agreed that they Ihould not difcoyer themfelves 
 
HrSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 «s 
 
 16:2. 
 
 until the following day, the favages immediately book 
 entered on fkirmiftiing. Their impatience would 
 not admit of delay, and fome of the party having 
 already ventured too far, were clofely purfued 
 by the enemy. It then became neceflary that 
 Champlain fhould advance with his few French- 
 men, and exhibit to the enemy a fpeflacle which 
 that tribe of the Iroquois had not yet witnefled. 
 No fooner did they perceive the flafti, and hear 
 the report of the arquebufles, with the noife of 
 the balls whittling pad their ears, than they 
 quickly retreated into their fort, carrying with 
 them fuch as had been killed or wounded in the 
 rencontre. The aflailants followed their ex- 
 ample, and retired to the diftance of eight hun- 
 dred yards, from the view of the enemy, toge- 
 ther with fix of their number who had been 
 wounded. This ftep was contrary to the advice 
 given by Champlain, and to the plan previoufly 
 propofed to be adopted. He accordingly re- 
 frained not from reprefenting the impropriety of 
 their conduft, and prevailed on them to conflrucl: 
 a fpecies of wooden cavaliere to overlook the pal- 
 lifades, on which would be placed fome French- 
 men with fire arms to diflodge the enemy from 
 their galleries. He likewife caufed to be made 
 a kind of mantelettes, to cover and prote(^ the 
 people from the (bowers of arrows and of ftones 
 which were poured upon them, to. enable them, 
 
 under 
 
It- i I 
 
 1 ; 
 
 Im 
 
 V. ) 
 
 M 
 
 
 s6 
 
 HISTORY ©F CANADA. 
 
 i6iz. 
 
 BOOK under cover, to fct fire to the pallifades, and to 
 render hazardous any attempt of the enemy to 
 extingui(h it, by expofing them to the (hot from 
 the cavaliere. They applauded this propofal, 
 and forthwith began to conltrudl: the engines 
 recommended. The five hundred men who 
 were expeiled as a reinforcement did not arrive, 
 which was a circumftance of difappoiiitment and 
 difcouragcment. But as the body was yet fuf- 
 ficiently numerous to take the fort, Champlain 
 prefled them to lofe no time, afluring them that 
 the Iroquoiii having expeiienced the force of the 
 lire- arms, whole {hot could penetrate fubftancej 
 which were proof againft arrows, had begun to 
 barricade and (lren^;"fhcn their village, already 
 inclofed by four piiUifadcs in depth, formed of 
 ilrong and large pieces of wood, interwoven 
 with each othei, of the altitude of thirty feet. 
 Their galleries were in the manner of parapets, 
 which they bad fortiiicd with double pieces of 
 wood, proof againd the impreflion of (hot from 
 the arquebufTes. Their fort llood contiguous to a 
 pond of water, from whence it was plentifully fup- 
 pliedby means ofa quantity ofdu6ls, by which they 
 could readily throw water to extinguifh fire, either 
 within or without that ftrufture. An approach 
 was made to the village with the cavaliere car- 
 ried by two hundred of the ftrongefl men, who 
 placed it befcxe the piquets at the diRance of fix 
 
 or 
 
 4^ 
 it' . 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 n 
 
 I. 
 1612. 
 
 or feven feet, when three Frenchmen, armed with b 0^0 k 
 arquebufles, were ordered to afcend it, under 
 cover from the arrows and ilones which might 
 be fliot or thrown, in which operation the 
 enemy had not by any means relaxed. The 
 great number of fhots fired from the cavaliere, 
 >yhich overlooked them, compelled the Iroquois 
 to diflodge^ and to abandon their galleries j and 
 not venturing longer to expofe themfclves, they 
 fought under cover. The affailants negleding 
 to bring, as they were ordered, the mantelettes^ 
 which were defigned to guard them in conveying 
 fire to the inclofure, abandoned this part of the 
 original plan, and raifed a loud cry, at the fame 
 time ftiooting arrows into the fort, which did 
 little execution againft the enemy. Unaecuf- 
 tomed to military dflcipline, or inftruclion in' 
 the art of warfare, each favage performed what- 
 ever he thought mofl: proper, and the fort was 
 imprudently fet fire to, in a fir nation, whence, 
 from the adion of the wind, no advantage could 
 be derived. In the mean time the aflailants were 
 colleding wood to encreafe the fire, and fell into 
 much confufion, of which the bcfieged raking 
 advantage, poured fuch a quantity of water 
 through their fpouts as completely to defeat its 
 effect. In this attempt, where two of the prin- 
 cipal chiefs were wounded, fome of the others 
 propofed a retreat, and a fufpenfion of hoflilities, 
 
 5 until 
 
2S 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 wk^. 
 
 ilii 
 
 a 
 
 ;1 
 
 'id 
 
 1 I. 
 
 I ■ f 
 
 BOOK until the arrival of the five hundred men, who, 
 T_ ^ _f they afHrmed, would roon form a jundion. 
 «6i». 'I'he chiefs have little command over their 
 followers, and ad as caprice fuggefts ; a certain 
 caufeof the diforder and failure of all their under- 
 takings, cfpecialiy when they attempt to engage 
 an enemy who is prepared for the encounter, 
 and ads upon the defenfive. '^ 
 
 Some days having elapfed, and the five hun- 
 dred men nor arriving, they deliberated on their 
 departure ; they were in vain folicited by Cham- 
 plain to make another attempt at dedroying the 
 fort by fire, on a day when the wind was favour- 
 able for that projed, and blew with confiderable 
 ftrength. They began to conftrud bafkets for 
 tranfporting the wounded, who are placed within 
 them, folded together and bound with cords in 
 fuch a manner as to deprive them of all motion, 
 occafioning them to fuffer the moft ievere and ex- 
 cruciating pain ; a (late which Champlam himfelf 
 was unfortunately neceflitated to experience, 
 having been badly wounded in the knee. 
 
 The enemy purfued them about half a league, 
 keeping at a fmall diftance, and endeavouring to 
 lay hold of feme of the rear-guard, but finding 
 that they aded with caution, at length withdrew. 
 The favagcs make their retreat with great fe- 
 curity, placing all the wounded and aged in the 
 centre, being well guarded on the van and on 
 
 the 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Bi- 
 
 14 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 •» 
 
 l6l3. 
 
 the rear, and difpofed according to their mode » o o ^ 
 of order, until they arrive at a place where they 
 condcive themfelvcs perfeftly free from attack. 
 
 The Iroquois never make a lading peace with 
 nations whom they have once conquered, or 
 whom they hope to overcome by divifions, which 
 they diiTeminate amongft them with great ad* 
 
 drefs. i.j^fo i' v. 3iv 'v n,77i' ^c: -r ■■'i .^v-n 
 Champlain foon recovered from his wound, 
 and wi(hed to proceed on his return to Quebec, 
 but could not obtain a guide who had been pro* 
 mifed him, and the Hurons accompanied their 
 refufal with fome indications of difrefpe^l. It 
 became therefore neceffary that he fliould winter 
 among thefe barbarians. He employed himfelf 
 during that feafon in vifiting the villages of the 
 Hurons, and fome of thofe belonging to the Al« 
 gonquins, fituated on the borders of lake Ni> 
 pilling. He reconciled fome neighbouring tribes 
 with the Hurons ; and fo foon as the navigation 
 of the rivers was open, having learnt that they 
 wiftied to engage him in a new enterprife againft 
 the Iroquois, he perfuaded fome favages, who 
 were attached to him from the mildnefs of his 
 manners, to accompany him, and fecretly em- 
 barked with Pierre Jofeph for Quebec, where he 
 arrived on the i ith of July 1616. He foon af- 
 terwards returned to France. 
 
 16x6. 
 
 The 
 
flM 
 
 3<i 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 « . ' 
 
 1616. 
 
 I i! 
 
 f * 
 
 W .» 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 The allies, from fome motives of difiatisfac- 
 don, had meditated the deftrufikion of th« 
 French. They probably were inclined to adopt 
 this refolution from the apprchcnfion that when 
 Champlain returned from France, he would in- 
 flidl fignal vengeance on them for the death of 
 two French inhabitants, whom they had aflafli* 
 nated, perhaps from a view of poffeffing fome 
 articles of their property. They afleinbled to the 
 number of eight hundred, near Three Rivers, to 
 deliberate on the means of crufliing at the fame 
 time all the French ; but Frere Pacjfique, a Rc- 
 colet, came to a knowledge of their defign by 
 means of one of their number, and by degrees 
 diffuaded the greatefl: part of them from any 
 longer entertaining that intention. They accord- 
 ingly made propofals for a reconciliation, and 
 the miflionary charged himfelf with negociating 
 with the commandant for that purpofe. Cham- 
 plain, however, on his return, demanded the 
 two aflaffins ; one of them, who was the lead 
 culpable, was fent to him, together with a quan- 
 tity of furs '^ to cover the deed," or to make 
 an atonement to the furviving friends. It was 
 neceffary to accept of this fpecies of fatisfattion ; 
 an accommodation took place, and the favages 
 gave two of their chiefs as hoftages. . ,; . .,;r ; • 
 
 The colony never received from France the 
 affiftance which was requifite for its advancement 
 
 and 
 
HISTORY or CANADA* 
 
 3^ 
 
 x6i6. 
 
 and profperlty. The court took no interference ^ o^o k. 
 in its affairs, which were left to the company, 
 whofe views were folely directed to the fur trade. 
 The Prince of Cond^ did little more than lend 
 his name, which contributed nothing to the ad- 
 vantage of the fettlement j befides, the troubles 
 during the regency, which cod him his liberty, 
 and the intrigues which were carried on to deprive 
 him of the title of viceroy, and to revoke the com- 
 milTion of Marechal de Themlnes, to whom he 
 had entrufted the patronage of Canada during 
 his imprifonraent i the want of unanimity among 
 the affociates, the jealoufy of commerce which 
 divided them, all thefe circumflances frequently 
 endangered the exiftence of fo young an eftabliih- 
 ment.. . . ; ; -, „. . :. .. , . „^,;-,. 
 
 The perfevetance of Champlaln was therefore 
 highly laudable, as he had a multitude of ob- 
 ftacles to encounter and to overcome. He never, 
 however, abandoned his obje£l, although he had 
 to ftruggle againft the caprices of fome, and the 
 eontradidlion of others. r 
 
 The Prince de Conde refigned for eleven 
 thoufand crowns his viceroyalty to the Maicchal 
 de Montmorenci, his broth er-in-Uw, who conti- 
 nued Champlain in the lieutenancy, and charged 
 with the affairs of the colony in France, M, Dolu, 
 grand auditor, with whofe probity and zeal he 
 was well acquainted. At that period, Cham- 
 
 plain. 
 
 16201. 
 
Jf HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 BOOK plain, pcrfuaded that New France would aflfume 
 ^-J^i,^ a more favourable afpcft, brought thither his 
 *^^®' family. He arrived in Canada in the month of 
 May, and found at Tadouflac fonie traders from 
 Rochelle, who, to the prejudice of the company, 
 and contrary to the exprefs prohibition of the 
 monarch, were trafficking with the favages. They 
 were the firft who fold them fire-arms, as thefe 
 inftruments of death had hitherto been carefully 
 withheld from the barbarians. 
 
 In the following year the Iroquois appeared in 
 arms in the very centre of the colony. Thefe 
 favages dreading led the French fhould become 
 populous in the country, and by their alliance 
 with the Hurons and Algonquins, raife thefe 
 tribes to a condition of refuming their former 
 fuperiority, refolved to crulh them before they 
 had time to gain a greater accellion of ftrength. 
 They aflembled three confiderable bodies for 
 feparate attacks. The firft moved towards the 
 rapids of St. Louis, near Montreal, and there 
 found fome Frenchmen who guarded the paf- 
 fage, and who had been made acquainted with 
 their movements. Although the number of the 
 latter was few, yet with the aid of the favage 
 allies, they obliged the enemy to retreat. Several 
 of the Iroquois were killed, fome were taken 
 prifoners, and the remainder faved themfelves 
 
 by 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 33 
 
 i6ao. 
 
 by flight, carrying, however, with them a Re- book 
 colet, whofe name was Poulalu. They were 
 purfued without fuccefs. At length the French 
 detached one of the prifoners, to whom they gave 
 his liberty, recommending him to propofe an ex- 
 change of the miilionary for one of their chiefij. 
 This man arrived at the moment of time to fave 
 the Recolet from the flames. The propofal with 
 which he was charged was accepted, and the 
 exchange was accordingly made. • 
 
 The fecond party, embarked in thirty canoes, 
 approached Quebec, and went to invefl the con^ 
 vent of Recolets on the river Saint Charles, 
 where th^e was a fmall fort. Not venturing to 
 attack that place, they furprifed a party of Hu- 
 rons at no great diftance from thence. They 
 then laid wade the cultivated lands in the vi- 
 cinity of the convent, and retired. What be- 
 came of the third party is not related in the me- 
 moir. The neceffity of having fufficient force 
 to reprefs the daring aggreflion of thefe favages, 
 became now more than ever apparent, and 
 Champlain conceived that, he ought without 
 delay to reprefent to the king and to the duke 
 de Montmorenci, the neceffity of fending a re- 
 inforcement, and like wife to explain to thefe 
 perfonages the conduft of the company, who 
 had difregarded his reiterated applications to in- 
 duce them to fulfil their engagements. He d&« 
 
 VOL. I. D puted 
 
34 
 
 l620. 
 
 J , 
 
 HISTORY CXF CANADA. 
 
 piited for this fervicc Pierre Georj^e le BaiHifj^ 
 who was perfonally known to the king. His re» 
 ception was favourable and gracious, and he ob- 
 tained his demand. The coni{»iuy was fup, 
 prefled, and tij^o gentlemen, named William and 
 Emeric de Caen, uncle and nephew, fsmcred 
 into all its privileges. 
 
 Champlain was commanded, in. ^ letter from 
 the viceroy, to maintain a itri^ authority over 
 the commercial inhabitants. He at the fam^ 
 time received a letter from the king himfelf, af- 
 furing him that he was well fatisfied with his fer- 
 vices, and exhorting him to continue the iame 
 proofs of his fidtlity. This mark of honour did 
 not tend to augment his fortune, which indeed 
 did not much occupy his mind ; but it inverted 
 him with an authority of which he bad greater 
 need than ever, on account of the contefts which 
 daily arofe between the agents of the old company 
 and thofe of rheSleurs de Caen, and which other- 
 wife might have produced an unfortunate iiTue. 
 Although he ailiduoufly endeavoured to attra£^ 
 inhabitants to fettle at Quebec, and gave every 
 pofiible encouragement to the increafe of popu- 
 lation, yet in 1622 the total number amounted 
 to no more than fifty perfons, including wome^ 
 and chil4ren. Commerce was not very flourifh- 
 ing, but the traffic for furs was conducted at 
 Tadoiiflac with much fuccefs, and another mart 
 
 was 
 
 \%i 
 
 
HI8T0RV OF CANADA* 
 
 3S 
 
 wai opened at Three Rivers, twenty-five leagues book 
 above Quebec, *.^v^ 
 
 William de Cac'n came himrelf to Canada ; 
 Sleur Pontgrave, to whom he had committed 
 the management of his affairs, being obUged on 162a, 
 account of bad heahh to return to his native 
 country. His final departure was a great lofs to 
 the colony, as to his exertions it had been very- 
 much indebted. 
 
 About the fame period Champlain was in- 
 formed that the Hurons propofed to detach them- 
 felves from their alliance with the French, and 
 to unite with the Iroquois. On this account he 
 fent, as an ambaflador among them, Pierre Jofeph 
 le Caron, accompanied by Pierre Nicholas Viel, 
 and Fr. Oabriel Saghart, with direflions to ufe 
 every means in their power to dilTuade thofe 
 favages from embracing that line of condu6l. 
 
 In the following year the commandant forti- 
 fied the fettlement with a (lone redoubt, and as 
 foon as he had completed it, returned to France 
 wiihhls family. ^,^- 
 
 The Marcchal de Montmorenci refigned his 
 charge of Viceroy in favour of the Duke de 
 Ventadour his nephew, who had retired from 
 court, and entered into holy orders. He took 
 charge of the affairs of New France with a view 
 of being inftrumental in promoting the conver- 
 fion of the natives, and he confidered the Jefuits 
 
 o 2 
 
 as 
 
I^PUi 
 
 ^ 
 
 1622. 
 
 IS, 
 
 ■i . 
 
 .1- ': 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 as a clafs from whom the mod effedual aid 
 could be derived for the execution of this pro^ 
 jcft. He laid his propofal before the king's 
 council, by whom it was highly approved. Five 
 Jefuits were accordingly fent out to Canada, 
 under the protection of William de Caen, who 
 aflured the viceroy that nothing fliould be want- 
 ing to contribute to their comfort. They had 
 however fcarcely landed, when they were in^ 
 formed that the Recolets would not give them 
 an afylum, and that therefore the mod eligible 
 meafure would be to return to France. They 
 foon perceived that means had been employed to 
 prejudice the inhabitants of Quebec againft them, 
 by putting into their hands all the injurious 
 publications which the Calvinifts of France had 
 produced againft their fociety. But their pre- 
 fence foon effaced thefe hurtful impreffions ; the 
 libels were publicly burnt, and the Jefuits were 
 lodged in the hpufe of the Recolets on the banks 
 of the river St. Charles. 
 
 Some Frenchmen having t)een affafEnated by 
 the favages, the colony experienced great in^ 
 quietudes ; and as the inhabitants were not in a 
 condition fufficiently powerful to revenge them- 
 felves, impunity had augmented the infolence of 
 the barbarians fo much, that they who happened 
 to go any diftance from habitations, were in im- 
 minent danger of lofing their lives. Such was 
 2 their 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 37 
 
 their fituation when Champlain returned 
 C^bec. The fortifications Were not improved 
 during his abfence^ and the lands which had 
 been cleared remained for the greaieft part un- 
 cuhivated. The affociates of the Sieurs de Caen 
 thought of little elfe than the traffic for furs, and 
 being Calvinifts, their fentiments increafed in 
 afperity towards thofc of a different fyftem of 
 religion. Thefe circumflances being flrongly 
 reprefented to ttie council of the king, induced 
 the Cardinal Richlieu to refolve on placing the 
 commerce of New France in other hands^ and 
 to liften to a propofal which was prefented, of 
 forming a company of a hundred aflbciates. 
 
 Nothing could be better conceived^ and it 
 would in a (hort time have made the colony the 
 mod powerful in America, had the execution of 
 it been equal to its merit, and had the members 
 of this body kept pace with the favourable dif- 
 pofition then (hewn by the king and his n^inifters 
 towards (:hem. v-f^'hf'r ;t .in-JOf'n 3>iK -^r, , 
 
 The m*emorial which was prefented to the 
 Cardinal de Richlieu by M. de Roquemont, 
 Houel, de Lattaignant, Dablon, Du Chefne, 
 and Cadillon, imported, that in the following 
 year, the aflbciated body would fend to New 
 France 300 workmen of trades of every de- 
 icripiion ; and before the year 1 643, would aug- 
 ment the number of inhabitants to 6000, would 
 V :--,:- D 3 lodge, 
 
 to BOOK 
 
 I. 
 
 1622. 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA* 
 
 i-6%t. 
 
 m '. 
 
 I , 
 
 
 BOOK lodge, viiftual, and fupply them with every ne* 
 ceflary of life for tiie fpace of three yeais^ and 
 concede to them afterwairdt a« much deai-ed land 
 as was requifite for their Vubfiilence, and Hke- 
 tvHc allow them grain for fowtng it-; that in 
 each fettlement they ^ou Id eftaiblifli at leaft 
 three priefts, and that the charges of tHeir mi- 
 tiiftry, their cloathing, and every thing requifite 
 for their perfonal comfort, ihould be de^yed 
 for fifteen years by the company $ at the expi- 
 ration of that period, it was propofed they ihould 
 fubfift themfelves upon cleared lands which 
 would be granted them. h^ 
 
 In return for thefe engagements, the king be- 
 flowed on the eompanyi and on their fiicceifois 
 for ever, the fort and fettlement of C>uebec^ all 
 the territory of Ne^ t'rande, comprehending 
 Florida, all the courfe of the great river, and of 
 other rivers which difchargec;! themfelves there- 
 into, or which thro^gjiout t^ vafi exleat of 
 country, difembogue themfelves into <!he ^fea on 
 the eaftem or w^eftern extremity of the coilti- 
 nent ; £t1fo the iflands^ harbours, miiiea, and 
 right of filhing. His majefty only reieryied %o 
 himfelf the fupremacy of the faith and homage, 
 with the right to a crown^ x)f gold of the weight 
 of eight marks, on each new fucceffion to the 
 throne, and the appointment of the officers of 
 juflice, who may be named and prefented by the 
 > ' • i. company 
 
 -!i^- 1 
 
HISTOHY OP CANADA. 
 
 39 
 
 t62i. 
 
 company tvhenever it fliould bfe deemed neceffary i o o r 
 to eftablifti a court of law. The king farther 
 conferred on that company the privilege of con- 
 ceding lands in whatever portions they might 
 think proper, the power of conferring titles of 
 honour according to the merit and condition of 
 perfons) with whatever charges, refetvations and 
 terms ; but in cafe of the erection of tnarquifates, 
 earldoms, counties and baronies, that they ihould 
 receive letters of confirmation from the king, or 
 the reprefentation of Cardinal Richlieu, chief 
 and fuperintendant of the navigation and com- 
 merce of New France* ; - brj; . . /lu/i ';;i * 
 
 That the alTociates might fully and peaceably 
 enjoy the privileges, rights^ and immunities 
 granted them, all former conceflions of lands^ 
 harbourS) or parts thereof, were revoked ; and 
 the king further bedowed on them the traffic in 
 leather, Ikins, and furs, for fifteen years only, as 
 well as all other commerce by land or water, 
 which could be carried on, in whatever manner, 
 throughout the known extent of Canada, or as 
 far as, during that period, it might be extended; 
 referving only free to all his fubjeds, the right to 
 fifli for cod and Whales; revoking all other 
 grants to the eontrafy, and prohibiting during 
 the time mentioned, the exercife of all former 
 exclufive rights of commerce, under penalty of 
 confifcation of vefTcl and cargo for the benefit of 
 :i,>n ' D4 the 
 
<^49 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 1622, 
 
 '.illi«ii 
 
 it 
 
 til 
 
 1 
 
 ';■; u? 
 
 Ni ;:i •! 
 
 7 .' 
 
 
 
 .'it'' h- 
 
 the company ; unlefs the Cardinal Richlieil 
 fhould give leave in writing to any individual to 
 trade to thofe places. It was, however, the king's 
 pleafure, that the European inhabitants of New 
 France, who were neither maintained nor paid at 
 the company's expence, might freely carry on 
 the fur trade with the lavages, on condition that 
 they (hould fell the beaver (kins to the agents of 
 the company only, who fliould be obliged to pay 
 them for each, if in good condition, at lead forty 
 fois tonrnois ; but forbidding them to be fold to 
 any other perfons, under riik of confifcation. 
 
 The king engaged to prefent to the company 
 two veiTels of war, from two to three hundred 
 tons burden, which they were to replace, fhould 
 they by any accident be loft, except in the event 
 of their being captured by an open enemy. 
 
 Should the company fail in fending to New 
 France in the courfe of the firft ten years, at leaft 
 1500 French of both fexes, they were to reftore 
 to the king the fum expended for the two veifels 
 of war. 
 
 The nomination of all captains and command- 
 ants of forts and places already conftrufted, or 
 to be conftrudled in the extent of the country 
 granted, was refer ved for the royal pleafure. 
 
 It was further ordained, that all artificers 
 among the number of thofe whom the company 
 ihculd engage to pafs thither, after exercifmg 
 
 their 
 
 « ! 
 
 'i i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 41 
 
 1622. 
 
 their trades for fix years, might, if they inclined book 
 to return to their native country, be entitled to 
 eftablifii themfelves in any trading town there, 
 on the produdlion of an authentic certificate of 
 fuch fervices. That it ihould be permitted to all 
 perfons of whatever quality or condition, eccle- 
 fiadics, nobles, of&cers of the army, or others, 
 to enter into that affociation without derogating 
 from the privileges attached to their orders. 
 That his majedy would, ihould it happen there 
 were no nobles among the aifociates, ennoble 
 twelve, and for this efFed would iffue twelve 
 letters of nobility figned and fealed, with the 
 names blank, to be conferred on fuch as fhould 
 from time to time be prefented by the company. 
 That the defcendants of Frenchmen inhabiting 
 Canada, and likewife favages who (hould be 
 converted to the Chriflian faith, and made pro-' 
 feflion of the fame, fhould be reputed natural 
 born Frenchmen, and like them could live in 
 France, and there acquire, fucceed to, bequeath, 
 and accept donations and legacies, the fame as the 
 other inhabitants or fubjeds of the kingdom, 
 without being compelled to procure letters of 
 declaration. 
 
 I-ouis XIII. concluded by aflcrting, that if the 
 affociatts difcovered in the ft quel that it might 
 be necelTary for ihem to explain or amplify any 
 of the foregoing articles, or to add new ones, 
 
 according 
 
p 
 
 4fe 
 
 History of cakada. 
 
 { •! 
 
 m':r 
 
 BOOK according to exigencies, it fhould be complied 
 \^ — ' with, on theit reprefemation. ' * ' fi'^'**^ »' 
 ^^^' The grant, of which the above are the articles^ 
 tvas figned on the igih of April 1627 by the 
 Cardinal Richlieu, and by thofe who had pre«. 
 fented the proje^. The king approved of them 
 by an edid dated in the month of May, at the 
 camp before Rochelle, and therein were at full 
 length explained the various heads, which have 
 here been ftated in abridgement. ' *■ ' ^'^''' 
 
 Upon the publication of the edift, the Duke 
 
 de Ventadour refigned to his majefty the office 
 
 of viceroy. The aflbciates, who now alfumed 
 
 the appellation of the company of New France, 
 
 foon amounted to the number of one hundred 
 
 and feven, of whom the Cardinal Richlieu, and 
 
 (he Marechal Defiat, fuperintendant of finances^ 
 
 were the chiefs. M. M. de Razili and Cham* 
 
 plain, the Abbey of la Madelaine, and feveral 
 
 othe- perfons of condition, became members; 
 
 the greater number were compofed of rich mer* 
 
 chants of Paris, and feveral of the commercial 
 
 towns. In fine, there was every inducement 
 
 for fuppofing that New France would foon be* 
 
 come an object of importance, when fupported 
 
 by fo numerous and powerful an aflbciation. 
 
 In the mean time, this new inftitution was in 
 its commencement marked by an unfavourable 
 event. The firft veflels fent by the company to 
 
 Auitrlca, 
 
HISTORY OF CAKADA* 
 
 43 
 
 ;1.. • 
 
 1628. 
 
 Anierfca, were captured by the £agH(h, who book 
 w«re then at hoflility with France, ahhough war 
 had not been declared. ■- ''•' ' ^-'^ ' ' ' ' 
 In the following year, David Kertk, a French- 
 man, native of Dieppe, but a Calvanift and re- 
 fugee in England, Iblicited, it was faid by Wil- 
 liam de Caen, who meditated revenge for the 
 privation of his cxclufive privilege, advanced 
 with a fquadron to Tadouflac, and detached a 
 part of his veflels up the river, to burn the houfes 
 and carry off the cattle from the meadows at the 
 bottom of Cape Tourmenti, a lofty ridge of 
 mountains which abruptly rifes from the fide of 
 the St. Lawrence. The perfon who was en- 
 trufted with the execution of this fervice had 
 ihftrudions to afcend to Quebec, and to fummon 
 the garrifon to a furrender. Champlain and 
 Pontgrave happened both to be there, and after 
 due deliberation, and founding the difpofition of 
 the inhabitants, it was refolved to make an obfti- 
 nate defence, and fo fpirited an anfwer was fent to 
 the Englifh captain, that he thought it advifable 
 to retire. The inhabitants, notvkithftanding, 
 were reduced to feven ounces of bread per day* 
 and there were only five pounds of powder in 
 the garrifon.. Kerik, who doubtlefs was ignorant 
 of their real fuuation, believed, on the other hand, 
 that he fhould derive more advantage with lefs 
 trouble, in capturing a convoy of ihenew company, 
 
 com- 
 
 ■< '< i 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 tCaS. 
 
 mm 
 
 I t' 
 
 'I 
 
 t , 
 
 : < ■ I.' 
 
 BOOK commanded by M. de Roquemonr, one of its 
 partners, and which was conducing to C^ebec 
 feveral families, with every fpecies of provifion* 
 The misfortune of M. dc Roquemont arofe 
 lefs from the advantage of the intelligence which 
 had been communicated by Caen, than from his 
 own imprudent conduft. On arriving in the 
 road of Gafpe, he difpatched a barque, to give 
 Champlain advice of the fupplies he was con- 
 ducing, and to carry him a commiflion from the 
 king, appointing him governor over all New 
 France, with orders to procure an inventory of 
 all the effeds which belonged to the Sieurs de 
 Caen. Not many days afterwards, he learned 
 that Kertk was not far didant, and he imme- 
 diately weighed anchor to go in fearch of him, 
 without reHe6ling, that he fhould expofe to the 
 doubtful decifion of an engagement, with the dif* 
 advantage of his fliips being deeply laden, the 
 whole refource of the colony. He was not long 
 in meeting with the Englifh, whom he attacked, 
 and fought with fpirit ; but unfortunately for 
 him his veffels were not only incapable of ma* 
 nocuvering as well as ihofe of Kertk, but were 
 alfo inferior in force : they were foon difabled 
 in their rigging, and compelled to furrender. 
 
 The harveft of this year was extremely mo- 
 derate ; eels caught in the river, and fome deer 
 brought by the favages from the chace, enabled 
 
 the 
 
 if 29. 
 
 W.j^l 
 
HlffTORY OF CAKADA. 
 
 45 
 
 the Inhabitants to fubfift for two or three months ; 6 o o k 
 but thefe fources being exhaufted, they were u^-J— ^ 
 reduted to their former extremity. Only one ''^*9' 
 refource remained, on which to reft their expefla- 
 tions. Pierres Philibert Noyrot, fuperior of the 
 Jefuits, and Charles Lallemant, had gone to 
 France in queft of fapplie^, and by the genero- 
 fity of their friends, had amaffed a fufficient fund 
 to enable them to freight a (hip, and load it with 
 provifions. They embarked together with two 
 other Jefuits, but the veflel never arrived at 
 Quebec. A ftrong gale threw her on the coall 
 of Acadia, where (he was wrecked. 
 
 The neceflitous condition to which the fettle- 
 ment was reduced, was not the caufe of his 
 greateft inquietude to the governor. The fa- 
 vages, fmce the new eftablifliments of the Englifh 
 in America, appeared more alienated from the 
 French ; and their growing diflike was, it muft 
 be confeffed, not without foundation. There 
 cyifted among the inhabitants a mixture of dif- 
 ferent religions, and political principles. The 
 Huguenots, whom the Sieur de Caen had intro- 
 duced, did not pay to the lawful authority too 
 great a refpeft ; and all the firmnefs difplayed by 
 Champlain proved fcarcely fufficient to check or 
 reprefs the irregularities pradlifed by fubjefls not 
 well affe^led to the government. 
 
 In 
 
46 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 16.9. 
 
 HI3XQR.V OF CANADA, 
 
 Iti this cloudv fituation of afiairs, he coa« 
 , ceived, that if fuppJies did not Toon arrive, the 
 bed plan which he could adopt would be to 
 make war upon the Iroquoiii, and fubfiil at their 
 expence. The late incurfions of thefe bar^ 
 barians, and the a^s of hoftility which they were 
 daily committing, fiirniflied him for this mea- 
 fure with a juft pretence. But when matters 
 were arranged for the departure of the French 
 on this expedition, it was found that their am- 
 munition was almofl exhauded. Neceflity then 
 obliged the governor and his people to remain 
 at Quebec, where there was not a fufHcient 
 means of fupport. They were reduced to go in 
 fearch of herbs and roots, and to exid on the 
 fpontaneous produflions of unaffiHed nature^ 
 la this calamitous extremity, after the intelli- 
 gence which was received of the lofs of the 
 veflels from France, the moft agreeable profped 
 which could open, was that of the return of the 
 Englifli. 
 
 In the end of July, three months after their 
 provifions had been entirely exhaufled, it was 
 announced that fome Englifli veflels were feen 
 behind Port Levi, which, with the ifland of Or-r 
 leans and the coaft of Beauport, forms the bafon 
 of Quebec. No doubt could be entertained of 
 their being part of the Englifli f(juadron, and the 
 T ' govern 
 
 
 •J 
 
 Hi 
 
 m * 
 
 Will 
 
HKTORY OF CANADA; ^ 
 
 goverhor coofidered Kertk Ws in the view af atv no o^ 
 enemy, than as a deliverer, to whom he fhould ^ — ^->««i 
 owe the obligation of faving him and his colony ^^iQ^-. 
 from falling a prey to mifery and misfortune. . 
 Soon after the receipt of this intelligence, a 
 boat with a white ilag appeared. The ofiicer 
 who commanded it, after having advanced to 
 the middle of the bafon, ftopped as if to demand 
 permidion to approach ; a fimiJar ilag, ia tokeiv 
 of affent, was immediately hoided, and the of- 
 ficer, as foon as he landed, prefented to the go- 
 vernor a letter from Louis and Thomas Kertk, 
 brothers of the admiral. ' ' - 
 
 The letter contained a fummons to furrender» 
 Ui terms the mod delicate and polite. The two 
 t>rothers, of whom the one was intended for the 
 command of Quebec, and the other commander 
 of a fquadron, of which the greater part had re- 
 mained at TadoufTac, acquainted Champlain that 
 they were well informed of the diftrefled fitua- 
 tion of his colony, but notwithftanding, if h^ 
 would peaceably refign his fort, he fhould be at 
 liberty tp didate his own conditions, which> 
 with trifling limitations, were granted. On the 
 following day Kertk took pofleflion of the fort, 
 and treated the inhabitants with much humanity. 
 It was the interell of the Englifh that thoib 
 fettlers who had cleared lands fhould remain in 
 the country, and as an inducement, very ad- 
 vantageous 
 
4» 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 B^ 
 
 ■X 
 
 j6J2. 
 
 «:*• 
 
 ■ 1 ' 
 'is 
 
 i'i 
 
 I. 
 
 m 
 
 ▼antageous terms were offered rhem. They 
 were affured, that after experiencing the Eng- 
 Ii(h government for twelve months, if they 
 difliked their fituation, he would get them con- 
 veyed to Europe. As the generofity of his 
 conduct had prejudiced many of the fettlers in 
 his favour, and as mod of them would have 
 been reduced to a (late of mendicity had they 
 repafltd the fea, nearly all agreed to remain. 
 
 The confideration of the fmall importance of 
 Quebec to the flate, viewed either as. an objeft 
 of policy or iniered, induced the majority of the 
 French cabinet to lay afide the intention of ne- 
 gociating for its reflitution. But feveral motives, 
 notwithftanding, at length determined Louis 
 XIII. not to abandon Canada. The principal 
 were thofe of honour and religion, which Cham- 
 plain, who pofTeffed much piety and worth, 
 tended by his perfuafions, not a little tQ 
 flrengthen and confirm. 
 
 At the inftigation of Lord Montagu, the court 
 of England refigned, without much difficulty, 
 the conqued, which otherwife might have oc- 
 cafioned frefh hoftilities. The treaty was Cigmd 
 at Saint Germain en Laye, the 29th of March 
 1632, in which Acadia and Cape Breton were 
 alfo comprehended. 
 
 The fetttement in the former was extremely 
 inconfiderable j this poft, however, the fort of 
 
 Quebec 
 
HI8T031Y or CANADA. 
 
 49 
 
 They 
 
 Eng- 
 
 they 
 ti con- 
 of his 
 tiers in 
 1 have 
 d they 
 ain. 
 
 ance of 
 n obje£t 
 y of the 
 i of nc. 
 motives, 
 d Louis 
 principal 
 h Cham- 
 woTth, 
 
 little to 
 
 the court 
 difficulty, 
 have oc- 
 ^as figned 
 of March 
 eton were 
 
 Ouebec containing fome houfcs and barracks, a B o o k 
 few huts in the Ifland of Montreal, as many at ^^i^>■,'■— ^ 
 Tadouflac, and at fotne other fpots on the bor- >^3»- 
 ders of the St. La jrence, for the convenience 
 of fifhing, and traffic with the natives, the com- 
 mencement of a fettlemcnt at Three Rivers, and 
 the ruins of Port Royal, compofed the whole 
 extent of the fettlements of New France ; and all 
 the fruits yet derived from* the difcoveries of Ve- 
 razani, Cartier, Roberval, Champlain, from the 
 great expences difburfed by the marquis de la 
 Roche and by Monts, and from the induftry of a 
 confiderable number of Frenchmen, who might 
 have raifed thefe eftablifliments to a ftate of 
 higher importance, had their fcveral efforts been 
 judicioufly direfted. 
 
 Quebec being accordingly reftored to the 
 French, was delivered up by Louis Kertk to 
 Emery de Caen ; and, to compenfate for a lofs 
 which he had fuftained by the capture in the 
 river St. Laurence of a vell'el and carqo of his 
 property, which were deflined for the relief of the 
 fettleiilent, government beltowed on him for 
 the fpace of a year, the exclufive profits of the 
 fur trade. 
 
 The company of New France refumed all their 1635. 
 rights, and Acadia was granted to M. de Ra- 
 zili, on condition that he (hould there eftablifh a 
 colony. In the fame year, Champlain, whom 
 
 VOL. I. s the 
 

 5© 
 
 llli 
 
 .1 
 
 
 •> ; 
 
 W'4 
 
 . i'L., 
 
 m 
 
 1 1 n 
 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 the company, in virtue of their charter, prefented 
 to the king, wai nominated afrefh governor of 
 New France, for which he failed with a fqua- 
 dron, containing more property than the value 
 of the whole fettlement could be edimated at. 
 On his arrival he found the greatefl: part of his 
 former colonifts ; and having landed the new fet- 
 tlers, whom he brought with him, he exhort- 
 ed them feduloufly to avoid the errors which 
 had given rife to the pad misfortunes of the co- 
 lony. 
 
 The court of France had ftriftly enjoined that 
 noProtedant fhould fettle in Canada, and that the 
 Catholic religion only fliould there be tolerated. 
 It had been found, that the late capture of Que- 
 bec was principally efFe£led by means of the Cal- 
 vinifts, and experience fuggefled that it would 
 not be prudent to admit fe^taries in religion, 
 where the powers of the government were in- 
 adequate to infure fubmiiTion to the lawful au- 
 thority. 
 
 Great attention had been beftowed in the 
 choice of both male and female emigrants for 
 New France ; and it is generally aflerted, that 
 the accounts given in fome of the old memoirs 
 refpefting the mediocrity of virtue in the wo* j 
 men, and the mode in which they were feleded 
 for wives on their landing in the fettlement, are 
 devoid of corrednefs. Whatever may have been 
 
 their 
 
fliitoRV OP Canada. 
 
 5» 
 
 refented 
 jrnor of 
 a fqua- 
 •be value 
 [lated at. 
 
 ,rt of W» 
 B new fet- 
 e cxhort- 
 jrs which 
 of the CO- 
 
 ' ■ ' » 
 
 joined that 
 ^nd that the 
 B tolerated, 
 pre of Que- 
 
 of the Cal- 
 it it would 
 [in religion, 
 
 It were in- 
 le lawful au- 
 
 1633. 
 
 their former character, they demeaned themfelves book 
 in the fequel with much prudence and propriety 
 of condudt, and an open and exemplary pro- 
 feffion of piety was generally exhibited by the 
 inhabitants. * 
 
 A circumftance which tended to ftrengthen 
 this attachment to religion and good order, was 
 the eftabliftiment of the Jefuits at Quebec. A 
 fon of the Marquis de Gamache had obtained 
 permiffion from his family, about ten years be - 
 fore this period, to enter into the company of 
 Jefuits ; and his relations, by whom he was much 
 beloved, becoming acquainted with an ardent 
 defire he entertained of being the founder of a 
 college at Quebec, cheerfully confented to gra- 
 tify him in accompliHiing this meafure. They 
 wrote on the fubjeft to Pierre Mutio Vitelleflii, 
 general of the Jefuits, and offered him fix thou- 
 , fand crowns in gold, for the purpofe of carrying 
 on this foundation. The donation was readily 
 [accepted, but the capture of the fettlemcnt fuf- * 
 [pended the project for a time. 
 
 The college was commenced in the month of 1635, 
 December this year ; but the fatisfa£tion derived 
 from that event was foon after damped by the 
 ieath of Champlain, the governor. 
 
 A man of uncommon penetration and difm- 
 [erefted views, he acquitted himfelf with honour 
 
 s 2 and 
 

 ■IS' :-■ 
 
 i« 
 
 
 
 U .1 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fo o K andcredUin dangerous and cf »';-f »f J^^; 
 
 ^d compaffion for the .^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ 
 
 hi, attenuon to Fomo ^^_^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 friends often m P'^ f ^" , , aifcharge the 
 hta a charaaer well qu^.fied to fch g^ ^^^_ 
 
 J .• c ^f the fituation wnicn ^jh"* 
 
 *^^" V n fi His memoirs afford tefttmony 
 
 lined him to fill. «'» . y^ 
 
 «K;<.ft of his ambition leems 
 
 objeaotnis ^^ founder of a colony: 
 
 irS-Ca—le Which canoe. 
 
 cupy the human m.nd. _ ^,j^ ,^.„ 
 
 . M.dcMontmagnyjl-r- ^^^^^^. 
 
 '■"IrrTti -re both Knights of 
 
 M t The former entered into the views o 
 Malta. Ihe I ^^^^^ ^f ^,„ j„d 
 
 ,, pvedeceff ;b^;h; ^^^^^ ;„ , „„guifl.i„5 
 
 '"T"n !he fur rade excepted, which tended 
 condition, the lur uau , , f^^ of the 
 
 ;„ emich feme merchants and a few of 
 
 inhabitants. , d 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5^ 
 
 ■'5^1 
 
 1635. 
 
 1636. 
 
 It would be a difficult talk to explain by book 
 
 1* 
 
 what fatality a company fo numerous and pow- ^ 
 crful as that which governed Canada, and which 
 confidered this country as its domain, fhould 
 thus abandon a colony, whence they had once 
 formed favourable expeftations, where the una- 
 nimity of its members co-operated for the fuc- 
 cefs of the enterprifes which they attempted, 
 and which would have flourifhed had the hundred 
 aflbciates fupplied money for defraying its ne- 
 ceflary expences. 
 
 An eftablilhment was this year begun on the 
 north (hore of the river St. Laurence, about a 
 league from Quebec, to which was given the 
 name of Sillery. It was intended as a religious 
 inftitution for the inftrudion and converfion of 
 favages, and twelve French families fettled 
 there. 
 
 The Hotel Dieu was founded under the pa- 
 tronage of Madame la Duchefle d'A'Vuillon. 
 To procure perfons fuitable for this inftitution, 
 fhe applied to the hofpital at Dieppe, and three 
 nuns were chofen from thence, who cheerfully 
 undertook the charitable fervice for which they 
 were engaged. 
 
 The nunnery of Urfulines was begun in the 
 enfuing year, Madame de la Peltrie, a young 
 widow of condirion in France, being its found- 
 
 refs. 
 
 She 
 
 1638. 
 
 E 3 
 

 54 
 
 
 
 1 'Jii - 
 
 ■i] "m'i 
 
 .''i 'I 
 
 '■f ■ r , 
 
 ,1 '\i ■' T 
 
 1638. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 She went from Alen9on, the place of her re- 
 fidence, to Paris, to fettle the preparatives for 
 the undertaking ; to Tours, to engage fifters of 
 the Urfulines; from thence to Dieppe, where (he 
 had given diredions for a veiTel to be freighted ; 
 on the 4th of May fhe there embarked, and ar- 
 rived at Quebec three months afterwards. 
 
 The boldnefs and infolence of the Iroquois 
 had very much augmented, and they had cap- 
 tured feveral canoes of the Hurons which were 
 on their way to Quebec, loaded with furs. This 
 proceeded from a want of energy in the colony, 
 ar*d from the fmallnefs of its military force, which 
 alone could hold the balance between two favage 
 nations, who, with all their numbers, could not 
 have refifted four thoufand French. 
 
 The company paid no attention to the colony, 
 and it fell into a ilate of decline. An enter* 
 prife which was then about to be commenced, 
 that of peopling and fortifying a part of the 
 iiland of Montreal, brought fome confolation to 
 M. de Montmagny, and flattered him with the 
 hope, that in a little time the Iroquois would no 
 longer dare to advance, and brave him under 
 the cannon of his fort. 
 
 The firft miflionaries had comprehended the 
 importance of occupying the ifland of Montreal, 
 but the company of Canada entered not into 
 their views. It then became ng^efiary that in- 
 dividuals 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA* 
 
 ss 
 
 dividuals (hould charge themfelves with the ex- book 
 ecution of a defign fo advantageous to New ^_r-l-n _, 
 France, and which the continued hoflility of the i^S^* 
 Iroquois likewife rendered neceflary. 
 
 The Abbe Olivier, who reformed the clergy 
 m France, and inflituted alfo the feminary of St. 
 Sulpicius in that country, projefted for Canada 
 a reh'gious order of the fame natne, and on the 
 fame plan, and for its fupport the whole iilalld 
 of Montreal was granted by the French king. 
 
 The Sieur Maifonneuve, and another perfon 
 friendly to the inflitution, accompanied by 
 feveral families, and a young lady whofe name 
 was Manfe, arrived at Quebec. M. de Mont- 
 magny proceeded with them to Montreal, at- 
 tended by fome of the principal inhabitants, and 
 M. Maifonneuve was folemnly invefted with the 
 government of that ifland, in behalf of the reli- 
 gious order of St. Sulpicius. 
 
 On the 17th of May following, the place 
 deftined for the fettlement of the French, was 
 confecrated by the fuperior of the Jefuits. 
 
 «4 
 

 5(5 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 >.' 
 
 
 
 BOOK IT. 
 
 'wff 
 
 Ml" I- 
 - 1 
 
 Csnftfufiion of Fort Richlieu. — Interview ivith the Iroquois 
 Deputies at Three Rivers, — Majacre of the Hurons at 
 St. J'pph. — Itictirfton ngainjl the Hurons* — Calamities 
 of that People. — Fifty Frenchmen fettle among the Iro- 
 quois. — Pillage of the IJland of Orleans. — Efcape of 
 the French Settlers from the Country of the Iroquois.-^ 
 Arrivalofthe firjl BiJhop.^DifJrefs of the Colony.'- 
 EreBion of a Seminary at ^ebec. — Tremendous Earth-, 
 quake. — EJlablifhment of a permanent Council. — Eng' 
 li/h take Pojfejfton of New Belgium, • - •'-- 
 
 ■ I' 
 
 m 
 
 iii!. S 
 
 li 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 p o o K 'T^HE audacity which the Iroquois had fhewn, 
 1—^^^ by appearing in arms before Three Rivers, 
 
 1638. and the infolence of their condufl: to the Gover- 
 nor.General, afforded him fubjeft of much dif- 
 quietude. He found it neceffury to adopt im- 
 mediate meafures for guarding againft; a furprife, 
 and fcr repelling the hoflile efforts of a nation, 
 on whofe engagement no dependence could be 
 pkoed, and who feemed refolute, either by policy 
 or by force, to give law to the whole country. 
 
 It was then determined to conflru6t a fort at 
 the entrance of a river which was called the river 
 of the Iroquois, but is now known by that of 
 jSorel. In a fliort time it was completed, al- 
 though 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. -^ 
 
 though the people employed in that fervice were b o o ic 
 interrupted by the repeated attacks of feven hun- ,_ "'- ^ 
 dred Iroquois, whom they fuccefsfully repulfed. 1633. 
 To the fort was given the name of Richlieu, and 
 a garrifon as (Irong as circumftances would allow 
 was ftationed for its defence. 
 
 Although the Iroquois feemed intent on carry- 
 ing to extremity, war againft the French and 
 their allies, they from time to time indicated an 
 inclination for peace ; an event which the gover- 
 nor earneflly wifhed for, becaufe he was not in a 
 condition to fupport hoftilities ; and by continu- 
 ing in a ftate of warfare no advantage could be 
 gained. Had it been in his power to have con- 
 cealed from his enemies his weaknefs, he might 
 have profited by tkat conjunfture to fave the ho- 
 nour of the colony ; but he was deftitute of this 
 rcfource, and the Iroquois confidently boafted 
 that they ftiould compel the French to repafs the 
 fea. The governor, convinced from his fituation 
 that the only means remaining to difarm the fe- 
 rocity of thefe barbarians, were to a(5t on the de- 
 fenfivc, he was not able to alTume the tone of 
 obliging them to obferve a neutrality towards the 
 fcttlement. Reduced, then, to the adoption of 
 meafures little confiftent with his chara6ler, he 
 endeavoured to veil them under feme honourable 
 pretext, and at the hazard of feeming the dupe 
 of advances, no lefs infidious and infincere, than 
 
 afluming 
 
58 
 
 
 '■ n 
 
 h,| 1*5 
 
 Ir; 
 
 M 
 
 0K, 
 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 aiTuming and ferocious, he pretended to regard 
 them with an air of confidence, from a view of 
 procuring the reftoration of captives, the fafety 
 of convoys, to avert the ruin of commerce, and 
 to gain a truce, that he might have the means of 
 recruiting his flrength. 
 
 The native allies of the French being equally 
 folicitous for peace, he waited until, through 
 their means, a favourable opportunity prefented 
 itfelf. On this occafion he went to Three Rivers, 
 where having erected a tent in the fort, he 
 placed himfelf in a chair, having on either fide of 
 him the officers and principal inhabitants of the 
 colony. The deputies of the Iroquois were feated 
 en a matt near his feet ; they had chofen this 
 place to mark their refpe^l for Ononthio, the 
 governor, whom they always didinguiihed by 
 that appellation, and whom they generally ad- 
 drefled by the title of father* 
 
 The Algonquin.!, the Montagnez, the Atii- 
 kamegues, and fome other favages who fpoke 
 the farae language, were oppofite, and the Hu- 
 rons were mixed with the French. The middle 
 fpace was unoccupied, that the neceffary evolu- 
 tions might be made without embarraffment and 
 interruption. 
 
 The Iroquois had provided themfelves with 
 feventeen belts, which were equal to the number 
 
 of 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 59 
 
 of propontions they had to difcufs ; and to expofe book 
 them to view in the order in which they were to l.-,- ^ 
 be explained, they erefted two picquets, with a *^i** 
 cord extended from one to the other, on which 
 they were fufpended. The orator of the Can- 
 tons taking one in his hand, and prefenting it to 
 the Governor- General, fpoke thus : " Ononthio, 
 be attentive to my words, all the Iroquois fpeak 
 by my mouth ; my heart entertains no evil fen- 
 timents, all my intentions are upright ; we wiih 
 to forget our fongs of war, and to refume the 
 voice of chearfulnefs.** He immediately began to 
 fing, his colleagues marking the meafure with a 
 be^ which they drew from the bottom of their 
 ched, and in dancing he moved quickly, and 
 gefticulated in a manner perfectly grotefque. He 
 call his eyes towards the fun, he rubbed his arms 
 as if to prepare himfelf for wredling, and then 
 afluming a compofed air, continued his difcourfe. 
 " This belt is to thank thee, my father, for 
 having given his life to my brother ; thou haft 
 withdrawn him from the teeth of the Algon* 
 quin ; but fhouldft thou have permitted him to 
 depart alone ? If his canoe had upfet, who could 
 have affifted him ? Had he been drowned, or 
 had he by any other accident perifiied, thou 
 couldd have had no tidings of peace, and thou 
 wouldll have attributed to us a fault, which 
 vroulJ have been alone imputable to thee." In 
 
 fini(hing 
 

 60 
 
 :' .';•!" 1 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 finifliing thefe words, he fufpencled a collar on 
 the cord, he laid hold of another, and after 
 having fixed it on the arm of Couture, a French- 
 man, proceeded :> " My father, this collar re- 
 ftores to thee thy countryman ; I was willing to 
 fay to him, my nephew, take a canoe, and return 
 to thy country, but I never fhould have been 
 happy until I had learned certain tidings of his 
 arrival. My brother, whom thou fenteft back 
 to us, fufFered much, and encountered great 
 dangers. He was obliged alone to carry his 
 baggage, paddle his canoe the whole day, draw 
 it up the rapids, and be always on his guard 
 againft furprife." The orator accompanied this 
 difcourfe with exprellive geftures j and repre- 
 fented the fituation of a perfon fometimes con- 
 du£ling a canoe with a pole, an operation which 
 in Canada is called picquer de fond, at others 
 rowing with a paddle; fometimes he appeared 
 out of breath, then refuming the energy of his 
 powers, he remained for a while in a Hate of 
 tranquillity. 
 
 He feemed in carrying his baggage, to wound 
 his foot againft a ftone, and he proceeded limp- 
 ing, as if he felt the reality of pain. 
 
 The other collars related to peace, of which 
 the conclufion was the fubjecl of this embafly ; 
 each had its particular import, and the orator 
 explained them in the fame graphical manner, 
 
 which, 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 6t 
 
 which, in the difcuffion of the former, he had book 
 
 . II. 
 
 difplayed. ' V «^ ^ 
 
 One rendered the paths open and free, 
 another calmed the fpirit of war, which ren- 
 dered the navigation of the rivers dangerous ; 
 there was one to announce that they fliould 
 henceforth vifit each other without fear or dtU 
 truft; and with each different branch of the 
 fubjedl a belt was connected — the feafts which 
 they fliouId mutually give ; the alliance between 
 all the nations ; the defire which they always 
 entertained of reftoring Fathers Jaques and 
 Breflani, who were prifoners ; the kindnefs 
 they intended for them ; their acknowledgment 
 for the deliverance of three Iroquois captives ; 
 every one of thefe was expreffed by a collar ; 
 and had the orator refrained from fpeaking, his 
 adion would, in a great degree, have developed 
 the fentiments which he uttered. He fpoke and 
 a£led for three hours without appearing to be 
 heatedj and he was the firft to propofe a fpecies 
 of feftival, which terminated the aflfembly, and 
 which confided in feafting, finglng, and dancing. 
 
 Two days after, M. de Montmagny gave an 
 anfwer to the propofitions of the Iroquois ; it 
 not being cuflomary to reply on the fame day. 
 This alfembly was equally numerous as the firff, 
 and the Governor-General made as many pre- 
 
 fents 
 
 i6^8. 
 
■H. 
 
 6% 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 m 
 
 rP 
 
 C- H.. 
 
 Hi, 
 
 1 o o K fents as he had received belts of wampum.—* 
 y _ . -l'- _j Couture was the fpeaker, and he delivered his 
 J 638. difcourfe without gefticulation, without inter- 
 ruption, and with a gravity which correfponded 
 with the character of the perfonage whofe inter- 
 preter he was. When he had finifhed, Pifkaret, 
 an Algonquin chief, arofe, and offered his pre- 
 lent : " Behold," faid he, " a (lone which I 
 place on the fepulchre of thofe who were killed 
 in the war, that no one may attempt to remove 
 their bones, and that every defire of avenging 
 their death may be laid afide.*' This captain 
 Mas one of the braved men in Canada, and had 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by deeds of Angular valour. 
 
 Negabama, chief of the Montagnez, then 
 prefented a deer Ikin, faying, " that it was for 
 the purpofe of making (hoes for the deputies of 
 the Iroquois, left in returning home they fiiould 
 wound their feet againft the (lones.** 
 
 The other nations fpoke not, becaufe, appa- 
 rently, neither their chiefs nor orators were pre- 
 fent. The affembly was concluded by three 
 difcharges of cannon, which, it was told the na- 
 tives, were to fpread the news of peace. 
 
 The following winter exhibited what never had 
 before been feen in Canada fince the arrival of 
 the French ; the Iroquois, the Hurons, and the 
 Algonquins, mixed together in the chace with 
 
 equal 
 
) remove 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. $^ 
 
 equal concord, as if they compofed the fame book. 
 
 II. 
 nation. ^ - _f 
 
 The Chevalier de Montmagny received orders »647. 
 to refign his government to M. d'Aileboud, 
 who commanded for a time at Three Rivers, 
 and to return to France. 
 
 The condu^ of M. de Poinci, Governor-Ge- 
 neral of the American iilands, who attempted 
 to maintain his fituation in oppofition to the 
 court, and who refufed to acknowledge as his 
 fucceflbr the perfon whom the King had ap- 
 pointed, thereby exhibiting an example of re- 
 beliion which other governors were beginning 
 to follow, induced the council of his Moft 
 Chriftian Majefty to adopt the refolution of ap- 
 pointing governors of colonies for three years 
 only in the fame place, led, by being continued 
 too long a time in office, they might be difpofed 
 to confider the country over which the authority 
 delegated to them had extended, as their own 
 domain. 
 
 Inconveniences fail not to accompany general 
 regulations ; and it is a misfortune to be placed 
 in circumftances, which may not be remedied by 
 exceptions, often neceffary, efpecially where the 
 public interefl is concerned. 
 
 "When the choice has fallen on a man of 
 virtue and talents, he cannot be allowed to re- 
 main for too long a period at the head of a new 
 5 colony. 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 WfP- 
 
 \m]'- 1 
 
 
 1647. 
 
 '.4¥ 
 
 colony. On the contrary, a perfon who, de* 
 ficient in qualifications, folicits an employment 
 of fuch imporiance, cannot too foon be recalled. 
 Nothing can be more prejudicial to a colony, 
 fufficicnt time for the confolidation and eOablifh- 
 ment of whofc foundations may not yet have 
 elapfed, and where there exift enemies, with 
 whom to contend with advantage, a knowledge 
 of tliclr character, policy, and ftrength muft be 
 acquired, than frequently to change the perfons 
 to whom its government and defence are com- 
 mitted. To ad with energy, a conformity of 
 conduft is required to purfue projeds, which 
 cannot ripen, or be executed, but with time ; 
 for it rarely occurs that a new Governor ap- 
 proves the views of his prcdcceflbr, or imagines 
 not that he can devife more efficient meafures. 
 The fame contrariety of opinions may continually 
 fucceed, and by the frequent change of men and 
 of fchemes, a colony may be condemned to re- 
 main in a long flate of infancy, and its progrefs 
 in advancement be tedious and circuuifcribed. 
 
 To M. de Montmr-^ny none of thofe blemifhes 
 were imputable ; he endeavoured to regulate 
 his condud by that of his predecellor, and con- 
 lined himfcif to purfue, as far as he was per- 
 mitted, the plan which Champlain, the founder 
 of the fcttlemeat, had traced in his memoirs. 
 Had the company of Canada feconded his en- 
 deavours, 
 
 _i' Lj V * ' 
 
 L 
 
HISTORY Ot CAKAIJA. 
 
 •s 
 
 deavoiirSi he would have placed his govei-nmertt 
 on a refpe^lable footing ; and much credit was 
 due to him for having fo ably fupported it with 
 fuch feeble refources. His conduct was ever 
 exemplary^ Und on mod occafions he difplayed 
 tokens of ability, of dinnteredednefs, and of a 
 love of piety and religion. He was equally re* 
 fpefted by the French iind by the natives, and he 
 Was long quoted by the court, as a model to be 
 imitated by governors of new colonies. 
 
 M* d'Ailleboud, his fucceffor, was a man of 
 mueh probity and worth. He had been a mem- 
 ber of the fociety for the fettlement of Montreal, 
 and had commanded in that ifland during the 
 abfencc of M. de Maifonneuve : from thence he 
 Was removed to the government of Three Rivers, 
 He was well acquainted with the (late of the 
 fettlement, and negle(^ed nothing in his power 
 towards promoting its welfare. But he was not 
 better fupported than the former governor, and 
 New France continued under him to be fub-- 
 je^ed to difadvantages, which could not without 
 injuflice be placed to his account. 
 
 Quebec and the other French fettlements were 
 then in a itate of tranquillity ; the favages, do- 
 miciliated amongft them, and thofe who came 
 thither for the purpofes of traffic, profited by the 
 general calm. The commerce was chiefly con- 
 lined to furs, and Three Rivers and Tadon(r,ic 
 
 yoL, I. F were 
 
 BOOK 
 II. 
 

 66 
 
 X648. 
 
 t 
 
 .'1 
 
 f : 
 
 
 HISTORY Of CANADA. 
 
 were, the marts to which the natives principally 
 refer ted. The greater part of the tribes de- 
 fcended from the north ; during their ftay they 
 were inftrufted in the truths of Chriftianity, 
 which they communicated to their neighbours;, 
 and generally returned with profelytes, who were 
 prepared for baptifm. Sillcry every day in* 
 creafed in the number of ita inhabitants, who 
 difplayed religious fervour and zeal. But the 
 church of the Hurons, although the mod nume- 
 rous of all> and the mod productive in examples 
 of piety, became to the evangelic labourer a 
 fource of continual difquietuue and alarm. - ' 
 
 The Andaftoez, a people at that period power- 
 ful and warlike, had fent to the Hurons an offer 
 of aflidance. The opportunity was favourable 
 for endeavouring to regain over the Iroquois that 
 fuperiority which they formerly poffeffed, but 
 they would not embrace it. To place themfelves 
 hi a fituation of procuring an advantageous 
 peace, by aOfuming a portion of warlike ftrength, 
 was a flretch of policy which they could not 
 reach ; they therefore foon became dupes to the 
 perfidy and artifice of their enemies. 
 
 For a time there was no appearance of hoftili- 
 ty, and nothing more was wanting to replunge 
 the Hurons into their ufual indolence and belief 
 of fecurity. The Agniers, a tribe of the Iroquois, 
 fecrttly took arms, and appeared in their coun- 
 try, 
 
 h ■: .■ 
 
 m 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 t)-y, oh a quarter where they were lead ex- 
 
 Father Antoine Daniel took charge alone of 
 thit canton, and made his ordinary refidence in 
 the Tettlement of St. Jofeph, the fird in which it 
 had been attempted to eftablifh the practice of the 
 gofpel. On the fourth of July in the morning, 
 whilft the miffionary was celebrating the facred 
 ifiyfteriesy he heard a confufed noife of perfons 
 who iled on all fides, crying out, " they are 
 killing UeS." • ? . 
 
 There then happened to be none in the village 
 but old men, women, and children : of this the 
 enemy was informed, made approaches during 
 the night, and attacked at break of day. The 
 whole inhabitants were maifacred, and lad of all 
 the miffionary. 
 
 About this time an envoy from New England 
 arrived at C^ebec, with powers to propofe a per- 
 petual alliance between the two colonies, inde« 
 pendent of all the ruptures which mii(h^ happen 
 between the parent ftates. M. oV-iilleboufl 
 thought the propoful of mutual advantage, and 
 fent to Bofton a plenipotentiary to conclude and 
 fign the treaty; but upon condition that the 
 Englifh would confent to aft when necelTary, in 
 jundion with the French, in making war againft 
 the Iroquois. 
 
 F 2 ft 
 
 ^7 
 
 16^8. 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY or CANA0A. 
 
 1648. 
 
 1649. 
 
 It Appeared that the lad condition was not ad^ 
 ceptable, and would break off the negotiation4 
 The Englifli were themfeivcs fufficiently remote 
 from the Iroquois to have nothing to apprehend^ 
 and were o(jcupied in their commerce, and in the 
 culture of their lands. This alliance therefore 
 did not take place. The Iroquois having fufpend« 
 ed for fix months every hoftile enterpfize, the 
 Hurons again forgot that they were concerned 
 with an enemy, againft whom they ought ever to 
 have been upon their guard. In confequence of 
 which, a thoufand warriors of the former march- 
 ed into their country, and burnt and dedroyed 
 two villages. During this incurfion two French 
 miilionaries were put to death with the moil 
 fhocking cruelties. 
 
 After thefe rude checks, the Hurons defpaired 
 of being any longer able to fupport themfeives, 
 and in lefs than eight days all the villages in the 
 environs of St. Mary were deferted. Of moft of 
 ihile, no traces but the cleanfed fpots of land re- 
 mained, the inhabitants on withdrawing having 
 fet fire to them. Some of the Hurons went 
 among the forefts, others among the neighbour- 
 ing people. A plan was formed for re-uniting 
 the red of this difperfed nation, in fome fituation 
 fufficiently remote, that they might not be dif- 
 quieted by an enemy whom they w ere no longer 
 
 in a condition to refiih 
 
 Vor 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 69 
 
 For this purpofe was propofed the Ifle Manl- 
 toualin, which is fituated in the north part of 
 Lake Huron. This ifland is about forty leagues 
 in length from eaft to weft, its breadth is inconH*- 
 derable, and its coafls are frequented by fhoals of 
 fifh. The foil is in many places good^ and as it 
 was not inhabited, it abounded with animals of 
 the chace. The fcheme of the mifTionaries was 
 not however reliflied, the Hurons being unable to 
 adopt the refolution of exiling themfelves fo 
 far from their country, which they would not 
 abandon, although they wanted the courage to 
 defend it ; they therefore had the complaifance 
 to follow that people to the ifland of St. Jofeph, 
 which is little remote from that part of the con- 
 tinent where they then were ftationed. 
 
 Their removal took place on the fifteenth of 
 May, and in a little time were formed in this 
 ifland an hundred cabins, fome of eight, others 
 often families, without including a great number 
 of families who fpread themfelves along the 
 neighbouring coafl: for the convenience of fifhing 
 and of the chace. The fummer paflTed in tran- 
 quillity, but as they did not cultivate the land, 
 and as their fifijing and chace produced but little, 
 autumn was not far advanced when provifions 
 began to hW, They were foqn reduced to the 
 inoft dreadful extremities ; they dug up bodies 
 Uif corrupted to fatisfy their hunger, mother* 
 
 f 3 devoured 
 
 1649. 
 
p 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 i'v-' ■ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 k'^ 
 
 ■\ 
 
 MJlll^ 
 
 V 
 
 '\ 
 
 ' . 
 
 
 \ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ii'* 
 
 
 
 
 7* 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 B o^o K devoured their children who died for tvant of 
 nourifliment, and children were reduced to feed 
 
 »649- 
 
 on the carcaflfes of thofe to whom they owed their 
 exiftence. 
 
 A famine which produced cflfefts fo calami- 
 tous could not fail to engender malignant diflem- 
 pers ; and there arofe a contagious malady, to 
 whofe defolating fury great numbers became the 
 prey. 
 
 St. John, another village of the Hurons, con- 
 fiding of fix hundred families, was foon after 
 invaded and deftroyed by the Iroquois, and the 
 miffionary was put to death. 
 
 A confternation fo general was fpread among 
 the nation of the Hurons, that numbers of them 
 defcended to Quebec to join fome of their coun. 
 trymen fettled in its vicinity. Almoft all the 
 inhabitants of the two villages of St. Michael 
 and St. John, embraced a refolution of prefent- 
 ing themfelves to the Iroquois, and (4 making an 
 offer to livi in tht'ir fnriety. 7 hey were well 
 reci'iv'«.<1 ; b«H he enemy finding that many were 
 wanJererg v^nhvut the power ot fixing themfelves 
 in any litna-ion, detached a party of young war- 
 riors in puifui? of ihem. Almoft the whole were 
 taken, and no qunrier was given. The dread of 
 the Iroquois had 'uch an fffffl upon all the other 
 pations, that the bordtrs of ihe river Outaouais, 
 which were long thickly pt^oplcd, became almod 
 
 defend, 
 
• \J--- 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 7« 
 
 1650. 
 
 (fcferted, without its ever being known what be- b o^ o k 
 came of the greater part of the inhabitants. 
 
 Brandy and other fermented liquors began 
 now to be introduced among the favages who 
 bordered on Tadouflac, which has fince been the 
 caufe of great diforder and calamity among the 
 natives, who are much difpofed to intoxication, 
 and under its influence give a full fcope to all 
 the malignant paifions of the human heart. 
 
 The perfons to whom the government of the 
 colony was committed pofleiTed too much reli- 
 gion and zeal not to oppofe themfelves to a com- 
 merce which tended to foment vice, and they 
 were not even fufpefted, as were fome of their 
 fuGceflbrs, of wifhing to increafe the revenue at 
 the expence of religion and good order. 
 
 This evil made in a fhort time fuch advances, 
 that the chiefs of the favages earnedly petitioned 
 the governor to order a prifon to be built, in 
 which to confine thofe who by their irregular 
 condud difquieted fociety. Befides the Mon- 
 tagnez, who .vere the native inhabitants of Ta- 
 douflac, there alfo frequented this poft the Berfi« 
 anrites, Papinachois, and Oumamioucks, among 
 whom were feveral Chriftians already converted 
 by native profelytes. 
 
 Great care had been taken at Three Rivers to 
 prevent the introdutUon of this deftrudive 
 article of commerce, and the natives in that 
 
 F 4 vicinity 
 

 '1 
 
 1 
 
 f^ 
 
 HrSTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 !tm 
 
 
 BOOK vicinity were yet Grangers to its dangerous 
 fc "'^ effefts. ' " ' 
 
 1650. 'j'hijj ygjy^ fy hurtful to New France by the 
 
 deftru£lion of almoft the wliole of the Huron na- 
 tion, and by other unfavourable events which 
 followed, concluded by the change of the Go- 
 vernor-General. M. de Laufon, one of the 
 principal alTociates of the company of Canada, 
 was nominated to fucceed M. d'Aillebouft, whofe 
 three years were expired ; but he arrived not at 
 Quebec until the following year. The latter left 
 without regret an office, where he was deftitute 
 of the means of fupporting his dignity. The 
 new governor had always held the greateft fhare 
 in conducing the affairs of the company. He 
 negotiated in England for the reftitution of Que- 
 bec. His integrity and good intentipns were 
 generally known, and he appeared always to have 
 taken a great intereft in the welfare of Canada. 
 
 XI651. But he found its fituation in a worfe (late than 
 
 he conceived, and the colony was rapidly on the 
 decline* The Iroquois, become more prefump- 
 tuous by their late victories, began no longer to 
 confider the forts and entrenchments as barriers 
 to their progrefs ; they fpread themfelves in great 
 bodies over all the French habitations, and no 
 place was (heltered from their infults. 
 
 3653. The ifland of Montreal fuffered not lefs from 
 
 the incurfions of the Iroquois than the other 
 
 quarters 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. ^| 
 
 quarters of the colony ; and M. Malfonneuve was p o o k 
 obliged to make a voyage to France to folicit the . — - j. 
 fuccours, which by letters he could not obtain. »^53' 
 )Ie returned with a reinforcement of a hundred 
 men. He alfo brought with him a female of 
 exemplary virtue, who founded the institution of 
 the daughters of the congregation ; an inflitution 
 which afterwards became of eminent advantage 
 to the fettlement. 
 
 About this period the Iroquois completed the *^55» 
 deflruSion of the nation of the Eriez, or Cat. 
 The commencement of the war had not been 
 favourable to the former, but they perfevered, 
 und their efforts at length produced fuch fuccefs, 
 that were it not for the great lake which flill re- 
 tains the name pf the latter nation, not a veflige 
 of their ever having exitted would have remain- 
 ed. Apprehenfions were entertained that thefe 
 new advantages would rekindle in the breafls of 
 the Iroquois their long chcriftied hatred to the 
 J^rench, but the tribes of the Onnontagues were 
 more thaij ever difpofed to a union with them. 
 To this end they made advances, which were 
 conceived to be fincere, as their intereft corre* 
 fponded with their prefent conduft. Pierre 
 Dablon, a milTionary amongll them, accompani. 
 ed fome of their convoy to Q^ieb^c, that they 
 might endeavour to prevail on M. I.aiifon to fend 
 into their canton a number of Frenchmen. 
 
 He 
 
,:.% 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■' '^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■■i^ 
 
 ' 4 * 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ' '* 
 
 rr . 
 
 
 f ^i 
 
 J 
 
 
 14 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 He fet out on the 1 2th of M«irch with a nu« 
 merous efcort, and arrived at Quebec in the 
 i6j6. beginning of April. The Governor-General 
 entered without hefitatiou into the views of the 
 Iroquois ; and fifty Frenchmen were chofen to 
 form the propofed eftabliihment. The Sieur 
 Dupuys, an officer of the garriion, was appoint- 
 ed their commandant. Father Francois Le Mer- 
 cier, who had fucceeded Pierre Jerome Lalle- 
 mant in the charge of fuperior general of the 
 millions, determined himfelf to condud thofe of 
 his order who were deflined to eftablifh the firfl: 
 Iroquois church, and whofe names wtre fathers 
 Fremin, Mefnard, and Dablon : their departure 
 was fixed for the 7th of May ; and ahhough the 
 preceding harveft had been but moderate, they 
 gave to the Sieur Dupuys a quantity of provi- 
 (lons fufHcient to fupport his people during a 
 whole year, and alfo feed for the lands, of which 
 they were going to take poiTefTion. 
 
 The account of this enterprize having gone 
 abroad, it became a fubjefb of ferious refledion 
 among the Agniers, and awoke in them an an- 
 cient jealoufy which they entertained againft the 
 Onnontagues. A general afTembly of all the 
 canton was convened to deliberate on this affair, 
 which appeared of the greateft importance ; and 
 it was there concluded that every endeavour muft 
 t>e ufed to crufli the new eftablifhment. In con- 
 
 fequence 
 
 ■ hi "' f 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fequence of thU refolution, a party of four hun- 
 dred men was raifed, with orders to difperfe, or 
 cut in pieces the company of M. Depuys. Hav- 
 ing failed in the attainment of their object, they 
 avenged themfelves by pillaging fome of his ca- 
 noes which had fallen behind^ and were not fuf^ 
 ficiently guarded. 
 
 It was not thought expedient to make this in- 
 fult a ground of quarrel, in hopes that they 
 would foon be in a iiate to take certain and fig- 
 nal vengeance, if the Agniers did not, of them* 
 feives, make ample reparation. They however 
 made it fhortly afterwards appear, that nothing 
 was more remote from their inclination. They 
 approached the Ifle of Orleans on a morning be- 
 fore fun-rife, fell upon a party of ninety Hurons 
 of every age and fex, who were labouring in the 
 fields, killed fix of them, bound the reft, and 
 embarked them in their canoes. They boldly 
 paffed before Quebec, and made their prifoners 
 fing oppofite to the fort, as if to challenge the 
 Governor to attempt to refcue them from their 
 hands. They conducted them xo their village 
 without having been purfued, and there burnt 
 the chiefs ; the reft were diltribuied among the 
 cantons, and retained in fevere captivity. 
 
 M. de Laufon was much blamed for having 
 fuffered calmly fuch infolence, and his total iii- 
 adion whilft the enemy were, it may be faid, 
 
 tearing 
 
 7J 
 
1f>. 
 
 
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76 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Mr'^ 
 
 H ' it-^' 
 
 '. ij!;*t 
 
 ;!|i vi 
 
 If; V 
 
 
 BOOK tearing from his arms, allies, whofe converfion 
 
 n. 
 V .JL.,^ equally interefted the honour of the colony and 
 
 1656. of religion, caufed a ftaiii in his memory, which 
 his virtues were unable to efface. There happen 
 fometimes, in the condu(?u even of worthy men, 
 miftakes which are confidered as lefs pardonable 
 thar cowardice itfclf. 
 
 The Hurons, by a prefumptuous confidence in 
 fecurity, of which liivages cannot diveft them- 
 felves, fuffered a furprize ; to refcue them front 
 the Iroquois, an army of five or fix hundred men 
 would have been neceffary, and the time required 
 for arming and embarking that body would have 
 .afforded to thefe barbarians more than fufiicient 
 leifure to have eluded the efforts of their pur- 
 fuers. 
 
 A young Huron of this unfortunate band, who 
 efcaped from the village where he was captive, 
 related that piany of them were treated with in- 
 humanity finjequalled, particularly one of the 
 <hiefs, whofe punjflimeiit was prolonged for three 
 days. Having been converted to Chriftianity, 
 he ceafed not tp addrefs himfelf to the Supreme 
 ii^eipg, although he experienced that his perfe- 
 verance in that devout exercile tended to irritate 
 liis executioners, and to lengthen the period of 
 his afHi^ions. 
 
 The Iroquois had no fooner exterminated the 
 Huron? from their coimtry, than they rcCoIved to 
 
 treat 
 
 
IfisfoRy or caKada. 
 
 n 
 
 treat in the fame manner all their allies. The book 
 Outaouais were among the number, and bemg 
 
 unable to refift the conquerors, they were not 
 difpofed to wait until they fhould arrive to burn 
 their villages, and put the inhabitants to death. 
 
 Some had already withdrawn to the bogs of 
 the Saguinaw, others to that of Thunder, both 
 of which are in lake Huron, many to the ifland 
 of Meinitoualin, and to the ifle of Michilimakinac ; 
 but the greateft part of the nation remained 
 until the extirmination of the Hurons in the 
 borders of the great river, which is known by 
 the name of their nation. They then joined 
 themfelves to the Hurons Tionnontatez, with 
 whom they penetrated to the regions of the fouth. 
 They entered into an alliance with the Sioux, 
 afterwards embroiled themfelves with them, and 
 made war at the expence of that people, until 
 this period, unwarlike and little known. They 
 then feparaled into feveral bands, and the mifery 
 to which they were reduced proclaimed wherever 
 they direded their courfe the terror of the Iro- 
 quois name. * 
 
 The party who had been fent to fettle among 
 the Onnontagues fufFered much from want of 
 provifions. They chiefly relied on fifhing and on 
 the chace. Both failed them ; and the French, 
 who are not accuftomed to long abftlnence, like 
 the favages, would have periftied from hunger, if 
 
 6 thev 
 
 1656. 
 
 m 
 

 r» 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^C!v'-'- >i 
 
 BOOK they had not been fupplifd by the natives. Th^ 
 i_ ,' ' whole canton feemed inclined to embrace th6 
 *^s6' Chridian faith, and it became neceffary to en- 
 large the chapel more than one half, as it was in- 
 fufEcient to contain all thofe who wifhed to 
 become profelytes. It was thought by many of 
 the French that a fort ought to have been con- 
 ftru(5ted in order to guard againft the leVity and 
 verfatile difpofition of this people, and it would 
 have been well to have adopted their counfel* 
 But the funds of Canada were unequal to furnifli 
 the expence> and among the aflbciates of New 
 France no one had lefs credit, or was left regard*- 
 ed, than they who had acquired a knbwledge of 
 the country* 
 
 The Hurons of the ifland of Orleans^ who 
 conceived themfelves no longer in fecurity, took 
 refuge at Quebec, and in a moment of defponden^ 
 cy for having been abandoned by the French^ 
 they had fecretly fent a propofal to the Agniers, 
 to be admitted into their canton, and to become 
 with them one people. They had fcarcely em- 
 braced this meafure, when they repented. The 
 Agniers, finding that they wilhed to withdraw 
 their propofal, took the means of obliging them 
 to fulfil it. They began by letting loofe on them 
 feveral detached parties, who malTacred or carried 
 off all whom they found in the country, and 
 w(ien they imagined that thefe hoililities had 
 
 rendered 
 
 rendered 
 Quebec th 
 
 Nothing 
 %hich thel 
 commiffioi 
 snanding 
 French an 
 confenting 
 {mutation J 
 follows : 
 
 *' It is 
 fhouldeft I 
 be intreat 
 every time 
 didfl withi 
 ilancy, (hi 
 thy countr 
 reafon to i 
 
 He ther 
 Hurons t( 
 other to ai 
 with them 
 he faid, « 
 thy childn 
 bofom, to 
 imprudenc 
 to chaflife 
 Receive tt 
 
 •Jl'l' 
 
illSTORV Ot CANADA. 
 
 n 
 
 sr 
 
 Tn 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 t :■ i 
 
 
 ■.r;' 1 
 
 feftdered them more tradable, they fent t6 book 
 Quebec thirty deputies to conduct them away. ^_r-.'-mw 
 
 Nothing could equal the haughtinefs with '^5*» 
 iR'hich thefe deputies acquitted themfelves of their 
 commiffion. They addrelTed M. de Laufon, de« 
 snanding to be heard in an afTembly of the 
 French and Hurons, and the Governor- GeneraJ 
 iconfenting to their requeft> the chief of the de- 
 |kutation (poke to the chief of the Hurons as 
 follows: J . - ; 
 
 •*' It is now tiiP'r, my brother, that thou 
 fhouldeft ftretch out thy arm to me, that I may 
 be tntreated to condu^ thee to my country;; 
 every time that I came with that imcntion thou 
 didd withdraw, and it was to puniih thy incon* 
 ftancy, that I (truck with my hatchet a part of 
 thy countrymen. Believe mc,give me no longer 
 reafon to repeat that treatment j atife and follow 
 
 He then prefented two collars, one to aid the 
 Hurons to raife themfelves and confent, the 
 other to afliire them that the Agniers would live 
 with them as brothers. Turning to the Generaly 
 he faid, " Lift up thy arm, Ononthio, and allow 
 thy children, whom thou holdeft preffed to thy 
 bofom, to depart; for if they are guilty of any 
 imprudence, havereafon to dread, left in coming 
 to chaftife them, my blows fall on thy head. 
 Receive this, and open wide thy arms." He pre- 
 fented 
 
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 4 . \ 
 
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 V*' 
 
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 do HISTORY 6f ftAfJAbX. 
 
 fented a belt. ** I know," continued h<r, *^ thzrf 
 the Huron is foiid of prayers, that he confeflet 
 *^i^- and adores the Author of all things, to whom^ 
 in his diflrefles, he has recourfe for fuccotir. It 
 is my inclination to do the fame. Allow the 
 miffionary who quitted me, 1 know not why, to 
 accompany him to inflrud me ; and, as I have 
 not a fufficient number of canoes to convey fo 
 great a body of people, do me the favour to lend 
 me thine." He ftrengthened thefe demands 
 by prefetitlng two additional collars, and re- 
 tired^ •■■:', ; . .1' .' , r ' r. 
 
 It would be difficult to aflign a reafon why M. 
 de Laufon tolerated fuch infolence at a time 
 when he had no other enemy on his hand but 
 that of the canton of Agnier* He (hewed n6 
 difpleafure at the hauglity difcourfe of th6 
 orator, a circumflance which was remarked by 
 the Hurons, and caufed them much embarraflP' 
 ment< From experience Of the paft, and the 
 general conduct of the Iroquois, they had everjr 
 evil to apprehend) and they conceived, whatever 
 might be the part they (hould a^> inevitable ruin 
 mud overtake them* In this perplexity of their 
 affairs they feparated ; feme declaring that they 
 would not quit the French, others that they 
 were refolved to give themfelves up to the On- 
 nontagues, with whom they had already made a 
 kind of engagement* The fn^mily of the Beas 
 
 alone 
 
 alone kept t 
 the Agniers. 
 
 Thefe refc 
 alTembled ; 
 taken no m 
 fpefted, he a 
 Moyne, who 
 and faid, « ( 
 they are his ( 
 tutelage, the; 
 he opens his 
 to go where 
 them wherev 
 Agnier, I w 
 adore the Ai 
 hope that the 
 and I am n 
 therefore wil 
 With refpe^l 
 you fee that 
 felves ; make 
 number." 
 
 The chief 
 Bear then exj 
 I am at thy ( 
 eyes in thy 
 even that of 
 own family t 
 to embark w 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
i :1iK"^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 u 
 
 i'r 
 
 alone kept the promife which they had made to book 
 the Agniers. \^ ,\j 
 
 Thefe refolutions being taken, the council re- 1656. 
 aflembled; and ahhough the Governor had 
 taken no meafures to make his character re- 
 fpedted, he appeared there in perfon. Father le 
 Moyne, who afted as his interpreter, fpoke firft, 
 and faid, '' Ononthio is attached to the Hurons, 
 they are his children ; but he holds them not in 
 tutelage, they are of age to afit for themfelves j 
 he opens his arms, he leaves them at full liberty 
 to go where they will. For me, I will follow 
 them wherever they go ; if they accompany thee, 
 Agnier, I will inftruft thee alfo to pray, and 
 adore the Author of all things, but I dare not 
 hope that thou wilt attend to me. I know thee* 
 and I am not ignorant of thy indocility, but I 
 therefore will confole myfelf with the Hurons. . 
 With refpeft to the canoes which you require, 
 you fee that we have fcarcely enough for our- 
 felves ; make others if you have not a fufficient 
 number." 
 
 The chief of the Hurons of the tribe of the 
 Bear then exprefled himfelf thus : *' My brother, 
 I am at thy difpofal, I place myfelf with clofed 
 eyes in thy canoe, prepared for every event, 
 even that of death ; but I would wifli only my 
 own family to attend me. I will fuifer no others 
 to embark with me. If, hereafter, the reft of 
 
 VOL. I. Q mj 
 
•■:vr 
 
 % 
 
 16 . 
 
 1 
 
 S2 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
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 BOOK my nation will come to join me, I will not op- 
 ^'-y. ^ pofe their refolution j but [ (hall be well pleafed 
 ^^i^- that they fhould be firfl: informed in what man- 
 ner thou wilt treat me." 
 
 He prefented three colhrs to engage the Ag- 
 nier to ufe him well, to negled nothing to com- 
 fort him for the farrifice he made, and to faci- 
 litate the voyage. The deputies accepted the 
 collars and Teemed well fatisfied. They then 
 began to conftruft canoes, and when they were 
 finiflied, they embarked with the Hurons and 
 Father le Moyne. • . 
 
 1^57' The good underftanding between the French 
 
 and the Upper Iroquois did not thus feem to 
 have received any interruption from what took 
 place at Quebec, on the fubjedt of the Hurons, 
 but to render it lading, it was neceflary that 
 their deputies fhould have been impreffed with 
 an idea of the ftrength of the fettlement, when 
 unjiappily they became witnelTes of its feeble 
 condition. This became every day more ap- 
 parent from the infenfibility with which the 
 French feemed to fufFer the infults of the Ag- 
 niers. 
 
 A band of the Onneyouths having gone on a 
 hunting expedition to the ifland of Montreal, 
 furprifed three Frenchmen whom they killed, 
 and carried off their fcalps to their own village. 
 M. d'Aillebourt, who commanded at Quebec, 
 
 becaufe 
 
 Bit; 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 83 
 
 bcaufc M. de Laufon had returned to France 
 without awaiting the arrival of a fucceflbr, de- 
 manded juftice for this outrage ; and, to compel 
 the nation to a compliance, he gave orders to 
 arreft whatever fliould be found belonging to the 
 Iroquois in the colony. It was obeyed, and the 
 firft movement which the news of this tranfac- 
 tion eaufed among the cantons was that of em- 
 bracing the mod violent refolutions. 
 
 In the month of February numerous bodies of 
 the Agniers, of the Onneyouths, and of the On- 
 nontagues, were feen equipped for war. To 
 have occafioned a ftrong fufpicion of their inten- 
 tions in the bread of M. Dupuys, much lefs 
 preparation would have been neceffary. He 
 found himfelf much embarraffed, and he faw 
 little chance of efcaping. To fortify himfelf, 
 and to (land a fiege would be only to prolong a 
 fate, which finally he could not avoid, for he 
 had no fuccour to hope for from Quebec ; and 
 if he ever could entertain that hope, the time 
 neceffary for its arrival would render it vain and 
 ineffedual. He muft either fooner or later have 
 furrendered, have perifhed in refifting, or have 
 died of hunger and want. 
 
 To make his efcape, it was neceffary the party 
 fliould firft conftru£t canoes, for they had not 
 taken the precaution to prefer ve a certain num- 
 ber for that purpofe, in cafe they fliould have 
 
 G 2 been 
 
 BOOK 
 
 IF. 
 
 1657, 
 
 1653* 
 
 in 
 
 :h] f 
 
 til' J 
 
u 
 
 HUTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 i.%* 
 
 
 it'^ 
 
 1658. 
 
 Hi^; 
 
 been reduced to adopt it. To work at the ca- 
 noes openly would be to publifli his intention, 
 and. thereby to render it imprafticable. Hedif* 
 patched a perfon to M. d'Aillebourt to acquaint 
 him of the confpiracy, and then gave orders for 
 conftruding with ail pofTible diligence, fmall 
 light batteaux ; and to conceal from the Iroquois 
 a knowledge of what was carrying on, he em- 
 ployed the workmen in the garret of the houfe 
 of the Jefuits, which was more detached, and 
 fomewhat larger than the others. 
 
 This work being completed, he gave notice to 
 his people to hold themfelves in readinefs to de- 
 part on the day which he fhould point out, and 
 to colled their provifions for the journey, in 
 fuch a manner as not to give any fufpicion to the 
 Iroquois. It only remained to take fuch fecret 
 meafures to embark, that the favages might be 
 ignorant of the retreat of the French, until 
 they fhould be fo far advanced as not to be in 
 danger of purfuir, and they fortunately attained 
 that point by a fmgular ftratagem. 
 
 A young Frenchman had been adopted by 
 one of the moft confiderable inhabitants of On- 
 nontague ; that kind of adoption, which after- 
 wards became more frequent, has all the ad- 
 vantages of thofe which were pradifed among 
 the Romans, even with refpeft to inheritance, 
 which among favages can be but little : whence 
 
 6 it 
 
 Mil 
 
 i:l 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 85 
 
 it often happened that the French received con- 
 fiderable advantage from thefe adopted perfons, 
 particularly in arranging treaties of peace. 
 
 The young man went to his father by adop- 
 tion, and told him that he had dreamt of one of 
 thofe feftivals where all is eaten that is prepared ; 
 he conjured him to make an entertainment of 
 this kind for all the village, informing him, that if 
 any part of the viftuals was left after the feaft, he 
 was ftrongly perfuaded he fhould die. The favage 
 replied that it would occafion him much regret 
 if he fhould die, that he would himfelf order the 
 repaft, that he would take great care that all 
 fhould be invited, and that aifuredly nothing 
 fhould be left unconfumed. On this the young 
 man affigned for the feaft the 19th of March, 
 which was the day fixed for the departure of 
 the French. All the provifions which could be 
 fpared were employed for this purpofe, and all 
 the favages were invited. 
 
 The repaft began on the evening, and, to give 
 to the French an opportunity of putting their 
 batteaux in the water, and of loading them, 
 without the noife being heard in the village, the 
 tambours and trumpets difcontinued not to 
 found on every fide of the cabin where the feaft: 
 was held. Every thing being in readinefs for 
 embarkation, the young man, on a fignal being 
 given, faid to his father by adoption, that he had 
 
 o 3 pity 
 
 1658. 
 
 I 
 
86 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 m: 
 
 
 i6s8. 
 
 ij.: 
 
 BOOK pity on his guefls, the greater part of whom had 
 already demanded quarter : that they might fuf- 
 pend the fatigues of eating and repofe them- 
 felves, and that he would procure them an agree- 
 able fleep. He began to play on the guitar, and 
 in lefs than a quarter of an hour not a fingle 
 favage was awake. He then went to join the 
 little fleet, which in a moment loll fight of the 
 village. 
 
 In fifteen days M. Dupuy faw his party arrived 
 in fafety at Montreal. The gratification which 
 he experienced at feeing himfelf delivered from 
 fo great a danger, was however diminifhed by 
 the refleftion that his precipitate flight was not 
 creditable to his country, and the regret that for 
 want of moderate fuccours he had not been 
 placed in a fituation to fupport an eftablifliment 
 of fuch importance, and to give law to a people, 
 who only derived their power from the weaknefs 
 of the French, and the means they thereby pof- 
 feffed of repeating their infults. 
 
 He found the whole ifland of Montreal in a 
 ftate of great alarm. On every hand were feen 
 parties of the Iroquois, who, without declaring 
 themfelves open enemies, occafioned fuch difor- 
 ders, that no perfon dared to appear in the 
 country. Towards the end of May, Father le 
 Moyne arrived at that place, conduced by the 
 Agniers, who had given him their promife to 
 
 place 
 
 place him 
 they fcrupi 
 tion threw 
 vigorous th 
 On the ; 
 landed at < 
 of Govern* 
 morning to 
 foon after i 
 been malfac 
 of the fort. 
 French and 
 purfuit of tl 
 take them. 
 Not long 
 Three RiveJ 
 and with a 
 men, who, 
 rence, had c 
 rifon J but 
 there confin 
 the reft to 
 rous meafu 
 could be 
 repofe to th 
 took an o 
 apoftolic la 
 feveral rout 
 
 e: 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 87 
 
 place him fafe in a French fettlement, and which b 00 t 
 they fcrupuloufly obferved. After this, the na- 
 tion threw off the maik, and war became more 
 vigorous than it yet had been. 
 
 On the nth of July the Vifcount d'Argenfon 
 landed at Quebec, and was received in quality 
 of Governor-General. He was furprifed next 
 morning to hear the cry *' to arms^* and was 
 foon after informed that fome Algonquins had 
 been maflacred by the Iroquois under the cannon 
 of the fort. Two hundred men, compofed of 
 French and favages, were inftantly detached in 
 purfuit of thefe barbarians, Lut could not over- 
 take them. 
 
 Not long afterwards the Agniers approached 
 Three Rivers with a defign to furprife that port; 
 and with a view of fucceeding they fent eight 
 men, who, under a pretence of holding a confe- 
 rence, had orders to obferve the ftate of the gar- 
 rifon ; but M. de la Potherie who commanded 
 there confined fome of them in prifon, and lent 
 the reft to the General at Quebec. This vigo- 
 rous meafure produced all the fuccefs which 
 could be expeded from it, and procured fome 
 repofe to the colony. The miffionaries thereby 
 took an opportunity of re-commencing their 
 apoftolic labours in the north, and difcovered 
 feveral routs which led to Hudfon's Bay. 
 
 G 4 Such 
 
 
 , I- 
 
 U 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 ' f 
 
 Itiii. ru 
 
U<<.' 
 
 ii* 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 !'i 
 
 
 
 BOOK 
 JI. 
 
 i 
 
 H;> 
 
 
 lili 
 
 .Md 
 
 1 ri - 1 ' 
 
 HISTbRY OF CANAHA. 
 
 Such was the fituation of New France when 
 on the i6th of June Fran9ols de Laval, Abb€ 
 de Montigny, thula: hilhop of Petrcc, and pro- 
 vided by thti Sovereign Poniiflf with a brief of 
 apoftolic vicar, diftiubarked at Quebec. 
 
 The Jefuits had long been perluaded that the 
 prefence of a fuperior ecclefiaftic, inverted with 
 a character of command, was become neceflary 
 in the colony, to remedy certain diforders which 
 began to be introdut "d, and had demanded of 
 the court that a bifliop might be fent out. The 
 Qiieen Mother, Ann of Audria, to whom they 
 addreffed themfelves during her regency, was of 
 opinion that one of the oldeil miflionarles (hould 
 be chofen to fill this fituation, and were inclined 
 to appoint Father Paul le Jeune, who had go- 
 verned the million during feveral years, and was 
 then at Paris, occupied in his fpiritual funt^ions, 
 and in high edeem for his lanftity and prudence; 
 but the Jefuits reprefented that their inliitution 
 did not permit them to accept of this dignity, 
 and propofed to her Majerty the Abbe de Mon- 
 tigny, who was accordingly appointed. 
 
 Father Jerome Lallemant, who had not vifited 
 America fince he went to France to reprefent to 
 the company of Canada the wants of that coun- 
 try, governed at that period the college of La- 
 fleche J the new prelate requefted of his general, 
 
 that 
 
 "Ik li" 
 
 iw^- 
 
'"^W 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 89 
 
 that he might again be fent out, as being a man ■ o o k 
 who was necelTary for him, and this milTionary -.^^w^ 
 was well i'atisfied to confecraie the reft of his *^S9- 
 day« to the converfion of favages, under the di- 
 rection of a bifhop who was worthy of having 
 been a member of the primitive church. Some 
 ecclefiaflics had arrived with M. de Petree, and 
 others joined him a few years afterwards. As 
 they arrived, they were put in poflefl'ion of cura- 
 cies, with which the Jefuiis had hitherto been 
 charged, becaufe they were the only priefts in 
 New France, The new cures then ferved the 
 pavithes only by conimiflioii. They were like- 
 wife for a confiderable time moveable at the will 
 of tile bilhop, and fometimes of the fuperiors of ** 
 the feminary at Quebec, who themfelves were 
 named by the direftors of foreign miflions at 
 Paris. Circumftances were in this refpe^ iamc' 
 what changed, fmce the court had ordered that 
 the cures (liould be fixed in Canada, as through- 
 out the whole kingdom. The ifland of Mon- 
 treal, however, with the parilhes dependent on 
 it, remained on the fame footing, under the dl- 
 redUon of the feminary of St. Sulpicius. 
 
 Two years had elapfed fmce this feminary had 
 acquired all the rights of the fir P. proprietors of 
 the illaud. Souie years before this period the 
 Abbe de (^leliis had come to (>iiLbec, inverted 
 with the piuvifion of Great Vicar of the arch- 
 
 biflioprlc 
 
 
 t I 
 
 
 ' ft i 
 
90 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 :'i--f 
 
 f^l 
 
 
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 U'vn 
 
 - ll J, 
 
 Mr-: 
 
 BOOK bifhopric of Rouen ; but as the ]urifdi(5lion of 
 ^ - ' _, that prelate over New France was not founded 
 »659. on any title, and as the Archbifliops of Naptes 
 and Rochelle poflefled equal pretenfions with 
 him, the Abbe was not acknowledged in the 
 quality of Grand Vicar, and therefore returned to 
 France. He afterwards returned with the depu- 
 ties of the feminary of St. Sulpicius, to take pof- 
 feiTion of the ifland of Montreal, and to found a 
 feminary there, to which no oppoiition was made, 
 all the colony being fatisfied to fee a body, re- 
 fpedable, powerful, and fruitful in men of talents, 
 take the charge of clearing and peopling an 
 iiland, whofe firfl-poiTeiTors had not advanced the 
 edablifhment fo much as might then have been 
 expefted. 
 
 The order of St. Sulpicius was no fooner In 
 poffefllon of this rich domaine, than they thought 
 of procuring an hofpital, and they had the good 
 fortune to engage many pious perfons in this 
 projefl. Madame de Boiiillon contributed fixty 
 thoufand livres, Monf. de la Douerfierre, Lieu- 
 tenant-General of the Prefidial de la Fleche, con- 
 fecrated to it a part of his fortune, and it was by 
 his advice that they made choice of, to ferve this 
 hofpital, the daughters of the Hotel Dieu of that 
 place. Mademoifelle Manfe, who has already 
 been mentioned, received the hofpitallers on their 
 ai rival at I\ioiineaI, and durinj; her iife took 
 
 charge 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 91 
 
 1659. 
 
 charge of the affairs of their houfe, in which ihe book 
 was feconded by M. Maifonneuve, who confented 
 to continue in the government of this little colony 
 after it had changed mafters. 
 
 A town began by degrees to be formed, and an 
 ufeful and laudable eflablifhment, which at that 
 time- took place, tended to increafe its profperlty. 
 The inftitution of the daughters of the congrega- 
 Hon was founded by Marguerite Bourgeois, who 
 had accompanied M. Maifonneuve to Montreal. 
 It appeared that after fome years had elapfed, the 
 nfters of this religious houfe were inclined to 
 become nuns, but they were afterwards pro- 
 hibited from fhutting themfelves up, and from 
 taking vows. 
 
 The Urfulines of Quebec contributed much on 
 their part to give to perfons of their fex a fuitable 
 education, but beyond the precinds of the town 
 there were few girls who had the means of fre- 
 quenting their fchools, and the poverty of the 
 country did not permit them to have a great 
 many pupils. It was intended, after their fettle- 
 ment in New France, that they (hould charge 
 themfelves with the education of favage girls, 
 but the execution anfwered not the expectations 
 which had been formed, and there were many 
 reafons for abandoning this projc<^. 
 
 No 
 
li^: 
 
 ■i 
 
 ill 
 
 1/ 
 
 r^f 
 
 92 
 
 1660. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 No reinforcements or fupplles arrived from 
 France, and the colony was with difficulty able to 
 fupport itfelf. No perfon could adventure to go 
 any diftance from the forts without an efcort, and 
 in many places there appeared no preparations 
 for harveft, although the feafon was fiaft ap- 
 proaching. Many were of opinion that the co- 
 lony mud at length be abandoned, andfome be- 
 gan to take meafures for repaffing the fea. Seven 
 hundred Iroquois, who had defeated a confider- 
 able party of French and favages, held Quebec 
 in a (late of blockade. The Urfulines and the 
 hofpitallers were obliged in the night to abandon 
 their monafteries, where they were not thought to 
 be in fecurity, and towards the end of autumn, 
 when it was fuppofed the barbarians had re- 
 turned to their country, it was learnt that they 
 Hill kept in the environs of the fettlement j a 
 circumftance which occafioned much alarm. 
 An ecclefiaftic of the feminary of Montreal, 
 named M. le Maitre, was killed in returning from 
 the country, where he had been to perform 
 mafs. M. de Lnufon, Senefchal of New France, 
 and fon of the preceding Governor, having gone 
 to the ifland of Orleans to affift his brother-in- 
 law, who was attacked in his houfe, fell into an 
 ambufcade. The Iroquois, who knew him, and 
 wiflied to get poiTeffion of a prifoner of his con- 
 
 fequence, 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 93 
 
 1660. 
 
 i66r. 
 
 fequence, did not wi(h to kill him, but finding book 
 that in defending himfelf he (hot many of their "' 
 people, they fired on him, and he fell dead before 
 any of them ventured to approach him. 
 
 Many other perfons of confideration, and jei 
 great number of inhabitants and favages, fhared 
 the fame fate. Thirty Attikamegues, among 
 whom there were fome Frenchmen, were at- 
 tacked by eighty Iroquois, and defended them- 
 felves with valour, which might have faved them 
 iiad they fought with greater order ; even the 
 women combated to the lad, and not one would 
 furrender. From Montreal to Tadouflac were 
 every vvhere to be feen fatal impreflions of the 
 paifage of this ferocious and fanguinary enemy. 
 To this afflidion, a fcourge no lefs fevere was 
 then added ; a contagious malady fwept away a 
 great number of the inhabitants. 
 
 By fpme prlfoners who had made their efcape 
 from the Iroquois* villages, it was learnt that 
 there were at Onnontague twenty whofe lives 
 had been fpared by the enemy, and who there 
 enjoyed an ample ftate of liberty ; that even in 
 the fame canton a cabin had been converted into 
 a chapel, where a great number of Chriftians, 
 French, Hurons, Iroquois, and Algonquins al- 
 fembled to pray. That the matrons who form 
 the principal body of the ftate, had no part in 
 
 the 
 
 K> * ! 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Mi 
 
 •\ i 
 
 I i 
 
 I, I 
 
 
 lit' 
 
 
 BOOK the con (piracy which obh'ged M. Dupuys to 
 V— s .^^ withdraw j that during feven days they and their 
 1660. children ceafed not to deplore the departure of 
 the miiTionaries ; and that in the cantons of 
 Goyogouin and Onneyouth, there were Chrif- 
 tians who were inviolably attached to the faith. 
 The enemy foon after almoft entirely difap- 
 peared, and in the month of July were feen at 
 Montreal two canoes with a white flag. They 
 were allowed to approach, and^'the Iroquois were 
 feen difembarking with equal confidence as if 
 they had been the mod faithful allies. They 
 were deputies of the cantons of Onnontaguc and 
 of Goyogouin, one of whom was one of the firft 
 chiefs of the latter, and well difpofed towards 
 the French. They brought with them four 
 Frenchmen, whom they propofed to exchange 
 for eight Goyogouins, prifoners at Montreal, 
 and they promifed to reftore the other French- 
 men, who were detained in their country, if all 
 the members of the two cantons who had been 
 captured by the French were delivered up to 
 them. 
 
 They produced to M. Maifonneuve a letter 
 figned by all the French captives in the two 
 cantons, purporting that they were well treated, 
 and that the favuges were much difpofed to 
 peace ; but that if the deputies were not atended 
 
 to 
 
 to all Frer 
 without mei 
 return. 
 
 The Vifc 
 difpofed to ( 
 ing that, in 
 a difadvant; 
 meafures we] 
 of warfare, \ 
 maintain, he 
 ther le Moyr 
 pany the dep 
 In the me 
 rived from 
 whofe ill ftai 
 which he rec^ 
 private difcoi 
 pofed ceafed 
 to apply for 
 period of his 
 The defliti 
 in the new < 
 ment and fur 
 was afterwarc 
 the country, 
 France were 
 could not coi 
 able to retain 
 he had poiTc 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 95 
 
 i(\6i. 
 
 to all Frenchmen in their country would be, book. 
 without mercy, committed to the flames on their 
 return. 
 
 The Vifcount d'Argenfon was at firfl: little 
 dlfpofed to enter on negociation ; but confider- 
 ing that, in the prefent ftate of the colony, even 
 a difadvantageous peace, provided defenfive 
 meafures were taken, was yet better than a (late 
 of warfare, which he was not in a condition to 
 maintain, he changed his refolution ; and Fa- 
 ther le Moyne chearfully undertook to accom- 
 pany the deputies to their country. 
 
 In the mean time the Baron d*Avaugour ar- 
 rived from France to relieve the Governor, 
 whofe ill ftate of health, the (lender fupplies 
 which he received from the company, and fome 
 private difcontents, which perfons not well dif- 
 pofed ceafed not to occafion him, induced him 
 to apply for a recal before the expiration of the 
 period of his government. - . 
 
 The deftitute fituation of the colony excited 
 in the new Governor fentiments of difappoint- 
 ment and furprize. He vifited the diiFerent pofts, 
 was afterwards charmed with the appearance of 
 the country, and faid that the government of 
 France were not acquainted with its value. He 
 could not conceive how his predecciTor had been 
 able to retain it with a force fo inferior as that 
 he had pofTcffed, and declared that he would 
 
 rei^ueft 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 • 111 
 
 '■} 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 T 
 1 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
9« 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ,■ J 
 
 IF ■' 
 
 '•h 
 
 iii-; 'ii 
 
 -*'-i 
 
 B O O K 
 II. 
 
 *— ^^ 
 
 1661. 
 
 1662. 
 
 requefl: to be recalled unlefs troops and fupplles 
 were regularly lent him. This General was 9 
 man of refolution and great integrity, but be en- 
 tertained too high an edim^tion of his fituation 
 and talents, and knew not how to unbend. He 
 had been employed in Hungary, where he had 
 much diflinguifhed himfelf,.but be had in Ca- 
 nada lefs occafion to exerciie his good qualities 
 than to difplay his defeats, and he was made to 
 experience much mortification during the QxQU 
 period that he governed the colony. 
 
 M. de Petree having gone to France, for rea- 
 fons which will hereafter appear, propofed to the 
 council of the King the eredion of a feminary at 
 C^ebec, and letters patent were iffued in the fol- 
 lowing year in favour of the members of the fe- 
 minary for foreign miffions. As this inftitution, 
 according to the fyftem at that time prevalent, 
 was bound to fupply paftors for the whole 
 colony, the prelate obtained an order, that the 
 tithes (hould be paid to the diredors of the new 
 feminary, and procured the taxes to be fixed at 
 a thirteenth part. It was found that this pro- 
 portion was too oppreflive for the colonills, who 
 were poor, and feveral reprefentations were made 
 on their part. 
 
 The Onnontagues overran a great part of the 
 colony, and attacked in open day many of the 
 inhabitants of the ifland of Montreal, who were 
 
 at 
 
 at work in 
 
 out with V 
 
 their retres 
 
 to conceal 
 
 himfelf fur 
 
 whole day, 
 
 until, over] 
 
 rilhed. 
 
 By the I; 
 for Europe, 
 place in th 
 terms to the 
 under his pr 
 hitely in a ft 
 laft extremit 
 on learning 
 fufFered froir 
 M. de MontS; 
 and there gi^ 
 commanding 
 ftould be im 
 garrifons an( 
 at Quebec 
 was hoped tl 
 would be re 
 had yet acqui 
 Until ther 
 ftria in enfo| 
 had been iffii 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 97 
 
 1662. 
 
 at work in the country. The town major went book 
 out with twenty-fix men well armed, to facilitate 
 their retreat, but having gone through the woods 
 to conceal his march from the enemy, he found 
 himfelf furrounded. He fought bravely for a 
 whole day, and was well fupported by his men, 
 until, overpowered by numbers, they all pe- 
 rifhed. 
 
 By the lad veiTels which failed from Quebec 
 for Europe, the General, and every perfon in 
 place in the country, wrote in the flrongeft 
 terms to the King, befeeching his majefly to take 
 under his protection a colony which was abfo- 
 lutely in a flate of defolation, and reduced to the 
 lad extremity. The King was much furprized 
 on learning that fo fine a country had fo greatly 
 fufFered from negleft. He forthwith nominated 
 M. de Monts, as his commiflioner, to vifit Canada, 
 and there give intimation of his orders ; likewife 
 commanding that fotir hundred of his troops 
 fhould be immediately embarked to reinforce the 
 garrifons and pofts moft expofed. Their arrival 
 at Quebec occafioned great fatisfadion, and it 
 was hoped that, in the following year, the colony 
 would be raifed to greater confequence than it 
 had yet acquired. 
 
 Until then, the Governor-General had been 
 ftrift in enforcing obedience to the orders which 
 had been iflfued refpefting the fale of fpirits to 
 
 VOL. I. H the 
 
yi'- 
 
 
 
 •'^K 
 
 .'f - ' 
 
 * 
 
 'A 
 
 
 98 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 M^-H- 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 Si 
 
 »(• 
 
 i;i- 
 
 rli 
 
 
 ff*;l -".:.' 
 
 
 BOOK the favages, and the fiaron d'Avangour had de- 
 c— ^.^ creed fevere penalties Dgainft thcfe who ihould 
 1662. infringe his ordinances on this important point. 
 It happened that a woman of (^ebec was con- 
 vided of this pradice, and afterwards confined in 
 prifon. One of the Jefuits, at the inftance of 
 her relations, thought that he might prefume to 
 intercede with the Governor on her behalf. He 
 was anfwered with warmth, that fince the traffic 
 of fpirits Was not deemed by ecclefiaftics a fault 
 puniftiable in a woman, no perfon fhould thence- 
 forth be punifhed for that tranfgreffion againfl: 
 authority. The Geperal made it a point of ho- 
 nour never to rettaft the hafty expreffion that 
 had efcaped him.. •' ^•. ^^ ^ ^ 
 
 Of this ch"Cumftance the people foon became 
 acquainted, and the diforder was carried to the 
 utmoft extremity. They began with (Irong in- 
 vedive againft the confeflbrs, who, with a firm- 
 nefs truly faeerdotal, wiflied to oppofe a barrier 
 to the torrent. The Bifhop of Petree was not 
 fpared, who thought the evil fufficiently great to 
 employ the cenfures of the church in endeavour- 
 ing to effefl its cure. Seeing however his zeal 
 inefficacious, and his authority contemned, he 
 embraced the refolution of carrying his complaint 
 to the foot of the throne, and went over to 
 France He was heard, and obtained from the 
 Iviflg fuch orders as he judged neceifary to put a 
 
 f^op to thi 
 fuch evils 
 On the 
 part four i 
 nearly at t 
 extent of 
 been the e 
 agitated in 
 houfes wer 
 to avoid its 
 But their j 
 faw the bui 
 lence, and 1 
 ■ one fide, f 
 opened oft 
 crafh. All 
 perfon toui 
 fences feemj 
 walls were 
 rated, and| 
 anfwered tl 
 order of na| 
 other animj 
 and cries, 
 their legs tc 
 face of the 
 The trees 
 many, ton 
 confiderabll 
 
 «■ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 99 
 
 flop to this (hameful commerce, which created book 
 fuch evils in his fpiritual domain. * " v„^-^ 
 
 On the 5th of February, about half an hour »6^3« 
 part four in the evening, a great noife was heard, 
 nearly at the fame time, throughout the whole 
 extent of Canada. That noife feems to have 
 been the efFeft of a fudden vibration of the air 
 agitated in all directions. It appeared as if the 
 houfes were on fire, and the inhabitants, in order 
 to avoid its effefts, immediately ran out of doors. 
 But their ailonifhment was increafed when they 
 faw the buildings (haken with the greatefl: vio- 
 lence, and the roofs difpofed to fall fometimes on 
 one fide, fometimes on the otherr The doors 
 opened of themfelves, and (hut again with a great 
 cralh. All the bells were founding, although no 
 perfon touched them. The pallifades of the 
 fences feemed to bound out of their places ; the 
 walls were rent ; the planks of the floor fepa- 
 rated, and again fprung together. The dogs 
 anfwered thefe previous tokens of a general dif? 
 order of nature, by lamentable bowlings. The 
 other animals fent forth the mod terrific groans 
 and cries, and, by a natural inftinft, extended 
 their legs to prevent them from falling. The fur- 
 face of the earth was moved like an agitated fea. 
 The trees were thrown againft each other, and 
 many, torn up by the roots, were tolled to a 
 confiderable diflance. 
 
 H 2 Sounds 
 
 x\''m 
 
 m 
 
 
 J.;;* 
 
loo 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1663. 
 
 ,\ 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 Sounds of every defcription were then heard 5 
 at one time like the fury *>{ a fea which had 
 overflowed its barriers, at another like a multitude 
 of carriages rolling over a p wement, and again 
 like mountains of rock or marble opening their 
 bowels, and breaking into pieces wiih a tremen- 
 dous roar. Thick clouds of dufl which at the 
 fame time arofe, were taken for fmoke, and for 
 the fymptoms of an univerfal conflagration. 
 
 The confternation became fo general, that not 
 only men, but the 'animals appeared as if ftruck 
 with thunder ; they ran in every quarter without 
 a knowledge of their courfe, and wherever they 
 went they encountered the danger they wifhed to 
 avoid. The ct;ies of children, the lamentations 
 of women, the alternate fucceflions of fire and 
 darknefs in the atmofphere, all combined to ag- 
 gravate the evils of a dire calamity which fubverts 
 every thing by the excruciating tortures of the 
 imagination, didreiled and confounded, and 
 lofing in the contemplation of this general confu- 
 fion the means of felf-prefervation. 
 
 The ice which covered the St. Lawrence, and 
 the other rivers, broke into pieces which crafhed 
 againft each other; large bodies of ice were 
 thrown up into the air, and from the place which 
 they had quitted a quantity of fand, and flime, 
 and water fpouted up. The fources of feveral 
 fprings and little rivers became dry ; the waters 
 
 of 
 
 of others 
 fome time 
 a yellowi 
 came whit 
 thirty lea^ 
 to impregi 
 been prod 
 phere con 
 nomena ; 
 and the fir 
 moft plaini 
 ror and a 
 heard ho\\ 
 •where nont 
 found ; ari 
 refembled 1 
 Over t? 
 leagues frc 
 fifty from 
 and coafts 
 derable tii 
 dreadful a) 
 The firl 
 for half al 
 evening thi 
 the firfl, 
 two otheri 
 thirty fliocl 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 101 
 
 "3 
 
 New 
 
 i6^>i. 
 
 of others were impregnated with fulnhur. At ■ ® ^ "^ 
 fotne times the waters appeared red, at others of 
 a yellowifh caft ; thofe of the St. Lawrence be- 
 came white from Chiebec to Tadouflac, a fpace of 
 thirty leagues : the quantity of matter neceflfary 
 to impregnate fo vafl a body of waters muft have 
 been prodigious. In the mean time the atmof- 
 phere continued to exhibit the mofl awful phe- 
 nomena ; an inceflant rufhing noife was heard, 
 and the fires affumcd every fpecies of form. The 
 mod plaintive voices augmented the general ter- 
 ror and alarm. Porpulfes and fea-cows were 
 heard howling in the water at Three Rivers, 
 where none of thefe nfiies had ever before been 
 found ; and the noife which they fent forth 
 refembled not that of any known animal. 
 
 Over the whole extent of three hundred 
 leagues from eaft to weft, and one hundred and 
 fifty from fouth to north, the earth, the rivers, 
 and coafts of the ocean experienced for a confi- 
 derable time, although at intervals, the moll 
 dreadful agitation. 
 
 The firft (hock continued without interminion 
 for half an hour : about eight o'clock in the 
 evening there came a fecond, no lefs violent than 
 the firft, and in the fpace of half an hour were 
 two others. During the night weie reckoned 
 thirty fliocks. 
 
 " il^^^^H' 
 
 
 
 i'Vi 
 
 t 
 
 r 
 
 
 m 
 
 ira 
 
 |; 
 
 J: 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1663. 
 
 i.% ,H 
 
 New England and New Holland were not 
 more exempted from its efFefts than the country 
 of New France, and over this tra£l of iand and 
 rivers, when the violence of the Ihocks had abated, 
 an intermitting movement was felt every where 
 at the fame period. 
 
 It appears wonderful, that in fo extraordinary 
 a derangement of nature, which lafted for fix . 
 months, no human inhabitant (hould have pe- 
 riftied, and no contagion fhould have fuccceded : 
 the country foon afterwards refumed its wonted 
 form and tranquillity. Although in fome me- 
 moirs it is ftated, that the Great River, with re- 
 fped to its banks, and fome parts of its courfe, 
 underwent remarkable changes, that new iflands 
 were formed, and others confiderably enlarged ; 
 of this circumftance there does not, however, 
 appear to have exifted a probability. The river 
 bears no marks of having fuffcred thereby any 
 interruption or change in its courfe, from lake 
 Ontario to Tadouflac. The rapids of St. Louis 
 at Montreal, and the feveral iflands, remain in 
 the fame ftate as when Jacques Cartier firft vi- 
 fited them. It is obferved elftwhere in this 
 work, that there are evident tokens of the St. 
 Lawrence having at fome period feparated its 
 waters at Cape Rouge, flowed to the eaftward 
 through the level country, and re-united at the 
 foot of the promontory of Quebec, infulating 
 
 the 
 
 the lof 
 place ; 
 througl 
 long hi 
 ropeans 
 this woi 
 Camom 
 quakes, 
 powerfi 
 
 The 
 whom t 
 d'Avani 
 Quebec, 
 by the i 
 minated 
 name o 
 of Cana 
 the i4t 
 arrived 
 the coi 
 cers. 
 
 The 
 receivin 
 allegian 
 ing fevt 
 miniftei 
 
 Unti 
 da any 
 Genera 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 103 
 
 1663. 
 
 the lofty ground from Cape Rouge to thaf book 
 place ; but the alteration of its ceafing to flow 
 through that channel had probably taken effect, 
 long before America had been vifitcd by Eu- 
 ropeans. It is alfo remarked in another part of 
 this work, that at St. Paur* Bay, Mai Bay, and 
 Camomafka, which are fubjedl :o partial earth- 
 quakes, there are undoubted proofs of the once 
 powerful operation of fuch natural convulfions. 
 
 The Bifliop of Petrce, and M. de Mefy, 
 whom the King had fent to relieve the Baron 
 d'Avangour, arrived with a body of troops at 
 C^ebec. Thefe gentlemen were accompanied 
 by the Sieur Gaudais, whom his majefly had no- 
 minated commillioner, to take poireHion in his 
 name of all New France, of which the company 
 of Canada had remitted to him the domain on 
 the 14th of February in this year. I'here alfo 
 arrived a hundred families, who came to people 
 the country, and feveral military and law offi- 
 cers. 
 
 The commiilioner began his fun<5lions by 
 receiving from all th-a inhabitants the oath' of 
 allegiance, by regulating the police, and by fram- 
 ing feveral ordinances refpe(fling the mode of aJ- 
 miniftering juftice. 
 
 Until that period there had not been in Cana- 
 da any court of law or equity ; the Governors- 
 General decided on canes of difpute according 
 
 H 4 lu 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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M\ 
 
 
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 M- 
 
 
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 •i : ■ 
 
 104 
 
 BOOK 
 II. 
 
 1663. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 to their pleafure. Their fentences were never 
 appealed from ; but they generally gave decifions 
 after the mode of arbitration had been inefFedlu- 
 ally reforted to, and thefe were almoft ever 
 didlated by good fenfe, and according to the 
 precepts of natural law. The Creoles of Canada, 
 although far the greater part of the Norman 
 race, had by no means a turn for litigation, and 
 would often rather give up a point than confume 
 their time in pleading. There almoft appeared 
 to be a community of property in the province ; 
 at leaft it was long unneceflary to employ a lock 
 and key, and this mutual confidence was not 
 abufed. It is a reflexion no lefs true than hu- 
 miliating, that from the precaution which a le- 
 giflator adopts for the prevention qf diflionefty, 
 and the advancement of equity, the former Ihould 
 not unfrequently receive its introduAion, and 
 the latter (hould date the commencement of its 
 decline. 
 
 There had exifted, it is true, for upwards of 
 twenty years, the office of Grand Scnechal of 
 New France, and at Three Rivers there was a 
 fpecies of jurifdiftion, frora which an appeal 
 could be made to the tribunal of thefe magiftrates 
 of the ^*vord ; but it appeared that he was fubor- 
 dinate in his functions to the Governor-General, 
 who always retained the privilege of rendering 
 juftice themfelves, when recourfs was had to 
 
 them, 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 105 
 
 them, which frequently happened. In affairs of book 
 
 importance a fpecies of council was affembled, 
 compofed of the Grind Senechal of the fuperior 
 of the Jefuits, who, before the arrival of the 
 bifhops, was the fole fuperior ecclefiaftic of the 
 country, and of fome of the principal inhabi- 
 tants, to whom was given the quality of coun- 
 iellors. ■ ^ ■ ' "' - '■" '' c ^.-mon:^ ^..- ^ 
 
 This council was, however, by no means per- 
 manent ; the Governor-General eftablifhed it in 
 virtue of the power which he derived from the 
 King, and changed it whenever he thought fit. 
 It was not then until this year, after the King 
 had taken Canada into his power, that this colony 
 had a permanent council eftablifhed by the prince. 
 The edid of creation is dated in the month of 
 March, and imported that the council Ihould be 
 compofed of M. de Mefy, Governor- General ; of 
 M. de Laval, Biftiop of Petree, apoftolic Vicar 
 of New France ; of M. Robert, intendant ; of 
 four counfellors who fhould be named by thefe 
 three gentlemen, and who could be continued in 
 office, or changed according to their pleafure ( 
 of a procureur-general, and of a chief clerk. 
 
 M. Robert, counfellor of ftate, had been no- 
 minated intendant of juftice, police, finance, and 
 marine for New France, and his inftruftions were 
 dated the 21 ft of March, but he did not make 
 the voyage to Canada ; and M. Talon, who ar- 
 rived 
 
 1663, 
 
 n 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I ; 
 
J' '* 
 
 
 io6 
 
 
 59 
 
 - ' - ■ . 1 
 
 ■M ■ 
 
 if-i 
 
 I;:,i 
 
 ':^v: 
 
 i^ 
 
 Kl 
 
 
 i 'k 
 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OF Canada: 
 
 BOOK rived there two years afterwards, was the firft 
 c-v-^n.» who exercifed thefe funftions. M. Ducheneau 
 1663. who fucceeded him three years afterwards, 
 brought an order of the King, in virtue of which 
 the intendant filled the office of firft prefident of 
 the council, refigning however to the Governor 
 the higheft feat, and the fecond to the Bifliop. 
 Two counfellors were at the fame time added to 
 the number, and the whole membeis of the 
 council had commiffions from the court. 
 
 It was not intended that the Sieur Gaudais, 
 who had been fent out as King's commiffioner, 
 fhould remain in the colony ; he had an exprefs 
 order to return to France by the fame veflel 
 which had brought him to Quebec, that he might 
 communicate to his fovereign an exacl account 
 of the country j inform him of the general cha- 
 radler of the clergy, of the efteft produced by 
 the eflablidiment of the council, of the grounds 
 of complaint againft the Baron d'Avangour, and 
 of the reception that was given to M. de Mefy. 
 He acquitted himfelf of his commiffion to the 
 fatisfadion of all parties. The Baron d'Avan- 
 gour, to whom could be imputed no fault but that 
 of too rigid an adherence to juftice, and an obfti- 
 nate devotion to his prejudices, appeared much 
 pleafed with his recal, which he had himfelf re- 
 quefled. He foon after, with the permiffion of 
 the King his mafter, entered into the feivice of 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 107 
 
 e firft 
 leneau 
 wards, 
 which 
 dent of 
 ►vernor 
 Bi(hop. 
 ided to 
 of the 
 
 yaudais, 
 iflioner, 
 exprefs 
 le veflfel 
 le might 
 account 
 ral cha- 
 nced by 
 grounds 
 our, and 
 ie Mefy. 
 n to the 
 d'Avan- 
 : but that 
 an obfti- 
 fA much 
 imfelf re- 
 niffiou of 
 fervice of 
 the 
 
 the Emperor, and was the following year killed b o o ic 
 in defending againft the Turks the fort of Serin <^,.^!— ^ 
 on the frontiers of Croatia. *^^'3' 
 
 There happened in the vicinity of the Iroquois 1664. 
 country an event which entirely changed the 
 fuuation of the inhabitants, and to which may in 
 part be attributed the misfortunes and inconveni- 
 ences which the Canadians for a long time fu^er- 
 ed from the infolence of that nation. 
 
 Henry Hudfon, an Englilhman, but a captain 
 in the Dutch fervice, had difcovered, about half 
 a century before, the river Manhatte. He con- 
 ceived he had a fole right to the difcovery he had 
 made, and accordingly fold it to the States-Ge- 
 neral, who focn after began to clear and to people 
 the country. Several years had elapfed from 
 that period, when Samuel Argall, having been 
 appointed governor of Virginia, claimed the coun- 
 try difcovered by Hudfon, alleging that this 
 navigator had no right to fell, nor the States 
 General to purchafe it, without the exprefs con- 
 fent of the King of Great Britain, of whom the 
 former was a fubjeft. - ' '■'-4 - v 
 
 He fent therefore troops and inhabitants to 
 Manhatte, and the Dutch, taken by furprize, 
 could not prevent the Engli(h from pofleffing 
 themfelves of New Belgium ; but they fupported 
 themfelves in the remaining fettlements of it, and 
 continued (lill mailers of the capital which was 
 
 called 
 
 
 ''\ 
 
 ill 
 
 
 M 
 
 •Si 
 
1 
 
 I'M' W'Ai 
 
 i r ' 
 
 io8 
 
 KTSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1 
 
 lif' J ■ 
 
 
 liraU ' (■! 
 
 ^m 
 
 K^l' ' ;■»' 
 
 1 
 
 m^' ' 
 
 if 
 
 w £ i- ' 
 
 mR 
 
 HR J*,) , 
 
 i 
 
 jetJ-" 
 
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 p'-'-- 
 
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 'i,'* 
 
 
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 !'■, 
 
 
 
 ,1':;!:' 
 
 BOOK called New Amfterdam, of the city of Orange, 
 u ->,.—»j and of two other forts. The Swedes were at that 
 *^^4* time alfo eftabliflied in the fouthern part nearell 
 to Virginia. It fhould feem that until the pre- 
 fent period thefe three nations had lived on ami- 
 cable terms. Charles the fecond fent out four 
 commiflioners with troops, who made themfelves 
 mafters of the capital, which they called New 
 York, and of the Manhatte, to which was given 
 the name of Hudfon*s River ; of Orange, which 
 they named Albany ; of the fettlement of Ara- 
 fapha, and of the fort of Lavarre. 
 
 Not long after this an accommodation took 
 place between the Englifh and Dutch, many of 
 whom confented to acknowledge the king of 
 England for their fovereign, and on this condi- 
 tion they were guaranteed in the pofleffion of 
 their property. His Britannic Majefty, to re- 
 compence the States-General for their lofs, 
 ceded to them the fettlement of Surinam in the 
 vicinity of Guiana ; fome of the Swedes alfo 
 continued to retain their property. 
 
 Since this period New Belgium has aflumed 
 the appellation of New York, and the French 
 have had caufe to experience that the Iroquois, 
 by a change of neighbours, were become hk 
 tradable, having foon had the policy to difcover, 
 that the natural jealoufy of the two European 
 nations, between whom they %vere now fituated, 
 
 would 
 
 would J 
 one fufi 
 opprefle 
 Leifui 
 vernmen 
 was pafli 
 the King 
 the meaf 
 and fup( 
 reafon to 
 able to gi 
 Unhap 
 to have t; 
 chief guic 
 to be but 
 it was le 
 broiled hi 
 Petree, a 
 cerned in 
 It has 
 Canada h 
 ihould afi 
 to his fov( 
 the Baroi 
 the latter 
 carried hi 
 far as to l\ 
 vernor. 
 Caen, bei 
 
 
 ■') 
 
1?t 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 109 
 
 would always enable them to derive from the book 
 one fufficient aid to guard them againft being _j 
 
 oppreffed, or finally fubverted by the other. ^664. 
 
 . Leifure had not yet been afforded to the go- 
 vernment of Canada to pay attention to what 
 was pafling at New York. The fupplies which 
 the King had already fent to New France, and 
 the meafures that were taken for the diftribution 
 and fupport of the reinforcement, gave fome 
 reafon to hope that the colony might foon be 
 able to give law to the Iroquois. 
 
 Unhappily the unanimity which was fuppofed 
 to have taken place among thofe to whom the 
 chief guidance of affairs was committed, proved 
 to be but of fhort duration ; and at a time when, 
 it was leaft expe6led, the new Governor em- 
 broiled himfelf in a difference with the Bifliop of 
 Petree, and with all the principal perfons con- 
 cerned in the government. 
 
 It has already been ftated that the prelate of 
 Canada had gone to France, for reafons which 
 fhould afterwards appear ; thefe were to prefer 
 to his fovereign, charges againft the conduct of 
 the Baron d'Avangour, by which the recal of 
 the latter was not only occafioned, but the King . 
 carried his condefcenfion toward the bifhop fo 
 far as to leave to him the choice of the new Go- 
 vernor. M. de Mefy, major of the citadel of 
 Caen, being well known to M. de Petree, and a 
 
 8 perfon 
 
 \i 
 
 id 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 I 
 
IIO 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 J.r 
 
 I i'l 
 
 rf^ J 
 
 iti-f^ 
 
 BOOK perfon who made great profeflion of piety, was, 
 v-^,^ upon being propofed to the King, immediately 
 1664. inverted with .the office. But fcarcely had he 
 entered on the exercife of the functions of Go- 
 vernor, when he difclofed his charadler to be, in 
 reality, of a different caft. He eirher had the 
 weaknefs to be dictated to by a party, or had of 
 himfelf affumed a degree of haughtinefs and ill 
 humour towards the bifhop and all his friends. 
 
 The change became fo rapid, and the flame 
 of divifion had mounted to fuch a height, that it 
 became neceffary to apply an immediate remedy. 
 It was not doubted by the council of the King 
 that M. de Mefy was in fault, efpecially when 
 they found at the head of his accufers, the prin- 
 cipal members of the council in Canada, M. de 
 Villeray and Bourdon, Procureurs-General, both 
 of acknowledged probity and prudence, and 
 whom the new Governor had obliged to embark 
 for France without any fhadow of juflice. At- 
 tention was neverthelefs paid to the reprefenta- 
 tions he made to the minifter in his defence ; 
 and although they did not juftify his meafures, 
 they created fufpicions, of which feveral perfons 
 could with difficulty afterwards clear themfelves. 
 He chiefly objeded to the great credit which 
 the Jefuits had in the colony ; as the court had 
 no^ until then interfered with the affairs of New 
 France, which it had in a great meafure refigned 
 
 to 
 
 '■. I 
 
 
 lfe.l- 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 lit 
 
 m 
 
 to the company of Canada, and as thefe mif. book 
 
 fionaries, from their fundions, enjoyed a great v .'-^ 
 
 Ihare in all affairs relating to the favages, the ^^^+' 
 complaints of the Governor were not altogether 
 unfounded. It was concluded that perfons who 
 had acquired fo great an influence, would em- 
 brace every means of prcferving it, which miglit 
 be the caufe of frequent abufes. ., 
 
 On the other hand, the council were fully per- 
 fuaded that the colony was much indebted to 
 the Jefuits, for having been the means of fup- 
 porting it through many difficult and perilous 
 fituations ; they were confidered as a fociety ex- 
 tremely ufeful on account of the natives of the 
 country, who were acquainted with them only, 
 and of whofe difpofition and purpofes the go- 
 vernment could only be informed through their 
 means. M. de Mefy, in replying to the com- 
 plaints alleged againfl: him, could not juftify 
 the motives of his conduct, and M. Colbert con- 
 ceived it neceflfary to recal him, in order, if he 
 could prove that there was too great an aflfump- 
 tion of power on the part of the ecclefiaflics and 
 mifTionaries, proper limits might be prefcribed to 
 that political evil. v , 
 
 • ♦, 
 

 111 
 
 
 t ■• 
 
 iii:- 
 
 
 I 
 
 r* 
 
 
 
 ii:' 
 
 
 ■it;-..- I ■ 
 ») *..■-■ .}, 
 
 fit**'. ••■! 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 1664. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 1.) v:. ;!( 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 The Jfociater furrender their Charter to the Sovereign.^ 
 Canada placed under the ]3ireaion of the Company of the 
 ^efi Indies. ^Arrival of Troops and Supplies.—Con- 
 Jruftion of Forts on the River Sor el. —Expedition of M. 
 de •Tracy."-Regulation refpeaing Tithes.— Church of 
 ^iebec ereaed into a Bifbopric— Commencement of the 
 Mijfton of Loretto. — Iroquois Chrijlians fettle near 
 Montreal, — Charaaer of M. de CourceUes.-Of the 
 Count de Frontenac.—Roiert Ca-ue/ier Sieur de la Sale. 
 
 TT has already been ihewn to what a ftate of 
 -*• feeblenefs and languor the company of Ca- 
 nada had fuffered the colony to fall. Weary of 
 fupporting the expence which it occafioned, it 
 abandoned to the : 'habitants the commerce for 
 furs, almoft the fole advantage which it drew 
 from thence, referving only for the right of feig- 
 nory, an annual acknowledgment of a thoufand 
 beaver fkins. 
 
 The number of aflbciates, originally one 
 hundred, being reduced to forty, it remitted all 
 its right to the fovereign, who in a little time 
 afterwards comprehended New France in the 
 conceffion which he had made of the French 
 colonies in favour of the company of the Weft 
 
 Indiesj 
 
 i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 113 
 
 Indies, with the privilege of naming the Go- b o o ic 
 vernors and all the other officers. This com- ^"i, _ f 
 pany not having fufficient knowledge of perfons '664. 
 proper for filling the firft ports, petitioned the 
 King to fupply that defeat until they fliould be 
 found in a condition to avail themfelves of their 
 powers ^ to which his Majedy was pleafed to ac- 
 cede. 
 
 In confequence of this arrangement, M. de 
 Mefy had been nominated Governor-General, 
 and M. Robert Intendam of New France* 
 
 On the loth of November of the foregoing 
 year, the King figned a commifTion of Lieu- 
 tenant-General, with the authority of viceroy in 
 America, in favour of Alexander de Prouville, 
 Marquis of Tracy, who had in(lru£tions to em- 
 bark for the Windward Iflands, to proceed from 
 thence to Saint Domingo, and afterwards to 
 New France, where he was to remain as long as 
 ihould be neceflary, to regulate the affairs of that 
 colony, to eftablifh its internal policy on more 
 folid foundations, and to provide for its fecurity, 
 by reducing the Iroquois to reafon. 
 
 It was about the period of M. Tracy's depar- 
 ture that the court received the complaints of 
 M. de Petr6e and the council of Quebec againft 
 M. de Mefy. The King was at the fame time 
 fupplicated to fend to New France families to 
 people the colony. • 
 
 VOL. I* 
 
 Daniel 
 
 J i 
 
 I'" 
 
 '^. 
 
i«4 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 »f'l 
 
 ?): 
 
 
 M'i/ 
 
 l^■i 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 i66f. 
 
 Daniel de Remi, Selgnor of Courcelles, an 
 officer of merit and experience, was appointed 
 fucceflbr to M. de Mefy, and M. Talon, intcnd- 
 ant in Hainault, fucceeded M. Robert. Thcfe 
 gentlemen were enjoined by a particular com- 
 miffion, conjointly with the Marquis de Tracy, 
 to inveftigate the conduft of M. de Mefy, and, 
 if he was found guilty of the fa£ts of which he 
 was accufed, to arrefl, and bring him to trial. 
 Orders were given to embody the inhabitants, 
 and the regiment of Carignan-Salieres, lately ar- 
 rived from Hungary, where it had diftinguiflied 
 itfelf in a war againft the Turks, was embarked, 
 and deftined to make war on the Iroquois. i 
 
 M. de Tracy arrived at Quebec in the month 
 of June, with fome companies of the regiment 
 of Carignan, who had accompanied him to the 
 Wed India iflands; and he detached a party 
 with the allied favages, under the condud of the 
 Sieur de Tilly de Repentigny, a captain, to repel 
 the Iroquois, who had begun their ufual incur- 
 fions. Nothing more was neceflary to make 
 thefe barbarians retreat ; and the fruit of this 
 firft expedition was, that the harveft was ga- 
 thered in with fecurity. The remaining part of 
 the regiment arrived with M. de Salieres their 
 colonel, in a fquadron which conveyed M. M. de 
 Courcelles and Talon, a confiderable number of 
 families, feveral artifans and fervants, with the 
 
 :' : ' firft 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. II5 
 
 « 
 
 iirfl hci-fe^ that had ever beeii imported, cattle, book 
 iheep, and in fine, a colony much greater than _ - '-^^ 
 that which it came to reinforce. •? " ' *^5« 
 
 When thefe fupplies arrived, the viceroy, with- 
 out delay, put himfelf at the head of the troops, 
 and led them to the mouth of the river Richlieu, 
 where he caufed to be erefted three forts. The 
 firft was conftrufted on the fame fpot where that 
 of Richlieu had flood, and of which only the 
 ruins remained. M. de Sorel, a Captain of the 
 regiment of Carignan, fuperintended its (Iruc- 
 ture, and was left there as commandant. Since 
 that period the river has taken his name, which 
 was alfo given to the fort. The fecond was built 
 at the foot of the rapid, at fome diflance up the 
 river, and was called Saint Louis. But M. de 
 Chambly, captain of the fame regiment, who 
 had the charge of its conflrudiop, and the com- 
 mand, having afterwards acquired the property 
 of the furrounding diilrid, ihe (lone fort which 
 has fince been built on the ruins of the former, 
 is at prefent known by the name of Chambly. 
 
 M. de Salieres took direction of the third, 
 which he called Fort St. Therefc, becaufe it was 
 finifhed on the day of the fait of that faint ; it 
 was three leagues higher than the fecond, and 
 the colonel chofe to take pofl here. Thefe 
 works re finiflied with great expedition, and 
 the Iroquois were for a time appalled ^ but they 
 , . , . 12- fbon 
 
 I 
 
 
 '! t 
 
 VI 
 
 \ 
 
 
 t| 
 
 
 ,^ ' ,* 
 
ii6 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK 
 
 HI. 
 
 1665. 
 
 m'--- 
 
 ?,■' 
 
 foon recovered from their fears. Only one 
 paifage to enter the colony was flopped, and 
 they delayed not to open to themfelves feveral 
 others. If inftead of thefe three forts, there had 
 been con(lru£ted a poil of ftrength at Onnon- 
 tague, or in the canton of Agnier, where care 
 might have been taken to maintain a garrifon 
 fufficiently numerous, the enemy would have 
 been much embarrafled. That which now re- 
 mains at Chambly, covers the colony on the fide 
 of New York, and on that of the lower Iroquois. 
 
 M. Talon, who remained at Quebec, was oc- 
 cupied in coUeding information of the ftrength, 
 nature, and refources of the country, 9 ftate* 
 ment of which he prefented to the minifter M. 
 Colbert. He acquainted him of the death of 
 M. de Mefy, which took place before the news of 
 his recal had arrived in Canada ; it therefore was 
 thought no longer expedient to enquire into his 
 former conduct, and it was hoped his Majefty 
 would not be difpleafed that his faults fhould 
 be buried with him in the tomb. 
 
 Towards the end of December, M. de Tracy 
 having returned to C^ebec, Garahontbie, an 
 Iroquois chief, arrived there with the deputies 
 of his canton, and of thofe of Goyogouin and 
 Tfonnothouan ; he brought fome valuable prefents 
 for the General, and affured him of the perfect 
 fubmiflion of the three cantons. He fpoke with 
 
 5 modefty, 
 
 mode 
 
 thefe 
 
 then 1 
 
 thed( 
 
 had bi 
 
 Iroqoi 
 
 Onth 
 
 and fei 
 
 who w 
 
 pofal ( 
 
 foners 
 
 capture 
 
 M. ( 
 
 end /he 
 
 monies 
 
 demanc 
 
 diftribu 
 
 puties, 1 
 
 Agnier 
 
 their p; 
 
 favoura 
 
 ihould 
 
 now in 
 
 folencc 
 under t 
 other ui 
 of them 
 
 The 
 preparat 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 117 
 
 166;. 
 
 1666. 
 
 modefly, but at the fame time with dignity, of * o o >t 
 the ferYices he had rendered to the French ; he 
 then lamented, after the manner of his country, 
 the death of M. le Moyne the miflionary, who 
 had been a fhort time dead, and for whom the 
 Iroqouis nation had entertained a great efteem. 
 On this fubje^ he fpoke with fuch eloquence 
 and feeling as much furprifed the viceroy and all 
 who were prefent. He concluded with a pro- 
 pofal of peace, and of a reflitution of all pri- 
 foners belonging to thefe cantons, who had been 
 captured fmce the laft exchange. 
 
 M. de Tracy liftened to him with attention, 
 snd (hewed him public as well as private telli- 
 monies of kindnefs. He confented to all his 
 demands on reafonable conditions, and having 
 diftributed prefcnts to him and the other de- 
 puties, they took their leave. The filence of the 
 Agnier and of the Onneyouths, and moreover 
 their pad conduct, left no doubt of their un- 
 favourable difpofition ; and it was refolved they 
 ihould be made acquainted that the French were 
 now in a condition to take revenge for their in- 
 folence and perfidy. Two corps of men, the one 
 under the command of M. de Courcelles, the 
 other under M. de Sorel, were ordered in purfuit 
 of them. 
 
 . The canton of Onneyouth, alarmed at thei'c 
 preparations, fent deputies to Quebec, to avert 
 
 1 3 the 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 :M 1^.1 
 
 *' ^4 
 
 
ii8 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 <,; I 
 
 \' li 
 
 i6t6. 
 
 B o^o K the ilorm which threatened them. Thefe de- 
 puties had full power to ad in the name of the 
 Agniers, who it appears had ftill parties in the 
 country, one of which furprifed and killed three 
 officers, M. M. de Chafy, Chamat,andMoerin,the 
 firft of whom was nephew to M. de Tracy. This 
 unhappy accident would not entirely have inter- 
 rupted the negociation, had it not been for the 
 Jjrutal conduft of an Agnier chief. 
 
 M. de Sorel being on the point of falling on a 
 village of this canton, met a troop of warriors 
 belonging to it, who had at their head an Indiaji 
 called the Flemifli Baftard. He made a difpo- 
 fition to charge, when this captain feeing they 
 were much interior to the French, and finding 
 no probable means of efcape, took the meafure 
 of furrendering, faying with an air of confidence, 
 he wa$ on his way to Quebec to treat with M, 
 de Tracy on terms of peace. He was believed, 
 conduced to the viceroy, and met with a fa- 
 vourable refception. Another chief of the Ag- 
 niers arrived a few days after, and reported 
 himfelf as deputy for his canton. No doubt 
 was then entertained that the Agniers were fe- 
 rioufly difpofed for peace : but, the day on which 
 3\I. de Tracy invited thefe two pretended de- 
 puties to his table, the difcoqrfe happening to fall 
 pu the death of M. de Chafy, the chief of the 
 Agniers, liftinj^ up his arm, faid, " by this arm 
 
 that 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 119 
 
 •h 
 
 1 656. 
 
 that young officer was killed.*' It may eafily be book 
 conceived what indignation was felt by every one 
 prefent. The viceroy told this infolent favage 
 that he fhould not furvive to kill another perfon, 
 and he was immediately (Irangled by the ex- 
 ecutioner in the prefence of the Flemiih Ballard, 
 who was detained a prifoner. ^- 
 
 On the other hand M. de Courcelles, who was 
 unacquainted with what was palling at C^ebec, 
 had entered the canton of Agnier -, but previous 
 to the commencement of hoitilities, he judged it 
 expedient to have an interview with the com- 
 mandant of Gorton, a town in the province of 
 New York, from whom he drew a promife, that 
 he would give no alfiQance to the Iroquois. 
 During this journey he futFered much, having 
 performed it in the middle of winter, with fnow 
 (hoes, and carrying his provilions and arms, in 
 the fame manner as the foldiers, many of whom, 
 lately arrived from France, were lamed by the 
 feverity of the cold. A little more experience 
 would have taught him, that whilft he was be- 
 itowing much trouble and time on a ufelefs pre- 
 caution, he loft fight of the objed of his expedi- 
 tion. Having arrived at the canton of the Ag- 
 niers, he there found the villages entirely defer ted: 
 the women, the children, and the old men were 
 placed in fecurity in the woods ; and all the 
 warriors had marched againft other nations, 
 i -• ^'i I 4 awaiting 
 
 If ;i 
 

 ■u 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 imr 
 
 miu. 
 
 if,;*;- 
 
 If, ' 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 
 lao 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK awaiting the iflue of the negociations begun by 
 »— .,^> the Onneyouths. i 
 
 1666. M. Courcelles, on his return, found the prepa- 
 rations for an expedition againft the Onneyouths 
 and the i^gniers far advanced. Six hundred 
 foldiers of Carignan, a like number of Canadi* 
 ans, and about a hundred favages of different 
 nations compofed the army of M. de Tracy, who, 
 notwithilanding his advanced age, being upwards 
 of feventy years, would command in perfon. 
 Two field-pieces were the amount of his artille- 
 ry ; but thefe were infufficient to force all the 
 entrenchments of the enemy. At the moment 
 of his making the difpofitions for marching, new 
 deputies from the two cantons arrived at Quebec : 
 he detained them prifoners, and began his march 
 on the 14th of September. < 
 
 Provifions failing on its way, the army was 
 ready to difband in fearch of fubfiftence, when it 
 . entered into a wood abounding in chefnut-trees, 
 which fupplied the men with food until their ar- 
 rival at the firil village of the Iroquois. 
 
 The viceroy entertained the hope of furprifing 
 thofe favages; but the Algonquins, who had 
 taken the van without order, had given them the 
 alarm, fo that there remained in the villages but 
 a fmall number of old men and women, who 
 were unable to follow the others in their retreat. 
 The army entered the firft village in order of 
 
 battle 5 
 
 s-t. 
 

 HISTOHV OF CANADA. 
 
 121 
 
 1666. 
 
 battle ; they found there a coniiderable quantity b o o ic 
 of provifions, and made prifoners of all the 
 favages. It appears that this canton was then 
 richer than it has iince been ; the cabins were 
 lined with boards, and ornamented ; the dimen- 
 fions of (bme were a hundred and twenty feet in 
 length, and of a proportionable breadth. 
 
 The foldiers in the courfe of their featch found 
 magazines hollowed in the earths according to 
 the cuflom of favages ; thefe were fo filled with 
 corn, that there appeared a quantity of grain 
 fufficient to fupport, for two years, the whole 
 colony of the French. The firft villages were 
 reduced to afhes ; the two laft were at fome dif- 
 tance, but an Algonquin who had been a long 
 time a flave in this canton, ferved the army as a 
 guide. The neareft was without inhabitants; 
 and it was only in the laft that the enemy was 
 found. They had fuppofed, that the French 
 would not venture to attack them there, but 
 when they beheld their approach, they were dif- 
 mayed. 
 
 They had not refolution to wait for the attack, 
 and flew to hide themfelves in places where it was 
 not poflible to purfue them. The cabins were 
 fet on fire, and not one remained in the canton. 
 
 Perfuaded that by means of the forts on the 
 river Sorel he had put the colony fufHciently 
 under cover from the incurfions of the Iroquois, 
 
 M. de 
 
 m 
 
 : t 
 
 :!i "1 
 
 t f! 
 
I- 
 
 u 
 
 B ;? 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 -"•»} i 
 
 H^ 
 
 ^122 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 i656. 
 
 B o o K M. de Tracy conceived it the beft meafure to 
 ftrengthen and augment the fettlements on the 
 river St. Laurence, which was all he could do 
 with the troops now at his difpofal ; a meafure 
 which had already been recommended by the 
 minifter. 
 
 The inhabitants had built their houfes in feme 
 places as they chofe, without having had the pre- 
 caution to fettle near each other, that they might, 
 when neceflary, be fupported by their mutual aid. 
 Thefti habitations, therefore, being fcattered in 
 various fituations, were expofed to the attacks 
 and devadations of the hodile favages. Orders 
 had two years before been given by the King, 
 that no more land fhould be cleared^ but infpots 
 contiguous to each other, that the houfes might 
 be contrafted as much as poffible into the form 
 of villages. But for this efFe£l, the inhabitants 
 who had already cleared their land mud have 
 recommenced their labours, and have abandoned 
 the fpots they had already cultivated. 
 
 The plan which was there laid down was more 
 than once renovated, with endeavours to enforce 
 its execution ; but intereft, often more powerful 
 than fear, has induced individuals to place them- 
 felves in the mod expofed fituations, where the 
 convenience of commerce hid dangec from their 
 view, and experience of the hazard^ and fuOer- 
 
 ings 
 
 (ngs wh 
 bute to 
 
 The^ 
 for exec 
 remaind 
 them ki; 
 
 Whei 
 free froi 
 and the 
 Americ; 
 Weft In 
 affociate 
 
 Com] 
 having I 
 proporti 
 mulgaie 
 which ii 
 ters pat( 
 (hould t 
 that the 
 fheaf, a 
 pay not 
 
 M. \ 
 the coiT 
 it becai 
 tionate 
 and to 
 fources 
 fpired t 
 
 .•: i^* 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 123 
 
 Ings which frequently befel them did not contri- book 
 bufe to remedy their error. • - -, k.^^/^^ 
 
 The viceroy on his return to Quebec, ordered ' 
 for execution fome of his prifoners, and fent the 
 remainder to their country, after having (hewn 
 them kindnefs. 
 
 "When the navigation of the Great River became 
 free from ice, M. de Tracy returned to France, 
 and the laft a6l of authority which he executed in 
 America, was to eflablifti the company of the 
 Weft Indies in all the rights which the hundred 
 aflbciates had enjoyed. ' i ; . 
 
 Complaints on the part of the inhabitants 1667. 
 having been made, with refpeft to the exorbitant 
 proportion of tithes, a decree was this year pro- 
 mulgated by the fuperior council of New France, 
 which imported, that without prejudice to the let- 
 ters patent granted already by the King, the tithes 
 (hould be levied at a twenty-fixth part only ; but 
 that they (hould be paid in grain, and not in the 
 fheaf, and that the lands newly cleared fliould 
 pay nothing for the firft five years. 
 
 M. Talon left no means untried to increafe 
 the commerce of New France, and for this end 
 it became neceflary to procure returns propor- 
 tionate to the advances which had been made, 
 and to the opinion refpeding the natural re- 
 fources of the countrv, with which he had in- 
 fpired the court. He had greatly in view the 
 V advantages 
 
 '.' 1] 
 
 m 
 
 f^^ 
 
 t H 
 
;\ 
 
 »: I, 
 
 
 ii?-. • 
 
 fit' 
 
 124 
 
 BOOK 
 
 III. 
 
 1667. 
 
 1668. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 advantages to be reaped from mines of iron, and 
 on his return from France he difembarked at 
 Gafpe, where he believed, according to the tefti- 
 mony of fome travellers, that even filver ore 
 might be found ; but he was very foon unde- 
 ceived. He fent to St. Paul's Bay a miner, who 
 difcovered ore which appeared to be very pro- 
 duffcive, and he had a profpe£t of finding copper. 
 He remarked, that wherever he mined he found 
 evident effeds of the earthquake which happened 
 four years before. 
 
 New Fr.'incft now enjoyed profound peace, of 
 which it had for the firft time tailed fmce its 
 original fettlement. They who governed it, and 
 to whom it was for this in a great degree in- 
 debted, negledled no means of profiting by the 
 advantage, and of giving to the colony fo folid c 
 foundation as might render it worthy of the pa- 
 ternal attention which the King had been pleafed 
 to manifeil towards it. The greater part of the 
 regiment of Carignan remained there, and after 
 the conclufion of the war with the Iroquois, al- 
 moft the whole of the foldiers incorporated them- 
 felves as inhabitants, having received their dif- 
 charges^on that condition. Six companies of the 
 fame regiment who had accompanied M. Tracy 
 on his return to France, were fent out two years 
 afterwards, as well to reinforce the moft import 
 tant polls as to augment the number of colonifts. 
 
 Many 
 
 Many of 1 
 the rights 
 country, i 
 ftill exifU 
 men, fo ( 
 blefle thai 
 the land 1 
 and as th< 
 their end 
 and love 
 condition 
 increafe < 
 guides hs 
 no relaxa 
 gion of tl 
 
 M.Ta 
 Bouterou 
 mended > 
 of the CO 
 tain a go 
 allies of 
 (Irudioni 
 the unio 
 clergy fe^ 
 was com 
 this con< 
 the peop 
 
 Then 
 complain 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 125 
 
 i^6B. 
 
 Many of their ofHcers had obtained lands mth book 
 the rights of feignors, almoft all fettled in the 
 country, and married there, where their pofterity 
 ftill exifls. The greated number were gentle- 
 men, fo that New France has more ancient no* 
 blefle than any other of the colonies. Wherever 
 the land was cleared, it was found to be rich, 
 and as the new inhabitants piqued^ themfelves on 
 their endeavours to equal the virtue^ induftry, 
 and love of labour of the old ; all were foon in a 
 condition to fubfift themfelves^ and in viewing the 
 increafe of population, its rulers and fpiritual 
 guides had the happinefs of experiencing, that 
 no relaxation took place in the morals and reli* 
 gion of the people. 
 
 M. Talon was this year relieved by M. de 
 Bouteroue, to whom it was particularly recom- 
 mended wifely to mitigate the too great feverity 
 of the confefTors and of the biihops, and to main- 
 tain a good underftanding among all the ecclefi- 
 aftics of the country. This laft article of his in« 
 (Irudions was not grounded on any complaint ; 
 the union between all the bodies of which the 
 clergy fecular as well as regular were compofed, 
 was complete ; and nothing tended more than 
 this concord to the morality and inftrudion of 
 the people. ' ■ 
 
 The intendant on his arrival in France made a 
 complaint to the court of the conduft of M. 
 
 Courcelles 
 
 ^t 4 
 

 ii6 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 11 ii- 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 'J . 
 
 If, 
 
 'i'', 
 
 1668. 
 
 1670. 
 
 Courcelles with refpedk to him. This general, 
 amid attainments fitted to forn¥ one of the mofl: 
 accompliflied men that had ever governed the 
 colony, had fome defefls, among ^vhich was that 
 of a want of activity ; and he would not fuffer 
 any perfon to fupply the inconvenience which 
 was occafioned by his indolence, even when the 
 public intereft required it. 1.' mn '/jh j; i i- • :> 
 
 M. Talon, therefore, in the difcharge of his 
 official fundions, refrained from communicating 
 to the governor many parts of bufmefs which 
 ought to have been made known to him, becaufe 
 he dreaded a delay, which would be prejudicial 
 to the King's fervice, or to the welfare of the 
 colony. It likewife appeared that M. de Courcelles 
 was not ufually eafy of accefs, and that he ap- 
 proved not of the indulgence which had always 
 been (hewn towards the clergy, againft whom he 
 was fomewhat prejudiced. 
 
 In the courfe of this year the bufinefs of creft- 
 ing the church of Quebec into a bifliopric was 
 finally decided. This event had fuffered a long 
 delay, on account of the oppofition which was 
 made to its immediate dependence on the holy 
 fee, refpeding which the Pope would by no 
 means relax. The patronage of the bifliopric of 
 Quebec, which therefore was vefted in his Holi- 
 nefs, prevented it not from being in fome mea- 
 fure united to the clergy of France. In order to 
 
 endow 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA, 
 
 127 
 
 endow the new bifhopric and the chapter of the book 
 cathedral, the King united the two abbacies of v^^v^-^^ 
 Maubec, and M. de St. Valier, who fucceeded M. *^7o« 
 de Laval, afterwards obtained the reverfion of 
 the abbacy of Benevent, partly for the bifhopric, 
 and partly for the chapter. 
 
 Some change in the government of Montreal 
 at this time took place. M. de Maifonneuve 
 having wifiied to retire, M. de BretonviUiers, fu- 
 perior General of the feminary of St« Sulpice, 
 named M. Perrot as his fuccelTor. This new 
 Governor, thinking that the commidion of an 
 individual and a fubje£t could not invefl him 
 with fufficient confequence and authority, and 
 fearing left the fervices which he might render 
 this poft would not be fufHciently eftimated, ap- 
 plied for, and obtained a commiflion from the 
 King, where it was exprefsly fpecified, that it 
 had been given on the nomination of M. de 
 BretonviUiers. 
 
 Although M. de Courcelles wanted adivity, 
 and appeared indolent with refped to affairs 
 which concerned the internal regulation of the 
 colony, he was neither deftitute of energy nor 
 exertion in whatever had a relation to war, or to 
 the favages. Having learnt that the Iroquois 
 had fent prefents to the Outaouais, to engage 
 that people to bring furs to their villages, on 
 
 purpofe 
 
 IE : ii 
 
 i .i;'i 
 
 i il 
 
 i "'.; 
 
 : n 
 
 1 :, 
 li 
 
 iS :!H 
 
i'S'.' 
 
 H»,JLf» . 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 138 
 
 BOOK 
 
 JII. 
 
 1670. 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 purpofe to exchange them with articles furniflied 
 by the Englifh at New York j he conceived that 
 if fuch a projeft fhould fucceed, the commerce 
 of New France would be ruined. His views ex- 
 tended yet further, and he doubted not that if 
 the cantons could once detach the northern na- 
 tions from the French alliance, they would again 
 commence hoftilities, which the fear of the 
 French arms, joined to thofe of the alliei), had 
 for a confiderable time reprcffed. 
 
 To avert the confequences of fuch an evil, he 
 refolved to ihew himfelf to the Iroquois, and his 
 journey procured the fuccefs which he expelled. 
 He even thought it expedient to take his rout by 
 the St. Laurence, whofe courfe is much embar- 
 rafTed with torrents and foaming rapids from the 
 ifland of Montreal to the diftance of near a 
 hundred and thirty miles, in afcending towards 
 lake Ontario, becaufe he wiflied to convince the 
 barbarians that he could reach their country, 
 after performing the whole of the journey in 
 batteaux, which is not fo practicable by the rout 
 of the river Sorel. This expedition much im- 
 paired his health, and he found it neceffary to 
 requeft his recal. 
 
 Three French foldiers, having met an Iroquois 
 captain, who had with him a quantity of furs, 
 they gave him a fufficient quantity of fpirits to 
 produce intoxication, after which they aflaifi- 
 
 nated 
 
 nated h 
 they had 
 difcover< 
 brought 
 with fix 
 quantity 
 crowns ; 
 culties b 
 them ha 
 merchan 
 the prod 
 They hs 
 bodies oi 
 after fou 
 own nati 
 
 The 
 eluding 
 murder, 
 paration, 
 been coi 
 three afTi 
 confided 
 his duty 
 wards re: 
 two natic 
 into a w 
 their arm 
 were the 
 French h 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
UOIS 
 
 urs, 
 s to 
 
 ated 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 nated him. Notwithftanding the precautions 
 they had taken to conceal their crime, they were 
 difcoveted and put in prifon. Before thefe were 
 brought to trial, three other Frenchmen fell in 
 with fix Mahingans, who were conducting a 
 quantity of (kins equal in value to a thoufand 
 crowns; they alfo deprived them of their fa- 
 culties by liquor, and after having mad'acred 
 them had the efFrontry to oSer for fale their 
 merchandii'e, which they endeavoured to pafs for 
 the produce of their own labours in the chace. 
 They had not the precaution even to bury the 
 bodies of the unhappy fiwages, which were foon 
 after found and recognized by perfons of their 
 own nation. ■ ' ' 
 
 The Iroquois, with whom thefe were con- 
 cluding a treaty of peace, were fufpc(5led of the 
 murder, and they were preparing to demand re- 
 paration, when it was reported that the deed had 
 been committed by Frenchmen. One of the 
 three afTaffins difagreeing with his two aflbciatcs, 
 confided the fecret to a friend, who thought it 
 his duty to make it known. The truth after- 
 wards reached the ears of the favages, and the 
 two nations who were upon the eve of entering 
 into a war againft each other, united to turn 
 their arms againft the French. The Mahingans 
 were the firft to take the field, and attacked a 
 French houfe in open day. The mafter was ab- 
 
 voL. I. K fent, 
 
 129 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 HI. 
 
 1670. 
 
 ■Jlj 
 ♦1 
 
 
 W' 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 iftS :i 
 
 Iliii cl 
 
'I' 
 
 130 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ( • 
 
 iiliii 
 
 Jr' 
 
 BOOK, fent, and it was defended by the fervants ; two, 
 
 \m ^^.^ ravages were killed, but two others having fet, 
 
 1670. gj.^ jQ fjjg houfe, it wa& found impracticable to 
 
 extinguiih the flames, or (o fave their npiiAT«(9 
 who was burnt. 
 
 The Iroquois were like'^ife not long in being 
 informed of the circumftances of the aflaffina- 
 tion committed on the perfon of their chief, and 
 they were alfo aflured that two of the murderers 
 had been accufed by the third, of having enter- 
 tained a plan of poifoning all whom they could 
 meet belonging to their nation. Much lefs than 
 this caufe was wanted to revive their hatred^ 
 which they refolved to carry to great extremities* 
 It became neceflary on the part of the French to 
 adopt immediate meafures, in order to avoid 
 being involved in a war, from which unhappy 
 confequences might enfue, and M. de Gourcelless 
 who quickly difcerned the importance of this 
 affair, lofl not a moment in going to Montreal, 
 where he learnt that favages of feveral nations 
 conne€i:ed with the Iroquois and Mahingans were 
 arriving. 1 r> H . .?wo/i:l ;. .>! *^^ ai viub khi 
 
 He aifembled them, fo foon as he had difem- 
 barked, and gave them, by means of an interpre- 
 ter, fuch ftrong reafons for their intereft in re- 
 maining on good terms with the French, that 
 many were convinced of this truth. He then 
 caufed to be brought forth the three foldiers who 
 t ' ^ .'had 
 
«laTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 »ii 
 
 1670. 
 
 had affaffinated the Iroquois chief, and made ^ 9,P ^ 
 them to be executed in their prefence. So 
 prompt an adminiftration of juClice difarmed the 
 Iroquois, who could not refrain from teftifying 
 marks of pity for their lamentable fate. The 
 Governor-General added, that he would ufe 
 every endeavour to bring to punifliment the af- 
 faiOns of the Mahingans, and that they fhould 
 be dealt with in the fame manner as thofe un- 
 happy perfons whofe end they had now witnefled. 
 He indemnified the two nations for the merchan- 
 dife of which they had been robbed, and the 
 aifembly broke up with mutual fatisfa^tion. 
 
 This affair being thus happily terminated, there 
 remained another of no lefs importance and deli- 
 cacy. The Outaouais and the Iroquois had 
 begun their incuriions on each other, and it was 
 to be apprehended that thefe fparks might pro- 
 duce a general flame. M. de Courcelleg, who 
 had always afted with energy and decifion to- 
 wards the favages, and who thereby accuftomed 
 them to refpeft him, declared to the two parses, 
 that he would not fuffer them to difturb the re» 
 pofe of the nations, and that with the fame feve- 
 rity which he had exercifed towartls the French- 
 men in their prefence, he would punilh thofe who 
 refufed to accommodate themfelves to reafonable 
 conditions. He thti-efore defired that each 
 (hould fend to him their deputies, that he 
 " ' K2 might 
 
 (■' 
 
 ■;. I'll: 
 
 'i :■. 'I 
 
 II 
 
 1 i 
 
 % I 
 
 ■.^-.^ac-.---" — -"" ^r-* • ■ ■*-w. ■ 
 
1^2 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 y id 
 
 \>\ 
 
 
 1670. 
 
 might weigh their grievances, and do juftice to 
 
 both. '-■ ' ^? f^- i-' /M . -^H 
 
 He was obeyed : the chiefs of the nations re- 
 forted to Quebec. They who thought themfelves 
 aggrieved difclofed their complaints, and by the 
 prudence of Garakonthie, an Iroquois chief, who 
 had come on the part of his canton, and the nrm- 
 nefs of the governor, peace was concluded to 
 the fatisfaftion of every one. ' ' J v^: i'*.-'> -r 
 
 Whilft peace was thus eftablifhed in th? colony, 
 and meafures were taken to preferve a good un- 
 derftanding between the French and^ favages, the 
 north of Canada was ravaged by a contagious 
 diftemper, which completed, almoft entirely, the 
 depopulation of thofe extenfive territories. The 
 Attikamegues, among others, have fince difap- 
 peared ; and if there are any remains of them, 
 they muA be mixed with didant nations. 
 
 It was then that Tadouflac, where heretofore 
 were to be feen at the periods fixed for traffick 
 upwards of twelve hundred Indians, began to be 
 almoft abandoned ; and Three Rivers became 
 reduced to a fimilar fituation. The Algonquins 
 who frequented the latter place, retired to Cape 
 Madelene, which is confiderably lower down, on 
 the borders of the St. Laurence. The French 
 however maintained themfelves at Three Rivers, 
 but Tadouflac was long deferted. j 
 
 , . . .. ■ The 
 
 r! : 
 
ice to 
 
 ns re- 
 felves 
 ly the 
 F, who 
 ; firm- 
 led to 
 
 olony, 
 od Un- 
 as, the 
 tagious 
 ily, the 
 , The 
 fe difap- 
 them, 
 
 etofore 
 traffick 
 n to be 
 became 
 Dnquins 
 o Cape 
 wn, on 
 French 
 Rivers, 
 
 The 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 133 
 
 The caufe of this mortality was the fmall pox, book 
 which fome years afterwards entirely fwept off v^^j-*^ 
 the inhabitants of the fettlement at Sillery. Fif- 1670- 
 teen hundred favages were attacked by it, and 
 not one of them furvived. 
 
 The Hurons, although always mixed with the 
 French, who had communicated to the favages 
 this malady, lod fewer of their numbers than 
 the others ; and it was about this period that Fa^ 
 ther Chaumonot, having aifembled them about 
 three leagues from Quebec^ towards the north- 
 Wefl, gave a beginning to the miflion of |^orette, 
 which is now a confiderable village. ^^ ^ ,. 
 
 The inclination which faviges entertain for i<>7'' 
 vrarfare is fuch) that the mod trifling caufe of 
 difcontent arms them againft each other ; npr are 
 they reftrained even by a fuperior force, but 
 through the fear of immediate punifhment, or 
 the profpeft of advatitage. Supplies from 
 France, which had been promifed, did not ar- 
 rive, and the Qovernpr fupported his credit 
 among the natives only by the afcendence which 
 he well knew how to aflume over them fmce 
 the expedition of M. de Tracy againft the Ag- 
 niers. He could not, however, prevent the 
 Tfonnopthonans, the mp{l djftant from the 
 French habitations of all the Iroquois, from de- 
 livering themfelves up to the powerful impulfi? 
 \yhich led them to make war. ...,;. , , ^ 
 
 K 3 At 
 
 •tn 
 
 ■rm 
 
 : '^ :! 
 
 p il 
 
 h 
 
 
¥' 
 
 S 
 
 .1 
 
 a- 
 
 8< '1 
 
 .■<•■!. 
 
 '{ 
 
 
 I" 
 
 n ■.; 
 
 111 
 
 ri/fi^ 
 
 
 ^3+ 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 III. 
 
 At a period when leafl: expelled, they at* 
 ^ tacked the Pouteouatamis ; M. de Courcelles wa»' 
 1671. foon informed of it, and gave them to under.' 
 ftand that he was much dilfatisfied ; that, con- 
 trary to his inflrui^ions, and to the folemn pro- 
 mife which they had given him, they fhould pre- 
 fume to attack a people who were at peace, and 
 who reh'ed on the obfervance of treaties ; that he 
 would not fufFer them to difturb the tranquillity 
 which had been effefled by his endeavours ; that 
 they fhoald furrender into his hands the pri- 
 foners which they had made among the allies, 
 and if they refufed to fend them fafe and un- 
 touched, he would himfelf go and fnatch then; 
 from their gripe, and would treat their canton 
 as he had done that of Agnier, ' ' " > * - '^n:> 
 A meflfage fo haughty tended to irritate the 
 Tfonnonthouans ; they afked ifall the people of 
 this great continent, fmce miflionaries were 
 eftablifhed among them, (hould become fubjefti 
 of the French, and if they fhould be no longer 
 permitted to avenge infults which they had re- 
 ceived? That the Iroquois cantons had made 
 peace with Ononthio, but on that account they 
 did not conceive they fhould become his valfals ; 
 that they would rather perifh than fuffer the 
 fmallell encroachment on their liberty and inde- 
 pendence ; and, it might be recoUeded, that they 
 had more than once convinced the French, that 
 
 thev 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 135 
 
 they were not allies who would be treated with book 
 
 haughtinefs, nor enemies who ought to be ^ /,^^ 
 delpifed. ^.^t'Viw. ., •-T:..^v-..v:>:v-..„„. ■«.. , .. ,671, 
 
 On reflefting, however, more maturely on the 
 confequences of a rupture, for which they were 
 not fufficiently prepared, the Tfonnonthouans 
 held a council to decide on the part which they 
 ihould aft, and it was agreed that they (hould 
 fend to the Governor eight prifoners out of 
 thirty-five, whom they had made among the 
 Pouteouatamis. The General believed, or pre- 
 tended to believe, that they had acquired no 
 more, and he conceived it not prudent to pufli 
 to extremities a nation with whom it was better 
 to remain at peace. - « v- « 
 
 Many of the Iroquois who had been converted 
 to the Chriftian faith, left their country and 
 joined the Hurons; their numbers became at 
 length fo confiderable, that a plan was formed of 
 feparating them from the Huron Chriflians, and 
 afligning them a fettlement of their own, on a 
 fpot about four miles above the Rapids of St. 
 Louis, and oppofite to the fouth-wed end of the 
 ifland of Montreal. ^f'!A f ir* 1 1 .j^<« .siam 
 
 The Algonquins alfo, who were fenfible that 
 they owed to the French their prefent enjoyment 
 of tranquillity, entered into a clofe alliance with 
 them, and M. Talon thought, that advantage of 
 this favourable difpofition ought to be embraced, 
 
 iv 4 
 
 m 
 
 !» ' ~1 
 
 
 •■• 
 
 l'\ 
 
 -rss 
 
I 
 in 
 
 f't 
 
 
 p . ■ 
 
 m, 
 
 m '! 
 
 li' ^ ' 
 
 p.; 
 
 V' ■ 
 
 K,', 
 
 I'; 
 
 Man I ji.t 
 ' ..'■■•lilf.j 
 
 M*r'K-:'V 
 
 Is? '. ^ 
 
 ■■■« '■ ! 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 136 
 
 BOOK 
 
 1671. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 in order to eflablifti the rights of the crown in the 
 mod remote quarters of Canada; an4 that a per- 
 fon who had before vifited the diftant nations 
 fhould be difpatched towards the north and the 
 weft, to perfuade them to fend deputies to a con- 
 venient place, where, they might treat upon this 
 fubjed:. ,. ..,. .,,,.-.. ., ...J,..--. - „ ...... 
 
 ,. JNicholas Perrot, a traveller, was the perfon 
 chofen for this fervice; his apprehenfion was 
 lively, and he had received fome (liare of educa- 
 tion. Neceiiity had obliged him to enter into. 
 the fervice of the Jefuits, by whom he had been 
 employed in an intercourfe with the greater part 
 of the nations of Canada, and had learnt the 
 languages of alnioft the whole. He was much 
 efteemed by the favages, with whom he had 
 pra6lifed every mode of conciliation and addrefs, 
 and had thereby acquired a flrong inSuence ovei- 
 them. Perrot vifited the nations in the vicinity 
 of all the lakes, who fent deputies to the Falls 
 of Saint Mary, where Lake Superior difcharges 
 itfelf into Lake Huron. The Sieur de Saint 
 Luflbn, fub delegate of the Intendant of New 
 France, arrived at that place in May, charged 
 with a fpecial commiilion to take poiTeflion of all 
 the countries occupied by thefe people, and toplace 
 them under the protedion of the King. After 
 having deiivert d a difcourfe to the deputies to 
 induce them to aflent to his views, he gained 
 
 their 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 '3'/ 
 
 tlieir compliance. A crofs was then erefled, on b o q k 
 which were placed the arms of France, and after . '"^ ^ 
 fome religious ceremonies, feafting, and dancing, 1671; 
 the aflembly dii'perfed, and each returned to his 
 country. '^":-V''tyi ,.1 .--jkimv^x^ni' i-^^n^l i^/i^ 
 s The Hurons Tfonnontatez, weary of leading an 
 erratic life, which was never agreeable to the 
 genius cf this nation, eftabliflied themfelves at 
 Machilimakinac ; they did not occupy any part 
 qf the ifland, bpt took pofTeflion of a point of 
 land which advances towards the fouth, having 
 oppolite to it another point turned towards the 
 ijorth. Thefe two points form the ftrait by 
 which Lake Huron communicates with Lake Mi- 
 chigan. The Hurons were conduced thither by 
 Father Marquette, who in his Memoirs confefles 
 that there were in the vicinity many fituations 
 more eligible for a fettlement, but aOigus no 
 rpafon for his choice of a fpot which was much 
 expofed to excefliye colds, proceeding from the 
 three immenfe lakes near which it ilands being 
 often agitated by piercing and tempeftuous 
 winds. > • 
 
 Towards the end of this year the Iroquois i6;a. 
 terminated fuccefsfuUy a war which they had 
 made for leveral years againft the Andaftez, and 
 the Chaouanons, their neighbours. Succefs and 
 misfortune had been for a long time equally di- 
 vided, but at length thefe two people were almofl: , 
 
 completely 
 
 
 •i: 
 
ill 
 
 
 .t 
 
 §' 
 
 
 Yi in:;' 
 
 »38 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK completely exterminated, and the vI£lors, ef. 
 ^ -w - w peclally the Tfonnonthouans, incorporated in 
 *^7*' their cantons a great number of captives which 
 they had made from both nations. Such has al- 
 ways been their policy, to repair at the expence 
 of the enemy, the breaches which war has made 
 in their population. 
 
 i M. de Courcelles become more than ever 
 Convinced of the neceffity of oppofing a barrier 
 to a reftlefs people who had now no longer any 
 occupation abroad, and whofe power and repu- 
 tation in arms, every day increafed. He caufed 
 the chiefs of the cantons to be informed, that he 
 had an affair of importance to communicate to 
 . them, and that he fliould forthwith afcend to 
 Catarocony, and Hiould exped to meet them 
 there. They aflembled in great numbers, and 
 the General, after having beftowed on them 
 every mark of kindnefs, and fome valuable pre- 
 fents, declared to them that he had a defign of 
 building in this place a fort, to which they might 
 conveniently refort to trade with the French, 
 They did not then perceive, that under a pre* 
 •- "^ tence of confulting their convenience, the Go- 
 vernor had in view no other end than to keep 
 them in reftraint, and to infure a depot for his 
 ammunition and provifions, in cafe he (hould be 
 driven to refume hoflilities. They then replied 
 that they thought the proje^ well adapted for 
 
 the. 
 
 \i''A 
 
• .• > 
 
 • # 
 
 ef. 
 in 
 
 hif 
 
 KfSTOR.Y OF CAKADAt 
 
 »39 
 
 4fae purpofe he had afligned to them ; and im^ book. 
 mediate meafures were taken for its execution. 
 
 but time did not allow its being finifhed by M. 
 de Courcelles. It has already been dated, that 
 he had applied for his recall, and on his return to 
 Quebec, he found the Count de Frontenac ar- 
 rived to relieve 4iim. He experienced no diffi*' 
 cuity in perfuading his fuccelTor of the utility of 
 the object he had then in view, and in the following 
 fpring the new General went to Catarocony, and 
 conftrufted the fort, which, as well as the lake 
 near whofe entrance it h fituated, for a long 
 time bore his name. ''''' ' ^ ' • • '" *<p . -^ 
 The departure of M. de Courcelles was a 
 lofs to the colony. If he poffeffed not all the 
 brilliant qualities of his fucceifor, he was like- 
 wife exempted from his defeats, and was lefs 
 under the influence of paffion. His endeavours 
 towards promoting the profperity of the pro- 
 vince were well direfted and fmcere. The pre- 
 judice which he bore to the mifTionaries and ec- 
 clefiaflics, prevented him not from imparting to 
 them on occafions when he found it necefiary 
 or ufeful, a portion of his confidence, and from 
 authorifmg them in all the funflions of their 
 miniftry. The judgment, firmnefs, and expe- 
 rience, with which he governed, rendered him 
 beloved by the French, and refpefted by the 
 jjatives. The tranquillity of Canada woyld 
 
 probably 
 
 (672. 
 
 %.'■■ 
 
 •5 
 
 J 
 
 .1 
 
 .,» * 
 
 %. 
 
 ■ii. 
 

 MP 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 i 
 
 Ih ■': 
 
 
 U V 
 
 -BOOK probably not have been troubled had they whq 
 »»,— ^1.,^/ fucceeded him entered into his views, and foU 
 '^7*' lowed the traces which he had marked out. 
 
 Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac, was a 
 Heutenant-peneral in the King's army, and grand- 
 fon to a knight of the orders, who during the 
 war of the League was didinguifhed for his at- 
 tachment to his lawful fovereign, and had me- 
 rited the confidence of the Great Henry. The 
 count poflefled ideas ftill more elevated than his 
 birth. Of a fpirit at once lively, penetrating, 
 fplid, fruitful, cultivated j he was nev^rthelefs 
 fufceptible of the mofl: unjuft prejudices, and ca- 
 pable of carrying them beyond the bou daries of 
 reafon. He wilhed to rule alone, and ufed 
 every means of removing to a diftance thofe who 
 atteniptcd to oppofe him. pqual in valoiir and 
 capacity, no perfon knew better how to affume 
 over the people whom he governed, or with 
 whom he was to treat, that afcendant which was 
 necefiary to retain them in duty and refpeft. 
 He procured wheii he would, the friendfliip 
 both of the French and the allies, and no officer 
 ever treated his enemies with greater difdain. 
 His plans for the aggrandifement of the colony 
 were extenfive and juft, and he neglected no 
 means to lliew the government of France the 
 
 advantages which might be reaped therefrom ; 
 but his prejuditt > iomeiimes impeded the execu> 
 
 • ■ , tion 
 
 fr+'*!!- 
 
III. 
 
 1672. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 14! 
 
 lion of proje£ts which depended on hitnfelf. It book 
 was difficult to reconcile the regularity of his 
 conduft, and the piety of which he made pro- 
 feffion, with that acrimony and afperity which he 
 difplayed towards thofe at whom he took um- 
 brage, or whom he difliked ; and he gave grounds 
 for concluding, on one of the mod important 
 occafions of his life, that ambition and the de- 
 fire of preferving his authority had more influ- 
 ence over him than his zeal for the public 
 welfare. 
 
 ; M. Talon wifhing to return to Europe, em- 
 ployed himfelf, during the time he remained, in 
 a manner which caufed his retreat from office to 
 be regretted as a lofs to the colony. After hav- 
 ing eflabliffied the authority of the King to the 
 mod didant parts that had hitherto been known, 
 he projected new difcoveries. It became gene- 
 rally believed from the reports of the favages, 
 that there flowed to the wed ward of New France 
 a great river, by fome called Mechafipi, and by 
 others Miffifippi, whofe courfe was direfted nei- 
 ther to the north nor to the ead. No doubtful 
 expedation was therefore entertained that, by 
 means of the river, a communication might be 
 opened, either with the Gulph of Mexico, if it 
 flowed to the fouthward, or with the Pacific 
 Ocean, if it difcharged itfelf to the wed. Great 
 ' 'J' . ' , advantages 
 
 I 
 
 :^ 
 
mi'' 
 
 ¥' 
 
 m 
 
 142 
 
 MlSTOUt OF CANAt)!. 
 
 m:'^^ 
 
 U ■ : 
 
 ^(fvanfages were anticipated IrMn either of thofe 
 channels of navigation^ tt f j i;i v ir / 
 The Intendant was unwilling to take his de- 
 parture from America until he fhould afeertain 
 this important point. He entrufted the execu- 
 tion of this difcoyery to l^athef Marquette, who 
 had already travcrfed a great portion of the coun- 
 try of Canada, and who was much refpefked by 
 the favages. With him he aflbciated in this en- 
 terprize a merchant of Quebec named Joliet, a 
 man of experience and talents. They began 
 their rout together from the Great Bay on Lake 
 Michigan, embarked on the river des Renards^ 
 which there difcharges itfelf, and afcended to 
 near its fource, notwithflanding the rapids which 
 render its navigation perilous and difHcult. They 
 then quitted it, and after travelling for fome 
 didance by land, re-embarked in theOuifcoufing, 
 .fleered towards the wefl, and at length reached 
 the Miflifippi, about the for.ty-fecond and a half 
 degree of north latitude. 
 
 On the 17 th of June they entered that cele- 
 brated river, of which, the magnitude as well as 
 depth, appeared to them fully to correfpond with 
 the idea which the favages had given. They al- 
 lowed themfelves to be condufled by its current, 
 which in that part is not very rapid, and they 
 had not proceeded far when they met with fome 
 
 people 
 
 peopli 
 
 They 
 
 about 
 
 Mifou 
 
 native! 
 
 Frencl 
 
 form i 
 
 Iroquo 
 
 their u 
 
 war, V 
 
 They 
 
 cordial 
 
 promifc 
 
 the Go 
 
 Afte; 
 
 Ilinois, : 
 
 the rive 
 
 %TtQ of 
 provific 
 with th 
 to pene 
 habitan 
 could 
 fippi d| 
 they di 
 afcendei 
 IHnois, 
 ChicagJ 
 Father 
 
 ill 
 
 Wk 
 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 Kll 
 
 i 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA/ 
 
 H3 
 
 f thofe 
 
 ^fs de- 
 jtettaift 
 execu- 
 !e, who 
 B coun- 
 ftedby 
 this en- 
 oltet, a 
 ' began 
 m Lake 
 lenardiy 
 kded to 
 s which 
 u They 
 >r fome 
 :oufiDg, 
 reached 
 d a half 
 
 at cele- 
 well as 
 md with 
 They al- 
 current, 
 nd they 
 th fome 
 people 
 
 1673.; 
 
 people belonging to the nation of the IKnois. " ^^^ '^ 
 They difcovered three villages of this people 
 about nine miles below the place where the 
 Mifouri joins its waters to the MiiTifippi. Thefe 
 natives were much gratified at the fight of 
 Frenchmen, having for a long time wifhed to 
 form an aliance with their country, befcaufe the 
 Iroquois were beginning to make incurfions into 
 their territory, and they dreaded the eft'efts of a 
 war, which they were unable fingly to fuftain. 
 '^They therefore gave to the travellers the mod 
 cordial reception, and pre^dFled upon them to 
 promife the exertion of their good offices with 
 the Governor-General. y - .i 
 
 After having remained a fhort time among the 
 Ilinois, they purfued their journey, and defcended 
 the river to Akanfas, about the thirty-third de- 
 gree of latitude. Perceiving that their ftock of 
 provifions was faft declining, reflefling alfo that 
 with three or four men it would not be prudent 
 to penetrate too far into a country of whofe in- 
 habitants they had no knowledge, and fince they 
 could no longer entertain a doubt that the Miffi- 
 fippi difcharged itfelf into the Mexican Galf, 
 they direfted their rout towards Canada, and 
 afcended the great river, as far as that of the 
 Ilinois, which they entered. Having arrived at 
 Chicagou on Lake Michigan, they feparated. 
 Father Marquette remained amongft the Miamis, 
 - 6 , and 
 
 I ; 
 
 i: •. 
 
 't- s 
 
r. 
 
 
 »'M 
 
 ■■?-'1' 
 
 ':'m 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 144 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 '673- 
 
 felSTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 and Jolict went to Quebec, to give a defbrip-;. 
 tion of his voyage to M. Talon, whom he had' 
 not the good fortune to meet, as he had return*> ; 
 ed to France. 
 
 The violent condufl: of M. de Frontenac em- 
 broiled him in diflenfions with the ecclefiadics 
 and miflionaries, and foon after with M. dur 
 Chefneau, who had relieved M. Talon. The. 
 Abbe de Salinac Fenelon, who belonged to the. 
 feminary of St. Sulpice, was imprifoned, under 
 pretence that he had preached againd the County 
 and had procured from the inhabitants of Mon- 
 treal atteftations in favour of M. Perrot their, 
 governor, whom the General had put under 
 
 arreft. ,j^ tiodlL]- ^. '^i\ i^Jlii- . 
 
 I A complaint was made againfl the Governor- 
 General for having compofed the fuperior coun^ 
 cil of people who were at his devotion, and by 
 that means fupporting his tyrannical purpofes, 
 had rendered himfelf fole arbiter of juflice. 
 
 In order to put fome reftraint upon the Iro- 
 quois, it was conceived expedient, by thofe who 
 had lately held the government of the colony, 
 to engage favages by every means to join the 
 new eftablifhment near Montreal, on the Praire 
 de la Magdeleine, Father Fremin was entrufted 
 with this charge, and acquitted himfelf of it with 
 fuccefs. But it was foon difcovered that the land 
 there was not adapted to the grain which the 
 i-T favages 
 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 lavages were accudomed to fow, and famine be« 
 ginning to appear, the infant fettlement was 
 threatened with a general defertion. 
 
 To prevent this evil, the miflionaries requeued 
 ^ of the Governor and Intendant another fpot 
 oppofite the rapids of St. Louis. The Count 
 Froncenac returned no anfwer to their petition ; 
 but M. du Chefneau, who conceived the retreat 
 of the favages inevitable if they were refufed 
 their demand, granted them the land, and put 
 them in poifeilion. It was forefeen that the 
 General would not approve of this meafure, but 
 it was not imagined that he would carry his dif* 
 like to fuch lengths as he did ; in this affair he 
 fo far forgot himfelf, as to appear inexcufable to 
 his beft friends. ., , 
 
 The Iroquois Chriflians remained however, at 
 the rapids of St. Louis, and the court, who 
 jpdged this fettlement neceflfary, maintained 
 them there, although contrary to the inclination 
 of M. de Fronlenac. What had principally in- 
 duced ihefe profelytes to forfake their country, 
 and to fearch an afylum in the French colonies, 
 was, that the Dutch having taken Montratte, 
 and reconquered all New York, had threatened 
 to drive the miflionaries, if they did not of them- 
 felves retire, from the canton of Agnier. The 
 reafons affigned for this meafure were, that they 
 
 US 
 
 . 
 
 I 
 
 VOJ.. I. 
 
 wera 
 

 :■'! ,. 
 
 
 1 14, 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 \m 
 
 i;l' ' 
 
 I* y ,< 
 
 146 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 1675. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADAf 
 
 were afraid led the Iroquois (hould unit^ them« 
 
 felves to the French by the bond of religion. r> 
 
 M. du Chefneau fuffered lefs from the haugh- 
 
 tinefs of the General than the ecclenaftics and 
 
 midionaries, and their difagreement took place 
 
 on the fubjeft of the fuperior councU, of which 
 
 that officer wifhed to affunie the whole authority, 
 
 and even appropriated to himfelf the fun^ions 
 
 and the title of prefident. The King, in order 
 
 to put a (top to thefe differences, which tended 
 
 to kindle the flames of diforder in all parts of 
 
 the colony, becaufe thefe two chiefs had each 
 
 his partifans, made an ordinance on the fifth of 
 
 June, regulating all matters of difrenfion in fuch 
 
 a manner as gave ground to hope that every vain 
 
 pretenfion on either fide might ceafe. It was 
 
 there decided by his Majefty, that the Governor- 
 
 General (hould have the firft place in the council, 
 
 the Bi(hop the fecond, and the Intendant the 
 
 third, but that the latter fliould demand the 
 
 opinions, collect the votes, and pronounce the 
 
 decrees. 
 
 The Count de Frontenac was, however, ftill 
 difTatisfied, and under various pretences, treated all 
 thofe extremely ill who, in this point, or in any 
 other, oppofed his inclinations. He even em- 
 braced the ftrong meafure of exiling, by his own 
 authority, the Procureur-General, and all the 
 counfellors -, he came to an open rupture with the 
 
 Intendant, 
 
 i^^ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. I^^ 
 
 Intendant, and proceeded to declare, that he book 
 was forry he had not put him in prifon imme- ^ l"l . ^ 
 diately after the departure of the veflfels, by 1675. 
 which means he would have held him in confine- 
 ment two whole years, becaufe the lapfe of that 
 time was neceiTary before an order from the 
 court for his releafe could arrive. ..j, ,, ; 
 A conduct fo unjuftifiable could not long be 
 , concealed from the Sovereign ; b Jt it appears that 
 his Majefty was not made acquainted with fome 
 of the extravagances of this General, who had 
 at court powerful relations and protedors. Two 
 letters were on this occafion written by the 
 King's order, the one addrelTed to the Count de 
 Frontenac, the other to M. du Chefneau. In 
 that to the latter he remarked, that he might 
 have avoided all the violence o{ which he com- 
 plained, had he followed the orders given, and 
 fatis5ed himlelf by explaining his reafons to the 
 Governor, and laying them before the whole 
 council. In the i^tter to the Count de Fron- 
 tenac, his Majefty, after reproaching him, that 
 by his pretenfions, he diflurbed the repofe of 
 New France, added, that in the minutes of the 
 council, by wiOiing to qualify himfelf as chief 
 and prelident, he had a£ted in exprefs contra- 
 didlion to the edi^l: concerning this eflablifh- 
 ment. That he fhould therefore abandon this 
 pretenfion, and content himfelf with the office 
 
 h 2 and 
 
 i 
 
 ■4 
 
 I ^ I 
 
 I, 
 
 r 
 
14^ 
 
 HrSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 •! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 167;. 
 
 and title of Governor and Lieutenant-General. 
 Neither did he defire that the title of Prefidentof 
 the Council (hould be given to the Intendant, but 
 that he (hould poflefs all the funftions of that 
 office. He prohibited the Governor from keep- 
 ing the minutes of council in his houfe, from col- 
 lefting the voices, and from pronouncing the 
 decrees. All thefe functions belonged to the 
 
 fituation of Prefident, which was attached to 
 that of Intendant. In that letter alfo, the King 
 renewed his commands on the fubjeft of the 
 vagabonds, who were ufually named Coureurs de 
 BoiSf and declared to the General, that on this 
 head he would receive no excufe, perfuaded 'that 
 to him alone it belonged to flop the progrefs of 
 fuch a difordex, which ruined and depopulated 
 the country, and annihilated the commerce. 
 
 Another fubjeft yet more important was the 
 caufe of difagreement between the Governor-Ge- 
 neral and the bifhop. The irregularities and 
 fatal confequences produced among the Chridian 
 favages by the commerce of fpirits, has already 
 been mentioned. It had for feveral years been 
 renewed, and produced the fame efFeds, which 
 had already occafioned much regret to all thofe 
 who concerned themfelves in the welfare of thefe 
 people. ' ^ 7 >'«f ' -" --j^ • ; ^ - .f^ 
 
 The bifhop, the clergy, and the miflionaries, 
 (nadc: (oud complaiiits againft the ufe of an ar- 
 
History of Canada. 
 
 tide in traffic, whofe tendency became fo de- 
 ilru£live. But means had been taken to per- 
 fuade the council of the King, that the diftribu- 
 tion of fpirits among the natives, was the mod 
 powerful mode of attaching them to the interefls 
 of the French ; that the abufes concerning which 
 the ecclefiaftics made fo much noife, if they were 
 not altogether imaginary, were at lead much 
 exaggerated, and that their zeal on this point 
 ferved them only as a pretence to perfecute and 
 procure the recal of thofe who prevented them 
 from affuming the chief power in the province. 
 
 The frequent reprefentations of this evil, 
 however, at length attraded the notice of the King, 
 and a decree of the council was promulgated, 
 ordering that a committee, compofed of twenty 
 of the moft refpeftable inhabitants of l^ew 
 France, fhould give their opinion concerning the 
 traffic in queftion. The reafons on one fide and 
 on the other being tranfmiited, it was his Ma- 
 jefty's pleafure that the archbifliop of Paris, and 
 Father de la Chaife, the King's confeflbr, fhould 
 give their definitive decifion upon the fubjeft ; 
 and each, after a conference with the bifhdp of 
 Quebec, who was then in France, declared that 
 the traffic of flrong liquors in the habitations of 
 the favages ought to be prohibited under the 
 moft fevere penalties. This judgment was con- 
 firmed by an ordinance of the King, and was 
 
 L 3 ' tranfmitted 
 
 149 
 
 BOOK 
 
 III. 
 
 1675. 
 
 1676. 
 
 > ^1 
 
 'U 
 
 
 1% 
 
 t i': 
 
 i f 
 
 II 
 
150. 
 
 ttisTORY 8f cA^AtiA* 
 
 ft* it 
 
 
 
 4k 
 
 tranfmittcd to M. de Frontenic with ftrifk m* 
 jun£lions for its rigid execution. 
 
 The departure of M. Talon, and the death of 
 Father Marquette, had for fome time excluded 
 all thoughts of the Miflifippi, and no meafures 
 were taken to complete the difcovery. At length 
 Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Sale, who had 
 pafled fome years in America, with a view of in- 
 creafmg his fortune, or of undertaking fome eii- 
 lerprife, from the execution of which he might 
 derive credit and honour, conceived that it would 
 be a favourable opportunity of attaining his obje^, 
 if he entered into the defigns of M. Talon re- 
 fpeding the further difcovery of that great river, 
 and of the country which it watered. ^ 
 
 He was born at Rouen, of a family in good 
 circumftances, but having fpent many years 
 among the Jefuirs, he derived no inheritance 
 from his relations . He poffeffed what was ftill 
 more valuable, an improved under (landing, and 
 an ardent defire to didinguifh himfelf, with a 
 fufficient ftrength of genius and courage to urge 
 him on to fuccefs. His conQancy and firmnefs 
 in furmounting obfhicles were not inferior to the 
 fertility of his mind in finding refources to re- 
 medy the evils arifing from misfortune. But he 
 was a ftranger to the art of procuring from 
 others ail'cdlon and edeem, and of aifuming a 
 fuitable demeanour to ihofe of whofe alCftance 
 
 he 
 
IliSTORV OF CANADAt 
 
 IS* 
 
 1676. 
 
 he might be in want ; the moment he was pof- book 
 fefled of authority he exercifed it with feverity 
 and haughtinefs* With fuch defeats in his cha- 
 racter he could not be fortunate, neither was he. 
 The firft projed which he formed, and which 
 had induced him to crofs the feas, was to fearch 
 for a palfage to Japan and China, by the notth, 
 or by the weft of Canada. He was engaged in 
 this occupation when Joliel arrived at Montreal 
 with the news of his difcovery. Far from 
 doubting, when he had converfed with that tra- 
 veller, that the MifTifippi difcharged itfelf into 
 the Gulph of Mexico^ he further indulged a 
 hope, that in afcending this river towards the 
 fiorth, he might difcovcr what had been the ob- 
 ject of his refearches ; but at all events the dif- 
 covery of its mouth would lead him to fome- 
 thing that might eftablifii his reputation and 
 fortune. He had the good fortune to gain the 
 favourable opinion of the Count de Frontenac, 
 whofe inclinations he had feduloufly ftudied ; he 
 opened to him his views, and the General af- 
 fured him of his aid and protection. The firft 
 object of his attention was to procure funds for 
 the expedition, to get himfelf inverted with a 
 character that would give him authority, and to 
 obtain a force fufficient to command refpeCl 
 from the favages. La Sale had, at his leifure, 
 made all thefe reflections, and his plan was al- 
 
 L 4 ready 
 
 ^■1; 
 
 • Is 
 
 ■ 'ii i 
 
 i ''A 
 
 lit 
 
 i)i hill 
 
 it ■''■ 
 
 i r 
 
ft 
 
 m 
 
 '■■■J ' 
 
 U 
 
 1, • 
 
 ?li 
 
 1 
 
 i' 
 
 
 4'' ^^' 
 
 
 '7 
 
 I ) 
 
 
 '■' ;^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 0' 
 
 152 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK ready prepared. He well knew how mbch th< 
 w-.J«^ Count de Frontenac had at heart every meant 
 1^:76. of ftrengthening the port at Catarocony ; he 
 propofed to him to augment the fortifications, 
 to place there a garrifon capable of defending it 
 againft any enterprifes of the Iroquois, to efla- 
 blifh inhabitants there, that, in cafe of necedity, 
 men and provifions might be had from thence, 
 and alfo to con(lru6t barks at that place for na- 
 vigating lake Ontario. , i . j ; . 
 Nothing could be better conceived, as far as 
 regarded utility and convenience, and the Ge- 
 neral was of opinion that La Sale fliould make a 
 voyage to France, and lay his defign before the 
 minider. On his arrival at court he was in- 
 formed of the death of M. Colbert, and delivered 
 to the Marquis de Seignelay, a letter from the 
 Count de Frontenac ; he had afterwards feveral 
 interviews with him and the minider, who dif- 
 cerned his genius and talents, obtained for him 
 from the King every thing of which he flood in 
 need. His Majefty bellowed on him letters of 
 nobility, granted him the feignory of Catarocony 
 and the government of the fort, upon condition 
 that he would caufe it to be rebuilt with (lone; 
 and he further inverted him with all the 
 powers neceflary to carry on a free commerce, 
 and to continue the difcoveries which had been 
 begun. ^ 
 
 The 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 »55 
 
 The Prince de Conti, to whom he found ac- book 
 
 III. 
 
 cefs, fupported his intered with the King, and 
 contributed much to obtain for him thofe marks 
 of royal favour which have been mentioned. 
 The prince recommended to him, as a compa- 
 nion in his travels, the Chevalier Tonti, and this 
 La Sale regardt^d as an additional indance of 
 kindnefs; for he found that gentleman ever much 
 attached to his interefts, and received from him 
 the mod (ignal fervices. <». ,, 
 
 On the 14th of July La Sate and Tonti em- 
 barked at Rochelle with thirty men, among 
 v/hom were pilots and workmen, and arrived at 
 Quebec on the 15th of September. They re- 
 mained but a (hort time at that place, becaufe 
 the approach of winter »vas not didant, and they 
 wiflied to arrive at Catarocony before the end of 
 autumn. They took with them Father Louis 
 Hennepin, a Flemifli recolcr, who afterwards ac- 
 companied them on the greated part of their 
 vcyagfjs. The firft care of M. La Sale on his ar- 
 rival at Catarocony was to re-build the fort of 
 done, whicii was before compofed only of dakes: 
 heat the fame titne conftruded a barque; and 
 thefe labours were executed with a difpatch which 
 imprelfed a favourable idea of the activity of that 
 officer. Conduding his barque to Niagara, he 
 there traced a fort, and after having travelled on 
 foot through all the canton of Tfonnonthonau, 
 
 * t " and 
 
 1676. 
 
 *M 
 
 1678. 
 
 
 
«54 
 
 HrSTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 BOOK and made durine the reft of the winter a number 
 
 III. 
 ^...^ i^i^ of other joumies, with no other objedt in view 
 
 '^78' but that of the fur trade, he returned by land to 
 Catarocony, and fent back a fecond time his 
 barque to Niagara, loaded with provifions and 
 merchandife. 
 
 In the following year he filled his magazine at 
 Niagara, and vifited the different favage nations, 
 with whom he wiihed to eflablifli a trade, and 
 from whom he hoped to acquire fome informal 
 
 - ' tion relative to his intended difcoveries. On the 
 
 other hand, the Chevalier de Tonti was occupied 
 in the fame manner. 
 
 Towards the middle of Augufl, the barque 
 which had been conftruded on bke Erie being 
 in a condition for failings La Sale therein em- 
 barked forty men, among whom were three 
 rocolets, and took the rout to Michilimakinac. 
 He experienced on the voyage a confiderable 
 florm, which tended to difguft a part of his peo< 
 pie, and many even deferted ; but the Chevalier 
 de Tonti, who had taken another rout, having 
 met them, was fortunate enough to engage al- 
 mofl the whole to follow him. Tonti defcended 
 to the Ilinois, and La Sale returned to Cataro- 
 cony. The nation on whom he chiefly relied for 
 the fuccefs of his expedition, was the Ilinois, at 
 that time very numerous, and who occupied 
 many pods where convenient entrepots might be 
 ' ^ ' eflabliflied, 
 
if 
 
 MI6T0RY or (5ANA1>A« 
 
 >SJ 
 
 edablifhed, between Canada and the MiiCfinpi. book 
 
 III. 
 
 ft was to fccurc the favourable opinion of thefe 
 favages, that Tonti had advanced on that quarter, 
 and he would without trouble have fuccecdcd in 
 engaging them in his interefts; but as he was 
 then attended by very few followers, he could not 
 prevent his new allies from receiving almoft in 
 his prefencc a new check from the Iroquois, who 
 not having been able to prejudice them againfl: 
 the French, wifhed, previous to an open declara- 
 tion of war, to put them out of a condition to 
 help them ; they were furprifed, and great num- 
 bers were cut in pieces. 
 
 La Sale there found himfelf in a difcouraging 
 fituation. He had much to apprehend from the 
 Iroquois, whom he expefted to meet in every 
 part of his journey. The Outaouais were fufpeft- 
 cd ; on many of the people under his orders he 
 could not depend, fome of whom attempted 
 more than once to deprive him of life. It was 
 faid that they even went further ; that they foli- 
 cited his allies to rife againfl him, and in order to 
 urge them to a«Et that perfidious part, they were 
 not afhamed to infinuare, that in conjun^ion 
 with the Iroquois he had formed a plan for their 
 deftrudion. 
 
 Under thefe difadvantageous circumftances he 
 arrived among the Ilinois, knd foon perceived 
 that their conduct towards him was fomewhat 
 
 changed ; 
 
 1678. 
 
 1 1 
 
Mi 
 
 :|: ■■ 
 
 il 
 
 't • 
 
 ■V 
 
 w % 
 
 
 <5^ HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 changed ; he was even apprehenfive that thid 
 whole nation would rife againd him> and he 
 could not rely on any of his followers. He be- 
 trayed, however, no fymptoms of difquiet ; on 
 the contrary, he alTumed a tone of firmnefs and 
 refolution. By that means he commanded re- 
 fpe6l, but he too much endeavoured to make 
 himfelf feared: this was always his principal 
 defeat, and the chief occafion of his misfor* 
 tunes. :-.,., s .. 
 
 1679. Towards the end of this year he lofl: a part of 
 
 his people, among whom were fome of thofe on 
 whom he mofl relied. They had formed a de* 
 fign to poifon him, as well at all thofe whom 
 they believed molt attached to his interefts* 
 They were difcovered, and could embrace no 
 other meafure than to fave themfelves by flight. 
 La Sale replaced them by a band of young lli- 
 nois, whom he found well inclined to accompany 
 him. He detached a perfon named Dacan with 
 Father Hennepin to afcend the Midifippi above 
 the river Ilinois, and if poilible to difcover its 
 fource. 
 
 168c. Thefe two travellers fet out from the fort of 
 Crevecceur on fhc 2 8th of February,and entering 
 the Miffifippi afcended to the forty-fourth degree 
 of latitude : they were here impeded by a lofty 
 fall of water which occupies the v^hole breadth 
 of the river, and to which Father Hennepin gave 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 , .'i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 «57 
 
 that thiit 
 and he 
 He be. 
 uiet ; on 
 inefs and 
 nded re- 
 to make 
 principal 
 g misfor* 
 
 a part of 
 f thofe on 
 med a de* 
 ofe whom 
 interefts* 
 ibrace no 
 by flight, 
 roung lli- 
 ccompany 
 lacan with 
 |ppi above 
 ifcover its 
 
 [he fort of 
 
 |d entering 
 
 ■th degree 
 
 Iby a lofty 
 
 ]e breadth 
 
 lepin gave 
 
 the 
 
 i68d. 
 
 the name of the Fall of St. Anthony of Padua. » op ^ 
 They foon afterwards were captured by the 
 Sioux, who retained them for a long time as pri- 
 foners, but treated them with great lenity. At 
 length being releafed by the arrival of fome 
 Frenchmen from Canada, they defcended to the 
 mouth of the river, and returned to Fort'Creve- 
 cceur, without any circumftance worthy of re- 
 mark having occurred. It was, however, much 
 doubted whether they had performed this jour- 
 ney, and it was fuppofed that they only returned 
 to the fort by the fame courfe they had af- 
 cended. 
 
 After the departure of Father Hennepin and 
 Dacan, new difHcuhies arofe, which contributed 
 to the detention of M. de la Sale at the fort of 
 Crevecceur until the month of November, and 
 finally obliged him to return to Catarocony. On 
 his way he difcovered on the borders of the river 
 Ilinois, which he was afcending, a fpot which 
 appeared advantageous for the conftruflion of a 
 new fort ; he traced the plan, left the execution 
 of it to M. de Tonti, and continued his journey. 
 The work had fcarcely been begun, when it was 
 learnt that the French who had been left at Fort 
 Crevecceur had mutinied. Tonti went thither 
 and found only feven or eight men, the refl 
 having made their efcfape with every thing they 
 could carry away. 
 
 Not 
 
 *fi 
 
 
 . •! 
 
'•'4 
 
 t 
 
 Il'-':i'. 
 
 II 
 
 
 i^- \ 
 
 
 lU 'I 
 
 ,**i ' 
 
 :r... 
 
 158 
 
 16K0. 
 
 .HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Not long after, the Iroquois, to the amount of 
 fix hundred warriors, appeared in view of the 
 Ih'nois fettlements, and this irruption having 
 augmented the diflrufl of that people towards 
 the French, the Chevalier Tonti found himfelf in 
 a difficult fituation. The part which he took was 
 to become a mediator between the two favage 
 nations, and employed with fuccefs in this nego- 
 tiation two recolc-ts who remained with him at 
 Fort Crevecctur. The peace was of fhort dura- 
 tion, and the Iroquois, become more haughty by 
 the fear which they ftemed to infpire, foon re- 
 commenced their hoftilities. 
 
 Hitherto the Iroquois had not openly declared 
 themfelves againll thefe Frenchmen ; at length 
 they undertook to drive them from the river of 
 the Ilinois, and the Chevalier Tonti, having had 
 advice that an army of thcfe barbarians was 
 coming to invade the Fort of Crcvecocur, 
 thought it mod prudent not to wait till their ar- 
 rival, and he accordingly retired. 
 
 M. de la Sale was not informed of this retreat, 
 and was much furprifed In the fpring of the 
 following year to fmd Fort Crevecoeur aban- 
 doned. He there poftc' a new garrifon, fent 
 workmen to complete the new fort which he had 
 traced the year before, and went to Michili- 
 makinac, where Tonti vviih his party had not 
 long before arrived. They departed from thence 
 . _ together 
 
 * t<: 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 »59 
 
 1680. 
 
 i68a. 
 
 together in their way to Cata1t)cony, and three b o o it 
 months being fpent in making new levies of 
 Frenchmen, and in colleding provifions, La Sale 
 took the rout of the liinois with all his people, 
 and found hi» two forts in the (late he had left 
 them. 
 
 He again defcended the river of the Ilinois, 
 and on the sd of February reached the Miflifippi* 
 On the 4th of March he took poireHion, with 
 the ufual ceremonies, of the country of the 
 Akanfas, and on the 9th of April he difcovered 
 the mouth of the river. This important point 
 being attained, and the courfe of one of th« 
 largeft: rivers in the univerfe gained to France by 
 poflfefTion, to which no earlier pretcnfions could 
 be advanced, La Sale re-imbarked on the nth of 
 the fame month. On the 15th of May he was 
 taken Tick, and he detached the Chevalier Tonti^ 
 to whom he recommended it to endeavour ns 
 quickly as pollible to reach Michilimakinac : he 
 did not himlelt return to Quebec till the follow- 
 ing year. Some months after his arrival he em* 
 barked for France. 
 
 There had iraken place in the colony, during 
 the abfence of La Sale, confiderahle changes, 
 and men were not fo favourably difpofed to- 
 wards him, as when he commenced his dif- 
 coverios. 
 
 The 
 
■•.; r- 
 
 m 
 
 I- it .' 
 
 ;' 
 
 
 !«i 
 
 ■t 
 
 . .) I 
 
 vH' 1 
 
 
 
 1 60 
 
 1682. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The mlfunderdanding which had happened 
 between the Governor-General and the Intend- 
 ant, had proceeded to fuch extremities, that it 
 was no longer poHible they could live together 
 in the lame colony. .:r . * .1 « •. t uA :; i.. . ^ .: 
 
 The court, it is certain, attributed to the Count 
 de Frontenac the greateft fhare of blame, but 
 notwithdanding the mildnefs of M. du Cheneau's 
 character, he polfeiTed not a fufficient fhare of 
 good nature to endure the haughty and imperi- 
 ous conduct of that General, although it had 
 been recommended to him to yield upon occa^ 
 fions. For want of a fufiicient fclf-command, to 
 enable him to regard with unconcern the ill hu- 
 mour of the General, he fometimes partook of 
 the fmne haughtinefs of difpofition, and it was 
 therefore become necefiary that boch fliould bq 
 recalled. r 
 
 It has been before dated, that the tithes pf the 
 clergy were fixed at a twenty-fixth part of the 
 produce, and that they (houid be paid in grain. 
 From the increafe of the colony, it became necef* 
 liiry to edabllfli new curacies. It was then requir 
 lite that the tithes flioulJ belong to the cuics, and 
 not, as heretofore, to the feininaiy. Thefe two 
 points were fixed by a royal edi«^, five years after 
 the ere^lion of the church of C)iiebec into a 
 bifliopric. This editl confirmed alio the proyi- 
 
 a fional 
 
 1 1 
 
 h I 
 
 
 I 
 
MtSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 161 
 
 ppened 
 
 [ntend- 
 
 that it 
 
 jgether 
 
 ) Count 
 le, but 
 eneau's 
 hare of 
 iinperi- 
 
 it had 
 n occa^ 
 land, to 
 3 ill hu- 
 took of 
 
 it was 
 lould bQ 
 
 • ■'". f 
 s pf the 
 of the 
 n grain. 
 le necef* 
 n requif 
 lies, and 
 heft two 
 ars after 
 into a 
 ,e provi- 
 fional 
 
 i632. 
 
 fional regulation of the fuperior council refpe£l- book 
 ing the tithes, but it added that if they were 
 found infufficient for the fupport of the cures, 
 the council fhould provide them with an addi- 
 tion, to be fupplied by the inhabitants and 
 holders of eftates. This, however, did not take 
 place, becaufe the King granted from his do- 
 main feven thoufand fix hundred livres a-year, 
 to aid the fubfiftence of the clergy. 
 
 M. Le Fevre de la Barre was nominated Go- 
 vernor-General, and M. de Meules Intendant. In 
 the inftru£lions framed on this occafion, it was 
 fpecially recommended to the firft, by the King, 
 to entertain a friendly correfpondence with the 
 Count de Blenac, Governor-General of the 
 American iflands, for it was then conceived, that 
 the two colonies might, from the various articles 
 of their produce, derive advantages by a reci- 
 procal commerce. It was ftrongly recom- 
 mended to M. de Meules to be upon good terms 
 with the Governor ; and, if in the exercife of 
 his functions, that officer fhould adopt meafures 
 prejudicial to the general welfare, he would be 
 fatisfied with making to him reprefentations 
 thereupon, reminding him of the inftr unions h« 
 had received ; if this was without efFed, to take 
 no further fteps, but allow the Governor to pro- 
 ceed as he thought proper. He was, however, 
 to render an account to the council, of any 
 
 VOL. I. ai meafure 
 
''?•■- I'l' 
 
 m 
 
 tfi 
 
 » ..1 
 
 
 
 ^Kf 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 .*£ 
 
 ■V'; 
 
 1.1 ; ' ■ 
 
 162 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK meafure which he conceived of hurt to the in- 
 
 s^^^^,^^^^ terefts of the ftate. 
 1682. New France had been for many years in a 
 ftate of great confufion, and was now threa- 
 tened with a war capable of re-plunging her into 
 her original misfortunes. Her ftrength alfo 
 feemed daily to diminifh ; for, by the laft re- 
 turns of the population, which had been made 
 two years before, there were only eight thoufand 
 five hundred and fifteen perfons, without com- 
 prehending Acadia. 
 
 Many circumflances had contributed to draw 
 a-new the Iroquois into a war with the French. 
 Since New York had become an Englifli fettle- 
 ment, Colonel Dongan, who was Governor, had 
 taken much pains to afford to the Iroquois mer- 
 chandife at a cheaper rate than could be fup- 
 plied by the French, becaufe the company, which 
 then carried on the exclufive commerce for 
 peltry, had a preferable choice of a fourth of 
 the beaver fkins, of a tenth of other furs and of 
 leather, and bought the remainder at a low rate. 
 Some other caufes of mutual difcontent had 
 taken place, when an unforefeen accident tended 
 to evince the unfavourable difpofition of the Iro- 
 quois with regard to the French. A Captain 
 of the Tfonnonthouans had been killed at Michi- 
 limaklnac by an Ilinois, with whom he had fome 
 private quarrel. According to the policy of the 
 
 fava^es. 
 
 T 
 
 hiui 
 lent 
 woul 
 and \ 
 he CO 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 163 
 
 le in- 
 
 in a 
 
 [hrea- 
 
 r into 
 
 L alfo 
 
 ift re- 
 made 
 
 )uran<i 
 
 : coin- 
 draw 
 
 rench. 
 feitle- 
 
 )r, had 
 
 is mer- 
 
 >e fup- 
 
 , which 
 ce for 
 
 irih of 
 and of 
 
 w rate, 
 nt had 
 tended 
 he Iro- 
 Zlaptaln 
 Michi- 
 id fome 
 ^ of the 
 lavages, 
 
 111. 
 
 1682. 
 
 
 favages, the firft marks of refentment of fuch as b 00 k 
 have been injured fall neither on the murderer 
 nor on the nation to which he belongs, but 
 upon the adual poflcflbrs of the place where the 
 offence has been committed. It belonged then 
 to the Kifkacons, a nation of the Outaouais, in 
 whofe territories the Iroquois chief had fallen, 
 to make fatisladlion to his nation. M. de Fron- 
 tenac had difpatched to the Cantons a confiden- 
 tial perfon, to endeavour to gain a fufpenfion of 
 hoftiliiies until he fliould have time to oblige the 
 KilkaconS to make them an atonement. 
 
 He at the fame time invited them to fend to 
 Catarocony, where he would go in perfon, de- 
 puties, with whom he might treat of this affair, 
 and of all other fubje«^s of complaint which 
 might be dated on the one fide or the other. 
 A few days after, he received a mefl'age from 
 Oanontagiie, by which he was informed, that 
 thefe favages cxa<^ed, that he fliould advance as 
 far as the entrance of the river Chouaguen, 
 which difcharges itfelf into lake Ontario on the 
 fouth. • 
 
 The General replied to the perfon who gave 
 him the information, that he would never con- 
 i'ent to fuch a meafure, becaufe this acquiefcence 
 would increafe the infolence of the Iroquois, 
 and were it even not derogatory to his dignity, 
 he could not undertake fuch ii voyage with faris- 
 
 M 2 fadioii 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 11, .^ 
 
 I • , 
 
 m 
 
 1682. 
 
 fadion or fafety to his perfon, without incurring 
 a very great expence. He had not yet feen the 
 Kiflcacons, and knew not what refolution they 
 might adopt. He concluded by requeuing the 
 author of the letter containing the foregoing in- 
 formation, to ufe all his endeavours to pcrfuade 
 the Onnontagucs to aflfume fentiments of greater 
 moderation and refpedl. 
 
 He would abate nothing of the haughtinefs 
 with which, like M. Courcelles, he had always 
 treated the favages. He publicly declared that 
 he would take under his protection the Outa- 
 ouais, and all his old allies, and he permitted 
 the Kiikacons to condru^ new forts, in order to 
 defend themfelves (hould they be attacked. 
 
 Some of the Iroquois, gained by their midion- 
 ary, relaxed fo far in their original demand as to 
 confent to aifemble at Catarocony, but M. Fron- 
 tenac then declared, that he would go no further 
 than Montreal, and that if the Iroquois meant to 
 communicate with him, he would there wait for 
 them until the month of June ; but at the ex- 
 piration of that period he would return to Que- 
 bec. This reply enraged the Iroquois, who on 
 their part aderted, that they would treat with the 
 Governor- General only at Chouaguen. 
 
 Some time afterwards the General making a 
 vifit to the ifland of Montreal, met with the Sieur 
 Foret, major of the fort of Catarocony, who 
 
 brought 
 
 la .4 (iti^ 
 
 — ■■ II-. 
 
 
 1 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 165 
 
 irring 
 n the 
 i they 
 )g the 
 ng in- 
 rfuade 
 ;reater 
 
 [itinefs 
 always 
 ;d that 
 Outa- 
 mitted 
 rder to 
 1. 
 
 [liflion- 
 d as to 
 . Fron- 
 further 
 eant to 
 mt for 
 he ex- 
 
 3 QUC- 
 
 'ho on 
 ith the 
 
 king a 
 c Sieur 
 r, who 
 rou^jht 
 
 brought with him five of the Iroquois. They book 
 were deputies of the five cantons, who were in- ,_ , . '_ _ j 
 ftruded to aiTure their father Ononthio, that they »682. 
 were difpofed to be upon good terms with hitr, 
 and with his allies. 
 
 M. de Frontenac gave them an audience on the 
 nth of September, and on the following day 
 replied, that it refled not with him that a good 
 underftanding was not eftablifhed between the 
 two nations ; bur, as the Ilinois were excepted 
 from the peace, which the cantons would main- 
 tain with the allies, and that it was coufelTed, 
 I that they were preparing to make a vigorous war 
 
 againd that people, the General made them 
 fome valuable prefents, to induce them to lay 
 afide their determination. 
 
 Scarcely had they left Montreal, when other 
 deputies arrived, on the part of the Kiflvacons, 
 the Hurons jf Michilimakinac, and the Miamis. 
 The General omitted no argument to perfuade 
 the firft to farisfy the Iroquois on the fubjeft of 
 the murder which has been related. They an- 
 fwercd, that they had char^red the Ilurons to 
 prefent belts on their part, which was all they 
 conceived themfelves obliged to perform, being 
 not the authors of that deed. But the Hurons, 
 willing to embroil the parties, far from acquitting 
 themfelves of their commiflion, had even in- 
 creafcd the umbrage of the Iroquois againil 
 
 M 3 them. 
 
 11 
 
 I] 
 
1 66 
 
 HISTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 ^ ,1 1 
 
 i-i 
 
 ■y 'i 
 
 
 
 •^■^ ii 
 
 
 BOOK 
 
 III. 
 V- ■^ 
 
 them. In vain did the General infift on engag- 
 ing them to adopt different meafures, for the 
 prefervation of peace ; all that he could obtain 
 was a promife that they would remain on the 
 defenfive. 
 
 Affairs were in this flate when M. M. de la 
 Barre and De Meulcs arrived at Quebec ; they 
 even learnt that the dtputatijn of Teganifforens, 
 one of the chiefs who had been at Montreal, had 
 no other motive on the part of the cantons but 
 to amufe the French ; and that war was begun 
 againft the llinois. Thus the Iroquois were foon 
 expeded to be feen in arms in the middle of the 
 colony. On the other hand, it was foon per- 
 ceived that the friends of the Count de Fronte- 
 nac would not find in his fucceffor the fame 
 protedion they had enjoyed ; and it appeared 
 that M. de la Barre was already prejudiced againit 
 the Sieur de la Sale, concernmg whom he made 
 too early a declaration not to give reafon for 
 judging, that he had conceived an unfavourable 
 opinion of that traveller^ without having confi* 
 dered his general conduct. 
 
 Such is the lot of thofe chara£lers, whom a 
 mixture of great virtues and great defeats draws 
 forth from the ordinary (phere of human life. 
 Their paffions urge them to the commiflion of 
 faults, and if they execute what is beyond the 
 reach of others, their enterprifcs receive not ge- 
 neral 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 i5; 
 
 engag- 
 er the 
 obtain 
 on the 
 
 '.. de la 
 they 
 dbrens, 
 ;al, had 
 ms but 
 begun 
 :rc foon 
 s of the 
 on per- 
 Fronte- 
 le fame 
 ppeared 
 I againlt 
 le made 
 fon for 
 curable 
 r confi* 
 
 i^hom a 
 8 draws 
 an life, 
 flion of 
 ond the 
 not ge- 
 neral 
 
 neral approbation j their fuccefs excites the jea- book 
 loufy of (uch as remain in obfcurity, and (hould <„ — ^1 ^ 
 it be ufe'ul to fome, it may be hurtful to others ; «6ia. 
 the one party exaggerates their merit, the other 
 decries them beyuad the bounds of moderation. 
 Hence the different delineations wliich are drawn 
 bear no refemblance to the living charader; 
 bur, as hatred and maledidion not unfrequently 
 operate more powerfully than gratitude and 
 friendlhip, the enemies of the Sieur de la Sale 
 contributed more to disfigure, than his friends to 
 embellifh his portrait. 
 
 Letters had been wiitten to the court by M. 
 de la Barre and others, wherein La Sale was men- 
 , tioned in very unfavourable terms ; but his caufe 
 was brought to a tribunal already imprefled with 
 an opinion of his talents and merit, and his pre- 
 fence in France effaced, in part, the reprefenta- 
 lion uhich had been made againft his condud. 
 The miniiler did not believe him to be altogether 
 exempted from the faults with which he had been 
 charged, but wt:ighing the utility of his talents, 
 he thought it n^^celfary to euiploy him. He 
 gave him fome advice refpeC'^irig his future con- 
 duel, but unhappily for La Sale, he forgot, or 
 profited not by the fuggellions of the minider. 
 
 M. de la Birre had not long affumed the reins 
 of the government, when he perceived that New 
 Fiance was placed in the mod delicate conjunc- 
 
 M 4 ture. 
 
m 
 
 ,!ir 
 
 
 168 
 
 r 
 
 W'. ' 
 
 1682. 
 
 HISTORY OP Canada. 
 
 turc. He therefore thought it expedient to con- 
 voke an alTcmbly, compofed not only of the 
 Bifhop and Iniendant, but of the principal offi- 
 cers of the army, m-iny members of the fuperior 
 council, the chiefs of fubordinate jurifdiftion, the 
 fuperior of the feminary, and of the miflions, 
 and he requefl^d the whole to give him their 
 advice TLTpe^ling the caufes and nature of the 
 evils which had brought the colony to its prefent 
 ftate, and refpeding the remedies which ought 
 to be applied, in order to rellore it to proipe- 
 rity. 
 
 It was there obferved to the General, that the 
 object of the Iroquois was to draw to ihemfelves 
 all the commerce of Canada, to tranfport it to 
 the Englifli and the Dutch at New York, and con- 
 fequenily the two latter nations ought to be con- 
 fidered in a hollile view, efpecially, as for a con* 
 fiderable time they had endeavoured privately to 
 excite the cantons to come to an open rupture 
 with the French ; .hat thefe barbarians, to avoid 
 having too powerful a force againfl them, had 
 (ludied only to amufe them, whilft they were 
 feduloufly occupied in debauching the allies, or 
 in deftroying, one after the other, all thofe whom 
 they were unable to detach from the French in- 
 terefls ; that they had begun by the Ilinois, and 
 that it was of the firft moment to prevent thefe 
 people from being loft by their eiforts j but that 
 
 the 
 
 ?i/^^ 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1(9 
 
 h in* 
 
 and 
 
 thefe 
 
 that 
 
 th9 
 
 i632. 
 
 the attempt to affifl them would be attended with book 
 difficulty ; that the colony couKl furnilh at the ^^- .1,^ 
 utmoft a thoufand men fit to undergo the fa- 
 tigues of campaigning, and that even for this 
 number, the labours of hufbandry mufl in part 
 be fufpended. 
 
 They further reprcfented that, previous to 
 taking arms, magazines well furnifhed with pro- 
 vifions and ammunition, ought to be eflablifhed 
 in fituations the neareft that could be found to 
 the enemy's country, for the reafon that the 
 march fhould be undertaken not merely to ftrike 
 terror into the Iroquois, a meafure which had 
 contented M. de Tracy, but, to reduce them to 
 a fituation that they might be no longer able to 
 difquiet the colony ; it would therefore be ne- 
 ceffary to remain a confiderable time in this 
 country, or on its environs ; thai the fort of Ca- 
 tarocony was well calculated for this defign, 
 becaufe from that pod an army might, in forty, 
 eight hours, fall on the canton of Tfonnonthouan, 
 though moft remote of all ; that three or four 
 barques on lake Ontario were required to tranf- 
 port provifions, ammunition, and the number of 
 men that might be wanted for that fervice ; that 
 it was into the borders of that canton that war 
 mufl be carried ; but that previous to engaging in 
 fuch an enterprife, two or three hundred foldiers 
 mud be requefled of the IJing, part of whom 
 
 mud 
 
 1 
 
 ■i!l' 
 
 1' 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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170 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 BOOK mufl be ftatloned in the forts of Catarocony and 
 
 A -.^^^ Galette, to guard the head of the colony, whilft 
 
 i68i. all lYiQ other forces fliould be employed beyond 
 its limits; that his Majefly ought likewife to be 
 fupplicated to fend into the colony a thoufand or 
 fifteen hundred labourers, to cultivate the lands 
 in the abfence of the land-holders ; alfo funds for 
 the magazines, and for the conftrudion of the 
 barques ; that to engage the King to incur this 
 expence, it would be requifite to acquaint him 
 of the urgent neceflity of the war, of the inability 
 of the colony to fupport it, and, above all, to re- 
 prefent to him that the want of reinforcements 
 from France incited the contempt of the favages ; 
 whereas, if thofe people knew of the arrival of 
 French troops, the Iroquois would perhaps be 
 overawed, and the allies would not hefitate to 
 lend a ftrong arm againft a nation, of whofe 
 power they were in continual dread, but over 
 whom they would believe themfelves certain of 
 triumphing, if they beheld the French in a con- 
 dition powerfully ,to fecond them. 
 
 The refult of this deliberation was drawn up 
 and tranfmitted to the court. It was there ap- 
 proved, and the King gave orders for the imme- 
 diate embarkation of two hundred foldiers. He 
 wrote to the Governor-General, and gave him 
 advice that Colonel Dongan, Governor of New 
 York, had received an exprefs order from the 
 
 King 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 171 
 
 Dny and 
 , whilft 
 beyond 
 e to be 
 ifand or 
 le lands 
 inds for 
 > of the 
 :ur this 
 int him 
 nability 
 I, to re- 
 :ements 
 avages ; 
 rival of 
 laps be 
 itate to 
 
 whofe 
 at over 
 rtain of 
 
 a con- 
 
 King of Great Britain to entertain a friendly book 
 intercourfe with the French, to which he , J^.^ 
 
 
 doubted not that officer would conform. 
 
 During the government of M. Frontenac, the 
 recolets, by the intereft of that officer, obtained 
 from the King permiflion to conftrudl a chapel, 
 notwithftanding the oppofition of the biQiop> 
 who, in concert with the Jefuits, made ufe of 
 every means in his power to prevent their being 
 allowed that indulgence. 
 
 l6l;'2. 
 
 
 a 
 
 awn up 
 2re ap- 
 imme- 
 s. He 
 ive him 
 )f New 
 3m the 
 King 
 
(J*.,- I. 
 
 1^ ■ 
 
 
 '■i; 
 
 ll-.. 
 
 i\il 
 
 172 
 
 BOOK, 
 JV. 
 
 1683. 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 Bxpedition of M, de la Bar re againji the Iroquois. — Dif- 
 trefs of his Army.'— 'Cot feretice at the Bay of Famine,-^ 
 M. Detwuville Governor-General. — Alantier in ivhich 
 the Traffic for Furs was conduced. — Affairs of the 
 Clergy. — Of the Law. — Iroquois Chiefs feized at Cato- 
 rocony^ and conduced to France for Galhy-Slaves.'— 
 Expedition againji the Iroquois. — Conjlrutiion of a Fort 
 at Niagara. — That Forty on Account of an infeclious 
 jMahuly, abandoned and deJlrcyed.—Treafon and Policy 
 of a Huron Chief called the Rat.'-^CharaHer of the 
 Marquis de Denonville. 
 
 TV/r De la Barre made preparations for war 
 • againft the Iroquois, without lofing fight 
 of the hope of an accommodation with thefe 
 barbarians, difpofed to treat with them if he 
 could do it with honour. Being informed that 
 they were on the point of marching, to the num- 
 ber of fifteen hundred men, againft the Miamis 
 and Outaouais, although they had publiftied 
 that their deftination was againfl the Uinois, he 
 difpatched a confidential perfon, who arrived at 
 the great village of the Onnontagues, the ren- 
 dezvous of the warriors, on the evening of the 
 
 day 
 
 'fi. '. 
 
 <y 'i 
 
HISTORY OF CAKADA: 
 
 J 73 
 
 day on which they propofed to fet out for their book: 
 campaign. \^ / f 
 
 The envoy was well received, and had not '683. 
 much difficulty to draw from the Iroquois a pro- 
 mife to fufpend the expedition, and to fend depu- 
 ties to Montreal in order there to treat with the 
 General ; but it was foon after difcovered, that 
 they had fpoken thus only to quiet the French. 
 They aflirmed, that their deputies (hould be at 
 Montreal before the end of the month of June. 
 But in the month of May, M. de la Barre had 
 advice that feven hundred men of th** cantons of 
 Onnontague, of Goyogouin, and of Onneyouth, 
 were on their march to attack the Hurons, the 
 Miamis, and the Outaouais ; and that the 
 Tlbnnonthouans, with fome Goyogcuins, intend- 
 ed towards the end of fummer to fprcad tliem- 
 felves in troops throughout the French habita- 
 tions. 
 
 The General, in imparting thefe news to the 
 minifter, acquainted him that the projedl: had 
 been formed at the infligation of the Englifh, 
 who in their negociations made ufe of French 
 fugitives, whofe defertion they encouraged. 
 From what he could judge of the prefent difpofi- 
 tion of the Iroquois cantons, he conceived that 
 it became a meafure of neceffity, either totally to 
 abandon Canada, or to make an effort to deftroy 
 at lead the Tfonnonthouans and the Goyogcu- 
 ins, 
 

 
 ife 
 
 I 
 
 !i 
 
 (if . 
 
 ,1 >i 
 
 \h-^' ■ 
 
 I- 
 
 
 174 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 •' ,,, ■ fj 
 
 f''~ f si. 
 
 
 
 BOOK ins, the mofl: animated againfl the French, and 
 
 IV. 1 , 
 
 i_ / ■ who could eafily lead two thoufand men into 
 
 »6^3' the field. He therefore folicited him to engage 
 
 the King to fend as early as poflible four hundred 
 
 men, that on the beginning of Auguft: at the 
 
 fartheft he might enter into the enemy's territory 
 
 with a force fufficient to reduce thefe barbarians 
 
 to reafon ; but that he believed it necelfary, firft 
 
 of all, to obtain from the Duke of York, to 
 
 whom New York belonged, an order for the 
 
 governor of that province not to throw any ob- 
 
 ftacles in the way of his expedition. 
 
 The Iroquois found it more to their advantage 
 
 to trade with the Englifti and Dutch than with 
 
 the French, becaufe at New York beaver fkins 
 
 were fubjeft to no duties ; the traffic was free to 
 
 every one, and the purchafers derived from 
 
 thence more profit ; which placed them in a fi- 
 
 tuatlon to afl'ord their merchandife at a lower 
 
 rate. As the cantons however were not inclined 
 
 to employ open force but in the event of coining 
 
 to extremities, and as in reality they dreaded ihe 
 
 French more than they appeared to do, deputies 
 
 from the five cantons arrived at Montreal in 
 
 Augufl, but they were charged to make only 
 
 vague proteftations of a fincere attachment, and 
 
 nothing further could be drawn from them. 
 
 Many circumftances concurred to render this 
 
 cnibady fufpedted, and it was believed that the 
 
 cantons 
 
 canton; 
 general 
 vourab 
 with ki 
 prefentj 
 A fe 
 fourteei 
 mercha 
 Iroquoi 
 amouni 
 livres. 
 
 M. d 
 a war, 
 cantons 
 fent ami 
 afcertaii 
 that qui 
 the Fren 
 with gre 
 defign c 
 their tei 
 lony if 
 as he I 
 France, 
 could n 
 recourfe 
 M. d( 
 chilimak 
 Mfho wa| 
 
 =^ii 
 
 Mi-] • 
 
 *••( , i^'; il I. 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^75 
 
 i<\\ in 
 : only 
 
 cantons wiflied to train time, and to throw the book 
 
 IV. 
 
 general off his guard. He however gave a fa- ■ ' j- 
 vourable reception to the deputies, treated them '^^i* 
 with kindnefs, and fent theni home loaded with 
 prefents. ' 
 
 A few months had fcarcely elapfed, when 
 fourteen Frenchmen, who were proceeding with 
 merchandife to the Ilinois, were attacked by the 
 Iroquois and pillaged of every thing they had, 
 amouniing to upwards of fifteen thoufand 
 livres. 
 
 M. de la Barre was then refolved to carry on 
 a war. He had received intelligence that the 
 cantons were making great preparations, and had 
 fent ambaffadors to the favages of Virginia, to 
 afcertain that they (hould not be attacked from 
 that quarter, whiHl they were occupied againft 
 the French. The general believed that he could 
 with greater facility and Jefs rifque anticipate the 
 defign of thefe barbarians, by carrying war into 
 their territory, than to drive them from the co- 
 lony if once they had got a footing there. But 
 as he had received very fmall fupplies from 
 France, and as thofe which he (till expeded 
 could not foon arrive, he was obliged to have 
 recourfe to the allied favages. 
 
 M. de la Durantaye, who commanded at Mi- 
 chiliraakinac, and M. de Luth his lieutenant, 
 who was at the bay on lake Michigan, had in- 
 
 y ilruclions 
 
 i'r.^-i^: 
 
 « ii- 
 
A ;f'i 
 
 4 ; II 
 
 51 < 
 
 fUi: 
 
 V : 
 
 iii, 
 
 'i'i' 
 
 176 
 
 HISTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 ,51 
 
 i ■ . !i 
 
 '^ fr 
 
 BOOK ftruftions to acquaint the nations in thefe quar- 
 t ters, that Ononthio was about to march againft 
 
 '683. the Iroquois ; that he would begin with the 
 Tfonnonihouans, and that he invited his alh'es to 
 Niagara, where he ftiould arrive about the mid- 
 dle of Auguft with his whole forces. The 
 greater part of thefe people were not lefs in- 
 terefted than the French in the deftrudlion of 
 the Iroquois, who were inclined to ufurp a fpe- 
 cies of domination over this extenfive part of 
 the continent, and to render themfelves the fole 
 mafters of its commerce. It was, however, with 
 difficulty that the levies were made. When M. 
 Durantaye arrived at Niagara with five hundred 
 warriors, he had the misfortune not to find 
 the French at that place ; and it required much 
 addrefs to fatisfy the favages whom he had led 
 thither. 
 
 The General having made his preparations, 
 fet out from Quebec on his way to Montreal, 
 where the troops were ordered to aflemble. He 
 fent, during his march, a meffage to Colonel 
 Dongan, to inform him, that if he was inclined 
 to take revenge for the blood of twenty-fix 
 Engliftimen of Maryland, who had been .killed 
 by the Tfonnonthouans during the preceding 
 winter, he might join his army; he at leaft 
 firmly relied on the promifes he had given him 
 }n confequence of the Duke of York's orders^ 
 
 thiit 
 
 that he 
 of an ( 
 meafure 
 which 
 nothing 
 
 The( 
 
 ought tc 
 
 prifc ; tl 
 
 that he 
 
 at the fa 
 
 to the C 
 
 Onneyo 
 
 between 
 
 had ofFe 
 
 tnarchin 
 
 curity, I 
 
 dians, a 
 
 hundred 
 
 ne left ( 
 
 at Mont 
 
 he proce 
 
 learnt tl 
 
 the Tfor 
 
 with th( 
 
 Moyne t 
 
 likewife 
 
 which h 
 
 vifions i 
 
 would i 
 
 VOJ-. 
 
 m ^ '^' 
 
 '1 ' 
 
 if .; ■'} 
 
 ] ft. 
 
 It 
 
 ||^4 
 
 ji^^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 "^n 
 
 quar- 
 [rainft 
 1 the 
 lies to 
 J mid- 
 The 
 :fs in- 
 ion of 
 a fpe- 
 )art of 
 le fole 
 •, with 
 len M. 
 mdred 
 o find 
 much 
 ad led 
 
 ations, 
 mtreal, 
 He 
 i^olonel 
 iclined 
 snty-fix 
 .killed 
 ^ceding 
 It lead: 
 en him 
 orders, 
 
 that 
 
 
 that he would ufe no means to weaken the effefls book 
 of an expedition fo jud ; that he was taking ^^-v^^^ 
 meafures to reprefs the infolence of a nation 1^83. 
 which would not fpare the Englifh if it had 
 nothing to fear on the part of the French. 
 
 The General took another precaution which 
 ought to have infured the fuccefs of his enter- 
 prife \ this was to caufe a divifion in the cantons, 
 that he might not have to encounter the whole 
 at the fame time. For this purpofe he fent belts 
 to the Onnontagucs, to the Agniers, and to the 
 Onneyouths, to engage them to remain neuter 
 between him and the Tfonnonthouans, who alone 
 had offended him, and againfl whom he wa$ 
 marching. Having taken other meafures of fe« 
 curity, he proceeded with feven hundred Cana-* 
 dians, a hundred and thirty foldiers, and two 
 hundred favages, formed into three divifions, 
 Jie left Quebec on the 9th of July, and arrived 
 at Montreal on the 2i(t of the fame month. As 
 he proceeded from thence towards Catarocony,he 
 learnt that the other cantons had obliged that of 
 the Tfonnonthouans to accept of their mediation 
 with the French, and demanded the Sieur le 
 Moyne to negociate this important affair. He 
 likewife had intelligence, that the canton againd . 
 which he was marching had put all their pro- 
 vifions in a place of fecurity, and that the war 
 would have no other eflfe^ than to unite the 
 vojL. I. N whole 
 
hs 
 
 I 
 
 
 ii '■' 
 
 l. 
 
 'i 
 
 • 
 
 !:: 
 
 
 t; 
 
 : ' 
 
 f : j 
 
 !'i 
 
 I 
 
 U- 
 
 ti' • 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 ■',' 
 
 
 t^ f 
 
 ' ri : 
 
 'i , , 
 
 
 
 Ii 
 
 178 
 
 I O OK 
 
 IV. 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADAt 
 
 whole nation againft the French. But if he 
 would be contented with fatisfadion from this 
 canton, the inhabitants were well difpofed tc 
 grant it, and would fufpend all hoflilities againfl 
 the allies. Since however, it was faid, they 
 made thefe advances, it was not becaufe they be- 
 lieved they had much to fear, for the Governor of 
 New York had made them an offer of four 
 hundred horfemen, and as many infantry if they 
 (hould be obliged to fupport a war. 
 
 There was no queflion, that if Colonel Don- 
 gan had fulfilled his offer, it would have been 
 accepted of, and that M. de la Barre would 
 thereby have found himfelf in great difficulties ; 
 but he required too high a price for the aifift- 
 ance which he propofed to lend, and had fpoken 
 in too high a tone to a nation naturally fierce, 
 and which had never loved nor efteemed the 
 Englifh. This Governor had begun by ere£ling 
 in the country of the Iroquois the arms of the 
 Duke of York ; he afterwards fent to prohibit 
 the cantons, on the part of this prince, whom he 
 ftiled their Sovereign, from treating with the 
 French, without his participation* He alfo en- 
 joined them to profit by the aids which he would 
 afford to deliver themfelves from the tyranny of 
 the French. 
 
 This commiffion was as ill executed as it was 
 imprudent. The envoy addrefled himfelf to the 
 
 Iroquois 
 
 Iroquc 
 If they 
 Vork, 
 This n 
 tagu^s, 
 on Hej 
 offered 
 fiable 
 wiflied 
 addred 
 made I 
 indign: 
 He fpo 
 « K 
 tween < 
 thouan 
 ing. 
 would 
 called I 
 father 
 that hi: 
 guage, 
 from ft 
 other, 
 malevo 
 nour n 
 
 • The 
 Kew Yoj 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 «79 
 
 Iroquois hi the Me of a made: , and afked them book 
 (f they would not obey the Oovernor of New i_ .-mj 
 Vork, who teprefented their lawful Sovereign ? '^^1* 
 I'his mode of procedure (hocked the Onnon« 
 tagu^s. One of their chiefs immediately called 
 on Heaven to witnefs the injury which had been 
 offered to the whole nation, and of the unjufti- 
 liable condud of the Englifh ambaffador, who 
 wiflied to embroil the country in war. He then 
 addreffed him in a tone which ought to have 
 made him fenfible of his imprudence, and of the 
 indignation which it had excited in all prefent* 
 He fpoke thus t 
 
 *' Know, that Onnontaguc places himfelf be- 
 tween Ononthio^ his father, and the Tfonnon* 
 thouan, his brother, to prevent them from fight« 
 ing. I was willing to believe that Corlar* 
 would have flood in my rear, and would have 
 called to me. Courage, OnnontaguS, fuffer not the 
 father and fon to kill each other, I am furprifed 
 that his envoy fhould hold a very different lan- 
 guage, and fhould endeavour to prevent me 
 from flopping the arm of the one and of the 
 other. I cannot believe that Corlar poffeffes fo 
 malevolent a fpirit. Ononthio is pleafed to ho- 
 nour me by coming to my cabin to make peace ; 
 
 B'i'fl 
 
 !i"^ 
 
 * The name given by the favages to the Governor of 
 Kew York. 
 
 $i ^ (hall 
 
I So 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 I? '■*'■ 
 
 
 ■I* ,: 
 
 i:r.k 
 
 i 
 
 \ !■ 
 
 1^1 
 
 ■ i| 
 
 i': 
 
 ■ f,' 
 
 
 « ;■ 
 
 'i '' ■ 
 
 - , 
 
 «■ ; 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 f 1, 
 
 i 
 
 i^y. 
 
 
 •1. , 
 
 '■''■t--^ 
 
 ' 
 
 3 . 
 
 K,. 
 
 
 
 ■' ^ ■ i.i 
 
 Jivi:- 1 
 
 • ■ 'i ', 
 
 H^ 
 
 '1 ••. 1 '^ 
 
 
 
 »f '', 
 
 
 f/ 
 
 ! 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^fc£ii 4'-' 
 
 
 BOOK fliall the fon diflionour his father? Corlar, tU^ 
 ^— ^-~ tend to my words. Ononthio has adopted me 
 *^^^' for his fon; he entertained me at Montreal, and 
 he habited me in that quality ; we then planted 
 the tree of peace, and we have alfo planted it at 
 Onnontague, whither my father haS ufually fent 
 his ambaffadors. I have two arms, one of which 
 I extend towards Montreal, the other to Corlar, 
 who has long been my brother. Ononthio has 
 been for ten years my father; Corlar is my brother, 
 becaufe fuch is my wifh ; but neither of them is 
 my mafter. He who created the world gave me 
 this land which I occupy — I am free — I refpe£t 
 both — but neither has a right to command me, 
 and no perfon ought to take ofience that I pre- 
 vent the earth from being troubled. I therefore 
 tvill not delay to meet my father, fince he has 
 taken the trouble to come to my door, and fince 
 he can have nothing but reafonable propofitions 
 to difcufs." 
 
 It appears by this difcourfe, that the Sieur le 
 Moyne had arrived in the canton before the en- 
 voy of the Governor of New York. He was, 
 tiowever, well received, being known and re- 
 Cpedied by thefe favages, and reftored to them a 
 prifoner whom he had conduced from Quebec. 
 From the bad quality of the provifions, M. de 
 la Barre's army was reduced to a mofl deplor- 
 able 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 i8i 
 
 able ftate. This evil increafed to fuch a degree, book 
 that there was reafon to fear he would be obliged ^ ' - j 
 to retire without waiting for the Iroquois de- »6*3« 
 puties ; this would have expofed the French to 
 the ridicule of the favages, and perhaps have in- 
 duced them to alter their intention. They met 
 M. de la Barre, who was encamped on the borders 
 of lake Ontario, on the north fide, in a fmall 
 bay, five or fix leagues to the eaftward of their 
 river, to which, the extreme want they had I'uf- 
 fered for fifteen days caufed them to give the 
 name of the Bay of Famine. 
 
 In all their negociations thefe favages make 
 ufe of collars, or belts of wampum, which are two 
 or three feet in length, and fix inches in breadth, 
 ornamented with fmall grains of porcelain, 
 made from (hells found on the coaft of Virginia. 
 No tranfa^lion can be entered into without the 
 intervention of thefe belts, which ferve as con- 
 tradts and obligations among them, and fupply 
 the abfence of writing. They preferve fome- 
 times for an age, thofe they have received from 
 their neighbours, and, as each has a diftindive 
 mark, the fachems or ancients are acquainted 
 with the time and place at which they were 
 given, and what they import. They frequently 
 ufe them after the lapfe of many years, in the 
 arrangement of new negociations. 
 
 N3 Th« 
 
 
 ;!. 
 
 i;<,i 
 
 VI 
 
 <t*'S-. 
 
 r.!: 
 
 m 
 
 
 •ni 
 
 mm 
 
f '' ' 
 
 it J ! ? 
 
 '■.»■ 
 
 tef 
 
 ! ' 
 
 if 
 
 1 ■' ' 
 1 ' J" 
 
 i 
 
 " .1 
 
 It' 
 
 -i 
 
 iSa 
 
 
 I I 
 
 
 k.:^ 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADAf 
 
 The ravages feated themfelves on the ground 
 in their ufual mode, forming an extenfive ring, 
 feveral of the French being indifcriminately 
 mixed with them j M. de la Barre placed himfelf 
 in a chair in the front of his tent, and his inter* 
 preter delivered in his name the following 
 harangue. 
 
 ♦* The King, my mafter, informed that th© 
 five Iroquois nations have, for a confiderable 
 time, interrupted the tranquillity which prevailed} 
 has commanded me to march into this country, 
 followed by an efcort^ and to fend Akoueflan * 
 to the village of the Onnontagu^s, to invite 
 the principal chiefs to approach my camp. The 
 intention of this grand Monarch is, that we 
 ihoui i fmoke^ you and I together in the great 
 calumet of peace, provided that you promife, 
 in the name of Tfonnonthouans, Goyogouins, 
 Onnontagues, Onneyouths, and Agniers, to 
 make entire reparation and fatisfadlion to his 
 fubjeds, and to do nothing in future which may 
 lead to an unhappy rupture. 
 
 *^ The inhabitants of thofe villages have pil« 
 laged, ill treated, and ruined, all our people 
 who were employed in the chace, and who 
 yfQUt on commercial views to the country of the 
 
 ♦ The Fartrldge, a name given tp M, le Moyne, 
 
 IlinoUf 
 
 1|- 
 
IV. 
 
 1683. 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 183 
 
 Ilinoif, of the Oumamis, and of the other na* b o o ic 
 tions, children of my Sovereign. And as you 
 have aded on thefe occafions contrary to the 
 treaty of peace concluded with my predeceflfor, 
 I am charged to demand reparation, and to 
 fignify, in cafe of refufal, or of relapfe into thofe 
 offences, that I have exprefs orders to declare 
 war." 
 
 This belt guarantees my word, 
 
 *' The warriors of the Iroquois have con- 
 ducted the EngliHi to the lakes of the King my 
 mailer, and to the people who are his children, 
 to deftroy the commerce of his fubjedts, and to 
 alienate thofe nations from the obedience which 
 they owe him. They have led the Englifh thither, 
 notwithdanding exprefs injundions to the con- 
 trary, given by the former Governor of New 
 York, who forefaw the hazard to which both 
 would be expofed. I will readily forget thefe 
 aggrefllons ; but if a fmiilar conduct is again 
 adopted, I have exprefs orders to declare war 
 againd you.*' 
 
 This Mt contains my words, 
 
 ** Thefe warriors have likewife made feveral 
 inhuman incurfions into the country of the 
 Ilinois and of the Oumamis. They have there 
 maflacred men, women, and infants ; captured.^ 
 bound, and led away, a great number of the 
 people of thefe two nations, who, in the midd of 
 
 K 4 peace. 
 
 
 la 
 
 III 
 
 ! t1 
 
1 84 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 
 iii' 
 
 M 
 
 
 1683. 
 
 i^rill 
 
 3 : ! 
 
 BOOK peace, confidered themfelves fecure in their 
 villages. Thefe people who are the children of 
 my King, ought no longer to be your flaves. 
 You muft reftore them to liberty, and quickly 
 fend them back to their country, which if the 
 five nations refufe, I have orders to declare ws^r 
 sgainft them." 
 
 This belt confirms my words* 
 
 " The foregoing is what I had to addrefs to 
 the deputies, that they might explain to the five 
 nations the declaration which the King my 
 mafter has commanded me to make. He is 
 unwilling that they fhould oblige him to fend a 
 ftrong army to Catarocony, to commence a war 
 which would be fatal to them. He would alfo 
 be much mortified, that this fort, which is a work 
 of peace, fhould be converted into a prifon for 
 your warriors. Means muft be purfued, both 
 on the one point and the other, to avert fuch a 
 calamity. The French, who are the brothers 
 and friends of the five nations, will never difturb 
 their repofe, provided the) will give the fatisfac- 
 tion demanded, and that the treaty of peace be 
 henceforward pointedly obfcrved. I fhould feel 
 the difquietude of defpair, did not my words 
 produce the efFeft which I defire 5 for, I fhould 
 then be compelled to adl in conjunction with the 
 Governor of New York, who, by order of his 
 King, would aid me in confuming by fire, ven- 
 geance 
 
t ; 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 185 
 
 geance and defolation, the five nations of the book. 
 Iroquois." 
 
 - This belt confirms what I have /aid, 
 : The interpreter of M. de la Barre having ceafed 
 to fpeak, La Grangula, the Tfonnonthouan 
 deputy, who during the foregoing fpsech feemed . 
 to fix his eyes on the end of his pipe, arofe, and. 
 after making five or fix turns within tlie circle 
 compofed of Frenchmen and favages, he refumed 
 his fituation, and ftanding ere^SI:, and regarding 
 the General with a fixed and flern look, replied 
 in the following terms : 
 
 " Ononthio, I honour thee. All the warriors 
 who accompany me likewife honour thee. Thy 
 interpreter hath finiftied thy difcourfe ; I am 
 about to fpeak in reply. My voice haftens to 
 thy ears j lillen then with attention to my 
 words. 
 
 *' Thou mull, on leaving Quebec, have ima- 
 gined, Ononthio, that the intenfe heat of the fun 
 had confumed the forefts, which render our 
 country inacceflible to the French ; or, that the 
 lake had fo overflowed its boundaries, that find- 
 ing our villages m the mid ft: of the waters, it 
 were impoflible for us to quit them. Yes, Onon- 
 thio, thou muft have believed either of thofe im- 
 probabilities ; and curiofity to fee fo large a tract 
 of country burnt up, or inundated, mud have 
 induced thee to travel thus far. Thou art now 
 
 undeceived, 
 
 1685. 
 
J 
 
 I! :''^ ■ 
 
 fMwS -jj I, , ■ ■ n 
 
 < 'V' ■.' If.': f\< 
 
 lift 
 
 18$, 
 
 
 *i 
 
 ''^"■' i, ', 
 
 •K" 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 undeceived, fince I and my warriors come hither 
 to affure thee, that the five nations have not yet 
 perifhed. I thank thee in their name for having 
 brought back into their lands the calumet of 
 peace, which thy predeceflbrs received from 
 their hands. I at the fame time congratulate 
 thee for having buried under ground the mur» 
 derous hatchet * which has fo often been ftained 
 with the blood of thy countrymen. Attend, 
 Ononthio ; my eyes are open, and the fun which 
 gives me light difclofes to my view a great cap- 
 tain, at the head of a troop of warriors, who 
 fpeaks like one in a dream. He fays, he has 
 approached this lake for the purpofe of fmoking 
 in the great calumet with the Onnontagues, but 
 La Grangula fees on the contrary, that it was 
 for the purpofe of deftroying them, if fo many 
 of thy people had not been enfeebled by dif- 
 cafe. 
 
 " I fee that Ononthio dreams amid a camp of 
 invalids, whofe lives the Great Spirit hath faved, 
 and reft rained them by infirmity, from profe- 
 cuting their defign. Our women would have 
 taken the war clubs, our children and old men 
 would have carried the bow and arrow to thy 
 camp, had not our warriors interpofed to difarm 
 
 « 
 
 • To ralfe the hatchet, is to proclaim war j to bury it, 
 is to enter on terms of peace. 
 
 ihem. 
 
 cc 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 187 
 
 1683. 
 
 them, on the arrival of AkoueiTan thy meffenger book 
 at our village. 
 
 ** We have pillaged, Ononthio, only thofe 
 Frenchmen who carried fufils, powder and ball 
 to the llinois and the Oumamis our enemies^ 
 becaufe thefe arms might have been fatal to us. 
 In this, we have adled like the Jefuit milTion- 
 aries, who break all the caiks of fpirits which 
 are brought to our villages, apprehenfive left 
 drunken Indians might knock them on the 
 head. 
 
 •' Our warriors have not beaver furs to pay 
 for all the arms they have feized, and our poor 
 old men are not afraid of war." 
 
 This belt contains my word, 
 
 •' We have introduced the Englifh to our 
 lakes, to traffic there with the Outouais and 
 Hurons, in the fame manner that the Algonquins 
 have conduced the French to our five villages, 
 there to carry on a commerce which the Englifli 
 fay belongs to them. We are born free, we 
 depend neither on Ononthio nor on Corlar ; it 
 is given to us to go wherever we pleafe, and to 
 fell and purchafe what we think proper. If thy 
 allies are thy children or thy flaves, reftrain them 
 from the power of receiving among them any 
 other people but thine own." 
 
 This belt contains my word. 
 
 9 •* Wc 
 
 'M 
 
 
 I 
 
 * « 5(1 
 
i'r' ■ 
 
 rj, ■ . / 
 
 
 
 i8S 
 
 HISTORY OF CAN.A]DA. 
 
 '* We have attacked the Ih'nols and the Ou. 
 
 BOOK 
 
 L.,.^-',^ mamis, becaufe they have cut down the tree of 
 ^6^3. peace which ferved for the limits of our frontiers. 
 They came to hunt the beaver on our lands, 
 and, contrary to the pradlice of all other favages, 
 have entirely extirpated thofe animals both male 
 and female. They have drawn the Chaouanons 
 into their country and into their party. After 
 having meditated evil defigns againft us, they 
 have given them fire arms. We have not a6ted 
 with fuch injuftice as the Englifli or the French, 
 who without title have ufurped, for the purpofe 
 of building forts and towns, the lands of feveral 
 nations whom they have driven from their coun- 
 tries and their homes.** 
 This belt contains my word, 
 " Ononthio, attend ; my voice is that of the 
 five Iroquois cabins. This is the anfwer which 
 they give thee ; open wide therefore thine ears, 
 and liften to that which they declare to thee. 
 
 " They fay, that when they interred the 
 hatchet at Catarocony in the centre of the fort, 
 in prefefnce of thy predeceflbr, they planted at 
 the fame time the tree of peace, to be there care- 
 fully preferved ; that inftead of a retreat for war- 
 riors, this poft fhould be only a rendezvous for 
 merchants ; that in (lead of arms and ammuni- 
 tion, merchandife and beavers only (hould be 
 admitted. Take care for the future, that fo great 
 
 a num- 
 
fllSTOHY OF CANADA* 
 
 1^9 
 
 le Ou- 
 
 tree of 
 Dntiers. 
 
 lands, 
 avages, 
 h male 
 uanons 
 
 After 
 5, they 
 )t a£ted 
 ^'rench, 
 purpofe 
 
 feveral 
 ir coun- 
 
 of the 
 which 
 
 le ears, 
 
 lee. 
 
 ed the 
 ,e fort, 
 ted at 
 e care- 
 
 for war- 
 
 lous for 
 iimuni- 
 uld be 
 'o great 
 la num- 
 
 16S5. 
 
 a number of warriors as are here prefent, if (hut » 00 * 
 up in that fortrefs, ftifle not that tree. Having 
 fo happily taken root, it were an evil much to be 
 lamented (hould its growth be impeded, and 
 fliould it thereby be prevented from (hading with 
 its branches thy country and ours. I aflure 
 thee, that our warriors will dance under th« 
 (hadow of its leaves the calumet dance; that 
 they will repofe in quiet on their mats ; that they 
 will not unbury the hatchet to cut down the tree 
 of peace, until Qnonthio and Corlar in conjunc- 
 tion or feparately fhall have put themfelves in 
 motion to attack this country, of which the 
 Great Spirit made a difpofal in favour of our 
 ancedors. 
 
 " This collar contains my word, and that, 
 the power with which I am invefted by the Five 
 Nations." 
 
 The deputies of Onnontague guaranteed, that 
 the Tfonnonthouans fiiould make reparation for 
 |he lofs which their warriors had occafioned to 
 the Frenchmen, whom they pillaged in going to 
 war againft the Ilinois ; but they exacted from 
 the General, that his army (hould decamp next 
 day ; whereupon he immediately departed him- 
 fclf, after giving orders for the executioi^ of this 
 iafl article. 
 
 It was not expected at court that hoftilities '*84» 
 would fa fooA termioate; dill lefs that they 
 
 ihould 
 
 h 
 
RBffr 
 
 
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 IV. 
 
 w { 
 
 1684. 
 
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 1p. 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 fhould end in a manner fo little honourable to the 
 nation. M. de la Barre was fcarcely arrived at 
 Quebec, when he received a reinforcement of 
 troops, which might have put him in a condition 
 to give law to thofe from whom he had received 
 it. The detachment was commanded by M. M« 
 Montertier and Defnos. captains of the marine. 
 
 A letter was at the fame time received from 
 the King, importing that it was his majeily's 
 {)Iearure that thefe two officers fhould command^ 
 In the mod advanced and mo(j^ important poftt 
 in the colony ; and that their authority fhould 
 be independent of M. de la Barre, who being 
 engaged in a difficult war, and from his advanced 
 age being unable to tranfport hlmfelf to placet 
 where his prefence might beneceflary, they were 
 fent as perfons on whofe experience and exer* 
 tions great confidence might be placed. 
 
 It was further added, that as the King's Ier« 
 Yice required every poffible means of diminifhing 
 the numbers of the Iroquois, and, as thefe In« 
 dians were flrong and robufl, they might be ufe* 
 iuUy employed in the gallies, he was ordered to 
 make as many prifoners of war as poffible, and 
 to fend them over to France. 
 
 This order could not be executed when it was 
 received by M. de la Barre. His fucceffor how<« 
 ever did not fail to ufe it, when the war with the 
 Iiioquois re-commenced, and the unhappy con- 
 
 fequencei 
 
HISTORT OF CANADA. 
 
 191 
 
 to the 
 
 ved at 
 
 etlt of 
 
 idition 
 
 iceived 
 
 M.M. 
 
 mne. 
 
 d from 
 
 ajefty's 
 
 imandf 
 
 It poftt 
 
 (hould 
 ) being 
 Ivanced 
 
 placet 
 ;y were 
 d cxer* 
 
 •'s feN 
 inifhing 
 lefe In- 
 be ufe* 
 iered to 
 |le, and 
 
 it was 
 
 jrhow* 
 
 nth the 
 
 )y con- 
 
 luencei 
 
 fequences which it produced will hereafter ap« book 
 
 pear. 
 
 New France acquired this year an officer of 
 great merit, who rendered to it the moft impor- 
 tant fer vices. M. Perrot, governor of Montreal, 
 being upon bad terms with the members of the 
 femlnary of St. Sulpicius, who had, as has al- 
 ready been mentioned, in quality of feignors, 
 the right of nominating the Governor, the King, 
 for the maintenance of tranquillity, gave to M. 
 Perrot the government of Acadia, and appointed 
 for his fuccelTor the Chevalier de Callieres, a 
 captain of the regiment of Navarre. The limits 
 of his government were in the following year 
 defcribed to extend to lake St. Peter. 
 
 M. le Marquis de Denonville arrived this year 
 at Quebec with a reinforcement of troops. He 
 had been nominated Governor-General of New 
 France on the arrival of the veflels which had 
 carried out to Canada M. M. Defnos and Mon- 
 tertier ; the King having been made acquainted 
 with the manner in which the peace with the 
 Iroquois had been concluded, conceived that it 
 would not be of long duration, and as the great 
 age and infirm (late of health of M. de la Barre 
 rendered him little qualified to carry on a war 
 with vigour, his majefty faw the neceflity of ap- 
 pointing a fucceffor to his government. He 
 therefore made choice of the Marquis de Denon- 
 
 villei 
 
 1684. 
 
 i68f. 
 
 1' I; 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 
 I, '' 
 
 
 
J- 
 
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 ) 
 
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 191 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK ville, cotonel of dragoons, a man not lefs efti* 
 
 IV 
 
 v^-^,.1^^ mable for his perfonal valour than for his inte* 
 i6b5. grity and piety, and it was determined that a new 
 effort fhould be made to place the colony In a 
 ftate of fecurity and tranquillity. 
 
 M. dc Denonville allowed himfelf fcarcely a 
 few hours of repofe, after a voyage which had 
 been long and boifterous, before he afcended to 
 Catarocony. The Sieur de la For^t had been 
 there re-eftabliflied by order of the court, to 
 ' command in the name of M. de la Sale ; but 
 having demanded permiffion to make a new 
 voyage to the Ilinois, where he expedled to meet 
 that gentleman, M. d'OrvIlliers was again put in 
 charge of that pofl. During the ftay which the 
 Governor-General made there, he learnt that 
 the Iroquois were infpired with great diftruft of 
 the French, and he omitted nothing to regain 
 their good opinion. He, however, faw that this 
 nation had rifen to a tone of infolence which it 
 was neceflary to reduce ; and he informed the 
 minifler, that the hodilities which were con« 
 tinned againd the Ilinois were a fuflicient ground 
 of war ; but before it ihould be declared, every 
 preparation ought to be made againd an enemy 
 who are always in a date of warfare. 
 
 It was recommended to the Governor by the 
 court, to endeavour gradually to promote among 
 the ravages, by every inducement, a fimilarity 
 
 of 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 of manners to iliofc of the French. But this ^ 
 project frequent experience had already proved to - 
 beimpradicable. Everf they who fetilcJ among 
 the French adopted neither their manners nor 
 their mode of government, and many French- 
 men who had much intercourfe with the natives, 
 allumed their habits, and followed their erratic 
 mode of life. 
 
 The knowledge which the Governor acquired of 
 the aflairs of Canada, ro wliich he applied himfelf 
 with much afliduity during the winter, confirmed 
 him in the opinion that the Iroquois would never 
 be reconciled to the French ; and to avoid the 
 evil of having always fo artful and dangerous an 
 enemy, it became a meafure of political neceinty, 
 whatever it might colt, either to extirpate them, 
 or at lead to humiliate and cnf;:ehle them fo far, 
 as. to condraia them to feek and to maintain 
 the alliance of the French. He was a'fo con- 
 vinced that there were no other means of fup- 
 porting the commerce, which there was reafon to 
 forefee would be reduced to nothing, if circum- 
 flances were allowed to remain in the ftate in 
 which they then were ; and that the Iroquois 
 alone impeded the propagation of the Chriltian 
 religion among the natives. 
 
 To guard New France from an evil which was 
 not remote, the Marquis Denonville propofed to 
 the miniiter that a (tone fort, capable of con- 
 
 voL. I. o talning 
 
 '93 
 
 O O K 
 
 IV. 
 
 I6S5. 
 
 1636., 
 
 H^^ 
 
.(I •; 
 
 194 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 •r ' 
 
 '0. 
 
 ■ - !. 'f:!! 
 
 a : .' 
 
 i6S6. 
 
 taining five hundred men, (hould be conflru£\ed 
 at Niagara. He reprefented that this port, thus 
 guarded, would abfolutbiy exclude the Englifli 
 from the paflage of the lakes, and would place 
 the French in a fituation to prevent the Iroquois 
 from carrying furs to the former, much more 
 than by the means of Fort Catarocony, and that 
 barks might be kept there in the winter, fhel- 
 tered from the winds ; that it would be eafy to 
 navigate with freedom on Lake Ontario, whofe 
 extremities would be commanded by the French ; 
 and the favages, whofe country extends along 
 that lake, would have no longer any outlet for 
 the produce of the chace, but fuch only as the 
 French would chufe to allow them ; that befides, 
 as they could not hunt upon their own terri- 
 tories, where there were fcarcely any wild 
 animals, and not one beaver, their trade would 
 be regulated at the difcretion of the former. 
 This would occafion to the Enghfh a yearly lofs 
 of four hundred thoufand francs, and as much 
 profit to the French. 
 
 He added, that if it was intended that fuc- 
 cours Ihould be procured from the allies, during 
 a war with the Iroquois, it was abfolutely ne- 
 ceflary to poflefs a ftation where they might af- 
 femble, and take refuge in cafe of defeat. In 
 fine, it appeared no longer a doubt, that a for- 
 trefs of fuch a defcription, at the very door of 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 «95 
 
 i6S6. 
 
 the Iroquois* territories, would imprcfs them u o o k 
 with awe and refpedl, and would ftop a great 
 number of French deferters, who ufually went 
 by that route to the Englifh, and ferved them af- 
 terwards as guides to reconnoitre the advanced 
 pofls of the colony. 
 
 To defray the expences in conftrui^ing and 
 mninrainfng this fort, he propofed that an ex- 
 clufive commerce to be carried on there, fhould 
 be formed by fome refpeftable perfon. Me re- 
 prefented that in time, this farm would produce 
 to the King a confiderable revenue, and that it 
 would by no means be prejudicial to the inha- 
 bitants of New France, becaul'e all the furs 
 which would by this means form the trade of 
 Niagara, then went to the Englifh. 
 
 The company of merchants at Quebec, who 
 traded to the north weft, earneftly wiflied for 
 fuch an eftablifhment, and eng;iged, if it was 
 created, to furnifii the magazines of Niagara with 
 all kinds of merchandize, which might be ex- 
 changed for furs ; that they would take a leafe 
 of them for nine years, and pay to the King for 
 this privilege a yearly rent of thirty thoufand 
 livres. 
 
 The General received from the Governor of 
 New York, a letter dated the 29th of May, im- 
 porting that the great quantities of provifion 
 
 o 2 which 
 
» 
 
 t 
 
 196 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 
 mh- ,1 ; h 
 
 V-4'V- 
 
 o K. which were collected at Citarocony, had given 
 — ^^-.^ the Iroquois reafon to think that it was intended 
 
 16.6. (Q declare war againfl: ilicni ; that this people 
 being fubjeds of the crown of England, to at- 
 tack them would be a manifeft infradlion of the 
 peace which fubfifted between their two So- 
 vereigns ; that he had alfo learnt that it was de- 
 flgned to build a fort at Niagara, and that this 
 intelligence had the more furpriled him, be- 
 caufe it ought not to be unknown in Canada, 
 that all that country was a dependency of New 
 York. ^ 
 
 M. de Dcnonville replied, that the Iroquois 
 dreaded a chaftifement, becaufe they were con- 
 fcious of being culpable ; that the provifions fent 
 to Catarocony ought not to alarm him, as there 
 being always a conuderable gariifon in that pofl, 
 and the opportunities of tranfporting fupplies not 
 frequently occurring, it was necellary when they did 
 occur, to tranfport large quantities j that England 
 was not well grounded in her pretenfions to the 
 domain of the Iroquois' territories, and it ought to 
 have been known that the French had poileiiion 
 of them before any Englifliman appeared in 
 New York -, that the two Kings their niallers, 
 being then upon friendly terms, it became not 
 either of their Lleutenant-Generals to interrupt 
 the tranquillity which prevailed. 
 
 W^e 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 97 
 
 We (hall here eive a brief account of the book 
 
 , IV. 
 
 manner in which the traffic for furs, already re- >.-^.^-*^ 
 peatedly mentioned in the courfe of this work, *^^'^* 
 was at that time condu61:ed at Montreal. 
 
 From twenty to thirty canoes laden with 
 beaver furs, navigated by the Coureurs de Bois, 
 arrived at that place from the great lakes. The 
 contents of each were forty packets, each 
 packet weighing fifty pounds, and being worth 
 fifty half crowns at the office of the farmer. 
 Thefe canoes were followed by fifty others of 
 the Outaouais and Hurons, who annually de- 
 fcended to the colony, there to traffic on more 
 advantageous terms than they could procure at 
 Michilimakinac their native country, fituated on 
 the north weft borders of lake Huron, and near 
 the moath of lake Michigan, or the lake of the 
 llinois. They firft encamped at a fmall diftance 
 from Montreal. Tiie day of their arrival was 
 fpent, as well in arranging their canoes, and dif- 
 embarking their furs, as in erecting their huts or 
 tents, which were conn:ru(^ed with the bark of 
 birch-trees. Ou the day following they fent to 
 demand an audience of the Governor-General, 
 who ufually granted it without delay, in the 
 market-place. Each nation there formed its own 
 circle, and the favages being feated on the 
 ground with each his pipe in his mouth, and the 
 Governor placed in his chair, the orator of one 
 
 "^ 3 
 
 of 
 
 ■* 
 
 .'^l 
 
 I- 
 
 ■A 
 
19$ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ' f 
 
 IhiA ) 
 
 m .; 
 
 iJ 
 
 ^ H 
 
 BOOK of thefe nations expreffed himfelf as follows, in 
 
 1^ ' _f the form of a harangue. 
 1686. « That he and his brethren were come to vifit 
 
 Ononthio, and to renew with him at the fame 
 time the terms of former amity ; that the prin- 
 cipal motive of their voyage was to render them- 
 felves ufeful to the French, among whom they 
 found there were fome who poffeffed neither the 
 means of traffic, nor fufficient ftrength of body 
 to tranfport merchandize to the extremity of the 
 lakes, and who could not therefore procure 
 beaver furs, did not he and his brethren defcend 
 to trade in the French colonies ; that they were 
 well acquainted with the fatisfaftion which their 
 arrival occafioned to the inhabitants of Montreal, 
 on account of the profits derived from them 5 
 that thefe furs being of high eftimation in Eu- 
 rope, and on the contrary, the merchandize given 
 in exchange for them but of little value, they 
 were well inclined to evince to the French the 
 defire which they had to provide them with this 
 object of commerce, which was fo ardently pur- 
 fued. That to have the means of fupplying 
 more another year, they meant to take in ex- 
 change fufils, powder and lead, to enable them 
 to procure furs in abundance, and to harrafs and 
 iannoy the Iroquois, ihould that nation be difpofed 
 to attack the French fettlements ; and, to give 
 aflfurance of maintaining their engagement, they 
 
 prefepitecji 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 199 
 
 prefented a collar of porcelaine, and a quantity book 
 of beaver furs to Kitchi Okima *, of whom they w-^v— -j 
 demanded proteftion left they fliould be ill *^^^' 
 treated in the town." 
 
 Having ended his difcourfe, the orator re- 
 fumed his place and his pipe, whilft the inter- 
 preter explained to the Governor the fubjeft- 
 matter of the addreO?, who anfwered them in 
 civil terms, more efpecially if the gratuity was of 
 value. He alfo in return made them a prefent 
 of feme trifling articles, after which the favages 
 arofe, and returned to their cabins to prepare for 
 the barter of their furs. 
 
 On the following day each favage conveyed his 
 furs to the merchants, who generally gave a 
 better price than was demanded. All the in- 
 habitants had free permiflion to trade, and the 
 only articles prohibited were wine and brandy, 
 becaufe a great part of the favages having beaver 
 remaining on hand, after having furniflied them- 
 felves with all the ftores they required, drank to 
 excefs, and in a (late of intoxication murdered 
 their (laves. They quarrelled, beat and muti- 
 lated each other, and would infallibly have de- 
 ftroyed a part of their countrymen, had they not 
 been reftrained by fuch of their companions as 
 detefted that excefs of inebriation. 
 
 .• The great Captain, or Governor-General. 
 
 © 4 Nona 
 
M 
 'if 
 
 1 1 1' *r 
 
 '2 'JO 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 .|i ^ 
 
 .'« 
 
 *)} 1 ^1 
 
 
 
 ■'''!.' •1% 
 
 II 
 
 ..ill 
 
 
 BOOK None of them would accept of gold or filver. 
 • — ' ^-^w They went from fhop to fhop with the bow and 
 i6,i5. arrows m their hands, and totally in a ftate of 
 nature. When they had concluded their traffic, 
 they took leave of the Governor, and returned 
 to their country by the great river of the Outa- 
 ouais. 
 
 Canada fubfifted from the period of its origi- 
 nal eftablifliment chiefly by the great commerce 
 for furs, three-fourths of which were derived 
 from people who inhabited the borders of the 
 great lakes ; but it was afterwards drawn from 
 fources far more remote. , , . 
 
 With a view to regulate this commerce, which 
 had for a confiderable period been conduced by 
 a number of diforderly people fubje6t to no re- 
 gulations, and known by the appellation of 
 Coureitrs de Bois, a limited number of written 
 licenfes from the Governor-General were by the 
 King direded to be granted tv) poor gentlemen, 
 and to old officers burdened with families, that 
 they might exclufively convey merchandize to 
 the lakes. The number was confined to twenty- 
 five every year, although many more licenfes 
 were granted. It was exprefsly prohibited on 
 pain of death, to all perfons of whatever rank or 
 condition, to go thither themfelves, or to employ 
 any one on that fervice, without thefe licenfes. 
 Each licenfe allowed of two large canoes loaded 
 
 wiih 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 201 
 
 ibbb. 
 
 with merchandife. They who were thus autho- book 
 rifed coul.i either afl themrdves, or difpofe of 
 their privilege to the higheft bidder. The li- 
 cenfes were iifually eftimated to be worth fix 
 hundred crowiis each, and they were generally 
 purchaied by the merchants. When they were 
 once obtained, there was no difficulty in finding 
 Coureurs de Bois to undertake the long voyages, 
 which, if they wifhed to gain a confiderable pro- 
 fit, it was neceflary to make. '1 he merchants 
 placed fix men in the two canoes ftipulated in 
 each licenfe, together with the value of a thou- 
 fand crowns in merchandize fuitable for the 
 favages, rated and drlivered to thefe Coureurs dc 
 Bois at fifteen per cent, more than the price at 
 which it was fold for ready money in the colony. 
 This fum of a thoufimd crowns brought ufually, 
 at a medium, on the return of the voyage, feven 
 hundred per cent, of profit, as no fcruple was 
 made of impofing on the inexperience of the 
 favages. Thus thefe two canoes, which carried 
 only a thoufand crowns in value, produced, after 
 the barter took place, a fufficient number of 
 beaver fkins to load four canoes. Thefd could 
 carry one hundred and fixty packets of beaver 
 ikins, with forty in each, which were worth fifty 
 crowns, making in all, at the conclufion of the 
 voyage, the fum of eight thoufand crowns, which 
 was generally diftributed in the manner follow- 
 
 in 
 
 o' 
 

 '^ 
 
 i'l3 
 
 If-' -i 
 
 If 
 
 i.' 
 
 «>■! 
 
 
 ' t ' ', ■ 
 
 ■:'!, ^ 
 
 ^fl'ii 
 
 
 pr.i^ai^' 
 
 '■«i4 
 
 
 
 
 202 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 ing. The merchant received in beaver the pay- 
 ment of the h'cenfe, which was fix hundred 
 i686. crowns, and that of the merchandize a thoufand 
 crowns. Upon the fix thoufand four hundred 
 of furpius, they took forty per cent, on the mo- 
 ney advanced for the adventure, which made two 
 thoufand five hundred and fixty crowns. The 
 refidae was divided among the Coureurs de Bois, 
 who certainly well earned the fix hundred crowns, 
 or nearly, which remained to each for the incon- 
 ceivable toils he had undergone. Befides the 
 immenfe profits already mentioned, the merchant 
 derived twenty-five per cent, on thefe beaver 
 Ikins, upon carrying them to the office of the 
 farmer general, where the prices of four qualities 
 of that article were regulated. 
 
 Having thus far noticed the commercial affairs 
 of Canada, we fhail advert to thofe of theeccle- 
 fiadics and of the law. A few years before the 
 period at which we have now arrived, another 
 mode than that which has been already men- 
 tioned was taken to fatisfy the cleruy, to whom 
 the lad arrangements of the council with refpeft 
 to them did not appear fufficiently ample. The 
 Governor and the Bilhop wiilied to regulate the 
 competent proportion payable to five hundred 
 livres for tach parifh ; but the King, in a letter 
 addreffed to the former, intimated that it was his 
 opinion the plan which had been formed for *b'=i 
 
 didnbution 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 203 
 
 diftribution of the cures, and for their fubfiftence, book 
 was prejudicial to the interefts of the colony, 
 
 where the greater proportion of the inhabitants 
 were poor. That in France, the moft confider- 
 able benefices exceeded not a hundred crowns, 
 and that there was a very great number of cures 
 who had no more than a hundred and fifty 
 Hvres, and who neverthelefs lived with decency, 
 and performed all their functions ; and what (till 
 more furprifed him, with regard to this point, 
 was, that the Bifhop (hould have perfuaded the 
 priefts that they could not fubfift on lefs than 
 five hundred livres ; on this account it would be 
 difficult to retrench their allowances. It was 
 further his pleafure that fuch as had four hun- 
 dred livres (hould be allowed no more than that 
 fum. 
 
 The clergy were diflatisfied that the tithes 
 fliouU be rated fo low, and made feveral -attempts 
 to get thdm reftored to a thirteenth part of the 
 produce ; but the fuperior council of Quebec 
 uniformly oppofed them, and as at length they 
 appealed to the council of the King, this ap- 
 peal produced a decree which elFetflually put a 
 flop to their pretenfions on that point. On the 
 other hand, befides the fum of feven thoufand 
 fix hundred livres, which the King had afTigned 
 as a fupplement to the tithes, his Majefiy granted 
 one thoufand feven hundred livres for thofe 
 
 whom 
 
 1686. 
 
 
204 
 
 HISTORY OF CANAD.l. 
 
 t' 
 
 
 ii.h 
 
 fin 
 
 BOOK whom their great age or infirmities permitted 
 
 u— w— ^^ not to ferve their curacies, and by a decree, it 
 
 loao. ^^g regulated that this fum fhould be divided 
 
 into five portions of three hundred Hvres each, 
 
 and one of two hundred livres. 
 
 The furplus of the fum of feven thoufand fix 
 hundred livres, which (hould remain after its ap- 
 plication towards the increafe of the benefices of 
 the clergy, was appropriated for building parifli 
 churches, the patronage of which was vefled in 
 the bifhop, to the exclufion of the feigners, who 
 had hitherto enjoyed it ; and it was ordained by 
 the fame decree which regulated this change, 
 that all churches fhould be built of flone. The 
 chapter of the cathedral was compofed of a dean, 
 a chief finger, an archdeacon, a prebendary, and 
 twelve canons. The King referved to himfelf 
 the nomination of the two firll dignitaries, the 
 bidiop nominated to all the reft. 
 
 The funclions of firfl prefident, which had 
 been allotted to the Intendaiu, gave great um- 
 brage to the Governor- General ; he made repre- 
 fcntaiions to which no attention was paid, and it 
 was enjoined by a decree of the council, that in 
 all the ads, and in the minutes of the colonial 
 council, the Governor and the intendant fiiould 
 alTume no other quality but fuch as immediately 
 belonged to their office. Several years after- 
 wards four new couiifellorsj a clerk, and three 
 
 temporal 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 205 
 
 IV. 
 16S6. 
 
 temporal coun fellers were created, and the num- book 
 ber was eftabliftied at twelve members, including , 
 the bifhop. One was called fenior counfellor, 
 whofe appointments were doubled. They were 
 nominated by the court, and their fituation was 
 merely honorary, without any particular func- 
 tions. The Procureur-General and the Re- 
 gifter in Chief were allowed falarics, which were 
 extremely moderate. 
 
 The council was regularly held at the Intend- 
 ant*s palace every Monday, and when it was ne- 
 ceflary to aflemb'2 an extraordinary council, the 
 Intendant appointed the day and hour of meet- 
 ing. Juftice was there adminiftered according to 
 the ordinances of the kingdom, and the cciitume 
 de Paris. Some regulations were made for this 
 council by an edi(^ of the King, which was 
 termed in the province, the reduBkn of the code. 
 There afterwards arofe fome diflicuhies with re- 
 fpe«S to judgment in caufes of recufation, vihich 
 were likewife explained by an edicl, when it was 
 declared, that, in procedings where officers of 
 the council might be interefted,.the caufe fiiould 
 be referred, at the requell of one of the parties, 
 to the Intendant, who, with the judges, whom 
 he fhould afl'emble for that purpofe, ihould pro- 
 nounce a decifion. The council was alfo au- 
 thorifed to decide on criminal caufes brought be- 
 fore five or more of its members. , ., 
 
 There 
 
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 BOOK 
 
 IV. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 There were befides in the colony three fubor- 
 dinatc jurifditflions ; thofe of C^ebec, Three 
 Rivers, and Montreal. They were compofed of 
 a Lieutenant' General, a Lieutenant, and King's 
 Advocate. 
 
 A fpirit of litigation, or of reforting to the 
 courts of law in differences which arofe refpeft- 
 ing property, began to diffufe itfelf in Canada. 
 A practice fo hoftile to the profperity of the fettle- 
 ment, was however difcountenanced by the Go- 
 vernor, who exerted his authority to procure the 
 amicable fettlement of difputes, with fuch fuc- 
 cefs, that the mode of decifion by arbitration 
 prevailed for a confiderable period, and the law- 
 yers as well as officers of juftice, deprived of the 
 means of fubfifting by their profefTion, laid their 
 grievances before the court. The appointment 
 of the members of the courts of law was there- 
 fore regulated by a declaration of the King. The 
 notaries, ufhers, and ferjeants, had ..Ifo wages. 
 
 The adminiftration of juftice at Montreal be- 
 longed to the members of the feminary of Saint 
 Sulpicius, in quality of Seignors of the ifland. 
 They gave in their refignation to the King on 
 condition that the exercife of that power, within 
 the precindls of the feminary, and of their farm 
 of Saint Gabriel, fhould ftill remain with them, 
 together with the perpetual and incommunicable 
 privilege of the regifter of royal juftice, which 
 
 fliould 
 
:■♦ i 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ihould be eflablifhed in the ifland, and the nomi- 
 nation of the fint judge. Thefe terms were con- 
 firmed to them by an edid for the creation of 
 the new fyftem of juftice, but the laft article was 
 allowed them for once only. Such were the at- 
 tentions of the Sovereign to procure for his fub- 
 jeds of New France a diftribution of juflice no 
 lefs prompt than accelTible ; and it was on the 
 model of the fuperior council of Quebec that 
 thofe of Martinique, Saint Domingo, and 
 Louifiana, were afterwards eftablifhed. 
 
 The Governor-General received an order 
 from the court, which would have been more 
 efficacious in obviating all the inconveniencies, 
 which he wifhed to avoid, and in obliging the 
 Iroquois to remain in tranquillity, than the mod 
 fuccefsful expedition, had both European na- 
 tions on the continent of America been equally 
 felicitous to avail themfelves of the advantage. 
 This was a treaty of neutrality between the 
 Englifh and French fubjefts in America, not- 
 withftanding any rupture that might take place 
 between their Sovereigns, and the" ftipulations 
 were arranged and the treaty finally concluded 
 in London, by M. de Barrillon, the French am- 
 baffador, on the part of his Sovereign, and the 
 Secretary of State for the home department oa 
 the part of the King of Great Britain. 
 
 The 
 
 207 
 
 1606. 
 
 1687, 
 
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 111 
 
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 208 
 
 BOOK 
 
 IV. 
 
 1607. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The General having, h appears, received all 
 the Tuppjies and reinforcements which he had at 
 that time expeOed from France, marched in the 
 fummer tovv'ards lake Ontario, wiih two thou- 
 fand Frenchmen and fix hundred lavages. But 
 the declaration of war was preceded by a mea- 
 fure which cannot be juftified by any rule of 
 policy. The King, as has already been men- 
 tioned, had intimated to M. de la Barre his de- 
 fire to have fome of the Iroquois for the purpofe 
 of manning his gallics. M. de Denonville might 
 have forefeen and reprefented the unhappy con- 
 fequences, which an obedience to that order, 
 would inevitably produce ; much lefs ought he 
 to have executed it in a manner which certainly 
 never was prefcribed to him. The mofl rigid 
 interpretation of that order could be extended 
 only to prifoners captured in war. The General, 
 however, conceived himfclf juUifiable in ufing 
 every polTible effort to weaken and intimidate 
 barbarians, whofc perfidy, fanguinary cruelty, 
 and whole tenor of conduft, rendered them un- 
 worthy of being treated according to the efla- 
 blifhed fyftem of warfare. On this principle, 
 refleding not that he owed to his own charader 
 that regard for juflice, which he might conceive 
 he owed not to the Iroquois, before any decla- 
 ration of war, he alTembled at Catarocony, 
 7 under 
 
HISTORY Ot CAUADA. 
 
 under various pretences, fcvcral of their prin- 
 cipal chiefs, immediately put them in chains, and 
 fent them to Quebec under a (Irong efcort, with 
 an order for the Commandant to embark them in 
 veflels for France, that they might be conducted 
 to the gallies. 
 
 In order to draw the Iroquois into this fnare^ 
 the General employed two mifTionaries, who had 
 refided for fome time in their country, and had 
 gained an influence with feveral of their chiefs. 
 The one fell into the hands of the Onneyouths^ 
 by whom he was condemned to the flames, but was 
 faved at the moment of execution by a matron who 
 adopted him : the other owed his fafety and his li*^ 
 berty to the great efleem and fmcere attachment in 
 which he was held by the Onnontagues. On 
 the firft accounts which were received of the event 
 which had taken place at Catarocony the ancients 
 aflembled, and called the miflionary, whofe name 
 was Lambe ville, before them •, after having ex- 
 pofed the fa£l: with all the energy of which the 
 movements of indignation, conceived to be jufty 
 are capable, when he expected to undergo th« 
 mod terrible effects of the fury which he faw 
 painted in their countenances, one of the ancients 
 addrefled him in the following words i 
 
 *' There can be no q (lion that we are now 
 in every refpe£t authorlfeu to treat thee as an 
 enemy, but we cannot refolve to do it. We 
 
 VOL. It p know 
 
 t09 
 
 BOOK 
 
 JV. 
 
2IO 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 '%l 
 
 mr' .*■.■" i I' ] 
 
 If 
 
 ■.i,,!,fi 
 
 l'.:',-llj; 
 
 BOOK know thee too well not to be perfuaded that thy 
 ^^., - -' -.J heart had no (hare in this treafon, of which thou 
 1687. j^jjfl. j^ fome degree been the caufe ; and we are 
 not fo unjuft as to punifli thee for a crime of 
 which we believe thee innocent, which thou ab- 
 horreft equally with us ; and we are convinced 
 thou feeleft the pangs of deep diftrefs for having 
 been made its inftrument. It is however impro- 
 per that thou (houldft remain among us ; every 
 one will perhaps not manifefl towards thee that 
 clemency which we now (hew, and when once 
 our youth have fung the fong of war, they will 
 no longer view thee but as a traitor, who hath 
 delivered our chiefs into a rude and unworthy 
 ftate of bondage ; and they will give a loofe to 
 the dictates of revenge, from whole fury we fhall 
 be unable to proted thee." 
 
 They obliged him to depart immediately, gave 
 him guides to condu6l him through unfrequented 
 paths, and who were enjoined not to leave him 
 until he was out of all danger. The chief Ga- 
 rakarthie, was, doubtlefs, the author of a line of 
 conduct at once fo generous and noble. This 
 favage was fincerely attached to father Lamber- 
 ville, and the tendernefs and friendfhip which 
 that miflionary ever afterwards cheriflied for him, 
 gave reafon to conclude that he confidered him 
 as his deliverer. 
 
 ) i" 
 
 :i.i-'|: 
 
 Every 
 
 :i'',n 
 
d that thy 
 rhich thou 
 nd we are 
 L crime of 
 1 thou ab- 
 convinced 
 for having 
 ver impro- 
 us ; every 
 ; thee that 
 jvhen once 
 , they will 
 , who hath 
 unworthy 
 a loofe to 
 ry we fhall 
 
 ately, gave 
 
 frequented 
 
 leave him 
 
 chief Ga- 
 
 Df a line of 
 
 hie. This 
 
 ;r Lamber- 
 
 ftiip which 
 
 ;d for him, 
 
 dered him 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Every thing was in readinefi; to begin the war, 
 when M. de Dcnonville declared himfelf in the 
 manner which will hereafter appear. His mea- 
 fures were well taken, and if the fuccefs of his 
 expedition anfwered not entirely his expeftations, 
 it was more his misfortune than his fault. 
 
 The French were for a time encamped on the 
 fmall ifland of St. Helen, oppofite tp Montreal, 
 and M. de Champigni Noroi, who the preceding 
 year had fucceeded M. de Meules in the intend- 
 ance of New France, joined them there with the 
 Chevalier de Vaudreuil, who had arrived a little 
 time before in the quality of commandant of the 
 troops. All being in readinefs, on the nth of 
 June the army began their voyage. In two hun- 
 dred batteaux and as many birch canoes. It was 
 compofed of eight hundred and thirty-two regu- 
 lar foldiers, a thoufand Canadians^ and three 
 hundred favages. 
 
 The perfefl harmony which prevailed betweerl 
 the Governor-General and the new intendant, 
 which was founded on a zeal for the King's fer- 
 vice, had diffufed the fame concord through the 
 troops. On their arrival at Catarocony they 
 halted a fhort time. M. Durantays, who com- 
 i manded at Michilimakinac, joined M. M. du 
 Luth and Tonti at the entrance of the Detroit, 
 and accompanied them to Niagara. They had 
 fcarcely artived at that place, when the Sieur de 
 
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 aid 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK la Foret brought them an order from the Go- 
 vernor-General to rendezvous on the loth of 
 
 1687. 
 
 
 < % 
 
 
 ■in 
 
 July at the river des Sables, to the eaftward of 
 the bay of the Tfonnonthouans, on the fide of 
 Catarocony. M. dc Dcnonville marched thither 
 himfelf with his army, and by a chance, from 
 which the favages failed not to draw a fortunate 
 prefage, the whole entered it at the fame time. 
 They immediately began to conftrud, a little 
 above the river, a retrenchment of pallifades for 
 depofiiing the ftores. It was finifhed in two 
 days, and M. d*Orvilliers was left there with 
 four hundred men, as a guard, and for the pro- 
 te£lion of the rear of the army. 
 
 From the fort des Sables the army took its 
 march by land j on the 13th, after having paffed 
 two dangerous defiles, and on their arrival at 
 a third, they were vigoroufly attacked by eight 
 hundred of the Iroquois. Two hundred of thefe 
 favages, after a difcharge of their pieces, turned 
 away to take the army in the rear, whilft the reft 
 fhould continue to engage the van. They were 
 not more diftant than a mufquet fhot from the 
 firft village of the Tfonnonthouans, from whence 
 it was apprehended that reinforcements might 
 iflue ; the fear of this, joined to a furprife in a 
 dangerous fituation, occalioned fome diforder. 
 Many of the allied favages, more accuftomed 
 than the French to engagements in the woods, 
 
 flood 
 
t..» f- 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 313 
 
 1687. 
 
 ftood with firmnefs, and ^fTorded the troops ^ ^^ '^ 
 time to rally. The enemy was then preflfed on 
 every quarter, and feeing their inferiority, dif- 
 banded, to betake themfelves more eafily to 
 flight. . 
 
 The French in this aftion had five or fix men 
 killed, and <ibout twenty wounded. The Iro- 
 quois had forty-five men killed, and (ixty wound- 
 ed. The bodies of the firft were torn in pieces, 
 and eaten by the Outaouais, who made war up- 
 on the dead better than on the living. 
 
 The Hurons, the Iroquois Chriftians of the 
 rapids of St. Louis, and of the mountain of 
 Montreal, conducted themfelves with much 
 bravery. 
 
 At one of the four great villages which com- 
 pofed the canton of the Tfonnonthouans, about 
 eight leagues from the fort des Sables, the army 
 encamped. It was found totally deferted, and 
 was afterwards burnt. After a march of ten 
 days in the woods, the army met with none of 
 the enemy. They burnt in their progrefs four 
 hundred thoufand bufliels of corn, and dedroyed 
 an immenfe number of hogs. The General, 
 fearing left the favages who accompanied his 
 march would difband themfelves, which they 
 more than once threatened, was necellitated to 
 limit his enterprife* 
 
 5*3 
 
 M. del 
 
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 ■ii: 
 
 214 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 M. de Denonville had ever much at heart the 
 conftrudion of a fort at Niagara, and the oppor- 
 *^''7- tunity which now prefented itfelf for executing 
 ^his defign was too favourable not to be em- 
 braced. The fort was finiflied, and the Cheva- 
 lier de la Troye was left there with a hundred 
 inen for its protedion. Unfortunately, how- 
 ever, a malady was foon introduced into the gar- 
 rifon which cut off nearly the whole, and this 
 hiiportant port was abandoned and deftroyed. 
 
 Before the eflablifhment of this poll, a refolu- 
 tion ihoqld have been taken to maintain it, not- 
 withftanding the loifes and difficulties that might 
 occur. From the want of having provided re." 
 fources fufficient for this purpofe, the French 
 expofed themfelves to the contempt of the fa- 
 vages. The difeafe which caufed the lofs of the 
 troops, and of the officer who commanded them, 
 originated not only from the bad ftate of their 
 provifions, but from the inceflant fatigue which 
 they underwent from being haraffed by the 
 enemy. They were kept blockaded in fuch a 
 manner that they could not procure the fmalleft: 
 ' refrefiiment either from the chace or from fiih- 
 ing, although the country abounded with animals 
 &nd birds, and the river with excellent fifli. 
 
 On the 13th of November the fort of Chambly 
 was fuddenly attacked by a large party of Agniers 
 
 and 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 215 
 
 and Mahingans. The refiftance which they book 
 found obliged them to decamp the following ,.. -^^ ^ 
 day, but not before they had burnt fome houfcs ^^^l- 
 in the neighbourhood, and carried off feveral 
 prifoners. The bad fuccefs of this expedition, 
 and the advice which the Governor of New 
 York received, that it was known to the French 
 he had been concerned in it, made him afraid of 
 a reprifal. The alarm became fo great at Orange, 
 that the inhabitants of the country fent to that 
 garrifon every thing they had which was of value, 
 and a body of twelve hundred favages paffed the 
 winter in the neighbourhood,, to cover the town 
 from an attack. . . , , 
 
 There happened, towards the end of fummer, 
 a great mortality in Canada ; and it was chiefly 
 this which prevented the Governor from execut- 
 ing a projed he had formed of a fecond expedi- 
 tion againft the Tfonnonthouans. There was, 
 however, another reafon : he could not depend - ; 
 upon the favages of the weftern territories, par- 
 ticularly on the Hurons of Michilimakinac j for 
 it was difcovered that the latter entertained a 
 fecret correfpondence with the Iroquoijs, even 
 before the lafl: campaign, although they had ac- 
 quitted themfelves with credit in the a£lion. 
 
 The orders which the General at this time re- 
 ceived from the court, not to give the Englifli 
 any fubjedl of complaint, were to him a fource 
 
 PA of 
 
 

 
 216 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
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 BOOK of much embarraflment. It was doubtlefs fup. 
 u. -^..^ pofed that each party had been equally guarded 
 
 1687. in its conduft. In governments remote from 
 the parent (late, circumflances often occur which 
 may render it impraCKicable to comply with par- 
 ticular inftrudlions. The will of the Sovereign 
 may in fome cafes be anticipated, particularly 
 where the general interefts are concerned. It 
 cannot therefore be deemed difobedience to adopt 
 meafures which the Sovereign himfelf would 
 probably recommend, were he acquainted with 
 the fituaiion of eventa. An unqualified deference 
 ought not therefore to be exaded from thofe 
 who are entrufted with diftant commands : a 
 certain difcretionary power applicable to local 
 circumftances is ufually implied, that the general 
 interefts of the ftate and the honour of the Sove- 
 reign may be reconcileable with the inftrudions 
 which have been given. 
 
 1688. The Iroquois fent deputies, accompanied by 
 five hundred warriors, under pretence of an ef- 
 cort, to treat with M. de Denonville. When they 
 had arrived at Catarocony, one of the deputies 
 went with fix men into the fort, and demanded 
 of the commandant one of his officers to accom- 
 pany them to Montreal. M. d'Orvilliers allowed 
 him the Sieur la Parelle, his lieutenant, who, 
 having embarked in the canoe with the favages, 
 was prefeuiljr furprifed to find himfelf in the 
 
 jnidft 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 217 
 
 midH: of five hundred warriors well armed, and b o o ic 
 was received by them in a manner that gave him ^ ^^' _j 
 reafon to apprehend himfelf a prifoner. They »688. 
 conduced him to lake St. Francis, where they 
 met another body of Iroquois, equally numerous 
 with the fird. Both remained at this place, and 
 allowed La Parelle to continue his rout to Mon- 
 treal with the deputies only. The Governor- 
 General there gave them an audience imme- 
 diately. The Iroquois orator there expofed, in 
 terms highly emphatical, the advantageous 
 fituation which his nation enjoyed, the weaknefs 
 of the French, and the facility with which the 
 cantons could exterminate them, or oblige them 
 to abandon Canada. 
 
 «« For myfelf," added he, *' I have always 
 efteemed them, and I come to give them of this 
 no equivocal proof j for, having learnt the 
 defign which our warriors had formed of burn- 
 ing your forts, your houfes> your barns, and 
 your grain, to the end, that after having reduced 
 you to a (late of famine, they might make their 
 own terms with you, I made ufe of all my in- 
 fluence in your favour, and I have obtained per- 
 miifion to acquaint Ononthio, that he may avoid 
 this evil by accepting of peace, on the condi* 
 tions propofed by the Governor of New York, 
 No more than four days will be allowed for 
 your ^nal determination, ^nd if you make a 
 
 longer 
 
 i hi 
 
 
If ■ ■'■» 
 
 2l8 
 
 li'Srfr 
 
 
 
 '■1 V hV." 
 
 168S. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 longer delay, I cannot explain what may be the 
 event." 
 
 A difcourfe fo haughty, and a body of twelve 
 hundred Iroquois at lake St. Francis, from 
 whence they could in lefs than two days fall 
 upon the ifland of Montreal, filled every 
 mind with awful apprehenfion. From the river 
 Sorel to La Prairie de la Magdelene, the inha- 
 bitants could not leave their houfes, without the 
 rifque of falling among a party of the enemy. 
 The fort of Catarocony was invaded by eight 
 hundred Iroquois, who had burnt all the hay 
 with flaming arrows, and killed all the cattle. 
 Lake Ontario was likewife covered with canoes 
 of the enemy, who to the number of four hun- 
 dred, attacked a barque carrying men and 
 proviifions. The chief who commanded the 
 blockade of Catarocony was uncle to a favage 
 prifoner whom the Governor had fent to Onnon- 
 tague. This captain was fenfible of the liberty 
 which had been given to , his nephew, and his 
 gratitude for this ad carried him fo far as 
 to. withdraw his troops. Thus the fort was 
 delivered at a moment when it was conceived 
 impoflible to fave the place. On the eighth of 
 tune, deputies from the Onnontagues, the On- 
 neyouths, and Goyogouins arrived at Montreal, 
 gnd demanded peace in the name of the whole 
 patign. The General replied, that he would 
 * " - ' * confent 
 
HISTORY OF CANADAt 
 
 219 
 
 confent to peace, upon condition that all his al- 
 lies fhould be comprehended in it ; that the other 
 two cantons fhould alfo fend deputies for the 
 fame end ; that hodilities fhould ceafe in every 
 quarter, and that he (hould be at full liberty to 
 vidual the fort at Catarocony. :» 
 
 The conditions were accepted, and the ex- 
 change of prifoners was regulated without any 
 difficulty. M. de Denonville thereupon wrote 
 to the minifter, to folicit, that the Iroquois who 
 were carried to France, and employed in the 
 gallies at Marfeilles, fhould be fent back to 
 Canada. ;, ;. 
 
 A ceflation of hoflilities immediately took 
 place, the Iroquois confented to leave five hof- 
 tages to infure the fafety of the convoy to Cata- 
 rocony, and it was agreed that if any Ikirmifhes 
 witii the allies fhould happen during the nego- 
 ciation^ no change fhould be thereby made on the 
 conditions already ftipulated. r ;.«. . » / ,?;• 
 
 Of all the French allies, the only people whom 
 the enemy feared, or defpaired to gain over, 
 were the Abenaquis, who on their part, declined 
 being included in any truce, or treaty of peace. 
 At the time when the Governor was bufied in 
 the pacification for Canada they took the field, 
 and having advanced to the river Sorel, furprifed 
 jfome Iroquois and Mahingans, part of whom 
 they killed. They then pufhed on to the Englifh 
 
 , .,, fettlements. 
 
 'H 
 
 1688. 
 
 .' 'I 
 

 aio 
 
 ill «•' 
 
 1.1 '. 
 
 .il.i:; 
 
 
 Ll., , 
 
 
 Wi'm 
 
 i 
 
 ■ U 
 
 ;i?l 
 
 1688. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fettlements, deftroyed feme of the inhabitants, 
 and brought away their fcalps. The Iroquois of 
 the rapids of St. Louis, and of the mountain, were, 
 on their fide, occupied in a fimilar nianher ; but 
 they who took meafures more juftifiable, to ren» 
 der abortive the conclufion of a treaty, of which 
 they feared to become the firft viflims, were the 
 Hurons of Michilimakinac, who were frequently 
 and juftly fufpeded of a coliufion with the 
 Englifh and Iroquois. 
 
 Kondiaronk, or the Rat, chief of war and 
 fenior in council among the Hurons, aged forty 
 years, finding himfelf prefled and folicited by M. 
 de Denonville to enter into an alliance with him, 
 at laft confented, upon condition that the war 
 fhould not terminate, but by the total deftru£lion 
 of the Iroquois nations. Relying on thefe en- 
 gagements, the Rat departed from Michilima* 
 kinac at the head of a hundred warriors, to in- 
 vade the country of the Iroquois, with the in- 
 tention of performing fome brilliant exploit. In 
 the mean while, as it was neceifary in this con- 
 jundture of affairs to a£l with caution and pru- 
 dence, he judged it proper firfl: to go to Fort 
 Frontenac or Catarocony. When he arrived at 
 that place, he was informed by the Commandant, 
 that M. de Denonville was endeavouring to make 
 peace with the five nations, whofe ambaffadors 
 he expe^ed, with hoitages to be conducted to 
 
 Montreal i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 221 
 
 Montreal ; that the treaty, which had already book 
 been nearly arranged, might be finally con- ^ -1 j^ 
 eluded* He likewife told the Rat, that, in con- i^^B* 
 fequence thereof, it was expedient he (hould re- 
 turn to Michilimakinac with all his warriors. 
 This favage, aftonifhed at news fo little expefled, 
 and fo prejudicial to him and to all his nation, 
 and forefeeing that he fhould be facrificed to the 
 interefts of the French, replied to the Com- 
 mandant, with an air of indifference, that his re- 
 queft was reafonable. Far, however, from pur- 
 fuing the counfel which had been given him, 
 he went to meet the ambafTadors and hodages 
 of the Iroquois at the cafcades of St. Lawrence, 
 about thirty miles above the ifland of Montreal. 
 There he remained for five or fix days, when 
 thefe unfortunate deputies, accompanied by forty 
 young men, arrived, and were killed or captured 
 in difembarking from their canoes. When the 
 captives were bound, this politic favage informed 
 them that the French Governor, having advifed 
 him to refort thither, to watch for a party of 
 warriors who fhould pafs by the way of the caf- 
 cades, he had occupied that portion. The Iro- 
 quois, fhocked at the perfidy of which they fup- 
 pofed M. de Denonville had been guilty, related 
 to the Rat, the objed of their miffion. The Hu- 
 ron, afTuming then an air of terrible ferocity, 
 
 began. 
 
 ' 
 
 > 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 m 
 
 IM 
 
i 
 
 mi 
 
 222 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 i* ' 
 
 
 
 mm 
 
 ' '!» 
 
 'Ih 
 
 !!t . . ,1'! 
 
 "lilt 
 
 BOOK began, in order the better to play his part, to 
 ^..-^-.^ declaim againft the condudl of M. de Dcnonville, 
 i688. aflferting that fooncr or later he would avenge 
 himfelf for having been made the inftrument, in 
 effedling the moft horrible treafon that ever was 
 committed ; and, looking with fixed attention on 
 all the prifoners, among whom was the principal 
 ambaflador Theganeforens, he faid, " Go, my 
 brethren, I releafe you, and reftore you to your 
 country, although we are at war with you. The 
 Governor of the French has caufed me to com- 
 mit an adion of fuch turpitude, that I (hall never 
 hereafter, on that account, enjoy repofe of mind, 
 unlefs the five nations exercife a jud and fuitable 
 degree of revenge." Nothing more was necefTary 
 to perfuade thefe Iroquois of the fmcerity of the 
 Rat, and they immediately alTured him, that, if 
 he would confent to enter on terms of peace, 
 they ihould be ratified by the five nations. The 
 Rat, who on this occafion lofl only one man, 
 retained, in order to replace him, a flave of the 
 Chaouanon nation, who had been adopted by the 
 Iroquois, and having given fufils, powder, and 
 ball, to the prifoners, to enable them to return 
 to their villages, he took the rout for Michilima- 
 kinac, where he prefented to the French Com- 
 mandant the flave whom he brought with him. 
 He was no fooner delivered over than he was 
 
 condemned 
 
 t ;;■::;: 
 
 IliM 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 223 
 
 "condemned to be fliot, becaufe it was not yet book 
 
 IV 
 
 known there that M. de Dcnonville was about to 
 
 make peace with the Iroquois. . - . - 
 
 In vain did this unhappy flave recount his own 
 adventure and that of the ambaffadors. It was 
 imagined that the terror of death made him 
 fpeak, whild the Rat and his warriors affirmed 
 that he raved. Thus was this unhappy wretch 
 facrificed, notwithftanding all the reafons which 
 he urged in his defence. ' '■■>'"*■■ • "v 
 
 On the fame day, the Rat, calling to him an 
 old Iroquois flave who had a long time ferved 
 him, faid that he was now refolved to give him 
 his freedom, and to fend him back to his 
 country, to pafs the remainder of his days 
 among the people of his nation, and, being an 
 ocular witnefs of the treatment which the French 
 had (hewn towards his countryman by adoption, 
 whom they ftior, notwithftanding all he could 
 fay to the Commandant in his juftification, he 
 ought not to fail in reprefenting to them an 
 adlion fo barbarous and unjuft ; and that whilft 
 the French were amufmg the cantons with pre- 
 tended negociations, they caufed their people to 
 be captured and put to death. The flave ac- 
 quitted himfelf fo punctually of his commiflion, 
 that although the Iroquois appeared to be unde- 
 ceived with refped to the bad faith of the Go- 
 
 vernor- 
 
 i683. 
 
 lt„V>r. 
 
¥:U 
 
 
 
 824 
 
 i6S8. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 vernor-General, it yrill hereafter be (hown, that 
 they either diflembled, or that a great number 
 of the nation was well inclined to feize fo plau- 
 fible a pretext for re-commencmg the war. 
 
 It may well be imagined, from the Situation 
 in which the affairs of New France had long 
 been, that the commerce could be by no means 
 flouriihing* For upwards of nine years that it 
 had been declared free, the colony bad con- 
 fiderably increafed, and by a capitation taken 
 this year, its population amounted to eleven 
 thoufand two hundred and forty-nine*^ perfons. 
 The Engliih participated with the French in the 
 commerce of furs, which was the principal caufe 
 of the wars in which the latter were fo fre< 
 quently engaged agalnft the Iroquois, becaufe 
 the former could not procure furs of the moO: 
 valuable quality which are drawn from the 
 quarters of the north, but by means of thefe fa- 
 vages, with whom the French would not be re- 
 conciled, without cutting off from them that 
 profitable fource. 
 
 The eflabliihment of a fifliery was attempted 
 this year in the vicinity of the river Matane, 
 which empties itfelf into the Saint Lawrence, 
 and whofe mouth was found capable of receiving 
 (hips of two hundred tons. All the fouth coaf^ 
 of this part of the St. Lawrence, for the fpace of 
 
 *2 twenty 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 225 
 
 »wn, that 
 ; number 
 B fo plau- 
 var. 
 
 i ruu»tioxi 
 bad long 
 no means 
 »rs that it 
 
 had con- 
 ition taken 
 
 to eleven 
 le*^ perfons. 
 >nch in the 
 icipal caufe 
 ere fo fre- 
 is, beamfe 
 f the mofi: 
 
 from the 
 of thefe fa- 
 
 not be re- 
 
 them that 
 
 s attempted 
 
 er Matane, 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 af receiving 
 
 fouth coaft 
 
 he fpace oi 
 
 twenty 
 
 1688. 
 
 1639. 
 
 twentyleagues, abounds in cod fifh, though Infe- book 
 rior in fize and quality to thofe caught on the 
 banks of Newfoundland. Great quantities of 
 whales and porpuffes alfo frequent this immenfe 
 river, and from thefe as well as from the falmon 
 filheries very confiderable profits were afterwards 
 derived, • 
 
 In the end of May M. de Denonville received 
 orders to return to Europe, to be employed m 
 the army of the King of France, there being an 
 immediate profpedt of a rupture on that conti* 
 nent. At the fame time the Count de Fronte- 
 nac, who had before governed New France, was 
 declared his fucceflbr. 
 
 The Marquis de Denonville entertained a fm- 
 cere wifli to promote the welfiire of the colony, 
 and an ardent zeal for the intcrefls of the fervice 
 of his Sovereign. He omitted nothing in his, 
 power that could contribute to the one or to the 
 other. ' His ideas for the improvement of Canada 
 were extenfive and well founded. During his 
 adminiftration perfe«^ concord exifted between 
 all who participated in the government, a cir- 
 cumftance which had never taken place before, 
 although eflential to the tranquillity of the inha- 
 bitants, and to the public good. 
 
 He was however at times deficient in adlivity 
 and vigour. He took not much pains to invefti- 
 gate the charader of thofe who approached 
 
 VOL. I. Q, him. 
 
 
mW 
 
 226 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 him, and fometimes abandoned plans, the execu- 
 tion of which he had begun. His confidence 
 1689. was frequently abufed by thofe whom he con- 
 fulted, who had no other object in view but their 
 particular interefts. Of unfufpe^ting integrity, 
 he relied too much on the opinions of thofe who 
 furrounded him, and reflected not that interefl;, 
 ambition, and avarice, paflions too powerful to 
 fubmit to the reflraint of confcience or of ho- 
 nour^ uniformly endeavour to aflume the malk 
 of virtue. 
 
 if^>'i: 
 
 <!"•% 
 
 yj 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 aiy 
 
 B O O K V. 
 
 Irrupmn and Devajiation by the Iroquois, in the I/land of 
 Montreal. — Return of the Count de Frontenac to Ca- 
 nada.-^^Conference of Iroquois Deputies at Quebec. — 
 Attack and Pillage of Corlar. — Of Sementels.'-'Of 
 Kajkebe. — Convoy for Michilimahinac attacked by a 
 Party of the Iroquois. — Arrityes in Safety at its De/li' 
 nation.-^Caufes a Change in the Difpofition of the French 
 Allies. ^Hef cent of the Iroquois en the Vicinity of the 
 IJland of Montreal.'~-Sir William Phipps fails from 
 Bojlon with an Armament for the Reduflion of ^tebec, 
 '—-Attempt on that Place. — Failure.---' Return of the 
 Englifh Fleet. — Iroquois attack the Fort of La Prairie 
 de la Magdelaine.'^^ObJlinate Courage and Refolution of 
 thofe Savages.— -Mantel's Expedition againji their Na- 
 tion, 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 
 'npHE ftate of weaknefs to which New France book 
 •*- had now fallen, and a projed which had ■_-/->__/ 
 been concerted at Paris for the redudion of '689. 
 New York, required that the perfon who (hould 
 be placed in the dire^ion of affairs in Canada, 
 fhould poffefs commanding manners, firmnefs of 
 character, experience in the mode of carrying on 
 war, knowledge of the country, and of the ha- 
 bitudes and difpolition of the favages. Thofe 
 
 0^2 qualities 
 
I^: 
 
 22$ 
 
 1689. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 qualities were combined in the Count de Fron- 
 tenac, and there was reafon to hope that, with 
 the genius which he poflelTed, he would profit 
 from his former errors, and the unhappinefs 
 which they caufed him, fofar as to moderate his 
 paflions, and to condudl himfelf upon other prin- 
 ciples than the fuggeftions of his prejudices or 
 diflikes. • -■■■ -v .'. .v>v 
 
 The Count de Frontenac and the Chevalier 
 de Callieres arrived at Quebec on the 12th of 
 Oclober, and at Montreal on the 27th. They 
 there found M. M. de Denonville and Champig- 
 ny in a ftate of much embarraffment. 
 
 The Iroquois made an incurfion into the 
 colony when M. de Denonville expected not fuch 
 a vifit, having had the precaution to fignify to 
 . that people that he fo greatly difapproved of the 
 treafon of the Rat, that he would order him to 
 be hanged, (liould he fall into his hands. He 
 therefore every day awaited the arrival often or 
 twelve depuries to conclude terms of peace. 
 After the lapfe of a (hort time they indeed ar- 
 rived, but in a much greater number, and with a 
 defign different from that of which the General 
 had conceived the hope. They difembarked at 
 the end of the ifland to the number of twelve 
 hundred warriors, who burnt and pillaged all the 
 habitations. They made a horrid mafllitre of 
 men, women, and children : the confternation 
 
 became 
 
 matt( 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 2:9 
 
 became general ; for thefe barbarians had ap- book 
 proached within three leagues of the town. They ,_ -_'_ ^ 
 blockaded two forts, after having burnt the fur- »^^i;« 
 rounding houfes. A detachment of one hundred 
 foldiers and fifty favages who had been fent after 
 them, were nearly all taken or cut in pieces. 
 
 The Iroquois fpread defolation over alinofi: ihe 
 whole ifland, and lod only three of their peoj-Je, 
 one of whom was brought prifoner to the town, 
 and declared to the Governor, that the political 
 itroke of the Rat was irreparable, the Iroquois 
 nations being fo deeply impreffed with the atro- 
 city of tliis outrage, that it would be impofli'le 
 foon to bring them to reafon ; and that, fo far 
 from condeuuiing the condud of this Huron, 
 they were ready to enter into a treaty with hiin, 
 becaufe he had efFetted with his party no more 
 than what a good warrior and a (teady ally 
 ought to have atchieved. 
 
 No fooner had the barbarians completed, as 
 far as they thought prudent, their work of ^de- 
 ftrudion and flaughter, than they embarked for 
 their native country, charged with the plunder 
 they had made, and with two hundred prifoners, 
 finding no oppofition to their retreat. This dif- 
 allrous incurfion filled the minds of the inhabi- 
 tants with aflonifhmenr, and afforded ample 
 matter for reflexion. 
 
 0.3 The 
 
 li '1^ 
 

 ■V, 
 
 !r.v 
 
 
 ^1 ■ ^v! ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 230 
 
 BOOK 
 V. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The forts of Niagara and Catarocony were in 
 confequence abandoned and blown up. and two 
 veflels built for the purpofe of navigating lake 
 Ontario were burnt. 
 
 This year was however not equally unfortu* 
 nate for every part of Canada. Whilll the Iro- 
 quois carried their ravages into the centre of the 
 colony, M. d'lberville and his brothers fupported 
 in the north the honour of the French, and the 
 Abinaquls avenged, at the expence of the Eng- 
 lifli, all the mifchief which had been done by 
 their allies. 
 
 M. de Siegnelay informed the Count de Fron- 
 tenac and M. deChampigny, that the great efforts 
 which the King was neceflitated to make in op- 
 pofition to all the European powers united againlt 
 France, would not permit him to fend to Ame- 
 rica the reinforcements which had been demand- 
 ed, nor to entertain for the prefent the thoughts 
 of an enterprife in that quarter ; and that a 
 vigilmt defence appeared to him more advan- 
 tageous for his fervice, and for thg* fafety of the 
 colony. That it was, above al!, neceflary to 
 re-unite the inhabitants in villages, in order to 
 protcft thera againfl: the favages ; and, in fine, 
 that the General might ufe with eficd, in order 
 to conclude a folid and honourable peace, the 
 credit which he had acquired among the Iro- 
 quois, 
 
HISTORY OF CANAPA. 
 
 2^t 
 
 y 
 
 quois, and the conciliatory circumdance of b q o k 
 reftoring them their counirymen who had re- •^^^'- ^ 
 turned from France. »6ii9. 
 
 Whild in Canada, the government could not 
 comprehend why the court (hould find any difH- 
 cuhy in making an effort againd the Englifh ; the 
 council of the King were equally furprifed, that 
 the inhabitants of New France fhould refufe to 
 change their place of habitation, and purfue in 
 their arrangement a fyftem which was conceived 
 not to be attended with much inconvenience, 
 and which was abfolutely conne61ed with their 
 prefervation. The one faw nothing more im- 
 portant for the lervice, than to deliver the colony 
 from troublefome neighbours j the other judging 
 of Canada by the provinces of the kingdom, 
 could net conceive that there could be any ob- 
 flacle to the changes propofed. Thus events 
 only that more immediately intereft, appear ne- 
 cefl'ary, and that which is pradifed and eftablifh- 
 cd in one fituation, appears to be every where 
 practicable. It is however certain, that what 
 was exaOed from the inhabitants of Canada was 
 much lefs eafy to be put in execution, than it 
 appeared to the miniller by whom it was re- 
 quired. 
 
 The Count deFronlenac entertained no doubt- 
 ful expedation that he (hould be able to concili- 
 ate the refped of the Iroquois. His hope was 
 
 CL4 chiefly 
 
 1^1 
 
 %r 
 
 r 
 
 uM 
 
 It 
 
2^i 
 
 • HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^1 
 
 BOOK chiefly founded on the marks of adeem for his 
 >_,—,'- _f perfon which had been manifefted by that people 
 1689. during his former refidence in Canada ; and he 
 fuppofed, that in making a voyage up the coun- 
 try together with a great number of their chiefs, 
 whofe chains he had broken, he would regain 
 their former fentiments of rcfpecl:. He was at 
 lead alTurcd of having engaged in his interefl 
 a brave Goyogouin captain named Oureouharc, 
 the moft: accredited of all thofe whom he had 
 led back from France, and to whom he had paid 
 great attention during the voyage. He conduiSted 
 him to Montreal, where," having Auind an Iro- 
 quois ambaflador called Giigr.iogatow, who had 
 made fome infolent propofitions to M. de D^non- 
 Tille, Oureouhare 'advifcd hirn to fend back 
 with him four of the companions of his chains, 
 to announce to the cantons the return of their 
 chiefs. ' ' 
 
 The Count followed this counsel. Oureou- 
 harc recommended it to thefe (deputies tonegle<ft 
 nothing which could engage the cantons to fend 
 an embaffy to their ancient fither, in reprefent- 
 ing to thtm that they could not difpenfe with 
 fending to felicitate him on his hnppy return, and 
 to thank him for the kijulnefs wlncii he had 
 fhewn to their brethren. He charged them fur- 
 ther to aflfure the nations, that they would expe- 
 rience from this Gv^eral much tendernefs and 
 
 edeem ; 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 233 
 
 cfteem ; and to declare particularly to his own 
 canton, that he would not return home if they 
 came not to alk him back from Ononthio, whom 
 he was refolved not to leave without his full 
 confent. 
 
 The deputies acquitted themfelves perfci5lly 
 Well of their commiflion. On their arrival, the 
 cantons aflembled, deliberated on their anfwer, 
 and fent it by the fame ambafladors, who arrived 
 at Montreal on the fixth of March. They found 
 there neither M. de Frontenac, nor Oureouhare, 
 who had returned to Quebec. The deputies 
 were therefore fenc to that place. They were 
 charged with fix belts of porcelain ; the firft 
 marked the fubjecl of their delay, caufed by the 
 arrival of the Outaouais durincr winter ; the fe- 
 conJ collar tellifii'd the joy of the five nation?, 
 and of the Dutch their allies, to learn the return 
 of Oreouhare, wh.im they called General of all 
 the Iroqunii. The third collar fuggcfleJ what 
 was to be faid by O.iontae in the names of th^ 
 fiv^e cantoiis, demanding thj immediate return of 
 Oreouharc, and that he fliould be acconipariied 
 by all the Iroquois who were prifoners among 
 the French, protefliiig at th.e fauie time that they 
 would not give up any of the French who were 
 in their hands, until Oreouhatc fliouid return 
 ^nd give orders for their clilpofal. The fourth 
 
 and 
 
 i6iij. 
 
 1 6 ;o. 
 
^v^ 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 BOOK and fifth were addrefled to Oiionthio in the 
 
 V. 
 
 following words : 
 
 i6yo. 
 
 ** You fay that you wifh to eflabHfh the tree 
 of peace which you had planted in your fort of 
 Frontenac, but are you ignorant that the roots of 
 that tree are with'^red by the blood which has 
 there been fpilt ? The places where the council 
 was held are yet crimfoned with blood. That 
 ground, where we were feized as prifoners, while 
 invefled with pacific milTions, and placing confi- 
 dence in the honour of your nation, is polluted 
 by treachery and falfehood. The territory of the 
 Tfonnonthouans, the largefl of our villages, is de- 
 folated by the ravages of the French. Atone for 
 all thofe evils, and you fliall be at liberty to plant 
 the tree of peace any where but in that fituation. 
 
 *' You have with feverity chaftifed your chiK 
 dren ; your rods of correction have been too 
 htavy, and too cutting. After this treatment, 
 jadg'j if I ought ftill to have fpirit ? I affure you, 
 my father, that I, Oaoiiiac, ani maffer of all 
 the PVench prifoners. Make frnooth the path 
 from Galette, or irom Chanibly. 'rtgaiiiiTorens, 
 your favourite chief of our nation, fliall there 
 come to meet you : you may be accompanied 
 thither by as many attendants as you pleafe, 
 and I (Iiall lead with me an equal number.*' 
 
 cai 
 
 The 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The fixth collar intimated, that there was a 
 pariy of Iroquois in the country, and to aifure 
 the French, that if they made any prifoners they 
 (hould be well treated, and praying, that if any of 
 the Iroquois were captured, they might be pre- 
 ferved ; adding alfo reproaches to the conduft 
 of the French for having killed twelve of their 
 nation, for which, at the fame time, they can- 
 didly owned that they had eaten fome French- 
 men. 
 
 As foon as the navigation of the rivers was 
 open, the General acquainted the deputies that 
 they might return, and Oureonhar^ put into 
 their hands eight belts, which explained to them 
 that the Count de Frontenac would enter into 
 no treaty that (hould not be refpefted. 
 
 The belts implied, that Oureouhare wilhed the 
 cantons to wipe away their tears, and to forget 
 what was pafled ; that he learnt with pleafure a 
 promife which the Outaouais had given, to re- 
 flore to the Tfonnonthouans all the prifoners 
 they had made from that canton : that he was 
 ftill more gratified with the refoiution which his 
 brethren had taken, to fave the lives of the 
 French who had fallen into their hands, and that 
 Ononthio had promifed to a6l in the fame man- 
 ner, until he received from the five cantons an 
 anfwer to the conditions he had offered : that 
 with refped to his own fituation, he thanked 
 
 5 them 
 
 «35 
 
 BOOK 
 
 V. 
 
 1690 
 

 HISTORY Ot CANADA. 
 
 'i"1; 
 
 i -',1 I 
 
 BOOK them f<^r the anxiety they had expreffed for him, 
 but that this alledion Teemed to have grown 
 weaker, they having not yet fent one of the chiefs 
 in fearch of him as he had requefled : that he 
 conjured them lo Ihcw him, as foon as pollible, 
 this mark of attachmeut, that they might be con. 
 vinced of the good will of their father Ononthio 
 for the whole nation, and of the kind treatment 
 which tliey fliould at all times experience. That 
 it was at his infh.nce that his father had allowed 
 an officer to accompany the deputies, to exhort 
 the nation not to lifterr to the Dutch, who had 
 infpired ihem with fall'e ideas ; not to interfere 
 with the concerns which Orange and Manhatti 
 might have with the French, and to take no um- 
 brage at the meafures which n\!ght be adopted 
 to chaftifc their neighbours, who had fliaken off 
 allegiance to their 1 ;wful Sovereign, whofe inte- 
 refls the King of France had efpoufed. That he 
 wiHied they would coiifider the French as their 
 brethren. That he would no longer feparate 
 himfelf from his father Ononthio. That he 
 would not return to his canton, although he had 
 ample liberty of choice, if they came not to re- 
 qufcft him in the manner which he had pointed 
 out. That they might depart in fafety to Mon- 
 treal, and be fatisfied that the word he had given 
 would not be difavoweJ, and that their confi- 
 dence fhould not be abufed. 
 
 The 
 
HISTORY OF Canada; 
 
 237 
 
 i6yo. 
 
 The officer who accompanied the deputies was book 
 the Chevalier d'Eau, who was firft fent to On- 
 nontaguc, to teftify a particular refpc6t tor this 
 canton, which the Governor courted more than 
 any of the others, and to gain better information 
 of what might be going forward. The conqueft of 
 Corlar, of which accounts had now arrived, and 
 the return of thofe employed on this expedition, 
 gave the Governor reafon to aflfume a higher 
 tone with the Iroquois, and he by this means 
 lowered their haughtinefs. 
 
 The northern allies of the French had long 
 entertained an ardent wifh to conneft themfelves 
 with the Englifli in commerce, by the interven- 
 tion of the cantons, as the articles of the latter 
 were afforded at a much cheaper rate than tliofe 
 of the French. It had been the prevalent policy 
 to endeavour to keep thofe nations at war with 
 the Iroquois, in order to interrupt the commu- 
 nication through their country. But intereft, 
 whofe influence over the human mind is ever 
 powerful, foon taught the favages of the north 
 the advantage of entering into an alliance with 
 the Iroquois. 
 
 The Outaouais fent ambafTadors to the can- 
 tons, together with the prifoners whom they had 
 captured in war. Some oppofition to this pro- 
 ceeding having been made by the French agents 
 and mifTionaries, they were anfwcred by the fa- 
 vages/ 
 
 (3 
 
ajS 
 
 HISTORy OF CANADA. 
 
 
 ■ f 
 
 J.' 
 1 . ; 
 
 
 I:'}!ft4,;j*i, 
 
 BOOK vagcs, that too great reliance had already been 
 w— -J-—/ placed on theproteflion of theGovernor-General. 
 i6go. They added, that they fuppofed Frenchmen to 
 
 have been warriors ; but experience had evinced 
 that they were much inferior to the Iroquois. It 
 was not then furprifing they loft much time in 
 doing nothing; the confcioufnefs of their own 
 imbecility reftrained them. After having wit- 
 neffed with what tamenefs they allowed them- 
 felves to be malfacred in the ifland of Montreal, 
 it was evident they were in a fituation to afford 
 no affiftance. Their protection was therefore 
 ^ not only become ufelefs, but prejudicial, by the 
 
 engagements into which the Outaouais had been 
 unprofitably drawn. Their weaknefs and defi- 
 ciency in courage appeared in a (till more con- 
 fpicuous manner at Tfonnonthouan, where, fur- 
 prifed at the refi (lance of the enemy, they were 
 faiisfied with making war upon the corn, the 
 huts, and canoes; and fince that period they had 
 not prefumed to make a further attempt, except 
 that of procuring peace by every fpecies of un- 
 worthy expedient and intrigue. They had not 
 even the courage to defend themfelves when at- 
 tacked ; and, contrary to all the examples which 
 experience had afforded to undeceive them, they 
 obftinately hoped for an accommodation, con- 
 ceiving it a lefs evil to fubmit to the imperious 
 dictates of an irfolent enemy, than again to 
 
 renew 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 239 
 
 renew the combat. Their alliance was not leiJs 
 injurious on account of their commerce, than on 
 account of their wars. They had deprived the 
 Outaouais of traffic with the Engliffi, much more 
 advantageous than their own, and this againd all 
 the laws of protedion, which confill in maintain- 
 ing freedom of commerce. Befides, thefe pre- 
 tended protestors let fall upon their allies the 
 whole weight of the war, whilft, by a conduft 
 replete with duplicity, they were endeavouring to 
 ihelter themfelves under a dlfhonourable treaty. 
 In a word, whoever (hould be made acquainted 
 with the fituation of their affairs, would rather 
 fuppofe the allies to be the protestors of the 
 French, than a people proteded by the power of 
 that nation. 
 
 M. de Frontenac found it necefTary, in order 
 to re-ellabli(h the character of the French in the 
 opinion of the favages, to form fome plan of 
 giving to the Englifli fuHicient occupation ia 
 their own territories. 
 
 This appeared the only means of refl raining 
 the incuriions of the Iroquois, and of rendering 
 them more reafonable, by making them fenfible 
 that they ought not to place too great a reliance 
 on the afliftance of the Governor of New York. 
 Thus, the native allies of the French, feeing a 
 defenfive war which was badly fuftained, con- 
 verted into a vigorous attack, would refume 
 
 their 
 
 BOOK 
 V. 
 
 1690. 
 

 240 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 J? o n K their former feiiiiments of efteem for the French 
 
 V. 
 
 ^-i-v'^VMi.; nation, or would at leafl be convinced that an 
 *^>o. alliance with the enemies of that people would 
 occafion the fame misfortunes, which by a fepa- 
 ration from them they were endeavouring to 
 avoid, and might perhaps unite them more clofcly 
 than ever to the caufe of the French. 
 
 M. de Frontenac having arranged the general 
 outlines of his plan, fent to acquaint M. Duran- 
 taye, who commanded at Michilimakinac, that 
 he might affure the Hurons and the Outaouais, 
 that in a fhort time they would find a confider- 
 able alteration in affairs. He prepared a large 
 convoy to reinforce that pod, and took meafures 
 for raifmg three parties of men, for the purpofe 
 of invi^difip^, by diflerent avenues, the fettlements 
 of the Englifli. The fird was formed at Mon« 
 treal, corripofcd of a hundred and ten men, 
 comuiandcd by M. d'Aillehout de Mantel, a 
 lieutenant. This party was deitined for New 
 Yrrk, but the choice of tliC pods which they 
 /hculd attack was left to the officers, and they 
 did not think proper to arrange this point until 
 they were ready to enter the enemy's country* 
 It was prc'pofed to attack Orange, but the de- 
 tachments being averfe to that enterprife on ac- 
 count of the difficulties whfch were likely to 
 attend it, M. dc Mantel fuggeiled an attempt 
 upon Corlar. It was towards evening when this 
 
 body 
 
 .:i- ' 
 
 Mnlf 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 body arrived within two leagues of that place, 
 which a Canadian with nine favages was detached 
 to reconnoitre. They found the inhabitants 
 unguarded, and without being perceived, they 
 rejoined the party of the French, On account 
 of the exceflive cold, an immediate attack was 
 refolved on. Corlar had at that time the figure 
 of a parallelogram, and had only two gates. 
 The one was on the outlet leading to Orange, 
 which was fix leagues diflant, the other towards 
 the road on which the French were advancing. 
 They found the gates open, and marched into 
 the town without refiftance. As foon as they 
 entered, the favages and French fet up the cry 
 of war, the fignal agreed upon for their joining 
 in one body. Mantel attacked a fort, where he 
 found the people under arms, and met with 
 fome refiftance, but a paflage being at length 
 forced into it, the defendants were put to the 
 fword, and the fort was reduced to afhes. Little 
 refiftance was encountered elfewhere, an:' every 
 houfe was pillaged and burnt. 
 
 The French were too near to Orange to re- . 
 main long in pofleflion of the ruins of Corlar ; 
 they therefore decamped at noon on the follow- 
 ing day. The booty they had acquired, an offi- 
 cer who had been wounded, and whom they were 
 obliged to carry, the prifoners amounting to 
 forty, and the want of provifions, againft which 
 
 VOL. u R they 
 
 'H-x 
 
.' .1 
 
 '■I .1. 
 
 mM 
 
 24f 
 
 HISTORY 0> CANADA. 
 
 ,1/ 
 
 BOOK they had neglefted fufficiently to guard, retarded 
 v^'w-^' much the retreat. Many would have perirtied 
 '^90- through hunger, had they not found a refource 
 by living upon horfe-fleih. The number of horfes 
 which amounted originally to fifty, was reduced 
 to fix, on their arrival at Montreal. The extre- 
 mity of want obliged them to feparate, when 
 fome of the parties were attacked, by which they 
 fuflained a lofs of three favages and iixteen 
 Frenchmen. 
 
 The Algonquins and Abenaquis had lately 
 returned from Acadia, where they had diftin- 
 guiihed themfelves in an expedition which was 
 attended with fuccefs. The other two parties, 
 deftined for feparate enterprifes, were raifed in 
 the governments of Three Rivers and Quebec ; 
 the General thinking by this means to create in 
 the parties an emulation which fails not of being 
 productive of good effedls, when the efforts are 
 feparately directed, and when every circumdance 
 which might create jealoufy is feduloufly a- 
 voided. 
 
 The diflrift of Three Rivers was at: that time 
 but thinly peopled, being unable to afford for 
 the expedition more than fifty men, including 
 five Algonquins and twenty Sokakis. This little 
 , party, which was headed by the Sieur Hertei, 
 marched from the town on the 28th of January, 
 went by land to the fouthward, leaving lake 
 
 Champlain 
 
 ■if: 
 4" 
 
 '"ffilllC f 
 
'• <v 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 243 
 
 I, retarded 
 re perilbed 
 a refource 
 er of horfes 
 /as reduced 
 The extre- 
 rate, when 
 which they 
 and lixteen 
 
 ; had lately 
 J had diftin- 
 a which was 
 two parties, 
 ;re raifed in 
 ind Quebec ; 
 s to create in 
 not of being 
 le efforts are 
 circumftance 
 eduloufly a- 
 
 av that time 
 to afford for 
 fen, including 
 s. This little 
 Sieur Hertd, 
 h of January, 
 
 leaving lake 
 Champlain 
 
 Champlain upon its left, turned to the caftward, book 
 and, after a long and difficult march, arrived on ^_ ,'- j 
 the 27th of March near an Englifh village called *^9®* 
 Sementels, which had been previoufly reconnoi- 
 tered by the fcouts. M. Hertel divided his 
 company into three bands. The firft, compofed 
 of fifteen men, had orders to attack a large for- 
 tified houfe ; the fecond, which contained only 
 eleven men, was to attack a pallifadoed fort hav- 
 ing four baflions ; the third, which he com- 
 manded in perfon, was deftined to attempt a 
 larger fort in which fomc cannon were mounted. 
 The feveral parts were executed with conduct 
 and valour. The enemy, who were unprepared, 
 were obliged to furrender, after a confiderable 
 number were cut in pieces. The village was pil- 
 laged and deftroyed. The party of French in 
 their retreat were attacked by fome Englifh who 
 had come from a neighbouring town, but an ad- 
 vantageous pofl which they had taken near a 
 bridge enabled them to efcape. 
 
 M. Hertel learnt on his way to Quebec, that a 
 party of men from thence, commanded by M. 
 Portneuf, was about the diftance of two days' 
 journey from him. This body, which connfted 
 of the company of M. de Manneval, governor 
 of Acadia, reinforced by fome Canadians and 
 fixty Abenaquis from the falls of Chaudiere, de- 
 parted from Quebec about the fame time that M. 
 
 & 2 Hertel 
 
 
 11 
 
 '.''I 
 
 I 
 
R 
 
 
 '( I* ? 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 , • .1 ■ 
 
 P^:r 
 
 
 444 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Hertel had left Three Rivers. Their ftock of 
 provifions was extremely circumfcribed, becaufe 
 1690. a fcarcity prevailed this year throughout the 
 whole colony, and obliged them to truft to the 
 chace on their march. It was towards the middle 
 of May before they arrived at a village of the 
 Abinaquis, where Portneuf had expedled to in- 
 creafe his number of men, but he found it defti- 
 tute of inhabitants. On marching further, he 
 difcovered another village of the fame nation, 
 fituated on the borders of Kinnebequi : he learnt 
 that warriors had a fhort time before been there 
 on their return from an incur fion into the Eng- 
 lifh fettlements. He met with them, and per- 
 fuaded them together with other favages to 
 accompany him, and on the twenty-fifth he en- 
 camped four leagues from Kafkebe, which he had 
 refolved to attack. This was a fortified village 
 upon the fea-coaft, containing fome pieces of 
 cannon, with ammunition and provifions. Four 
 favages and two Frenchmen placed themfelves, 
 at night, in ambufcade near the fort, and an 
 Englifhman falling into their hands at dawn of 
 d?y, was killed. The favages afterwards fent 
 forth their cry of war, and towards noon fifty 
 men of the garrifon advanced in good order to- 
 wards the fpot from whence they conceived the 
 cry had proceeded. They were almoft upon ic 
 without having perceived any traces ot the 
 
 enemy. 
 
 rllll 
 
 '"■] 
 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 *4$ 
 
 R2 
 
 large 
 
 1690. 
 
 enemy. The French, who beheld their approach, ^ o ^ ^ 
 difcharged their pieces at the diftance of tea 
 paces, and without giving them time to recover, 
 fell upon them with their fwords and hatchets, 
 and profiting by the diforder into which two 
 attacks fo fudden and brifk had thrown them, 
 killed and took prifoners the whole number ex- 
 cepting four, who efcaped into the fort. In the 
 mean time M. Hertel with his party joined M. 
 Portneuf. On the nights of the 26th and 27th 
 of May they encamped on the fea-coaft, fifty 
 paces diftant from the place, covering themfelvcs 
 with a ftrong breafl-work of earth. The trenches 
 were began on the following night : the Cana- 
 dians as well as the favages were ignorant of this 
 mode of attack ; but perfeverance, and an ardent 
 defire of fuccefs, fupplied the wsnt of fkill. 
 They found in fome fmall forts which had been 
 abandoned, many necefl'ary utenfils for removing 
 the earth j and the advances became fo rapid on 
 the 28th, that the befieged demanded a parley, 
 and on the following day furrendered themfelves 
 prifoners of war. 
 
 To regain the confidence of their allies, it was 
 neceffary that the French fliould not only re- 
 eftablifh the reputation of their arms, but place 
 thofe favage nations in a (late to be independent 
 of the commerce of the Englifli, and beyond the 
 dread of the hoftile efforts of the Iroquois. A 
 
 I 
 
U:i 
 
 \: 
 
 W'' 
 
 f :": « 
 
 %4^ HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 large convoy was therefore fent to Michilimaki- 
 nac, under the conduct of the Sieur de la Porte 
 1690. Louvigny, accompanied by Nicholas Perrot. 
 The latter was charged with prefents from the 
 Governor- General for the favages, and the for- 
 mer was to be Rationed at Michilimakinac in 
 quality of commandant. 
 
 M. Durantaye, whom he fuperfeded, had, by 
 his prudence and firmnefs, preferved to his fove- 
 reign all the mod advanced pods, in times the 
 mod perilous and difficult, and lived there with 
 the greated dirmteredednefs. His recal was 
 fuppofed to have been occaHoned from his being 
 on a friendly footing with the mifTionaries ; and 
 it was certain, that this unanimity which was 
 thought by the late Governor- General fo eflential 
 to the public fervice, was not agreeable to M. de 
 Frontenac. On the other hand, merit and vir- 
 tue when they become confpicuous, fail not to 
 attract the envy of many, who would take every 
 opportunity of ruining thofe, the fplendor of 
 whofe qaulities throw them in the ftiade. Such 
 chara£lers were not wanting in the cafe of M. 
 Durantaye ; and they conveyed falfe impreflions 
 into the mind of the Governor, already too fuf- 
 ceptible of prejudices. 
 
 The convoy which M. de Louvigny was con- 
 dufting, was accompanied by a hundred and 
 forty-three Frenchmen. S'ly;. favages alfo em- 
 barked 
 
 on 
 a ti 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 247 
 
 barked with them, and they were efcorted part of book 
 the way by a guard of thirty men. They de- >— ^..^ 
 parted oft the 2 2d of May, and on the following ^^9^' 
 day difcovered two canoes of the Iroquois in a 
 place called the C/jats, M. Louvigny fuppofed 
 they were not alone, and thirty men were de- 
 tached in three canoes, and fixty men by land to 
 furround the enemy. The firft fell into an am- 
 bufcade, and fudained a clofe fire ; the Iroquois, 
 who were concealed, taking their aim with fuch 
 certainty, that nearly the whole were wounded. 
 At length Louvigny landed with fifty men, 
 and charged the enemy fo powerfully and rapidly 
 that thirty Iroquois were killed, many wounded, 
 and feveral taken, and the remainder with diffi- 
 culty made their efcape in their canoes, which 
 amounted to thirteen. The defeat of this party 
 was afterwards productive of good effects. The 
 convoy arrived at Michilimakinac at the time 
 when the ambafladors of the French allies were 
 on the eve of taking their departure to conclude 
 a treaty with the Iroquois. 
 
 But when they were made acquainted with the 
 fuccelTes of the French, faw the flrength of the 
 convoy, and the great quantity of prefents and 
 merchandife which had been conveyed thither, 
 they became more ftrongly attached to the French 
 interefts, and delayed not to give proofs of their 
 fmcerity. A hundred and ten canoes, carrying 
 
 R 4 furs 
 
 "I 
 
1^ I 
 
 14$ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 1\ 
 
 :y:i 
 
 
 BOOK furs to the value of a hundred thoufand crowns, 
 
 V. 
 
 x^-^^-^j condudled by more than three hundred favages 
 1690. from all the northern nations, departed a little 
 time after for Montreal, where they found the 
 Count de Fioiitenac, who had come thither to 
 be in readinefs to defend that government, which 
 was threatened with an invafion. 
 
 A party of Iroquois having defcended to Mon- 
 treal by the river La Priere, were difcovered by 
 an inhabitant who gave advice of this circum- 
 flauce to the Sieur Colombet, a reduced lieu- 
 tenant. This officer colleded twenty-five men, 
 and went in fearch of the enemy, who were fu- 
 perior in number, and charged the French with 
 great refolution. Colombet and great part of 
 his men were killed, and the Iroquois loft twenty- 
 five men. Some days before, another troop of 
 fav.iges had carried oS fixteen people, confiding 
 chiefly of women and children, from the borders 
 of the river Becancourt. They were purfued, 
 and the barbarians, with a view to be unembar- 
 rafled in their flight, maflTacred all their pri- 
 foners. 
 
 On the 29th of Auguft the Chevalier de Cler^ 
 mont, who was ordered to afcend the river Sorel 
 to obferve the enemy, arrived at Montreal, and 
 reported that he had feen a great number of 
 warriors on lake Champlain, and that he had 
 even been purfued as far as Chambly. Signals 
 
 were 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 249 
 
 d crowns, 
 ed favages 
 red a little 
 Pound the 
 thither to 
 cnt, which 
 
 d to Mon- 
 :overed by 
 lis circum- 
 duced lieu- 
 y.five men, 
 o were fu- 
 'rench with 
 eat part of 
 oft twenty- 
 er troop of 
 , confifting 
 the borders 
 e purfued, 
 e unembar- 
 their pri- 
 
 ier de Cler* 
 river Sorel 
 ntreal, and 
 number of 
 lat he had 
 Signals 
 were 
 
 were immediately n.nde to alfemble the troops book 
 and militia. The Count de Frontenac went to ^.1^^-.*^ 
 
 La Prairie de la Magdeleine, which he had af- 
 figned as a rendezvous, and the whole of the 
 favages aflembled there, having not even left at 
 Montreal a guard on their merchandife. 
 
 Louis Atherihala, one of the mo(l confiderable 
 chiefs of the rapids of St. Louis, made a fpeech 
 in the name of the Iroquois Chriflians. He af- 
 terwards addrelfcd himfelf to the Outaouais, and 
 informed them that he was inltruded concerning 
 all their negociations with the cantons, and was 
 not ignorant that they had now renounced them. 
 But that upon this point there ftill remained 
 fome (hadow of diftruft, and he folicited them to 
 declare briefly the reafons which had induced 
 them to treat thus with the enemy, without the 
 participation of their fiuher, and what was their 
 prefent difpofition with regard to the French. 
 
 " It is true,** replied the Outaouaifian orator, 
 *• that we had reftored to the Iroquois fome 
 flaves, and have promifed to fend them more ; 
 but attend to the condud which has been held 
 towards us, and you will then judge if we are in 
 the wrong. After having engaged us in war, 
 they obliged us to a ceffation of hoftilities ; and 
 again to take up the hatchet, without inftrudting 
 us of the caufe. We comprehended none of 
 thefe variations in meafures, and we were alfo 
 
 aftonifhed 
 
 1690. 
 
 
 If 
 
1 J 
 
 i 
 
 
 Nri 
 
 150 
 
 #,•5 t> ;if 
 
 hi > 
 t ■ . I 
 
 j. 
 
 I 
 
 u^i 
 
 I 1 
 
 1690. 
 
 m 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 aflonifhed at the little vigour with which the war 
 was fuftained. At length, fearing that the French, 
 Aifficiently embarraffed by defending themfelves, 
 would fufFer us to be overpowered, without hav- 
 ing the means of relieving us, we thought it time 
 to confult for our fafety. We have fent nief- 
 fages, and have received anfwers ; but the nego- 
 ciation was incomplete. The firft of our ambaf- 
 fadors died among the Tfonnonthouans ; the 
 ethers returned toMichilimakinac without having 
 concluded any terms. In this crifis ofaflfairs 
 we heard of the return of our ancient father, and 
 no fooner did he announce to us his pleafure, 
 than we rejected every thought of accommoda- 
 tion with th^ Iroquois, and are come to receive 
 further inflru^ions concerning his future inten- 
 tions." 
 
 When he had ceafed to fpeak, the Huron 
 orator arofe, and faid, for his part he had never 
 departed from the alliance of the French, nor 
 from the obedience which he owed to his father, 
 to whom he was refolved, whatever might hap- 
 pen, to remain always faithful. The General 
 then broke up the conference, led it (hould de- 
 generate into altercation, and told the alTembly, 
 that as foon as he had repelled the enemy far off 
 the lands, each might return to his houfe, 
 
 A party of the Iroquois fell upon a quarter 
 
 named ia Soucbe, about a quarter of a league 
 
 8 diltant 
 

 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 25« 
 
 diflant from the foot where the army were en- book 
 camped. They there found inhabitants and fol- ^.^^.1.^ 
 diers cutting down corn, and at fotne diftance 165Q. 
 from each other, although they had been wirned 
 to remain ever on their guard, and within reach 
 of mutual aid. The greater part were without 
 arms, and the commandant of the quarter 
 negle6led the precaution of placing fentinels* 
 Some neverthelefs defended themfelves well, and 
 the Iroquois loft, fix men. On the fide of the 
 French, ten foldiers, eleven inhabitants, and four 
 women were taken or killed. The horned 
 cattle were deftroyed, and the houfes and the 
 hay burnt, after which the enemy retired into 
 the woods. 
 
 The day on which the adventure took place 
 the General aflembled, for the laft time, the 
 favages, who were impatient for their difmiflal. 
 He told them, that their intereft required them 
 to make war on the Iroquois, and that he would 
 not lay afide the hatchet until that nation was 
 humbled. He exhorted them to harafs thofe 
 barbarians, until they fliould be in a condition 
 to attack them in their country. He accompa- 
 nied his difcourfe with confiderable prefents and 
 engaging manners, which he well knew how to 
 aflume, and the favages departed well pleafed 
 with him, and with all the French. 
 
 The 
 
r' 
 
 Ik^ 
 
 H 'V i 
 
 252 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The Iroquois continued their defultory in- 
 roads, and fcveral of the inhabitants were killed 
 in different parts of the country. 
 
 Thefc unhappy events caufed much difquietude 
 to the Governor- General. He called to him 
 Oureouhare, and, after having with brevity ex- 
 plained to him the condu^l which he had always 
 held towards his nation, both during the period 
 of his firft command, and fmce his return from 
 France, he laid, that at lead he might have ven- 
 tured to entertain a hope, that gratitude for the 
 benefits with which he had loaded him in parti- 
 cular, might have engaged him to open the eyes 
 of his countrymen ; tliat he either mull be in- 
 fcnfible to the imprelllons of kindnefs, if he 
 failed in this a6l of duty ; or his nation mud have 
 little cflimation for him, if he was unable to pre- 
 vail on it to adopt counfels more reaionable, and 
 more conl'onant to its genuine uitcrelh. 
 
 The Iroquois chief appeared mortified at this 
 difcourfe, of which he felt the whole force : he 
 ncvenhclcfs fcemed culm and unaltered ; he 
 begged the General to recoiled', that on his re- 
 turn from France he had found the cantons en- 
 gaged in an alliance with the K.»i^lilh, which it 
 was diflicult to let alide ; and fo vehemently 
 enraged againd the French, whole treacherous 
 copdud had forced them into rb.is alliance, that 
 it was nccclUiry to await the operation ol" time 
 
 and 
 
 • •• H 
 
 '^Ai 
 
r 
 
 HISTORY Ol- CANADA. 
 
 253 
 
 and of conjundlures, towards ciredlnjjf a mote book. 
 favourable difpofiiion ; that for his part, he had v.*-.—-/ 
 done nothing with which he could reproach him- '^i^° 
 felf ; that the refufal he had made to return to 
 his cantons, where his prefence was ardently de- 
 fired, ought to banifli all fufpicion of his fidelity; 
 that if notwiihftanding a mark fo unequivocal of 
 his attachment to the French they did him the 
 injuflice to entertain fentiments to his prejudice, 
 he would not delay to difpel them. 
 
 This anfwcr made the Count de Frontcnac 
 repent of his ill humour, and of the dillrull with 
 which it had infpircd him ; he inuucdiately gave 
 marks of his friendflii» ior Ounvudiarc, and re- 
 folved to conciliate more thim ever the attach- 
 ment of a peifon fo rational, nnd from whom 
 he was convinced that great aJv.uita;^'cs mi^;;ht be 
 derivoc!. 
 
 ' Information was lunv received that an arma- 
 ment, whofe fuj^polcd (Icdiiv.'.iion was to lay 
 ficgc to (.hicbcc, had failed from Bofloii. TIjc 
 Governor-Clential eiiicrtaincd doubts that a 
 llci't fo confiJeraljlL" could be fitted out without 
 the lead intelligence of fuch j>reparations having 
 before reached hiin. The fquaclron confiilcd of 
 a frigate of forty guns, a (loop ol' war of fixtecn 
 guns, an armed velfel of eight guns, and four 
 gallies. Tliefe were under the coumiand of Sir 
 William Phipps, a native of New Kngland, of 
 
 obfcuie 
 
«54 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 '■% I' 
 
 
 rit- 
 
 hr-'- 
 
 
 BOOK obfcure origin, but who, by the force of his 
 \^^ — genius, had raifed himfelf to diftindion and to 
 '^9o- fortune. 
 
 After having captured all the fortified places 
 in Acadia, the ifland of Newfoundland, and one 
 or two fettiements in the river St Laurence, the 
 Englifh fleet advanced to Tadouflac, before it 
 was with certainty known at Quebec that an 
 enemy was coming againft it. Upon an exprefs 
 being feat to the Governor, who was then at 
 Montreal, he hallened to Qiiebec, bringing with 
 him every afllllance which coulc: be fpared from 
 the two governments, and from the country 
 through which he palfed. He found on his 
 arrival, that great exertions had been made by 
 the town major to put the garrifon in a ftate of 
 defence, and that a number of the neighbouring 
 inhabitants had been called into the town ; and, 
 although they had laboured on the fortifications 
 for no more than five days, they had fufficiently 
 fecured thegarrilon every where from being fur- 
 prifed by a coup dc ?nain. 
 
 The General added fome intrenchments which 
 he f)und neceflfary, and confirmed the order 
 which the major had judicioufly given to the 
 captains of the companies of militia of Beaupre, 
 of Beauport, of the ifland of Orleans, and of the 
 coad of Laufon, which covered Quebec on the 
 borders of the bafon, not to quit their pods 
 
 until 
 
 the 1 
 the 
 
 .if 
 
 * \ 
 
i 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^5S 
 
 until they fliould fee the enemy make a defcent, b o o ic 
 and attack the body of the place ; they fhould c« »^ .^ 
 then hold themfelves in readinefs to march ^^®* 
 wherever they fhould be called. 
 
 The coaft of the river along the fouth channel 
 of Orleans was lined with an armed militia, and 
 a detachment of men under the command of an • 
 officer of activity and merit was difpatched from 
 Quebec, for the purpofe of watching the move- 
 ments of the hoftile fquadron. 
 
 Several veflels were expected from France, and 
 it was much to be apprehended they might fall 
 into the bauds of the enemy. In order, if poffi- 
 ble, to guard agaiiift this accident, M. de Fron- 
 tenac fent, by the north channel of Orleans, two 
 canoes well equipped, with orders to defcend 
 until they Ihould find thofe veflfels, if in the 
 river, and acquaint them with the fituation of 
 affairs. 
 
 The fortifications at that time commenced at 
 the rocky bank above the Intendant*s palace, on 
 the borders of the river St. Charles, and Itretch- 
 ing along the upper town, which they environed, 
 terminated at the mountain called Cape Dia- 
 mond. They were alfo cent uued from the 
 palace ail along the fummit of the rock which 
 forms the north-eaft boundary of the town, and 
 pallifiidoed to the cloiflers of the feminary, 
 where they joined tha precipitous rock called 
 
 Sault 
 
 I 
 
"t. 
 
 5 ( » J 
 '1 
 
 255 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 1^' •• 
 
 .■ {■ 
 Iff 
 
 ». " ■ : 1 
 
 
 B o o fc Sault au Matelot, on which there was a battery 
 x^^l^^ of three guns. A fecond pallifade placed be- 
 1690. yQj^j jj^g other reached to the fame place, and 
 was intended for a cover to the infantry. 
 
 The lower town contained two batteries, each 
 of three eighteen pounder guns, filling up the 
 , intervals between thofe in the higher town. 
 The outlets, which had no gates, were barricaded 
 with ftrong beams of timber, and with cafks 
 filled wiih earth, on the top of which pattereroes 
 were planted. The road which led from the 
 lower to the upper town was intercepted by three 
 different intrenchments, compofed of barrels, 
 and bags filled with earth, and of cheveaux de 
 frieze. During the fiege another battery was 
 formed at the Sault au Matelot, and a third at 
 the gate which conduds to the river St. Charles* 
 Some pieces o\ cannon were alfo difpofed on the 
 higher ground, and on the walls of a wind-mill, 
 which fervcd the purpofe of a cavaliere. 
 
 On the 1 6th of October, at three in the morn- 
 ing, M. de Vaudreuil, who had been detached to 
 watch the inovcuients of the (hips, returned to 
 Quebec, and reported that he had left them at 
 about thu'c leagues diftance, at a place then 
 called V Arbrcfcc^ and when day appeared, they 
 were diitinclly feen from the heights. The 
 fquadron was compofed of thirty-four veifels of 
 different defcriptions, and it was laid they con- 
 tained 
 
 11 ., ' 
 ?nfc 
 
 W- ^ 
 
I u 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 257 
 
 I battery 
 iced be- 
 ace, and 
 r. 
 
 ries, each 
 g up the 
 er town, 
 larricaded 
 /ith caiks 
 attereroes 
 from the 
 d by three 
 f barrels, 
 jeveaux de 
 ittery was 
 a third at 
 t. Charles, 
 fed on the. 
 wind-mill, 
 
 '• 
 
 the morn- 
 etached to 
 iturned to 
 :ft them at 
 3lace then 
 •ared, they 
 hts. The 
 r veffels of 
 I they con- 
 tained 
 
 tamed feveral thoDfand men, who were to adl on book. 
 
 V. 
 
 (hore. As it advanced, the fmaller veflTels were 
 
 ranged along the coaft of Beauport, between the 
 ifland of Orleans and the St. Charles, the other 
 veffels occupying the centre of the «Treat channel. 
 About ten o'clock the whole came to an anchor. 
 A boat with a white flag was foon after difco- 
 vered to proceed from the commodore's (hip. 
 It contained an officer with a trumpet, to fum- 
 mon the garrifon to furrender. When he landed, 
 he was conveyed blindfold to an apartment in 
 the government houfe, in which the General 
 with feveral of his officers were affembled. Upon 
 his eyes being unfolded, he delivered a challenge 
 for furrendering the garrifon, which was peremp- 
 torily rejeded. 
 
 The principal defign of M. de Frontenac, was 
 to encourage the enemy to crofs the river St. 
 Charles, as they could not with eftecl attack the 
 garrifon but from this fide. His reafon was, that 
 the river being fordable only at low water, when 
 they had once paffed it the beiieged might, with- 
 out much hazard, go to engage them, and in the 
 event of a defeat the enemy could not eafily re- 
 gain their boats, in effedin^.^j which they would 
 be obliged to wade for a confiderable diftance 
 through the mud. If, on the contrary, the 
 French paflfed the river to meet the Englifli, they 
 would be fubjeCled to fimilar dilad vantages. 
 
 VOL. I. 8 At 
 
 1690. 
 

 i: 
 
 
 r i 
 
 Mvl^ 
 
 
 158 
 
 BOOK. 
 V. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADAt 
 
 At mid-day on the 1 8th, almoft all the boati 
 
 belonging to the veiTels, filled with troops, were 
 
 feen to diredt their way towards the banks of the 
 
 St. Charles ; but as it could not be afcertained in 
 
 what particular place they would land, they met 
 
 with no refinance. No fooner had they difem- 
 
 barked, than M. de Frontenac fent a detachment 
 
 of the militia of Montreal and Three Rivers to 
 
 harafs them. They were joined by inhabitants 
 
 from Beauport, and amounted in all to three 
 
 hundred men, the body which had difembarked 
 
 being fifteen hundred. The borders of the river 
 
 were mar fhy, covered with brulhwood and broken 
 
 by flones j the tide being low, tlie French were 
 
 obliged to wade through the mud in order to 
 
 reach the enemy. Their mode of attack was 
 
 chiefly by Ikirmifh, und fometimes by platoon 
 
 firing. In this fituation the Englifh, unable to 
 
 profit from their fuperiority of men, could only 
 
 fight in the fame lavage manner in which they 
 
 were aflailed. 
 
 Unaccufl:omed to this mode of engagement the 
 latter became difconcerted, and deceived with 
 refpeft to the numbers of thofe whom they en- 
 countered. The attack continued for about an 
 hour. The Canadians leapt from one rock to 
 another, all around the Englifli, who, unac- 
 quainted with the ground, were obliged to re- 
 main together, and keep up a conflant difcharge, 
 
 which 
 
 which 
 
 menti< 
 
 altern: 
 
 had cc 
 
 of the 
 
 Towar 
 
 the -II 
 
 near th 
 
 Foui 
 
 evening 
 
 in com 
 
 fomewh 
 
 /ot. Tl 
 
 right, a 
 
 all oppc 
 
 advance 
 
 difcharg 
 
 fwered 
 
 on botl 
 
 principal 
 
 whofe fil 
 
 damage 
 
 ThecJ 
 
 tng day 
 
 lefs vigo| 
 
 damagec 
 
 ioty and 
 
 ihe was 
 
 large vel 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 259 
 
 which produced, from the circumdance already b o o ic 
 mentioned, but little efFedl upon the former, who » — - ^ 
 alternately appeared and retired, and whofe fire "^^o. 
 had confiderable impredion upon the clofe files 
 of the latter, who fudained great lofs of numbers. 
 Towards evening the Canadians retreated into 
 the (^-irrifon, and the Englifh remained encamped 
 near the fcene of aflion. 
 
 Four of the largeft vefiels came the fame 
 evening to anchor near the town. The fecond 
 in command, who carried a blue flag, went 
 fomewhat to the left, oppofite the Sault au MatC' 
 lot. The commander in chief was upon his 
 right, and the third in command on the left, 
 all oppofing the Lower Town. Another vefiel 
 advanced towards Cape Diamond. The fir ft 
 difcharge proceeded from the town, and was an- 
 fwered by a warm cannonade which continued 
 on both fides. The fire from che (hips was 
 principally dire^ed againfl: the Upper Town, 
 whofe fituation is too elevated to fuflain much 
 damage from gun^ ired from fhips of war. 
 
 The cannonading re-commenced on the follow- 
 ing day, but was continued on both fides with 
 lefs vigour. One of the (hips became fo much 
 damaged from the battery on the Sault au Mate^ 
 loty and that on the left at the water's edge, that 
 (he was drawn off to a more diflant flation. The 
 large velfel in the centre, having received many 
 
 s 2 (hots 
 
 ti 
 
 1! <i' 
 
 111 
 
 \- •. iiir X^^- 
 
 

 I 
 
 260 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fliots through the hull, followed the example of 
 the firft, and at noon the fire totally ceafed, 
 the velTels proceeding up the river, beyond Cape 
 Diamond. 
 
 The troops remained during the night quiet in 
 their camp, and early next morning arranged 
 themfelves in order for battle. About noon 
 they began to move, direding their march to- 
 wards the town, having platoons on their wings, 
 and fome favages as an advanced guard. They 
 proceeded in good order along the borders of the 
 St. Charles, until M. M. de Lingueil and Saint 
 Helen, at the head of two hundred volunteers, 
 intercepted their way, and Ikirmilhing in the 
 fame manner as before, made fuch continual and 
 efficacious difcharges upon them, that they were 
 compelled to enter the brulhwood, from whence 
 they kept up a heavy fire, obliging the French to 
 retreat. 
 
 During this a£Hon M. de Frontenac advanced 
 in perfon at the head of three battalions, and 
 having arranged them on the borders of the St. 
 Charles, refolved to crofs it, if the volunteers 
 Ihould be too heavily prefled. The commodore 
 landed on the following night fix pieces of fix- 
 pounder ordnance, and the Englifli marched 
 with their artillery in the hope of making a 
 breach in the fortifications. The Sieur Villeu, 
 a lieutenant, who had obtained from the General 
 
 a fmall 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 261 
 
 :ample of 
 y ceafed, 
 ond Cape 
 
 ht quiet in 
 arranged 
 )out noon 
 march to- 
 heir wings, 
 ird. They 
 rders of the 
 il and Saint 
 volunteers, 
 bing in the 
 ^ntinual and 
 11 they were 
 rom whence 
 ,e French to 
 
 1690. 
 
 a finall detachment of men, fet out before the b 0^0 k 
 Englifli left their encampments, and was followed 
 by feveral other little parties, in order to fupport 
 him. Villeu, who firft encountered the enemy, 
 prepared an ambufcade, into which he drew 
 them, by (kirmifhing and retreating. He there 
 fuftained for a time their efforts, and the enemy 
 feeing that they could not eafily oblige him to 
 retreat, formed u difpofition to furround him ; 
 but one of the detachments which had been 
 deftined for this purpofe, fell into a fecond am- 
 bufcade, when the inhabitants of Beauport, 
 Beaupre, and the ifland of Orleans, were pre- 
 pared for their reception. The French found 
 themfelves however too weak long to fuftain the 
 combat, and they began to retreat by degrees, 
 fighting at the fame time, until they arrived at a 
 houfe furrounded with pallifawlc^;, and fituated on 
 an eminence. They there hulreJ, and getting 
 under cover of the pallifades, kspt up fo fteady 
 a fire, that they flopped the purfuing army. 
 
 The (hips which had afcend cd the St. Law- 
 rence dropped down with t!ie tide, ;md in palling 
 the town exchanged fome fhots. On the night 
 of the 22d the army reimbarked. Nothing more 
 difconcerted Sir Wm. Phipps than to find all the 
 troops and militia of the colony alTcmbled at 
 C^ebcc. rJe had reckoned upon a divifion be- 
 ing made at Montreal, which would there have iv- 
 
 s 3 tained 
 
 !•! 
 
 ' ^- 
 
J'' 
 
 %6i 
 
 k'. I 
 
 1690. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 talned a confidcrable body of men. But this part 
 of the plan, which had been fettled before the de- 
 parture of the fleet from New England, failed on 
 account of the difTatisfa^ion of the Iroquois, 
 who having marched with the Englifh for fome 
 days, afterwards returned to their country. 
 
 When it became known that the divifion 
 againfl Montreal had not fucceeded, the Com- 
 modore, already difcouraged by the unfuccefsful 
 attempts which he had made againd Quebec, 
 determined to raife the fiege. 
 
 The Englifh had made fcvcral endeavours to 
 bring off the fix pieces of cannon and ammuni^ 
 tion which they had left at their camp, but the 
 French, who had taken pofl'effion of them, re- 
 peatedly repulfed the boats that were ordered 
 for this fervice. It appeared that the failure of 
 ammunition v/as the caufe of the meafure which 
 Sir Wm. Phipps adopted. On the evening of 
 the 23d the fleet weighed anchor, ?nd defcended 
 the river about three leagues, from whence a 
 negociation for the exchange of prifoners took 
 place. The Commodore then proceeded on his 
 route, confiderably mortified at the unfortunate 
 iflue of an expedition, on which he had himfelf 
 expended a part of his fortune. His inquietude 
 was augmented by the total privation of aflTift- 
 ance from pilots, without whom It became 
 perilous for fome of the vefTels of his fleet, which 
 
 were 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 263 
 
 were large, to navigate the' river ; and it is faiJ, book 
 that nine of the number were led. ■ -J,_i 
 
 On the i2ih of November the (hips expefted '^>®' 
 from France arrived at Quebec ; at the news of 
 an enemy's fleet they afcended a little way into 
 the Saguenay, where they were concealed by the 
 lofty banks, until the Englifh fleet had paffed 
 them on its return. 
 
 Their appearance occafioned fenfations of faiif- 
 fadion, although they tended not to remedy the 
 fcarcity which foon became extreme, becaufe the 
 incurfions of the Iroquois during the fpring had 
 not permitted the inhabitants to labour in the 
 fields. The troops were diflributed into fuch 
 parts of the country as had not fufFered from 
 thofe caufes, and were cheerfully received. 
 
 A party of Iroquois appeared, towards the 1691, 
 beginning of May, on the fide of Montreal. 
 Their number amounted to a thoufand, and 
 having eftablilhed their camp at tlie entrance of 
 the grand river of the Outaouais, they formed 
 two detachments, one of a hundred and twenty 
 men, which took its route tow.utls the north, the 
 other of two hundred men, which turned towards 
 the fouth. The firft threw itfelf on a part of 
 Montreal called Polnte aux Trembles^ where it 
 burnt thirty houfes and barns, and took prifon- 
 ers fome inhabitants, whom they treated with 
 their accuftomed cruelties. 
 
 s 4 The 
 
 f 
 
 II 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 |5g ■■■ Ub 
 1^ Uii 12.2 
 
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 L25 III 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ' ^s^ °\^ yU. 
 
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 <K 
 
 
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 264 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The fecond, in which were twenty EngHfli 
 and fome Mahingans, diret^ed its courfe between 
 ^69 1- Chambly and la Prairie de la Magdeleine, where 
 it furprifed twelve favages of the rapids of St. 
 Louis ; but on the following day, the Agniers 
 who were of this party brought them back to 
 their village, and declared that they were come 
 to treat for peace ; it was however foon perceived 
 that their real intention was to alienate, if they 
 could, from the interefts of the French, the in- 
 habitants of this village, but the attempt was 
 unattended with fuccefs. A third party, confid- 
 ing of eighty men, attacked the Iroquois Chrifti- 
 ans of the mountain, and having inverted them 
 on all fides, carried off by day thirty-five vv-omen 
 and children, and fecured their retreat by fkir- 
 miftiing. 
 
 Several other bands lefs numerous fpread 
 themfelves from Repentigny to the illands of 
 Richlieu, committing great devaftations every 
 where, becaufe the regulars and militia could not 
 keep the field on account of the want of provi- 
 fions. Having at length procured a fufficient 
 quantity to laft for fome days, a party of the mi- 
 litia joined the Sieur de la Mine, a captain who 
 had lately left Montreal. They difcovered feve- 
 ral of the Onneyouths, who had taken fhelter in 
 an old houfe in the parifh of St. Sulpicius. The 
 Chevalier de Vaudreuil, accompanied by fome 
 
 officers, 
 
 S!i &.i 
 
 !5"^' V 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 265 
 
 V. 
 
 I 69 I. 
 
 officers, feveral men, and Oureouhare, who was ^ %^ ^ 
 fufpeded to have a correfpondence with his na- 
 tion, came alfo to St. Sulpicius, fell upon fome 
 of the favages by furprife, and killed the whole, 
 except two, who were wounded, and who efcaped 
 into the woods. But to diflodge thofe in pof- 
 feffion of the houfe was found a more difficult 
 enterprife. At their firft onfet they loft one of 
 their beft officers, which infpired the barbarians 
 with courage, and without the exertion of extra- 
 ordinary efforts, a hundred and twenty French- 
 men were in danger of being defeated by twelve 
 Iroquois ported in a ruinous houfe. The houfe 
 was at length fet on fire, and the favages endea- 
 voured to cut a paffage through the French with 
 their hatchets, but two or three of them having 
 been killed, five were captured, whom the inha- 
 bitants unpitifully burnt, from a conviction that 
 the only means of reftraining the cruelty of thefe 
 barbarians, was to exercife upon them equal 
 torments with thofe they were accuftomed to in- 
 flict on all their prifoners. 
 
 Intelligence having been received that a party 
 compofed of Engllfli, Mahingans, and Iroquois, 
 were preparing to march for the purpofe of at- 
 tacking Montreal, the Chevalier de Callieres 
 aflfembled eight hundred men, and encamped on 
 the Prairie de la Magdeleine. He after detached 
 feveral fcouting parties, one of which difcovered 
 
 a canoe 
 
 i 
 
 114 
 
266 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 m ': 
 
 B o o K a canoe of the enemy near Chambly on the river 
 v_ - - ^ Sorel. On the report o£ this circumftance he 
 1 69 J. conceived Chambly .to be in danger, and he fent 
 thither two hundred men, with orders, if the 
 enemy attacked that poft, to enter into it for its 
 defence; but, if they pafled beyond it, to be 
 careful to conceal themfelves from their view, 
 and to follow their track, in order to fall on 
 their rear, whilft he himfelf fhould engage them 
 in front. Among the Chriftian favages were 
 three chiefs of great reputation. Oureouhare 
 commanded the Hurons of Lorette ; an Iroquois 
 named Paul conduced the inhabitants of the 
 Saut de Saint Louis, and thofe of the Mountain ; 
 and La Routine, an Algonquin captain, headed 
 a large party of his nation. The fort of the 
 Prairie de la Magdeleine ftood about thirty paces 
 fiom the borders of the St. Lawrence, on a fteep 
 ground between tv^ o meadows, one of which near 
 a place called the Fork is interfered by a fmall 
 liver at the diftance of cannon Ihot from the fort. 
 Between the two runs another ftream, on which 
 there ftood a mill ; it was on this fide, at the left 
 of the fort, that the milicia encamped. Some of 
 the Outaouais, who happened to be at Montreal 
 \vhen the alarm was given, had joined them. 
 The regular troops encamped on the right, and 
 the officers had their tents pitched oppofite to 
 them, upon a fmall elevated ground. 
 
 An 
 
' t 
 
 he river 
 ance he 
 i he fent 
 , if the 
 it for its 
 t, to be 
 ;ir view, 
 I fall on 
 ge them 
 ;es were 
 reouhare 
 Iroquois 
 } of the 
 ountain ; 
 t headed 
 t of the 
 rty paces 
 3n a deep 
 Uich near 
 y a fmatl 
 \ the fort, 
 on which 
 It the left 
 Some of 
 Montreal 
 ed them, 
 ight, and 
 ppofite to 
 
 An 
 
 HiSTOtlY OF CANADA. 
 
 267 
 
 An hour before day, the fentinel who was pofted book 
 In the mill perceived fome people palling along _^ L^ 
 the height on which the fort was placed, and he J691. 
 gave the alarm by firing off his fufil. They were 
 part of the enemy, who gliding between the rivu- 
 let of the Fork and the Ravine, gained the great 
 river, and finding the quarters of the militia al- 
 moft abandoned, drove away the few men who 
 remained and lodged themfelves there. Some 
 inhabitants, and fix of the Outaouais were killed 
 in this furprife* At the al?»m given by the fen- 
 tinel, M. de Saint Cyrque, an old captain who 
 commanded in the abfence of M. de Callieres, 
 marched at the head of the troops, placed them 
 in two divifions, and furrounded the fort. The 
 battalion which Saint Cyrque commanded in per- 
 fon firft came in view of the former quarters of 
 the militia, and this officer, uncertain that the 
 enemy were in poflfeflion of them, ftopped to be 
 acquainted with the faft. He inftantly received a 
 difcharge of mufquetry, by which he and two of 
 his officers were killed. The other battalion 
 arrived at the moment, and charged the enemy, 
 who after a vigorous refinance, and feeing them- 
 felves on the point of having the ^yhole French 
 army to engage, retreated in good order. They 
 were allowed to go ofF without moleftation. 
 They had only fix men killed and thirty wound* 
 ^d. The lofs of the Frenph was more confider- 
 
 able. 
 
 'I 
 
 'I !l 
 
 .'4 J 
 
 hmi 
 
fir. 
 
 't ■';{■. 
 
 268 
 
 BOOK 
 
 V. 
 
 1691. 
 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 able. The fcalps of many Frenchmen were car- 
 ried off, and the Iroquois fet up a loud cry when 
 they had retreated to a fmall diftance. Being 
 about to enter the woods, they perceived a fmall 
 detachment, whom they followed, and forming 
 an ambufcade, killed the whole of i:s members. 
 Elated by this fucccfs they returned by the way 
 they had advanced, but before they had pro- 
 ceeded two leagues their fcouts difcovered ano- 
 ther party of French and favages under the com- 
 mand of M. de Valrenes. They had only feen 
 the van of this body, and believing it not to be 
 confiderable, they hefitated not to attack it with 
 fuch refolution as would have difconcerted an 
 officer lefs firm and experienced than Valrenes. 
 He found two large trees that had fallen, and 
 behind thefe he entrenched his troops, making 
 them lie down to avoid the firft fire of the enemy. 
 They afterwards arofe, and forming themfelves 
 into three divifions, charged the enemy with fuch 
 order and impetuofity that they every where gave 
 way. They however recovered, and after a 
 combat of one hour and a half, they were obliged 
 to difband, and the route became complete. 
 The French had fixty men killed and as many 
 wounded, of whom feveral died. An Englifli- 
 man who was taken prifoner gave information, 
 that, on the return of the firft party, another of 
 four hundred men were to have advanced 5 that 
 
 five 
 
ere car- 
 y when 
 Being 
 a fmall 
 orming 
 ambers, 
 he way 
 id pro- 
 ed ano- 
 le com- 
 ily feen 
 Dt to be 
 it with 
 rted an 
 alrenes. 
 ;n, and 
 making 
 enemy, 
 mfelves 
 th fuch 
 re gave 
 after a 
 obliged 
 mplete. 
 s many 
 Lnglilh- 
 nation, 
 ther of 
 i 5 that 
 five 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 live hundred Iroquois were to arrive at Catara- 
 cony, and that their defign was to deftroy the 
 harvefl: of the colony. But no more figns of an 
 enemy appearing, the harveft, whofe failure 
 would have reduced the fettlement to the laft 
 extremity, was reaped in tranquillity, and proved 
 to be abundant. 
 
 On receiving intelligence of the approach of 
 the enemy, M. de Frontenac proceeded from 
 Quebec to Montreal, and on his arrival was in- 
 formed of their departure and defeat. He re- 
 ceived foon after a letter from the Governor- 
 General of New England, requefting that fome 
 prifoners which the Abinaquis had made in his 
 territory might be reftored, and propofing a 
 neutrality in America, notwithftanding the hofti- 
 lities which in Europe continued between their 
 two Sovereigns. It was believed that this pro- 
 pofal was not dictated by fmcerity, becaufe he 
 had not mentioned an intention of fending back 
 the French who were detained at Boflon. 
 
 The Iroquois continued, without intermiflion, 
 to purfue their hoftility to the French : two wo- 
 men who had been made prifoners, having 
 efcaped in the beginning of November, informed 
 the Chevalier de Callieres, that two parties of 
 three hundred and fifty men each were on their 
 march to furprife the fettlement of Saut de Saint 
 Louis. On this advice the Governor fent to 
 
 that 
 
 269 
 
 BOOK 
 
 v. 
 j6i;i. 
 
 I 
 
 ' 'S\" 
 
 m 
 
 1^ mmsmiil 
 
 i: & 
 
 I 
 
■^ 
 
 WT] 
 
 1- 
 
 I; ■;j';:;i 
 
 i-F: 
 
 i'*j 
 >iii, 
 
 .^ii 
 
 Ml 
 
 ;\'' .y 
 
 
 Ei' J'- 
 
 BOOK 
 V. 
 
 1691. 
 
 ■I.'' 
 
 tyo HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 that village a party of troops, and dlftributed 
 another party in the neighbouring forts. The 
 prote6lion of Montreal was commitied to the 
 inhabitants. A few days after, one of the parties 
 of the Iroquois, which had defcended by lake 
 Ontario, appeared in view of the Saiif, but 
 without forfaking the woods. The French went 
 out againft thefe barbarians, and for two days 
 had fome fliarp Ikirmiflies, in which the lofs on 
 both fides was nearly equal, when the enemy, 
 who had relied on a furprife, retired. 
 
 The fecond party entered by lake Champlain, 
 but fome of them having withdrawn, and the 
 chiefs having learnt that the firfl party had re- 
 treated, conceived it imprudent to proceed. 
 '9»' In the beginning of February M. de Calliercs 
 received orders from M. de Frontenac to raife a 
 detachment of men to fend into that immenfe 
 peninfula, which is formed by the junction of 
 the St. Lawrence and the great river of the Ou- 
 taouais. The Iroquois frequently went thither 
 in the winter, for the chace, and it was reported 
 they were then in great numbers in that terri- 
 tory. Three hundred men, compofed of French 
 and favages, were raifed, and marched under the 
 orders of M. de Beaucourt, a captain. 
 
 This officer, on arriving at the ifle of Tonia- 
 thos, which is at a fmall diilance from Cataro* 
 cony, met there fifty Tfonnonthouans, who had 
 
 5 thufr 
 
 i6( 
 
 : 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 271 
 
 thus far advanced in purfuing the chace, with a b o o k. 
 defign afterwards to make an irruption on the i, -^-i^ 
 French fettlements, and to prevent the inhabi- ^^9*» 
 tants from fowing their corn. The French at- 
 tacked them in their huts, killed twenty-four, 
 took fixteen, and liberated an officer named La 
 Plante, who had been captured three years be- 
 fore, and who not being at Brd known, on ac- 
 count of his favage habiliments, was upon the 
 point of being killed as an Iroquois. This ex- 
 pedition terminated here ; but it was learnt from 
 the prifoners that another troop of a hundred 
 Iroquois of the fame canton were on a hunting 
 party at a place on the river of the Outaouais, 
 called, the Fall of Chaudiere ; that their inten- 
 tion was to canton themfelves there until the 
 melting of the fnows ; that two hundred Onnon- 
 tagues, commanded by one of their braved 
 chiefs, named La Chaudiere Noire, was expelled 
 to join them, and that it was propofed to remain ♦ 
 
 there during the fummer, to exclude the French 
 from the paflfage to or from Michilimakinac. 
 
 As a large convoy of furs from all the coun- 
 tries of the north and weft was expeded, it was 
 thought neceflary to fend a ftrong efcort for its 
 protection ; but M. Callieres could not leave his 
 government without defence, becaufe he had oc- 
 cafion for all his troops to guard the people who 
 were occupied in the labours of hulbandry. He 
 
 therefore 
 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 1 A 
 
 |i ^' 
 
 1 ^,1 
 
 1 <1 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 \ 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■ft 
 

 l;^/'ii 
 
 272 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 t ■ 
 
 Book therefore gave intelligence to the Count dc Fron- 
 ^_ -^- J tenac of the accounts which had been conveyed to 
 >692. him '. this General, perfuaded that the defeat of 
 the fifty Tfonnonthouans already mentioned had 
 difconcerted the meafures of the Iroquois, ordered 
 that he ftiould immediately fend a perfon named 
 S. Michel with forty Canadian Voyageurs, to 
 carry his commands to Michilimakinac, and that 
 they Ihould be efcorted by three well-armed ca- 
 noes, until they (hould have pafled the Fall of 
 Chaudiere. 
 
 The order was obeyed, and the efcort con- 
 dueled the Canadians to the place pointed out, 
 without having feen a fingle Iroquois ; but, a 
 few days afterwards, the Sicur St. Michel having 
 perceived fome tracks, and alfo two Iroquois 
 who appeared to him as fcouts, doubted not that 
 the Chaudiere Noire was at hand with his troop, 
 and therefore returned to Montreal. He had 
 not long difembarked vs-hen M. de Frontenac, 
 who was then at that place, made him again de- 
 part with thirty Frenchmen and thirty favages. 
 He was followed by an ofHeer named Tilly de S. 
 Pierre, who went by the river du Lievre^ which 
 difcharges itfelF into the river of the Outaouais, 
 five leagues lower than the Fall of Chaudiere. 
 St. Michel, on arriving at the Portage de Chats, 
 the fame fpot from whence he had returned on 
 his fifft voyage, faw again two fcouts, and per- 
 ceived 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^73 
 
 ceived at the l^ime time a ,reat number of cnnoes, book 
 wliich favages were putting into the water. He v.. — .-..^ 
 conceived it imprudent to expofe his party to a '^92' 
 conteft which would be extremely unequal, and 
 took, a fecond time, the road to Montreal. Three 
 days after his arrival, fixty favages from the 
 diltant lands, charged with great quantities of 
 furs, ancj who had dtfcended by the river du 
 Lievre, alfo arrived, and faid that they had met 
 M. de S. Pierre beyond the reach of danger 
 from an enemy. They difpofed of their articles . 
 of commerce, and requefted an efcort to condu6l 
 them to a place where they were to take an un- 
 frequented path. 
 
 St. Michel accompanied them With a guard of 
 thirty men, commanded by M. de la Gemeraye, 
 a lieutenant, who had under him La Frefniere, 
 elded fon of the Sieur Hertel. This body having 
 arrived at the long Sauli of the great river, where 
 for a certain diftance the baggage mud be carried 
 over land, whilfl a part of the men were occupied 
 in mounting the empty canoes, and others 
 marched along the border of the river to cover 
 them, a difcharge of fufils made by perfons con- 
 cealed difperfed all the favages, who formed a 
 fecond band, and killed feveral Frenchmen. 
 
 The Iroquois immediately forfaking their am- 
 hufcade, threw themfelves with fury on the re- 
 maining Frenchmen, and in the confafion which 
 
 VOL. I. T an 
 
 I.': ^i-r* 
 
 s 
 
 ■■II 
 
 
 \% 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 ■".■■'■"'„ J 
 
 vmm 
 
274 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 h ' 
 
 > I 
 
 i.ir 
 
 M::^^ 
 
 
 BOOK an attack fo fierce and unexpefted had occa- 
 ^ I /- ■ fioned, they who attempted to regain their canoes 
 1692. made them wheel into the current; fo that the 
 cnetny poflefled a double advantage over thofe, 
 who were obliged at the fame time to defend 
 themfelves, and to flruggle with the rapidity of 
 the waters. La Gemeraye and three other 
 officers defended themfelves with fuch obflinacy 
 as would have faved them, if they had not been 
 abandoned by their favages. But as they had 
 loft almoft the whole of their foldiers, they could 
 take no other meafure than to retreat with all 
 poffible difpatch. Unhappily the canoe which 
 contained St. Michel and the Hertels was taken. 
 La Gemeraye and fume foldiers were fortunate 
 enough to efcape. 
 
 The Chaudiere Noire afterwards made a de- 
 fcent upon a part of the ifland of Montreal called 
 La Chefnayf, and carried off from thence thret 
 young favages, and fourteen inhabitants who 
 were making hay. 
 
 The fituation of the colony was now very dif- 
 ferent from that in which it was two years before. 
 Little was to be apprehended from the quarter of 
 New England, and the inroads of the Iroquois 
 were productive of no very ferious confequences, 
 when not fuftained by the Englifli. Its prefent 
 ftaie of comparative profperity was in a great de- 
 gree attributable to the aftlvity and firmnefs of 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY or CANAIJA. 
 
 '^7^ 
 
 I he Governor. The haughty and unbending book 
 manner by which he had gained a fuperiority .^^-^-i-.^ 
 over the enemy ; the efficacious means he had '^9*- 
 employed to rcndor his allies tra(5table, and to 
 re-e(tablifli the credit of the French, made him 
 to be feared by the one, and refpedled by the 
 oiijer. 
 
 But vvhilrt every I'egree of juftlce was allowed 
 to the fuperiority of his talents, and to the appli- 
 cation which he made of them to procure refpe£l 
 for the colony abroad, and its internal fecurity, 
 he was in foine inftances highly reprelienfible. 
 It was lamented by many, that from regard to 
 his officers, whofe attachment and elteem he was 
 anxious to conciliate, he had allowed to fall upon 
 the inhabitants the burden and fatigue of war* 
 That he ruined thefe by unprofitable toil, whilfl: 
 the foldiers were working the lands, by which 
 means the officers drew confiderable profit from 
 the produce : thus it was occafioned, that the 
 colony was not flourifhing, and that commerce 
 was in a languifhing ftate. Another complaint 
 Itill more ferious and univerfal, arofe from the 
 countenance he continued to give to the traffic in 
 fpirituous liquors, or at lead from his toleration 
 on this point, both equally cenfurable in a Ge- 
 neral, who alone had the power of putting a (lop 
 10 the evil whenever he (hould think fit. 
 
 T 2 
 
 Advice 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 'i 
 
 {. '■u'l 
 
 
 'I 
 

 
 I I ,1 
 
 r T 
 
 ? .;;:! 
 
 1692. 
 
 ^^7^ HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Advice was received thnt a body of eight hun- 
 dred Iroquois were in march to attack the colony. 
 They were feparated inro two equal divifionsj 
 one was to defcend by lake Champlain, and the 
 other by the St. Lawrence, wiih a defign to re- 
 * unite near the rapids of St. Louis, to entrench 
 themfelves there, to draw out by a feigned nego- 
 tiation as many of the inhabicants of this village 
 as they could, and to maiVacre all that (hould fall 
 into their hands. But finding on their arrival 
 that a knowledge of their intentions had been 
 gained, and that the village was in a good ftate 
 of defence, they took their departure without 
 making any ferious attempt. 
 
 The General foon after detached three hun- 
 dred Canadians, a hundred regulars, and a great 
 number of allied favages, under the command of 
 M. M. de Mantel, De Courtemanche, and De la 
 None, deflined for the canton of Agniers, with 
 orders to give no quarter to any perfon capable 
 of bearing arms, to put all to death without 
 taking one prifoner, and to bring off the women 
 and children to people the Chridian villages of 
 their nation. 
 1^93. But experience ought to have fuggefted, that 
 a plan fuch as this was difficult to be executed. 
 The army arrived in the canton of Agnier on the 
 1 6th of February, without having been difco- 
 vered. Tt appeared that ihis canton was then 
 * ' ' 6 compofcd 
 
 conif 
 
 attacl 
 
 nflan 
 
 all tl 
 
 alfo, ' 
 
 thefe 
 
 diftan 
 
 Court 
 
 The tl 
 
 greate; 
 
 Noue 
 
 night, 
 
 of war 
 
 norant 
 
 hood, 
 
 Onney 
 
 of two 
 
 irrupti< 
 
 tacked j- 
 
 themfej 
 
 fome 
 
 two hi 
 
 ibners.l 
 It he 
 
 give qi 
 
 favaget 
 tion. 
 ob lig in| 
 
 
 x_ 
 
— V"— 
 
 1693- 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 'i.']'1 
 
 compofed of three fortified villages. La Noue book 
 attacked the firfl:, and took it without much re- 
 fiflance ; he burnt the pallifades, the cabins, and 
 all the provifions. Mantel and Courtemanche 
 alfo, without much refiftance, got polTeflion of 
 the fecond, which was about a quarter of a league 
 diftant, and as feveral prifoners were made^ 
 Courtemanche had the charge of guarding them. 
 The third village waa, larger, and required much 
 greater trouble to become mafters of it. La 
 Noue and Mantel arrived there on the i8th at 
 night, and found the inhabitants Tinging the fong 
 of war. Therein were forty Agniers, who, ig^ 
 norant of what had happened in their neighbour- 
 hood, were preparing to join a party of fifty 
 Onneyouths, who were to have reinforced a body 
 of two hundred Englifli, with a view to make an 
 irruption into Canada. They were inftantly at- 
 tacked, and although furprifed, they defended 
 themfelves with much valour : tvv'enty men and 
 fome women were killed in the firll onfer, and 
 two hundred and fifty perfons were taken pri- 
 ibners. ' • ' ' • "' '■ 
 
 It had been recommended, it has been faid, to 
 give quarter to women and children only, but the 
 lavages paid no attention to that recommer Ja- 
 tion. To this miltake they added another, by 
 obliging the French to entrench themfelves, 
 
 T 3 after 
 
 ! 
 
278 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 i 
 
 fcvf: ■ ;', 
 
 BOOK after two days' march on their return, that they 
 «.,»^-.«^ might await the enemy who were purfuing 
 ^^J5' them. The little army, although it had fcarcely 
 provifions to enable it to reach Montreal, awaited 
 the enemy for two days : at length they appear- 
 ed, and entrenched in a fituation oppofue to the 
 French, who charged thorn three times with re- 
 folution ; they defended thcmCelves with vigour, 
 and the entrenchment was not forced until the 
 third attack. Kight Frenchmen and eight faviiges 
 were killed, and twelve were wounded. The 
 lofs of the Onneyouths was not more confider- 
 able, and the remainder faved themfelves by dif- 
 appearing. But they foon afterwards rallied, 
 and continued to follow and harrafs the French 
 for the fpace of three days. The bad roads and 
 the fcarcity of provifions obliging the French- 
 men to difband, a great number of prifonef^ 
 efcaped, and only fixty-four were bro^ight to 
 Montreal. 
 
 There were at this time at Mlchilimakinac 
 great quantities of furs, which th€ favages would 
 not venture to bring to Montreal without an 
 efcort, which the Gfeneral was not able to afford ; 
 it was however of great confequence that thefe 
 furs ftiould be tranfported thither, and it was (till 
 of greater moment that the Sieur de Louvigny 
 ihould be informed of intelligence which had 
 
 been 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 479 
 
 been received of an intended attack on the colony, book 
 and of the manner in which he fliould a£k in that ^^-'- , j 
 alarming conjunfture. '693. 
 
 It was propofed to the Sieur d'Argenteuil, a 
 reduced lieutenant, to afcend to Michilimakinac, 
 and he chearfully accepted that commiffion. 
 But it was only by promifes of great advantage 
 that eighteen Canadians could be prevailed on to 
 accompany him* M. de la Valtrie had orders to 
 efcort them with twenty French foldiers, beyond 
 all the dangerous pafTages. D'Argenteuil per- 
 formed his voyage fuccefsfully, but M. la Valtrie 
 was attacked near the illand of Moiitreal, on his 
 return, by a party of Iroquois. He was himfelf 
 killed, together with three Frenchmen, and an 
 Iroquois of the mountain was taken prifonen 
 The others of his party made their efcape. 
 
 'I 'v 
 
 (• ■ . :- 
 
 T4 
 

 
 a8o 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 >!l 
 
 
 ^ j; J.' ■:>*.'(>.«.>■{ ft' 
 
 v.. i,' 
 
 
 J' 
 
 M 
 
 'i : \ 
 
 \ .- 
 
 ■,f. 
 
 •■'(:« :.. » 
 
 V>hi' 
 
 BOOK VI.. 
 
 '-?•/; ;j 
 
 J)eputies of the Iroquois nrr'ive at Montreal. - Expcnilion 
 againjl Port Nelfon fitted out from ^)^tebec.— Conference 
 nv'ith the Huron and Iroquois Deputies. — iJofiUties of 
 the Iroquois. — Re-efablifjinent of the Fori at Cntaro- 
 quoy.'— Irruption of the Iroquois. — Deputies sf the Hit' 
 tons fent to folicit a Diminution of the Frice of Metchat^-r 
 
 . dife^'-^Anfwerofthe General. -^CoiiduB of u ^iou Chief. 
 
 . '•^Change in the Difpofition of the Allies of the Upper 
 Country^ effecfed by the Addrefs of M. de la Motte 
 Cadillac. -—P reparations for an Expedition againjl the 
 Iroquois. "^Refult of that Expedition. — Death of La 
 Chiiudiere Noire^ principal Chief of the Iroquois, "'' 
 
 W/ E have already (hewn, In the courfe of this 
 ' ' work, the repeated and infmcere attempts 
 made on the part of the Iroquois to negociate 
 with the French on terms of peace. To thefe 
 they were driven more by the temporary exi- 
 gences of their affairs than by a wifli to be ex - 
 empted from the dangers and fatigues of war, 
 which becornes a principal part of their occupa- 
 tion, and feems to be their only inceatiye to 
 energy and exertion. 
 
 When treaties of peace were even concluded, 
 little dependence could be placed on their ob- 
 fervance any longer than the firfl: favourable 
 
 opportunity 
 
HJBTOaV OF CANADA, 
 
 98 1 
 
 opportunity of gaining an advantage (hould prc^ 
 fent itfelf. Thus the French were kept in a 
 ftate of almoft uninterrupted alarm by thofe 
 fierce, redlefs, and political barbarians. 
 
 Two Onnontagues having come to Montreal, 
 to inquire of M. de Caliieres if the deputies of 
 the five cantons, who, they added, were already 
 on their way, would be well received in foliciting 
 their father Ononthio to grant them peace; the 
 Go««rnor, who was made acquainted with the 
 intentions of the General, anfwered, that their 
 conditions would be attended to if they prefented 
 them* With this anfwer they retired, and nearly 
 two months elapfed without any thing further 
 having been oftered on that fubjedt. M. de 
 Cailieres was by no means furprifed at their 
 condud; that nothing, however, might be want- 
 ing which depended on him, he thought it necef- 
 fary to fend fome parties towards New York, to 
 fee if by means of prifoners whom they Ihould 
 take from the Iroquois they could difcover the 
 real caufe of the miflion of their firfl: deputies, 
 and of the retardation of their fecond. 
 
 On the 23d of March two Agniers came to 
 Montreal to prefent theexcufes of Teganiflbrens, 
 who ought to have been the chief of the depu- 
 tation, and they faid, that the Englifli were in 
 fault if the cantons had not kept their promife. 
 They were not favourably received, becaufe M. 
 
 de 
 
 BOOK 
 VI. 
 
 1694. 
 
 Ai ' 
 
c^« 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 3S2 
 
 HISTORY OF CANilDA. 
 
 dc Frontenac had been informed by fome favages 
 of Acadia, that they only wanted to gain time 
 in order to put him off his guard ; that they had 
 formed the defign of dabbing him and the Che- 
 valier Callieres in a council, where they propofed 
 to meet in great numbers ; of aiTembling* in the 
 neighbourhood of Montreal, numerous parties 
 ready to fall upon the colony, when (Iruck with 
 aflonifhment at that deed, and deftitute of its 
 chiefs ; and of carrying every where deftruftion 
 and defolation throughout the fettlement, 
 
 Some abatement was doubtlefs to be made 
 with regard to the horror and extent of the 
 projeft ; but prudence demanded that a ftrift 
 obfervation fhould every where be preferved. 
 In the month of May, Teganiflbrens arrived at 
 Quebec with eight deputies. It was in the middle 
 of feed-time, and this caufed the General to dif- 
 femble the little confidence he placed in this 
 deputation. He gave the ambaifadors a public 
 audience with great outward (heW| and much 
 was faid on the one part, and on the other. 
 The good will of Teganiflbrens appeared not 
 only in the harangue which he delivered in the 
 aflembly, but alfo in private converfations which 
 he had with M. de Frontenac, to whom he pre^ 
 fented collars on the part of Garakonti^. 
 
 The General (hewed him much civility, begged 
 him to afiure Garakontid of his high confidera- 
 
 - tion 
 
 t'-i;: 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. aSj 
 
 don and efteem, and joined to thefe marks of book 
 kindnefs fome prefents of value for both ; but, _i 
 
 perfuaded that neither the one nor the other »^9+- 
 would enter into the councils of their country- 
 men, he only reckoned upon their regard, with- 
 out Hattering himfelf that their credit with their 
 nation was fuch, as to influence it to embrace 
 meafures of perfect reconciliation. He after- 
 wards prolonged the flay of the deputies, as long 
 as was neceflary to aflford the inhabitants time 
 to fow their land ; and this delay produced ano- 
 ther efFedt, which was not lefs advantageous to 
 the colony. 
 
 M. de Louvigny had reafon to apprehend a 
 rupture with the allies in the countries of the 
 north and weft, to whom the Iroquois failed not 
 tQ infmuate that the French vvifhed to come to 
 an accommodation with the cantons, without 
 t;aking the trouble to include in the negotiation 
 the particular interefts of the allies. All that 
 the Iroquois gained by this artful manoeuvre, 
 was to engage the principal chiefs of thefe na- 
 tions to inquire, themfelves, into the validity of 
 this ftatement. Thefe chiefs fet out for Quebec, 
 where they arrived two days after the departure 
 of the Iroquois deputies. M. de Frontenac 
 having learnt from themfelves the fubjeft of their 
 voyage, fent an exprefs to Teganilforens to folicit 
 Jiis return to C^iebec He immediately complied, 
 
 faw 
 
mw 
 
 imM^ 
 
 f*;*?*^n 
 
 ,1^1! 
 
 184 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK faw the chiefs of the allies, who, after they had 
 \__ -^- _f liftened to what he had to fay refpeding them, 
 1^94' comprehended that the Iroquois had only in view 
 to lead them into miftake, to prevent their parties 
 from haraffing them, and to embroil them with 
 the French, that they might be able both to pur» 
 chafe and fell to great advantage. ^ 
 
 The Governor was not wanting in ufmg his 
 endeavours to extrad from this deputation of 
 Teganiflbrens another advantage, which appeared 
 to him not lefs eflential, although many held a 
 different opinion. This was, the rc-eftabH(hment 
 of the fort of Catarocony. Teganiflbrens made 
 the firft propofal to that effeft, which perhaps 
 the General had himfelf fuggefted. He however 
 ardently laid hold of this opening, and did not 
 delay a moment to make preparation for an en- 
 terprife which he had long defired. He engaged 
 many perfons to labour with diligence in the 
 completion of a large convoy, which was deftined 
 to conduft to this poft a garrifon, ammunition, 
 and every thing requifite for an eftablifhment, 
 which was intended as the bulwark of the co- 
 lony. He gave the command to the Chevalier 
 de Crifafy ; but when this officer was upon the 
 point of embarking, he received an order for dif- 
 arming the expedition. 
 » The caufe of this change proceeded from M. 
 
 de Serigny, who arrived at Montreal, where the 
 - ■ General 
 
 hi* 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 a85' 
 
 General then was, with a commlffion from the book 
 
 VI 
 
 King to raife confiderable detachments for an . - _f 
 enterprife againft Port Nelfon. The court had *^94' 
 always much at heart this expedition, and Serig- 
 ny himfelf was to command it, with D'Iberviile, 
 his brother, as his fecond. Not a moment could 
 be loft, and it was neceflary to aflign for this fer- 
 vice a great part of the people who were to have 
 accompanied the Chevalier de Crifafy. A hun- 
 dred and twenty Canadians, and fome favages of 
 the Sault de St. Louis, were put under the orders 
 of Serigny, and the remainder were difcharged 
 until there (hould be a further occafion for their 
 fervices. 
 
 A (hort time afterwards, two Frenchmen who 
 had efcaped from Onnontague, where they were 
 prifoners, aflured M. de Frontenac that he mufl: 
 place no reliance on a profped of peace with the 
 Iroquois nation : the General believed that their 
 information was not good, and the chiefs of the 
 nations of the weft and north having arrived on 
 the end of the month of Auguft, with a great 
 convoy of furs, conducted by M. de Louvigny, 
 he took care that they ftiould not be informed of 
 the intelligence he had received. ,;. , 
 
 At the expiration of fifteen days, Oureouhare, 
 who had accompanied Teganiflbrens on his re- 
 turn, came back with thirteen French prifoners, 
 whom he had liberated, and among whom were 
 
 the 
 
 Wi 
 
 i 
 
 'mm 
 
 
 t*i 
 
 » 
 
 '■•IP'- 
 
ifj't < 
 
 .art". ■ *"■ 
 
 mm- 
 
 a86 
 
 HlSrcRV OF CANADA. 
 
 ^:iiil 
 
 tt o o K the two Hcrtels, taken two years before in the 
 ^ -^»-* defeat of M. de la Gemeraye, and who were 
 '^94* fuppofcd to have been dead ; he brought no 
 other deputies bui thofe of his canton of Goyo- 
 gouin, and of that of Tfonnonthouan. The 
 regard which the Count de Frontenac had for 
 their conductor made him give them a favourable 
 reception, and the General wifhed the chiefs of 
 the allies to be prefent at the audience which he 
 held. 
 
 Oureouhare, who was the fpeaker, began by 
 prefenting a collar, which imported that he had 
 broken the chains of thirteen Frenchmen-, he 
 then prefented others, to de!v>te that the cantons 
 whofe deputies were prefent, perceiving that the 
 negotiation of Teganiflbrens was too much pro- 
 longed, and knowing that it was impeded by the 
 Englifli, had taken the meafure of charging their 
 envoys to folicit their father not to be impatient, 
 to aflure him that they would, at whatever price^ 
 re-enter into his good opinion, and to conjure him 
 yet to fufpend the hatchet for a time. 
 
 The General alked them, if they meant not to 
 tomprehend all the nations in the treaty which 
 was agitating; and this queflion threw them into 
 fome embarraflineiit. They confulted among 
 themftlves for a fliort time, and afterwards gave 
 9n ambiguous anfvver. Father Buryas, fupeiior 
 of niifTipns, who was the interpreter, begged 
 
 them 
 
 6S« 
 
 
i''l 
 
 HISTORY OF .CANADA. 
 
 a87 
 
 them to explain themfclves more clearly, and on book 
 this their confufion feemed to increafe. The ^ . . — ^ 
 
 Count de Frontenac then faid, that he accepted 
 the fird collar, and that he fent back with plea- 
 fure his children, who feemed to feel fo much 
 pain : that he knew the good-will of the deputies 
 of the two cantons, and their eagernefs to give 
 him protedations of their fidelity ; but that he 
 would not receive the other collars, by which 
 they pretended to ftop his arm, and that he muft 
 quickly ftrike a blow, if they haftened not to 
 render him a more precife anfwer, refpecling all 
 that he had declared to Teganiflbrens. 
 
 He afterwards regaled them in a plentiful and 
 handfome ftile, and during the entertainment, 
 alfuming thofe conciliating manners which he 
 had ever at command, he Iludied to imprefs the 
 Goyogouins and Tronnonthouans with the idea 
 that he wiflied for peace, but more on their ac- 
 count than his own, and as became a father who 
 chiiltifes his children with regret. He re-affem- 
 bled, after fome days, all the favages, and ap- 
 peared to (hew much refentnient that Teganif- 
 forens had not returned at the time which he 
 had appointed j and ftill more that they had 
 confulted with the linglilh. who regarding only 
 their particular interclis could not but difconcert 
 the negotiation. He added, that he would not 
 long be the dupe of the irrerolution and incon- 
 ' ftancy 
 
 1694. 
 
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 288 
 
 illSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1^94. 
 
 BOOK ftancy of the cantons ; that he afid his allief 
 would ferioufly re-conmience tlie war, and that 
 it ftiould be carried on with greater fpirit and 
 aflivity than ever. 
 
 The depurles, who h'ttle expc(fled this menace, 
 wifhed to infpire him with a ciiltrufl of his allies; 
 but he took up their defence, and protefted that 
 he would never I'eparate their interefts from his 
 own. He however failed not to lilten attentively 
 to fome reproaches which the Iroquois and the 
 Hurons nnitually cxchanoed, wilhing, no doubt, 
 to try if he could draw foine information refpe^l- 
 ing the condu(5l of the iatrcr, in whom he never 
 very grc:\tly confided ; but after a fpirited alter- 
 cation, from which he could learn nothing that 
 he did not already know, he impofed filence on 
 the two parties. lie then faid to the Iroquois, 
 that he fhould not greatly halten his preparations, 
 that he micrht <A\c :hem time to recover a fenfe 
 of their duty ; but if chc^y continued to abufe his 
 patience, he Ihould make them fenfible, that in 
 proportion as he was a good father and faithful 
 ally, fo fliould they, on the contrary, experience 
 him to be a forn^iiJable enemy. He fpoke in a 
 like tone to the orlier favacres, and took leave of 
 them, loaded with prefents, and full of refpe^t 
 for his perfon. 
 
 Towards the end of October father Milet ar- 
 rived at Montreal, after five years of flavery, a 
 
 confiderable 
 
 ' I 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 289 
 
 VI. 
 
 1694. 
 
 confiderable part of which he had paflied in the book 
 conflant expectation of being fubjefted to the 
 fufferings dedined for prifoners of war, and he 
 gave intelligence to the General, that Tarcha 
 was following him with the deputies of the can- 
 ton of Onneyouth. They difembarked, indeed, 
 in a fiw days afterwards, and met with an un- 
 favourable reception : it was even doubtful whe- 
 ther they (hould not be treated as fpies. M. de 
 Frontenac relented, however, fomewhat from his 
 feverity, on the tedimony of the miHionary, to 
 whom Tareha had effe^ually rendered good 
 fervices during his captivity ; and although he 
 began to give fome credit to what he had been 
 told by the Abinaquis, that all thefe negotiations 
 tended only to amufe, he reflected that they had 
 not been altogether without their ufe, by having 
 procured fome repofe for the inhabitants of the 
 colony. It was befides neceifary for him at leafl: 
 to pretend to give them credit, or to march to 
 attack the Iroquois with a force capable of exter- 
 minating them ; and he mud firft have been 
 mafter of one equal to fuch a fervice. The 
 Englifh had con(lru£led a fort at Onnontagu6, 
 and it was in a condition of defence. The Iro- 
 quois could, ifneceflfary, mufter three thoufand 
 warriors, and the Governor of New York would 
 not fuffer them to perifh for want of affill- 
 ance. , •.. ' ■ ,■?•;•■••' .'' '»*••■ 
 
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 290 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 M. deFrontenac could not reckon oh more than 
 two thoufand at the utmoft, including in that 
 '^4^ number the troops, the militia, and the domicili- 
 ated lavages ; prudence would not fuffer him to 
 withdraw his men from the moft expofed ports, 
 which were fufficiently numerous. Thus upon 
 due refleftion, much had been done in prevent- 
 ing an invafion by confiderable parties, who 
 would have ravaged and laid wafte the cultivated 
 fields, a misfortune which would have been fol- 
 lowed by a general fcarclty. The celTatit^n of 
 hoftilities was the fruit of the negotiations which 
 had been mentioned, and the fmall parties 
 wh^ch bad appeared in the country from time to 
 time, whilft thefe were going forward, had only 
 ferved to keep the French upon their guard. 
 
 The Iroquois continued to make great pro- 
 mifes, without any views of fmcerity. It was 
 afterwards underflood, that it was not from 
 ■New York that the greateft obftacles to a perfed 
 reconciliation between the cantons and the 
 French originated ; the Dutch, who had a great 
 party in that province, not being averfe to the 
 peace j but that it principally depended on New 
 England. From whatever quarter, however, 
 the impediment might be derived, there was no 
 perfon in Canada who was not convinced of the 
 urgent neceflity of executing the menaces which 
 had fo often been repeated to thefe favages. 
 r .. .. , The 
 
 ./K-- 
 

 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The court of France was alfo of the fame 
 opinioiitfw/ , ; uui.> ..iy: . i. 
 /yli now became necefiary to convince the Iro- 
 quois that they fhould no longer boaft of the 
 French being the dupes of their policy ; and this 
 was dill more apparent, when thefe barbarians, 
 after feveral intrigues to detach from the French 
 inter eft their countrymen of the Sault de Saint 
 Louis and of the mountain, who were upon the 
 point of yielding to their perfuafions, feeing all 
 their machinations difcovered, began to (hew 
 themfelves in the vicinity of the habitations, and 
 to exercife there their ufual cruelties and fyflem 
 of plunder. , , - . . 
 
 The vigilance and adivity of the Governor of 
 Montreal defeated, in a great degree, their mea^ 
 fures. One of the chiefs of the Sault de Saini 
 Louis, who had fecretly entered into a negotia- 
 tion with them, was driven from the village. 
 The Sieor de la Motte Cadillac, who had fuc- 
 ceeded M. de Louvigny at Michilimakinac, found 
 means to engage the favages of his diftri^ to 
 fall upon the common enemy, who had been at 
 fome pains to detach them from the French 
 alliance. But this prevented not the inhabitants 
 from being kept in continual alarm, the Iroquois 
 preparing for them ambufcades in every quarter, 
 and approaching to maflacre them in view of, 
 and almod under the cannon of the forts. 
 
 u 2 Thefe 
 
 291 
 
 BOOK 
 VI. 
 
 1695. 
 
 
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 892 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Thefe hoflilities had been preceded by infolent 
 propofals on the part of the cantons, who, at the 
 moment they ceafed to pretend a vifli for peace, 
 had refumed their former airs of 'haughtinefs. 
 They began by requiring that the Crovernor- 
 Generalihould fend, in his turn, deputies to treat 
 at their villages ; and for the firft preliminary ar* 
 ticle they exaded, that all hoftilities on the part 
 of the French and of their allies (hould forthwith 
 ceafe, not only with refpe^ to them, but alfo to 
 theXhglifh. 
 
 So haughty a tone from an enemy, whom it 
 was conceived not impradlicable to humiliate; 
 the neceffity of taking meafures for that end, if 
 the French wiOied not to lofeall the credit they 
 had gained in the opinion of their allies,' and the 
 mortification of witnefling the extremities and 
 even the centre of the colony become again the 
 theatre of a war, in which every thing was ha- 
 zarded without the hope of advantage, made 
 thofe, whom experience of the paft had led to 
 entertain difquieting apprehenfions of the future, 
 ardently defire that the whole forces ci Canada 
 might be aifembled, to march againll the can- 
 tons, and to compel them to repent that they had 
 not profited by the favourable opportunity which 
 was offered them of concluding an advantageous 
 peace, the Count de Frontenac was not of that 
 opinion. 
 
 He 
 
 I •■', 
 
HI&TDRY OF CANADA. 
 
 293 
 
 He was firmly^ perfuaded that the mod effica- book 
 cious remedy againft thefe evils which were 
 feared, was to repair the fort of Catarocony ; 
 and refolved to execute this defign» of which he 
 had not loft; the view for a moment fmce his re- 
 turn from France, whatever obftacle he might 
 find to furmount in attaining his obje^. 
 
 His refolution was fcarcely declared, when M. 
 de Champigi^ and all the officers of government 
 reprefented to him in a ftriking manner the dan- 
 gerous confequences which might enfue from an 
 enterprife, where he alone difcovered advantages 
 which no other perfon could dtfcer^; adding, 
 that the troops and militia which mufl be kept 
 there, would be much better occupied in re- 
 prefSng the infolence of the Iroquois. It was 
 remarked to him, that the cantons having oftener 
 than once demanded the re-e(lablifhment of this 
 pofl, it would be not qply beflowing on them a 
 favour of which they were unworthy, but even in 
 a manner receiving law from them, which they 
 feemed to impofe with arms in their hands. 
 
 Thefe reprefentations aflfe£i:ed not the General. 
 He anfwered, that although he flood alone in 
 his opinion, he would follow it. He prefently 
 departed for Montreal, where he arrived on the 
 1 8th of July, efcorted by a hundred and ten in- 
 habitants of Quebec and Three Rivers. He 
 raifed befides fifty men of the militia of Montreal, 
 
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 294 
 
 HISTORY OF Canada: 
 
 BOOK two hundred foldiers, ahd two hundred favacjes, 
 
 VI 
 
 ^ —^1 _i with thirty-fix officers, all chofen men, who 
 1695. under the command of the Chevalier Crifafy, 
 whom the General entrufted with the execution 
 of the enterprife, might have been fufficient to 
 have brought the Iroquois to reafon. The pre- 
 parations were made with all poflible diligence, 
 and the moment the convoy was ready it began 
 to proceed to the place of its deftination. 
 
 M. de Frontenac very foon after received a 
 letter from M. de Pontehar train, wherein that 
 minifter acquainted him that the King did not 
 approve of the intention of re-eftabli(hing the 
 fort of Catarocony. He howtver took upon him 
 to pay no other attention to this intimation of 
 authority, than by afiigning reafons for the con- 
 du^ which he had held on this occaHon : the 
 principal of which was, that the derelidion of 
 this enterprife, of which the chiefs of the Outaou- 
 ais had been eye-witnelfes, would have fo funk 
 the French in their eftimation, by the ftrong im- 
 preffions which muft have been formed of their 
 weaknefs, or their defire to renew negotiation 
 with the enemy, that this alone might have been 
 fufficient to have alienated them from the French, 
 or to have induced them to entertain thoughts 
 of making peace without their participation, 
 efpecially after the )oy which they had publickly 
 teltified, to be able by ipeans of this edablifh- 
 
 ment 
 
 fayi 
 
HISTORT OP CAMADAi 
 
 «95 
 
 ment to find a fecure retrisat in all the enterprifes q o o i; 
 which they might form againft thie Iroquois. 
 The expedition was bJlppily performed at fmall 
 expence, and in little time. Not a fingle man 
 was lofk^ and, although it was originally intend- 
 ed to fortify the branches with (lakes only, iheans 
 were found to repair them in the courfe of eight 
 days with (lone, without incurring any expence 
 to the King. 
 
 1 h£ Chevalier de Crifafy (hewied in the exe- 
 cution of his orders a conduct which excited the 
 commendations even of thofe who mod difap- 
 proyed of the enterprife with which he was 
 charged. He afcended the river with great ex- 
 pedition, and fpeedily repaired the fort. But 
 hi^ zeal and his vigilance ended not th^re ; be- 
 fore his return to Montreal he detached a number 
 of fcouts, compofed of eighty favages, divided 
 into fniall bodies, and, it may be faid, that the 
 colony owed to this precaution, as much as to 
 the valour of fome ofHcers, which fliall afterwards 
 be mentioned, the happinefs which it enjoyed of 
 reaping the harved in tranquillity. 
 
 Forty of this difcovering party having ap- 
 proached towards Onnontague, fome of them 
 who advanced to the river De Chougen wit- 
 neffed the defcenC of thirty-three canoes of Iro- 
 quois, and they even heard fome of thefe favages 
 faying to each other, that they were about to pay 
 
 u 4 to 
 
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 IgS HlgTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK to the French) and to their brethren at St. Louis, 
 ut-.'-mj a vifit which would be little expected* The 
 '^5* other parties confirmed, that a great number of 
 Iroquois were in the country. They ail made 
 fufficient hade to give to the Governor of Mon- 
 treal leifure to place his pods in a (ituation to 
 bid defiance to infult, and to M. deFrontenac to 
 form a corps of eight hundred men on the ifland 
 ofPerrot. 
 
 The enemy failed not to advance to Montreal, 
 and difembarked on that ifland, in fmall platoons, 
 where they malTacred fome inhabitants. On 
 advice of this being brought to the Governor- 
 General, he thought fit to divide his little army, 
 and to difperfe it among the parlfhes to cover the 
 reapers : this difpofition difconcerted all the 
 meafures of the Iroquois, a confiderable body of 
 whom was defeated behind Boucherville by M. 
 de la Durantaye. There were fome furprifes 
 made by the barbarians, but without any mate- 
 rial injury. Thus finKhed the campaign in the 
 centre of the colony. It proved ftill Icfs pro- 
 fitable to the Iroquois in the quarters towards the 
 weft. 
 
 It has been remarked, that M. la Motte Ca- 
 dillac had influenced the favages who were in 
 the neighbourhood of his pofl to make a defcent 
 on th€ common enemy. They were fuccefsful, 
 and brought to Michilimakinac a great nuaiber 
 
 of 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 297 
 
 of prifoners. The Iroquois wifhed to fatisfy book 
 their vengeance on the French, and marched in t_„-/- ^ 
 great force to conftrain the Miamia to declare 1695* 
 themfelves againft them; refolved, if they re- 
 fufed, to4rive them from the river St. Jofeph, 
 where there was a populous village of thefe ra- 
 vages. By good fortune M. de Coihtemanche 
 was at that place, together with fome Canadians, 
 when the Iroquois appeared. He joined the 
 Miamis, and fell fo fiercely on the barbarians, 
 who were far from expecting that reception, 
 that after having killed and wounded a great 
 number, he obliged the remainder to fly in great 
 difbrder. ■ - ' - ; ' h /• 
 
 This check was fenfibly felt by them; but 
 they found an advantage to counterbalance it by 
 the perfidy of a Huron chief, called by the 
 French, the Baron. He was a dangerous cha- 
 racter, and the French, whofe enemy he naturally 
 was, entertained no diftruft or fufpicion of his 
 conduA. He had prevented the Hurons of 
 Michilimakinac from going to war like the others, 
 and had been negotiating for fome time with the 
 Iroquois. He concealed however his game wifh 
 an adroitnefs and fecrefy, of which few people 
 but favages, and efpecially the Hurons, are capa- 
 ble ; and whilft he went himfetf, with the deputies 
 of the allies, to make to the Governor-General 
 proteilations of unalterable attachment^ he had 
 
 fent 
 
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 1$8 
 
 HISTORy OF CANADA.' 
 
 BOOK fent his fon with thirty warriors, who were en- 
 ^— -^^w tirely at his difpofal, to the Tfonnonthouans. 
 169;. They concluded with this canton a treaty, ire 
 which they comprehended the Outaouais ; and, 
 when the whole of the intrigue came to light, 
 the party was fo completely linked together, that 
 it became impoffible for the Sieur la Motte Ca- 
 dillac to break the connexion. This commander 
 was however fo far fuccefsful as to fufpend the 
 execution of the treaty, at lead on the part of the 
 Outaouais ; but the Baron, who had thrown off 
 the ma(k, no longer preferved any m^afures, and 
 the French confoled themfelves with the reflec- 
 tion, that a declared enemy is much lefs to be 
 feared than a perfidious ally, particularly of the 
 charader already defer ibed, whofe plans were 
 afterwards neither avowed nor adopted by his 
 village. 
 
 Another circumftance difquieted the Sieur de 
 la Motte Cadillac, and engaged him to manage 
 with addrefs a deputation which fhall prefently 
 be mentioned. The favages of his difl:ri£t con- 
 tinually complained of the high price of the 
 French merchandife, which was indeed exorbi- 
 tant. It is c^^tain ^hat nothing was more difad- 
 vantageous for that people in Canada, particu- 
 larly in critical conjun^];ures, than the little 
 attention which was paid to the condud of thofe 
 engaged in the commerce, which fubjefted them 
 !•; more 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 299 
 
 more than once to the hazard of feeing their book 
 allies, whofe fupplies of furs became neceflkry to ^ -^' _j 
 the exiftence of that commerce, fbrfake their '695. 
 alliance for that of the EngHfh. '" 
 
 The commandant of Michilimakinac, unable 
 of himfelf to remedy that diforder, of which he 
 was more in a fituation than any other perfon to 
 forefee the deflruftive confequences, wifhed to 
 imprefs with a full conviflion of this important 
 truth the Governor- General and the Intendant, 
 that they might purfue fuch meafures as would 
 afford the defired relief. He fuggefted to the 
 deputies, whom he fcnt to Montreal under a 
 different pretext, to prefent a collar to demand a 
 diminution of the price of merchandife, and to 
 infid on this point as fo effential, that they were 
 refolved not to depart from it. This they exe- 
 cuted, and even went further than the Sieur de 
 la Motte Cadillac intended. They appeared be- 
 fore the Count de Frontenac as a people who 
 propofed peace or war ; and in prefenting their 
 collar they did not diffemble, that, if he granted 
 not their demand, they ih9uld take their refolu- 
 tion thereupon. 
 
 Such a propofal, delivered with a menacing 
 air, could not be favourably received, and the 
 collar was rejected with difdaln. The General 
 made to the deputies the reproaches which their 
 infolence merited ; but whilil he touched this 
 
 fpring. 
 
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 300 
 
 1695. 
 
 HISTORY Of CANADA* 
 
 fpring, he knew^how to check it opportunely, 
 and mingled with marks of his difpleafure fuch 
 manners and expreflions as difcovered more of 
 kindnefs than of anger. He gave hope to the 
 favages that they fhould receive fatisfadion with 
 refpe^t to the terms of the merchandife. But, 
 as in their difcourfe they delivered themfelves in 
 a manner to induce the perfuafion that they were 
 not much difpofed, independently of this article, 
 to continue in a (late of warfare, the General 
 teflified great compaflion for that blindnefs, which 
 had deprived them of the view of their real inte- 
 reds. He added, that for his own part he was 
 refolved to make war : that he would have been 
 happy to have witneiTed all his children join him, 
 to avenge the blood of a great number of their 
 brethren ; but he was not in want of their aflill- 
 ance : that he could not better punifh them for 
 their indocility, than in leaving them at liberty 
 to follow their inclinations : that tie wiflied only 
 to imprefs them with the truth of the advice he 
 had already given, that the Iroquois could never 
 have any other views with refped to them but 
 their dedrutSlion, and that experience ought to 
 have made them fenfible, that thai people fought 
 to detach them from his alliance, only to arrive 
 with greater facility at the execution of their 
 purpofe. 
 
 ,- i,::u:' ■ .1 .;:• -— . •:■>-: ;; A d^rec 
 
 III'' 
 
fflSTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 301 
 
 to arrive 
 
 1695. 
 
 A degree of firmnefs fo feafonable aftoniihed ^ ^^p '^ 
 the deputies, and afforded particularly to the 
 Huron chief ample matter for refleftion, but did 
 not induce him to break the filence which he had 
 hitherto preferved: he contented himfelf with 
 faying, that he was not charged with any fpecial 
 meifage on that head, on the part of his nation : 
 that his orders extended no further than to hear 
 what his father Ononthio would be pleafed to 
 fay, that he might make a report to his brethren. 
 The General however, who had been inftru6ted 
 with regard to his fecret praflices, told him that 
 it was in vain to diflemble : that he well knew 
 his intentions, of which he was under no appre- 
 henfion. The Outaouais and the Nifriflbngs 
 then conjured M. de Frontenac to be well per- 
 fuaded that they had no fhare in the intentions 
 of that perfon, who might merit his difpleafure, 
 and added, that they would not return to their 
 country, but were refolved to remain near their 
 father, to be witnefles of the enterprife which he 
 was about to execute. I 
 
 Some time before M. le Sueur had conduced 
 to Montreal a large convoy from the weftern 
 extremity of Lake Superior. Whilft M. de 
 Frontenac was giving audience to the favages 
 who had accompanied him, a Siou chief ap- 
 proached him with an air of fadnefs, fupported 
 . his hands on his knees, and, with tears in his 
 d ' . eyes. 
 
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 302 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VI. 
 
 1695. 
 
 16^6. 
 
 -' .At ■ ■ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 eyes, conjured him to have companion on him : 
 that all the other nations poifeiTed a father, and 
 that he alone was like an abandoned child. He 
 then ftretched out a robe of beaver, on which 
 having placed twenty-two arrows, he took them 
 up one after the other, named at each a village 
 of his nation, and demanded of the General to 
 be pleafed to take them under his protedion. 
 The Count de Frontenac gave him a promife to 
 that effedl. But no means were afterwards taken 
 to maintain thefe people in the alliance of the 
 French. Confiderable advantages might have 
 been derived from thence, by a traffic for leather 
 and for wool, the vaft plains which they inhabit 
 being covered with wild cattle. 
 
 The fentiments of the court with refped to the 
 wars with the Iroquois were now fully explained 
 by M. de Pontchartrain the minifter. Thefe 
 continued a6ls of hoftility appeared to proceed 
 from a jealoufy which prevailed with regard to a 
 fuperiorlty in commerce for furs, with the na- 
 tions of the upper country, between the inhabi- 
 tants of Canada and thofe of New York ; the 
 fituation of the Iroquois giving them great ad- 
 vantages in carrying on that traffic. It was be- 
 lieved alfo, that the alienation of the Outaouais 
 and of the other natives of thefe diftant quarters, 
 was occafioned by the French penetrating into 
 their territories, and ufurping the commerce 
 
 which 
 
rt 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 v3«3 
 
 which ihefe nations carried on with others more b o o JL 
 
 VI. 
 
 advanced towards the north. That the paflion 
 for traverfing the woods of Canada, more unre- 
 ftrained than ever, noiwithftanding frequent 
 prohibitions to the contrary, was the fource of 
 all the misfortunes of the colony, and had cre- 
 ated eftablifliments too remote from each other, 
 which diflipated and weakened the population, 
 and overturned the views which the King enter- 
 tained of uniting the inhabitants within more 
 circumfcribed limits, and of applying their at- 
 tention to induftry and the cultivation of the 
 lands. ■ --^ ■ ' : • •: : ' 
 
 It was added, that the King, after having con- 
 fidered the reprefentation of M. M. Frontenac 
 and Champigny relative to the ill-afFcdled difpo- 
 fition of the ''.Hies tov;ards the French govern- 
 ment, and to the difficulties and immenfe ex- 
 pence of maintaining a communication witii them 
 in time of war, had refolved, from the advice of 
 thofe who were acquainted with the nature of 
 the country, to abandon Michilimakinac. and 
 the other advanced pofts, except Fort Louis of 
 the llinois, which he was inclined to maintain, 
 on condition that the Sieurs Foret and de Tonti, 
 on whom he had beftowed this concefTion, 
 fhould neither of t' rnfelves tranfport, or caufe 
 to be tranfported, Ui.y beaver (kins into the 
 
 colony. , , ,; .^;,j ,;, , , - , . 
 
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 l6i)fy. 
 
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 3«4 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 CO K 
 VI. 
 
 ^ 
 
 The commerce of New France was, doubtlcfs, 
 '-^ much injured by the Canadianc over-running the 
 1696. territories of the favages, and there introducing 
 a fpirit of licentioufnefs, which rendered their 
 country detefted by all the people of the conti- 
 nent, and erected an unfurniountable barrier to 
 the progrefs of religion. But the remedies which 
 the King propofed to apply, were by no means 
 pradicable from the circumftances of the colony, 
 fince it was certain that the advanced pofts would 
 have been no fooner evacuated, than they would 
 have been feized by (he Englifh, whom all the 
 favages eftabliflied in their vicinity would have 
 joined. Thus the Engliih and the Iroquois, 
 flrengthened by fuch an acquifition of fi^rce,^ 
 would in one campaign have driven the French 
 out of Canada. 
 
 On the other hand, M. de Frontenac became 
 at length convinced of the indifpenfible neceffity 
 of making an effort to humble the Iroquois. 
 He was alfo perfuaded of it from the difpofitions 
 which they evinced in the lad audience which he 
 gave to the deputies of that nation ; but what 
 mod of all determined him to make his appear- 
 ance in the cantons with all his force, was the 
 advice which he had received from all quarters 
 of the bad effeds which the inaction of the 
 French every where produced, notwithftanding 
 'he hopes with which their allies had for a long 
 
 I time 
 
 i**!^ 
 
 

 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 305 
 
 time been flattered, of a great expedition againfl: hook 
 the common enemy. ^^^.^^ 
 
 Having taken this refolution, he made it ^^9^' 
 known to the commandant of Michilimakinac 
 by a Frenchman, who fet out with the deputies 
 of the Outaouais on their return to their coun- 
 try. The meffenger found the Sieur de la Motte 
 Cadillac in great embarralTment. AmbafTadors 
 from the Iroquois had been received by the fa- 
 vages of his poft, and had obtained from them 
 all that they wifhed ; an effeft of the intrigues 
 of the Baron. They not only had concluded a 
 treaty of peace with the Hurons and the Ou- 
 taouais, but they had induced them to adopt 
 the determination of uniting themfelves to the 
 enemies of the French. 
 
 La Motte Cadillac had in vain attempted to 
 gain admiflion to their conference ; but Onaflic, 
 chief of the Outaouais Kilkakons, had acquainted 
 him with every thing that paffed between them. 
 It only now remained to difconcert their in- 
 trigues, which became ftill more difficult after 
 the return of the deputies who had been at Mon- 
 treal, and during whofe abfence the whole had 
 been carried on. Thefe deputies publiflied on 
 their arrival, that all the French were dead : 
 this is an expreflion in ufe among the favages to 
 indicate that a^airs are in a flate of defpair. 
 They particularly .affirmed, .that the French 
 
 VOL. I. X dared 
 
 <fr, 
 
 
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3o6 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 #!'ii 
 
 im. 
 
 
 /«■ I 
 
 m 
 
 111 
 
 Mi.hL 
 
 1696, 
 
 dared not to make their appearance at fea, that 
 they poflefled neither wine, nor brandy, and that 
 they had fufFered the deputies to return in the 
 fame (hirts which they had brought to Montreal, 
 Ononthio not finding himfelf in a fituation to 
 prefent them with others. In this unpleafant 
 conjundure la Motte Cadillac did not give him- 
 felf up to defpondency. The Frenchman who 
 had accompanied the deputies having put into 
 his hands letters from the Governor-General, 
 informing him of feveral advantages which had 
 been gained by the French over the Iroquois, he 
 made an advantageous ufe of this intelligence. 
 He then declared, that, notwithftanding the fear- 
 city of merchandife, occafioned by the delay of 
 vefTels expected from France, which the contrary 
 winds, and not the fear of the Englifli, had pre- 
 vented from arriving at the ufual time, he would 
 give all the articles that remained in the maga- 
 zines at the fame price at which they had hither- 
 to been fold, and that he would likewife deliver 
 them upon credit. This propofal had a good 
 cffed : Onalkc and fome other emiflaries of the 
 commandant, took advantage of it to open the 
 eyes of fuch as were mofl: prejudiced by the con- 
 fequences of the negotiations in which they had 
 engaged, and when the Sieur de la Motte Ca- 
 dillac faw them beginning to waver, he called 
 them together. He told them, that if they would 
 
 refled; 
 
HISTORY OF CAKAa>A. 
 
 307 
 
 t fea, that 
 y, and that 
 irn in the 
 Montreal, 
 ituation to 
 unpleafant 
 t give him- 
 hman who 
 ig put into 
 )r-General, 
 which had 
 roquois, he 
 itelligence. 
 Ig the fear- 
 be delay of 
 le contrary 
 b, had pre- 
 ?, he would 
 the maga- 
 had hither- 
 vife deliver 
 id a good 
 Ties of the 
 o open the 
 3y the con- 
 h they had 
 Motte Ca- 
 he called 
 :hey would 
 reflet 
 
 tefle^l on his condud fince he had refided among book 
 them, they would be convinced that he had not 
 deceived them, as they fuppofed^ and had been 
 complained of in terms of little refpedi; ; but that 
 they had fuffered themfelves to be feduced by 
 malevolent fpirits, whom they ought to have re- 
 garded with diftrufl. As he perceived that thefe 
 reproaches affe^ed them, he thought it unnecef* 
 fary to make a longer difcourfe, and without 
 allowing them time to confult, he propofed to 
 them to detach feveral parties againft the Iro- 
 quois, who were then on hunting expeditions 
 with the Hurons, and fome Outaouaifians. Such 
 is the unfortunate fituation of thofe whofe lot it 
 is to govern barbarians without faith, and dedi- 
 tute of principles of honour, that they can never 
 place reliance on their promifes, nor frequently 
 find any other means to avoid becoming the vic- 
 tims of their perfidy, than in the little regard, 
 proceeding from a principle of natural levity, 
 that they pay to their political ties. The Ou- 
 taouais violated the faith which they had fre- 
 quently fworn to maintain with the French ; new 
 engagements had attached them to the Iroquois, 
 and they fuddenly became again their enemies. 
 
 Scarcely had la Motte Cadillac ceafed from 
 fpeaking, when Onaike Ouillamek, a chief of 
 Pontouatami, and an Algonquin named Mikinac, 
 havingdeclared themfelves chiefs of the enterprife, 
 
 X 2 prefently 
 
 I 
 
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 Mil 
 
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 III! 
 
 i.';i 
 
 308 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 prefently affembled a confiderable number of 
 warriors. Some Hurons immediately haftened 
 1696. to inform the Iroquois, who took to flight, but 
 the Outaouais made fuch hade that they over- 
 took them. A combat began with much fero- 
 city on the borders of a river, into which the 
 Iroquois were obliged to throw themfelves, and 
 feek for fafety by fwimming. The vidlors brought 
 to Michilimakinac thirty fcalps, and thirty-two 
 prifoners, with a booty of five hundred beaver 
 ikins. Several Hurons were among the number 
 of prifoners, who were delivered up to their na- 
 tion, which appeared fenfible of that mark of 
 refpeft. 
 
 After an event of fuch confequence, it was not 
 to be apprehended that the Outaouais would 
 foon come to an accommodation with the Iro- 
 quois, nor with the Englifti, on whom the lofs 
 of the booty fell, becaufe they had advanced 
 their merchandife to the Iroquois for the future 
 produce of their chace. 
 
 Some time afterwards M. d*Agenteuil arrived 
 at Michilimakinac, and there publifhed an ac- 
 count of great preparations which M. de Fronte- 
 nac was making, with a defign to attack the 
 Iroquois in their country. M. de la Motte Ca- 
 dillac invited the favages to join their father ; 
 but he made known to them, that he gave this 
 invitation of hiaifelf, without having received 
 
 any 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 309 
 
 any order on the fubjeft from the General, book 
 Onafkc then declared, that he would go forth <^^>^ 
 to fight under the banner of Qnonthio, and the ^^^^' 
 commandant flatte^-ed himfelf for a time th^t a 
 body of four hundred warriors would march to 
 flrengthen the French army ; but various inci- 
 dents rendered thefe expedations ineffedual, and 
 it was believed that the Hurons had fecretly op- 
 pofed the meafure, in order to avenge themfelves 
 of the affront which they had received by the 
 defeat of the Iroquois. 
 
 There were many different opinions refpeding 
 the plan to be purfued in order to infure the 
 fuccefs of an expedition fo defirable, by which 
 it was hoped to put an end to a war which had 
 frequently brought the colony to the verge of 
 ruin, which impeded its progrefs, and by means 
 of which the Englifh confiderably augmented 
 their commerce, and eftablifhed their power on 
 the continent of North America. The choice 
 of the time for commencing the operations was 
 principally the fubjed on which they who were 
 to condudl them were not agreed. Many con- 
 ceived, that the winter was the fitteft period to 
 fall upon the canton of Onnontague with all the 
 forces of the colony, in order to have time to 
 complete in one campaign the deftrudion of all 
 the other cantons. But the Chevalier de Cal- 
 lieres entertained different fentiments. He told 
 
 X 3 the 
 
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 i% 
 
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310 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 I'lii ' ' 
 
 BOOK 
 VI. 
 
 1696. 
 
 the General, that he would not find a fufGcient 
 number of perfons who could march on fnow 
 ihoes, carry and drag proviftons and ammuni- 
 tion for fuch a diftance, and deftroy a village 
 fituated in the middle of an enemy's country, 
 where it was eafy for the Iroquois to aflemble 
 in a fhort time all their warriors, and to fortify 
 themfelves in fuch manner as to (lop for a con-^ 
 fiderable period the progrefs of the French army. 
 He added, that although they might force their 
 intrenchments, the enemy could eafily prepare 
 amhufcades for troops loaded with baggage, and 
 might harrafs them even to the gates of Montreal ; 
 that it was better to await the arrival of fummer, 
 and then nothing could impede the march of all 
 the troops, the militia, and domiciliated favages, 
 who would compofe a body capable of facing the 
 enemy on every fide, and of executing whatever 
 was intended : that it might be neverthelefs at- 
 tended with advantage, that a detachment (hould 
 in the niean time proceed upon the ice to attack 
 the AgnieTS, who were the neareft, and who 
 having no expectation of fuch an enterprife 
 flight be eafily furprifed. 
 
 The General adopted this advice, becaufe the 
 feafpn was fo unfavourable in the month of Janu- 
 ary, that from Quebec there was no po<fibility of 
 ^tavelling on the fiy^t 3t. Lawrence^ either on 
 
 foot, 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3^^ 
 
 foot, or in a cariole, or in canoes. He ordered book 
 
 VI. 
 
 the Governor of Montreal to fend five or fix 
 
 hundred men, to be fupplied by his government 
 and that of Three Rivers, againft the canton of 
 Agnier. This party was foon in readinefs, and 
 was on the point of marching, when authentic 
 advice was received that their intention was dif- 
 covered, and that the Agniers had taken the 
 precaution to procure afliftance not only from 
 the other cantons, but likewife from the Englifli 
 of New York. 
 
 M. de Callicres then fent a detachment of three 
 hundred men under the command of M. de 
 Louvigny, to proceed to the grand peninfula 
 formed by Outaouais river and the St. Lawrence, 
 and to fall upon the Iroquois huntfmen, who 
 ufually reforted thither in great numbers at that 
 feafon of the year. He was flopped not far from 
 Montreal by the quantity of fnow, which fell 
 that year in much greater abundance than ufiial. 
 He afterwards continued his rout, until within 
 five leagues of Cataracony, with incredible fa- 
 tigue, finding the fnow foft, and of the height 
 of fix or feven feet. He detached from thence 
 fome favages on difcovery, who after feven or 
 eight days* march met with ten Iroquois and a 
 woman, of whom they killed three, and took the 
 reft prifoners. They were brought to Montreal, 
 where two were burnt, amd the others pardoned, 
 
 X 4 becaufd 
 
 1696. 
 
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 i6'j6. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 becaufe fome Frenchmen, who had been flaves 
 in their country, recognifed them, and teftiiied, 
 that to them they owed their lives : they were 
 diftributed between the villages of Sault Saint 
 Louis, the Mountain, and Lorette. 
 
 Some other prifoners who were captured In 
 the fpring, reported that the Iroquois kept them- 
 feives during the whole winter (hut up in their 
 forts, and that they intended foon to come in 
 confiderable bands to prevent the French from 
 fowing their corn. Several parties of thefe bar- 
 barians accordingly fpread themfelves through 
 the fettlements, but by the precautions of the 
 Governor of Montreal the labours of hufbandry 
 were not interrupted. Some habitations were 
 furprifed by the enemy, in confequence of want 
 of attention to the orders which had been 
 given. 
 
 In the nionth of May the Chevalier de Cal- 
 lieres defcended to Quebec, to fettle with the 
 Count de Frontenac the operations of the cam- 
 paign, the preparations for which were in a ftate 
 of forwardnefs ; and when all the neceflary ar- 
 rangements were made, he returned to Montreal 
 to put in execution what had been agreed on. 
 On the 22d of June the Governor-General there 
 joined him, accompanied by M. de Champigny, 
 the Chevalier de Vaudreuil, M. de Ramazay, 
 Governor of Three Rivers, the troops and 
 
 militia 
 
 thi' •■ 
 
:1 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3«3 
 
 militia of the government of Quebec, and of that book. 
 of Three Rivers. Thofe of the government of v^-^^ 
 Montreal were already affembled, and nothing '^9^' 
 remained to be done but to begin their march. 
 On the 4th of Ju'y ten Outaouais arrived at 
 Montreal from the environs of Onnontague, 
 where they had for a long time rambled, without 
 having been able to make a fmgle prifoner. At 
 length being informed that a confiderable party 
 was detached againft them, they retired to Cata- 
 rocony, where the Sieur des Jordis, who there 
 commanded, having acquainted them that the 
 French were upon the point of marching, and 
 that the Count de Frontenac had put himfelf at 
 their head, they exprefled a defire to accompany 
 him. They therefore came to make offer of 
 their fervices, which were accepted, in the hope 
 that feveral of their countrymen might thereby • 
 be induced to join them. They found the 
 General at La Chine, where the army arrived 
 the fame day, and where five hundred favages 
 alfo affembled, of whom two divifions were 
 formed. M. de Maricourt, a captain, had the 
 command of the firfl, compofed of the Iroquois 
 of Sauk Saint Louis, and of the domiciliated 
 Abenaquis. The fecond, in which were the Hu- 
 rons of Lorette, and the Iroquois of the Moun- 
 tains, was commanded by M. de Beauvais, a 
 
 lieutenant. The ten Outaouais^ to whom were 
 
 joined 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
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 BOOK joined fome Algonquins, Sokokis, and Niplflings 
 t_ ,-' J formed a feparate band, with the conduft 
 1696. of which the Baron de Behancourt charged 
 himfelf. 
 
 The troops were divided into four battalions 
 of two hundred men each, under the orders of 
 four experienced captains, M. M. de la Duran- 
 taye, De Muys, Du Mefnil, and the Chevalier de 
 Grais. Four battalions of militia were alfo 
 formed : that of Quebec was commanded by M. 
 de St. Martin, a reduced captain ; that of Beau- 
 prc by M. de Grandville, a lieutenant ; that of 
 Three Rivers by M. de Grandpre, major of the 
 place ; and that of Montreal by M. des Cham- 
 bauts, attorney-general of that town. M. de 
 Subucafe, a captain, aded in the fituation of ma- 
 jor of brigade general, and each battalion, as 
 well of troops as of militia, had its brigade 
 major. 
 
 On the 6th of July the army encamped in the 
 He Perrot, and next day departed from thence 
 in the following order. M. de Callieres led the 
 vanguard, compofed of the firft band of favages, 
 and of two battalions of troops : it was preceded 
 by two large batteaux, in which was the commif- 
 fary of artillery with two field-pieces, fome fmall 
 mortars, and the ammunition. Some canoes 
 conduced by Canadians, accompanied them with 
 all kinds of provifions. The Count de Fronte- 
 
 nac 
 
 ", 1 
 
 ■ i i ; 
 
I;*:i' 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3*5 
 
 nac followed, furrounded by canoes, which car- book 
 ried his tents and his baggage, his fervants, and <^>m,.^ 
 a number of volunteers, having with him M. le *^9^* 
 Vaffour, engineer in chief. The four battalions 
 of militia, ftronger than thofe of the troops, 
 formed the main body, which M. de Remazay 
 commanded under the General, and the two 
 other battalions of troops, with the fecond band 
 of favages, formed the rear guard, which was 
 under the orders of the Chevalier de Vau- 
 dreuil. 
 
 The army fet out in this order, which was not 
 interrupted during the march, except that the 
 corps which one day formed the advanced guard, 
 formed on another the rear guard, thus alter- 
 nately changing their pofition. On the 19th it 
 arrived at Cataracony, where it remained until 
 the 26th, waiting for four hundred Outaouais, 
 whom M. de la Motte Cadillac had promifed to 
 colled, but who did not make their appearance. 
 Some French Coureurs de Bois were to have ac- 
 companied them, but likewife did not come; 
 they dared not probably hazard the journey, be- 
 lieving the country to be infefted by ftrong par- 
 ties of the enemy. Twenty-fix fick men were 
 left behind at Cataracony, greateft part of whom 
 were wounded in afcending the rapids. On the 
 c8th the army arrived at the mouth of the river 
 Chouguen, As this river is narrow and rapid, 
 
 the 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
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 tlie General, before entering it, fcnt fifty fcouts by 
 land on each fide. The firft day they only ad- 
 vanced a league and a half. The next the army 
 was feparaied into two corps, to make more 
 difpatch, and to occupy both by land and water 
 the two fides of the river. M. de Frontenac 
 took the left with M. de Vaudreuil, four batta- 
 lions of troops, and one of militia. M. M. de 
 Callieres and Ramazay, with all the remainder^ 
 held the right fide. On the evening they re- 
 united, after having advanced three leagues, and 
 halted at the bottom of a waterfall, where the 
 river through its whole breadth pours itfelf over 
 a perpendicular rock of twenty-five feet in 
 height, forming a curtain of refplendent white- 
 nefs. 
 
 The greatefl: part of the army was unluckily 
 drawn into the current when proceeding on the 
 journey, above the fall, and was in danger of 
 being carried down the precipice. The Go- 
 vernor of Monti eal immediately made all his 
 men leap into the water, drag the batteaux a- 
 fhore, carry the cannon by land, and advance 
 the batteaux on rollers, until they arrived to a 
 confiderable diftance above the fall. This fer- 
 vice, which lafted till ten o'clock in the evening, 
 was performed by the light of flambeaux made 
 of bark. The rapid being completely pafled, 
 they began to march with more precaution, not 
 
 only 
 
 ill 
 
 s 
 
")• 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3»7 
 
 only becaufe they approached the enemy, but on b o o ic 
 account of the troops who advanced by land, tlie y_ ^' ,,^ 
 roads being very difficult, the Chevalier de 169^' 
 Vaudreuil having with his troops marched five 
 leagues along the river, wading up to his 
 knees. 
 
 At length the army entered into the lake De 
 Gannentaha, by a place which is called tbg 
 Trenc/jf and which it would have been difficult 
 to force, if the enemy had taken the precaution 
 to poflefs themfelves of it. They there found 
 two packets of junks fufpended to a tree, which, 
 according to the cuflom of the favages, indicated 
 that fourteen hundred and thirty-four warriors 
 were waiting to engage the French. The army 
 then traverfed the lake in order of battle. M. 
 de Culliercs, who commanded on the lefr, made 
 a feint to defcend from that quarter where the 
 enemy was, and at the fame time the Chevalier 
 de Vaudreuil made a fimilar motion on the right 
 with eight hundred men ; then turning round 
 the lake, he joined M. de Callieres. All the reft 
 of the army then difembarked. ■,-■ 
 
 M. le Vaffeur immediately traced a fort, which 
 was completed the following day. They there 
 placed the magazine of provifions, the canoes, 
 and the batreaux, and the guard was committed 
 to the Marquis de Crifafy and to M. des Berge- 
 res, captains, with fifty chofen men. This expe- 
 dition 
 
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 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 BOOK dition not having been concealed under any pre- 
 v.^ -^ text foreign to its object, the French could not 
 1696. cxped to furprife the Iroquois. It is true, the 
 incertitude in which they remained with refpecc 
 to the particular quarter on which the ftorm 
 would fall, kept for a long time the cantons in 
 fufpence; but unluckily an inhabitant of the 
 village of the mountain, who had been detached 
 with feveral others to make prifoners, communi- 
 cated to them the real defign of the French. 
 Another piece of advice which this traitor after- 
 wards gave to the canton of Tfonnonthouan, 
 produced an effect contrary to that which he 
 expeded : the Chevalier de Callieres, who was 
 well acquainted with the manner of the favages, 
 faid, on leaving Cataracony, that the Outaouais 
 would not arrive, becaufe they had been requeft- 
 ed to attack the canton of Tfonnonthouan, 
 whilft the army (hould march to Onnontague. 
 The deferter failed not to communicate this 
 news to his countrymen, which was the caufe 
 that all the warriors remained there for its 
 defence. 
 
 The fame evening a great light was perceived 
 in the quarter of the principal village of the 
 Onnontagues, and it was fuppofed, which was 
 afterwards found to be the cafe, that the favages 
 had fee it on fire. 
 
 On 
 

 er any pre- 
 could not 
 is true, the 
 vith refpc(.c 
 the ftorm 
 : cantons in 
 mt of the 
 •n detached 
 , communi- 
 :he French, 
 raitor after- 
 monthouan, 
 it which he 
 s, who was 
 the ravages, 
 e Outaouais 
 )een requeft- 
 monthouan, 
 )nnontague. 
 unicate this 
 is the cauie 
 ere for its 
 
 [as perceived 
 Uage of the 
 which was 
 the favages 
 
 On 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 319 
 
 On the 3d of Auguft the army went to en- book 
 camp at half a league from the place of debar ka- i_, ,-,_r 
 tion in the vicinity of (ome fait fprings. The ^^0^* 
 following day M. de Subercafe ranged it in order 
 of battle in two lines, and formed the necelTary 
 detachments for tranfporting the artillery. M. 
 de Callieres commanded the left wing, and the 
 Chevalier de Vaudreuil that of the right : the 
 General was between the two, carried in an arm 
 chair, furrounded by his houfehold and the vo« 
 lunteers, having the cannon in his front. The 
 road was difficult, and they arrived not at the 
 village before late at night : they found it re- 
 duced to aflies, and two Frenchmen, who had 
 long been prifoners there^ were recently maflfa- 
 cred. 
 
 What appeared (till more extraordinary was, 
 that the enemy had deftroyed their fort, which 
 they might have defended for a confiderabie 
 time. This fort had been condru^ed by the 
 Englidi, and was a parallelogram with four 
 baitions, furrounded by a double paliifade, flank- 
 ed by redoubts, with an outward inclofure of 
 pofls upwards of forty feet in height. 
 
 On the morning of the 5th, two women and 
 a child of the village of the mountain, who had 
 been for fix years captives at Onkiontagu^, made 
 their efcape and came to the camp, who gave 
 information that feveral days before, all who 
 
 11 
 
 '■ :i 
 
 were 
 
.ttl 
 
 l^i 
 
 
 320 
 
 HI3T0RY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK were not in a condition to carry arms had taken 
 ^■-»».^ refuge at a league from the camp. In the after- 
 1696. noon of the fame day a French foldier, who had 
 been made prifoner at the fame time with father 
 Milet, arrived from Onneyouth, charged with a 
 collar on the part of the chiefs of this canton to 
 folicit terms of peace. The General fent him 
 back immediately with a propofal to thofe who 
 deputed him, that he would willingly receive 
 their fubmiflion, but upon condition that they 
 would come to eftablifli themfelves among the 
 French j that they muft not conceive that he 
 would be amufed by feigned negotiations, and 
 that he fhould march with troops to know their 
 final anfwer. 
 
 The Chevalier de Vaudreuil accordingly fet 
 out for this canton, at the head of feven hundred 
 men, with drders to cut down the corn, to burn 
 the villages, to receive fix chiefs in quality of 
 hodages, and, in cafe they ihould maki the fmalU 
 eft refiftance, to put to the fword all whom he 
 could find. On the i6th a young Frenchman, 
 feven years a prifoner at Onnontague, made his 
 efcape, and difcovered the place where great 
 quantities of corn and other ftores, which the 
 enemy were unable to carry off, were concealed. 
 They were feized upon, the (landing corn cut 
 down, and a fcene of devaftation carried on for 
 two fucceiTive days. • . ; i o',>,.i;w-'. 
 ^-- Oft 
 
 1 .Hi"'. 
 
 lb iy 
 
HISTORY Ot CANADA. 
 
 321 
 
 1656. 
 
 On the 8th, an Onnontague, aged near a hun-' ■ 00 k 
 dred years, was taken in the woods, being unable 
 to efcape with the others, or perhaps not having 
 the inclination to provide for his fafety ; for it ap- 
 peared that he there awaited with intrepidity the 
 approach of death. Hewas delivered into the hands 
 of the favages, who without regard to his extra^ 
 ordinary age, difcharged upon him the refentment 
 which the flight of his countrymen had excited. 
 It was doubtlefs a iingular fpedacle to behold 
 more than four hundred men venting their rage 
 againd an objeft worn down by age and decrepi- 
 tude, from whom by the force of torture they 
 were unable to extract a figh, and who ceafed 
 not while he lived to reproach them with being 
 the flaves of the French, of whom he afFe<5led to 
 fpcak in terms of the greateft contempt. The 
 only complaint that efcaped from his lips, was, 
 that when from motives of companion, or per- 
 haps of rage, one of them dabbed him repeated- 
 ly with a knife to put an end to his exiflence, 
 " Thou oughtft not,** faid he, " to abridge my 
 life, that thou mightHhave time to learn to die like 
 a man. For my own part, I die contented, be- 
 Caufe I know no meannefs with which to reproach 
 royfelf." 
 
 On the 9th M. de Vaudreuil, after hav- 
 ing burnt the fort and villages of the canton of 
 Onneyouth, returned to the (;amp with thirty- 
 
 YOL. I. ' Y five 
 

 1%' 
 
 St/ 1' 
 
 'H! ! 
 
 322 HISTORY 01' CANADA. 
 
 five men, mod of them French prifoners whom 
 he had liberated. He was accompanied by fome 
 1696. of the principal chiefs of the canton, who came 
 to place themfelves at the mercy of M. de Fron- 
 tenac. This General gave them a favourable 
 reception, in the hope of drawing over others, 
 but his expectation was vain* There was found 
 among this party a young Agnier, who had 
 come to Onneyouth to fee what was paffing : he 
 was recognifed to have deferted the preceding 
 winter from the village of the mountain, and was 
 burnt. A council of war was alTembled to dell- 
 berate on what (hould be done, in order more 
 efi'eCtually to terminate the expedition, and it 
 was refolved to treat the canton of Goyogouin 
 in the fame manner as they had done thofe of 
 Onnontague and Onneyouth, and afterwards to 
 conftruft forts, to prevent the favages from re- 
 eftablifliing themftlves in thofe quarters. The 
 Chevalier de Callicres made offer to remain in 
 that country during winter, in order to execute- 
 the projed. But the General afterwards, altered 
 his intention, and ordered a difpolition to be 
 made for returning to Montreal. 
 
 In vain did M. de Callicres reprefent to him 
 that they ought at leaft, before leaving th« coun- 
 try, to reduce the Goyogouins, the mod fierce of 
 all the Iroquois, and the leaft difficult to over- 
 come. That for this purpofe they had only to 
 
 defcend 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3«3 
 
 defcend a fine river which conducted to that book 
 
 VI 
 
 canton, and that a part of the army only was ■_ ^' _f 
 neceffary for this expedition. The General >^96- 
 however perfifted in his refolution to return, 
 which created much difcontent, and they who 
 leaft concealed their fentiments were the Cana- 
 dians, and the Iroquois of the Sault Saint 
 Louis. 
 
 The Count de Frontenac paid no attention to 
 thefe murmurs of difapprobation. He departed 
 on the 9th, and encamped at two leagues from 
 his fort, which he reached on the following day, 
 and rafed it to the foundation. Ori the 20th 
 he arrived at Montreal, having loft no more than 
 fix men in his expedition, fome of whom were 
 drowned in the rapids. He believed he had 
 effeded much in humiliating the Iroquois ; but 
 as he was informed that the fcarcity of provifions 
 was not lefs great in the cantons where he had 
 not penetrated, than in thofe he had ravaged, and 
 that New York was by no means in a ftate to 1697- 
 afllft them ; he hoped that this nation, in order 
 to avoid its total ruin, would accept fuch condi- 
 tions of peace as he would be pleafed to beftow. 
 That he might more fully conftrain them to this 
 neceffity, he refolved to profecute the war, and 
 having allowed his army time to repofe after its 
 fatigues, he formed feveral detachments, who 
 harafled the enemy until the end of autumn. 
 
 ¥2 M. de 
 
 ■fl .^ 
 
 
 Mr 
 
 'm-\ 
 
 \f- 
 
#■ 
 
 Nr 
 
 <M 
 
 »a 
 
 'Kfn-!!. 
 
 'I; 
 
 II 
 
 III ill '" 
 
 324 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 M. de Frontenac juftly conceived that the 
 Iroquois, whom he had more dunned than ftib- 
 dued, would not fail to refume their ferocity, 
 and to (hew themfelves on the frontiers of the 
 colony. But no projeft which he had formed 
 to complete their humiliation fucceeded, and the 
 affairs of the province, on account of that war> 
 were foon found to be in the fame fituation in 
 which they were before he made his laft cam- 
 paign with a force more than fufficient cffedually 
 to ruin the cantons. 
 
 'J'he Chevalier de Callieres had received or- 
 ders, towards the end of autumn, to raife in his 
 government a confiderable body of men, and to 
 fend them over the ice to aft againll the Ag- 
 niers ; but the want of provifions rendered this 
 fcheme impradicable, the crop having been very 
 unprodudive. 
 
 Some parties however went out to harrafs the 
 enemy, and took the rout to New York. One 
 named Dubos, who conduced one of thefe 
 bodies, after having fought for fome time, with 
 much valour, againfi the Mahingans and Agniers 
 with fuccefs, fell into an ambufcade near to 
 Orange. Out of fixteen, the number of which 
 it confided, ten were killed on the fpot, Dnbos 
 and three others were wounded, taken, and 
 brought to Orange ; two more of the party never 
 afterwards were heard of. 
 
 A fecond 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 325 
 
 A fecond band of feven or eieht Frenchmen book 
 
 VI 
 
 v^ere not more happy. It was met by favages _.-.^ 
 of the mountain, who took them for Englifh, >^97' 
 and charged them. Two were killed before the 
 error was difcovered, and the great chief of the 
 mountain, named Totathiron, perifhed, which 
 was a great lofs to the colony. 
 
 Thirtf-three Onneyoutha arrived at Montreal 
 on the 5th of February, who faid that they had 
 come to acquit themfelves of the promife which 
 they had made to their father, to rank themfelves 
 with the number of his children ; that all the 
 other inhabitants of the canton had charged 
 them to aflure him, that the red of their nation 
 would have followed them, if the Agnier and 
 Onnontague had not difluaded them ; that they 
 had not however changed their mind, and if 
 Ononthio would be pleafed to fend to them, 
 they would not fail to come ; that they were re- 
 folved to fettle in whatever place he fliould aflign 
 them, wifhing only to preferve the didindtive 
 name of their nation. They requeued they 
 might be allowed Father Milet as their miflion- 
 ary. 
 
 M. de Callieres received them favourably, and 
 wrote to the Count de Frontenac to know his 
 intention on the fubje^. He received there- 
 upon an order to fend back their chief to Onne* 
 youth, that he might inform his countrymen of 
 
 Y3 the 
 
 
'!,^ 
 
 f' 
 
 326 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 '^']-n 
 
 mil 
 
 '•fi-'' 
 
 ii' 
 
 u ; -i- 
 
 BOOK the good reception with which he had met, and 
 \_ -,-\uj to engage the whole to follow his example. 
 1697. This negotiation, and the condud of the Onne- 
 youth? who had gone to Montreal, had occa- 
 fioned great umbrage to the other cantons, and 
 the Onnontagues put themfelves in motion to 
 oppofe their refolution. The Agniers, more 
 impatient than the others to know in what fitua- 
 tion matters were with refpeft to the Onne- 
 youths, fent two of their people to Quebec, on 
 pretext of conduding thither two young ladies 
 who had been captured the preceding year at 
 Sorel. They gave intelligence that the Iroquois 
 were beginning to recover from their terror; 
 that the Engiifii had made prefents to the On- 
 nontagues to indemnify them for their lofles, and 
 to engage them to re-build their village ; and 
 that they txpeded to be able to fow in the enfu? 
 ing fpring the fame fields which the French had 
 ravaged. 
 
 The two Agniers on their part demanded, in 
 a haughty tone, of the Count de Frontenac, if 
 the road from thdr canton to Quebec fliould be 
 open. The General anfwered, that the firft 
 Iroquois who fhould have the infolence to fpeak 
 to him in that manner fhould be indantly pu- 
 nifhed : that he neverthelefs pardoned them, in 
 confideration of the two captives which they had 
 reitored him, but that they mufl accuilom them- 
 felves 
 
 ^-' 
 
 Ui .'.rr-'j. 
 
'* m 
 
 ners, more 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3^7 
 
 felves to fpeak in a more mild and humble tone book. 
 before him : that he would no further liften to 
 
 them until they were perfedly fubmiffive to his 
 pleafure, and until they (hould have redored all 
 the Frenchmen who were prifoners among 
 them* ,,^ ;» 
 
 ?; They were detained during the remainder of 
 the winter left they fhould inform their country- 
 men of the places where the allies had gone to 
 the chace, and in the mean time fmall parties 
 were ordered out from Montreal to harrafs the 
 enemy, and to endeavour to learn what was 
 pafling in the cantons, and at New York. 
 
 The Iroquois foon perceived that it was not 
 intended to make any further ferious attempt to 
 trouble them, an^ fpread themfelves every where 
 over the country. This circumftance obliged the 
 Governor of Montreal to increafe his parties 
 which he fent againft them, and he thus fuc- 
 ceeded in breaking all their meafures 
 
 A confiderable number of the Miamis, inha- 
 biting the banks of the river Maramek, one of 
 thofe which difcharges itfelf into the eaftern part 
 of Lake Michigan, had left that part of the coun- 
 try in the month of Auguft of the preceding year, 
 to unite themfelves with their countrymen efta- 
 bliftied on the river St. Jofeph, and had been 
 attacked on the way by fome Sioux, who had 
 killed feveral of their number. The Miamis of 
 . d Y4 SU 
 
 1697, 
 
 ■ftj. 
 
 icf'^ 
 
 m^n 
 

 3a8 
 
 HMr" 
 
 > 
 
 ft 
 
 'ii!:;i 
 
 I'.i^'^'J; 
 
 
 B,;t <> 
 
 'i I'-' ' 
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 f 'f ; ■ I' ^ • 
 
 Mi' 
 
 M 
 
 t3?' ' - FT 
 
 YfSu 
 
 
 
 ,|.: ,,; 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 ill 
 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 St. Jofeph, informed of this aft of hoftility, went 
 into the country of the Sioux, and attacked a 
 fituation where a number of that people were 
 entrenched with fome Frenchmen, who belonged 
 to that clafs called Coureurs de Bois, 
 
 They made feveral affaults with great refolu- 
 tion, but they were always driven back, and 
 obliged at length to retreat, after having loft 
 fome of the braved of their warriors. In return- 
 ing home they met with other Frenchmen, who 
 were carrying arms and ammunition to the 
 Sioux ; they look from them every thing they 
 had, without doing them further mifchief. They 
 afterwards made known to the Outaouais what 
 had happened, who fent a deputation to the 
 Count de Frontenac, to reprefent to him that it 
 was abfolutely neceflary to appeafe the Miamis, 
 whofe difcontent was fo ftrong that it might in- 
 duce them to join with the Iroquois. The Ge- 
 neral made fuch an anfwer to the deputies as 
 was proper in a conjuncture fo delicate, and took 
 fuch meafures as he conceived would prevent any 
 ill confequences from that unfortunate aflfair. 
 They reftrained not however the Miamis from 
 continuing to ufe reprifals, when occafion pre- 
 fented itfelf. The former complaints againft 
 running throughout the woods, and the lad re- 
 prefentations of all thofe inhabitants who were 
 jealous of preferving good order in the colony, 
 
 had 
 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 had the defired efFeft. So late as the foregoing 
 year, the King had expref&ly forbid the Gotver- 
 nor-General to permit any Frenchman to afcend 
 into the countries of the favages, with a view of 
 trading there. Some of the council of Canada 
 were of opinion, that the King (hould be fuppli- 
 cated to limit this reflraint. It was fuggefted 
 that a middle line might be adopted, which was 
 not to maintain among the didant favage nations 
 more than two pods, Michilimakinac and the 
 river St. Jofeph ; to limit the number of French- 
 men who fliould be permitted to go thither, and 
 to take various other precautions, which (hould 
 afterwards be pointed out, to (lop the abufe, of 
 which it was with reafon complained, 
 
 M. de Frontenac was far from approving of 
 thefe temperate meafures, which dimini(hed his 
 authority, and as he conceived that, in literally 
 obeying the order which has been mentioned, 
 inconveniences would happen, which would 
 oblige the council of the King to bring back 
 matters to their former footing, he acquainted 
 the minifler, that in order to conform to the in- 
 tentions of his majefty, he would recal all French- 
 men from the dillant pofts; but the unhappy 
 affair of the Miamis, caufed by the Coureurs 
 4e Boisy made him fear that even the propofal of 
 retaining only two forts would not be accepted, 
 and chat they who had awakened the ;zeal of the 
 
 Prince, 
 
 329 
 
 1697. 
 
 rf 
 
 m. ' 'id 
 
 1^3 
 
! „il4 
 
 1 1 n 
 
 "359 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 Wh 
 
 
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 iUi.iii 
 
 Ud.. i'i 
 
 HOOK Prince, would take advantage of this new incU 
 y__ ..- ' _j dent to folicit the entire execution of the laft 
 1637. orders of the court. 
 
 The General therefore began to think the 
 modifications which had been propofed more 
 reafonable, becaufe they at leaft preferved to him 
 a part of the whole, which he was upon the point 
 of lofmg, and he joined thofe who had given 
 thefe propofals in reprefenting to the miniftry^ 
 that there exifted an indifpenfible neceflity for 
 not touching the pods of Michilimakinac and of 
 the river St. Jofeph, and that an officer and 
 twelve men ought to be maintained in each. 
 
 That it was not praAicable to fupport thofe 
 pofls, if at lead twenty-five canoes, laden with 
 merchandife, were not fent thither every year. 
 That for the fafety of the miflionaries, it was ne» 
 ceffary to detach troops from time to time among 
 the favages. That the licences for vending 
 merchandife to Upper Canada were a refource 
 for relieving the indigence of many refpeftable 
 families to whom they were given, and who fold 
 them to the merchants and voya'geurs ; and that 
 if this dependence was cut off, another mode of 
 provifion for their fuftenance mufl be devifed. 
 In fine, that thefe voyages ferved to retain in the 
 country a number of young men, who were of 
 lio other employment, and who, if they could not 
 profecute this, would go in fearch of fubfiflence 
 
 to 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 33« 
 
 in the Engllfli colonies, which would add n o o k 
 
 ftrength to thofe, and proportionably enfeeble , ' ^ 
 
 the French. . »697- 
 
 Some of this reafoning was not altogether 
 found, and part of it proved that there exilled 
 evils, to which it was dangerous to apply too 
 fudden a remedy. After having weighed the 
 whole, the council concluded, that to abandon 
 the pods, after having eftablifhed and fupported 
 them with great expence, and after giving reafon 
 for the allied favages to look upon them as a 
 great advantage to their refpeftive nations, would 
 expofe thefe people to the temptation ot giving 
 themfelves wholeiy to the Englifh. 
 
 Several merchants had, a confiderable time 
 before this period, affociated themfelves for the 
 purpofe of carrying into effed the eftabli(hment 
 of a fifhery in Canada, but had not been able to 
 afcertain the place which fhould feem bed 
 adapted, and the fafeft for an enterprife of this 
 nature. The perfcn who firft fuggefted the plan 
 was the Sieur Reverin, a man of an enlightened, 
 aflive, and enterprifmg mind, whom obftacles 
 could not eafily difcourage or deprefs. The 
 harbour of Mont Louis, fituated on the fouthern 
 coaft of the river St. Lawrence, amongft the 
 mountains of Notre Dame^ and nearly half way 
 between C)uebec and the extremity of the gulph, 
 was chofen as the mod convenient place for this 
 
 purpofe. 
 
 
 m 
 
 " 
 
 I :■' y 
 
 ^:Mf 
 

 ■i ■■•■ 
 
 |iir'ft::ii: 
 
 332 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 purpofe. In this harbour, which is at the mouth 
 of a river, the anchoring ground is good, and 
 1697. the veflTels which may lie in the road are expofed 
 to no wind except from the north, which feldom 
 blows during fummer. The river is capable of 
 receiving veffels of one hundred tons burden. 
 They are there flieltered in every quarter, from 
 ftormy weather and from an enemy, becaufe it 
 can only be entered at high water ; and when 
 the tide is low, there only remain in the entrance 
 two feet of water, although in the river itfelf 
 veffels may be a-float. It has alfo the advantage 
 of being eafily defended, having on one fide in» 
 acceiTible mountains, and on the other a point of 
 land about three or four hundred yards in 
 length, forming a peninfula, upon which a fort 
 might be con(lru£led. This is a fituation well 
 calculated for drying the fifli, which are in fuffi- 
 cient plenty on this fide the river, throughout 
 an extent of many leagues, from Cape RoHers 
 at the entrance of the St. Lawrence, as far as the 
 river Matane. Whales may likewife be caught 
 fifteen leagues higher up. The foil near Mont 
 Louis is capable of producing corn, and the 
 pafturage is fufficiently good. 
 
 All the veflels which afcend to Quebec pafs in 
 view of Mont Louis, and confiderable advan- 
 tages might be derived from fettling this pod, 
 where veflels in want of water and provifions, 
 
 in 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 33S 
 
 iti fo long a navigation as that of the St. Law- " ^^^ ' 
 rence, might procure thofe neceffary articles. «— v-^ 
 A flatc quarry was alfo difcovered there, which 
 might have been worked with fuccefs, had that 
 fpecies of covering been in ufe for the towns in 
 Canada, whereby conflagrations would have 
 been rendered lefs frequent and dreadful than 
 they have always been, from fuch quantities of 
 wood being employed in the conflrudtion of the 
 buildings. 
 
 Some of the inhabitants being advifed to fiih 
 in the harbour of Mont Louis, caught a great 
 abundance of cod, although in want of many 
 things neceflary for fuch an undertaking, and it 
 was from the favourable report made by them 
 that the company of the Sieurs Reverin agreed 
 to form a fettlement in that iituation. 
 
 Every thing being prepared for entering upon 
 this project, many inhabitants fet out in boars 
 for Mont Louis, and a veflel loaded with fait and 
 all kinds of provifions was at anchor in the road 
 of Quebec, waitinp; for a fair wind, when, to- 
 wards the end of May, the Count de Frontenac 
 received an order to be upon his guard againft 
 the Englifli, and not to fuffer any velTel to de- 
 fcend the river. This fituaiion of affairs, in- 
 aufpicious to the enterprife of M. de Reverin, 
 difcouragcd his aflbciates. Continuing however 
 refolute for its execution, he gave every encoij- 
 
 d ragcincni 
 
 W\ 
 
m 
 
 «!r ,1-' 
 
 334 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 la, 
 
 
 mM 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 m^ 
 
 i.h: : , 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 n-i 
 
 ft- 
 
 5;i. 
 
 te ;: 
 
 nil 
 
 f. ^ 1 ' 
 
 BOOK ragement in his power to thofe who had already 
 
 c — >^,rf gone thiiher, and in the following year the fifhery 
 
 ' ^'^' and the harveft were fo plentiful, as fully to 
 
 anfwer every expedation which had been 
 
 formed. :.. ;■.. - ,; .>., -,,; ' 
 
 By the laft veflels which arrived this year 
 from France, the Governor received a new order 
 from the King, which occafioned him confider- 
 able difquiet ; it contained an abfolute prohibi* 
 tion againft any officer or foldier who (hould be 
 detached to the didant pods, carrying on any 
 commerce, on pain^ for the officers, of being 
 cafliiered ; and for the foldiers, of being fent to 
 the galleys. The fame penalty was extended to 
 the voyageurSi none of whom the King would 
 fufier to go into thofe parts, enjoining the com- 
 mandants of forts to arreft all whom they (hould 
 fmd, and to fend them to Quebec for trial. 
 
 M. de Frontenac was unwilling to a6^ to the 
 extent of this order, perfuaded of the evil con- 
 fequences that would attend its execution. And 
 as the fird publication of it had excited mur- 
 murs and movements of difcontent, he conceived 
 liimfelf juftifiable in making remonftrances there- 
 from to the council. They produced however 
 no eflfed:, and M. Ponchartrain anfwered him to 
 the following purpofe : 
 
 That he had placed too great a reliance on 
 the reprefentations of perfons, who, from a 
 
 principle 
 
 
History of ca^jada. 
 
 jj5 
 
 principle of avidity were interefled in fupporting book 
 
 the traffic in the woods, and that if he had at- > ^ 
 
 tentively rcfle£led on the inconveniences which *^97' 
 it was the means of introducing, he would have 
 been more inclined to condemn a practice whofe 
 tendency was fo pernicious. That by relinquifli- 
 ing this mode of carrying on commerce, the 
 favage allies would not, as had been alTerted, 
 join themfelves to the Iroquois, and make war 
 upon the French : that, on the contrary, fuch a 
 meafure would produce a very different effedl, 
 provided pains were taken to explain to the 
 favages, that his majefty, in iffuing this prohibi- 
 tion, intended they ihoulJ receive the merchan* 
 dife of the French at the firlt hand, be permitted 
 to fell their furs with entire liberty, and procure 
 to themfelves the profits of commerce with the 
 favage nations who were more remote. That 
 his recolledion of the events which had taken 
 place in Canada, might perhaps ferve to convince 
 him that the war which had been fo long fuf- 
 tained againll the Iroquois with fo much trouble 
 and expence, arofe principally from the plans 
 which M. de la Barre had adopted of eftablifliing 
 a commerce with the remote nations. That 
 thefe favages who had long been in alliance with 
 the Englifli, would not fail foon to declare 
 againft them, if the latter paflfeJ through their 
 
 territory 
 
 4i 
 
 hi 
 
ii'f 
 
 ,: '^1 
 
 336 
 
 HlSTORV O^ CANADA* 
 
 
 ■.;';. 
 
 ,',( i' ■ 
 
 BOOK territory to traffic directly with the diflant favage 
 .^I:^ nations. "' ^'-" ''-'- - ■-'' ' '' "^^ -^-•■-*'' 
 >^97- The prefervation of the advanced pods, to 
 which the King had confented, on the reprefen-* 
 rations of the Intendant and of the Governor of 
 Montreal, foon however procured the re-efta* 
 bliihment of the licences, and of the commerce 
 which it was the intention of miniders to 
 abolifh. - ' ■' '' '■'"' 
 
 The Governor- General began now to enter- 
 tain the hope of an approaching and durable 
 peace with the Iroquois, becaufe both they and 
 the Englifh had experienced great difadvantages 
 during the lad campaign, which the Abinaquis 
 had terminated by a vigorous enterprife, har- 
 ing made themfelves maders, with the hatchet 
 in their hand, of a fort which was only (ix 
 leagues from the capital of New England, and 
 the garrifon of which had all been killed or 
 captured. About the fame time a party of 
 Iroquois having gone with a view to furprife the 
 Outaouais, were difcovered, and entirely de« 
 feated by the flurons. 
 
 But what tended to complete the conderna- 
 tion of thefe ferocious enemies, was a check 
 which they received in the vicinity of Cataro- 
 cony. The Chaudiere Noire, an Onnontaguc 
 captain, and fird chief of all the Iroquois na- 
 tions. 
 
 ■t 
 
 I].''; '\ 
 
 ,1 H < • : 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 m 
 
 tions, who pofleffed the higheft credit of his book 
 countrymen, approached the fort with about ^ ,' _t 
 forty warriors, under pretence of hunting ; and ^697- 
 the better to conceal his intentions, he feht to 
 acquaint M. de la Gameraye who commanded 
 there, that the ancients of the four upper can- 
 tons were upon the point of departing for 
 Quebec to conclude a peace. This indeed was 
 true, as thefe were the deputies of whom men- 
 tion has already been made. But as he was 
 known for a perfonal enemy of the French, 
 and as his envoys had the imprudence to add, 
 that the Iroqdois youth were gone to attack the 
 Outaouais, to avenge themfelves for the great 
 lofles which thefe favages for upwards of a year 
 had occafioned them, it was not doubted that 
 he had fome hoflile defign. M. de la Gameraye 
 would not, however, attack him at a period 
 when he knew the General was aftually nego- 
 tiating with the cantons. He was contented 
 with keeping a drift obfervation on the conduct 
 of the Iroquois chief, and by acquainting the 
 General of what was going forward. 
 
 He received for anfwer, that he was not to 
 aft hoflilely againfl: the Iroquois, but to endea- 
 vour to get polTeffion in a tranquil manner of 
 fome of the chiefs belonging to the party of the 
 Chaudiere Noire, and to fend them to Quebec, 
 
 VOL. I. ;5 Whilft 
 
 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 il'.'^'^ 
 
 
338 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Whilft the Iroquois, with full confidence of their 
 fecurity, were employed in the chace> near 
 Catarocony, thirty-four Algonquins furprifed 
 them at the Bay of Quintc, killed one half their 
 number, among whom was the chief himfelf, 
 and captured his wife with fomc other pri- 
 foners. 
 
 ifi}"' 
 
 m^' ^;^ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 339 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 Death ofOureohare at Sluebec-^MeJfage of the Governor 
 of New TorL-^Anfwer, — Propofal for the Re-ejia* 
 bliJJjment of Peace with the Cantons. — Death of Louis 
 de Bouade, Count de Frontenac. — Continuation of his 
 CharaHer, — The Chevalier de Callieres, Governor" 
 General.-^Deputies of the Iroquois and of the Allies 
 attend a Conference at Montreal.'-^Treaty of Peace 
 entered into between the Governtr-General and the 
 Savages. — Death of M. de Callieres.''^His CharaSler. 
 •—Succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. — Conference 
 of the Outaouais and Iroquois at Montreal — Tumult at 
 Detroit.-^ A Party of the French and Savages attach 
 and burn a Fort of the Engli/h. '^^Expeditions of the 
 Engli/h, and of the French. 
 
 /^UREOHARE, who arrivcd at Quebec, aflured book 
 ^^ the General that his canton of Goyo- 
 gouin was fincerely difpofed for peace. A 
 few days afterwards he fell fick of a pleurify, 
 which quickly carried him off. He died a 
 Chriftian, and was buried with the fame honours 
 as are ufually paid to captains of companies. 
 This favage was of an amiable difpofition, and 
 received, whenever he came to Quebec or Mon- 
 treal, many teftimonies of kindnefs. The Gene- 
 ral much regretted his death, as he had always 
 
 z 2 reckoned 
 
 ■'4 1 
 
 1697. 
 
 ll : 
 
 
 I.I 
 
 I: 
 Ji I' 
 
;: '^■.f 
 
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 I 
 
 W 
 
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 \?i M^>''- 
 
 
 I' 
 ft ' 
 
 340 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK, reckoned upon his credit for the conclufion of 
 
 VII 
 
 y -_ ' _t an accommodation with the Iroquois, an event 
 1^97* which he had much at heart, and which he 
 always entertained the hope of being able to 
 effea. 
 1^98. In the nionth of February four Engliflimen 
 arrived at Montreal, from Orange, in order to 
 treat for the exchange of prifoners, and it was 
 from them that the firft intelligence was received 
 of peace being concluded between the powers of 
 Europe. This was afterwards confirmed in the 
 month of May by Colonel Schuyler, major of 
 Orange, and M. Delius, a clergyman, who 
 brought with them nineteen French prifoners. 
 They prefented alfo to M. de Frontenac a letter 
 from the Governor of New England to the 
 following purport ; 
 
 That he begged leave to acquaint him of peace 
 having been concluded between the allied powers 
 and his Moll Chriftian Majefty, the articles of 
 which he inclofed. That he had fent the two* 
 gentlemen who would deliver his letter, to teftify 
 the marks of his efteem, and to condud to Que- 
 bec -till the French prifoners whom he could find 
 in New England. That he would fend an order 
 to the I > iians to liberate as foon as pofTible all 
 the fubjeds of Fiance, prifoners in their country, 
 and if it (hould be found neceflary, he would 
 caufe them to be cfcorted in fafety to Montreal, 
 
 po? 
 
 V;,; 
 
HISTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 S4l 
 
 1698. 
 
 ilot doubting that the Count de Frontenac would, ^ ^ ° ^ 
 on his part, releafe all the fubjeds of England, 
 as well Chridians as Indians, that a good corre- 
 fpondence and a free communication, which are 
 the ufual fruits of peace, might be renewed on 
 both fides, conformably to the union which it 
 had caufed between the kings of England and 
 France. 
 
 The French General faid in reply, that al- 
 though he had not received on the part of the 
 King his mafter a confirmation of peace, he would 
 make no difficulty to redore to M. Schuyler and 
 Delius fuch of the Englifh and Dutch as were 
 prifoners in his government, and who were in- 
 clined to return to their country. That he could 
 not deliver up the Iroquois prifoners upon a pro- 
 mife of the French, who were among that people, 
 being redored. That fince lad autumn he had 
 been negotiating with them, and hodages being 
 Jeft in token of fulfilment of their promife, it was 
 with them alone he could fettle that bufinefs. 
 That his orders with regard to this point were 
 fo precife, that he could not depart from that 
 principle, or pretend to fet it afide. That any 
 difficulty which might arife from this article 
 would not, he hoped, alter the good underdand- 
 ing which he wiflied fhould be maintained be- 
 tween the two colonies. 
 
 ii 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 About two months afterwards fome of the 
 Iroquois of the Sault Saint Louis came to com- 
 municate to the General intelligence refpecling 
 the Agniers, which afforded much fatisfaftion. 
 They had newly arrived from this canton, where 
 they had been to vifit iheir relations, a duty 
 which thefe favages, even in times of the mod 
 a<ftive hoftility, could not refrain from perform- 
 ing. 
 
 They reported, that during their (lay in that 
 canton the Governor-General of New England 
 there held a great council, at which the ancients 
 of the five cantons aflifled : that the Agniers had 
 fet out with declaring that they were the fole 
 mafters of their territories, where they had been 
 eftablifhed long before the appearance of the 
 Englifli in America : that to (hew him that all 
 the places occupied by the nation belonged to it 
 alone, they contigned to the flames all the papers 
 which had been given them, or which they had 
 figned on different occafions. 
 
 They at the fame time made a propofal which 
 tended to foften this mortification, and induced 
 him to dilTemble his refentment : this was, to de- 
 tain the favages of the Sault Saint Louis who were 
 amongft them until the Count de Frontenac 
 fhould reftore all the Iroquois prifoners. He 
 would not however confent to this breach oE 
 
 faith, 
 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADAt 
 
 34i 
 
 faith, led tde odium fhould be attached to him- book 
 felf. He even added, that the cantons ought i_- ^,_/ 
 not to be furprifed if their affairs were in fo bad ^^9^' 
 a flate ; and, to procure peace with the French, 
 they ought to demand it by a general deputation 
 from the five cantons : that he wifhed to procure 
 them peace, which had now become necefTary for 
 their own prefervation ; but that to place him 
 in a fituation to terminate this import^int object 
 with advantage, it was neceffary they fhould de- 
 liver into his care all their prifoners, whom he 
 would engage to conduct in fafety to Montreal. 
 He then told them, that he knew they were al- 
 ways at war with nations who fliled themfelvcs 
 the allies of the French : that he would leave 
 them at liberty to profecute it, or to make peace; 
 but that he prohibited them from engaging in 
 any afts of hoflility againfl the French, and 
 againfl their domiciliated fava^es. AddrefTing 
 himfelf afterwards to the Iroquois of the Sault 
 Saint Louis, he faid, that he was happy to fee 
 them in his territory, that they fhould always be 
 welcome there, and that they mud bury in obli- 
 vion all former enmity. He accompanied thefe 
 marks of kindnefs by prefents, which were ac- 
 cepted ; but they told him that they could give 
 him no fatisfaftory anfwer, nor enter into any 
 arrangement with him, becaufe they had to this 
 
 z 4 effeft 
 
 i 
 
 IM 
 
 ■'I, 
 
 m 
 

 
 
 ,'it 
 
 r<( 
 
 f ! 
 
 J» 
 
 I 'i.ti •. 
 
 344 
 
 BOOK 
 VJI. 
 
 * ^. ' 
 
 HlfiTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 elFefb no commiflion from their ancients, nof 
 from their father Ononthio. 
 
 The ancients agreed to the propofal, but with- 
 out fpecifying the particular period at which its 
 operation (hould begin. The General compre- 
 hended that the Englifli Governor and the Iro- 
 quois mutually preferved a defire of tranquillity, 
 whilft at the fame time they entertained for each 
 other fentiments of diftruft. That the latter were 
 fatisfied with the fupport of the former, only to 
 be able to procure better terms, and that the 
 Englifli Governor was inclined to take advantage 
 of the conjuncture of affairs, to eftabliih over the 
 cantons the right of fovereignty of the crown of 
 England. It would not, he conceived, be im- 
 practicable to make an advantageous ufe of thefe 
 difpofitions on either fide, and for this end the 
 moit certain means would be to gain over the 
 Iroquois, by pointing out to them that the Eng- 
 lifli aimed at exercifmg an authority over their 
 country and their perfons. 
 
 With this view, having learnt that feveral of 
 the Agniers had come to the Sauk Saint Louis 
 to vifit their friends, he not only recommended 
 that they fliould be kindly received, but he invi- 
 ted them to Montreal, where nothing was omitted 
 to regale them, and to teftify the fatis faction 
 which their prefence excited. They were fen- 
 
 fiblc 
 
 hH i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 345 
 
 fible of the attention, and remained in that city book 
 
 VII 
 
 a confiderable time with a confidence, from v.^^^-*.^ 
 v^hich the inhabitants were inclined to augur ^^9^- 
 happy confequences. It was for thefe favages a 
 flattering circumflance, to fee themfelves courted 
 by two powers, either of which was able to de- 
 ftroy them in one campaign, and whofe mutual 
 jealoufy they well knew how to manage, in order 
 to make themfelves of confequence, and in fome 
 degree refpefted by both. 
 
 Louis de Bouade Count de Frontenac died 
 about this period, in the feventy-eighth year of 
 his age. He had pofTefTed a conflitution as robuni 
 and ftrong as could poflibly be enjoyed at fo ad- 
 vanced a feafon of human life, preferving all the 
 energy and vivacity of fpirit with which, in his 
 youth, he was endowed. He died as he had 
 lived, beloved by many, refpedted by all, and 
 with the credit of having, almoft without the aid 
 of fupplies from France, fupported, and even in- 
 creafed the ftrength of a colony, expofed and 
 attacked on every fide, and which he found, when 
 he laft was appointed to its government, on the 
 precipice of ruin and decline. He at all times 
 difplayed a great attachment to religion, of which, 
 €ven to the day of his death, he gave public 
 proofs. He was never accufed of being interefted, 
 but wzs paflionately fond of patronage and power. 
 In .his lad expedition againd the Iroquois, he 
 
 Tuddenly 
 
 M li 
 
HI 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 W'. ,1' 
 
 
 (U"^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ill 
 
 1 ■, r 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 
 il|r«^ 
 
 346 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VII. 
 
 Z698. 
 
 1699. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fuddenly \irithdrew from a refolution, \vhich with 
 the advice of his principal officers he had taken, 
 to exterminate the whole of that favage nation, 
 a meafure which he then might, with little diffi- 
 culty, have effedled. No other reafon can be 
 affigned for his condu6l on that occafion, b^it a 
 conviction that when his foes became lefs for- 
 midable, a redudion of the troops under his 
 command would confequently take place, and 
 his influence and authority would thereby be di- 
 minifhed. 
 
 A jealoufy and fullennefs of temper, of which 
 he was never wholly diverted, obfcured, in a 
 great degree, the luftre of his fucceffes, and be- 
 lied the dignity of his general charafter, which 
 difplayed firmnefs and refolution, combined with 
 a noble elevation of fpirit. 
 
 The arrival of the firft (hips from France an- 
 nounced to the Chevalier de Callieres, Governor 
 of Montreal, that the King had appointed him 
 fucctifor to M. de Frontenac j and the fatisfac- 
 tion which feemed to pervade every clafs of 
 people in the colony, on the occafion, was not 
 lefs flattering to him than the choice of his 
 fovereigii. 
 
 'I'he government of Montreal, which was va- 
 cated by the promotion of M. de Callieres, was 
 given to the Chevalier de Vaudreuil. 
 
 The 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 347 
 
 I, which with 
 e had taken, 
 ivage nation, 
 th little diffi- 
 lafon can be 
 afion, but a 
 ime lefs for- 
 }S under his 
 : place, and 
 lereby be di- 
 
 )er, of which 
 ifcured, in a 
 effes, and be- 
 after, which 
 )mbined with 
 
 ii France an* 
 :s, Governor 
 ^pointed him 
 the fatisfac- 
 ^ery clafs of 
 on, was not 
 hoice of his 
 
 hich was va- 
 lallieres, was 
 
 I. 
 
 The 
 
 1699. 
 
 The Governor-General of New England hav- book 
 ing received inftrudions from his fovereign to 
 oblige the Iroquois to difarm, refumed the de- 
 fign of rendering himfelf fole arbiter of the treaty 
 with the Governor-General of New France. 
 Acquainted with the engagements into which 
 the cantons had entered with the late Count de 
 Frontenac, he required of them to fend deputies 
 to Orange. To this they ftrongly objefted, and, 
 furprifed at the refufal, he fent to them confi- 
 denifial perfons, who prevailed on them to pro- 
 trad the negotiation. They therefoie did not 
 appear at Montreal, although they had recently 
 promifed to the Chevalier de Callieres to repair 
 to that place, and had even fpecified the time on 
 which they fliould arrive. The General there- 
 fore, to guard againft a furprife from thefe bar- 
 barians, made aftive preparations for war, fliould 
 they be inclined to renew their hoftilities. He 
 difpatched meffengers to Onnontague, to inform 
 the cantons, that they were confidtred by the 
 Englifti as fubjeds of their King, and that they 
 had nothing to expert from New York, becaufe 
 the Governor-General of New England had or- 
 ders not to afford them any ailiftance either di- 
 rectly or otherwife, and gave them to underdani 
 that it would be no diflicult matter for him to 
 reduce them by force, fhould they refufe to make 
 
 peace 
 
 n I 
 
 H? > 
 
 A ,1.; 
 
■^l* i «l'' 
 
 
 BOOK 
 VII. 
 
 
 1730.. 
 
 HiSTORy OF CANADA* 
 
 peace on the conditions which his predeceflbf 
 had propofed to them. 
 
 This meafure produced the defired effeft : the 
 cantons did not, indeed, think fit to embroil 
 themfelves with the Englifh, of whofe aid they 
 might afterwards be in want; they judged it 
 more prudent to diffemble the refentment which 
 they felt at the pretenfions of that nation, and 
 contented themfelves with declaring that they 
 would continue to be the brothers, but would 
 not become the fubjeda of the Englifh. The 
 latter, on their part, thought it neceflary to re- 
 main on good terms with them. At length the 
 cantons, after having hefitated for fome time, and 
 endeavoured to avenge their loffes on fome of 
 the French allies, by whom they conceived they 
 had been occafioned, when they found that this 
 plan did not fucceed, ferioufly thought of com- 
 ing to an accommodation, whilfl it was practi- 
 cable without difcredit, and with fome advan- 
 tage. 
 
 In confequence of this refolution, on the 2ifl: 
 of March two Iroquois were fent to the French 
 General. They were not inverted with any 
 powers, but were charged with announcing a 
 general deputation of the cantons in the month 
 of July, and made, for this delay, fome frivolous 
 excufcs, with which M. de Callit^res was by no 
 
 means 
 
i ■^^"' 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 349 
 
 predeceflbf 
 
 effeft : the 
 to embroil 
 »fe aid they 
 r judged it 
 ment which 
 nation, and 
 5 that they 
 but would 
 glifh. The 
 iffary to re- 
 t length the 
 ne time, and 
 on fome of 
 iceived they 
 nd that this 
 ;ht of corn- 
 was prafti- 
 3me advan- 
 
 on the 2ift 
 the French 
 with any 
 nouncing a 
 the month 
 ne frivolous 
 was by no 
 means 
 
 means fatisfied. Three months afterwards, a b o o k 
 
 VII. 
 
 confiderable number of Outaouais difembarked y^^A^ 
 
 at Montreal, where the General then was, and 
 informed liim that the Iroquois having come to 
 hunt on their lands, they had attacked them, and 
 killed twenty-eight perfons, both men and wo- 
 men: that the remainder of the party having 
 reprefented to them, that they had conceived 
 they were at Uberty to hunt every where, fince 
 all hodilities had been fufpended on the part of 
 the French and their allies, they had given their 
 promife not to decide the fate of the prilbners, 
 until they had become acquainted with the plea- 
 fure of their father Ononthio. 
 
 M. de Callieres, after having patiently heard 
 them, faid, that they had not informed him of 
 the whole : that notvvithftanding his injunftions 
 to the contrary, they had been to attack the 
 Sioux, and that after the blow which they had 
 given to the Iroquois, they had fent fome of 
 their prifoners to the cantons, to negotiate with 
 them, without his participation : that fuch con- 
 duft was not juftifiable, as they afted with inde- 
 pendence in an affair of importance, even after 
 the affurances he had given them that he would 
 conclude no terms with the Iroquois but in con- 
 cert with them : that they muft have forgot the 
 treatment tliey had often received from that 
 people, by fo eafily placing confidence in them : 
 
 that 
 
 1700. 
 
 k i 
 
 I 
 
m 
 
 .jwi 
 
 35^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
 t 
 
 tl 
 
 
 17CO. 
 
 BOOK that he hoped they would for the future be more 
 v-^-./-^ confidcrate and circumfpeft : that he daily ex- 
 peded the deputies of the cantons, and if on their 
 arrival the chiefs of the allied nations (hould not 
 be at Montreal, he would acquaint them by an 
 exprefs of his intentions : that in the mean while 
 he hoped they would remain tranquil, and treat 
 their prifoners with kindnefs. 
 
 On the i8th of July two deputies of the can- 
 ton of Onnontague, and four of that of Tfon- 
 iionthouan, arrived at Montreal, where they had 
 a public audience from the General. They were 
 conduced with ceremony to the General's quar- 
 ters, and in proceeding through the ftreets they 
 deplored the death of the French who had fallen 
 during the war, and called on their departed 
 fliades to witnefs the fincerity of their proceed- 
 ings. 
 
 As foon as they were introduced into the 
 council chamber, where the Governor was with 
 all his attendants, they declared that they were 
 come on the part of the four upper cantons, by 
 whom they were inverted with powers : that for 
 fome time they had entertained a defign of treat- 
 ing without the participation of the Agniers, and 
 that if there did not appear amongft them any 
 perion of the cantons oi Goyogouin and Onne- 
 youth, it was, becaufe the Governor of New 
 England having fent Colonel Schuyler to dilTuade 
 
 7 them 
 
 5'. t '*' 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 35« 
 
 them from coming to Montreal, the deputies of book 
 thefe cantons were fent to inquire of him his \_ / j 
 reafons for oppofing their journey thither. '70*^» 
 
 They then complained, that having gone on 
 parties to the chace, without any apprehenfion of 
 danger, and on their being alfured that the war 
 between France and England was concluded by 
 a treaty in which the allies of the two nations 
 were comprehended, the Outaouais and the Mi- 
 amis had attacked them, and killed a hundred 
 and fifty of their people. They requefted that 
 Father Bruyers, and M. M. de Maricourt and 
 Joncaire, might accompany them in their return 
 home, as nothing would ijiore fully convince the 
 cantons that their father fmcerely wiflied for 
 peace, than his condefcending to grant that foli^ 
 citation. They added, that thefe three ambaffa- 
 dors fhould not depart from their country until 
 they conducted with them all the French prifon- 
 ers who were there detained. 
 
 The Chevalier de Callieres faid, that he was 
 furprifed that the deputies of Onneyouth and 
 Goyogouin had been fent to the Governor of New 
 England, inftead of coming with them to fulfil 
 the engagements which they had entered into 
 with him, and with the late M. de Frontenac. 
 
 That he had endeavoured to dilTuade his allies 
 from the commiffion of any aft of hodility during 
 the negotiation for peace j but, that affected 
 
 delays 
 
 LZ '\. 
 
 ■•■ n 
 
 "\i 
 
35* 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 ,»i 
 
 
 BOOK 
 VII. 
 
 1700. 
 
 delays on the part of the cantons, and the irrupt 
 tion of fome Iroquois on the Miamis, had drawn 
 upon theinfelves the misfortunes which they 
 lamented : that he however regreted them, and 
 that to prevent fimiiar accidents he had required 
 deputies from all the nations : that if the Iroquois 
 finccrely wifiied for peace, they would not fail to 
 fend, in thirty days, ambaiTadors from all the 
 cantons : that then all the cauldrons of war would 
 be overfet, the great tree of peace eftabliflied, 
 the rivers freed from all embarralfnients, the 
 ways laid open ^ and thdt then, people of every 
 country might travel in fecurity. 
 
 He confented that the mifTionary and the two 
 officers whom they demanded fhould accompany 
 them in queft of the prifoners, but upon condi- 
 tion that they fhould alfo bring with them am- 
 baiTadors inveded with ample powers to eflablifh 
 a durable peace : that on their arrival at Mon^ 
 treal, he would reftore liberty to all the Iroquois 
 prifoners, but he required that an equal number 
 with the perfons whom he intruded to them 
 fliould remain as hoftages until their fafe return. 
 Four of the deputies made an offer to remain, 
 and were accepted : the audience paffed in fufli- 
 cient tranquillity, except that fome Iroquois 
 Chriftians and Abinaquis, who were invited 
 there, fpoke with much haughtinefs, and loaded 
 with reproaches the deputies of the two cantons. 
 
 M. de 
 
 
History of Canada. 
 
 3Si 
 
 1 the irrup* 
 had drawn 
 /hich they 
 them, and 
 id required 
 he Iroquois 
 I not fail to 
 om all the 
 war would 
 eftabliflied, 
 nients, the 
 )le of every 
 
 ind the two 
 
 accompany 
 
 ipon condi- 
 
 i them am- 
 
 to eflablifh 
 
 al at Mon^ 
 
 he Iroquois 
 
 lal number 
 
 d to them 
 
 'afe return. 
 
 to remain, 
 
 'ed in fuffi- 
 
 Iroquois 
 
 jre invited 
 
 md loaded 
 
 ^0 cantons. 
 
 M. de 
 
 M. de Callieres, in taking leave of them, declared book 
 that he would wait for the ambaflfadors until the v , -^-i_t 
 month of September. »7oo« 
 
 The welcome manner in which they were re- 
 ceived at Onnontague furpaifed their expecta- 
 tions. From the Lake Gannentaha, where they 
 had come to meet them, they were led in tri- 
 umph to the great village of the canton. Tega- 
 niflbrens, in quality of orator, advanced to com- 
 pliment them with expreflions of kindnefs and 
 gratulation ; and as this favage had always main- 
 tained an invariable confidency of condu£): with 
 refpefl to the French, and took no part, either in 
 the violations of promife, or in the violent refo- 
 lutions of his nation, the three envoys entertained 
 no doubt of his fincerity. On their entering the 
 village, platoons of mufquetry were fired j they 
 were afterwards profufely regaled, and on the 
 loth of Augud were introduced into the cabin 
 of council, where they found the deputies of all 
 the uppe* cantons. When every perfon was 
 feated in his place. Father Bruyas, who was 
 commiflioned as fpeaker, began by exhorting the 
 cantons to remember that Ononthio was their 
 father, and that their duty and intercil equally 
 bound them to remain in obedience and fubmiC- 
 fion, as became children, whether they might ba 
 upon good or upon bad terms with the Governor 
 of New York, who was only their brother. 
 
 VOL. I. A A He 
 
 ^ 
 
 M f 
 
 V.;'';;?"^ 
 
 
 r 
 
M] 
 
 354 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 'It ■ 
 
 I' 
 
 ' 1 
 
 BOOK 
 Vlf. 
 
 17CO. 
 
 t, ' 
 
 He tcftified his regret for the lofs the Iroquois 
 nation had fuftained by the death of feveral of 
 their chiefs, and he affured them that the mifTion- 
 aries had not altered the favourable opinion and 
 regard which they entertained for the cantons, 
 notwiihflanding the evils v/hich feveral of that 
 order had experienced among them : their fufier- 
 ings they much lefs lamented than the blindnefs 
 of their perfecutors, and the invincible obdinacy 
 of the nation in rejecting the light of the Gofpel. 
 He declared that the new Ononthio was fmcerely 
 difpofed for peace, and that he would grant them 
 that defirable enjoyment, provided they would 
 on their part a£t towards him with mutual inge- 
 nuoufnefs. 
 
 He explained the conditigns on which he 
 would treat with them. They were liftened to 
 with great attention, and with apparent fatisfac< 
 tion. When Father Bruyas had concluded, M. 
 de Maricourt arofe, and after exprefling himfelf 
 with much refpeft towards the Iroquois, he 
 omitted nothing to convince them that they would 
 have much to apprehend from the formidable 
 refentment of their father, if they accepted 
 not of the peace which he offered them, upon 
 conditions fo very favourable as thefe which 
 had been recently explained to them ; and on 
 the contrary, how much they might expe6l from 
 him and from all the French, if they would em- 
 
 f brace 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 355 
 
 he Iroquois 
 f feveral of 
 the miffion- 
 Dpinion and 
 [he cantons, 
 •ral of that 
 their fuffer- 
 he blindnefjj 
 >le obllinacy 
 : the Gofpel. 
 Bvas fmcerely 
 1 grant them 
 they would 
 mutual inge- 
 
 n which he 
 : liftened to 
 rent fatisfac- 
 ncluded, M. 
 jfling himfelf 
 Iroquois, he 
 U they would 
 formidable 
 ley accepted 
 them, upon 
 thefe which 
 em ; and on 
 expeft from 
 y would em- 
 brace 
 
 
 brace with unrelenting fmcerity their genuine book 
 
 I . n VII. 
 
 interelts. \^ ^ j 
 
 As they were next day deliberating on the n°<^* 
 anfwer which they fhould make to the ambailii- 
 dors, a young Englifliman and an Onnontagud 
 arrived from Orange, and faid on the part of the 
 Governor of New England, that they ought with 
 caution to liflen to the French, and that he ex- 
 peded them in ten or twelve days at Orange, 
 where he would make known to them his plea- 
 fure. This imperious meflage gave offence to 
 the council, and nothing perhaps could more 
 contribute to increafe their approach to a recon- 
 ciliation with the French than fo ill-timed a 
 meafure. " I do not comprehend," immedi- 
 ately replied Teganiflbrens, " what can be the 
 ** intention of my brc ther, by endeavouring to 
 " diffuade us from liftenlng to the admonition 
 " of our father, and to encourage us to attune 
 '* our Toices to the harfh notes of war, when 
 " every thing around us breathes the milder 
 *' accents of peace." 
 
 Father Bruyas took advantage of the occafion 
 to point out to the afTembly, that the Englifh 
 General treated the cantons like fubjefls, and 
 that if once they fubmitted to his claims, they 
 would foon experience the haughtinefs of his do- 
 mination ; an event which would, of ncceffity, 
 take place, if they allowed to efcape the oppor- 
 
 A A 2 tunity 
 
 
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 35^ 
 
 
 
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 BOOK 
 VII. 
 
 1700. 
 
 : 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 tuniiy which was now prefenled them of a com- 
 plete reconciliation with their father. If fuch 
 unhappily (hould be their choice, they could have 
 no other profpe^l but that of being gradually 
 confumed and enfeebled by war, until their con- 
 dition became fo icducec^ that they could no 
 longer refufe to fubmit to a yoke, of the preflfurc 
 of whofe weight they would perhaps too late be 
 fenfible. 
 
 M. Joncalre went the fame day to the canton 
 of Tfonnonthouan, where he had been adopted, 
 as M. de Maricourt and all his family had been 
 at Onnontaguc. He was received with diftinc- 
 tion as ambaflador, and with friendfliip as a child 
 of the nation : they granted at his requeft liberty 
 to all the French prifoners who were in the 
 canton; but the greater part, accudomed to 
 a favage life, had not the refolution to re- 
 nounce it. Many concealc<l themfelves, others 
 openly refufed to follow the Sieur de Joncaire. 
 The attractions of a liberty exempted from every 
 fpecies of law, with the introduftion of a certain 
 degree of licentioufnefs, effaced from the minds 
 of thefe people the hardihips incident to then 
 prefent mode of life, and all the pleafures and gra- 
 tifications which they might have regained in 
 their country. 
 
 Whilft Joncaire was negotiating with tlie 
 Tfonnonthouans, a general council of the whole 
 
 Iroquois 
 
 ii ' 
 
m 
 
 of a com- 
 If fuch 
 
 :ould have 
 gradually 
 their con- 
 could no 
 
 he prelTure 
 
 too late be 
 
 the canton 
 ;n adopted, 
 ly had been 
 i^iih diftinc- 
 ip as a child 
 queft liberty 
 vere in the 
 uftomed to 
 tion to re- 
 ives, others 
 le Joncaire. 
 from every 
 of a certain 
 L the minds 
 lent to their 
 res and gra- 
 regained in 
 
 with the 
 
 )f the whole 
 
 Iroquois 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Iroquois nation was aflcmbled at Onnontagud : 
 the young Engliftiman, deputy of the Governor 
 of New England, was there admitted, and Tega- 
 niiforens fpoke for the whole of the cantons. 
 He firft addrefled himfelf to the French envoys, 
 and began by alfuring them that the whole nation 
 was difpofed to liften to the voice of their father. 
 He added, that each canton would fend him de- 
 puties to receive his orders, and that they would 
 immediately depart. Then turning to the Eng- 
 lifhman he faid, that nothing was done in fecret, 
 and that he was happy an opportunity was afford- 
 ed of knowing the prefent difpofition of his na- 
 tion. He defired to inform his brother Corleu, 
 that be was going to Montreal to fubmit to the 
 orders of his father Ononthio, who had there 
 planted the tree of peace : that he would after- 
 wards go to Orange, to learn the pleafure of his 
 brother. In concluding thefe words he placed 
 five belts at the feet of the ambafladors. 
 
 Father Bruyas accepted them, faying, that he 
 doubted not the uprightnefs of the orator's in- 
 tentions, whom he had a long time known : that 
 if they who were to repair to Montreal would 
 wi(h not to caufe the deputies of the diftant na- 
 tions to wait for them, there was no time to be 
 loft. 
 
 They therefore fet out on their return, accom- 
 panied by the deputies of this canton, and of 
 
 A A 3 that 
 
 3S7 
 
 BOOK 
 
 vn. 
 1700. 
 
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 358 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK, that of Goyogouan. They were re-condu6led 
 
 v.,-^,-.! < with the fame honours as they had received on 
 
 ^7^0* their entrance into the country, as far as Gan- 
 nentaha, and there waited fome time for the 
 deputies of Onneyouth, who did not however 
 appear, and this canton contented itfelf with 
 fending a belt, with an excufe, that the chief of 
 the deputation was taken with ficknefs. It was 
 afterwards found that this was only an evafion, 
 that they might not be obliged to give up their 
 prifoners. Joncaire foon after arrived, with fix 
 deputies of Tfonnonthouan, and three French- 
 men, whom he procured to be liberated, and 
 engaged to follow him. Ten prifoners only were 
 collected in all the cantons, but Teganiflbrens 
 aflerted that he would make fearch for the re- 
 mainder, and have them conduced to Mon- 
 treal* 
 
 The ambafTadors and deputies were about to 
 embark, when Tfonnonthouan arrived from 
 Orange, and faid, that the Goveyior of New 
 England, much difTatisfied thar, notwithflanding 
 his injundions to the contrary, the cantons fhould 
 perfifl: in the refolution of making peace with the 
 French, had arrefted and put in irons an Onne- 
 youth, accufed of having killed an Englifliman, 
 feized the beaver furs which he found at Orange, 
 the property of the Iroquois, hoifted a red flag, 
 to publilh his intention of declaring war, gave 
 
 order 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 3^9 
 
 condu6led 
 reived on 
 r as Gan- 
 e for the 
 t however 
 itfelf with 
 iie chief of 
 fs. It was 
 an evafion, 
 ve up their 
 d, with fix 
 ee French - 
 crated, and 
 s only were 
 sganiflforens 
 for the re- 
 1 to Mon- 
 
 e about to 
 ■ived from 
 or of New 
 ^ithftanding 
 itons (hould 
 ice with the 
 s an Onne- 
 Inglifhman, 
 at Orange, 
 a red flag, 
 w^ar, gave 
 order 
 
 orders to the Mahingans to commence hoftilities, 
 and that he threatened to march on the follow- 
 ing year to the cantons, to teach them to refpedt 
 his will. 
 
 The deputies liflened with tranquillity to this 
 recital, which appeared to make no other impref- 
 fion upon them than co excite an emotion of dif- 
 pleafure. They fet out, to the number of nine- 
 teen perfons, and on their arrival at Montreal 
 were received under a difcharge of fmall field- 
 pieces, which created a degree of jealoufy in the 
 minds of the allies, fome of whom .enquired if 
 fuch was the manner in which they received their 
 enemies ? The French refleded not perhaps on 
 the confequences, and a day was fixed for hear- 
 ing the propofitions of the Iroquois. The lofs 
 of the attachment of friends is often hazarded in 
 wilhing to regain enemies, whom fuch a condud 
 frequently tends to render more haughty and 
 intradlable. 
 
 The orator of the cantons fpoke in a few 
 words, and with much modefty. He claimed 
 great merit from the prompt obedience of his 
 nation, in that two hundred warriors being on 
 the point of entering on a campaign to take ven- 
 geance on the French allies for their laft a6ts 
 of hoftility, they had flopped them, at the fimple 
 requeft of Father Bruyas with his two collars on 
 the part of their Father Ononthio: he made 
 
 A A 4 known 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VJI. 
 
 1700. 
 
 (I I 
 
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 3^d 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VII. 
 
 1700, 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA, 
 
 known the difcontents, which the orders and 
 menaces of the Governor-General of New Eng- 
 land had excited among the deputies : he added, 
 that as the contempt they had fhewn for his 
 meflage might draw them into a war with the 
 Englifli, he hoped that the Iroquois would find 
 at Catarocony not only merchandife, which they 
 would in that event no longer receive from 
 Orange ; but llkewife the arms and ammunition 
 of which they might be in want, to be able to 
 fubfift without the Englilh commerce, or to de- 
 fend themfelves fhould they be attacked. 
 
 The aflembly was more numerous on the day 
 appointed to anfwer this difcourfe. The Cheva- 
 lier de Callieres there repeated to the deputies 
 what he had before faid to the firll envoys, that 
 he had with regret learned accounts of the hofti- 
 lities which were on either fide pradifed during 
 the laft campaign ; that the lofles of the Iroquois 
 had much afflided him, although their origin 
 could be imputed only to themfelves ; and that 
 hereafter he would purfue fuch meafures as would 
 not in future give rife to fimilar calamities. He 
 told them they had aded with prudence in pre- 
 venting the march of their warriors ; that they 
 would have nothing further to apprehend on the 
 part of the allies, whofe principal chiefs they faw 
 before them, and who had come to receive his 
 commands : that they had evinced their good in- 
 
 tentions> 
 
 >iit 
 
 it ► 
 
 'h ! 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 361 
 
 orders and 
 
 New Eng- 
 
 he added, 
 
 wn for his 
 ar with the 
 would find 
 which they 
 ceive from 
 immunition 
 be able to 
 B, or to de- 
 ;ed. 
 
 ; on the day 
 The Cheva- 
 the deputies 
 envoys, that 
 of the hofti- 
 itifed during 
 the Iroquois 
 their origin 
 
 ; and that 
 res as would 
 mities. He 
 ence in pre- 
 
 ; that they 
 ihend on the 
 efs they faw 
 
 receive his 
 leir good in- 
 tentions. 
 
 s 
 
 tentions, in having reflored to him a part of the book 
 French prifoners : that he relied on their feuding i,,^,«^^ 
 back all the others, as they had given their en- *7co. 
 gagement to that efFe6l, and that they would alfo 
 return to his allies all of their brethren who might 
 yet be among them. For the performance of 
 this article he would allow them until the month 
 of Auguft of the following year : the deputies of 
 all the nations ihould then repair to Montreal, 
 that an exchange of prifoners might there take 
 pi .ce on either fide, and all things fhould then 
 be put into the fame ftatc in which they were 
 before the commencement of the war. 
 
 As the time he had given them appeared long, 
 he declared, that if there fhould arife any mif- 
 underftanding, or if evil-difpofed perfons fhould 
 give rife to hoftility, he wifhed the party injured 
 to addrefs itfelf to him, without doing itfelf juftice 
 by its own arm, and he would caufe atonement 
 to be made: if the aggrelTor fhould refufe to 
 fubmit to the fatisfadion which he fhould pre- 
 fcribe, he would himfelf join the party who had 
 received the wrong, to conftrain him to that 
 meafure, and would caufe him to repent of his 
 difobedience : that it fhould not reft with him, 
 if the Governor of New England did not poffefs 
 ■the fame line of condud:, and ad in concert with 
 him, as was the pleafure of the two fovereigns, 
 their mafters. What they demanded with refpedt 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 •i ,'i- 
 
 
■6* 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
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 BOOK to the fort of Catarocony, did not depend entirely 
 
 .^^.r-m^ upon him, but he would write upon that fubjeft 
 
 *7cc. to the King, and in awaiting the anfwer of his 
 
 majefty he would detach to that poft an officer 
 
 and men, with a fmith, and fome merchandife. 
 
 The Iroquois applauded his difcourfe. The 
 Rat, who was deputy and chief of the Hurons 
 Theouraontates, then fpoke as follows : " I have 
 always fliewn obedience to my father, and I 
 throw my hatchet at his feet. I doubt not that 
 the people from the higher country will do the 
 fame. Iroquois, imitate my example." The 
 deputy of the four Outaouaifian nations fpoke 
 nearly in the fame tone ; that of the Abina- 
 quis faid, that he had no other hatchet but that 
 of his father, who having interred it, he no 
 longer poflefled one. The Iroquois Chriftians 
 made the fame declaration. There exifted a 
 kind of pique between the two lafl: and the Iro- 
 quois deputies, but it was effaced by the pru- 
 dence of the General, and a fpecies of provifional 
 treaty was figned. 
 
 M. de CalHeres who thus fuccefsfuliy applied 
 himfelf for the pacification of his government, 
 endeavoured to fecure the alliance of all the na- 
 tions with whom the French could poflibly have 
 any connexion j and for this purpofe he made 
 it his ftudy to counterafl: every obflacle to the 
 cflablifliment of a good underftanding, fo eflen- 
 
 tial 
 
HISTORY OF CANADAf 
 
 363 
 
 tial to the prefervation, and to the tranquIlHty of book 
 the French colony. w— .-w 
 
 M. Brouillan, Governor of Acadia, having *7°°- 
 learnt that veflels from England were expefted 
 at Bofton, whofe deftination was againft (^lebec, 
 and to cruife in the gulph and river of St. Law- 
 rence, difpatched a courier to make known this 
 intelligence to M. de Callieres. Of this the Ge- 
 neral had already received information, and was 
 further told, that the militia of New York was on 
 its way to Bofton ; that the Iroquois were ftrong- 
 ly folicited by the Governor of New England to 
 expel the French miflionaries from their country; 
 that fome of the cantons had agreed to that pro- 
 pofal J that many of the Indian allies were in 
 treaty with the Engllfh, by the interpofition of 
 the Iroquois, and that fome of them alleged, as an 
 excufe for their condud, the high price of the 
 goods fupplied by the French. This old ground 
 of complaint, which was but too well founded, 
 arofe, in part, from the poverty of the inhabitants 
 of Canada, and in part from the avarice of the 
 merchants of the country, as well as of thofe of 
 France ; it became, therefore, a plaufible pre- 
 text, which the favages could always introduce, 
 to cover their inconftancy, or to conceal their 
 difaffeclion. 
 
 In fuch a conjundure, it was requifite that M. 
 4e Callieres (hould firft endeavour to defeat the 
 
 intrigues 
 
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 3^4 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK intrigues of his enemies among the cantons of 
 ' ^^u"^^ the Iroquois, and it was here that he commenced 
 '70O' his operations. He then wrote to his court for 
 reinforcements, and turned his views towards 
 completing the fortifications of Quebec, taking 
 every other precaution which his experience and 
 activity could fuggefl. He was, in himfelf, the 
 greateft refource of which New France could 
 boaft, but (he had the misfortune to lofe him, at 
 a period when his fervices were become more 
 than ever eflential. He died on the 26th of 
 ^703. May, and the regret felt for his lofs manifefted, 
 on the part of the inhabitants, that they eftimated 
 his merits as not inferior to thofe of the mod ac- 
 complifhed leaders that the colony had ever 
 poflefTed. 
 
 Of talents lefs brilliant than thofe of his pre- 
 deceffor, he was endowed with more folidity of 
 temper : unprejudiced, unbiafled by pafTion, his 
 views were difmterefted and upright. His firm- 
 nefs was influenced by reafon, his valour by mo- 
 deration and coolnefs of difpofition. He pofleffed 
 an excellent underftanding, whofe didates were 
 always guided by probity and honour. To a 
 penetrating genius were added all the aids which 
 application and experience can impart. From the 
 firfl outfet of his military career in the colony he 
 had gained a great influence over the favages, to 
 whom he never violated his promife. 
 
 By 
 
 <R|' 
 
HISTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 3«5 
 
 ( « 
 
 antons of 
 immenced 
 court for 
 J towards 
 2C, taking 
 rience and 
 mfelf, the 
 nee could 
 »fe him, at 
 )me more 
 e 26th of 
 [lanifefted, 
 1 eftimated 
 e molt ac- 
 had ever 
 
 f his pre- 
 blidity of 
 aflion, his 
 His firm- 
 ir by mo- 
 e poflefled 
 ates were 
 To a 
 ids which 
 From the 
 colony he 
 ivages, to 
 
 By 
 
 (C 
 
 <( 
 
 <c 
 
 adopted 
 
 VII. 
 
 1703- 
 
 By his death the office of Governor devolved book. 
 upon the Marquis de Vaudreuil, whofe fervices 
 had rendered him fo great a favourite among the 
 people, that they united in petitioning the King 
 for his being appointed fucceflbr to M. de Cal- 
 lieres : a mark of general fatisfadion, which was 
 not difpleafing to the monarch, who, having 
 already a partiality for the character of the Mar- 
 quis, was pleafed to accord with their wiflies. 
 
 Convinced of the advantages of gaining the 
 Iroquois, that officer paid great attention to the 
 Tfonnonthouans, who came to Quebec foon after 
 the death of M. de Callieres. He fent to accom- 
 pany them to this country the Sieur Joncaire, 
 who had already negotiated with fuccefs in that 
 canton, and was again fo fortunate as to prevail 
 on one of the principal chiefs to attend him to 
 Canada. This favage thanked the Governor- 
 General for his kindnefs in promifing proteiflion 
 againft the enemies of his nation : he expreflfed 
 much regret that the Onnontagues had not fent 
 deputies to congratulate the Governor, and for 
 the fufpicion of unfavourable intentions which 
 fuch an omiffion might occafion. He then con^ 
 tinued as follows : 
 
 *' We have never yet communicated what I 
 am about to difclofe. Hitherto we have pre- 
 tended to be the fole proprietors of our terri- 
 tories, and it was on this account that we 
 
 Wi 
 
 '! J" ,1 8 l''i 
 
 a :■ : 
 
■J- 
 
 366 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 kmu 
 
 
 BOOK 
 VJI. 
 
 1705. 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 (C 
 
 cc 
 
 C( 
 
 adopted the meafure of becoming only fpefVa- 
 tors of what palfud between thee and the 
 Knglifti: bui, behold a collar, which I prefent, 
 " to declare to thee, that we invert thee with the 
 abfolute domain of our country. Thus, my 
 father, if any unfortunate circumftance (hould 
 " occur to us, or fliould we have recourfe to 
 thy aid, confider us as thy children, and place 
 us in a condition to fupport the refolution 
 which we have adopted. With refpecl to the 
 " milTionaries, be alfurcd that I would fooner 
 " perifli than fuffer them to leave my country." 
 He confirmed this refolution by a collar, and 
 prefcnted another, to obtain leave that Joncaire 
 fhould pafs the winter with him. 
 
 Joncaire accordingly departed with this favage 
 chi.'f. Tcganifibrens foon afterwards came to 
 Montreal, and in an audience with the Governor- 
 General, began by difplaying much diiTatisfadion. 
 The Europeans," faid he, " are of a bad 
 difpofition : they make peace among them- 
 felves, and the mofl trifling circumftance 
 " caufes them to rcfume the hatchet. We 
 favages ad in a different manner, and muft 
 have ftrong reafons for breaking a treaty of 
 which we have figned.'* He afterwards de- 
 clared that his canton would take no part in a 
 war, as it difapproved of aggreflion on either 
 fide. M. de Vaudreuil wilhed for nothing more 
 
 than 
 
 (C 
 
 <c 
 
 <( 
 
 (C 
 
 (C 
 
 <c 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 3^7 
 
 nly fpefVa- 
 
 and the 
 
 I prefent, 
 
 ;e with the 
 
 rhus, my 
 
 nee fliouU 
 
 scourfe to 
 
 and place 
 
 refolution 
 
 pect to the 
 
 lid fooner 
 
 country." 
 
 ollar, and 
 
 It Joncaire 
 
 this favage 
 ; came to 
 Governor- 
 itisfadion. 
 of a bad 
 )ng them- 
 cumftance 
 let. We 
 
 and muft 
 a treaty of 
 wards de- 
 3 part in a 
 
 on either 
 ling more 
 than 
 
 than that affurance : and to deprive the Iroquois book 
 of all pretenfions for breaking a neutrality fo y_ / j 
 advantageous for the colony, he refolved not to *''^5' 
 fend, on the fide of New York, any parties 
 againfl the Englifh. ^ 
 
 With refpedl to an arrangement of the diflfer- 
 ence between the Iroquois and the Outaouais, 
 fome difficulties occurred ; for although the pri* 
 foners which had been taken were rcftored, they 
 exa(5led a reparation for thofe which had been 
 killed. This was not eafy to be obtained, and 
 it was apprehended they would refunie their 
 hoftilities. The Outaouais on their part would 
 not liften to peace : all their young men were 
 bent on war. The apprehenfion of a flame be- 
 ing revived, which had with much trouble been 
 fubdued, obliged the General to difpatch M. de 
 Louvigny to Michilimakinac, and this officer 
 fucceeded at length with much difficulty in bring- 
 ing the Outaouais to reafon. lie caufed to be 
 reftored to the Iroquois fome prifoners whom he 
 found remaining at that poft, and conducted 
 them himfelf to Montreal. In prefenting them 
 to M. de Vaudreuil, he told him that the princi- 
 pal chiefs of the Outaouais were following him 
 thither ; which induced the General to recom- 
 mend thofe of the Iroquois to come to an expla- 
 nation with them, and to receive their prifoners. 
 They had arrived on the beginning of Auguft, 
 
 and 
 
 
 li 
 
 m 
 ■ I;' 
 
 
 
 ll'illi- I 
 
 I 
 
"IF " 
 
 
 \i ' 
 
 
 <f 
 
 
 368 
 
 HIStORY OF CANADA: 
 
 BOOK and remained until the 14th, in expeflation of 
 
 VII 
 
 V, -^- _f the Outaouais, who had not then arrived, and 
 '7^5- the Governor, unable to detain them longer, 
 took leave of them. He did not however fail to 
 point out to them the regard which he mani- 
 fefted for them, in waiting fo long at Montreal, 
 to accommodate their difFerences with the Ou- 
 taouais : but he obferved to them, that he could 
 not comply with their wifh by declaring himfelf 
 againft the favages, as he was not bound in virtue 
 of the treaty to join hi^ arms to thofe of the 
 offended party, but when he fhould defpair of 
 obtaining from the aggreflbr an ample fatisfac- 
 tion : that upon this point he fhould not be re- 
 mifs : that he had already procured the liberation 
 of all the prifoners, and that he hoped the ag- 
 greflbrs would perform what remained to com- 
 plete the required degree of fatisfadion. 
 
 It appeared that this difcourfe had appeafed 
 fhem, and they embarked to return to their 
 country, when the Sieur de Vincennes arrived 
 from Michilimakinac. He informed the Gover- 
 nor-General that he was come with the chiefs of 
 the Outaouais, and that he had left them not 
 far from the ifland, bccaufe they had requefted 
 him to go before them, to learn of their father if 
 he would be pleafed to admit them into his pre- 
 fence. M. de Vaudreuil fent to inform them they 
 might approach, and called back the Iroquois. 
 
 The 
 
1 
 
 ;£kation of 
 rived, and 
 m longer, 
 ever fail to 
 he mani- 
 t Montreal, 
 h the Qu- 
 it he could 
 ng himfelf 
 d in virtue 
 lofe of the 
 I defpair of 
 >le fatisfac- 
 not be re- 
 e liberation 
 ^ed the ag- 
 d to com- 
 n. 
 
 d appeafed 
 n to their 
 nes arrived 
 the Gover- 
 le chiefs of 
 them not 
 i requefted 
 sir father if 
 ito his pre- 
 i them they 
 Iroquois. 
 The 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The Outaouais appeared in a (late of humilia- 
 tion, which announced that they pretended not 
 to juftify their fault. " My father," faid the 
 chief who was chofen as their fpeaker, " we 
 confefs that in attacking the Iroquois upon thy 
 territory, we in feme degree aimed a blow againft 
 thee : pardon inconfiderate warriors, no longer 
 diredled by councils, becaufe all their ancients 
 are dead. Thou mayft inflid on us fuch revenge 
 as thou judged moft fuitable ; but if thou art in- 
 clined to pardon us, thou (halt not repent of thy 
 clemency. Whilft we continue to live, we will 
 not ceafe to fliew thee marks of our gratitude ; 
 and we are henceforward difpofed to make to 
 thofe whom we have offended every fpecies of 
 fatisfaiStion which thou wilt be pleafed to impofe 
 on us." 
 
 He then addrefled himfelf to the Iroquois who 
 were prefent, and fpoke in a manner that made 
 a deep impreflion on them. The General after- 
 wards found no difficulty in effeding a reconci- 
 liation. He charged the Outaouais to make 
 ample fatisfadtion for the dead, to which they 
 readily agreed, and began by making fome pre- 
 fents to the Iroquois, a ceremony which the Ge^^ 
 neral alfo did not forget : he afterwards regaled 
 both parties, and they returned to their homes 
 with mutual fatisfadion. 
 
 369 
 
 BOOK 
 VII. 
 
 1705. 
 
 i> I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 til 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 B B 
 
 M.de 
 
IIV 
 
 rl; 
 
 Fn 
 
 
 
 I*'. * ' 
 
 k 
 
 I, 
 
 
 BOOK 
 VH. 
 
 17OJ. 
 
 37^ HI?70RY OF CANADA. 
 
 M. lie Beauharnols, vi'ho had fuccecdcd M. 
 de Champigny Ii» the intendance of Canada, was 
 nominated intcndant of marine, and M. M. Rau- 
 dot, faiher and Ton, were appointed his fucccflors. 
 The latter, who had exercifed the office of firft 
 comminary at Dunkirk, took charge of the ma- 
 rine. Jidlice, police, finance, and the general 
 affairs of the colony, became the province of the 
 father ; who having learnt that the inhabitants 
 began to ruin theinldves in law-luits, to the 
 great prejudice of agriculture, refolved as much 
 as poflible to reflrift the frequency of thefe pro- 
 cedures, and undercook himfelf to promote 
 amicable accommodations between patties at va- 
 riance ; a meafure in which he fucceeded even 
 beyond his cxpetlations. 
 «7o6. He propolcd to the council of the King, that 
 the inhabitants who cultivated flax and hemp 
 (hould be permitted tlu'mfelvcs to manufacture 
 thefe articles of produce into llufls, as from the 
 . \oh of a large vcflcl which was coming to the 
 colony loaded wiih woollen and linen cloths, the 
 prices of thefe ncc«fl'arii;s of life were become fo 
 extravagant that the poorer orders could not 
 purchafe them, and the greatell part of the 
 colonifts were almoll reduced to a Hate of na- 
 kcdncfs. 
 
 The anfwer of the miniller was, that the ICing 
 learat with great fatiataition that his fuhjcds of 
 
 5 Canada 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Z7^ 
 
 Canada were at length fenfible of the error they ^ 
 had committed, in attaching themfclves only to ^ 
 the trade for furs, and that tht-y were bcc;innincj 
 to apply themfclves ferioiilly to the cultivation of 
 their lands, particularly to the ruifing of hemp 
 and flax : that his majefty hoped they would in 
 time be enabled to conftrut^ veflfcls at a cheaper 
 rate than in France, and to form proper efla- 
 blifhments for carrying on the fifheries. That 
 they could not be too much excited to thefe ob- 
 je6ls, nor too greatly encouraged in the means 
 of their attainment. That it was not the intereft 
 of the parent ftate that ,manufadures (hould be 
 carried on in America, as it would diminifli the 
 confumption of ihofe in France ; but in the mean 
 time he did not prohibit the poor from manufac- 
 turing ftufts in their own houfes, for tlic relief of 
 themfelves and their families. From this per- 
 million, the inhabitants have ever fince continued 
 to fabricate coarfe linens and druiivcfs, which 
 has enabled them t > fubfill at a very fmall ex- 
 pence. 
 
 In the mean time the Outaouais did not fccm 
 very eager to fulfil the condition on which they 
 had obtained pardon from the Marquis dc Vau- 
 dreuil. On the other hand, the millionarics of 
 Michilimakinac, after having burnt their lunilc, 
 defcended to C>uebec, becaufe the liccnrionlncfs 
 of the Csurcurs Je Bcis^ more unreftrainct-I than 
 
 B B 2 ever, 
 
 o o K. 
 
 vu. 
 
 1706, 
 
\^ 
 
 Z7^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 'I? %i X .: •■'« ,..1 , 
 
 ffi 
 
 m 
 
 I**'! 
 
 m 'f i' 
 
 
 
 'i ,^ '' 
 ,1 ■■.. 
 
 
 
 ' 't.i' 
 
 ■ t 
 
 BOOK 
 VJl. 
 
 1706. 
 
 ever, had deprived them of all hope of rendering 
 any fervice in that quarter, where, fince the de- 
 parture of the Hurons for Detroit, not a fingle 
 Chriftian remained. The Outaouais, therefore, 
 abandoned to themfelves, followed only the dic- 
 tates of their own caprice. 
 
 The embarraffment into which this incident 
 threw the General was much augmented by the 
 advice which he received, that the Iroquois, im- 
 patient at the delay of fatisfa£tIon on the part of 
 the Outaouais, ferioufly thought of declaring war 
 againft them. To prevent this meafure was of 
 the greaieft confequence, and M. Joncaire was 
 immediately fent to repeat to the cantons the fo- 
 lemn promife of a fpeedy and entire fatisfadion. 
 P. Mareft was prevailed on to return to his 
 miffion of Michilimakinac, on promife that the 
 fubjed of his diifatisfadion fhould no longer be 
 allowed to exift. He was accompanied by M. 
 de Louvigni, and both, by the afcendant which 
 they had gained over the Outaouais, at length 
 obligeJ thefe favages to perform to the Iroquois 
 the full extent of their engagements. 
 
 This affair was fcarcely terminated, when 
 another occurred, of a nature much more trou- 
 blefome, and which, had it not been for the pru^ 
 deuce and firmnefs of the Governor- General, 
 would have engaged the French in a war againft 
 rheir allies, perhaps have reduced them to the 
 
 licceflity 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 271 
 
 neceflity of dedroying the nation, which until book 
 then had been conflantly attached to their inte- ^.-- ^^-^ 
 refts, and would have afforded to the Iroquois a ^7o6' 
 pretext to re-commence their hoftilities. 
 
 A parry of the Miamis had killed fome of the 
 Outaouais, and their ancients, from whom juftice 
 was demanded, were fatisfied with faying that it 
 was an accident. Some time after an Outaouais 
 of great confideration among his countrymen, 
 was likewife killed by a Miamis. Juftice was 
 again required, and a fimilar anfwer to the 
 former was again given. The Outaouais felt the 
 injury in the mofl lively manner, and addrefled 
 themfeives to M. de la Motte Cadillac, who 
 commanded at Detroit, where there was a village 
 of the Miamis, another of the Outaouais, and 
 another of the Hurons. This officer replied, that 
 he would make inquiry into the manner in which 
 the affair happened, and that reparation (hould 
 be made. 
 
 A few days afterwards he fet out for Quebec, 
 and in taking leave of the Outaouais told them, 
 that whilft his lady remained at Detroit they 
 might reft in tranquillity ; but that if (he left this 
 place, he would not be anfwerable for what 
 might afterwards occur. At the expiration of 
 two months Madam la Motte embarked to go to 
 join her hufband at Quebec, and then the laft 
 words which the commandant had faid to the 
 
 
 BB 
 
 Outaouais, 
 
374' 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 or'^* ; ■■ 
 
 m 
 
 ;^l' 
 
 .1 
 
 hi 
 
 BOOK Outaouais, and the circumftance of his quitting 
 V - -' _f them without procuring for them fatisfaflion 
 1706. from the Mlamis, made them apprehenfive that 
 the French had refolved on their ruin, to punifli 
 their aggreflion againfl: the Iroquois at Cataro- 
 cony ; for ahhough they had made reparation 
 for that fault, as the favages never fmcerely 
 forgive, they are always doubtful of the fmcerity 
 of pardon on the part of thofe whom they have 
 offended. 
 
 An officer named Bourgmont, arrived at De- 
 troit to relieve the Sieur de Tonii, whom M. de 
 la Motte Cadillac had left there to command in 
 his abfence. The favaees having gone to pay 
 their refpe6ls to him, according to cuftom, en- 
 quired if he had not brought them fome news 
 interefting to them. He replied with a haughty 
 air, that he (hould not be furprifed if M. de la 
 Motte fhould return in the fpring, accompanied 
 by a confiderable force. 
 
 This anfwer, with the tone and manner in 
 which it was given, afforded ample room for 
 refle£lion to the Outaouais. They were per- 
 fuaded that fome defign was formed againfl 
 them, and they diilembled not their apprehen- 
 fions. Bourgmont having been made acquainted 
 therewith, affembled them, and after having 
 made ufe of every argument in his power to re- 
 ilore their confidence, he propofed to them to 
 
 go 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 37S 
 
 1706. 
 
 go to war in conjunflion with the Miamis, the book 
 Iroquois, and the Hurons, againft the Sioux. 
 He flattered himfelf that he had engaged tlieai 
 for this purpofe. But the difcourfe which he 
 had given, and the propofal which he made, 
 ferved only to confirm them in the thought that 
 he wiflied to betray them by means of the chief 
 of the Hurons, who was of a deceitful and in- 
 triguing fpirit ; and they imagined that this man 
 a(^ed in concert with the Miamis, who, they fup- 
 pofedjonly pretended to march againft the Sioux, 
 in order to fall upon them whilft they might be 
 unprepared, and that the Iroquois were engaged 
 in the confpiracy. 1 heir fufpicions every day 
 gained ftrengih by the new intelligence which 
 they received from every quarter, and which 
 would have made little impreflion upon them if 
 their mind had not been pre-occupied ; they 
 therefore refolved to anticipate the defigns of the 
 Miamis. Thofe among them who poffefled the 
 moft refledion, wifhed firft to come to an ex- 
 planation with the French ; but the greater num- 
 ber, influenced by a chief named the Heavy, was 
 of a contrary opinion. This chief recalled to 
 their recollcvStion all the caufes of diftruft which 
 had been given by the commandant of Detroit, 
 and the refolution was taken to fall upon the 
 Miamis on the firft occafion that (hould prefent 
 itfelf ; but in the mean time to aflume the ap- 
 
 B B 4 pearance 
 
 .'t 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 % 
 
 
376 
 
 HISTORY op CANADA. 
 
 Em:: 
 
 ■JJ': 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VII. 
 
 1706. 
 
 •(■••, 
 
 W .. ; 
 
 pearance of preparing to make war againft the 
 Sioux. 
 
 All being in readinefs to depart for this expe- 
 dition, the chiefs of the Outaouais went to find 
 Bourgmont, and enquired of him if he had re- 
 ceived no account from Quebec or from Mon- 
 treal. That officer appeared not even to attend 
 to what was faid, which gave them much offence: 
 almoft at the fame time the dog of Bourgmont 
 having bit one of the favages in the leg, who in 
 confequence thereof beat the ^nimal, the com- 
 mandant fell upon the favage with great fury, 
 and gave him fo many violent and repeated 
 blows that he died a (hort time after. This a6b 
 of violence threw the Outaouais into defpair. 
 They departed the following day breathing out 
 vengeance, convinced that it was neceifary for 
 their prefervation. 
 
 No perfon but the chiefs was however inftruft- 
 jBd with their defign, the reft of the nation ex- 
 pelling to march againft the Sioux ; but when 
 they had gained the woods, the whole were in- 
 formed of what had occurred, and it was recom? 
 mended that no injury fhould be offered either to 
 the French or to the Hurons. They returned 
 home, and fome time after having met fix of the 
 ^iamis, they attacked them and killed five. The 
 iixth efcaped into the fort, crying out that the 
 Outaouais were killing them. At this cry all 
 
 the 
 
 ai i| 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 377 
 
 1706. 
 
 the Miamis who were yet in the village ran to book 
 
 . VII 
 
 take refuge in the fort, and as they perceived the v - f 
 
 Outaouais purfuing them, the commandant gave 
 orders to fire upon them, and feveral were killed. 
 Father Conrtantin, a recollet,was walking in his 
 garden, ignorant of what was pafling ; feme Ou- 
 taouais feized and bound him ; but Jean le Blanc, 
 one of their chiefs who had aflifled at the affem- 
 bly of Montreal when the general peace was 
 figned, releafed him, and requeued that he would 
 go and inform the commandant, that the Outa- 
 ouais wifhed not to attack the French, and beg 
 that he would ceafe from firing on them. As 
 the recollet was entering the fort, feme Miamis 
 who were running thither came up with him, 
 which the Outaouais perceiving difcharged their 
 fufils, and Father Conftantin receiving a (hot 
 immediately fell dead. A French foldier who 
 was returning from the village "of the Ilurons* 
 was alfo killed in the fame manner. They con- 
 tinued to fire from the fort, and thirty of the 
 Outaouais were killed. There was reafon to be- 
 lieve that this tumult would only ceafe by the 
 deftruftion of one of the parlies, who appeared 
 enraged againft each other, and were guided only 
 by the dilates of revenge ; but, when it was leaft 
 expedted, the Outaouais retired into their village: 
 tjie other favages aded in the fame manner, and 
 tranquillity was re-eftablifhed. 
 
 Intelligence 
 
 ■I J 
 
i 
 
 a; ' r ■< #■' 
 
 1^ 
 
 BOOK 
 VII. 
 
 1706. 
 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 Intelligence of what had happened being car- 
 ried to Quebec, the ^Governor found himfelf 
 much embarrafled ; and what tended to increafc 
 his difficulties, was a deputation which he at the 
 fame time received on the part of the Iroquois. 
 The deputies declared that the cantons were rc- 
 folved to make war againd the Outaouais : that 
 after what had taken place, they doubted not he 
 would deliver over to them that perfidious na- 
 tion ; and they added, that they had already 
 communicated their intentions to the Englifti. 
 
 La Motte Cadillac had fet out to return to 
 Detroit with his family, and a large convoy of 
 men and provifions ; thus the General had it not 
 in his power to advife with him refpefting what 
 was neceiTary to be done in fo delicate a con- 
 jundure. He however began by declaring to 
 the Iroquois, that he would not fuffer them to 
 make war on <he Outaouais without his full con- 
 fent, and fpoke to them in fo refolute a tone, 
 that he made them lay afide their defign. 
 
 He fent an order for all the French at Michi- 
 limakinac to defcend nito the colony, in hopes 
 that this mark of his refentment would promote 
 a divifion among the favages, and oblige the in- 
 nocent to deliver up the guilty. He communi- 
 cated his refolution to La Motte Cadillac, and re- 
 conmiended it to him to be fatisfied with remain- 
 ing on his guard, and to undertake no enterprife 
 
 until 
 
 Pi 
 
HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 379 
 
 until circumftanccs (hould point out the people book. 
 agalnfl whom he fhoiild a6t ; and he could come v— -x-w 
 to no determination before he knew the fiiccefs ^/O^* 
 of the miflion of Joncaire, whom he had dif- 
 patched to the Iroquois. 
 
 This advice arrived too late at Detroit, where 
 the commandant had nearly loft every thing, 
 from having too much prefumed on the authority 
 which he had acquired over thefe favagcs. He 
 had learnt on his journey accounts of the difor- 
 der which had happened at his poft, and as he 
 was then near to the canton of Tfonnonthouan, 
 he there t ^ok an efcort of a hundred and twenry 
 men. He even adopted (tronger meafures, for 
 he requefted the other cantons to fend as many 
 of their warriors as they could fpare, to wait at 
 the entrance of the Strait, that part of the St. 
 Lawrence which flows from Lake St. Clair into 
 Lake Erie, in order to witnefs the manner in 
 which he would treat their ancient enemies. 
 
 It was not long before he became fenfible of 
 the imprudence of this conduft, and on his arri- 
 val at Detroit, inftead of marching againfl the 
 Oataouais as he propofed, he contented himfelf 
 with calling to him their chiefs ; they, on their 
 part, alarmed by the approach of the Iroquois, 
 anfwered, that they would give an account of 
 their condud to their father Ononthio, and La 
 Motte Cadillac judged it prudent to proceed no 
 
 further. 
 
 rm 
 
 m 
 

 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 'it ■- ■ 
 
 1- 
 
 '*; 
 
 BOOK, further. He remained quiet in his port, and the 
 
 s^^^i^^ Iroquois were fent home. 
 '707* As foon as the winter was pafl, the chiefs of 
 
 the Outaouais departed for Montreal, where they 
 arrived in the month of June, and there found 
 M. de Vaudreuil. Jean le Blanc, who was the 
 orator, began by an exad recital of what paffed 
 at Detroit, and infifted much on their having 
 been affured, that fhould they have marched, as 
 was intended, againft the Sioux, the Miamis 
 would have maflacred their women and children, 
 and have burnt their villages. He then faid, that 
 a few days after the fatal tumult which had ren- 
 dered them criminal in the eyes of the French, 
 he went to make his apology to the Sieur de 
 Bourgmont, but could not procure an audience : 
 that on the following day he returned for that 
 purpofe no lefs than fix times, and each time with 
 a lavage of a different nation, carrying belts and 
 beaver Ikins, but all was in vain. He pointed 
 out the rafli condud of that officer, who by 
 firing upon the Outaouais had occafioned the 
 death of the recollet father, and of the French 
 foldier. 
 
 " In fine, my father,'* faid he, " behold me at 
 
 thy feet : thou knowefl: that I am not the moft 
 
 culpable, and if I had been thought fo, thou 
 
 .wouUKt not have had any fubje6l of complaint 
 
 againd us. Thou knowefl that 1 never fwerved 
 
 from 
 
 m^: 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 38' 
 
 I, and the 
 
 ; chiefs of 
 ;vhere they 
 lere found 
 10 was the 
 hat palTed 
 eir having 
 larched, as 
 le Mi a mis 
 d children, 
 n faid, that 
 h had ren* 
 le French, 
 Sieur de 
 
 audience : 
 id for that 
 h time with 
 g behs and 
 He pointed 
 T, who by 
 afioned the 
 
 the French 
 
 ihold me at 
 Dt the mod 
 It fo, thou 
 f complaint 
 ver fwerved 
 from 
 
 170 
 
 I' 
 
 from my duty until that fatal day : thou mayefl book 
 be informed that I am the fon of one of the 
 greateft of the favages of all the higher nations, 
 who am come acrofs the woods to prefent my- 
 felf to thee. M. de Courcelles had committed 
 to him the key of the colony, and invited him 
 frequently to come thither : it is the deareft in- 
 heritance which I have derived from him, to 
 whom I owe my exiftence : but of what utility 
 would the cuftody of this key prove, if I could 
 not ufe it on the only occafion in which I want to 
 avail myfelf of this privilege ? For what purpofe 
 then am I come fo far ? I am come to prefent 
 my own head ; I am come to prefent thee with 
 flaves, to revive the dead ; I am come hither to 
 aflure thee of the refpeft of thy children ; what 
 can I do more ? I however clearly perceive that 
 thou wilt not be fatisfied becaufe we have not 
 delivered up to thee the Heavy, who is properly 
 the only guilty perfon ; but it is impoflible for 
 us to place him in thy hands without drawing 
 upon our arm all the nations of which he is the 
 ally." 
 
 M. de Vaudreuil anfwered, that he compre- 
 hended well the difficulty which mufl: occur in 
 bringing to him the Heavy, whom neverthelefs 
 he wiftied to have, and (hould have, in his power: 
 that all the nations were informed of the mifcon- 
 dudt of the Outaouais : that as Detroit had been 
 
 the 
 
 ni 
 
 V' 
 
 4 : : II, 
 
9m 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 ''!'''' 
 
 
 K' 
 
 jHSn 
 
 . ' ■ 
 
 4' ■' 
 
 'Hi 
 
 :'-'' 
 
 r 
 
 laflH ft' 
 
 
 
 nl Wfr.l' 
 
 »> 
 
 ' 
 
 |i*3f£l) ' 
 
 
 [,i 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 \^i 
 
 3^2 
 
 BOOK 
 VII. 
 
 I7C7. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 the theatre of that mifchief, it was there that re- 
 paration niuft be made, and that he would tranf- 
 mit his orders on this head to M. de la Motte 
 Cadillac : that they fliould forthwith repair to 
 him, and fho.uld not fail to execute whatever he 
 /hould dictate. 
 
 He took leave of them with this anfwer, with- 
 out accepting their collar, and he lent with them 
 M. de St. l^Ierrc, to whom he gave his inftruc- 
 tions for the commandant of Detroit. On their 
 arrival at this port La Motte Cadillac perempto- 
 rily declared to them that there was no favour to 
 be expected if they did not produce the Heavy ; 
 and he added, if he had not retrained the Hu- 
 rons and Miamis, ihol'c nations would already 
 have taken vengeance. 
 
 They faw that there was no other refource but 
 to obey, and they told the commandant, that 
 they would go in fearch of the criminal, and 
 would cither bring him with iliem, or take away 
 his life. They departed for Michilimakinac, and 
 M. de Saint Pierre accompanied them thitlier. 
 The promptitude of their obedience gave reafon 
 to fuppofe that La Motte Cadillac had infmuated 
 that he would ufe indulgence. The Heavy ar- 
 rived foon after at Detroit, and was immediately 
 put in irons: all the chiefs of his nation' threw 
 themfelves on their knees to demand pardon for 
 the prifonerj which was immediately granted. 
 
 M. de 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 383 
 
 M. de Vaudreuil was not of opinion that the book 
 
 VII. 
 
 prifoner (hould have been pardoned, but that he > !«j 
 
 (hould have been delivered up to rhe juftice of ^7=^7- 
 kis nation, in which he would at lead have re- 
 mained without credit, and who perhaps would 
 have been obliged to have facrificed him to his 
 enemies. The prefent meafure however turned 
 out to be the moft proper, and produced none of 
 the inconveniences which were apprehended from 
 it. The General had given to the Sieur la 
 Motte Cadillac a powor to act at Detroit in the 
 manner he (hould think the mod advantageous 
 for the fervice. The only difadvantage arifing 
 from his clemency was, that he had promifed 10 
 the Miamis the head of the Outaouais chief, and 
 they foon afterwards difplayed their refentment 
 becaufe he had not adhered to his engagement. 
 
 Thefe favages had their principal «iftabli(hment 
 on the river St. Jof^ph, where father Aveneau, 
 their miffionary, by an unalterable meeknefs of 
 difpofition, and an inviuciblc patience, had gained 
 over them the fame influence which father A!lo- 
 nez his predcceflbr hiid poircfled. M. de ia 
 Motte Cadillac, who wlOied to govern rhefe fa- 
 vages according to his own manner, wouli not 
 fuffer that in the village of this nation, three 
 hundred leagues diftant from Detroit, any perfon 
 Ihould hold more credit than himfelF, and obliged 
 father Aveaeau to abandon his iiiifTion. The 
 
 Miamis, 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 '■ 
 
 i:-i 
 
 h 
 

 384 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 I"; 
 
 y fi 
 
 M 
 
 I4t 
 
 
 ; 'I 
 
 K* I ^i 
 
 BOOK Miamis, having no longer a miflionary to niode- 
 \_ -/-,_f rate their fallies, renewed their applications to 
 »7''7' be revenged on the Outaouais chief. The com- 
 mandant wiOial to ainiife tliein, and ordered to 
 Detroit the ohjort of ihcir hatred, after having 
 given him aUnrance that he had nothing to fear, 
 and all that was exacted from him was, that he 
 fhoidd Icttle with his family at this poll. 
 
 Tlic Miamis, reduced to a ilate of defpair at 
 finding themlelves thus deceived, killed three 
 Frcnclnnen, and con\nntted foine ravages in the 
 vicinity of Detroit. I /a Motic Cadillac was even 
 informed that they had confpired to maflacrc 
 him, and to put to death all the French at De- 
 troit : that fome Iroquois and I-Iurons had en- 
 I icrctl into the plot, and that they would already 
 
 have executed their fangninary projei^t if a 
 Ouyntanon had not betrayed them. This in- 
 ttllii;cnce, and the infult which he received, made 
 him refolvc to attack thefc barbarians, and he 
 tt)ok means for that purpofe : but it happened 
 that Ijis preparations tended to conclude with 
 them an accommodation honourable for hindclf, 
 and for his country. 
 
 It never fails to happen, that favages become 
 prcfumptuous in their conduct, in proportion to 
 the moderation which is fhewn tlu*m ; and the 
 Miamis obftrvcd not the conditions of the treatv? 
 in which lluy had remarked certain indications 
 
 of 
 
 1 1 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 of weaknefs. TIjc French command ant was n 
 thcret'ort: obliged to marcli uguind; them at the 
 head of four hundred nitn, partly compofcd of 
 Frenchmen, and partly of favages. They de- 
 fended themfelves with rdohition, but being 
 forced in their intrenchnunts, and having no 
 other rcfourcc but in the clemency of the con- 
 queror, they fubinitted to every condition that 
 was reijuircd of them. But to prevent them in 
 future from being guilty of fomc Irelh impru- 
 dence, which wouKl ncceHitate the French to 
 pu(h them to extremity, it was thouglu advifc- 
 able to fend back their millionary. 
 
 The IroquiMS cantons oblerved a ftri»''l: neu- 
 trality ; to which the milliouaries, by th<;ir vigi- 
 lance, doubtlefs contributed. But their condud 
 in this relpcd was in a great degree imputable to 
 the otlices of the Sieur de J(Micairc, and to the 
 good uuderltanding which this olhcer maintained 
 with them. Adoi)ted by TlonnonlhouanK, and 
 beloved by the Onnontagucs, he went incellantly 
 from one canton to another : he acquainted the 
 miflionarics with every thing that occurred, and 
 took no llej) but in concert with them. 'I'ho 
 Iroquois were charmed with his ailability : he 
 Ipoke their language as well as they thcmfelves : 
 he gained them by his liberality: he was refpeded 
 for his daring condud, and he well knew wliat 
 p:\rt to ad, whhout hchtation, on occahons 
 
 VOL. 1. c c where 
 
 385 
 
 n 
 
 i;07. 
 
t:'S 
 
 38^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 .K <•■ 
 
 nh 
 
 ,*■ Vt • 
 
 111' 
 
 4' 
 
 BOOK where promptitude of decifion was required ; 
 
 V '-^- ^ qualities of effential moment in the fituatton 
 ^707' where he was placed. 
 
 But whilft the French fucceeded in preventing 
 the heathen Iroquois from taking any part againft 
 them, the Governor of Orange negotiated with 
 almod equal fuccefs among the chriftian and do- 
 miciliated Iroquois of the colony. For fome time 
 a relaxation had been remarked in the piety of 
 of thefe converts, and which could be attributed 
 to no other caufe than that of inebriation, from 
 which it was no longer poflible to reftrain them. 
 For, notwithftanding the reiterated prohibitions 
 of the King, and the exertion of the Governor 
 of Montreal, the commerce of fpirituous liquors 
 had refumed its vigour, and it was difcovered 
 that no great dependance was to be placed on the 
 Iroquois of the Sault Saint Louis, and of the 
 Mountain, with refped to their aid in warlike 
 expeditions. 
 ,70s. Ill 21 council at Montreal held in the fpring, 
 wherein the chiefs of all the chriflian favages 
 eftabliftiei in the colony, and feveral of the Abi- 
 naquis were prefent, it was refolved to form a 
 body of a hundred chofen Canadians, befides a 
 great number of volunteers, moft of whom were 
 officers, making together with the favages four 
 hundred men. M. M. de Saint Ours des Chail- 
 lons, and Hertelde Rouville, were to command 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 the French, and the Sleur Boucher de la Perriere 
 was to conduft the favages. As it was of im- 
 portance that the objeft of this armament (hould 
 be kept fecret until the moment of the departure 
 of the warriors, and that the march (hould be 
 expeditious, it was fettled that the two firft com- 
 manders fhould take the route of the river Saint 
 Francis, with the Algonquins, the Abinaquis of 
 Bekancourt, and the Hurons of Lorette, and that 
 La Perriere with the Iroquois (hould go by Lake 
 Champlain ; that all (hould rendezvous at the 
 Lake Nikifipique, and that the neighbouring 
 favages of Acadia (hould likewife be there at the 
 time appointed. 
 
 Several incidents had nearly contributed to 
 (top this enterprife, and delayed the departure of 
 the warriors. On the 26th of July they began 
 their march, but when Des Chaillons and Rou- 
 ville had arrived at the river St. Francis, they 
 received advice that the Hurons were returned 
 home, becaufe one of them being killed by acci- 
 dent in the chace, this misfortune made the refl: 
 fuppofe that the expedition would be unfucceflf- 
 ful. The Iroquois, whom La Perriere led by 
 Lake Champlain, foon purfued the fame con- 
 du<5l, pretending that fome of their people were 
 fick, and that the malady might be communi- 
 cated to the army. 
 
 c c 2 M. de 
 
 387 
 
 BOOK 
 
 vn. 
 
 1708. 
 
 

 
 i'.i 
 
 I' 
 
 
 Hi." 
 ^ J' 
 
 
 J! ll i 
 
 h 
 
 M -» 
 
 ■V 
 
 
 
 388 
 
 BOOK 
 Vll, 
 
 1708. 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 M. de Vaudreuil, to whom the commanders 
 gave advice of this defertion, requefting at the 
 fame time his orders, anfwered, that although 
 the Algonquins and Abinaquis of Bwkancourt 
 ihould alfo defert them, they fliould not fail to 
 purfue their route, and that they might make an 
 irruption on fome diftant fettlement, rather than 
 return without having performed any thing. 
 Des Chaillons communicated this letter to the 
 favages, who affirmed that they would follow him 
 wherever he fhould lead them : they then pro- 
 ceeded to the number of two hundred, and after 
 having gone a hundred and /ifty leagues by ways 
 almoft impradicable, they arrived at Lake Niki- 
 fipik, where they did not find the Abinaquis 
 whom they expe£led. 
 
 It was refolved, in thefe circumftances, to 
 march againft a village called Hewreuil,compofed 
 of twenty.five or thirty houfes well built, with a 
 fort in which the commandant lodged, and which 
 contained thirty foldiers who had recently arrived 
 there, having been ordered thither by the Go- 
 vernor of New England, who upon advice of the 
 march of the French had fent fimilar detach- 
 ments into all the villages of that part of the 
 country. 
 
 The French defpairing of carrying the place 
 by furprifc, believed they might effeiSl it by a 
 
 fudden 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 389 
 
 ommanders 
 jfting at the 
 at although 
 Bwkancourt 
 
 not fail to 
 ht make an 
 rather than 
 any thing. 
 3tter to the 
 I follow him 
 ^ then pro- 
 d, and after 
 [ues by ways 
 
 Lake Niki- 
 i Abinaquis 
 
 ciftances, to 
 iljCompofed 
 [)uilt, with a 
 1, and which 
 ;ntly arrived 
 by the Go- 
 idvice of the 
 lilar detach- 
 part of the 
 
 ig the place 
 
 Fe6t it by a 
 
 fudden 
 
 fudden attack. They refted for the night, and book 
 next morning, an hour after fun-rife, they 
 
 marched againft the fort. After a bold refift- 
 ance they carried it fword in hand, and fet fire 
 to it. The houfes which were defended (hared 
 the fame fate. Several of the inhabitants were 
 killed, fome were taken, and fome were confumed 
 in the houfes. The found of drums and trum- 
 pets began to be heard from the neighbouring 
 villages, and not a moment was to be loft in or- 
 der to infure a retreat. This was effefted in 
 good order, each taking no greater quantity of 
 provifions than was neceffary for his return. 
 The French had fcarcely advanced half a league, 
 when on entering a wood they fell into an am- 
 bufcade formed by feventy men, who before they 
 could be feen had each difcnarged his mufket. 
 Both horfemen and foot foldiers were advancing 
 behind, and nothing was now left but to make a 
 defperate attempt againft the party that had fired. 
 The French threw down their provifions, and 
 advanced with impetuofity to the fpot whence 
 the fire proceeded. So unexpected an attack 
 from perfons who, they fuppofed, had, been 
 thrown Into diforder, totally difconcerted them, 
 and moft of them were killed or taken. The 
 party returned to Montreal with the lofs of 
 about thirty men. 
 
 1703. 
 
 m 
 
 c c 3 
 
 On 
 
H1 
 
 I t r 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 \ 
 
 ,» 1 
 
 I « 
 
 m.:il" 
 
 1; 
 
 390 
 
 BOOK. 
 VII. 
 
 1709. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 On the loth of May a perfon called Vetch, 
 who, about four years before, had founded all the 
 difficult paflages of the river St. Lawrence, under 
 pretence of coming to Quebec to treat for an 
 exchange of prifoners, arrived from England, 
 and took poft at Manhatti, to forward at that 
 place the raifmg of troops, who were to adt on 
 the fide of Montreal. Intelligence of this cir- 
 cumflance foon reached the French, and likewife 
 that Vetch had prefented to the Queen of Great 
 Britain a memorial, reprefenting the facility of 
 the conquefl of Canada, and the great advan- 
 tages which England might derive from fuch an 
 acquifition. • It was added, that her majefty had 
 approved of the project, and had promifed to 
 Vetch, in cafe of fuccefs, the government of 
 New France : that ten large and as many fmall 
 vefTels were fitted out for the expedition. That 
 fix thoufand regular troops, under the command 
 of an ofiicer named Macardv, were to be em- 
 harked in this fleet : that two thoufand Englifli 
 Tiud as many (iivages were to attack the govern- 
 ment of Montreal, and that their rendezvous was 
 fettled at the river du Chicot, two leagues from 
 Lake Champlain, where they were to conftrudl 
 canoes and baiteaux, and afterwards to defcend 
 to Chambly. 
 
 M. de V"''^*icuil alTembled without delay a 
 council of war, wherein it was refolved to march 
 
 a de? 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 39^ 
 
 tachment towards New York, in order to endea- book 
 
 VII. 
 
 vour to diffipate the ftorm which was there col- ^^ -yl.^ 
 lefting, that the colony rendered fecure on that > 1^9* 
 quarter, might re-unite all its ftrength againft 
 the EngHfti fleet, if it fliould come to Quebec. 
 Not a moment was to be loft in executing this 
 refolution, and M. de Ramezay, Governor of 
 Montreal, offered to take the command ; but his 
 propofal was not then accepted, and no other 
 reafon could be afligned for this refufal, but a 
 coolnefs which fubfifted between him and the 
 Governor- General. M. de Sabrevois, a captain, 
 was detached with thirty men, to proceed before 
 Rouville, who was not yet returned, and to faci- 
 litate his retreat. 
 
 Two months afterwards, there being no longer 
 any doubt that the Englifh were on their march 
 with a great body of Iroquois and Mahingans, 
 and information having likewife been received 
 that feveral forts were conftrufled at diiferent 
 diftances from Orange to Lake George, M. de 
 Vaudreuil yielded at length to the inftances of 
 the Governor of Montreal. He placed him at 
 the head of fifteen hundred men, compofed of 
 regular troops, militia, and favages. -. 
 
 The General afterwards defcended to Quebec, 
 
 to forward the works which were carrying on, 
 
 -and to lay an embargo upon all veflels which 
 
 injght arrive from France. On the 28th of July 
 
 V c c 4 M. de 
 
 '>: 
 
392 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 .^^ 
 
 :*. ^ f 
 
 BOOK 
 
 vir. 
 1709. 
 
 iri 
 
 M. de Ramezay fet out from Montteal : his van 
 conducted by M. de Montigny, was compofed of 
 fifty Frenchmen and two hundred Abauquis, 
 fupported by Rouville with a hundred Canadians. 
 After them marched a hundred regular foldiers. 
 The Governor of Montreal followed with five 
 hundred Canadians, diftributed into five com- 
 panies. The Iroquois ChriiUans formed the 
 rear guard under the conduti of Joncaire. 
 Some Outaouais and Nepiffings were placed on 
 the wings. 
 
 This army marched forty leagues in three 
 days, and had it gone as far as the enemy's 
 camp, it might have efFeded fome fuccefsful en- 
 terprife; but the jealoufy fubfifting between the 
 officers and their commander, the fault of indif- 
 cipline in the troops, and defedlive intelligence 
 which was given to M. de Ramezay, tended to 
 render the expedition abortive. After having 
 made fome prifoners and killed an officer com- 
 manding a hundred and twenty men, who had 
 advanced too far, a report was circulated that an 
 ^irrny of five thoufand men were hot very diftant, 
 and that they were fortified with intrenchments. 
 The favages at the fame time declared, that it 
 was their opinion that they ought not to proceed 
 further, and that it appeared much more advife-r 
 able to defend the advanced pofts of the colony, 
 than to proceed fo far in fearch of an enemy, 
 
 who 
 
I 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 393 
 
 
 17C9. 
 
 who had poflefled leifure to fortify his camp, and b o o fc 
 who could befides be fupported by all the young 
 men of Orange and Corlar. On this account 
 a council of war was affsmbled, and it was there 
 refolved to retreat. The Governor of Montreal 
 was neceflitated to conform to this deliberation, 
 becaufe he doubted whether, if he -advanced, he 
 fhould be feconded by thofe who were under his 
 command. 
 
 On his return to Montreal, towards the middle 
 of September, he received advice by an Iroquois 
 lately arrived from the enemy's camp, that two 
 thoufand five hundred men were in march to 
 build a fort at the extremity of Lake St. Sacre- 
 ment, or Lake George, and that fix hundred 
 more were detached to take pofTeffion of a poft 
 on Lake Champlain, from whence they could 
 come in two days to Chambly. He immediately 
 difpatched the fame favage to C^ebec, where M. 
 de Vaudreuil then was ; and that general, feeing 
 no grounds of apprehenfion of a fiege being laid 
 to the capital, embarked immediately for Mon- 
 treal, and there aifembled a confiderable body of 
 troops and militia, with whom he went to poft 
 himfelf at Chambly, where he remained for fome 
 time without hearing any accounts of an enemy. 
 He then formed two detachments of fifty men 
 each, under the orders of Des Chaillon and de 
 ^ontigny, to reconnoitre the hoftilc camp. 
 
 Thefe 
 
\m ^^ 
 
 hi 
 
 i.t^ 
 
 .-I I 
 
 394 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK Thefe two officers approached very near to the 
 .«-^,^-i^ entrenchments, and were enabled to count the 
 '709' number and to diftinguifli the fize of the canoes. 
 Some time after, the Englifti burnt their ca- 
 noes, reduced their forts to afhes, and retired. 
 This mcafure was embraced on account of the 
 perfidious condudt of the Iroquois. In a council 
 held at Onnontaguc, one of their orators de- 
 manded, if they had ceafed to remember that 
 their nation, fiiuated between two powerful peo- 
 ple, capable each of exterminating them, and 
 whofe inicreft it was to efte^ that objeft when 
 they (houM no longer be in want of their affift- 
 ance, their whole attention fhould therefore be 
 direded to place them both always under a ne- 
 ceffity of courting their aid, and to prevent the 
 one from falling a prey to the other. His dif- 
 rourfe made an impreflion on the aflembly, and 
 a refolution was immediately adopted to conduct 
 themfelves in the prefent exigency according to 
 thofe rules of policy which they had hitherto 
 been accuflonied to obferve. 
 
 The Iroquois had no fooner joined the Englifh 
 army, than fearing, that with the addition of 
 their reinforcement, it would be fufficienlly ftrong 
 to take Montreal, they thought only of the means 
 of weakening it. The army was encamped on 
 the banks of a fmall river. The Iroquois, who 
 palled almoft their whole time in hunting, agreed 
 
 to 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 395 
 
 to throw into it all the fkins of the animals which book 
 they killed, a little way above the camp, and by >_ -,-j 
 this means the water foon became infefted. The »7°9- 
 Englifli, unfufpicious of this diabolical a£t, con- 
 tinued to drink the water, and died in great 
 numbers. 
 
 It is certain that this mortality, of the caufe of 
 which the Englifli were ignorant until a confi- 
 derable time afterwards, obliged the army to re- 
 move from fo baleful a fituation, and where they 
 were aware, if they remained under fuch difad- 
 vantageous circumftances until they were at- 
 tacked, a defeat would probably enfue. They 
 retreated to Manhatti, where they learnt on their 
 arrival that the Englifli fleet defl:ined for the 
 fiege of C^ebec was not at Bofton ; and that it 
 had been fent to Lifbon, where the bad fuccefs of 
 the Portuguefe arms on the frontiers of Caftile, 
 in the commencement of the campaign^ made the 
 King of Portugal apprehenfive, that if he was not 
 reinforced by timely afliftance, he would be com- 
 pelled to come to an immediate accommodation 
 )vith Spain. 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
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 BOOK 
 
 Vlll. 
 
 1710. 
 
 BOOK viir. 
 
 JFarlihe Preparations of the Englif}j.-~-Cofifi'rence of the 
 Savage Deputies at Montreal.-^ Army of the Euglifj 
 march in different Du\Elions i^ invade Canada. -^Re- 
 treat of the Armies. — Part of thi; Engl'fJj Fleet ivrecked 
 on Seven IJlands. — Ontagamis manh to attack the Fort 
 at Detroit,— 'Arrival of the allied Savages to the RelieJ 
 of that Fort, Outagamis entrench theufelveSt build a 
 Forty and are befteged.-— Reduced to great Extremity.'— 
 Refufe to fur render at Difretion, — After a Siege of 
 nineteen DaySy they efcape during a Storm. — Are over-- 
 taken. — Olflinate Reft/lance. — Are compelled tofurren- 
 der at Dfcretion. — Are put to Death. -^Governors of 
 New England and of Canada receive^ in confequence of 
 the 'Treaty of Utrecht y Inflruclions for a Cefj'ation of all 
 liojlilities. — Fort conflruEled by the Englifh at the 
 Mouth of the Chouagon^ and by the French at Niagara, 
 —Propofdl of M. de Vaudreuil for peopling the Colony, 
 "^Deaih of M. de Vaudreuil. 
 
 /^ N the following winter the Onnontagucs 
 ^-^ fent deputies to M. de Vaudreuil, to befeech 
 him to receive them into his favour. They 
 aflfured him that they had entertained no defi^ i 
 of injuring the French, but they did not explain 
 the fcheme which they had pra^lifed to render 
 ufelefs the great preparations of the Englifli. 
 
 They 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 397 
 
 They obferved to him, that the war had not been book. 
 undertaken with the general confent of the can- w—^-i*^ 
 tons, nor even of thofe who had taken up arms. >7'o* 
 This nation had repeatedly teftified that it difa|>- 
 provcd of a war between the Englifh and French, 
 and in a fecond audience which the deputies had 
 with the General, after the orator had declared 
 his forrow at feeing two people whom he efteem- 
 ed, ahnoft ever occupied in hoftilities for the de- 
 {lru(^ion of each other, he added, with a freedom 
 which is known only to barbarians ; " Are you 
 then both intoxicated, or is it I who am devoid 
 of underftanding ?" 
 
 He alfo propofed an exchange of prifoners be- 
 tween the Dutch and French, which was accepted 
 and executed on both fides. M. de Vaudreuil 
 then faid to the deputies, that his allies awaited 
 only '■ declaration of war againft the Iroquois, 
 and if they would avoid this misfortune, they 
 mud remain in tranquillity ; that on the firft 
 movement which he fhould fee them make, he 
 would givi to all his allies full liberty to fall 
 upon them. 
 
 Intelligence being foon afterwards received, 
 that the Governor of New York was redoubling 
 his efforts to engage the Iroquois cantons in an 
 offeniive league againfl: the French, and the fear 
 of having to refift at the fame time all thofe 
 favages, whilft they were threatened with an at- 
 tack 
 
 I 
 
 t\ 
 
If^<' 
 
 
 398 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Ml ■»', V 
 4. 
 
 !•' 
 
 
 
 n i 
 
 1 1 . 
 
 
 
 ■f 
 
 V,? 
 
 'I 
 
 
 I.h 
 
 P 
 
 d: 
 
 I' I 
 
 i 
 
 •Ml 
 
 
 i 
 
 !-! 
 
 I' i n '■. ^ 
 
 
 BOOK 
 
 Vlii. 
 
 1710. 
 
 1!'! 
 
 
 tack from the Engiifh, made much impreflioli 
 upon the inhabitants. This induced M. de Vau« 
 dreuil to caufe to defcend to Montreal as great a 
 part of the favages from the upper country as 
 poffible, not only for the defence of the colony, 
 but to hold the Iroquois in refpeft. He fent to 
 Michilimakinac two perfons well acquainted with 
 the favages, and refpefted by the French allies, 
 to exhort them to come without delay to give 
 to their father proofs of their fidelity and attach- 
 ment. 
 
 ' It was further neceflary to fecure the neutrali- 
 ty of the cantons, and the Baron de Longueuil 
 was fent, in conjun<5tion with Joncaire and La 
 Chauvignerie, to treat with them, and to aflure 
 them whilft they remained quiet fpeftators they 
 fhould have nothing to apprehend from other 
 nations. But if, notwithftanding their folemn 
 engagements, they fhould embrace the part of 
 joining themfelves to the enemies of the French, 
 they mud expeft to have all the people of the 
 north and well to fall upon them^ and to allow 
 them no quarter. 
 
 The envoys were well received at Onnontague, 
 and at Tfonnonthouan, and they condudled to 
 Montreal deputies from thefe two cantons. They 
 avowed to M. de Vaudreuil, that they were 
 powerfully folicited by the government of New 
 York to break with the French: they added, 
 
 8 that 
 
 i V 
 
HISTORY OF CAN.\/DA. 
 
 399 
 
 1710. 
 
 that the fidelity of feveral of their nation mitrht boo 
 be relied on, but that the greatefl: part were in- 
 clined towards the Englifh, gained by the prefents 
 which they liberally bellowed, and perfuadcd 
 that the French would fall at length under the 
 great efforts which their enemies were preparing 
 to make in order to overwhelm them on every 
 fide. 
 
 Saint Pierre Tonti and others, who had been 
 fent to the higher nations, arrived at Montreal 
 with between four and five hundred favages, and 
 as the Iroquois deputies were not yet gone, the 
 Governor embraced the opportunity of accom- 
 modating a difference which had fubfifted for 
 fome years between the cantons on one part, 
 and fome of the allies on the other. He found 
 in this affair lefs difficulty than he imagined, and 
 concord was reftored to the fatisfai^ion of both 
 parties. . 
 
 Intelltgence was brought to M. de Vaudreuil, 
 that General Nicholfon was arrived at Bodon 
 with two fhips of war of feventy guns each : that 
 he was to be followed by fix other veffels of fixty 
 guns each, three bomb veffels, and thirty tranf- 
 ports, which were to be joined at Bofton by two 
 fliips of fifty guns, and five tranfports, intended 
 to carry three thoufand militia ; and that they 
 only waited for the arrival of the reft of the fleet 
 in order to fail. 
 
 A corps 
 
 K 
 
Mr/-, 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 ft 
 
 ^%M 
 
 h'< 
 
 1 I 
 
 I i 
 
 400 
 
 BOOK 
 VIH. 
 
 r7io. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 A corps compofed of the militia of New York, 
 and of the favages of that province, amounting 
 to two thoufand men, was faid to be aflembled at 
 Manhatti, and that Canada was the objefl: of 
 thefe warlike preparations. This advice was 
 afterwards confirmed by an Iroquois, whom 
 Teganiflbrens fent to M. de Vaudreuil, to inform 
 him that theEnglifh fleet had failed fromBofton, 
 and that two hundred batteaux had been pre- 
 pared at Orange ; that a hundred more were 
 expeded to arrive there, and that Abraham 
 Scuyler, brother of the Governor of Orange, 
 had vifited all the cantons, to engage them to 
 take up arms againft the French. 
 
 On receiving thefe accounts, the Governor- 
 General aflembled the Iroquois deputies who had 
 accompanied de Longueuil and Joncaire, and 
 communicated to them what he had learnt. He 
 told them that the Dutch had declared tbem- 
 felves againft him, notwithftanding reiterated 
 aflTurances on their part to preferve neutrality, 
 and the care which he had taken to guard againfl: 
 ofi^ending them ; it was therefore his intention 
 to fend a party of men to that quarter, but that 
 the Iroquois ought not to be alarmed. He then 
 delivered to them fome of their countrymen, 
 whom he had refcued from the hands of the 
 Ouyatanons, and added, that it remained only 
 with them to preferve, according to their pro- 
 
 mife, 
 
wsma^KmBm 
 
 talSTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 401 
 
 mife, a neutral condufl : that they ought to call book 
 
 VIII. 
 
 to emembrance the treaty of peace, fo folemnly t— w-w 
 entered into under his predeceflbr, between all *7*o* 
 the nations ; that they could not difpenfe with 
 rendering to the French the juftice of religioufly 
 obferving all its conditions^ and that it was Hill 
 more their own Inrereft than his, to purfue the 
 line of condud which he propofed to them. 
 
 The following day he made a great war feaft, 
 to which he invited all the domiciliated favages, 
 and all thofe of the allies who had come from 
 Montreal. The aflembly confifted of eight hun- 
 dred warriorSj before whom Joncaire and La 
 Chauvignerie raifed the hatchet, and fung the 
 fong of war in the name of Ononthio. -* All the 
 Iroquois of the Sault Saint Louis, thofe of the 
 Mountain who were then united with thofe of the 
 Sault de RecoUet, and the Nipiffings, or Algon- 
 quins of the ifland of Montreal, anfwered to it 
 Avith loud applaufe. The favages of the upper 
 country were fcrupulous in declaring themfelves, 
 becaufe they were almoft the whole commercially 
 connected with the Englifti, from whom they 
 derived greater profits than from the French j 
 but twenty Hurons of Detroit having taken up 
 the hatchet, all followed their example, and 
 aflured the General that he might diipofe of them 
 as of the fubje^ts of his King. 
 
 VOL. I. DD The 
 

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 if 
 
 
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 M"t 
 
 1 
 
 if!; 
 
 402 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VIII. 
 
 ' — . — » 
 1710. 
 
 i.|-!| 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The Governor-General did not think it nccef- 
 fary to retain the whole of thefe favages, and 
 immediately difpatched the greateft part of them, 
 as well as the deputies of the Iroquois, becaufe 
 the feafon was already far advanced. He was 
 fatisfied with keeping near him a few of each 
 nation, that he might evince to the Englifti and 
 to the Iroquois, that he had an entire authority 
 over his allies. 
 
 M. de Vaudreuil, on his arrival at Quebec, 
 found all the orders which he had given to M. 
 de Boucourt well executed, and the place in a 
 condition to fuftain a fiege of fome length. All 
 the coafts below Quebec were fo well guarded, 
 that an enemy could not difembark at any of the 
 fettlements without being obliged to come to 
 fkirmifhing, which the difadvantage of the land, 
 being covered with wood, rendered it dangerous 
 to attempt. Several (hips were feen in the river, 
 by the inhabitants, but at a great diftance below 
 Quebec. In a few days after this intelligence 
 was received, two fmall veffels arrived from 
 Gafpc, the mafters of which affirmed that they 
 had feen no fhips in the river. The General 
 then fent M. de Ramezay to Montreal with fix 
 hundred men, which he had brought down with 
 him. He foon after followed with fix hundred 
 more foldiers, which. Joined to thofe remaining 
 
 under 
 
 l^| 
 
 ii 
 
 til 
 
 
tllSTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 403 
 
 1710. 
 
 under the orders of M. de Lonffueuil, to euard book 
 
 O ' O VIII. 
 
 the head of the colony, compofed an army of 
 three thoufand men, who were marched to 
 Chambly and there encamped. His defign was, 
 in this pofition, to await General Nicholfon, 
 whom he knew to be in march on that fide ; but 
 he foon after learnt that an army, in which were 
 many of the Iroquois, had retreated, and Rou- 
 Ville was immediately detached with two hundred 
 men to acquire more certain information refpe£b' 
 ing it. This officer marched, without meeting 
 any perfon, beyond the Great Portage, which is 
 on the road to Orange, and was there joined by 
 three Frenchmen who had been fent to that vil- 
 lage in the month of June. They were fet at 
 liberty after the return of General Nicholfon, 
 and informed Rouville that the confternation in 
 Orange had been great, at the news of a mif- 
 fortune that had happened to the Englifh fleet. 
 
 The retreat of the two Englifh armies which 
 was to have attacked New France at the fame 
 time, by fea and land, and to divide its forces 
 by occupying, them at the two extremities of the 
 colony, being no longer doubtful, and a report 
 having been circulated that the firft was (hip- 
 wrecked in the river St. Lawrence, near the 
 Seven Iflands, the Governor fent thither feveral 
 barks. They there found the remains of eight 
 
 D D 2 large 
 
 I; 
 
 il 
 
 lil!^ 
 
 iii;i 
 
 jiijj i 
 
Pi^ 
 
 
 H: 
 
 
 404 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 BOOK, large veffels, whofe cannon and (lores had been 
 
 I .^w taken out, and the bodies of a number of drowned 
 
 »7io- perfons caft upon the (hores. 
 
 The Engliih admiral had, it was afterwards 
 learnt, on board of his (hip a French prifoner 
 named Paradis, an old navigator, and who was 
 well acquainted, with the river St. Lawrence. 
 This man informed the admiral, that when he 
 was near the Traverfe of the Seven lOands, he 
 ought not to approach too near towards the 
 land, and as the wind was unfavourable, and 
 they could only fall upon a tack, they were fre- 
 quently obliged to put about. The admiral at 
 length grew weary of this manoeuvre, and per- 
 haps fufpeded it was only ordered by the pilot 
 to harrafs the failors. He therefore refufed to 
 allow the (hip to tack lb often, and approached 
 fo near to a little ifland called I/e aux CEufs^ 
 where he was overtaken by a fquall from the 
 fouth-ead:, that his own, together with feven 
 other fliips of his fleet were driven upon the 
 rocks, and very few of the crews were faved. 
 1 7 1 z . It was reported that the Englifh were preparing 
 another fleet to befiege Quebec, and the Gover- 
 nor-General found by the generofity of the mer- 
 chants of that place, a fum of fifty thoufand 
 crow.is, to be applied towards ftrengthening the 
 fortifications. Advice was at the fame time re- 
 ceived, that theEnglifli were reconciled with the 
 
 Iroquois, 
 
 ^V>}--' 
 
 m 
 
HISTORY oT'tANADA. 
 
 405 
 
 Iroquois, and hoped to engage this refllefs na- book 
 tion, in exciting difturbances in the north and -. \t 
 weft of Canada. »7«2. 
 
 There was reafon for fuppofing, that if Joncaire 
 had not fecured the neutrality of the Tfonnon- 
 thouans, and the Baron De Lon^rueuil had not 
 negotiated with his ufual addrefs, among the 
 Onnontagues, the French would have found 
 themfelves in a ftate of embarraflfment, which it 
 would not have been eafy to have furmounted. 
 Deputies of the cantons at length came to offer 
 new excufes for the paft, and great pioteftations 
 of an inviolable fidelity in the performanre of 
 their future engagements. It was necefTary to 
 pretend a belief of their fincerity : M. de Vau- 
 dreuil fpoke to them, however, with firmnefs, 
 and made them afterwards confiderable prefents, 
 fending them home with a difpofition more fa* 
 vourable towards the French than that with 
 which they had fet our. 
 
 Nut long before this period the Iroquois had 
 excited againft the Frcnqh a new enemy, equally 
 brave with themfelves, lefs political, more fero- 
 cious, whom it never was poflible either to fub- 
 due or to gain, and who like fome infedls, which 
 appear to have as many lives as different parts 
 of the body, regenerated, it may be faid, after 
 their defeat, and reduced almoft to a handful of 
 robbers, were found in every quarter, and he- 
 
 p D 3 came 
 
 !■' 
 
,«M«'J 
 
 ::' 'ii 
 
 406 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 \k 'fik, '■ 
 
 5'«;::lf-^ 
 
 3K,i 
 
 U*i' 
 
 BOOK came an objeft of dread to all the people of that 
 
 «-^— w part of the continent, interrupting for a fpace of 
 
 ^7'** twenty-five years the commerce of the country, 
 
 and rendering the roads almod impaffable for a 
 
 circuit of five hundred leagues. Thefe were the 
 
 Outagamis, commonly ftiled the Foxes. 
 
 Until the time to which we allude they were 
 but little known in Canada, but they had lately 
 entered into a confederacy with the Iroquois, and 
 had undertaken to burn the fort of Detroit, and 
 to kill all the inhabitants. To execute this de- 
 fign they had come in great numbers to the vici- 
 nity of that place, and there was no fpecies of 
 infult which they did not offer to the com- 
 mandant. 
 
 The Kikapous and the Mafcontins had entered 
 into their defign ; the laiter had already arrived, 
 and they only waited for the former to put it in 
 execution, when they received advice that an 
 Outaouais chief, named Jaguirna, and fome 
 Pouteouatamis, had killed about a hundred and 
 fifty Mafcontins. They became enraged at thefe 
 news, and a Chriftian Outagami, much attached 
 to the French, informed the commandant that 
 Jiis fort would be immediately attacked. He had 
 then with him only twenty Frenchmen, and his 
 principal refource was in the Hurons, the Outaou- 
 ais, and fome other favages, with whom he was 
 ^llied, but who were then employed in the chace. 
 
 He 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 407 
 
 people of that 
 for a fpace of 
 the country, 
 Daflable for a 
 hefe were the 
 »xes. 
 
 de they were 
 ley had lately 
 Iroquois, and 
 ■ Detroit, and 
 cute this de- 
 Ts to the vici- 
 no fpecies of 
 to the com- 
 
 s had entered 
 ready arrived, 
 IT to put it in 
 vice that an 
 , and fome 
 hundred and 
 raged at thefe 
 luch attached 
 nandant that 
 :ed. He had 
 nen, and his 
 ,the Outaou- 
 k'hom he was 
 in the chace. 
 He 
 
 He fent to defire they would haften to his aid : book 
 he caufed to be demolifhed all the houfes ereded ^-^ 
 
 on the outfide of the fort, and took every other 
 meafure which the time would allow to fuftain 
 the firft efforts of the enemy. On the 13th of 
 May he received accounts of the approach of his 
 allies, among whom were Outaouais, Hurons, 
 Pouteoutamis, Sakis, Malhomines, Ilinois, Ofa- 
 ges, MiifouriteSj and each nation carried its par- 
 ticular ftandard. This army (lopped at the village 
 of the Hurons, who were of opinion that they 
 ought not to encamp, but proceed forthwith to 
 the French fort. They fent forth a general cry, 
 with which the country refounded, and were 
 immediately anfwered by the enemy, who de- 
 tached forty of their number, naked, but paint- 
 ed in a frightful manner, to obferve the confede- 
 rates. 
 
 The allies being near the fort, the chiefs fent 
 to demand permiffion to enter, and the gates 
 were immediately opened. Du Buiffon the com- 
 mandant gave them a reception proportioned to 
 the fervice which they had rendered him, and 
 after they had all taken their places around him, 
 according to the favage cuftom, the perfon who 
 fpoke in name of the whole addreffed him as 
 follows : " Behold, my father, thy children 
 " around thee. We fear not death ; we will 
 " cheerfully perifh, if neceflary, in defence of 
 
 1712. 
 
 D D 4 
 
 (( 
 
 our 
 
■.» I 
 
 rf:,i: 
 
 l^ 
 
 
 
 }'*:■. 
 
 1.15 i5,''r ~; 55 
 
 '■;IM 
 
 408 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK <* our father : the only favour which we require 
 ^ ; ' , , - ** of thee, is to engage Ononthio, the father of 
 1 71 a. « all the nations, to take care of our wives and 
 '* children, and that thou fliouldft cover our 
 ** dead bodies. Thou feed that we have quitted 
 •* our villages and families to come to thy aid ; 
 M we came from thence with fuch expedition, 
 <* that we have neither brought ammunition nor 
 •' provifions j we therefore hope that thou wilt 
 ^' fupply us with both." The commandant 
 returned them thanks in a few words, and 
 diftributed provifions, lead, powder, and toi- 
 bacco. 
 
 The Outagamis had conflrufted a fort not far 
 from the French, where they had entrenched 
 themfelves with confiderable ftrength ; however, 
 they fcarcely had time to perceive that they were 
 invefted on every quarter, when the conftant 
 fire that was kept up on them obliged them to 
 dig deeper into the earth. The befiegers then 
 preparing a kind of fcafFold, of twenty-five feet 
 high, from whence they fired with fuch advan- 
 tage into the fort, that the enepiy could no 
 longer go out to procure water? and their pro- 
 vifions being foon confumed, they fuftered much 
 from hunger and thirft. In this extremity, de- 
 riving courage from defpair, they fought with 
 much refolutioQ, and the vidory was long doubt- 
 ful. They placed on their pallifadoes pieces of 
 
 dot!) 
 
 \M ■ r. 
 
 ra*'.: 
 
 S' 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 409 
 
 cloth for f\i^^, crying out with all their force, book 
 
 that they had no other father but the Englifh, > ^-.w 
 
 who would not fail to come to their adiftance, '7'** 
 or to avenge their death. They got poflefljon 
 of a houfe which was not entirely deinolifiied, 
 and which joined their fort. They there raifed 
 a redoubt, from whence they fired under cover 
 of the gable. But it being at length levelled by 
 cannon (hot, the enemy fent forth dreadful 
 cries, and foon after fent to afk per million to 
 prefent deputies to M. Buiflbn. Before allowing 
 them this indulgence, he wiflied ^o procure the 
 confcnt of the chiefs, and aifembled them in 
 council : they were of opinion, that this oppor- 
 tunity ought to be embraced in order to draw 
 from their hands three women who were prifon- 
 ers among them. They were then made ac- 
 quainted that their deputies would be received. 
 Next morning thechief of the Outagamis, named 
 Pemoulfa, accompanied by two warriors, pre- 
 fented himfelf at the entrance of the camp j he 
 was admitted, and introduced into the council 
 which was aflembled. He placed before the 
 commandant two captives and a collar, praying 
 that he would allow two days, that the old men 
 might deliberate on the means of appeafmg him, 
 and of giving him fatisfaQion. He then turned 
 himfelf to>vards the favages, mad« them a pre- 
 
 Icnt 
 
 !!il 
 
^f 
 
 410 
 
 Boo 
 
 VJII. 
 
 1712. 
 
 (C 
 
 « 
 
 <c 
 
 «( 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fent of two flaves, and a collar, and fpoke 
 thus : 
 
 ** Remember that we are your brethren, and 
 that in fliedding our blood, it is your own 
 wliich you fpill. I therefore fupplicate you to 
 •' foften the fpirit of our father, whom we have 
 unhappily provoked : thefe two flaves are to 
 replace the blood which we have occafioned 
 •' to be loft." As the favages made no reply, 
 Du Buiflbn gave the deputies to underftand that 
 he could not be aflured of the fmcerity of their 
 repentance, becaufe they had not brought back 
 the wife of Saguima, and the two women they 
 had taken with her, and that he would not liften 
 to any accommodation until they produced thefe 
 three captives. Pemoufla excufed himfelf by ob- 
 fcrving, that this depended not upon him, but 
 that he would make known the requeft to his 
 ancients. They granted him the remaining part 
 of the day, and alTured him that all firing ftiould 
 ceafe until his return, provided no perfon went 
 out of the fort. Two hours afterwards, two 
 JMafcoutin chiefs and an Outagami arrived with 
 a white flag in their hand, followed by three wo- 
 men whom they prefented to the commandant. 
 They expreffcd much regret for having difpleafed 
 him, and conjured him to allow their whole party 
 liberty to withdraw. Du Buiifon replied, that 
 
 it 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 4X« 
 
 (C 
 
 (( 
 
 It reflcd not with him ; that for this they mufl b o o »c 
 addrefs his allies, to whom he had given his ■ . \j 
 word, that they (hould be abfohue mafters to *7»2» 
 aft in this buftnefs according to their pleafure. 
 
 This anfwer was much applauded by the fa- 
 vages, and the principal chief of the Ilinois faid 
 in the name of the whole, addrefling hiinfclf to 
 the deputies, " Your paft condudt, and the en- 
 gagements you have entered into with our 
 enemies, leave us no room to doubt that yon 
 <' have fome evil intention in demanding fron^ 
 •' our father liberty to retire: you would no 
 *' fooncr have left your camp, than you would 
 " begin to form fome new machination againft 
 •* him, and you would come to attack him at a 
 ^' time when perhaps we (hould be too remote 
 •' to afliil him. You believed that we were ig- 
 *' norant of the engagements which you have 
 " entered into for this purpofe with his enemies, 
 *' and of the promifes you have made to eftablilh 
 " them here, after having exterminated all the 
 " children of Ononthio ; but you are deceived. 
 *' Knov(^ then that it is our final refolution not 
 *' to receive you but at difcretion, and nut to 
 ^' (lir from hence until we have compelled you 
 *' thus to furrender : even our father Ihall not 
 ^* oblige us to aher it, and in this inflaiice we 
 •* would difobey him. We are better acquainted 
 ^^ than he with the depravity of your heart, and 
 
 fck 
 
 U'C 
 
 j; 
 

 ur 
 
 It li ' 
 
 Ut\. 
 
 412 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Book. ♦* we fl)all not abandon him to your ntercy. 
 
 % '/ _s ** Knter quickly into your fort : we only wait 
 17 J*. •• for ibis, in order to renew our fire." 
 
 The deputies returned with this unexpe^ed 
 anlwcr, and as foon as they had entered their 
 fort the attack went on with renewed vigour* 
 The defence was not lefs obftinate. The be* 
 fiegcd let fly three hundred arrows at once, at 
 the ends of which they placed lighted matches, 
 and fufes with gunpowder, in order to ftt fire to 
 the French fort j they there burnt feveral houfes 
 covered with flraw, and it was neceffary, to pre- 
 vent the fliunes from fpreadiiig, to cover the 
 icniaining buildings with bear and deer (kins, 
 and throw a great quantity of water upon them. 
 A refiflance fo determined, at length wearied 
 the confederates ; thty defpaired of the fucccfs 
 of their enterprife, and pretended to be afraid 
 tliat the French would relax in furnifhing them 
 iivith provifions. The French who faw them aU 
 moll refolved to retire, and who by their retreat 
 would be expofed to the rage of un irritated 
 people, began to think of embarking for Michill- 
 luakinac, and l)u BuilTon was upon the point of 
 Hying before enemies, whom he had reduced to 
 the laft extremity, and whom two days before 
 he had feen on their knees, conjuring him to 
 content hiinfclf with their becoming his flaves. 
 U was necclFary, \\i order to regain the favage 
 
 chicf$| 
 
 ■-, » 
 
 , i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA; 
 
 4U 
 
 chiefs, and to rekindle their expiring valour, to n 
 defpoil himfelf of every thing he had, and when v» 
 he believed he had engaged by his liberality each 
 individual in his favour, he anfombled the coun- 
 cil. He there complained that they were about 
 to abandon him to the mo(! formidable dang-cr, 
 after having engaged him to continue the com- 
 bat. He exprelfcd his adonifliment that fo many 
 brave warriors would renounce a vi6lory which 
 was certain, and creditable to them. Some of 
 the chiefs feemed furprized at his difconrfe, and 
 interrupted him by an alfurance that tlicy had 
 ever refolved to (hed the lafl drop of their blood, 
 rather than leave the eriterprife unfini(hed, and 
 that they could not comprehend who could hav^! 
 infpired him with the unjuft fufpicions which he 
 had exprefled. The whole made the fame pro- 
 teflation ; they fung anew the fong of war, and 
 each refumed his poll : the befiegcd fore fa w t'mt 
 they had no other hopes but from the haul c.n- 
 ditions which were propofcd to them. It l..\s 
 been obfcrved, that among tb.e confcdcrafcs wcru 
 fome Sukis : there wore alfo fcveral aironj;; tlie 
 cnciiiy ; becaufe this nation was dividitd into two 
 fadions, one of which was attached to the Ouia- 
 gamis, and the other to the Pouteouatuni-?. 
 The part of that nation which was llock nKil 
 with the former almoft totally drlertai it, and 
 from hence it was learnt tha: ilic bcfiegcil wfie 
 
 ^ at 
 
 O O K 
 
 vim. 
 
 y— «^ 
 
414 
 
 HISTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 it ' * 
 
 \im 
 
 1712. 
 
 
 BOOK at the laft extremity ; that they fuffered itior^ 
 from hunger and thirft, than from the fire of the 
 befieged : that they had already loft eighty men, 
 and that their fort was filled with dead carcaffes, 
 which caufed a terrible infection. All this was 
 found to be perfedly true, and the enemy (hort* 
 ly after demanded a parly. It was believed they 
 would furrender at difcretlon, and it was per- 
 mitted that they (hould fend deputies. Two 
 chiefs, one of whom was Pemoufla, came forth- 
 with, accompanied by feveral prifoners, and in a 
 condition which appeared calculated to imprefs 
 the confederates with fentiments of pity. They 
 faid, that they dared not to hope that their lives 
 would be granted to them, but that they de- 
 manded pardon for their old men, their women, 
 and children. " Remember," added they, " that 
 " we are your relatives : it is your own blood 
 after which you feem to thirft : would it not 
 be more honourable for you to fpare, and 
 *' more advantageous to have us for your 
 " flaves ?" Pity never finds an eafy admiflion 
 into the breafts of favages, and the long refift- 
 ance of the enemy had irritated the befiegers. 
 They perfifted in the demand that the Outagamis 
 and their allies (hould furrender at difcretion. 
 Some of them even propofed to Du Buiflbn to 
 maflacre the deputies, but he anfwered with dif- 
 pleafure, that they muft be mad to offer to him 
 
 fuch 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 41$ 
 
 fuch a propofal : that thefe two men had come book 
 to him, relying on his word, which he had given -^ / j 
 them in confequence of the confent of the coun- >7*** 
 cil, and that he would never fufFer the fmalleft 
 outrage to be committed on them whilft they 
 were in his fort. 
 
 They replied, that thefe two envoys were the 
 authors of all the mifchief ; and having them- 
 felves frequently had recourfe to perfidious mea- 
 fures, they did not merit fo fcrupulous a condu(^ 
 with refpe£l to them ; but that, in the end, they 
 would gain nothing even by this. The com- 
 mandant replied, that it became neither him nor 
 them ;:o imitate their example, and he fent back 
 the two deputies, telling them that he had no 
 other anfwer to make than that which had al- 
 ready been given. The only hope which re- 
 mained to thefe wretched people, was to be able 
 to make their efcape in bad weather, and after 
 the nineteenth day of the fiege, a violent ftorm 
 accompanied with rain having occafioned the 
 befiegers to withdraw, they embraced the op- 
 portunity which oftered, and made their efcape 
 in the night. 
 
 Their flight was difcovered next morning at 
 day-break, and they were immediately purfued. 
 They were found entrenched at four leagues 
 diftance from their former fituatlon, upon a pe- 
 ninfula which advances into Lake Saint Clair, 
 
 and 
 
I, If. k'i'> . ( 
 
 'ffit'-V I 
 
 5. 
 
 MM K I'll 
 
 *.! 
 
 I *«■- ; Si (r •? 
 
 4t5 
 
 HISTORY OF (iANADA. 
 
 BOOK and as their intrench ments were concealed, thfe 
 K^^^^m.^ aflailants having approached with little precau* 
 *7'2. tion, had more than twenty men killed ot 
 wounded. It was neceflary to re-commence a 
 fiege, which continued four days, and would have 
 been protrafted to a much greater length of time 
 if the French commandant had not ordered out 
 two field-pieces. The befieged then furrendered 
 at difcretion, and almoft the whole of thofe who 
 had arms in their hands were, without mercy, 
 inftantly maflacred. The remainder, amounting 
 to a hundred and fifty, without including the 
 women and children, were made flaves, and 
 iliared amongft the confederate nations, who 
 kept them not long, and put to death almoft the 
 whole before they feparated. 
 
 The lofs of the allies amounted to fixty men 
 killed or wounded ; the Hurons, among whom 
 were twenty-five Iroquois Chriflians, diftinguilh- 
 ed themfelves above the reft, and loft more of 
 their number, but this expedition coft the enemy 
 more than a thoufand perfons. 
 
 Du Buiflbn there acquired much credit from 
 his firmnefs, and difintereftednefs, which led him 
 to deprive himfelf of every thing in his pofteflion 
 in order to beftow it on the allies. The fruit of 
 this vi61ory was, that the Englifli laid afide the 
 thought of forming an eftablifliment at Detroit, 
 which would have entirely ruined New France, 
 
 not 
 
\ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 417 
 
 not only on account of the fituation of this place, book 
 
 VIII. 
 
 which is the centre of, as well as the fined coun- 
 
 try in Canada ; but likewife, becaufe it would 
 have been impradlicable to hold the fmalleft 
 communication with the favages of the higher 
 
 countries, nor with Louifiana. 
 
 ■I 
 
 There ftill remained many fubjeifls of differ- 
 ence to be fettled amongfl the French allies, and 
 in order to fucceed in effedting an accommoda- 
 tion, it was conceived necefl'ary io re-eflablifli the 
 fort of Michilimakinac. Towards the end of 
 this y^ar feveral officers of merit and experience 
 were fent to vifit the nations of the north, and of 
 the weft, and to prevail on them to forget all 
 fubjefts of difcontent which they might have oc- 
 cafioned to each other. M. de Louvigny was 
 alfo fent to rebuild the fort. The whole of this 
 bufinefs was executed with as much fuccefs as 
 condudtj and tranquillity was perfeftly rc-efta- 
 blifhed in Canada. 
 
 It was however impoflible to engage thefe 
 people not to carry their furs to the Engliih, as 
 they had openly done for ieveral years. Even 
 the domiciliated favages followed the torrent, and 
 it would have been neceffary, in order to remedy 
 this inconvenience, to augment in France the 
 price of the beaver, and diminifli in Canada that 
 of the merchandife ufed in exchange for the furs. 
 The firft of thefe expedients did not depend on 
 
 VOL. I. E E ihofe 
 
 1712. 
 
tf* - 
 
 ill; ''* 
 
 7 
 
 / 
 
 418 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 / 
 
 \l| I 
 
 I'-IZ. 
 
 BOOK thofe engaged in the traffic, but if they had right* 
 ly comprehended their interefts, they would have 
 carried into efFedl the fecond, by caufing to be 
 fent every year to Quebec merchandife on their 
 own account, to an amount equal to the extent 
 of their credit. This influx of manufaftures 
 into the colony would have lefl'ened their value, 
 and would have enabled the merchants to afford 
 them to the favages at a cheaper rate ; but the 
 ideas of the French commercial body in Canada 
 were not yet fufTiciently enlarged, to be per- 
 fuaded of the propriety and advantage of fuch a 
 meafure. The commerce of furs fell, therefore, 
 almoft entirely into the hands of the Englifh. 
 
 In the mean time, although the negotiations 
 for peace were not yet terminated at Utrecht, 
 the Governor- Generals of New France and of 
 New England received from their refpedlive fo- 
 vereigns precife orders for a total ceflfation of 
 every acl of hofl:ility between the two colonies 
 and their allies. A little time after, news was 
 received that the Queen of Great Britain had 
 withdrawn from the league which was formed to 
 dethrone the Catholic King, Philip the Fifth. 
 Nothing could be more fortunate for the govern- 
 ment of Bofton, where the Abinaquis were com- 
 mitting great ravages ; and this circumftance 
 was a principal reafon why the court of London 
 would never relax, refpedling the cefiion of 
 
 Acadia. 
 
 I. \. 
 
HISTORY Of CANADA, 
 
 419 
 
 Acadia. It fhewed the fame firmnefs with regard book 
 
 vin. 
 to the French poifeffions in Newfoundland, and y ^,--lj 
 
 in Hudfon's Bay ; and Louis the Fourteenth, who '7*2. 
 had his reafons for not throwing any obdacle in 
 the way of the trea-y which he was about to con- 
 clude with her Britannic Majefty, facrificed at 
 length all thofe provinces, and the right which 
 he pretended to poffefs of fovereignty over the 
 five Iroquois cantons. 
 
 This laft article took from the French nothing 
 in reality, and conferred as little on the Englifh, 
 becaufe thefe cantons renewed the proteftations, 
 which they had more than once made, againft 
 the reciprocal pretenfions of their neighbours, 
 and well knew how to maintain themfelves in the 
 poiTeflion of their liberty and independance. 
 The Englifli, who procured from them part of 
 the advantages which the fovereignty of the na- 
 tions would have given them, never thought it 
 prudent to fubdue them ; they were afterwards 
 fatisfied with build'ng a forfat the mouth of the 
 Chouguen, on Lake Ontario. But as the On- 
 nontagucs faw, without oppofition, this eftablifh- 
 ment made on their territories, the French ob- 
 tained from the Tfonnonthouans permiflion to 
 ereft a fimilar fort on the rivcr Niagara, nearly 
 on the fame fpot which the Marquis de Denon- 
 ville had before fortified. They refufed to the 
 Englifh the fame permiflion, faying that they 
 
 E E 2 were 
 

 Ill: 
 
 [fry ', 
 
 
 
 ff:. 
 
 15' > 
 
 
 •J? 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■i 
 
 ! I 
 
 420 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK were at liberty to admit into their country whom 
 t^ -"' _r they pleafed, and that they would not fufFer in it, 
 17 '2. at the fame time, two different people, who by 
 their mutual hatred would difturb their tran- 
 quillity. 
 17 '4. The Iroquois came this year to renew their 
 
 alliance with the Governor-General, and offered 
 him their mediation in cafe of a new rupture 
 with the Englifli. He now began ferioufly to 
 refleft upon fome plan for fortifying and people- 
 ing the colony, whofe inhabitants, inftead of 
 augmenting, he faw with regret diminiftiing in 
 their number. He ftated to M. Pontchartrain, 
 the minilter of France, that Canada poffeffed no 
 more than four thoufand four hundred arid 
 eighty inhabitants in a flate to carry arms, from 
 the age of fourteen to fixty years, and that the 
 twenty-eight companies of marine paid by the 
 King amounted to no more than fix hundred and 
 twenty-eight foldiers. This fmall number of 
 perfons was fpread ox-^er an extent of a hundred 
 leagues. That the Englifh colonies had fixty 
 thoufand men in a flate to carry arms, and there 
 could be little doubt that on the lirft rupture 
 they would make a powerful effort to get poffef- 
 fion of Canada. With refpeft to the means of 
 completing the companies of the King's troops, 
 there could be no difficulty, after the great re- 
 duftion which had taken place in France. On 
 
 the 
 
 iH 
 
 pjf/ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 421 
 
 the fubjet^l of augmenting the number of the in- 
 habitants, he was aware it might be objected, 
 that able men did not abound in any of the pro- 
 vinces of the kingdom of France, and that the 
 exhaufted ftate of the finances did not admit of 
 making large advances for conveying new colo- 
 nifts to America, and for enabling them to fubfift 
 there, until they could by their induftry fupply 
 themfelves with the necefll^ries of life. He en- 
 deavoured, however, to obviate thefe difficulties 
 and objedlions by propofmg a new expedient, 
 which appeared to him more eafily attainable. 
 
 There were every year a confiderable number 
 of criminals condemned to the galleys, for whofe 
 fervices the King had little occafion, and who 
 might be made ufeful in cultivating the lands ; 
 their expence was paid by the farmers general, 
 and a hundred and fifty of thefe unfortunate 
 perfons might be fpared every year for Canada. 
 The farmers general would get them conduced 
 to Rochelle, and might pay for each a hundred 
 and fifty livres, on which they (hould have a final 
 difcharge againft all future claims. Their ex- 
 pences amounted to a hundred ^francs a-year 
 each, and there was not one who was not con- 
 demned to labour for at leart; eight'een months, 
 and fome for ten years. All that the farmers 
 general could defire was, that they fhould not 
 
 E E 3 return 
 
 D o K 
 
 Vlll. 
 
 1714. 
 
li* 
 
 
 ;ii- , 
 
 m^- 
 
 m 
 
 
 •It 
 
 'I: 
 
 422 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 r,^-.. 
 
 BOOK return to France, for which M. de Vaudrcuil 
 
 V -...^ engaged to be refponfible. 
 '74* If the King (hould agree to this propofal, all 
 the veffels which were defined for Canada might 
 each be obliged to receive a flated number, fo 
 that the whole of the convicts tranfporred annu- 
 ally (hould amount to a hundred and fifty men, 
 for each of whom fifty livres fhould be paid on 
 his arrival in the colony. That they fhould be 
 diftributed among the inhabitants, to work as 
 hired fervants, for a fpace of three years, after 
 the expiration of which they fhould be free, but 
 without the power of returning to France; and 
 to place them in a condition to provide for them- 
 jclves, a hundred livres, a part of the hundred 
 and fiity already mentioned, fhould be placed in 
 the hands of their maflers, who fliould be obliged 
 after the three years of fervice to give them fifty 
 crowns. The inhabitants would think them- 
 felves fortunate to procure men upon fuch con- 
 ditions, and this would imperceptibly caufe an 
 augmentation of colonifts accuflomed to labour. 
 The Outagamis, more irritated than weakened 
 by the great lofs which they had fuflained at De- 
 troit two years ago, infefted by their robberies, 
 and flaincd with their cruelties and mafTacres, 
 not only the environs of the bay of Lake Michi- 
 gan, their native country, but almoft all the 
 
 routes 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 423 
 
 de Vaudreuil 
 
 17-4. 
 
 routes which formed the communication with noon 
 
 vii. 
 the dillant ports of the colony, and thofe which 
 
 conducted toLouifiana. Except the Sioux, who 
 frequently joined (hem, and the Iroquois, with 
 whom they had entered into an alliance, but who 
 appeared not to afTift them openly, all rhe na- 
 tions conneded with the French fuflerc d much 
 from their hoftility, and it was to be apprehended 
 that if they fhewed too great a defirc to remedy 
 that evil, the greateft part of the nations 
 would come to an accommodation with thefe 
 barbarians. 
 
 The Marquis de Vaudreuil therefore propofed, 
 that they fhouKl unite with him for the expulfion 
 of the common enemy. They each gave their 
 confent, and a party of Frenelimen was raifed, 
 the command of which wax given to M. de Lou- 
 vigny. A number of fiivages joined him on his 
 journey, and he foon found hinifelf at the head 
 of eight hundred men, rclulved not to lay afide 
 their arms whilft an Outagamis remained in Ca- 
 nada. It was generally believed that this nation 
 was on the eve of being entirely deflroyed : of 
 this it was itfclf pcrfuaded when it faw the ftorni 
 forming againft it ; and every one had no other 
 hope but that of felling his life as dear as 
 poflible. 
 
 More than five hundred warriors, and three 
 thoufand women, were (hut up in a kind of fort, 
 
 E E 4 furroundcU 
 
If'''- 
 
 J-' 
 
 1^4 
 
 r. 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 '^ 'f 
 
 .- * 
 
 
 'f 
 
 .1; , 
 
 It ^ 
 
 
 K 
 ; J 
 
 'I 
 
 424 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK fuTrounilcd by three ranges of pallifadcs made of 
 w—-. «^ oak, with a ilitcli before them. Three hundred 
 »7'4' men were in nuirch io reinforce tliein, but they 
 arrived not in time. M. de Louvigny attacked 
 them.in form j he had two field-j)ieccs and a 
 fmall mortar ; lie opened the trenches at thirty- 
 five toifts dirtant from the forr, and on the third 
 day he liad advanced within twelve toifes from 
 it, ahhough the beficgcd kept up a conftant hre 
 from their nuiH^dts. Tic then made a difpofition 
 for playing oif mines under their curtains, which 
 when they perceived, they demanded to capitu- 
 late the fame evening, and propofcd conditions, 
 which were r* Jected. Soon afterwards they prc- 
 fented others, which the commandant communi- 
 cated to the favages. They imported, that the 
 Outagnmis and their confederates fliould make 
 peace with the French and thi;ir allies ; that they 
 ihould immediately reflore all the priloners they 
 had made; that they (liould replace the de:!d by 
 {laves whom they would procure from the dKlant 
 nations with whom they were at war ; and that 
 they fliould defray to the French and their allies, 
 from the produce of their chace, the expences of 
 the prefent war. 
 
 M. de Louvigny dated, that his allies, to whom 
 he gave the few beaver fkins with which the 
 Outaganiis prefented him, had approved that he 
 ftiould pardon the befieged, upon the conditions 
 
 ollered, 
 
 >a' 
 
 is. 
 
 i 
 
HlflTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 425 
 
 ofTerccI, but he deceived himlclf if he believed book 
 
 Vlll. 
 
 them fincere. They did not afterwards dlfTcmble ^^.^.-L^ 
 their difeontent ; he however left tiiein to their »7*4- 
 difcretion, and returned to Q^w'hec, where he had 
 the gratification of being well received by tlie 
 General, and of hearing in the following year 
 that his condu(!:l: was approved of by the court, 
 and evidently (hewed that he had ftriclly obeyed 
 the orders which had been given him : the fequel 
 will evince, that the orders had been framed 
 without a rullicient knowledge of the caul'e they 
 were intended to remove. M. de Loiivigny, 011 
 granting peace to the Outagamis, had received 
 ot them fix homages, all chiefs, or fons of chiefs, 
 as a fecurity for the obfervance of the engage- 
 ments into wbieh they had entered, to fend to 
 Montreal deputies to ratify the treaty with the 
 Governor-General : and this treaty, which they 
 delivered in writing to Louvigny, exprefsly re- 
 lated to the ceflioii of their country to the 
 French. 
 
 Unfortunately the fmall pox, which the follow- 1716. 
 ing winter made great ravages in the colony, and 
 amongft the neighbouring nations, cut oiF three- 
 of the homages who died at Montreal, and among 
 others the famous warrior and chief ^^'cmouffa, 
 who had been fpared at the maflacre of Detroit, 
 and from whofe influence the Governor had 
 hoped to derive confiderable advantages. The 
 
 apprehenfion 
 
' HI 
 
 ly i^ 
 
 ^-j 
 
 ^! 
 
 ml 
 
 , I'll 
 Mill 
 
 I 
 
 ^i 
 
 m\r ] 
 
 W'. ' 
 
 ^^ ' 1 
 
 «'■',' 
 
 
 
 ^ ''^ t, '', i ' ' 
 
 Umi ^^ 
 
 IBfii'iL ■ 
 
 426 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK apprehcnfion entertained by -the General that 
 ^ -^■'_f this misfortune would derange the treaty, obliged 
 1716. him to afcend to Montreal in the winter, and as 
 loon as the navigation was open, he intended to 
 have difpatched M. de Louvigny to Michilimaki- 
 nac, with an order to execute the conditions ac- 
 cepted by the Outagamis, to condud to Mon- 
 treal the chiefs of that nation, and thofe of all 
 the others, and at the fame time to caufe to de- 
 fcend into the colony all tlie Coureurs dc Boisj, 
 to whom the King intended to grant an am- 
 nefty. 
 
 Louvigny could not depart until the end of 
 May in the following year. He took with him 
 one of the hollages who had been attacked by 
 the fmallpox, and had loft an eye, that he might 
 teftify to his nation the care which had been 
 taken of him and his colleagues. On his arrival 
 at Michilimakinac he difpay:hed this man to the 
 Outagamis, with prefents to covat the dead, and 
 fent with him two interpreters who were French- 
 men: they were well received, and they fung 
 the calumet. After having allowed lonie days 
 to the relations of the deceafcd to bewail their 
 lols, they aflTcjnbled to hear the account given by 
 the hollagc. He fpoke with confiderable ability, 
 and blamed the chiefs for not having come to 
 Michilimakinac. The nation then declared to 
 the interpreter, that it v/as fenfible of the kind - 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 427 
 
 nefs which Ononthio continued to (hew them, b o o ic 
 but that many reafons prevented the deputies 
 
 from going this year to vifit him : it promifed 
 that next year it fliould be acquitted of its en- 
 gagement, gave this promife in writing, and 
 added, that it fliould never fail to recolleft that 
 it owed its prcfcnt exiftence to the clemency of 
 its fuiher. The hoftage fet out with the inter- 
 preters to rejoin M. de I.ouvigny, but after 
 having proceeded twenty leagues he forfook 
 them, faying, that it was proper he fliould re- 
 turn to his nation, to oblige it to perform the 
 promife which had been given. 
 
 This man was never after heard of; his nation 
 fent no deputies to the Governor-Gencral, and 
 M. de Louvigny gained no other advantage by 
 his journey, than to bring back into the colony 
 almort all the deferters j he engaged a great 
 number of favages to carry their furs to Mon- 
 treal, where for a length of time fo great a 
 quantity had not been brought. M. de Vau- 
 dreuil long amufed himfelf with the hope, that 
 the Outagamis would fend him deputies; but 
 they left him to refled on an obfervation, of 
 which the occurrences of human life give fre- 
 quent example, that an enemy driven to the 
 point of defpair is always irreconcileable. They 
 have fmce been beaten in various rencounters, 
 
 but 
 
 1716. 
 
w. 
 
 fef' 
 
 t' 
 
 pi; «, 
 
 m. 
 
 % 
 
 t<! !•: ili:i ''I 
 
 if' 
 
 [ii 
 
 i!.-. 
 
 .I'l 
 
 
 '1^1 
 
 fMi 
 
 1r-l 
 
 ... .J 
 
 BOOK 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1716. 
 
 428 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 but they have on their part obliged the Ilinois to 
 abandon their river, and although, after their 
 repeated defeats, it was difficult to conceive that 
 a fufficient number would remain to form a 
 fmall village, it was not fafe to pafs from Canada 
 to Louifiuna without taking great precautions 
 againfl: being furprifed by them. They united, 
 it is true, with the Sioux, the moft numerous 
 nation in Canada, and with the Chicachas, the 
 moft brave of the favages of Louifiana. 
 »725- The death of M. de Vaudreuil on the loth of 
 Oflober of this year was fincerely felt by the 
 colony. The forrow which was manifefled on 
 the part of the inhabitants was proportionate to 
 the fatisfadlion which had been difplayed when 
 he was firft appointed to the government, over 
 which he prefided for twenty-one years, and 
 the fortunate events which took place during 
 that period were in a great degree derived from 
 bis vigilance, firmnefs, and good condu£l, and 
 from the fuccefs which almoH: uniformly accom- 
 panied all his enterprifes. 
 
 The Chevalier de Beauharnois, captain of the 
 marine, fucceeded him in the following year, 
 and the repofe which his government enjoyed 
 induced him to form the plan of an enterprife 
 for penetrating to the South Sea. 
 
 Louifiana 
 
 
the Ilinois to 
 1, after their 
 conceive that 
 n to form a 
 from Canada 
 t precautions 
 They united, 
 oft numerous 
 hicachas, the 
 ma. 
 
 n the loth of 
 ly felt by the 
 nanifefted on 
 )portionate to 
 ifplayed when 
 rnment, over 
 e years, and 
 place during 
 derived from 
 conduft, and 
 "ormly accom- 
 
 captain of the 
 Ilowing year, 
 ment enjoyed 
 an enterprife 
 
 Louifiana 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 Louifiana was at this period fo intimately con- 
 nected with Canada, by means of the Ilinois, 
 that we (hall revert, in the following books of 
 this volume, to the difcoveries of the Sieur de la 
 Sale, and (hall now proceed to (late the unfortu- 
 nate ifTue of his endeavours to find the mouth of 
 the Mi(ririppi by coafting the Mexican gulph. 
 
 42^ 
 
 BOOK 
 VIII. 
 
 1725. 
 
Itl h'' 
 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 i'i^'i 
 
 
 is 
 
 i* rj 
 
 
 ii 
 
 1 1*:^ ' 1 
 
 4io 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 De la Sale fails from France, in a Squadron, for the Dif' 
 covery of the Mouth of the MiJ/ifippi, by Sea."— Arrives 
 off St. Domingo. — Lofs of one of his Veffels.^— Arrives at 
 Bay St. Bernard. — His Pink is ivrecked. — Return of 
 the Frigate to France.— 'ConflruSfs a Fort at the Mouth 
 of a River. — Afcends that River and confruSls another 
 Fort.'— -Abandons the ftrmer.^'Lofs of the Ship La Belle, 
 ^^La Sale returns from vifiting the Country of the 
 Cenis. — Sets out luith a Party to penetrate to theMiJ/i' 
 ftppi, and thence to the Ilinois. — Murder of three of his 
 Party.— His own tragical Death.— His Chara^er,'— 
 ^ivo of his Murderers dejlroy each other. — Party fet out 
 for the Cents. — Seven Frenchmen accompany theft Sa» 
 vages in a War Expedition. — ViBory. — Ceremonies.-^ 
 Joutel and Cavelicr feparate their Party from the Mur» 
 derers of La Sale. — Set out for the Ilinois, '"-•arrive at 
 the Akaufas,—at the MiJJiftppi, — at the Jlinois,—at 
 Quebec,— in France. — The Clamcoets^fall upon Fort 
 St. Louis, and majfacre all the Inhabitants, exeept the 
 three young Talons, their young Sijler, and a young 
 Pariftan.— Remainder of thofe concerned in La Sale's 
 Murder confined in Chains ^ to befent to the Mines of 
 New Mexico. — The young Talons and their Sifhr, by a 
 ftngular Series of Events, are rejioredf after an Abfence 
 offeveral Tears, to their Country, and their Friends. 
 
 A MID the vafl variety of human charafters, 
 ^ there is no virtue which is not mingled 
 >vith fome defers. It is a refiedion not lefs 
 
 true 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 43 « 
 
 true than humiliating, that the greatdd faults 
 (hould not unfrequently accompany the mod 
 eminent qualities, and that jealoufy, which thefe 
 fail not to infpire in others, (hould find always in 
 ihofs a fpecious pretext to cover the meannefs 
 and injuftice of that padlon. 
 
 It is the province of men, to whom the reins 
 of government are alfigned, to throw light upon 
 this labyrinth of error, to draw forth truth from 
 the veil of obfcurity with which paffion hath fur- 
 rounded it, rud to endeavour fo completely to 
 develope the propenfities of the perfons whom 
 they mean to employ on fervices of importance, 
 that in profiting by their good qualities they 
 may guard againlt the operation of fuch as may 
 have a contrary tendency. 
 
 Thefe reflexions were particularly applicable 
 to M. de Seignelay, minider of France, and to 
 M. de la Sale, when it was refolved to make ufe 
 of his fervices. The latter, encouraged by the 
 favourable reception with which he was ho- 
 noured, propofed a defign which he had formed 
 to explore the fea at the mouth of the Miflifippi, 
 thereby to open a navigation for the veflels of 
 France, and to fettle an eflablifhrnent on that 
 part of the American continent. 
 
 Having completed the outlines of his plan, the 
 minifter delivered to him his ccmmifllon, which 
 imported that all the French and favages who 
 
 fhould 
 
 B O O tC 
 IX. 
 

 
 if' ' K. 
 
 [,.') 
 
 '!if 
 
 ■'!! 
 
 :':! 1 
 111. ' 
 
 „!it' i 
 
 I !i 
 
 1,11 1 
 
 432 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fhould be found from fort St. Louis of the Ilinoii, 
 as far as New Bifcay, fliould be under his orders, 
 and that the commandant of the fquadron which 
 fhould carry him from France to America fhould 
 execute whatever he fhould prefcribe on the 
 voyage, and (hould afford him on his landing all 
 the aid which he fhould require, provided it 
 did not tend to prejudice the fafety of the King's 
 fhips. 
 
 Four fhips of different dimenfions were armed 
 at Rochefort, and two hundred and forty-five 
 perfons were therein embarked, befides the com- 
 plement of men on board a frigate. The re- 
 mainder was compofed of a hundred foldiers, 
 a Canadian family, about thirty volunteers, fome 
 females, and a certain number of fervants and 
 artificers. There was, befides, a citizen of Rou- 
 en, named Joutel, who had long ferved in the 
 army, and in whom M. de la Sale difcovering 
 ftrong marks of capacity and genius, made him 
 his intendant of affairs, an oiHce which he dif- 
 charged with the greateft fidelity. It was from 
 the memoirs of this man that the only relation 
 of the voyage and difcoveries of M. de la Sale, on 
 which reliance can be placed, was afforded to 
 the public. 
 
 The four veffels which were deftined to convey 
 
 this fmall colony, were the loli, a frigate- of 
 
 forty guns, commanded by M. de Beaujeu j an 
 
 5 armed 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 433 
 
 armed veflel of fix euns, named La Belle, which book 
 
 IX. 
 
 the King had given to M. de la Sale ; the Aima- 
 ble of three hundred tons, and a fmall pink of 
 thirty tons loaded with ammunition. 
 
 This fquadron failed from Rochclle the 24th 
 of July 1684, in company with a fleet for the 
 iflands, and for Canada, which were to remain 
 under the orders of Beaujeu until they were out 
 of the view of Europe ; but, by an accident 
 which happened to one of the mafts of the fri- 
 gate, they were obliged to put back to Rochelle. 
 They again fet fail on the ift of Augufl, and on 
 the 1 6th they came in fight of Madeira. The 
 captain of the frigate propofed to M. de la Sale 
 that they (hould anchor there, to take in a fupply 
 of frefti water, and to purchafe refrefhments. 
 To this propofal De la Sale would by no means 
 confent, faying, that they had only been fifteen 
 days at fea, confequently, they ought neither to be 
 in want of water nor provifions ; that they could 
 not flop at Madeira without unprofitably lofing 
 at lead eight days ; that his enterprife demanded 
 the greateft fecrecy, efpecially with refpe6l to the 
 Spaniards, who could not fail from thence to 
 take umbrage, if it became known to them ; and 
 it would be difficult to conceal it, if they fhould 
 make their appearance in an ifland fo near to the 
 Canaries, of which the King of Spain was fove- 
 reign : in a word, that fuch was not the inten- 
 \ou I. . F F tion 
 
if'-- 
 
 mi 
 
 I 
 
 
 !i" 
 
 
 m:ti\; 
 
 M-i j' 
 
 
 i?^i^: 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 
 4k 
 
 'ii' ii(ii: 
 
 ,1 I 
 
 I'l;: 
 
 
 t Ijil 
 1,1 
 
 
 II'' I 
 
 m 
 
 434 
 
 HISTORY or CAN.AD-A. 
 
 BOOK tion of his majerty, whofe inftruftions relative to 
 this expedition were known to him alone. 
 
 This anfwer much tliCpleafed M. de "Beaujeu, 
 and put the whole fliip's company in a bad hu- 
 mour again ft M. de la Sale. On their arrival at 
 St. Domingo this mifunderftanding was carried 
 to a ftill greater length. De lu Sale had orders 
 from the minifter for M. de Cuifi, who com- 
 manded in that ifland, and thefe particularly re- 
 garded his intended entcrprife. M. de Cufli's 
 ufual refidence was at Port de Paix, which is on- 
 the north fide of the ifland, and it was reafonable 
 to fuppofe that they fhould there come to an an- 
 chor. M. de Beaujeu did not however find it 
 convenient, and anchored at the Petit Goave, on 
 the weftern fide, where he arrived on the 27th 
 of September. He there learnt that the Gover- 
 nor was at Port de Paix, with the Chevalier St. 
 Laurent, Lieutennnt-Governor, and M. Begon, 
 intendant of the American iflands, who, in virtue 
 of a fpecial commiflion from the King, had come 
 to St. Domingo to aid M. de Cuffi in making 
 fome new regulations of police, to give a more 
 confident form to the adminiftration of juftice, 
 and to remedy many diforders which tended to 
 ruin the commerce of this infant colony. 
 
 M. de la Sale wrote to the Governor, requeft- 
 ing that he would come to vifit him, becaufe he 
 had many things to communicate relative to the 
 
 King's 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 435 
 
 ons relative to 
 n alone. 
 I. de Beaujeu, 
 f in a bad hu- 
 their arrival at 
 \\cr was carried 
 
 o 
 
 ;ale had orders 
 ifi, who com- 
 particularly re- 
 M. de Cuffi's 
 ix, which is on 
 was reafonable 
 come to an an« 
 however find it 
 Petit Goave, on 
 cd on the 27th 
 hat the Gover- 
 e Chevalier St. 
 and M. Begon, 
 1, who, in virtue 
 Cing, had come 
 ufli in making 
 to give a more 
 ition of juftice, 
 hich tended to 
 colony. 
 
 vernor, requefl- 
 lim, becaufe he 
 e relative to the 
 King's 
 
 King's fervice, it being impracticable for him to book 
 leave his fquadron to wait on the Governor at 
 Port de Paix. Not only the Governor, but the 
 Chevalier de St. Laurent, and even M. Begon, 
 cheerfully undertook the voyage to Petit Goave, 
 where they found M. de la Sale extremely ill. 
 tiis malady was chiefly occafioned by vexation 
 and difappointment : he had learnt ai few days 
 before, that his armed veffel had been taken off 
 the coaft of St. Domingo by two Spanifli gallies; 
 an accident which might have been avoided had 
 they anchored at Port de Paix, and which con- 
 tributed not a little to augment the ill humour 
 vhich prevailed between him and Beaujeu. 
 
 The reafon which aduated this commander 
 obdinately to perfid in a matter, which it fiiould 
 feem could be but indifferent to him, can be 
 afcribed to no other fource than perfonal hatred 
 ta M. de la Sate. To be placed under the orders 
 of a perfon pofTefling no rank in the navy, can- 
 not be very agreeable to the commander of a 
 King's vefTel ; but if M. de Beaujeu was not dif- 
 pofed to execute a reafonable fervice which was 
 cxa6led from him, why fhould he have accepted 
 of the command on this condition ? M. de la 
 Sale on his part could not comprehend that a 
 commander fhould be offended, becaufe orders 
 had been iffued by him which that commander 
 had once undertaken to obey. He therefore 
 
 F F 2 took 
 

 
 K» 
 
 •i 1 ' 
 
 
 fc^ij 
 
 rl i 
 
 
 ■III 
 
 
 !)^ 
 
 ii 
 
 43^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 took no meafures of conciliatio.i, placed no con- 
 fidence in M. Beaujeu, and to ill the propofals 
 of that officer made anfwer, that fuch was not 
 the intention of his fovereign. It was not by 
 means like thefe that he could intercd in his en- 
 terprife a perfon, on whom its fuccefs greatly 
 depended. 
 
 M. de la Sale at length recovered, and after 
 fome intercourfe with the Governor of St. Do- 
 mingo and the two commiffioners, who cheerfully 
 afforded him every aid which he demanded, he 
 had nothing further to detain him ; he therefore 
 took his departure on the 25th of November, 
 more embroiled than ever with M. de Beaujeu. 
 On the 1 2th of December the fquadron doubled 
 Cape St. Antoine, which is the wed point of the 
 ifland of Cuba, and entered the Gulph of Mexi- 
 co; but on the 14th a violent contrary wind 
 obliged it to return to the cape, where it re- 
 mained until the 18th. On the 28th it came in 
 view of the land of Florida, and from what had 
 been told De la Sale, that in the Gulph of 
 Mexico the current tended towards the eaft, he 
 doubted not that the mouth of the MifTifippi 
 could not be far to the weflward ; an error which 
 was the fource of all his misfortunes. 
 
 He therefore turned to the weft, but advanced 
 little, becaufe from time to time he approached 
 the land, and fteered within view of the coaft in 
 
 fearch 
 
 ■ i' . '■ 
 
 m 
 
 IK 1^ 
 
 *,ii 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 43 r 
 
 ilaced no con- 
 the propofals 
 fuch was not 
 t was not by 
 ireft in his en- 
 uccefs greatly 
 
 red, and after 
 or of St. Do- 
 who cheerfully 
 demanded, he 
 J he therefore 
 of November, 
 VI. de Beaujeu. 
 ladron doubled 
 eft point of the 
 »ulph of Mexl- 
 contrary wind 
 J, where it re- 
 28th it came in 
 from what had 
 the Gulph of 
 s the eaft, he 
 the Miflifippi 
 an error which 
 Ines. 
 
 :, but advanced 
 he approached 
 of the coaft in 
 fearch 
 
 fearch of the object of his expedition. On the book 
 I oth of January 1685 the fquadron was, as was 
 afterwards found, not far from the Miflifippi, 
 but palTed it without the boat having been fent in 
 to explore. Some days afterwards, from in- 
 formation which was given by the favages, M. 
 de la Sale wifhed to return to the fame place, but 
 Beaujeu refufed to comply, although obliged 
 thereto by virtue of his inftrufticm. They both 
 became ftill more diflaiisfied with each other; 
 and M. de la Sale, after having obflinately per- 
 fifted in exadling obedience in matters of much 
 inferior confequence, unfortunately yielded, 
 when he ought principally to have availed him- 
 felf of the authority with which he was ii>- 
 vefted. 
 
 They purfued, therefore, the fame courfe to 
 the weftward, and the fquadron in a few days 
 arrived in the bay of St. Bernard, but without 9 
 knowledge of their aftual fituation. This bay is 
 one hundred and twenty leagues to the fouth- 
 weft of the Miflifippi. They there came to 
 anchor, and the boats were fent out on difcovery. 
 They arrived at a fine river, at whofe entrance 
 there was a bar which had only twelve feet of 
 water. After feveral excurfions in order to af- 
 certain their fituation, and many confultations 
 where nothing was concluded, becaufe it was 
 fuilicient for one of the commanders to explain 
 
 F F 3 his 
 
■J I 
 
 fil 
 
 
 m- 
 
 ft ■ 
 
 'r, 
 
 
 it- 
 
 ■' , ;(• 
 
 
 435 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 his propofals, to have them oppofed by the other ; 
 M. de la Sale, who conceived that he could not 
 be far from the objed of his fearch, and in at- 
 tempting which the prefence of M. de Beaujeu 
 could only fcrve to impede him, refolved to dif- 
 embark all his people at this place. . 
 
 Having taken this refolution, on the 20th of 
 February he fent an order to the commandant 
 of the pink, to unload his veflTel of every heavy 
 article, and to enter into the river. He at the 
 fame time enjoined the commander of the Beile 
 to embark in the pink, becaufe he had not fuffi- 
 cient confidence in the perfon by whom fhe was 
 then navigated ; but her commander refufed to 
 receive the captain of the Belle. Qn this refufal 
 M. de la Sale would have embarked himfelf ; but 
 a lieutenant of infantry and five or fix other 
 Frenchmen, having been carried off by the fa- 
 vages whilft they were walking in the woods, he 
 hafiened to difcngage them. 
 
 He had not proceeded far from the fea fliore, 
 when calling his eyes towards that diredion he 
 perceived his pink manoeuvering, as if fhe was 
 upon the breakers ; and his adverfe fortune pre- 
 vented him from returning to endeavour to re- 
 medy this untoward event. He continued his 
 rout towards the village whither his people had 
 been conduced, and on his arrival there heard 
 the difchargc of a cannon. From this he pre- 
 
 faged 
 
A. 
 
 d by the other ( 
 iit he could not 
 irch, and in at- 
 VI. de Deaujeu 
 refolved to dif« 
 
 • 
 
 on the 20th of 
 
 le commandant 
 
 of every heavy 
 
 r. He at the 
 
 ler of the Belle 
 
 e had not fufli- 
 
 whom (he was 
 
 inder refufed to 
 
 On this refufal 
 
 ed himfelf; but 
 
 e or fix other 
 
 I off by the far 
 
 a the woods, he 
 
 1 the fea fhore, 
 kat direction he 
 > as if fhe was 
 rfe fortune pre- 
 deavour to re- 
 continued his 
 his people had 
 val there heard 
 n this he pre- 
 faged 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 439 
 
 IX. 
 V 
 
 faged that his pink was on fhore, and his con- book 
 jedure was bur too trtie. It was believed by 
 many who were witiielTcs of this acci^lent, that it 
 was the effefl of a premedi'-ited defign on the 
 part of the Si"ur Aigrou, who commanded the 
 velTel. 
 
 Great as \Wv\ Ws. doubtless appeared, the un- 
 happy confcquences rdnltintif from it were yet 
 more truly dilireflinpr. The provifions, utenfiis, 
 tools, and, in gtiiicral, all tliat is necclfary for a 
 new eltabliflitnent, were contained in the pink. 
 M. de la Sale, in whom the anxiety to recover 
 his people had (uperfeded the care of preventing 
 a misfortune which he dreaded, haftened, on the 
 accompliftiment of his fir ft intent, to the fpot 
 where the velfcl was wrecked, and found every 
 perfon in a flate of ina(5tion. He intreated Bc^au- 
 jeu to lend him his chaloup and boat : he began 
 by conveying ilie people on fliore, and afterwards 
 the various lU)res. If the boat of the pink could 
 have aded with that of the frigate, the whole 
 cargo of the veflcl niigUt have been laved. But 
 this had Hkewife been wrecked, and night hav- 
 ing approached, it was necclfary to wait until 
 the following day to complete the difcharge. 
 The wind and waves having increafed, thevelTel 
 was driven againft rocks, by which fhe was 
 broken, and a quantity of articles was thrown 
 out at the openings, and floated to and fro on 
 
 I- J 4 the 
 

 •!■'■ 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 . r. 
 
 tS 
 
 
 ;I'-C. 
 
 440 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 'f 
 
 
 •ii 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 j! 
 
 
 j 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 BOOK the waves. Several cafks of wine, fplrits, flour, 
 and fait provifions were faved, but every thing 
 befides was lod. The perplexity of their fitua- 
 tion was increafed by numbers of the favages 
 who furrounded ihcin, and notwithflanding every 
 precaution which was uled to prevent them from 
 taking advantage of the general embarralTment, 
 many things ih it had been faved from the wreck 
 were carried olf. This circunillance was not 
 difcovcrcd untU after the barbarians had efcaped 
 with th'.ir booty. Several canoes that had been 
 left on the fliore were taken poll'efTion of, in con- 
 lequcncc of this ad of theft : a feeble reprifal, 
 for which they foon after paid very dear. The 
 favages returned to bring away their canoes, 
 came in the night to thofe who had polfeflion of 
 them, whom they found afleep, killed two vo- 
 lunteers whom La Sale much regretted, and 
 wounded two more, but were unable to regain 
 their canoes. 
 
 Such a feries of unhappy events occurring at 
 the fame time, diicouraged many wlio were en- 
 gaged in this expedition, and among others M. 
 Dainmaville anil the Sieur Miner, engineer, who 
 cxpreilt'd a defire to return to France. To this 
 derelidlon of the fervice on which they were en- 
 gaged, the enemies of M. de la Sale contributed 
 in no fmall degree. Tiicy ccafed not to throw 
 clifcredit on his con^iucl, and to brand his enter- 
 
 jirilc 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 441 
 
 1 
 
 fplrits, flour, 
 
 every thing 
 of their fitua- 
 f the favages 
 landing every 
 nt them from 
 rnbarraffment, 
 :im the wreck 
 ince was not 
 IS had efcaped 
 that had been 
 fion of, in con- 
 feeble reprifal, 
 ry dear. 1 he 
 
 their canoes, 
 d poflelTion of 
 killed two vo- 
 cgrelted, nnd 
 
 ible to regain 
 
 s occurring at 
 wlio were en- 
 )n;]; others M. 
 cni^ineer, who 
 ncc. To this 
 
 they were cii- 
 L' contributed 
 
 not to throw 
 and hi.s cnicr- 
 lirilc 
 
 prife with epithets of folly and ralhnefs. lie book 
 however continued to evince the greateft refolu- v.«^->.Jl.-^ 
 tion and firmnefs. He caufed a magazine to be 
 conflructed, furrnunded it with intrenchments, 
 and there dopofitcd every thing that had been 
 faved. Pcrfuaded that the river he had entered 
 might be one of the branches of the Miflifippi, 
 he made difpofitions for exploring it. He at the 
 fame time learnt that M. do Beaujeu was prepar- 
 ing to return to France, and entreated him to 
 leave behind him the cannon and ammunition 
 which lie hail embarked exprefsly for the fervice 
 of M. dc la 8alc. Beaujeu replied, that they 
 were in the hold of his veffel, and that in order 
 to procure them every thing mufl be removed : 
 that this operation would require more tinij than 
 could be fpared, in order to avoid the tempers 
 ulual at tins l"eaA)n in iholc latitudes, and that he 
 believed IVl. de la Sale was more rcafonable than 
 to wilh tliat he (hould cxpole the frigate to th<* 
 hazard of being lull. lie however well knew 
 that La Sale had on fliorc only eight fmall ficKI- 
 pieces, auil noi a (ingle fliot. It could n(U, be- 
 fides, be conceived how he could have lo cm- 
 barradl'd Itores, which were dellincd for a ucv" 
 fctlletnent. 
 
 Another proof of tlic unjuHifiable coiuluJl ol 
 this uniter b.r.uue evident. 'I'he perfidy oC the 
 commander of the pink was openly djchucJ, and 
 
 to 
 

 442 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 i'.4 
 
 -'f 
 
 
 41.^. . V 
 
 
 
 ::n«'* 
 
 ''1 
 
 m 
 
 lli;^ 
 
 BOOK to flvreen him from the juftice of M. de la Sale, 
 he was received into the frigate, with the whole 
 crew of his veflel, and this, contrary to an expref$ 
 promife he had given to embark no pcrfon what- 
 ever without the full confent of M. de la Sale. 
 The only refource which remained to the latter, 
 was to make a reprefentation to the minifter, a 
 fatisfa<flion which could in no degree remedy 
 the diftrefling condition to which he was re- 
 duced. 
 
 The frigate failed about the middle of March, 
 and the people on fhore at the fame time began 
 to conftrufl a fort* When the work was fome- 
 what advanced, La Sale gave Joutel the charge 
 of completing it, entrufted him witlT the com- 
 mand, and left with him a hundred and twenty 
 men. La Sale with fifty men, who compofed 
 the remainder of his party, embarked on the 
 river with a refolution to afcend as far as 
 poflible. 
 
 The favages came at night to ramble around 
 the fort, and Joutel, who was ordered not to 
 allow them to approach too near, caufeJ fome 
 mufkets to be difcharged, in order to keep them 
 at a diftance. De la Sale, wlio heard the report, 
 returned with fix or fevcn men, and found every 
 thing in quietnefs. He departed foon afier to 
 rejoin his party, and the firft thing which he 
 learnt on his arrival at his encampment was, that 
 
 fcvcral 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 443 
 
 . de la Sale, 
 h the whole 
 
 an exprefs 
 perfon what- 
 . de la Sale, 
 to the latter, 
 e minifter, a 
 gree remedy 
 
 he was te- 
 lle of March, 
 le time began 
 rk was fome- 
 ;1 the charge 
 ^itlT the com- 
 d and twenty 
 ho compofed 
 irked on the 
 id as far as 
 
 mble around 
 cred not to 
 caufed fome 
 to keep them 
 rd the report, 
 
 1 found every 
 bon after to 
 ig which he 
 nent was, that 
 
 fcvcral 
 
 IX. 
 
 feveral of his workmen had fuffered their tools book 
 to be (lolen by the favages. As it was his inten- 
 tion to conflrud a fecond fort, he gave out other 
 tools, but unhappily his workmen were not fuffi- 
 ciently acquainted with their ufe. . 
 
 About the beginning^ of June an order was 
 fent to the firft fort, addreflld to the command- 
 ant, to fend an officer named Moraiijret to con- 
 duct to La Sale all the men which it contained*, 
 except thirty, who wore left to joutel and the 
 Sieur'le Gros, who had charge of the ftores, as 
 a guard, The chace and fifhing afforded them 
 abundant fupplies, and the commandant main- 
 tained, with a dignified mildnefs, good order 
 and quietude. This however did not prevent a 
 confpiracy from being formed by two perfons, 
 whofe difpofitions inclined them to malevolence. 
 The intention was to put to death the com- 
 mandant and the ftorekeeper, to rob the flore of 
 every thing valuable, and to make their cfcape. 
 The day for the execution of this projcft was 
 fixed; but one of the confpirators huving im- 
 parted the circumftance to a third perfon, Joutel, 
 who was immediately informed of it, had the 
 criminals feized and put in irons. On the 14th 
 of July he received a Iccond order from La Sale 
 to join him together with all his people, which 
 he delayed not to obey, and delivered to him 
 
 the 
 
;'■ V**'' 
 
 
 ;■>>■ 
 
 
 •* 
 
 
 ?(. !■ 
 
 
 r 'MM- 
 
 **:' . 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 > -It wi i 
 
 mh > 
 
 444 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ■■'I, 
 
 ill'lj 
 
 BOOK the two prifoners, with the proofs of their con- 
 fpiracy. 
 
 • Thefe circumftances, which convinced La Sale 
 of the bad choice that he had made of his colo- 
 nifts, gave him much inquietude. Joutel was 
 furpriftd to find the fort in a ft ate fo little ad- 
 vanced. No building was yet covered, but a 
 fmall magazine of ftone, in which the gun- 
 powder and liquors were depofited. They had 
 planted and fown, but all had failed from the 
 want of rain. They had fubfifled on the animals 
 killed in the chace. Many good fuhjefls were 
 dead. The number of invalids increafed every 
 day, and nothing could be more melancholy 
 than the fituation of L i Sale. He was mortified 
 by difappointment and adverfe fortune, but the 
 fortitude of his mind enabled him well to diflem- 
 ble the uneafy fcnfations by which it was agi- 
 tated. With a firmnefs, wliicli was the leading 
 principle of his charader, but which often dege- 
 nerated into obftinacy, he poffelfed to a fupreme 
 degree a talent for refource, and his induftry 
 made him find within himfelf whatever was defi- 
 cient in others. As foon as all his people were 
 alfembled into one place, he proceeded with ac- 
 tivity in his fortification. He became himfelf 
 the archited, and as he aflified by manual opera- 
 tion, each laboured to the utmoft of his power. 
 
 Nothing 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 445 
 
 of their con- 
 
 inced La Sale 
 ; of his colo- 
 Joutel was 
 e fo little ad- 
 )vered, but a 
 ch the gun- 
 i. They had 
 led from the 
 n the animals 
 fubje^s were 
 icreafed every 
 e melancholy 
 was mortified 
 une, but the 
 veil to diflem- 
 1 it was agi- 
 as the leading 
 1 often dege- 
 to a fupreme 
 his induftry 
 ever was defi- 
 s people were 
 eded with ac- 
 came himfelf 
 nanual opera- 
 of his power. 
 Nothing 
 
 Nothing more was wanted to encourage this fa- book. 
 vourable inclination ; but La Sale could not 
 command his ill temper. Ai a period when his 
 people were exhaufted with fatigue, and when he 
 had fcarcely a fufficiency of provifions to afford 
 them, he had not power enough over his own 
 mind to enable him to relax in fome degree from 
 his ufual feverity, nor from that inflexibility of 
 fpirit which is extremely unpropitious to the ad- 
 vancement of a new fettlement. Hepunidied with 
 a fpecies of cruelty the fmallefl faults, and fcarce- 
 ly did he let efcape an expreflion of mildndi, or 
 confolation, for thofe who fuffered with the mofl: 
 exemplary patience. Soon therefore had he the 
 mortification to fee all his people fall into a (late 
 of languor, which proceeded more from defpair, 
 and excefs of fatigue, than from the want of 
 nourilhment, and which cut olF a confiderable 
 part of his followers. 
 
 A circumflance which contributed to the per- 
 plexity of his fituation was, that by the impru- 
 dence of fome Frenchmen, the natives of the 
 country called C.lamcocts decldrcJ ihcmlelves 
 againd them, and their favour could never be 
 regained. M. la Sale, however, at length finifhed 
 his fort, and gave it the name of St. Louis. As 
 he could not divert: himfelf of the idea, that the 
 Miffifippi difcharged itfelf into the bay where he 
 had firft landed, and which he alio called the h\v 
 
 7 of 
 
It 
 
 •-Ml 
 
 '1^ ■'• 
 
 :;,*'. ,; 
 
 ^^ ■ 
 
 tii 
 
 "«■' 
 u. ' 
 
 It ' 
 
 S'.! 
 I '^^ 
 
 '•!! *» 
 
 I i 
 
 ;1 
 
 I 
 
 "1 1 
 
 m 
 
 446 
 
 HrsTot.Y OF Canada. 
 
 of St. Louis ; he refolved to coafl it in his fmall 
 veflt'l. Ke embarked in the month of Oftober, 
 leaving in his fort thirty-four perfons, under the 
 command of Jjutcl, whom he enjoined not to re- 
 ceive back any of the party that went out with 
 him, unlefs a written order, figned by himfelf, 
 fhould be delivered into his hand. He had loft, 
 9 fliort time before, the Sieur le Gros, who hav- 
 mg been bit by a rattle-lriake, and being ignorant 
 of the remedy for this bite, which is found every 
 where in the woods, was neceflitated to undergo 
 the amputation of his, leg, and died fhortly after 
 the operation. This ftorekcepcr was well ac- 
 quainted with bufincfs, and was in many refpefts 
 of great utility, lie was one of thofe, for whofe 
 lofs La Sale experienced the moft lively regret. 
 
 After the departure of the vefl'el three months 
 elapfed before any tidings of her were received 
 at fort St. Louis. At length, towards the middle 
 of January 1686, melancholy accounts of her 
 were brought by a pcrfon named Duhaut, whole 
 brother had remained L. ;he fort. The elder 
 who had ^'^11 owed La Sale, arrived without bring- 
 ing any letter from him. He was alone in a 
 canoe, and he was heard by the fentinel, towards 
 the evening, calling out to his brother. The 
 commandant was informed of it, and came to 
 fpeak to Duhaut, and after being told that La 
 Sale was in perfedl health, he inquired if he had 
 
 a writ- 
 
 nmi 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 447 
 
 it in his ftnalt 
 
 ti of Oaober, 
 ns, under the 
 tied not to re- 
 vent out with 
 i by himfelf. 
 He had loft, 
 ros, who hav- 
 )eing ignorant 
 is found every 
 ed to undergo 
 ;d fhortly after 
 was well ac- 
 many refpefts 
 lofe, for whofe 
 lively regret. 
 I three months 
 were received 
 irds the middle 
 counts of her 
 Juhaut, whole 
 The elder 
 without bring- 
 vas alone in a 
 itinel, towards 
 brother. The 
 and came to 
 told that La 
 aired if he had 
 a writ- 
 
 a written permiflion to return ifito the fort. ^ ^.^ ^ 
 Duhaut replied that he had not, but he related 
 with fuch an appearance of fincerity the caufe of 
 his return, that Joutel conceived he might in this 
 inftance difpenfe with the written order, and 
 permitted him to enter the fort. 
 
 He made the following recital of his adven- 
 tures. M. de la Sale, faid he, having arrived 
 within fight of the veflel, fent on board of her 
 five of his bed men, and enjoined them to give 
 his directions to the pilot to Ibimd the anchoring 
 ground, in a canoe. The pilot obeyed, and 
 employed a whole diy in this Tcrvice. In ihe 
 evening, finding hinifclf fatigued, he went afhore 
 with thofe who had brought the order, and there 
 they kindled a fire. Sleep at length Hole upon 
 them before t!icy had fettled any precaution 
 againfl the favages, who, afcertaining from the 
 fire the fpot where the French were, approached 
 during the night, mafiacred the fix men who 
 were in profound llcep, and broke in piccci' their 
 canoe. 
 
 La Sale finding that they returned not at *h(i 
 appointed time, went hinilelf in fear; ii oi them, 
 and found the fad remains of liicir carcafks, 
 which the wolves or other hearts 1" prey had 
 ahnofl: entirely devoured, lie iamented above 
 all the lols of his pilot, the perfon of whofj aid 
 he ftood molt in need, and a circumdance foon 
 
 after 
 
.' - -, 
 t;,.-' 
 
 < r 
 
 •1 
 
 'J 
 
 
 r- fit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■I 
 
 .1 
 
 ] 
 
 448 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK after took place, which cauf«;d this privation to 
 be yet more feverely felt. He made the veflel 
 to advance higher up in the bay, fent on board 
 all things neceflTary for the enterprife which he 
 meditated, and gave orders that the veffel (hould 
 not go out of fight of the coaft, and that none of 
 the crew ihould come on fliore. 
 
 He embarked with twenty men in two canoes 
 to traverfc the bay ; when he arrived on the op- 
 pofite fide» he funk his two canoes in the water, 
 and continued his courfe by land. After feveral 
 days' journey he found himfclf on the borders 
 of a fine river, which he named La Maligne : in 
 proceeding further, Duhaut having (lopped be- 
 hind the others, loft himfeltin the woods, and 
 afterwards arrived, by what means he could not 
 tell, oppofite to fort St. Loui?. As there was 
 nothing in this recital which had not an air of 
 verifimilitude, Joutel could not reiift giving 
 credit to it, and contented himfelf with pre- 
 ferving a ftrict obfervation over tiie actions of 
 Duhaut. 
 
 Towards the middle of March De la Sale ar- 
 rived, with Cavalier his brother, Maranget his 
 nephew, and five or fix men, in very diilreiTing 
 circumftances, at fort St. Louis. Others of iiis 
 party had been fent hi fearch of the veflel, con- 
 cerning whofe fate he was anxious. Although 
 La Sale had failed with refpcd to the objedl of 
 
 
 A'y 
 
HISTORY OF CAKADA. 
 
 449 
 
 his purfuic, he appeared however fatisBed with book 
 his journey, afferting that he bad travelled over 
 a very fine country. This afforded him no ad- 
 vancement towards the accoraplifliment of his 
 purpofe, but he comprehended the necelllty of 
 not difcou raging his people, and he was a great 
 mafler in tfie art of concealing dilappointment* 
 The fight of Duhaut, who he thought had de* 
 ferted, afforded him fome uneafinefs, and he 
 a(ked of Joutel why he had received him, con- 
 trary to his orders. Upon being told the reafon 
 he appeared fatisfied. 
 
 Next day, the party who had been fent in 
 fearch of the veffel returned to the fort, but 
 brought no intelligence of her. By this he was 
 thrown into great perplexity, becaufe he had left 
 on board his linen, his clothes, papers, and moib 
 valuable effeds. Befides, his defign was to have 
 ufed this veffel in afcending fome of the rivers 
 which he had difcovered, to fend her to the 
 iflands in fearch of fupplies, and likewife to range 
 in her along the whole coad of the Gulph of 
 Mexico, until he (hould find the Midifippi, after 
 he (hould have loft every hope of entering it by 
 fome of the rivers which difcharged themfelves 
 into the bay. 
 
 He neverthelefs took hi* meafures with his 
 ufual confidence and hope, and, towards the end 
 of April, he fet out on a new journey. Some 
 
 voL^ z. QQ days 
 
 
 
m 
 
 
 f)!i 
 
 I ' 
 
 '« 
 
 f 
 
 
 !r 
 
 !"«'- 
 
 ^t' ' ' 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 f, 
 
 ■«";• 
 
 lift' 
 
 Ik *" ' 
 ik J' 
 
 m 
 
 
 It; 
 
 i '.•! 
 
 J 
 
 BOOK 
 
 IX. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 (lays after his departure, M. de Chefdcville, the 
 Marquis de la Sablnnniere, and fome others of 
 thole who had remained on board the Belle, ar- 
 rived at St. I^ouis in a canoe, with the clothes, a 
 part of the papers, and linen of La Sale, and alfo 
 fome provifions, and with accounts of the total 
 lofs of the veflfel. They recounted the circum- 
 flances of this unfortunate event, which deprived 
 M. de la Sale of his principal reliance, after fuch 
 a repetition of difaflers. Their relation of this 
 accident was as follows : The crew being in 
 want of frefh water, the Sieur Planterofe went 
 himfelf to procure a fupply in one of the neareft 
 rivers. As he was returning on board with the 
 people who had accompanied him, contrary 
 winds and the obfcurity of night overtook them. 
 They who were in the vefle}, and had feen the 
 efforts that were made to return, lighted a fire to 
 ferve them as a guide ; but neither the boat nor 
 any of ihofe who were in her ever afterwards 
 appeared. For fome days they awaited with 
 fruitlefs expedation their arrival on board the 
 velTel. At length the crew, preiTed by extreme 
 third, wifhed to approach a habitation on the 
 coafl, which was about two leagues diflant from 
 the river, but the feeble flate to which they were 
 reduced, and, it may perhaps be added, their 
 want of ikill, prevented them from working the 
 veffel with efied ', the wind alfo becoming un- 
 
 k' v' fiivourable. 
 
 - •». 
 
1^1ST0RY OF CANADA. 
 
 45 » 
 
 ifdcvillc, the 
 lie others of 
 he Belle, ar- 
 the clothes, a 
 Sale, and alfo 
 s of the total 
 
 the circum- 
 hich deprived 
 ice, after fuch 
 lation of this 
 rew being in 
 mterofe went 
 of the neared 
 )oard with the 
 lim, contrary 
 ivertook them. 
 
 had feen the 
 Lhted a fire to 
 r the boat nor 
 ^er afterwards 
 
 awaited with 
 
 on board the 
 ed by extreme 
 litation on the 
 ;s diftant from 
 
 hich they were 
 e added, their 
 
 n working the 
 
 becoming un- 
 favQurable, 
 
 favourable, (he was thrown afliore on the oppofite b o q k 
 fide of the bay, and was there wrecked. 
 
 Thcfe unfortunate men, ilius caft away on a 
 favage coaft, and having no longer any boat, 
 could fmd no other means to extricate them- 
 felves but by conftruding a raft in order to crofg 
 the bay ; but it was fo badly fabricated, that the 
 firfl who ventured upon it were drowned. The 
 remainder of the crew built a fecond raft, which 
 was of more folid form ; they placed upon it all 
 the goods which they could fave from the vefle!^ 
 and fafely adcomplifhed their obje£l. They re- 
 mained for fome time upon the ihore, in great 
 embarralTment, becaufe they dared not, on ac- 
 count of the favages, hazard the performance of 
 the remaining part of the journey by land, and 
 their raft was incapable of being conducted up 
 the river. At length they found an old canoe, 
 which they repaired, and in which they arrived 
 at St. Louis. 
 
 Two months had pafled without any accounts 
 having been brought of M. de la Sale. This 
 long abfence was not the fole caufe of the inquie- 
 tude of the commandant. He perceived with 
 the mofl painful fenfations his colony diminifliing 
 every day. Maladies cut ofF the moft worthy of 
 his people, the favages maflacred thofe who ven- 
 tured abroad on the chace ; fome deferted, 
 were not afhamed to take refuge among thefe 
 
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 45* 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK barbarians, and to adopt their mode of life. 
 Many began to murmur with difcontent, and 
 from murmuring proceeded to the moft odious 
 confpiracies. The elder Duhaut placed himfelf 
 at the head of the malcontents, and Joutel was 
 informed that he aimed at nothing lefs than be- 
 coming chief of the lociety. 
 
 It however appeared that this unhappy perfon 
 had not yet formed the deteftable purpofe, which 
 he afterwards executed. It is only by a gradual 
 progrefs, that the human mind attains the high- 
 eft pitch of iniquity, and the motives by which 
 Duhaut was actuated had not yet acquired a fuf- 
 ficient degree of force to urge him to the com- 
 miffion of parricide. Certain it is, that from 
 the menaces of the commandant he remained 
 quiet until the return of La Sale, who, in the 
 month of Auguft regained fort St. Louis. lie 
 there received the accounts of the lofs of his 
 veflel, with a tranquillity of mind which was ftill 
 more to be admired, becaufe he had on his jour- 
 ney himfelf fuftained many loffes which there 
 were no means of rep'acing. 
 
 He had penetrated into the country of the 
 Cenis, with whom he formed an alliance, and he 
 extolled the beauty and exuberance of the lands 
 he had traverfed. But he had acquired no fur- 
 ther knowledge of what he had in view, and the 
 whole profit of his voyage extended only to five 
 
 horfes 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 453 
 
 mode of life, 
 ifcontent, and 
 3 mod odious 
 placed himfelf 
 md Joutel was 
 ^ lefs than be- 
 
 inhappy perfon 
 purpofe, which 
 ly by a gradual 
 trains the high- 
 )tives by which 
 
 acquired a fuf- 
 im to the com- 
 : is, that from 
 It he remained 
 
 , who, in the 
 >t. Louis. He 
 the lofs of his 
 
 which was ftill 
 lad on his jour- 
 is which there 
 
 country of the 
 alliance, and he 
 ice of the lands 
 cquired no fur- 
 n view, and the 
 led only to five 
 horfes 
 
 horTes loaded with fome provifions, with which book 
 his new allies had prefented him. Of twenty 
 men who had accompanied him only eight re- 
 turned. He inquired on his arrival if the young 
 Duhaut and four others had returned, in confe- 
 quence of permiffion which he had given them, 
 but found that none of them had appeared. 
 A:iother perfon had gone aftray on the road and 
 was loft. One of his fervants had been devoured 
 by a crocodile, and the others had deferted him 
 whilft he was among the Cenis. 
 
 Such a feries of loffes made painful impreflions 
 on all who remained at St. Louis. M. de la 
 Sale propofed another expedition, but as tho 
 heats were then exceffive, he thought fit to defer 
 it until the month of Odober. The neighbour- 
 ing favages inceffantly harrafled him, and killed 
 two of his men almoft before his eyes. This 
 confirmed him in a refolution he had already 
 formed of removing from thefe barbarians. His 
 defign was to endeavour to reach the Ilinois, 
 and from thence to fend M. Cavalier to France. 
 He was upon the point of preparing for his jour- 
 ney, when he was feized with a violent malady 
 which obliged him to put off his departure. 
 Joutel, feeing him in this fituation, made an offer 
 to perform the voyage, with five men, which was 
 not accepted. Towards the end of December 
 he had recovered from his illnefs, and made dif- 
 
 G G 3 pofitions 
 
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 454 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK pofitlons for his route. He was plcafed that 
 Joutel fliould accompany him, and he gave the 
 command of the fort to a perfon named Le Bar- 
 bier. He had (trengthened this fettlement fmce 
 his return from the Cenis, and he flattered him- 
 felf that it was now in condition to defy the 
 infuhs of the favages. He left a fufficient quan- 
 tity of provifions for the people who remained in 
 it, who amounted to twenty perfons, among 
 whom were feven females, two recollets, M. de 
 Chefdeville, the Marquis de la Sablonniere, and 
 a furgeon. 
 
 After having communicated his lafl inftruc- 
 tions, he began his journey on the 1 2th of Janu^ 
 ary 1687, with fixteen men, comprehending M. 
 Cavelier, Moranger, the young Caveher, Father 
 Anaftafe, Joutel, Duhaut, Larcheveque, De 
 Marie, a Qerman of Wirtemberg named Hicns, 
 a ft^rgeon named Liotot, the pilot Taflier, the 
 young Talon^ the fervant of La S^le whofe name 
 was Saget, and a favage, an excellent huntfman. 
 To eafe the travellers, M. de la Sale had loaded 
 with the greater part of the baggage and provi- 
 fions the five horfes he had brought from 
 Cenis. 
 
 Although they held their courfe through a 
 very fine country, they fuffered much inconve- 
 liience from the rains which had fwelled almoft 
 ^U the river3. Savages were often feen, but M. 
 
 de 
 
pleafed that 
 id he gave the 
 lamed Le Bar- 
 ittlement fince 
 flattered him- 
 n to defy the 
 ufficient quan- 
 lo remained in 
 rfons, among 
 icollets, M. de 
 blonniere, and 
 
 lis lafl: inftruc- 
 t 1 2th of Janu^ 
 prehending M. 
 'avelier, Father 
 cheveque, De 
 ; named Hicns, 
 lot TaiTier, the 
 de whofe name 
 [lent huntfman. 
 >ale had loaded 
 age and provi- 
 brought from 
 
 urfe through a 
 much inconve- 
 fwelled almofl: 
 
 in feen, but M. 
 de 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 45 S 
 
 de la Sale conciliated the whole of them by his book 
 addrefs i he always however continued on his v.,,^^1^,^ 
 guard, and encamped with great precautions. 
 The difficulty of crofling the rivers increafed, on 
 account of their magnitude, and their not being 
 fordable. Neceflity fuggefted to him the con- 
 ftruftion of a canoe to be carried on poles, 
 which he found of great utility. In proportion 
 as they advanced into the country they found it 
 more populous, and when they were not farther 
 diftant from the Cenis than forty leagues, they 
 learnt that one of their countrymen was in the 
 neighbourhood. On the 17th of May, Moran- 
 get being upon a hunting party, and having had 
 a quarrel with Duhaut, Hiens, and the furgeon 
 Liotot, thefe three men formed a plan of mur» 
 dering him, the fervant of M. de la Sale, and the 
 iavage huntfman named Nica, who accompanied 
 Moranget, and probably would have riflied their 
 lives in his defence. 
 
 They communicated their defign to Larche- 
 veque, asnd to the pilot Teffier, who approved of 
 it, and were inclined to take a part in its execu- 
 tion. They mentioned not their intention to the 
 Sieur de Marie, who was with them, and whom 
 they wilhed not to be prefent. On the follow- 
 ing night, while the three unhappy vidtims of 
 their vengeance flept in tranquillity, Liotot ftruck 
 them ou the head with repeated blows of a 
 
 G G 4 hatchet. 
 
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 45^ 
 
 BOOK 
 IX. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 hatchet. The favage and the fervant immedi- ' 
 ately expired. Moranget raifed himfelf, but 
 without being able to utter a word, and the aiTaf- 
 fins conflirained the Sieur de Marie to complete 
 his death, by menacing him, that if he refufed he 
 ihould (hare a fimilar fate. Their intention 
 V!2lS to render him an accomplice in their hor- 
 rid crime, to be alTured that he would not accufe 
 them. 
 
 As however it feldom occurs, that a firft tranf- 
 greffion is not followed by thofe galling inquie- 
 tudes, which even they who have gained the 
 pinnacle of iniquity find it difficult to tranquil- 
 lize, the murderers comprehended, that it would 
 be no eafy talk to evade the punifhment which 
 M. de la Sale, on the event of a difcovery, would 
 not fail to inflict. They therefore refolved on 
 the means of defeating it. After having delibe- 
 rated together on the probable plans of fucceed- 
 ing, they conceived that the mofl effeftual would 
 be to prevent him, by deftroying all thofe who 
 might oppofe their defign, and to open the way 
 to the parricide which they meditated. 
 
 A refolution fo extraordinary could only have 
 been didated by that blind defpair> which con- 
 ducts criminals with celerity to the abyfs which 
 they themfelves have dug : but an accident which 
 they could not forefee delivered into their hands 
 tlie prey of which they were in fearch. A river 
 
 which 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 457 
 
 rvant, immedi- ' 
 himfelf, but 
 and the affaf- 
 e to complete 
 'he refufedhe 
 heir intention 
 ; in their hor- 
 uld not accufe 
 
 lat a firfl: tranf- 
 galling inquie- 
 Lve gained the 
 It to trairquil- 
 [, that it would 
 ilhment which 
 fcovery, would 
 >re refolved og 
 having delibe- 
 ans of fucceed- 
 :ffe£tual would 
 all thofe who 
 open the way 
 cited. 
 
 Duld only have 
 ir> which con- 
 ,e abyfs which 
 accident which 
 ito their hands 
 irch. A river 
 which 
 
 which feparated them from the camp, and which book 
 had conliderably fwelled fince they had paffed it, v...*^-^ 
 detained them for two days. This delay, which at 
 that time appeared to them an obftacle to the 
 execution of their projed, tended to facilitate its 
 fuccefs. M. de la Sale not finding his nephew 
 nor the two men who accompanied him return, 
 went himfelf in qued of them. It was remarked 
 that at the moment he was fetting out he ap- 
 peared to difcover fymptoms of uneafmefs, and 
 enquired with an emotion which he had never 
 before betrayed, if Moranget had not had at 
 quarrel with fome perfon. 
 
 He then called Joutel, entrufted him with the 
 command of the camp, recommended to him to 
 walk around it from time to time, to permit no 
 perfon to leave it, and to alight fires that the 
 fmoke might ferve to bring him into his way, 
 (hould he wander on his return. He departed 
 on the 2oth, taking with him father Anaftafe 
 and a favage. As he approached the place 
 where the aifaflins had flopped, he perceived 
 eagles foaring near it, and concluded from thence 
 that fome dead carcafes lay in the vicinity. He 
 immediately fired his fufil, and the confpirators, 
 who had not yet perceived him, doubted whether 
 it might be he who approached, and flood to 
 their arms. 
 
 The 
 
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 VM : 
 
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 ;.«!• 
 
 45« 
 
 HISTORY Oy CANADA. 
 
 The river intervened between him and them, 
 Duhaut and Larcheveque p^lTed it, and having 
 difcovered M. de la Sale flowly coming up, they 
 made a halt. Duhaut concealed himfelf in the 
 long grafs, having his fuHI charged and cocked ; 
 Larcheveque advanced a little further, and M. 
 de la Sale faid with anxiety, " Where is my 
 nephew Moranget ?" He was anfwered, that he 
 bad flrayed, and they had lofl: him. At the 
 fame indant Duhaut difcharged his piece, and 
 M. de la Sale receiving the contents in his bead, 
 fell lifelefs to the ground. , .:- 
 
 Such was the tragical death of Robert Cava- 
 lier Sieur de la Sale, a man of uncommon ge- 
 nius, of an enlarged mind, of an undaunted 
 intrepidity of fpirit, which might have conduced 
 him to high di(lindion> had he, with fo many 
 enviable qualities, poflTefled the power of com- 
 manding his irritable and faturnine temper, of 
 fetting bounds to his feverity, or rather to the 
 harftinefe of his difpofition, and of repreffing the 
 haughtinefs with which be treated not only thofe 
 who were eixtirely dependent on him, but like'? 
 wife his aflbciates, who had advanced confider- 
 able fums towards the eqiiipmcat of his enter-, 
 prife. 
 
 He was reproached, with fomg degree of 
 juftice, for never having ?aken the advice of any 
 
 perfon» 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 459 
 
 m and them, 
 :, and having 
 ning up, they 
 limfelf in the 
 
 and cocked ; 
 ther, and M, 
 
 Where is my 
 vered, that he 
 liim. At the 
 lis piece, and 
 ts in his head, 
 
 Robert Cava- 
 inconimon ge- 
 an undaunted 
 ave coiidu£led 
 with fa many 
 Dwer of com- 
 ie temper, of 
 rather to the 
 reprefling the 
 not only thofe 
 lim, but like* 
 need confideT- 
 it of his, enters 
 
 rng degree of 
 
 advice of any 
 
 perfon» 
 
 perfon, and for more than once having ruined book. 
 his own affairs by an inflexible obftinacy which 
 nothing could either conquer or juftify. 
 
 By rejeding all advice from others, he fome« 
 times, doubtlefs, lofl opportunities of fuccefs, as 
 the greatert: men are often indebted for the fa- 
 vourable attainment of their objeds, to perfons 
 of inferior merit ; and the moft fortunate are 
 generally they who can prodt by hints from 
 others, perhaps far unequal to themfelves in ca- 
 pacity and acquirements. 
 
 In the mean time father Anaftafe having feea 
 M. de la Sale fall at his feet, expelled that the 
 murderers would not fhew him any mercy, and 
 would immediately cut him off to prevent his 
 becoming an evidence againft them. But Du- 
 haut approaching him> gave him affurance of 
 fafety, telling him that the deed which he had 
 committed was prompted by the influence of de- 
 fpair, and that for a long time he had meditated 
 revenge againft Moranget, who once wiflied to 
 ruin him. His accomplices interrupted his con- 
 verfation with the recollet, in an inftant defpoiled 
 the dead body of La Sale, taking even the fhirt, 
 and, after having infulted it in a manner the moft 
 indignant, they dragged it into the brufliwood, 
 where it was left without the honours of fepul- 
 ture. The affaflins, after having thus completed 
 their parricide, took their way to the camp, where 
 
 they 
 
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 ;'"i 
 
 
 ! ;t' 
 
 '*) 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 ■n 
 
 mM 
 
 460 
 
 IinTOllY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK they had already fcnt the produce of their chace 
 by favages who were witnefles to what pafled, 
 and could not refrain from teflifying marks of 
 abhorrence at the fcer^ of flaughter. 
 
 M. Cavtlier having learnt the fate of his un- 
 happy brother, immediately told the confpirators, 
 that if their defign was to deflroy him alfo, he 
 would pardon them in advance, and the only fa- 
 vour he required was, to be allowed a quarter of 
 an hour in order to difpofe himfelf for death. 
 They replied that he had nothing to fear, and 
 that no perfon had taken offence at his condud. 
 Joutel was not then at the camp : Larcheveque, 
 who was his friend, went in fearch of him, to 
 acquaint him that his death was refolved on if he 
 fhould (hew any refentment at what had taken 
 place, or if he pretended to refume the authority 
 which M. de la Sale had given him ; but, if he 
 remained quiet, he might be alTured of his life. 
 
 Joutel, who was naturally of a mild difpofi- 
 tion, replied, that they ftiould be fatisficd with 
 his condu<^ ; he alfo believed that he had given 
 no caufe of offence whillt he held the command, 
 and that he fliould now be happy 10 polfeis in it 
 no fliare whatever. They then returned to the 
 camp, and fo foon as Duhaut perceived Joutel, 
 he called out to him, that every one mull com- 
 mand in his turn. He had already feized on 
 authority, and the firft ufe he made of it was to 
 
 J tgke 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 461 
 
 )f their chace 
 what pa fled, 
 nng marks of 
 r. 
 
 te of his un- 
 ; confpirators, 
 r him alfo, he 
 d the only fa- 
 d a quarter of 
 df for death. 
 T to fear, and 
 ,t his conduct. 
 Larcheveque, 
 :h of him, to 
 folved on if he 
 flat had taken 
 
 the authority 
 x\ ; but, if he 
 id of his life. 
 I mild difpofi- 
 
 fatisficd with 
 t he had given 
 the command, 
 10 polleis in it 
 :turned to the 
 •ceived Joutel, 
 >ne muft com- 
 eady feized on 
 de of it was to 
 take 
 
 take pofTcnion of every thing in the flore : he 
 thtn divitlcd th^ contents with Larcheveque, 
 aflcri.ng that they belonged to them. The par- 
 ricidsis were in poireflion of ilrength, and their 
 courage, by the practice of crimes, was hardened 
 ijito unfeeling ferocity. They met with no op- 
 pofuion to their will. 
 
 Next day, the 20th of May, all the French, 
 accompanied by fome favages, began their march 
 to proceed to the village of the Cenis, which was 
 not far diilant ; but the weather being unfavour- 
 able, and the road difficult, they were foon 
 obliged to encamp. On the 29th Joutel was 
 detached with the furgeon Liotot, Hiens, and 
 Teflier, to endeavour to procure fome provifions 
 from the Cenis. They difcovered on the firfl 
 day three favages well mounted, one of whom 
 was habited like a Spaniard, and approached to 
 meet them. He was then taken for a real Spani- 
 ard, efpecially as they had heard that people of 
 that nation were coming to join the Cenis, againft 
 another nation with whom they were at war. 
 As they were apprehenfive of falling into the 
 hands of the Caftilians, who are not well inclined 
 that other Europeans fliould come into their 
 neighbourhood, their firft intention was to kill 
 him, and afterwards to make their efcape. 
 
 Whilft the party was thus deliberating con- 
 cerning what meafure they fhould adopt, Joute), 
 
 who 
 
:'i:V <i% 
 
 ^- : 
 
 B/T * 
 
 I' i 
 
 462 
 
 •.! 
 
 HISTORY OP Canada. 
 
 who had already joined him, addrelTed him In 
 Spanifh and Italian. The favage replied in the 
 language of the Cenis, that he did not under- 
 ftand what was fpoken, and this anfwer perfectly 
 fatisficd them. The two other favages were en- 
 tirely naked ; one had a handfome grey horfe^ 
 which carried two bafkets made of cane, full of 
 flour and roafted Indian corn. He prefented 
 fome to the French, and added that his mafter 
 cxpedled them with impatience. Joutel enquired 
 if any Spaniards were amongfl their countrymen, 
 and was anfwercd that none had come there, but 
 that feveral of that people were amongfl a neigh- 
 bouring nation. 
 
 The favage who was in the Spanifh drefs 
 added, that he had been in their country, and 
 that he was returning from thence, equipped as 
 they beheld him. He drew from his pocket a 
 printed paper in the Caftilian language, contain- 
 ing a lift of indulgences granted by the Pope to 
 the miflionaries of New Mexico ; after which he 
 and his two companions purfued their route to- 
 wards the village ; they foon however altered 
 their intention, and came back. The French 
 prefented them with food: night con!iing on 
 after the repaft, the Frenchmen wifhed not to 
 proceed farther, and one of the three favages re- 
 mained with them. The other two refumed the 
 road to their village. 
 
 The 
 
 
II 
 
 HISTORY Of CANADA. 
 
 4^ 
 
 The Frenchmen and their euc(l arrived there book, 
 
 IX 
 
 the next day, and Iminccliately proceeded to the 
 cabin of the chief; but Icarccly liad they appeared 
 at the entrance of the vilhige, when they per- 
 ceived the AnciciUs, who were advancing with 
 ceremony. Kach had upon his flioulder a ban- 
 dolcu of dreficd deer Ikin, painted with different 
 colours, and on ihe head a plume of feathers 
 made in the form of a coronet. Some carried 
 naked fwords, like thofc which are in ufe among 
 the Spaniards, imd their hilts were adorned with 
 feathers and hawks* bills : others were armed 
 with bows, arrows, and clubs. Part of their 
 number had large pieces of white cloth which 
 paffed from one fhouldcr to the other, and hung 
 down below their middle; every one had his face 
 painted with red and black. 
 
 The Ancients amounted to twelve, and pafled 
 between a double line of young men and war- 
 riors, ranged in good order. When they were 
 fufEciently near to the French, their leader made 
 them halt, and immediately each raifed his right 
 hand above \m head, fending forth at the fame 
 time loud cries : tiiey aiterv/ards ran to embrace 
 the French, and lavidied on them, according to 
 their manner, every demonflration of kindnefs, 
 prefenting them alfo pipes and tobacco : at length 
 they led forth a Frenchman of Provence, one of 
 thofe who had defertcd M. de la Sale on his firft 
 
 voyage 
 
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 ' i ' If* 
 
 464 
 
 BOOK 
 IX. 
 
 y-^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 voyage thither. He was naked like the favages, 
 and appeared rejoiced again to fee his country- 
 men. 
 
 They were conduced by the train already 
 mentioned to the cabin of the chief, where they 
 were well received. From thence they were led 
 to another cabin of larger dimenflons, about a 
 quarter of a league diftant from the firft, and 
 which was fet apart for public feflivity. They 
 found the floor covered with mats, on which 
 they wete defired to feat themfelves. The An- 
 cients arranged themfelves around them, and 
 brought them fagamietc, or boiled Indian mei:l, 
 and vegetables of various kinds. During the 
 repad, and afterwards, whild each fmoked his 
 pipe, they were entertained by fome warlike 
 exhibitions. 
 
 The Provencal dwelt in another village, to 
 which he conducted the French, who were there 
 received nearly in the fame manner. Darknefs 
 approaching, their conductor led them to his 
 cabin, where they paifed the night. Next morn- 
 ing the Ancients of the firft village cs^me to lead 
 them back to the cabin where they had been re- 
 galed the preceding evening, and exchanged 
 provifions for their merchandife ; but as fuflicient 
 grain was not found in the village to fupply the 
 wants of the French, Joutel fent back his com« 
 panions> together with the ProveD^ty to the 
 
 camp. 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 4^5 
 
 e the ravages, 
 his country- 
 train already 
 f, where they 
 they were led 
 ions, about a 
 the firft, and 
 ftivity. They 
 Its, on which 
 es. The An- 
 nd them, and 
 d Indian mei:!, 
 , During the 
 ch fmoked his 
 fome warlike 
 
 lier village, to 
 vho were there 
 ler. Darknefs 
 i thera to his 
 . Next morn- 
 ;e came to lead 
 ;y had been re- 
 md exchanged 
 but as fufficient 
 e to fupply the^ 
 back his com- 
 veDS^Yy to the 
 camp* 
 
 camp, and remained among the Cenis to com- book. 
 plete his quantity of provifions. 
 
 Another motive befides engaged him to re- 
 main longer amongfl: thefe people. He learnt that 
 there were two other Frenchmen, defer ters from 
 M. de la Sale, in a neighbouring nation, and he 
 hoped to draw from them more information than 
 he had acquired from the Froven9al refpeding 
 the Miffiiippi and its courfe, which it was necef- 
 fery he fhould take to reach the Ilinois. He 
 therefore caufed fearch ta be made for thefe two 
 men, and one night, when he was at reft in his 
 cabin, but had not fallen quite aileep, he heard a 
 perfon approach gently to his bed fidej he 
 looked at him, and by the light of the fire per- 
 ceived a man quite naked, holding in his hand 
 two arrows and a bow, who without fpeaking 
 feated himfelf on the bed. 
 
 Having viewed him for a time, he aiked him 
 fome queftions, to which he received no anfwer. 
 This filence made him refled ferioufly, and lay 
 hold of his two piftols. On this the man raifed 
 himfelf, and feated himfelf near the fire. Joutel 
 followed him, regarding him with fixed atten- 
 tion, and prefenrly the pretended favage threw 
 his arms around his neck, fpoke to him in the 
 French language, and mac^e himftlf known as 
 one of the deferters of w^om he was in queft. 
 
 VOL. I. H H Ol\ 
 

 
 i0!\ 'hi' 
 
 r. i 
 
 'V 'i 
 
 m 
 
 466 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1^::^ 
 
 BOOK On being afked where his companion was, he 
 made anfwer that he was afraid to come. ■ • ' - 
 They had in a little time fo well adopted the 
 manners of the favaejes, that they could never 
 have been taken for Europeans : not only were 
 they naked, but they had their whole body 
 painted and tatooed. They were married to fe- 
 veral wives. The Cenis had led them forth ta 
 war, and whiHt their ammunition lafted the 
 effedl of their fufils was admired ; but when it 
 failed, they were obliged to ufe the bow and 
 arrow. They led a life of libertinifm, in which 
 they found great attractions, and fcarcely any 
 tincture of religion remained to them. Joutel 
 informed his countryman of the death of M. de 
 la Sale, and of his nephew Moranget, at which 
 he appeared extremely affeded. He then afked 
 him if he ever had heard mention made of the 
 Miflifippi, and was anfwered, that he had only 
 heard that at forty leagues to the north-eaft there 
 was a large river, whofe banks were very popu- 
 lous, and where there were men of the appear- 
 ance and drefs of Europeans. Joutel doubted 
 not that this was the river of which he was in 
 fearch, and as he was refolved to feparate, as foon 
 as he could, from the murderers of M. de la 
 Side, it became a principal objed of his attention 
 to aflure hicnfelf of the road which he muft take 
 to oaia that great river. In the morning the 
 
 defL-rter 
 
anion was, he 
 ) come. ' ' 
 
 ;ll adopted the 
 ey could never 
 not only were 
 r whole body 
 
 married to fe- 
 [ them forth ta 
 ion lafted the 
 1 J but when it 
 
 the bow and 
 nifm, in which 
 id fcarcely any 
 
 them. Joutel 
 ieath of M. de 
 nget, at which 
 
 He then afked 
 I made of the 
 at he had only 
 lorth-eafl: there 
 
 ere very popu- 
 
 of the appear- 
 Joutel doubted 
 /hich he was in 
 eparate, as foon 
 of M. de la 
 of his attention 
 h he muft take 
 le morning the 
 defcrter 
 
 HISTORY OF CAtTADAi 467 
 
 deferter returned to his villags, after Joutel had book 
 
 IX 
 
 made him fome trifling prefents to beftow on his v^.^,.^ 
 wives, and had requefled him to perfuade his 
 companion to pay him a vifit. 
 
 On the 6th of April they both arrived at the 
 cabin of Joutel, equipped in the fame manner^ 
 which appeared fufficiently whimfical ; and con- 
 fifted in wearing their hair very (hort, except a 
 toupet, which the barbarians allow to temain on 
 the fummit of the bead, and fometimes on the 
 fides. 
 
 The other, named Grollet, confirmed what 
 his companion had afferted on the fubje£l of the 
 great river towards the north-eaft, on the bor- 
 ders of which Eurv^peans had been feen, and they 
 both made offer to accompany Joutel to the camp.- 
 He was pleafed with this refolution, and on the 
 8th, the two Frenchmen having returned to 
 Cenis with a horfe, to tranfport the provifions 
 which Joutel had purchafed, they departed, and 
 on the loth arrived at their place of deftina- 
 tion. 
 
 During the abfence of Joutel, the murJerers 
 of M. de la Sale had formed themfelves into a 
 feparate band, and had embraced the defign of 
 returning to Fort St. Louis, there to conftrud a 
 barque, and to attempt to reach the Weft-India 
 iflands. They were in want of the greateft part 
 of the utenfils necefiary for this purpofe, and 
 
 H H 2 
 
 none 
 
i;, 
 i-. 
 
 3 
 
 .i 
 i 
 
 4<S3 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ii 
 
 is A' 
 
 lit/* 
 
 ■ I 
 
 til 
 
 1 
 
 
 4/1 
 
 5^ 
 
 ::ft 
 
 ; ;.Mi 
 
 
 nW\ 
 
 
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 ''tit 
 
 'Hi 
 
 
 m 
 
 EM',' 
 
 t:V 
 
 :''4i 
 
 BOOK none amongfl: them had ever been accuftom^d 
 
 LX. 
 
 to their ufe. But this was the firft operation of 
 that privation of refledion, which never fails ta 
 overtake thofe who have perpetrated crimes ab- 
 horrent to humanity. M. Cavelier having learnt 
 that Duhaut and his accomplices intended to 
 buy horfes from the Cenis, to tranfport their 
 baggage to St. Louis, went to acquaint him, that 
 he and many others whom he named were too 
 much fatigued to undertake the journey which, 
 was meditated : that their defign was to remain 
 for a certain time in the firft village of the Cenis, 
 and he begged him to allow them fome hatchets 
 and ammunition, with other articles to enable 
 them to purchafe provifions ; and if he was in- 
 clined, he might fet a value on them, and he 
 would give him an obligation for the amount. 
 Duhaut deferred until the morning his anfwer ; 
 and after having confulted with his band, ac- 
 quainted M. Gavelier that he confented to allow 
 him the half of the ftores which remained in the 
 magazine. He added, that if he and his party 
 did not fucceed in conftruding a barque, they 
 would return. A i^w days after he changed his 
 refolution with refpeft to the journey to St. 
 Louis, and propofed to his companions to rejoin 
 M. Cavelier, in order to proceed to the Ilinois. 
 iliens and fome others were not of this opinion, 
 and demanded their fiiare of the ftores. Duhaut 
 
 made. 
 
 Mm 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 469 
 
 made feme difficulties, and they quarrelled : at book 
 length Hiens difcharged his piftol at Duhaut, 
 who fell dead at the distance of four paces from 
 him. At the fame time one of the deferters, 
 whom Joutel had brought back from the Cenis, 
 and who was attached to Hiens, fired his fufil at 
 the furgeon Liotot. This miferable man, al- 
 though he had three balls in his body, lived for 
 fome hours, and, after he had made confeffion 
 and received abfolution, the fame perfon com- 
 pleted his exit by the difcharge of a piftol. Thus 
 two murderers, the one of M. de la Sale, the 
 other of his nephew, became the firft vi£lims of 
 that fpirit of fury with which they had infpired 
 this unhappy colony. 
 
 Joutel, who had witnefTed this maflacre, feized 
 his fufil to defend himfelf, left they fhould alfo 
 attempt to take away his life ; but Hiens called 
 out to him to be under no apprehenfion, and 
 that his only defign was to avenge the death of 
 his patron. He added, that although he (hared 
 in the confpiracy with Duhaut, he by no means 
 had confented to that aft of parricide, and that, 
 had he been prefent, he would have endeavoured 
 to prevent it. The favages knew not what to 
 think of thefe fanguinary proceedings, and re- 
 garded them with juft abhorrence. 
 
 Joutel gave them to underftand that thefe two 
 men who had been killed merited that treat- 
 
 H H 3 ment 
 

 mm 
 
 kvJ'iiii'iiiV'' 
 
 I?'' 
 
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 1114'! 
 
 :ri. 
 
 111 
 
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 tt 
 
 
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 iff I 
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 m---m mm 
 
 H 
 
 i: .;!J -7. 
 
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 1' 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ ■ 1 
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 I :' '■■ ' 
 
 
 lililM, 
 
 470 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 9 o o K ment which they had received, for having im- 
 brued their hands in the blood of their chief, and 
 for having feized by violence efFefts which did 
 not belong to them. With thefe reafons they 
 appeared fatisfied. Larcheveque was not at the 
 camp whlid this was going forward ; he had fet 
 out on the morning of that day for the chace, 
 and Hiens intended to treat him on his return 
 in the fame manner as he had done Duhaut j 
 but M. Cavelier arid Father Anaftafe fucceeding 
 in diifuading him from his intention, and Joutel 
 finding means of acquainting Larcheveque of 
 the danger to which he was fubje^led, he con- 
 ducted him afterwards to Hiens, and they mu^r 
 tually promifed not to give way to their ani- 
 mofities. 
 
 After this reconciliation, it became neceffary 
 to confult anew on the plan which was to be 
 purfued ; but Hiens declared that he had given 
 a promife to the Cenis to accompany them to 
 war, that he would accomplifh his word, and if 
 they would wait for him at one of the villages, 
 he would afterwards rejoin them. It became for 
 M. Cavelier, and for thofe who were attached to 
 him, a matter of neceflity to fubmit to what this 
 outrageous character propofed, becaufe a divifion 
 of the (lores had not yet taken place. They 
 Went thticiore to the village of the Cenis, and 
 Jliens departed from thence on a war expedition, 
 
 together 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 47 = 
 
 r having im- 
 heir chief, and 
 £ls which did 
 
 reafons they 
 was not at the 
 d ; he had fet 
 or the chace, 
 
 on his return 
 one Duhaut j 
 afe fucceeding 
 Dn, and Joutel 
 archeveque of 
 ;fted, he con- 
 
 and they mu^ 
 1 to their ani- 
 
 came neceflary 
 ich was to be 
 t he had given 
 pany them to 
 3 word, and if 
 )f the villages, 
 
 It became for 
 sre attached to 
 lit to what this 
 caufe a divifion 
 
 place. They 
 
 he Cenis, and 
 
 rar expedition, 
 
 together 
 
 together with the favages and fix Frenchmen, all book 
 mounted on horfeback. - 
 
 On the 1 8th, the French who remained in the 
 village were much furprifed to fee enter their 
 cabins, early in the morning, women bedaubed 
 all over with earth, who began a circular dance. 
 This lafted for three hours, after which the 
 mafter of the cabin gave to each of the dancers 
 a piece of tobacco. They then informed the 
 French, that the Cenis had gained a complete 
 viftory. 
 
 The women began to prepare refrefhments to 
 carry out to meet the vidorious bands, who, on 
 the evening of the fame day, arrived at the village. 
 Their enemies, named Canohatinnos, had waited 
 for them with firmnefs, but the noife and effeft 
 of the fire-arms of the French had imprefled 
 them with fuch a panic, that they fled on the 
 firft difcharge. They were purfued, and forty- 
 eight were killed in the purfuit. The Cenis 
 fpared no prifoners except two boys, whom they 
 brought to their viKage, together with the fcalps 
 of the dead, and two women whofe lot was ftill 
 more fevere than death. ' 
 
 They fent back one to her country, but not 
 before they had taken the fcalp from her head : 
 they put into her hands a quantity of powder and 
 lead fufficient to charge a fufil, defiring her to 
 carry this prefent to her nation, and to acquaint 
 
 H H 4 it. 
 
472 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK 
 
 iX. 
 
 lili.X^ 
 
 '! Mt 
 
 tiiw; 
 
 '■■1.1 
 
 m 
 
 
 It, that they (hould return to vifit it with fimilar 
 arms. Her companion was delivered to perfons 
 of her own fex, who being armed with large 
 pointed clubs, led her to a retired place, where 
 there were only women. There each of thefe 
 furies difcharged at her a blow, fome with the 
 points of their clubs, others with fwinging force. 
 They pulled off her hair, cut off her fingers, in 
 a word, they made her fufFer every operation 
 which they conceived would excite in her the 
 moft exquifite fenfations of pain, to revenge the 
 death of their friends and relations who had 
 been killed in different rencontres. In fine, after 
 they had exhaufted (every fpecies of torment 
 which their vindidive fpirit could devife, they 
 pierced her body with feveral wounds, until the 
 remains of life efcaped from it. It was then 
 cut into pieces, and given to the flaves to be 
 devoured. 
 
 The following day was fet apart for feftivity 
 and rejoicings. After having prepared the cabin 
 of the chief, they fpread mats on the floor, on 
 which they caufed the Ancients and the French 
 to fit. When each had taken his place, an orator 
 flood up, and made a long difcourfe ; which par- 
 ticularly turned on the praifes of the warriors, 
 and on the great fervices which the new allies 
 had rendered to the nations. : 
 
 Afterward^ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 473 
 
 Afterwards appeared a woman, holding in her book 
 hand a long reed; the warriors, preceded by 
 their wives, followed each according to his rank, 
 having a bow and arrows in his hand. Their 
 wives carried the fcaips that had been acquired in 
 the battle, and held them up confpicuoufly to 
 view. The two young prifoners whom they 
 had adopted clofed the proceffion, and as one of 
 them was wounded, they mounted him on a 
 horfe. ' ^' ' 
 
 As the warriors pafled the orator, they received 
 the fcaips from the hands of their wives, and prc- 
 fented them to him. He placed them between 
 his hands, turned them towards the four quarters 
 of the world, and depofited them on the ground. 
 This part of the ceremony being finiflied, large 
 diflies of fagamity were ferved up, and before 
 they were touched by any perfon, the orator took 
 fome in a large wooden bowl, and prefented as 
 an offering to the fcaips : he then lighted a pipe 
 of tobacco, and blew the fmoke of it on the fame 
 objeOs, after which the feaft commenced. Be- 
 fides fagamity, the tongues of their enemies 
 killed in battle were ferved up. They brought 
 to the two young prifoners the flefh of the wo- 
 man whofe fufferings have been mentioned, and 
 forced them to eat of it. The whole terminated 
 by finging and dancing, and they ftparated to 
 vi V , recommence 
 
474 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ».' 
 
 til 
 
 * ^13? ^ recommence in their refpedlive cabins the latter 
 part of the ceremony. ^ 
 
 The French having now no longer any caufe 
 of detention among th*; Cenis, alTembled to ftttle 
 their fmal refolutiun. Hiens immediately began 
 to declare, that he approved not of the project 
 of going in fearch of the Ilinois, in which he 
 forefaw infurmountable difficulties ; and befides, 
 he would not return to France to carry thither 
 his head to lay it on a fcafFold. To this lafl: 
 reafon there could be no reply ; but as it was the 
 only motive which in reality determined Hiens 
 to embrace the defperate plan which he purfueJ, 
 they who were not culpable perfifted in the defign 
 of pafling to the Ilinois, and on the fame day be- 
 gan to make fsrious difpofitions for their depar- 
 ture. 
 
 The favages had much exaggerated to Joutel 
 the dangers to which he ihould expofe himfelf, 
 in traverfing fo vaft an extent of country, where 
 he could not fail to meet with nations yet un- 
 known to Europeans, and from fome of whom he 
 could not flatter himfelf with the hope of a kind 
 reception. They omitted nothing to engage him^ 
 ?ind his people to remain among them. He fo- 
 licited them to afford him guides, to whom he 
 promifed a handfome recompence. Hiens on his 
 part fupplied him with all that he required ; but 
 
 
 
 ■111 'I 
 
 ii 
 
,<■ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 475 
 
 ins the latter 
 
 Toutel knew that he mud not alk for much. book. 
 This monfter of villainy remained niafter of al- 
 mofl the whole of the effeds of M. de la Sale, 
 and already wore one of his coats of fcarlet and 
 embroidery. But before he would make the 
 fmalleft partition of the ftores, he exacted from 
 M. Cavelier an atteftation written in Latin, and 
 figned with his hand, that he acquitted him of all 
 fufpicion of having been concerned in the mur- 
 der of his brother. 
 
 Thofe who proceeded for the Ilinois were 
 feven in nuniber, M. M. Cavelier, uncle, and 
 nephew. Father Anaftafe, the Sieurs Joutel and 
 De Marie, a young Parifian named Barthelemy, 
 and the pilot Tefller. Larcheveque, Munier 
 and Ruter, the two xieferters, had promifed to 
 accompany them, but the attradlions of liber* 
 tinifm detaiiied them among the Cenis, and it 
 was apparent that the fame dread of punifhment 
 which had taken poffeflion of the mind of Hiens, 
 feized alfo that of Larcheveque, dill more culpa* 
 ble than the former. ' . , 
 
 Joutel and his party, after a long and fatiguing 
 march, arrived at the country of the Akaufas, 
 the only unhappy event which had occurred be- 
 ing the lofs of the Sieur le Marie, who was 
 drowned whilft bathing in a river. Aniongfl: 
 the Akaufas, whom they reached on the 20th of 
 July, they met with two Frenchmen, one named 
 
 9 Delaunayj 
 

 r 
 
 f. 
 
 '1- 
 
 
 '1 w 
 
 ?iir.v 
 
 \:Ki'h 
 
 I ■'! 
 
 476 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK Delaunay, and the other Couture, by trade a 
 
 \..«^-— ^ carpenter. 
 
 It was a circumftance of unrpeakable joy to the 
 travellers, to find themfclves fo near to the Mifll- 
 fippi, and in a country where their nation was 
 known. The two Frenchmen had been fent to 
 the Akaufas by the Chevalier de Tonti, on hw 
 return from a voyage, which he himfelf had 
 made to the mouth of the Miffifippi, where M. de 
 la Sale had diredcd him to rendezvous. They 
 there had begun a habitation, and "appeared to 
 have formed the refolution of eftabhfliing them- 
 felves, no longer hoping to receive any further 
 accounts of M. de la Sale. 
 
 M. Cavelier acquainted them with his melan- 
 choly death, but defired them not to make it 
 known, becaufe the name alone of the deceafed 
 had held thefe favages in refpeft, and he wiftied 
 to procure from them provifions, canoes, and 
 guides. He then requefled Couture to go in 
 fearch of fome of their chiefs, and to inform 
 them that M. de la Sale had formed a fettlement 
 in the Gulph of Mexico ; that they who had 
 brought thofe good news, were making a voyage 
 to Canada to bring back merchandife ; that they 
 would Ihortly return with a number of French- 
 men to fettle in their country, to defend them, 
 againit their enemies, and to procure all the 
 advantages of a well-regulated commerce ; that 
 
 they 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
HISTORY OF C.VVADA. 
 
 477 
 
 ;, by trade a 
 
 iblejoy to the 
 
 r to the Mifli- 
 
 ir nation was 
 
 1 been fent to 
 
 fontl, on his 
 
 himfelr had 
 
 where M. de 
 
 ;vous. They 
 
 appeared to 
 
 (Hfhing them- 
 
 ; any further 
 
 th his melan- 
 t to make it 
 
 the deceafed 
 id he wiflied 
 
 canoes, and 
 ire to go in 
 id to inform 
 
 a fettlement 
 ey who had 
 ing a voyage 
 fe ; that they 
 r of French- 
 iefend them. 
 :ure all the 
 
 nercej that 
 they 
 
 they hoped to receive from them, in order to be book. 
 enabled to reach the Ilinois, the fame aids that 
 they had received from aH the other nation* 
 through whofc country they had paflfed. 
 
 The Akaufas aHcmbled to deliberate on thefe 
 propofals ; in the mean time they regaled in the 
 befl manner in their power their new guefts, and 
 fimg and danced the calumet. They however 
 found fome difficulties in allowing guides for fo" 
 long a voyage j but by the incitement of promifes 
 and prefents, they at length confented. The 
 young Parifian, who could not walk, remained 
 with the Akaufas, and Couture accompanied his 
 countrymen for fome time. They fet out on the 
 27th, defcended the river of the Akaufas, and 
 gained, the fame day, a village called Torimau, 
 where they faw for the firft time the Miflifippi. 
 They traverfed it on the 29th, and gained the 
 village of the Kappas, where Couture took his 
 leave of them. They afcended the Miflifippi in 
 canoes on the 3d of September, entered the river 
 of the Ilinois, and on the 14th arrived at Fort 
 St. Louis, where the Sieur de Bellefontaine 
 connnanded in the abfence of the Chevalier 
 Tonti, who had gone to join the Marquis de 
 Denonville in the war againft the Tfonnomhou- 
 ans. Every perfon eagerly enquired after M. de 
 la Sale, and it was anfvvered that they had parted 
 with him at forty leagues from the Cenis. They 
 
 did. 
 

 rn 
 
 I 
 
 
 I IP. 
 
 }• 
 
 
 478 
 
 ftlSTOUY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK M not think it prudent to give a further expia- 
 ^„^[L^ nation, becaufc they wiftied to pafs on to C<m»d» 
 as quickly as poflihle. and they were in w:tnt of 
 iupplics to enable them to perform this voyaj^e, 
 which was become diflicult and perilous fince war 
 had been declared !»]B;ain(t the Iroquois. They 
 were afraid of being denied the necelTHry aflift- 
 ance, if they had itiade known the death of dc 
 la Sale. 
 
 Happily for them the Sieur Boifrondet, clerk 
 of that unfortunate oflicer, was preparing to 
 make the fame voyage, and iheir meeting af- 
 forded much mutual latisfaOlic^n. They embarked 
 on the iS(h, but did not proceed far; the bad 
 weather obHgcd them to return to the fort iVom 
 whence they h.id departeds This mivsfortune 
 difconccrted them the more, as it deprived iheni 
 of all hope of reluming to France the fame year, 
 and of fcntiinnj fupplies to fuch of their people 
 as had remained at the hal)itatit>n of St. Louis. 
 
 On thr 27th of ()c"tober, M. de 'Foi»ti arrived 
 at Fi^rt St. l.ouis of the Ilinois. M. Cavelicr 
 conceived if prudent not to make known to him, 
 more thnn to the others, the melaneliuly end of 
 his brother, aiul as he had taken the precaution 
 to procure from him, a little before: his d'tiath, a 
 letter of credit to receive at the llinois a funi of 
 money, or the value in furs, Toiiii made no dilfi- 
 cuUy in dclivciinj; him a quantity of the latter, 
 
 amouniin^ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 A7g 
 
 amounting ti) two hundred pounds ftirlinff. book 
 The travellers left the llinois on the 2 ill of _, ^-,_f 
 March 1688, with Boifrondet, and Ka.ncr Al- 
 loucz, who not finding a favourable openinj^ 
 among the llinois for the cnablilhinent of a mif- 
 fion» teturned to the river Sr. Jofcph, where ha 
 foon after died among the Miainis. 
 
 On the loih of May they arrived at Michili- iCSS. 
 makinac, where they relied but for a (hort titnc, 
 and on the i.ith of July M. Cavcli^^T reached 
 Montreal, wliere his people, wliom lu' had left 
 at La Chine, joined him on the 17th. They 
 there met M. M. Denonville and C hampignv, 
 whom they gave to underllaiid, that ihcv were 
 obliged to pafs over to France with alt pullible 
 expedition, to fend fuccours to M. dc la Sale. 
 They embarkeil for C^icbcc, and had not long 
 to wait for a veflel ; Irom thence ihey failed, and 
 landed at Rochellc on the 3th of Odobcr. 
 
 There is foine tnourul for foppofing, that If 
 Cavelicr and his party had no{ been conQralncv! 
 to winter at the Iliiiois, .md havl arrived a vear 
 earlier in France, n»cafurcs niivJit have been 
 taken to reinlorec, or to brint; nlf the little colo- 
 ny which I. a 8do havl formed at Si. Louis 
 rtmoni^lt the C^.laincoets ; but o\\ their arrival at 
 
 Paris it was conceive<l too late ; and even had it 
 been intended rarlifr, it v.ould have been vain. 
 
 The Clamcoci.s were not loui^ ii\ being informrd 
 ' 'i of 
 
 ■ ' ?. S'l 
 
m 
 
 
 4^0 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 !, 
 
 If- • 
 
 iv 
 
 i; 
 
 5s. 
 
 II 
 
 t;f 
 
 
 ij''^ it 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 If 1^ , 
 
 ti- 
 
 -i- *■ ' r 
 
 1.' i. 
 
 
 *7 
 
 
 Pf;^ 
 
 'i'Miiii''' 
 
 
 BOOK of the death of the French chief, and of the dif- 
 
 IX. 
 
 perfion of his company ; and at a time when the 
 inhabitants of St. Louis leaft expe£ted it, they 
 fell upon them and maflacred them, except the 
 three fons of Talon, their fifter, and a young 
 Parifian called Bremau, whom they carried off to 
 their village. An Italian who had come from 
 Canada acrofs the continent^ to join M. de la 
 Sale, and who doubtlefs would have been ufeful 
 to him, in difclofing to him the route which he 
 ought to have purfued in order to reach the 
 Miffifippi, if he could have arrived in time, faved 
 alfo his life by a fmgular ftratagem. While the 
 favages were preparing to put him to death, he 
 told them they were much to blame to deftroy 
 a perfon who carried their images m his heart. 
 This difcourfe aftoniflied the barbarians, and the 
 Italian aflured them, that, if they would give him' 
 until to- morrow, he would openly demonftrate 
 the truth of what he advanced. He obtained 
 that delay,, and having adjufted a fmall mirror on 
 his bread, he appeared before the favages, wha 
 were much furprifed to view themfelves, as they 
 believed, in the heart of this man, and granted 
 him his life. 
 
 On the other hand, the Spaniards of New 
 Mexico, whom the enterprife of La Sale had 
 much alarmed, were fully refolved to fpare no 
 means of ruining it. They fent five hundred 
 
 men,' 
 
msTORY OF CANAbA. 
 
 49 1 
 
 tnd of the dif- 
 ime when the 
 efted it, they 
 1, except the 
 
 and a young 
 ' carried off to 
 id come from 
 oin M. de la 
 ^e been ufeful 
 lUte which he 
 
 to reach the 
 
 in time, faved 
 1. While the 
 n to death, he 
 ime to deftroy 
 ; in his heart, 
 irians, and the 
 ould give him 
 
 y demonftrate 
 He obtained 
 mall mirror on 
 e favages, who 
 ifelves, as they 
 and granted 
 
 Viards of New 
 [ La Sale had 
 ed to fpare no 
 t five hundred 
 men,' 
 
 men, teho arrived among the Cenis, and there ^ o^o k 
 found Larcheveque and Grollet, whom they 
 made pHfoners. They afterwards met with Mu- 
 nier and Talon, brother of thofe who had been 
 fpared by the Clamcoers, and brought them to ' 
 the village of Cenis, where they were well treated. 
 There were among the Spaniards millionaries of 
 St. Francis, whom they wifhed to fettle among 
 thefe favages. They conceived that the two 
 Frenchmen, who underftood perfeftly well the 
 language of the country, might be of great 
 utility to thefe new miffionaries, and they hoped 
 by kindnefs to engage them to remain with thefe 
 fethers. ' < -' 
 
 Their obliging manners encouraged Talon to 
 make known to them that he had three brothers 
 and a Mer, ftaves among theClamcoets, and they 
 forthwith fent a detachment in fearch of them. 
 But this detachment could only bring off two of 
 the Talons, their fifter, and the Italian, whom 
 the Clamcoets, who had adopted them, would 
 with the greateft difficulty releafe. The, follow- 
 ing year two hundred and fifty Spaniards returned 
 to the fame village, brought away the other 
 Talon and Bremau, conducted them to St. Louis 
 de Petofi, a city of New Mexico, and from thence 
 to Mexico, with the remainder of their country- 
 men, where they were received into the family of 
 the viceroy, 
 
 VOL. I. II Larch«- 
 
u 
 
 m 
 
 
 482 
 
 !•■ 
 
 KK'~ t' 
 
 
 m ^ 
 
 . 
 
 KkI •■'■ 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 m1*"' 
 
 
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 ir' 
 
 t 
 
 V.m: r. 
 
 u 
 
 
 'It;'. 
 
 ■i ; ;:. 
 
 JIISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 Larchevcque and Grollet had been fent to 
 Spain, from whence they were brought back to 
 Mexico. They were there confined in prifon 
 until an opportunity offered to fend them to 
 New Mexico, to labour in the mines* The 
 Italian was fent to Vera Cruz, where he was fhut 
 up in prifon^ frotn whence, it is probable, he was 
 not removed until he was placed in the mines. 
 It is not known what became of Bremau. Per- 
 haps, on account of his youth, he was joined 
 with the Talons : the probable reafon why they 
 experienced milder treatment than the others, 
 was, that they were of an age not to enable them 
 to have received any knowledge of the country ; 
 whereas their companions had attained their full 
 vigour of mind and body, and if they efcaped, 
 might give to the French much information rela- 
 tive to what they had witnefTed in their different 
 travels. , - t. 
 
 At the end of eight years, the three elder 
 Talons being of an age to carry arms, were en- 
 rolled on board the Armadilla, and embarked in 
 Le Chrifto, the admiral's fhip. This veffel was 
 taken in 1696 by the Chevalier des Augiers, and 
 the three brothers having then recovered their 
 liberty, returned to France. It is from their 
 information that an a£count of the latter circum- 
 flances herein mentioned was acquired. The 
 Yiceroy of Mexico> who had detained wi;h him 
 
 6 u^ the 
 
 l^ 
 
 
 t « 
 
 *W»i^*; 
 
HISTORV of CANADA. 
 
 the younger brother and fifter, having been re- b 
 lieved) brought both with him to Spain. 
 
 Such was the unfortunate iflue of an enter- 
 prife, which a variety of adverfe circumllaaces 
 contributed to defeat* ^ v r v . . ^^ ,., 
 
 vS . ' V :•-.■■• • ' f. ' ' ' ^ '^ 
 
 "•■■•» 
 
 485 
 
 _3c!..* 
 
 
 
 
 
 *,'..-; * 
 
 n !■ 
 
 ■ i 
 
 :!^t* SO'liV Oj 
 
 •.:4i:.'.':/v 1v« i.iVf/xj '-^17' Ik ^^/ '^ : 
 
 i 
 
 A I 
 
 
 
 ./,:>-. ' ! 
 
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 <t 
 
 > > , 
 
 .;*■ V 
 
 
 
 ^-•iCvi^-f':;^. 
 
 .1-} 
 
 
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 ■iUf 
 
 
 114 
 
 
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 r. ''. 
 
 ,m 
 
 m- \k 
 
 HISTOJiy OF CANADA»» 
 
 1,^^^. ■ • ,rhi:f\c. ri fni;i n>i,7 riiad jd/jwo-jj ^L^V;^,] 
 
 I3:ivit?ikiji?i:>i! : BOOK X.» -'e fli.'kkr ^-..^ht, 
 
 Voyage of M. de Iberville for the Difcovery of the Mouth 
 of the Mijftfippi by Sea in 1698-9.— -//mva/ at St. 
 DomingOf — at Penfacola. — Explores one of the Branches 
 of the Mouth of the Miffftppi —-Afcends to the Oumas. 
 — Builds a Fort near the Pafeagoulas, and returns to 
 France. — Arrives again at the Biloxi.- Confruffs a 
 Fort on the Eajl Side of one of the Branches of the Mijft' 
 fippi." Afcends to the Natchez.— Efabli/hes the Head 
 Quarters of the Colony at the Biloxi. — The Ilinois.—.' 
 Various Nations bordering on the Mifffippi vijited by 
 La Sale in his former Travels. —Manners and Cufloms 
 of the Natchez. — Of the Ilinois after their Converfion to 
 the Chrijlian Faith. 
 
 B O 
 
 o K /^F all the parts of America to which the 
 ' ^^ crown of France laid claim, none occupied 
 for a time the attention of the government of 
 
 that 
 
 fV ■ 
 
 
 
 II, i, 
 
 :f:.! 
 
 • The calumet of peace, frequently mentioned in this 
 book, and in ufe among the nations bordering on the 
 Miffifippi, is a large pipe formed from a fpecies of foft 
 marble, of a red, black, or white colour. The ftalk is 
 from four to five feet in length. The body of the calumet 
 is eight inches in length ; the head which contains the 
 pipe is three in height, and one or two in diameter. The 
 red calumets are in moft general vogue and eftimation. 
 The favages ufe them in their negotiations, for political 
 
 purpofes, 
 
 
 
 V 
 
[;^f)> of the Mouth 
 -^Arrival at St. 
 fie of the Branches 
 nds to the Ottmas. 
 J, and returns to 
 oxt.- ConfruBs a 
 mches of the Mijft- 
 ffabiyhes the Head 
 «'. — The Ilinois. — 
 Mijyippi viftted by 
 mners and Cujioms 
 their Converfton to 
 
 to which the 
 
 none occupied 
 
 government of 
 
 . that 
 
 mentioned in this 
 bordering on the 
 
 ni a fpecies of foft 
 our. The ftalk is 
 
 )odyofthe calumet 
 hich contains the 
 in diameter. The 
 
 je and eftimation. 
 
 ations, for political 
 purpofes, 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 48s 
 
 that country fo much as Louifiana, a name given book 
 by M. de ia Sale to the new difcovefies he made 
 on the borders of the MiflTifippi. Since his un- 
 fortunate attempt to explore by fea the mouth of 
 this river, it appeared that the plan for its profe- 
 cution was entirely laid afide. M. de Iberville, 
 however, on his return from an expedition to 
 Hudfon's Bay, awoke, upon this point, the at- 
 tention of the minifler, and infpired the Count 
 de Pontchartrain with the defign of conftruQing 
 a fort at the entrance of that great river, of 
 which this officer undertook the difcovery. , 
 The minifler, approving his projed, caufed to 
 be fitted out at Rochefort two armed fhips, Le 
 Francois and La Renomniee, the command of 
 which he gave to the Marquis de Chateaumorand 
 and to M. de Iberville, both captains of the 
 marine. They fet fail on the 7th of October 
 1698, and anchored at Cap0 Fran9ois in Saint 
 Pomingo on the nth of December. From 
 
 ■■ _ ; ■» ■■ .^ — ■- .■ „ ■ I II I ■■i p i . *. I I. r ^ .■ .y i« . ; y . '.|^ ■■^■^^ 
 
 it . ' f. 
 
 purpofes, aiid efpecially on their jourtieys, Heiiig able to 
 travel every where in fafety whilft carrying this pipe in 
 their hands. It is orriamented with feathers of various 
 colours, and has with them the fame effect ihnt a flag of 
 truce has among civili/ed niitlons. T^he favages would 
 conceive thjehifelves guilty of the' greatc^it crime, and that 
 they (hould feven bring misfortune's on thfeir nation, were 
 they to violate the privileges which the prefence of this 
 yegerablc pipe is allowed to coitfer. 
 
 ijui n 3 thence 
 
 ' I 
 
B^ 
 
 '^1 
 
 P 
 
 
 J ■ 
 
 
 i.. 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 i'^ 
 
 i' 
 
 fi^'l _ ■ 
 
 
 
 486 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 •i!' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 .• 
 
 ||. 
 
 i 
 
 BOOK thence they proceeded to Leogane, to converfo 
 with M. Duchaffe, governor of the ifland, re» 
 fpefling the objedt of their deftinalion. That 
 officer was -already well acquainted with the repu* 
 tation which M. de Iberville had acquired, and 
 found his genius and defigns to correfpond with 
 his valour and (kill in war. 
 
 On the laft day of the year they failed from 
 St. Domingo, and on the 7th of January 1699 
 they perceived the land of Florida. They ap- 
 proached it as near as poflible, without rifking 
 themfelves on that unknown coad, and fent the 
 Sieur Lefcalette to bring a fupply of wood and 
 water, and at the fame time to procure intelli- 
 gence. This officer, on his return, informed 
 them, that they were oppofite to a bay called 
 Penfacola, where three hundred Spaniards from 
 Vera Cruz were come a little time before to form 
 a fettlement ; and it was afterwards learnt, that 
 the intention of this eftablifliment was to prevent 
 the Freiich from occupying the country, 
 
 Lefcallette had entered the harbour, and dcr 
 manded of the Governor permiffion to procure 
 wood and watpr ; who, on being informed for 
 whom it was wanted, faid he would give an 
 anfwer to the commanders of the (hips. , He ac- 
 cordingly fent his major on board to compliment 
 M. M. Chateaumorand and de Iberville: this 
 officer at the fame time put into their hands a 
 
 lettey 
 
 ■^ . 
 
r »' 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 487 
 
 letter from the Governor, importing that the two book 
 veflels of the Mofl Chriftian King might freely ,-— , 
 fupply themfelves with wood and water, and take 
 fhelter, if necelTary, wherever they might find it 
 convenient: but that his inflru6lions exprefsly 
 prohibited him from receiving into the harbour 
 any foreign fhips; and that, in cafe of bad weather, 
 they might enter into the bay, whither his pilots 
 fhould condudt them. M. Chateaumorand wrote, 
 in anfwer to this letter, that he defpaired of find- 
 ing any other place where the veflels might be 
 in fafety, and he was therefore neceflitated to 
 accept of his olFer. M. de Iberville went out in 
 his boat to found, and found twenty fathoms of 
 water to be the fmalleft depth ; but the Gover* 
 nor, on further refleclion, defired them to go in 
 learch of another harbour, .( ; o^ . ; u^ 
 
 On the 31ft of January M. de Iberville, who 
 took the leading courfe to explore the coaft, an- 
 chored to the S. S. Eaft of the eaftern point of 
 the Mobile, a large river parallel to the Mifli- 
 fippi, and celebrated for a bloody viftory which 
 Don Ferdinand de Soto there gained over the 
 favages. On the fecond of February he landed 
 on an ifland four leagues in circuit, which he 
 named the Ifle of Maflacre, becaufe he found 
 the bones and fkulls of fixty perfons, with a 
 quantity of culinary utenfils in an entire (late. 
 From this ifland, to which was afterwards given 
 
 ^-iivo-g 
 
 U4 
 
 the 
 
 
 ■;.•»■ 
 
 *<^ 
 
488 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 V * 
 
 a 
 
 BOOK the name of He Dauphine, he paffed to the contu 
 nent, and having difcovered the river of the Paf. 
 cagoulas, where he met with many favages, he 
 proceeded with the Sieur Sauvole, De Bienville, 
 a recqllet, forty-eight men, and provifions for 
 twenty days, with a defign to find out the Mifli- 
 fippi, which the favages of that country diftin- 
 guiflied by the name of Malbouchia, apd the 
 Spaniards by that of La Pallifado. He Ciitcred 
 it on the 2d of March, with ail his people, in 
 two boats, and found the name which the Spa^ 
 niards had given to it extremtly applicable, 
 becaufe its mouth was full of irees, a continual 
 fupply of which was fwept thither by the cur- 
 rents «. i' .. >.> I' ,';.■. 
 
 After having explored this branch of its mouth, 
 hitherto To long fearched after, he went to impart 
 his difcovery to M. de Chateau.morand, who was 
 advancing with every fail, and whofe inilrudion^ 
 being only to accompany De Iberville to this 
 (ituation, departed in the Fran9ois, and on the 
 20th of April directed his courfe for St. Domipgo. 
 Having made the neceffary preparations, De 
 Iberville re-entered the Miflifippi, with a defign 
 to afcend that great river, and he h^d not pro- 
 ceeded far, when he found that little depen dance 
 was to be placed on the n^trrative which had been 
 publifti^d under the name of the Chevalier de 
 Tonti. Oa his arrival at the village of Baya- 
 
 fu -f ■ > goulas. 
 
HISTORY Of QAHADA, 
 
 4«9 
 
 IS, a continual 
 
 goulas, the chief of thefe favages condu£led him 
 to a temple of rhe follMwing defcripfion. The 
 rot)f was adorr\ed with figyrt^s of auifTwJs. Th/re 
 was aj the entrance a (heet eii^iu feet wide, by 
 fleven in length, fup'orced by pillars, wiih a 
 |>ef^m placed acrofs. On each fide of the door 
 were cher figures of animals, fuch as bears and 
 wplves, likewife of various birds. The chief 
 caufed the door to be optned, which was only 
 three feet high, and two &et in width, and he 
 entered firfl. This temple was a cabin, con- 
 ftrufted like the othjir in the village, in the form 
 of 5^ cone, thirty feet in diameter: there were 
 placed in the centre two logs of wood, which 
 were burning, and produced a quantify of fmoke. 
 A kind of platform was raifed a little way from 
 the ground, on which were placed feveral pack- 
 ages of (kin^ of deer, bears, and bufFaioes, which 
 had been prel^nte4,a& offerings to the cbouchyiu 
 acha, or opplI"um,: this aaimal is the deity of the 
 Bayagoulas, and was delineated in fqveral part& 
 of the temple, in red and black. Its head ifr 
 about the ri25e of that of a young pig, its hair is 
 brpwni(li» iis tail is like that of a rat, the feet 
 like a monkey's, and the female h^s under. the- 
 l>elly a bag, where ihe carries her young. " 
 
 The village was qompofed of feven hundred 
 cabins, each of which contained a family, and 
 was lighted from the door, and from an open- 
 ing 
 

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 1,19 
 
 
 
 . '1 
 
 t 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 i i\: 
 
 
 ■ \n 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 i[f 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 I' 1 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 
 wT-a 
 
 
 IV- 
 
 
 If. 
 
 450 
 
 HISTORY Of CANADA. 
 
 
 • 
 
 1; 
 
 
 f"' 
 
 ■ 
 
 ,-i 
 
 
 r 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 Eif 't 
 
 
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 <( 
 
 (C 
 
 ing of two feet in diameter made in the centre of 
 the dome. • •*' »'•";••> - » . 
 
 From thence De Iberville afcended to the 
 Oumas, where he was cordially received. He 
 ftill however entertained fome doubts that the 
 river which he navigated was the MiiTifippi, but 
 a letter which he received from a favage chief 
 relieved him from this inquietude. The letter 
 was written by the Chevalier de Tonti, and bore 
 the following addrefs : " M. de la Sale, Gouver- 
 neurde laLouyfiane" It began thus : "From 
 the village of C^inipiflas, the 2oth of April 
 1685. Having found the poft where you 
 " placed the arms of the King, overturned by 
 *' the fwelling of the waters and the floating 
 *' timber, I planted another, about three leagues 
 " diftant from the fea, and have left a letter in 
 '' the hollow of an adjoining tree. All the na- 
 tions whom I viQted have fung the calumet of 
 peace. Thefe people regard us with great 
 " veneration and awe, fmce you defeated the 
 ** inhabitants of this village. I conclude by 
 *• aiTuring you that I was much difappointed 
 " that we (hould have been obliged to return, 
 '* having the misfortune not to have found you, 
 " after coafting in two canoes on the fide of 
 " Mexico for thirty leagues, and for a diftance 
 «^ of twenty leagues on the fide of Florida.'* 
 
 «( 
 
 u 
 
 r^ -*- '.w»* ■' w- r-1%-1^ it • . 
 
 r;( 
 
 Dc 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA, 
 
 491 
 
 1 the centre of 
 
 D<i Iberville, re-ntVurfd by this lettrr, returned o o o k 
 Info the bay of the IJiloxi, rifiiiftJ between thQ 
 Miflifippi and the ^h)b^le, built a fort at three 
 leajijues from the Piffu^oulas, left there M. da 
 Sauvolc to commaml it, and returned to France* 
 He did not long remain there, and arrived at the 
 JJiloxi on the bth oi January. H» then learnt, 
 that towards the end of September lalt year an 
 Engiifh corvette of twelve caimon had entered 
 the Miflifippi j that M. de Bienville, who had 
 gone to found the mouths of the river, had feen 
 this veffel at twenty-five leagues diflance from 
 the fea, and had acquainted the commander, that 
 if he would not return, he was in a fiiuation to 
 oblige him to that mt afure. This menace pro* 
 duced the defired clTe^t ; but the Engiifh com- 
 matider, in withdrawing, faid, that he would foon 
 retijrn with a greater force ; that fifty years had 
 elapfed fince this country was firft difcovered by 
 them, and that Jie claim of the Engiifh to its 
 poflTeflion was preferable to that of the French. 
 , De Iberville coiiflruded a fmall fort, and 
 placed there four pieces of cannon, giving the 
 command to Bienvilj . This fort was fituated 
 jit the mouth of the river, on the eaft fide: 
 whilft they were bufied in ereding it, the Che- 
 valier de Tonti arrived, with about twenty 
 Canadians, who belonged to the eftablifhment of 
 |he llinoiSf . . , i ' ' .• • 
 
 yi:^ L After 
 
 t 
 
 \ 
 
 fi\ J.^t.:'..i^ J.' .z -J-.. 
 
t.:'5 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ft' 
 
 
 49? 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, , 
 
 After havincr finiflied his fort on the Miffifippi, 
 and afcended the river as high as the country of 
 the Ndichez, De Iberville formed the defign of 
 fettling a colony in that part of the river, which 
 he called Rofalie. He returned to the bay of the 
 Biloxi, where he e(tabli{hed the head quarters of 
 his new colony. The Spaniards made no oppoli- 
 tion to him, and the commandants of the two 
 nations were apparently a(^uated by the fame 
 views, with this diiference, that the one was ufe- 
 fully ferving his fovereign, by amufing the French 
 with commerce ; and the other, whitil in expec- 
 tation of being placed in a condition more effec- 
 tually to ferve his prince, believed in the mean 
 time that nothing was negleded to promote that 
 
 obje6l. V-' . .: .- ,.■■ ... u .......,::. .; ...,;j 
 
 • The Governor of Pcnfacola declared to a 
 French officer, when he went to demand permif- 
 lion to enter his port, that he had orders to pro- 
 hibit the Englilh and all trading companies from 
 forming ellabliihments in the^ neighbourhood of 
 the Miffifippi ; but not to refufe to receive into 
 his port vellels of the King of France. On this 
 information M. de Iberville wrote to the minifter, 
 that it was the opinion of thofe who were beft 
 acquainted with the nature of that part of Ame- 
 rica, that Lv^uiliana could never be fettled, if 
 freedom of commerce was not aiiovved to all the 
 merchants of the kingdom. ^ :< 
 
 vn,r^ There 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 493 
 
 There were two objeds which, at this period, book 
 formed the principal part of the cotimierce of 
 Louiliana, wool, which was procured from the 
 wild cattle of the country, and the pearl filhery. 
 The inftrudions of De Iberville therefore pointed 
 out, that fuch were the chief advantages which 
 his difcoveries would procure. ' ' ■'''''' ' ^' ' '- 
 \ The Kimg had alfo adopted meafures for (end- 
 ing raiflionaries to the different tribes of favnges, 
 who inhabited the banks of the Miirifippi!, and 
 whofe' numbers were at that period vjry con- 
 fiderable. Fathers Dongc and Da Ru, J.Tuits, 
 came from France, and Father De Limoges trom 
 Canad?i", but, the Bifliop of Quebec, whofe 
 diocefe is the mofl extenfivc in t'^.e habitable 
 work!', exatfted from them conditions with which 
 they were diflatislied. M. dc M->ntigny, and 
 two other ecclefiailics for foreign miflions, had 
 gone from C^iebec to Louifinna, inverted with 
 all the faoerdotal powers of the prelate. The 
 Jefutcs believed that thefe priefls were not dif- 
 pofed to a6l: in concert with rhem, aiid received 
 an order" frona their fuperior to withdraw. 
 
 Other millionaries of rheir order had for a. i70o. 
 long time maintained a flouridiing church among 
 the Ilinois, who were not at that perioJ, as they 
 afterwards were, in the governnumt of Louifiana^ 
 and they for many years continued to inftruet 
 that nation, in whom the Chrilliau religion pro- 
 
 - • . duced 
 
 7* 
 

 i! >' 
 
 b- ^ 
 
 
 ■« »!• * ( 
 
 494 
 
 1700. 
 
 Iiit:r 
 
 hlSTORY OP CANAtJA* 
 
 duced a change of manners and character, which 
 it alone h capable of efFefling. Before that pe- 
 riod there were not, perhaps, throughout the 
 whole extent of Canada, favages who poffeffed 
 fewer good qualities, and a greater number of 
 vices. They at all times (hewed much mildnefs 
 and docility ; but they were cowardly, treache« 
 rous, deceitful, diHioneft, brutal, without any 
 principle of honour, unfaithful, interefled, ad^* 
 dided to gluttony, and to a depravity of defire 
 unknown to the other favages of Canada : they 
 were likewife, therefore, defpifed by the other 
 nations. They were not on that account lefs 
 conceited, or lefs prejudiced in their own fa-* 
 vour. 
 
 Allies of fuch a chara£ler could not do much 
 honour to the French, nor render them any ma- 
 terial fervices. They had, notwithftanding, none 
 that were more faithful, and they were the only 
 nation, except the Abinaquis,who never courted^ 
 to the prejudice of the French, a reconciliation 
 with their enemies. They were fenfible, it is 
 certain, of the advantages of their afliftance in 
 defending them againd their enemies, who 
 feemed to have contemplated their ruin; and 
 particularly againd the Iroquois and Outagamis, 
 who, by continually harrailing them, had in a 
 great meafure rendered them warlike, and from 
 whom the former gained nothing by their ex« 
 
 peditions 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 495 
 
 1700. 
 
 peditions but the acquirement of a portion of ^ ^^^^ ^ 
 their vices. 
 
 But, what chiefly contributed to attach the 
 Ilinois to the Ff^nch intereil:, was the introduce 
 tion of Chriftianity, which they ardently em- 
 braced ; to which may be added, the firm and 
 uniform conduct of the Chevalier de Tonti, and 
 of the Sieurs de la Foret and Dolietto. Thefe 
 three officers had long commanded in the coun- 
 try of the Ilinois, and had the addrefs to gain a 
 great influence over that people. 
 
 When M. de la Sale, in his firfl: voyage down 
 the river Miflifippi, came among the Ilinois, he 
 was informed that this people had been preju- 
 diced againfl the French, and he found himfelf 
 in the midO: of their camp, which was on each 
 fide the river, at a place where the current car- 
 ried the canoes with much greater rapidity than 
 he wifhed ; he therefore ordered his people to 
 arm, and to range the canoes in front of the 
 enemy, fo that the whole breadth of the river 
 was occupied. The Ilinois, who had not yet 
 difcovered the little fleet ranged in order of 
 battle, became alarmed when they defcried it. 
 Some took to their arms, others to flight, and 
 great dilorder and confufion feemed to take 
 place among them. La Sale, who had a calu- 
 met of peace, would not produce it, that he 
 might not appear apprehenfive of the power of 
 
 the 
 
49S 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 EJ 
 
 It 
 
 I- 
 
 P; 
 
 30 
 
 ;1 
 
 ^^•,■ 
 
 mi: 
 
 
 i- 
 
 ■:i=r.. ii 
 
 
 1700. 
 
 the favages. As they were fufficientlv near to 
 each other to converfe, they demanded the name 
 of the country to which the French belonged : 
 en this information being immediately given 
 them, they presented three calarUetg ^f peace, 
 the French at the fame time exhibiting that 
 which was in their poff fllon-, and their terror 
 changing to fudden joy, fhey conduced the 
 French to their cabins, lavifhed on them a thou- 
 fand careil^s, and recalled their countrymen who 
 had fled. j ■? . - - 
 
 In the fummer fedfon they w6re ho coveVing 
 whatever, except for the feet, on which they put 
 fhoes nvade of the Ikins of wild cattle, and in the 
 winter they defend chemfelves againft the cold, 
 which in thefe regions is pierciing, although of 
 fhort duration, by feins which they drefs and 
 ornament with paintings. They are tall, ftrong, 
 and robuft in their ptrfons, and expert in the 
 ufe of the bow and arrow. They had not be- 
 fore feen fire arms-, with fome of which La Sale 
 prefented them. '' -'•'^^'•'' '^>^'- .t.> -Jii'i:*a ., 
 
 It is the cuftom of the Ilinois to conceal in 
 pits, during winter, their Indian corn, in order 
 to preferve it until the fpring ; and they fet out 
 during that feafon to dillant places, in fearch of 
 wild cattle and beavers, carrying with them very 
 little grain* v — *' )viy.^f • .;, *- 
 
 ■."•'-■ ■■ • '■ ^ The 
 
 ttti^i^ii 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 497* 
 
 •ntlv tteat to 
 led the name 
 h belonged: 
 iiafely given 
 et8 4)f peace, 
 hibiting that 
 d their terror 
 Dndufted the 
 them a thou- 
 mtrymcn who 
 
 ; no covering 
 /hich they put 
 ttle,and in the 
 rainft the cold, 
 f, although of 
 
 hey drefs and 
 jQ tall, ftrong, 
 
 expert in the 
 had not be- 
 
 which La Sale 
 
 to conceal in 
 1 corn, in order 
 id they fet out 
 ^s, in fearch of 
 
 /ith them very 
 
 The Taenfas inhabit the borders of a fmall book 
 
 X. 
 
 lake formed by the river Miflifippi. They have .- J-u 
 eight villages ; the walls of their dwellings are '7oc. 
 made of earth mixed with ftraw, the roof is of 
 canes, and fafhioned into a dome ornamented 
 after their mode of painting. They have beds 
 and feveral other moveables, made of wood, as 
 are alfo the embellifliments of their temples, in 
 which they inter their chiefs. Their cloaths 
 confift of a white blanket, made of the bark of a 
 tree, which they fpin and weave. Their chief is 
 abfolute, and, without confulting any perfon, 
 difpofes of all according to his will. He and all 
 his family are ferved by Haves, taken in battle. 
 His food is placed in the open air, before his 
 cabin, and he drinks out of a cup appropriated. 
 for his fole ufe. His wife and children are 
 treated with the fame deference, and all other 
 Taenfas addrefs them with ceremony and re- 
 fpeft. 
 
 La Sale being at a fmall diftance from the vil- 
 lage, fent thither fome of his people with prefents, 
 and the chief, not fatisfied with returning a quan- 
 tity of provifions, wifhed alfo to fee La Sale; he 
 difpatched a mafter of ceremonies with fix other 
 perfons to clean the road over which that travel- 
 ler was to pafs, to prepare a place for his recep- 
 tion, and to cover it with a mat of canes, deli- 
 cately worked. The chief, clothed in a white" 
 
 VOL. I. K K robe. 
 
 (t: 
 
493, 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1700. 
 
 
 llfU 
 
 !. r 
 
 Wis. 
 
 f.f 
 
 1 
 
 BOOK robe, and preceded by two men carrying large 
 fans of white feathers, afterwards arrived. A 
 third perfon carried a fheet of copper, and a 
 round plate of the fame metal, both highly po- 
 lifhed. The chief, in this vifit, prcferved a 
 demeanor extremely folemn and grave, but 
 nevertbelefs full of confidence and marks of 
 amity. 
 
 The whole of this country is adorned with 
 palm-trees, with laurels of two fpccies, with 
 prune-trees, peach-trees, mulberry, apple, and 
 pear-trees of various kinds. There are alfo nuts 
 of five or fix different qualities, fome of which 
 are of an extraordinary fize. . - 
 
 The favages in general, who frequent the bor- 
 ders of the Mifiifippi, appear to be aiable and 
 docile. They eberifli few fentiments of religion: 
 ceremonies of a religious tendency are, however,, 
 obfervable amongfl: them : they preferve a par- 
 ticular veneration for the fun, whom they ac- 
 knowledge as the creator and preferver of the 
 univerfe. It is remarkable that their languages 
 Ihould have no affinity to. each other, although 
 no great diftance intervenes between their na» 
 tions. In order to preferve their iadependence^ 
 they fuffer not their tongues to become common, 
 and mutual interpreters, front one tribe to ano- 
 ther, are always refident wjien they ar? ii\ alli- 
 ance. They differ widely frpj^ the , favages of 
 
 Canada 
 
 WrU '^ ^f >'}: 
 
 *.i' 
 
HISTORY Olf CANADA. 
 
 499 
 
 Canada in their habitations, habiliments^ tnan- book 
 ners, inclinations, and cuftoms, and even in their 
 
 outward appearance. 
 
 The Taenfas have extenfive public places 
 allotted for games and affemblies. They appear 
 more cheerful and lively than the favages of the 
 north. Their chief feems to poffefs an authority 
 almoft abfolute, and no one prefumes to pafs 
 between him and a flambeau of cane, which is 
 kept burning in his houfe; his attendants go 
 round it, with ceremony. He has officers who 
 follow and ferve him every where: he beftows 
 rewards, and didributes prefents according to 
 his pleafure. 
 
 La Sale met with no nation acquainted with 
 the ufe of fire-arms, nor even with tools of iron# 
 They ufed knives and hatchets of ftone. Among 
 many, he found bracelets of pearl, but they had 
 been pierced by means of fire. 
 
 In his travels, he met with a nation called 
 Bifcatronge, but whom he and his companions 
 named Pleureux, becaufe on the arrival of thofe 
 Frenchmen they wept bitterly for a quarter of 
 an hour. It is a practice among them, when 
 they encounter travellers, to recal to mind their 
 deceafed relations, whom they believe to be on a 
 long journey, and whofe return they pretend to 
 
 await. 
 
 V 
 
 K K 3 
 
 ine 
 
 17C0. 
 
 i 
 
I. 
 
 
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 p' 
 
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 pi : 
 
 
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 I w 
 
 i 
 
 1 ifj 
 
 
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 J '. 
 
 i- 
 
 Pilif 
 
 500 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 The Cenis are a people very numerous, and 
 occupy a very fertile territory. They are com- 
 1700. pofed of different cantons extending for upwards 
 of twenty leagues, having villages of from ten to 
 twelve cabins, bearing each diftintt names. The 
 cabins are neat, being from twenty to thirty feet 
 high, made like bee-hives. They plant trees in 
 the earth which join at top, and which they cover 
 with long grafs. Their beds are elevated about 
 three feet from the ground, the fire being placed 
 in the centre of the cabin. Each cabin contains 
 two families. They poflcffed a nuniber of articles 
 which unqueftionably were procured from the 
 Spaniards, fuch as dollars and other coin, filver 
 fpoons, lace of every defcription, cloaths, and 
 horfes. Among other things was found a 
 printed paper, containing a bull from the Pope, 
 exempting the Spaniards of Mexico from ab- 
 ftaining from the ufe of flefli at certain periods 
 during fummer. Horfes are here common, and 
 in great abundance. - .. 
 
 The Spaniards are known to them only by 
 means of their allies, the Chaumans^ who are 
 always at war with the former. 
 
 After having remained here for a few days to 
 refrefli his party, La Sale purfued his route to the 
 Naffonis. Thefe nations are allied with the two 
 lafl:, and poflefs nearly the fame genius and cha- 
 
 rader. 
 
 ....:; The 
 

 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 501 
 
 nans, who are 
 
 The Kunvatinno are a people cruel to their book 
 enemies, whom they put alive into the cauldron, y^^.'-m^ 
 and devour. '7oo- 
 
 The chiefs and young men of the Cadodachos 
 received the party with the calumet of peace, 
 which they gave them to fmoke, fome holding 
 their horfes by the bridle, others carrying them 
 in triumph, believing them to be fpirits, and of a 
 country not belonging to this world. The whole 
 village aflembled ; the women, according to their 
 cuflom, waftiing the hands and feet of the tra- 
 vellers with warm water ; they afterwards placed 
 them on an elevated feat, covered with a white 
 mat. Feafting, dancing with the calumet, and 
 other public rejoicings followed day and night. 
 Thefe people had never before feen Europeans, 
 whom they had known only by name. They 
 have, like the other nations through which the 
 travel lers.paffed, confufed ideas of religion, and 
 pay their adoration to the fun. Their dreffes of 
 ceremony are ornamented with two figures of 
 that luminary, and with reprefentations of cattle, 
 (lags, ferpents, and other animals. 
 
 Among two nations called the Catminio and 
 the Mentous, the travellers received the calumet 
 of peace in their hands, with every demonftra- 
 tion, on the part of the natives, of joy and refpefl. 
 The chief lodged them in his cabin, caufing his 
 family to remove, and regaled them for feveral 
 
 KK 3 day^ 
 
 !'i 
 
$0* 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^i 
 
 1700. 
 
 Bp! 
 
 
 R'' 
 
 
 ^H;. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^^S'' 
 
 
 ^^H ' 
 
 
 '•'J . 
 
 
 days with every fpecies of viands. A public 
 feflival was given, during which the calumet was 
 danced for twenty-four hours, with fongs made 
 for the occafion, which the chief vociferated 
 with all his force, confidering them as people of 
 the fun, who were come to defend him againft 
 his enemies by the bolts of their thunder. 
 
 This nation of the Natchez inhabited one of 
 the finefl climates, and one of the moil fertile 
 countries in the univerfe : they were the only 
 people on that part of the continent who appear- 
 ed to have a regular form of religion. Their 
 mode of worfbip refembled in certain points that 
 of the ancient Romans. They had a temple 
 filled with idols, confifting of different figures of 
 men and animals, for which they fhewed the moil: 
 profound veneration. The form of their temple 
 refembled a large oven of earth, being a hundred 
 feet in circumference : the entrance was by a 
 fmall door of four feet in heighth and three in 
 breadth : the edifice had not any window. The 
 vault was covered with three rows of mats 
 placed one upon the other to prevent the rain 
 from fpoiling the mafonry. Above, and on the 
 outfide, were three wooden figures of eagles, 
 painted red, yellow, and white. Before the door 
 there was a kind of Ihed, with a fecond door, 
 where the guardian of the temple was lodged : 
 the whole was furrounded by a fence of palli- 
 
 fades, 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 503 
 
 fades, on which were expofed the fcaTps of all book 
 the heads, which their warriors had brought ^^..m^^ 
 from the various combats in which they had ^1°^* 
 been engaged with the enemies of their nation. 
 
 In the interior of the temple there were fmall 
 fhelves placed at a certain diftance from each 
 other, on which were fet bafkets of cane of an 
 oval figure, containing the bones of their ancient 
 chiefs ; and belide thefe, thofe of the victims who 
 caufed themfelves to be flrangled, that they 
 might follow their mailers into the other world. 
 Another feparate Ihelf contained feveral balkets 
 well painted, in which their idols were kept : 
 thefe confifted of figures of men and women, 
 made of (lone and burnt clay ; the heads and 
 tails of uncommon ferpents, (luffed owls, pieces 
 of crydals, and jaws and teeth of large fi(h. 
 They had, in 1699, a bottle and the foot of a 
 wine glafs, which they preferved as articles of 
 great value. 
 
 They took cate to maintain in this temple a 
 perpetual fire, and great attention was bedowed 
 to prevent its rifmg to a flame : for this purpofe 
 they ufed only dry and hard woods. The an- 
 cients were obliged to carry each in his turn a 
 large junk of wood to the entrance, or to the 
 palUfade. The number of guardians of the 
 temple was fixed, and they ferved each three 
 months. He who was on duty remained like a 
 
 KK4 centinel 
 
5<54 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 tt. 
 
 ft:' 
 
 
 M 
 
 rs' 
 
 U' 
 
 : 1 
 
 1700. 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 ■; - e )W 
 
 iLi 
 
 
 centinel in the fhed, from whence he watched the 
 fire ; this was nourished by three large pieces of 
 wood, whofe inr\er extremities only were al- 
 lowed to burn at the fame time, and which, 
 to avoid flaming, were never placed one upon 
 the other. ;' ^ > . . ' • 
 
 Of all the females of the nation, the fiflers of 
 the great chief only were permitted to enter the 
 temple : this privilege was with-held from all the 
 others, as well as from the lower ranks of people, 
 even when they brought food for the manes of 
 their relations, whofe bones repofcd in the tem- 
 ple. The viands were given to the guardian, 
 who carried them to the fide of the bafket where 
 the bones of the dead were depofited : this cere- 
 mony endured but for a moon. The viands 
 were afterwards placed on the pallifades of the 
 court, and were abandoned to the wild animals 
 and birds. , 
 
 The fun was the principal objedl of veneration 
 among that people, as they conceived that no« 
 thing can be fuperior to this luminary : nothing, 
 likewife^ appeared more worthy of their homage j 
 and it was for this reafon that the grand chief 
 of the nation, who knew of no perfon upon earth 
 fuperior to hi mfelf, affumed the quality of bro- 
 ther to the fun. The credulity of the people 
 maintained him in the defpotic authority with 
 which he was invefted. And in order to pre- 
 
 ferve 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 505 
 
 ferve it, a mound of earth was raifed, on which book 
 they built his cabin, of the fame conftruftion i_ -,- _f 
 with the temple. The door was expofed to the '7oo. 
 caft. Every morning the great chief honoured 
 with his prefence the rifmg of his elder brother, 
 and as foon as he appeared above the horizon, 
 faluted him by a repetition of bowlings ; he then 
 gave orders that his pipe fhould be lighted, made 
 him an offering of the three firft mouthfuls of 
 fmoke which he drew, and raifmg his hands 
 above his head, and turning at the fame time 
 from eaft to we(l, pointed out to him the route 
 he was to purfue in his diurnal courfe. 
 
 There were in his cabin feveral beds on the 
 left of the entrance, but on the right was the bed 
 of the grand chief adorned with diflerent painted 
 figures. This bed confided only of a palliafs . 
 compofed of canes and reeds, with a fquare piece 
 of wood which ferved him as a pillow. In the 
 centre of the cabin there was a fmall boundary : 
 no perfon was allowed to approach the bed with- 
 out making the circuit of that inclofure. They 
 who entered faluted with a howl, and advanced 
 to the extremity of the cabin, without carting 
 their eyes towards the fide where the grand chief 
 was : they afterwards gave a frefh falute, by 
 lifting the arms above the head, and howling 
 three times. If they were perfons whom the 
 chief regarded, he anfwered by a faint figh, and 
 
 3 made 
 
 ''1 
 
5o6 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 I K ; 
 
 r ' ' 
 
 
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 iv 
 
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 fi'' 
 
 
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 sv?; 
 
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 K&K£3l3 
 
 SP 
 
 H 
 
 BOOK made them a (ign to be feated : he was thanked 
 
 i_ -^' _f for his attention by a new howl. At every quef- 
 
 1700. tion which the chief made> they howled once, 
 
 before they returned an anfwer, and when they 
 
 took leave of him, they drew out one continued 
 
 howl until they retired from his prefence. 
 
 When the grand chief died, his cabin was de- 
 moliflied, a new mound of earth was raifed, and 
 another cabin was ereded for him who was to 
 fill his dignity, who never lodged in that of his 
 predeceflbr. The ancients were the legiflators 
 and judges for the reft of the people : one of the 
 principal laws was to have a fovereign rcfpeft for 
 the grand chief, as brother of the fun, and mafter 
 of the temple. They believed in the immortality 
 of the foul : when they quitted the prefent ftate 
 of being, they went, they faid, to inhabit another, 
 there to receive recompenfe or punifhment. 
 The rewards which they promifed themfelves 
 confiftcd principally in good living, and the 
 chaftifement, in the privation of every fpecies of 
 enjoyment. They thus believed, that fuch as 
 ' were faithful obfervers of the laws, would be 
 
 conduced to a region of delight, where all forts 
 of the moft exquifite viands would be fupplied 
 them in abundance ; that their days would pafs 
 in pleafure and tranquillity, in the midft of feafts, 
 of dances, and of women, and that they ihould 
 tafte of every pleafure imaginable. That on the 
 A contrary, 
 
 t 
 
 .. *; 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 507 
 
 contrary, the tranfgreflTors of the laws would be book 
 caft upon lands unfertile and covered with water, ^ ' _j 
 which would produce no kind of grain, and that '7^* 
 they (hould be expofed naked to the torturmg 
 bites of mufquitoes : that all the nations (hould 
 make war againft them, and that they fliould 
 never eat but of the flefli of crocodiles and of 
 the worft fpecies of filh. 
 
 Thefe people implicitly obeyed the will of their 
 chief: they regarded him as the abfolute mafler, 
 not only of their property but of their life, and 
 not one among them dared to refufe his head, 
 when he chofe to demand it. For whatever la- 
 bour he impofed upon them, it was forbidden 
 them to require any recompenfe. The French, 
 who often had occafion for hunters or rowers for 
 their long voyages, addrelfed themfelves to the 
 grand chief alone. It was he who fupplied all 
 the men they wanted, and received payment 
 without giving any part to thofe unhappy people, 
 who had not even the privilege of complaining. 
 One of the principal articles of their religion, 
 particularly for the attendants of the grand chief, 
 was to honour his obfequies by dying with him, 
 that they might ferve him in the next world. 
 They blindly fubmitted with cheerfulnefs to this 
 law, in the vain perfuafion, that in the company 
 of their chief they ihould enjoy the greated hap- 
 pinefs. 
 
 i 
 
t ■ 
 
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 m 
 
 fct. ■' 
 
 b IS 
 
 m 
 
 508 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 To convey an idea of this fanguinary cere- 
 mony, it muft be announced, that fo foon as a 
 1700. prefumptive heir to the grand chief was born, 
 every family where there was an infant at the 
 bread gave him the homage of that child. Out 
 of thefe children, a certain number was chofen, 
 deftined to the fervice of the young prince, and 
 when they became of a competent age, an em- 
 ^ ployment was given them conformable to their 
 capacities : feme fpent their lives in the chace, 
 or in fifhing, or for the fervice of his table ; 
 others were occupied in agriculture, others only 
 as followers or attendants : when he died, all 
 thefe fervants facrificed themfelves with joy to 
 follow their dear mafter. They on this occafion 
 affumed their fineft drefs, and went together to 
 the ground oppofite the temple, where all the 
 people of the village alfo aflembled. After hav- 
 ing danced and fung for a confiderable time, they 
 paired around their neck a cord with a running 
 knot, and foon after the minifters deftined for this 
 kind of execution came to ftrangle them, recom- 
 mending to them to rejoin their mafter, and to 
 refume in the other world employments yet more 
 honourable than thofe they exercifed in the pre- 
 fent. 
 
 The principal domeftics of the grand chief 
 having been ftrangled in this manner, their bones 
 were dripped, and left to dry for two months in 
 0' ■ a kind 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 509 
 
 t age, an eni' 
 
 a kind of tomb ; after which they were taken book 
 out, to be fliut up in the bafkets, and placed in v., -^- ■j 
 the tempje befide thofe of their mafter. The *V°^ 
 other fervants who had been ftrangled were 
 carried home by their relations, and interred with 
 their arms and cloaths. 
 
 The fame ceremony was likewife obferved, on 
 the death of the brothers and fillers of the grand 
 chief. Women were always ftrangled to follow 
 them, provided they had not a child at the breaft. 
 There were however inftances of their delivering 
 their children to nurfes, or of putting them to 
 death themfelves, that they might not forego the 
 privilege of being facrificed, according to the 
 ufual ceremonies or Jained by the law. 
 
 The government was hereditary j but the fons 
 of the reigning chief did not fucceed their father j. 
 the fons of his fifter, the firft princefs of the ; 
 blood, were his declared fucceflbrs. This policy 
 was founded on the knowledge which they had 
 of the libertinifm of their wives. They were not 
 certain, faid they, that the children of their wives 
 were of the blood royal ; whereas the fons of 
 the fifter of .the grand chief were at leaft fo by ^ 
 the fide of their mother. ^ . - . ,^ 
 
 The princelTes of the blood never efpoufed . 
 men of an obfcure family ; they had only one 
 hulband, but they were at liberty to repudiate . 
 him whenever they pleaf^d, and to make choice 
 
 tSUiijO \ 
 
5to 
 
 HISTORY OF CANAtoA. 
 
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 BOOK cf another among thofe of the nation, provided 
 v,..-.;-^ ' there was no alliance between them. If the 
 *7oo. hulband was guilty of infidelity, the princefs 
 immediately caufed him to be put to death : fhe 
 was not fubjeft to the fame law, for fhe could 
 enjoy as many lovers as fhe pleafed, without the 
 hufband being fuflfered to complain. He con- 
 duced himfelf in the prefence of his wife with 
 the greated refpeft ; he did not eat with her; 
 he faluted her by howling, as was pradlifed by 
 her domeftics. The only fatisfadlion he enjoyed 
 was that of being exempt from labour^ and of 
 having authority over thofe who ferved the 
 
 princefs. 
 
 Formerly the nation of the Natchez was con- 
 fiderable; fixty villages were reckoned, and 
 eight hundred funs or princes: in 1730 it was- 
 reduced to fix fmall villages and eleven funs. 
 In each of thefe villages there was a temple, 
 where fire was continually kept up, as in that 
 of the grand chief, whom all the other funs 
 obeyed. '^ 
 
 It was the grand chief who had the patronage 
 of all the employments in his flate, the principal 
 of which were, the two chiefs of war, the two 
 maflers of ceremony for worfhip which was ren- 
 dered in the temple, the two officers who prefided ■ 
 at the other ceremonies which were ' obfeTved ' 
 when flrangers catne to treat for peace J four' 
 
 others. 
 
 im. 
 
 III 
 
 J. O 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5" 
 
 1 700* 
 
 others, Whofe charge it was to direft the feafts » ^ j) ic 
 with which they publicly regaled the nation, and 
 flrangers who came to vifit them ; the officers 
 who infpefbed public works. All thefe minifters 
 who executed the will of the grand chief, were 
 refpefted and obeyed, in the fame manner as if 
 their orders had been given by himfelf in per- 
 fon. 
 
 Every year the people affembled to low an 
 immenfe field with Indian corn, beans, pumkms, 
 and melons. They came together in the fame 
 manner for the harveft. A large cabin fituated 
 in a beautiful meadow, was deftined to contain 
 the produce of the fields. Towards the end of 
 July the people every year collcfted, by order 
 of the grand chief, to alfift at a great feftival 
 which he gave. This feftival lafted three days 
 and three nights; eaeh contributed towards it 
 whatever he could furnifh ; fome brought game, 
 others brought filh. The entertainment con- 
 fided of almoft continual dancing ; the grand 
 chief and his fifter were feated in a lodge, ele- 
 vated and covered with foliage, from whence 
 they contemplated the joy of their fubjefts : the 
 princes, the princefles, and they who by their 
 office were of diftinguifhed rank, ranged them- 
 felves near the chief, to whom they marked 
 their fubmiflion and refped by an infinity of ce- 
 remonies. The grand chief and his fider made 
 
 ,....^ their 
 
r 
 
 
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 512 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 BOOK their entry into the place of the aflembly on a 
 1 litter carried by eight of the tailed men : the 
 
 '7o<^' chief held in his hand a fceptre adorned with 
 feathers ; all the people danced and fung around 
 him, in token of the public joy. On the lad day 
 of the feflival he commanded all his fubjefts to 
 approach him, and delivered to them a long ha- 
 rangue, in which he exhorted them to fulfil the 
 duties of religion : he recommended them above 
 all things to preferve a great veneration for the 
 fpirits who refided in the temple, and to give 
 good inftru6lions to their children. If any one 
 had fignalized himfelf by fome zealous action, 
 he gave him public praife. A circumdance of 
 that nature took place in the year 1702. The 
 thunder having fallen on the temple, and having 
 reduced ic to a{hes, feven or eight women threw 
 their infants into the flames to appeafe the wrath 
 of heaven. The grand chief ftiled thefe women 
 heroines, and bellowed (Irong encomiums on 
 them for the courage which had prompted them 
 to make a facrifice of that which was mod dear 
 to them : he concluded his panegyric by exhort- 
 ing the other women to imitate, in any iimilar 
 conjundure, fo brilliant an example. , , . 
 
 „ The fathers of families failed not to carry to 
 
 the temple the firft of the fruits, confifting of 
 
 grain and vegetables : there were alfo prefents 
 
 made to th^ nation ^ they were offered at the 
 
 ,5. entrance 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5'3 
 
 1700. 
 
 entrance of the temple, where the guardian, after book 
 having expofed them to view, and prefented w-i-^— » 
 them to the fpirits, carried them to the grand 
 chief, who made a diflribution of them as he 
 thought fit, without the fmalltft difTatiiifadion 
 being (hewn by any one. .> . • . 
 w] No land was planted or fown, until the feed 
 had been prefented at the temple with the accuf- 
 tomed ceremonies. When thefe people ap- 
 proached the temple, they raifed their arms out 
 of refpeft, and fent forth three bowlings, after 
 which they rubbed their hands on the ground, 
 raifing themfelves three times, with as many re- 
 iterated bowlings. When they only paffed the 
 temple, they merely flopped to falute it with 
 downcad eyes, and lifted up arms. If a father 
 or a mother perceived that their children negledl:- 
 ed the obfervance of this ceremony, they pu- 
 nifhed them immediately with fome blows with 
 a cudgel. 
 
 Such were the ceremonies of the Natchez with 
 refpedt to religion. Thofe of their marriages 
 were very fimple. When a young man had re- 
 folved to marry, he addrefled himfelf to the fa- 
 ther of the girl ; or fhould he no longer have 
 exifted, to her elder brother : the terms were 
 agreed on, and paid in furs, or merchandife. 
 Although a girl may have led a life far from 
 virtuous, no obje^on was made to her on that 
 , VOL. I. LL account. 
 
5>4 
 
 HlirORY OP CANADA. 
 
 im 
 
 I 1 
 
 i 
 
 i>\- 
 
 i^'k 
 
 17C0. 
 
 account, as it was the cuftom for females of that 
 defcrlption to change their conduct on being 
 married. The choice is made indifferently from 
 any family, provided the girl is agreeable to her 
 intended hufband. The only attention on the 
 part of her relations, is to inquire whether the 
 man who demanded her in marriage was fuccelT- 
 ful in the chace, a good warrior, or a ikilful 
 hufbandnian. Either of thefe qualities dimi- 
 nifhed the fum which was exacted from him pre- 
 vious to his marriage. 
 
 When the parties were agreed, the future 
 hu{band went to the chace with his friends, and 
 when he procured, either in game or in fifh, a 
 fufficient quantity to regale the two families who 
 contracted the alliance, they aflefnbled in the 
 cabin of the relations of the bride : the newly 
 married couple were ferved feparately from the 
 reft, and they eat out of the fame difli. The le- 
 paft being finifhed, the bridegroom prefented to- 
 bacco to the relations of his wife, and then to 
 his own, and after the company had fmoked, 
 they retired. The new-married couple remained 
 together until the morning, when the hufband 
 conducted his wife to her father-in-law, in whofe 
 cabin fhe lodged until the family had built them 
 a new cabin. During the time of its conftruc- 
 tion he paffed the whole day in the chace, to fup- 
 ply food to thofe employed on it. ' ^ ' 
 
 '* - • S- ■" ■ The 
 
 I 
 
 <'|:fMii! 
 
 1 . M 
 
 - i'S 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 515 
 
 1700^ 
 
 The laws of the Natchez permitted them to book 
 have as many wives as they chofe : thofe, how- 
 ever, of the lower orders feldom had more than 
 one or two. The chiefs had a plurality of 
 wives, becaufe having the privilege of getting 
 their lands cultivated by the people, without any 
 payment, the number of their wives was not 
 burdenfome. •> .' v . » 
 
 The marriage of thefe chiefs was performed 
 with lefs ceremony than that of the lower clafs ; 
 they were fatisfied with fending for the father of 
 the girl of whom they had made choice, and de- 
 claring to him that they placed her in the rank 
 of their wives. The marriage was then con- 
 cluded, and they made a prefent to the father 
 and mother. Although they had feveral wives, 
 they kept only one or two at a time in their 
 cabin ; the others remained with their parents, 
 where they had accefs to them when they thought 
 
 proper. .. . ........ . . 
 
 There are certain feafons of the moon, when 
 the favages do not vifit their wives. Jealoufy 
 enters fo faintly into their breads, that many find 
 no difficulty in lending their wives to their 
 friends. This indifference in the conjugal union 
 arifes from the liberty which they have ef chang- 
 ing when they pleafe, provided their wives have 
 had no children by them ; for if there are an/ 
 
 L L 2 born 
 
516 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 BOOK born in the marriage, nothing but death can fe- 
 
 c*'v' m,/ parate them. 
 »7oo- When this nation formed a detachment for 
 war, the chief of the part/ planted two poles 
 painted red, adorned with red feathers from top 
 to bottom, and with arrows and clubs. They 
 w!io wifhed to engage in the party, after having 
 decked and painted themfelves with various 
 colours, came to harangue the chief of war. 
 This harangue, which they delivered one after 
 the other, and which lafted nearly half an hour, 
 confi(led in a thoufand proteftations of fervice, 
 by which they aflured him that they wiflied for 
 no greater happinefs than to die with him. That 
 they were fatisfied to learn, under fo expert a 
 warrior, the art of fcalping, and that they feared 
 neither the hunger nor fatigues to which they 
 t ihould be expofed. 
 
 On a fufficient number of warriors having 
 prefented themfelves to the war chief, he caufed 
 to be prepared in his cabin a drink which was 
 called the medicine of war. This was a vomitive, 
 compofed of a root boiled in kettles full of water. 
 The warriors, fometimes to the number of three 
 hundred men, having feated themfelves around 
 . the kettle, to each was ferved about a gallon ; 
 the ceremony was to fwallow it at one draught, 
 and to render it again by the mouth with efibrts 
 
 fo 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5^7 
 
 death can fe- 
 
 fo violent, that they mipht have been heard at a book 
 great diflance. After this ceremony the chief of %■ ■>,■— .^ 
 war fixed the day for their departure, that each ^7<^ 
 might make a provifion neceflary for the cam- 
 paign. During this time, the warriors appeared 
 every morning and evening in the place of arms, 
 where after having danced, and recounted in de- 
 tail the brilliant actions in which their bravery 
 had been difplayed, they fung their fongs of 
 death. 
 
 To have beheld the exceflive joy which they 
 fhewed on their departure, it might have been 
 conceived that they had already fignalized their 
 valour by fome great vidory ; but very little is 
 neceflary to difconcert the projeds of favages. 
 They are fo fuperftitious with regard to dreams, 
 that nothing more is wanted than one of unfa- 
 vourable omen to ftop the execution of their en- 
 terprife, and oblige them to return when they 
 are on a march. 
 
 • It often happens that parties who have gone 
 through all the ceremonies which have been 
 mentioned, break off fuddenly from their voy- 
 age, becaufe they have heard a dog bark in an 
 extraordinary manner : their ardour for glory is 
 then converted into fear. 
 
 In their war expeditions, they march always 
 in files ; four or five of their bePw walkers take 
 the lead, and advance about a quarter of a league 
 
 ,:. ■ ^ J' i' 3 before 
 
i 
 
 Ji8 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 
 I,. 
 
 BOOK before the army, to obfcrve, and pive notice of 
 ^_^ '-t_ any thing they fee They encamp every evening 
 lyoO' an hour before fun-fct, and layifig themfelves 
 around a great fire, each places his arms near 
 him. Before encamping, they take care to fend 
 twenty or more warriors half a league round the 
 environs of the camp to avoid all furprife. They 
 never place a centinel during the night ; but as 
 foon as they have fupped, they cxiinguifh the 
 fire. The chiefs of war rtcommend to them on 
 the evening not to delivtr themfelves up to a 
 profound Deep, and always to have their arms in 
 readinefs. A rendezvous is always previoufly 
 fettled, in cafe they Ihould be attacked in the 
 ni^hr, and difperfed. ..< .. .. 
 
 As the chiefs of the Natchez always carried 
 with them their idols, or what chey termed their 
 fpirits, well wrapped up in a hide ; they fufpend^ 
 ed them on the evening to a fmall rod painted 
 red, and planted in a Hoping direction, fo that it 
 might incline towaids the fide of the enemy. 
 The warriors, before they laid themfelves down 
 to reft, paflld with the war club in their hand, 
 one after the other, dancing before thefe pre- 
 tended fpirits, and denouncing great vengeance 
 towards the quarter where they fuppofed their 
 enemies to be encamped. . , 
 
 When the war party was numerous, and when 
 it entered upon the territory of the enemy, the 
 
 favages 
 
 tit" 
 
HISTOItY OP CANADA. 
 
 5»9 
 
 farages marched in five or fix columns, and fent 
 out fevcral fpies to reconnoitre. If they per- 
 ceived that their march was difcovered, they 
 ufually adopted the refolution of returning, and 
 detaci.ed a fmall body of ten or twelve men, who 
 feparated, with the hope of furprifing fome de- 
 tached hunters of the enemy. On their return 
 they fung and recounted the number of fcalpa 
 which they had taken oflf. If they made any 
 prifoners, they obliged them to fing and dance 
 for feveral fucceflive days before the temple, 
 after which they were prefented to the relations 
 of thofe who had been ilain in the war. Daring 
 this ceremony the relations melted into tears, 
 and dried them with the fcalps which had been 
 brought home : they then fettled the recompencc 
 for the warriors who had brought thefe flave^i, 
 whofe lot it was to be burnt. 
 
 The Natchez, as well as all the other nations 
 ofLouifiana, diftinguiflied by particular names 
 thofe who had kiPed more or lefs of the enemy. 
 Thefe names were conferred by the ancient 
 chiefs, according to the merits of the warriors. 
 To deferve the title of Great Slayer of Men, it was 
 required that the perfon fliould have made ten 
 prifoners, or have carried off twenty fcalps. In 
 their language, the name of the warrior an- 
 nounced all his exploits. They who for the firft 
 time carried off a fcalp, or made a ilave, did not, 
 :. ' , L L 4 , on 
 
 1700. 
 
 11^ I 
 
520 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 K « 
 
 1^ 1 
 
 n 
 
 HI 
 
 S. i 
 
 X. 
 
 1700. 
 
 BOOK on their return, cohabit with their wives, or eat 
 any meat j they only lived on fifl? and corn. 
 This abftinence lafted for fix months. If they 
 failed in its obfervance, they imagined that the 
 ghod of him whom they had flain would caufe 
 them< to die by forcery ; that they fliould never 
 gain any advantage over an enemy, and that the 
 flighted wound which they (hould receive would 
 prove mortal. ■• :•- ;t'v:'j* h* r ^^iJl tk -v 
 
 They took great care that the grand chief 
 fliould not be in danger of lofing his hfe when 
 he went to war. If his courage led him to ex- 
 pofe himfeif, and if he fell in battle, the chiefs of 
 the party, and the other principal warriors were 
 put to death on their return : but thefe execu- 
 tions were almofl without example, by the pre- 
 cautions which they took to preferve him from 
 this misfortune. " • • * ' ' *' ^ '"^ ' 
 
 The Natchez had, like the other favages, their 
 doftors, or jugglers j thefe were generally old 
 men, who, without ftudy, and v;ithout any fci- 
 ence, undertook to. cure every fpecies of malady : 
 for this end they made ufe neither of fimples nor 
 drugs ; their art confifted wholly in various ce- 
 remonies and deceptions : they danced and fung 
 by night or by day around the fick perfon, and 
 they fmoked inceflfantly, fwallowing the fumes 
 of the tobacco. Thefe jugglers did not eat 
 during the whole time they were engaged in the 
 
 cure 
 
 r I 
 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 521 
 
 Wives, or eat 
 
 cure of their patients. Their fongs and dances book 
 were accompanied by fuch violent contorfions, ._ -.-^ 
 that although they were naked, and ought to ^7°^ 
 have fufFered from cold, their mouth was always 
 foaming. They had a fmall balket, in which 
 tfiey kept what they calleu their fpirits or mani- 
 ious ; thefe confided of fmall roots of different 
 kinds, of heads of owls, of fmall packets of 
 deer's hair, fome teeth of animals, fmall pebbles, 
 and other fimilar trifles. -- 
 
 It appeared, that to reftore health to their 
 fick they inceflantly invoked the contents of their 
 bafket. Some had a certain root, which bv its 
 odour renders fnakes torpid and harmlefs. Af- 
 ter having rubbed the hands and body with this 
 root, they held thefe animals without being afraid 
 of their bite, which is mortal. Others cut with 
 a flint the afllifted part of the patient, and then 
 fucked out all the blood they could draw from 
 the wound, which they immediately put into a 
 di(h, fpitring out at the fame time a fmall piece 
 of wood, ok ftraw, or of leather, which they had 
 concealed under their tongue ; and, calling the 
 attention of the relations of the fick, they faid, 
 behold the caufe of the difeafe. Thefe doflors 
 always infifted on being paid in advance. If the 
 difeafed was recovered, their gains were confider- 
 able : but if he died, they were certain of being 
 put to death by the friends or relations of the 
 
 deceafed. 
 

 \/ .■ 
 
 
 If' . . 
 
 m . ^ 
 
 
 f i J ' ' - 
 
 'r 
 
 Ir- 1 
 
 . ^ -r 
 
 ■ J 
 
 ,' 
 
 vH'' I 
 
 i" 
 
 |: 1 
 
 ■ ' ■ 
 
 
 
 If.' 1 
 
 f 
 
 h' ' . i 
 
 V fi. 
 
 522 
 
 HISTORY 0? CANADA, 
 
 BOOK deceafed. A ceremony in the obfervance of 
 ■ -,' _s which they never failed, and the parents or rela- 
 i7c>9' tions of the quacks made no oppofition to it^ 
 nor tedified any mortiBcation or concern. 
 
 There were fome jugglers who even under- 
 took to procure rain or fine weath«r : thefe were 
 ufually old or indolent perfons, who unwilling 
 to fubmit to the fatigues of the chace, of fifhing, 
 or of cultivating land, exercifed this dangerous 
 profeffion in order to maintain their family. 
 Towards the fpring, the people bought of thefe 
 jugglers favourable weather for the produftions 
 of the earth. If the harvefl: was abundant, they 
 reaped confiderable gain ; but if it was bad, ven- 
 geance was taken, and their heads were broken. 
 Thofe who engaged in this profeffion thus rilked 
 all for all. Their mode of life was extremely 
 inactive ; they had no other trouble but to faft, 
 and to dance with a reed in their mouth, full of 
 water, and pierced like a watering-pan : with 
 this they fpouted water into the air, in the di- 
 redlion of the thickefl: clouds : they held in one 
 hand the chichicoua, and in the other their fpirits, 
 which they prefented to the clouds, fending forth 
 the moft frightful cries, to caufe them to burft 
 upon their fields. If fine weather was demanded, 
 they made no ufe of their reeds, but they af- 
 cended the tops of their cabins, and with the 
 arm made a fignal to the clouds, blowing with 
 
 all 
 
 •y ■•>;■ 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5*3 
 
 X. 
 
 1700. 
 
 all their force, not to ftop upon their lands, but B 0^0 k 
 to pafs beyomi them. When the cloud difperfed 
 as they wished, they danced and fung around 
 their fpirits, which they depofited on a kind of 
 pillow ; they redoubled their fad, and when the 
 cloud was pad they fwallowed fumes of tobacco, 
 and prefented their pipes to heaven, ..p;; v*]^):^ 
 
 Although little favour or refpei^ was (hewn to 
 thefe jugglers when they obtained not what was 
 wifhed, the profit however was fo great, when 
 by chance they feemed to fucceed, that a confi- 
 derable number of favages feared not to incur 
 the rilk. They who undertook to procure rain, 
 never engaged to bring fine weather. Another 
 fpecies of jugglers had this privilege; and when 
 the reafon was alked of them, they confidently 
 replied that their fpirits could not beftow both. 
 
 When one of the favages died, his relation* 
 aflembled to deplore his death for a whole dayj 
 they afterwards covered the body with the bed 
 cloaths of the deceafed ; tl:iey painted his face 
 and hair, which they adorned with the finefl 
 plumr^e, and afterwards conveyed him to the 
 grave which was prepared for him, and in which 
 they placed at his fide his arms, or kettle and 
 provifions. During the fpace of a month his 
 relations came, at the dawn of day, and at fun-fet 
 to his grave, where they poured forth lamenta- 
 tions for the fpace of half an hour ; every one 
 
 named 
 
mp i}^' 
 
 ■{.' 
 
 
 
 I r 
 
 
 
 I' , 
 
 \ ' ■' ^ 
 
 i 
 
 1, .: 
 
 
 
 f; 
 
 
 lliM-;■^■■• 
 
 ^ 
 
 :!'< 
 
 524 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 named his degree of kindred. If it was the fa- 
 ther of a family, the wife exclaimed, *• My dear 
 1700. hufband, how much do I regret your lofs :*' the 
 children cried, ** My dear father :** the others, 
 " My uncle, my coufm," &c. They who were 
 related in theneareft degree, continued this cere- 
 mony during three months : they cut off their 
 hair in token of mourning ; they ceafed to paint 
 their bodies, and attended no aflembly of re- 
 joicing. ■"* ' ■' •-'■ ■ '"' " "'^ ^•■^"■''■- ■■■^* '«i*^^i»»- 
 
 When fome foreign nation came to treat of 
 peace with the Natchez, they fent couriers to 
 give advice of the day and hour of the arrival of 
 their ambaifadors. The grand chief then gave 
 orders to the mailers of the ceremonies to make 
 the neceflary preparations for this great occafion. 
 They began by naming thofe who were to enter- 
 tain each day the ftrangers, for the chief never 
 incurred this expence. They cleaned the roads ; 
 the cabins were fwept ; benches were arranged 
 in a large hall which was on the rifing ground, 
 and befide the cabin of the grand chief. His 
 feat, which was elevated above the reft, was 
 adorned with feathers, and painted ; the ground 
 was covered with large mats. ■ ' • 
 
 On the day on which the ambafladors were to 
 make their entry, all the nation aflembled. The 
 maflers of the ceremony arranged the princes, 
 the chiefs of the villages, and the ancient chiefs 
 
 of 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5^5 
 
 jreat occafion. 
 
 of family, near the grand chief, upon benches book 
 allotted for them. When the ambalTadors ar- w-^-^^ 
 rived within the diftance of five hundred yards * 7o^' 
 from the grand chief, they flopped, and fung the 
 fong of peace. The embafly confifted ufually 
 of thirty men and fix women. Six of the beft 
 proportioned, and having the ftrongeft voices, 
 marched in front ; they were followed by the reft, 
 who likewife fung, regulating the cadence by the 
 chichicoua. 
 
 When the chief defired them to approach, 
 they immediately advanced ; they who had calu- 
 mets fung and danced with much agility, turning 
 around each other, and fometimes prefenting 
 themfelves in front^ but always with violent 
 movements, and extraordinary contorfions. When 
 they entered into the circle, they danced around 
 the feat on which the chief was placed ; they 
 rubbed him with their calumets from the feet to 
 the head, afterwards moving backwards until 
 they rejoined thofe of their fuite. They then 
 filled one of their calumets with tobacco, and 
 holding fire in one hand and the pipe in the 
 other, they advanced together towards the grand 
 chief, and gave him the pipe to fmoke : they 
 pufhed the firft mouthful to the Iky, the fecond 
 to the earth, and the others towards the horizon ; 
 after which they prefented, without ceremony, 
 the pipe to the princes and the other chiefs. 
 
 The 
 
Si* l!'> ' 
 
 
 '? ' 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 if' 
 
 «.' [ 
 
 
 J,' ' ■ ■ 
 
 f^- 
 
 I'-'- 
 
 ^' 
 
 *■ ' 
 
 
 
 ' * -. 
 
 :! 
 
 If 
 
 'V. '•. V 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 51S 
 
 BOOK. 
 X. 
 
 1700. 
 
 HtStORV of CAl^AfiA. 
 
 The ambaffadors, in token of alliance, came 
 to rub their hands on the ftomach of the chief, 
 rubbing at the fame time the whole of their own 
 bodies, and phiced their calumets before him on 
 fmall forks (luck in the ground. The ambafla- 
 dor who was particularly charged with the in- 
 flrudions of his nation, delivered an harangue of 
 an hour in length. When he had finifhed, a 
 fignal was made for the ftrangers to be feated on 
 benches, arranged near the chief, who anfwered 
 them by a fpeech of equal length. The mafter 
 of the ceremony then lighted the great pipe of 
 peace, and gave the ilrangers to fmoke, who 
 fwaliowed the fumes of the tobacco ; they were 
 afterwards conduced to the cabin fet apart for 
 them, where they were regaled. 
 
 In the evening at fun-fet, the ambafladors with 
 the pipe in their hand came fmging, in fearch of 
 the grand chief, and taking him upon their Ihoul. 
 ders tranfported him to the place where their 
 cabin ftood. They fpread upon the ground a 
 large Ikin, on which they invited him to fit. 
 One of them polled himfelf behind, and placing 
 his hands on the Ihoulders of the chief, agitated 
 his whole body, whilft the reft, fitting around on 
 the earth, fung their warlike exploits. After this 
 part of the ceremony, which was performed 
 morning and evening during four days, the grand 
 chief returned to his cabin. When he paid the 
 
 laft 
 
HlSTOtY OF CANADA. 
 
 52f 
 
 laft Tifit to the ambafladors, they planted a pod, book 
 at the foot of which they fat. The waniors of ^^^ymm^ 
 the nation, arrayed in their beft drefs, danced ^1^^- 
 around the pod, ftriking it at intervals, and re- 
 counting one after another their deeds of valour. 
 They then made to the ambadadors prefents, 
 confiding of kettles, hatchets, fufils, powder and 
 lead (hot. ' 
 
 The day following this lad exhibition, it was 
 permitted to the ambafladors to walk through 
 the village, an indulgence which was not before 
 granted : they were every night entertained with 
 dancing: the men and women in their bed 
 attire aifembled in the fquare, and danced until 
 late in the night. When they were ready to re- 
 turn, the maders. of ceremony fupplied them 
 with the neceflary provifions for the journey. 
 
 The Ilinois are fituated in 38 degrees 15 mi- iiinois. 
 nutes of latitude. The climate is very different 
 from that of New Orleans, and refembles fome- 
 what that of France ; the great heats are there 
 felt fooner and more powerfully, but they are 
 neither condant nor durable. The colds arrive 
 later. In winter when the north winds blow, 
 the Miflifippi becomes frozen, fo as to bear 
 loaded carriages, but thefe colds are not lalting. 
 The winter is here an alternative of piercing cold 
 and mild weather, according to the prevalence of 
 the north and fouth winds, which regularly fuc- 
 '- --: ceed 
 

 I ► » » 1' 
 
 •I 
 
 528 
 
 HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 X. 
 
 1700. 
 
 B 0^0 K ceed each oiher. This fudden change is very 
 prejudicial to the fruit trees. The weather is 
 milder, and even fomewhat warm towards the 
 month of February : the fap of the fruit trees 
 afcends, they are covered with bloffoms, and a 
 iiorm frequently comes from the north which 
 deftroys the moft flattering appearances. ' *'^-' 
 
 The foil is fertile, and every fpecies of vege- 
 tables, if cultivated, fucceeds here as well as in 
 Europe. Corn does not repay the trouble of 
 fowing : but it mu(l be remarked, that the lands 
 were cultivated with negligence, and that they 
 never were manured. This want of fuccefs in 
 the raiAng of corn proceeds alfo from the thick 
 fogs, and too fudden heats ; but to recompenfe 
 this defeat, the maize or Indian corn, known in 
 Europe by the name of Turkey corn, bedows an 
 abundant produce, giving a thoufand for one. 
 This conditutes the food of the domeflic animals, 
 of the flaves, and of the greater part of the na- 
 tives of the country. The earth yields a quan- 
 tity of provifions, threefold more than can be 
 confumed. In no place is the chace more pro- 
 dudive : from the middle of Odober to the end 
 of March the inhabitants live upon game, particu- 
 larly wild cattle and deer. 
 
 The buffaloe, the deer, the flag, the bear, and 
 the wild turkey, abound in all parts, and in every 
 feafon, except near the fpots which are inha- 
 bited. 
 
I 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 339 
 
 — v— 
 1700. 
 
 bited. The hunter mud go to the diftance of book 
 one or two leagues to find the deer, and of fe- 
 ven or eight to find the buffaloes. During part 
 of the autumn, part of the winter, and of the 
 fpring, the country abounds in fwans, outardes, 
 geefe, ducks of three fpecies, wild pigeons, teal, 
 and certain birds as large as fowls* which in this 
 country are termed pheafants, (but which are 
 wood hens,) partridges, and hares. *- 
 
 The horned animals have there multiplied to 
 an excefs : they coft neither care nor expence^ 
 The animals ufed in labour feed in a large com- 
 mon around the village ; the others, in much 
 greater numbers, deflined for the propagation of 
 their kind, were (hut up the whole of the year 
 in a peninfula of more than ten leagues of fur- 
 face formed by the Millifippi, and the river of the 
 Tamarouas. Thefe animals which were feldom 
 approached, became almoft wild, and it was ne« 
 ceffary in catching them to make ufe of artifice. 
 An inhabitant, if he wanted a yoke of cattle, 
 went to the peninfula : if he perceived a bull of 
 a fize worthy of being tamed, he threw a hand- 
 ful of fait, he ftretched out a long cord with a 
 running knot, and- concealed himfelf. The ani- 
 mal eager for the fait, approached : when he had 
 put his foot in the fnare, the man drew the cord, 
 and (he bull was taken. The fame pra^ice was 
 ufed for calves, horfes, and foals. Thefe animals 
 
 'tr 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 VOL. I, 
 
 MM 
 
 are 
 
> ' \ 'i 
 
 ■ ,1 
 
 ■ ■■ i .' 
 
 •- f 
 
 «0 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 't ■ > • . 
 
 6 : ' ^ ^ 
 
 "*,.■■■■; 
 
 i^):=^.^: 
 
 ■.II f", !';■ 
 
 
 X. 
 
 1700. 
 
 B 0^0 K are here not fubjeffc to any diforders, they live a 
 long time, and generally die of old ag(?. 
 
 There were in this part of Louisiana five 
 French Tillages, and three of the Ilinoii, in the 
 fpace of twenty-two leagues, fituated in a long 
 meadow, bounded on the ea(t by a chain of 
 mountains and by the river of the Tamarouas, 
 and on the weft by the MiiTifippi. The five 
 French villages compofed together about a hun- 
 dred and forty families, and confifted of eleven 
 hundred white perfons, three hundred blacks, 
 and lixty red flaves, or favages. The three vil- 
 lages of the ravages might have furnifhed three 
 hundred men in a condition to carry arms. 
 There are in the country feveral fait fprings, one 
 of which at two leagues from the principal fettle- 
 ment fupplied all the fait that was confumed there 
 or in the neighbouring country, and even at 
 many pods in the dependence of Canada* There 
 are mines without number, but as no perfon 
 found himfelf in a condition to incur the necef- 
 fary expences to open and work them, they re- 
 mained in their original ftate. Some individuals 
 fatisfied themfelves with drawing lead from 
 them, which was found at the furface of the 
 
 'earth. With this they fupplied the country, all 
 the favage nations of the Mifouri and MifTifippi, 
 and feveral pofts of Canada. Borax was alfo 
 found in minesy and in fome fpots fmall quanti- 
 
 . .- ){ •' ties 
 
BI9T0RV OF CANADA. 
 
 53' 
 
 I 
 
 ties of gold. There are alfo mines of copper, b o o ic 
 and large pieces of that metal have frequently - - _, 
 been found in the rivers. The Ilinois formerly ^7oo» 
 comprehended an immenfe extent of territory ; 
 it ftretched into the vaft regions which the Mif- 
 fouri, and the rivers which throw themfelveft 
 into it, interfedl and adorn with their waters. 
 
 The inhabitants of the Ilinois are of thre^ 
 clafles ; French, negroes, and favages ; to which 
 may be added, mulattoes. The Frenchmen, in- 
 nured to the climate, generally occupied them- 
 felves in the culture of the lands ; they fowed 
 great quantities of corn ; they raifed European 
 cattle, hogs, and horfes in vaft numbers, which, 
 besides the chace, furniflied them with abundance 
 for the fupport of life. They tranfported to 
 New Orleans great quantities of flour. 
 
 The favages inhabiting this country are of a 
 character mild and fociable : they are not defec- 
 tive in capacity and natural good fenfe, of which 
 they poflefs a greater (hare than many of the 
 European peafantry; as much at lead as the 
 mod part of the French, which proceeds from 
 the free ftate in which they are educated. They 
 are never timid : as there is no rank or dignity 
 amongft them, every one appears to them to be 
 their equal. The greateft part of them is capable 
 of maintaining a converfation with any perfon, 
 provided he treats not of fubjeds beyond the 
 
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 lyuo. 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fphcrc of their knowledge : they are well ac- 
 quainted with raillery : they are flrangers to 
 afTumption, or difpute in converfation, and they 
 poiTefs qualities which are not common even 
 among civilifed people. They are didributed 
 into cabins. A cabin is a kind of common 
 chamber, in which fifteen or twenty perfons ge- 
 nerally refide together. They live in great har- 
 mony with one another, which arifes in fome 
 meafure from their allowing every one to aft ac- 
 cording to his inclination. From the beginning 
 of Oftober to the middle of March they go to 
 the chace, to the diftance of forty or fifty leagues 
 from their. village. In the latter month they re- 
 turn home, and their women begin then to fow 
 their maize. The men, except fome fhort ex- 
 curfions to the chace, lead a life of perfed indo- 
 lence ; fmoking their pipe and converfing toge- 
 ther occupies the greateft part of their time. 
 ■• When the fir (I mifilonaries arrived among this 
 people, they were faid to be compofed of five 
 thoufand perfons of every age: in 1750 their 
 population was reduced to two thoufand. The 
 number of the nation had diminifhed no lefs 
 than three thoufand in the fpace of fixty years. 
 
 m 
 
 
 4. 
 
 i V . 
 
HISTORY Of CANADA. 
 
 533 
 
 BOOK XI. ^ 
 
 Magazines and Bur rati s conJiruHed on the JJle Dauphin*. 
 —Council to decide on all Affairs civil or criminal ^ for 
 three Tears ^ compofed of the Governor ^ chief Commiffitn- 
 er, and Regijler. — Saint Denys fent by Land to endeO" 
 vour to open a Commerce with the Spaniards of New 
 Mexico, •'■' Is conducled to the Capital— -confned in Pri» 
 fon-^liberated, and fent hack with Prefents from the 
 Viceroy."^ Marries Donna Maria de Vilefcas^ Daugh' 
 ter of the Governor of Saint John. — Treafon of the 
 Natchez. — Fort and Magazines conJlruHed in the Great 
 Village of that Nation. — State of Commerce. '^Croizat 
 furrenders his exclufive Privilege.-^Governmeni and 
 Commerce vefled in the Company of the H^efl, — Govern^ 
 ment oftheJlinois Country Joined to that of Louiftana.-^^ 
 Firji Settlement of New Orleans. — Attack on Pen/acola. 
 Capture of that Place.— Mijfionaris arrive in Louift- 
 ana. —Con/piracy of feveral favage Nations againjl the 
 French. — Majfacre of the French by Natchez.~The 
 Sun, the Grand Chief of the Natchez y fent^ with his 
 Family and Attendants, to Saint Domingo, to be fold as 
 Slaves. — Difperjion of that People. — Company of the 
 hidies retrocede to the King their Sovereignty over Loui^ 
 fiana and the Ilinois, •; . 
 
 V 1 EWLY difcovered countries fomctimes have book. 
 ^ ^ fhared the fate of individuals, with refpedl ' 
 
 to the erroneous judgment which, for a length 
 
 \ . " U M 3 of 
 
 I 
 
534 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 r '' 
 
 BOOK of time, may have been formed of ihcir qualities 
 \^.-^-^ and value. At a period when the ihird for 
 difcovcring mines of gold and filver prevailed, 
 and when commerce had not acquired any great 
 degree of extenfion, the advantages of a favour- 
 able climate, and of a foil capable of producing 
 with abundance every article requifite for the 
 fupport and convenience of human life, were not 
 inducements fufficiently powerful to incite the 
 inhabitants of France voluntarily to emigrate 
 from their country, for the purpofe of amaffing 
 wealth by induftry, efpecially as that could not 
 procure them the fame degree of confideration 
 and weight as is beftowed on it in fome other 
 countries of Europe. 
 
 The extravagant opinion which at firfl had 
 been formed of Louifiana, arofe folely from the 
 profpe£t of fudden riches to be derived from 
 mines ; and as foon as it was fuppofed to be 
 deftitute of thefe valuable fources, it lunk, iu the 
 fame proportion as it had rifen, in the general 
 cftimation. The fuccefs of the Spaniarc'.o of New 
 Mexico afterwardb tended again to exalt rhc 
 ickal value of Louifiana. 
 
 The latter nation, under the conduct of Fer- 
 dinand Soto, had incurred a great expence to 
 form an eftablifliment in Florida, and their com- 
 mander employed the lafl year of his life in ex- 
 ploring the two borders of the Miflllippi. Nci- 
 
 . 6 tier 
 
!|j 
 
 I 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 535 
 
 cher he, nor Mofcofo his fucceiTor, had taken any book 
 
 XI. 
 
 meafures to found a colony ; and it appears that 
 the Spaniards were long ignorant, that one of 
 the larged rivers in the univerfe traverfed the 
 middle of Florida, and watered a charming 
 country, fituated under a climate temperate and 
 healthy, and whofe poflfefllon would have com* 
 pletely infured to the Catholic King tha of the 
 whole Gulph of Mexico. 
 
 The French, after having difcovcred a very 
 confiderable part of the courfe of this river, did 
 not feem to pay muc'i greater attention than the 
 Spaniards to the advantages which might be de- 
 rived from thence ; and a period of thirty years 
 elapfed in the fame indifference towards that 
 country. At length the vicinity of the mines of 
 New Mexico, and thofe which were reported to 
 have been difcovcred in Louifiana, having roufed 
 the French nation from its ftate of torpidity, 
 there ilTued in lefs than three years from the 
 kingdom more men, money and etfe^s, to form 
 an edablilhmenr in this part of America, than 
 had gone from France fince the time of Francis 
 the Firft, for any of the colonies in the New 
 World. 
 
 But when it was afcertained that the country 
 produced neither gold nor iilver, and that it was 
 not without inJullry that riches could be made to 
 iluw from thence, it fuddeiily fell into general 
 
 M M 4 dircredit : 
 
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 53^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK difcredit : no regard was paid either to the fer- 
 tility of the foil, or to the produdtions, which, 
 with a fmall degree of labour, it could furnilh, 
 or to the importance of having a cruifing ground 
 in the Gulph of Mexico. The treafures which 
 were brought thither from France, difappeared ; 
 the colonifts either perifhed through mifery, al- 
 though they might have procured the means of 
 living in opulence, or difperfed themfelves into 
 different quarters. 
 
 When M. d*Iberville left Louifiana, it com 
 tained no French habitations, except thofe of 
 fome Canadians fettled at the Uinois, a fort near 
 the mouth of the Miflifippi, which was main- 
 tained only for five years, and another at the 
 Biloxi, on the fea coait. D'Iberville had in* 
 trufted the charge of the fird to M. de Bienville 
 his brother, and to the Sieur Juchereau de St. 
 Denys, who was much beloved by the favages, 
 and fpoke with facility the languages of feveral 
 nations. He had alfo given an order to M. le 
 Sueur his relation, to go with twenty men to 
 form an eftabliihment towards the country of 
 the Sioux, and to take poffeffion of a copper mine 
 which had been difcovered there. This fmall 
 detachment departed on the end of April, af. 
 cended the Miflifippi to the falls of St. Anthony, 
 and entered into the river St. Peter, which dif- 
 charges itfelf into the former ut that place, and 
 
 which 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 537 
 
 v'hich has been named the Green River, becaufe 
 an earth which it waflies from the mine commu* 
 nicates to it that colour. Le Sueur could only 
 navigate a league upwards, having found it 
 covered with ice, although the month of Sep- 
 tember was not yet elapfcd. He was therefore 
 obliged to erect in that fituation a kind of fort, 
 where he might pafs the winter, which lalled 
 until the month of April, and was extremely 
 rude and fevere. ;,.-■:- « ;. .♦,. , , 
 
 When that month arrived, Le Sueur vifited 
 the fnine, which was didant only three quarters 
 of a league, and in twenty days drew from 
 thence more than thirty thoufand pounds weight 
 of matter: he feleded four thoufand weight of 
 the chorceft part of it, and fent it to France. 
 The place from whence he drew it was at the 
 bafe of a mountain which is ten leagues in ex- 
 tent, and which appeared to be of the fame ma- 
 terials. It is on the banks of the river, produces 
 not a fmgle tree, and is covered whh a thin va- 
 pour which iflues from its bowels. 
 
 In the following year D'Iberville made a third 
 voyage to Louifiana, and began an ellablilhment 
 on the river Mobile. He there laid the founda- 
 tion of a fort, to which, a little time after, M. de 
 Bienville, who fucceeded to the command of the 
 colony by the death of M. de Sauvole, tranfported 
 cv-jry thing which he had at the Biloxi, and 
 
 abandoned 
 
 ^'itl 
 
 I. HI 
 
 I* i 
 
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 it 
 
 ii [4' 
 
 
 53« 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 abandoned that pod. D'Iberville, on his return, 
 
 for the fourth time, caufed to be con(lru£ted in 
 
 the ifland of Maflacre magazines and barracks, 
 
 becaufe this ifland pofTefling a harbour, it was 
 
 more eafy there to unload the (lores which 
 
 ihould be brought from France, than to convey 
 
 them in boats to the fort of the Mobile. The 
 
 name of J/Ie Dauphine was at that time given to 
 
 the new fettlement. The inhabitants had no 
 
 other means of fubfidence than what was drawn 
 
 from France, and from the favages, many of 
 
 whom were prevailed on to fix themfelves in 
 
 the vicinity of the Mobile, where they cleared a 
 
 confiderable quantity of land, and lived upon 
 
 good terms with the French. The Apalaches 
 
 came thither of their own accord, preferring the 
 
 neighbourhood of the French to that of the 
 
 Spaniards, among whom they had for fome time 
 
 been edablilhed. 
 
 It could not be aflerted that the name of a 
 colony could be given to the French in Louifi- 
 ana, or at lead it received no form, until the 
 arrival, in 1708, of M. Diron d'Artaguette, in 
 quality of firft commidioner. The earlied care 
 of this magidrate, was to put the inhabitants in 
 a date to cultivate the lands, which appeared to 
 be fertile on the banks of the Mobile, that they 
 migiu no longer be obliged to run /er the coun- 
 try to ^r.tuic a fulfidcnce by the chace, or w^h 
 
 the 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 539 
 
 the favage^, when the veffels of France deftined book 
 to convey them provlfions were retarded on their 
 voyage. But the fuccefs arifmg from thence did 
 net anfwer his expectations. It was found that 
 the earth contained but a fmall depth of good 
 foil at its furface, and that the wheat was gene- 
 rally injured by the fogs, which produced a mil- 
 dew. The inhabitants then betook, themfelves 
 to the culture of tobacco, which was attended 
 with greater fuccefs. ♦ ** 
 
 The iiland of Dauphine having been pillaged 
 by an Englifti armed veflfel, the commiflioner 
 concluded from thence on the neceflity of 
 ftrengthening its fortifications. In this refpedl", 
 according to the fyftem at that time prevalent, 
 he reafoned with propriety ; it being thought 
 expedient to fix the colony in that pofition, at 
 fome diftance to the north-eaft of the mouth of 
 the great river, as it was then fuppofed to be the 
 only port where veflels could difcharge their 
 cargoes. 
 
 M. d'Artaguette returned to France the fame 
 year, and aftbrded to the court confiderable in- 
 formation refpefting the country. Some years 
 before, M. de Muys, major of the troops in Ca- 
 nada, had been nominated governor of Louifiana, 
 but that officer having died on his way thither, 
 the Sieur de la Motte Cadillac was appointed his 
 
 fucceffor. 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 fucceflbr, and in the inftrudlions given him by 
 the King it was dated, that his majefty having 
 thought fit to grant to the Sieur Crozat the ex- 
 clufive privilege of the commerce of Louifiana 
 for a term of fixteen years, and to him and his 
 heirs for ever, the mines and minerals which he 
 might difcover and work, on the conditions fet 
 forth in the letters patent, he enjoined, that on 
 the arrival of fuch ve{fei of the faid Sieur Crozat, 
 he fhould examine if the (lipulation of bringing 
 into the colony fix yeung women, or the fame 
 number of young men, was (Iridly executed. 
 The King added, that the Sieur d'Artaguette, 
 commiilioner of the colony, having returned to 
 France, he had made choice of the Sieur Du- 
 clos to execute the fundions of chief commif- 
 fioner : that as there was not yet any officer of 
 juftice in Louifiana, and it was not convenient at 
 that period to fend thither judges, becaufe the 
 country was not fufficiently fettled, he had never- 
 thelefs eftablifhed for three years a fuperior coun* 
 cil to decide on all affairs that fhould be brought 
 before it, as well civil as criminal ; anU, :o com* 
 pofe this council, he had made choice of the 
 governor and the commifTioner jointly, and of a 
 regider ; and that according to the manner in 
 which they fhould exercife the adminidration of 
 judicei which was intruded to them, he fhould 
 
 form 
 
 i-v*; 
 
 Bit: 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 541 
 
 nU :o com* 
 
 form his rcfolution of continuing, and of aug- " o^J^ ^ 
 menting this eftablifliment of a council, or of to- 
 tally diflblving it. 
 
 M. Crozaty on his part, had recommended to 
 the governor, whom he aiTociated with him in 
 commerce, to fend detachments to the country 
 of the Ilinois for the difcovery of mines ; and to 
 that of the Spaniards of Old and New Mexico, 
 to ellabliih a commerce with thefe two pro- 
 vinces. The firft held the government of France 
 for feveral years in fufpenfe, and ended in no- 
 thing. The fiicond was not more fortunate. La 
 Motte Cadillac had fcarcely difembarked on the 
 ifland of Dauphine, when he fent the veflel in 
 which he had arrived to Vera Cruz. But the 
 voyage proved fruitlefs. M. de la Jonchere, 
 who commanded the veflel, could not obtain 
 from the viceroy permiflion to fell his cargo : 
 he was prefented with fome animals and other 
 proviiions, of which he was in want, and was 
 obliged (hortly to depart. The governor enter- 
 tained the hope of fucceeding better in another 
 attempt which he made by land for the fame 
 object, but it had no better fuccefs than the firfl. 
 He had confided the condudl of this expedition 
 to the Sieur St. Denys, than whom he could no 
 have made a better choice. He gave him mer- 
 chandife to the amount of near five hundred 
 pounds (lerling, and agreed that he (hould leave 
 
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54« 
 
 RISTORV OP CANADA. 
 
 
 1 1'. 
 
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 It in depot with the NatcbitocbeSf a favage nation 
 eftablifbed in the Red River. M. de Bienville 
 and St. Denys had made an alliance with this 
 people a few years before, and fome of thefe 
 ravages came afterwards to fettle on the Miili- 
 iippi, near the Colapijfas, 
 
 St. Denys conceived that it would be advan- 
 tageous to prevail on thefe Natchitoches to ac- 
 company him, and he made them a propofal for 
 this purpofe by a perfon named Penicaut, a (hip 
 carpenter. This man had accompanied M. le 
 Sueur to the copper mine ; he had made feveral 
 voyages on the Miflifippi, and underdood almofl: 
 the whole of the languages of the favages of 
 LouiHana. It was he who had introduced the 
 Natchitoches to the Colapiffas, and he found 
 little difficulty in perfuading them to return with 
 M. de St. Denys to their country. But the 
 Colapiflas, who had treated them with much 
 humanity, and to whom their fociety had been 
 ferviceable, were fo much difpleafed at feeing 
 them at and on their vicinity, without ever ac- 
 knowledging their kindnefs, purfued them, killed 
 feventeen of their number, and carried off feve- 
 ral of their daughters and wives. The reft made 
 their efcape through the woods, and joined M. 
 St. Denys, who waited for them at Biioxi. He 
 fet out with them, and in pafSng through the 
 
 village of the Toxucas he engaged the chief of 
 
 this 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 543 
 
 this nation to follow him with fifteen of his bed book 
 
 xi< 
 huntfinen. Arrived at the village of the Natchi- 
 toches, fituated in an ifland of the Red River at 
 forty leagues from its mouth intheMiflirippi, he 
 there built fomc habitations for the French, 
 whom he intended to leave behind him : he per- 
 fuaded fome other favages to unite with the 
 Natchitoches, by alTuring them he would never 
 forfake them, and he diftributed both to the one 
 and the other utenfils of hufbandry, and grain 
 for fowing. He then made choice of twelve 
 Frenchmen out of thofe whom he had brought 
 with him, and of fome favages, to accompany 
 him : he quitted the Red River, which is not 
 navigable above the ifland that has been men- 
 tioned, and direded his courfe towards the 
 weft. 
 
 After a journey of twenty days he arrived 
 among the AJfinais^ neighbours of the Cenis\ and 
 not far from the place where M. de la Sale was 
 murdered. Thefe favages alTerted that they ne- 
 ver had feen Frenchmen, and knew no other 
 Europeans than the Spaniards, who like them- 
 felves went naked, and exifled in a mifcrabte 
 condition. The Affinais allowed guides to M. 
 St. Denys, who travelled a hundred and fif^ 
 leagues further to the fouth-weft before he ar- 
 rived at the firfl habitations of the Spaniards. 
 He at length found on the banks of -x confidcr- 
 
 able 
 
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 544 
 
 RI&TORY OP CANADA. 
 
 able river a fort which was called Saint yean 
 Bapti/ie^ and likewifc Preftdio del Nbrte. He 
 was there well received by the commandant Don 
 Pedro de Vilefcas, who took him into his family. 
 After fome days of repofe, St. Denys entered on 
 negotiation with Don Pedro : he informed him 
 he was come on the part of the governor of 
 Louifiana, to prefent to him a propofal to open 
 a commerce under certain regulations with that 
 colony, and that he fhould didate the condi- 
 tions. 
 
 The Spanifh commandant anfwered, that he 
 could do nothing without the permiflion of the 
 governor of Caouis, his immediate fuperior, to 
 whom he would forthwith fend an exprefs to 
 receive his orders. Caouis is at fixty leagues 
 diftant from the Preftdio del Norte, on the way to 
 Mexico. The governor having read Vilefca's 
 letter, fent twenty- five horfemen to conduct St. 
 Denys to Caouis, and after examining his paff- 
 port, told him it was neceflary he (hould go to 
 the viceroy at Mexico. To this he confented, 
 but did not fet out until the following year. 
 From Caouis to Mexico, the diflance is two hun- 
 dred and fifty leagues. St. Denys performed 
 this journey under condu6\ of an officer, and an 
 •fcort of the twenty.five horfemen. On arriving 
 at the capital of New Spain, he was prefentcd to 
 the viceroy, to whom he delivered his paflporr. 
 
 His 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 545 
 
 His excellency having read it, returned it to him, b o o k. 
 and without attending to a fingle word from 
 him, committed him to prifon. He remained 
 there for three months, and perhaps would 
 never have recovered his liberty, had it not been 
 for the interccflion of fome of his countrymen, 
 officers in the fervice of the Catholic King. He 
 was at their folicitation liberated from his confine- 
 ment, and the viceroy gave him three hundred 
 piadrcs and a convenient lodging, and invited 
 him often to his table. The more he became 
 known to his excellency, the more ftrongly the 
 latter became impreffed with a fenfe of his ta- 
 lents and worth ; he therefore omitted no means 
 of endeavouring to induce him to prefer, to the 
 fervice of a poor colony, the more advantageous 
 •and profitable fervice of New Spain: he told 
 him, that many of his countrymen had already 
 given him an example to that efFeft, which they 
 had no reafon to regret. Some of the French 
 ofHcers alfo ufcd their influence to prevail on 
 him to a6l as they had done, and aflfured him 
 that they found their fituation perfeftly agree- 
 able. 
 
 St. Denys had no rank in Louifiana, and 
 ferved there only at a volunteer : he was offered 
 a company of cavalry, which he declined accept- 
 ing, and, notwlthftanding every argument which 
 was ufed, perfifted in his refufal. The viceroy 
 
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 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
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 told him that he was already half a Spaniard, fince 
 he had engaged to marry the daughter of Don 
 Pedro de Vilefcas, and it was fettled that the nup- 
 tials were to be folemnized on his return to Fort 
 St. John. 
 
 " I cannot diflemble," replied St. Denys, 
 *' fmce your excellency has been informed that 
 I have an attachment for that young lady, but 
 I never entertained the hope of obtaining her for 
 a wife." *' You Ihall obtain her," replied the 
 viceroy, *' if you will accept of the offer which 
 I have made, and I give you two months to con- 
 fider of it.** At the end of that period he again 
 founded him, and having found him inflexible, 
 he took his leave, putting into his hand a purfe 
 containing a thoufand dollars, telling him that it 
 was to defray the expences of his marriage. 
 *' I hope,'* added he, ** that Donna Maria will 
 have more influence than me to determine you 
 to remain in Mexico. With refpefl to the li- 
 berty of commerce with Louifiana, which you 
 have travelled fo far to folicit, it is not in my 
 power to grant it.** 
 
 The following day he fent him a very fine 
 horfe from his ftable> and ordered him to be 
 conduced to Caouis by an oflicer and two horfe- 
 men. From thence they proceeded to the habi- 
 tation of Don Vilefcas, whom he found in a 
 flate of great embarraffment. This commandant 
 
 had 
 
 1^ 
 
 r 
 
 WJ.i "li-i 
 
 [r 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 547 
 
 had recently been informed that all the inhabi- book 
 
 XI 
 
 tants of four favage villages, difgufted with the 
 vexations of the Spaniards of Prejidio del Norte, 
 were about to withdraw to another fituation, and 
 he was apprehenfive that he (hould be made re- 
 fponfible for this defertion, which would, befides, 
 reduce his command to great extremities, becaufe 
 the garrifon could only fubfift by means of thefe 
 favages. 
 
 He communicated his anxiety to M. de St. 
 Denys, who offered to go in fearch of thefe bar- 
 barians, and to endeavour to prevail on them 
 to return. Don Pedro embraced him, telling 
 him that he would be expofed to danger if he 
 went alone. St. Denys replied, that he was 
 under no apprehenfion, and immediately mount- 
 ed his horfe, taking with him Jallot, his valet de 
 chambre, and furgeon. He was not long in 
 overtaking the favages, whofe baggage, women, 
 and children rendered their march extremely 
 flow ; and as foon as he perceived them at a 
 diftance, he placed his handkerchief at the end 
 of a little rod, in token of a flag, and then ad- 
 vanced to their chiefs who waited for him. 
 
 He reprefented to them, in the Spanifh lan- 
 guage, the danger to which they were about to 
 expofe themfelves in going to fettle amongft 
 people to whom they were ftrangers, and whom 
 he knew to be extremely inhofpitable and cruel. 
 
 N N 2 He 
 
 ; ' 4 
 
 iUii 
 
 t .1 
 
 m 
 
 h ■■ !i 
 
m ■ 
 
 '■i \, 
 
 
 
 M M'i 'it' 
 
 !.vV ■ 
 
 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 Ji: 
 1. 'f i': 
 
 'I 
 
 '.?.<' 
 
 548 
 
 
 mSrOKY OF CANADA. 
 
 He then told them, that if they would return to 
 their former habitation, he would promife them 
 on the part of the commandant, that no Spa- 
 niard fhould ever again fet foot in their villages, 
 which was as much as they defired, and that in 
 future they fhould have no caufe to difapprove 
 of the condufl of the officers and foldiers. They 
 yielded to his perfuafion, and Don Pedro was as 
 much furprifed as delighted to behold his gueft 
 return with all the favages, whofe retreat would 
 infallibly have ruined him. He immediately 
 ratified the promifes which St. Denys had made 
 them, and they re-entered their villages, where 
 it was forbidden to the Spaniards on pain of 
 death to fet foot without an exprefs permillion. 
 
 After fo eflential a piece of fervice, St. Denys 
 had little difficulty in obtaining from Vilefcas 
 his confent to efpoufe his daughter, and the mar- 
 riage was celebrated with all the Spanifh pomp 
 and magnificence which the place where they 
 were could afford. He remained at St. John 
 for fix months after his marriage ; at length 
 conceiving that he ought no longer to delay ren- 
 dering an account to M. de la Motte Cadillac of 
 the fuccefs of his commiffion, he departed for 
 the Mobile with Don John de Vilefcas, uncle of 
 his wife, whom he left behind with a promife of 
 returning as foon as poffible. 
 
 During 
 
 [' 
 
PMr« 
 
 T, and the mar- 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 54? 
 
 During the courfe of thefe negotiations and book 
 adventures, the governor of Louifiana had feat 
 the Sieur de la Loire to the Natchez with mer- 
 chandife^ to eflablifh magazines in their country. 
 M. de la Motte Cadillac, on his return from the 
 fort of the Ilinois, which he had been to vifit, 
 received an embafly from feveral nations, and at 
 the fame time from the Alibamons, until then the 
 declared enemies of the French, who offered to 
 build at their own expence a fort in their village, 
 and to receive Frenchmen into it. Their offer 
 •^as accepted, the fort was built, and M. de la 
 I Tour, a captain, took poflefllon of it, with two 
 i lieutenants and fome foldiers. 
 
 It was foon after difcovered that the Natcheai 
 
 had fome treafonable purpofe in contemplation : 
 
 ithey killed four Frenchmen who were travelling 
 
 with fome of their people, and they intended the 
 
 ifame fate for M. M. de la Loire, the elder of 
 
 whom had gone to the Ilinois with another band 
 
 of thefe barbarians, and the younger remained in 
 
 their great village. But one of thofe who ac- 
 
 j companied the firft, gave him warning to be upon 
 
 j his guard. He took the earliefl: opportunity of 
 
 fpeaking on this fubjed to every one fmgly, 
 
 without difclofing the perfon who had revealed 
 
 the fecret of their defign, and he promifed a 
 
 confiderable reward, and gave his word that he 
 
 would make no difclofure of it, if they would 
 
 j^ N 3 comma- 
 
 H'lm 
 
 ''^11 '|i 
 
 ^1 
 
 i|j 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 ill 
 
 f 
 
 - m r 
 
 •J J r 
 
 
 ill ' ^: 
 
m 
 
 J' ^vf 
 
 Jd-. .■; it 
 
 550 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 
 
 f ■ ■ 
 
 i t 
 
 1*1 
 
 ;■ r \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "<i 
 
 BOOK communicate to him the whole truth. They 
 ^^^^»j all declared to him, that at fix leagues from the 
 place where they then were, and in a fituation 
 where they muft come nigh to the banks of the 
 river, to avoid a dangerous gulph, a hundred 
 and fifty of their people armed with fufils, and 
 who had at their head a chief named Le Barbec, 
 awaited them, and that he muft infallibly perifli 
 there. This advice from eight perfons, who all 
 affured him of the fame circumftance, made La 
 Loire form the refolution of immediately re- 
 turning; but as he had every reafon to believe 
 that the confpiracy on the part of the Natchez 
 was general, he fuffered much anxiety on account 
 of his brother. Penicaut, who accompanied him, 
 made offer to effeft his brother's efcape from the 
 great village of the Natchez, which he did by the 
 following means ; The company being arrived 
 about an hour and a half before evening, at the 
 landing-place of the Natchez, Penicaut went 
 afhore alone, and told the Sieur de la Loire to 
 wait there until midnight, and that if he did not 
 return before then, hs might conclude he was 
 dead. He went to :he quarters of the young 
 La Loire, about a league diftant from thence, 
 having only his fufil and fome ammunition. As 
 he approached the village, fome Natchez who 
 perceived him haftened to acquaint La Loire of 
 the arrival of a Frenchman, who going out to 
 
 learn 
 
 I 
 
 
i» 
 
 truth. They 
 gues from the 
 in a fituation 
 e banks of the 
 ph, a hundred 
 ith fufils, and 
 led Le Barbec, 
 nfallibly perifh | 
 jrfons, who all 
 ance, made La 
 mmediately re- 
 safon to believe 
 of the Natchez 
 [iety on account 
 companied him, 
 efcape from the 
 h he did by the 
 f being arrived 
 evening, at the 
 Penicaut went 
 r de la Loire to 
 at if he did not 
 )nclude he was 
 ■s of the young 
 [It from thence, 
 fimunition. As 
 e Natchez who 
 int La Loire of 
 going out to 
 learn 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 learn who it was, and recognizing Penicaut, de- 
 manded the reafon of his journey, and enquired 
 after his brother. Penicaut anfwered, that he 
 had fallen fick ; but when he entered his quar--- 
 ters, he requefted him to fend in fearch of the 
 great chief of the Natchez, who immediately 
 obeyed the fummons. Penicaut informed him 
 j that fix of the eight Natchez who had accompa- 
 nied the Sieur de la Loire, and him, to proceed 
 to the Ilinois, were feized with ficknefs ; that 
 they had been therefore obliged to put back, 
 and that they were at the landing-place. He 
 begged that he would fend next morning thirty 
 favages to unload the canoe, and to tranfport th^ 
 merchandife to the ftore. With this the grand 
 chief promifed to comply, and added that M. de 
 la Loire had adled prudently in not proceeding 
 further, becaufe he entertained fome apprehen- 
 fions for him, on account of the Yafous, a 
 perfidious nation, and inimical to the French. 
 Penicaut made no reply, and fhewed an entire 
 confidence in the chief; but when the latter 
 retired, he revealed to La Loire the fubjed of 
 his journey, and gave him to underftand, that he 
 muft think only of faving himfelf by flight, and 
 that not a moment was to be loft. La Loire 
 told him, that it would not be an eafy matter to 
 effeft it in fecrecy, becaufe three favages flept 
 
 SS^ 
 
 • iii;,'! 
 
 • h 
 
 N N 4 
 
 in 
 

 M 
 i^H 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 »Slt '"13 
 
 55^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 in his chamber ; but Penicaut re-aflured him, 
 faying, he would be anfwerable for its fuccefs. 
 
 They pretended to go to reft, and the favages 
 immediately fell afleep. Penicaut wiftied to put 
 them to death, but La Loire prevented him, 
 concluding that it was difficult to kill three men 
 without fome one of them having time to cry out. 
 Penicaut then foftly opened the door, and made 
 La Loire go out, who had the precaution to 
 charge his fufil. A (hort time after he went out 
 himfelf, locked the chamber on the outfide, and 
 run to rejoin his companion. As they ap- 
 proached the landing, they met the elder La 
 Loire, who began to become very anxious ; 
 they embraced each other, and afterwards took 
 leave of the eight Natchez, having beftowed on 
 them a liberal recompence. 
 
 At ten o'clock next morning they arrived 
 among the Tonicas, and had not yet departed 
 from them, when they faw three Natchez difem- 
 bark, whom the great chief had difpatched to 
 engage them to maffacre all the French who were 
 in their village. The chief of the Tonicas, who 
 was a good man, and a friend to the French, re- 
 volted at fuch a propofal. He was inclined, 
 inftead of replying, to put to death the perfons 
 who carried the meflage, but an ecclefiaftic, who 
 was miflionary of his village, oppofed his inten- 
 tion. 
 
HISTORY or CANADA. 
 
 tion. M. M. de la Loire continued their jour- 
 ney, and arrived at the Mobile, . where their 
 countrymen were furprifed to fee them, and Itill 
 more at the caufe of their return. M. de la 
 Motte Cadillac conceived that he ought not to 
 leave unpuniflied the treafon of the Natchez, and 
 raifed a party of a hundred men, confifting of 
 foldiers and inhabitants, under the orders of M. 
 de Bienville, lieutenant of the King, to whom he 
 joined M. de Pailloux, major of the army ; M. 
 de Richebourg, a captain, du Tifne, a lieutenant, 
 and the two brothers who had lately efcaped 
 from that nation. As they paffed before the bay 
 of the Tonicas, they obferved a bag fufpendcd 
 to the branch of a tree on the borders of the 
 river, and therein they found a letter from M. 
 Davion, who having learnt that they (liould pafs 
 that way without flopping, gave them advice that 
 a Frenchman, named Richard, returning from 
 the Ilinois, had been taken by the Natchez ; that 
 thefe barbarians, after having robbed him of his 
 merchandife, had led him to their village, had 
 cut off his hands and feet, and had thrown him 
 alive into the kennel. Hitherto M. de Bienville 
 conceived that the De la Loires had been influ- 
 enced by ideal apprehenfions, but the contents of 
 this letter tended to undeceive him. He did not 
 think he had a force fufficient to proceed imme- 
 diately to the Natchez : he entered into the bay 
 
 of 
 
 55^ 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 >!i i*^- 
 
 ,t 
 
 iiHtl 
 
 ■' 
 
 . i' 
 
•t.tt' 
 
 m ; 
 
 ii:'-'. 
 
 
 5*'' '•:!,> 
 
 554 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK of the Tonicas, conftruded a fort there, and fent 
 
 XI. 
 
 Du Tifnc with twenty men to the great chief of 
 the Natchez, to inform him that he had an affair 
 to communicate to him, and to requeft that he 
 would come to the Tonicas, Du Tifnc returned 
 the following day, and reported to M. de Bien- 
 ville that the grand chief propofed immediately to 
 follow him. He did not however leave his 
 village, but fent to the French commander fome 
 fubordinate chiefs with twenty-five men. Bien- 
 ville, when he perceived their canoes at a diflance, 
 raifcd on the borders of the river five ftandards, 
 creeled a number of tents, and caufed all the 
 drums to be beaten, to make them fuppofe that 
 he had at lead fix hundred men. The favages 
 difembarked and entered the fort with as much 
 confidence as if they were coming to pay a vifit. 
 They then prefented to the commander a calumet 
 of peace, which he rejected : this made fuch an 
 impreflion on the minds of the barbarians, that 
 they gave up every hope of fafety. Bienville 
 told them with an angry air, that he was come 
 to demand fatisfadion for the murder which they 
 committed on five Frenchmen, and that he in- 
 lifted on their delivering up the murderers, or at 
 lead bringing him their principal. They an- 
 fwered, that what he demanded was not in their 
 power to grant, but that if it was his pleafure, 
 they vi'ould feud fome of their number to acquaint 
 
 the 
 
 'i 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 555 
 
 ere, and fent 
 
 ;reat chief of 
 
 had an affair 
 
 jueft that he 
 
 ifnc returned 
 
 M. de Bien- 
 
 imediately to 
 
 er leave his 
 
 mander fome 
 
 men. Bien- 
 
 at a difiance, 
 
 ve ftandards, 
 
 laufed all the 
 
 fuppofe that 
 
 The favages 
 
 \'iih as much 
 
 o pay a vifit, 
 
 ier a calumet 
 
 nade fuch an 
 
 barians, that 
 
 y. Bienville 
 
 le was come 
 
 r which they 
 
 that he in- 
 
 rderers, or at 
 
 They an- 
 
 j not in their 
 
 his pleafure, 
 
 r to acquaint 
 
 the 
 
 
 , 
 
 f- 
 
 .; 
 
 the great chief of his intentions. He confcntcd, book 
 on condition that all the others jhould remain 
 his prifoners, and he caufud them to be con- 
 dufled to a cabin, where they were under his 
 immediate view. They who had gone on this 
 bufmefs to the Natchez, foon returned, and pre- 
 fented to the commander the head of a man 
 whom the great chief had put to death, but who 
 was not concerned in the murder. Bienville 
 alked them if they meant only to deceive him, 
 and added, that he infifted on having the heads 
 of the guilty, and particularly that of the chief, 
 whom he exprefsly named. 
 
 The deputies anfwered, that this chief was the 
 nephew of the Seur, who would fooner fcie his 
 whole village perifli, than facrifice this young 
 man, the mod brave of all the nation ; and that 
 among thofe whom he had detained were the 
 four murderers of the French, on whom he might 
 execute juftice. Bienville called them forth im- 
 mediately ; they .wiflied to deny the fad, but 
 they were convi£led, and were inftantly executed. 
 There was among them a chief fo much difliked 
 by all the neighbouring nations for his cruelty 
 and treachery, that his death had long been de- 
 fired. The French having taken fatisfadion 
 with refpeft to the maflacre of their countrymen, 
 deliberated on what was mofl: fit to be purfued 
 in the conjundure in which they found them- 
 / felves, 
 
 \ I 
 
 ■'!■ ■ 'iii 
 
 i I 
 
 
 J 
 
 t 
 
 m I'll 
 
ft:': I 
 
 iii 
 
 m^j 
 
 55^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^ ^x?. ^ ^^*'^^^» ^"*^ " ^^^ thought that the Natchez, if 
 they were pufhcd to extremity, being in a con- 
 dition to interrupt the navigation of the river, 
 and all communication with the Ilinois, it was 
 more advantageous to profit by the confterna- 
 tion with which they were infpired, to make 
 peace with them, and to propofe to them the 
 following conditions : 
 
 That they (hould conflrudl: at their own ex- 
 pence, and in a fituation which (hould be marked 
 out to them, a fort in their great village, with 
 magazines, and lodgment neceflary for a garri- 
 fon, and agents, who fliouldbe eftablifhed there : 
 That they (hould reftore all the property in mer- 
 chandife which they had taken from the French, 
 and make full fatisfadion for all the loflfes they 
 had caufed to them : That the nephew of the 
 great chief, whofe condu6l was fo culpable, 
 iliould not appear in the village under pain of 
 death. Thefe articles were read to the deputies, 
 who approved of them, and M. Pailloux with 
 twenty men was ordered to go to the great chief 
 to get them ratified by him. He entered the 
 village with his drum beating and enfign flying; 
 all they who were partial to the French ran to- 
 wards him, and received him with loud accla- 
 mations. He went diredly to the cabin of the 
 Sun, and prefented him the conditions of peace; 
 the chief accepted them, and faid, that he only 
 
 waited 
 
 ;, 
 
 ? 
 

 eir own ex- 
 i be marked 
 illage, with 
 for a gar|^i- 
 iftied there : 
 lerty in mer- 
 the French, 
 ; lofles they 
 )hew of the 
 culpable, 
 der pain of 
 he deputies, 
 illoux with 
 2 great chief 
 entered the 
 fign flying : 
 nch ran to- 
 loud accla- 
 :abin of the 
 s of peace ; 
 hat he only 
 waited 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 waited for the orders of M. de Bienville to com- 
 mence the conftruftion of the fort. On this 
 anfwer reaching the commander, he departed 
 from the Tonicas with fifty men to proceed to 
 the Natchez, where the Sun, followed by the 
 whole inhabitants of his village, received him on 
 difembarking from his canoe. Next day he 
 marked out the place where he intended the fort 
 (hould be built, which was immediately traced, 
 and M. de Pailloux was charged with the office 
 of directing the workmen. At the end of fix 
 weeks it was finiflied, and M. de Bienville, who 
 was then at his camp among the Tonicas, re- 
 turned with all his men to take pofleffion of the 
 fort. He caufed to be added, lodgings for the 
 officers, barracks for the men, and magazines 
 for merchandife, ammunition, and provifions. 
 The fort was named Ro/alie, after the name of 
 Madame de Ponchartrain. The Natchez after- 
 wards fung the calumet to M. de Bienville, who 
 paffed the remainder of the year in that place. 
 Before his departure, he gave the command to 
 the Sieur de Pailloux, with whom he left Tifne 
 the lieutenant. He afterwards fet out for the 
 Mobile, where he did not remain longer than 
 was fufficient to prepare a large convoy, which 
 he conduced to the Natchez. 
 
 It was about the fame time that M. de St. 
 Denys arrived at the Mobile, and the anfwer 
 
 wliich 
 
 557 
 
 .'' li 
 
 11 
 
 'm i> 
 
 h\ 
 
 ;< W 
 
 : H 
 
ss^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 ?i^l 
 
 ■t^ 
 
 
 tn 
 
 BOOK, which he brought from the vJ^eroy of New Spain, 
 depriving M. de la Motte Cadillac of all hope of 
 carrying on openly a commerce with the Spa- 
 niards, he thought on his part of preventing their 
 too near approach to the French, which it ap- 
 peared to be their defign to efFeft. For this 
 purpofe he ordered the Sieur du Tifne to fet out 
 to conftruft a fort on the ifland of the Natchi- 
 totches. The fort was fcarcely finifhed, when 
 Du Tifne learnt that the Spaniards had formed 
 a fettlement among the Affinals, and there was 
 every reafon to believe that their project was to 
 pufh on to the Miffifippi, if they were not pre- 
 vented : the governor of Louifiana therefore re- 
 inforced the garrifon at the Natchitotches. 
 
 The exclulive commerce granted four years 
 ago to M. Crozat, far from accelerating the pro- 
 grefs of the colony, had been highly prejudicial 
 to it, and he had likewife not found the advan- 
 tages which he hed promifed himfelf from thence. 
 The advancement of a colony, and the profits to 
 be derived from its trade, are immediately de- 
 pendent on each other. To benefit by the latter, 
 the colony mufl: firft be peopled to a certain de- 
 gree, and the inhabitants mufl: attain to a ftate to 
 confume the merchandife brought to it, and to 
 give the produce of the country in return. This 
 cannot be acquired, without at firft making very 
 great advances in money. 
 
 We 
 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 559 
 
 New Spain, 
 F all hope of 
 th the Spa- 
 renting theit 
 vhich it ap- 
 t. For this 
 he to fet out 
 the Natchi- 
 lifhed, when 
 i had formed 
 id there was 
 roje£l was to 
 v&re not pre- 
 therefore re- 
 otches. 
 td four years 
 iting the pro- 
 prejudicial 
 id the advan- 
 from thence, 
 the profits to 
 nediately de- 
 by the latter, 
 a certain de- 
 n to a ftate to 
 o it, and to 
 return. This 
 making very 
 
 We 
 
 We (hall now endeavour to (hew in what ftate book 
 
 XI 
 
 the colony of Louifiana was found, when M. 
 Crozat obtained his exclufive privilege, and that 
 in which it was when he renounced this privilege. 
 In ly 12 there were only twenty-eight French 
 families in the province, of which not one half 
 employed themfelves in the cultivation of the 
 land, or could properly be ftiled inhabitants ; the 
 reft confifted of merchants, tavern-keepers, and 
 artificers, who fettled in no fixed habitation. 
 Trade was then carried on folely at the Mobile, 
 and at the lile Dauphine, and the articles of 
 commerce confifted of planks, and Ikins of bears, 
 of deer, of cats, and fimilar furs. The Voyageurs^ 
 or Coureurs de Boisy almoft all Canadians, went 
 among the favages to exchange whatever of the 
 articles from France they could procure, for ikins 
 and flaves, which they returned to difpofe of to 
 the inhabitants : the latter re-fold the Ikins to 
 the Spaniards of Penfacola, or to the command- 
 ers of veflcls who came from France, and em- 
 ployed the flaves in clearing the land, or in fawing 
 planks, which they fold fometimes at Penfacola, 
 but oftener at Martinique and St. Domingo. 
 They drew in exchange from thefe colonies fugar, 
 tobacco, cocoa, and merchandife .of France, 
 when there happened to be a fcarcity in their 
 own fettlement, from the inter: .ifllon of a direct 
 communication with the paren'. ftate. They car- 
 ried 
 
 t "■ I 
 
 i Ml 
 
 t 1 
 
^6o 
 
 HISTORY OF CAKADA, 
 
 ill 
 
 ^i:-mi} 
 
 m 
 
 >i^rssrr,„ 
 
 E I 
 
 „,„„„ S»'^ f' 
 
 imp': 
 
 
 )>!(j. 
 
 f'\ 
 
 
 ried to Penfacola, where the Spaniards had only 
 cleared a finall quantity of land, vegetables, 
 maize, fowls, and in general all that they could 
 derive from their induftry, and of which their 
 neighbours, much lefs induftrious and laborious, 
 were in want. All this brought them money, 
 with which they purchafed what they were 
 obliged to procure from other quarters : it was 
 by no means fufficient to enrich them, but they 
 gained by it a comfortable fubfiftence. They 
 well knew that the country could produce to- 
 bacco, indigo, cotton, and filk ; but hands were 
 wanted for cultivating thefe articles ; there was 
 no perfon in the colony who could affifl them, 
 or animate their endeavours ; they were like- 
 wife ignorant of the manner of raifmg them. 
 
 The foundations of the colony had fo little fo- 
 lidity, that it was feared the government would 
 abandon it, and that all the trouble and expencc 
 which had been beftowed by individuals would 
 thereby be totally loft. Many withdrew to other 
 quarters, and others only remained becaufe they 
 had not the means of removing. It was rather 
 a fmgular circumftance that Crozat, on ac- 
 quiring for twenty-five years the domains of 
 Louifiana, together with the exclufive commerce, 
 did not make himfelf better acquainted with the 
 fituation of affairs, to form his plans on more 
 fecure grounds : but it fometimes happens on 
 
 fimilar 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 S6i 
 
 fimilar occafions, that there is a want of confi- 
 dence in the peifons from whom the beft infor- 
 mation can be derived, and whofe experience 
 has rendered them the mofl capable of feconding 
 a new enterprife. A jealoufy is entertained, that 
 the interefts of the perfon to whom the privilege 
 is granted, will be facrificed to that of the perfon 
 who commands, and it is feldom refle£ted, that 
 to fucceed in an enterprife of that nature, the 
 moil certain mode is to allow a ihare of the ad- 
 vantages arifing from thence to thofe to whom 
 the chief direction is committed, that they may 
 thereby exert themfelves the more to promote 
 its ultimate fuccefs. 
 
 Crozat comprehended not, that little advan- 
 tage could be drawn from a country, although 
 fertile in itfelf, where the inhabitants are deprived 
 of the means of gaining wealth. He had fcarcely 
 taken poflefllon of his exclufive privilege of 
 commerce, when the veffels of the iflands no 
 longer appeared at Louifiana. The inhabitants 
 were at the fame time prohibited from going to 
 Penfacola, from whence came all the money 
 which was in circulation in the colony, nor to 
 fell any article whatever, except to the agents of 
 Crozat, who thereby had it in their power to 
 give to the provifions of the colony what value 
 they pleafed, a power which they failed not to 
 abufe : they at length rated the furs fo low, that 
 
 VOL. I. the 
 
 B o o »c 
 
 XI. 
 
 t ? 
 
 i; 
 
 r ,: 
 
Mi 
 
 562 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 % :)::^ 
 
 ;S 
 
 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 X 
 
 -i 
 
 BOOK the huntfmcn, finding they could difpofe of them 
 
 A I * 
 
 better in Canada, and in the Englifli colonies, 
 carried the whole to thefe countries. 
 
 In maintaining a contrary conduct, the com- 
 pany of Crozat would have acquired credit, and 
 gained the confidence of the colonifts ; he might 
 gradually have led them into his fcheme, when 
 they had multiplied, and have drawn from the 
 country the whole of its produce. 
 
 But in cutting off the fmall vein of money 
 which flowed in from Penfacola, in leffening the 
 price of their produce and their merchandife, in 
 reftralning their commerce, whofe profits would 
 have centered in the company, in augmenting 
 the value of the articles they drew from France, 
 they were deprived of the means of fubfiftence, 
 and their lands became of no eftimation. 
 
 This decay of the commerce and agriculture 
 of Louifiana could not fail to give fome uneafi- 
 nefs to the government, if it was confidered that 
 after the twenty-five years for which this privi- 
 lege was held, the colony would be much lefs 
 advanced than it was when Crozat firfl: received 
 it, and the King was by no means indemnified 
 by the freight of fifty tons, which the company 
 engaged to allow him in their veffels. It is true, 
 that the King thereby faved the expence of 
 freighting a veffel, which otherwife mufl: have 
 ))een feat to Louifiana, to tranfport thither necef- 
 
 faries 
 
 A 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5^3 
 
 faries for the troops ; but there was an eafy book 
 mode of repaying this expence, by the freight 
 which the veflTel could not fail to find at St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 
 
 '!•■ •;(";■ V 
 
 Crozat feemed to feel more for the injury 
 which his privilege occafioned to the interefts of 
 the King, than that which arofe from it to the 
 inhabitants of Louifiana. He therefore propofed 
 a new arrangement, with a view of facilitating to 
 the officers, foldiers, and others employed in the 
 colony the payment of their falaries, and the 
 tranfport of merchandife and provifions for the 
 forts, and for the prefents which were annually 
 made to the favages. To this the government 
 aflented. Some months after he prefented a me- 
 morial, complaining of various grievances, and 
 by which it appeared that the inhabitants of 
 Louifiana were much diffatisfied with his exclu- 
 five privilege. ' ' " 
 
 He dated that the weaknefs of the French in 
 that colony rendered them contemptible to the 
 favages, and put it out of their power to prevent 
 them from harrafling the inhabitants with conti- 
 nued a6ls of hoflility ; whence it arofe that it was 
 impoflible to eftablifh any fettled commerce in 
 the country, and to fend veffels from France 
 without loCng the expences of the voyage. That 
 the Englifli were approaching their fettlements 
 very near to the French, who, cantoned on the 
 
 3 river 
 
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 554 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^ ^x? ^ "'^*' Mobile, and in the Ifle Dauphine, where 
 the lands were good for nothing, left open to the 
 firfl all the borders of the Miffifippi, where they 
 could not be prevented from fettling, and from 
 penetrating from thence to New Mexico and 
 New Bifcay: that it was not comprehended 
 whence could arife the indifference with which 
 ill France LouiHana was conGdered* Crozat 
 ventured to aflert, that if attention was paid to 
 the advantages which might be drawn from 
 thence, there was no colony whofe prefervation 
 and profperity was of greater confequence to the 
 (late. The maritime commerce of the kingdom 
 he dated to be reduced to a very inconiiderable 
 compafs. By the different ellablifhments that 
 might be formed at Louifiana, it might be hoped 
 that if ferious attention >va$ paid to that colony, 
 the commerce would occupy in a few years a 
 confiderable number of veifels. He complained 
 that the ofl^cers for the ^dminillration of the go- 
 vernment had refufcd to regifter in the council 
 of the province hk letters patent ; th^t all the 
 inhabitants were in oppofitiofi to him, and ' that 
 this fpirit was fomented by thofe officers who 
 were accuftomed to tr^de with the Spaniards. 
 
 This reprefentation wsis apparently made to 
 endeavour to ^ain over the troops to his interefts, 
 but as his affairs fucceeded not better than before, 
 fie did no^ ws^lt uptil the expiration of the perio4 
 
 of 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 S6S 
 
 of his privilege, and ftirrendered it to the King o o k 
 the following year. It was then that the cele- 
 brated Company of the Weft was formed, which, 
 under the guidance of Mr. Law, charged itfeif by 
 degrees with all the commerce both within and 
 without the kingdom, and from whence arofe 
 the company of the Indies, attaining afterwards 
 a high degree of profperity, and the only one 
 that fucceeded in France (ince the foundation of 
 the monarchy. The letters patent of the firft, in 
 form of an edi£t, importing an e(labli(hment of 
 commerce under the name of the Company oftht 
 Weft, and which, regiftered in the parliament of 
 the 6th of September of the fame year, declare^ 
 that his majedy granted to the faid company for 
 twenty-five years the commerce of Canada, on 
 condition of improving the agriculture and plan- 
 tations ; to exercife exdufively during the fpace 
 of twenty-five years, to be reckoned from the 
 day of the regiftry, the commerce in the pro- 
 vince and government of Louifiana ; and to 
 poflefs in perpetuity all the lands, ports, coafls, 
 harbours, and iflands which compofed this pro- 
 vince ; to enjoy the fame in full property, with 
 the right of feignory, and of adminiftration of 
 justice, his majcfty referving no other right but 
 that of fidelity and allegiance, which the faid 
 company were bound to render to him, and to 
 prefent to each of his fucceffors, on his accefHon 
 
 o o 3 to 
 
 ! :ii 
 
 e <f 
 
 ' ''11° 
 
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 s^(^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 o o K the throne, a croWn of gdld of the Weight of 
 thirty marks. . ?* ^ 
 
 And by another at^rei of the 27th of the fanw 
 month of September, the country of the llinois 
 ivas detached from the government of New 
 France, and incorporated with that of Louifi- 
 ana. • , ;. . 
 
 They were empowered to treat, and make 
 alliance in name of his majefty* throughout the 
 whole extent of their eonceflion, with all the na- 
 tions of the country who were not dependant on 
 other European fovereigns; and in cafe of infult, 
 to declare war againft them. They were to en« 
 joy the abfolute poffcffion of the mines and mine- 
 rals which (hould be opened during the time of 
 the privilege. Permiflion was given them to 
 fell and alienate the lands of their conceffion, to 
 conftruft fuch forts, caftles, and places as they 
 ftiould find neceflary for the defence of the coun- 
 try ; granted, to place garrifons there, to raife 
 troops in France with the confent of his majefty, 
 and to eftablifli and appoint fuch governors, 
 majors, military officers, and others, as they 
 Ihould think fit to command their troops. 
 
 M. de la Motte Cadillac and M» Duclos had 
 quitted Louifiana before this change took place. 
 M. de I'Epinai had fucceeded the firft, and M. 
 Hubert the fecond. They arrived at the Ifle 
 Dauphine in the month of March 1 7 1 7, and fome 
 
 months 
 
History op canada. 
 
 567 
 
 thonths after the company of the wed nominated book 
 M. de Bienville commandant-general of all the 
 provinces. His inflruftions were dated the 1 2th 
 of September, but he did not leave France until 
 the enfuing year. M. de TEpinai arrived with 
 three (hips, which conveyed feveral officers and a 
 great number of foldiers, a quantity of ammuni- 
 tion and provifions, and every fpecies of mer- 
 chandife. The whole were landed in the Ifle 
 Dauphine, except the merchandife contained in 
 the Dudlow, commanded by M. de GoUeville, 
 who had orders to fail for Vera Cruz. This 
 captain, acquainted with what had happened five 
 years before to M. de la Jonchere, who could 
 not obtain permiffion to trade in that port, did 
 not think fit to go thither : he went to anchor 
 at Villaricay which was the former Vera Cruz, 
 built by Cortes, and fecretly notified his arrival 
 to the Spanifli merchants : they delayed not to 
 come on board his veffel, and purchafed his 
 whole cargo, for which they paid him in money. 
 M. de TEpinai ftrengthened the fortifications 
 of the Ifle Dauphine, on which were the (lores 
 and magazines ; and whild he was occupied in 
 this fervice, twenty-four favage nations fent de^ 
 puties to congratulate him, and to fing the calu- 
 met. But the fatisfadion of beholding this 
 concourfe of fo many nations aiTembled in his 
 government, was foon afterwards difturbed by 
 
 004 an 
 
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568 - 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 W 
 
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 734. « 
 ill 
 
 ^' 
 
 i 
 
 BOOK an unforefeen accident, which difconcerted hl« 
 meafures, and rendered ufelefs all the expences 
 which had been bedowed on the Ifle Dauphine. 
 Towards the end of the month of Auguft, the 
 only paffage into the harbour of this fetilement 
 was filled by a prodigious quantity of fand col- 
 lefted there by the effefts of a hurricane. The 
 ifland itfelf was almod overflown, and great num- 
 bers of animals were drowned. 
 
 It became immediately neceflary to fearch for 
 another anchorage for veflels, and the I/Ie Surgere 
 was made choice of, which was afterwards named 
 I/le aux Vaiffeaux, It has only one road, which 
 is perfedlly fafe, except when the wind blows 
 from the north or north-weft, but thefe winds 
 feldom occur, and are not violent. A fmall fort 
 was ereded on the ifland for the fecurity of the 
 ihips, and the eftablifliment on the Ifle Dauphine 
 was removed to the Biloxi, which is to the north- 
 ward of the IJIe aux Vaiffeaux^ but which fliips 
 rannot approach nearer than four leagues. 
 Nothing evinces more ftrongly than this new 
 i'cttlement, how mucji their commerce with the 
 Spaniards was there circumXcribed. The foil of 
 the Biloxi was not better than that of the Ifle 
 Dauphine, and this pofl had not a road for the 
 fmalleft brigantines. It is fomewhat Angular 
 that tlie centre of a colony fliould have been 
 placet! on a barren fand, whofe coaft was pradi- 
 
 cable 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 5^9 
 
 cable for no other veflTels but fuch as were of a book: 
 very fmall fize. 
 
 In the fame year, however, were laid the foun- 
 dations of New Orleans, the capital of Louifiana. 
 M. de Bienville having arrived at the Mobile 
 from the Natchez, to congratulate the new 
 governor, informed him that he hadobfervedon 
 the borders of the river a place extremely fit to 
 eftablifh as a pod, and M. TKpinai gave him the 
 charge of this propofed fetilement. He fent 
 with him eighty traders newly arrived from 
 France, with carpenters to build houfes. He at 
 the fame time gave indrudions to M. de Blon- 
 del, a captain, to relieve M. de Pailloux at the 
 Natchez, and the latter had orders to join M. 
 de Bienville, to fecond him in his enterprife, 
 which was not at that time far advanced. The 
 government of the infant city was given to M. 
 de Pailloux. It is (ituated thirty-three leagues 
 from the fea, and it may be reached from thence 
 in a boat or canoe in twenty-four hours. The 
 foil in its vicinity is fertile, and its climate in the 
 thirteenth degree of latitude, renders it capable of 
 affording to the labours of the planter all the 
 production of the iflands. The environs of New 
 Orleans prefent nothing remarkable, and the 
 choice of its fituation, in point of advantage, does 
 not appear to exceed feveral other fpots or banks 
 
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 570 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 of the MKTifippi. But among the motives which 
 induced M. de Bienville to fix it where it now 
 Hands, was, that a league dii^ant from thence, 
 towards the north-caft, there is a fmall river 
 called St. John, which after a courfe of two 
 leagues difcharges itfelf into Lake Pontchartrain, 
 communicating with the fea : by this mears It 
 became eafy to hold a correfpondence between 
 the capital, the Mobile, and the Biloxi, and the 
 other pods occupied near the fea. The fecond 
 reafon was, that below the city the river forms a 
 great curve, named the Bend 0/ the Eng/iJhfVrhichf 
 in cafe of the afcent of an enemy, might occafion 
 a delay which was thought advantageous, to 
 avoid a furprife, 
 
 They who thus reafoned, fuppofed that the 
 entrance of the river could receive fmall veflTels 
 only, and therefore little apprehenfion could be 
 entertained from thence, as it could not be at- 
 tacked with cannon. In whatever fituation the 
 city was built, the mouth of the river ought to 
 have been defended by batteries, and by a fort, 
 which would give time and warning to be pre- 
 pared for the reception of an enemy. There 
 could be no great neceflity for a communication 
 by means of boats between the ports, which, if 
 attacked, could not be fuccoured. When a 
 fmall veliel, befides, is afcending the river, (he 
 
 mud 
 
HISTORY OF CAWADA. 
 
 57' 
 
 mufl have frequent changes of wind, which mud book 
 detain her a confiderable time in advancing a few 
 leagues. 
 
 A Httle didance below New Orleans, the foil 
 on each fide the Miflifippi begins not to have 
 much depth, and this always dimini(hes towards 
 the fea. Two points of land, whofc formation 
 does not appear of an ancient date, form the 
 boundaries on each fide to its mouth : water is 
 found at a fmall didance from the furface, and 
 the quantity of ihoals and fmall iflands, which 
 within a few years had imperceptibly collected at 
 all the outlets of the river, leave little doubt that 
 thefe points have been formed in the fame man- 
 ner. It appears beyond qucftion, that when M. 
 de la Sale defcended the Miilifippi to the fea, the 
 mouth of that river was then in a very different 
 ilate from what it now is. 
 
 The nearer to the fea, the more evident this 
 change becomes : the bar has fcarcely any water 
 in the greater part of the fmall iflues, which the 
 river keeps open, and which have extremely 
 multiplied by means of the trees, which are 
 drawn thither by the current. When a fingle 
 tree is fixed by its branches or its roots, in a 
 place which has little depth, it becomes the caufe 
 of (lopping a thoufand. In fituations on the 
 river, two hundred leagues from the fea, are fe- 
 veral indances of the fame kind. Nothing is 
 
 capable 
 
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 till 
 
57 a 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 J 
 
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 capable of difengaging them : the dime which 
 the river carries down with its waters, ferves as 
 * cement, and covers them by degrees : every 
 inundation leaves a new bed, anc'. after ten years 
 at moil the canes and fiirubs begin to grow there- 
 upon. In this manner' have been formed the 
 grearefl part of the points and iflands, which 
 have frequently caufed the river to change its 
 cou rfe. 
 
 New Orleans was for feveral years little better 
 than a camp upon the borders of the river, and 
 the inhabitants had no other view than to pro- 
 tect themfelves from the injuries of the weather, 
 waiting until a place was formed that they might 
 begin to build. 
 
 On the commencement of the following year, 
 the entrance of the Miffifippi was founded, to 
 afcertain if loaded veflels could enter, and (ixteen 
 feet of water were found upon the bar. The 
 Neptune, a veflel newly arrived from France, 
 was ienr into the river, and (he afcended without 
 any difficulty as far as New Orleans. It appears 
 fomewhat fingular, that, after this difcovery of 
 the river being navigable, the government did 
 not take meafures to eftablifti thereafter the head 
 quarters at that place, and that leveral thoufand 
 men were left to become a prey to wretchednefs 
 and difeafe, under pretence that there were not 
 baireaux fufficitnt in number to tranfport them 
 
 2 to 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 571 
 
 to the place of their deftlnation, fince the fame book 
 
 XI. 
 
 veflels in which they had come from France 
 might have difembarked them at New Orleans, 
 and dill nearer, if necelTary, to their concelHons. . 
 
 In the month of March in the following year, 
 the perfons to whom the firft conceffions were 
 given arrived. The Sieur Dugue de Boifbriand 
 accompanied them, and brought the orders of the 
 company, who, with the approbation of his ma- 
 jedy, had nominated him commandant at the 
 Ilinois, M. de Bienville commandant-general of 
 Louifiana, and director of the company in that 
 province, and M. de Pailloux major-general. 
 The firft went without delay to the Ilinois, taking 
 with him M. Diron, and the Chevalier d'Arta- 
 guette. The former was a captain, and was foon 
 after declared infpeftor- general of the province. 
 
 At the fame time feveral nations of favages, 
 fome of whom had long (hewn a difpofnion un« 
 favourable to the French, eftablilhed themfelves 
 on the Miffifippi, not far from New Orleans, and 
 as the greateft part of thefe people were in the 
 habit of cultivating the lands, they cleared con- 
 fiderable trads, and planted them with corn, 
 which became a great refource for the new city, 
 as they frequently furnifhed provlfions to the in. 
 habitants in times of fcarcity. Some of the 
 fettlers alfo fent a part of their people higher up 
 the river, and the advantages which they there 
 
 found, 
 
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 574 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK found, to form foHd eftablifliments, caufed thofe 
 
 XI 
 
 v.: — -1^ who had a regard for the public welfare to regret 
 »7*y* that they had prohibited the other fettlers from 
 purfuing the fame plan. The inquietudes which 
 arofe on account of interruption from the Eng- 
 , lifh foon vaniftied ; all the nations bordering on 
 the river were friendly to them, or at lead 
 difturbed not thfcir repofe, and the only means 
 of infuring themfelves againft the intrigues of 
 fome, and the levity of others, was to fortify and 
 people the colony. 
 
 In the month of June, M. de Bienville fent to 
 take poffeffion of the bay St. Jofeph, fituated 
 fifty leagues eaft from Ifle Dauphine. M. de 
 Chateauguc his brother was charged with this 
 expedition, in which he acquitted himfelf without 
 any difficulty, and caufed to be built there a (lone 
 fort. The Spaniards had abandoned that pofl 
 eighteen years before ; the governor of Penfacola 
 was, however, no fooner informed of this enter- 
 prife, than he wrote to M. de Bienville, that the 
 bay of St. Jofeph belonged to the Catholic King. 
 It was not of fufficient confequence to become a 
 fubje£l of difpute, and M. de Chateaugue doubt- 
 ed not a moment that it fhould be deferted, which 
 happened in the following year. 
 
 In the month of February M. de Serigny ar- 
 
 1719. rived at Louifiana with three velfels, there pub- 
 
 liihed that war was declared agamft Spain, and 
 
 fhewed 
 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 SIS 
 
 I m 
 
 1719. 
 
 (hewed the inflru£don8 which he had to capture book 
 
 Xi 
 
 Penfacola, The bay which bears that name was, 
 according to the Spanifli writers, firft difcovered 
 by Pamphilo de Narvaez, who there landed in 
 his unfortunate expedition to Florida. Diego de 
 Maldonado, one of the captains of Ferdinand 
 Soto difcovered it a fecond time, and gave it the 
 Ti2.mt oi Tort d' Anchufi, In 1558 Don Andre 
 de Pes, general of the fleet of Barlovento, having 
 gone to reconnoitre it, added to the lafl: name 
 that of De Galve^ in honour of the Count de 
 Galve, at that time viceroy of Mexico. This 
 bay is therefore known among the Spaniards by 
 the name of Santa Maria de Gahe, And that 
 of Pcnfacola, where the inhabitants of the coun- 
 try were fettled, who have fmce been extirpated 
 by other favages, has given name to the province, 
 to which the Spaniards allot a great extent. In 
 |6g6, Don Andre de Arriola having been nomi- 
 nated the firfl governor of this province, went to 
 take poflefiion of it, and built in the bay of St. 
 Maria de Galve a fort of four baftions, which he 
 called St. Charles, with a church and fome 
 houfes : and this was the ftate in which this place 
 was found when M. de Serigny laid fiege to it. 
 The company of the wefl: having feized the 
 opportunity of the rupture between the two 
 crowns, to procure the only port which is found 
 on all the coaft of Weft Florida, M. de Serigny 
 began by aflembling a council of war, the refult 
 
 of 
 
 \'f\] 
 
 ■!> 
 
57^ 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 
 Ijig. 
 
 Si, 'M 
 
 of which was, that Mtifrs. Bienville and Cha* 
 teauguc (hould call together at the Mobile all the 
 favviges, allies of the French, all the inhabitants, 
 voyageurs, and fettlers, and that they (hould con- 
 dud them by land to Penfacola, whilft the three 
 veflTels in which were embarked a hundred and 
 fifty foldiers, lliould enter the bay. All this was 
 executed with much fecrecy and diligence. On 
 the 14th of May, at ten o'clock in the morning, 
 M. de Serigny entered the bay : Don John Pe- 
 tro Matameros, governor of Fort St. Charles, 
 who was not in a condirion to attempt a defence, 
 fent to the governor of St. Jofeph to demand 
 adiftance, but he was not allowed time to receive 
 it. Serigny kept up a brilk firing for the fpace 
 of fix hours, when the governor fent a captain of 
 infantry to demand of the French commander 
 the reafon of fuch unexpeded hodility. M. de 
 Serigny fent back this officer, accompanied by a 
 French captain, who informed Don John that 
 war againft Spain hzd been publi(hed in France 
 on the 14th of January, and fummoned him to 
 furrender the place. The governor with the 
 advice of his council requelled to be allowed 
 time until the following day, which he obtained ; 
 but afterwards reflefting that with a hundred and 
 fixty men which he had in the fort, without any 
 hope of receiving timely fuccours, it was not 
 pollible to refift fix hulidred men, who attacked 
 him by fea, and feven hundred men by land, he 
 
 conceived 
 
1 l 
 
 ne to receive 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 conceived it more prudent to endeavour to ob- 
 tain an advantageous capitulation, than to expofe 
 himfelf to the confequences of a vain refiftance, 
 and therefore the fame day furrendered on 
 terms. 
 
 On the 29th of June,DonAlphonfoCarrafcofa 
 having fet fail from Vera Cruz for the purpofe of 
 retaking Penfacola, with eight hundred and fifty- 
 men, including regular troops, volunteers and 
 marines, in twelve (hips and three frigates, ar- 
 rived at St. Jofeph, and fent one of his lieutenants 
 to the governor of the fort, to learn the fituatioa 
 of the French. From the information of defer- 
 ters it was found that no repairs had been made, 
 that the ifle of St. Rofe and the point of Se- 
 guen9a were abandoned, and there could be 
 little doubt that the French commander would 
 furrender at the firft fummons. 
 
 Carrafcofa entered the bay, and landed a de- 
 tachment of fifty men, who took pofleflion of 
 point Seguen^a, which is the wedern extremity 
 of St. Rofe. Fifty French foldiers deferted to 
 them, and informed them that, on the approach 
 of the Spanilh troops, the gates of the fort would 
 be opened. The garrifon was compofed only of 
 deferters, illicit traders, and people who had been 
 compelled to embark for Louifiana. After fome 
 firing on both fides, the Spanilh commander 
 fent to the governor, requiring him to furrender 
 
 VOL, I. P p himfelf 
 
 S77 
 
 1719. 
 
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 1' I 
 
 
 
 
 PSB'!?«VCT*wr:sirw»imipwsr--v^ 
 
578 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^^i 
 
 1719. 
 
 himfelf and his troops prifoners of war, declaring 
 that if he delayed until his batteries were formed, 
 no quarter would be allowed. M. de Chatcaugue 
 requefted until ten o'clock next morning, to de- 
 liberate upon the fubje6l, and was allowed it ; 
 but in the mean time the Spanifh commander 
 took pofTeflion of all the paflages by which the 
 favages might come to allifl: the French, and the 
 place was furrendered at the appointed hour. 
 
 The Spaniards afterwards went to the fettle- 
 ment on the Mobile, where they received a 
 check, and likewife attempted to take the Ifle 
 Dauphine, but were repulfed. 
 
 The Count de Champmelin, Chef (TEf cadre ^ 
 having arrived on the 31ft of Auguft in view of 
 the Ifle Dauphine, anchored next day in the 
 road with five (liips of war, and two veflfds of the 
 company. He met in the canal two Spanifh 
 polacres, which were intended to flop the com- 
 munication of the ifland with the Mobile ; but 
 at fight of his fquadron they made fail for Penfa- 
 cola. M. de Bienville aflembled all the favages 
 and Frenchmen he could find, and conducted 
 them to Ifle Dauphine. A council of war was 
 held, where it was fettled that the fort of Penfa- 
 cola (hould be inverted by land with five hundred 
 favages, and that Serigny fliould accompany De 
 Champmelin, to ferve him as a guide along the 
 coafl:, and to the entry of the port. On found- 
 ing 
 
i) 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 jng the harbour, twenty feet of water were found 
 on the bar, at ebb tide, and the fquadron enter- 
 ed, and received the firft fire from the fort. The 
 Spaniards had three frigates, one of which was 
 funk, and foon after the fort furrendered. The 
 French general fent to fummon the governor of 
 Penfacola to furrender, with all his garrifon, as 
 prifoners of war, and to inform him, that in cafe 
 of refufal the whole lliould be put to the fword. 
 M. de Bienville, who had furrounded the place 
 with five hundred favages, and a hundred and 
 fifty Canadians, already refufed to treat with 
 him, and conceived that if De Champmelin would 
 allow him to affault the garrifon, it mud inevi- 
 tably be carried. He defired his lieutenant to 
 communicate this to the governor, who however 
 fent him away without any anfwer, but his offi- 
 cers to whom he communicated the fummons 
 obliged him to recal him s he then declared that 
 he furrendered. 
 
 It was deliberated whether the fort of Penfa- 
 cola (hould be preferved. There was no want 
 of foldiers to guard it, but the greateft part were 
 men of infamous character, who had deferted 
 from the troops of France, or who had been 
 compelled to ferve by force ; and experience of 
 the pad, evinced how little they could be trufled. 
 It was therefore refolved to dcftroy the baftions 
 on the land fide, to preferve only two facing the 
 ,.:. " " ■ Pr2 port, 
 
 579 
 
 1719. 
 
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580 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 
 m\ 
 
 
 BOOK 
 
 XI. 
 
 1721. 
 
 h 1 
 
 i'^iLv.. . 
 
 
 port, and to leave there an officer, two ferjeants, 
 twenty foldiers, and twelve favages. -'• v ' ' ' 
 In the mean time the fort of the Natchitoches 
 was well fupported, and feveral fettlers came to 
 that neighbourhood in the hope of enriching 
 themfelves by commerce with the Spaniards : 
 their hopes however were fruitlefs, and they were 
 thereby prevented from eftablilhing themfelves 
 on more folid foundations elfewhere, which con- 
 tributed to their ruin. M. de Bienville received 
 this year an order from the court to fend thither 
 M, de St. Denys, who departed on the beginning 
 of the following year with a reinforcement of 
 troops and ammunition, and was there joined by 
 his lady. M. de Bienville eftabliflied anew the 
 head quarters at the Biloxi, and there fixed his 
 refidence with the greateft part of the troops and 
 the dire£lors of the company, of whom he was 
 the chief. Nothing further was apprehended 
 from the Spaniards : the opportunity was favour- 
 able for eftablifliing the fettlers, who were fre- 
 quently arriving from France, and who, if pro- 
 perly diftributed, would have been enabled in 
 the courfe of a few years to fettle the borders of 
 the Miflifippi as high as the Ilinois: but the 
 whole of the attention of the directors of the 
 company was bellowed on making approaches 
 towards the Spaniards, or to prevent them from 
 eftablifhing themfelves in the vicinity of Louifi- 
 
 ana. 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 581 
 
 ana. M. de Bienville, agreeably to this fyftem, book 
 formed the defign of taking pofleflion of the bay . _ ' ^ 
 of St. Bernard, but he made a bad choice in the 1721. 
 perfon to whom he confided the enterprife.. 
 This officer entered the river Magdalen, at which 
 he arrived in his way, afcended its courfe feveral 
 leagues, and every where found favages on their 
 guard, and refolved not to fuffer (Irangers in their 
 country. He notified to them that he was come 
 to form an alliance, and to render their condition 
 better ; but they replied, that they were con- 
 tented with their ftate, and preferred their liberty 
 to all the advantages which could be offered 
 them. This officer neverthelefs found means to 
 conciliate the good opinion of fome of their prin- 
 pal chiefs, and to retain them. He fet fail and 
 carried them to the Biloxi. M. de Bienville 
 blamed much thi^ treafonable condud,andcaufed 
 the favages to be re-conduded to their country. 
 On the following year intelligence was received 
 that the Spaniards of Vera Cruz had built a fort 
 in the bay St. Bernard. Pcnfacola was reftored 
 to Spain in confequence of a treaty of peace. 
 
 The troops and (lores were removed to New 1722. 
 Orleans, which now became the head quarters, 
 and an officer with a fmall detachment was left to 
 guard the Biloxi. A company of Swifs, with 
 their captain, having embarked in a fmall vellel 
 with ammunition and provifions, deferted and 
 
 p p 3 went 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■'■'i 
 
 
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 I 
 
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 I 
 
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 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 tiiiati. 
 
 ^^- J 
 
 
 582 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 went to Carolina. This defertion was followed 
 by others, and thus Louifiana became more 
 1722. weak every day : it became neceflary, therefore, 
 that reinforcements fhould be fent from France 
 to repair thefe loflTes. The governor of Caro- 
 lina wrote to M. de Bienville to advife him of 
 the arrival of Brandt, and his Swifs company, 
 and hinted to him that he ought to inform the 
 court of France of fo great a diforder, which 
 could not fail foon to bring entire ruin on the 
 colony. This fettlement had been peopled by 
 men who were fent thither by conftraint, or by 
 fettlers, who found not the advantages which 
 they had been led to expert : both, therefore, 
 thought of nothing elfe but to abandon it : a 
 great number periflied by mifery or difeafe, and 
 the population declined with much greater rapidi- 
 ty than it had advanced. The deferters on their 
 part protefted, that the neceflity to which they 
 were red ced for the want of the neceflaries of 
 life, obliged them to go in fearch of fuftenance 
 elfewhere. The moft difcontented were the 
 foldiers, to whom nothing but bread was given, 
 whilft provifions were diftributed to the work- 
 men of the company, and even to men who had 
 been galley flaves, who were in the employ of 
 individuals. To add to thefe calamities, there 
 arofe on the 12th of September, at ten o'clock 
 at night, a hurricane on the Miflifippi, which 
 
 lafted 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 583 
 
 lafted with unremitting violence until next day book 
 at noon, and whofe tffeds were felt in the coun- ._ - - _j 
 try of the Natchez, and as far as the Biloxi. »72«- 
 All the houfes and huts of New Orleans were 
 either overthrown or damaged. The veflels 
 were thrown upon the land, and the canoes and 
 batteaux totally deftroyed. 
 
 The Chicachas were always hoflile to the 
 French, but their hoftiliiics weie confined to 
 fome furprifes, which obliged thofe who travelltd 
 to proceed with precaution. They however re- 
 laxed in their operations, and prefented to the 
 Sieur Grave the calumet of peace, which he ac- 
 cepted. But the colony, although it had no 
 longer any inconvenience to apprehend on the 
 part of this people, not only the mofl; brave in 
 Louifiana, but alfo the mofl formidable on ac- 
 count of their connexion with the Englifti, foon 
 experienced that the fidelity of the Natchez could 
 not be depended on, notwithitanding the ftiid 
 watch that was preferved over that people, natu- 
 rally deceitful. Thefe barbarians no fooner 
 perceived the French, occupied with other ob- 
 je6ls, pay lefs attention to their condud, than 
 they began their infults, and difplayed all their 
 animofity. Unfavourable accounts were like- 
 wife received from the llinois. M. de Boifbriand 
 informed, that the people of the Rock, and the 
 Pimiteouy, were befieged by the Outagamis, 
 
 p r 4 embarked 
 
 !i 1 
 
.*.■.." 
 
 
 
 1722. 
 
 584 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK embarltcd with the Chevalier d*Artaguette and 
 the Sieur de Tifnc, both captains, feveral other 
 officers, and a detachment of a hundred men, to 
 relieve them : he had previoufly given orders to 
 forty Frenchmen and four hundred favages to 
 proceed by land to Pimiteouy, and to wait his 
 arrival there ; but both detachments learnt on 
 the way, that the Outagamis had retreated with 
 the lofs of a hundred and twenty men. This 
 fucccfs, however, prevented not the Ilinois, al- 
 though they only fuftained a lofs of twenty men, 
 fome women and children, from quitting the 
 Rock, and the Pimiteouy, where they were kept 
 in continual alarm, and coming to unite with 
 thofe of their nation who were eftablifiied on the 
 Miflifippi. There being now no obllacle to the 
 irruptions of the Outagamis, on the river Ilinois, 
 the communication of Louifiana with New France 
 became much lefs pradicable. They received 
 fome time afterwards a confiderable check from 
 the Sieur de St. Auge, an officer commanding 
 Fort Chartres on the Ilinois, who having drawn 
 a great number into an ambufcade, cut almoil 
 the whole in pieces : other parties lefs numerous 
 fhared the fame fate foon afterwards. But their 
 fury increafed in proportion to the diminution 
 of their force, and they /ound the means of com- 
 municating their hoftile rage fo fuccefsfully to 
 the new enemies which the French had raifed on 
 
 the 
 
il 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 the Mlflifippi, that the latter were infeftcd by b 
 favages, with whom they had no caufo of hoftili- 
 ty, and who gave no quarter when they could 
 furprifeor attack wlih advantage. * . . 
 
 Many of the Natchez openly declared them- 
 felves againfl: the French, and the brother of the 
 great chief was at their head. To procure a 
 durable acccmtnodation with this people, it was 
 neceffary that the man who was the author of all 
 the evil fliouid be delivered up to the governor 
 by his own brotlier ; and there were no means 
 of compelling him to that meafure. The good 
 condud of the Sieur Delictto was alone able to 
 tiled: it. He had gained fuch an afcendency 
 over the mind of the great chief, that he per- 
 fuaded him to form the refolution of going him- 
 felf to furrcnder his brother to the difcretion of 
 the general, who pardoned an enemy who was 
 humbled. They (hewed to each other reciprocal 
 marks of confidence and there was every ap- 
 pearance that this concoru would have been lad- 
 ing, if M. Delletto had lived much longer. A 
 certain degree of diftruft and precaution on the 
 part of the French, would doubtlefs have pre- 
 vented thefe favagcs from conceiving any other 
 than pacific fentiments towards them, and have 
 averted the lubfequent evils which took place. • 
 No ecclcfiaftics had, until this year, been in- 
 if oduced into the colony : fome father capuchins, 
 
 having 
 
 S8J 
 
 O <) K 
 XI. 
 
 1723- 
 
 f^ 
 
 h* 
 
 
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 1 1 
 
 If 
 
 i) > 
 
 i! i, 
 
 II 
 
 Pi I 
 
 i 
 

 rli^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 BOOK 
 XI. 
 
 1723. 
 
 586 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 having been fent over from France, were diftri- 
 buted among thofe fituations which contained 
 the grcaieft number of fettlers. To eftablifh 
 miffionaries among the favages was an objed of 
 confiderable importance, and it appears fome- 
 what fingular that the French had fo long over- 
 looked it, e pecially as the example of the Ilinois, 
 which had now for fix years been incorporated 
 with Louifiana, fufficienrly evinced the beneficial 
 confequences refulting from that fyftem. 
 1725. As foon as the company announced to the 
 Jefuits their intention to eftablifh miflions among 
 the favage nations of Louifiana, a great number 
 made offer of their fervices ; but as the fuperiors 
 could not accord to all permiflion to confecrate 
 themfelves to that duty, the direftors thought it 
 neceflfary to place thofe who firll: arrived, in the 
 places where there were no '^apuchins : whence 
 it happened that the Natchez, whom, of all the 
 people in the province it was neceffary firft to 
 enlighten, were allowed no miffionary ; and the 
 error which in this refped was committed, was 
 not difcovered until it was too late, and had be- 
 come irreparable. Provifion at the fame time 
 was made for the education of the French fe- 
 male children of the capital and its environs, by 
 bringing Urfulines from France; and not to 
 multiply eftablifhments in a colony which had 
 not yet began to alTume any form, the fame 
 
 8 filters 
 
 
HHTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 587 
 
 fifters were charged with the direction of the book 
 
 XI. 
 
 hofpital. ..,•,.. 
 
 In the month of 0£lober M. Perrier, lieutenant 
 of the marine, was nominated commandant-ge- 
 neral of Louifiana, in the place of M. de Bien- 
 ville, who returned to France. Although there 
 appeared no difturbances in the colony, the 
 new commander foon faw the neceflity of having 
 more troops than thofe he found there. The 
 more he became acquainted with the favages, the 
 flronger was his convidion that he fhould never 
 be able to fix them in alliance with the French ; 
 that it was doubtful whether they fliould not be- 
 come enemies, and the means of fecuring tran- 
 quillity was to garrifon all the ports, fo as to have 
 nothing to fear from their reftlefs and unflcady 
 difpofition. He however did not much prefs the 
 company to fend him troops until three years 
 afterwards, when he made a demand of three 
 hundred regular and good foldiers. His requefl: 
 was not only not complied with, but it was af- 
 ferted that he widied for an augmentation of 
 troops, in order to adopt aggreflive meafures, 
 and to fignalife himfelf at the expence of the 
 company. 
 
 He foon remarked, that, to avoid the impor- 
 tunity of the favages, who are continually making 
 demands, the only means is to appear not to be 
 in want of their afliftance. They will then vo- 
 luntarily 
 
 1726. 
 
 !i 
 
 I m 
 
 ' I 
 
 i ?• 
 
 
 
 ! M 
 
 ill 
 
 III. 
 
S88 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 B (X'O K luntarily follow the Europeans, and if they fhould 
 *_^'-^_. feetn diflatisfied, they can only be told they were 
 1726. not invited. Although it is neceffary in fome 
 roeafure, in order to avoid quarrels with them, 
 to gain their attachment by prefents, yet their 
 fidelity can never be depended on, fo far as to 
 produce a total exemption from infult. 
 . The tranquillity which Louifiana enjoyed fmce 
 peace had been made with the Natchez and 
 Chicachas, was only a deceitful calm, which 
 lulled the inhabitaMts, whilft there was preparing 
 for them a ftorm, whofe deftruftive efiefts were 
 averted by an accident, and which might have 
 been fatal to the whole of the French colony : 
 it proved difaftrous to thofe who had not time 
 to prepare againft it, on whom its fury burft 
 forth. ■ ■ • ;'f:^ ?..";.■.. ," ,. .--■,,,, ,^ 
 
 For fome years the Chicachas had been form- 
 ing a defign of deftroying the colony of Louifi- 
 ana, and of putting to death every Frenchman. 
 Their intrigue had been conduced with fuch fe- 
 crecy, that the Ilinois, the Acanfas, and the 
 Tonicas, to whom they were afraid to communi- 
 cate it left their attachment to the French (hould 
 induce them to reveal it, had not the moft diftant 
 conception of what was in contemplation. All 
 the other nations had entered into.it; each was 
 to maflacre the inhabitants of a particular diftrift, 
 and all were to commence their operations on 
 ... , . the 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 589 
 
 1726. 
 
 the fome day. Even the Tetraftas, the moft ^ 00 k 
 numerous nation on the continent, and always 
 allied to the French, had been gained over to 
 join in the confpiracy, at lead thofe of the £a(l, 
 who are (tiled the Great Nation ; thofe of the 
 Weft, or the Little Nation, were not compre- 
 hended in it ; but they kept for a long time the 
 fecret, and it was only by accident that they 
 made a difcovery, when it was too late to give 
 advice to all the inhabitants to be upon their 
 guard. 
 
 M. Pierrer having learnt that the firft had fome 
 difagreement with M. Diron d'Artaguette, com- 
 mander of the fort of the Mobile, invited the 
 chiefs of the whole nation to ailemble at New 
 Orleans, holding out to them the hope of an 
 entire fatisfadlon to all their complaints. They 
 accordingly came thither, and having explained 
 the fubjed for which they were called together, 
 they told the commandant-general, that their 
 nation was much pleafcd that he had fent an 
 officer to refide among them, and that he had 
 invited them to vifit him. They faid nothing 
 further, but returned with a ftrong inclination 
 not to fulfil a promife they had made to the 
 Chicachas,of deftroying all the habitations which 
 were dependent on fort Mobile, and to allow the 
 Natchez to execute their part of the projeft. 
 pi this the latter afterwards reproached them in 
 
 prefcnce 
 
 1729. 
 
 
 i! 
 
 Ill 
 
 h- 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 n. i 
 
 III 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ii 
 
590 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 
 |m 
 
 Mm'i 
 
 
 BOOK prefcnce of the French. There could be no 
 
 i*^-^ — queftion that their defign was to oblige the 
 
 »729' French to have recourfe to them, and by this 
 
 means to profit by what would be given them, 
 
 to engage their aid, and by the plunder they 
 
 ihould derive from the Natchez. .... ,, , ... 
 
 Thus was the commandant-general ignorant 
 of his fituation, on the eve of feeing a part of the 
 colony deftroyed by enemies, whom he did not 
 diftruft, and betrayed by allies, on whom he be- 
 h'eved he might place reliance, and who had been 
 one of his principal refources. It would have 
 been no difficult matter for thofe whom the Chi- 
 cachas had gained to their interefts, to fucceed 
 in the execution of their defign, as no French 
 habitation was proof againfl: a furprife. There 
 were fcveral forts in different parts of the coun- 
 try, but, except that of Mobile, they were con- 
 flru6ted with flahes, many of which had gone to 
 decay ; and had they been in a (late of defence, 
 they could have proteded from the fury of the 
 favages but a fmall number of the neareft dwell- 
 ings. The French conceived themfelves, befides, 
 in fuch a ft ate of fecurity, that the favages might 
 cafily have mafi'acred the whole, even in thofe 
 fituatlons which were the befl: guaided. Anin- 
 ftance of this took place among the Natchez in 
 the following manner. 
 
 ■ -^ ' 1 '-'^yi'. :< Between 
 
 i?ite 
 
{! 
 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 59» 
 
 Between M. de Chepar, who commanded at book. 
 this port, and thefe favages, a mifunderftanding y_ J _t 
 had arifen, but it appeared that they had carried ^7^9* 
 their diflimulation fo far, as to perfuade the 
 French that they had no allies who were more 
 faithful than themfelves. He thereupon became 
 fo little difpofed to diftruft them, even on a re- 
 port having fpread that the Natchez had fome 
 evil defign againfl; the French, that he put in 
 irons feven inhabitants who had come to afk per- 
 miffion to affemble, and arm themfelves, in cafe 
 of a furprife. He carried his confidence fo far 
 as to receive thirty favages Ip^o the fort, and as 
 many into his quarters and their environs. The 
 reft were diftributed among the houfes of the 
 inhabitants, and the (hops of the artificers, two 
 or three leagues above and below their village. 
 The day appointed for the execution of the ge- 
 neral confpiracy was not yet arrived, but two 
 circumftances determined the Natchez to antici- 
 pate it. The firft was, that there arrived at the 
 landing-place fome batteaux loaded with mer- 
 chandife, for the garrifon of this poft, for thofe 
 of the Yafous, and for many inhabitants, and 
 they wifiied to take pofTefTion of them before the 
 diftribution was made : the fecond, that the com- 
 mandant had received a vlfit from fome of the 
 moft confiderable perfons of the fettlements, who 
 were then with him : they therefore conceived, 
 
 
 that 
 
 'Mi. 
 
 il'i; 
 
 'i ' ' 
 
 \ ' I 
 
 n 
 
 4 4.VA., 
 
 i 
 
593 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 ^. 
 
 BOOK that on a pretence of going to the chace, to far- 
 u — ^— ,^ nifli M. de Chepar with frefh provifions to regale 
 ^7^9' his guefls, they might all arm, without any caufe 
 of fufpicion. They made the propofal to the 
 commandant, who agreed to it with pleafure, and 
 immediately they went to purchafe from the in- 
 habitants fufils and ammunition, for which they 
 paid in money. • ' -> ' ' ' ' 
 
 They afterwards fpread themfelves through all 
 the fettlement, publifhing that ihey were going 
 to the chace, taking care that their number 
 fhould in every place exceed thofe of the French. 
 They fung the calumet in honour of the com- 
 mandant and his company, after which they re- 
 turned each to his poft. Immediately on three 
 reports from a fufil being fired from M. Chepar's 
 quarters, they every where began the maffacre. 
 The commandant and his guefts were firft killed : 
 there was no refiftance but in the houfe of M. 
 de la Loire, principal clerk of the company of 
 the ladies, who had with him eight men. They 
 fought until fix Frenchmen and eight favages 
 fell ; the remaining two Frenchmen made their 
 efcape on horfeback. Previous to the execution 
 of their purpofe, they perfuaded feveral negroes, 
 among whom were two drivers, to join them. 
 They had brought the others to believe that they 
 fhould be free with the favages, that the wives 
 and children of the French (hould become their 
 
 flaves. 
 
kfsTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 593 
 
 of the com- 
 
 flave's, and that they fiiould have nothing to fear book 
 
 from the French of the other pofts, becaufe the Iq 
 
 maflacre was general throughout the whole. It '729* 
 appeared, however, that the fecret had been con- 
 fided to a fmall number only, left it fliould have 
 been difcovered. Two hundred men periflied 
 almoll at the fame inftant. Of all the French 
 who were at this pod only twenty-five efcaped, 
 with five negroes, the greateft part of them 
 wounded. An hundred and fifty children, 
 eighty women, and as many negroes were 
 taken. 
 
 During this maflacre the Sun, or great chief 
 of the Natchez, was feated in tranquillity under 
 the tobacco (bed of the company of the Indies. 
 The head of the commandant, and thofe of the 
 principal Frenchmen were brought him, which 
 he caufed to be arranged around the firft : the 
 bodies remained without fepulture, and became 
 a prey to dogs and carnivorous birds. The bar- 
 barians fpared two Frenchmen, on account of the 
 utility they hoped to derive from them : the one 
 was a taylor, and the other a carpenter. They 
 did not treat with cruelty the negroe and favage 
 flaves who furrendered themfelves without refin- 
 ance, but they ripped open the women big with 
 child, and deftroyed almoft the whole of thofe 
 who had children at the breaft, becaufe they im* 
 portuned them with their cries and lamentations. 
 
 VOL. I, <^<^ The 
 
 1 -n 
 
 1" r. 
 
 I 
 
594 
 
 History of Canada. 
 
 B (^ o K 
 XI. 
 
 ^—^ — ^ 
 1729. 
 
 The reft were made flaves, and underwent the 
 greateft indignities. 
 
 When they were aflured that there remained 
 no longer any Frenchmen in their country, they 
 began to pillage the houfes, the magazines, and 
 bateaux at the landing-place. To deprive the 
 women and the Haves of all hope of recovering 
 their liberty, they were aflured that the maflTacre 
 had been general throughout the colony, and 
 that not a Frenchman by that time exilled in 
 Louifiana. Some, however, had faved them- 
 felves in the woods, where they fuffered much 
 from cold and hunger. There was one who had 
 the boldnefs to leave his concealment, to go to 
 warm himfelf at a houfe which he perceived. 
 As he approached it be heard fome favage voices, 
 and deliberated whether he fliould enter. He 
 at length determined to expofe himfelf to hazard, 
 preferring a violent and immediate death to the 
 calamity of perifliing gradually, which appeared 
 to him inevitable in the prefent extremity. But 
 he was agreeably furprifed at tlie reception which 
 he met with from the favages, who were Yafous, 
 and who, after comforting him, furnifhed him 
 with provifions, clothing, and a wooden canoe 
 to tranfport him to Orleans. Their chief even 
 charged him to aflure M. Perrier, that he had 
 nothing to fear on the part of his nation ; that 
 it remained always faithfully attached to the 
 
 French, 
 
N 
 
 nderwent the 
 
 lilSTOAY OF CANADA. 
 
 595 
 
 French, and that he would go with a party of book 
 his men, to notify to all the French whom he t_ J.xj 
 fliould meet defcending the river to be upon their *729' 
 guard. This perfon, on his arrival at New Or- 
 leans, found the inhabitants in a ftate of the 
 greateft alarm. Intelligence of the maflacre had 
 already been received by the firft, who had 
 efcaped from the Natchez, and great apprehen- 
 fions were entertained for the fafety of the 
 Frenchmen eftablifhed among the Yafous. On 
 the teflimony given them by this perfon of the 
 humane treatment he had received from that 
 people, fome hope was entertained, but this was 
 of (hort duration. On the nth of December 
 father Souel, a Jefuit, who was miffionary among 
 the Yafous, at that time mixed in the fame village 
 with the Corrois and the Offogoulas, returning on 
 the evening from a vifit to one of the chiefs, re* 
 ceived, whilft he was pafling a river, feveral (hot 
 from fufils, and immediately expired. His mur- 
 derers forthwith betook themfelves to his cabin 
 in order to plunder : his negroe aded on the 
 defenfive, armed with a large knife, and 
 wounded one of the favages, but was foon over- 
 powered. 
 
 Early next morning they came to the fort, 
 which was not more diftant than a league from 
 their village. It was fuppofed, on feeing their 
 arrival, that they came to fmg the calumet to 
 
 q.(^2 the 
 
 ■M\ 
 
 n 
 
 1'^ 
 
 ill 
 
 't ■ ,cl 
 
S96 
 
 HISTORY OF CANAETA. 
 
 1729. 
 
 
 the Chevalier de Roches, who commanded In tfie 
 abfence of M. de Codere : for although, from the 
 Natchez to the Yafous, the diftance was only 
 forty leagues by water, and fifteen by land, they 
 were yet ignorant at this lafl poft of what hap- 
 pened fifteen days before at the former. The 
 favages were permitted to enter the fort, and un- 
 expededly attacked the French, whofe number 
 was only feventeen : they had not time to adopt 
 any means of defence, and not one of them 
 efcaped. The barbarians fpared four women 
 and five children, of whom they made flaves. 
 The OfFogoulas were then at the chace : on their 
 return they were ftrongly folicited to enter into 
 the confpiracy, but they uniformly refufed, and 
 withdrew to the Tonicas, whom they knew to be 
 firmly attached to the French. 
 
 Some fufpicion of this laft misfortune was en- 
 tertained at New Orleans, when the arrival of 
 father Doutreleau, a Jefuit miflionary of the Ili- 
 nois, placed it beyond a doubt. He had embraced 
 the opportunity, whilft the favages were occupied 
 in the chace in winter, to defcend to the capital, 
 there to regulate fome affairs which concerned 
 his miflion. He intended to flop at the habita- 
 tion of father Souel, of whofe death he was ig- 
 norant, but fearing left he fhbuld not arrive there 
 before noon, he went to celebrate mafs at the 
 entrance of the river of the Yafous. As he was 
 
 making 
 
 mm 
 
•HISTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 597 
 
 making preparation for this ceremony, a canoe book 
 with favages arrived at the lame place : they were v.— -n-^ 
 aflced of what nation they were, and they an- '729- 
 fwered that they were Yafous, friends of the 
 French, prefenting at the fame time provifions to 
 thofe who accompanied the miffionary. Some 
 wild fowl happening then to pafs, the Cana- 
 dians, who had only two fafils, difcharged them, 
 and as the father was ready to begin mafs, they 
 did not tl^inkof re-loading. Of this the favages 
 took notice, and placed them (elves behind the 
 French, as if they wiflied to hear mafs, although 
 they were not Chriftians. Whiifl: the Jefuit was 
 engaged in his devotions, they fired upon the 
 French, wounded him, and killed one of his 
 people : he then haftened to his canoe, into which 
 the two remaining p^yts of his attendants had 
 thrown themfelves, and believing him dead, they 
 had made towards the centre of the river. He 
 fw^m towards them, and as he was getting into 
 the canoe, turned his head to fee if they wer^ 
 not purfued : he received in his face a difcharge 
 offlijgs, which however did not much wound 
 h|im. He took the direction of the canoe, and 
 his two men, one of whom had his thigh broken 
 by a fhot, they made every exertion to efcape. 
 The favages purfued them for an hour, keeping 
 qp a continued difcharge, but as they found they 
 cpuld not overtake them, they went afhore. 
 
 Q^CL3 Having 
 
 1 1 
 
 M 
 
 Mil 
 
598 
 
 inSTORY or CANADA. 
 
 BOOK 
 XI. 
 
 172;;;. 
 
 Having arrived at the Natciicz, and ignorant 
 of what had there taken place, they approached 
 the landing with a dcfign of repofing thcmfulves; 
 but perceiving all the neighbouring houfes either 
 burnt or deftroyed, they were afraid to difem- 
 bark. Some favages who difcovered them in 
 vain invited them to approach, by fhevving them 
 every demonftration of friendfliip, but they paded 
 as quickly as they were able. The barbarians 
 then fired on them, but they were beyond the 
 reach of their fhot. They wifhed alfo to pafs 
 the bay of the Tonicas without flopping, but, not- 
 vvithftanding all their endeavours, a canoe which 
 was detached to reconnoitre them foon over- 
 took them. They gave themfelves up for loO, 
 when they heard fome perfons in the canoe fpeak 
 French. They were conduiSled aftiore, v.here 
 they found troops aflembled who were going to 
 take vengeance on the Natchez. 
 
 M. Perrier was informed, on the 2d of De- 
 cember, of this new difafter. He detached a 
 captain with fome troops to order the inhabitants 
 on each fide of the river to be upon their guard, 
 to form redoubts at convenient diftances from 
 each other, to place their flaves and cattle in fe- 
 curity i this was executed with much prompti- 
 tude. He recommended to the officer to obfei ve 
 the fmall nations on the banks of the river, and 
 to give arms to no favages, but to thofe to whom 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 599 
 
 he was inftru^led to give them. A courier was 
 at the fame time difpatched to notify to the Te- 
 ha^las, who were employed in the chace on Lakft 
 Pontchartrain, to repair to him. There arrived 
 next day at New Orleans a canoe, in which was 
 a Tehama, who demanded to fpe.? k to him pri- 
 vately. This man told him, that he was much 
 concerned for the death of the French, which he 
 would have prevented, if he had not confidcred 
 as devoid of truth what the Cliicachas had re- 
 ported, that the favages propofed to deflroy all 
 the French habitations, and mafTacre their inha- 
 bitants. He had fcarcely heard this favage, when 
 others from the fmaller nations came to warn him 
 to place no confidence in the Tehadas ; and he 
 at the fame time learnt that two Frenchmen were 
 killed at the Mobile. They were unable to dif- 
 covcr the authors of this aflaflination, but it was 
 publifhed throughout all their canton, that the 
 Tehaftas were to fall upon the fort, and the whole 
 of the fettlement. The commandant-general 
 wiflied to conceal thefe news from the inhabitants, 
 who were already too much under the influence 
 of fear ; but they foon fpread every where, and 
 the confternation b^ame fo general and fo great 
 that the whole colony trembled. 
 
 He difpatched St. Michel to France, to inform 
 the court and the company of the melancholy 
 ilate of itouifiana, and to folicit fuppjies propor- 
 
 ci.c;t.4 tionate 
 
 1729. 
 
 ■>M 
 
 .! 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
6oo 
 
 HISTORY OF CA>IADA. 
 
 BOOK tionate to the necefTity to which the colony wa^ 
 <i.^>-^- reduced. In the nK;an time it was with difiicuh). 
 '7^9- he could re-afl'ure the inhabitants, and counteracl 
 the efteds of defpondency produced by fuch a 
 fuccefiion of unfortunate events. He learnt that 
 the fmaller nations had been gained by the Chi- 
 cachas, and if the Natchez had not anticipated 
 the day fettled for the execution of iheir plan, 
 they would all have a61ed together. 
 
 M. Perrier had not yet developed all the 
 fprings of this inhuman policy j it however ap- 
 peared certain, that had it not been for the con- 
 'du£t of the weftern Tehaclas, the general con- 
 fpiracy would have had its full operation. 
 Therefore he did not hefitate to make ufe of them 
 as an inftrument of punilhing the Natchez, what- 
 ever it might cod him. Two veflels of the com- 
 pany happily arrived at New Orleans, and he 
 wiftied no longer to defer marching againft the 
 enemy, perfuaded that he could not too foon 
 engage the Teha^as to replace the fmall nations 
 in the intereft of the French, or at leaft. to retain 
 them in a ftate of neutrality. He knew how- 
 ever, that he run fome rifk in beginning the war 
 with fo little force, and he fent M. le Sueur to 
 engage in his favour the favages in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Mobile, who formed a body of 
 feven hundred warriors, whom he conduced to 
 the Natchez. M. Perrier caufed to afcend to 
 
 the 
 
XUiiTOWY Of Cii^J^ADA. 
 
 6pt 
 
 i 
 
 ipS(' 
 
 iJAu Tonicas the two vell'ds of the company, book. 
 
 .. XL 
 
 ilc fent meUengers by land to notify at all th^ 
 
 pofts what was going ibrward, and took the befl 
 meafur^is he could to fortify New Orleans. Hi? 
 gave to the Chevalier Loubois charge of the ex- 
 pedition againfl: the Natchez, it being thought 
 neceflfary that he fliould himfclf remain at New- 
 Orleans ill cafe of an attack. An officer with 
 twenty.five meri was detached to reconnoitre the 
 enemy : whilft he was landing, a quantity of (hot 
 from fufils was poured upon his party, which 
 killed three men, and he himfelf and two others 
 were taken prifoners. Next morning the Natchez 
 fent one of thefe two to M. Loubois, to make 
 fome propofitions j but they affeded a degree of 
 haughtinefs, which ihewed a great confidence in 
 themfelves, and a contempt of the French. 
 
 They demanded as hoftages a French officer, 
 and the great chief of the Tonicas. They after- 
 wards fpecified in a long detail all the merchaQ- 
 dife which they required for the ranfom of the 
 women, children, and flaves which they had 
 among them ; and although their conditions 
 were exorbitant, they aipeated to fuppofe that 
 the French would be happy to comply with them. 
 The foldier was detained, and no anfwer given ; 
 and on the fame day they avenged themfelves 
 by burning, with circumftances of the moft ag- 
 ■ • * ' gravated 
 
 ! ; 
 
6o2 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK 
 XI. 
 
 1729. 
 
 gravated cruelty, the officer and foldier who re- 
 mained in their hands. 
 
 On his arrival at the Natchez, M. le Sueur 
 began his attack. It appears that they were yet 
 ignorant that the army was in the bay of the 
 Tonicas, where it was incapable of reftraining 
 the interefted impetuoiity of the favages, which a 
 deiire of booty and of (baring a part of the pri- 
 foners had incited. They charged the enemy fo 
 briikly, that they killed eighty men, made iixteen 
 women prifoners, liberated upwards of fifty 
 French women and children, the two artificers 
 whom the Natchez had fpared, and a hundred 
 and fifty negroes, male and female. They would 
 have carried their vi£tory much further, if feme 
 of the negroes who had been gained by the 
 Natchez had npt taken arms in their favour, and 
 guarded their flpre of powder. 
 
 M. de Loubois fet out from the bay of thq 
 Tonicas with two hundred men, and feme field- 
 pieces, and arrived on the 8th of February at 
 the Natchez, where he encamped around the 
 temple. On the i ath the cannon were brought 
 before one of their forts, and as it was conceived 
 thefe preparations, efpecially after the check they 
 had received, would have difpofed them to fub- 
 mit to all that would be demanded of them, they 
 were acquainted, that, by their early fubmiffion, 
 they might avoid entire deftrudlion ; they were, 
 
 however, 
 
HISTORV OF C^VNADA. 
 
 603 
 
 however, more refolure than ever to defend book 
 
 XI 
 
 themfelves. Next day a fire was begun with 
 
 feven cannon, at two hundred and fifty toifes 
 from the fort, which were fo badly managed, that 
 after fix hours of continual difcharge not a fingle 
 flake was thrown down; a circumftance which 
 threw the Tehadas into bad humour, and the 
 infolence and aviditv of thefe fava^es, who wan- 
 tonly expended a part of the ammunition with 
 which they were furniflied, tended more to dif. 
 courage the French commander than the defpe- 
 rate manner in which the Natchez defended 
 themfelves. He ngain wiflied to try if the bc- 
 fieged were become more rcafonable, and fent 
 an interpreter with a flag to fummon them ; but 
 they received this envoy with a difcharge from 
 their fufils, which 11 ruck him with fuch terror 
 that he abandoned his hag. It would have been 
 feized by the enemy, had not a French foldier 
 refcued it. The Natchez made, the fame day, a 
 fortie, with a defign to furprife Loubois, who was 
 lodged in the temple, but they did not fucceed. 
 The favages, to the number of three hundred, 
 made a fecond fortie, and attacked in ihree 
 different places; they furprifed a poll in the 
 trenches, at which were thirty men and two 
 officers, who immediately fied, believing they 
 were attacked at the fame time by the Natchez 
 and the Tehadas j they were ready to take pof- 
 
 feffion 
 
 1729. 
 
 ' 
 
 f 
 
 H 
 
6o4 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 1729. 
 
 feffion of the cannon, when the Chevalier d'Ar- 
 taguette with twenty-five men haftened thither, 
 repulfed the enemy, and regained the trenches. 
 On the 24th a battery of four pieces of cannon 
 of four pounds was eftablifhed at the diftance of 
 a hundred and eighty toifes from the fort, on 
 which the befieged fent the wife of the Sieur 
 Defnoyers, whom they entrufted with their 
 terms. She was detained, and no anfwer was 
 given. A chief of the Teha<3:as afterwards ad- 
 vanced with a party of his people to fpeak to the 
 befieged ; on this they confented to give up the 
 prifoners, but they at the fame time declared, 
 that the French muft be fatisfied with that mea- 
 fure, and that the arrny with the cannon muft 
 firft be \yithdrawn to the borders of the river ; 
 and ihould they remain before the fort, that they 
 would burn all the prifoners. This lafl: confi-, 
 deration determined M. Loubois to comply with 
 their demand, without however lofmg fight of 
 the defign of preventing the efcape of the Nat- 
 chez. The prifoners were delivered to the Te- 
 haftas, and the Natchez made their efcape. 
 The only advantages derived from this expedi- 
 tion, were the releafe of the prifoners, and the 
 eftablifliment of a fort, on the fame fpot to which 
 the army withdrew. The Chevalier d'Artaguette 
 was left with a garrifon to maintain it, and to in- 
 fure the navigation of the river. 
 
 The 
 
HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 60s 
 
 The Tehaftas, after rendering to the French book 
 all the fervice in their power by afting in concert .'-^j^ 
 with them, excited difguft by their infolent and ^T^9* 
 ferocious conduft. Their affiftance was however 
 neceflary, and it was the interefl: of the French 
 to conciliate their friendfhip. The Yafous, the 
 Corrois, and the Tioux, were not fo fortunate as 
 the Natchez : the Akaufas fell upon them, and 
 made a great flaughter ; there remained of the 
 two firit tribes but fifteen favages, who went 
 to join the Natchez j the Tioux were totally 
 deftroyed. 
 
 Some fupplies of troops having arrived from 
 France, and M. Perrier finding his prefence now 
 lefs neceflary at New Orleans, fet out for Mo- 
 bile, where he had invited an aflembly of the 
 favage chiefs, not to demand their afliftance 
 againft the Natchez, but to regulate fome affairs 
 relating to commerce. Having in a great degree 
 attained the object of his journey, he returned to 
 the feat of government, where he found a fmall 
 army, which he had ordered to be affembled, in 
 readinefs to begin its march. He firft fent two 
 Canadians before, to learn the Hate of the ene- 
 my, and of the fort which formerly belonged to 
 the French. Two hundred men were embarked 
 on the 9th of December, compofed of three 
 companies of the marine, fome failors and volun- 
 fteers. M. Perrier followed, with two companies 
 \ : of 
 
 \ti 
 
 ' ! I 
 
 M- 
 
 t 
 
6o6 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA* 
 
 BOOK of fufileers, and one of grenadiers, compofing 
 v^ -v,'..w Hkewife two hundred men : he was joined on 
 ^7^9- the way by a hundred and fifty militia. On the 
 2oth, all the army having met at the Bayagoulas, 
 a Colapifla chief arrived with forty warriors of 
 his nation. On the 2 2d the army departed from 
 the E-yagouIas, divided into three bodies ; the 
 negroes were difperfed among the different ca- 
 noes, and the favages who were not yet all 
 aflembled, were to form a feparate corps. It 
 was learnt that a canoe, in which was twenty-five 
 Frenchmen, had been attacked by the Natchez, 
 and that fixteen of the number were killed or 
 wounded. Intelligence was likewife brought that 
 the Akaufas, having no account of the approach 
 of the French, and tired with expectation, had 
 returned to their country. Part of ihe army 
 waited for fome time in the bay of the Tonicas, 
 there to aflemble the favages who had not yet 
 joined. 
 ^731' The general again met the army at the en- 
 trance of the Red River, having with him a 
 hundred and fifty favages of different nations. 
 Thefe were detached, together with fifty volun- 
 teers, to proceed before the army, under the 
 conduct of the Sieur de Laye, captain of militia, 
 and to furround the Natchez wherever they could 
 find them. But this detachment did not proceed 
 isLTg, becaufe the favages were not well diipofed 
 
 for 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA, 
 
 607 
 
 for the expedition. The general had recom- 
 mended great precaution in concealing them- 
 felves from the enemy, but his orders were in- 
 effedual, becaufe the favages, who acknowledged 
 no authority, and preferved no difcipline, conti- 
 nued to fire upon the game which prefented it* 
 felf ; it was therefore extraordinary, after a long 
 march, conduced with fo little fecrecy, they 
 fhould have found the enemy in their fort. 
 
 They arrived there on the 20th of January, 
 and orders were immediately given to inveft it ; 
 as they advanced fo near as to be able to fpeak 
 to the enemy, the befieged made ufe of much 
 invedlive : the trenches were opened, and the 
 people on both fides were employed in fkirmifh- 
 ing the reft of the day and all the following 
 night. The mortars, and every other article 
 neceffary for a fiege, were next day difembarked, 
 and fome fhelis were thrown into the fort. The 
 befieged made a fortie, killed a Frenchman and 
 a negroe, and wounded an officer, but they were 
 quickly repulfed. On the 2 2d fhelis were thrown 
 the whole day, without any material effeft ; but 
 before two days more had elapfed, they hoifted a 
 white flag. The commandant ereded a fimilar 
 flag in the trenches, and a little time afterwards 
 a favage advanced with two calumets in his hand. 
 He requefted a cefTation of hoftilities, offering to 
 liirreader all the negroes they had in the fort. 
 
 The 
 
 1731. 
 
 t -1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 !■; 
 
6o^ 
 
 fifsTORV OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK The commandant required that the chiefs fhoiild 
 i_. / __! come to him, in order to fettle the terms of 
 *^3>* peace. The envoy returned to the fort, and 
 brought back to the French eighteen negroes. 
 In delivering them to the general, he faid that 
 the Sun or chief would not leave the fort : that 
 he ardently wifhed for peace with the French, 
 but upon condition that the army {hould imme- 
 diately withdraw : that if this meafure was adopt- 
 ed, he would give his word that his nation fhould 
 never commit any a^t of hoilility againil the 
 French, and that he was willing, if it was defired, 
 to re-eftablifh his village in its ancient fituation. 
 The general anfwered, that he would liften to 
 no propofal, uniefs delivered by the chiefs in 
 perfon ; that he would affure them of their fafe- 
 ty J but that if they came not the fame day, no 
 quarter would be given. The Sun at length 
 came out accompanied by two chiefs, and was 
 conduced to M. Perrier's quarters, where four 
 centinels were placed over them. One of them, 
 notwithftanding, found means to efcape in the 
 night, and to draw with him from the fort a 
 great part of the favages who defended it. There 
 remained not above feventy warriors, who had no 
 chief, and the fear of falling into the hands of 
 the enemy, if they (hould attempt to efcape fepa- 
 rately, obliged the greateft part of them to re- 
 main ihut up. In the mean time the French 
 
 had 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 609 
 
 had ceafed from firing, and as it had continued book 
 incefTantly to rain for three days, the befieged v^.>,-l»^ 
 fuppofed that the French would be lefs exaft in '73*' 
 guarding the pafles, in which they were not de- 
 ceived. About eight o'clock in the evening it 
 was difcovered that they were efcaping. Imme- 
 diately feveral French foldiers were ordered to 
 purfue, but they paffed along the courfe of a 
 fmall river which ran between the quarters of 
 the militia and thofe of one of the divifions, and 
 when the French took poffeflion of the fort, the 
 Natchez were at a confiderable diftance from it, 
 with their women and . children. The favages • 
 adting with the French, refufed to purfue the 
 Natchez, and there being no longer any enemy, 
 the general made a difpofition for returning. 
 The Sun with his attendants and family were 
 embarked in a fmall veifel called the St. Louis. 
 
 It was not long before the Natchez rendered 
 themfelves again formidable, and the impolitic 
 and unjuftifiable condudof the French, in fend- 
 ing to be fold at St. Domingo as flaves, the Sun, 
 and all thofe who had been taken with him, had 
 more enraged than intimidated that nation, in 
 whom hatred and defpair had converted their 
 natural haughtinefs and ferocity into a (leady 
 valour, of which they were conceived incapable. 
 In the month of April the great chief of the 
 
 VOL. I. R R Tonicas 
 
6io 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 BOOK Tonicas defcended to New Orleans, and related 
 
 XI . 
 
 ^.^^'~m^ to M. Perrier, that being engaged In the chace, 
 »75>» four Natchez came to prefent themfelves to him, 
 and to intreat him to endeavour to effe^ an ac- 
 commodation between the French and their 
 countrymen, adding, that all, and even they who 
 had withdrawn to the Chicachas, requefted to be 
 received into favour : that they would fettle 
 themfelves wherever the general fhould point 
 out, but that they fhould prefer being in the vi- 
 cinity of the Tonicas. He therefore had taken 
 the journey to New Orleans, to be acquainted 
 with the general's pleafure upon that fubje<5l. 
 
 It was agreed that they fhould eftablifh them- 
 felves at two leagues from the village of the 
 Tonicas, and not nearer, in order to avoid every 
 occafion of difpute between the two nations ; but 
 that he fhould infift above all that they fhould 
 come unarmed. The Tonica promifed that this 
 order fhould be conformed to ; in the mean 
 time, as foon as he returned, he received into his 
 village thirty Natchez, after having taken the 
 precaution to difarm them. A few days after- 
 wards the chief who had efcaped arrived among 
 the Tonicas with a hundred men, their wives 
 and children, having fir ft concealed among the 
 canes around the village fifty Chicachas and 
 Courrois. The great chief declared to them,. 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 6u 
 
 that he was prohibired from receiving them un- book. 
 iefs they furrendered their arms. They replied, . -u-.,_i 
 that fuch was their imemion, but they imreated >7i»' 
 his indulgence to retain them for a little time, 
 led their women, feeing them thus difarmed, 
 might believe them prifoners, and defined to 
 fuffer death. To this he confented, and didri- 
 buted provifions to his new gueds; the fead 
 ended in a dance, which continued till after mid- 
 night. The Tonicas retired to their cabins, 
 doubting not that the Natchez would likewife go 
 to red. An hour before dawn of day the Nat- 
 chez, Chicachas, and Courrois entered all the 
 cabins, and killed every one whom they found 
 afleep. The chief, alarmed by the noife, run 
 into the midd of them, and killed five Natchez 
 with his own hand, but overwhelmed by num- 
 bers he fell, together with twelve of his attend- 
 ants. His war chief, not difmayed by the lofs, 
 nor by the flight of the greated part of his 
 warriors, rallied a fmall number, with whom 
 he regained the cabin of the great chief ; thofe 
 who fled returned to him, and after an obdinate 
 conted he remained mader of the village. 
 
 As foon as intelligence of this affair reached 
 New Orleans, a party under the orders of the ^ 
 
 > Chevalier d'Artaguette was detached, to endea- 
 vour, as foon as poffible, to perfuade the favages 
 
 R K 2 to 
 
6l3 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 '73»' 
 
 •mm 
 
 to purfue the Natchez. M. de Crefnay was 
 alfo ordered to fecure thofe who had furrendered 
 themfelves to him, but his aid major, to whom 
 he had entruded the care of them, having left 
 them their knives, they, at a time when leaft 
 expefVed, feized eight fufils, and ammunition, 
 with which they fired until feveral people were 
 killed. Their chief had defcended to New Or- 
 leans with fifteen men, where they were feized, 
 fent to the ifland of Thouloufe, and put in 
 irons, which they found means to break ; but 
 not having time to effedt their efcape, they were 
 
 oil Iclll^H l^'it^ ,..f^im.4_v^ •>>"•»«» If r, fill l.-#W.. .^.u^ ,>,^r.i. 
 
 The party of Natchez who had failed in their 
 attack on the Tonicas, went to rejoin their coun- 
 trymen who had, by the Black River, efcaped 
 from M. Perrier at the fiege 6f the fort. Hav- 
 ing found them, they went together to the 
 Natchitoches, where M. Saint Denys was ported 
 with a few foldiers, and laid fiege to his fort. 
 That officer fent immediately an exprefs to the 
 commandant to demand fuccour, and Loubois 
 was fent with fixty men to reinforce him ; but 
 he was informed on his way, that the Natchez 
 were repulfed, but had poffefled themfelves of 
 the village of the Natchitoches, and had en- 
 trenched themfelves there. M. de Saint Denys ' 
 having received a reinforcement from the Afli- 
 
 nais 
 
 ^ .i 
 
HISTORY OF CAKADA. 
 
 613 
 
 nais and Attacapas, to whom fome Spaniards book 
 had joined themfelves, attacked their intrench- y_ l __f 
 ments, an*! killed eighty-two, among whom were '73'* 
 all their chiefs. The remainder had betaken 
 themfelves to flight, and were purfued by the 
 Natchitoches. So many lolTes, and particularly 
 that of their chiefs, had fo completely difperfed 
 the Natchez, that they no longer compofed a 
 nation ; but a fufHcient number Hill remained 
 to didurb the inhabitants of Louifiana, and to 
 interrupt their commerce. To remain upon 
 friendly terms with the Chicachas was no longer 
 poffible : they delayed not openly to declare 
 themfelves. Their number amounted to a thou- 
 fand warriors, befides aboilt a hundred Natchez 
 and fome Courrois and Yafous. This was fufH- 
 cient to keep the colony in alarm, and it appeared 
 to be upon the eve of fupporting a new war, 
 which its prefent force did not promife that it 
 fhould be able foon to terminate. «* ':; ^ r^ '- ■ 
 ' The Chicachas, the moft fierce, and at the 
 fame time the moft brave of all the nation?? of 
 Louifiana, waited for a confiderable time before 
 they threw off the mafk. They had taken fuch 
 meafures for withftanding the French, as gave 
 reafon to fuppofe that their neighbours were 
 concerned with them, of which proofs not alto* 
 gether equivocal foon appeared. They began 
 * by 
 
6i4 
 
 HISTORY OF CANAOAi 
 
 B O.OK 
 XI. 
 
 by fendiug a trufty negroe to explain to hU 
 countrymen who were among the French, that 
 it dependisd on themfelves to recover their liber* 
 ty, and to live in tranquillity and abundance. 
 As he conducted his intrigue with much addrefs, 
 he was attended to by his countrymen, and it 
 was only by a negroe woman that the confpiracy 
 was difcovered., They had agreed, when the in- 
 habitants of the town fhould be at mafs, to fet 
 fire to the differeiSit houfes, and to take that op- 
 portunity of efcaping. On the evidence of this 
 woman, another female, who was a principal 
 agent in the confpiracy, and four men who were 
 alfo leaders, were feized, and further proofs ap- 
 pearing againft them^ were puni(hed with death. 
 This example, which evinced to the other ne- 
 groes that their fecret was difcovered, was fuffi- 
 cient to retrain any further attempts. 
 
 In the mean time, the Tehaftas, part of whom 
 had been gained by the Chicachas, had difre- 
 garded invitations which the Sieur Regis had 
 made them on the part of the general, to fend 
 three hundred of their warriors to join the 
 French j but forty of their people having been 
 killed in a fkirmifli by the latter, this check in- 
 duced them to form an alliance with them. 
 The Chicachas then turned themfelves towards 
 
 the Miamis, the llinois, and the Akaufas, but 
 
 they 
 
HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 6'5 
 
 plain to hiA 
 rench, that 
 r th^ir liber- 
 abundance, 
 uch addrefs, 
 men, and it 
 e confpiracy 
 when the in- 
 mafs, to fet 
 ake that op- 
 dence of this 
 i a principal 
 en who were 
 er proofs ap- 
 I with death, 
 he other ne- 
 
 :d, was fuffi- 
 $^ /*fj «, .-» . • 
 
 sart ofwhom 
 ;, had difre- 
 r Regis had 
 eral, to fend 
 
 to join the 
 : having been 
 lis check in- 
 
 with them. 
 
 Ives towards 
 
 Akaufas, but 
 
 they 
 
 they foui>d thefe people faithful to their engage- b o o ic 
 ments with the French, and relinquiflied every . ^^' ^ 
 hope from thofe quarters. The Ilinois delivered 1731. 
 up to tfie general three anibairadors who had 
 been fent to them upon thai midion : thefe were 
 furrendered to the Tehaftas, who burnt them at 
 New Qrleans, and thereby extinguifhed every 
 hope of conciliation with the Chicachas. • ... 
 Such was the fituation of the colony when 
 M. Perrier expected to be recalled, bccaufe he 
 underilood that his conduct had been difapproved 
 of by the company of the Indies ; he was how- 
 ever furprifed to receive a new comraiffion ap- 
 pointing him governor of Louifiana for the King. 
 From the beginning of this year the company 
 had refolved on the retroceflion to his Majefly 
 of the grant which he had given them of this 
 province, and of the country of the Ilinois, and 
 alfo of the exclufive privilege, on condition of 
 being allowed the power of granting permiflions 
 to merchants of the kingdom inclined to trade 
 with that country. This refolution was foon 
 after confirmed bj a decree, and by virtue of 
 letters patent froF.i the King, M. de Salroont, 
 who aded at New Orleans as chief commiffioner, 
 took poflfellion of the country in name of the 
 Moft Chriftian King, 
 
 M. Perrier 
 
^ - 
 
 ^i'ir 
 
 616 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 B o o ic M. Perricr was not allowed time to profit by 
 ^_ ^^' . the meafures which he had taken to carry on the 
 >73i* war againft the Chicachas. He preferred to 
 be engaged in a fervice in which he had been 
 reared, to expeditions which can by no means 
 be compenfated by the credit acquired from 
 them, and he was relieved by M. de Bienville 
 whom he had fucceeded. The new governor 
 found himfelf engaged in a war with the Chica- 
 chas, which laded for many years. A war, in 
 which the Chevalier d'Artaguette and a great 
 number of brave officers periflied. In this war 
 alfo periflied a Jefuit named Senat, who, forget- 
 ful of his own fafety, was impelled by humanity 
 to adminifter comfort and relief to the wounded, 
 until all hope of his retreat was cut oflf. 
 
 •»tt.iu:;v END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. 'i* ;tJ:<^ 
 
 If'..! i.i-,-4i, ■.'.:. 
 
 f , >.',-. .^: .'.- ...0 .'wJj' .4* f 
 
 „.v^.^ 
 
 
 
 ••**•'*■ K-^' 
 
 Printed by A. Strahan, 
 Printers" Street. 
 
 ^. ..- f '■«:• ■ 
 
A. 
 
 ne to profit by 
 to carry on the 
 I preferred to 
 h he had been 
 by no means 
 icquired from 
 . de Bienville 
 new governor 
 ith the Chica- 
 i. A war, in 
 i and a greac 
 . In this war 
 , who, forget- 
 l by humanity 
 the wounded, 
 toff. 
 
 h;j: ^^ju\,'\-i 
 
 i' 
 
 
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