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To all to whom thele Prefcnts fhall come, Creetins: Whereas Our Trufty and Well- beloved WTNDHAM BEAIVES, of our City of London, Merchant, hath, by his Petition, humbly reprefentcd unto Us, That he has with great Labour, Application, and Expcnce, compiled a Uody of Trade, under theTnXeof LEX MERCATORIA REDIFI^A, or The MERCHANTS DIRECrORTy which conuins every Particular relative to the Commerce, not only of thele Kingdoms, but of all the known World, and does alio explain, in a more full and ample Manner, than hath hitherto been done, the Nature of Exchanges, Infurances, Bankruptcies, Bills, Obligations, and every other Circumftance proper for a Mci^ chant's Knowledge, by which he may be fully guided in all his Tranfaftions in every Branch ot Trade ; and that, tho' it be more particularly adapted for the Inftruftion and Government of Men in their Commercial Engagements, yet its Utility is not confined to thefe only, hut may, occafionally, be of Ufc, and Service, to all other Our Subjefts -, as the Lawyer will be advifed, therein, of what Difputes have occurred in the differ- Ciit Parts of Trade, and how the fame have been decided in Our Courts of Jufticc ; and the Senator and Gentleman informed of the many Advantages which Trade brings to the Nation: That the whole will be comprized in one Volume, in Folio, and the Petitioner hopes may prove the moft ufeful Book of its Kind hitherto publilhed ; being the Produfts of a Thirty Years Experience in Mercantile Affairs, by him, (tljc Petitioner) and of his CoUeaion of Materials, during the Term, from the beft Writers in moft Languages » and that, as fuch a Work is greatly wanted by the Publick, and, confequently, may be of general Ufe and Advantage, the Petitioner hath, in regard to the Premiles, moft humbly prayed. That We will be gracioullf pleafed to grant him Our Royal Licence and Privilege, for the fole Printing, Tublifhing and Vending the faid Book, for the Term of Fourteen Years, agreeably to the Statute in that Behalf made and provided : Wc being willing to give all due Encouragement to Works of this Nature, which may be of publick Ufc and Benefit, arc plealed to condefcend to his Requeft, and do therefore' by thcfe Prefcnts, fo far as may be agreeable to the Statute in that Bclialf made and provided, grant unto him, the faid If'yndbam Beawts, his Heirs, Executors, and Afligns, Our Royal Privilege and Licence, for the fole Printing, Publilhing and Vending the faid Book, for the Term of Fourteen Years, to be computed from the Date hereof j ftridUy for- bidding and prohibiting all Our Subjeifls, within our Kingdoms and Dominions, to reprint, abridge, or tranflate the lame, either in the like or any other Volume or Volumes wiiatfoever, or to import, buy, vend, utter, or diftribute any Copies thereof, reprinted beyond the Seas, during the faid Term of Fourteen Years, yrithout the Confent arid Approbation of iii:n the faid / yndhmn Beawes, his Vltirs, Executors, and Adigns, by Writing under his or their Hands and Seals firft had and obtained, as they, and every of them, offending herein, will anl^.vcr t!ie Contrary m their Perils -, whereof the Commiffioners and other Officers of our Cuftonw, the Mafter, Wardens, and Company of Stationers of Our City of London, and all other Our Officers and Minifters whom it may concern, are to take Notice, that due Obedience be rendered to Our Pleafure herein fignified. Given at Our Court at St. yames's the Eighth Day of March, 1750-51, in the Twenty-Fourtb Year of Our Reign. By His Mtijrjh's Ccmmand, HOLLES NEWCASTLE. T Jtijl piibUpoed, in a FO LT ?^ LU ME, (Price 10 s. ill Boards, and 12 s. Bound) HE UNIVERSAL NEGOTIATOR: Or. Correft Tasles for calcur Liting the EXCHANGE between LONDON and PARIS, AMSTERDAM, HAMBURGH, VENICE, GENOA, D U B L I N, &c. MADRID, LISBON, and OPORTO, By which any Sum of Foreign Coin may be reduced into Sterling, and Engiifli Money into the Species of the different Countries we exchange with, by Infpeftion. Calculated for the prefent Courf<* of Exchange. By W Y N D H A M BEAWES, Efq; Every Figure has' undergone a firidl Examination, and been checked hy fwo Perfons, that no Mijiake might efcape. The Manner of calculating the Sums hy the Rule of Three, and the Tables, is prefixed to each of them, with the Names of the feveral Foreign Monies, that Books and ylccounti are kept in. The Figures are very dijlin£l, and purpojiily printed larger than common, toftiit every Eye. W. B E A W E S. ^S^' «»•». Lex Mercatoria Rediviva: OR, THE MERCHANT'S DIRECTORY. BEING A Complete GUIDE to all Men in Business, WHETHER AS TRADERS, REMITTERS, OWNERS, FREIGHTERS, CAPTAINS, . \ FA SU J I AC INSURERS, BROKERS, FACTORS, PERCARGOES, GENTS. CONTAINING An Account of our Trading Companies and Colonies, with their Eflablifhments, and an Abftra£^ of their Charters ; the Duty of CONSULS, and the Laws fubfifting about ^//^//j, Natu- ralization and Denization, TO WHICH IS ADDED A State of the prefcnt general Traffick of the whole WORLD; defcribing the Manufactures and Products of each particular Nation : And TABLES of the Correfpondence and Agreement of the European Coins, Weights, and Measures, with the Addition of all others that are known. rth Extrafhd from the Works of The bcft Writers both at Home and Abroad ; more efpecially from thofe juftly celebrated ones of Meflieurs Savary} improved and correfted by the Author's own Obfervations, during his long Continuance in Trade. The whole calculated for the V^o. and Service of the Merchant, Lawyer, Senator, and Gentleman. The SECOND EDITION, with Large ADDITIONS. By IFTNDHAM BE A WES, Efq; His Bntannick Majcfty's Consul at Seville and St. Lucar. LONDON: Printed for R. Baldwin at the Rofe, and S. Crowder and C. at the Looking- Glafs, in Pater-Nojisr-Row. M m M.DCC.LXI. ■I w"r Tr?o io ■fDrnn. rt 1 V ib h'> M O TO TrtE RIGHT HONOURABLE ARTHUR ONSLOW, Efq; Speaker of the Hdufe of Commons. s I R, YOUR Readinefs on all Occafions to affift the Improvement of this Kingdom's Trade, and render it flouriftiing, encourages me to hope the Means leading to it will meet your Approbation and Patronage : And as I flatter myfelf with the Belief that the following Work may in fome Meafure be con- ducive to fo defirable an End, I take the Liberty to fup- plicate your Protection of it 5 begging you to admit its Dedication, as a juft Homage for your continual Endea- vours to promote the Increafe of Commerce, and as an Expreffion of that Deference I pay to thofe exalted Vir- tues for which you are fo juftly and eminently diftin- guifhed. Your Compaflion to the DiftrefTed, your Cha- rity to the Neceflitous, and your benevolent Humanity to All, render you the Darling of thofe honoured in your Acquaintance, and your Name-revered by every one not fo happy ; though the Difplay of thefe Excellencies ferve only as brightening Touches to the relplendent Rays of that Ihining Charadler your great Abilities and Integrity in publick Affairs have procured you. 'Tis thefe that have fo repeatedly recommended you to an Election you have Reafon to glory in, as unprecedented, and a plain Acknowledgment of your Capacity and Merits, by that great and honourable Body of Men, whofe Prefident their a unanimous ■ iv DEDICATION. unanimous Choice has (b often made you, and for the worthy Difcharge of which Office you are Co univerfally admired. And, though you only feem infeniible of the rare Talents (b confpicuous m all your A(S^ions, and your known Modefty chains every Pen from an Attempt to record them, yet the Regard paid them now will convey their Remembrance to Futurity, and their Pof. feflbr be efteemed and reverenced equally by the prefent and fucceedinp Ages. But 1 ought to condder that the Moments of the Great are precious 5 and therefore, not to incur your Difpleafure, whilft 1 am folliciting your Favour, permit me only to gratify my Ambition, in con- tinuing to fubfcribe myfelf, what your Goodnefe has made me, 1^ S / K, Tour mojl OS/igeJf And Obedient Humble Servant^ 1 1,\ I ifili jniii/o lUOW WYNDHAM BEAWES. ■Ml '^ • hsili- i;o7 no. ■r tab: rfr.fn .- nqnii ■ ' itVt, • , . .' i''ip/-r . ' A^ ,;*•. , THE PREFACE T O T H E READER. TH E following Sheets are the Produfts of a leifure Seafbn, which I was perfuaded to believe I could not better employ than in compofing a Work long wanted, and confequently long wiflied for, by the Commercial Part of Mankind.— And, as the Publick has an undoubted Right to challenge every thing from its Members that may prove conducive to, or promote, a general Utility ; confcious of this Obligation, I the more readily engaged in the fubfe- quen'. Work, with the Hopes of being ferviccablc (at Icaft) to many whofe Entrance into Bufinefs might need fome Afllftance and Direc- tion, tho' at the fame time not defpairing of its being alfo ufeful to thofe of a longer (landing and Praftice ; if not as an Inftruftw, yet as a Remembrancer, which they may turn to for the Solution of any Difficulty occurring in the Ck>urfe of Trade.—Thefe powerful Mo- tives induced me to conunence Author, and to rifque the Cenfures of the Uncandid in purfuance of fo laudable a Defign, being anima- ted thereby to undertake the arduous Talk, and exert my beft En- deavours for the Publick's Service, which I have the Pleafure to fee abundantly rewarded in its kind Acceptance of them. I have indeed long regretted to obferve, that a Treatife of (b be- neficial a Tendency mould, in a Trading Nation like this, continue fo much negledled, when many Trails on every other (even the moft trifling) Subjed are daily publiflied ; and thofe few which the Prefs has given us on the lefs important Parts of Commerce are generally fo erroneous and defedive, that they are to be little regarded, and Icfs depended on: To remedy which, and to fupply the Supinity of others. VI PREFACE. others, I have already faid, were the Incitements to quit my Obfcii- rity : And I Hull now give fome Account of the following Work, and of the Steps I have taken to make my Appearance in as favour- able a Light as pofllble. The major Part is an acknowledged ColleAion, or TranHation (as fuch general Works muft be) from the bcft Authors, who in moft Languages have wrote on the Subjcdt, and more cfpecially from Monf. Savory % DiSlionaire de CQttttnerce\ correded, however, and fupplied by thofc Obfervations which a thirty Year's Pradlicc, more than half fpcnt abroad, and not negligently run through, had ena- bled me to make : And I think I may, without Vanity, in fome Mca- furc deem myfelf a competent Judge in thefe Affairs, that have been my chief Study and the principal Bufmefs of my Life : Yet I readily fubmit my Labours to the Cenfure of fliperior Abilities, and rather wi(h than fear to fee them improved to the Advantage of my Coun- trymen ; being confcious, that, notwithftanding all my Care and Afllduity, they ftand in need of great Indulgence, for which I muft rely on my Reader's Candour. And I owe my Acknowledgnurnts (which I defire in this publick Manner to pay) to that worthy pro- moter of Trade, Mr. R. Nor cliff e of Hull., who generoufly furnfflied me (even unafked) witli many judicious Renurks on the Traffick of Denmark^ Norway^ and the Sound ; from which I cxtraded the greateft Part of what I have faid about it. Francis Mannock, Efq; favoured me with the Impofts on Merchandize at Cadiz ; as Mr. yobn Debonaire did with the Trials about Non-compliance with ac- cepted Bills (in which he was a Party) in Portugal, and with an Efti- mate of our Commerce to that Kingdom. Mr. John Heaton, (a Gentlemanof the greateft Candour and Benevolence) and Mr. yohn Rayner, both Attornies, • and defervedly placed among the few at the Head of their Profeflion, were fo kind as to lend me fome Af- Ilftance ; as Mr. Cranuford, and Mr. , two other noted Attor- nies did : By all whom I beg my Thanks may be accepted. The Form I have put my Bouk in, I believed would beft fuit my Intentions of having every Particular readily turned to, as Occafion ftiould require, which the large Contents at the Beginning, and ex- tensive Index at the End, will immediately lead my Reader to. And as every Subjed is placed by itfelf, the Chain of Reading is not broke through, as it is in the Di^ionarial and fome other Methods ; there- fore I hope this, which I have elefted, will be approved. And though a ColleAion is not eftcemed to carry with it a Proof of Genius and Underftanding like a genuine Compofition, yet the Labour muft be allowed greater, as 'tis certainly more eafy for a Per- fon to pen his own Thoughts than dcxtcroufly to fclcd and range 5 thofe PREFACE. thoTe of othen ; more efpecially if he has them to feck, comp&re, and coT'^t from a Urge Variety of Authors in different Languages. This has been my Tafk. And I wiHi my Performance may be look- ed on like the Bee's Indufhy ; as Honey will not lofe its TaAe, or Virtue, by refleAing that that Infcd was only a Colledor, not Au- thor, of its Swcetnefs. VU The prefent Edition appears with added Improvements; (o that every Ad of Parliament pafled fince the Publication of the lafl Edi- tion, relating to any of ttie Subjedls herein treated of, has been pro- perly noticed, and no Alterations regarding Trade and Commerce, to the preicnt Time, have been unremarked for the Reader's Bene- fit : Therefore the enquiring Merchant or Trader will be at no Lofs for any Particular he would confult, either for hi? full Satisfadion in his Buflnefs, or of his Curioflty. I believe, al(b, that Care has been taken to (end it corred from the Prefs. I have fome Hope, on thefe Accounts, that I (hall not lod* any Part of the Reputation I have acquired by the Work. THE THE CONTENTS jf N M/lorictl Dtdultm »f Trade J^m its OrigfnJ Pige •^* Of Merehantt, vbttbtr Natives or Foreignert i tbehr Cbart&tr j fimt DirtHioHt fir tktir prudent Coming, tmd an jUJraH cf tit Lavt in Force conetrnmg tiem O/FaSlon, Supercargoes, and jlgents Of Ships Owners, Captains, and Sailors Of Freight, Charter-parties, Bills rf Lading, Demorage, and Bottmrf Of Balkji Of Pilots, Lodefmen, or Locmen Of Ifrecks, viz. Flotfam, Jetfam, and Lagan Of Salvage, Average, or Contriiution Of Ports, Havens, Light- Houjes, andSea-Marit Of Letters of Marque and Reprifal Of Privateers or Capers Of Pirates and Sea Rovers Of Convoys and Cruizers Of Captures, Condemnations, and Appeals Of Bills of Health and ^t^rantine Of Embargoes, or Reflraint of Princes Of Protections, Pajforts, and Safe-conduit i Of Leagues and Truces Of Proclamations for War and Peace Of the Admiralty Of Conjiils •9 41 Of Infurance Of Arbitrators, Arbitrament, Arbitration Bonds, and Awards Of Aliens, Naturalization, and Denization Of Banks and Bankers Of Ufurf Of Cujfoms and Cuflom-Houfe Officers Of Porters Rates for Landing, See. of fame Sorts of Goods Of Carts and Carmen Of Contrasts, Bonds, and Promiffitry Notes Of Bills of Exchange, and about the crofs-ones o/" Europe, known to Foreigners under the Denomination of Arbitrations of Exchange Of Brokers Of the Par of Monies Of Arbitrations Concerning Bankruptcy Of the General Trade of the H^or/d England Wales Scotland Ireland 586 (t lol 118 122 130 '^i 138 198 204 aas 236 242 ibid. 244 24J 259 263 Z°7 3«4 320 366 392 393 405 458 458 465 485 565 579 580 660 Of conte;ijts. Of tht *frt4t ^tvHtH Great-Britain and France HolUnii Germany Spain Portugal OfMt-Britain'/ 7radt with Italy, incbidiitg tfiiatr this Dtmrnu/iMtwi Venice, Naplci, aW Sicily, Genoa. Leghorn, Ancona. Cfc. Of tit 7rtde ttrriti m iy Graat-Britain mth Turkey W Rarttary Africa AHa America Of tht South-Sea Company Of the Hudfon'i-Bay Company Of Carolina'/ Gmtral frtuk %hf GemraJ frtdt ^ Virginia Maryland New-York Penfiivania Tbt Julkyt «nd New-Eogland Nova-Scotia Georgia Barbadoei St. Chriftophcr'fi, Nevis, («r Mevit) and tht 6tbtr Caribbee (Jiandt Jamaica The Lucayus, or Bahama IJUt The Bermudas, or Summer JflanJt Newfoundland Am Account of iot Trade between Great-Britain and Mufcovy, carried on by the Ruflia Company Of the Trade between Great-Britain, Denmark and Norway, Sweden, Poland, PruOia, and the hvAx'\^x\ Netherlands Of the Produth, Manufaiiuret, and Trade, of France Of the Trade of Spain Portugal, and their African Company Italy Of the Levant Trade, and that on the Coaji of Barbary Of the Trade of the Archipelago Q^ the Trade of Africk The Trade of the Canary IJks Of the Trade of M\z Of the Trade of the Gulph 2/"Perfia Of the Trade of Sumatra Borneo, Crimati, or Crimatia Of the Molucca, or Molucque Iflandt Of the IJles of Banda Of Amboina Of the Philippines, or Manillas Of the IJlet oj Thieves, or Ladroncs Of the IJlet of Japan or Japon Of the Trade of Jeflb Of the Trade on the Coajis of Spaniih America in the North Sea Of the Commerce of the Spaniln American CoaJls in the South Sea Of the Trade of the French America Commerce of the Portuguefe America Of the Trade ^' Holland Concerning the Trade ^' the North and tfx R^tidc Sea Of the Trade ^' DonmfWk Cmctmit^ the Souad Ooo ibid. 610 6,4 619 630 6j8 639 040 ibid. 64, 648 ibicC 649 652 655 ibid. 6j6 659 672 690 696 699 711 ■721 724 739 74' 789 790 791 794 79| 796 797 798 799 802 805 810 811 8t2 81C 8j6 817 0/ CONTENTS. Of the Trade of Norway 816 Of the Trade of Courland, Pruflta, aim/ Pomerania 833 Of the Commerce of \Mfiim3i, and its frhwipal Cities 835 Of the Commerce carried on at Archangel, and other Places of Mufcovy 836 Of /.:.- Trade of Sw.^^en 840 Of the Comtnerce of S vitzerland and Geneva 843 Of the Weights uCed tbrouvhout Great-Britain 851 Of ihofe I fid in France, Holland, Coningfbere;, Dantzick, Elbtng, Stetin, L^ih?;;k, Breflau, Bremen, Naumbourg, Erfurt, Berne, Cologne, Ghent, Brulfels, Malines, Bruges, Lifle, St. Malo, Bayonne, Genoa, and Rome 852 Leghorn, Florence, Lujca, Palermo, Venice, Biologna, Bergame, Naples, Smyrna, Conftantinople, <7a/ Aleppo S53 Tripoli, Seyda, Alexandria, and Grand Cairo 854 A Table of the Agreement -which the Weights of the principal Places in Europe have with each other 855 Ditto of the Dry Meafures for Corn 856 to 860 ATaole of the Agreement of diverfe Meifureswiththofe g^Amfterdam, Paris, «/7 fupport the one, and fatisfy the other. Men have made the many Difcoveries which lay hid for Ages, and difregarded the Rifks they run, and the Incon- veniencies they fufFered, whilft they confidered themfclves in the Road to Riches and Preferment; the pleafing Profpe Before we proceed to treat of the Commerce of the Modems, we -will yet add fome Examples of the Gallick Cities, which were formerly rendered famous by the Enterprizes of their Merchants. It is etiy to dcmonftrate to the French of the present Times, (to excite them to revive tneir Trade) that the Go&t and Genius of the Nation has been always divided between the Glory, which it acquired by its jlmu, and the folid Advantages produced by Trade. Marfmes, the mod ancient Ally of the Romans, equally celebrated for its Antiquity, for the Wifdom and Equity of its Senate, for the Sciences taught in its Academies, for the many Colonics it eftablilhed, and for the Wars it glorioufly maintained againft fo many different People, jealous of its Riches, was indebted only to its Trade for thefe Advantages; ancl it was folely by tlie Means of Commerce, that it arrived, in fo fhort a Time, to that high Point of Reipeft and Power, as to render it for a long Time the Arbitrator of the neighbouring Nations, who were drawn there to learn the Arts and Politenefs of Greece, which its firft Inhabitants brought from yljia, when they left it, to fettle among the Gauls. The Example of Murjet'/Ies Coon animated thcgreateft Part of the FrfK.-,6 Cities to Trade, more efpecially thofe that were fituatcd upon the fame Sea, or that were not far diflant. jirJes became famous for its Experience in Navigation, and for its Ability in the Art of building Ships. It likewifc diftinguifhed itfelf for tlie Invention of divers Manufactures, and above all, its Works in Cold and Silver gave it a great Reputation. Narbonne even yet exceeded Aries, and, fo long as its Port exiiled, it faw arrive Fleets from the Eaft, Africk, Spain, and Sicily, loaden with all Sorts of Merchandize; whild the Inhabitants on their Side equipped their own Ships to carry abroad the Produdls of their Country, or the Manufadures which were owing to their Induftry. Wnen the Alteration of the Courfc of the River Aude had occafioned its deferting the Port of Narbonne, MontpelUer took the Advantage of that's Decline^ anH this laft City received in her own, Ships from all Parts of the Mediterraneant wl. h arrived before in that of the firft mentioned. There were yet reckoned among the Number of the French Cities, fituatcd on this Coaft, which Trade had rendered flourifhing (though in a very inferior Degree to thole juft now mentioned) Agde, Toulon, Antibes, Frejus, and Aigue- Morte, particularly the lad, before the Sands of the Rhone had left it at a Diftance from tlie Sea ; and no one can be ignorant, that even to the Time of St. Lewis, this was where the Enibarkincnts were made for the holy Wars, and that it was the Merchants of this Place which furnifhed that great and holy King with the greateA Part of the Ships that compofed that numerous Fleet which he tittcd out in the lad Years of his Life for his Expedition againft Tunis. The Gaillck Ocean had likewife its Ports and Cities for Trade, of great Repu- tation i as Bourdeaux in Guyenne, Vannes and Nantes in Bretagne, and the famous Cei billon, (now unknown) which Strabo places near the Mouth of the Loire. In tine, in the inland Country was Lyons, (a City yet fo famous for its Trade) where, if we may believe fome Authors, there formerly affembled no lefs than fixty Nations to treat of their Commerce, and which, from that Time, (by its happy Situation at the Confluence of the Rhone and SaoneJ extended, as one may (iy, its Arms, from the Ocean to the Mediterranean, and was become as a general Staple or Storehoufe for all the French Merchandizes, without reckoning the Trade which (he carried on in all the Levant, and particularly in Egypt, by Means of the Correfpondencies which fhe had with Aries and Marfeilles. Let us now pafs from the ancient Hiftory to thofe of the middle Age and lateft Times, and thcle two Hiftories will furnifli us with Fads, which will not be Icfs interefting, nor lefs glorious to Commerce, than thofe of which Antiquity has taken Care to prtferve to us the Memory. The front its OngindL jr The Fall of the Roman Empire had drawn after it that of all the People vere fighting with iHticRomant, or whilft they were difputing among theoifclvcs the Poflcflion of the Countries they had ufnrpcd, all the^r Commerce confifted .only in the Spoils uf the Vanquifhed; and they Wd no other Trade than the ftiariiig of thoie immenl^ Trealures, which they found amaifcd in all the Towns of the Empire which they facked, sind particularly in the Capital, which was more than once expofed in Prey to their Fury and Avarice. But after that the braveft and moft fortunate of thefe Barbarians had formed puilTant Monarchies from the Ruins of the Roman Empii:e : After that they were eftablifhed, fome among the Gauh, as the Franks; others in Spain, as the Goths; and others yet in Italy, as the Lombards; they foon learnt from the People they had fubjedted, and whom tney had afterwards affociated, the Ncceflity of Commerce, and the Manner of carrying it on with Succcfsj and they became fo fkilful, that fome of them were in a State or Capacity of giving Leflbns to others; for it is to the Lombards that the Invention and Ufage of the Uaiik, of Books with double Entries, of Exchanges, and a Number of other ingenious Practices, which facilitate and fecure Trade, are commonjy attributed. It does not appear very certain who were the People of Europe, which (after that the new Maftershad divided it, and recalled Peace) applied themfclves firft to Trade, and made it flourifh. Some InjundUons of Charlemagne, and of Louis le Debonnaire, might make it believed, that it was by France that Commerce re-cftabliihed itfclf in tlie IVeJi, and the Laws that thofe two Princes made, either to hinder their Subjefts from a contraband Trade with .their Neighbours, or to eafe the Merchants which trafficked in the interior Parts of their Eftates, from the new Impofitions which they would have laid on their Merchandizes, at leaft lliews that the French, before the eighth Century, did not tarry on an inconfiderable Trade, either within or without the Kingdotn. There is, however, an Appearance, that the Civil Wars, which were fo frequent under the Reign oi Debonnaire, and during that of his Children, foon interrupted the firft Succefs of Commerce (revived in France J and the iTicurfions of the Normans, which laid wafte almoft at the fame Time the French Empire, having entirely deftroycd Trade; the Italians had a Junfture to acquire the Glory of being its new Reftorers, as they ought to have that of afterwards recalling the liberal Arts and Sciences, which had been banifhed ever fince the difmem- bering the Roman Empire. It is therefore to the People of Italy, particularly to thofe of Venice and Genoa, that the Re-eftablifhment oi Commerce is indebted; as it is alfo to Commerce that thefe two famous Republicks, which have been fo long Rivals, owe their Glory and Puifl'ance. In the Bottom of the Adriatick Sea, there were a Quantity of fmall marfhy Commerce Ifles,feparated only by narrow Canals, butcovered, and (as one may fay) fecured, by y divers MoralTes, which rendered the taking them almoft impracticable. Here fome Fifhermen retired, and lived on the fmdl Traftick which they made with their Fifh, and of the Salt which they drew from ;he Ponds on fome of thefe Ifles. It was thefe Iflands which ferved for a Retreat to the Fenetians, a.P^op\e of that Part of Italy which is along the Gulf, vrhenjilaric King of the Goths, and after- wards Attila King of the Huns, camt to ravage Italy, particularly after that this laft (who highly merited the Name of the Scourge of God, which he had given himfelf) had taken Padua and AquHa, and had reduced them to Aftics. Thefe new Inhabitants of the MoralTes did not at firft compofe any Body Politick, but each of thefe leventy-two ides of this littlt Archipelago h,id, for a long Time, their proper Magiftrates, and, as one may fay, a fepiirate Sovereignty. When or THE ENETIANIt t r if Commerce Of THl Ginoim:. ^// Hijloricai DeduB'ton of T k a dE When their Cummcrcc became fo floiirirtiing as to give Jci'oiiCy to their Neigh- bours, the Vatetian ffUmden tlioiight of funning thcmlclvib into - RebuhUck, and it was this Union (firil begun ii\ tiie lixth Century, but not perfeftcd till toii'ards the Middle of the eighth) which hiid the tnoft folid Foundations of the Poii'cr and Commcrcv of the Fcnftuini, particularly that of the laft, which during more «h:tn four Age, had not, in any Refpcd, its Equal in all Europe. Until the Union of the Iflcs, the Trailc of their Inhabitants fpreid but little beyond the Coafts of the MfdittrnvUiVr, but the Eftablifhmcnt of the new Republick, having given Courage and Strength to their Merchants, their Fleets were in a (liort Time ken to vilit the moftdiftant Ports of the Ocean, and after- wards thole of Egypt; and by the Treaties made with the Sultans, under the Pojic's Approbation, fecurcd the Trade of Spices, and other rich Merchandizes of the Eall, which they were to purchafc at Cairo, a new City the Saracen Princes had built on the Banksof the A/ir/c. The Riches of the AVw/wz/j encreafed tofuch a Degree, by the Commerce with Egvpf, that they thought themfelves ftrong enough to undertake fome Conqucfts, and to form, from the taking a Number of important Towns, what thoy call^^^d their State of Terra Firma, which rendered them yet more confiderablc in Italy, though they loft a Part after the famous League o\ Camhray. Animated by thcfe firft Succcfles, and funported by the Rcfources of their Commerce, and by the inexhauftible Funds, which their Merchants were capable of furnilhing to the Treafury of the Republic, Venice happily carried her Arms yet farther, and extended her Conquells on the Side of the Morca, and in many of the principal Ifles of the Metiiterranean and Archipelago, which ftic fubjcdted to her Dominion J and, to complete her Glory, {he had a great Share in almoft all the Croifades which were made for the Recovery of the Holy Land, or for the Succour of the Chriftians of the Levant, as well as at the taking of Conjiantinople, and the Conqueft of the beft Part of the Grecian Empire, which paft under the Dominion of the French Princes, in the Beginning of the thirteenth Century. Fenice was in this State of Profperity and Glory, when flic experienced the Lot of fo many powerful Cities, which the Fall of their Commerce had either ruined or weakened; (lie found, in the Diminution of her own, the fatal Term of that Puiflance which had given Umbrage to fo great a Number of Princes combined to her Deftrudtion, who figncd the Treaty of Cambray in 1508; and two of her moft celebrated Hiftorians take particular Notice, that their fage Senate had not had fo much Trouble to re-ellablilh their publick Affairs after the famous Battle of Aignadel, but becaufe the Republic could not any longer find the fame Rcfources as heretofore, in the Trade of the Merchants, already greatly enfeebled by the Lofs of that of the Spices, which the Portuguefe had begun to carry from tncm, and which was yet diminilhed from another Side by the Provincials, particularly by thofe of MarJ'eilles, who became in greater Efleem than the Venetians at Con- llantinople, and in tlie principal Sea-Ports of the Levant, and who knew fo well how to maintain their Credit, that very foon all the Commerce of thofe Parts was only carried on under French Colours. Genoa, which had re-commenced an Application to Commerce, at the fame Time with fenice, and had not been in any Degree lefs fortunate in making it flourifh, was, for a long Time, a troublefome Rival, who difputed with the Venetians the Empire of the Sea, and who fliared with them the 'Trade, which they carried on in Egypt, and in all the other Ports of the Lr^ant, and of the Weft-. A Jealoufy was not long in breaking out, and the two Rcpublicks having come to Blows, it was was not till after three Ages, of an almoft continual War, (only fufpended by fome Treaties) that the Genotje (commonly fuperior to the Venetians, and which was fignalizcd by many Advantages that they had gained during the new Wars they had together) loft, about the End of the fourteenth Century, their Reputation and Superiority at the Battle of Chiozza, where Andrew Contarini, Doge and Gf;7fr<7/ of the Venetians, fecured to his Republick (by a happy Dcfpcration) the Honour of an unequal Combat, which decided for ever a Quarrel lb famous, and brought to Venice the Empire of tlie Sea, and the Superiority of Trade, which were the Reward of a \'idlory fo unexpefted. Genoa i' met I hi: lArici TowN». from its Original. Genoa was never able to rife again from its I,ufs, and vidoriuiH Vvnice cjijoyccl for a whole Century its Advantages, both in Trade wnC^War; but, in fun;, tlicfc two Republiclcs, although very unequal for the Ranii whitli they have now in Europe, and for the Figiire that they make, arc become, as one may liiy, to a Sort of Equality in Trade, with this Difference howc\er, that the yencliant carry on a greater than the Genofff in the Levant, and the GenoeJ'e a more coii- fiderablc one than the Fenetians in France, Spain, and other Chrillian States in Europe. At theTimethat Commerce re-commcnced and gained Strength in the meridional Cohm Parts of Europe, there was formed in the North a Society of Merchants, which not jj "'. only brought it to all the Perfcftion it was capable of having, before the Difcovery of the one and the other India, but alio begun to give it thofc Laws it has con- tinued to obfervc under the Name of UJes and Sea CuJ/omt, and to form a Sort of Code, tlic firft of all thofe which have been made for the Marine Trade. This Society is the famous AfTociation of the Hanfeatick Totvus, which is commonly believed to have begun at Bremen on the Hijer, in 1 164. It was not at firft compofcd of more than the Towns lituatcd on the Baltick Sea, or of thofc that were but little diftant. Its Reputation and its Forces cncreafing, there w : but few of the trading Towns in Europe which were not defirous of engaging in it. France furnimed to the Cow/t-^/crd/Zow, Rouen, St. Malo, Bourdcaux, Bayonne, iX\A Marfeilles ; Spain, Barcelona, Seville inA Cadiz i England, London; Portugal, Lijbon; the Low Countries, Anvers, Dort, yimjlerdam, Bruges, Rotterdam, OJiend, and Dunkirk; Italy and Sicily, Me/Jina, Livorno, and Naples. The End of the fourteenth Century and the Beginning of the i 5th were the moft flourirtiing Times of this Alliance; it was then it prefumcd to dalare War againft Kings; and Hiflory has not forgot that which it made againft IValdemar, King of Denmark, about 1348, and againft £nV in 1428, particularly this laft; where the Hanfeatick Fleet was compofed of forty Ships, with twelve thouland regular Troops, cxclufive of the Sailors. The Policy of the Princes, whofe principal Towns had entered into this Aflbciation, thought it ought to give Bounds to a Power, which began to grow fufpicious, and which had not failed to become very foon formidable; the Means were eafy and fliort, each one withdrew their Merchants from the Alliance, which, in a little Time (of that large Number of Towns of which it was compofed in its greateft Power) found itfelf reduced to only thofe that had begun the Confederation; Towns, notwithftanding, ftill fo puifliint by their Commerce, that they were admitted to make Treaties with the greateft Kings, and par- ticularly with thofc of France, as very lately happened in the Reign oi Lezvis XV. and in the Regency of Philip Duke of Orleans. Some Towns 01 Lower Germany ftill prefcrve the Name of Hanfeatick Towns, but, for the greateft Part, this is rather a Title with which they aim to honour thcmfelves, tlian a Mark that they continue to carry on Trade under the Laws and Protection of the ancient Alliance, there not being now more than Lubeck, Hamburgh, Bremen, Roflock, Brunfwick, Cologne, and a few others, which are truly Hanfeaticks, and of which the Deputies are found at the Aifemblies, either ordinary or extraordinary, which they have for the common Intercft of the j4ffociation. The great Trade which Holland carries on with the Hanfeatick Towns, does not contribute a little to fupport them in a Part of their ancient Reputation; and it is particularly to the Alliance which they have with that powerful Republick, that they owe the prefervation of their Liberty; the Succours which fome of them have received have more than once faved them from the Enterprizes of the Princes their Neighbours, who either pretend to have a Right over them, or were jealous of the Riches that their Merchants amafs in Trade. It is alfo Commerce, and the immenfe Riches which the Dutch have acquired Commuce by it, that laid the firft and moft folid Foundation of that Power, which has placed them in a Condition to give fo great Succours to their Allies; and it is only to the Refources, which they have found in their Trade, that they owe that Degree of Strength and Credit, in which, at prefent, their Republick appears; D a Credit M fl OF THE D V T C It. I r I to j4n Hiflorkai DeduSJion of Twhm. a Credit fo great and fo well eftablifhcd, as lias already, for a loiig Time, rrndcrvil it equal to Kings, and in romc Sort the Arbitiatfir of tlicir Ui.Tcrcnci:.>.. The Inhabitants of the Low Couulria have always been diftinguilhcd by their Trade, but the Riches thereof has aUb, always rendered thcni fierce, and impatient of any Sort of Yoke, even the mort cafy and moderate. Thefc Provinces, already fo well known, by their continual Inriinetftions ag.iinfl their beft Princes, having pail, in the fifteenth Century, under the Dominion of tlic apaniardj, they prcfentfy found, in the Severity natural to tliat Nation, Motivo to excite their fadlious Genius, and, under a pretended VioIatij)n of their Privikges, by their new Maftcrs, they united to fupport them, and combated fo fortunately for Liberty, that with the Aid of the powerful Protedtors, who declared for them, (and particularly France') fevcn at/iong them in the End formed this Republiik, whicn, in lefs than half an Age, has carried its yjrnii and Commace into all Parts of the Earth, and has made Eftabliflmients fo folid, that there are no Powers who appear capable ever to rtiake themj nor is there any Likeliliood that its Fall will come, but from itfelfj and that it cannot link but under itr. own Weight, and only by Means of the too great Extent of Trade, which it may not be longer in a Condition to fupport. The Spaniardi, to Aop .the Progrefs of this new-born Republick, believed that the hindering their Trade would futiicc, and to prohibit that which its Merchants had always continued, (notwithAanding the War) in all the Ports of the Spanijh Dominions. The Projeft was eflfedlual, and the Dutch, deprived of this Refource, would have found themfelves reduced to the laft Extremity, if the moft daring of 'licir Merchants had not taken the Refolution to go to the Eajl-Indtes, to partake, if it was poAible, with the Portuguefe, fthen united with the SpiiuiiirdsJ the immenfe Riches which the Oriental Trade produced. This Enterprize, which appeared far beyond the Power of thefe People, but ill fixed in their Liberty, or rather who ftill fought to obtain it; this Enterpri/c, I fay, after fome unfuccefsful Voyages, was in the End fortunate; »nd they fitted out twenty Fleets in lefs than ten Years, which returned loaden with Spices and other Merchandizes of the Indies, as well as with the Spoils and Booty of the Spaniards and Portuguefe. And, to prevent the Confuiion and Diforder that fo many different Companies which were daily forming, and that had nothing in common but the Objed of their Trade, might bring to it, it was then determined, by uniting them all together, to form that famous Dutch Ettft-India Company, which feems inceflantly to gain new Strength, and which, after above an Age's Continuance, has not fuflered any Misfortune or Diminution of its Power and Glory. This great Eftablifliment was made in the Year 1602, and it is this that has ferved as a Model to fo many other celebrated Companies, which have lincc carried on a Trade from Holland to all other Parts of the World, and particularly to the Ports of the Levant, Africk, the Weji-Indies, and, in one Word, to every Place, where Bufincfs could be tranfadled : Thefe able Merchants negledled not any, and they found in the lefs important, as well as in the more confiderable. Profits and Refources, which ordinarily efcaped the Notice of other Nations. It is this Commerce, which may be termed univerfal, that reailembles in Holland this infinite Number of Merchandizes, which it afterwards difltifes in all the reft of pMrope. It produces hardly any Thing, and yet has wherewith to furnifli other People all that they can have need of: // is without Forefts, and almoft without Wood, and there is not fcen any where elfe fo many Carpenters, which work in naval Conftrudions either for War or Merchandize. Its Lands are n)t fit for the Culture of Vines, and it is the Staple or Mart of Wines, which arc gathered in all Parts of the World, and of Brandies drawn from them. // has no Mines nor Metals, and yet there is found almoft as much Gold and Silver as in New Spain or Peru, as much Iron as in France, as much Tin as in England, and as much Copper as in Sweden. The Wheat and other Grains that arc there fowcd, hardly fuffice for Nouriftiment to a Part of its Inhabitants, and it is, mtwith- ftanding, from he/ice that the greateft Part of its Neighbours receive tlicm, either from its OriginaL either for their Suh/ijifnce or TrtiJt\ in fine, it fccms as if the Spices grew thrn-; that the Oils were guthered thrre; that it iinuri(hcd the prct ioii'; Inlcttls which (jiin the Silk, and ihat all Sorts of Diiij'.s for Mcdiiinc or nyintj were in the Nunihcr of />/ I'rixiiidts, an*! of /Vj (Jrowthi ;>/ WarchoiUi.^ are lo full, anil iis IVferchanti feen to carry (i) imu h to Strangers, or that Strangers ccme to lo.ul in its I'orti, that there w not a Day, and, it may he faid, a Mutnent, that hhips do not come in or go out, and frennently entire Fleets. 'the Hi-ii) Commt'nc of the Mii/cm-ifn, a Commern alreadv > ell;»lili(lied and t( extended, and which proinifes Hill a more happy Succels; tnis 'tmnnrce, J I'ly, which we fee grow under our Kyes, nurits without Doulu not ti. he forgotteh in this Species of hilloi-ical Ahridgmciit of the Progrefs of ^Tnidc, uid ol' the Advantages which therchy accrue to thofc Nations that apply thtnifelv -s to it. The Situation of Mufcovy is one of the hanpicll for (.'c//,.//»y Means of the I'orts, wliidi it nas, or which it may eftahlifli, on the hUtxine Sttn and ylrchatigcl fecurcs to it a great Tr.iffickwxxh France, England, Holland, the Loivcr Germany, and many other Nations. In fine, to fupport this vaA Tnulc with Reputation, it docs not lack any rich Merchandizes, cither of what ;> ha.s, of/Wown Products, or, at lead, that arc found there, both hettcr, and in greater Abundance, than elfewhcre; and, for the Tranfportation into its Provinces, of thofc which>comc to it froin abroad, // has four great Rivers, whofe Courfcs are near enough to be ealily joined by Canals, and which difcharge thcmfelves into the four Seas, by which this grand ivmpire is in Part bounded, providing, as one may fay, for bringing even into the Capital the Spoils of all tnc reft of the World. So many Advantages were for a long Time ncgleftcd by a Nation equally fierce and lazy, and where the natural Indolence was yet maintained by the political Dirtidence and Sufpicions of the grcatcft Part of their Princes, which nad prohibited them nil Communication with Strangers. It is true, that after the Englijh had difcovercd, by a fortunate Hazard, the celebrated Port of Archangel, all Nations, which carried on the Northern Trade, had a free Admittance into this Part of the Czar'fi Eftates, but it was not pro- perly till the glorious Reign of Peter the Great*, that Aftt/iotjy knew herStreni^tli and true Intereft, in Regard to Commerce; and it is to this Monarch, (always vigilant for the Glory of his Nation, and the Profperity of his People) that ;> is indebted, for having already carried its Trade alinoA to all Places, where other Nations of F.urope have eflablilhed theirs, and where, till then, the Name and Einpire of the MuJ'covltes were hardly known. It is to the Year 1697 that the Epocha of the Eftabliflimcnt of this neiu Commerce ought to be fixed; a Year which fliould for ever be confecrateil in the Mufcovite Feafts, fince it was at that Time that the political X'oyaqes of the C/AR, Peter Alexoivit';., began, and that tliis Monarch formed tlie Cra/d Defign of changing the Face of the RuJJian Empire, and, by introducinu; Trad.; to bring in alfo in its Train, PoliteneJ's, the Sciences, liberal Arts, and tlic many other Advantages, which are ordinarily the Fruits of them. For the Execution of a Projedl fo worthy of him that had conceived it, that famous Embafly, to which was given the Name of the G/vW/'.Wv;//)', v.hieli without doubt it merited, on Account of the Czar's Prefcncc, who determined to be therein Perfon, though incognito, and mixed in the Train of the Ambaf- fadors, was leeu to arrive in Holland, and afterward'^ pafs over to Rrgl.ntd. The Pretext was the Renewal of the ancient Treaties: The true Re.it'on was, that the Prince this Way found an Occafion to come and fludy with theii. \\\.i Nations, fo ikilful and fortunate in Trade, the moll Aire Cirouiuli of tliar, which he defigncd to eftahlifli in his own Eftatcs. it ill' lilt • This great Pr'iii-<- JlcJ in t':-: Vear i-f;. If I i II An Hiftorical Deduclion of T had i: It WM then that, defpoilcd of the Markx of (Jrandcur, itnd tniriKled witli ihc moft tiinplc Workmen, he did not think it unworthy ol hik Majirty und of Wm Rank, to employ his royal Handii in the fume Worki an they. Sometimes with 'he Mallet and ChilTel in l^Iand, he worked in the Yardi at all Sort* of Naval ConAnidlioni, which could make the Marine riourilh. Other while*, attentive to the LclVort of Tome knowing Pilot, he informed himfclf of the diveis I'ointJ of Wind that reign at Sea, or learned the Manner of ufing the Cumpaf* and Sca-Chartv for a fafe Navigation. At other Times he took the Shuttle, and Audied, in the Manufadtorica, the Art of making thofe fine Cloths which the Englifl) and Dutch had till then fold fo dear to his Subjeds. Sometime* aUb, by Convcrfation with the moAahlc Merchants, he fought to penetrate into the Secrets of the Bank and Rxihangt, and to fecure before-hand Corrcfpondcrtts at London and Amfitrdam to the Bankers, which he prooofed to e(hibli(h in the ftrincipal Towns of his Ellates. In fine, nothing eica^ted his Curiofity, nor rom the Defire which he had to form his SubjeAs to Arts or Manufadhiresj and, as if hedcfiKncd fomctime or other to ferve them as a Mafter in the Kabrick of all Sorts of Works, he himfelf fcrved a Sort of Apprenticelhip, and he was feen afTiduous in the Work-Houfes of the mod able Artificers i here to liandlc the Iron with the Blackfmith, there cutting Wood with the Carpenter i in another Place twifting Hemp with the Ropcmikcri and, in one Word, to work at all the Trades which are cuftoiiury to llipjHjrt Commerce, and render it flourifhing. It cannot be exprcflcd how many Eftablillimcnts, favourable to Trade, and till then unknown to the MuJ'covitei, were the happy Conl'equenccs of the curious Difcovcrics of a I^nce lb univcrfal, and To attentive to the Good of his People. New Ports are opened in divers Parts of his Eflatcs, and that of Petrrfiurgb fccms already to vie even with that of Amjierdam. The numerous Fleets, almofl all built in the Yards of the Czar, and armed in his Arfcnals, (l-cure the Mari- timt Commerce of his Subjeds, and make the Prince refpeded by his moft powerful Neighbours, his Merchants already accullomcd themfelves to carry to Foreigners (upon their own Ships) or to bring from them diredtly, all Sorts of Merchandizes which iVf«/to*tiy produces, or of which (heftands in ncedj and their Flag hr already appeared beyond the Streigbts, and in many Ports on the Coarts of tnc nfediterranean. On the Land Side, with numerous Caravans, they make a Road crofs the vaft Regions of Tartary, and being admitted at Pekin, they return loaded with the ricneft Merchandizes of China and the Eaji. The Junction of the Baltick with the IVhitc Sea is almod atchicvcd, by Canals cut in the Lands, with a Labour and Expence immcnfe and truly Royal ; and there lately are others dug to join thefc two Seas with the Cafpian, by Means of the Volga. All the Towns arc filled with Workmen and Artificers, who labour in the Manufadtoriesj and thofc of Silks and Stuffs, are fo well cftablidied in Mo/cow itlelf, that in the one is made fufficicnt Cloths to clothe the Mtifcovite Troops, and, in the other. Silks enough for the Czarina and her Court. In one Word, there is no Trade or Manufadlurc, that flouri(hes in the other States of Europe, which thisfage Prince has not endeavoured to introduce among his People, either by attrading to his Court, and by large Penlions a id a powerful Prote(5lion engaging to his Perfon, the moft able Workmen from abroad, or by fending the moft docile and induftrious of his Subjedls to learn, in foreign Coujitries, that which each Nation has proper to it, for the perfecting of Arts, and not recalling them until he deems them futhciently inftruAed to work themfelves and teach others. Let us now join to fo many Examples, ancient and modern, of the Advantages that Commerce produces to States, and among the Nations where it flourifties ; let us add, I fay, fome Examples of Particulars, which Trade has raifcd to the highcft Fortune. Perhaps thofc which arc more afl^edted by their own Intereft than by that of the Publick, may herein find Motives and Inducements to animate and engage them to a Profeflion which may be attended with fo gr^at and happy EiFc&s. France from its Originai t.1 Trainee will furnirti ii« witli rhc firft, ami wc l)iall find a Tccond amonj the fovtrcign Iloufcs oi Itiily, hotli equally ulcbr.ital and linmiiir. Jiima Cofur, Nuivc of liouigij, wan a Son of a private Mcnlianti he followed the Profertion of hiii I'aihcr, but with Inch fpccdy and happy Sticccfs, th.u an Author alTurcs ua. he gained more alone, than all the Mvrclunta of the Kingdom tugctht I'. tlis Cammoct wa« extended in all the Mediterraneanx he trarflikrd in ,1/ia wlih the Turk) or Vfr/Uini, and the other Subjcdh of the Sultan* of Hakylon, and in yf/r/t/t with the SitiiiiCns. It was by the Citv of Monipcllicr (which then was the only F.ntrancc of the Kingdom on that Sale) that he carried on fo Rreat a Tniiifi this aho was the only Reafon that could render that City dear to Janm Corur, with which he had not titherwifc any Connexion, and confec^ucntiy this was the Ibic Motive that could determine him to i-mbi-l!;(h it. Attcr fpcaking of a Fountain which he made, where his Arms flill remain, wc Ihulf enlarge a little on the common Kxchangc of the Merchants, known at Montpellier under the Name of the Loae, which he built, that this Edifice might have a remarkable Conformity with tlie Commerce of the City, as it is vifdde, he never dreamt of undertaking the foimer, but with the View of augmenting and facilitating the latter. This Building, which Hill fubfifls, is folid and magnificent. What is admired above all, arc the Raffo Relievos in McJallions, whic-n ornamented the Front, and which employ the vain Curiofity of thofc, who have yet the Wcakncfs to give into the Search after the Philofophcr's Stone i thefc are to them fo many enig- matical Emblems, under which they imagine that James Coeur has hid the Mydericsof the grand Work, of which hen.ul made Ufc (as they pretend) to acquire his immenfe Riches, which, notwithflanding, he only owed to Tradct as Mr. ^Jhuc believes. I lis great Riches, acquired by a Way fo lawful, and the Probity with which he always conduced his Bufinels, having rendered him famous among Foreigners, and known at Court, Charles VII. colled him to the Miniftr-, and truftcd to him the Management of his Finances, making him Grand Treafurtr. His Elevation did not in tlic leaft interrupt his Trade, but, on the contrary, fcrved him to continue it with greater Reputation and Succefs; but then, this generous Merchant, whofe IKart was yet greater than his Fortune, had the mod noble Views in his Commerce, and preferring the Intereft of the State to his own, it was much more in his peculiar lunds than the Prince's Exchequer, that he found Refources, not only to re-eftablilh the Kingdom (exhaullcd by a long War) but to enterprize againft the ancient Enemies of the French Name, and to rc-unitc to the Crown one of its fined and richcft Provinces, which had been for a long Time in the Hands oPthc Englijh. In Effctit, very f(X)n the Armies were only raifed and maintained at the Expcncc of this difinterefted Minifter: He advifed the Conqucft of Normandy, and he alone was at almoft all the Charge. When he went in Embally to Rome, a Fleet of twelve Ships, which accompanied him, belonged to him entirely, and it was he that was at all the Expence of fitting them out. In a Word, after Charles had (as one may f ty) aflociatcd James Coeur in the Government of the State, there was nothing in France that was great and confiderable, which was not fupportcd by the Credit of this fage and rich Merchant, and wherein he did not employ the better Part of the great Effefts that arofe to him from his Trade. Mr. yljlntc fays, his very Difgracc, which it appears he never merited, feemed to have rendered him illuftrious. It is true that the People, accuftomcd to fancy a Myftery and Prodigy in Thinj^s that fiirprizcd them, and were above their Comprehenfion, reported, that "James Coeur owed his Fortune to the Secret of making Gold, which always (liiiics the Defire and Defpair of Chymifts; but, it is truer, that all the Philo- fi phcr's StOiic of this fortunate and able Merchant only confided in his great ■■/ >•jedts, loaded with rich Merchandizes from the Levant and otiicr Places, where the Merchants of Livorno and Florence carry on fo conliderable a "Trade. Mr. Suvary fuppofes it a Matter of Surprize, that among fo n\ iny Examples of the Advantages that Trade produces in the States where it llourilhes, France had not, at the T'.me of his writing, furniflied any one; it is owned, he fays, wjth Regret, that, in Regard of Commerce, the French at prei'cnt are leis in a * This iUullnous Moufc becime ext i cl bv the IX-ath ofCi/kn, thclr.C Gtami Duke of FUnee, to whom th« prdeat Lnipcror, then Liuke of Lmatx, I'uccccJcJ. Condition ■rns%i I it k ih from its Original. Condition to fervc as a Model, than they arc in need of being animated by the Example of others. And then proceeds wi.h making the following Queries, and giving the fucceeding Account of the Aptitude and Ciuiilifications ot the Vrmch for -tvadc; and, though he feems a little partial in Favour of his Countrymen, I think he exaggerates nothing in his Defcription of the Kingdom. Will this generous Nation, fays he, fo capable of the greatefl Enterprizes, be inferior to others in this Thing only, whilil Ihc greatly lurpaifes them in every Thing elfe? No furely : And excepting her Haughtinels, which often made her regard Trtfd'c as little worthy of her, or her Impatience, which almoft always diicouraged her on the firft DiHiculties^ there is certainly no one that could carry on Commerce with more Advantage, or to whom (I may affirm) it is more proper, when flie will applj herfelf to if in earn;ft. What is there in effcdt wanting *o France of all that is neceffary to carry on a confiderable Trade ? She has an infinite Number of Inhabitants, liardy, enterprizing, laborious, and, at the fame Time, full of Genius, Addrefs, and Induftry. Her Lands, which are as fertile as any in tho World, deny her hardly any Sort of Fruits, Provifions, Drugs, and othe' Merthandizes. Her different Provinces, according to th : Divrrfity of their Soil, produce in Abundance, Corn, Wine, Salt, and every Neceffary to the Support of Life. There is found Silk, Flax, and Hemp, fo: ail Sorts of Stuffs and Linens, or other Works which are made of thefe Materials. Its Paftures feed an almoft incredible Quantity of large and fmall Cattle, which ferve for Nourifliment, and to furniih excellent Hides and fine Wools', and its Mines produce the mod neceflary Metals and Minerals for Arts and Trades, and for the Fabrick of Manufadures. If its Merchants inclined to a foreign Trade, the two Seas, which wafli its Coafts, open to them excellent Ports, and offer them the Commodioufhcfs of carrying it to the foui Quarters of the World. If they will content thcmfelves ^/ith a home Trade, the French Manufaflures, or thofe that are imitated from Strangers, are arrived to the lafl Degree of Perfeftion, by the wife Regulations, and by the Attention of the Magiltrates dc Police and Inlpedtors, appointed to take Care of their Performance. In a Word, it may be faid, and I fhall fay it without Exaggeration, that France reunites at home all the Advantages of Commerce, which arc found divided among the other People of Fjirope, and, that being fufficient to itfelf, it can abfolutely pafs without other Nations, and content itfelf with its own Abundance, whilft they, on their Parts, will find it difficult to lubfift without our Succours, and that great Commerce, of which fome (and with a great deal of Reafon) are fo proud, would loon be feen to fall, if they ceafed to receive from us that infinite Number of Merchandizes which are neceffary to them, and which it is with DitHculty they can find rlfewhere. It is this Truth ill underftood, and urged too (at, that has given room to that Paradox fo dangerous, which they of this Way of thinking would eftablifh in thefe latter Times, th?i France ought to carry on no Commerce vith Strangers, and that flie would always be fuHiciently happy and flourifhing, if it did not want Labourers and Soldiers. The Neceffity of the one and the other is indifputablc; without Soldiers our Frontiers would remain open to our Enemies, and the Kingdom without Defence; and withou' Labourers to cultivate our Lands, they would be no longer lutHcicnt for o>ir Suj port. But upon what fliall the Pay and Maintainance of our Troops be el>ablifhed, if Commerce, which is the moft fruitful Source of the R'.-hes V 'liih enter our King's Exchequer, be taken from us? And what will the Labourers do with their Crops, (though never fb abundant) if they have no lunger an Opening to get rid of their Superfluity; .ind, by VVant of 7V<7i and C'jmmerci is •';¥ '^ wA 1 6 y^« Hiflorkal Deduclion of Tr a de Commerce is a ProfclTion, without which all would languKh in the Kingdom, and the too happy Inhabitants would (a,s one m.iy lay) link under their own Abundance, as they neither could conlume the Whole at Home, nor have the Liberty to carry a Part abroad. It is furticicntly comprehended, that by Commerce (fuppofcd fo neceflary to France, and to which it is known, that the French are at leaft as fit as the other Nations of Europe) is not to be undcrltood that which is carried on in our Provinces, by the Communication which they have with one another, of the natural Produdtions, or the Works of Art, that they have each at home (for this Trade would be always flourifliing enough, if there was a Care at the fame Time to carry on that abroad) but it is the Commerce which may be maintained with Foreigners that is principally in View, whether they come to our Ports to carry away thofe Merchandizes of which they have need, or whether we fend our Ships to load with thofe which they have and we want. It is true, that for long Voyages France has already at Home a Company of Commerce, of which the lirll Succcfs feems to promifs, that it will not one Day be any Thing inferior to the more celebrated ones eftablillied among our Neigh- bours; (o that, without encroaching upon the vail Grant of a Company fo profitably formed and fo wifely conduifled, I fliall content myfelf to animate the French Merchants to fuch other Objedts of Commerce as they may Ihare with the other Nations oi Europe, or even that they may carry on with a greater Facility and Profit than they. Thefe Hopes, with which I dare flatter our Merchants, are not falfe nor even dubious. Whofoever furveys the Parts of Europe where the EngliJJj and Dutch carry on their moft confiderable Trade, Spain, for Example, or the Towns of the North and Baltick Sea, (not to enter into a longer Detail) I fay, wholbevcr furveys them will fee whether thofe Trades will be moft eafy to them or us. Almoft all. the neceflary Merchandizes for thofe two important Trades are found in France; on the contrary, England und Holland hz\c hardly any. We have for Spain Stufl^s of Gold, Silver, and Silk, Clothes, Woollens, Linen?, Paper, Hats, all Sorts of Stockings, Cards, Laces of Silk and Thrcid, Mercery, Iron Wares, and many others. The North cannot pafs without our Wines, Brandies, Vinegars, Salts, Prunes, Chefnuts and Walnuts; fo that it will prefently be decided, to which Nation the Loading of Ships for the North, or Spain, is moft eafy; whether to the French, who, without borrowing any Thing from others, have, within themfelves, wherewith to make up an entire Cargo ; or to the Englijl) and Dutch, who come to feck in France what they want, and who, deftitute of this Succour, would be obliged to fciid their Ships half loaden, and without the proper Aflbrtmcnts for thofe two Countries. It is alfo the lame in Proportion with all other Trades, by which the French may enter into Competition with their Neighbours. In regard of Profit, the Proof is as clear, and fliorter. Whoever fells at fecond-hand can make but one Gain, whilft he that fells at tiie firll acquires two; the EngliJJi and Dutch are in the firft Cafe, the French in the fecond; fo that thofe can only benefit thcmlllvcs on the Price, which tlic iMirthandize they fell in Spain and the North, cofts them in France, and thcle add yet to the laid Profit, that which was made on the firft Sales of fuch Mercli.iiulize. This is not enough; the Advantage of Returns, is yet all cniircly on tiie Fart of France, fince that the French Ships, by bringing back the Northern and Spauijh Commodities, take away from Strangers thofe inimenfe Profits, which they ui\;d to make on us, when they brought the fame Merchandizes into our Ports. One cannot on this Subjeilt help exprcliing fome Concern at not feeing cftabliflied in France that wife Policy of tlie EiigUjh, who, by their AJ of Navigntion in the Y'ear 1660, ordained, that none of the Mcrchandiz s and Produds of Europe be brought into England, nor the Statej that depended on it, by other Veflels than thofe which fail Irom the Ports of the Country where the Commodities grew, or »"he Merchandizes were made; and that none cf the Merchandizes of the Growth of AJia fliall any longer be brought, in but on Englijh Ships, or thofe appe'-taining to the Eiiglijh. A Policv from its OrigifiaL \<^ w ^ at ires lb kiizc I the 'art 'iijh |iK;d ■on lev A Policy certainly both prudent and equitable, and, if it had Place airiong us, would open our Ports to Strangers, which fliould bring the Merchandizes of their Country, and wifely (hut thcmagainft thofe who, having nothirig of their own Growth, come to fell us thofe at a dear Rate which they have collcfted from all Parts of the World; and that, flattered by our Indolence, or, it may be, by our Vanity, they have infenfibly accuftomed us to receive only from their Hands, at an excefiive Price, what it would be eafy for us to get oti mucli better Terms, if we would only take the Pains to go fetch them. It may probably be alledged, that, as the French Marine is not in any Degree comparable (but much inferior) to that of their Neighbours, with whom they are invited to become Competitors, by a Sea Trade, there is but little Appearance that they Hiould ever find the Facility or Advantages, with which they in vain were flattered in carrying it on. And it muft be confefled, that, in the Maritime States, Coff!n:erce and Navi- gation ought, as one piay fay, to go the fame Pace, that there is fo drift and mtimate a Tye between the one and the other, that Trade is without Strength, whilft the Marine is languifliing, and the Weakncfs of the one neceffarily draws on the Fall of the other. But befides, that our Ports are not fo unprovided with Ships of War, as to leave the French Merchants at any Time deftitute of Convoy and Guards, to favour and proteft their Trade; what Doubt is there that, ev«n on this Part, France, when fhe pleafes, need not yield to any other Powc- whatever ? Our Neighbours are obliged to go fetch from abroad the gieateft Part of that which is neceflary for their Armaments; Wood, Iron, Cordage, Sails, all thefc come to them from Foreigners; inftead of which, our Provinces eaiily furnifll us with the heft Part of that we have need of for the building and fitting out our Navy. Some of them have Wood proper for the Bodies of Ships; and there are; found in the Mountains, others fit for making the reft of their Materials/ therd are, in many. Mines of Copper and Iron fuflicient to fupply our Yards and Docks; and all, in general, arc lb abundant in Flax and Hemp, for making Sails and Cordage, that it is even from us that other Nations receive the greatelt Part of thofe they confumc in their Rope- Walks, or that their Weavers make into Cloth proper to fail their Vcflels. We are not more in want of Provifions c r Ammunition, but are even in a Condition to fpaie Part to others; and, to man our Ships of War and Merchant Fleets, we have more than fixty thoufand Sailors, diftributed in five Clafles, of •which the Rolls are renewed annually, and of which the one is always accounted engaged, from the Beginning of each Year, to ferve in the King's Ships, and the four others are referved for the Merchants Service. Thefe Hopes, which are founded on fo many Advantages, that niight render our Marine flourilhing, either for War or Trade, are certainly not in the Number of thofe ideal Projefts, that it is not poflible ever to carry into Execution. Thofe Times, lb glorious to the Marine of France (1690) are flill remembered, when our naval Forces, equal to thofe of our Enemies, obtained tlie Viftory over the united Fleets of the Two Powers, who each in particular would have attributed to it the Itmpire of the Sea; and we have not in the leaft forgot, that, during a!i the War which was terminated by the Treaty of Ryfwick (1697) our Privateers, fuperior to thofe of the Englijh and Dutch together, took from one of them fo great a Number of Ships, that their Merchants (who avow that their Lofs amounted to more than three thoufand Veflels) were oblit,'ed to carry their Complaints to their Parliament; and the Trade of the other was fodifturbedor impeded by the fortunate Cruizes of the fame Privateers, that this was one of the principal Reafons that made them defire a Peace, and, in fome Sort, to demand it with Eagernefs. It is not, however, to be denied, that Events which Prudence could not forcfee, nor Courage repair, have weakened the Frwff A Marine; but why fliould we lofe the Hopes of feeing it recover? That which fo happily fuccecdcd undei* the Reign of Leviit XIV. will it be impoflible, if undertaken, to profper uiider that of Lrjiii XV? This young Monarch, in whom flitx»es fo many great F Qualities, V' 141 IV'' m KiH ri 1 8 Jfi Hiftorical DeduSlion of Twkm. Qualities, tliat they feem already to forctel tlic Happincfs and GJory oi Fraisre? And an Eftabliflimcnt, which is feen pulhcd on almort to Perl'e(iti()n, under- the Miniftry of Monf. Colbert, and of the Marquis ai Scigiielay his Son, why inw it not gather new Strength, fupported by tlie Care and llxperiencc of a Prince who has recorded his firfl: Campaigns at Sea by a Vidtory, and who labours with fo much Application to reftore us a Marine, capable of making our Colours always refpedted; and, at the fame Time, to put our Merciiants in a Condition of carrying on, in all Parts of tlic World, a Cummaxe, for wiiith they have fo much Facility and Advantage ? Mr. iSd-uaryhcre finifhes his Sentiments of his Country ami tlic French Nation; and, I think, he has proved a true Prophet, in regani to their Comnwrcc, which has been greatly extended and cncreafed I m ■i In w leir %% An Hijlorical DeduSiion of Tr a dE Arahiam brought from India making the grcatclt Number, made alio fl greateft Richc;. The Aloe Wood, Cajfia, and Cinnamon, which are mentioned in many I'.ifiagcs of Scripture, and in the moil ancient HiUorians, made, beyond Dilpiite (;ittcr the Gold) the principal Branch of their Commerce. Malabar, Ceilon, and Sunuilra, (or Malacca itfelf) were really the principal Places where their Flci-ts often went to take in their Loadings, as it was only from thence that they drew all thole rich Merchandizes; thele were formerly much better eltecmcd than they :irc at prefent; and, as this Nation only fupplicd all the Countries of the World that wanted thofe Commodities, this Is yet another demonllrativc Proof of their ancient Navigation to the Indies. It is neverthclefs a Matter of Surprize, that ancient Hiftory does cither not fpcak of it at all, or, if it docs, it is in a Manner very obfcure: This proceeds from Arabia being very little frequented, and confcquently very little known to other Nations. The Diriiculties that there always were to traverfe its fandy ancnd, fo that thefe had more need of Ability in the Marine than the former, on Account of the Variablcnefs of the Winds, cloudy Weather, and Tempefts, which often reign in the Mediterranean. The Winds of the Indian Sea (rarely tempcftuous) are always regular, changing twice a Year, and under two Dircdtions, alternately oppotite one to the other j each larts fix Months, at leaft, if the Latitude is near our Tropick. Thefe Winds arc th>' South Weft and North Eaft; and they arc called Monlbons, of the which on° is dry, and the other rainyj the North Eaft Wind caufes the dry Monlbon, and begins in the Month of Nrocmber, on this Side the Equinortial Line: The rainy one begins in the Morvtii oi May, and it is occafioned by the South Weft, wliich makes it laft till OBober. In fine, the Monfoons, which reign at Sea on this Side the Eijuincxflial, are always oppofite to thofe which reign on the other Side of tiiat Line. It is therefore feen by the Exadtnefs of thefc two Seafons, and the regular Winds of the Indies, that it was not any Thing difticult u> the Arabians happily to fuccccd in their Navigation for pafling the Sea, not onlv to the ///(• nf Ceykn, hut alio to th'Xt of Sumatra, or to Malacca, which is in its N.'ghbourhood. They yet make to this very Day thefe Travcrfcs, in a great McaUirc, without uling the Compafs, at leaft very rarely; for the Winds, being once fixed and invariable, ferve them for Guides and Rules in the Direction of their Route, rlmort as well, and even in fome Manner more exad, tlian they would do by the Help of the Stars in ferene Weather. What is it then that Ihould have hindered the performing the fame in ancient Times ? This is what the modern Hiftorians have not thought of, in fpeaking of the ancient Navigation of India. (It is probable, had they been on the Spot, as I have been, they would have thought as I do.) Many Nations among the Indians have always crofted thefe Seas by the Favour of thefe Winds. The dry Monfoons, periodically renewed by the North Eaft Wind, I: fll it !; \\ 24 j4n Hiflorioal DeduEiion of Trade Wind, aflills their failing to the Wcftwardi and the Weft Monfoons, formed in like Manner by the oppofitc Winds of South Weft, ferve them ahb for failing Eaftward. One Monlbon fcrving them to go, and the other to return, and thofe always equally certain and regular. , . , The Arahiam, waftied by the fame Sea, ought therefore to do the fame Thmgj and it is what they have always done, according tc the Tradition of the InJitiit Nations, who regarded them as the Mailers of the Navigation of the Seas, till the Arrival of the Portuguefe among them, who ruined entirely by that the vaft Commerce of Arabia, which had been of fo long a Duration. Plim makes Mention of thefe two Winds for travcrfmg the Arabian Sea. The South Weft, which was called, fays he, in that Country, Hypaluj, was the proper Wind for failing from the Cape oi Syagros (which is beUcvcd to be that oi FartaqueJ to ZiMrm, a Port in India i this is apparently that of the prefcnt Diu: They, in returning, (adds he) departed from thence in the Month of December, or even in that or 'January, and this Traverfe was made (according to him) in forty Days. The Pertplus of the Ked Sea, attributed to Ariantu, fays the fame, according to Mr. Huef; it informs us farther, that they failed from Arabia for India in the Month of ful^', and thefe Scafon* are perfectly the fame now, which ferve for the Navigation m thofe Countries. Mr. Huet believed, by the Relation ot Pliny, that thefe Courfcs were new, and had been difcovcred by the Romans, which might be fo in regard to tho Romans only, but it is abfolutcly not the fame in refped of the Arabians, as thcfc Routs were at that Time known to the latter, and had been fo for fcvcral Ages. The Author of the Periplus before-mentioned fays, that it was an ancient Pilot named Hypalus, who firft difcovered (by Favour of a South Weft Wind) this Courfc to the Indies, and that his Example was followed with fo much Succefs, that they gave to this Wind the faid Pilot's Name*. However, we ought to be pcrfuaded, that this only regards (as has been faid) the Navigation of the Romans. In fine, after thefe Eclaircifements, we ought not any longer to be fnrprifcd at the ancient Splendor of the Arabians, which, at the fame Time, occafioned that of the Tyrians and Egyptiansi the commodious Situation of their Country, the Pleafantnefs of a frequent or almoft continual Serenity of their Sky, the diredt Regularity of the Winds which reigned in their Oriental Seas, and their own Spices (above all the Incenfe) were Advantages which would naturally render them flourifhing, if improved (as they always were) by them; and it may be added, that the Goodnefs of their Ports (infinitely better than all thofe of India) was the Thing which favoured them moft in their Commerce, i am ftrongly led to believe, with Mr. Huet, that the Surname of Happy, which Arabia anciently received, only came from the Excellency of her Harbours, and from that of her former Commerce. This Arabia called happy, was never fo rich in its own Produdt as to merit fo fine an Appellation; it might rather have been given her for being the richeft Nation in the World by her Traffick with Strangers, than becaufe tier Soil was found better comparatively than that of Stoney or Defert Arabia. The laft Remark to be made is, that the Treafures and Commerce of the y?r<7^<7«j enriched the neighbouring Nations; Judea, above all, felt it moft, as may be judged by the Revenues and Wealth of Solomon, which the Scripture defcribes to have been fo very great, in the tenth Chapter of the firft Book of Kings, and the ninth of the fecond of Chronicles, where it is faid, that all the Kings and Governors of Arabia brought him Gold and Silver, befides his annual Revenue, amounting to fix hundred and fixty-fix Talents of Gold; and it is likewife from thence known, what were the Prefents which the Queen of Shcba made him, after coming from the Depth of Arabia to fee him and prove his Wifdonj, importing only in Gold one hundred and twenty Talents (befides Srices and precious Stones) making, according to Father Calmet, 8,176,000 Prench Livrcs, or, at the Exchange of 54«•;• Talent of Silver) only in thofe two ^k•t4ls, befidcs Urals and Iron without Weight, and the Addition that he made out of his privy I'urfe, towards that pious Work, of three thoufand Talents of Ciold, and feven thoufand Talents of refined Silver, as hinted in the and fourth Vcrfej and wc Ti)ul the Fathers and Princes twenty-ninth Chapter of the abovcinentioncd Book, u m.-iy fuhjoin what is recorded in the fcventh Vcrfe, Tb of the Tribes o/'Ifrael, &c. gave Jive thoufand Talents, and ten thoufand Drams of Gold, ten thoufand 'Talents of Silver, eighteen thoufand TaJents of Ural's, and an hundred thoufand Talents of Iron, as an additional Proof of the Benefits brought to this Country by Commerce; for none of this vail Trcafure was the Produdl of it, and confequently muft have been imported, to the great enriching both of Prince and People, as plainly appears from the Magnificence of their Gifts. And though wc h.-ive not the Account of King David's Trade to the Land of 0/>hir and Tarpnjk, as materially remarked as wc have that of his Son Solomon's, yet he undoubtedly commenced it, on his Conqucfl of the Kingdom of Edom, which made him Maftcr of Elath and Eziongeiar, two Sea-Port Towns on the Red Sea, from whence he might, and certainly did, diredt his Trqffick to the Coaft oi Africa weftward, and to Arabia, Perfia, and India on the Eaft} and, as he lived twenty- five Years after making that Conquefl, wc may account for his amafring fuch, otherwife, an incredible Sum, by the long Continuance and vaftProfit of hisTrade. lam not ignorant, that many learned Authors judge the Talents abovementioncd to have been lefs than they arc here calculated at; yet, fuppofing with them, that they were not above half the Value, the Sum ftill remains prodigioully great, and fliews, what 1 am contending for, that only Commerce could furnilh fuch a Trcafure. Mr. Malynes fays, in his Lex Mercatoria, (Page 261) that it is recorded, tliat David left m Gold (befides Silver) an hundred and eighty Millions Sterling, and Solomon only eighteen : I prefume he muft mean by the firft, only that Prince's private Cafli, as the Sum he dedicated to the Service of God greatly exceeded it, and it is no Wonder the latter left fo little, when we confider his long Reign, prodigious Buildings, and expcnfive Way of Living. From the Trade of the Arabians, and in particular their Navigation, we will Navigation pafs, as a Thing very a propos, to that of the Fleet oi Solomon, which went to Ophir After what we have feen of the Navigation of the former, it will not be very difficult to make appear more clearly than has ever yet been done, which Way it took for performing this Voyage. Firfl, there is a great Probability, that Solomon was informed by fomc Ara- bians, or by the Queen of Sheba hcrfelf, long before fhc came to fee him, of th6 Maritime Places, from whence they drew their Gold, their Spices, and the other rich Merchandizes of their Commerce, as well as of the Rout which they had to go; and that it was in Confequence of this Difcovcry, that he took the Refolution to maintain, in fomc Port of the Red Sea, a Fleet for to proceed every three Years (according to the facred Text) to the fame Places which were frequented by that of the Arabians ; this could not be otherwife for many Reafons, which may be deduced from all that I have advanced, and from that which I fhall yet add here. Secondh, it cannot be doubted that Solomon, after this Difcovcry, and with the Defign of drawing from India (according to their Wants) the fame Treafure which the Ports of Arabia procured, did not take Care to fecure Pilots to condudl his Sliips to thofe Places; and as his Fleet wanted Men to fit it out, and fcr/e aboard it, this Prince, for that Rcafon, obtained (as the Scripture informs us) from Hiram King of Tyre, fomc People experienced in Maritime Affairs, who, as it likcwife appears, had alfo Ships in the Red Sea (after having fent the Materials) to join with thofe of Solomon in this Voyage. It is fccn by what I have faid, in regard of the Arabians, that the Iflands of Ceylon and Sumatra were the principal Places (tliat is to fay, the richeft) to which they H failed; OI' Soi.nMON'l Fliet. Kl 2d ^^i H'tftorkal Deduflion of Trad i failed ( tlic Mt'ct of Sohmon might ccitainly to ih the Came in holiiinp the (an»p Rout, I would lay, in travcifiiig the mulrt of'thc Sea. It taniiot politivciy be atfirmcd, thiit the Ille of Ciyhn\\M been formerly rich ill Ciuld, as many of the Learned believed, and that this Fleet, which certainly went thither, drew its Gold from thence, as it did its precious Stones, Callia and Cinnamon 1 but it may be fupfwfcd, with much u;reatcr Piohability, that it got it from fomc I'art of the I'cninfula of Malacai, called anciently the Cbcrjomjc tf Gold, or from the Ill.ind of Sumatni, lincc this has been always, as it ftiU xr, ifull of this precious Metal. The Sea is as eafy, or eafier, to pafs from the Hie of Cfylen to that of Sumatrii by the weftcrn Monfoon, than it is froin Arah'ta to the C*ottft of A/rf/rfA"". or to the Ifland of Ci^/ow, as I have demonUratcd. Thcfc two Tr.ivcrfes have been alwavs practifed with the greatell I'acility in the World, and no Navigation of all the Ocean is li) eafy as this. That which the Learned fuppofe, along the Eaftern Coaft of Africa to Sofala, is ten Times mom ditticult nnd dangerous, without reckoning that this laft Place is two hundred League; more diitant from Arabia than the Ifle of Sumalrtt is, and that the Winds, which are not the (".muc nigh this Coaft, as in the Middle of the Sea, are irregular, and very often contrary. Inaproocr Seafon, a PaJTagc is now made from Arabia to Sumatra in lefs tliaii a Montn, which cannot be done in four, from the fame Place to Soff'ala (by co3S\!in^ AfrickJ in any Time tint mny be chofcn. Ft i-. then clear that this is that direct Rout from Arabia to Ceylon and Sumatra which the Arabians took, nnd which the IMcct of Solomon always cho(c as thr calieft and moft profitable, or as the only one th.it could procure him the moil ]irecious Merchandizes of all the Eaft, as well as all Sorts of Spices. yiha, which is a moft odoriferous Wood, and which is fpoken of in Scripture, IS only found in thcfc Countries, and of which it having been always a principal Commcrct', is a ftrong Proof, that the Fleet of the Arabians, and that oi Solomon, went to thofc fame Places. Let us yet add, that the Woods of Almugghim came from thence, (and may rcafonably be fuppofed the Sandal) being affo a fweet fmclling Wood; it comes from the Idand of Timor, and the Macaffurs have always carried it to Malacca and Achin, in the Iflc of Sumatra, for Sale to the other Nations of India, who have ever diligently fought it. Thefe Elucidations, which ftrongly agree in Favour of the Trutli of thefc ancient Voyages, ought to draw the Curious from the Perplexities and Embar- ralftTients, mto which the Commentators on the Bible, by tne Difference of their Opinions on this Matter have thrown them. The ancient Ilirtory of Commine receives alfo a clear Light from this eafy Demonftration, where the Navigation of the Indies has always been, and the Tranfport of the rich Merchandizes that have at all Times come from thence. Bcfides, it is fecn by thefe lameEclairciflcmcnts, that it is by no Means neccfl'ary to make the Fleets of Sohmon and Hiram undertake the painful Tour of Af rick to fetch cveryTime the Gold and Merch.,Mdizc as tar as Spain, Vi.^y[r. //«(•/ has pre- tended, and yet more recently the Aut' '- ')f the Speflack de la Nature. Thefe Gentlemen, on the Credit of fomc am icnt Iliftorians, who relate an Example of a Voyage that was made round A/rick, have thought they might conclude, that the Fleets of the Hebrews ami Tyrians, which fiilcd from the Red Sea, made this Rout in the fame Manner, and, what is more, that they repeated it (according to them) every three Yoars. This is not a proper Place to enlarge on explaining the Difficulties that there were for the Fleets to make this prodigious Tour along Shore, as thefe Authors have advanced: It is eafier to imagine it in a Clofet than to make it on the Spot, and to go to examine or prove the Dangers, if they had drawn for themfelves an cxa(ft Pidure of the Fatigues to be endured in rilking to follow the Coafts of this great Part of the World, and had painted the unknown Shelves and Banks under Water, with which the Coafts are fo well furninu-d; the contrary Winds and Currents which Inft long; and, what is worfc, the Wrecks which Tcmpefts almofl continually occafion, on being too near a Shore, they would, without Douht, have changed their Language. Even now, when Navigation is more pcrfeft than ever, how many Wrecks happen in tcmpeftuous Scafons, when Ships are in Siftht of the Coafts, either near their Arrival, or after failing from fonie Port? f. nic from its Original. Port? Thefe Wrecks vv')iil(l be more rroiiuciit ;inil numerous, if the Fcis iml Hnvcni were Aranec iirul unknown, and without the inaruic Charts now iifcd, ol' which they were formerly ipnf)rant. The Courts oi Ajrhk ire m many Parts ditlicult to frcmicnt, there are ll'jiglit', Lengths, an«l StecpnelFcs. full of Shelves, anil where trie Sea is tlreaiH'ul in the Motion and Nolle of its Waves, which break aj^aiull an Infinitude of Koclu. How many Ships have the Portugui'lie, Englijh, and Dutc'i lolK aiid Hill lolc, near t!ic Cape ofiiooJ Hope, notwithllanding the great F.xperienie they have acquired in the Navig.uion on that Coaft? T\ic'\T LolFcs have been ftill greater on many Otcafions in the very Road of that Cape. Africk has in Truth always produced (Jold and Ivory, liut \t Is a Miltake to think that it has alfo yielded Spices and preciouii Stones; if Ilillorians of former Times, and (among others) Pliny have allirmcd it, t!icy ought to be regarded an fallen into an Frror in that Reiped, the fume av has often happened to them in many other Thing-;. On the contrary, the Indies have nlwavs abundantly afTorded thele ricli Pro duiflions, with many others, of which ufc has been made in Tnulc. Picfent Experience fuffices to dimonrtratc thefc two Truths j and thefe arc Kids wliith frovc in their Turn, that it was not to A/rick, and yet iefs to Sfniin, tint Soiomirr fent his Fleet to load thofc precious Commodities, fo diligently fought after in Antiquity. If any fuch Fleet had riflced making the Tour of y(/'ricito come to Spain, what Appearance or Probability was there that it returned by the fame Way, and under the fame Rifques, rather than through the Mv///<7 /. And it" any Difturbance or Abufc be offered them, or any other Merchant in n Corporation, and the Head Officer there do not provide a RLUicdy, the FraiKlnle (hall be feized, and the Difturber (hall anfwer Double Damages, and fuffcr one Year's Imprifoiiment, G^c. All Merchants (except Enemies) may fafely come into England, with their 14 f.'-.. iii. Goods and Merchandize. ^"' - "^^ -• MiVchaut Stringers may come into this Realm, and depart at their Pleafurc, j «. ir. c. 1. and they are to be friendly entertained : and Mt^cha\ts Alien lliall be uied in this ? //,»., iv. Kingdom as Denizens are in otiiers by the Statute* "^ ?■ No Mich. I 2 aod l)\n 206. 9 //". in. C. jO. S'lt. () TSv.: Ul c. 1. tX H 36 J7 fvii'. in. C. JT. Treaty of Coiniiitirce wi ii >*./», flrion iras jup ler, t aid 12. the Of M E R C H A K T S. 39 II niul K. »<./. III. r, lo. iM. 4. M ilrtd I ). ;/'. Scft. 5. Sea. 6. 8<{t. 7. Sert. 8. 12 Ctr. Cjp. 4. 4- II. Scfl Sen. 5. ScA. 10. SeA. II. 11^ 0/ MERCHANTS. Cora fhall be l.nlcn, lliall be forfeited ; and the Maftcr nnd M.irincr.'^ of lutli Sliip wherein Uich Offence (hall be coiuinitted, knowing liith Ortencc, and alVdlini; thenunto, lliall be imprilbned three Months. If any Pcrlim beat, wound, or lUc any Violence to hinder one from buying Corn, andfhall (hip or feize on any Carriage loaded with Wheat, Flour, Cff. and dedroy the fame, or Ihall take away, or hurt .\ny of the 1 lorfes or Drivers, Cif(. ujx)n Convidion, he (hall be fent to Gaol or I loidc of Correction, nnd be kept to hard Labour, not exceeding three Months, nor for Icfs than one, and ihall be once publiikly whipped at the Markct-I'lacc on a M.)rket-I)ay. If any I'erfon after Convidion fliall commit any of the Offences a fecond Time, or lliall pull down or dellroy any Storehoufe, or I'lace where Corn fliall be kept to be exported, or fliall enter on board any Ship, and from cither of thcfe Dcpofitories carry away ordeftroy any Corn, Meal, Uc. fuch Offenders (hall be adjudged guilty of Felony, and (hall be tranfported for feven Years. The Inhabitants of every Hundred in Kng/tind v/htrcin fuch Offence (hall be committed fliall make Satisfaiftion for all Damages fuAained not exceeding 100/. Provided that no Pcrfons be enabled to recover Damages by this A&, unlefs they by thcmfelves or their Servants, within two Days after Damage done, (hall five Notice of fuch Offence to one of the Conftablcs of the Hundred, or to the leadborough, Gff. of the Town, Off. in or near which fuch F"adl (hall be com- mitted, and (hall within ten Days after fuch Notice give in their, or their Ser- vants Examinations upon Oath, before any Jufficc of Peace where fuch Fafl fliall be committed. Where any Offence (hall be committed againft this Aft, and any one of the Offenders fliall be apprehended and convidlcd within twelve Months after the Offence, no Hundred (hall be liable to make Satisfadlion. No Pcrfon ihall be enabled hereby to fue or bring any Aftion againff any Hundred till after the Expiration of one Year, nor unlets the Parties fufliining fuch Damage fliall commence their Adlion within two Years after the Offsncc. If any Goods of any Merchant born Denizen fliall be taken by Enemies or Pi- rates upon the Sea, or peri(h in any Ship that fliall be taken or periflied, whereof the Duties (hall be paid or agreed for, and that duly proved before the Treafury or chief Baron of the Exchequer, by the Examination of the Merchants, or by two Witnefl'es, or other reafonable Proof j the fame Merchants may newly (h.p in the fame Port where the Goods were cuflomed fo much other Goods as the Goods loll (hall amount unto in Cuftom, without paying any thing, fo as the Proof be recorded and allowed in the Exchequer, and certified to the CoUcdturs of the Port ; and every Merchant Denizen, who fliall rtiip Goods in any Carrack or Galley, fliall pay all Cu(toms and Subfidics in any Alien born. Provided that it (hall be lawful to all Subjefts to tranfport in Ships, and other Veffcls of Subjedts all Herrings and other Sea-Fifti to be taken by Subjedls out of any Port, to any Place out of his Majefty's Dominions without paying Cuftom. It (hall be lawful for any Perfon to tranfport by way of Merchandize any of thefc Goods following, viz. Iron, Armour, Bandcleers, Bridle-Bit.-, Halbcrt- Hcads, and Sharps, Holfters, Mulkets, Carbines, Fowling-Pieces, Piftols, Pike- Heads, Sword and Rapier-Blades, Saddles, SnafHes, Stirrops, Calf-Skins dreffed, or undreffed, Geldings, Oxen, Sheep-Skins dreffed without the Wool, and all Manufadtures made of Leather, paying the Rates appointed by this Adt. It (hall be lawful for any Perfon to tranfport by Way of Merchandize Gun- powder, when the fame doth not exceed the Price of 5/. per Barrel : But this was prohibited by Proclamation during the prcfent War with France, begun in 1756. And having now quoted the Laws in Force immediately concerning Mer- chants, who cannot always adl without their Subftitutes and Dependaits, the Tranfition is natural from the former to the latter, and I (hall therefore proceed to treat of them in Order. 0/ Of !• A C T O R S, Wt. 4f other bs out torn, of Ibert- iPike- leffcd, id all jiin- this jn in ler- the cced Of Of Faflors, Supercargoes^ and jlgenti, ALL thcfc Dcnominu(i(iiii> iini>urt »nd fignity (lie fame Thing, in regard of their Function, tix/iigli ditkrcnt in the Method and Place of difcharsing it, and Ik always undcrllood to be One who at^s for Another, and who buys, (ells, and ncgociatcs, in Conformity with the Orders of his Principal, under the various Circumd.inccs of hiii Principal'^ Limitations and Diredtionii. The former of thcfe arc generally elUbliOied in fomc foreign Parts, to tranfa£t the Hufincfi. of purchafuig, felling, tranf})orting, and exchanging, that (hall bc comnuttcd to his Cure \ and tlic latter more properly for the receiving and payinr; of Monies; whild tlic Supercargo's Employ is confined to the Sales of Goods under his Direction on Ibme Voyage, and it may be the Purchafc of others, in Conformity with the Orders his Employer may give himj they ought all to be Maders of the Trade and Bufmcfs they engage in, as many Advantagesi or the rcverfe, depend on their Conduft and Proceedings. A Fadtor is but a Servant to tlie Merchant, and receives from him, in Lieu of Wages, a Commiflion of P'adtorage, according to the Ufagc of the Place where he refides, or the fiuflnefs he tranfads, this being various m different Countries, and on the Purchales and Sales of differentCommodities: He ought to kecpflridtly to the Tenor of his Orders, as a Deviation from them, even in the mofl minute Particular, cxpofes him to makd ample Satisfadtion for any Lefs that may accrue from His Non-obfervance of them i and it is very reafonable it fhould be fo, as the Diilince of his Situation renders him unable to judge of his Principal's Views and Intentions; therefore he fhould fubmit blindly to them, though always exerting his bcft Endeavours for the Merchant's IntereA, as his Gain Is certain* whilft his Employir's is precarious. When unlimi' 1 Orders are given to Fadlors, and they are left to fell or, buy on the befl Conditions they can, whatever Detriment occurs to thei.* Conftituents, they have their Excufe in their Hands, as it is to be prefumed they adted for the beu, and were governed by the Dictates of Prudence. A Fadtor is barely a Truflee for his Principal; therefore, if this latter, having J J Goods in the others Hands, owes him Money by fimple Contract, and then dies 418. indebted by Specialty, more than his Affcts arc wortA, the Fador cannot retain '*'■• the Goods. If a Fadtor receives only a bare Commiflion to fell and difpofe, it will not \^^''- \ ^ enable him to truft; for, in the due Execution of his Authority, he ought on BariX'tU a Sale to receive quid pro quo; and, on the Delivery of the one, to receive the »"!'»''•'*'• other; for, othcrwife, by that Means, as they may truft fix Months, they ,oj. ' ""^ may truft fixteen Years, nor by Virtue of any Claufe in their Orders that leaves ^eiv. joi. them at Liberty to adl as they think bcft, or of doing as if the Affair was their *^*'' '*^' own, may they truft an unreafonable Time, as ten or twenty Years, inftead of one, two, or three Months, fuppofmg this the accuftomary Time of Credit for the like Commodities : And fo u was adjudeed, where one had remitted Jewels to his Fador in Barbary, who difpofcd of Uie fame to MuUefhack ^e Emperor, for a Sum certain, to be paid at a Time, which being elapfed, the Fadtor not obtaining it, was forced to make the fame good to his Principal. Again, one and the fame Fadtor may, a^d generally ctocs, adt for feveral Merchants, who muft run the joint Rifle of his Adl:ions, though they are mere Strangers to one another; as if five Merchants fhall remit to one Fadtor five diftind Bales of Goods, and the Fadlor makes a iuint Sale of them to one Man, who is to pay one Moiety down, and the other at fix Months End; if tiic Buyer breaks before the fecond Payment, each Man muft bear a propor- tional Share of the Lofs, and be contented to accept of their Dividend oiT the ^loiicy advanced. Kut if fuch a Fadtor draws a Bill of Exchange upon all thofe five Merchants, 11 1 id one of them accepts the fan»e, the others fhall not be obliged tc make good 'l>e Payment. Tainen quare dc hoc. firn. I. firn, and t 638. Silk. 116. M And 4^ 0/ F A C T O R S, c. hralh rerf. Turnrr Wmcb. »4. »5- tMlitaK vetf. KirktTr'w • Jac. in B R Lant't Rep. 65. i'i 1 Rolls. ;. 1. Cro 468. izb, 127. Pcfbam 143, £2'""'.i'r.qiii- t) mav not re- in ve in luch And as the Authority and Tnift repofed in Fadlors is very great, fo ought they to be provident in thrrir Adions for the Benefit of their Principals; and therefore, it Fadlors fhall give Time to a Man for Payment of jMonics con- traded on Sales of their Principal's Goods, and after the Time is elapfed, they (hall fell Goods of their own to fuch Perfons for ready Cafli (leaving their Prin- cipals unreceived) and then fuch Man break and become infolvent, the Fador, in Equity and Honefty, ought to make good the Loffesj for they ought not to difpenfe with the Non-payment of their Principal's Monies, after they betomc due, and procure Payment of their own to another Man's Lofs, though,_ by the Laws of £»j-/tfn(/, they cannot be compelled. If Goods are remitted to a Fador, and upon Arrival he fhall make a falfc Entry at the Cuftomboufe, or land them without entering, whereby thty (hall incur the Seizure or Forfeiture, whatfoever the Principal is endamaged, he mult inevitably make good, nor will fuch general Claufc help him, as above; but, if a Fador makes his Entry, according to Invoice, or his Letters of Advice, and if happens that thefc are erroneou.'i, if the Goods are then loft, the Fador is difchargcd. And .4; Fidelity, Diligence, and Honefty, are expeded from thz Fidor, fo the Law requ'res the like from his Employer, judging the Ad of the one to be the Ad of the other; and, therefore, if a Merchant fliall confign counterfeit Jewels to his Fadvor, whe fells and difpofes of them for valuable Confiderations, as if they were right; if the Fador receives any Lofs or Prejudice thereby, by Imprifoi.i.aent or other Punifhment, the Mafter fliall not only make good the Damage to the Fador, but alfo render Satisfadion to the Party damnified : And fo i^ was adjudged, where one flowwas poflefled of t!.ree counterfeit Jewels, and having Fadors in Barhary, and knowing one Southern, a Men., int, was refident on the Place, configns thofe ^ wels to his Fador, who receiving them, intreated Southern to fell them for him, telling him that they were good Jewels; whereupon Southern, not knowing they were counterfeit, fold them to the King in whofe Dominions he refided, for eight hundred Pounds (they being worth really but one hundred Pounds) and delivered the Money to the F.idor, who remitted the fame to Hoto : The King, not long after, finding himfelf cheated, committed Southern to Prifon, till he repaid the eight hundred Poun.Is. Whereupon Southern coming to England, brought his Adion againft Htw, and had Judgment to recover his Damage; for the Principal fliall anfwer for his Fador in all Cafes, where he is privy to the Ad or Wrong: Arid fo it is in Contrads, if a Fador fliall buy Goods on the Account of his Principal (efp^ciiMy if he has ufcd fo to do) the Contrad of the Fador will oblige the Principal to a Performance of the Bargain. When Fadors have obtained a Profit for their Principal, they murt: be c;i'i- tious how they difpofe of it, for if they ad without Comminion or Order, they become refponfible. Goods remitted to Fadors ought in Honefty to be carefully prcferved, as the Truft repofed in them is great; and therefore a Fador robbed, in an Account brougi.i againft him by his Princ ipil, the fame fhall difcharge him*. And fo it is as if a Fador buys Goods for his Principal, which afterwards happtn to be damnified, the Principal muft bear the Misfor- tune; but, if a Fador fliall diftiofe of the Goods of his Principal, and take Money that is falfe, he fliall make good the Lofs ; yet, if he receives Mo.iies, and afterwards the fame is by Edid or Proclamation IcfTened in Value, the Merchant, and not the Fador, muft there bear the Lofs. The Fador muft likcwife be careful in regard of Letters of Credit, obfeving nicely whether they are for a Time limited, or to fuch a Value, or not exceeding fuch a Sum, or gcnei^, as he may othcrwife bring himfelf into confiderablc Lofles. • •' If a Merchant remits Goods to'liis Fador, and about a Month after draws a Bill on him, the Fador, having EfFeds in his Hands, accepts the Bill, then the Principal breaks, againft whom a Commiflion of Bankrupt is awarded, and the Goods in the Fador's Hands are fcizcd ; it has been conceived, the Fador muft Snitdii'i CVe. Cti. Lib. 4. Fol. 84. anlver a fic he cr Of FACTORS, ^c, jiifwcr the Bill notwithftanding, ahd come in a Creditor for fo much as he was inforccd by reafon of his Acceptance to pay. A Fador, who enters into a Charterparty with a Mafter for Freightrnerit, is obliged by the Contract, but if he loads aboard generally; the Goods, the Prin- cipals, and the Lading arc made liable for the Frelghtment, and not the Faftor. The Fadtor having Money in his Hands appertaining to his Principal, receives Orders from him, to make Infurance on Snips and Goods, as foon as he has loaded, which, if he has neglefted to perform, and the Ship irifcarrics, he fhall (by the Cuftom of Merchants) be obliged to make good the Damage ; and, in cafe of Lofs, he ought not to make a Coirpofition without Orders from his Principal. One Joint-Fadlor may acrcunc without his Companion by the Law of ^le^- chants; for Factors arc ofte.i time difperfed, fo as they ccjinot be both prefent at their Accounts. A Merchant delivered Go'jds to be fold in Spain, and the Faflor fclls them to one who becomes a Bankrupt: We judge here that he fliall be difcharged. In Account it was held l^er Curiam, that if a Man delivers Money to his Bailiff or Faftor to lay out for him in Commodities, he cannot bring an AJumpJit, but only an Account; for it may fo happen, that the Fadlor hath laid out more Money than he hath received. A Fadtor fliould always be punfhial in the Advices of his Tranfadtions, in Sales, Purchafes, Affreightments, and mere efpecially in Draughts by Exchange; for if he fells Goods on Truft without giving Aovice thereof, and the Buyer breaks, he is liable to Trouble for his Negledl; and, if he draws without advifing his having fo done, he may juftly expedt to have his Bill returned protefled, to his no fmall Detriment and Difcredit. If a Fadtor deviates from the Orders he receives in the Execution of a Com- mifHon for purchaling Goods, either in Price, Quality or Kind, or if after they are bought, he fends them to a different Place from that he was diredted to, they muft remain for his own Account, except the Merchant, on Advice of his Proceedings, admits them according to his hrft. Intention. A Fadlor that fells a Commodity under the Price he is ordered, fljall be obliged to make good the Difference; and, if he purchafes Goods for another at a Price limited, and afterwards the/ rife, and he fraudulently takes them for his own Account, and fends them to another Part, in or (or that ftiould afterwards become fo) in uijia, Africa, or America, but on Veffels which do truly belong to the Peojple of Ew^/aW, Ireland, Wales, or Ber-wickufon tweed, and navigated with a Mafter, and three-fourths of EngliJJ) Sailors, under the Penalty of forfeiting Ship and Cargo- 2. No Perfon born out of the Allegiance of his Majefty, who is not naturalized or made a free Denizen, Ihall, after the i ft of February , 1 66 1 , aft as a Merchant or Faftor in any of the faid Places, upon Pain of lofing all his Goods and Chatties, and of thefe Claufes the Governors are obliged by Oath to take Cognizance and Care. 3. No Goods or Commodities whatever, of the Growth or Manufafturc of Ajrica, y^Jia and America, ftiall be imported into England, Ireland, IVales, Iflands of GuernJ'ey and Jtrjly, or Town of Berwick upon Jweed, in any other Ships but thofc belonging to the faid Places, or to the Plantations, and navigated in tho Manner aforclaid, under Penalty of forfeiting Ship and Cargo. 4. No Goods or Commodities of a foreign Growth or Manufafture ftiall be brought into Eng/i'nd, Ireland, Wales, the Iflands of Giienijly and Jerfey, or Town of Berwick upon Tvced, in Ships appertaining to his Majefty's bubjcfts, but from the Places of their Manufaftures and Growths. 5. That all Sorts of Ling, Stockfifli, Pilchards, Cod and Herring, or any other Kind of dr)'cd or falted Fifli, ufually caught by the People of England, Trclcnd, Wales, or Town o{ Berwick upon Tweed, or any Fifti-Oil, or Blubber, WhiU-I iuF, or Wh.ilc-Bones, not imported by Ships belonging to the faid Plants, iliiUl paj' double Alicny Duties. - i'c:j = N 6. Henceforth 4<5 0/ S H I P S, ^c. ¥>)': .-' to: f'i: 6. Henceforth it (hall not be lawful for any Veflcl, in which any Stranger (not dejiizened or naturalized) is an Owner, or that is not navigated by -^ Englijh Maftcr, and three-fourths Englijh Sailors, to load or carry any Sorts of Goods or Commodities from any Port or Creek of England, Ireland, fVales, Iflands of Guernfey or Jerfey, or Town of Berwick upon TwetJ, to another Port or Creek, of any of them, under Penalty of forfeiting Shi|> and Ccrgo. 7. Tl.-t where any Eafc, Abatement, or Privilege is given in the Book of Rates, to Goods or Commodities imported or exported in £/ffM-buik Shipping, it (hall extend only to fuch as are navigated with a Mafter and three-fburths of the Siilors Englijh, and, where it is required that they Ihall be Co, the true Intent and Meaning is, that they be fuch during the whole Voyage, unlefs in Cafe of Sicknefs, Death, or being taken Prifoners, to be proved by the Oath of the Mafter or other chief Officer. 8. No Goods or Commodities of the Growth or Manufadlure of Mvfiovy, or any of the Dominions of the Emperor thereof, or any Sorts of Marts, Timber, or Boards, foreign Salt, Pitch, Tar, Rofin, Hemp or Flax, Raifins, Figs, Prunes, Olive Oils, nor any Sort of Corn or Grain, Sugar, Pot-AQies, Wines, Vinegar, or Spirits called Aqua Vita, or Brandy, (hall, after the ift of April, 1661, be imported into £/7^/rt«.long to his Majclly, or to the Kingdorii oi England, Ireland, Wales, or Bciu-ick upon 'Ticeed, there to be laid on Shore, under the PenaKy of forfeiting Shi;> and Goods. 19. And for every Ship, which after the 25th oi Decctiitcr, 1660, fliall fet out from Eiiglai'J, Inland, fVales, or Berwick upon Ticced, for any Englljh Plantation in America, Jf.a, or yijrica, fuHicient Bond flmll be given with one Surety to the chief Officers of the Cuftomhoufe of fuch Port from whence tho faid Ship fliall fail, to the Value of one thoufand Pounds, if the fai ' Siiip be of Icls Burthen than one hundred Tons, and of two thoufand Pounds, if the Sjiip fliall be of greater Burthen ; that in cafe the faid Ship (hall load any of tlic f.iid Commodities at any of the faid Englijh Plantations, that the fame C(>inmoditi(.s fliall be brought by the faid Ship to fome Port of England, Inland, IVa'cs, or to the Port of Berwick upon Tweed, and fliall there put on fliore the fame, tlie Danger ot the Seas only excepted: And for all Ships coming from any other Port or Place to any of the aforefaid Plantations, who by this Ad are permitted to trade there, that the Go- vernor of fuch Englifb Plantations fl.all, before the faid Ship be permitted to load any of the faid Commodities, take Bond in the Manner, and to the Value aforefaid, for each refpcdive Ship, that fuch Ship fliall carry all the aforefaid Goods that ihall be laden on board to fome other of his Majefliy's Englijh Plantations, or to England, Ireland, Wales, or Berwick upon Tweed : And that every Ship which fhall load any of the aforefaid Goods, until fuch Bond be given to tlie Governor, or Certificate produced from the Oflicers of any Cufliomhoufe in England, &c. that fuch Bonds have been there duly given, fliall be forfeited; and the Uiid Governors /hall twice in every Year, after the jft of January, 1660, return true Copies of all fuch Bonds to the chief Officer of the Cuftoms in London. Il^ Ahllty ic Jar. Mar. Pag j2a.S.2. Ditto Pa^e 221. I Vern 297. I Vctn. 4(5. .',./. S. 523. I Ir.ft, 199. (iTHTjii a Siilxctr^ Ray. 3Q, I Kiltie 3S. 3. lintrti'igtin aJvcr Bittmn^.'cit AtaZ/oy dr Jur. Mir I'a-c 22^. S. ;. In treating of Maritime Affairs, the Owners of Ships are the firfl: which natu- rally challenge our Regard, and they become fuch cither by building or purcha- Ijng their Velfels, and this either in Partnerfliip or alone ; and if the former, and the Property is diflributed among feveral, the major P.nt of them may let the Ship out to Freight againft theConfent, tho" not without the Privity of the Minor, Two Owners fent out a Ship without the Confent of a tliird, and flie was lofl^, the third muft bear his Proportion of the Lofs, becaufe he would have had his Share of the Profit, if any. A Voyage fettled by the major Part of the Owners binds the refl:. In cafe a Ship be taken away from the Owners, or they be otherwife dlfpof- fefled, it is provided, both by the Common and Maritime Laws of this Realm, that they maintain an Adion of Trover and Converfion for an Eighth, Sixteenth, or any other Part or Share of the fame ; and in an Adion on the Cafe, the Plain- tiff declared, that he was Owner of the fixteenth Part of a Ship, and the De- fendant Owner of another fixteenth Part of the fame Ship, and that the Defendant fraudulenly and deceitfully carried the faid Ship, ad Loca tranfmarina (into a fo- reign Part) and difpofed of her to his own Ule, by which the Plaintiff loil hi« fixteenth Part to his Damage : On not guilty pleaded, and Verdid for the Plain- tiff, it was moved in Arreil of Judgment, that the Adion did not lie for, tho' it be found deceptive. Yet this did not help it, if the Adion did not lie on the Subjcd Matter, and here they arc Tenants in common of the Ship, and by Littleton, between Tenants in common there is not any Remedy, and there cannot be any Fraud between them, becaufe tlie Law fuppofes a Truft and Confidence betwixt them, and upon thefe Realbns Judgment was given quod S^nerens nil capiat per Billam. Owners are not bound to continue their Padion or Partnerfliip longer than they plcafe, for tho' by the Law Marine it was required, that a new built Ship fliould make one V^oyage upon the common Rifli, btfore the Owners fliould be allowed to fcparate, yet by the Laws oi England any Owner may fell or tranfmit his Right at what Time he plcafcs. But if any oneobftinatcly rcfufes his Confent to a Voyage, the Law will force him either to hold or fell his Share ; but if he will fct no Price, the reil: may fit the 5 fP pc lit pe It Of SHIPS, ^c, 49 the Ship out at their own Coft and Charges, and whatfoever Freight flic earns fliall be folcly theirs, and no Part thereof be given to the diffenting Owner ; but if the Ship fliould mifcarr), or be caA away, the reft mud make him Satis- faftion for the Part he held. The' on the contrary, if the greateft Part of the Owners refufc to fit out the Vefl'el, they fhall not be compelled, on Account of their Majoritj , jut in this Cafe the Snip ihall be valued and fold, and the liiie where Part of the Owners become deficient, and unable to fit her out. Owners of Shipt are liable for the Adtions o*"the Mafters they employ, there- fore it behoves them carefully to confult as well the Honefty as Ability of him they intend to commit the Care of their Intcrefts to, as the Charge both of the Veiicl and its Lading refts on him ; and the Owners are obliged both by the common Laws of England and the Law-Marine to make Satisfadtion for all Damages that (hall accrue thro' the Matter's Neglcdt, and were formerly obliged to make good the Contents of a Bill of Loading figned by the Matter, provided he abiconded', tho' the faid Bill of Loading might be iniquitoufly obtained ; as I ' remember to have occurred with a Merchant, who had a Ship of his own from Lijbon, and was arretted (I think) in fifteen Adtions for Money his Matter had figned Bills of Loading for, and had run away with, and which he might have continued coining,- and firmed new Bills every Day to the utter Ruin of his Owner, tho' never fo wealthy, had not the Adt, 7 Geo. IL Cap. i c. Sedt. i. pre- vented fuch fraudulent Proceedings, by limiting the Owners Lois to Ship and Freight, fo he now knows the Extent of what Damage a roguifti M ..ler can do him, which was before unafcertained and endlefs. Tho' if the Matter commits Oflfences, either negligently or wilfully, he ftiall be Sunlejr. v. refponfible to his Owners for theRcparation of Damages; and they are not bound ^jj'" '• ''**' to fue jointly, but may do it feparately, both accc rding to the common and ma- rine Law ; as alfo in Cafe the Snip hath by Freight got fomcthing clear to divide, and the Matter hath paid fome of the Owners their Parts, the reft may bring their Adtion for their Shares without joining with the others. The Defendant and fcven other Perfons were Proprietors of a Ship, which ufual- ly carried Goods on Freight between Topjham and London, and the Plaintiff loaujd Goods upon her at the latter, to be carried to the former Port; but the Defendant, not careful of his Duty, had fo carelefsly ftowed the faid Goods, that tho' the Ship arrived fafe at Topfiam, yet the Goods were all fpoiled. And upon Non Gulp, plead- ed, the Jury found a fpecial Verdidt, viz. that the Defendant, and feven other Perfons were Proprietors and Part-Owners of the Ship ; that the Ship had a Mafter Local in her by the Part-Owners, who had Sixty Pounds Wages for every Voyage between Topjham znd London, that the Goods were delivered to the Mafter, none of the Part-0*vncrs being prefent, and that there was not any Contradl made with them, or any of them by the Plaintiff, that the Ship arrived fafe to Topjham, but the Goods were fpoiled. Etjipro ^er, pro Sluer Ji non pro Def. And two Points were made, I ft. If the Proprietors are chargeable, no Contiadt being made with them, and there being a Mafter that is chargeable in Refpedt of his Wages, according to the Cafe of Morfe and Slue, ytt per Holt, C. L clearly, that tho' the Mafter be charge- able in Refpedt of his Wages, fo are the Proprietors in Refp^dl of their Freight, that they receive for the Carriage of the Goods at the Eledtion of the Plaintiff. 2dly. If the Adlion lay againft the Defendant alone, it appearing that there arc other Part-Owners, not made Defendants ; and held that tne Adtion did not lie againft him fole, but ought to have been againft all the Part-Owners; for all the Part-Owners are chargeable in refpedt of the Profit they make by the Carriage of the Goods, and that in Point of Contradt upon their Undertaking, be it implied or exprcfs, and are not chargeable as Trefpaners, for then one might be chargeable alone, but in Point of Contradt, upon their Receipt of the Goods to be carried for hire. Judgment pro Def. as by 3 Mod. 321. BoJ'on con. Sand. 3. Levt'nz, 258. >vhere it is with a Cur. Aiuerfare, mes le Reporter ut audivit Judgm. pro Defen. If a Ship be broken up, or taken in Pieces with an Intent to convert the fame Molloydejur. to other Ules, and afterwards on change of Mind ftie be rebuilt with the fame ^"- ^•s»4- Materials, ftie is now another, and not the fame Ship, efpecially if the Keel be O ript so ^'c. i 0/ SHIP 8, ript up, or changed, and the wliolc Ship be all once taken aliuulor and rchuilt, there determines the Partncrlhip, quoiij the Ship ; hut il'aSliip he ripped up in ip, qiiOiia tno hiiip Parts, and taken alundcr in Parts, and rtp.iirMi in p De rippi Parts, yet fhf remains (ii Ithc Ditto, P»ge ditto, S. 7. Ditto, ditto. lame Veflcl, and not another ; nay, tlio (he !v.\t!i hecr. f" uJu-n repaired, that there remains not one Stick of the original Tahrii k. If a Man repairs his Ship witii I'lank or ut'.ier JVIaterials not his own, but ap- pertaining to another, yet the Property is not hereby altered, but the Ship main- tains and keeps her fn(l Owners. Tho' if a Man take Plan!: •'.;-.d Materials pre- pared for the Ufe of Shipping;, and belonging to anctlier, the Property of the Veflel follows the Owner of the Materials, and not the Guilder; but if a Man cut down the Trees of another, or takos Timber or Plarks prepared for the creifting or repairing of a DwcUing-iloufe, (nay the' fome of them were for Shipping) and builds a Ship, the Property follows not theOwn^ns but the Builders. Tne Words which were ufually made ufe of formerly in I'.je Sale of Ships, w>.. her Tackle, Furniture, Apparel, and all other her I nftruments thereunto belong- Roils Abridg. ing, did not convey the Ship's Boat, wiiich, if unexprefled in the Sale, remained 530. rtill in the Owiicrs, as (he does, if a Ship is forfeited for committing Piracy. Linii>'> Cafe, Tho' Ballad is generally ufed in Shipping, where a Veflel goes out empty, or Leon. 46, 47. f^^^^ ^jjj^ jjgj^j Goods, yet it is not efleemcd any Part of her Furniture ; and i\> it was adjudged in Debt on Bond ; of which the Condition was, that whereas the Plaintiff had bought of the Defendant a Ship, if the IMatntiff ihall enjoy the faid Ship with all the Furniture belonging to the fame, without being dilhirbed for the Ship, or any Furniture appertaining to it, that then, is'c. and the Cafe was, after the Sale of the S!;:p, a Stranger fued the Plaintiff for certain Monies due for Bal- laft bought by the Defendant for the fame Ship, in which Suit he obtained Sen- tence, upon which the Ship was 'bized: The Qucftion was whether Ballafl; be Fur- niture for a Ship or not, and it was refolved in the Negative ; for altho' it may fometimes be as ncceffary as Sails, yet it is not always lo, as Ships frequently fail without it, more efpecially when a heavy Loading anfwers the Purpofc by fup- plying its Place. ftfij/o'sCafr, If a Ship commits a Piracy, and is thereby become forfeited, but before Seizure fcil'sjl.!"'''^' ^^^ ^^ ^"'"^ ^''"^'' ^o"'^' ''^^ Property ihall not be queftioncd, nor the Owners diverted of the fame. And if a Mortgagee of Ships, by Deed, entrufts the Mortgager with the Origi- nal D'll of Salej and the Mortgager indorfes thereon fubfequcntMortgages,or Bills of Sale of fevcral Parts of the Ship, the firft Mortgagee acquicfces, he fliall be poftponcd . Where a Sliip ftands in need of Repairs, and the Mafter takes up Money for that Purpofe, tho' he fpends it another VVay, the Owner and Ship become liable to fatisfy the Lender ; but if the Mafter borrows Money to repair or vidtual the Ship when there is no Occafion for it, he .\y ihall become Dr. and not the nhihyjt "juri Owners, tho' they are generally bound to anfwer the Fadt of the Mafter j for as ^''"' ,^b^'s °" ^^ °"'^ Hand, it would be very unreafonable, that the Creditor ftiould be bound to take upon him the Care of repairing the Ship, and fupply the Owner* Room, which nmft be fo, if it ftiould be ncceffary for him to prove, that the Money was laid out on the Ship ; fo, on the other Hand, it is confiftent with Reafon, that he be fure he lends his Money on fuch an Occafion, as the Mafter's A(ft may thereby oblige the Owners, which he cannot do otherwife.than by know- ing that the Money borrowed was ncceffary for the Ship's Repair; and therefore if the Ship wanted fome Repairs, and a iar grcatci' Sum was lent than was needful, the Owners fhall not be liable for the whole. Upon an Information tarn quam,%xo\xx\AcA upon theAd of Navigation for import- ing Goods in a foreign Veflcl contrary to that Ad, the Qucftion was, whether or not, if a foreign Ship, naturalized by the new Ad, being a Prize taken in the late War with Holland, be afterwards fold to a Foreigner, who fells her again to an Englijl.man, whether or no the Oath .nuft betaken again, according to the Ad j per Cur. it need not, bccaufe the Ship was once lawfully naturalized. Hardies 511. Martin A. Verdne. Molloy de Jure Mar. Pag. 227, 228, Scd. 15. An Agent for the Eajt-India Company (in the EtiJt-IndicsJ bought a Ship and Cargo of the Commander, who had no Right or Power to fell either, and the Owner on a Suit here had the \'alue decreed him for .'•'hip and Cargo (the Va- lue being found by a Jury) and Indicm Intcreft, i/a. 1 2 per Cent. If 1 P 393. ,r in.'! 39+- 2 2b, Briiigm/tn'i tafc, Hoharl, fol. II, I •. mov, 918. Glors Afiican. fuper cod. t<-g .^- S. Di'to, page 226. I Pfir u;ii. iblc the the or as be late an 'II- and the Va- If Of SHIPS, ^c. 51 If a Man gets Poflcflion of a Ship without a jiifl. Title to the fame, he Ihall (by Ditm. pa^* the Law marine) anfwer fiith Damage as the Ship in all iVobaUiUty might have *'"'"• carnal } and the Kcafon of th;it is, btcaiid; the only luiii of Shipping is tlic Km- n g. Ml). 6. ploymcnt thereof j but if a W.iir.mt be dircdkd out of tlie AJniiralty to the '''; '• '' = ■ *•' Marfhal to arreft futh u Ship, and S,//vo Cujiodin', (prcfcrve her iu Sifety) wlio ij.'/', '"' '' by Force of the fame enters into the Ship; and tho' the Warrant docs not men- u. lip; i I ner fol. ly. tion that the Otlicci fliould tarry away her Sails, yet he may julHfy the taking j"'^'*!' them, for that he cannot i\itho Cujlodirc her, iinlcls iic t.ikcs au.iy the Sails. /sn. In cafe a Ship is freighted out, antl in Conleipience of the Agreement receives Dig. lii>. her laduig aboard, if an l'"nibargo happens afterwards, and her Cargo is taken as '"• -• *" Ibrfcitcd, yet the Owners ihall notwithilauding receive the Freight, as the Fault was not in them, but in him wliofe Property the Goods were. In the Main Sea, or in an Arm of it, a Ship may not become a Deodand, tho' 3 Inft, fol. j». any Body be drowned out of it, or otherwife come by their Death aboard, be- caufc on fuch Waters Ships arc naturally expofed to the Dangers of tempelluou* Weather ; but a Ship or VclTcl in frelh Water may become a Deodand, as hap- pened with one lying at Rotberhithe, near the Shore, to be careened, where a Mich, igCiw. Shipwright being at work under at Low- Water, as flic leaned afidc, fhe unex- "•'" '^•**' pededly turned over, and unfortunately killed him- Upon a Trial at Bar the Queftion was, whether fhe belonged to the Lord of the Manor contigiusus to the place where the Man was flain, or to the Almoner, as a Matter not granted out of the Crown ; and it was refolved that the Ship was a Deodand, and the Jury found a Verdidt for the Lord of the Manor. If a Ship imports prohibited Goods (he cannot be feized as forfeit till there is ■ »'<:><(' 47. a Condemnation in the Exchequer thereon. I Mod^lg' If foreign Brandy or Spirits mall be imported in any Ship under fifteen Tons, j Kceb.eoV (except for the Ufe of the Seamen, not exceeding one Gallon each) flichBrandv, •<''"'»i<7e. t^c. ihall be forfeited. j_„p ,,.si. If any Maftcr, Owner, Purfcr, or Boatfwain of any Ship willingly permit any 2 Edw. vi. Brafs, Copper, Latten, Bell-Metal, Pan-Metal, Gun-Metal, or Shrof-Metal, whe- '-'''?■ 37' Se«- ther it be clear or mixed, (Tin and Lead excepted) to be (hipped contrary to this ^" .Ad, or perceiving fuch Metal to be ihipped, do not difclofe the fime in thue Days after Knowledge had to tlie Cuftomer or Comptroller of the Port, or their Deputies, every fuch Owner, ^c. (hall forfeit double the Value of the Metal. Every VelTel, with all her Tackle, in which any great Cattle, Sheep or Swine, or any Beef, Pork, or Bacon (except for the neceffary Provifion of the Ships, in C»P- '1 which the fame Ihall be brought, notexpofing it to Sale) (hall be Imported, and '' out of which they (hall be put on Shore, fliall be forfeited j and it ftiall be lawful for any Perfon, within one Year after fuch Importation, to feizc the Ve/Tel, and make Sale thereof to the heft Advantage, Gf<:. and it fliall he lawful for any f ufticc of Peace of the County, or chief Officer of the Port Town, where fuch importation (hall be, or where any of the Cattle, Beef, fisfc. fo imported (hall be brought, by Warrant to caufe to be apprehended the Mafter and Seamen, having Charge of, or belonging to fuch Veflel ; and every other Perfon em- ployed in the landing, or taking Care of the faid Cattle, Beef, Qfc. and them to commit to the common Goal for three Months. It fliall be lawful for any Perfons who (hall relidein herMajefty's Dominions dAnn. Cap, fo import C'ochineal in Ships belonging to any State in Amity, Spanijh Ships, or 33- liich as are deemed Spanijh Ships, failing with SpaniJhViffci and Colours, from Cii./iz, Scvilh', Port St. Mary, St. Lucar, and Gibraltar, or any other Ports in >S/v;/'/;, during the War, (iff . the Aft 12 Car. II. cap. 18. notwithitanding. Miule piTpett4al 12 Ann. Stat. i. cap. 18. Seft. 3. No Perlbn fliall buy any rough Hide or Calf-Skin in the Hair, but only fuch ' J'"''- f- as fliall tan them, except Salt Hides for the Ufe of Ships, ^c. ^''^ "' '^^ No Maftcr fliall lofe his Ship for any fmall Thing, not cuftomcd, put in the 38 ^w. iir, Ship without his Knowledge. '"''''• *• i^^o Cuftomer or Comptroller fliall have Ships of their own, nor meddle with 1+ Rith. u, the Freight of Ships. _ ''"^r '°- No Ship or Goods fliall be feized as forfeited for unlawful Importation or Ex- ij and 14 portation, or for Non-Payment of Cuftoms, but by the Perfons appointed to ma- " 2 nage Cur. ir. Set). Seft. Cur. II Cap. ii.Sca. 15. ■VM 4 s» In-' Ditto, 8«Q. Ditto, ScA. a- Ditto, 6*&. j6. t At: Cap. ij. Sea. 19. t ctt. I. Cip. 11. ScA. Ditto, Soft. Ditto, Sea. «. 9 G». II. Cap, J5 Sea. »7' 1 1 Git I. Cap. 30. Sea< 0/ SHIPS, ^f. nagc the Cuftonis, or Officcrf ufCuftoms, or Perfons deputed by Warrant from the Lord Trrafiirc:, or Undcr-Trcafurcr, or by Commiflion from his MajcOy under the Circa: or Privy-S;al, and if any Seizure ihall be made by any other Perfon for the Caufes aforefaid, fuch Seizure fhall be void- In Cafr the Seizure or Information (hall be made upon the Adl of Navigation, the Defendants Oiall, on their RcqucO:, have a CommiHion out of Chancery to examine Witneflcs beyond Sea, and have a competent Time allowed for the Return thereof before Trial ; and the Examination of WitnelTcs fo returned ftiall be Evidence at the Trial. Every Perfon that fhall export Goods from any Port of this Kingdom, capa!)le of a Ship jf two Hundred Tons upon an ordinary full Sea, to any Part of the Mediterranean bcyoi.d the Port of Malaga, or import Goods from the Places aforefaid, in any Ship that hath not two Decks, and do carry Icfs than fixteen Pieces of Ordnanct mounted, with two Men for each Gun, and other Ammu- nition proportionable, (hall pay for all Merchandizes fo exported or imported One per Cent, above the Tonnage and Poundage. It fhall be lawful to export Fifh into any of the Ports of the Mediterranean in any Englifii Ship, provided one Moiety of her Lading be Fifh, and to import Merchandize in the fame Ship for that Voyage, witliout paying any other Rates than accuilon~.cd. TheMafVer of every Ship, can"ingCertificatr Goods to Ireland, fhall take from the CoUcdtor 'v\ Great-Britain a Duplicate of his Content, under the Hand and Seal of the Colleftor and Com' :roller, (which they are required to deliver with- out Fee) and fuch Mafter fhall deliver fuch Duplicite to the Officers of the Cuf- toms in Ireland before he be permitted to land fuch Goods. In Cafe any foreign Goods fhall, by any Collier, Fifher-Boat, or other Coafling Veffel, be taken in at Sea, orr- ♦ of any Veffel, to be landed, or put into any other Sl.'p, Gff . within the Limiis Oi any Port, without Payment of the Duties, fuch Goods fhall be forfeited, and the Mailer of fuch Collier, fs'r. fhall forfeit treble the Value, unlefs in Cafe of Nr cefTity, of which fuch Mafler fhall give Notice, and make Prc^f before the chief Officers of the Cufloms of the firfl Port whcc he fhall arrive ; the Mafler or other Perfon taking Charge of the Ship out of which fuch Goods fhall be taken in at Sea, fhall forfeit treble the Value. All Goods not reported, and found after clearing the Ship by the proper Officer of the Cuftoms »haU he liable to Forfeiture. Where any VefTel of fit" yTons, or under, laden with cuitomable, or prohibited Goods, fhall be found hovering on the Coafls, within the Limits of any Port, and not proceeding on herVoyagc, (Wind andWeather permitting) any Officer of the Cufloms may go on board, and take an Account 01 the Lading, and demand Security of the Mafler, ISc. by his own Bond, to his Majefly, fisfc. in treble the Value of the foreign Goods on board, with Condition, that fuch VefTel, (as foon as Wind and Weather, and the State of ftich VefTel tioth permit) ihall proceed regularly on her Voyage, and fhall land fuch Goods in fomc foreign Port. And if fuch Mifler, Gfr . fhall refufe to enter into fuch Bond, or fliall not proceed on fuch Voyage, (as foon as Wind, Weather, and the State of fuch Ship will permit) unlefs fufrered to make longer Stay by the Colledor, or other chief Officer, (not cxceedmg twenty Days) all the foreign Goods on board fuch VefTel may, by any Officer of the Cuftoms by Diredlion of the CoUeAor, or o»'her principal Officer, be taken out of the Ship and fecured; and if fuch Goods are cuflomable, the Duties /hall be paid ; and Wool, or any prohibited Goods, found on board, are de- clared fuDJedl to Forfeiture *. All Goods found concealed on board any Ship after the Mafter fhall have made his Report at the Cuftomhoufe, and not mentioned in the faid Report, fliall be forfeited, and may be feized and profecuted by any Officer of the Cuf- toms, and the Mafter of fuch Ship (in cafe he was privy to fuch Concealment) fhall forfeit treble the Value of the Goods. It fhall be lawful for the Officers of Excife to go on board any VefTel within the Limits of any Port, and to continue on board, and rummage in like Manner as • V. B. ntri ii thi/am AB mail fir any Shif htvr !*i n iti CtaJI «/ Ireland, tff . by 6 Gnrrt I Cap I Sea. it. "^ f e V f] V 1 f Of SHIPS, c. 55 on lit) not my Cer. ive Tt, if- «) jiin |ier as s. 1 6. 1 und t Will, III. C«p. bUt. I. 39- jp.iS. S, of tlic Mann- fadiire of Inlantl, ami the liime to traMfport into any of the I'lantmioiis, tlie Adt I ^ C.iir. II. t'.ip. -. iiotwithllaiuling. I'roviiltd, th.it noShiptoinine to the I'lantations from IrclanJ (\\.\\\ break Uulk, until the Mailer (hill h.ive made known to the (iovcrnor, or to liith Oliiccr asi Hiall be by him anpoiiiteil, the Arrival of the faid Ship, with her Name, and the Name of the NIaller, and lliall h.ive delivered a true Inventory or Invoice of the Lading, together with the Certitieate from the thief OMiecr of tii,' Port in /nVrfW wliere fiuh Ship ihdl be ladiii. cxprclliny the Particulars of fuch Lading, with the Names and Abodes of the Exporters, and of two Pcrfons, wiio (Iilll have made Oath before fuch chief Olficer, that the f.iiil (ioods and Linen are liona Fii/i- of the Manufacihirc of IrelanJ; and until the M.illcr (hall have made Oath, before Inch Governor or OHiccr, that the laid Ooods are the fame that he took on board by Virtue of fuch Certirtcate, nor until fuch Ship llull have been fcarchcil by an Officer i and, in Cafe the Commander of fuch Sliip Ih.ill break Bulk before fuch Notice given and Certificate produced, and fuch Oath made, or before fiicii Search, or if any Goods of Woolen JVfanufadture, not laden in EnglanH (necelliiry Apparel of the Commander and Mariners excepted) or any Linen (Joods not lailen in England, nor of the Manufadture of /n/tfW, ihall be found, fuch Ship (liall be forfeited, together with all Goods imported, or found in fuch Ship. No Sugars, Tobacco, Cotton Wool, Indigo, Ginger, Fuftick, or other Dying- Wood, of the Produdtion of \ny Englijh Plantations in Amctia, Ajia or Africa, (hall be carried from any ot the (aid Ettglijh Plantations, to any Place wliatlbever, other tlian to fuch Englijh Plantations as belong to his Majefty, or to EnglanJ, Inldnd, ff'a/cs, or Bcruick, there to be laid on Shore, under the Penalty of Forfeiture of the Goods, or the Value thereof, as alfo of the Ship with her Tackle. For every Ship which (liall fet out from England, Irfland, Wala^ or Berwick, for any E.nglijb Plantation in America, Ajia or Africa, Pond (hall be given with one Surety,^ to the chief Otliccrs of the Cuflomhoufc of fuch Port from whence the Ship (hall let Sail, to the Value of 1000/. if the Sliip be of lefs Burthen than one hundred Tons, and of 2000/. if the Ship be of greater Burthen; that in Call' the Ship (hall load any of the faid Commodities at the Engiijh Plantations, that the Hune (hall be by the faid Ship brought to fome Port of England, Ireland, Wales, OT Beruick, and (hall there unload the fame. Danger of the Seas exccptcdj and for all Ships coming from any other Place to any of the Plantations, the Go- vernor of luch Plantation (hall, before the Ship be permitted to load any of the faid Commodities, take Bond to the Value aforefaid, that fuch Ship fliall carry all the aforelaid Goods to Ibme other of his Majefty's Englilb Plantations, or to England, Ireland, Wales, or Berwick; and every Ship wliich (hall take on board any of the aforefaid Goods, until fuch Bond given to the Governor, or Certilicate produced from the officers of any Curtomhoufc of England, Ireland, Wales, or Berwick, that fucli Bonds have been there given, fliall be forfcitct' witl'. all her Tackle. Confirmed, 13 Car. IL Cap. 14. No Commodity, of the Produdtion of Europe, fliall be Imported into any Plantation or Place, which hall belong tohisMajelly in Afia, Africa o- America, but what fliall be fliipped in I2;?(ji'and, Wales, or Berwick, and in ErgliJJj built Shipping, and whereof the IsTiiler ii^d three-fourths of the Mariners ire Engli/h, and which fliall be carried diredly thence to the faid Plantation j, under the Penalty of the Lois of all fuch Con. modities imported from any oth( r Place j and, if bv Water, of the Ship alio with her Tackle. Provided, that it fliall be lawful to lade in Ships navigated as in the foregoing Claufe, in any Part of Europe, Salt, for the Fifheries of New-England and Newfoundland, and to fliip in the Madeiras, Wines of the Growth thereof, and to (hip in the Weftcrn Illands or Azores, Wines of the Growth of the faid Iflands, and to take in Servants or Horfcs in Ireland, and to fliip in Ireland, Vidlual of the Produdtion oi Ireland, and the fame to tru" (port into any of the iiiid Plantations. ^ Every 55 any jtrica, (built the land, |oing and and faid and, the Every ntiH '. II M 1 1. 0/ SHIPS, ^c. Every Perfon importing by Land any Gixxls into the luiil IMint.itions, ni;ill Oitd deliver to the Governor, or to fiK h IVrlon us (lull be by him .ippointnl, within "^ *■ twenty-four Hours after fuch Imprtiition, his Name, aiul a I'ariicular otall futh GtKxls: And no Shin coinine to any (uih I'lantation (lull lailc or unlade any Goods, until the Malter (hall hr(l have nvaiic known to tbc (lovcmor, or fiich other Orticer as (hull be by him appointcii, tlir Arrival ot tl\c Sjiip, vvith her Name, and the Name of lu-r Commandir, and liavi (luwn to him that ()ic is an Englijh built Ship, or made good l-y produi-iiij; fuch Ccrtilicatc, that (lie is a Ship belonging to F.nglanJ, H'ales, or lieiivuk, and navigated uitii m\ I'.nglijb MadiT, and three-fourth Parts of the Marincis /';«;,'////•, and luivi' dclivtic'd to fuch Governor, or other Ofticer, an Inventory of her l/ading, with the I'lacts in which the Goods were laden, under the Pain of Ia)('s of the Ship with lier Tackle, and of all liich Goods of the Produdion of Europe, as were not laden in England, ff^a/es, or IWwick. Tiic Word Irtland (hall be left out of all Bonds taken from any Ship, \s hiih ihall fet Sail from England, Ireland, fVala, or Berwuk, tor any Englilh Pl.iiitation in yimerua, Ajia or Jifrka\ and, in Cafe the Ship (hall loail any o( tXvi ("aid Com- modities at the {\\A Englijh Plantations, the faid Lonmiodities (hall be by the faid Ship brought to (bme Port of England, Walts, or BiriLuk, and (hall there unload the (ame, (Danger of the Seas excepted) and in like Manner for all Ships coming from any other Port to the faid Plantations, the Ciovernor of IV h Plantations (hall, before the Ships be permitted to load any of the laid Commo- dities, take Bond in the Manner dircdtcd in the Adt, 12 iUtr. II. Cap. iS, yir the encouraging of Navigation, that fuch Ship Hiall carry all the (aid Goods to fome other of his Majcfty's Englijh Plantations, or to England, H'aliS, or IWwick; and every fuch Ship which Ihall load any of the faid Comn\oditics, until fuch Bond given, or Certiticatc produced, f^-om the Officers of fomc Curtomhoufe of England, JVales, or Berwick, that fuch Hond hath been there given, or which, contrary to the Tenor of fuch Bond, Ihall carry the faid Goods to any Place other than to other EnrliJIj Plantations, or to England, lyalcs or Berwick, and there lay the fame on Snore, every fuch Ship Hull be forfeited, with her Tackle and Lading. If any Ship, which by Law may trade in any of his Majefty's Plantations, ^^c ihall come to any of them to fliip any of the faid Commodities, and Bond fliall '-•'P not be firft given with Surety, to bring the liunc to England, fVaks, or Berwick, and there to unload the fame (the Danger of the Seas excepted) there Ihall be paid to his Majefty, for fo much of the faid Commodities as (hall be put on boar,' fuch Ship, thefe Duties, viz. for Sugar white, the hundred Weight 5/. brown Sugar and Mulcovadoes is. 6d. for Tobacco the Pound id. Cotton Wool one Half-penny, Indigo zJ. Ginger the hundred Weight is. for Logwood 5/. for FuAick, and all other Dying Woods, 6d. and for every Pound of Cocoa Nuts i d. to be collcfled as Ihall be appointed in the Plantations before the Landing thereof, and under fuch Penalticr as for defrauding his Majefty of his Culloms in England. In Cafe any Pcrlon liable to pay the Duties before-mentioned Ihall not hav<: Monies to piy the fame, the Ofticers Iliall accept fuch a Proportion of the Com- modities as ihall amount to the Value. No Goods iliall be imported into, or exported out of any Plantation, to his Majefty in yifia, Africa or America belonging, or Ihall be carried from any one iii.'"cap Port in the Plantations to any other Port in the fame, the Kingdom of England, *• ^• Wales, or Berwick, in any Ship but what Ihall be of the Bviiltoi England, or of Ireland, or the Pla^itations, and wholly owned by the People thereof, and navi- gated with the Mafters, and three-fourths of the Mariners, of the faid Places (except Ships taken Prize, and Condemnation thereof made in the Courts of Admiralty in England, Ireland, or the Plantations, to be navigated by the Mafter and three-fourths of the Mariners Englijh, or of the Plantations, and whereof the Property doth belong to Englijhmen) under Pain of Forfeiture of Ship and Goods. Merchandizes may be exported or imported to and from this Kingdom and Places aforcfaid, in any Ships taken as Prize, and whereof Condemnation (hall ''■"» Seft be made in one of the Courts of Admiralty ajforefaid, and Ihall be navigated by ^" the II. S. i. S. 4. 7 "nd 8 WV.7. S6 Ditto SeO. 6. m'^- Ditto Sea. 7- Jilto Sefl. S. ^"i Ditto Sea. 9- Ditto Sefl. 10. Ditto Sea. II. Ditto Sea. 0/ S H I P S, ^c. the Maftcr, and three-fourths of the Mariners, Englijh, and whereof the Pro- perty (hall belong to Englijhmcn. All Ships coming into, or going out of, any of the Plantations, and lading or unlading any Goods, whether the fame be his Majefty's Ships of W;ir, or Mer- chants Ships, and the Commanders thereof, (hall be liable to the fame Rules, Vilitations and Forfeitures, as to the entering, lading, or difcharging their Ships, as Ships are liable to in this Kingdom, by 13 and 14 Car. II. Cap. 1 1, for pre- venting Frauds in his Majejh's Cujioms; and the 0(ficers for colledling his Majefty's Revenue, and infpefting tne Plantation Trade in the Plantations, (hall have the fame Power for fearching of Ships, and taking their Entries, and for feizing Goods prohibited, or for which any Duties are payable, as are provided for the Oflicers of the Cuftoms in England, by the faid Adt, as alfo to enter Houfes or Warchoufcs, to fearch for and feize fuch Goods; and all the Wharfingers, Lighter- men, or other Perfons, afTifting in the Concealment or Refcue of the laid Goods, or in the hindering the Officers in the Performance of their Duty ; and the VelTels employed in the Conveyance of fuch Goods (liall be fubjedt to the like Penalties, as are prov'Jed by the (ame Adl, in Relation to prohibited or uncuftomed Goods in this Kingdom; and the like: AfTiftance (hall be given to the Officers, as by the faid Adl is provided for the Officers in England, &c. Where any Queftion (hall arifc concerning the Importation or Exportation of any Goods, into or out of the faid Plantations, the Proof (hall lie upon the Owner, and tlie Claimer (hall be reputed ihe Importer or Owner. Notwithftanding the Payment of the Duties granted by 25 Car, II. Cap. 7. in any of the Plantations, none of the Goods nientioned in the Adt (hall be (hipjied until Security be given, as is required hy the faid Aft, to carry the fame to England, Wales, or Berwick, or to fomc other of his Majefty's Plantations, and fo toties quoties as any of the faid Goods (hall be brought to be re(hipt, under Forfeiture of Ship and Goods. All Laws, By-Laws, Ufages or Cuftoms, which (hall be in Praftice in the Plantations, repugnant to the before-mentioned Laws, or to this Aft, or any other Law to oe mide in this Kingdom, fo far as fuch Law (hall relate to the Plantations, are void. Where the Governor, or Officers appointed by the Commi(rioners of the Cuf- toms in the Plantations, (hall have Ground of Sufpicion, that the Certificate of having given Security in Englandis falfc, the Governor, or Officers of theCuftoms, (hall take Security there for the Difcharge of the Plantation lading in England, IVales, or Berwick; and where there (hall be Caufc to fufpeft, that the Certifi- cates of having difcharged her Lading of Plantation Goods in this Kingdom is falfe, the Governor or Officers (hall not cancel the Security given in the Plan- tation, until they be informed from the Commiffioncrs of the Cuftoms, that the Certificate is true; and if any Perfon (hall rafe or falfify any Cocket, Certificate, Return, or Permit, for any VefTel or Goods, or (hall knowingly make Ufe thereof, fuch Perfon (hall forfeit Five Hundred Pounds. The Commiffioncrs of the Treafury, and the Commiffioncrs of the Cuftoms, may appoint fuch Officers of the Cuftoms in any City; Town, River, Port, Har- bour, i Creek, of any of the Iflands, Trafts of Land, and Proprieties, as (liall fecm needful; alio upon any Suits brought in the Plantations, upon any Law concerning his Majefty's Dudes, or Ships or Goods forfeited by Realbn of any unlawful Importations or Exportations, there (hall not be any Jury, but of fuch only as are Natives oi England or Ireland, or born in his Majefty's Plantations; and upon all fuch Suits the Offences may be laid in any Province, Country, or Divifions, of any of the Plantations, at the Pleafurc of the Informer. In all Bonds to be taken in the Plantations by ti and 23 Car. II. Cap. 26. the Sureties fhall be Perfons of known Refidence and Ability in the Plantations, and the Conditions of the Bond (hall be within eighteen Month- after the Date, (the Danger of the Seas excepted) to produce Certificates of having landed the Goods in one of his Majefty's Plantations, or in England, Waks, or Berwick, otherwifc fuch Bond, or Copies thereof, attefted under the Hand and Seal of the Governor to whom fuch Bonds were given, (hall be in Force, ani allowed of in any Court ia England, Ireland, or the Plantations, as if the Original were produced. It E % 0/ S H I P S, 57 the :ate, Ufe lall aw anv ucr nsj or any ucn the pnd the Dds ifc lor jrt It It (liall not be lawful to put on Shore in Ireland zny Goods of the Produce of Dit.oS. 14. his Majcfty's Plantations, unlcfs the fame have been firil: landed in England, Wales or Berwick, and paid tiie Duties, under Penalty of Forfeiture of the Ship and Goods. Provided, that if any Ship fliall, by Strefs of Weather, be ftranded, or by Rca- Dittos. 15. fon ofLeakinefs, or other Difability, fliall be driven into any Port in Ireland, and not able to proceed on her Voyage, the faid Goods may be put on Shore, but fliall be delivered into thcCuftody of the Colledlor, or chief OHicer of the Cuftoms, until the faid Goods fliall, at the Charge of the Owner thereof, be put on board fome other Ship, to be carried to fome Port in England, JVales, or Berwick, the Oflicer taking Security for the Delivery of the fame, according to this Adl. No Ship fliall pafs as a Ship of the Built of England, Ireland, fVales, Berwick, K'' S. 17. Guernjey, Jcrjiy, or any of his Majefty's Plantations in America, fo as to trade to the Plantations, until the Pcrfons claiming Property in fuch Ship, fliall regifter the fame, viz. if the Ship belong to any Port in England, Ireland, Wales, or Ber- wick, Proof fliall be made upon Oath of one of the Owners, before the Collector and Comptroller of his Majefty's Cuftoms in fuch Port, or if the Ship belong to any of his Majefty's Plantations in America, or to the Illands oi Guernjey or ycrfey, then the like Proof to be made before the Governor, with the principal OHicer of Revenue refiding on fuch Plantation or Ifland, in the Tenor following, vi-z. of JUrat A. B. that the Ship of is at prefent Majler, being a tons, was built at in the Tear and that of and whereof of &c. are at prefent Owners thereof, and that no Foreigner, direilly or tndireSlly, hath any Share, or Part, or Interejl therein. Which Oath being attcflcd by the Governor, or Cuft^om-Officer, fliall, after having been rcgiftcred by them, be delivered to the Mafter of the Ship, a Du- plicate of which Rcgifter fliall be tranfmitted to the Comniiflioncrs of Cuftoms in London, to be entered in a general Regifter there; with Penalty upon any Ship trading to any of his Majefty's Plantations in America, and not having made Proof as here dirciiitcd, that me fliall be liable to fuch For"';iture as any foreign Ship, except Prizes condemned in the Admiralty. Provided that Ships taken at Sea by Letters of Mart, or Reprizal, and Con-p.^.^g ^^ dcmnation thereof made in the Admiralty of England, fliall be fpecially regiftercd with Proof, that the entire Property is Englijlj. Nothing in this Ad: fliall require the regiftcring any Firticr-Boats, Hoys, niito s. ig. Lighters, Barges, or any open Boats, whofc Navigation is confined to the Rivers or Coalls of the Plantation where they trade, but only of fuch as crofs the Seas. No Ship's Name fliall be changed, without regiftering fuch Ship ik novo, which Ditto s. lo. is to be done upon any Transfer of Property to another Port, and delivering up the former Certificate, under the (anie Per.altics as before; and, in Cafe of any Alteration of Property in the fame Port, by Sale of Shares ai'tcr regiftcring, fuch Sale fliall be acknowledged by Indorfement o-i the Certificate before two Witncfles. Rice and Melaflcs, produced in the Plantations, fliall be reftrained to be im- , and 4 A,><. ported into this Kingdom, Wales and Berwick, as by the Ads 12 Car. II. Cap. <: 5 *>• "■ 18. and 21;. Ciir.U. Cap. 7. Every Perfon fliall import diretStly from any of her Majcfty's Plantations in j .md 4 ./««, America, in any Ship that may lawfully trade thither, manned as by Law is re- '■ "^- => '■ quired, anyof the naval Stores hereafter-mentioned, viz.. Hemp ffor the re/i of the Ail is expired) ihall have as a Premium for fuch Importation as follows, av'z. For Hemp. Water-rotted, bright and clean, per Tun 61. Which Prcmiuins ihall be paid by the Commillioncrs, or principal Officers Ditto s i. of her Majcfty's Navy, who are to make out Bills for the llimc, upon Certificate of the chief (^iliccrs of the Cuftoms in any Port of this Kiiigdcmi, where luch Stores fliall be imported, fuch Bills to be given within twenty Days alter the Difcharge of the Ship, upon a Certificate produced to the chief Ollicers of the (i Cuftoms, S8 HI Ditto S. ;. Dittos. 8. Ditto S. 9. " Ann C. 13 S 2}. 10 ,^ii». Of, S. t. 10 /fnn. c, 26, b. 113. 8 Ota. I. e. 15. S. 24. IjC.t. I.e. S- 3 Rrc. 11. C 12. 3 G«. TI. C. iS. S.I. Ditto S. 'S" 0/ S H I P S> ^f. Cuftoms, under the Hand and Seal of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, CoUcdlor of Cuftoms, and Naval Otiicer, or two of them, refiding in the Plan- tations, that the Perfon loading the fame had made Oath before them, that the Stores were of the Growth of her Majefty's faid Plantations, as likewife upon Oath to be made in England, by the Mafters of fuch Ships, that the fame were laden on board within fome of her Majefty's Plantations in America, and that they believe the faid Stores were the Produce of the faid Plantations. Upon ■ iporting fuch Stores from her Majefty's Plantations, the Pre-emption of fuch • res ftiall be offered to the Commiflioners of her Majefty's Navyj and if, within twenty Days after fuch Tender, the Commiflioners Oiall not contradl for the fame, it Ihall be lawful for the Importer to difpofe of ti. '. fame. Provided that the Importation of fuch Sto. cs be fubjed: to the fame Regulations, in Reference to the Shipping thereof, and fuch Security given for importing the fame into England, as the Importation of Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton Wool, Indico, Ginger, Fuftick, and other dyeing Wood, from her Majefty's Plantations in America, are fubjeft to. This hO. ihall commence from the firft of January, 1 705, and (hall continue nine Years. Farther continued by 12 Ann. St. i. Cap. 9. for Eleven Tears, and to the End of of the next Seffion of Parliament, and farther continued as to Hemp, by 8 Geo. I. Cap. 12. for 16 Years, and to tk- End of the next SeJJion of Parliament. Plantation Bonds, given for bringing the enumerated Commodities to Great Britain, in Cafe there be no Profecution for Breach of the Conditions, within three Years after the Dates; or, if Judgment be not obtained for her Majefty within two Years after the Profecution commenced, fuch Plantation Bonds ftiall be void, and delivered up by the Officers, on Pain of anfwering all Demands with treble Cofts. All Prize-Goods of the Produce c*" foreign Plantations, which ftiall be im- ported into Great Britain from the Plantations in America, upon producing a Certificate of the CoUetftor, Comptroller, or other chief Officer, at the Port where fuch Goods were embarked in America, ftiall pay fuch Duties only in Great Britain, as in Cafe they had been of the Produce of the Plantations belonging to the Crown of Great Britain, any Aft to the contrary notwithftanding. Prize Cocoa of the Produce of foreign Plantations, imported into Great Britain, having proper Certificates to prove the fame being Prize, ftiall be liable to no other Duties, than what fuch Prize Cocoa was liable to pay by her Majefty's Declaration made in Favour of the Captors of Prizes, the A«oS «. thereof with the Colleftor of the Cuftoms, and the naval Officer, and alfo with the Comptroller, where there is fuch an Officer, and fliall take out a Cocket of fuch Entry, and fliall, before the Rice be put on board, indorfe on the Cocket the Quantity intended to be fliipped, mentioning the Marks, Numbers and Con- tents of each Caflc, and fliall deliver the C6cket to the Searcher, or other Officer appointed for the examining and fliipping thereof; and, if the Quantity fliall appear to be greater than is indcrfed, or if any Rice fliall be put on board any Ship, or any Hoy or Veflel, in order to be put on board, before fuch Entry, and taking out fuch Cocket, and indorfing and delivering of the fame as aforefaid, luch Rice fliall be forfeited, as alfo the Hoy, &c\ and the Owner of fuch Rice, or other Perfon employed in fliipping it, fliall alfo forfeit treble the Value thereof, &c. And, before fuch Ship fliall depart from Carolina, the Mafter fliall receive the Licence from the CoUedtor, and Naval Officer, and Comptroller, who fliall indorfe thereon the Marks, Numbers, and Contents of each Calk of Rice fliipped; and the Collector, and other Officers, fliall make two Copies of fuch Licence and Indorfcmcnt ; and the Mafter fliall, before he receives the Licence, atteft the Copi-"- . hich are to be left with the Collector and other Officers; and the Mafter fliall alfo, on Return of the Ship to Great Britain, deliver the Licence to the Commiflioncrs of the Cuftoms, or to the Colledlor or Comptroller of the Port where Bond was given; as alfo a certificate fealed by the Conful, or two known Briti/h Merchants, at the Port where the Rice was landed, certifying the Calks fo landed, and that they verily believe, that no Sugar, Tobacco, or other enumerated Goods, except Rice, have been landed out of fuch Ship. The Collcdor and other Officers in Carolina fliall tranfmit one of the Copies of u^tto S 5; the Indorfenient to the Commiffionerf of the Cuftoms in Great Britain, and thereupon there fliall be payable to his Majefty fo much as the half Subfidy of the Rice fo fliipped in Carolina fliall amount to, which would have remained if the Rice had been firft imported into Great Britain, and afterwards re-exported; and, if it be not paid within thirty Days after Demands, the Bond ftial). be for- feited, and the Perfons bound therein ihall pay treble Cofts. This Aft fliall continue five Years, &c. Ditto S. 6. Continued 6o 4 Geo. II c. 15. Sea. I. t)itlO S. 2 5 Gm. II. c. 9, 6 ««. II. c. 13. S. 4. OiUoS. 5. Ditto S. 6. Ditto S. 7. Ditto S. 8. Ditto S. 13. Ditto S. 14. 34 and 3? //,i. VI If. c. y S. 6. 9 (>>» 11. c. Diio S. 5. IViio S. 10. Of SHIPS, ^c. Continued hy 8 Geo. II. Cap. 19. until the 29//) 0/' September, 1742, ami to the End of the next Scffion of Parliament, and to extend t Lit Liberty to hii Majejlys Province o/"Georgia /';/ America, Farther continued hy the 15 and 16 Geo. II. till the \Ji June, 1747, and to the End of the then next Se/Jion of Parliament, and farther continued hy the 2oGeo. II. until ijljuitc, i754> and from thence to the End ofthv then next Sejion of Parliament. It fhall be lawful to import into Ireland, from his Majefty's Plantations in America, all Goods of the Growth or Manufadture of his Majeily's Plantations (except Sugars, Tohacco, Cotton Wool, Indigo, Ginger, Spccklewood, or yijwj/tv; Wood, Furtick, or other Dying Wood, Rice, Molaffcs, Beavcr-Skins, and other Furs, Copper Ore, Pitch, Tar, Turpentine, Malts, Yards, and liowfprits) the Adl 7 and 8 Will. III. Cap. 22. notwithflanding. Provided that the Goods be imported in Britijh Shipping, whereof the Maftcr and three fourths of the Mariners are Britijh. The Aft 9 ylnn. Cap. 12. and 1 Geo. I. Stat. 2. Cap. 12. which prohibit the Importation of Hops into Ireland irom Flanders, or other Parts (other than from Great Britain) fliall be in Force, as if the Adl 4 Geo. II. Cap. 15. had never been made. No Sugars, Fancies, Syrups, or MolalTes of the Growth oi America, nor any Rum, or Spirits of America, except of the Growth of his Majcdy's Sugar Colo- nics, fliall be imported into Ireland, but fuch only as Ihall be (hipped in Great Britain, in Ships navigated according to Law, under the Penalty of forfeiting all fuch Sugar, Fancies, Syrups or Molalles, Rum, or Spirits, or the Value thereof, together with the Ship, in the which tlic fame (h.^.ll bo imported, &c. If any Pcrfon fliall affift in landing Inch Sugar &c. in Ireland, or any of his Majcfty's Plantations in America, or ihall receive into his Houfe or Cuftody any fuch Commodities, knowing the fame to be imported contrary to this Adl, fuch Perfon lliall forfeit treble the Value of fuch Goods. If any Pcrfon fliall hinder any Cuftomhoufe or otJKr Officer in the Execution of their Duty in feizing the Commodities aforementioned, he fliall forfeit 50/. and be imprifoned three Months. And if any OtKccr in Ireland, or the Plan- tations, fliall connive at the Importation of the Commodities aforementioned, he fliall forfeit 50/. and be incapable of holding Oflice under his Majefty. If any Mafl:er of any Ship fliall take in any Sugar, &c. to be imported into Ireland, or any of his Majefty's Plantations contrary to this Adt, fuch Mafler fliall forfeit 100/. Upon all Suits for Importation of the Commodities aforementioned, the Onus prohandi fliall lie on the Claimer. Nothing herein Ihall icftrain the Importation of Sugars, or the Produce of the Dominions of Spain or Portugal, from any Place, from whence fuch Sugars might lawfully have been imported before the making of this Adl. This Adl fliall continue five Years from the 24th oi June, 1733, and to the End of the next Seflion of Parliament. Continued fe-cen Tears, and to the End of next Sefion by 1 1 Geo. II. Cap. 18. and further continued for the Term of f even I'cars, and from thence to the End of the then next SeJ/ion of Parliament by 1 ) Geo. II. No Pcrfon fliall caft out ofany Shipor Veffcl, within any Haven,Road, Channel or River, flowing to any Port or Town within the King's Dominions, any Ballafl:, Rubbifli, Gravel, or other Wreck or Filth, b:t only upon the Land above the full Sea-Mark, upon Pain to Ibrftit 1;/. Every Sliip which Ihall be built in Grea Hri'ain, and every Ship built in his Majcfty's Plantation.'; in America, Ihall, upon her firil fctting out, have one com- pleat Set of Sails, made of Cloth manuladlurcd in Great Britain, and in Cafe lucli Sliip fliall not be fitted as aforeliiid, the M.iftcr (hall forfeit 50/. No Perlbn (hall make into Sails or Tarpawlins any foreign Sail-Cloth imported after the 24tb of June, 17-^1, not ftampcd; and, in L ife any Per(bn fliall make up foreign Sail-Clotii, other than as aforefaid, fuch Sail.s and Tarpawlins (hall be forfeited, and fuch Pcrfon (hall forfeit 20/. This Adl fliall continue Hvc Years from the i^ihofjune, 1736, and to the End of tiic next Seflion of Parli.iinent. Continued 5 Of SHIPS, ^c. Continued till the \fl o/'Junc, 1747, and until the Jaid next ScJJion of Parliament, hy 15 lind 16 Geo. II. Confirmed by igGe-o.II. p.457. And it is there alfo enaded, that from the 24th -- - o( " ~" ' ■ 61 of "June, \'Jiti), every Mafterof a Veflcl belonging to a Subject, navigated with, or having any foreign-made Sails aboard, (hall at the Time of his making his Entry at theCuftomhoufe of fuch Veffel, alfb make Entry id Report upon Oath of all foreign-made Sails ufcd in, or being aboard fuch Veikl, and before the Vef- fel fliall be cleared by the Officers of the Cuftoms inwards, where flie (hall dif-^ charge any of her Lading, he (hall pay the like Duties payable by an Adt of 1 2 Ann. Every fuch Sail (hall be (lamped at the Place where the Veffel (hall make her Entry, in Manner herein aforementioned j and if the Mailer (hall not make fuch Entry, and pay the Duty before the Veffel (hall be cleared by the Officers of the Cuftoms inwards, all fuch Sails (hall be forfeited, and the Mafter for every fuch Offence (hall alfo forfeit 50/. If the Mafter after his Report on Entry made, and before the Veffel is cleared Page 4j8, by the Officers of the Cuftoms, (hall declare his Intention of not chufing to pay the Duty, and (hall deliver fuch Sails to the Officer of the Port where he makes his Entry, in fuch Cafe the S v "s are to be forfeited, and the Mafter (hall not be liable to pay the Duty or Penalty of 50/. Nothing herein contained (hall make Captains or Mafters of Veffels coming from the Eaji-Indies liable to the Duties or Forfeitures aforefaid, for fuch Veffels being navigated with, or having foreign-made Sails on board, which (hall bona fide be brought by them frorri thence. TheCommiffioners of the Cuftoms of Grftf/'Sn'/j/w, by the 24th oijune, 1746, (hall provide a fufficient Number of Stamps of eight Inches Diameter for the Stamping of foreign-made Sails, &c. And as Doubts have arifen about the Meaning of a Claufc in the faid Aft of 9 Geo. II. by which Veffels are obliged at their firft fetting out, or being firft navi- gated at Sea, to be furni(hed with one full and compleat Set of Sails, made of Sail-Cloth manufadured in Great-Britain : To obviate fuch Doubts for the fu- ture, it isenadted, that from the 2^th of yune, 1746, every Veffel which (hall be huih'mGreat-Britain,and from the 29th of December, 1746, everyVeffel which fhall be built in his Majefty's Plantations in America, upon her being nrft navigated, fhall be furnifhed with one full and compleat Set of Sails (bona fide belonging to P»1S* ^^^^ fuch Veffel, &c.) made of Sail-Cloth manufactured in Great-Britain, under Pe- nalty for every fuch Default of 50/. to be forfeited by the Mafter. This Aft (hall continue and be in Force for feven Years, from the 24th of fiine, 1 746, and from thence to the then next Seffion of Parliament. If any Subjeft of this Realm (hall fliip any Salt or Rock Salt, that hath paid ; ai^ 6 wm. the Duty, to convey it by Sea to any Part of England, and the Veffel peri(h at Sea, ^''s.^i',''" ^' or be taken by Enemies with fuch Salt on board, fuch Perfon (hall, upon Proof made at the Quarter Seffions for the County, ^c. wherein he doth inhabit, of the Lofs of fuch Salt, receive from the Seffions a Certificate, and upon producing the Certificate to any Officers of the Duty, they are to let fuch Perfons buy the like Quantity of Salt without paying any Duty. Where any Ship laden with Salt (hall be found hovering on the Coafts, not pro- •/*»•■ St. i. ceeding oi^ her Voyage, it (hall be lawful for the Officers of th^ Cuftoms, or the ^"P- ^'' *"• 7- Duty on Salt, to go on board fuch Veffels, and compel them to come into Port, and to continue on board until the Salt be unladen, or the Ship (hall de^iart from the Port ; and if the Perfons on board any Ship importing Salt, (hall neglefl; to enter or unlade fuch Salt twenty Days after the fame is come inti Poit, li withfn that Time to depart and proceed on their Voyage, unlefs permitted by the chief * Officer of the Cuftoms to make a longer Stay, all the Salt on board fuch Ship fhall be forfeited, and double the Value thereof to be recovered of the Mafter. No foreign Salt (hall be imported in any Ship of lefs Burden than twenty Tui^s, Ditto, S. 8. and in Bulk only (except for the Provifons of^the Shins) upon Pain of forfeiting the Salt, and double the Value" to be recovered of the . erfon importing. If any Ship laden with Salt, to be carried beyond the Seas, (hall come into any D'"". s. u. Place in England, it (hall be lawful for the Officer of Salt to enter fuch Ship, and there continue till the Ship unlade her Cargo, or return to Sea under the Penalty of 20/. to be recovered of the Mafter, who fhall refufe fuch Officer to come on R board ; i Of SHIPS, ^c. Ditto, S. \y m t ind 3 Ann. Cap. 14. S. I, i •' ''. ;|f'^ Ditto, S. ;. Ditto, S. 3. Ditto, S. 4. Ditto, S. 6. Ditto, S. 10. Ditto, S. 18 5 Ceo. r. C ■ 8. S. 18. Ditto, S. 20 board ; and if any Ptrfon fliall unlade any of the Salt before Entry or ilc-pay- nient of the Duty, tiic whole Cargo of Salt fhall be forf'jitcd. Where any Salt Ihall be laid on board any Ship, either to be t'anfported beyond the Seas, or carried Coaflwife, the OfHcer of the Cufloms (hal! in the Cockets, (which (hall be alfo figncd by the Othccr for the Duty on Salt, ; nd ^ivcn without Fee) exprefsthu Q^iantity of Salt j and in Cnfe fuch Ship (hall come into any Port in f^^-^'-'vi/, it (hall be lawful for the Officers of the Cuftom;., or OtHccrs for the faid Dui!*:?, to go on board fuch Ship, and demand a Sight of fuchCock- ct, and in Cafe he have Caufe to fufpeft that there is not fo much Salt on board as the Quantity exprcfl'ed in fuih Cwket (and (hall make Atiidavit thereof before the Colleftor, or Cuftomer of the Port) to weigh all the Salt remaining on board ; and in Cafe there (hall appear not to be (o much as the Qu^intity cxprcf- (ed in fuch Cockct, (making Mlowance for the Wade, and for Salt delivered at another Port, and indorlcd in the Permit) the Salt remaining (hall be fnrfeited. No Salt of the Produce or Manufadure of Er.g/and, H'alcs, liiruiii, Scot/anJ, or Irehind, nor any other Salt comine from Itrhind, SiotUmd, or t\\c Ijle of Man, (hall after y?/w i, 1704, be imported into Engliiiui, pyaUs, or Berwick, upon Pain that all the Salt fo imported, &c. Hiall be forYeit'd, and that the Ship (hall al(b be forfeited ; and every Perfon that (liall take any S.dt out of fuch Ship, or carry the (ixme on Shore, or convey the fame from the Shore, or be aflilling therein, (hall forfeit 20/. or fufFer fix Months Impri(bnment. It (hall be lawful for any of the Officers for the Duties upon Salt, within two Months after the landing any fuch Salt, to feize the Salt, and alfo the Ship ; and in Cafe the Owner of fuch Salt or Ship (hall not within twenty Days claim the Salt and Ship, and give Security to anfwer the Value, the Salt and Ship (hall be fold. Nothing in this AtS (hall extend to any Salt fliipped to be carried Coa(lwil«t by Certificate, from one Port to another, according to former Adts. In Cafe where Salt fhall have been (hipped to be exported, and the Ship (hall by Strefs of Weather, Enemies, or other Neceffities, be forced into any Port in England, it (liall be lawful for the Owner of fuch Salt, or Mafter of (uch Ship within twenty Days to reland the Salt, fo as due Entry be made, and the Duties again paid down for the whole Quantity that was entered to be exported before any Part thereof be relanded. Where any Ship (ha'l come into any Port of England from Ireland, or other foreign Part, having on board any Salt which was taken in only for the Provifion of the Ship, or for curing of Fifh, it (hall be lawful to land the Salt, fo as Entry be made thereof within ten Days after coming into Port, and the Duties paid down or fecured before any Part thereof be landed. Where any Salt (the Duties whereof (hall have been paid or fecured) (hall be (hipped, and perifli by the finking of the Ship, before going out of Port, and be- fore the Exporter (hall be intitled to a Drawback : the Exporter or Proprietor of the Salt (hail, upon Proof made before the Juftices at next Qiuirter Se(1ions, re- ceive a Certificate of fuch Proof, and upon producing it to any Collector of the Duties, he (hall let the Proprietor buy the like Quantity of Salt without paying Duty. Or if any Salt is loft at Sea by ftormy Weather, or by being thrown overboard for the Ship's Prcfervation, the Owner thereof (liall upon Proof by the Oaths of two (whereof the Mafter or Mate of the VefTcl to be one) receive a Certificate as above, and be allowed to buy the like Quantity of Salt without Duty. If any Mafter of a Ship who (hall import into Great-Britain any Salt taken in _for the Provifions of the Ship, or for curing of Fifli, (hall not enter and pay, or fecure the Duty for the fame, within ten Days after coming into any Port, and before the fame be landed, the Salt fo imported (hall be forfeited, and the Mafter or Cjwner (hall likewifc forfeit double the Value. Every Mafter of any Vefiel, who (hall tranfport any foreign Salt from Scotland, or any of the Iflands thereto belonging to England, or from one Port to another in Great Bn'tain, (hall before landing or delivering fuch Salt deliver to the OfficerSi for collefting the Duties on Salt a Particular of the Quantity, figned by the Offi- cers of Salt and Cuftoms for the Port whence the Vdfel came, and tne Mafter, his Mate, or Boatfwain, (haJI make Oath before the CommifTioners for the Salt Duties, or their Officers, that to his Knowledge there hath not been taken into the Ik Of SHIPS, ^c. 63 ;a9 ;r9 i- \t the Veflel any Salt fince he came from fiich Port: And ilfiidi Vcllt! he to do- liver Part of her Salt at one Port, and Part at aiiother, the Oflkers of thi- Salt Duties, and of the Cuftoms, where Aich Salt (hall be di-jivereil, fluill cvi tify cm the Back of the Coclcet or Tranjire, orclle hy Certitii-.ite, ivhat (^intity of the Salt hath been delivered, on Penalty of double the Value of the Salt oth'Mwife de- livered, and 10J-. /liT Buihel. It [hall be lawful for the Salt Officers at any unlading Port to po jn hoard fuch to, S. n. VeH^jl, before the Delivery, and demand a Sij;ht of theCocktt, mil towoighthe J'-lt upon the unlading ; and if the Salt he found to lie more in Weight than what is jntained in the Cocket, the Surplulage flrall he forfcitnl, ant! if the iVfalter rcfufes to flicw the Cocket, the Officer may feize the Salt, and detain it till tlic Cocket be produced ; and if it be jiot produced in four Days, the Salt fhall be forfeited. The Officers of the Cuftoms, or of the Duties on Salt, may go on hoard any Vef- Ditto, s. %i fel to fcarch if there be any Salt on board, and may I'eizc the f;ime, if it be found on board any other VclTel than that in which fuch Salt was imported, unlel's it had been duly entered, or the Duties paid, or fecured ; and nil fiich S.ilt fhnll be forfeited, or the Value thereof to be recovered of the Mafter or Owner of fuch Veflel, who Ihall likcwife be liable to all other Penalties, as if tiie fame had been landed, without Entry or Payment of the Duties -, and every I'erfon who (hall hinder any Officer in going on board any Ve(rel and feaichm^^, ihall forfeit 40/. If any foreign Salt be put on Shore before Entry or the Duty paid, or without Ditto, s. 24, a Warrant, tlie Pcrfon landing the fame, or conveying it from the Shore, or affifting therein, (hrdl, over and above the Penalties already given, forfeit 100/. On refliipping any Salt, Britifi or Forcigfi, from any Boat into any Ship, and Ditto, s. :j before any Difpatches for the Salt Co rcffiippcd be granted, the MalTcr, &c. that comes along with the Salt to be (hipped on ho;'rd another V'elVel, (hall make Oath before the Salt Officer, that all the Salt he took in is truly rcfhippc-d,and that there was no Salt added to it, or taken from it, to the heft of his Kmwlrdge, on Pe- nalty of forfeiting double the Value of the Salt, that (hall be otherwife reihip- pcd, andalfo los. per Buihd. The throwing of Silk is not a Manufacture within the Intention of the Ad of Navigation, 1 2 Cur. II. Cap. 1 8. and no thrown Silk of theOrowth or Produiflion of Turkey, Perjia, Eaji-lndia, or China, or of any other Country or Place (except only luch thrown Silk as (hall be of tb- Growth, or Produdlion of Italy, Sicily, or of the Kingdom of Naples, and which (hall be imported in fuch Ships, and navi- gated in fuch Manner as in the Ad: is diredcd, and brought from fomc of the Ports cf thofe Countries, whereof the fame is of the Growth or Produdion, and which (hall come diredly by Sea, and not otherwife) fliall he imported into England, &C-. upon the Forfeiture of all thrown Silk imported contrary to this Ad. The Treafurer, Comptroller, Surveyor, Clerk of the Ads, and Commiffioners of the Navy, or one of them, on Oath of one Witneis, that his Majefty's Stores, &c. are conveyed into any Ship, being at Anchor, and not ready to fail that Tide, within any of the Roads, Harbours, Gfr. in his Majc(l)''s Dominions, may authorife any Perfons by their Warrant, (in which the Qtiantity and Quality of fuch Goods (liall be fpecified) in the Day-time to go on board fuch Ship, &c. and in Cafe of Refiftance to break open the Hatches, &c. and fcarch for fuch Goods, Gfr. and feize the fame for his Majcfty's Ufe, unlefs the faid Officers and Com- miffioners fliall find, upon hearing of the Matter, th.u they were unjuilly feized, and thereupon reftore them to the Party. In Cafe the Ma.fter of any Ship (hall bring into this Realm from Irelaml, the JJIe of Man, Jerje}', Guernfey, or Scilly, or any of the foreign Plan. 'at ions, any Rogue, Vagabond, or Beggar, or any Perfon likely to live by begging, being a Native ol any the faid Iflands or Plantations, and the Perion lb brought over fljall be apprehended wandering and begging, or otherwife mifordering hiinfclf as aforefaid, fuch Mafter, &c. (hall forfeit 5/. for every Rogue, Cr. . over and above (uch Money as fliall be nccefl"ary to defray the Charges that any Conflablc fliall be put to, by Means of apprehending and re-conveying thcPerl'on; and the Conflable or other Oflicer of any Parifh where any Pcrfon (b brought over (hall be found wandering and begging, or mifordering himfelf, may caufc him to be apprelicnded 1 If,!!, and Mr. St.lt. J. C. y.. S. t. I Co. I. C. 2: *^ J I J .1-71 23. -St. Cnp. I. S. 64 Of SHIPS, e^f. Ill r li' Diito, S. :;. Ditto, S. 16. 4 and C. 11. ; Ann, S.&. I £ Car. C. ji. s. Ditto, S. 3. Di'.to, S. 4. Ditto, S. 5. apprehended, and openly whipped, and after put on board any Ship, to be fet on Shore in tlie Place from whence he was brought, paying for the Faffagc back of fuch Perfon fuch Rate as the Juftices at their Quarter-Scflions fliall appoint ; and in Cafe fuch Conllable, Gff. lliall upon Oath make appear before any Juftice of Peace what E.xpence lie hath been put to upon fuch Occafion, it (hall be law- ful for fuch Juftice by Order to dirc(f> the Payment of the Money fo expended, as alfo of the Penalty of 5/. and in Cafe fuch Maftcr, ^c. of the Ship fnall ne- gled to pay the Monies upon Demand, it (liall be lawful for fuch Juftice by Warrant to levy the fame by Diftrels and Sale of the Ship, or any Goods within the fame, while remaining witiihi tlic Jurifdidion of fuch Juftice ; and if the Mafter or the Ship fliali be gone out of the Jiirifdi(!tion; ^c. the faid Order of the Juftice may be removed by Certiorari into the Queen's Bench, and being filed, the Judges are required to diredt Procefs for arrefting the Ship, and detaining the fame, ' itil ihe Monies mentioned in fuch Order, together with the Charges of Oicb I'ri. . *fs be fatisfied, or otherwifc to award Procefs for levying the Mo- pf: ,' b^ i\ff'!as, feri facias, or elegit, againft the Mafter or Owners of the Ship, as tlif^ \,o\'il ',: M think proper. 1' i .. tin Caie fuch Mafter or Owners (hall in the laid Court fliew any proboi .; Grou • '^ Grievance by the faid Order, they may be admitted to tra- verfe the fame, g«vj g Security in the Penalty of 50/. to anfwcr the Cofts of fuch Traverfe, in Cafe it be determined againlt them. All Mafte. ; of Ships bound for Ireland, the Illes of Man, "ferfey, Gucrnfey, or Scilly, ftiall upon Warrant to them dircded of a Juftice of Peace of the County, Gft-. where fuch Ship (hall lie, take on board fuch Vagrants as (hall be named in the Warrant, and convey them to fuch Place in Ireland, the Ifle of Man, y^ffy* Guernfey, or Scilly, as fuch Ship fliall be bound to, or arrive at ; and for the Charges thereof, the Conftable, or the Perfon who ferves him with the Warrant fliall pay him fuch Rate as the Quartcr-SelTions fliall appoint, and fuch Mafter fliall on the Back of the Warrant (ign a Receipt for the Money, and alfo for the Vagrants j which Warrant (hall be produced to the Juftice whoTigned the fame, and upon his Allowance thereof under his Hand, the Money fliall be repaid by the County ; and every Maftcr of fuch Ship, negledling to receive or tran(port fuch Vagrants, or to endorfe fuch Receipt, fliall forfeit 5/. to be levied byDif- trefs, or Sale of the Ship, or any Goods within the fame, by Warrant of any Juftice of Peace for the fame County, &c. Confirmed hy 13 CJeo. II. />. 478, and 479. Mafters of Ships knowingly importing foreign cut Whale-Fins, or Whalc- Bone, fliall forfeit 50/. GPr. No Per(bn fliall export out of England, Wales, or Berwick, or from the Ifles of Jerfcy, or Guernfey, with Sark and Alderney, (being under the Government of Gucrnfey) or out of Ireland, into any Parts out of the Dominions aforefaid, any Sheep, or Wool, of the Breed or Growth of England, or Ireland, or Dominion aforefaid, or any Woolfels, Mortlings, or Shorlings, or any Yarn of Wool, or any Wool-ftocks, Fuller's Earth, or Fulling Clay ; nor fliall pack or load upon any Horfe, Cart or Carriage, or lay on board any Ship or VelTel any fuch Sheep, Wool, Gff. to the Intent to export the fame. No Wool, Woolfels, Mortlings, Shorlings, Yarn of Wool, Woolflocks, Fullers Earth, or Fulling Clay, (hall be exported out of England, Wales, or Ireland, unto the Ifles of Jerfey, or Guernfey, Sark, or Alderney, except as in this Aft fliall be appointea. All Offences aforefaid (hall be fubjeft to the Penalties following, viz. the Sheep, Wools, ^c. (hall be forfeited, and every Offender (hall forfeit 20/. for every Sheep, and 3^. for every Pound of Wool, Woolfels, Mortlings, Shorlings, Yarn of Wool, Wool-Flocks, Fullers-Earth, or Fulling-Clay ; and the Owners of the Veflcl knowing fuch Offence fhall forfeit all their Intereft in the Ships, and the Mafter and Mariners knowing fuch Offence, and willingly afTifting thereun- to, fliall forfeit all their Goods, and have Imprifonment three Months. If any Perfon fhall tranfport any Sheep, Wool, (Sc. contrary to this k€c, and be thereof convided, he fliall be difabled to require any Debt or Account of any Faitor or others, for any Debt or Eftatc, belonging to fich Offender, provided I that Of SHIPS, Wc. H of It of any nion or ipon lecp, L-ks, or in the for ngs. ners and lun- land lany Idcd lat Every Offence contrary to this Kd may be inauircd of, heard and determined, ^ "° '■ <■• in the Coimtry, where futh Sheep, Wool, Qf<-. mall he picked or laid on hoard, or ill tlic County where fiich Offenders fhall be apprehended for I'uch Offence. No Perf'on fliall be impeached for any Offence afbrefnid, vmlcls fuch Perfbn he Diito f. profecutcd, within one Year next cnfiung futh Offence. It (hall be lawful for any Pcrfon to feize to his own Ufc, and to the Ufc of the 0?;: f. • Kin^;, all fuch Sheep, Wool, ^c. as he fhall difcover to be laid on hoard, in nny Ship or Boat, or to be laid on Shore near the Sea or any navigable River, to the In- tent to be exported; and fuch Perfon as (hall fcizc any fuch Sheep, Wool, ^c. (hall have the Moiety thereof. Such Pcrfon as (hall make any fuch Seizure, fliall not be admitted to give Ditto f 9. tvidencc upon his Oath, againft any Perfon indidted by Virtue of tiiis Ad. Every Ship or Boat, whereof any Alien born, or any natural bornSubjcds, not Ditto (. 10. inhabiting wi'hin the Realm, (hall be Owneror Part-Owner, and wherein any Sheep, Woo', ^c. (hall be (hipped contrary to this Adt, (hall he forfeited to the King. This Aft (hall not extend to any Lamb-Skin ready drcfl'ed fit for Linings. Ditto f. 1 1. This Aft (hall not extend to the Tranfporting of any fuch Woolfels, or Pelts Ditto f, n. with Wool upon them, or to any Beds (luffed with Flocks, which (hall be em- ployed in any Ship for nece(rary \iit, about the Ordn: or other Thing, or for the Ufe of the Perfons in fuch Ship, and which fii ' nt le fold in foreign Parts; nor to the Exjwrting of any Wether Sheep or of ^ Wool growing upon any fuch, for the Food of the Company or Pa!' cers. This Aft (hall not extend to any futh Wool to ^' e;.| >rtcd from the Port of 0i„o f_ ,, Southampton, unto the \tit%oi ycrjey and Gtiernfty, •» 'hc^ /fc of the Inhabitants of thote Illes, fo as fuch Perfons as (hall (hip fuch Wool \>, l^fore the Shipping, dvlivcr unto the Cuftomer, Comptroller, Surveyo or Searcher, of the Port of Southampton, a Writing under the Seal of the Gc ?"• . ." the fame Ifles, which fliall exprefs that the Party is authorized to expo.i fo much Wool, expreffing the Number of the Tods to the fame Illes, to be ufed in one of the fame Ifles, or in fome of the Members of the fame, and that fuch Party hath entered into Bond to his Majcfty's Ufe, for the Lading the Wool in that Ifle. And the Quantity of Wool to be exported into the faid Ifles in one Year, to begin from the ift of jfanuary, may not exceed the Quantity here-under fpecified, vt'z. to Jer/ey two tnoufandTods of unkembedWool,and toGuirn/eyont: thoufandTodsof unkembed Wool, and to Alderney two hundred Tods, and to Sark one hundred Tods, every Tod not exceeding thirty-two Pounds. Conjirmedby 13 Car. II. Cap. 14. And granted that one thou/and Tods fir Cxxtrn- fey, tivo thoufandfor ]cr(ty, two hundred fir Alderney, and one hundred for Satk, may ie exported more than by this ASl, by that of i Will. d«<)n I'lipcr, not I'arLhni'.nt, and the Quantities fliall not lie oMiterateil or intcrlnieil. No Ship (hall export any Wool, or any other of the Commodities aforefaid, under r'ort'eit .re ol tlie Commodities and VciUl, and treliL- the Value, with treble Coftsj and the Inli.diitants of the Hundred, I'ort or PI.ic.- exempt, next adjoining to the Sea Coafts, out of, or throuj,'h which, any Wool, or other of the Commodities aforefaid, (Ivdl be fo exported, (liall forfeit 20/. iftheWoolbc iindtr the V.lue of 10/. but if it be of greater Value, then treble the Value thereof foexporteil, as abo treble- Cofts. All Perfons who (hall be adilling in carrying or exporting any of the (iiid Com- modities out of this Realm (being eonvidtcd) (h.dl liirtl-r three Years Imprifon- meni, and the Owner of the Wool, &c. anil every Per'on a Iilling ni canymg or exporting of them, (h.\ll anfwcr treble the Vahie of UkIi Penalties, which (uch Inli.'.bitant.s .'hall be fo charged with, as alfo treble Co(l>. For prevcniing the Exportation of Wool, (3c. the Comniifiloncrs for executing the Orticc of Lord High Admird, fliall appoint one Ship of the fifth Rate, and two Ships of the fixth Rate, and four ameti Sloops, conll.uitly to cruize olFthc Norll> Foy 9 Will. III. Cap. 40. No Perlbn (liall export from Li/tinJ into any Places, other than the Pahts within EngLviJ or jyahs, any Wool, Woolfels, Sliorlings, Mortlings, Wool-Flocks, Worfted, Bay, or Woolen Yarn, Cloth, Serge, Bays, Kcrfeys, Says, Frizes, Drug- gets, Cloth Serges, Shalloons, or any other Drapery Stuffs or Woollen Manufac- tures, m;ide up or mixed with Wool, or Wool-Flocks, or (hall load upon any Horlc or Carriage, or lay on board any Ship in any Place oi It eland, any fuch Wool, £jfr. to the Intent to export the fame, except as aforefaid. All Offenders aforefiiid fliall be fubjcft to the Penalties following, viz. the Wool, Gff. fball be forfeited, and the Offenders fliall forfeit 500/. ancT every Ship or Bottom, w herein any of the faid Commodities (hall be (hipped, or laid on board, fliall be forfeited ; and the Mafler and Mariners, or any Porters, or other Perfons, knowing fuch Oficncc and afTifling therein, fliall forfeit 40/. It fhidl be lawful for any Perfon to feize and convey to his Majefly's next Warchoufe, all fuch Wool, &c. as he fhall dillover to be laid on board any Ships; and it fhall be lawful for any Perfon to feize every fuch Ship, wherein any of the faid Commodities fhall be (hipped contrary to this Ad. For every Ship which iliall (ail from /;WrtW, in order to export any of the Com- moditief aforefaid to this Kingdom, Bond fliall be given by two known Inhabi- tants of or near the Place, to the chief Officers of the Cuftoms belonging to the Port in Ireland, in double the Value of the Goods, before the Ship fhall be per- mitted to lade any of the Commodities aforefaid, with Condition, that if the Ship ihail take on board any of the faid Goods in Ireland, ;dl the faid Goods fhall be brought by the fame Ship to fome Port in England or Wales, and fhall there unlade the fame, and pay the Du'.ies thereof (the Danger of the Seas excepted) and every Ship which fhall lad; any of the faid Coods, until fuch Bond be given, fhall be forfeited as aforefaid. All luch Goods, exported from Ireland into this Kingdom or JVales, fliall be fhipped of}' at the Ports ofDul/in, IVaterford, Toughall, Kingsale, Cork, and Drog- heda, and from no other Pon , nor fliall be imported into any PatIs of England or iV.iles, other than Biddeford, Barnjlable, Minelead, Bridgwater, Brijiol, Milford~ Haven, Cheffer, and Liverpoole. See I Will, and Mar. S(. i. Cap. 32. Se^. 6. and 7. and 8 Will. III. Cap. 28. Se^l. 5. It fhall be lawful to import from any of the aforefaid Ports in Ireland, any Wool, &c\ into fuch Ports of this Kingdom as aforefaid, fo as Notice be firft given to the Commiffioners of his Majefly's Cuftoms in this Kingdom, or to theCuftomeror Colledlor, in the Ports to which the fame is to be brought, of the Quantity, Quality, and Package, with the Marks and Numbers thereof, the Name of the Ship and Mafler, and the Port to which they are into be imported, and fo as Bond I be Of SHIPS, Wc. «7 be flirt cnfcifii into, to the V-' of hi« Majclly, with one or more Sureties, in treMc the Value ol the Cloods, at tlic (iiinc (lull (Dangers nt' the Sens cxct|'tiil) he IjMilcil fliroiiiiiigly, ami lb ;i^ a I-iitncu W Hrlt taitcn, under the llujils of the Cnmniiliioiicrs of the Cudonis, or frDin the OuIIdhkt or Colkdor, whrre fuch Uond is [•iven for tlic L iniiing thereof, wiiith Licence they art to gr:int withiHit Tec. All Wdol, Sliips. or Hoats fo feizeJ, (lull be forfeited, and ftitli Wool fliall f^''" f- '7- be lodged in iIk- King s W arehoufe, in Uich Port where it (h ill he fei/ed, or into which it ihall hi hrouglit, and, being i and, if any of the laid prohibited CominmiiticK be found therein, and the M.iftcr of fuch Vellcl (hall not iininediatcly produce a CtK'kct or W.»rrant, licenfing the Exportation thereof, to feize fuch Vertcl, and to carry the fame with the Crew antl Cargo into any Fort in Great Britain or Irtland. Every fuch VclVel, and all the faid prohibited Commodities found therein, fhall be forfeited, and the faid prohibited Coinmoditier, ftiall be lodged in the King's Warchoul'c, in tuch Port into which fuch Vdfel (hall be carried, until it be condemned i and, being condc.uned, (hall be expofed to Sale after twenty- one Days Notice ' Writing, affixed upon the Curtomhoufc of the Port, by Inch of Candle, to thr bcft Bidder! and every fuch Vcflcl ftiall, after Ccndcmnation, be expoled to Sale in like Manner, (Sc. This kiX thall not make void any other Penalties infliiflcd by any former Law upon the Exportation of Wool and Woollen Manufadures. All Wool, and WcwUen or Bay Yarn, Woolfcls, Shorlings, Mortlings, Wool- Flocks, Worfted, Yarn, Cloth, Serge, Bays, Kcrfies, Says, Frizes, Druggets, Cloth Serges, Shalloon \ Stuffs, and other Draperies and Woollen Manufadtures, ormixed with Wool, or Wool- Flocks.which (hail be exported ixon\lretand afterthe ift of May, 1740, into the Ports of this Kingdom hereafter mentioned, ftiall be flipped off, and entered at the Ports of £)ttfl//>», fVaterford, Toughall, Kingsale, Cork, Drogbeda, New RoJ't, Ne-wry, tVexJ'ord, M^ickhw, Sligoe, Litnfrick, Ga/way, and Dunda/k, in the faid Kingdom of Ireland, and from no other Port or Place; nor (hall the fame be imported into any Parts of this Kingdom, other than the Ports of Biddejord, Barn/lapU, MineSead, Bridgewater, Bri/lo/, Mi//'ord- Haven, CAeJier, und Liverpooli; in the fame Manner as if the faid Ports ofNewry, Wexford, Wicklo-w, Sligoe, Limerick, Ga/way, and Dunda/k, had been particulaily named for Exportation of the faid Goods, in the AA 10 and 1 1 Wi/l. III. intitlcd, ^n A£i to prevent the Exportation of IVoo/ out of t/x Kingdom a/'Ircland e Year and that of and of are at prefent Owners thereof ; and that no Foreigner, direHly orindireBly, hath any Share, Part, or Interejl therein, A Certificate 0/ S H I P S, ^c. A Certificate of which Oath or Aftirmatlon, attedcd bv the Colledlor or Coinp* troller of the Cuftoms, who ailtninillercd tlic fame, under their Hands .ind Seals, fhall, after having been rcgiftctcd by them, be delivered to the Maftcr of the Ship for the Security of her Navigation, a Duplicate of which Regillcr (hall b« 6s, !» trtnfmitted to the Commiflloncrs of the Cuftoms in the Vottof Lmdon, to entered in the general Regiftcr, to be there kept by them for this Purpofc. No Ship'* Name rcgiftered (hall he afterwards changed, without regiAcring fuch ?• Ship again f which is Ukewifc to be done uport any Transfer of Property to aiiuthcr Port) and deliverinff up the former Certiticate to be cancelled, under the fume Penalties, and in the like Method as is before dircdcd : And in Cafe of any Alteration of Property, in the fame Port, by the Sale of one or more Shares in any Ship, after rcgirtering thereof, fUch Sale fhall always be acknowledged by Endorfement on the Certificate of the Regiftcr before two Witneflcs, to prove that the entire Property of fuch Ship remains to foiJie of the Subjects of Gre^ Britain or Ireland, if any Di^iute arifes concerning the fame. After the faid 25th of Decetnier, 1739, no Coverlids, Waddings, or other Manufaftures, or pretended Manufadlures, made of Wool, flightly Pitched or put together, fo as the fame may be reduced to, and made Ufc of as Wool again, or Mattrefles, or Beds ftuffed with combed Wool, or Wool fit for combing, rtiall be exported from Great Britain or Ireland, to Parts beyond the Seas, u. Jer the like Penalties, which are by Law inflidtcd on Pcrfons concerned !• . the Exportation of Wool. No Wool, Woolfels, Mortlings, Shorlings, Wool-Flocks, Worfted, Bay, or p Woollen Yarn, (hall be packed up in Great Britain ox Ireland, in any Box, Chcft, or other Package, but in Packs, or Truflcs of Leather or Canvas, communly called Packclotb; and all fuch Packii or TrulTes (hall be marked on the*Otttlfee, with the refpefllvt: Words WOOL, or YARN, in large Letters, not left than three Inches in Length, under the Forfeiture of all (uch Wool, or other the Goods afbrefaid, with the Packagci and 3/. for every Pound Weight thereof, to be paid by the Owner or Packer. No Wool, Woolfels, dc. Crewel, or Wool (lightly manufadliircd as aforefaid, (hall, after the faid 25th of December, 1739, be put on board any Ship or Boat, bound to Parts beyond the Seas, or dial! be laden in order to be carried coaftwifci or from one Port of Great Britain or Ireland to another, unlefs Notice be firll givn to the Commi(rioners of the Cuftoms, or the Colle^or and Cohiptroller of the Port, from which the fame is intended to be exported, of the Quantity, IQuality, and Package, together with the Marks and Numbers thereof with the Name of the Ship and Mafter, on which the faid Goods are to be lad^n, as likewife the Names of the Owners of the faid Goods, and the Pkces of their Abode, and the Port into which the fame arc intended to be imported, and to whom con- figned; and, unlefs Bond be firft entered into, to the Ufe of his Majefty,with one or more fufficicnt Securities, in treble the Value of the Goods intended to be carried coaftwife, that the fame (hall fthe Danger of the Seas excepted) be landed ac- cordingly. Notice whereof (hall be fortnwith tranfmitted by the,ColledtQ(kand Comptroller of the Port, from whcii - »he fame (hall be exported, to thcColledt- ' and Comptroller of the Port, to which the fame is intended to be imported, and 1, !try made in the Manner required by this or any other Ad; and, unle(s aLicence be alfo firft taken under the Hands of the Commiflioncrs of the Cuftoms, or any p three of them, or from the Colleiftor and Comptroller where fuch Bond is given, as aforefaid, which Licence they arc to grant without any Charge to the tit(on demanding the famej and all fuch Bonds, fo entered into as aforcnaid, fhili not be difchui^cd, but by producing a Certificate under the Hand and iJeal of the Colledor and Comptroller Of the Port in Great Britain or Irtiond, where fuch Goods were landed, fetting forth the Quantity, Quality, and Package, together with the Marks and Numbers thereof, with the Name of ths -hip and Maftrr out of which fuch Goods were landed; and all fuch Bonds as (h.ill remain undif- chargcd after fix Months, ftlall be tranlmitted to the Con-imiflioners of the Cuftoms in Great Britain, or the Commi(rioners of the Revenue in Ireland, who are to put them in Suit immediately: And if any Wool, Woolfeh, Qfr. Crewels, or Wool (lightly manitfadturcd, (lull be Inden on board r.ny VeflTel or Boat to be carried coaftwili.-, or Innn one Port to another, before Inch Bond entered into, and T Licence 44«- •4 44*. 44». 1! i p5f ;*■ ■ ,■' 70 0/ SHIPS, ^c. »li:.^l' p. 44*. p. 450. ; Gn. II. Licence taken out, as aforefaid, and before all tlie IXrc^flions of this and cvcrj other Adt, made to prevent the Traufportation of any of the Goods aforefaid, fliall be fully complied with, fo far as the fame relate to tlie Exjjorter or Pro- prietor of fuch Goods; or if any of the ilud Goods ihall be laden on board any VelTel or Boat, bound to Parts beyond the Seas, then all fuch Goods, or the Value, fhall be forfeited, together with the Velfel or Boat, and all her Ammunition and Furniture. Nothing herein contained fhall extend to alter or leflcn any other Security now required by Law for Goods carried coaftwife, or to repeal any L aw now in Tarce, made to prevent the Exportation of Wool, or any the Commodities aforefaid. After the 25th oi Deceml>ei\ ijyj, if the M.\ftcr of any Veflel employed in tlic clandeftine Exporting from Great Britain or Ireluiui to '/arts beyond the Seas, any Wool or otner Goods before mentioned, or in the clandeftine importing from Ireland, any Woollen Cloth, Serges, Bays, or any other Drapery Stulis or Woollen Ivfanufaftures, made and manufadtured in Ireland; or if the Mate, or any of the Mariners fliall give an Account ii. fix Months after Shipping or Exporting any of the Goods before-mentioned, to the Commiflioners of the Cultoms in England or Scotland, or the Commiffioners of the Revenue in Ireland, refpeflively, of the Name of the Ship, and theSpecies, and Quantities of fuch Goods, fo clan- deftinely exported or fhipped for Exportation, together with the Names of the Owners, or Perfons who adt in their Aid and Alfiftance, fo as they may be pro- fecuted and convidled for fuch Offence; fuch Mafter, Mate, or Mariner, fliall not only be indemnified for fo doing, but fliall be acquitted and difcharged from any Penalties they are by Law fubjedl to for fuch Offence, and fhall alio receive three-fourth Parts of the Forfeitures, clear of Charges, Gff. If any Officer, or other Perlbn that fhall adt in Aid of any Officer, in putting this Adl in Execution, fhall be obflruded, wounded, or beaten, in feizing any Wool, &c. either in the Day or Night Time, by Land or Water, the Perfons who fliall fo obftrudt, &c. or any Perfon who, being armed with offenfive Weapons, or wearing any Mafk or other Difguife, fhall refcue, or attempt to rcfcuc, any of the Goods aforefaid, which lliall be feized by any Officer, and fhall be convidted of any of the faid Offences, fhall be tranfported to fbme of the Planta- tions in America, for fuch Term as the Court, before whom fuch Offenders fhall be convidted, fhall think fit, not exceeding (even Years, in the fame Manner as by the Adl 4 Geo. I. For the further preventing Robbery, Burglary, and other Felonies^ &c. and by another Adl i Geo. I. for the preventing Robbery and other Felonies, and for the more eff'eSlual Tranfportation of Felons, the Offenders therein mentioned .re to be tranfported to the faid Plantations; and, if any fuch Offenders ihall return to Great Britain or Ireland, before the Expiration of the Time for whicli they fhall be tranfported, they fliall fuffer as Felons, without the Benefit of Clergy. No Coffpe fhall be put on board any Ship in any of his Majefly's Plantations in America, until the Planter or his known Agent fhall make Oath, or Affirmation, before two Juflices of Peace, that the fame is of the Growth of fuch Planter's Plan- tation, which Oath, ^c. fliall be produced to the Colledlor, Comptroller, and NavH Officer, by the Perfon who fhall enter fuch Coffee; and fuch Perfons fliall likewife make Oath, or Affirmation, before the ("aid Officers, that the Coffee then to be fhipped is the fame that is mentioned in fuch Cith, &c. of the Planter; and the Colledlor, and Comptroller, and Naval Officer, are required to deliver a (tificate of fuch Affidavit to the Commander of fuch Ship, on board which tlie faid Coffee is to be fhipped, and the Mafter of fuch Ship fliall, before clearing his Ship, alfo make Oath, that he has received fuch Coffee on board, and that !»'•. has no other Coffee on board than fuch, for wliich Proofs fhall be made as aforefaid, and that he will not take any more Coffee on board before his Arrival in Great Britain, and making a Report of his Lading there; for which Afhdavit and Cer- tificate, the Colledlor, and Comptroller, or Naval Of!;cer, fhall receive ks. and sfl Certificaics of fuch Affidavit fliall, by the Commander of fuch Ship, be produced to the Colledlor and Comptroller of the Cuftoms, at the Port where fuch Ship fhall unlade, and the Mauer fhall deliver to fuch Colledlor and Comptroller, a Certificate of the Colledlor and Comptroller of the Cuftoms, and Naval Officer of the Place, where fuch Coffee fliall have been fliipped, or any two of them, tcrtifying tcfti flial ofe Cof his boai Cof or Mii Of S H I P S, ^f. n tcftifying the particular Quantities of fuch Coffee, and of Which fuch Proofs rtiall be made, fpecifying the Package, with the Marks, Numbers, and Weights of each Package ; and the Mailer fhall likewife make Oath, or afiinn, that the Coffee in the Certificate was taken on board as in the Certificate, nild that after his Departure he did not take on board any Coffee, and that all the Coffee on board his Ship is mentioned in the faid Cerificate j and upon Entry of fuch Coffee at the Cuflom-houfe, and paying or fecuring the Duties, a Mark fhall be fet on every Parcel ; and thereupon fuch Coffee fliall be lodged in a Ware- houfc, and the Importer fhall deliver to the Collector the Certificate of the Affidavit of the Growth of the Coffee, together with the Oath, and the Oath, '-22 or a Copy thereof, made by the Planter ; as alfo the Certificate of the Package, Marks, and Numbers of the Coffee. No Commander of any Ship fliall take in at America or at Sea, or fhall land in Ditto f. 4. any of the faid Plantations, any Coffee of the Growth of any foreign Country, except fuch as fhall be exported from Great-'Britain, on Pain of forfeiting fuch Coffte and 200/. and likewife twelve Months Imprifonment. If any Peribn fhall fallely make Oath or Affirmation, by this Aft direded, and Ditto f. 5. thereof be convidted, Gfc. fuch Perfon fhall forfeit zoo/, and be imprifoned twelve Months J and if any Perfon (hall forge a Certificate of the (aid Oath or Affirma- tion, or (hall publifli fuch Certificate, knowing the fame to be forged, and be convidted in any of liis Majefly's Courts, fuch Perfon (hall forfeit 2co/. This Adt fliall continue to the 25th of March, 1739, and to the End of next Ditto f c. Seflion of Parliament. Farther continued for /even Tears, and to the End of next SeJJion tf Parliament by II Geo. II. Cap. I'A. farther continued for feven Tears, and to the End rf the next SeJJion of Parliament by ^<) Geo. II. i^. 412. farther continued by 25 Geo- II. to 25 March, 1758 ; and farther by 32 Geo. II. till 2^ June, 1766, ajid to the End of the then next Sejion of Parliament. EnaSled, that the Ada 12, 15, and 25 Car. H. fo far as the fame extend to Su- > » <3«. 11. garof the Growth and Produce of his Majefly's Plantations in America, being one ^'P'' 55*' of the Commodities enumerated in the faid Adls, (hall be ratified and confirmed in all Refpedls whatfoever, except only as to fuch Sugars as by this Aft fliall be permitted to be exported from the faid Sugar Colonies, by fuch Pcrfons, in fuch iJhips, to fuch foreign Countries, and under fuch Regulations as are herain de- fcribed and appointed for that Purpole. After 29 September, 1739, any of hir Majefly's Subjcdls, inatiy VeiTel built in Great-Britain, and navigated according to Law, and belonging to any of his Ma- jefly's Subieft-^, of which the major Part (hall be refiding in Great-Britain, and the Refidu* reiiding either in Great-Britain or fome of the (aid Sugar Colonies, and not elfewhere, that (hall clear outwards in any Port oi Great-Britain for any of the faid Colonies, may load in the faid Colonics any Sugars of the Growth and Manufac- ture of the faid Colonics, and may carry the fame to any foreign Part of Europe, provided a Licence be firfl taken out for that Purpofe, under the Hands of th« Comrniffioners of theCulloms axLondor or Edinburgh, fubjcdt to the Regnlations, and on the Conditions hereafter mentioned, viz. that Notice be firfl given by the Maftcr in Writing, or one of the Owners of fuch Veffel, to the Collector and Comptrf Her of the Port where fuch Veffel happens to be, of the Intention of iuch Maflt Owner, that fuch Ship fhall proceed to fome of the faid Sugar Colonies to lade Sugars to be carried to fome other Part oi Europe than Great-Britain; and that (iich Mafler or Owner (hall enter into Bond, to the \J(c of hisMajefly, with one of p- m- more fufficient Securities, in the Sum of 1 000/. if the Ship be of lefs Burthen than 100 Tons ; and in the Sum of 2000/. if (he be of that, or greater Turthcn, witli Condition, that in Cafe a Licence be granted to carry Sugars from the Hiid Sugar Colonies to foreign Parts, fuchShip fliall proceed from Great-Britain to the laid Colonies, and (hall deliver the Licence to the Naval Officer there, in Cafe he intends to make Ufe of the Liberty granted by fuoh Licence, which he Audi de- clare ill writing to the Naval Officer before he takes any Goods on board ; and that in fuch Cafe no Tobacco, Melajes, Ginger, Cotton-lVool, Indigo, Fuji id, or other dying Wood, Tar, Pitch, Turpentine, Hemp, Majls, Tards, Bow/prifs, CopperOre, Beo'jer Skins, or other Furs, of the Growth and Manufaftute of any Britifi Plan- tation W. w- 11 ')% 7i 0/ s H 1 r s, ^c. It: ■■ '.'i P 5J5- p. 556. P 557- tation in jDnerica, (hall be taken on board Auh SHip, unlefs for the neccfliiry Pro- vifions in her Voyage; and that fuch Ship before fhc proceeds to any foreign Port ihall touch at fomePort inGreat-Britairii and that theMafter or Commander fhall deliver to the Colleilor and Comptroller of fuch Pprt a new Manifeft, attefted up- on Oath (or if a Quaker by Affirmation) of tho Lading, mentioning the Marks, Numbers Package and Contents of all the Goods on board ; and fliall alfo bring back the faid Licence, with a Certificate endorfed or aflixed thereto, containing an Account of the Marks, Numbers, Package, Contents, and Sbrts of Sugars on board fuch Ship, in the Manner hereafter diredcd j and that when fuch Ship hath difcharged her Lading (the Danger of the SeaS and Enemies ejtcepted) (he /hall return to Great-Britain within eight Months after flie has delivered her Lading in any foreign Part, and before uie returns to any of the Plantations in Jlmcrica ; and that in Cafe fuch Veflel Hiould take on board any Merchandizes before her Return to Grea'-Britain, all fuch Merchandize* that (hall remain on board the (aid Ship on her Arrival in Greet-Britain (hall be entered and landed, in like Manner as other Ships importing Goods into this Kingdom are obliged to do by the Laws of the Cuftoms, or otherwife fuch Bond (hall be forfeited. Upon fuch Bond being entered into, and the other Requifites being duly com- plied with, aLicence (hall be granted accordingly, givingLiberty, for thatVoyaj"- only, to carry Sugars of the Growth of the ("aid Sugar Colonies to any foreign Part, in th e Manner and according to the Intention of this Aft ; but no Ship (hall have Licence to carry Sugars to foreign Parts, unleis it firft appear by Oath (or Affirmation) of the Maftcr, that the Property thereof is in his Majerty's Subjefts, of which the major Part are re(iding in Great-Britain, and the Relidue either in Great-Britain or in fome of the faid Sugar Colonies, and not elfevvhere ; (uch Oath or Affirmation to be in the Form hereafter mentioned, viz. A "D maketh Oath for folemnly declares and affirms) that the (Ship or Veffel) '*^* ■'-'• called the (ISfame) whereof be (this Deponent or Affirmant) is Mailer ^ and hath the Charge and Command for this prefent Voyage to (Place bound to) being (defcribe the built) (Ship or VeffilJ of the Burthen of ^umhtr) Tons, was built at (Place) in the Tear (t.'me when) and that the faid (Ship or Veffel) is -wholly owned by the fPerfon or PerfonsJ whofe (Name or Names) and ufual (Place or Places) of Abcdc (is or are) undermentioned and defcribed by this Deponent or Affirmant ; that fuch (Owner or Owners) (is or are) hisMajeJly's W\i\0:i(Subjeil or SubjeSls) and that no Foreigner, direSily or indireSily, hath any Share, Part or Inter ffl in the faid (Ship or ^effel) to the beji of this (Deponent's or Affirmant's) Knowledge or Belief; and that he, this (Deponent or Affirmant) and three-fourths of the Mariner' navigating the faid (Ship or Vefjel) are his Majejlys Briti(h Subjeits. If any Veflel licenfed by Virtue of this Aft (hall take on b<»ard in any of the Sugar Idands, or in her Voyage from theiice, any Sugars or other Goods being the Property of any other Per(bn, than fome of his Majedy's iubjefts, and fuch as (liall be laden on their proper Ri(k and Account to be i*nied to foreign Parts, the fame (hall be forfeited. Before any Sugar be put on board any \cffd at the faid Colonics, to be carried to any foreign Port in Europe, the Maftcr (hall deliver to the Colleftor of the Port where fuch Ship is to take in her Lading, the faid Licence, figiied by the Com- mi(rioners of the Cuftoms, and a Certificate of fuch Bond having been given in Great-Britain as aforefaid, and (liall declare in writing to the Collector, whether he intends to load any Sugar purfuant to fuch Licence, which (hall be done before any Goods are laden on board (uch VcfTel, otherwife fuch Licence (hall be of no Force ; but if it be declared that S"gars are intended to be laden, and carried to foreign Paits, then, in order to afcertain the Quantity, &c. rf the Sugars to be exported from the (aid Colonics, and to prevent tlie Exportation of any Goods before enumerated, the Perfon intending to export Sugars, or other Goods not enumerated, in fuch VclTcl, (hall, before the fame are put on board, make an Entry of fuch Sugars, or other Goods, with the Comptroller of the Cuftoms a!;d the naval Officer, exprcffing the Name of the Ship and Maf^tr, and where (he lies i and alfo the Keys and Wharfs where they arc to be laden, or tirft Water- borne : b( b( tic (h th (hi 0/ S H I P S, ^r. home, in order to be laden ; which lliall be fuch only where an Officer is or fliall be appointed to attend the Shipping thereof, or at liich Places as fliall be men- tioned in a Warrant to be taken out from theComptrollcr for that Purpofe; and ftiall thereupon take out a Warrant, whereon fliall be endorfed by tiic Exporter the Mark "^i Numbers, Contents, Sorts, or proper Denomination of fuch Sugars, and fliall deliver the Warrant fo endorfed to the Searcher, and fliall lade fuch Sugars in the Prefence of fuch Officer, or at the Places mentioned in the faid Warrant, that the proper Officers may attend the Shipping thereof; and fuch Officers are impowered to examine the T-ime, before they are put on board ; and if, upon examining the laid Sugars, orany Goods fliippcd or brought to be ftiipped as fuch, either before or after the Shipping thereof, the Number of Cafks fliall appear to be greater than endorfed on fuch Warrant, or if there be found any other Sugar but fuch as fliall be fo endorfed, taken out, and delivered as atbrefaid, or any of the Goods before enumerated, which by Law are to be car- ried from thence only to Great-Britain, or fome of his Majefly's other Planta- tions ; or if it be difcovered that any enumerated Goods, other than Sugar, have been put on board any Veflel having Liberty to trade by Virtue of this Adt, or fliall be brought to be fhipped on board fuch Veflel, or fliall be put into any Boat, &c. in order to be put on board fuch Velfel, before fuch Entry, or taking out, endorhng, p. jjS. and delivering of fuch Warrants, contrary to the Directions of this Adt, all fuch Sugar and other Goods fliall be forfeited, and the Veflel or Carriage employed in fhipping or attempting to fliip any enumerated Goods, other than Sugars, togetlicr with the Veflel on which fuch other Goods fliall be laden, and the Owner of fuch Sugar orotherGoods (hall forfeit double theValue thereof. And before fuch Veflel fliaJl depart with the Sugar, the Mafter fliall receive the faid Licence from the Comptroller and naval Officer, with a Certificate under their Seals of Office, con- taining an Account of the Marks, &c. of each Cafk of Sugar fo fliipped; and the ether Officers atbrefaid are to make two Copies of fuch Licence and Certificates ; for all which Entries, Cr. or Copies, no more fliall be taken than the accuftomed Fees ; and the Mafter, before he receives the faid Licence, fliall atteft the faid Copies under his Hand, which are to be left with the Colleftor, and Comptroller, and naval Officer ; and the faid Colledlor and Comptroller arc required, as loon as conveniently they tan, to tranlmit one of the faid Copies to the Commiflloners of the Cuftoms in Gri at- Britain, by whom the Licence was granted when the Sliip failed '"'•om Great-Britain ; and the Mafter fliall proceed from the faid Colonies diredly to Great-Britain, without putting into any other Port, unlefs forced by p. jjg. Strefsof Weather ; Proof whereof ihall be made on Oath to the Satisf^idtion of the Commiflloners; and on the Return of fuch Ship to Great-Britain, the Mafter fliall produce the faid Licence to the Commiffioners, or to the Colledlor of the Port at which he fliall arrive, with the Endorfement or Certificate annexed as before di- redted, and fliali alfo deliver a true Manifeft, expreffing the Marks and Numbers, with the Tale and Sorts of Caflis of all his Lading, attefted upon Oath (or, if a Quaker, by Affirmation) before the Colledlor and Comptroller of fuch Port, who are impowered to adminifter the fame; and fliall alfo make an Entry of the Quan- tities and Sorts of all the Sugars laden on board the faid Ship at any of the laid Colonies, and then remaining on board and bound to foreign Parts (which Entry the faid Coliedtor and Comptroller arc to pafs, v/ithout demanding any Duties for fuch Sugar ; mentioning in their Account, that fuch Entries were palled by Virtue of this Adt) and fliall alfo declare upon Oath or AfHrmation to what foreign Ports he is bound with lutli Lading, then fuch Malter (hall be at Liberty to pro- ceed with all the Goods on board mentioned in the laid Manifeft, being none of the CJoods before enumerated, to any foreign Port, without being obliged to land, or pay Duty for the fame, as aforcfaid, taking with him the faid Licence, and a Certificate under the Seals of Office from the laid Colledlor and Comptroller, tertifyiiig tliat the laid Ship had touched at fuch Port, and had in all Refpedls complied with the Dircdtions of this Adl ; but if any fuch Veflel Ih.iU proceed p. i'lo. to any foreign Part without having firft touched at fome Port in Great-Britain, and having complied with the Dircdtions of this Adt, and having the fame cer- tified as afbrelaid ; or if any of the Goods before enumerated, befides Sugars, lliall be found on board, or carried by any fuch Vcllcl to any foreign Parts, then U tht- 75 H h-y 4: r I r ! p.s6i. p. stt. ? S63- 0/ S H I P S, ^r. the Liberty granted by fuch Licence (hall become void, and fuch Veffcl, and alio tlie Mailer, and all others concerned, fliall be liable to the fame Penalties as they would have been liable to if this Aft had not been made. If the ConimilTioncrs of the Ci'ftoms in Great-Britain, or the CoUeftor and Comptroller of the Port where the Veffcl fhall to -h, (hall, upon Information on Oath, have Caufc to fufpeft that fome enumerated Goods, other than Sugars, are on board fuch Veffel, and (hall thereupon judge it neceffary to unlade the Goods from fuch Ship, or any Part thereof j inluchCafe, the Officers of th^Cuftoms, or any Perfons employed by them, may enter, and remain on board (uch Ship, and unlade the fame or any Part thereof, as they (hall judge neceffiu-y, to enable them to examine any Part of fuch Ship and all the Goods on board, and detain her fo long as (liall be neceffary for that Purpofc, and alfo may open and examine any Cabins, &c. or any Concealments, or other Places in the Sides of ("uch Ship or any Part thereof, or any Trunk, Cade, &c. to difcover whether any more, or other Goods are on board, than fuch as are mentioned in the Manifeil delivered by the Mafter, and may feizc all Goods not mentioned therein, which (hall be for- feited J but in Cafe no Goods be found on board but what are mentioned in the faidManifeft,then thcOtticerswho fliall unload or unpack any Goods fliall re-load and re-pack the fame, and repair fuch Damage as (hall be done by unloading or unpacking thereof, without being liable to any other Colls for Demiirnigc, or on any other Account whatlbever ; but if any other Goods are found ; ■• board be- fidcs fuch as are mentioned in the Mafter's Manifeft (except the nece(rary Pro- vilionsof the Ship) then the Maffer (hall be at the Charge of re-loading and re- packing all the Goods unladen or opened, and of repairing all other Damag -s occafioncd thereby ; and the Olficers concerned (hall not be at any Expencc, or be liable to any Cofts whatlbever. If any Ship (hall have on board any Sugar, for which Lice, cc (hr. ,1 hf vc been granted as a(ore(aid, or any otl -t Goods not enumer-.tedin t'u Adi .' ; f'/re-men- tioned, and the Owners, or their Agent, on the Arrival cf /..ch Si*- > ."i Great~ Britain, fliall be defirous to enter and pay the Duty, and !,\nd iii> OooUs, or any Part thereof, they Ihall have Liberty fo to do, the Ma.ler firtlrtr'king a Report 'lis 'vhole Lading with the proper Otlicers of the Cuftoms, i- like Manner as he was required to do before the making of thl>' Aft. If the Mader, or Perfon takingCharge of fuch Veffel, ^v viiich a Lfcei- ,e has been granted, (hall, on his Arrival in any of the faid .Si?!i.ir Coioii.Cj have delivered to the Colleftcr, Comptroller, or Naval Oflicer, 's...ef..i;i Licencf , with a Certi- ficate of Bond being giv:?- -i Great-Britain, us atbie(aid ; and beiore he lader any Goods (hall, declare in w.;- ir, upf>n Oath, or Aflirmation, before any twj of them, that the Sugars he irifjn.is to loid are to be carried to fome Place tc »ho Southward of Cape Fi>iijiet'-e : tJicn the id IVIafter may, in Cuic he has in all Refpefts coinplied \. :h the I>in;ifti''nvith ("uch Oath or AtHrmation endorfcd thereon, and Certificate annexed thereto as aforelaid, toge- ther with a Certificate from the Conful, or two known Bntijh Merchants of good Credit, rcliding at the Places where fuch Sugais were landed, tellifyingthe Landing thereof as alorefaid ; and the Mafter (hall likcwifc make Oatli or Af- firmation before the Colleftor to the Truth of fuch Certificate ; and that none of the Goods before enumerated, except Sugar, were taken on board at any of the faid Colonics, or landed at the Place mentioned in the Certificate ; and fliall likewile m'ke an .ntry with fuch Colleftor of the Quantity and Sorts of all the Sur .1 laden on board the laid Ship at any of lie faid Colonics, and landed at any Ton to the Southward of Cape Finijierre, which Entry the Colleftor or Comp- troller 0/ S H I P S, c. 75 troller are to pafs, without demanding any Duties for the fame, mentioning in their Accounts that fuch Entries were paflcd, by Virtue of this Aft ; and in Cafe the Mailer fliall ne^led: or rcfufe to make fuch Entry on his IL-turn to Great-Britain, he (hall forfeit loo/. Upon theRcturn to Great-Britain of any Ship or Veficl which (hall carry Su- gars from the Sugar Colonies to any foreign Parts, the Maimer (hall, in eitherCafe before-mentioned, bring back, and deliver to the Commiffioncrs of the Cuftoms, or to the Colleftor of the Port where fuch VefTel (liall arrive, the f.iid Licence, together with a Certificate, figned and fculed by the Conful, or two known Britifb Merchants of good Credit, at the Port where fuch Sugar was lar. led, cer- tifying the Landing thereof, with the Number of Calks landed, and ' c Mark, Number, andContentsof cachCafk, with the Name of the Ship and Ma(';cr,and that they verily believe that no Tobacco, or other Goods before tiiumerattd, except Sugar, have been there landed out of fuch Veflcl; and upon fuch Licence being returned, with the Oath or Affirmation of the Maftcr, and an Account of p- s'-i- the Lading endorfed thereon, or annexed tlicreto as arorelaid ; and the fcveral other Things r iii'.rcd by this A• any Mariner during the Time he (hall be in Parts beyond the Seas xwf Mo'i^y or Eliefts, upon Account of Wages, exceeding one Moiety of the whole Wages due from the Time of his Departure from Great-Britain till fuch Veiicl flial! return. to Great-Britain, and if any Mailer or Owner ihall advance any Wages to any Seamen above the faid Moiety, fuch Mafter or Owner (hall forfeit double the Money he fliall fo advance. If any Perlbn fliall grant any falfe Certificate, or counterfeit, erafe, or alter anv Licence, Oath, or Certificate, made purfuant to this Aft, or (hill Knowingly p«b- lifh or make ufe thereof, fuch Perlbn fhall forfeit 500/. to be recovc-ea, ar.j di'' pofed (>f in the Manner direfted by this Aft, and fiich Licence, &c. lb dl \v voi 1. carry Sug;v.s from r ^'6. oi September, 1739, I lament. •i End of the th?.. next Geo. II. untu 1 '^ett. . il. tinti/ 2() Sept. 1 76 1. r ; ar.d i5 0.0 U. p. ; 1 1. Nothing in this Aft fliall be conftrucd to give Liberty any of the laid Sugar Colonies to Ireland. This Aft rtiall continue in force five Years, from the and from thence to the End of the thca next SefTion ol Further continued till the z^tL 0/" June, 1751, and t Seffion of Parliament, hy 17 Geo. II. p. 7153. By 1757. By 29 Geo. II. /or three Tears. Andhy 3 1 CI • By an Aci faffed 7 and 8 Will. III. for preventing F-\iuds, and regulating Abufes in the Plantation Trade; and by another Aft of 5 Anne - .?« Union of the tvio King- doms «/ England rtm/ Scotland, no Shipor Veflel (hall [ .is as a Shipof the Built and Property oi Great- Britain, Ireland, Guernfey, Jerfey, or any of his Majelly's Plan- tations in America, or a Prize Ship made free, (o as to be qualified to trade to, fi um, or in any of the faid Plantations, till the Perfons claimin ; Property therein (hall niake Oath, and regiller the fame in Manner therein direfted ; and if any Ship's p. 711 Name fo regillered ihall be altered, or any Transfer of Property to another Port, fUch Sliip is tliereby direfted to be regillered de Novo,on delivering up the former Certificate to be cancelled ; and if the Property be altered in the fame Port by thcoale of Shares in any Ship, after regillering, fuch Sal' to be acknowledged, by endorling on the Regifter before two WitnefTcs ; notv ithflanding which the Certificates of theRegifter of fevcral Ships have been frequently fold toForeigners aud n '', I 1'' 7« p. :'}■ f. 714. 0/ SHIPS, S'c. and delivered to the Purchafcrs j and the Ships of Foreigners under Colour tliere- of have heen admitted to trade to, and from the Plantations (tho' of foreign Ex- . tradion) contrary to Law, to the Prejudice of the Navigation o( Greiit-Brltnin and the Plantations; for preventing which, it is enadcd, that after the 25th of December, 1742, no Ship or\'efltl required hy the faid Ads to be regiilered, and carry r^ Merchandizes to and from any of his Majeity's Plantations in Amn-'tca, or to and from one Plantation to another, (hall be deemed qualified to trade with- in th- Intent of the faid Ads, till the Mailer, or Perfon having Charge of the Ship, fliall upon Oath or Affirmation before the Governor or Colledor of the Cuftoms, of every the faid Plantations where they (hall arrive, give a jull and true Account of the Name and Burthen thereof, and of the Place from whence (lie came, and of all Particulars, in the following Form, viz, AT> maketh Oath (or if a Quaker, fokmnly affirms) that the Ship or Veffel, ••'-'• called the ivhereof he, this Deponent or Affirmant, is Mitjter, or hath the Charge and Command, during this prefent Voyage, being oftbt Burthen of Tons, came lajt from and that Jke is, as he verily believes, the fame Ship or Vejfel defer ibed, meant, and in~ tended in, and by the Certificate now produced by him; and that the fame does now, at be believes, belong wholly to his Maje/ly's Britifli Subjeils, and that no Foreigner has, direBly or indiretlly, any Share, Property, or Interejl therein, to his Knowledge or Belief If any Ship or VcfTcl Hiall load or unload any Goods, G?r. in any of the Plan- tations m America, before fuch Proof be made, the fame (liall be forfeited, and may be profecuted, recovered, and divided, in like Manner as if (he had not been regirtered as dircded in the Ad 7 and 8 Will. III. After the 25th oi' December, 1 742, ./any Ship or Veflel duly qualified to trade to, from, and in his Majefty's Plantations, Hiall happen to be in any of the faid Plantations, md the Certificate of the Regifter fliall be loft or miflaid, the Maf- t;'r, or other Perfon having Charge of the faid Ship or Veflel may make Oath, or Affirmation, before the Governo' or Colledor of the Cuftoms, in the Port where the Ship cr Vclfel Ihall hapj .1 to be, in the following Form. A R being Mailer, or having the Charge of the Ship or Veffel called the -*"*■• -'-'• doi's fwear for fcLmnty affirm) that the faid Ship or Veffel has been, as he verily believes, regijiered according to Law, to qualify her to trade to, from, <.nd in his Majr/ty's Plantations in America, and that he had a Certificate thereof granted at the Port of but that the fame is lofi or mifiaid, and that I cannot find the fame, and does not knowwhere the fame is, or what is become thereof, rf" ' that the fame bath not been, mi Jhall be, with Ijis Privity or Knowledge fold or difpofed of to any Perfon or Pcrfbm uharfiver; and that he, this Deponent or Affirmiint, and three-fourths of the Manners navigating the faid Ship or Veffel are his Majfiy's Britidi Subjeils, and the faid Ship or kej/el does now, as he believes, belong wholly to his Maje/ly'sBriuih Subjeth, and tl\tt m Foreigner has, to his K/iow- ledge or Belief, any Share, Proper tv, or luterefi tl.\-cin. The faid Mafter, or other Perfon navigating the faid Ship or Veflel, fliall give 500/. Security, if the Ship be of one hundred Tons Burthen or under, and fo in Proportion for any grcafor Birthcn, to the Colledor of the Port where the Ship fliall be, in his Majefty's Name and to his Ufe, with Condition that the Ship was duly regiilered according to Law, for qualifying the fame to trade to, from, or in his Majefty's Plantations in America; and that the Certificate of the faidRegifter, if tbund, fliall he delivered up 10 the Commiffioners of the Cuftoms, to be can- celled, and no illegal Ufe has btc:>, or fliall be made thereof; that the fame has not been, or fliall be fraudulently difpofed of; that tlie faid Ship or Veflel w liolly belongs to Britijh Suhjeds ; and tha'. no Foreigner has any Share, Propc ty, or Intereft therein; and on making fuch Oath, or Affirmation, and giving luchBond, the Governor and Colledor of the Cuftoms ihall freely give the Mailer, G;V. of fuch Ship or Veflel a frcfli Certificate, which fliall enable him to trade for that Voyage Of SHIPS, ^c. 77 Voyfl^c only; and the Officers taking the faid Oath and lioiid Hiall tranfniitaa Account thereof to the Comniillioners of the Cuftoins. If iIk- Certificate of the Regifler of any Sliip he lull, and the Maftcr, or Pcifin havint; Charge of the Ship, and one or more of the Owners, (liall make I'roi^fto the J?atisfaction of the CommilTioners of the Curtoms, in call- tlu' Owners; or any (if them ilrill reliile in Great Britain or Ireland, Guerufey, or Jfrjly; or of the Go- vernor, o! Cotledlor of the Cuftoms, rcfiding in any of his Majeily's Plantations in j'lmerica, if fhe was regiilered in fiith Plantation ; and none of the Owntis ihall P 7'5- refide in Great Itritain or Ire/and, Guernjiy, or Jerjly, upon Oath or Atlirination of rhe Lofs of fnch Certificate, alfo of the Name, Jiiirthen, Hiiilt, Projiertv, and other I'artiiulars required in the Ad^ 7 and 8 fi'^i//. III. in the fame Manner, and befoie the fame Perfonsas are required on original Rcgiflers, and fliall give 500/. Secu.itv, if the Ship be of one hundred Tons, and fo in Proportion for any greater Ci.rthcn, to the Colletftor of the Port where the Ship (hall belong, and that the original Certificate hath not been, nor fliall be fraudulently difpofed of, or ufcd contrary t , Law; and that if the fame be found, it (hall be delivered up to the Coninuliioner--. to be cancelled; in futh Cafe the faiil Commillioners, and the (Jovernor, and Colledtor of the Cuiloms, relidin^ at the Plantations rcfpertively, are required to permit fuch Ship or Veflel to be regiftered de uo-vo, and tlie proper OHicers (hall deliver a Certificate thereof to the Owners asdireifled by the Adt 7 and 8 IVill. III. and therein mention the Name by which the Ship was formerly regi(tered, and that liah a Certtficate of a new Regifleris granted in purfuance of this Adt, inflead of a former Certificate, which appears by fuch Proof, as this Adl; requires, to be loll; and that fuch new Rcgifter and Certificate (hall have the fame Efledt with the Original, and a Duplicate (hall be tranlmitted to the CommilTionerr. After the 29th of Sepfemher, 1742, all Plantation Honds taken in Great Brit. tin, P purfiiant to any former Adl of Parliamint, wher^b" the Cioods therein enumerated •are to be brought to Great Britain, (hall ben !; v.'ondition, that within eighteen Months from the Date thereof (the Danger i,-. ttie Sc.is excepted) a Certificate Ihall be produced from the Colledtor and Comptrol I. -r of the Port where fncli CJoods (hall be delivered, that they have been there landed and dilcharged; other- wife fuch Bonds (hall be forfeited, and the Penalty fucd for in the Court of Ex- chequer in E>igland, Scotland, or Ireland, relpedtively. This Adt (hall not extend to Bonds given tor Ships which lade Rice at Carolina or Georgia, by Licence from the Commifiioners of the Cufloms, to be carried to fome Part oi Europe, to the fouthward of Cape Finijterre, purdiant to an Adt pa(]ed 3 Geo. II. or for Ships lading Sugars, in any of his Majelly's Sugar Colonies in America, by Licence from the Commillioners, to be carried diredllv to any foreign p. Part of Europe, except Ireland, purfuant to an Adl pafTed 12 Geo. II. By two Claufes in the Adt 1 2 Car. II. it is (among other Things) enadled, that 17 g«. II. ) Goods or Commodities whatlbever, of the Growth, Produdlion, or Manufac- I}. M^ 7,6. 717. no ' ture oi Africa, Ajia, m America, (hall be imported into England, Irel/nd, or Wales, Idands oi Guernjiy or Jerjly, or Town of Bericick upon Tweed, from any other I'lacesor Countries, but oidy from tJiofe of the faid CSrowth, Produdlion or Manu- ^ f;idture,or from thofePorts where the laid Goods and Commodities can only be, or ufually have been, fird (lapped for Tranfportation, under the Penalty of the I'orieiture of all fuch Goods as iliall be iinported from any other Place or C'ouiitrx , contrary to the true Intent .and Meaning thereof; as alio of the Ship in whit'h they were imported, with all her Guns, F irniture, Arr.munition, Tackle and Apparel*; and there is a Provilb in the (liid Adl, that it (hall be l.iwful for any ot the People oi' England, Ireland, H'ales, Illands oiGuernfiy or Jerfev, or Town oi Berivick upon 'Ticeed, in Velfels or Ships to them belonging, and whereof the M.iller and three fourths of the Mariners, al leaft, .uc Englijl>, to load, and bring in from an\ of the Ports oi Spain, or Portugal, or H'ejiern IJiands, commonls' calh d Azores, or Madeira, or Canary IjIaaJs, all Sorts of Co^mlodill'•^ ot the Growth, Troduction, or Manufadlure of the Plantations o; Dominion, nf cither ol them reljiedlively; and Diiputes h.ivc arole on the Conftrudlion of the ("aid Provifo, whether (uxid.s of the Cuowth, Produdlion, or M.Miufadlure of the Pi uitat*on<. 7:0. m J ' \t * Vidt Art of N»vi«»(inn, I'age co, X ol m I: i ! f r 1 3 (/■/». I 7 Cm. If i8. f. I. c. 21 c,).n. 837. 78 0/ S H I P S, ^f. o( Spain or Portugal, may be imported for Account of Aliens, from the FI;'ccs, and in the Manner cxpreflld in the faid Provifo, and whether fuch (Jooils belong- ing to Aliens, fo imported, are not liable to be forfeited, together with tlic Ship, which tends to the Prejudice of the Britijh Navigation, as likcwife detrimental to the publick Revenue; it is therefore enadtcd, that it Ihall be lawful for any Pcrfons to import the Goods mentioned in the faid Provifo, and in fuch Ships (o navigated, as is therein cxpreflcd, altho' fuch Goods are the Property of Aliens. During fix Months, Gff. it fliall be lawful to import Cochineal in any Ships be- longing to Great Britain, or to any State in Amity, from any Place whatfoevcr-f-. It ihall be lawful to import in any Ship belonging to Great Britain, or any State in Amity, from any Place, Indigo of all Sorts. Dittof. 3. The faid Adl 13 Geo. I. Cap. 25. and this Ad flialkontinuc fcven Years from the 24th oi June, 1734. (^c. Continued till June i , 1 747, and from thence to the End of the then next SeJ/ion of Parliament, by 14 Geo. II. p. 660. and further continued until the ijlof June, 1754, and to the End of the then next Seffion of Parliament, by 20 Geo. II. p. 972. And as feveral A(5ls have been made to encourage the Growth of this, and fc- veral other Commodities in his Majcfty's American Colonics, I think they may properly be introduced in this Place, as Affairs in which Navigation has a con- fiderable Concern; therefore, before I conclude the Subjed: of Shipping, I (hall let my Readers fee what Premiums have been given by Parliament, on the Im- portation of them here. It is hereby enafted, that from and after the 25th of March, 1749, all Pcrfons who fliall import into this Kingdom, diredtly from any of the Britijh Colonies in America, in Vefleh that may legally trade there, and manned as by Law is required, any good and i^ierchantable Indigo, free from any falfe Mixture, and fit for Dyers Ufe, being the Produft of the Colony from whence the fame is imported, (hall be intitlcd to 6d. for every Pound thereof, to be paid out of the Cuftoms upon De- mand, by the ColUdlor of the Port where the fame fhall be imported, and for Want of fufRcient Money in his Hands, he fliall certify the fame to the Com- miflioners of the Cuftoms, who fliall caufe the Bounty of the Indigo imported into England to be paid by the Receiver-General of the Cuftoms in England, and of that imported into Scotland hy the Receiver-General there. Every Perfon loading Indigo on board any Veflel in any of the Britijh Colonies in ^wtT/Va, fliall, before the clearing out of fuch Ship for any Port ofGreat Britain, produce to the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Colleftor, and Comptroller of the Cuftoms, and Naval Officer, or any two of them, a Certificate, figned and fworn to before fome Juftice there, by the Planter, his known Agent or Fadtor, thaf. a Quantity of Indigo (exprefling the Weight) had been fent from his Indigo Work, orPlantation, where the fame was made, in order to be fliipped off", or fold by him to the Perfon therein made, and was of the Growth and Produce of the faid Plantation, fituate in the Diftrid or Parifli of within the Ifland or Colony of which Certificate fliall be attcfted by the faid Juftice, to have been figned and fworn to in his Prcfence, and he is required to do the fame gratis. The Merchant, at the Time of producing fuch Certificate, fliall alfo fign a Cer- tificate before the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Collector, £^c. or any two of them, that the Indigo fliipped by him is the fame mentioned in the Certificate; and they fliall thereupon deliver to him a Certificate under their Hands and Seal of Office, of his having received fuch Certificate; and that at the fame Time a p. 889. Certificate from the Planter or Agent, &c. had been produced and left with them, purfuant to the Directions of tliis Adt; and no Perfon importing Indigo lliall be intitlcd to the Preemium,\in\f:i's he fliall pr>.xluce fuch Certificate to the chief Officer of the Cuftoms at the Port in Great Britain where the fame fliall he imported. On the Importation of any Indigo intoGrear Britain, a Certificate (hall be given by the Mafter or commanding Officer, that the lame was (hipped on board the faid Ship, within fuch Britijh Colony in America, as is mentioned in the Certifi- cate; and alfo a Certificate, figned by two Officers of the Cuftoms of the Port f Vide Fage 54, tt 6 /fni. Cap. 3). where p. 888. w In a.s Of SHIPS, iSc- 19 where the fame is entered and landed, fpecifying the Weight, and that the faiJ Indigo is good and inerchantahle, free from falfc Mixtures, and of fucii (^aiity as to be intitlcd to thefaid Pramiums -, which Certificate tlie faid Oriicers are to grant within ten Days after tlie Landing thereof, unlefs they can aflign futHcient Caufe forthrir Refiifal; upon producing which feveral Certificates to tlie proper Officer as aforcfaid, he (hall pay the Pramium to the Importer. If any I'erfon fliall make Entry of foreign-made Indigo under the Name of Britijh Plantation-made, or ihall mix any foreign Indigo, or other falfe Mixture, with that made in the Britijh Plantations, in order to claim the Pramium, he Ihall forfeit all fuch Indigo; and, n cafe of fuch Mixture, the Quantity fo mixed, botli foreign and Britijh Plant.nion-made, and double the Value thereof (hall be forfeited by the Perfon making fuch Mixture. No Certificate fliall be granted for the faid Premium on Indigo that is not good and merchantable, and free from any falfe Mixture. The Officers of the Curtoms, before their making out any fuch Certificate, p. 89*. fliall exunine the Indigo by opening each Package, and feeing the whole Con- tents, to ilillover whether the Indigo is good and merchantable, and free from any falfe Mixture. No Certificate (hall be granted by the Officers of the Culloms for any Indigo which is not worth 3 j. when the French, orothi r Indigo of equal Goodnel's with the belt Frfncli, is worth 41. per Pound; and 1 ■ in Proportion, if the beft French or other Indigo of equal Goodnefs (hall be at a higher or lower Price. If any Dilpute fliall ariie concerning the Quality of fuch Indigo as is imported into the Port of Londort, the Commiflioners of the Cuftoms may call two or more Dyers, Dry-Salters, Brokers, or others welllkilled in that Commodity, who (hall declare their Opinion upon Oath, as to tht Quality thereof, if required, and determine whether the faid Indigo is intitlcd to the Pnemium or not ; and in cafe of any Difputc in any of the Out-Ports in England, Samples of the Indigo fliall be fent up to the Commiflioners of the Culloitis at London; and in the Out- Ports in Scotland, to the Commiflioners of the Cuftoms at Edinburgh, in fuch Manner as the refpe(itive Commiflioners fliall diredt, in order to be infpcfted and adjudged there. No I'ec (hall be demanded or taken by any Officer of the Cuftoms, for the examining or delivering fuch Indigo, or for figning Certificates for the Pramium, under Penalty of forfeiting his Oflice and 100/. Off. No Certificates or Debentures, made in Purfuance of this Adl, fliall be charge- p, ggi. able with any Stamp-Duties. li'iny Britijh Plantation-made Indigo fvomAmerica, (hall.after the 2 5th o( March, 1749, be exported from Great Britain, the Exporter, before the Entry thereof, (hall pay to the Colledor or chief Officer of the Cuftoms of the Port, the whole of the Prcc/nium, over and above any Duty fuch Indigo is fubjedl to at Expor- tation by any former Aift. If any Per(bn fliall be found fraudulently to export fuch Indigo, without pay- ing the Pnemium as aforcfaid, he fliall forfeit the Indigo, and double the Value thereof. If any DIfpute fliall arife, whether the faid Indigo, or any Part thereof fo to be exported, is of the Growth and Manufacture of the Britijh Plantations in America, or of foreign Product, the Onus Probandi (hall lie on the Claimer, and not on the Protecutor. If any Governor, Colledlor, or any other Perfons, fhall, during the Continuance of this Ad, fahely make a Certificate of the Produce and Manufacture of any Indigo, not being of the Britip Plantations in America, or (hall counterfeit any fuch Certificate, in order to obtain the Prtrmium aforcfaid, he (hall forfeit 200/. and if the Offender be a Colledor, or any other Officer of the Cuftoms, he fliall P" ^^*' .illb Icile his OtHce, and be incapable of (erving his Majefty, &c. This Act (hall Ik in Force for (even Years, to commence from the 2 ^thoi March, i 74y, and from thence to the End of the then next Seflion of Parliament. Fur tier continued by 28 Geo. II. //// 25 March, 1763, and to the End of the Sejjion. As it will greatly tend to the Increafe and Improvement of the Silk Manufac- ijc. \\, turcs of this Kingdom, to encourage the Growth and Culture of Silk in his Ma- p. jgs". jefty 5 i r hi; I '■'I ■ i' r m- 80 r J95- P- 357- p. 398. 2} (iio. 519. p. 520. 0/ s H I p s, e?r. jcfty's Dominions In /imeriia, it is cnadtcd, that from iin'f 17^0, Raw Silksof the (Jrowth ami Cuhiirc of any of hi-* Majclly's Colonich or I'lantatiops in j'lmtrica may be direifHy iin|H>rtcd tiorn thence into the Port of London Hiity-free, due Ivntry thereof being (\r\\ made at Jie C'ldloinlioule at the Time of ImjHM tation, in tlic fame Manmr and Form (expicirm^' the I'aikage, Marks, and Numbers, together with the Ciunlities of the lefpedhe (ioods) as was ufcd before the making of this .\i\, and lo as tlie fame be landed in tht- I'rc- fencc of, and examined by, the proper Oriictr of the Cultoms, and be imported in Vcflels that may lawfully trade to his Majefly's Plantations, ininncd as the I/i'.v requires; and, on Failure of the Conditions herein lall mentioned, tlie faid Silks are to be liable to Payment of the refpedlive Duties, as if this Ad had not been made. The Merchant or other Pcrfon, who fliall, after the 24th of '/kwc 1750, load any raw Silk on board any Vejltl in any of tlu /{r/////!i t'olimies in ylnurkii, is, before the Clearing out of fuch Veflel from thence, to make Oath before the Colledtor and Comptroller of the Cufloms, and Nasal Officer of the Port, or any two of them, that the faid Silk (exprcfling the Qiuuitity thereof) is hoiui fuk of the (Irowth and Culture of the hritijh Plantations in America, exprefling the Parilh or Place where the fame was cultivated, and by whom, producing fuch Perfon's Oafli thereto, made before the Governor of the Place, or the next Jullice of the Peace (which fcveral Oaths are to be adminidcrcd ^rrf/»y and the Maftcror Pcr- fon taking Charge of fuch Veflel, is to bring with him a Certificate, iigned and fealcd by the Colledor and Comptroller ot the Cuftonis, and Naval Officer, or any two of them (which they arc to ^\\t gratis) expreli.ng the Marks, Numbers, Tale, and Weight of the i.iw Silk in each Bale or Package, with the Names and Places of Abode of the Exporters thereof, and of the Pcrfon who rtiall have fworn the fame to he of the Growth and Culture of the laid Britijh Colonies, and of the Perfon to whom the fame Ihall be configned in the Von oi Loudon; which Cef-- tificatc the MaAer, on his Arrival at the Port of London, is to deliver to the Colkdlor or Comptroller, or other chief Ofticcrs of the Culloms, at or before the Entry of the faid Silk, and to make Oath before one of the (\\\d Officers (which Oath is to be adminillered gratisj that the laid Bales and Parcels, and Goods contained in fuch Certificate, are the fame which were taken on board in the faid Britijh Plantations in America; and, on Default made in any of the Premifes, the faid Silks are liable to the Payment of the retpedtive Duties, as if this Adt had not been made. If any Perfon (hall, after the 24th of _'/ '//;<•, 1750, enter any foreign raw Silk under the Name or Defcription of raw Siln of the Growth or Culture of any of the Britijh Colonies oi Amiricu, or fliall mix any foreign raw Silk with raw Silk of the Growth of the faid iiritijh Colonies, in order to avoid Payment of the Duties for the fame, he is to ibrfeit 50/. for every liich Offence, and all fuch forci^'n raw Silk; and, in Cafe of any Mixture, the Qu^uitity mixed, both of foreign and Britip} Plantation Growth, or the Value thereof', together with the Packages con- taining the lame, are to be forfeited, (sr. If any Doubt or Dif'putc (hall arile, wlictlurthc fiid raw Silk is foreign, or of the Growth or (. ulturc of the Hritijh Atihriiau Plantations, the Onus Prohandi lies on the Claimer. ). As the Importation of Bar-Iron from his Majefty's Colonics in America, into the Port of London, and the Importation of Pig-Iron from the faid ( olonics into any Port of Great Britain, &c. will be a great Advantage, not only to the (aid Colonies, but alfo to this Kingdom, &c. it is ena ■ cd, that from and after the 24th of June, 1750, the Duties, now payable on Pig-Iron, made in, and imported from his Majefty's Colonies in America, into any Port vi' Great Britain, (hall cca(c; and that no Duty fhall be payable upon Bar-Iron, made in, and imported from the (aid Colonies, into the Port of LoW&«. No fuch Bar-Iron lb imported into the Port of London (hall afterwards be ex- ported or be carried coaftwKe to be landed at any other Place in (ijyjt Britain, except for the U(e of his Majefty's Dock-Yards, upon Pain that the (amc, and the Ve(rel, be liable to llich I'orfeiture and Seizure, as prohibited or uncuftomed Cioods clandcftinclv exported or imported, or tlic Veffel on board of which the fame (hall be I Of SHIP S, ^c. he exported or imported, arc now li.ihlc to by I,;\w; jh.I :iI(Ij upon Pain tliat (lie Kxportcr, ami Mailer, und Mariners ot' the Vcll'cl, lli.iil be Jubjttl totlic like Pe- naiticsund I'linilhmcntsas the M.i(lcrM or Mariners of Vellels I uion vvitli proliihited and uncuiloincd Goods, or (Joods tiandellincly txpoiNJ or luipotcd, are now li.ilije by I.awi and no Orfictr of the ^. ullt)ins (liail grant any Coiket, isc. lor exporting or carrying coallwite any liuh Bar-Iron ib exported, except for the Ule of his Majelly'b Dock- Yards, upon l'aii\ of forfeiting 200/, tiff, and if any fiitli Cocket, G'f. rtiall be granted, the fame l)».dl be void. No Bar-Iron whatlbever lliali be pernuttcd to be < arried coalhvife, unlefv Mention be made in the Ccrtilicate, of the Day on vvhiil; ilie Duties, pa).il)leon the importation thereof, were paid, and of the Names of the Pcrfons by \\ hon\ paid. No Bar-Iron imported into the Ports of Lows'/ bv Virtue of this Acft, fii.vll be carried or conveyed by Land-Carriage to any I'lacc beyond ten Mil> , from any Part of the I'ort of Lonikn, except to his, Majelty's Dock-^'ards, lor llie Ule of tlie fame, upon F'ain of the Offender paying 20 j, for every hundred Wei^lit tliercof. Fvcry Pv. 1 m loading Pig or Bar-Iion on board any Velll:! in any of his Majefty's Colonies in yUncricii, (hall, before clearing out for any I'ort oi Giiiit Hritaiii, make Oath before the Governor, or Lieutenant-Ciovernor, Lolledur and Comptroller of theCulloms, ind Naval OlHcer, or any two ol' them ^whichOatli they are to adminiftcr without Fee) that the Pig or Bnr-Iron lb Ihippcd (the true Weight whereof ihall beexprcfl'ed in the Oath) was made at within the Colony of in which Oath alio the Name of the Prrfon to wlujin the Iron ihall be fold or conligned fliall be exprelled, and thereupon the laid CJovernor, Lieu- tenant-Governor, ColleiHor and Comptroller of the Culloms, and Naval Othcer, or any two of them, Ihall give to the Perfon making Inch Oath, a Certiricatc under their Hands and Seal of Othce, of the fame having been made belbre them. Nofuch Pig or Bar-Iron lliall be imported Duty-free, asaforefaid, unlefs flie fame fliall be Uamped with fomc Marks denoting the C uiony or Place w here the fame was made, and udcfs the Importer Ihall piuduce fuch Certiticate to the chief Officer of the Culloms at the I'l rt where tlie fame Ihall be imptirted, and Unlcfs Oath be made by the Mailer of the Vellel, before fuch Officer (which he is to adminillcr without Fee) that the laid Iron is the fame mcntioncJ in the Certificate. All Pip; or Bar-Iron, which Ihall not be ftampcd and certified as aforcfaid, (hall be fubjedt to the Payment of the fame Duties to which it was liable before the making of this Adt. If any Governor, Lieutenant-Governtir, Colledor, or Comptroller of the Cuftoms, p Naval Officer, or chief Officer of the Culloms as ntbrefaid, ihall falfely make any fuch Certificate, he fliall forfeit 200/. for every fuch Offence, and his Ollice, ijff. and if any Merchant, £?f. fliall falfely make any Oath required by this kti, he fliall incur the Penalties of wilful and corrupt Perjuryj and if any Perfon (hall knowingly counterfeit any fuch Stamp or Certificate, or publifli the fame know- ing it to be counterfeited, he fluU incur the Penalties of Forgery. After the 24th of y««<', 1750, no Mil!, or other Fnginc for flitting or rolling of Iron, or any Plating-P'orgr to work with a Tilt Ilanimer, or any I'urnace for making Steel, fliall be eredted or continued in any of iiis Majcfly'i; Colonies in Aiiurict!, upon Pain that every Perfon offending herein Ihall, for every fucii Mill, Engine, Forge or Furnace, forfeit 200/. Every I'uch Mill, Engine, Forge or Furnace, crefted or cimtinued contrary to the Directions of this Ad, fliall be deemed a common Nuiliuice; and every Go- vernor, ^c. of any of his Majelly's Colonics in Aintrho, w here any fuch Mill, ^c. ihall be ercdled or continued, (hall, upon Information thereof made to him by two Witnefi'es upon Oath (which Oith he is to adminillcr) caufe fuch Mill, ^c. to be abated, within thirty Days after fuch Information, upon Pain of forfeiting 500/. for every fuch Offence, kSc. All Bar-Iron, which Avail be imported from any of the Britijh Coionics in p America into the Port of Londou, Ihall be entered at the Cuilomhoufe at LonJcir, and every Bar fliall be marked orihuuped in three ditferent Parts, with fuch Mark "\' as 8t ■v% ■ jl'I P 5"- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 l^|23 |2^ ■ 50 ^^" ■■■ ■^ 122 12.2 ^ bo |20 !■■■ ■UUb 6" ^ '# 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation rj WfST MAIN STRilT WIBSTER, N.Y. 14SM (716) S72-4503 m !\ 4 C\ \ o\ '^ li' ■■'■ '-i . i m 1 » ■ ■ .. t ; ir; t. 82 p- 5»; 0/ SHIPS, ^c. p. sj5. JO (Jit. II. //•«. Rer. bl. II. Britltman't Cafe. /« Cia^ctrj. Jure Mar. A/(V*. 29. Car. 11. J V'ern. 643. as the Cominiflioners of the Cuiloms (hall dire£l, two of the fa id M.:rk.s at the Di- ftanceof one Yard from each Endof the Bar-, and the other near the Middle thereof. If any Perfon (hall counterfeit, dcftroy or deface any of the faid Stampn, with an Intent to convey the fame to any Place ten Miles from the Port of London, contrary to this A&, and be legally convidted thereof, he (hall forfeit 1 00/. &c. Every Governor, &c, of any of his Majefty's Colonics in jimerica, (hall tranf- mit, within fix Months after the faid 24th o{Jime,to the CommifTioners of Trade and Plantations, a Certificate under his Hand and Seal of Ofiice, containing a particular Account of every Mill or Engine for flitting or rolling Iron, and every Plating-Forge to work with a Tilt Hammer, and every Furnace for making Steel, created in his Colony, at the Time of the Commencement of this Adt, cxprc(nng therein alfo fuch of them as are ufed, and the Names of the Propri- etors, and Place where created, and Number in the faid Colony j upon Pain of being fubjedt to the like Penalties and Forfeitures, as for any other Offence com- mitted by them againft this Adl, &c. The Importation of Bar-Iron is extended to all the Ports of Great Britain, Likewifc the Claufes relating to the carrying Iron coaftwife, and by Land beyond ten Miles from London, are repealed. I have treated pretty largely on the Article of Shipping, though I hope with- out incurring the Cenfure of a prolix Superfluity, or dwelling longer on the Subjett duced under this Head, I think, properly belong to it, and no one SeAion of it undeferving a Merchant's Regard ; I (hall therefore now proceed to defcribe the Obligacions the Commanders and Sailors are under both by Laws of Confcience and of their Country. A Mafter of a Ship is appointed by the Owners under a Suppofition of his hav- ing a fuflicient Capacity and Integri^ to difcharge the Truft repofcd in him, by a faithful, prudent, and difcreet Management of uie Ship, and AflTairs committed to his Care he hath no Property, either general or fpecial, in his being con- ftituted, though the Law looks upon him as an Officer, who muft render and give an Account for whatfoever is put into his Cuftody and under his Dircdion ; and therefore whatever Misfortunes happen, or Lo(res occur, be they through Negligence, Wilfulnefs, or Ignorance, either in himfelf or Mariners, he muft be refponfible. A Mafter of a Ship, fo appointed by B, Owner, treats with a Plaintiff to take the Sh.'p to freight for 80 Tons, to fail from London to Falmouth, and fo from thence to Barcelona, without altering the Voyage, and there to unlade, at a certain Rate per Ton : And to perform this, the Mafter and Merchant entered into a Charterparty, the former obliging the Ship and her Appurtenances (valued at 300/.) though the Owners of the Ship were no Parties thereuntoj the Mafler deviates and commits Barretry, and the Merchant thereby becomes a Sufferer in the Lofs of his Voyage and Goods, for the Merchandize (being Fifh) arrived not till Lent was paft, and they rotten. The Fadlor, to whom the Cargo went con- figned, in order to procure SatisfaAion for his Employer, fueth the Mafter in the Court of Admiralty at Barcelona, and, upon an Appeal to a higher Court in Spain, obtains Sentence againft the Mafter and th; Ship; which, coming to the Mer- chant's Hands, thft Owner brings an Afiion of Trover for the Ship; the Mafter fues in Chancery to ftop the Suit, and another brought l>y the Owner for Freight, claiming Dedudtions out of both, for his Damages fuftained by the Maftcr's Breach of Articles; for if the Owner gives Authority to the Mafter to contraA, he (hall bear the Lofs; but, in cafe of Bottomry after the Voyage begun, the Mafter cannot oblige the Owner beyond the Value of the Ship; but this Cafe is on Contraft. Lord Chancellor. The Charterparty values the Ship at a certain Rate, and you (hall not oblige the Owners farther, and that onlv with Relation to the Freight, not to the Value of the Ship; the Mafter is liable to the Deviation and Barretry, but not the Owners; cllc Mafters would be Owners of all Mens Ships and Eftates. But where the Mafter of the Ship took Beef, Sails, (3c. on Credit, and failed, the Owners were obliged to pay, and not allowed to defend themfelves, by infift- ing that the Mafter was liable only, and that they had given him Money to pay 2 the the Plain anfwerab Money f< As foo ther (he chor Nai or purloii upon the through for the this agre aboard a Goods w in the N broucht wheuier Of SHIPS, iSc. 8j the Plaintiff. He is but their Servant, and therefore for his Purchafcs they trc anfwerable, and continue fo till he has paid the Creditor, though they gave hitn Money for that Purpofe. As foon as Merchandizes, or other Coinmoditie!:, arc put aboard a Ship, whe- ther (he be riding in Port, Haven, or any other Part of the Seas, he that is Extr- citor Navis (Mafter of her) is chargeable therewith, and if the fame be there loft or purloined, or fuftaii) any Damage, whether in the Haven or Port, before, or F.Niiit.ciop. upon the Seas, after flie is on her Voyage, either by the Mariners or by any other ,^ t'tb.'-t. through their Permifllon, he that is the Commander muft anfwer the Damage, for the very Lading the Goods aboa.d the Ship fubjedts him thereto. And with this agrees the Common Law, where it was adjudged, that Goods being fent ■ Mod. Sj. aboard a Ship, and the Mafter having figned his Bills of Lading for the fame, the , /" "°'_ Goods were ftowed, and under t'retcnce of being Prefs-Mafters, divers Perfons, »j8. in the Night, entered the Ship, and robbed herof thofe Goods j the Merchant * ^^J; '^^* brought an Action at Common Law againft the Mafter ; a.'d the Queftion was iii!i'}t.i'ss< wheUier he (hould anfwer the fame } for it was alledged on his Part, that there was no Default or Negligence in him, as he had a fuificient Guard, the Goods were all locked up under Hatches, and the Thieves came as Prtfs-MaRers, and by Force robbed the Shipj and that the fame was Vis Major \, which he could not prevent : And laftly, that though he was Mafter, or Exercitor Navis, yet he had no Share in the Ship, and was but in the Nature of a Servant, ading for a Sala« ry. But notwithftanding, it was adjudged to the Plaintiff; for the Mafter at his Peril muft fee that all Things be forthcoming which are delivered to him. let what Accident foever happen (the A A of God, or an Enemy, Perils and Dan- gers of the Seas only excepted) but for Fire, Thieves, and the like, he muft an- fwer } and is in the Nature of a * common Carrier ; and diat tho' he receives a Salary, yet is a known and public Officer, and one that the Law looks upon to anfwer; and the Plaintiff hath his EleAion to charge either Mafter or Owners, or both, at his Pleafure, though he caithave but one Satisfadion. If a Mafter fhall receive Goods at the Wharf, or Key, or (hall fend his Boat for the fame, and they happen to be loft, he (hail likewife anfwer, both by th* Marine and Common Law, Mayor Gf Com. de London, againft Hunt. Error of Judgment in B. R. in AfTumpfit brought by the Mayor and Cbmmo^ nalty agalnfl//iun/, where they declared of aCuftom that they and their Predecef- fors. Mayors, &c. had of every Mafter of a Ship %s. per Ton, for every Tod of Cheefe brought from any Place in England to the Port of London, ab OrieUte de London Bridge, (to the Eaftward of London-Bridge) in the Name of Weighage ) and that the Defendant being Mafter of a Ship had brought to the Port of Londm lb many Tons, which at that Rate came to fb much, which he had not paid ; upon non AJfumpJit, VerdiA and Judgment for the Plaintiff. Upon which Hunt j Ler. j;. the Defendant brought a Writ of Error, and two Errors wereafligned : i. That the Adlion did not lie againft the Mafter, but that the Duty was due from the Merchants, Owners of the Goods ; but the Judgment was affirmed, for that the Mafter is entrufted with the Goods, and hath a Recompence from the Merchants for bringing the Goods, and is refponfible for them, and therefore fhall be charged for the Duty ; as it would be infinite to fearch for the Owners of the feveral Goods which are all in the Cuftody of the Mafter who brought them into Port, and therefore he fhall be charged. If Goods are fhipped, and an Embargo or Reftraint is afterwards iffued by the t>W nt- 91 Prince or State where the Mafter then is, and then he breaks Ground or endea- g'J" *• '' vours to fail away, and in Confequence thereof any Damage cnfues, he fhall be refponfible for the fame j the Reafon is, becaufe his Freight is due, and muft be paid ; nay, although the very Goods be feized as bona contrabanda. A Ship was let out on -Freighl to J. S. in England, at 3/. los. perTon, to go 1 y/m. nu to Bouracaux, then an Eiiibargo is laid ; fhe afterwards proceeds to Bourdeaux, and the Mafter, without, difcovering his firft Contrad, agrees with the Corre- fpondents -f 'V'.\r which the Civil 1 aw does fomctiinei allow. * Kif. lo;. P. n. B. 104. b. ift [nil. 89 4 Co. 84. a. mo >■•■'. //»/-. 17, i« /"of i. 178, 179. Cr». 7./f. 188. 189. 330. J3 1. 5«/f. 388. 151/36. -\-^ ''7J ■ 84 Of SHIPS, £?f. 1 5 Hn. VI. «.. 8. I £/. c. II. I. >. I] and 14' Car. II. c. II. f. 14. I J^r. C. »5. II r.■■,, ^ '0. ft 1, Trrm, ' .■!■ : lU.. 7...'.Vi Vi rl". SuU.m. 86 0/ S H I P S, ^c. I'M';.-. I''' ■ fc J) > A< T' n ' ' ' ji: Caufe why a Prohibition ihould not go ; upon which it was ftieVifed for O ufe^ 1 . That of late Times the Admiralty had been always encouraged, and that they ought to have Cogniza . e of all Things incident to the Navigation, thcrcfDre they (hall have Cognizance of a Suit for Mariners Wages. 2. That in this Cafe the Defendant would be without Remedy, if a Prohibition Hiould be granted ; be- caufethe Mafterofthe Ship with whom the Contradl was made, was dead, and the Part Owners were Foreigners. •?. That the Contratt being upon the Land 1 Roll. Rep. will not hinder the Admiralty to hold Plea, as was held in the Cafe of Co/iarJ " '■ 9- V. Lewjiie, where a Libel was in the Admiralty againfl a Ship upon a Hypotheca- tion made of her at Land, and that appeared upon the Inftrumcnt of Hypotheca- tion, which mentioned it to have been made at Rotterdam ; and yet a Prohibition was denied after great Conlideration. Nowhere, though the Anchor, &c. were fold upon the Land, yet the Strefs of Weather which difabled the Ship was upon the high Sea, and therefore the original Caiife being within the Ji>rifdi(Sion of the Admiralty, will draw the Rclidue to it as incident ; fed non allocatur. For per curiam, this is not like the Cafe of Cojiard v. Lew/lie, i . fiecaufe it does not appear in this Cafe, that this Ship was in her Voyage when flic became in Dif- trefs, for want of an Anchor, &c. and at the Time of the Contract. 2. There was no Hypothecation here, as there was in the Cafe cited ; now where there is an Hypothecation, if the Admiralty fhould be prohibited to proceed, fisfr. the Party would be without Remedy, for no Suit can be againft the Ship at Common Law upon it. Now it is true, that by the Maritime Law every Contrad with thcMaf- ter of a Ship impliesan Hypothecation ; but it is otherwife by theLaw oi England; therefore this being a Contradt made with the Mailer upon the Land, it is the common Cafe ; the Admiralty cannot have Cognizance of fuch a Suit, and there- fore a Prohibition was granted : But at the Importunity of the Defendant's Coun- cil, the Court gave Order that the Plaintiff fliould declare upon it, &c. s.c.Wi. i;. Watson was Mafterof a Merchant Shro, which was taken at Sea by a French p^'pfrT^ Privateer; Watfon agreed with the Captain of the Privateer for the Raniom of the <)53'>34 ' Ship and Goods at 1200/. and as a Pledge or Security for the Payment of the Mo- 7f«pi»fr verf. ney, Watfon was detained and carried '\x\\.o France; but the Ship and Goods were releafcd, and brought into Brijiol, where the Ship was unladed, and the Goods ^"*' ^""" landed, (after Cuftom paid) and delivered to one Day; but whether in Truft for the Benefit of the Mafter, or for the Vic of the Owners, was not agreed. Watfon commences his Suit in the Court of Admiralty againft the Own- ers, to compel them to pay the 1 200/. and redeem him ; and thereupon a War- rant was iflued out of that Court to arreft the Ship and Goods, in quadam caufa falvagit, in order to compel the Defendant to appear there, and the Ship and Goods were feized thereon : A Prohibition was prayed as to the Goods, fuggef- ting the Seizure on Land infra corpus comitatus, and fo not within their Jurif- didion J it was infilled that the Mafter had no Power to make fuch an Agree- ment, nor to fubjcft the Goods to the Payment of his Ranfom, without the ex- prefs Authority and Confent of his Owners. TK" Power of Hypothecation in a Voyage for Neceflaries is incident to his Office, and allowed for the Neceifity of the Thing, and theBenefit of the Owners; but this is not fo,for this is aRedemp- tion, and a new buying of the Ship ; and if this be allowed lawful, it will give a Power to the Mafter to do an Injury to the Owners, by obliging them to the Performance of an Agreement of his making, upon any Terms never fo unrealb- nablc, and to compel them to pay more than the Ship and Goods are worth, as the Agreement in thisCafe is : Befides, the Power of the Mafter is only over theSnip, and he has no Power over .the Goods and Lading to make any Difpofition there- of ; admitting the Mafter has fuch Power to fubjeft the Goods to the Payment of his Ranfom, yet he ought not to bring the Suit in his own Name, h it the Suit ought to be carried on in the Name of the Vendee, or Purchafer of the Goods. Admittmg this Suit proper, yet the Seizure is illegal; for the Court of Admiralty cannot award fuch Procefs, as their tiiit Procefs to compel the Party to appear, is in the Nature of an Exerution agaiuft the Goods; and they can no more begin witli fuch Procel's than an inferior Court ; and as a Prohibition ihall be awarded to an inferior Court, in J'uch Cafei, fo ought it in this, tho' the 5 Party 2 /fun. Re- ginz, f^- N •x»- 6/ S H I P S, ^f. 87 party have not vet appeared, nor any Libel be as yet exhibited; and fo was it done in the Care of Cfapt. SanJs and Sir Jofiali Cbltd, 5 IVill. and Mar. On the other Side it was infixed, that no Prohibition ought to go in this Cafe, s-W j»- for that the Mafter has Power in this Cafe, to fubjedt the Goods to the Payment of his Redemption ; and it is founded on the fame Kcdfon as his Power of Hy- pothecation, ine Neceflity of the Thing, and the Benefit of the Owners, by part- ing with fome Part of the Goods to five the reft, whereas otherwifc the whole would have been loft; fo is Molloy 21^, 214, Hob. 11, 12. but this being a Matter and aCaufe properly within the Jurildidlion of the Court of Admiralty, (hall be determined there: And in a Maritime Caufe, whereof they have Cognizance, the Procefs of the Court may be executed upon Land, infra corpus coniifatus, &c. As to the Objcdlion that the Suit in curia admiralitalis, ought not tp be in the Maftcr's Name, it was anfwered, that it is moft proper in his X«n»e, for the Captors to whom the Ranfom belongs, and who have the Mafter in thtir Cuftody, cannot fue in their own Name, bccaufc they are Enemies; but if the Suit be not carried on between proper Parties, it is good Caufe for an Appeal, and (hall be determined by the Rules of the Marine Law, but it is no Ground for a Prohi- bition. But admitting the Merits of the Caufe to be againft the Mafter, yet tlie Owners came too foon for a Prohibition before they have appeared, and before any Libel exhibited, fo that it cannot appear to this Court what the Nature of the Suit is. The Court dcfircd to hear a Civilian before they made any Rule in this Cafe; and accordingly Dr. Lane attended for the Plaintiff, in curia admiralitalis: He. argued, that Salvage, or caufa Jhlvagii, as is mentioned in the Warrant, is of Admiral Jurifdidion ; that the Mafter reprcfents both the Owners of the Ship and the Traders, and has aTruft repofed in him, which extends to the Goods as well as the Ship; the Mafter may detain the Goods of the Merchant for the Freight of the Ship, or Wages of Mariners. The Mafter in this Cafe, by the Marine Law, hath an Hypothecation of the Goods to him, to keep till Payment be made of the Money agreed, and not only a bare PofTcilion; and therefore though he depart with the Po(refllon of the Goods before Payment, that does not divcft his Intereft. The Goods were in the Power and PolTc(rion of the Enemy, who might have kept or deftroyed them all, if they had not been redeemed by thd Mafter, which is for the Benefit of the Owners. Redemption, is a Redemption by the Mafter, and gives Security for the Payment of the Money agreed, by fub- jefting his Perfon as a Pawn or Pledge, (b that he has as it were paid for the Goods. This Power of Redemption is not founded on the Rbodian Laws, or the Laws of OUron, but arifes from the Cuftom and Law of Nations, and the fame Cuftom or Law gives the Mafter in this Cafe an Intereft in the Ship and Goods. It was agreed by the whole Court, that rid Prohibition fhould be granted in this Cafe. Holt, Chief Jufticc, faid (after other Things) that it fecfned very juft and rea- fonablc in this Cafe, that the Owners of the Goods ought to pay the Redemption. If a Pyrate (hould take the Ship and Goods, and the Mafter redeem them, thi Owners (hall make hirii SatisfaAion ; and then much more in this Cafe, whert taken by an Enemv. When the Mafter makes a Cortipofition for the Benefit of the Owners, it is highly reafonable that he (hoiild be indemnified. The whole Ship and Goods would have been Prize, if he had not made this Compo(ition j therefore where there is in inftant Danger of loflng Ship and Goods (as in this Cafe, when they were under the Capture and Power of the Enemy) and no Hopes of faving them then appears (thougn afterwards it may happen that the Ship may be rcfcucd on frcfh Purfuit) cannot the Mafter make fuch an Agreement as this, as v/ell as he may throw Part of the Goods overboard, in Cafe of a Tcmpeft, to favc the reft ? The Mafter has the Cuftody and Care of the Ship and Goods : Suppofing then that the Mafter has fuch a Power of compounding, the Goods then remain to him as a Security, and he may detain them till Payment, as he may for Freight; but then it is to be confidered, whether, when he has once delivered them to the Owner, or to his Ufe, he has not departed with his Security, and has no Way to come at them again, as it is in Cafe of Freight. Thefe Things ftr« i. i' ii 88 Of SHIPS, ^c. S.C.S-irtjj. Ld. RsymtiiJ, p 9«». 9«3. «nd 984. 7n». Term, a /fn. Reg> Jtktfn vcrf. SkiffiK. \1Jt ute. 7 7i I '■!** 11 If •>• i"»/ ti/m. r. 9. I'."' " are confiderable if we go into the Merits of the Caufc, but that not being before us, I give no Opinion therein. A Ship was outward bound to and being en Diflrf fs at Sea in her Voyage, put into Bojon \n New-England, and there the Maftcr took up Money, which ne applied in Ncctflaries for the Shipj and, as a Security for the Repay- ment, by Way of Hypothecation, made a Bill of Sale to the Party of Part of the Ship, who now libelled in the Court of Admiralty againft the Ship and Owners, to compel the Payment of the Money. Serjeant Darnatt moved for a Prohibition, and a Day wiis given to hear Counl'cl on both Sides. On the Day, Serjeant Dar- nall infifted, that as this Cafe is, there ought to eo a Prohibition, beCaufe it ap- pears upon ihe Face of the Libel, that this Hypothecation was upon Land in Port, viz. at Bojlon, and not upon the Sta, as it ought to be, to give that Court a Jurif- didtion. Befides, this appears to be a Bill of Sale of Part of the Ship, upon which the Party may have his Remedy at Common Law, and not a proper Hypothe- cation. Alfo the Proceedings are againA the Owners as Well as againd tlie Ship; and, if the Owners are liable, they are chargeable at Common Law. Mr. Cbejbyre, againft the Prohibition. It makes no Difference whether the Hypothecation were upon the Sea or upon Land, being done in a Voyage; and a Prohibition has been denied upon the fame Point as this Cafe, in this Court, between Caffart and Lawdjley, Trin. i fVill. & Mar. where the Hypothecation was in Port, */z. at Rotterdam. The fame was adjudged here, Hil. \t>ab, between Benoir and Jeffrysy and, about a Year fince, between Jujlin and Ballam, a Pro- hibition was granted, becaufe it did not appear there was any Hypothecation. In this Cafe the Neceflity of the Thing requires that it be done at Land, and it would be prejudicial to Navigation, if this Suit in the Admiralty {hould not be. Holt, Chief Juftice. The Cafe oiCoJfart and Lawdjley was the fame as this; and there, on a Demurrer to a Declaration in a Prohibition, a Confultation was awarded by the whole Court. When a Hypothecation is made, either for Money to buy Neceffaries, or for Neceflaries for the Ship in a Voyage, the Court of Ad- miralty have a Jurifdiiflion, for the Party has no other Remedy; wc cannot give him any Remedy againft the Ship; and if the Suit there fhould not be allowed, the MaA-r will have no Credit to take up Neceflaries for the Ufe of the Ship. P** V Tuftice, of the fame Opinion. h. chief Juftice. No Ma/ter of a Ship can have Credit abroad, but upon the Sfi-arity by Hypothecation, and (hall we hinder the Court of Admiralty from givi».^ Remedy, wnen we can give none ourfelves ? It will be the greateft Prejudice to Trade that can be, to grant a Prohibition in this Cafe. Indeed, if a Ship be hypothecated here in England before the Voyage begin, that is not a Matter within the Jurifdidlion of the Court of Admiralty, for it is a Contraft made here, and the Owners can give Security to perform the Coirtrait. Which Powf/ agreed. Holt, Chief Juilice. There is no Difference whether the Hypothecation be alledged in the Libel to be made in Port, or appears fo to be by the Suggeftion, as it was in the Cafe oiCoffart and Lawdjley; and, as to what you fay, that this is a Bill of Sale, and fo a Remedy at Law, that is not fo, for the Mafter has no Authority to fell any Part of the Ship, and his Sale transfers no Property; but he may hypothecate. And fince the Proceedings in the Court of Admiralty are againft the Owners, as well as againft the Ship, let a Prohibition go quoad the Proceedings againft the Owners, and let them go on to condemn the Snip. To which the reft of the Judges agreed. The preceding few Cales may ferve to rings a Leak at Sea, or ''"'• ". '»■ is in Want of Vidluals, and other Neccffaries, whereby ft)e is either in Danger, a'' q^-i'''" or the Voyage may be defeated, that in fuch Cafe of NecelVity the Mafter may y- . <)^i- impawn for Money, or other Things, to relieve fuch Extremities, by employing '^'■'■^^'^',"'' the lame to that End; and therefore he being the Perfon trufted with the Ship s^.i 34^/7. • Pifch. tt. Cur. ruled at Guild HtU by L C.].Hih. A a 1- ' i 1 and r 90 I iiArf. At J. oiir I RoUt Abr. jjOi //• I, PttrH'ill.ibj, h R»tm. i;t, Judgmtnl Olirtu Ctf. <«. Ditto, c ]. Itg- OUtn. c. la. XtCat.W. Ci8. M Ld. Kajmni. p. 398. 63*. Ditto p 639. w 0/ S H I p s, e?<-. and the Voyage, nuy be rcafonably thought to have the Power given to him Im- plicitly, rather than to fee the whole lolt. But a MaAer, for any Debt of his own, cannot legally impawn or hypothccat* the Ship, tSc. for the fame is no Ways liable, but in Cafe of Necellity, fur the Relief and compleating of the Voyage. Nor can he fell or difpofc of the (ame, without any Authority or Licence from the Owners) and when))jBdoes impawn or hypothecate the Vcflcl or i'urniturc, he ought to have the Confefit and Advice of his Mariners. A Ship being repaired, Ofr. in the thamtst is not liable, but the Owners. Though the MaAer cannot on every Cafe of Neccffity impawn the Vclfel or Furniture} for if Hie be freighted, and he (being an Owner) is to join with the reft in buying Proviftons for the Voyage, and perhaps he wants Money (a great Sign of Neceflity) yet cannot he impawn the Velfel or Furniture, otherwilc, or for more, than his own Shsre in her, the which he may transfer and grant, as a Man may do an eighth or fifth Part in Land or Houfcs; but fuch Obligation ol the Veflel muft be m foreign Parts or Places where the Calamity or Necellity is univerfal on the Veflel, that will oblige all the Owners. If the Veflel happens afterwards to be call away, and the Mariners by their great Pains and Care recover fome of the Wreck and Lading, the Mailer in that Cafe may pledge the fame, and diflribute the Produd among his dillrefl'cd Sailors, in order to the carrying them home to their own Country: But if the Mariners no Way contributed to the Salvage, then their Reward is lofl and funk with the Veflel. And if there be any confiderable Part of the Cargo faved, he ought not to diflnifs the Mariners till Advice from the Freighters orLadersj for othcrwife, perchance, he may be made liable. If Merchants freight a Veflel at their own Charges, and fet her to Sea, and flie happens afterwards to be weather-bound, the Mafter may impawn either the Ship or Lading at his Pleafure, or at leaft fuch as he could mofl conveniently raife Money on, rather than fee the whole Voyage overfet or loft; and if he cannot pawn the Lading, he may fell the fame, that is, fo much a^ is necefliary; in all which Cafes his Aft obliges; however. Orders and Inftrudlions from his Owners are as carefully to be regarded and followed as the Magnet. When a Mafter ftiall arrive with his Ship at Grave/end, he ftiall not be above three Days coming from thence to the Place of Difchargc; nor is he to touch at any Key or Wharf till he comes to Cbe/ter Key, unlefs hindered by contrary Winds or Draught of Water, or other juft Impediment, to be allowed by the Oflicers: And likewife he or his Purfer are there to make Oath of the Burthen, Contents, and Lading of his Ship, and of the Marks, Number, Contents, and Qualities of every Parcel of Goods therein laden, to the bcft of his Knowledge ; al^ where, and in what Port (he took in her Lading, and what Country Built, and how manned, who the Mafter during the Voyage, and who the Owners ; and in Out- Ports muft come up to the Place of Unlading, as the Condition of the Port re- quires, and make Entries, on Pain of looJ. Nor is fuch a Mafter to lade aboard any Goods outwards to any Place whatfoever, without entering the Ship at the Cuftomhoufe, her Captain, Mafter, Burthen, Guns, Ammunition, and to what Place flie intends, and before Departure to bring in a Note under his Hand, of every Merchant that fliall have laid aboard any Goods, together with the Marks and Numbers of fuch Goods, and be fworn as to the fame, on Pain oi 100/. Note, There is a Lift of all foreign-built Ships in the Exchequer. The Mate of a Ship, as well as a Angle Mariner (or a Number of them) may fue in the Admiralty for their Wages, as the Mate only differs From the Sailors in Title, being a Servant to the Mafter, with whom he contrails as the Mariners do. Upon a Motion for a new Trial in an Adion for a Seaman's Wages, Ho/t, Chief Juftice, faid, that if the Ship be loft before the firft Port of Deliver)', then the Seamen lofe all their Wages; but if, after flic has been at the firft Port of Delivery, then they lofe only thofc from the laft Port of Deliver)- ; but, if they run away, although they have been at a Port of Delivery, yet they lofe all their Wages. Ex relatione m'ri 'Jacob. In Of SHIPS, e^f. 9t tn an Adlion brought for Mariners Wasei. for a dyaffc from Carolina td M. if.;«i..< London, it appeared tnat the Plaintiff lervcd three or four Nlonths, and before the %',\' 'i','^'' Ship came to London, which was the delivering Port, he was imnrcfled into the 4 /»«». Reg. Queen's Service, and afterwards the Ship arrived at the delivering Port j and ruled /Tjj,',^*' **''^' by Ho/t on Evidence at GnUdhall, that the Plaintiff Hiould reco'^r pro tanto as he liaJZir ferved, the Ship coming fafe tothedeliveringPort. Afterwat Is in another Caufe iri "•''^^ **'*''• Aich an Aftion, it appeared, that the PlamtifF was hifed bv the Dcftndant at Carolina, to fcrve on Doard the Jane Sloop, whereof the Defendant was Mafter< from Carolina to England, at y. per Month i that he ferved two Months, then the Ship was taken by a French Privateer, and ranfbmed, and, juil as (he came off Phmoutb, the Plaintiff was impreffcd, (ic. and then the Ship came fafe into the River t'f Thames, where (he difpofcd of her Cargo; and, by Holt, the Plaintiff can have no Wages, the Ship having been taken by the Enemy and ranfomed. Mr. Riiymond infixed, that in that Cafe he (hould recover pro rata, and that the Ufage among Merchants was fo; which Holt faid, if he could prove, it Mrould doj but, wanting Proof of it, the Plaintiff was nonfuited. , The Suit here was for Seamens Wages, ujwn the Arrival of thfc Ship at Guinea. IJ *«»"»»v« Powell, Juftice, faid, he remembered a Cafe of the like Nature, where a Suit was %ll^*yt,{. commenced in the Court of Admiralty, by Sailors for their Wages, upon the Ar- &» & *\\(h, rival of the Ship at Newfoundland i and though the Merchants all held it no Port *'j^', ' J^"" of Delivery, yet the Court of Admiralty held the contrary, and fo did the Court ' "' ''* of Common-Plcils, upon a Motion for a Prohibition. Every Seaman that (hall ferve in any of his Majefty's Ships, of- in any Ship be- 7 «"<' 8 *"'"• longing to any Subjcdls of his Majefty's Dominions, (hall allow out of the Wages j"/,,*' "' for fuch Service, bdi. per Menfem, for Support of Greenwich Hofpital, (Sc. which monthly Allowance (hall be collcdlcd as (hall be appointed by the Comm. lioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral. Licences fliall be given by Order of his Majefty, or the Commi(noners of the Diiio r. 15. Admiralty, to any Landman defirous to apply themfclves to the Sea-Service, to fcrve in Merchant Ships, or other trading Veffels, which (hall be a Protedlion againft being impre(rcd, for two Years following the Ddte of fuch Licences pro- vided that fuch Landmen bring to the Reeifter two Inhabitants, or known in the Place where they fo enter themfelves, who (hall a(rcrt their Knowledge of fuch Landmen for two Years paft, and in what* Bufincfs they have known them employed} and if any Perfon (hall vouch any one for a Landman^ who (hall be K roved to be a Seaman, he (hall forfeit 20/. and any Seaman's taking another's fame, or any Perfon counterfeiting any Licence, (hall forfeit 20 A and be liable to fuch further Puni(hment, as by Law may be inflidted for fuch Mifdemeanour. For the better coUedling the Duties oibd.ter Menfem, granted hy y tVill. IIL * »"«' 9 f'"- Cap. 21. it (hall be lawful for the Commidioners for regiftering of Seamen, or}"; *" '^" their Deputies, by Warrant, to caufe all Mafters of Ships, not in his Majefty's Service, to appear before them, and fuch Mafters upon Oath to examine, as to the Number, Wages, and Time of Service, of every Perfon belonging to fuch Ships; and if futh Mafters (hall refufe to appear, or (hall obftinately refufc tb give a Difcovery cf the Matters aforefaid, upon their Oaths, fuch Offenders fliall lorfeit ! o/. to the Ufcs mentioned in the faid Aft, to be recovered by Adtion, &c. Repealed, at to the Regiftering of Seamen, iy 9 Ann. Cap. 21. Se£l. 64. The Commiflioncrs, &c. (hall take the folemn Affirmation of Quakers, inftead Ditto f. 7; of their Oath. Forafmuch as diverfe Perfons have perfonated Selmcn, who have ferved, orareoindiowv//, fuppofed to have ferved on board his Majefty's Ships, and thereby have received ;" ' *'■ Money at the Pay-Office, or elfewhere, and have alfo forged Letters of Attorney, '" or Bills of Sale, A(rignments, or laft Wills, in the Names of Perfons who have ferved, or were fuppofed to have ferved, on board his Majefty's Ships, and do alfo • procure Men and Women to perfonate, and divers wicked Perfons do of their own Accord perfonate, the Wives, Relations, or Creditors of fuch Seamen, and thereby have fallcly taken out Letters of Adminiftration to fuch Seamen, or have forged Letters of Attorney, Bills of Sale, or other Authorities, in the Names of the Ex- ecutors or Adininiftrators of fuch Seamen, for the Receipt of fuch Wages; every fuch Perfon, their Aiders or Abetters, that (hall be convided of the laid Crimes, 5 (hall •f. :. ■'!■;■■■■ • 9^ Of SHIPS, 8f f. Ditto t. 6. Okie. f. 7. « Ai». t. 6. 1.1. ^P •■il I": Diue, r. i. Sii^o, {. 3. Ditto, (. 4. Ditto, r. }. Ditto, r. 6. Diiio, f 7. Uiito. f. 8. fliaU, over »nd above the Penalties inttidted by any Laws in Foar, forfeit aooA with Colh, Csfi-. No Will of any Seaman contained in the fame Inflrununt, Paper, or Panh- mcnt, with a Letter of Attorney, (hall be good in Law. No Pcrion (hall take more than 1 x. for the Seal, Writing, or filing forth Lctteri of Adminiilration, granted to the Wife or Children of any Seaman, dying in the Pay of his Majefty'n Navy, iinlefs the Goods of fiich Seamen amount to ao/. and if any OHitcr take more, he Ihall forfeit to the Party grieved 10/. It (hall be lawful for two Jufticcs of Peace, as alio for Mayors, Aldermen, Bai- liff's, and other chief Officers and Magiflrates of any City, or Town corporate » and likewi(c for the Church-Wardens, and Ovcrfcers t)f the Poor of the ("cveial Pari(hes, with the Approbation of fuch Ju(Uces of Peace, Mayors, fi?f . to bind out any Boys of the A^e of ten Years or upwards, or who (hall be chargeable, or whofc Parents are chargeable to the Parim, or who ihr.ll beg for Alms, to be Apprentices to the Sea-Service, to any of her Miijelly's Subjects, Mailers, or Owners of any Ship belonging to any Port within Kng/ant/, H'ltia, or Berwick, until fuch Boys (hall afftain the Age of twenty-one Years 1 and the Age of every fuch Boy (l»all be mentioned in his Indentures, taken from a Copy of the Regitler Book, wherein the Time of his being baptized is entered (wncrc the fame can be had) which Copy (hall be given and attellcd by the Miniucror Curate of IikIi Parilh, without Fee, and may oe wrote without Stamp : And where no Inch Kntry can be (bund, fuch Ju(liccs, Mayors, (ifr. fliall inform thcml'elves of liich Boy's Agt, and inlert the fume in the Indentures; and the Age Co inl'erted, (hall be taken to be his true Age. The Church- Wardens and Overfeers of the Parifli, from whence luch Roy (lull be bound Apprentice, (hall pay to fuch Maftcr, at the Time of his Bind- ing, 50/. to provide Clothing and Bedding. The Overfeers of the Poor of every Townrtjip or Village may execute the Pow- ers hereby dircdcd. No fuch Apprentice (hall be impre(red, or fufFcrcd to enter into her Majefty's Service, till he arrive to the Age of eighteen Years. The Church- Wardens and Overfeers (hall fend the Indentures totheCollcdor of Cuftoms, refiding at any Port whcreunto fuch Malters of fuch Ships belong, who /hall enter all Indentures fo fent, and make an Endorlemcnt of the Rcgilhy thereof, without Fee* and fuch Colledor, neglcdting to enter fuch Indentures, andendorfe the fame, or making falle Entries, (liall forfeit 5/. for the Uleof the Poor of the Pari(h, from whence ("uch Boy was bound; and fuch Collector (hall tranfmit Certificates to the Admiralty, containing the Names ami Ages of every fuch Apprentice, and to what Ship he belongsj and, upon Receipt of fuch Cer- tificates, Protedlions (hall be given for fuch Apprentices, till they attain their Ages of eighteen Years, without Fecj which Certilicatcs arc not required to be wrote on Aampcd Paper, ^c. Every Perfon to whom any poor Paridi Boy (hall be put Apprentice, according to 43 Eliz. Cap. 2. may, with the Approbatit)n of two Juftices of Peace of the County, dwelling in, or near, the Parilh where fuch poor Boy was bound, or with the Approbation of any Mayor, Alderman, Bailiff, or other chief Officer or Magi- Arate of any City, Borough, or Town corporate, where fuch poor Boy was bouiul by Indenture, turn over fuch poor Boy Apprentice to any Maftcr of nit h Ship, for the remaining Time of his Apprcnticediip; all which Indentures of Alfign- mcnt are to be regidered, and Certificates thereof tranfmitted, by fuch Collector at the Ports where fuch Parilh Apprentices (liall be fo afligncd over, in Manner aforefaid; and Protedtions (hall be given ("or fuch Apprentices, till they attain their Age of eighteen Years. All (uch poor Boys, till they attain their Ages of eighteen Years, (liall be exempted from Payment o\'bd. per Month to Greenwich HoJ^ital. All Mailers or Owners of Ships of thirty to fifty Tons, rtiall be obliged to take one (uch Apprentice, and one more fo"* the next fittv Tons, and one more for every hundred Tons fuch Ship (hall exceed the Burthen of one hundred Tons; and fuch Mafter or Owner rcfufing to take fuch Apprentice, (liall forfeit 10/. for the \J(i: of the Poor of the Parilh, from whence fuch Boy was bound. Every 4 0/ S H I P S, e^r. 93 Every MaAer or Owner of fuch Ship, after hit Arrival into Port, and before Ditto. (. «. he clean out, (hall give an Account und.* ' land to the CoUeittor of I'uch Fort to which he bclongi, containing the Nai. ich Apprentices a* are then in his Service. Every fuch Apprentices (hall be fent to the Port to which his Mafter diull be- Oliio, r. le. long, by the Church-Wardens and Overfears of the Faridi fruni whence fuch Apprentice is bound, the Charges to be provided, as the Charges for lending of Vagrants. The Counterpart of fuch Indentures diall be attcAed by the Cullciitor at the oiue. (. ii. Port, (where fuch Apprentice (hall be bound or a(rigned over) and the CqnAable, or other Officer, who (hall bring fach Apprentices, which Conllahle, &c. (hull tranfmitthe Counterparts of fuch Indentures, to the Church- Wardens and Uver- feers of the Pari(hes, from whence fuch Apprentices (liall be bound. Two JiiAices of Peace, dwelling in or near the Ports, and all Mavors, Alder- oiito, r.it. men, BnilifTs, and other chief Officers and MagiArates of any City, Uurough, or Town corporate, in, or near adjoining to fuch Port to which fuch Ship (hall arrive« (hall have Power to enquire mto, and examine, hear, and determine all Com- plaints of ill Ufage from the MaAers to fuch Apprentices, and alfo of all fuch aa (hall voluntarily put thcmfelves Apprentices to the Sea Service, as aforefaid, as in other Cafes between MaAers and Apprentices. Every fuch Collector (hall keep a RegiAcr, containing as well the Number and oitio, f. ■}. Burthen of fuch Ships, together with the MaAers or Owners Names, as alfo the Names of fuch Apprentices in each Ship, beUnging to their Ports, and from what Pari(hcs fuch Apprentices were fent, and (hall trani'mit Copies of fuch RegiAcr to the Quarter ScfTions, or to fuch Cities, Boroughs, Towns corporate, PariAies, or Places, when reouired, for which Copies no Fee (hall be taken, &c. Every CuAomnoufe Officer, at each of the Ports, (liall infert at the Bottom of oiito, (. 14. their Cockets, the Number of Men and Boys on board the Ships, at their going out of every fuch Port, defcribin^ the Apprentice* by their Names, Ages, and Dates of their Indentures, for which no Fee (hall be taken. Every Perfon, who (hall voluntarily bind himfelf Apprentice to any MaAcr or i)j„o, ( ,j. Owner of a Ship, (hall not be impreA into her MajeAy s Sea Service, during three Years from the Date of the Indentures, which Indentures are to be rcgiAered, and Certificates thereof tranfmitted by fuch Collcdlor, at the Port where fuch Ap- prentices (hall bind themfelves, as aforefaid 1 upon Receipt of which, Protedions (hall be given for the faid firA three Years of their Apprenticclhip, without Fee. When Parifli Children of the Aga of eighteen Years, and other voluntary Ap- ^^^^^^ f ,.^ firentices (hall he impreAcd, or enter into her MajeAy's Service, the MaAers of uch Apprentices (hall be entitled to able Seamcns Wages, for fuch of their Ap- prentices as (hall upon Examination be found qualified. No MaAer (hall be obliged to take any Apprentice under the Age of thirteen .^. j„. Years*, or who Atall not appear to be fitiv qualiiied, both as to Health and Strength c. 19. 1. 16.' of Body, for that Service; and any Widow of the MaAer of fuch Ship, or the Ex- ecutor, or AdminiArator of fuch MaAer, who (hall have been obliged to take fuch Pari(h Boys Apprentice, (hall have the fame Power of afTigning over fuch Apprentices, to any other MaAers of Ships who have not their Comphment, as is given by the A£t, 2 ^n». Cap. 6. to fucn Perfbns as have taken Apprrritices in Purfuance of 43 £/ts;. Cap. 2. No Perfons of the Age of eighteen Years (hall have any Protedtion from her ^j^ ^ MajeAy's Sea Service, who Aiall nave been in any Sea Service before the Time they bound thcmfelves Apprentii/;^. To the Intent that the bd.jbtr Menfem may be eflfbdually colleded, every Per- ,^ fon that (hall ferve her Majefty, or any other, in any of her MajeAy's Ships, or in f- any Ships belonging to Subjeus of Great Britain or Ireland, ox Dominions there- unto belonging, and every MaAer working in his own Ship, whether cmplcnred upon the high Sea or CoaAs, or in any Port, Bay, or Creek, (other than fuch Ap- prentices under the Age of eighteen Years, as are exempted from Payment of 6 >! Ditto, f. 4. H ■ ■' ■■i[ If? • ■ Ditto, f. J. Ditto, f.6. Ditto, f. 7. Ditto, f. 8. r\'.--., <• 2.c..4.r. Ij, i 0/ S H I P S, C^c. and Irehnd, and Perfons employed in Boats that trade only from Place to Plac^ within any River, or in open Boats upon the Coails) (hall pay the faid bd. per Menfem, tot the Support oFGr««w»VAHofpital. The Mafter of every Ship, not in her Majcfty's Service, is required to dedudl out of the Wages accruing to fuch Seamen, bd. pf Merjem, ar.'l pay the fame to fuch Officers as ihall be appointf I by the Commiffioiirrs for exe.uting the Office of Lord High Admiral. It ftiall be lawful for the Commiffioners executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, to appoint Receivers of the faid Datv, md to authorize fuch Receivers to depute the CoUcftors, or oth^r Officers of tiie Cuftoms, of the Out-Ports, and of the Ports of Ireland, or >:uch othr.r as they (hall think fit, to collcdl the fame; and it fliall be lawful foi the Commiffioners eiitctuting the Office of Lord High Admiral, to make fuch Allowance v'o them out of the faid Duties, as they fliall judge reafonable. ft frail be lawful for the faid Receivers, or their Deputies, by Warrant, to fum- mon all Maften, Or (in thoir ABfence) the Owners of Ships, not in her Majcfty's Service, to appear at the Office of the feid Receivers, Qtr. (fo as the Perfon lum- moned be not obliged to travel abovti teii Miles) which Receivers, or their De- puties, are impowcred to examine every fuch Mafter or Owner, as to the Number and Times of Service of all Perfons belonging to filch Ships, who are chargeable with the faid bd. fer Mtnjtm; and, if f.-rh Mafters or Owners fliall refufc, when fummoned (nothaifingareafonableExculi ) to appear, or if they fli.Uobftinp'.sly fefufe to make Difcovery of the Matters af orefaid upon 'heir Oaths, o. OiaJ' neg- \tGt 10 pay the Monies due to the Hofpiral within fourteen Days after tiiey fliall b«j cleared inwards, fuoh OfFcnders (hall fbrfeit 20 A ^c. A nd if any fuch Mafter (hall attempt to go to Sea \v itft his Ship, b'eforc he harh p^rid the faid Dutic* for the Voyage preceding, fuch kertSvers, of their Dcptfties, arc impowered to flop Ibch Ship; and, upon the DWith or Removal of anV Mafter, the Owners flrall deliver to the fuccecding Matter' d true Account of the laid Duty due to thd Hofpital, and Money fufficient for the FayiAent of the fame, and, in Dcfiult thereof, dich Receivers, or thtfir Deputies, may ftop fuch Ship from proceeding to Sea. Ih all Ca(es whereby this Aft art Oath is rcouir^d to betaken, the (blemn Af- fimlation of Quakers Ihall be accepted inftea(l'6ri, » g.». ir. for Support oi Grcenwich-Ho^jbitat, fliall extend to all Ships belonging to hi« Ma- "P 7«f-«' jefty's Subjcdls within the idarids of Jerfey, Guernfey, Alderney, Sari and Man, and within all i.ic Majc(ty's Dominions in jDiierica, as well as to thofe within Great-Britain and Irelana. For the better colleding the faid Duty, it (hall be lawful for the Receivers Ditto, f. t. ;;, thereof to depute any Officer of the Cuftoms in the feveral Ports of the faid Illaiiidr- ^nd Colonies, or fuch other Perfons as they (hall think fit, to colleft tlie (arriC ; arid the Commiflioners of the Admiralty may make fuch Allowance to tliem out of the faid Duty as they (hall judge; reafonable. The Colledlbrsof the Duties in the Pbrts of the faid Iflands and Colonies (liall Ditto, f j. fummori and examine upon Oath all Mafters and Owners of Ships belonging to his Majefty's Subjefts, as by loyfnn. Cap. 17. Arid if any fuch MaAer (hall ne- gleft to appear and make fuch Difcovcry, fuch Mafter, &c. (hall forfeit 20/. Mo- ,, ney of Great-Britain. AllMafters.Gfr. of Ships belonging to the King's Subjects witliin the faid Iflands Ditto, f. 4. or Colonies, (hall pay fuch Part ofthe faid Duty as (hall be ducat their Arrival, arid during their Continuance in Great-Britain or It-eland, within the faid Kingdoms; and fuch Part as (hall I>e due at the Time of t^cir Return to,- and during their Continuance in the faid Idancts or Colonies, within the faid Iflands andCoIoriies; and all Mafters, G'f . of Ships belonging to any Subjefls of his Majelly within Oretft- Britain Or Ireland, who (hall trade from thence to any of the faid Iflands or Colo- nies, (hall pay the faid Duty of 6d. per Month', only in Great-Britain or Ireiti/iJ. It (hall be lawful for the Receivers of the Duty, arid their Depnties,- by Warrant, Ditto, f. 5. to furamon and exan\ine upon Oath all Malkrs, &c. of Ships employed by the Navy, Viftualling, Ordnance, Cuftoms, Poft'-OfRce, or any other Publick Offices of the Crown, in the Service of his Majefty ; and if fuch Mafter, &c. refufe to appear, or to make Difcovcry, or fHall neglccft to pay the faid Duty, they (hall forfeit ao/. The Secretaries or chief' Cldrk-s of the Navy, &c. ufually employing S^fiipj^^Jng Ditto, f. 6. for the Service of his Majefty, (Iiall, on the faitof January in each Year, or with- in twenty D.vys following, deliver into the OlHce of the Receiver ofthe Duty in the Port of London, a Li(l of the Ships tliat, in the Year preceding, (hall have been employed by fuch Offices, and of all Ships which remain in the Service of fiuh CJflke, aud of fuch as (Iiall be difcharged, and of thcNames of the Mafters, tf( . and the Number of Seamen employed in every fuch Ship 5 and no Treafu- rcr, oi- other OfHcer belonging to fuch Office, (hall make out or pay any Bill for tlie Freight of any Ship fo employed, or pay any Wages to any Mafter, &c. till fuch Mafter, ^c. (hall produce to fuch Treafurcr, Gfc. an Acquittance flgned by tlic R«'ceivcr or his Deputy, whereby it fhal! appear that luch Mafter, ^c. hath paid tiic faid Duty of bd. per Monti), and that he is not more than 30 Days in Arrear &v: M Uf 9« Of SHIPS, He. |9i ' \\ ■ i 1--:^ Arrear to the Horpital j and if Default fliall be made by any Secretary, &c. he fliall forfeit 50/. All Maftcrs of Merchant Ships or other private Veflels, liable to the Duty of 6J. per Month, li^all pay the faid Duty before any fuch Ships {hall be cleared Inwards, in any Ports ot Great-Britain or Ireland, or the Iflandsof Guernfey,Jer- fey, &c. or of the Colonies in America ; and no Officer of the Cuftoms fhall dear Inwards any Merchant-Ship liable to the faid Duty, or grant any Warrant, or give ■ or make out any Cocket, 'iranjirds. Returns orDifcharges to fuch Ships, nor fuifer them to go out of any Port till theMafter, ^c, produce to the Officer an Acquit- tance figned by the Receiver, whereby it fliall appear, that fuch Mafter, ^c. hath Said the faid Duty, and that he is not more than thir^ Days in Arrear : And every lafter of fuch Ship, who fliall neglect to pay the bd. per Month, and alfo every Officer of the Cuftoms who fliall make Default in the Premifes (hall forfeit 20/. •Cm. II cap. It f * ^1 tion (hall lie on ahy Seaman to produce the fame, but the Mafter or Owner of the Ship ; and no Seaman (hall fail in any Adtion or Procefs for Recovery of Wages, for want of fuch Contract being (iroduced. The Mafters or Owners of Ships fhall have Power tb deduct out of the Wages Ditto, f. g. of any Seamen all Penalties incurred by this Adt, and to enter them in a Book, and to make Oath, if required, to the Truth thereof; which Book Hiall be Hgn- cd by the Mailer aiid two principal Officers belonging to fuch Ship, fctting forth, that the Penalties coitiancd in fuch Book are the whole Penalties ftopt from any Seamen during the Voyage ; which Penalties (except the Forfeiture of Wages to the Owners, on tJit Drfsrtion of any Seaman^ or on refusing to proceed on the Voyage) Hiall gn to the (Jfc of Greenivicb HoJ'pital, to be paid and accounted for by the Mafters of Ships coming from beyond the Seas to the fame Officer at any Port, who coUcdts the bd. per Month, which Officer (hall have Power to ad- minifter an Oath to every Mafter touching the Truth of fuch Penalties. If any Mafters or Owners of Ships ftiafi deduct oiit of the Wages of any Sea- oiito, f. loi' men any of the Penalties by this Aft diredled, to the Ufe of Greenwich Hofpital, and ftiall not pay the Money to fome Officer who collcfts the td. per Month, in the Port where the Deduftion (hall be made, within three Months after fuch Deduction, they ftiall forfeit treble the Value to the Ufe of the Hofpital ; which, together with the Money deducted, fliall be recovered by the liune Means, as the Penalties for not duly paying the td. per Month. This Aft (hall be a publick Aft. f. 1 1. This Aft (hall continue five Years, tSc> f. u. Noihing in this Aft (ball debar any Seaman from ehtering into the Service off. 13. his Majcfty ; nor (hall (u"h Seaman (or fuch Entry forfeit the Wages due to him during his Service in fuch Merchant Ship j nor (hall fuch Entry be deemed a Defertion. Continui.d by 8 Geo. II; Cap. 21. f« 25 March, 1749, G?c. Farther continued by 2T, Geo. II. p. 487. /o 25 March, 1764; and from thence to the End of " the then next Seffions of Parliament. Where anyOoods (hall be laden on board arty Englijb Ship of the Burden of two « and 13 hundred Tons or upwards, and mounted with fixteen Guns or more, if theCom- '•'"■•"• '»?• mandcr (hall yield up the Goods to any Tirkijh Ships, or to any Pirates or Sea Ro- vers, without fighting, he (hall, upon Proof thereof made in the Court of Ad- miralty, be incapable of taking Charge of any Englijb Ship as Commander j and if he (hall hereafter take upon him to command any Englijb Ship, he (hall fuft'er See page ;;. Imprifonment by Warrant from thefaid Cnnrt during fix Months for every Of- j i and 1 4 c«r. fence; and in Cafe the Pcrfons taking the faid Goods (hall rcleafe the Ship, or f. j j""^' "' pay unto the Mafter any Money or Goods for Freight, or other Reward, the faid Goods or Money or the Value thereof, as alfo the Mafter's Part of fuch Ship fo releafed, (liall be liable to repair the Perfons whofe Goods were taken, by Aftion in the Court of Admiralty ; and in Cafe the Commander's Part of the Ship, to- gether with fuch Money and Goods, (hall not be fufficient to repair all the Da- mages fuftained, the Reparations recovered on the Mafter's Part of the Ship (hall be divided pro rata, amongft the Perfons profecuting and provit g their Damages, and the Perfons damaged (hall have their Aftion againft the M^xfter for the Re- mainder. No Mafter of any fuch Englijb Ship, being at Sea, and having difcovcred any Ditto, r. 3. Ship to be a Turkijh Ship, Pirate, or Sea Rover, (hall depart out of his Ship. If the Mafter of any Englijb Ship, tho' not of the Burthen of two hundred Ditto, f. 4. Tons, or mounted with fixteen Guns, (hall yield his Ship unto any Turki/lj Ship, Pirate, or Sea Rover, (not having at leaft his double Number of Guns) without fighting, fuch Mafter (hall be liable to all the Penalties in this Aft. Upon Procefs out of the Court of Admiralty, it (hall be lawful for all Com- Ditto, f. 5. manders of his Majcfty's Ships, or the Commanders of any other EngliJJj Ships, to fcize fuch Ships or Mafters fo o(fending, according to the Procefs, and the fame to fend in Cuftody into any Ports ot his Majcfty's Dominions, to be pro- ceeded againft according to this Aft. Provided that none be hereby encouraged to violate the Rights of the Port of Di to, f. 6. any foreign Prince or State in Amity. C c If SW « '..l»i ■ii" m- i-.n^ " i ■ ■ : *-'■- I- |i 1 98 6/ s H I p s, eff. Di;w, f. 7. If the Mariners or inferior Officers of any Englijh Ship laden with Goods fliall decline or refufe to fight, and defend the Ship, when they Hull be thereunto commanded by the Mafter, or (hall utter any Words to difcourage the other Ma- riners from defending the Ship, every Mariner who (hall be found guilty of de- clining, or refuflng, as aforefaid, (hall lofe all his Wages due to him, together with (uch Goods as he hath in his Ship, and fuffer Imprilbnment, not exceeding fix Months, and (hall during fuch Time be kept to hard Labour for his Main- tenance. Ditto, f. a. Provided, that if any Ship (liall have been yielded, contrary to the Will of the Commander, by the Difobediencc of the Mariners, tcftified by their having laid violent Hands on him, the Mafter (hall not be liable to the Sentence of Incapaci- ty, nor to any Adtion for the Lo(res fuftained by the Merchants, unlcfs he (hall have received back from the Takers his Ship, or fome Reward. Ditto, f. g. Every Mariner who (hall have laid violent Hands on his Commander, to hin- der him from fighting in Defence of his Ship and Goods, (hall fufi^er Death, as a Felon. Ditto, f. 10. When any Engli/h Ship (hall have been defended by Fight, and brought to her Port, in which Fight any of the Officers or Seamen (liall have been wounded, it (hall be lawful for the Judge of Admiralty, or his Surrogate, or the Judge of th& Vice-Admiralty, within which the Ship (liall arrive, upon Petition of the Mafter or Seamen, to call unto him fuch as he fliall be informed to be Adventurers, or Owners of the Ship and Goods, and by Advice with them to raife upon the Ow- ners and Adventurers by Procefs of the Court fuch Sums of Money, as himfelf, with the major Part of the Adventurers or Owners prcfcnt, fliall judge reafona- ble, not exceeding two per Cent, of the Ship and Goods, acti ding to tlie firft Coft of the Goods bv the Invoice (which the Owner or his Fadtor is to produce) or by the Oath of the Owner, or his Correfpondent, which Money (hall be paid to the Regifterof the Court, who (hall receive ^d. in each Pound, thence to be diftributed amongft the Captain, Mafter, Officers, and Seamen of the faid Ship, or Widows and Children of the Slain, according to the Diredion of the Judge, with the Approbation of three or more of the Owners or Adventurers, who (hall proportion the fame unto the Ship's Company, having fpecial Regard unto the widows and Children of fuch as fliall have been (lain, and to fuch as (hall have been wounded or maimed. In Cafe the Company belonging unto any Englijh Merchant Ship fliall take any Ship which (hall firft have aflaulted them, the Officers and Mariners (hall, after Condemnation of fuch Ship and Goods, have fuch Part thereof as is pradtifed ia private Men of War. If any Captain, Mafter, Mariner, and other Officer belongingto any Ship (hall wilfully caft away, burn, ordeftroy the Ship, or procure the lame to be done, he (hall fuffer Death as a Felon. Tbii lajl Sedt. is the fame per i Ann. St. 2. Cap. 9. and is fomething enlarged by 1 1 Geo. I. Cap. 29. SeEl. 5. No Commander of any Ship outward bound (hall receive on board any Gun- powder, either as Merchandize or Store for the Voyage, (except for his Majefty's Service) before fuch Ship (hall be over-againft 5/rtfiuw//, upon Pain of forfeiting, for every fifty Pounds Weight of Gunpowder 5/. and in Proportion for a le(rcr Quantity. The Commander of every Ship coming into the Thames fliall put on fliore all Powder, either before the Arrival of fuch Ship at Blackii'all, or within twenty- four Hours after a Ship (hall come to an Anchor there, or at the Place of her un- loading, upon Pain of forfeiting 5/. for every fifty Pounds Weight of CJunpowder found on board, and in the like Proportion for alels Quantity ; and if any Gun- powder (hall be found on board fuch Ship above Blackball, after the Time limit- ed for unloading the fame, the Commander of every fuch Ship ilirll for every fiftyPoundsWeightofGunpowderforfeitc/. and in Proportion for a IcfTcrQuantity. Ditto, f. ^. If any Commander or other Officer of any Ship, (except his Majefty's Ships) (hall, while fuch Ship (hall be in the River of 7i6itto, f. 3. Of SHIPS, ^c. 99 or Officer, ihall, for every fuch Gun fo kept fliotted, forfeit 5^. ami for every CJim fo fired loj. And if any Commander, or other Officer of any Ship, or any other Perfon on board, (hall, while fuch Ship ftiall be in the River, between London- Bridge and B/rif if ifj//, permit to be heated, or melted on board UichShip, anyPitch, Tar, Rofin, or other combuftible Matter, every Perfon fo offending ihall forfeit ?/. It (hall be lawful for thcMafter, Wardens, and Ailiilants of the Trinity- Hoitf', Dino, 1 5. by Inllrument under their common Seal, to authorize an elder Brother toj^'o in a Boat between Sun-Rifing and Sun-fetting to any Ship, and to go on board the fame (his Majefty's Ships always excepted) in order to fearth for Powder, Guns (hotted, and the Heating and Melting combuiUblc Matters, within the Limits wherein fuch Offences are prohibited ; and if the Commander or other Oiliccr in fuch Ship (hall, upon Demand, refufe to permit any Perfon fo authorized to come on board fuch Ship, and make due Searcn, every fuch Commander, or Officer, fliall forfeit 5/. In Cafe any Ship (hall be laid up or moored in St. Saviour's Doc It (exxept fuch Ditio, f. 10. Ships as (hall be loading, or delivering their Cargoes, and except fuch Ships, not exceeding two at one Time, as (hall lie at Sbip-Wright-Yard, at the North- Weft Corner of the Dock, during the Time fuch Ships (hall be repairing) the Mafter of every fuch Ship (hall forfeit for every Day fuch Ship (hall fo continue to be laid up and moored zoi. Every Perfon herein-mentioned (hall be exempted from being imprefled into i3(»v». il. p. his Majefty's Service, that is to fay, every Perfon being of the Age of fifty-five ''>' Years, or under eighteen Years, and every Foreigner whether Seaman or Land- man, who (hall ferve in any Merchant Ship or Privateer belonging to the Sub- jedts of Great-Britain. Every Perfon of what Age foevcr, who (liall ufe the Sea, (hall be exempted from Ditto, p. 306. being in\prefl'ed for the Space of two Years, to be computed from his lirf^ going to Sea ; and every Perfon who having ufed the Sea (hall bind himfelf Apprentice to ferve at Sea, (hall be exempted for the Space of three Years, to be computed from the Time of Binding. The Preamble to the following Aft obferves, that by one made the 7 and 8 Will, so Cio, ll. p. III. certain Encouragements were given for Seamen to regifter themfelves for his ^^'^' M.ijefty's Service; a^.dif anyfuch (hould by Age or other Accidents be difabledfor future Service, and (hould not be able to maintain themfelves comfortably, and the Children of fuch difabled Seamen, and the Widows and Children of fuch of them as (hould be killed or drowned in Sea Service, were to be provided for in the Royal Hofpital at Greenwich, fo far as the faid Hofpital (hould be capable to re- p- 836. ceive them, and the Revenue thereof would extend ; and for the better Support of the faid Hofpital, td, per Month is by the faid Adt to be allowed out of the Wa- ges of every Seaman in the Merchant's Service, as well as in the Navy, and that fo much of the faid Adt as relates to the Regiftering of Seamen was repealed by an Adt of 9 Ann. whereby every Seaman in the Navy (though not regiftered) is intitled to the Benefits of the faid Hofpital ; and that by an Adt of i o Ann. any Seaman is to be confidered as fully qualified for an Admiftion into the faid Hofpi- pital, who (hall produce a Certificate of his having been hurt and difabled for Sea Service, in defending any Ships of the Subjedts of this Kingdom againft an Enemy, or in taking any Ship from an Enemy. And that by an Adt of 8 George I. every Seaman on board a Merchant Ship, who (hall be maimed in Fight againft any Pirate, is to be admitted into the faid Hofpital, preferable to any other Sea- man, difabled merely by Age: And that by an Adt of 8 Geo. II. Seamen on board any Merchant Ship, who (hall be maimed in Fight againft an Enemy, (hould be admitted into the (aid Hofpital, in like Manner as any other Seamen, wounded or difabled in his Majefty's Service : And whereas the faid Hofpital is not capable to receive, nor the Income thereof fufficient to provide for the Seamen in the Ser- vice of the Navy, intitled to the Benefits thereof, fo that the Seaman in the Mer- chant's Service, maimed and dil'abled in Fight, and proper Objedts of Charity, have p. 83;. feldom or never been admitted into the faid Hofpital; and as there is no Provifion made by either of the faid Adts for fuch Seamen in the Merchants Service as are difabled by accidental Misfortunes, or for thofeworn out by Age, or for the Wi- dows or Children of fuch as (hall be killed or drowned in the faid Service, and ,1 'M^i ■ ■' ■ ■ '.'1 .■ ■** 1.^ w;yf m U) II hi i y'. loo 0/ S H I P S, &^i\ as the Seamen in the fald Service are wtllinff to allow 6ernorsJ'or the Reluf and Support of'Jick, maimed, and difahled Sea- men, and of the JVidows and Children offuch as Jhatlhe killed, Jlain, or droivnedin tbi Merchants Service, and that by the fame Name of The Prejident and Governors, they (hall have perpetual Succeflion, and a common Seal, with Power to alter the fame as often as they (hall judge expedient ; and by the fame Name r / fue and be fued, plead and be impleaded, &r. in all Courts of Record and Places of Judi- cature within this Kmgdom ; and that they and their SuccefTors may receive and enjoy in Truft for the Purpofes of this Aft ail fuch Sums of Money as are granted* and fhall be raifed by Virtue of this Aft, or (hall be contributed or bequeathed by well-difpofed Perfons j and may at any Time hereafter, without Licence in Mortmain, purchafe or receive any Lands, Tenements, or Hereditaments, or any Eilate or Intcrcft therein, fo that the fame be only for the Scitc of, or to be convert- ed into an Hofpital, with Offices, and Appurtenances neceflary forthc faid Purpofes* p. 8j9. The Prefident and Governors fhall provide in the faid Hofpital for the Recep- tion of Seamen rendered incapable of Service, or fhall allow them certain Pen- fions, or otherwife as they fliall think moft for the Advantage of the faid Chari- ty J and (hall alfo relieve the Widows and Children of fuch Seamen as (hall be killed or drowned in the faid Service, provided fuch Children are not of the Age of fourteen j or if of that Age or upwards, they are incapable of getting a Liveli- hood, by Reafon of Lamencis, Blindnefs, or otner Infirmities, and are proper Ob- jefts of Charity j and iliall make reafonable Allowances to thofe who niall lofc an Eye, or Limb, or be otherwife hurt in fighting, defending, or working the Ships in which they ferve, or in loading or unioadine the Cargoes, or otherwife how- fbever in doing their Duty, in Proportion t Uie Damage they (hall receive, fo far as the Revenues will extend for the faid « urpofes, according to fuch Rules, Orders, and Regulations as fhall be eftabliihed in Purfuance of this Aft. No Seaman in the faid Service (hall be intitled to any of the Benefits of this Aft, urlefs he (hall produce a Certificate of the Hurt, Off. received, to the Prefident, Af- fiftants, and Committees, herein after named, from theMaAer, Mate, Boatfwain, and Surgeon, or fo many of them as were in the Vefi'el to which he belonged at the Time of receiving fuch Hurt; or of theMafter, and two of the Seamen, if there is no othcrOfficer ; or in Cafe of the Death of thcMafter, then of the Perfon who ihall take upon him the Care of the VefTel, and two of the Seamen on hoard, under p. (40. their Hands and Seals, fignifying how and in what Manner he received fuch Hurt, where and when he entered, and how long he had ferved on board; and the Parties giving fuch Certificates fhall make Oath of the Truth of the Contents before fome Juftice, if given in any of his Majefly's Dominions, or the chief Officer of the Cuftoms of the Place where there is noJu(tice, or before the Britijh Conful, of Refident in any foreign Country where fuch Certificate is executed (who are to adminifter the fame without Fee j) and in Cafe of Sicknefs, whereby fuch Sea- men (hall be rendered incapable of Service, a Certificate in like Manner, fignify- ing that he was healthy when he entered on board, and that the fame was con- trafted in doing his Duty in the oervice of the Ship, and not otherwife ; and no Widow or Children, of any Seaman, killed or drowned in the faid Service, (hall be intitled to any )Ulowancc bv Virtue of this Aft, unlefs they (hall produce a Certificate, authenticated in like Manner, fignifying how fuch Seaman loft his Life in the Service of the faid Ship, the Time and Place he entered on board, and how long he had ferved therein ; and alfo another Certificate under the Hands and Seals of the Minifter, and Church- Wardens, and Ovcrfcers of the Poor of the Pari(h or Town(hip, or any two of them, or of the Minifter and Ovcrfeers of the Poor where there are no Church- Wardens (and if fuch Widows orChildrcn arcQuakers* then under the Hands of two reputable Perfons of that Perfuaiion) of the Place wheri 0/ S H I P S, ^^. ,ot where fuch Widow or Children have a legal Settlement, or refide, to be atterte d by two or more credible Witneflcs, that Ihc was the lawful Wife, and they the p. 8+1. Children of fuch Seaman, and under the Age of fourteen ; or if of that Age or upwards, not capable of getting a Livelihood, by Rcafon of Lamencfs, Blindnefs, or other Infirmities, and arc proper Objcdls of Charity ) and no Seaman (hall be provided for by a Penfion, or otherwife, as decrepid or worn out, unlcfs he fliall have ferved five Years in the Merchant's Service, and paid 6 d For ■v'r'V, ■A ■ « ■ >(r#l-: rt:!- i m It ■■■ loa 0/ S H I P S, ^c. For keeping up a competent Number of Members, and for perpetuating the Succeflion thereof, and tor filling up the Places of Prcfident und Aliill^uit^, the Prcfident and thirteen Governors preH-nt at a General Court to be held as afore- faid, fhall eledt other fit Perfons to be Members in the Room of fuch of the Per- fons above named, or to be from Time to Time eleded Members, who fliall die, or refufe to accept of, or continue to be Members. The Prefident and thirteen Governors, a^Tembled in a General Court, may make and conftitute fuch By-laws, &c. as (hall fcem neccffary for the eftablirtiing the faid Corporation, and the Officers, Servants, and Pcrfons employed by themj and p. l45- for the applying the Money, and providing for the Pcrfons intitlcd to the Benefit of this Adli and for the auditing the Accounts, and the controlling, allowing, or difallowing the Tranfaftions of the faid Prefident and Aififtants, and of the Officers, Servants, andPerfonsj and for putting the faid Laws in Execution, and for revoking and altering the fame at Plcafure ; which By-laws, (ffc. ihall he duly obferved, lo as they be reafbnable, and not repugnant to the Statutes, Cul- toms, or Laws of this Kingdom, or any of the eicprefs Regulations of this AiH:. If the Prefident (hall at any Time not attend, the Court of Affiflants, or (Jo- vernors at a General Court, fnall depute any other Member to prcfide and adt an Prefident in his Abfence, and do all other Adls and Things at the faid Courts as the Prefident is impowercd and required to do. For the Encouragement of Benefactors to fb good a Defign, it is enadlcd, That if any Perfon (hall at one or more Payments contribute 50/. for the Purpofes of this Adl, hefhall be declared a Governor of the faid Corporation. f. J46. Every Seaman, or Perfon employed in any VcHel belonging to a Subjeft of England, and every Mafter or Owner navigating the fame (other than fuch Ap- Srentices under the Age •f eighteen, as are exempted from Payment of 6J. fer fonth to the Hofpital at Greenwich, by an Aft of 2 Anna, and Pcrfons employed on the Coafts of England in taking of Fifli brought frelh on Shore ; and Pcrfons employed in Boats or VefTels that trade only from Place to Place within any River in England, or in open Boats upon the Coafts thereof) and Pilots em- ployed on board VtfTels fhall, after the 29th of September, 1747, pay i>d. per Month, and propoi tionably for a lefler Time, during their Employment, for the Purpofes aforefaid. The Mafter, Owner, or Commander of every Vcflel, is to dcdu6t out of the Wages, G?f. of every fuch Seaman, Gfr . (except as before excepted) the faid Duty of 6ort for the Relief of the Seamen em- tne Veflels belonging • ■ - ^ their Widows and Children as (half ne entitled thereto hy this Aft ; and the faid Truftees fhall continue to the a6th of Decemher next after fuch Elcdbion, and until new Truftees are nominated and confirincd ; and within ten Days uffcr every a6th of Dtcembtr yearly, the faid Owners and Mailers (hall meet and appoint in. like Manner fifteen Perfons to be Trudces for the ^'car cnfuing, and tlic faid Truftecs (hall continue until new ones are eleftcd and confirmed ; and the laid Indrument /hall bcfent to the Prefidcnt and AlViftants, who arc to confirm th-j fame under the common Seal of the Corporation, without I'cc or Reward, with- in ten Days after the Receipt thereof: And the faid Trnflccs, when (b confirm- ed, (five whereof (hall be a Sl^orumJ (hall he veflcd with the fame Powers to make By-laws, and to revoke or alter the fame, and for>rccciving and applying Benefadlions, and for appointing Receivers and other Ollicers for collecting ami applying the faid Duty, as are given to the Prefidcnt and Governors aforcfaid, according to fuch Rules, Orders, and Regulations as (iy.\\\ be cHablinied in Pur- fuancv' of this Ad j and the faid Receivers and other 0(ficcrs (liall have the fame Powers as other the Receivers and Officers before appointed, and fliall be liable to the fame Penalties and Forfeitures. And whereas by Letters Patent, bearing Date the i8th of Decemher, in the fixth Year of the Reign of King EJivardVl. certain Merchants, therein named, and their Succeflbrs, refiding at the Port and City of Brijhl, arc incorporated by the Name of The Mailer, IVardens, and Commonalty of Merchant-Venturers of the City e/'Briftol ; which Society is willing, for the Benefit of the Seamen employ- ed in the Service of the Merchants, &c. belonging to the faid City and Port, to undertake the Colledlion and Application of the fiid bd. per Month, payable there, and of any Donations of well-dilpofed People j it is therefore enaded. That the Mafter, Wardens, Afljftants, and Trealurer of the faid incorporated Society, for the Time being, (hall be Truftees, and (hall be vefted with the like Powers, (Sc. for colleding, recovering, and applying, Gff. the faid Duty and any Donations at the faid City and Port; and for appointme Receivers and other Ofli- cersfor the faid Purpofes as are granted by this Adt to the Prefidcnt and Governors aforefaid, according to fuch Rules, Orders, and Regulations as are, or (hall be cf- tabli(hed by Virtue of this Aft ; and fuch Receivers and other Officers (hall have the fame Powers, &c. as thofe to be appointed in purfiiance of thi"; Aft, and (hall be fubjeft to the like Penalties and Forfeitures ; and the faid Mafter, Wardens, AiTiftants, and Treafurers, fliall alfo Iiave Power to take ".nd receive any Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments in fuch Manner, and for the like Purpofes only as the faid Prefident and Governors are by this Aft impowered to take and receive. And whereas the Guild of Mafters and Pilots, Simb, or be othcrwilc hurt, fo that immediate Care is ncccflary to be taken of him, thcPrc- fidcnt and ( Jovernors of the Port of London, and the rcfpedive Truflees for the Out-ports, fliall provide proper Relief for fuch Perfon, until he fh?ll be fo well recovered of fuch Hurt as to be removed and fent witi> Safety to the Port to p S57. which fuch Vcflcl docs belong 1 and the Expence thereof, not exceeding 2vern- ment's indulgent Attention to fecurcaSutlicieiicy for them abroad, when reduced by Misfortunes to the Nccelhty of claiming it ; and the charitable Uifpolicions thefc Atfls contain, plainly evince an well the Prudence as the Beneficence t)f the Promoters and Compilers of them, juftly chalkneinj; our Tribute of I'raile ior fuch Hiining Inftanccs of Tenderncfs and O'mpaliion, in acomlbrtable Proviiion for the accidental Sufferings of the Brave, till now left dcrtitute anddifregardcd, I mean, by Law, for tho* the 22d and 23d Lur. II. Cap. 1 1. ScCt. 10. (before recited) provides fomething for the maimed and (l.iin, yet 'tis too fmall toi'upply the Lofs of Limbs, or give Maintenance to the aftlidted Kclitlts of a Sailor, un- timely fnatchcd away t 'tis therefore from thotc Statutes only the Mariner mull cx[>edl Rcdrels, and a Refledtion on their Exiflence will naturally encourage him to deferve their Protedtion, by a pundlual Compliance with his Duty. 11 Cut I. e«p. It (hall be lawful for Perfons authorifed by the Majority of the liiitijh Mer- ''■ ^' '■ chants and Faftors retiding \n Portugal, being allembled with the Conful General, or his Deputy, in any of the Ports in Portugal, to recover from all Commanders of Britijh Ships trading from Great-Britain or Ireland, or any other his Majelly's Do- minions, to any of the Dominions of the King of Portugal, the following Sums, viz. any Sum not exceeding 200 Reis perT on on all tonage Goods (except Wheat, fiarley, Rye, Coals, Timber, Boards, and Lumber) and 100 Reit per Ton on Wheat, Barley, Off. and 1 5 per Cent, on the Freight of all other Gju^ds exported from any of tnc King's Dominions to any Place in the Dominions of the King «)f Portugal i and all Bills of Lading Hiall fpecify to pay the Monies accordingly, under Denomination of Contribution, as per Ad of Parliament ; and the Per- fons paying the fame (hall be reimburfed by the Freighters, or the Pcrluns to whom the Goods fliall be configned j and if no Bill of Lading (hall appear, and no FVeight or Tonage is fettled between the Owner .' the Goods and the Mailer of the Veflel, the Freight or Tonage Ihall be valued by two indifferent Britijh Merchants on the Place, one to be chofen by the Conful General, and the other by the MaAer of the Ship, within ten Days after unlading the Goods \ and if tnc Perfons fo chofen Hiall not agree the fame, in five Days, fuch two Perfons fliall chufe a third (being a Britip Merchant on the Place) who (hall decide the Valuation in three Days. Ditto, f. 1. All Mailers of Ships trading from Great-Britain, Ireland, or any other his Majefty's Dominions, to the Dominions of the King of Portugal, and unloading there, fliall within ten Days after their Arrival deliver to the Conlul General, or Deputy Conful, refiding there, or to fuch Perfon as fliall he appointed, a Mani- feft ujwn Oath, fpecifying the Particulars of the Cargo, or of fuch Part thereof as fliall be unloaded there, anc' to whom conligncd, which Oatli the Conful General, Gff . is to adminiflcr gratis. Ditto f. 3. The Conlul General, or his Deputy, fliall detain the' Clearances outwards of II Britifi and Irijh Ships till Payment. Ditto, f. 4. The Monies fliall be applied in Manner following, viz. to the Minifler redding there 300 Mill-Reis per Annum, by equal Quarterly Payments, and the Remainder for the Relief of Ihipwrcck'd Mariners, and other dillreffedPerlbns, his Majefty's Subjedls, and to fuch other charitable and publick Ufes as (hall be appointed by the Majority of the BritiJJj Merchants and F'adtors refiding at Lijhon, and other Parts in Portugal, being aflcmbled with the Conful General, or any of his De- puty Confuls. Ditto, f. J. Pcrlons formerly liable to pay the four Reis per Mill, fliall, after Paym.cnt of the Sums required by this Adl, be exempted from the (ame. Ditto, f. 6. The Conful General, or his Deputy Confuls, refiding in Portugal, fliall, as they fee Occafion, call a general Meeting of the Britijh Merchants and F\idlors, and fliall ca|l fuch Meetings as often as fliall be defired, by Writing under the Hands of any five Britijh Merchants or Fadlors. r. 7. This fliall be a publick Adt, ^c. An 19/ S H I P S, e^f. 107 An ko Cidi •P . II. H. (. 4. I. 10 Cn. tl. icp 14. (. Adt, like the precc«Un^ one, was made for hiii Majefty'i Siibjci-ls trading .•, and Port St. Mury's, Iticcifyipg, that any Sums of Money, not cxcceiling one Kyal Plate p*r Ducat, (hall he received from all Maftern of Hrifij/j and Injh VcA'cIh, trading to thofc Places, on the Freight of Goods (cxi . ot Tonagc (Jootls) imported intotnc faid Ports, and on all Tonage Goods, any Sums not exceed- ing iwo Rials Plate ptr Ton, to he collected anddif|iofcd of in the fame Manner as directed for that raifcd in Portug^al, and the other Part of this Aift being vfr- talim like that, is hcic omitted to he repeated. It (lull he lawful for Pcrfons apjtointed by the Conful, named f()r his Majcf- ty's Subicdts trading to the Port of Leghorn, together with the Majority of the Britijh Merchants and Fadlors there, to recover from all Commanders of Britijb or Irijb Ships, trading from any Part of his Majefty's Dominions to the laid Port, any Sums not exceeding one Livrf per "Ton on all Tonage Gtx)ds imported into the faid Port, and all U de G(H)ds, not exceeding one third of a Livre per Bale, or I'arcel : to he recovered tin J applied with /He Dire^ions as in 9 (ieo. II. Cap. 25, for the Confulage Duty at Cadiz and Port St. Mary's. Mariners iiiuft help one another both at Sra and in Port, and never quit the L't oum. Ship without Leave from the Maftcr, wlicn (lie is at Anchor. «",''i,)! o^,. If Mariners get drunk and wound one another, they arc ndt to be cured at the m^«. Charge of the \laficr or Ship, as the Damage is not received in the Service of cither j but if any of them are hurt, or taken ill, in doing their Duty, the Kx- 1,1. oUrm, pence of their Cure the Ship muft defray j and if his Difordcrs render him unfit "i' " to continue on Board, he mall be left on Shore, and have thofe Accommoda- Ditw, cap. 1 tions and AfTiOance as his Cafe requires t and though ihc Ship mull not be de- tained to attend his Recovery, yet if this happen<; afterwards, he ihall have his fuM Wages, deducing only what the Mafler may have expended for him. If Goods are thrown overboard in order to lighten, and by this Means lave tlic t'g fTtrm, Ship in a Storm, upon Proof thereof, by the Oaths of the Mailer, &c. he Oiall "P- "• be acquitted, though the Ship, Freight, and Remainder of the Cargo fhall be brought into an Average, to make good what was fo thrown away for the Prc- feivation of the whole. Though a Shij (hull be fei;;ed for Debt, or otiierwife become forfeited, the ConfoUi Mariners mud receive their Wages, unlcfs in fomc Cads, where they arc for- ^'"'• feitcd as well as the Ship j as in Cafe of committing Piracy, with Letters of Marque, by Reafon of which all will be forfeited; but Lading of prohibited J?//* Aliiijg. Goods on board, fuch as Wool, &c. tho" it fuhjcdls the Ship to a lorfeiture, ''''''• 5 3"^- ct it difables not the Mariner of his Wages j for the Sailors having honeft- .y performed their Parts, the Ship is tacitly obliged for their Wages j but if the Ship peri(hes at Sea they lofc their Wages, and the Owners their Freight : And this bcmg the Marine Cudom is allowed as well by the Common aS Civil Laiv. Barrctry of theMarinersis a Difeafe Co epidemical, that It is difficult foraMaf- tcr with tne grcatcft Care to prevent it, and though he may not really be faulty, juii. it ob. yet the Law will always adjudge him fo, and impute Sailors Offences to his AVif- i"'* «* ''''«•:'. ligence ; and were it otherwife, the Merchant would be in a very dangerous Con- ' "" dhion ; and the Reafons why a Ma(lcr (hould be refponfible for his Crew, are, />„aa. n. becaufcitis of his own chuling.and under his Correftion and Government, and on 7-' '" B' R- Ship-board know no other Superior but himfelf, and if they arc faulty he hiay cor- s'Si'h. *" ' redl and punifli them (in a moderate Manner) and juftify the fame by Law ; and *'/' Abridg. thcFaft being proved againd them, he may reimburfe himfelf out of their Wages. '^^ When Goods arc once delivered to a Madcr, they arc not fubjedt to be attached in his Hands, nor can any Cudom whatfoever fupport the fame, for they are in Law as it were bailed to tne Ship, until the Freight and all othcrCharges are paid; «;,,*. 17 r«r. and it is very much doubted whether an Attacnment can be made in London of" j"i-.t; j, any Goods lying on board Ship, in the River of 7'Artw*'/ (which, though the Port "'"■ of London) notwithdanding F"reight, and all other Charges are paid od". Conimidioncrs of Bankruptcy illucd a Warrant to feizc Goods of a Bahkrupt fiiil. s y«T. on board two Ships in Topjham Bay in Devonjhire; the Goods were configncd to '" •-" Pcrfons in Holiand, who had not paid the Bankrupt for them ; the Mailers rc- fufcd to deliver the Goods notwithdanding the Warrant, which occalioned tlie CommilTioners coming to demand them, though tlicy were dill rcfufcd. Sir del I .>jiit A' % i ■'MS. '■M if'-.. : •'■1 . »,'■■. io8 wm i , . ■ yi' 0/ S H I P S, e^r. Sir Pi'ter King moved for an Ordrr iipo;i the Maftcrs for their Contempt. The Court at firft greatly doubted wlicther they ^an make an Order in Aid and Afliftance of the Warrant of the Commillioners of Bankruptcy, the Statute having vefted a large Power in tliem j beiidcs, the Perfons to w honi the G«ods are configncd, would be indebted to the Creditors of the Bankrupt, which Credi- tors may recover by the Law of Holland. Sir Peter King. We fliall rather lofc the Goods than follow tliem into Hoi- land. Lord Chancellor. Their refufing to deliver tiic Goods ujwn the Warrant is no Contempt to this Court, tho' the Commillioners adt under a Comniillion under the broad Seal : The Matters in this prcfcnt Cafe have fomc Colour to detain the Goods; for upon a Delivery of them, they may lie dilappointcd of Pi eight, and the AlTignces of the Commidion mull Hand in the fame Place as the Bankrupt, and be fubje>5l to his Contraft. But however an Order was made upon tlie Matters to deliver the Goods upon Payment of the Freight, and 'he Matters to be indemnified by the Creditors againtt a Bill of Lading, which was fent by the Confignees. I have now finitticd the Subjed of Ships and Seamen, which has been fpun out to a great Length by the necelfary Quotations of Cafes and Laws fy intereftiiig a Topick calls for j and I think the omitting any of them would have rendered the Difcourfe defedive : It is true the Ledurc mutt be dry and tallelcfs, even to thofe who ufe it for Information, and much more fo where it is not wanted j yet as fuch Treatifes are not calculated to divert, ' ut inttrud, I have endeavour- ed to render it as cnnuucive to this latt Purpofe as I am able, and hope it will prove fo to thofe who fliall have Occafion to ufe it ; and I (hall now, according to my propofed Method, proceed to treat of other Marine Aftairs, fuch as ■' ■ 1 ■ V Per Leg, Nav, Rhod. Art. Cro. Car. 38J. Freight^ Charterparties^ Bills of Ladings Dcmorage^ and Bottomry. FREIGHT is the Sum agreed on for the Hire of a Ship, or Carriage of Goods, and mutt be paid in Preference to all other Debts, for whofe Payment the Goods ttand engaged ; but ;is thofe are obliged to the Ship for her Hire, fo is the Ship to the Owner of the Goods, in Cafe of Damage or Watte, through any Defedt of the Veflel or Sailors. CuARTF.RPARTY (Churta Partita, i. e. a Deed or Writing divided) is the fame in the Civil Law with an Indenture at the Conunon Law : It fettles the Agreement, as the Bills of Lading do the Contents of the Cargo, and binds the Matter to deliver them well conditioned at the Place of Difchargc, accord- intr to the Agreement ; and for Performance, the Matter obliges himielf. Ship, Tackle and Furniture. The taking a Ship to Freight is the Hiring her of her Matter or Owners, either in part or the whole, and either by the Month, for an entire Voyage, or by the Ton; and the Contra^, reduced into a Writing commonly called a Char- terparty, executed between the Freighter, and the Perfon who leti the Ship, and cxpreflive of the different Particulars agreed on, as aforefaid. The Matter or Owners generally covenant to provide both a Sufficiency of Tackle and Mariners, and to fit the Ship in every Refpedl for performing tiie Vov- age agreed on ; and the Merchant, on his Part, ttipulates to comply with the Pay- ment promifed for Freight, on Delivery of his Goods, and hotli oblige them- felves in Penalties for Non-compliance ; the Nature and Form of wliicli will be ttiewn in the fubfequent Copy of a Chartei-purty, and the confcqueiit Secu- rit) oi 7^ Bill of Lading, both which I have infertcd 'or my Reader';; Clovernment. If there be a verbal Agreement only, and Ear/ie/l given, and the fame be broke off by the Merchant, according to the Kljodian Law, he lulls his Earntjli but if the Owners or Matter repent, they forfeit double. But by the Common Laic of England the Party dai'-.iified may bring his Adion of the Cafe, and recover all Damages on the Agreement. If I 5 0/ B I L L S OF LADING, ^c. 1 09 If by the Time appointed in the Charterparty the Ship is not ready to take in, or the Merchant (after the Days of Dernoragc commonly granted) not ready to load, the Partiei are at Liberty, and the fulFering one hath his Remedy againft the other by Adtion, 10 lecompenfe the Damage. If Part of the Loading be on board, and fome intervening Misfortune prevents jureMar L.r. the Merchant from fliipping the whole in Time, the Mailer is at Liberty to "P 4- '^ 1- contrad with another, and (hall have Freight by Way of Damage for the Time that thofe Goods were on board after that limited j for fuch Agreements, being of a ';ondiiiorerton\. Shelton, and 529 Parker y. Curfon^ Uxor, See 2 Levinz 4. Hulme & Sambers; and 2 Vent. 129. tVelby And Philips. Hale C. J. took a Dif- ference between this Cafe of Covcnan" and Debt, and held, that after Vcrdift it had been cured without Queftionj bu'; upon Demurrer there may be Ibme Doubt, the Demurrer being general ; but had the Demurrer been fpecial, it had been ill and ruled Judgment, ^ro^tr. 2 Levinz 56, and T^Kcble 39 and 50. Bolton undLee. If Goods are fully laden on board, and the Ship hath broie Ground, and the Merchant on after Confidcration determines again to unload them, and not profecu'e the Adventure, by the Marine Law the Freight is due. And if the Ship in her Voyage becomes unable, without the Mafter's Fault, or that theMafteror Ship bcarrcfted by any foreign Prince, or State, in her Voy- age, the Mafter may either mend/bis Sbip, or freight another ; but if the Merchant will not confcnt thereto, then the Freight becomes due, for fo much as the Ship hath earned i othcrwife the Mafter is liable for all Damages that ftiall happen : And therefore if that Ship to which the Goods were tranflated perifhed, the Maf- ter (hall anfwcr ; but if both the Ships perifh, then he is difcharged : But in Cafe of extreme Neceflity, as that the Ship fhould be in a finking Condition, and an empty Ship is pafllng by, or at hand, he may tranflate the Goods; and if that Ship finks or periftics, ne is there cxcufed j but then it muft be apparent that that Ship (cemcd probab/e zndfuj^cient. If a Mafter fhall weigh Anchor, and fail after the Time covenanted or agreed for his Departure, if any Damage happens at Sea after that Time, he ftiall re- fund and make good all fuch Misfortune ; yet if a Cbarterparty is made, that the Plaintiff ftiall fan from London to Lifbon, with the firft Wind and Opportunity, Cf. in Confideration of which, the Merchant did covenant to pay fo much for Freight ; the Ship departs not with the firft Wind and Opportunity, yet after- wards breaks Ground, and arrives at her Port, the Freight in this Cale is become due ; for there is nothing can bar the Ship of her Freight, but the not Depar- Ut.k.Vi.^t) ture, for only that in Law is traverfable, being material to avoid the Payment of the Freight ; but to fay the Ship did not depart with the next Wind, is but a Circumftancc, which, in Stridtnefs of Law, is not traverfable. If it be agreed, that the Mafter fhall fail from London to Leghorn in two Months, and Freight accordingly is agreed on, if he begins the Voyage within the two Months, though he does not arrive at Leghorn within the Tin:c, yet the Freight is become due. Tne£r7/?-/Ww Company might by Chartcrparty keep a Ship they had freighted a long Time in India, and did lb keep her until flic was unfit for Service, ind could not come home, they were obliged in Chancery to pay the Damage, tho' by the Cbarterparty it was payable at the Return of the Ship. So where no Freight was to t'- paid for the Cargo outwards, hat r'reight for the Cargo homeuards, and the Fadtor abroad had no Goods to load her home- wards, Payment of the Freight was decreed. I Anil Ad Lrg. Rict/. yu.i'^. Oltttn i,^. ull ad nigeft. c. I. {. 10. Pcpham if. I P..lm 39H Of B I L L S O F LADING, ^c. in And if a Ship is freighted to go to any Place to load, and on Arrival there the Fador cannot, or will not put any thing on l>oard him, after the Maftcr has laid the Dayc agreed on by Chartcrparty, and made his regular Protclb, he ftiall be paid empty for full. Though the Officers and Mariners gave Bond not to demand Wages, unlefs » '>» .-'-. the Ship returned to London, (he arrived at a delivering I'ort, and afterwards was taken by the Enemy, they Iiad their Wages to the delivering P"*"!-. If a Ship is freighted from one Port to another, and thence to a third, fourth, l-'s. P..:,gr.- and fo home to the Port from whence flie fii-fl failed (commonly called a trading 'i£'ij' ^^,'i"j Voyagf) this is all but one and the fame Voyage, fo as it be in Conformity to/*/. ,;,». " the Charter party. A Merchant agrees with a Maftcr, that if he carries his Goods to fuch a Port, Tr,>. q J„c. he will then pay him fuch a Sum; in the Voyage the Ship is nlfaulted, entered, '"^ "^ ^°'- and robbed by Pirates, and Part of her Lading taken forth, and afterwards the v^cvivr^ ' Remainder is brought to the Port of Difcharge, yet the Sum agreed upon is not ' B,n fame would not have made a Difability as to the Receipt of the Sum agreed on ; /''""■ Cm. for both by the Common and Marine Law, the Ait of God, or that of an Enemy, no.''/i;^n^tm" fliall no ways work a wrong in private Adtions. If a Ship be freighted by the Ton, and flie is ftdl laden according to the Chartcrparty, the Freight is to be paid for the wholej otherwilc but for lb many Ton as the Lading amounted to. If Freight be contraded for the lading of certain Cattle, or the like, from 7»r, Mar. Duhlin to Weji-Cfvjler, and feme of them happen to die before the Ship's Arri- '• =• «.ii. 4- val, the whole Freight is become due as well ior the Dead as the Living. '' "' But if the Frcigl^t be contradled for the tranfporting them, at fo much per Ditto. Head, if Death happens, there arifeth due no more Freight than only for fuch as arc living, at the Ship's Arrival at her Port of Difcharge, and not for the Dead. When Cattle or Slaves are lent aboard, without any previous Agreement for Diito. lading or tranfporting tliem, but generally, then Freight fliall be paid as well for the Dead as the Living j and if Freight be contrufted for the tranfporting of Women, and they happen in the Voyage to be delivered of Children, no Freight becomes due for the Infants. If Goods are lent on board, generally, the Freight muft be according to that Ditta commonly paid for the like accuftomed Voyages. If a Ship Ihall be freighted, and named to be of fuch a Burthen, and being ^■^^^g freighted by the Ton, ftiail be found lefs, there fliall no more be paid than only by tnc Ton, for all the Goods that were laden on board. And if a Ship ' .- freighted for two hundred Tons, or thereabouts, the Addition Di„(, of thereabouts is commonly reduced to be within five Ton, more or leis, as the Moiety of the Number ten, whereof the whole is compounded. If a Ship be freighted by the Great, and the Burthen of it not exprefled, yet cbaff. fcc the Sum certain is to be paid. Jon,, vcrf. If a Freighter by loading prohibited or unlawful Goods, occnfions the Ship's ^'l'""" Detention, or othcrwife impedes her Voyage, he fliall pay the Freight contrad- ed and agreed for. When a Ship is freighted out and in (or out and homej there is no Freight due Tri„. q jjc. till the whole Voyage is performed ; fo that if flie be call away coming home, " j* P''l>'' the Freight out-wards, as well as inwards, becomes loft. ""mnhZ'^ A Part Owner of a Ship fued the other Owners for his Share of the Freight on P»ft zi. finifliing her Voyage; but the other Owners liad fitted her out, in whicli the inCh.^nary, Complainant would not join, whereupon the other Owner complained in the i3>->'68o. Admiralty ; and by Order there, they gave Security, that if the Ship periflicd in the Voyage, to make good to the Plaintiff his Share, or to that Etted; in Inch a Calf, by the Law Marine and Courfe of the Admiralty, the Plaintift' was Hj H m II fr-i^ h" r .'. 1j Leg. Olirm, R'btJ. .Irt.iS- Confol. del. Wcr. Li 7. Ooail. Bald. In leg cerii juris in 4 Q. in \'cib. tjuiilc'goLod. lucat. Sianley verf. jiylti, byHoli J AV*. 444. 7 je. ir. StaJiam Abndg. 54. 112 0/ BILLS OF LADING, ^c. was to have no Share of the Freight : It was referred to Sir Lionel ""Jenkins to certify the Coiirfe of the Admiralty, who certified accordingly, and that it was fo in all Places, for otherwife there would be no Navigation j whereupon the Plaintiff's Bill was difmiflcd. If a Mailer lets out his Ship, and afterwards fecretly takes in other Goods un- known to the firfl Freighter, by the Law Marine he lofes his Freight ; and if it fliruld fo fall out, that any of the Freighter's Goods (hould for Safety of the Ship be caft overboard, the Reft fliall not become fubjeft to the Average, but the Malier mull make the Damage good ; tho' if the Goods are brought into the Ship fecretly and unknown to him, it is otherwife ; and Goods fo brought in, m.iy be fubjefted to what Freight the Maftsr thinks fit. When a Ship puts into any other Port than that flie was bound to by Agree ment, the Mauer fliall anfwer all Damages that fliall accrue thereby ; but if flie was forced in by Storm, Enemies, or Pirates, he muft afterwards proceed to that he was obliged to by Contrad. In Conftrudtion of Law, the lading of the Ship is tacitly obliged for the Freight, the fame being in Point of Payment preferred before any other Debts to which the Goods fo laden are liable, tho' fuch Debts, as to Time, ■vi^xc precedent Xo ^^ Freight ; for the Goods remain, as it were, bailed for the fame ; nor can they be attached in the Mafter's Hands, tho' it is commonly conceived otherwife. As Ships deferve Wages like a Labourer, tlie Adions touching the fame are in the Eye of the Law generally conftrued favourably for the Ship and Owners ; and therefore if four Parts in five of them fliall make up their Accounts with the Freighters, and receive their Proportions, yet the fifth Man may fue fingly by hinifelf without joining with the Reft, and this as well by the Common haw as the how Marine. If a Ship in her Voyage happens to be taken by an Enemy, and afterwards is re-taken by another Ship in Amity, and Reftitution is made, and flie proceeds on in her Voyage, the Contradt is not determined, tho' the taking by the Ene- my diverted the Property out of the Owners j yet by the Law of War, that Pof- feffion was defeafible, and being recovered in Battle afterwards, the Owners be- come re-invefted j fo the Contrad, by Fidion of Law, became as if Ihe never had been taken, and fb the sntire Freight becomes due. It was covenanted by a Charterparty, that a Ship fliould return by a certain Time within the River ot I'lymes (the Dangers of the Sea excepted) and after- wards in the Voyage, and within the Time of the Return, the Ship was taken upon the Sea by Enemies unknown to the Covenanter, and being dc^iined by them could not return within the River of Thames, within the Time mentioned in the Covenant. Refohed, this Impediment was within the Exception, for thcfe W^ords intend as well any Danger upon the Sea by Pirates or Men of War, as Dangers of the Sea, by Shipwreck, "Tempeft, or the like. If Freight be taken for a hundred Tons of Wine, and twenty of them leak out, fo that there is not above eight Inches from the Bulge upwards, yet the Freight becomes due j but if they be under eight Inches, fome conceive it then to be in the Eledion of the Freighters to fling them up to the Mafter for Freight ; but moft think otherwife ; for if all had leaked out (if there was no Fault found in the Stowage, by a Survey from the Trinity -Houfe) there is no Realbn the Ship fliould lofe her Freight; for the Freight arifes from the Tonage taken, and if the Leakage was occafioned thro' Storm*, the fame perhaps may come into an Average. It is certain, if a Ship freighted by the Great be caft away, the Freight is loll ; but if by the Ton or Parcels, and Part thereof is faved from the Wreck j doubted whether pro rata, flie ought not to be anfwered her Freight -f. If a Ship by Charterparty, reciting to be of the Burden of 200 Tons, is taken to Freight for a Sum certain, to be paid at her Return, the Sum certaii. is to be paid, though the Ship amounts not to that Burden. In Cafe a Ship is freighted after the Rate of 20/. for every Month that flie fliall be out, to be paid after Arrival at the Port of hondon ; the Ship is caft away coming up from tlie Downs, but the Lading is all prefervcd, in which Cafe the Freight Pirhring and B^'Ury, Suits 131.1 Ro/h'i Abiidg. 248 Bcyce verf. Cci,. H,l:. id. 27 Car. 2. B. • Majliri IhtuUlah Care to make their tegular Pretcjli after a Sl^rm, ai they may fuftr fmerely ty emitting it, \ It II commtn It giviufwbal ii/avtd li •' i ^Jureri, that the AJluriri may renvir the'uhile hjuran-.e. 0/ B I L L S O F L A D i N G^ ^c. ti3 176. 204. 76. «. , El!z. ^- Freight is become due ; for the Money arifcs fo Monthly by the Contraft, and the Place mentioned is only to (hew where Payment is to be made j for the 8hip dcferves Wages like a Mariner who fervcth by the Month j and though he dies in the Voyage, yet his Executors arc to be anfwered pro rata. Befldes, the Freight becomes due by Intendment on the Delivery or Bringing up of the Commodities to the Port of London, and not of the Ship. If a Man freights a Ship out, and covenants that the Ship fhould fail out of 1 M/i. that Port to Cadiz with the firft fair Wind and Opportunity, and the Freighter \ p"' covenants that for the Freight of all the Premifes ne would pay unto the Mafter tSan'tt^i^Q. 184/. if the Mailer doth not aver, that the Ship did arrive at the Port oi Cadiz, he cannot maintain an Adion againft the Freighter. If the Mafter enters into a Cbarterparty for himfelf and Owners, the Mafter in thatCafe may releafethe Freighters, without advifing with the Owners; but if the Owners let the Ship out to freight, whereof J. J. is Mafter, though the Mafter covenant in the fame Cbarterparty and fubfcribcs, yet his Releafc in that Cafe will not bind the Owners, but the Owners Releafe on the other Hand will conclude the Mafter ; and the Reafon is, for that the Mafter is not made a proper Party to the Indenture. And fo it was ruled, where an Indenture oi Cbarterparty was made between Scudamore and other Owners of the good Ship called the B, whereof Robert Pitman was Mafter, on the one Part, and Vandenjiene on the other Part ; in which Indenture the Plaintiffdid covenant with the faid Vandenjlene and Ro- bert Pitman, and bound thcmfelvcs to the Plaintiff and Robert Pitman for the Performance of Covenants in 600/. and the Conclufion of the Indenture was — In Witnefs whereof the faid Robert Pitman put his Hand and Seal, and delivered the Cn. fame; in an Adlion of Covenant, for not performing certain Covenants in this In- Scuiiamorei denture, the Defendant pleaded the Releafe of Pitman, whereupon the Plaintiff ^^.^tv/,.' demurred, and it was adjudged, that the Releafe of Pitman did not bar the jq eux. in Plaintiff, becaufe he was no Party to the Indenture ; and the Diverfity in that ^X'^xntiT. Cafe was taken and agreed between an Indenture reciprocal between Parties on f'oi. 6, 3. the one Side, and Parties on the other Side, as that was ; for there no Bond, ^/^'^^j^i*} Covenant, or Grant can be made to, or with any that is not Party to the Deed; ^.'nd 3 i-woa but where the Deed indented is not reciprocal, but is without a Between, &c. u"- Ci^jr-v. as omnibus Chrijiijidelibus, &c. there a Bond, Covenant, or Grant may be made .^jy^^^*'^^_ to diverfe feveral Perfons. If an Indenture of Cbarterparty be made between ^. and B. Owners of a Ship c/««/ w/. of the one Part, and C. and D. Merchants of the other Part, and ^. only fcals the l^"h. ^ ^'U' Deed of the one Part, and C. and D. of the other Part ; but in the Indenture **' it is mentioned that j4. and B. covenant with C. and D. and C. and D. covenant with A. and B. In this Cafe, A, and B. may join in an Adlion againft C. and D. though that B. never fealed the Deed, for he is a Party to the Deed, and C. and D. have fealed the other Part to B. as well as to A. Covenant upon a Cbarterparty, by which the Mafter of a Ship covenants to fail with the firft fair Wind to Barcelona, and that the Mariners ftiall attend with a Boat to relade the Ship, and then to return with the firft fair Wind to London, and to unlade and deliver the Goods ; and the Merchants covenant to pay fo much for Freight, and fo much for Demorrage every Day ; the Mafter brought his Aftion for the Freight and Demorrage, ana declares that he failed fuch a Day, with the firft fair Wind, and upon all tnc other Points. The Defendant quoad the Freight, that the Ship did not return direflly to London, but went to Alicant and Tangier, and made divers Deviations, and by thefe Delays the Goods were fpoiled ; and as to the Demorrage, that this was occafioned by the Negligence of tne Mariners, in not attending with the Boat to relade the Ship, to which the 3 £«i»54i. Plaintiff demurred, and per Curiam pro ^er. for that the Covenants are mutual ''^'^^ "' and reciprocal, upon v/hich each mall have his Aftioii againft the other, but 'L '/,„ (hall not plead the Breach of one in bar of another, for perhaps the Damage of ^'^^ the one Side and the other are not equal. cw«'r^.* If a Fadlor freights a Ship, by Order and for Account of another. Out and i»* Mirc. Home, and a Cbarterparty is accordingly made and indented between him and "7- the Mafter, the Fadtor is liable for the Freight and Performance of all Covenants; but if the Ship be only freighted Outwards, and loaded by the Fatflor, the Goods G g (hipped cont. Sir iJ^fl U4 h ' •it 0/ BILLS OF LADING, &c. (hipped aic only U»ble for the Freight, and no Demands to be made on the Freighters in Virtue of the Charterparty, but the Perlbn who receives the Goodfl is to pay it, according to the Tenor of the Bill of Lading. If a Ship is freighted Out and Home, and after having delivered her Cargo nt the Place agreed on, there are naGoods provided for her Re-loading, the Mafter muft ftay the Days of Demorage agreed on by Cbart'Tparty, and make his regu- lar Proteil for his Freighters Non-Compliance, who will in this Cafe be obliged to pay him empty for full -, though Ihould the Mafter not wait the Time ftipu- lated, or omit to make his Protcll, he will lofc his Freight j and in Cafe the Mafter on his finding no Goods provided by his Freighters Ihoutd determine to load fomc on his own Account, as Salt, or the like, this will not ohftruft hi» recovering his Freight j for if the Ship had been laden only with Salt by the Merchant, which (it may be) would not pay half the Freight, yet the Shipper or Proprietor may at Pleahire abandon the fame to the Mafter for hisFreight, ?nd he can demand no more by the Charttrparty j but if the Mafter take in futh Salt on his own Account, before the Days of Demorragc arc expired, and that by fome Condition made with his Freighter, he may claim Freight, then this lat- ter is to have the Benefit of the Salt in Dedudlion of the faid Freight. Form of a Charterparty of Affreightment. ' fT'HIS Charterparty, indented, made, &c. between A. B. o/"&c. Mariner, Maf- ■^ ter, and Owner of the good Ship, or Vejfel, called, &c. now riding at Amhor at, &c. of the Burden of two bundrea'Tons, or tbertobmts, of the tne Part, and C D. of. Sec. Merchant, of the other Part, witnefleth, that the faid A. B.yir theConJidera- tion herein after mentioned, hath granted, and tf Freight letten, and by thefe Pre- fnts doth grant, and to freight let, unto the faid C D. his Executors, Admintjirators, and Affigns, the whole Tonage of the Hold, Stcrnjheats, and Half Deck, of the faid Ship or ycJJ'el, called, &c. from the Pqrt o/" London to, &c. in a Voyage to be made by the faid k. B. with the faid Ship, in Manner hereafter mentioned (that is to fay) to fail with the Jirjl fair Wind and Weather, that jhall happen after, 6cc. next, Jmni the faid Port c/" London, with the Goods and Merchandise of the faid C D. his Fathrs, or Ajigns, onboard, to, &c. aforefaid fthe Dangers of the Sea excepted) and there un- lade and make Difcharge of the faid Goods and Merchandizes ; and alfo Jhall there takt into, and aboard the fiud Ship again, the Goads atulMnrchandizes of the faidCl^. his Favors or Affigns, and JJmU then return to the Port ^London, w$th the faid Goods, in the Space of, &c. lunited for the End « Freight, lOitb Primage and Average accuftomed. In Witnefs whereof the Maftcr or Purfer of the faid Ship hath affirmed to three Bills of Lading of this tenor and Date ; one if ii'hich Bills being accomplijhed, the other two tojlandvoid. Andfo God fend the good Ubip to her defigned Port in Safety. Amen. Dated at London. % Demorrage, or Demurrage, is an Allowance made to the Mafler of a Ship by his Freighters, for Aaying longer in a Place than the Time firfl ap- pointed for Ills Departure, and is generally inferted in the Charterparty to Dc paid daily as it becomes due ; the Days arc always limited, fo that on Expiration thereof, and Protefts duly made, the Mafter is at Liberty to proceed, as is before- mentioned. Bottomry is the Adl of borrowing Money on a Ship's Bottom, by engaging the Veflel for the Re-payment, io that in Cafe (he milcarry, the Lender lofes his Money, though if flic finifhes her Voyage and arrives in Safety, the Borrow- er is to re-pay the Loan with a Premium or Interefl agreed on (which is always adequate to the Ri/k) and if this is denied, or deferred, the Lender (hall have the Ship. I Bottomry I "..• 0/ B I L L S O F L A D I N G, (^f. 117 Bottomry is likcwifc called Fantu Nauticum, Pectmh trajeaitia, and fome- timcs Vfura Marina, though improperly, for notwithftanding the Intercft in thcfc Contrafta is always much larger than that the Law prelcrjbes for Monies Irnt on landeu Securities, yet it is never accounted Ufury, as Marine Loans are fur- nidicd at the Hazard of the Lender, which the others are not i and where theRifk is grcatcft on the advanced Monies, the Profit oueht reafonably to be fo too. Money lent on Bottomry it. commonly on the Snip only, though Ibmetimcs it is upon the Perfon of the Borrower, and fometimes on both ; the firft is where a Man takes up Money, and obliges himfelf, that if the Ship agreed on arrives at fuch a Port, then to re-pay the Loan, with the Intercft ftipubtcd, but if the Sta l-ui. Ship mifcarry, then nothing. But when Money is lent at Intereft, it is deliver- ^°^' "'' ed at the Peril of the Borrower, and the Profit of this is merely the Price of tlic Loan i whereas the Profit of the other is a Reward for the Danger and Adventure of the Sea, which the Lender takes upon himfelf, and makes the Intercft law- ful. Vfura Marina joins the advanced Money and the Danger of the Sea toge- 7«r.*'/ Lam ther ; and this Obligatory fometimes to the Borrower's Ship, G(X)ds, and Pcrion. '^■^•""•y- Where Bills, or Bonds of Bottomry are fealed, and the Money is paid, if the DUw. Ship receives Injury by Storm, Fire, &c. before the Beginning of the Voyage, then only the Perfon borrowing runs the Hazard, unlcls it bf otherwife pro- vided ; as that, if the Ship ftiall not arrive at fuch a Place, at iUch a Time, Off. there the Contradt hath a Beginning, from the Time ol the Sealing : But if the Condition be, that if fuch a Ship Ihall fail from London to any Port abroad, and fhall not arrive there, Gfc. then &c, there the Contingency hath not its Beginning till the Departure. A Mafter of a Ship may not take up Money on fiottomry in Places where his Owners refide, except he be a Part Owner, and then he may only take up as much as his Share in the Ship will anfwer j for if he exceeds lat, his own Ef- tate is liable to make Satisfaction* ; but when a Mafter is in a ftrange Country, where there are no Owners, nor any Goods of theirs, or of his own, and for want of Money he cannot perform his Voyage, he may in this Cafe take up Money on Bottomry, and all the Owners are chargeable thereto ; but this is underftoud, Sait. jj. where Money cannot be procured by Exchange, or any other Means : And in * ^"^^ '•''^" the firft Cafe, the Owners are liable by their Veffel, though not in their Per- '^' fons ) but they have their Remedy againft the Mafter. Some Mafters of Ships, who had infured or taken up Money on Bottomry, to n c-»r. li. a greater Value than their Adventure, having made it a Practice to caft away and *"^'' ''• deftroy the Ships under their Charge, it is made Felony, and the Offenders to fufiTer Death. By another Statute, it is enafted, that after the i^of Auguji, 1746, every 19 c«. II. Sum lent on Bottomry, or at R^ndentia, upon any Subjetils Ships to, or from "P- 37- p. the EaJi-IndiN, fliall be lent only on the Ship, or the Merchandizes laden on '^'" board her, and fo exprefled in the Condition of the Bond^ and the Benefit of Sahage (hall be allowed to the Lender, his Agents, Gfr. who alone fliall have a Right to make Affurance on the Money lent ; and no Borrower of Money on Bottomry, or at Jlefpdndentia, as aforefaid, ftiall recover more on any Afturancc than the Value of his Intereft on the Ship or EiFe^s, exclufive of the Money borrowed. And if the Value of his Intereft doth not amount to the Money bor- rowed, he fliall be refponiible to the Lender for the Surplus, with lawful Intereft for the fame, together with the Affurance and all Charges, (Sc. notwithftanding the Ship and Merchandize be totally loft. All his Majefty's Subjedts were piohibifed during the Continuance of the late n g«>. II. p. War to lend Money on Bottomnr or Refpondentia, on any Ships or Goods be- 76- longing to France, or to any of the French Dominions or Plantations, or the Subjedts thereof, and in Cafe they did, the Contracts and Agreements to be void, and they or any Agent or Broker interfering therein was to forfeit 500/. (Sc, Some have pradtifed the taking up Monies on a fidtitious Suppofition, the Con- p. -j^, dition reciting. Whereas there is fuch a Ship (naming her) bound to Amftcrdam, •whereof fuch a Man is Majier, (although there be neither fuch a Ship or Mafter exifting) that if that Shipjhall not arrive at fuch a Place within tin'elve Months, the Money agreed on Jhall he paid ; but if the Ship JImU arrive, then nothing; this is By m '^■""M Htt. It. aw. 918. A'*i'<9;. Ltlli t^t.Stli.n, L4X Mre. 102, 121. II h an wm ?•■■ iif<- pt jiSi O/ B A L L A S T. aa unrcafonable Way of raifing Money copied from the Italiam, and tliougli it is alfo very unconfcionablc, and, as to internal Right, unjiidii yet it has had 4 Currency between the nccellitous and avaricious Part of Mankind, and was ad- judged* that fuch a Contrad was good, according to the Common Law of tliis Realm, and that on a fpecial Verdict l)ut thouzh it has this Sandion, yet the prohibiting Infurancc, InUreJi or no Interdi, (us by the afore-rccitcd Ad) will tend to render it at lea. at, and before, the Sealing and Delivery of tbefe Pre~ fents, do hereby bind myfelf, my Heirs, Executors, and Adminijirators, my Goods and Chatties, and particularly the faid Ship, witb the Freight, Tackle, and Appa- rel of the fame, to pay unto the J'aii C. D. bis Executors, Adminijirators, or AJ'- Jigns, the Sum of izol. oflawjui BritiHi Money, within one and twenty Days next after tbt Return and fafe Arrival of the faid Ship, in the faid /imr 0/ Thames, from the faid intended Voyage. And I the faid A. B. do for me, my Executors and Adminijirators, covenant and grant, to and with the faid C. D. hu Executors and Adminijirators, by theje Prcfents, that I the faid A. B. at the Time of Sealing and Delivery of tbefe Preftnts, am true an/* 'awful Owner, and Majier of the jaid Ship, and have Power and Authority to charge, and engage the faid Ship, as afonjaid; and that the faid Ship Jhall at all Times, aj'ter the Jaid Voyage, be liable, and chargeable for the Payment of the i zol. according to the true Intent and Meaning of tbefe Pre* fents. And, laftly, // is hereby declared and agreed, by and between the faid Par- ties, to tbefe Prefents, that in Cafe the faid Ship Jhall be loji, mifcarry, or be cafl away, before her next Arrival in the faid River a/Thames, from the J'ame intended Voyage, that then the faid Payment of the faid 120 1. Jhall not be demanded, or be recoverable by the faid CD. his Executors, Adminijirators, or Afjignss but Jhall ceafe and determine, and the Lofs thereby be wholly borne and fufained by the faid C. D. his Executors and Adminijirators : And that then, and J'rom thenceforth, every A£i, Matter, and Thing herein contained, on the Part and Behalf of the faid A. B. Jhall be void; any Thing herein contained to the contrary notwithjlanding. In Witncfs, &c. Of Bal/aft, LUttr't c»fc, ' I THOUGH Ballaft has been adjudged to be no Part of a Ship's Furniture, Utn, 46, 47. Jl yet it is fo rcquifite to the failing of mo.. Veflels, as to render an Enquiry into its Coft, and the Laws about it, very ncceflarv, whilft treating on Maritime Affairs; it generally confifts of Sand, Gravel, or Stone, though any heavy Matter anfwcrs the Purpofe, which is to fink the Veflcl to its proper Depth in the Water, or fo to adjuft Weight and Counterpoife, as to enable h;j' to bear Sail without ovcrfetting. • C. B. HiU. 12, »j. Ctr. II. All Of BALLAST. All Moftcrs of Ships lying in the River of 'tbamts, flull fniy to the C'orpor.ition ^ Q- of 'Trinity- J lou/f, for all Ballafl demanded, and entered at the Uallall DHicc, tJic **' ^ Rate:, following, viz. for every Ten confjfting of twenty hundred VViijjht, car- Snip employed in the Coal Trade tzd, and for cveiy Ton car- 119 . II i' ried to any Ship eniployeii in me v-oai 1 rauc i2(i, anu ror eveiy ried to any other tiriti/l> Ship i^d. and for every Ton carried to any ibreign Ship ''I 1 9 J. and thcCornoiation ot Trinity- 1 louft , (hall pay for the railing and tarrying every Ton of BallaA ()d. whereof bd. Ihall be paid to the two tiallait Men, and 2^ J. for the Lfe of the Lighters. Nothing in this Ad Ihall alter the Price of wadicd Iia!laft. Ditto f. » If any fialliiftman (liull deliver any Ballall, which Uiall fail fhorl of Qu;intityj Ditto '. j. or rtjall ntgledt to deliver to any Ship fuch Quantity as the Rulers of the Ballall Oflice fliallby their ufuul Tickets dircdj or lliall deliver more, or other tialliift than (hall be dircded, every Uallailman fo ofilnding, and Oath being made of the Fad, within ten Days after the Ort'encc, or within ten Days after the next Return of fuch Ship, by the Madcr, or other Otiicer of any fuch Ship, before any Supervifor of the Uallad Otiicc, being an elder Brother, (hall fore\t;ry Ton, which (hall appear to fall (hort, and for every Ton, diredcd by the Ballali Rulers, which fi'i h Ball.alman (liall negled todeUver, and for every Ton delivered con- trary It ihc Dircdions of the faid Rulers, forfeit is, and bd. The laid Maikr, Wardens, and Adiftants, (hall make good to the Mailer of Ditto f. 4. fuch Shm, the Qm uitity or Value of the Ballafl, whi< h ihail be found deficient ; and in Cafe ruclil\etompence (hall not be made wiima ten Days after the fame ihall be demanded, the C )rporation Ihall foiieit 50/. fisff. which Recompencc the Corporation are impowered to (lop out of the Wages due to fuch Ballailmen, over and above the Penalties. No Perlon fliall oblige any Ballaftman to deliver Bailaft, which (hall bedircded Ditio r. j. by the Rulers of the OfBce to be carried to any other Sl.ipj and if any Perlon (hall fraudulently receive any greater Quiintity of BulLiil, than they (lull enter and pav for at the Office, every Per(bn 10 offending, and being tijcrcofcoiuiCted, upon Oath of one Witncfs, before a Juflice of Peace for tiie City ot London, or the Counties of Midd/c/ex, iyj'ex, Kent, or Surry, within their refpcdivc Jurif- didlons, fliall for every Ton of Ballaft forfeit zs. and bd. If any Ballaftman (hall refufc, to work for the Wages herein mentioned, or 0;,,^ f. g,. having contraded to Icrve for any Term, Ihall quit fuch Service, or (hall depart from the Service of tlvc Corporation, without giving three Months Notice in Writing to the Supervilbrs of the Ballaft Office j or (hall rofufe to work, or fhall not work in fuch Stations in the River Thames as the Corporation (hall appoint, or fhall work in any Station contrary to the Orders of the Rulers of the Olfice, given in Writing; or fliall join inanyConibinatiori, to raife Wagcs.or obftrud the Service of the Corporation, or the Navigation of the River, every Pcribn fb of- fending, and being convided as aforcfaid, fhall forfeit 5/. The Corporation of Trinity-Houfe fhall caufe Marks to be fet on the Stem and Stern of every Lighter, between every two Gauge Marks now placed on the Stem and Stern, that the Tonage of every fuch Lighter may be diftinguiflicd by a gradual Pvogrcluon of two Tons and a half. It fliall be lawful for the Mafters of Ships taking Ballaft, to meet in the Square p- at Billingsgiite, on the third Monday in yune, '\n every Year, and to adjourn as the Majority of them fhall think fit, and by Writing under the Hands and Seals of the major Part of them, to appoint Perlbns, having been Mafters or Mates of Ships, toinfpedthc Ballaft Lighters, which Perfons are impowered to examine the Marks; and in Cafe fuch Perfbns fhall fufp^d, that ajiy of the Marks have been altered, and fliall at the Ballaft Office require the faid Lighter to be re- wcighed, the Corporation fhall, within ten working Days after fuch Requeft, caule fuch Lighter to be re- weighed; and in Cafe the fame fhall be found to be of as great I'onage, as by the Marks fhall be noted, the Charge of fuch re- weighing fliall be paid by the Pcrfons requiring the fame; and in Cafe fuch Per- foiis fliall not pay the Charge within ten Days after fuch re-weighing, they fhall forfeit c/. but if fuch Lighter fhall be found of lefs Tonage than the Marks de- note, the Charge of fuch Re-weighing fhall be borne by the Corporation, who fliall caufe the Marks on the Stem and Stern of fuch Lighter, to be placed in fuch Manner as to denote the true Tonage) and in Cufe the Cor^xiration fliall negled t9 1 " tl;: n ; . *- ■:<■% ■\% Ditto f. 7. ^':^- 'mo {. >. ■m 120 Of BALLAST. to have fuch I.ie^ter re-weiehed, or to mark the fame according to this KfX, the Corporation (hall forfeit jo/. tic. IJiiio C 9 No more than two Lighten (hall he required to be re-weighed in any one Week. DitM r 10. It (hall be lawful for any Maftcr of a Ship to appoint two Pcrfonn belonging to fuch Ship (whereof the Mate to be one) to go on board sny Lighter, bring- ing BallaA to fuch Ship, to infpedl the Mark* before and after the Delivery ^^i fuch BallaA i and every Ballaftman (hall immediately, before the Delivery of Ballad to any Ship, trim fuch Lighter fo as to make the fame fwim, at <-i]ual Marks, at the Stem and Stern, and pump all the Water out» and if any rcrfou working on board fuch Lighter, (hall hinder any Pcrfon fo appointed from going on board fuch Lighter, or (hall begin to deliver the Ballaft before luch Lighter (hall be trimmed to fwim at equal Marks, and the Water pumped out, every Perfon fo offending (hall forfeit 5/. Ditto (. II. If any BallaAman (hall work, or deliver Ballaft, in any Lighter not weighed, marked, numbered, and allowed by the Corporation j or (hallaltcr or counterfeit the Gauge Mark, or the Number of fuch Lighter, he (hall forfeit 10/. Ditto i. M. If any Ballaftman (hall demand and receive from any Mafter or 0»licrr, of an ^f?.< . .' tny ull ■M I Ship, any Money, on Account of Ballad, or the Delivery of the fame, he (1 forfeit 40 s. Ditto f. I J. The Ballaftmen employed in the Service of the Corporation, (liall be fiibjeifl to the Regulations of the Corporation; provided fuch Regulations do not txtcnd to the lowering the Wages. Diti* f 14. It (hall be lawful for any Mafter of a Ship to carry as Ballaft from London, or any Part of the River 7'A. II convidt the faid Mailer, firr. and fine hitri at his Difcrction, (or (very i'ucli Of- fence any Sum not exceeding 5/. nor under 50/. Qft-. and for want of fulVitiiMit P* <"?• DiilrefH, the JulHce is to commit the Maftcr, or Perfon ailing as lUch, iu\J cun- viAvd a^ aforefaid, to the common Goal or Houfc of Corrcdiun, fin the Space of two MontliH. or until Payment of the Penalties. ■ The faUo'wing yl£i cxilaiNing an^ umrndin^ the former, pajjid 32 Ceo. II. The Ad of 6 Ge: II. for the better regulating Lallagc and Billalt.ige in ihc ,j a,, il. River Thames, being near expiring, it is enaded tliit all the Powers, ClaulVs, f. i- and Provjfions therein, other thnn ftich as arc hereby nm^odcd, rtiall loiitiuuc in Force until the the 24th of ynne, 1770, and fWjm thence to the E-idof the then next Seffion of Parliament. Dung, Compoft, Soil, I-^arth, Chalk, RuhhJfh, Soap Alhes, Soap VVallc, Flints, r. 1. Tobacco-pipe Clay, or other Clay, or any other Goods, claimed to be fiiruilhcd .is BaUaft by the !rr/>r«'ji'//e/f/^nubjcdlncvcrthclcfsto the Payment of Rates and Duties, and under the I'rovifos and Rellriftions aforementioned) maybe ftiippcd in Colliers or Coaftcrs from LohJoh, or nny Part of the Thames, fo that the (amc doth not exceed ^000 Tons, over and above 2000 Tons, allowed lo be ihippcd by the L«fl"ccs or Occupiers of Layftalls, on the Condition after mentioned i of Cnalk and Chalk Rubbilh looo Tons, and of Soap Alhes and other Commodities claimed to be furnifliedfas Ballail by the Trinity HouJ'e, 2000 Tons. Before (hipping the Ballaft claimed by the 'trinity HouJ'e, the Maftcr or Owner f. 3. (hall make a due Entry dt the Ballaft Office of the Trinity-HouJ'e, Lonthi, or at the Trinity'Houft at Gravejtnd, (unlefs the Balbft be fliippcd in the laft fcven Days of the Month of May, then the Entry at London only) and of the Ship's Name, and of the Mafter, and at the fame Time pay to the Corporation i d. a 7*00 for a Licenfe. . If any of the Commodities be (hipped before Entry, or any greater Quantity f. 4. (hipped than entered, to forfeit 5/. Bricks, Tiles, Lime, or merchantable Commodities, to be (hipped without 1 ;• paying for Liccniic. All Lighters and other Veflels employed for carrying Dung, Gfc . on board <" ^■ any Ship or Veifcl to be firft weighed, marked, and numbered, by an Officer of the Trinity-Houfe, on the Penalty of 5/. and a Gauge Mark of the Number and Tonage of the Veflcl to be painted on the Stem or Stern of the Vcrt'el, if re- moved to forfeit 5/. If the Gauge Mark has been removed, altered or changed, the Corporation r. 7. may rcwcigh the Lighter, and, if the Tonage is more than marked, the Owner to torfeit 5/. The Trinity Company to find Lighters to take Ballaft from Ships within tliree f- 8. Days after Notice from the Maftcr, unlefs frofty or tempcftuous Weather, on I'ortciture of 50/. The Owner or Mafter to pay 6d. per Ton to the Company for Lighterage, f. 9. The Maftcr to forfeit 5 /. for unloading any Ballaft below high-water Mark ; ^ ^ ^^, and 40/, to be paid by any Perfon throwing any Dirt, Rubbifti, Allies, &.c. from any Wharf, Quay or Bank, or from any Barge or Lighter. *.' ' H \\-. :'P.' ■m. li Of 1*^ ^ i::i] 1 a„ 1. ,J. f. .. W^ci\. ii'^ Dins r. 2, Ditto Ditto r 4. Duo r. Ditto f. 7. Ditto f. 8. Ditto f. q f. 10. 1'. II 0/ P I L O T S, ^r. Of Pilots, Lodefmen or Locmen. T) Y thefc different Denominations are fignifi^id the fame Office, which is to' 13 conduiS any Vcflel or Ship into a Road or Harbour, over Bars or Sands, or through intricate and dangerous Channels, being occafionally called in to the Mafter's AlFiftance when failing as abov:, or by unknown Shores, and diffident of his own Skill and Judgment; though in many Parts, where the Approach or Elntrancc to Harbours, Gfc. are hazardous and difficult, the taking a Pilot is not a voluntary Atfl. but obligatoiy on the Mafter, otherv/ilit, in Cafc of a Lofs, he muft mr'ke it good; apd the following Laws arc now in Force concerning them, here in England. If any Perfon fliall take upon him to condudt or pilot any Ship, by, or from Dov^r, Deal, or the Ifle of Tbanet, to any Place on the River Thames or Medway, before he has been firft examined, by the Mafter and Wardens of the Society or Fellowfhip of Pilots of the Trinity- Hou/'e of Trover, Deal, and the Iflc of Tbanet, touching nis Ability, and approved and admitted into the faid Society, at a Court of Loadmanage, by the Lord Warden of the Cinaue Ports, or his Deputy, and the Mafter and Wardens; fuch Perfon for the firft Offence (hall forfeit 10/. for thefecond 20/. and for every other Offence 40/. (Sc This Ae"^ (liall riot prevent the Mafter or Mate of any Ship, or Part C ner, rcfiding at i, wtr, Dealy or rhcljic oi Tbanet, from piloting his own Ship; nor fubjedl any Perfons to the Penalties, who fliall be hired by any Mafter to pilot his Veffel; provided none of the Society, within one Hour after fuch Ship fliall arrive at any of the faid Places, be ready to pilot the fame. Mafters of Merchant Ships may make Choice of fuch Pilot of the Society, as they (hall think fit; and no Perfon ftiall continue iu the Society, who (hall not piiot a Ship, at leaft twice in one Year (unlefs prevented by Sicknefs) to, and from, the Places abovementioned. For Conduding any Ship from Dover, Deal, or the Ifle of Tbanet, to any Placci on the River Thames and Medway, the following, and no greater. Prices (hall be taken, viz. For every Ship drawing fevcn Feet Water 3/. 10 j. eight feet 4/. nine Feet 4/. loj. ten Feet 5/. eleven Feet 5/. 10/. twelve Feet 6/. '.liirteen Feet 6/. loj. fourteen Feet 7/. fifteen Feet yl. los. fixteen Feet 8/. feventeen Feet 8/. los. and no Allowance to be made for odd Inches. If anv Pilot fliall negligently lofe the Ship under his Care, and be thereof con- vidtcd, he fliall for ever after be incapacitated for adUng as a Pilot; and the Num- ber of fuch Pilots Ihall not be Icfs than a hundred and twenty, whofe Names, Ages, and Places of Abode, fliall, every 25th oi March, be affixed in fomt pub- lick Place at the Cuftomhoufes at London and Dover; and for not returning fuch Lift, the Mafter and Wardens of the Society (liall forfeit 10/. &c. This Aft fliall not hinder any Perfon from affifting a Ship in Dhtrefs. The Mafter and fuch two Wardens of the Society, as (hall be appointed to ex- an-lne any Perfon on his being admitted a Pilot, (hall take the following Oath, to be given by the Regiftjr of the Court of Loadmanage, viz. r A.B. do /wear, that I -will impartially examine, and enquire into the Capacity "fd Skill of in the Art of Pilotage over the Flats, and round the Long Sand Head, and the Co<2/?x o/" Flanders a«. 485. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, or his Deputy, with the Affent of the 7 g,., r Commiflioners of Loadmanage, and of the Mafters and Wardens of the Society ^' f' of Pilots of the I'rinity Houfe of the Cinque Ports, at a Court of Loadmanao-e, may, during the Continuance of 3 Geo. I. Cap. 13. rmke Rules and Orders for the better Government and Regulation of the Pilots refiding at Dover, Deal, and the Iflc of Tbanet, and may order a fufficient Number of them, not lefs than eighteen, to ply conftantly at Sea, to be ready to conduct Ships up the Rivers 01 Thames and Medway, and the Lord Warden, &c. at a Court of Loadmanage, may fufpend or deprive anjr of the faid Pilots, for breaking the faid Rules or Orders J and if any Pilot, during fuch Sufpenfion or Deprivation, (hall take upon himfelf to conduit any Ship, by, orfromDov^, Deal, or the We of Thanet, to any Place upon the River Thames r>r "^iedivay, he fliall be liable to ull Penalties provided by the faid Ad againft (.. -ii Perions as (hill conduf M4 0/ P I L O T S, ^c. I; V .. ! ships, ajid concerning die Tides, Banks, Currents, the Rocks, and other dan- gerous Parts, in the Rivers, Paris and Hitvens, where tlicy are eftablilhed. They are obliged after they are approved and admitted always to have their Boats fumilhcd with Anchors and with Oars, that they may alv/ays be in a Condition to luccour Ships on their firft Signal. No Mariner, that is not admitted a Pilot, as above, (hall offer to conduct any Vcffel, except where a Ucenfed Pik)t is wanting; ?ind, in this Cafe, tlie Mafter of the Ship may take a Filherman, though this mail quit the Care of the Veflcl to a rcgiiilai Pilot, in Cafe fuch a one of&rs, before they have paffed tlie dangeroos Parts, and a Satisfaftion fliall be made the Filherman for his AflUbnc out of what would have been due to thp Pilot, had he taken Charge of her from the Beginning. If any Pilot is drunk when he offers to engage in his F,ufi<^ion, he HiaJil foT" feitiooSols, and be fufpendfd for a Month. ..'•.;. lul Ships that are neareft are to be piloted firil, under Penalty of 25 Livrcs to the Pilot, whoHiall prefer one that is more diftant; and they are equally prohibited to gp farther than the Roads to meet the Ships, or to enter them againft the Mailer's Liking; nor to quit them until they are anchored and moored in Port; and, if it is in going out, not until the Ship is in open Sea, on Penalty of lofing their Stipend, and b^ing mulfted in 30 Livrcs.. . Fo«- the Vcflel's Security, and the Pilot's Difcharge, the Mafter fliall declare what Water the Ship draws, on Pain of forfeiting to thfe Pilot 25 Lirrcs' for every Foot he conceals. Pilots muft not exaft more for their Affiftance than what :« regulated by their Officers, and contained in the Tariffs in the Regifter Office, and fixed upon the Key, excepting in Ciifes of Storms, and evident Danger, when it fliall be iettled by the Arbitration of the ordinary Officers, with the Intervention and Advice of two Merchant. The Marine Ordinances declare all Promifcs void, th^t are made to Pilots under the Apprehenlion of a Shipwreck. The Pilot, who througn Ignorance ftrands a Veffel* flwU bf whipt, and for ever deprived of exercifing his Fundtion again. And he who maliciouflv rnns a Ship afliore, fliall fuifcr Death, and his Corpft be fixed to a Maft near tne Place of the Wreck. It is likcw'fethe Obligation of the Pilots to fee that theBuoys and Sea Marks are well placed, and to examine whether there be no Alteration in the ordinary Depths and Palfages, that they may give Advice to their Officers, or to the Mafter of the Key or Port. As fijr the Port, it is free to all Mafters and Captains, as well French, as Fo- reigners, to take thofe Pilots they like befl, without being obliged at their going out to make ufe of thofe that brought them in. In Holland the Regulation of Pilots is fuitable to the other marine Inftitutions of that fage Republick, from whence thofe of moft other European Nations arc copied, and as the Pilot's Pay varies in the different Provinces of that State, and our cxtenfivc Commerce with it renders a continual Ul'e ol them neceflary, 1 (hall give my Reader an Account of that Part of their Laws whiioli I think may he of Service, and merit his Regard, in as brief a Manner as the Importance of the Subjeft to all that are, or may be, concerned in the Dutch Trade, will permit, without curtailing any Thing I flull deem rcquifite for their Information. The Stoics oi HoJlanJzndlVeJi-Frize, in their Ordinance about the Pilots of Huyfihiyncn, Pcttcn, Calans-oog, Texel, and the neiglibouring Parts, order That No one (hall be admitted as a Pilot who is aot ftrong and robuft ; not lefs than V w tsv. twenty-five or above fixty Years of Age, who fliidl have failed at leaft four Years ju I s dc i-//. in the Openings of that Country, and have an entire Knowledge of tlic Currents of the Texel, and he Ihall then have a Mark given him of his Admittance. To evitate all Uilputes, the Governors or Stecrfmen of the Pilot Boats may pot aboard the Veird that wants one, fuch fworn Pilot as he thinks inoft capable, without any Hindrance from the others, under Penalty of 6 Florins, except the Mafter clcds any other than him propofed. I No Orjenimti J/i El . « h 168;. Art I, 2. Uicio art, } Of PILOTS, ^c. 125 No other Pilots but thofe who have been examined and authorized as aforcfaid, *""• •«• '• and have received the Badge of their Office (which they are to fhew, as well as this prefent Ordinance to all Comrtiajiders before they undertake to condudt them either in or out, under Penalty of ibrfeiting 24 Florins for each Offence) (hall dare to undertake the Charge of any Ship going out or coming in, ^c. The Pilots are obliged to condudl the Ships, as far as on this Sid^: the Vlaak, Dit «rt 7. and if the Captains dcfirc to be piloted farther, the Pilocs may not refufe, though thereby they are detained, one, two, or three Days, extraordinary, aboard, thty fhall have 6 Florins befides their common Pay, if the Ship is only in Ballaft, or y Florins, if flie is loaded, provided that all foreign Ships, (fexccpting only thofc which bring Oxen) pay 9 Florins, if empty, and 13 Florins 10 Sols, if laden; and, if a Pilot remains aboard more than the faid three Days, he (hall have 40 Sols a Day, befidcs his ordinary Salary, the fainc as the Pilots of VUeland and of TcrJ'cbclling have, according to the fifth Article 0/ their Ordnance; biit when, in Winter, a Pilot has condudted a Ship into a good Road, free from the Danger of the Ice, and remains there two or three Days, the Pilotage is earned, and it ihall be free to the Captain to detain th^ Pilot on board, paying him 40 Sols per Day. If it happens that a Pilot, having, conduced the VelTel on this Side the FtiaJk\ and the Mailpr cannot pay him» cither for Want of Money, or qtherwifc, ib that the Pilot is obliged to (.omc up with the 'Ship to the Place defigned, the Mafter fliall give him twelve Florins bcfides his PilotrTc, and may for. this make ufe of him until their Arrival; but, if the Pilot is accidentally detained through Want of a Boat, Gfc. . to. put him aOiorc, in fuch Cafe, the Mailer is not obliged to pay him any more than his Pilotage. . All Pilots fliall be obliged to board the Ships at a League without the Shallows, Ditto ««. 8. or FLts, and thofe which fliall not enter them but on this Side the firlt Buoy, fliall only have half Pilotage. All Ships and Gallies that mine from the Weft, from the Levant, from Bar- D'tw trt. 9. bary, Genoa, the Canaries, from Spain, France, England, Mufcovy, Groenland, Denmark, Sweden, Coningsberg, Duntzick, Bergen, Drontbiem, Nileus, Hambourg, and other Places in their Neighbourhood, as aifo the C.;11iots, or other Vcflels, loaden with Charcoal, of whatfoever Nation, they are, as well Foreigners as Natives, who will enter the Texel, fliall be obliged to take Pilot;;, und to pay them on the Footing of the prefent Ordinance, when they come to offer tlicm- felves without the Buoys, provided that the Veflcls from tlie North fh.ill pay 24 Sols the Foot to Niewws Diep, and 24 Sols the Foot to this Side of the Vlaak, and that they are free in the Road of the Merchants, or Koopiuarders Recde. The Veflels coming from Normer, Drontbiem, and Rotnfdaal, with Bale Goods, Iron, Fifli Oil, and other Commodities, fliall pay as much as thofe from the Daltick, without Exception; but the Galliots or Smacks coming from I'Eydcr, 'Jutland, or Norway, either in Ballaft, or loaden with Cattle, fluiil p.iy 1 5 Sols tiic Foot, if the Pilots go aboard them beyond the Openings, and tht Pilots may leave them when they have condudcd them into the Road of the Merchants; but if a Pilot quits his Ship before bringing her into the faid Roads, he lliall forfeit 1 2 Flo- rins; and, if the Captain will be piloted on this Side the Vlaak, he lliall augment the Pilot's Salary 5 Sols per Vooi, paying 20 Sols inftead of 15. And if the Captain refufes to pay the Pilot, this latter may follow him to his deftined Port, to recover his Salary, and the Charges occafioned him, for which Charges he fliall be allowed 12 Florins; the Veffels which have a third of their Loading, fliall pay as is ordered in the 24th Article, and all that is taken in with the Tackle, or that is loaden in a Ship from Hand to Hand, whether it be Oils, Bales, Sacks, Cafks, Lead, Gff . fliall be reputed Merchandize, except all Sorts of Wood, which fliall not be efteemcd fucii. The Pilots fliall be obliged to go and come once a Month tlirough the Open- Ditto arf. 10. ings, to found the Depths exadly, to vifit the Banks and Shores, and nicely to examine the Buoys and their Ropes, to fee that they are not worn out, and whe- ther the Shallows are any Thing altered, which they fliall aUb be obliged to do, as often as there (hall happen tempcftuous bad Weather; and, if they perceive any Change in the Shallows, Banks, or elfewhere, they fliall be obliged imniediiUely to declare it to the Lords CommifTioners, that they may immediately remedy it. K k And 'i-m < ^ • \ 1 mmm i. I'? v: : H-:S' Ditto tit. II. 0/ P I L O T S, ^r. Ultiout. 1 6 And if it happens that the Pilot ^uns the Ship afliore, whether through Vi! - lainy, DilaAcr, Inadvertency, or Imprudence, the Commiirioners ihul take Cognizance of it, and puniOi him according to the Exigence of the Cafe, either by Sulpenfion, Difcharging, Banifhing, or by a greater PuniHiment, even with Death; but if it happens through an extraordinary Cafualty, ts by an unforefeen Mifchance of a fudden Change of Wind, or of the Current, or other fimilar Accidents, the Penalty (hall be moderated by the Commiflloners, as they to I o Feet Water lOi Hi 12 — — - 12I ,3 _ I3I 14 — - i+r 15 - F. 18 15:- Feet Water 19 10 16 ■ - 21 i6{ -*— 22 10 17 - 24 171- 26 18 - 28 iSi - 34 19I 38 10 30 - 43 F. 48 - 63 ■ ?S - 92 103 ' "5 127 • 140 10 Ditto *n.iii 10 10 And every Veffel that draws more than twenty Feet Water, ihall pay for every Ditto vt. tti Foot over, 25 Ilorins, though only Feet and hailf Feet fhall be paid for, without reckoning any Thing for the Quarter of a Foot, under Penalty of 20 Florins. All Veflcls coming from the Levant, Bariary, the Canaries, from Spain, Ditto art. 34i France, England, Mufcovy, and all other Parts, as in the 9th Art. with a Third, or more, of their Loading, fh&ll be deemed as full, and fh^l pay 3 Florins inilead of 2, provided that the reft of their Cargo coniifts only in Salt, or in common Goods; and the Veflels which (hall not have a Third of their Loading, ihall pay according to the preceding Regulations, made in this Ordinance, jVI Ships coming from Guinea Jhall pay Drawing 8 Feet Water 8 Ditto an. 1(4 10 This being the Tax of Pilotage during Winter; and Ships coming from Amc rica, from Brazil, or the neighbouring Coafts, half loaden, fhall pay as thofe v\ -uch come from Guinea; but thofe which (hall come from America, or from tlic Strcigfjts with Salt, (hall only pay as other Ships loaden with Salt, according to the prefent Ordinance. ^ Provided, I m 1'. »:■ 1 Diito irt. t6. Of P I L O T S, ©>f. Ditto trt. t8. R»*.. Ditto art. 30. T'laV M-!l hi ■ Ditto lut 31 i-Jt •i'H i :* {If. A 'ji. Provided, that the Pilots who (hall bring in any Ships !n a great Storm, or fuch as are without Artchors, Mafts, Cables, 6r ft. udder, Iha 1 have, belides their ordinary Hire, as niuch as, the Commiflary, or the Arbitra^)rs, which he fliall havfc cftablirticd, think prober to adjudge. Ditto art. 17. And all Pilots Ihall be likcwifc fifcliged toc&rry all Ships and Captains out to Sea, whenever they arc required, and this pn reafonable Terms; and no Piiot (liall undertake to carry out more thfc^n onfShib at a Time, under Penalty of 25 riofins, and Sufpenlion of fix Weeks : Neither is it permitted to any Pilot, who has undertaken to condu-^ a Ship out, to rcli^n her to another, under Pain of 6 Florins Mulifl; but if i»y fuch Pilot happtns to fall fick, the Captain may take any other he pleafc". When Pilots are {o carry out, or bring ii: Ships', they cannot oblige Captains to take' more than one, nor to charge him for any Damage that their Boat may have fuffered in going aboard, or before the Ship, on Penalty of 25 Florins, unlels that it.be by exprefs Order rf the Captain, ii^which Cal'e Jie muft produce Proofs of the faid Order; in Want of which, he Iliall not bo alloWbd more than a conimon Pilotage. And in Cafe thaf a Ship appears either by Night or by Day, without meeting with any Pilot, and her Company defire any Filherman (not admitted to the Funftion) to condudt her in, the Fifherman Is obliged to dcJare to the Captain thatlie is no fworn Pilot : In tlie "mean Time ne may enter the Ship, and under- take to bring her in; but, if afterwards, it happens that a Pilot tomes aboard to offer his Service, he fhall be preferred, and tlic Fifherman obliged to quit her, txccpt he agrees With the Pilot that they fliare the Pilotage between them, which fliall be at the Election of the one and the othir. But if the Fiflierman has once brought the Ship within the firft Buoy, before the fworn Pilot got on board, the Fifherman (hall not be oblfged to abandon her, nor to yield up the Moiety of the Pilotage. Di'to art. 3J. Item, all Ships being in Danger, tlieir Captains may demand and take two Pi- lots, paying a double Reward; but, if theVe remains more than one Pilot aboard, without the Captain's Order, thofe that remain unordered fliall have nothing to pretend to but what the Captain pleafes to give them freely, as he fliall think proper. When a Pilot has brought in a Ship, and received his Salary, he fliall be obliges* to give the Captain an Acquittance, which fhall contain the Number of Feet the Ship draws, and the Sum he has received; which Acquittance he fhall fign or mark, and the Captain fliall be obliged to demand one, upon which to rciiiiburfe himfclf the Pilotage from the Merchants, in Want whereof thefe latter fliall not be obligated to pay him any Thing; and, bcfides this, the Captain and the Pilot fliall forfeit 6 Florins each. We forbid every one, 'ofoevcr he be, to infult, abufc, or injure any of the Pilots admitted md fworn either in the Streets, at the Writer- fide, in the publicic or private Houfes, or to deride them for their Employments, on Penalty of 6 Florins for the firfl Time; 1 2 Florins and an arbitrary Correilion for the fecond j 1 8 Florins and Banilhment for two Years for the third. Diico an. 36. If it happens that any Ship is forced to enter by the Openings to anchor, cither by a contrary Wind or otherwife, and would go out again, fhc fliall pay 1 5 Sols prr Florin Pilotage; but fuch as would be conduced within the F/aak, fhall pay full Pilotage; and, if the Pilot has brought the Ship fafely into the Amelander Dirp, eithci by the Captain's Order, or conflrained thereto by bad Weather, the Pilot fhall be ')bliged tn remain on board, at the Will of the Captain, until a proper Seafon ofi'ers for getting out, and the Pilot fhall have 6 Florins, once for all, for his Time, bcfides his Victuals. Ditto art 37. If any Captai.n defircs his Ship to be conduded in the Bcilg, the Pilots fliall be obliged to carry them for 20 Sols the Foot, for which the faid Pilots are to convey the Ships as ffr into the Balg as the Captains pleafe, and as a great Number of Boats or " rges are commonly employed in going before large Siiips, to found the Coaft for ihcir Security, there fliall be paid for each I^oat, whetlicr they have one or more Men in them, the Two-thirds of the Salary of one Florin per Foot, provided the faid Boats fhall have a Third more, fur Shijvs laden with Merchandize, Ditto an 33, Ditto art. 35. >:^ Of PILOTS, ^f * ti^ Merchandize, as in the Article 24, the Whole, without any Difpute, on Pe-' nalty of 12 Florins, befides the Pilotage) and it is to be underflood, that wheu a Ship in Winter, or in the icy Sesdons, Ihall have been condadled into the Balg, by Order or Confent of the Captain, or his Mate, the Pilotage Ihall be earned, and afterwards a half Pilotage fhall be paid for carrying the Veflcl from the Balg to the Vlaak. Ships which return from the Eaftt from Norway, and the adjacent Parts, Ditto rn$>ay, with their Ballad of Salt, or loaden with Beeves, (hall pay i c Sols per Foot, if the Pilots enter them withaut the Openings, and condu^ them to the Slaot, where they may quit them : But if a Pilct leaves a Ship before he has brought her to the (aid Place, he (hall forfeit. 12 Florins j and, if the Captain will keep the Pilots till on this Side the Vlaak, they (hill pay them 5 Sols for each Foot more than the 15: And, in regard of loaden Ships, it (hall be regulated, according to the 9th Article, except for thole who arc only in Ballaft, or thofe which are loaded with Wood or Cattle. Thofe VeiTcls which have one-third of their Cargo, (hall pay Pilotage, as dir.-dled in Art. 16. for the Ttxeli and tho(e coming from the K.d& and North, (hal' pny Entrance as underneath, according to the Feet they draw, to be counted by t'cct and half Feet; but the Galliots or fmall VelTels coming from the North, which only draw from four to (ix Feet, (hall be exempt, as in the preceding Article, vix. in Summer to commence the i ft of April, provided the Veif^ pa(re8 the Flaak that Day, for afterwards the Diftindtion (hall not be made of the Pilotage of the Summer and Winter, but of the Day that the Ship pa(re8 the Vlaak, and not of the Day of her Entrance. Every Ship or Vefftl which draws 5, 6, 7, 8, to 9 Feet Water F. 1 2 9t ■ 12 10 10 — — - 13 loi 14 And the Remainder to so Feet, fei Iff exadtly the fame as Article 20 in the preceding Ordinance. And for the Winter's Pilotage to commence from the ift oi Septemhtr, if the Vc(rcl palTcs the Vlaak that Day, till the laft of March. Every Ship or Vejfel which draws 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, to 9 Feet Water F. '8 9'- — — . 18 10 10 — — —— 19 10 loi. ■ ao 5 And the reft as far as 20 Feet, is the fame as in Article 21, of the foregoing Ordinance. As are all the other Articles which I have omitted here, being only Repetitions of the others quoted before, and as moft of the Marine Laws in the Northern, and other Kingdoms where there are any, are taken from their Batavian Neigh-, hours, I (hall not enlarge further on this Subjeft. Of Wrecks^ Flotfam^ Jetfam^ and Lagan, A Wreck, (in Latin, Wreccum Maris, and in French, Wreck de MerJ fig- nifies in our Law, fuch Goods as, after a Shipwreck, are caft upon Land by the Sea, and left there within fome County; for they are not Wrecks fo long as they remain at Sea, in the Jurifdidtion of the Admiralty. 560. io6. *. Flotfam, is when a Ship is funk, or othcrwife periflied, and the Goods flo? . upon the Sea. J^tfa"', is when a Ship is in Danger of being loft, and, in order to favc by lightening her, fome Goods are caft into the Sea, and notwithftanding which (lie sftei-wards peri(hcs. La^an, or L!gan, are thofe heavy Goods which are caft into the Sea, before a Ship IS loft, in order to preferve them, and that they may be found again, (if Providence permits) a Buoy is generally faftened to them. The t fn(l. 167. s6o, 106. a. Brmam.lih.l Of SALVAGE, ^f. 131 The King ftjall have Fhtfam, Jet/am, and Lagan, when the Ship pcriflieth, '';^f,,'"' or when the Owners of the Goods are not known; but when the Ship does not * pcrifh, e contra. A Man may have Fhtfam and Jetfam by the King's Grant, and may have c.*« ;. ftrt FloHam within the high and low Water-marit by Prefcription, as it appears by •^','i,'°^',„„, th^ of the Weft Countries, who prcfcribc to have Wreck in the Sea, fo far as/./. 167. they may fee a Hwnbtr Barrel. By the Grant of Wreck will pafs Fhtfam, Jetfam, '..nA Lagan, when they arc Sir //«. r«. caft upon Ae Land; but, if they are not caft upon the Land, the Admiral hath ^.;*^'^| pf,'*; Jurifdiftion, and not the Common Law, and they cannot be called tfreck. J,l 107. By the Common Law all Wrech belonged to the Crown, and therefore they are nr»a. hk. 1. not chargeable with any Cuftoms, becaufe Goods coming into the Kingdom by "/■ S- Wreck, are not imported by any Body, but caft aftiore by the Wind and Sea : But it was ufual to ftize IVrecks to the King's Ufe, only when no Owner could be found; and, in that Cafe, the Property oeing in no Man, it in Confcqucnce belongs to the King, as Lord of rhe Narrow Seas. Though when a Man, Dog, or Cat, efcapes aJive out of any Ship that is loft, "V* •• «• neitherthe Ship, nor any Thing therein, ftiall be adjudged Wreck, but the Goods ♦" * *' '' fhall be faved and kept a Year and a Day by the Sheriff, to be rcftored to any Perfon who can prove a Property In themj and if nobody appears to claim iij that Time, they fhall be forfeited as Wreck; the Year and Day ftiall be accounted 1 laS. 166. from the Seizure; and, if the Owner of the Goods dies before the Expiration of that Term, his Executors or Adminiftrators may make Proof, though, if 5 Rep. 106. the Gbods are ^ona peritura, (periftiable Goods) the Sheriff mvy fell them within the Year, taking Care h^ docs it to the beft, Advantage, and accounts for their Produce. . '^i 4", If a Man has a Gfant ai Wreck, and Goods are wrecked u^on his Lands, and , Havilt.f.6. another taketh them away before Seizure, he may bring an Adlion of Trefpafs, 94- fife, for before they are felzed, there is no Property gained to make it Felony. If Goods wrecked are feized by Pcrfons having no Authority, the Owner may 2 inU. 166. have his Aftion againft them;, or, if the Wrong-doers are unknown, he may have a CommifTion to inquire, t^c. Goods loft by Tempeft, Piracy, Gfr. and not by Wreck, if they afterwards »7 ej. iiw come to Land, ftiall be reftor^d tfa the Owner. «• '3- When a Ship is ready to fink, and all the Men therein, for the Prefervation 2 Inft. 167. of their Lives, quit the Ship, and afterwards flieperiflies, if any of the Men ere faved and come to Land, the tioods are hot loft. A Ship on the Sea was chafed by an Enemy; and the Men therein, for the Security of their Lives, forfook her; Ihe was afterwards taken by tlie Eneimy, and fpoiled of her Goods and Tackle, and then turned adrift ; after this, by Strefs of Weather, ftie was caft on Land, where it happened her Men fafely arrived: And it was refolved that this was no Wreck. Goods may be retained for Payment of Salvage; but if the Ship and Goods perifli in the Sea, and the Owners do totally forfake her, and ftie thereby becomes a DereliSf, in fuch Cafe, the firft Poffeflbr that recovers her, or any Part of her Lading, gains a Property, and this, according to the Law of Nations, at is that given for /oft, or whereof there is no Hope of Recovery. Of Salvage^ AveragCy or Contribution, SALVAGE is an Allowance made for faving of Ship or Goods from the Dangers of the Seas, Pirates or Enemies, and is provided for in the following Afts, Gff. The Sheriffs, Juftices of Peace of every County, and a?l Mayors, Bailiffs, and 12 A».St. »; other head Officers of Corporations, and Port Towns near the Sea, and all Con- '^^ ''" ^' '' ftables, Headboroughs, and Officers of the Cuftoms, fhall, upon Application made to them, on Behalf of any Commander of a Ship, being in Danger of being ftranded, command the Conftables of the Ports neireft the Coafts where fuch i: p fhall be in Danger, to fummon as many Men as fhall be thought neccffary, I .-■'■' 'I •M '^:,.|9|ff l|g>^'tiMg ' * '^^^ v'^y^ ■I , *: • , ' ■;. A pf I: 13a . 0/ SALVAGE, ^f. nccefliiry, to the Aliiftancc of fuch Shipi and if there Hull be any Ship belonging to her Majefty or her Subjcdls, riding near the Place, the Officers of the Cuftoms, and Conftables, are required to demand of the fuperior Otficers of fuch Ship, AlTidancc by their Boats, and fuch Hands as tliey can conveniently fparet and, in Cafe fuch fuperior OfHccr of fuch Ship neglc^ to give fuch Afliftance, he Hiall forfeit 100/. to be recovered by the fuperior Officer of the Ship in Dillrefs, with Cofts, in any of her Majefty 's Courts of Record. Diiio r. 1. The Colledors of the Cuftonis, and the commanding Officer of any Ships, and all others who (hall a£l in the prelerving of any fucii Ship in Diltrcfti, or their Cargoes, fhall, within thirty Days, be paid a reafonable Reward, by the Commander or Owners gf the Ship in Diftrcfs, or by the Merchant, whofc Ship or Cjoods (lull be favcd; and in Default thereof, the Ship or Goods (hall remain in the Cuftody of fuch Officer of the Cuftoms, until all Charges be paid, and until the faid Officer of the Cuftoms, and the Maftcr or other Officer of the Ship, and all otlicrs Co cm^lo^ed flial' be rcafonably gratified, or Security given for that Purpofe, to the batisfadion of the Parties j and in Cafe, after (uch Salvage, the Commander, Mariners, or Owners of fuch Ship fo faved, or Merchant whofe Goods (liall be faved, (liall difagree with the Officer of the Cuftoms, touching the Monies dcferved by any of the Pcrfons employed, it (hall be lawful for the Commander of the Ship fo (avcd, or the Owner 0/ the Goods, or the Merchant intercfted, and alfo for the Officer of the Cuftoms, to nominate three of the neighbouring Juftices of Peace, who fliall adiuft the si^ntum of the Gratuities, to be paid to the fevcral Pcrfbns, and fuch Adjuftments (hall be binding to all Parties, and ftiall be recoverable in an Adlion at Law in any of her Majefty's Courts of Record; and in Cafe no Perfon (hall appear to make his Claim to the Goods faved, the chief Officer of the Cuftoms ofUic nearefl Port, ihall apply to three of the neareft Juftices of Peace, who (hall put him, or fom» other refponfiblc Perfon, in PolTeflion of the Goods, fuch Juftices taluns; an Account of the Goods, to be figned by fuch Officer of the Cuftoms j and if the Goods ftiall not be claimed within twelve Months, publick Sale ftiall be made thereof (and if pcrifhablo Goods, forthwith to be fold) and, after Charges dcdufted, the Rchdue of the Monies, with an Account of the Whole, ftiall be tranfmitted to her Majefty's Exchequer, for the Benefit of the Owner, who, upon Affidavit or other Proof of his Property, to the Satisfadion of one of the Barons, (hall, upon his Order, receive the fame. u.iio f 3. If any Perfons, bcfides thofc impowercd by the Officer of the Cuftoms, and the Conftables, ftiall enter, or endeavour to enter on board any fuch Ship in Diftrefs, without the Leave of the Commander, or of the Officer of the Cuftoms, or Conftable; or in Cafe any Perfon ftiidl nioleft them, in the faving of the Ship or Goods, or (hall deface the Marks of anv Goods, before the fame be taken down in a Book by the Commander, and the firft Officer of the Cuftoms; fuch Perfon ftiall, within twenty Days, make double Satisfadioii, at tlie Difcretion of the two next Juftices of Peace, or in Default thereof, ftiall by fuch Juftices be fent to the next Houfe of Corredlion, where he fliall be employed in hard Labour twelve Months; and it fliall be lawful for any Commander, or fuperior Officer of the Ship in Diftrefs, or of the Officer of the Cuftoms, or Conftable on board the Ship, to repel by Force any fuch Perfons as fliall, without Confent as uforcfaid, pre(s on board the faid Ship in Diftrefs, and thereby molcft them in the Prcfervation of the Ship. In Cafe any Goods (hall be found on any Perfon, that were ftofcn or carried off" from any fuch Ship 'n Diftrefs, he, on whom fuch Goods fliall be found, (hall, upon Demand, deliver the fame to the Owner, or to fuch Perfon by fuch Owner authorized to receive the fame, or (hall be liable to pay treble the Value, to be recovered by fuch Owner in an Adtion. If any Perfon fliall make, or be aflifting in the making, a Hulc in any Ship fo in Diftrefs, or fteal any Pump, or (hall be aiding in the Stealing fuch Pump, or fliall wilfully do any Thing tending to the immediate Lofs of fuch Ship, fuch Perfon fliall be guilty of Felony without Benefit of the Clergv. If any Artion be profecuted for any Thing done in Purfuaiice of this Ad, all Perfons fo fued may plead the general IfTuc; and this Ad ftiall bo a publick Ad. I Ditto r. 4. Dlito f Diito f. 6. Of SALVAGE, '€. '»35 If any Officer of the Cultotrts fhall, by FranH or wilftil Neglc*^, abufe the D."o .'. 7. Trud hereby rcpofcd in him, and (hall be conviilkd thereof, fiich OfHccr fliall furfeit treble LXimagos to the P«rty grieved, ©"c . and Hull be incapable of uny Employmont relating to the Cu(lomclonging to, any Ship or Vcflcl which (hall be in Diftrefs, or fliall be wrecked, loft, ftranded, or Caft on Shore* in any Part of his Maiefty's Dominions, (whether any living Creature be on board or not) or any of the Furnitiuc, Tackle, Apparel, Pio- yiSkOn, ©r afw Part of fiich Ship or Veflcl ; or fliall beat, or wound, with Intent to kill or deftroy» vk fliaU otherwife wilfully obftrudl the Efcaiie of any Perfon Widearouring to fave his or hel- Life, from fiicli Ship or VelTel, or the Wreck thertof ) or, if any Perfon or Perfons fliall put out any falfc Light or Lights, with Intention to bring any Ship or Veflel into Danger, then fuch Perfon or Paribus fo oflnendihg, mall be deemed guilty of Felony, and being lawfully convi^cd thdreof, fliall Alfl^f Death, as Ih Caibs of F'clbny, without Benefit of Clorgyt ' , Provided, that when Goods of fmall Valufc ftiall bt caft on Shore, and ftolen withbut CircdmAances of Cril^ty oi- Violence, the OBTendcr on Convi£li6n« W pnniflied aa in Cafes of Pitit Laftcny. •^? \ U flidll be la^ul for any jufticfc of Pfeace, i^h tnfoVttt4tl6n being made to Ibm oh Oath, of any Part of ^ the Owners of Goods thrown overboard in a Storm (in order to prefervc the Ilcmainder, with the Ship, and Lives of the Men) with the Proprietors of thofe that arefaved, and of the Vefll-l. And as Ships in their Voyages are cxpofed to Storms, and often favcd front pcrifliing, by cafting Goods overboard to lighten them, it has, therefore, been always allowed, ana is Judified both by Laws and Cuftom, and in cafe of immi- nent Danger, any thine may be thrown awavto evade it, though as heavy Goods fecm mo(f likely to aniwer the Purpofe, ana are generally leaft in Value, they (hould be firft dcftined to Deftruftion. However, to make this Adtion legal, the three following effentlal Cafes ought to concur. ift. The Ship muft be in evident Hazard of pcrifliing, with her Cargo and Crew. 2d. The Refolution the Captain takes on this melancholy Occafion, fliould be in Confequence of a Confultation, held with his Officers and Sailors, to endeavour to fave themfclves. Ship, and Cargo, cither by throwing fome Goods overboard, or by cutting fome of the Mafts, Gfc. away, J by occafioning thefe extraordinary Expences ftrive to fecure the Remainder tor the Proprietors Benefit. 3d. That tht Ship and Cargo, or the Part of them that arc I'aved, has been faved by the Means ufed, with that folc View. Agreeable to thefe three Axioms, it muft be concluded, that all the Expcnce and Loflcs, which are thus voluntarily made to prevent a total one of Ship and Cargo, ought to be equally borne, by the Ship and her remaining Loading. But all ttiat which is broken or loft by a Storm, as Anchors, Cables, Mads, Sails, Cordage, Gff. is not to be comprehehdcd in common Averages, bccaufc the Tempeftonly was the OccafiOn of this Lofs, and not made by the Delibera- tion of the Mafter and his Crew, with the View to fave the Ship and Loading j though on the contrary, if after Advice taken by the Company, or major Part of them, the Captair -uts away, or abandons any thing of the Ship or Cargo, with a View to prevent a greater Misfortune, all that which is fo cut away, (Sc. muft be brought into an Averag*. If the Ship happily out-weathers the Storm, and arrives in Safety at her dcftined Port, the Captain muft make his regular Protcfts, and befides, jointly with the major Part of his Crew, muft fwear, that the Goods were caft over- board for no other Caufe, but purely for the Safety of Ship and Lading ; and the Method of elucidating and clearing up this Point, varies according t* the feveral Countries, and Places they arrive at. The Ship arriving in Safety, thofe Goods ftie brings with her, muft come into an Average, and not only thofe that pay Freight, but all that have.been faved and prei":rvcd by fuch EjeSlion, even Money, Jewels, Clothes, Gff. , arc not exempted. But a Man's Apparel in Ulc, Victuals, Off. put aboard to be fpent, are totally excluded from the Contribu. v;n. In the Rating of Goods by "ay of Contribution, this Order ufed to be always y**- £»«»/■«/, obfcrved, viz. if they are caift ovrboard before half the Voyage be performed, ,',^'. ^g' then they arc to beefteemed at thr Price they coftj and if after, then at the W'tv»/'iiw. ' Price n ft 13? iiV ET Ltf, Navii 4. aJ Lig. KM. aiij frtim'i Comment, /ti, 2 XtZ/j's Rep. 498. Caft V, Yttitr. 1 2 Oittj. t B»IJtr. tSo. Ditto. Ditio. BirJv. i4Jloil, Ad. Lig. Rbt. I. z. F. de Ug. JIM. Leg. A'aa//i onufi. Leg. XtiTjij, ad Leg. Rhad. Jl Jailu. Mtcr. 197. Leg. Rhid. eie Jaau.Li.Si. Savii a Pi ra- nt. Micr./. 297. pit. 443. Hhh v. Pa- It'gDn. Crtt. dt In- trld. Jur. Hill, f J 9. P.huiad L'g. Rhad. de 'J*(- >"■/■ '96, \)1, 198. G'rj/, de Jntro, Jur. lUi. jjg. I'lnim and Peiimi. Cam on ilie I.aws ■''' ■ I, 'i ir'^ If ■ ■ 140 Ports. Bridgwater Plymouth Exfter Poole Southampton Chicbt'jlcr Of P OR T S, e?r. Members. Minebtad 'Padjlvw St. Ives Penzance Gweeke Falmouth Fowey Lowe Penryn Truro rllfracomb Barnjhiple Biddeford Coives i Port/mouth ylrundcl Shorebam Lewes ' PemJ'ey Hajiings Rye Jlytb '\ Creeks. i^i ;-.;c^a »iftj»vi. 5?. Maures iSaltap Stoneboufe Coujland {Clovelly l^Appledore Tincomb Start^rojs Bear artd Seatm Topjham Pouldram Sydmoutb LympJ'on Exmouth Aylmoutb j iSaltcomb Brixbam Torbay ^Toinefs ' Bridport Cbarmoutb Portland Lulwortb Swanidge Warebam 1 Chriji-cburcb \ Himngton 5 Tarmoutb 2 Newport Emjhvorfh 5 Pagham Point ISelfey Brigbthclmjion \New Haven \ Seaford ' Wincbeljla \Lyd [ Rummy j.-jn-iU «,\V.. A 1 111- ■A SandMcb f Of PORTS, c. i4« rorts. Members. Creeks. Dover Sandwich Deal Feverjliam Milton ■ Rochejier iRamfgatf Margate WhitJiabU Si^eenborough Note, All the Ports and Havens in England are infra corpus comitatus, and that c.ojhii jfr», the Court of Admiralty cannot hold Jurifdiftion of any Thing done in them. *^'' Holland'^ Cafe, Earl ot Exeter, 30 H. VI. And becaufe he held Plea in the Admiralty of a Thing done infra portum de Hull, Damages were recovered againft him two thouflind Pounds. And the Port of London being of great Importance, in regard of the Cuftoms, the Limits of it have been fettled by the Exchequer, and declared to extend, and to be accounted from the Promontory, or Point, called North-foreland, in the Ifle of Thanet, and from thence Northward, in a fuppofed Line to the oppofite Promontory, or Point, called the Nafe, beyond the Gun-feet, upon the Coaft of Efex,and continued Weftward through theRiver of Thames, And the feveral Chan- nels, Strcms, and Rivers falling into it, to London-Bridge, favc the ufual and known Rights, Liberty, and Privilege to the Ports of Sandivich and Ipfwich, and either of them, and the known Members thereof, and of the Cuftomers, Comptrollers, Searchers, and other Deputies, within the Hiid Ports of Sand-wicA and Ipfwich, and the feveral Creeks, Harbours, and Havens, to them, or cither of them, refpeftively belonging within the Counties of Kent or EJfex. This Account of Ports, &c. might have been omitted till I came to treat of the Cuftoms; but, as I thought it more properly introduced here, I have inferted it, and fhall fubjoin an Abftradt of the Laws in Force concerning them. For though it is probable few or none of my Readers may be intercfted in the Trade of them all, yet, that every one may meet the Information he may occafionally want, I fliall briefly mention what has been publickly enadcd, for their Efta- blifhment and Prefervation. BURLINGTON. From the firft of My, 1697, until the fird of May, 1704, the Duties herein- 8 mil. lit. mentioned fliall be paid for the repairing the Port or Pier of Burlington, viz. one "^' *5- f- '• Farthing for every Chaldron of Coals, loaden on board any Veflcl at the Port of Newcajile, or at Sunderland, Blythe, Seaton, Sluce, or any other Member of the Port of Ncwcaftk, which fliall be paid to Arthur, Lord Vifcount Irwin, &c. All Monies raifed for the Duties aforefaid, &c. fliall be by the CommifTioners Ditto f. 4. applied to the Repairing the faid Port or Pier of Burlington, &c. Continued iy i Geo. I. cap. 49. 5 Geo. I. cap. 10. Jbr twenty-five Years, from the zifth o/'June, 1730, and 26 Geo. W. for twenty-five Years, from the 24/h of June. By this Att Veffels belonging to Great Yarmouth in Norfolk are exempted from this Duty, the Mafters having a Certificate, upon Oatli before the Mayor of Yarmouth, that the Owner of fuch Vefl*ei, or the greateft Part, are Inhabitants of that Town, DOVER. From the firft of May, 1700, to the firft of May, 1709, there fliall be paid by '« the Maftcr of every Eng/ifi Ship, of the Burden of twenty Tons, and not exceed-'" ing three hundred Tons, for every Loading and DIfcharging within this Realm, from, to, or by Dover, or coming into the Harbour there, not having a Cocket tcftifying his Paynif nt before tliat Voyage, towards the Repair of Dover Harbour, •; 'after produces a Certificate as above, &c. Ships belonging to RamJ'gate, in the lUe of thanet, (liall be exempted from paying to Dover Harbour, bringing a Certificate, as before, &c. Continued by 2 Anne, Cap. 7. 4 Geo. I. Cap. 13. and () Geo. I. Cap. 30. ta the ^rjl of May, 1744. Further continued for twenty-one rears by 1 1 Geo. II. Cap. 7. This A£t further continued, for 21 Tears, by 31 Geo. II. M I N E H E A D. From the 24th of June, 1701, for one and twenty Years, there (hall be paid (befides the ancient Acknowledgments accuftomed to be paid to Tregonwell Lut-' terell, Efq; and his Anccftors) for Goods imported or exported, into, or out of, the Port oi Minehead, the Duties following, vix. fuch Sum of Money not exceed- ing one Halfpenny per Stone for Wool, and one Penny per Stone for Woollea and Bay Yarn imported, as the Truftces hereafter appointed (hall appointi each Stone to contain eighteen Pounds, the Duties ko be paid by the Perlon into 'vhofe PofTefTion, or by whofe Order, the Goods (hall be delivered; and the Wool imported (hall be weighed at the Town-hall, according to Cuftom; and for every Ton of all other Goods there (hall be paid bd. perTon, by every Mafter of a Ship that ftiall take on board or land any (.oods in the Port of Minehead. For every Ship which (hall come into the I {arbour (the (aid Port not being their difcharging Port) there fliall be paid by the Mafter the Tonage and Keelikge following, viz. for every Ship ufiiig the coafting Trade, of thirty Tons, and not amounting to fifty Tons, 1/. and of fifty Tons ajid upwards, is. and for every Ship of thirty Tons, and not amounting to fifty, trading to other Parts oi Europe, or to his Majefty's Plantations in Amtrita, is. bd. and of fifty Tons and upwards 5/. and for every Shipof thifty Tons, and not amounting to fifty Tons, and trading to any Place in vf//«, Africa, or America (other than his Ma- jefty's Plantations) 5 s. and of fifty Tons i o s, *nd the Maffer paying the faid Keelage (liall have Allowance for the fame, of the Merchants, by Average. All Money raifed by the Duties, and rocovercd for the Forfeitures, &c. (hall be by the Truftees applied to the Building out a new Head, clearing the Beach, and other V/orks for maintaining the Pier and Harbour, (^c. After the faid Term, fo long as the Harbour fliall be kept up, there (hall be paid to the Lord of the Manor of MinehtaJ, the Duties following for Goods imported ; for Maintenance of the new Head and other Works, viz, for every twenty Stones of Wool, id. for every twenty Stones of Woollen and Bay Yarn 2d. forcvcry Ton of Salt 2(/. for every Quarter of Corn 2 r/. for every Chaldron qf Coals 2d. Continued />y 10 Anne, Cap. 2^, for fxteen Tears, and by 11 Geo. II. Cap. 8. frofn the z^tb of^une, 1738, f^jr forty Tears, WHITBY. K: Of PORTS, wc. Hi WHITBY. From the firft of May, 1702, for nine Years, there fliall ht paid unto the 1 -»»». Stat. Truftees herein named, viz. the Lord of the Manor, Ralph Boys, and otljcrs, *• *■ '9 ' '• for re-building the Piers of the Port of IVbitby, by the Owners of every Ship tliat fliall load Coals at the Port of NcwcaJlU; or at SumMand, Blithe, Scaton Sluce, or any other Member of the f?id Port, one Farthing /itr Chaldron, and for all the Coals landed within the Port of JVhitby, for every Chaldron, Town Meafurc, 6«• Chaldron upon Coals flull ceafe. All Ships £/^/^ built, and manned according to the Aft of Navigatiort, Ditto r. it. belonging to Great Tarmouth, fliall be free from the faid Duty of one Far.hing per Chaldron J {o as the Mafter of fuch Ship, or fome Mariner on his Behalf, produce a Certificate made upon Oath before the Bailiffs of Tarmouth, that fuch Ship does belong to Tarmouth, and that the Inhabitants thereof arc Owners of the major Part of fuch Ship. Continued until the ift o(May, Jyaj, by 7 Anne, and by 7 Geo. I. the Duties before granted (except the faid Duty of one Farthing per Chaldron) were made perpetual) and by 8 Geo. II. it was cnaftcd, that from and after the ifl o( June, 1735, the faid Duty of one Farthing per Chaldron by i Anne, fliould be revived for the Term of thirty-one Years, to commence from the ift of June, 173 r> And to rebuild or repair the Eajl and fFiJi Piers of the faid Harbour, an addi- tional Duty of a Farthing /fr Chaldron is granted by 23 Geo. II. p. 667, to be paid from and after the ill of June, 1750, for 31 Years, by all Vcifels loading or fliipping Coals at the Port of Neivcajile upon Tyne, or at Sunderland, Blythe, Seaton, Slutce, Cullercoatts, or arty other Harbour, Colliery, or Place, reputed a Member of the Port of NeweaJiU, &c. The Adl 11 WilL III. Cap. $. J'or Repair 9^ Dover Harbour, fliall continue » A». c. 7» until the ift of iWiiy, 171 8. •■• '• Every Ship that Ihall go through the Gates of the Works tliere, fliall, before Ditto f. ». ftie go into the Gates, take down her Sails, fo that ftie may not go failing in, apon Pain that every Captain of fu;h Ship fliall forfeit, to the Warden and Affiftants of the Harbour, 10/. for the Ufe of the Harbour, to be recovered by AftionofDcbt, fife. The A, and. Canals, upon the Ground ilt apart for that Purpofe. There M Of PORTS, ^c. 145 There ftiall, from the 34th of "^une, 1710, for one and twenty Years, be I""" ^- »• paid unto the faid Mayor, iSc. for every Vcffel f Ships in her Miijeily's Service excepted) coming into or out of the faia Port, with any Mcrchandife (the Li- mits whereof are as far as a Place in Hoyle Luke, called the Red-Jloms, and from thence all over the River Merfey to ff^arrington and Frodjham Bridges) by the Maftersoffuch Ships, the Duties hereinafter defcribed, w'z. for every Ship trad- ing between the Port and 5/. David's Head or CarliJIe, for every Ton 2 d. for every Ship trading between St. David's Head and the Land's-End, or beyond Carlijh to tne Shetlands, or to the Ille of Man, for every Ton -^d. for eveiy Ship trading to Ireland, for every Ton ^d. for every Ship trading to Norway, Denmark, Holjiein, Holland, Hamburgh, Flanders, or any Part of France, without the Streights of Gibraltar, or Jerfey, or Guernfey, for every Ton 8 d. for every Ship trading to Newfoundland, Greenland, RuJJia, and within the Battick, Portugal and Spain, without the Streights, Canaries, Madeiras, JViiftern IJles, Azores, for every Ton \2d. Such Duties to be paid at the Time of fuch Ship's Difcharge at the Cuftomhoufc, fo as no Ship fliall be liable to pay the Duty but once for the fame Voyage, both out and home. All Ships liable to the Payment of the Duties (hall be meafured, by taking Ditto f. 4. the Length of the Keel as flie treads on the Ground, and the Breadth to be taken within board by the MidHiip Beam, from Plank to Pliwik; and half that Breadth for the Depth, then multiply the Length by the Breadth, and the Pro- dudl by the Depth, and divide by 94. After the faid Term of 21 Years, there (hall be paid to the Mayor, S^c. one Ditto r. 14. fourth Part of the Duties beforementioncd, &c. Nothing in this Adt (hall charge any Ship, which (liall be forced into the D'«to f- '6- Harbour, and (hall unlade in order to repair and relade; nor to charge any Ship which (hall fell in the Harbour any Part of her Lading, only in order to refit or victual. This Aft (hall not charge any Ship belonging to, or bound to, or from the Ditio f. 17. Port of Chejler, in Cafe fuch Ship (hall neither load nor difcharge within the Limits of the Port of Liverpoole. The Aft of 8 Anne, Cap. 1 2, for making a Dock at Liverpoole, and an Aft ' • C'«. II. c 3 Geo. I. (not printed) whereby the Duties were farther continued for fourteen **" ' *' Years, are farther continued for 3 1 Years. Every Ship trading from Liverpoole to Gottenberg, or any other Place in Sweden, Ditto f. 10. without the Baltick, (hall be charged with the Duty of 8cncc, i /. to be paid before the fame be landed; and there fhall alfo be paid for cvci-y Ship of thi; Burden of ten Tons or upwards, which fhall come into the faid Haven, zd. for every Ton fuch Ship» Qc, (hall contain j which Duties ihall be paid by the Maimer, fiff. When the Harbour and Piers fhall be rebuilt, and the Monies expended thereon reimburfed, the Duties (liall ccafej and from thenceforth there (hull be paid to the Collectors for every Wci^h of Salt, for rvery Laft of Wheat, Rye, L' -rley. Malt, and otiicr Giain, for every Chaldron of Co«ls and Culm, H'lnchelhr Mea- fure, and for every Ton of other Gr-ods, difcharped in the faid Haven, oi* exported, bd. and for every Ship, kic. which (hall come into the Haven, \d* per Ton, and no more. YARMOUTH. After the t5th of Marcht 1727, for 21 Years, and to the End of the next Seffion of Parliament, there (liall be paid by every Mafterof a Ship, which fliall unlade within the Haven of Great YAtmiuth, or in Tarii:-iuth Road, extending from the fouth Part oiScr.:tly in Norfolk, to the north Part r^^ Cor tin in tiuff'olkt at the Time of unlading, for the Goods following, iiiz. for every Chaldron of Coals, fTinclefier Mcifare, Laft of Whea^, Rye, Barley, Malt, or other Grain, foi every Weigh of Salt, and Ton of other Goods, (Fifli executed) fuch Sums not exceeding I2;»y;iiile for the Riviir Dure, may allot Part thereof lor the clearing that Branch of iho R'ver, which leadi from St. Dennct's- Abbey to Dilbam in Norfolk. On the Exportation of Goods, which liave paid the Sums hereby charged on D'"" '• '«• the Importation, the Colledor (Proof in Writing on Oath biding firil made of the Payment of tlic Duties, which Oath he may adminifter) ihall repay tlic Exporter the Money paid on the Importation. The Mayor of larmoutb may yearly appoint Watchers or Clappcrmcn, to Diuo r. ij. •.vatch on the Keys nightly, from the ift of Novemkr to the ifl ui March. Thcr( fliail be paid by the Matter of any Ship which Uiall lie in thi- Haven, Biiio f. 14. fron. ihc oouth End of tlic liulliijl Key, upwards the Spac(; of one Month, between the I ft of L^ovcml'iT Mv\ the ill o[' March, any Sum not t .\cetdiiiK one IlalfiTcnny per Ton of tlic Burthen, as the M;'yor (hall for the Charges of fucli Watching yearly appoint. Every Mafter, &c. of a Ship, which fliall winter in the Ilavcn, wlio Hiall Dtto f. 15. fuftcr any I'irc or lighted Candle to be in any Siiip lying from tlie South End of the Balltijl Key upwards (Ships which fliall have OiHi.crs boarded on tlicra, by the Diredion of the fuperior Ollicers of the Cuftoms or Excifc, belonging to the faid Town only excepted) fliall forfeit, for every fuch Fire or lighted Candle, to J. &c. The Haven and Piers of Great Tarmoutb being In a bad Condition, and falling -o r,t. II. into an irreparable Decay, if not timely prevented, it is therefore enac'ted, that*"'^'' from and after the 24th of "yuiie, 1747, the fevcral Duties, which by 9 Geo. I. Were granted for clearing and improving, £cc. the Haven and Piers belongini^ to the faid Town of Great rarmoutb, and for dcpthcning the Channel oi BrayJon, and for making the Rivers Tare, Wavemy, and lure, more navigable, and for repairing the Bridge and publick Keys of'^the laid Town, and alfo for prel'erving Ships wintering in the Haven there, fliall be revived and paid for the Term of p «73. two Years, and from thence to tlie End of the then next Seflion of Parliament, in fuch Manner, by fuch Perfons, and with fuch Exceptions, Allowances, and Drawbacks, as are mentioned in the before recited Act, Sec. The Provifion made In the preceding Adt, not having been found fufticicnt to 23 G„. II, anfwer the Purpofes intended thereby, for repairing the Piers, clearing and depthening the Haven oi Gnat Tarmoutb, &c. it is enaft^d, that from the 25th „ ,8- of March, 1750, the Duties payable by Virtue of the foregoing Adt of 20 Geo. II. ' Ihall ceafe; and, in lieu thereof, there fliall be paid for twenty-one Years, and from thence to the End of the then next Setnon of Parii unent, by every Mafter of any Ship or Veflel, which fliall import or unlade within the Haven of Great Yarmouth, or in Tarmoutb Road, near adjoining to the faid Borough, extending from the South Part of the Town of Scratbey, in the County of Norfolk, to the North Part of the Town of Gorton, in the County of Suffolk-, for every Chaldron of Coals, Winchejler Meafure, Laft of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Malt, or other Grain; and for every Weigh of Salt; and for every Ton of all other Goods or Merchandizes, (Fifli only excepted) the refpedtive Sums following, viz. for the Term of feven Years, or fuch other lefs Term as twelve Commiflioncrs, or feven of them (five being Commiflioners for the County of Norfolk, Suffolk, and the City of NorivichJ fliall order a Sum not exceeding is. 6a. and after the Ex- piration of the faid, or other lefs Term of Years, during the Remainder of the Term of twenty-one Years, and from thence to the End of the then next Seflion of Parliament, the Sum of lod. or fuch other greater Sum as the Commiflioners as afoiefaid fliall order, not exceeding the Sum of 12^/. The Sum of 3^. Part of the Duties granted by this Adt fliall every Year be p. 195. divided, and paid upon the firft TuefJay in yune, by the Chamberlains, &c. of Great Tarmoutb, in the Manner and Proportions following, viz. i J. 2 q. unto the Chr.mberlain of the City of Norwich, 6cc. to be applied towards clearing and depthening that Part of the Channel of the River of IVenfon, commonly called J^ire, 1 'V- m 148 ^ 194. fim -:'ii-i' t- '95- [I'.i ;' 'f-l V h f p 196. .^i^ *i • p. ig?. p lyS. p. ior 0/ PORTS, ^c. Tare, which lies between the new Mills in Noriiub and UarJIy-Crofi \ nnd for preventing Filth and Mud from falling therein, and for didtlling and iTcanring the River inluch Manner, as the faid Corporation (hall direct, &f. and thcSmn of ay. to be applied towards clearing and dcpthcning the Rivr liun', loninionly called the North Rivtr, and all thofc Uranthcs thereof which lead from St. Bennet'i jlbhiy to Dilbam, and from Bti/lwiiJi- lirUgf to Ilukling, in the Comity of Norfolk, in fuch Manner as the Juftices (lull dired, &c. ana the Sum of 2 y. to be applied towards clearing and dcpthenine the River IVinh-ney, in (iich Manner as the Juftices (hall diredt, &c. and the Sum ofay. Rcliduc of the faid ■^d. to be applied towards repairing the Bridge and publick Keys belonging to the faid Borough of Great Tarmouth, &c. The Sum of 3 a. other Part of the Duties, is to be divided and paid in the Man- ner following, I'iz. the Sum of ay. to be apnlied towards the further clearing and depthening tne River Burr, commonly called the North Rnrr, and tlic Branches thereof, which lead from .SV. Bennct's Abhcs to Dilbam, &c. and the Sum of 2n of the I'aynicnt of the laid Sum ofS*/. the Sum of 4^/. Fart o4" ilu- remaining Duty is tube appointed during the Remainder of the Tcrinut twcnty-oiic Vearb, nnd from thence to the Lnd of the then next Selfion of I'urliament, in clearini; iind depthcning the Haven, und keeping in Repair the Piers and Jetteo, in luch Manner as the Corporation ofGn-at Y'armoiitb m Common Countd (full dircdl. If in any Year, iluring the Remainder of the faid Term of twenty-one Years, (ic. it fhall ap))car to frvcn or more of the Commillioners, Gi't-. that the faid Sum of ^J. directed to he applied in cleaning and deptheninj; the Haven, and t- »»' keeping the I'icrs and Jettec in Repair, will not be futitcicnt tor th<»le I'urpofcs, they may diredl a further Sum, not exceeding 2 J. to be raifed until their next annual Meeting, to be applied by the Corporation of G'nv/r y,irmautb, in rcpair- in m-.. td'^ 150 Ditto i. t. 10 Gf. P 479- p. 480. p. 482. p. 490. p. 491. r i')9. Of PORTS, ^c. The Commiflloners Ihall have Power to finidi the Pier already begun, and alfo to ereft Picjs and other Works, fur the Prefervation and Improvement of the Haven, Off. The Preamble fets forth that the Town of SunderlumU near the Sea, fuuatc on the River Wear, in the County of Durham, is well inhabited by rich and able Merchants and Tradefmen, having a Port capable of containing many hundred Ships' ^* one Time, &c. and that by an Adt of 3 Geo. I. intitled. An ASlfor the Prefervation and Improvement of the River Wear, and Port and Haven rf Sunderland in the County of Durham, certain Perfons therein named, were appointed Commiflioners of the faid River and Haven, and Duties granted for the efFedlual cleanfing and preferving thereof, for the Term of twenty-one Years ; and that by another Aft by 13 Geo. I. For the more eff'eSiual Prefervation and Improvement (f the River Wear, &c. diverfc additional Powers were granted to the faid Commiffioners, who, I.. '^urfuance of the Execution thereof, before the Expiration of the Term limited, eredted at a great Charge, a Pier and a Key near the Mouth of the River on the South Side, and did other beneficial Afts for the Opening and Improving of the faid River, Gf . and, in order to have more efFeftually cleanfid and prefervcd tlie fame, the Commiffioners propofed to have lengthened the faid Pier, and to have built other W brks on the North Side of the River, but the Money arifing from the Duties not being fufficient to per- form fuch additional Works, &c. it is enabled, that the Right Reverend the Biftiop of Durham, the Right Honourable Thomas, End of Scarborough, &c. fli.ill be Commiffioners of the faid Rivei, Port, and Haven, within the Limits herein after fet forth, and lliall be fo called for the Purpofes herein mentioned, for the Term of twenty-one Years, to comm'^ncc from the 24th of June, 1 747. The Commiffioners, or feven of them, may purchafe and take Lealcs of any Lands near the faid River, for the erefting Piers or other Works, &c. and employ Workmen, Keels, &c. to remove any Rocks, Gravel, (^c. below High- Water Mark, Gft. provided that thereby they do not damage the Lands, Quarries, Keys, Streights, Wharfs, or Beacons, of any Perfon whatfoever, &c. The Commiffioners, or feven of them, may at all Tim es hei eafter furvcy the faid River fo far as to the New Bridge, and no farther, (to which Place they may make and keep it navigable for the faid Term of 21 Years) and alfo the Port, Haven, and Harbour of Sunderland, as far as the fame extends from Souter Point, about two Miles from the Bar of Sunderland, towards the North-Eaft, and fo into the Sea to five Fathoms at Low- Water, and from thence in a fuppofed diredl Line, till it falls oppofite to that Land called Ryhop Dean, about two Miles towards the South, and the Impediments and Annoyances, &c. tlierein, and may hear and dctcrminL all fuch Abufes, Differences, and Things, as concern the fame, &c. The Commiffioners, before the 24th of June, 1759, fliall remove all Sands, Shoals, and other Obftruftions, between Biddicford and Newbridge, and lliall effeftually make the faid River navigable, to carry Boats, Keels, and Veifels of the Burden now ufed upon the faid River; and fhall, from Time to Time, keep it fo navigable, between the faid two Places, for the Refidue of the faid Term of 21 Years. From the 24th of June, 1747, for the T ^rm of 2 1 Yeaic, and from thence to the End of the next Seffion of Parliament, every Coal-Owner for the Time being, and their Fitters, and Coal-Fadtors, (hall feverally pay for all Coals and Cinders brought to the faid River, and delivered from the Staith, aboard, any Ship or other Veffel, the Sums following, viz. The Coal-Owners refpedlively, any Sum not exceeding \d. 2q. for every Chal- dron of Coals or Cinders, during the faid Term of 21 Years, brought for them to the River, and delivered as aibr^faid; and fo in Proportion for any greater or lefs Quantity. Anil the Fitters or Coal-Faftors refpedtivcly, any Sum not exceeding 2q. during the faid Term, for every Chaldron of Coals or Cinders, brought and delivered as aforefaid, to be applied as herein after is direded. The Commiffioners or Icven of them (whereof the Chairman of the Time being to be one) at any publick Meeting by Writing under their Hands and Seals, 0/ P O R T S, ^c. 'SI j-co. 50«. Seals, (without any Stamp thereon) may aflign over, &c. the Duties, or any Part thereof (the Cnarge of making fuch Aflignment to be paid out of the Duties) for all, or any Pari of the Term for which they are granted, as a Security for any Sum to be borrowed for the Purpofcs herein mentioned, to fuch Perfon or Pcrfons, or their Truftees, who (hall lend the fame, with Interefl; not exceeding p. 499. 5/. per Centum per Annum; out of which Monies, &c. fliall be paid, in the firil Place, the Charges of obtaining and endeavouring to procure this Aft, Cinders to be burnt from Coals, fubjcd; to the Duties beforementioned, (hall not pay the Duties payable for Cinders, on their being put on board any Ship or other Vcflel, in order to their being exported or water-borne to any otlier Place j and no Duty (liall be paid for any Coals or Cinders that (hall be lofl in any Keel or Boat funk in the fiid River, &c. or within five Fathoms at Low- Water, beyond the Bar of the River; or for any Coals ufed in making Salt, and Glafs, Glafs Bottles, Vitriol, and burning Lime-Stones into Lime, within the Limits of the faid River, 5cc. fo as the Owners and Confumers thereof (being required) by the Oath of thcmfelves, or any other Perfon, to the Satisfaftion of the Commif- fioners, &c. prove that fuch Cinders, fo exempted, were burnt from Coals, for which Duties, as aforcfaid, hr.d been paid; or that fuch Coals or Cinders, fo exempted, were lolt, as aforcfaid, or that the Coals, fo exempted, had been ufed in making Salt, &c. within the faid River, Port, or Haven, and if any Staithmcn, &c. (fummoned to appear and to be examined on Oath, touching the Quantities of Coals and Cinders by them delivered, from Time to Time, on board) fliall not appear, or refufe to be examined on Oath, they fhall be charged fuch Sums, &c. All Duties, Fines, and Sums of Money, to be levied by this Aft, not other- wife diredled to be applied, fliall be paid to Inch Perfon as the Commiflioncrs fliall appoint; and fuch Money, ov fo much as fliall not be applied towards Pay- ment of the Charges of procuring this Adl, and of the Principal and Interefl: of the Money borrowed, and the Expence of putting this Adl in Execution, fliall be employed jn lengthening the prefcnt Pier, and in purchafing or procuring Leafes of any Grounds, as aforcfaid, to build any other Piers, Keys, Walls, or Jcttccs on, and In eredting the fame, and in doing fuch other Works for the Improvement of, and the Depthening, Cleanfing, and Prcferving the faid River, &c. as the Commifljoners, &c. fliall from Time to Time diredt. If by the Building of any Pier, or other Works, and the different Direction P- 503. thereby given, to the Sea and Tide flowing into the River, &c. the Keys and Grounds of any Perlcin fliall be beat down, overtlowcd, or otherwife damnified, the Commiflioncrs, &c. out of the Monies arifing by this Aft, fliall caule fuch Keys to be repaired, or rebuilt, and the Land to be effeftually fccurcd againft fuch Sea and Tide, within twelve Months after any fuch Accident; and fliall likewife caufe to be paid to the Proprietors of Lands and Grounds, or to luch other Per- fons as fliall make Proof of any Dainagcs done by them, in the Execution of tliis , 1 ,<', Aft, fuch Sums as fliall be aflTeffed by a Jury, &c. ■ NEWHAVEN. That the Haven and Pier of Newbaven in Sujfex may be rebuilt, John Alfard, 4 4' \ 3^' Ditto f. 3. Groceries, and all other Goods in Barrels, 4^. for every Bundle, Bale, mid CheftofHemp, Linens, Woollens, dafs, Fruits, Eartben Ware, not exceed- ing three Hundred Weight, ^d. for every Hundred Weight«of Allum, C'heele, Tallow, Colours, Shot, Nails, Chains, and wrought Iron, Brafiers and Pcw- tercrs Wares, and all other Goods paying Duty or Freight per Hundred Weight, \d. for every -Grofs of Bottles 3 itto r, ;> Ditto (. 17. Ditto f. 19. Ditto r. «. ii^ t^r:: a 5 G«. ir. 6G«. II. c. iz. r I. Ditto r. >. Du;o i'. 3. Ditto f. 8. 0/ PORTS, &c. and for foreign Bottoms 6 J. per Ton; and for Butter (hipped off from Scario- rougb id. per Firkin; for dried Fifli and Mud Fifti fliipped off 2 J. per Score; for Barrel Fi(n fo fliipped off per Barrel ^d. for Tallow fo (hipped off 3.g, that (evcral tunliderable bums had been laid out purfuant to the faid Aft, Ki.t the River was not made navigable, the Provifions for making it fo being infufficii.'nt, ard the Time thereby granted, for rrialvi.ig the fame navigable, was expired: And reciting, that the Sands, Soil, and Ground, not bearing Grals, commonly called the H'hite Sands, from Che/ler to the Sea, and lying between the County of Clr/icr, on the North Side, and the County of Flint on the South, are of great Bieadth in moft Places j and that the River's not being navigable was chiefly owing to the Breadth of the Sands, and to the Shifting of the Channel, as the Winds and Tide varied; and that the faid Sand, Soil, an 1 Grcund were not, nor were likely to be, of any Benefit to any Perfon whatfoever, unlefs the River was bounded in, and made navigable by Sea Walls, which required a very great Expence, as well to ereft, as to maintain and re- pair, from Time to Time, as Occafion fliall require; but that yet, if the faid Sands, Soil, or Ground, were recovered from the Sea, Dy Sea Walls, and the Channel thereby confined to one certain Courfe, it would not only efteftually make the River navigable, but that vefting the fFhite Sands in the Undertakers, would be a confiderable Encouragement to the Undertaking thereof: And recit' ing, that the making the faid River navigable, would be a Means to advance the Trade of the City, and that a great Benefit would accrue thereby to the Inhabi- tants, and to the Towns and Countries adjacent, as alfo be a Means to increafe the Number of Seamen and Watermen, and promote the publick Good of this Kingdom ^ Nathaniel Kindcrley, In the faid Aft named, his Heirs, and Afiigns, and fuch Perfoiif; as he, &c. mould appoint, were, by the faid Aft of 6 Geo, II. appointed Undertakers of the faid Navigation, and impowcred, at their own Charges, to make and keep the faid River Dee navigable from the Sea to fFilcox Point, that there iliould be fixtcen Feet Water in every Part of the River at a moderate Spring Tide, for Ships to come and go to and from the faid City; and to that Ef/d, to make the Channel to run through the ff^hite Sands, or the common Salt Marflies adjoining, or through the Marflies of John JVright, Eiq; com- monly called Brewers-Hall Marjh, as they fliould think fit; and the faid Nathaniel Kinderley, his Heirs, Afligns, and Nominees, had farther Povrers P granted them by the faid Aft, as therein mentioned ; and, as they would neccf- farily be at a very confiderable Expence in making the River navigible, and keeping up the fame, it was by the faid Aft of 6 Geo. II. cnafted, that imme- diately iirter the faid Nathaniel Kinderley, his Heirv, Afligns, or Nominees, (hould make the faid River Dee navigable, and pafliable for Snips in Manner as afore- faid. r*«i.i i ■it psrj- 574- 'S6 i»g\- m hi If"' y ' Iff' P 575- r 576. 0/ PORTS, &>c. faid, all Merchants, and Proprietors of any Goods, that fliould be brought into the faid River and Channel, and that Ihculd be loaded at, or (hipptd off, or fcnt from Chejier, or from any other Places bet\ <;cn the faid City and Par/i-gate in the County of Chejicr, on the North Side of the faid River, and between the City of CheJler and Town of Flint in the County of Flint, on the Soutli Side of the faid River, rtiould pay to the faid Nathaniel KincUrky, his Heirs, C^c. fceral Duties in the faid Aft mentioned; alfo certain Sands, Marflics, and Salt Grafs, and other LanHs therein mentioned, were, fo foon as the fail. River was made navigable, veltcd in the Undertakers, for their proper Ufc, under the Provifos in the faid Aft mentioned; and Commiflioners were appouuc! by the faid Aft, for fettling all Matters, about which any Difference Ihould arife between the Undertakers and Proprietors of any of the Lands adjoining to the River; and the Commiflioners were thereby .mpowered to fettle and alfefs Rccompencc to Se made for Damages that might happen to any of the Lands or Fiflicries, by Rcafon of the faid Navigation : And the Undertakers were diredcd to invcll loooo/. in South Sea Annuities, or other Government Securities, in the ^'ame of Tbomus Revel, John Manley, and Benjamin Heaie, Efqrs. and John Bland, Banker, to anfvvcr the Damages laft mentioned, for three Years after the Navi- gation fliould be fully compleated : And it was thereby alfo eiiafted, that if the laid Undertakers (hould not begin before the 24th Day of June, 1735, and make the faid River navigable, according to the true Meaning of the Act, on or before the 24th Day of June, 1742, all and every the Powers and Intercft of the faid Nathaniel Kinderlcy, his Heirs and Nominees, fliould be utterly void; and that it fhould not be lawful for any Proprietor or Undertaker, or their Heirs, or any Perfons clainiing under any of them, to difpofe of their Intereft in the faid Undertaking, or any Share thereof, until fuch Time as the faid River fliould- be made navigable : And the faid Nathaniel Kindcrley did afterwards, by an In- ftrumcnt in Writing, dated the 9th Day oi July, 1733, and duly executed, declare, that his Name was made ufe of in the faid Aft of 6 Geo. II. in Truft for Thomas Watts, and Richard Manley, Efqrs. and fuch other Perfons as they fhould appoint to be concerned in the faid Undertaking; and the laid Nathaniel Kinderley did afterwards duly nominate certain Perfons, being forty in Number, to be Undertakers of the Navigation : And by Indenture Qujidrupartite, made Jfprilg, 1734, between Nathaniel Kinderley, of the firft Part, nomas f Vat ts and Richard Manley, of the fecond Part, Jofeph Davis and William Parfons, of London, Gentlemen, of the third Part, and ninety other Subfcribers to the faid Indenture, or to the Schedule thereof, of the fourth Part, and duly executed by all the faid Parties, it was agreed, that the faid Subfcribers fliould raife a joint Stock of 40,000/. in the Manner and on theTrufts therein mentioned; which Trufts were, amongft other Things, to lay out the 10,000/. to be depofited as a Fund to anfwer the Damages before fpecifiedj and alfo to lay out fuch Sums aj; Ihould be neccffary to recover and preferve the Navigation of the River Dee; and the Refidue (if any) of the faid 40,000/. was to be in Truft for the faid Subfcribers, in Proportion to the Sums by them refpeftively paid in : And it was by the faid Indenture farther agreed, that the Duties and Tonnage by tlie faid Aft made payable to, and the Sands, Soil, Ground, Mar/hes, and Salt Grafs, thereby vcfted in the faid Nathaniel Kinderley, his Heirs, (Sc. Ihould remain to the Ufe of the faid Subfcribers, in Proportion to the Sums by them refpeftively paid: It was alfo agreed, that the faid Joint Stock of 40,000/. fliould be divided into 400 Shares, each confifting of 100/. and that each of the Subfcribers fhould be entitled to fo many Shares as he fhould have fubfcribed and paid in 100/. and feveral Provifions were made for the Management of the Undertaking, for reco- vering and preferving the Navigation, and of the Affairs relating thereto: And* the faid Undertakers, the Affigns or Nominees of the faid Nathaniel Kinderley, between the 27th of iugu/l and gth of Novemier, 1735, did inveft 10,000/. in the Purchafe of 9290/. old South Sea Annuities, in the Names of Thomas Revel, John Manley, Benjamin Hoare, and John Bland, as Truftees for the Purpofes in the faid Aft mentioned ; and the faid Benjamin Hoare afterwards refufine to accept the faid Stock in the South Sea Company's Books, or to aft in the wid Truu, the Annuities were, in Purfuance of a Decree of the High Court of Chancery, 5 made Of PORTS, ^i\ made the iPiii lixj oi February, 1737. transferred into the Names oi Thomas Revel, Job Manley, and John Rland, upon the fame Trufts: And the Under- takers began the laid Undertaking, betorc the 24th Day of y«Hr, 1735. and laid out the Monies advanced upon the laid Indenture^ in making the Depofit of 10,000/. in South Sea Annuities, Gff. and great Progrefs was thereby made in recovering the faid Navigation j but the fame not being pcrfedled, and it being neceflary to raife further Monies for that Purpofe* it was by Decd-Poll, bearing Date the 17th Day of vfw^w/?, 1736, agreed ^o advance Ten />(?a- Cf«/. more, on each of their refpcdtive Subfcriptions, for the Purpofes in the faid Indenture exprcfl'cd concerning the faid 40,000/* and afterv/aras there being a Neceflity to raifc further Monies for the pcrfedling the: T' wigation, by anotner Deed-Poll, bearing Date March the 3d, 1736, it w'as agrt i by the Subfcribcrs thereto, to advance 20 per Cent, more on their refpedli -e Subfcriptions: And the Subfcribers to the faid Indenture, and to the Deeds-Poll, and Undertakers of the Navi- gation, having paid in 47,830/. the fame was laid out in making the faid Dc- poiit, and in cutting a new Channel for the River Dee, through the adjacent Marihes, near ten Miles in Length; and making a Dam and Sluices crofs the old Channel, and deepening thereof, and ipaking other Works neceflary, for the recovering and preferring the Navigation, and the Charges neceflarily attending the Undertaking; and the River was, in April, 1737, turned into the new Channel, and hath ever fince continued to run through the fame; and ever fincc Ships and Veffcls of confidenihle Burden have failed through the new Channel up to U ilcox Point; and the Undertakers being, by the faid Aft, direfted and impowered to make and keep the River navigable from the Sea to the faid Point; iliat there fhould be fixteen Feet Water in every Part of the River at a moderate Spring Tide, for Ships to come and go to and from the fiiid City, feveral 1 rials and Soundings were made, to afcertain the Height the Water flowed to, ^' at a moderate Spring Tide, and thereby the fame was nxed to be level with the Height of nine Feet above the Apron of the ten Gate Sluice, Part of the Works of Navigation er-'fied by the Undertakers; and a Pile was, in 1738, iixcd in the River near the faid ten Gate Sluice, on which the Height of nine Feet from the Apron of the ten Gate Sluice was marked, and fet for the Standard Height ol the Water at a moderate Spring Tide, and the fame has fince been commonly called the Standard; and the Undertakers finithtd the Undertaking in making the faid River navigable, according to the Intent and true Meaning of the laid recited Adl of 6 Geo. II. before March 25, 1740, and have fince that Time been at very great Expences in keeping the fame nnvigable, according to the true Meaning of the Adt; and the joint Stock of the faid Undertaking having been laid out as aforcfaid, and proving infufficient for fecuring the Works, and inclof- ing and improving the Sands and Grounds veftcd in the faid Undertakers, at a general Nieeting, held December 1 1, 1740, they did agree, that the faid joint btock Ihould be increafed to 52,000/. and that Application fhould be made to Parliament to incorporate the Undertakers: And by one other Adt made 14 GVo. II. intituled, yln yiSi for incorporating the Undertakers of the Navigation of the River Dee, it was amongft other Things enadted. That William Allix, and the feveral other Perfons therein named. Proprietors of the Undertaking, and the Rcprefentatives offuch Subfcribers to the faid Indenture or Deeds-poll as vtre dead, their feveral and refpcdtive Succeflbrs, Gff. Ihould be eredted into one Company for the Purpofes aforefaid, and be incorporated by the Name of *J'hc Cotiiptiiiy ofPropfietors 0/' the Undertaking for recovering and prefervingthe^' jS'iragiition of the River Dee, and have perpetual Succcffion, and a common Seal, and liave Power to do all fuch Adts as the faid Nathaniel Kindcrley, his Hei;s, fcfc might have done, by Virtue of the faid Adl of 6 Geo. II. and to take all liich Duties, Tonnage Dues, and Payments vvhatfoever, as the faid Nathaniel Kindcrley, his Heirs, Gfc. were empowered to do by the faid Adl; and to em- l>;ink, inclofe, improve, and apply to the Ufe of the faid Company, the White Senilis, Soil, and Ground, and other Lands whatfoever, by the faid Adt veiled in the lliid Nathaniel Kinderley, his Heirs, (^c. upon the Terms in the faid Adt mentioned, in the fame Manner as the faid Nathaniel Kindcrley, his Heirs, Cc . S f might 0/ p-57;' 578. ■Hm .f;, ,■ S79' IS8 Of PORTS, c. p. 580. 2..; !;i m ■ ■ ■ p. Sll. P 58»- might have executed the fame, by Virtue of the faid Aft, fiihjeft to the Limi- tations, Gff. in the faid Aft mentioned; as by the Aft of 14 GVe. II. will more fully appear: And the Tonnage Rates and Duties, which, by the faid Kti 6 Geo. II. are charged for all Goods brought into, or loaded in the liiid River, are by Experience found to be too high, and a Difcourageiuent to the Trade of the City; and the Mayor and Citizens of Chijier, and the Merchants and Traders of Chtjler, have therefore requellcd the Company of Proprietors of the Under- taking to confcnt that the fame may be rcpc.dcd, and that in lieu thereof eafier Tonnage Duties may be appointed, which the faid Company have confcntcdto; the doing whereof will be an Encouragement to Trade, and for the conmion Good of the Undertaking, that th. faid Aft of 6 and u Qco. II. fhoulJ bi explained and amended, in the fcveral other Particulars hereafter mentioned. It is therefore f«fl of all Duties and Tonnage whatfoever. All Ships, &c. or other Veffels, coming into, or going out of the faid River, p. jSj. and new Channel, and liable to the Payment of the Duties of Tonnage, by this Adt impofed, fliall be meafured, by taking the Length of the Keel, lo much as flie treads on the Ground, and the Breadth to be taken by the Midfhip Beam from Plank to Plank, and half that Breadth fliall be accounted for the Depth of every fuch Ship or Veflel; then multiply the Length by the Breadth, and the Produdt thereof by the Depth, and divide the Whole by ninety-four, and the Quotient fliall give the true Contents of the Tonnage; according to which Method, all Ships, and other Veflels, fliall be meafured, and the feveral Duties of Tonnage thereby be computed, and colleftcil accordingly. If the Lnding of any Ship, or other Vefl'el, which fliall be liable to the Pay- ment of the Duties of Tonnage, impofed, and payable by this AiS, according to the Burthen of fuch Ship or other Veflel, by Admeafuremcnt thereof, ii. Man- ner as before directed, fliall conflfl partly of Lead, Oyfters, Slates, or Paving Stones, (which are exempted by this Aft from the Payment of Tonnage) and partly with other Wares and Merchandizes, in refpeft whereof fuch Ship or VeflTel will be liable to the Payment of the Duties and Tonnage by this Aft impofed; in every fuch Cafe, there Ihall be a Deduftion made from the Tonnage of every fuch Ship, or other Veflel, in Proportion to the Quantity of fuch Lead, Oyfters, Slates, or Paving Stones, contained in every fuch Ship or other Veflel. In all Cafes where Skins or Wool fliall be imported, fuch Skins or Wools fliall p. ^84 pay the Rates of Tonnage by Weight only, and not according to the Burthen of fuch Ship, or other Veflel, by Admeafurement thereof; and where the Lading fliall confift partly of Skins, or Wool, or both of them, and partly of other Wares and Merchandizes, in refpeft whereof fuch Ship or Veflel will be liable to the Payment of the Duties of Tonnage by this Aft impofed, a Deduftion fliall be made from the Tonnage or Burthen of fuch Ship, or other Veflel, in Proportion to the Weight of fuch Skins or Wool; and if any Difpute arifes concerning the true Weight of fuch Skin or Wool, the Importer fliall, at his own Cofts and Charges, provide proper and convenient Weights, Beams, and Scales, for weighing the fame. If the Mafter, or other Perfon, taking Charge of any Sloop, Hoy, &c. carry- ing Goods from, or to the City of Cbejtcr, or through any Part of the faid new Channel, in order to be put on board, or difcharged from any Ship or other Veflel, lying at Park-Gate, Flint, or any other Place within the faid Port of Chejier, and L^elow the faid new Channel, &c. or carr)'ing any Goods from, or to the City of Chejier, to, or from any Part of Wales, (hall chufe to pay the Duty, and Tonnage, according to the Weight and Quantity of the Goods, and not according to the Burthen of the Sloop, &c. by the Admeafurement thereof; and fuch Msifter, &c. fliall make fuch Declaration, upon entering of any fuch Sloop, &c. inwardsor outwards; in fuch Cafe, the Duty and Tonnage mall be paid according to the Weight of the Goods, and not according to the Burthen of fuch Sloop, &c. by Adiiieafurcmi^nt thereof. In \ P $8j. *■; . 4' . -■' ■V. i6o V :.!.: mm- Rf SV ^' f-: t' p. 5«6. T -S?- P 5-8. p. 5S9. p. y,V. Of PORTS, ^c. In Cafe any DiAnitc lliall arifc bctuxen the t'ollcftor of the Tonage, paynble by this Aft, and the Muflcr or other I'crfon, having Charge of any Ship, or other Veird, Aich Colledhr Ihall wcigli, nicaCiirc, or gauge all Goods, Wares, jr Mtrchaniiizcs, at the Time of the (hipping or unfhipping thereof; and if fuch Cioods (l»,ill, upon fuch Weighing, Meal'uring, or Gauging, appear to be of us great, or greater Quantity, than fuch ColkiStor did attirin and infiil the fame to be, before the Weighing tliercof, &c. the Mafter, &c. taking Charge of the faid Veflcl, (liall pay the Colls and Charges of fuch Weighing, Mcafuring, ficc. The feveral Rales af Tonage, payable by this Ad, fhall be paid by the Mafters, or Owners o'evcrj fuch Ship or Vcrtel, before they rtiall be cleared inwards or outwards., by any of the t»rticcrsof his Majefty's Curtoms, at the Port o{ Chejicrx and if any fuch Orticcr (hall clear any Ship, until the Maftcrs produce an Acquit- tance; or if «iiy Mafter refufe, or ncgleft to pay the (iiid Outy, the Offender (hall, for every Default, forfeit 20/. to the Company, &c. The fv'id Colledtors may go on board any Ship, Hoy, &c. to take the Di- nienfions thereof, aiiil to demand the Duties payable by this Adt} and for Non- payment thereof, or Rcfulal to let fuch Officer take the Dimenfions, he may dillrain, and, after ten Days, fell the Diftrefs, &c. It is provided by the Ad 6 Geo. II. that Nathanid Kindfrley, his Heirs, &c. fliall make a Wet Dock for the Ships to lie in; and that there fliall be paid to Nat/jiinit'l Kirtthrlty, &C. for every Ship or Veflei, loaden within the faid Dock, 9Mrcrcd by the Ad vt'6 (rVo. 11. may aircfs on the Taid Company fuch rcalunublc IVntilty u thcj (hall thiuk lit, &c. The faid Company, ufTcinblcd in a general Court, Oiall have Power to call i* from their Members, pro(x)rtionally aaordiiig to their rcl'pcittive Shares in the Capital SttK'k, any further Siima of Money, a* by fuch general Court lhall< from Time to Time, be judged ncceflary, not exceeding with the Call of Five per Cent, already made, purluant to the faid former Adt, in the Whole the Sum of Forty ^(T Cent. And if any Members, &c. who have or ihall be required tu pay in money upon any Calif, &c. Ihall neglcd to pay their Share of the Money P' n*- lb called for, at the Time appointed, by Notice in the LomuvM Gaiutte, and on the Roya/ Exchange in LoaJen, the faid Company may not only Aup the Shano, Dividend and Profit, which (hall bccrme payable to fuch Members io negleding, and apply the fame towards Payment of the Share of Money Co called for, till the fame (hall be latisiiedi but alio may (lop the Transfers, or Allignmcnt» df the Shares of every fuch Defaulter, with Interell after the Rate u( Kight ptr Cent, per Ann. for the Money, fo by them omittal to be paid, from the Time the fame was appointed to be paid, until the Payment tnercof; and that the Shares and Stock-Shares, and btocki of fuch Defaulters, ihall be liable to make food the Monies fo ap[x}iiited to he paid, and Interell nhcrc, to be a pcrfonal Eflatc to all Intents and Purpofes whatfocvcr, and not a real Eilatc; and (hall go to the Executors or AdminiArators of the PcrfoBii dying po/Teffed thcrtof, intereded in, or entitled thereunto, and not to the Heirs of fucn Perfons; and the Proprietors of the faid Joint Stock, their Executors, &c. (liall be refpcdivcly entitled to all the Benefits and Advantages by the (irft recited Ad, verted in "Nathaniel KinAerUy, his Heirs, hue. io Proportion to fhcir refpcdive Interells in the Joint Stock of the faid Company. n The Method of afTigning, transferring, and accepting of any Iirtereft, in the faid Joint Stock, (liall be in the following Forni, viz. J A. B. in CenfideratioH of paid to me by C. D. adjoining to the common Salt Marflies, by the former Ads, or one of them, vcUed in tlic Company, as ihall be equal in V.due to fuch Part of the faid Marfhes, as lhall have been fo wafhed away, by Way of Recommence for the lame} the Lands fo to be allotted to lie as near tlie common Silt Marlhcs as conve4)ieutly may bei whidi Determination of the Cominiflionei lliall be final, and biuiUixg to all Parties iiitercftcd» u'dcfs tlic Company, or the Lord of the Maiior of Hawarjcfi, or any Pecfons havins lutcrcft in the faid Marflies, fliall think thiemiiBlves thex-<;by aggrieved, 9nd fnall make Application to tlie next Cojirt /of great Sei&on ^r the County of Flint, to have tlic Value of the Lands dctcrminicd by a Juryj in which Cafe, the Jufliices of the fud Court of great Sefifon fliall caufe tjlif ''u^e of t^ve Land fo deftroyed, and of the Lands to be glv^.in lieu thcr^Pif, ,to he f^ale^* afTcfTed, decreed, and afccrtained by the fame Rules and Methods, by which, by the Ad of 6 Gio, II. they are im- ppwered and dire^fed to ictUe tlapX)amaxe therein mentioned; and fuch Deter- mination of the Juftices of the faid great Scflion fljall not he removed, but bind- if>ri-afld:CpnclufivetuaUJnt''nfsana Furpofes, S^c. and the Lauds fo decreed, in lieu ipr (u^h Part of thciaid commpu Salt R(Iv(li|es, which fliall, by the Means aforeiiifi, be deflroye^t fl»all for ever thereafter be tlie Property and Inheritance of, .f nd te enjpycd ^ tjbf fame Pcribps and their Ht'rs, who were before entitled to a Rlfht pf*^ Common in the faid ^altMar. esi under the like Limitations, and with the like Advantage, as they, might L-^c held the faid Marfhes, in Cafe tliey had not been dcftrpyed; and, according to tlieir refpedive Eftate therein, difchaygcd from the Rights of Entry andDi^refs, of any other Perfon what- P" ^''+" focverj but the fapje fhall not avoid any Lcalc, which may be hereafter really granted by tlie Company, to any Tenant or Occupier of^any Part of the (iiid Lands, for any Term of Years not exceeding twenty-one, at the improved Rent, without taking any F'ine, pr to compel fuch Tenant to pay any more than the Rent jcefcrved onfuc^ Lcafe; and, if the common Salt Marflies, which, by the Means aforefaid, fliall, in any one Year, be deftroyed, fliall not exceed fifty Acres, the Conuniffioncrs appointed by the faid Ad of 6 Geo. 11, or any Jury to 11 : pi:-- |! '.■■'.■ „.ft li*!;,- ■ U: 164 0/ P O R T C, ^f. to be appointed in Purfuancc of the faid Aft, fhall decree what Rccompcnce fliall be paid by the Company, or their Succeffors, which Rccompence fliall be paid to tne Lord of the NIanor oi Hawarden, for the Time being, the Reftpr of the Parifh of Hawarden, for the Time being, and to Thomas Fowls, &c. and fhall be by them applied for the Ufe of the Lord of the faid Manor, and the Perfons having a Right of Common in the common Salt Marfties, lying within the faid Manor of Hawarden, as the faid Commiffioners, Csff. with the Confent of the Lord of the faid Manor, &c. fliall diredt or appoint; which Damages the Lord of the faid Manor is hereby impowercd to claim and make out accordingly; and, if the Company, or the Lord of the Manor, fliall be dilTatisficd with the Determination of the Commiflioners, they are hereby refpeftively impowered to apply to the Juftices at the next great Seflions to be held for the County of F/int, &c. P 6°S- The Company fliall keep five Ways, of the Breadth of twenty Feet each, and at the D-flance of one Mile, or thereabouts, from each other, over the Ditch or Mound which is intended to fence the Bank and Forelands on the North Side of the River, from the reft of the Salt Marflics, for the Cattle feeding on the Salt Marflies, on the North Side of the Channel, to go to and from the faid Channel to Water. A Survey of the Marfli Lands on the South Part of the new Cut, and of the Gutters and other Receptacles of Water therein, fliall, on or before Seft. 29, 1 744, be taken by two Surveyors, one to be appointed by the Company, and the other by the Lord of the Manor of Hawarden, who fliall truly furvey and ad- meafure the fame, and make an exadl Plan thereof, diftinguifliin^ what Parts thereof are firm I and, and what are Gutters or wafte Lands; and the Surveyors fliall, within one Month after Sept. 29, tranfmit an attefted Copy of fuch Plan, under their Hands, to the Clerk of the Peace of the County of C^2/?tr, to be kept among the Records of the faid County, to which all Perfons may have Recourfe, grafts, &c. p. tnd. If any of the faid Gutters or wafte Lands to be defcribcd in the SurvCT, fliall hereafter be filled up, and become firm Land and grafled over, it fliall be fet againft the like Quantity of the Marfli Lands which fliall be walhed away; and tiie faid Company fliall be obliged to make a Recompence only for the Refidue of the 'aid Marfli Lands, which may be deftroyed as aforefaid. Ic ih Ji not be lawful for the Company, or their under Tenants, &c. at any Time nereafter, to build Cottages on the faid Pieces of Marfli Land, containing three Acres, and five Acres, or on the Banks or Forelands on either Side of the ne.v Cut, or on tht Foreland of twenty Feet in Breadth, herein before declared to be vefted in the Company, without the Licence of the Lord of the Manor within which the fame fliall lie, firft obtained in Writing under his Hand and Seal ; and the faid Company, &c. fliall not have any Right of Common on the faid common Salt Marflies, as appendant to the Soil of the new Cut, or the Banks or Fordands thereof, &c. This Aft fliall not extend to p'-ejudice the Proprietors of any Ro}'alties and Liberties of Fifliing and Fowling upon the River, &c. p tz7. Nothing herein, or in the faid Adl of 6 Geo. II. contained, fliall extend to hinder Sir Join Glynne, Owner of the Caftle and Manor of Hawarden, or his Heirs, from enjoying all fuch Rights and Privileges, Royalties and Jurifdiftions, as be or his Ancfftors might have done, in Cafe this or the faid former Aft had never been made, fo that fuch Rights, ^'^c. do not infringe on the Rights and Powers given the Undertakers by the ; - Aft. Nothing in this Aft fliall affcft any Right or Property that John Theedam, of the Inner Temple, London, Gent, his Heirs, (^c. hath or have to the White Sands, Lands, and Hereditaments in the former Aft of 6 Geo. II. mentioned; but the laid Right, Cr. fliall remain to him, his Heirs, Gff. for ercr, as if this Aft had never been made. No Perfon fliall hang any Net or other Engine in, over, or acrofs the Channel of the faid River, or fix any Stakes in the fame, or on the Banks thereof, to the Prejudice of the Channel, or Hindrance of the Navigation. a Nothing ftM^fj-ii*^;?:! Of PORTS, ^c. «6S Nothing in this A or againft any of the Merchants or Traders of the City of Ckcjter, or any Perfons, on Account of any Sums of Money due for any of tlie Duties or Tonage made payable by the faid recited Aft of 6 Geo. II. and hereby repealed, as aforefaid, or upon any Security given for the fame. All Aftions commenced for any Thing done in Purfuance of this Aft fhall be p 610. brought within twelve Months after the Faft committed, and laid in the County where the Cauffof Aftinn fliall arife, Gfr. This Aft fhall he deemed a publick Aft, ^C. This Aft recites the former, and confirms an Agreement entered into between 26 G«. ri. the Company, Sir 'John Glynne, and others, as to Right of Common and other Affairs; and likewife as to Allowance of a certain Sum of Money to Sir Job n Glynne, for making a new Bank with one or more Sluices, and to keep the lame in Repair; and likewife impowers the Company to make a Call not exceeding 20 per Cent, more than was allowed by the lall Aft. LOYNE or LUNE, and LANCASTER. The Preamble lets forth. That the Town of Lancajlcr in the County Palatine 23 &«•• n. oi Lane after, from its great and extenfive Commerce to the Wejl-Indies, and^'^^'" other foreign Paits, is now become a very conliderable Port, and has, for feme Time paft, employed and maintained great Numbers of Ships and Mariners, to the great Advancement of the Revenue, and the Improvement of the Trade and Navigation of this Kingdom: And that the Navigation of the VJwcxLoyne, (other- wife called LuneJ is become very difficult and dangerous ; and that the mly Place near the Town, where Ship; \~An be moored and difcharged, is, by Reafon 1 'M. i;fm i of the Shoals and other Obftruftions in the Soil of the River, become very unfit and unlafe for that Purpofe, infomuch that many Ships and \'^cflcls ftationed there have been overfet and damaged: And it is concei'ed to be highly necclTary P' for the Benefit and Improvement of the faid Navigation, that a Qmiy or Wharf, with other Conveniencies, fliould be built on the South- Weft Side of the River, iind that Buoys ihould be placed at the Entrance into, and in other Parts of the River, and Land-Marks erefted foi direfting of Ships; and that a Place of Safety Ihould be made for the Harbon/in!^ and Proteftion of the Shipping, near the Mouth of thi River: And tha; t!;i Rtv. Jan.es Fenton, L.L.D. Vicar of the Parith Cluinh of Lanca/ier, Js, in Right thereof, feized of divers Parcels of Land and (;• nnul, which are commodioufly lituated for the Purpofes aforefaid; and that the Right Rev. Samuel, Lord Bilhopof >7/6(y?fr, the Ordinary, Edward Marlon, El'q; Patron of ^le '*ulvowfon of the irage of the faid Church, and t!ic laid "Jdmes Fenton-, the prefent Incumbent, have relpeftivcly agreed, tliat the faid Parcels of Ground Ihall be difpofed of, for the Purpofes herein after men- tioned, fubjeft to the Rents, Refervations, and Reftriitlions herein aftf.r c.vprelTcd: Wherefo:e, for pronn)ting and carrying on a Defign fo beneficial, // is enacted, that all tliat Parcel of LaniU being Part of a certain Clofe, called the Bridge Fi.id, bMuMiging to the Church oi Lane after, and containing three Roods and thirty- two I'erches; and alio that Parcel of Land, being Part of another Clofe, called tho ILy-Fiild, belonging alio to the faid Church, and containing thirrv-two'' U u Pcrchci; lie. 1 14 "tv :5i. i66 i J Jl J64. 0/ PORTS, ^c. perches J and alto all that Parcel of Laml called the Sumner Pei/lun; belonging alio to the Ciid Church, and containing about three Acres, tive Roods, and thirty-two Perches, lituatc and contiguous to the South-Weft Side of the River Loyiit', with their Rights, Members, and Appurtenances, fliall, from and after 28 ylfin'/, 1750, be \crtcd in Abnibam Raivlinjbn, pyilliam Butt.,Jielil, and yohn Eo-XiS, Merchants of Li/wtvy/iT, thei-- Heirs, and Aihgns, abfolutely dikhargcd of all Claims, Gff. from the faid y<;w« i^t'«/o«, and his Succeflbrs, Vicars of the f.iid Parilh Church, for ever; to the Ufc. and Trulls herein after mentioned, viz. to the Intent that the Hud James Fmion, and his Succeflbrs, Vicars of the laid Church, Ihall enjoy out of the fame Prcmifles the aiuuial Rent of 14/. 14^. free of all Dedudions whatlbever, by four Quarterly Payments, to be made ot May I, Aiigufl I, November 1, and b'ebruary 1, in every Year, for ever; the firil Pay- ment to be made on M/y i, 1750. And, if the laid annual Sum ihall be unpaid for twcntv Days after any of the Times before limited for Payment thereof, the fiiid Vicar, and his Succeflbrs, may enter and diltrain upon the Premiles, and make Sale of the Diftrefs, and receive tlie Jilues, till the laid Rent, and all Arrears, with the Colls and Charges, and all Damages, \,c. iully paid. The Parcels of Land before mentioned and defcribed Ihall go to the Ul'e of the faid /Ihraham Raii'linfon, William ButterJieU, and yohn Boices, their Heirs, &c. in Trull, tlv.it the iame may be employed as a Quay or Wharf, and for liich other Purpofcs, ai-d under fuch Directions, as are iKrein after prclcribed. When any of the Trullees, in whom the Lands are vefted, ihall die, the Com- niii'iioners and Trullees appointed lor other Purpofes of this Ad, are to nomi- nate another, ^c. The Commillionersand Trullees appointed for the Purpofes herein after men- tioned, are to caule tiie Parcels of Ground albrefaid to be divided from the other Parts of the Vicarage Lands by a good and fuHicient Stone Wall, two Yards liigh above the Ground, next the Church, to be built with Lirrveand Sand, and to extend from a Stile, to be in like Manner built and made, at their Expence, at the End of a Garden Wall, (adjoining to the Town of Lancaller) now belonging to Mary Mafou, Widow, through and over the Bridge Field and Hay Field, to the Fence that divides the Hay Field from the Summer Pa/hire-y and they are to keep up and repair (as often as Occalion requires) the faid Fence, Wall, and St;ie, and all the Hedges, Ditches, Mounds, and Fences, feparating the Lands, fettled by this Adl frora the reft of the Vicarage Lands, iu as to prevent any Trefpalles or Damages to be done to the fiid Vicar or his Succeflbrs; and they arc alio to caule a fuflicient watering Place, or Rcfervoir of Water, to be made in fuch convenient Part in the laid Bridge Field, (not fettled by this Aft) as the faid Javies Fenton Ihall appoint, for watering the Cattle, dcpalluring in the Vicarage Lands; and, in Cafe of any Overflow thereof, the Waters are to be turned into the River Loyne, at their E.vpence, upon Application made to any of tlicm for that Purpofe, fo as to prevent any Damage to be done to the faid Lands; and, upon their Reftifal or Ncglcft lb to do, the Vicar and his Succeflbrs may turn off the faid Water or Watering Place into the River, by fuch Ways, and in fuch Manner, as he (hall think proper. The Occupiers of fuch Parts of the Vicarage Lands as are not fettled by this Aft, fliall have the Liberty of taking Sand all along the Clofe called the Summer Pajiwe, betwixt the Banks thereof, and tlu; Low-Water Mark in the River Loyne, in order to cultivate the faid Lands, with free Liberty of Ingrels and Regrcfs fur that Purpofe; and of driving' their Cattk, depalluring in the Vicarage Lands, ever tjie Summer Pa/lure, to Water; the Ways for thefe Purpofes to be appointed by the Commiflioners and Trullees, and by the Vicar; and, upon their Refullil or Neglcd to comply therewiih, the Vicar may appoint luch W^ays for the Purpoles above, as he fliall think proper, aiid he and his Tenants may make Ul'e thereof; an '. the Vicar (until the Diviliun-Wall above defcribed is built and finilhed) is to have the Herbage of luch Parts of the laid Bridge Field i\i\d Hay Field, as are above mentioned, and int'nded to be allotted to the Quiiy, ana no Door-i o: Ways are to be opened thioui;h the Diviflon-Wall or Fence, without the Licence of the Vicar for the Time being. Tl IS 0/ P O R T S, ^c. 167 The M:\yor of Laficq/kr for the Time hcing, Francis Reynolds, Edward Mar- ton, El'qis. ^c. are appointed Commiirioiicrs and Triiltees for executing the Powers :uid Piirpofcs of tliis Ad;, until the fird H'cdnejday in M-iy, 1755, G'r. -, Such Merchants or otlier Perlbns as fliall, in his or their own Right for thcp. 4«'. Time being, be poireffed of a Sixteenth, or other greater Part of any VclR-l of the Ihirdcn of fifty Tons or upwards, then adually belonging to tlie Town or Port of Lancqfter, are impowcrcd to meet at the Lvvchange on the firfl Wcdncjday \n Mah 1735. and fo on every lirft ^tv/w/ytVrf/ in the fuid Montli, in every thir'd Year,' for ever, and nominate lixteen fubftantial Inhabitants of the Town, to be joined v/ith the Mayor for the Time being, to be Commiliioners and Truftees for building a Qu,iy ui' Wiiarf, with all other nccelfary Works and Conveniences upon the Premillcs fettled by this Ad, and for letting or otherwife difpoling of the lame fur the Advantage of the faid Navigation; and for making Places of Security by credting Piers or Moles at the Mouth of the River for the Prefer- vation of tlie Shipping, and for doing all Matters and Things which they Ihall think rciiuifitc for improving the Navigation of the laid River Loync, and for the other Purpofes of tiiis Adt. From and after the 30th of April, 1750, there fliall be paid unto the Com- p. z'^;. millioners and Truttees, or their Coiledors, for the Term of twenty-one Years, for every Velfel coming into, or going out of the River Loync, between Lanca/ler Bridge and the Perc/j at Cockcrfand Abbey, (Ships of War, and other Veflels in his^Majclly's Service, and Ships driven in by Strefs of Weather, and notladin:^ or un.uding within the Port, and Ships laden with Coal or other Fuel only excepted) the leveral Duties of Tonage following, viz. For every Ship or Veflel coming into, or going out of the Port of Lancajier, p. i-s. and tradinir to or from any Port or Place in Europe, within the Strci?bt^ or „ A': ■'^- T'" • ^1 '^ o ■ ^j ■ ^ ■ r> I I .■ r,^ - Realm of ihis Mcdr inmean S,(i, or tn AJr/a/, Anierua, ov Uree/tlancl, is. tor every Ion of,,jv.nccd (lie liurthcn of llicll Ship. Number is f'or every Ship or Veflel coming into, or going out of, the laid Port, and J|^, p',"/,'^'!, trading to or from any foreign Port or Place in Europe, (except Ireland, the Sui. 'ricaiiet IJle of jX'uin, and the Streights, ox Mediterranean Hen j Hd. for every Ton of the ''" '^■'" Burthen i>f fuch Ship. For every Ship, Vcflel, Bark, or Lighter, coming into, or going out of the faid Port, and trading to or from any Port or Place in Gnat Britain, fituate South oi' Holy- Head, or TSorth of the Mull of Galloway, (td. for every Ton of the Burthen of inch Sliipor Velfel. For every Ship, Veifel, Bark, or Lighter, con^mg into, or going out of the faid Port, and trading to or from any Port or Place in Ireland, or the IJle of Man, j^d. for every Ton ot the Burthen of fuch Ship or Velfel. For every Sliip, Vcflel, Bark, or Lighter, coming into, or going out of the faid Port, and trading to or from any Port or Place in Great hritaui. North of lhl\l.'i\id, or South of thz Mull of Galloway, zd. for every Ton of the Burthen of liich Ship or Veflel. And for every Ship, Vcflel, Bark, or Lighter, coming in Ballafl: into the fail! River Eoyne, and not lading or unlading within the laid Port, for every Ton uiic fourth Part of the Rates charged on any Ship or Veflel of the fame Burthen. 'J i»e Duties are to be paid at luch Time and Place as the Comniiflioners nnd '('■•uilee.') flial) ippoint; but no Vcflel is liable to pay the Duties inwards and outwards for th<; (mic Voyage. Ail Vcflel.s fubjed to the Payment of the faid Duties, are to be meafured P^'"'^* according to the Rules of Admeafuremcnt laid down in the Ad of 6 Geo. \. intitlcd, jln AH for prr.enting Frauds and Ahufes in the puhlick Revenues of Exiife, Cujionis, &c. and the Duties of Tonnage are to be computed accordingly. After the Expiration of the Term of twenty-one Years, one Moiety of the fail! Duties is to ceal'e, and the other Moiety is to be continir.d, and p.iid in the Manner aforefaid, for keeping the C^iray and other Works in Repair. No Oriicer of the Cidhmis of the Port of Lancajier llrall clear any Veflel until p. •.d-j. tlie .M.'c. and to coiurr.d bonafde for building the Qu^iy, ^c. The ■ ■mi , J:; *.;:•! J 1- %'•''■■ f.:>' t .-«r Mr ■ P. i P 43'- i68 0/ PORTS, &>c. The CommilTioncrs, Gff. are impowered to borrow a Sum not exceeding 2000/. on the Duties, at 5 per Cent, per Ann. wherewitli to maiie the new intendet' Quay, &l: The Collcdors are impowered to go on board any Vcflcl to mealure her, and demand the Duties, ana inr Nonpayment, &c. may diftrain, and, after ten Days, fell the Diitrefs, i?r. p 27J. All Perfons who fliall have any Bufinefs to tranfail upon the faid Quay or Wharf, in the mercantile Way, or otherwife, and for tht Benefit of loading and unload- ing VefTels on the Sou.h Weft Side of the River Loyne, may pafs and repafs freely through the Cuftomhoufc Yard with Carriages, and otherwife, to and from the faid Qujiy, as need fliall require. The Coinmiiiioners, £ff. for the Unloading any Veflel that may com.-i on Ground on tlie licalc Ford, or on the Shoals thereabouts, may open a Road out of the Summer Pajlttre aforefaid, over Lancajier March, over wnich all Perfons ^ in " 2 I'nercantilc Way may pafs and repd's with Carriages, as Occalion fliall require, to and frcjni the Quay at Lancajicr. ; i;3. The Conuiiiliioncrs, &c. may agree for the Purchafc of the Weigh- houfe, ftanding in the Cuflomhoufe Yard, with the Appurtenances; and ufe the Site and Soil thLMCof, for the making the new Qu;iy aforefaid, and difpofe of the Materials for fuch Purpofes as they fliall think rcquilite. The Conuiiiliioncrs, &c. may contrail for the Purchafe of any Lands, Tene- ments, and Hereditaments, which iliall be aiijudged neceflary and convenient for tjie Purpofes aforelaid, ^c. And this Act ihall be deemed a publick Ad, ^c. SOUTHWOULD. The Preamble fcts forth, that there had been, for Time immemorial, a Sea Port or Harbour for Shipping at So'tthwoulJ, in the County oi Suffolk, which is fituatcd very conveniently, not only for the Prcfervation of Veflels nav'^ating in the Britiih Seas, but alio for the Importation and Exportation of niawy ufeful Commodities, and for the Benefit of Trade in generalj but that the Road lying before the faid Port is ftecs for the Execution of this Adl. 1!j . Atl (hall be deemed a publick Aft, &c. BURROWSTOUNNESS. The Town of Burrowjlounnefs, in the County of Linlithgow in Scotland, is ^^ n -y well fituated for carrying on foreign and coafting Trade, for the Benefit of p. 439. Country thereabouts in general, and of the faid Town in particular, there Iburir- ;• ma'.y Coal and Salt Works very near, but thefe Advantages cannot be t»r)tii.ned, unlefs the Harbour (which is now in a ruinous Condition) be ffec* iially repaiiod and made commodious for all fuch Perfons as (liall make ufe of the fame, v hich will require a very confiderable Sum of Money, and the Town hath no Re\ enue to anfwcr the Expence thereof, It is therefore enaSled, that, after the firft Daj of June, 1744, for the Term of twenty-five Years, and to the End of thc^ then next Seffion of Parliament, there (hall be laid a Duty of two Pennies Scots, or one fixth Part of a Penny Sterling (over and above the Duty of Excife payable to his Majefty, &c.) upon every Scots Pint of Ale and Beer, that (hall be bruwed, brought in, tapped, or fold within the faid Town of Burrow- founnefi, or the Liberties thereof; and that the faid Duty fliall be made payable by the B' ewers for Sale, or Sellers of all fuch Ale and Beer, to James Main, "James Cajlh's, William Muir, &c. who are hereby appointed Truftees for Deejjening, Rebuilding, and Improving the faid Harbour and Piers, and alfo for putting in Execution all other the Powers by this Aft given; and the Money fo to be collcfted, fliall be vefted in the faid Truftees and the Survivors of them j and (hall be applied to the feveral Purpofes aforcfaid, the reafonable Charges of pafiing this prefent A■.„.. .440. r* ll 170 p. 104. r ■,y- p. 205. f. loS. p. :c/. p. 2\,8. p. jcg. 0/ PORTS, ^i. only be a Means of extending the faid Coal Trade, but would contribute alfo to the Increafe of his Majefty's Cuftoms, and the Improvement of Trade and Navigation in general; but, as a fuHicient Sum of Money cannot be raifed to defray the Expcnces thereof, without the Aid and Authority of Parliament. • It is tnaiied, that, from and after the 25th of March, 174.9, during the Term Sf twenty-one Years, there fhall be paid to the Conimiiiioners and Truftees herein after named, their CoUeftors or Deputies, viz. Humphrey SinbauJ'f, Efqi and the Lord of the Manor of ElU'nborwgh for the Time being, Sir Charlts tfindham, &c. for and towards the Amending, Enlarging, Deenening, and Cleanfing the faid Harbour, and ereding a Pier, and other proper Works, and maintaining and repairing the iame, the Rates and Duties following, vix. By every Proprietor of Coals, his, her, or their principal Servant or Agent, employed in (hipping any Coals on board any Veffel in the faid Harbour, id. for every 19a Gallons, to be paid within ten Days after fuch Coals are Ihippcd; and alfo by every Mafter of any Ship that fliall load or take any Coals on board there, 2 d. for every 192 Gallons; and, from and after the Expiration oi the faid Term of twenty-one Years, id. for every 192 Gallons of Coals that fliall be fliipped there, to be paid by the Mafter of the Vcflcl; the faid refpcdtive Sums of zd. for twenty-one Years, and i d. afterwards, for fo long Time as the faid Har- bour, and other Works provided for by this Aft, Ihall be kept up in good Repair, to be paid by the Mafter of the Veffel upon reiifonable Demand, after Ihipping the faid Coals, and before fuch Ship goes out of the Harbour, or pro- ceeds on her V oyage. From and after the 25th of Mirc^t, 1749, during the Term of twenty-one Years, the Mafter, ?cc. of any Vcflcl, not taking on board a Lading of Coals, fliall pay 6 d. per Ton, according to l:ci Tonage, ti»r fuch Ship upon her Arrival in the laid Harbour, from Great-Britain or InttHd, or the f/le 0/' Man, t' •; T>nage to be afcert;iined in the Manner dcfcrihed by an Adl of 5 and 6 H^tll. and Mar. infitled, jIn A£l for gru„itng to thar MaylVu's, fevcral Kates and Duties upon Tonrge of' Ships ana t'e^eis, and upon Beer, Ate, and other Liquors, for fecuring certain Recompemes axd Ad'iu'Uagts m the /aid Ait mentioned, Qfr. Four Pence per luii ih»ll be paiu by the Mafter of every Veffel w'h, during the Term aforefaid, flioil be driver 'jy Strcfs of W«««her into the Har- bour ol ZUenfoot, or fliall come there for Security or Prcrcrv«tion, .md fl»all not txVc in ■> Loading of Coals; and, after the Expirat-on f a!>y Doubt arifes, as to the Life of any Perfon, on which an Annuity (hall be payable, five or more Truftees may depute any Perfon, before each Payment, to vifit fuch Annuitant; and, if fuch Perfon (hall be refufed Admittance to the faid Annuitant, at any feafonable Time, the Annuity (hall from fuch Time ceafe, till the Life of the (aid Annuitant be proved to five or more Truftees at their publick Meeting, leither by his or her perfonal Appearance, or by the Oaths oi two credible WitneiTes* when the faid Annuity, together with the Arrears, (hall be paid. The faid Annuities (hall be paid out of the Monies arifing by the Duties of thir Adt; and the Contributors, their Executors, and AfTigns, (hall enjoy the Annuities, during the natural Lives of the Perfons nominated by them, and (hall have abfolute and indefeazible Eftatcs therein; and the fame (hall be free from all Taxes. The Contributors, or their Afligns, upon Payment of the Confideration-p-Sia- Money, or any Pait thereof, unto fifteen Truftees, or to fuch Perfon as they Ihall appoint, (hall have Receipts for the fame; and, upon Payment of the Purchafe-Money, (hall hare an Order in Parchment for Payment of tlie Annular, during the natural Liic of the Perfon nominated, in, which Hirll bo in(ertea, how much the Sum paid by fuch Contributor, together with the othcir Sums paid in on Annuities before that Time, do nmouiit to, that it may be known how nearly the faid Sum of 70,000/. is compleat, and when it (hall be compleated; which Order (hall be made by five or more Truftees at a publick Meeting, and, after figning thereof, (ball be good in Law> The Annuitants, or their Aftigns, may, from Time to Time, afTign over ths faid Annuities, or any Part thereof, and an Satry thereof (hall he.made j[n^/ir, in a Book to be kept by fuch Perfon as five or more of the- Ti;ufteeS: (hall appoint for that Purpofe, at the Charge of the Ti-uftees, in fuch Place within London, as fifteen or more Truftees (hall appoint. , ^, ,, , < The Rates (hall be chargeable with the Payment of the Annuities, .and, iMpon p- 814. Default of Payment thereof within forty Days after the Times they (hallbe; made payable, they (hall veft in the Annui^^pts until the fanK. be paid, with Intcreft, and the Charges occafioned thereby; and they (hall have the fame Power, (Sc. of colledUng and levying the faid Duties at t^e Truftees were jnvefted with. . • .,,, j The Mone]^ arifinx by Sale of the Annuities fhall be applied, in thq^^rft Pl.''::e, in paying ofFMonies borrowed at Intere^, as aforefaid, and afterwards for difcharging me Expences of enlarging and building the faid Harbour. The Truftcs fhall meet once in every Year, fourteen Days Notice whereof fhall be given in the London Gazette; and they, or fifteen or more of them, at fuch Meeting, fiiall examine what Annuities have determined during the pre- ceding Year, and fhall afcertain the Rates necefTary to be raifed for the fuc- ceeding Year; and the fame (liall be levied according to the Proportions before; mentioned, and (hall be advertifed in the London Gazette; but, if tliey (hall continue the P ates of the fucceeding Year or Years, according to the Proportion of the former Year, or fhall ncgleft or refufe t,q meet for the Purpofes aforefaid, p s,-. then the Rates (hall be levied according to the Proportion diredted by the laft Advertifement in the London Gazette for that Purpofe, which (hall be the Rule Z z to 1'" '• V aJpJ ■■> ,wm .'\\ ^f'l^ ' mi ;J:v "i ■I 178 Ml p.-i>^ p. 117. p. 819. p. lie. f.iti. Of PORTS, ^c. to go by> until the ftid Rates (hall be again afeertained and pubK^ed acconlirtg to uie DireAions of this h&. As foon as the faid Sum oiyo,oool. IbaH be raifed and paid to the Truftees, by granting Annuities, and the Intereft of the feveral Annuitants fliall ceafe by their Dea^s, the Duties granted by this A€t (hall abfolutely ceafe and determine > and if, sifter the Determinadon of the Annuities, and finiming the faid Harbour, any Surplus (h Jl remain in the Hands of the Truftees, the fame (hall be paid into the Chamber of Londuit and an Account thereof laid before the Parliament at their then next Sitting. Fifteen or more or the Truftees may appoint Collediors, a Surveyor^ Treafurer, &c. of the Duties* and appoint them Sidaries, and di^kce them at Pleafure. They are to take Security for fuch O^een. and meet oact- yeirly to examine and auoit their Accounts. The Accounts fo (hited and figned by (hel'nMleea fltaQ^lMlaid, within three Months after, befere the l^ayor and Court erj the Mafter, within twenty-four Hours after Notice in Vfiiting ffnn tc mm, or left on board his Ship for that Purpofe, ne^cAJM to tempve the.£une widiin a convenient 'Hrae, thofe VelKla to be firfl: ttaotta oQt of tfa^ Bbfon, as (hall be laid up or aufo^d, or are fiot upon an outwitod or hoinewatd-tbound Voyagei next, fucn as are Upon an outwtird or homeward-bdond Voyage, but wroch may, with the leaft banger, be removed^ and He in .the Mi Harbour, that Ships conung in, and leu capaMe 1^ taking the Oroun(), (nay have the Benefit of the Bafon; ai)d the fiia Mafter fliaQ jmr die CE^u|[e8 ,of removing fticfa VefTel, to be leyied and am^ed as the Fine^ and Fenal|iie8 are direSed by this Aa. ^ If any Mafter, or. other Parfen, Audi obftnift the Repaovd of (fach Ship, he fhyl^i^it 100/. And if «ny Perfbn, eti3|rfoyed W dke Tnifttees, (hall witfal^ abutt his Audiority of ranamtig fuch Shfes, and (haB'.be juried fo to have done, by five or more of die Truftee», &c. thqr fhaH* uB|»d(e any Bne on him, notex^eedipf 100^ (^r. If any Tmflee fhall ^i or refufe to tSi nine or more of the remaining Trvftecs n^y appoint odiers. €fc. The Property of all the Plera, Dbclts, Wharfs, and odier Works 1 and alio of the Ground whereon fuc!^ Wbrkt (hall be ereAed, as wett aa all fuch Ri^ht and Property, as now apperta^neA to the fiud I%r or Harbqpr of Ram^ate, (^IT be vefted in the Truftees, and t|i^« or five, or more of them, may bring. AOions, and prefer Bill* of' Indiftment, luttnft any Perfi)ns who (hall fttid, break down, or fpoil any of die Works or Aviterials, or do any Thing whereby Damage may accrue to tne Works or Harbour; and they may let out, (or 'a.c beft Rent that can be had* fndl Wharfs, D^ks, or Laods, as are vefted in them, for any Term not exceediilf fixty Years, the Rent to be applied towards enlarging and compleating the fan Harbour; and, upon the Expiration of the faid Trufts, and Determination of the Lcafts-, the Ftoperty of the faid Piers, Docks, Wharfs, and other Worid* apd^alfe t)f the faid Lands, Tenements, o.- Hereditaments, (haU be veftod in; andd^xiftdof, by Authority of Parliament. S TJic Of 1» O R t S, ^f. t79 'The trufteei iA the lettine fiich Wharfs^ Docks, or other Works, (hall cx- pfefsly mention What Sums mail be taken by the refpeoUve Tenants, of the Maiter of any Veffel which fliall occupy the fame; and, if the Tenant (hall demand, or take more than the Sum ftipulated; he (hah, for every fuch Offence, forfeit treble the Sum demanded, more tlian he (bail be allowed to take, by fuch Agreement, fSc. . All the Receipts, PaynlentSi Debts, Credits, and Contracts, made withi uncd by, the Aftificert and Workmen employed, and alfo an Account of all p. Stt. Mdniek I'eceived and borrowed, and all other Proceedings of the Truftees, (hall tie entered into oitA or hi6re Books^ fSc. No ^ruflte (haill hAVe ^ C^cet or Place of Profit ariiing by any of the faid fibtteS, and the 'truAees (nan, at dl their Meetines, defray their own £x- tMiii^t tUnd tti^ givi fUcH b\iiMtell Ndtice of thek Meetings, as Ihall be agreed %^n by \i^ otRM- fliati ivhit is ndide rabble b^ this A&. Iliis A& dt^' hot titeaii ibfoti^, with any of the fatd Rates or Duties, any p< lij. Hhtp oi- Vellel ^hich ihall t^ Bound to or from the Town of SaiuhiicJb, in the CoUiity of Jtm?, the Maftief producing a Certificate verified upon Oath, under thi Hand and Smii of tH^ Mayor 6£SatufmcB, attefting that the Inhabiunts of Ae faTd t* own owh'the Wh^U or migor Part of fuch Veflel i and all fuch Vcflels tttaV {^ in ancT out of the HarDoiir without Daying Du^. Out of the Money arifing oy the Rates, the Treafurer or Receiver (hall pay Sob/, pet^ j4hiiiim, auring the Continuance of this AA, into the Hands of the Mfayor and Jiirais 6t tatuHncbt oi to fuch PeHbns as they (hall authorize to Ki^lve the fatee, 1^ four ^diial quarterly Payments, viz. upon September 291 Hkember 2^i, iUrci 2 c, uxiyune %\i tne firft Payment to be made upon the ..^ ,^JK ... ...•».. .^ v;n,,I ..._.... A.. , . - fijftp£cc. iii on Account P- (if* .. ^ ^ - *« - . < '. « thereto; and afterwards in deanfing,' dbptheninx, arid prefervin^ the fiud Haven» or in ereA- ins^and maintaining.a Pier, oi luin other Works for that Purpofe, as the Mayor aMT JiirSfs (hllT, by WVi^iif^^dir their Ha^ds and Seals^ dired; and, if the faid Sum (hall not be paid^winun' fburteen Imjs «{ter it (haU become due, thti Mayor and Jurats may recover the fifme *g»u>fit die itid Treafurer or Re- ceiver, togedier with the Damages fuftained by the Nonpayment, and full Cojfo of Juit-^y Agtipn P^Pjb^jr Bill, ^'^i . TTm Receiptor the uud MayoK and Jurats, or of fuch Per(bn as they (hall appoint to receive the faid Sura, (hall diteharge the faid Treafurer or Receiver for the Payment thereof. The- faid^Mayior and jvlntipaHi cauTe a Book or Bootis to be kept, of the t^ales and Sums' or Mohey r^coved and di(burfed, and of all their Proceedings, p. «,j. in Execution of the Truu hereby repofed in themj to which Books all PerfonI interefted (hall have free Accefs gratis, &c. From and after the faid 24th of June, 17491 no more than two Velfels (hall lie abreaft in the faid Haven longer than one Tide, urilefs upon (bme unavoidable Occafion, of which the Mayor (hall judee, a|id fiiaO take nich Order therein as ^''7* he (hall think reafonable; and, if the MalVer of any V^&i (hall not obey fuch Order ->t the Mayor for removing his Shijp', Hie (hall forfeit any Sum not exceed- ing ■;' r. ^Jc. If ii rhall appear to the Truftees, or fifteen of thefn, that it will he for the Benefit of the Trade and Navigation of this Khigdom, to ere^ any Works at the Haven of Sandwicb, more than the annual Sum of 200/. will be fufficient for, they may, at any Meeting to be held for that' Purpofe, (fourteen Days Notice thereof being given in the London Gazette) order any-Suinrnbt exceeding io,oooA out of the Duties aforefaid, to be appMed to UMV^!^Purpo&. All Vcflels belonging to the' Tbwns of" Drover, ^aymouti, and Melcomti Regit, Lyme Regis, and Qreat Tarmmtb, (hall be exempted from Payment of th» '■vv I .f's i . 1;-.V-- ,; '1; : ; a; 1 :■ I So p. Sij. Of PORT ,S, ^f. 1 3 G,» P ♦'«• p. 411. X^-i: the Diitii's aforcfaid, the Maders or Owners producing a Certificate, verified iiporv 0"h belbrc the refpeftive Mayors of the laid Places, that the faid Vcffels belong i.icrcto, and that the Inhabitants ar.- Owners of tlie greateft Part of fuch Ships. This AA (liall be deemed a publicic Adt, ice. BEVERLEY BECK, and HULL. II- By 1 3 Gto. I. fevcral fmall Tolls and Duties were laid on diverfe Goods and Merchandizes, which, after A/<7y i, 1727, fhould be laded or unladed on or from any Ship, Boat, or other Vcflcl, in any Part of the faid Beck, or at any publicl( Staiths, or other Places alona; the faid Beck, or River K«//, and payable to the Mayor, Aldermen, and capital Burgeflcs of Bwi'r/p', and their Succcflbri, or to the Perfon by them appointed, to be applied for the Purpofcs in the Aft mentioned) and, fince pamng the fdid Act, a confiderable Sum hath been borrowed on the Tolls thereby granted; which, though applied with the In- come of the Tolls and Duties, according to the Diredions of the AA, is infuf- ficient to anfwer the Intention; and the Beck is now In great Danger of being choaked, by the Sludge and Soil brought by Tides, and Earth Ailing in froiu the Banks, which muft be repaired and fupported by Piles and other Worksi and, as tiic Cleanfing, Heeptmngy and Pre/ervinz the faid Creek, and amending and maintaining the Banks, Staiths, Roads and Ways, will require more Money than can be raited by the prefent Duties, which are, in many Relbedts, unequal, and not duly proportioned to the Value of Goods; therefore, for better enabling the Mayor, &c. of Beverley, to perform the Things before-mentioned. It u cna£ied, that, after Mm I, 1745, there (hall be paid for the Purpofes aforefaid, by every Mafter or other Perton, having Management of any Ship, or other ^ 4U- Veflcl, parting up or down the faid B-ck, or River Hutt, to lade or uiilade Goods, at any Part of the Beck, or publick Staiths, or at Gravel, or Beci-Eml, or between Figgam Clow, and Smnmore Clow, on the River Hull, or at any Places along the faid Beck, or River, within the Limits of Beverley, before unlading, or having laded, before they go out of the Liberties aforefaid (over and above the Tolls, payable by the former Aft) thefe additional Duties, viz. For every Chaldron of Coals, Wincbejler Meafure, %i. For every Quarter of Oats, Barley, or Malt, iff. For every Qiurter of Wheat, Rye, Mefsledine, Bieans, Peas, Rapefeed, Hemp« feed, Linfeed, or any other Kind of Seed or Grain, i y. For every Hundred Weight of Flour 3^. For every Hogftiead of Salt \d. For every Ton of Salt in Bulk a,< 55- :l fm.-^^^n ■ I: ■*•■■ . 1;'' i- , ,-f . • ■, f re« ^ PORT Si tfir. liament, a Duty dull be paid of (wo Pmntct £(y^A or ««• Omk Part of a Penny Sterling, (befidei the Duty paid to hit Mi^#Ay> oo every St»H Pint of Beer or Ale, either hfi W ffj fc brought JP* fjWHr or. (''^^ >■> the Town or Liberties ^k o(t&rHeJ^i the Punr to br p9u|)by th» Breweri i*by graoftod. and to appoiot CoUeftors. who Ihall difoore of the oolkoed Moa#y, aa the Majpriiy of the Tnlftces (hall direct, for repairing and maintaining the Harbour and other piibliofc Works. p. lit. Proper Books fliaU be kept by Order of the Truftecs, wherein the Particulars of aU DtfbnrfemcnO fliaV be entered) and once every Year (the firft being thirty Dayaaftei ihcfaidfirft Day of JTwie, I74*' and fo fucceflivcly every Year) the Accounts (haU be fair)y dmwn out ^d ftated by the CoUedors, and delivered to the Majority of ^e Trufties on Qa(h» which Oath any one of the Truftecs has Power to aominifter. And, for the nfore .foecdiiy efFe^ng the Puipofea of this AA, the Maiof ity of Truftecs, by an AA of ^ Town-CounoiL OUQP borrow Money, and affignover the Dvty as a Seourify to th^Lendm, at coniMnoA InteieA. Perfons not paying th« Duty w^i^ donvwded, may .h» fuminoned before any of the Ma^iftrateci and, if they ^jgioltheii appear, or >ay the Duty, anyone of the iMagiftratcf tnsMf make an Order for the Payment, and, if th^ reinfe to pay thfee Days afi^r Notice of fuoh Order, iheCoUedora naay have a Wanvae ^ , Of ^d-in^«fi«dT«wn andPtivileoaa. haiing^ not paidlhe Duty* ;ft>»U be fodetitaitt , with tlib Ct«(k, (9e the Ufeof the Tbwn. (t,^Y Difpate.acife betwfcep .thf Scalers an4 CloUit^FS, the Difference! fliall fafc de^idoAbylU)^ VrO«i«hi«r&tak«a bj^ thQExcife OOiccps; and the ExcfleOffioera ;^a re()Hired^|0:giM« authentiiBk Copi^ of the iidd Vouchers,: 4nce ia fix Wecks^ tf^iiimopftheTntftwt* prtlMW-^Jplk^rs^^^^ . ^a p. iM- I. if «•> eoncial M,a»he«ile anyiWon, AJe, or Bmr, to avoid paying the ^dtjtf t]n^fw^,pmimi>ili>t99fo€f Wy^^ tiyo of thorMagiftlatea fliair forfeit the Vahie ofHrhatOiiUbriAow^ltlfl/aAdiitw Pound» j^pa^for the Court Gha;igeab. for ThKiM^ocity .«f!T^AafS«i wiff^^onduk of (bft Ovorfeera after earned^ ma^ farm out the Duty for the beft Price thfy caagfft,. and a^Iy the Money aa /»«» Earl df Maretm» the Right Hw. yme^mff-vl flf Aft^T-W.. ^f-i or any three, are u>poimdd Over- feers of the Dutv, and Ratjeip^,, iA4tff«(lu;nM thereof^ and ftiall meet on, thqfii;ft'j^n/«(/%in 4W^ tJH^jati /&nir«^. andfo facocflilvely on thefirft iVednffilbym uiugufi ycarhf, aa4s>djotm ^»,.th^, (hail think proper, to exiumno P- "S* the Difburfements, and tne Application tfiereof: And, if the major Part of the faid Overfcers prcfent (hall findai^ Miia]^li»• and niat a Cuftomhoufe hat been ereAed theve for many Yean, on Aoeount of the Commerce of the faid Town» and that the Harbour thereof is very Afe and conrenient for Shipa, and efteemed the moft- commodiout in that Part of the Country! and, it nav'.ng been judged necelTanr, for the Improvement and Pnefervation of the .aid Harboo^ as aUb for hcilitating the Sailing of Ships >*- >*"* in and out with more Safety, that a cr^Ti Pier ihould be ereOed, which was accordingly begun, and feme Progrefs made therein) but, as the compleating the fame will require a larger Sum than the Revenue of the Town will anfwer. It is tbcrtfore enaOti, that after Augufi i, I749> for the Term of twenty-five Years, and to the Biid of the then next Senion of Parliament, a Duty of two Pennies •S'ro/j, or one fixth Part of a Penny Sterling, (befidcs die Duty payable to his Majcfty) dioiiM be laid on every &€Mt Pint of Ale or Beer, either brewed, brought in, tapped, or fold in the Town or Liberties oi Ai^rutktr Emfleri the Donr to be patia by die Brewers for Sale, or die Seller* of the faid Liauors, to the Magiftrates and Town-Council, or fuch CoUedors or Receivers as they (hall appoint : And the faid Magiftrate and Town-Council, and their Succeflors in Office, for the Time being, are appointed Truftees, to clean, deepen, rebuild, repair, and icnprove the faid Harbour and Piers, and for executmg all other Powers given hy thia Mi\ and the Money raifed by the faid Duty (hall be veiled in the TruAcctk and be applied to the feveral Purpofes aforefaid, the Charges eaepenckd in pufling thi& KBt being ftrft deduced. The Tiruflfecii are to appoint proper Oflkets to gauge the Brewers Veflels and p. joi . Worta, which the Bt%wer» fhail permit, in the fame Manner at the Oflicers of Excifeiii* pcrmt'tted. The Trufteee are impowered to make Orders, and give Diredions for Mug- bg theVeflblt, and colleding and difoofing of the Money arifine by the Duty, as th<7 Audi think moft proper for the Purpoies hereby granted; and (hall be pasdr eof the CotleAors appointed, who fliaU difpofe of the colledted Money as the Majorief at Titles fliall Jitedk, for the Purpofes aforefaid. and to no ijtherline. Proper Books fholl be kept, by Order of the Tniftees, wherein tn Acoount of p. 301. all Receipts and DifouricmeMs fliUl be entered) and alfo for what Ufe the Pay- ments were mail>e) afid once qvery Year, (vm. widiin thirty Days after the faid firiU Day fAAugk^, 1749, and fo fucccflively every Year) the Accounts (hall be tairly drawn ow^, and ftated bv the CoUedorSb and delivered to the Majority di TruileesionOalkK which Oath any one of the Trufteet is to adminifter. And for the niok« foeedily effieoing the Purpofes of this Ad, the Maiority of TroftBca by an /Vift orthe Town^outicil, may bonow Money, and aflign over the Duty as a Security to the Lenders, at legal, or Lft Intereft, the Charges thereof to be pa id out of the Dutyt and the Money fo borrowed (hall be applied, in the fitibPkiDs. to pay off* the Charges ef obtaining this Ad, and then for the Ponofea-afovefsid. . ' Perlbns not \ taying the Duty when demanded, may be fummoned before any . of the Mi^iftfaites4 Md, if thty d» not dien appear or pay the Duty, anyone of the Magiftn ites may makean 'Order for the Payment; and, if they refofe to par, three Days after Notice qffodi Ord^r, the Colledors, {^Warrant, may diurain, £sfr. Any Ale or Beer brought in,' or fold in the faid Town and Privileges, having not foil paid the Duty, tfiaU be forfeited, with the Cafk, for the Ufe of the Harbour. If any Dilates arife between the Sellers and Colledws, touching the Quan- tity of Wort r Beer chargeible, the Difference fhall be decided by uie Vouoiers taken by the £ ixcife Officers, ^r. a If 30J. - * I s^ J<*4- r.'/ < S\W t84 r j«>i- U p. J5I. p. JJ*. 1 <* "1. #. ". W t '-f " Hit'. - ' Ji. J. •»» '; f p jjj- P-3S4 r-3;j' 0/ PORTS, ey^. If ftfter ^»!fi{^ I. i749» *"/ Pcrfon (hall coacmI or cmbMiI* my Wort. Ale. or Beer, fo avoid paying the Duty, the Offender (hall forfeit the Value of what ii concealed, and tea Pounds Strti, for which Diftrcrs may be made. The Majority of the Truflcct, with Confent of the Overfeen after named, may farm out the Duty by Way of oublick Roup, for the beft Price thsy can get, and apply the Money u thu Aa direct. Sir J0lm Anfirutber, of jMnUhir, Buonttt Johuttf/hntStr, the younger, of At^lirutktr, E(qi Sir PbUtp Ai^rutbtrt of MhJkit, Baronet, dc. or anv three, are appointra Overfeen of the Duty, tfr. and (hall meet on the firft Wtd- H^liayxn Augu/i, 1 750, at Anfirutbtr Eafttr, and fo fucce(rively on the ia^Wt^fikf in Aimf/i yearly, (and adjourn at they (hall think proper) to examine the Receipu and Dilburfemcntr, and the AppUcation thereofi and, if the major Part of the faid Overfeeri wefent (hall find any Mlfapplication of the Money, or other Abufe of the Powert granted by thia A£k, they may examine the Party and Witatffn, and make (uch an Order upon Convi^on u they (hall judge roifon- ablc, and adjudge the 0£fcndert to pay the Value of what ia embexued, with Cofts, &c. No Diftrefs, taken by Authority of this Aa, (hall any Ways tStCt the King's Duty of Excife. This Adt (hall be deemed a publick A&, and (hall be judicially taken Notice of as fuch by all Perfons whatfoever. K I N G H O R N. In the Preamble it is faid. That the Harbour of the Town of KinghtrH, in the Ceunnr of Fiji, has not only been of great Advantage to the (iud Town, but to the Whole of that Part of the united Kinedom of Qntt Brkam, and thde Advantages cannot be continued and eftabliihed, unle(s the Harbour (which haa been forfome Years laft paft, and now is, in a ruinous Condition) be effeduallv repaired, and made commodious for Shipping, and all fuch Perfons as (haU make Ule thereof; and as the whole Revenue of the Town, ^plicable towards the Repairing the faid Harbour, ii not near fufficient to keep the (ame in good Refnir, // is tberd^e tnoQeJ, that after yimt i, 1740* a Duty of two Pennies Scottt or one (ixth Part of a Penny Sterling, (be(ides the Duty of Excifc payiJ^e to his Majc(ly) (hould be laid on every Scot* Pint of Ale and Mer, either bnmwd, brought in, tapped, or fold in the Town or Liberties of Ain^^orw, &c. The ProvoA, Bailiffs, and Council, of the Town of Kmgbern, &c. are appointed Truftees for the re>building, or amending, and keeping the iud Harbour in Repairi and for coUefiing and difpoiing of the Money aridng by the faid Duty, and the Majority of them are impowered to appoint Officers to gauge the Brewers Vcffels, WorU, Ale, and Beer, which tjie Brewers (hall permit to be done in the fame Manner as the Officers of Excife are permitted. The Truftees, or a Ma^rity of them, are impowered to moke Orders, and give Directions for gaugmg the VeJFels, and colleding and difpofing of the Money ariftng by the Du^. at they (hall think moft proper for the Purpofes hereby granted} and the (ame ihall be paid to the CnUeoors appointed, vdxo diall difpo(e of the coUe^rd Money, as the Minority of Truftees (hall diredt, < towards the Rebuilding or Repairing the Harbour*, and for preferving the fame, and other publick Works of the Town, (the Charges of paffing tikis A€t being (irft deduifted) and tO nO other Vk^ , . Proper Books (hall be kept hv. Order of the Truftees, wherein an Aceount of all Receipts and Di(burrements (hall be entered, &<> and once every Year, fviz, within thirty Days, after the £ud i^stS Dty q{ June, 1749, and to fuoceffiyely every Year) the Accounts (hall be fairly drawn out ind ftated, &c. And for the more fpeedily effiiait^ the Purpofes of this Ad, the Majoriur.of Truftees, by an A&. of the Town. Council, to^y borrow Money, and aflign over the Duty, as a Security to the Lenders, at legal, or lefs Intcreft, the Charges thereof to be paid out of the Duty; and the Money fo borrowed, (hall be applied as the Duty arifing by this Adt, for the Purpofes aforefaid. Perlbns not paying the Duty when demanded, may be (ummoned before any ef the Magiftrates, who may diftrain for it, and fell the Diftrefs, &c. t < Any If-; i» WW ■ P iV f ii'l- Of PORTS, ^i\ 185 Any Ale or Beer brought in, or fold in th« faid Town, (ii. having not after the faid ift of May, be id. per Chaldron, and no more, payable for the Term of forty Years; and by the faid Aft it was declared, that no other Duty (except the Arrears due under the former Afts) (hould be raifed upon any other Goods or Merchandizes whatfoever; and the faid Mayor and Commonahy of Colcheter only, were, by the la(t-mentioited Aft vefted with farther Power for fueing for the Duties, and the Arrears under the former Afts: And as a veiy large Lock, which has been erefted feveral Years ^' ^^'" lince in the Channd, has been found of great Ufe and Service to the Navigation, and is now in a decaying Condition, and much out of Repair, and the Channel, in fome Parts, is much choaked up, fo that the Navigation is greatly obitrufted, which has been occa(ioned principally by there being great Arrears of the Duties, granted by the recited Afts, for many Years due, and ftill unpaid ; and alfu a large Sum of Money remaining in the Hands of the Reprefentatives of the late Receiver General of the Duties, which ought to have been recovered and applied for repairing the faid Lock, and cleanflngthe Channel; but, as the Power of the Mayor and Commonalty of Colchefter had ceafed for many Years laft paft, 3 B (in f hi ,rmrr '-■ ■ft*''-.'-- .■'.•i'ijt-'-fv-; ■c''-.}.:k^%\ - rv. - ':' :- ".. ■ U, p.)>J. Jn ■■it. .«!V;;. '^ it ■ , »■ . 186 0/ PORTS, e^f. (in vrhofe Name only the faid Dutie* were to be recovered, and Dilchar^ei given) the faid Dudes and Arrears cannot now be recovered and colledled, tor Want of Power to give Diicharges Cor the iamct and, there being no other Fund to rait'c Money tor the I'urpolcs aloreliid, the fame cannot now be done without further Provifion be made tor it. by Authority of Parhaincntt it it tbtrtj'urt tHO&td, that tKe fcveral Parcels ol Land levered, and lying between the prefent Channel, and the Place where the old Channel was. and alio the prefent Channel, Lock, and Lockhoute, and all the Powers, Matters, and Things, which, by the three former Ads before-mentioned, were veAed in th« Mayor, Aldermen, dte. of Cokbtjitr, or the Conuniflioncrs named for aiw of the Purpofen therein mentioned, (and not hcrcbv altered or varied) Ihall, from the I ft o( May, 1750, be in Force, and be veiled in the Jufticctof the Peace f. )ls. of the Eaill Divifion of the County o( M^x, for the Time bang, the Honourable Richard Sa^'age NaJ/'au, Cbarlei Grm, 6tc. (who are hereby conditutcd Com- miffionefi for puttins the faid fevenu former Ads, and this AUt, in Execution) and the Survivors of them, &c. for the Term of thirty Years, and to the End of the then next Seffion of Parliament, &c. From and after the ift of Mty, 1750, an additional Duty of 31/. a Chaldron (hall be paid on Sea Coal, over and above the Duty of 3/ uavable thereon, by Virtue of the Adt of 13 Geo. IL for the Space of thirty Yean, and no other Duty (except the Arrears due under the lormer Adts) Ihall be raifed on any Goods or Merchandizes whatfoever, and the CommifTioners are impowcrcd to levy and recover the Duty of the faid Adt 1 3 Geo. II. and the additional Duty hereby granted; together with the Money remaining in the Hands of the Reprefcntativcs of the late Receiver General of the Duties 1 and alfo all Sums of Money due from any Perfons on Account of the faid Duties, or Penalties, Forfeitures, &c. The Commiflloners, after paying the Expcncei of this Adt, may difpofe of the Monies, towards the leveral Ufes and Purpofes mentioned by the former Adt, in fuch Manner as they Ihall think proper. The Commiflloners, at any of their Meetings may borrow Money, at a lenl or Icfs Intereft, on the Credit of the Duties, and aflign over the fame (the Charges thereof to be paid out of the Duties) for any Term during the Con- tinuance of the laft mentioned, and this Adt, as a Security for Re-payment thereof; and the faid Money, after Payment of fuch of the Expences of obtain- ing this Adt, as the Sums before direded to be applied for that Purpofe (hall be deficient, is to be applied for the lieveral Ules and Purpofes mentioned in the prefent and former Adts. Six Days Notice, exclufive of the Days of Notice and Meeting, under the Hand of tne Clerk to the Commiflloners, is to be fixed upon the Outfide of the Door of the Moetball, or on the Market- Place of the Town oiCokbefter, of the Meeting of the Commiflloners to borrow Money on Credit of the Duties. p. 385. All Mortgages and Afllgnments for Repayment of the Monies fo to be bor- rowed, are to be entered at length in a Book, to be kept for that Purpofe, by the Clerk to the Commiflloners, which may be perufed at feafonable Times, by any Perfons whoaifoever, on Payment of i / only. The Commiflloners, at any of their Meetings, may place out at Intereft, in the Names of three or more of them, any Sums which diall not be immediately neceflary to be applied for the Purpofes before mentioned, upon any real or parliamentary Securities, or publick Funds, and mav call in and apply the fame, and the Intereft arifing thereby, from Time to Time, in the Support and Maintenance of the faid Lock, and cleanfing the Channel, and other Purpofes aforcfaid. The' Commiflloners, at any of their Meetings, are impowered to chufe and appoint one or more CoUedlors or Receivers of the Duties granted by the faid Adt of 1 3 Geo. II. and by this Adt, who are to give Security to three or more Com- miHioners, for the Monies that (hail be received by them, and for the faithful Execution of their Oflite ; and they m.iy alfo appoint a Clerk, and fuch other Oflicers and Servants, as Ihall be ucudful to be employed about the Premifes; and ■ ■ t' 4i» .■ • ; W'H or he nd Of PORTS, ^c. 187 ind mty remove them, and elcA othcri in their Place, in Cafe u^^ Death, or futh Removal : and may allow thcni rcalbnabic Salarick out of the Monies to be raifcd. p ji6. Thirteen Commiflic %X the lead, two of which arc to be Jullices of the Peace of the EaA Divifk County of EJftXt are to be prcfent at all Meet- ings, for the Purpofetof pu tint thii, or the former Kt\%, in lOxecutiom and three Dayi Not^e of every fuch Meeting, exclufive of the Day of Meeting, under the Hand of the Clerk, it to be fixed upon the Outlide of the Door of the MictbitO, or on the Market-Place of the Towo of Colibtii&. Perfona accepting of any Place of Profit, or other 1 ruft relative to the faid Dutiei, or farming any Key within the Limits of this hi\, arc made capable of aAinjg as Commiflionert. The Prefcriptive, or other Rights of the Borough of CtLhtfier, are to continue and remain the fame, at if this A^ had not been made, in all Things not inter- fcrins with the Dirediont and due Execution thereof. An Suits or AAions, to be brought for any Thing done under any of the former Adts, (hall be commenced witiiin fix Months alter the Commencement of this A(X\ and, if any AAion or Suit (hall be brought for any Thing that ihall be done in Purfuance of anv of the faid former Adls, or this prel'. nt \&., (hall be commenced in fix Months after the Fad committed, and Hull be brouglu in the County of EJfexi the Defendants may plead the general IlTue, that the ^' '^'' \ fame was done by the Authority of the former Atts, or this A<5t( and if it (b I appear, or if the Suit be brought in any other County, the ]\xry (hall find for the Defendants; or if the Plaintiffs become Nonfuit, or difcontinue their Action, or « VerdiA pafs againft them, or on Demurrer Judgment is given againil them, the Defendants (hall have treble Cofts, on the Certificate ui the Judge before whom the Caufe was tried, and (hall have the fame Remedy as Defendants have for Coftt in other Cafes by Law. This A£l (hall be deemed a publick Adt, and (hall be judicially taken Notice of as fuch by all Judges, &c. without fpccially pleading the fame. WHITEHAVEN. Whereas the Town oi Whitehaven in the County oi Cumbtrland, is, of late^^m^. Years, greatly improved in Trade and Shipping, and is yet capable of farther Improvements therein, to the great Advancement of her Majelly's Revenue, the Increafe of Shipping and Navigation, and the Benefit of the (aid Inhabitants, and of the adjacent Country, if the Harbour of the faid Town can be preicrved, and was enlarged and regulated in a proper Manner: And whereas the Appli- cation of the accuftomed Duties, befides feveral very confiderable Sums, are found infu(ficient to defray thesrowing Chargss of mainuining the faid Har- bour, and of making fuch new Works as are Aill neccflTary for fecuring it: To the End therefore that fuch Courfe may be for ever eftabli(hed as (hail be effedlual for the Purpofes aforefaid. // is enaSled, That all that Prccindt, included within the Limits and Bounds r. 1. herein after exprelTed, viz. beginning at the Wharf, on the North- Weft End of Marlborougb-Street, and from thence, in a Line North-Eaft and by North, till the Middle of Lowt her- Street, open upon it, and from thence in a ftrcight Line parallel t^the Range of the fame Street, diredtly to the Low- Water Mark, from thence, by the Low- Water M. -k to the Rock whereon the new Mole is begun to be erected, and fo along the laid Rocks, by the Low- Water Mark, till it anfwer the Line of the faid Mole, from tl ence along that Line till it comes up to the faid Mole, and fo along the fame MAe, till it join upon the old Pier at the Platform, and from thence, including khe faid Platform, along the new Wharf, till it meet with the Wharf of the Weft Strand, near the Houle of Mary /iMfon, Widow, from thence alone the fame Wharf by the Cuftomhoufe Key, in a ftreight Line to the Weft Side of the Timber- Yard, and fo along the Wall of the faid Yard, to the North- WefV Corner thereof, and from thence by the North- Weft Wall of the fame Yard to the Wharf where it began, as the fame has lately been fet out and bounded, is, and (liall be from henceforth for ever, the Harbour of H^bitebaven aforefaid, and appropriated to the Lying, Anchoring, and Mooring of all fuch Ships, Ye(rels, ana Boats, as (hall have Occaiion, 1.^ J .* r ' ■f -•v wm ■\ n^'h I- ■■ : f. J. f.4. f.J. ,88 0/ P O R T S, ^r. Occafion, at any Time or Times hereafter, to make Ufe of the fame, and to no other Ufc or Purpofc whatfoever. ^. . ^ (• «• No Houfcs, Enclofurcs, or Buildings Mrhatfoever, (hall, at any Time hereafter, be made nearer the laid Harbour, than is hereafter limited, viz. On the Weft Strand, nearer than the prffent Houfes, &c. there, on the new Wharf, between Mrs. AMfon's Hcule, rjid flit North-Eaft Corner ef Htnry Walkers •Ground-PL t, nearer than the Range of t.ie faid Houfe and Ground, and from thence to the Iron Oar Stcaths, nearer chart forty-eight Yatds at Henry W^alker's, drawn to forty Yards, at the faid Steaths; from thetice to the North-Eaft Corner of the fiid Steaths, .leaffel- than the Eaft Range of the fame, ahd from thence to thv-^ Anchor-Smith's, nearer than eighteen Yardsj ahd from hence to the Platform, nearer than the Rsnge of /fri^/f 9 Smithy, and from the Platform alone the new Mole, to the Elbow of the faid Mole!, nearer than twelve Yardi;, and from thence to the Low- Water Mark, nearer th?n a Line ftretch- hip t6 the North-Weft, and along the Cobntcr Mole inteijded to be inade on i!ic North-Eaft Side of the faid Harbour, ftearei: than the Range of the North- Eaft Side of Z,iw/*^r-5/>-«/, nor ft-om th(dhce to the Timber- Yard, nearer than fifteen Yards; but thct all the Spac^ aforeftlii ftiall be left free and open for the eredling of Pofts for the mooring of JhlpS and Veffels, and for tnc other Ufes of common Wharfs or Ktys tor the Conveniency of the Shipping in Repairs or otherwifcj and that nothing Aall be taken Or demanded, for, or upon, the AccOunis of Wharfage, foi- the tJfe of any of the faid Wharfs or Keys] nor for Cran.ige thereon, unlcfs ^m^es Ldlef'jer, Efa; or his Heirs, £<•*£•. and eleven or mare of the Tmftees hefein ?fte' appointed, ihall agree to ereft or make any Crane or Cranes, or othei: Ettgme, 6n the iaid Wharfs, or ai.y of thrm, wnich they are hereby impoWfered to do, as they fliali think convenient, for the better Loading and Unloading of any Goods, in which Cafe f/-aw«j and fo, from 'lime to Time, on every firft Friday of every Month of AuguJ), in every third 3 C Year 1^ f>'i %^.\: ' --vr' lil ■ « ■• ' ■,'■■. "t-'A : 190 r.ii. f. II. >$■ f.14. f..s. r. 16. !'JC!- .•*'. :;f: f.17. 1 '-. ■. ^P'A Of PORTS, ^c. I%=- Year after the i.^d firft Eledlion fucceflively for ever, /W/ be, and are hcrel)/ conftituted and appointed Truflees, for the ordering and directing the Col- hdlion. Receipt, and Difpofal of the Sums of Money and Duties, which, from Time to Time, by Virtue of this AA, ihall become due and payable and for ordering and diredling the Building, and making the Works in this kSi beforo enumerated, and for deepening, cleanling, and regulating the faid Harbour of Whitehaven, in fuch Manner as in this Adt is provided. And to the End the faid Duties and Payments may be duly colleded, levied, and paid, according to the true Intent and Meaning of this Adt, it is further enaSied, that it fliall bela.vful for eleven or more of the faid Truftees, tochufe and appoint fuch Colledtors and Receivers of the Duties and Monies payable by this Adl, and to difplace them, and appoint others, as they fliall think fit. Provided, that the faid Truftees take for fuch Collectors, Sff , good and fuf- ficient Security for the faithful Difcharge of their refoeftive Duties, ^c. The faid Collcdlors and Receivers Ihall receive for their Pains, in executing their Offices, fuch Sums as the Truftees fliall think fit, not exceeding, for all together, izd. in the Pound; and the Truftees are hereby impowered to meet on the firft Friday in the Month of June, in every Year (or oftner, if they think fit) at the Courthoufe in H'bitehaven, to audit the faid CoUcdtors, Gff. Accounts, which, with all their Proceedings relative to the Trufts, fliall be fairly entered into Books provided for that Purpofe. All the Sums of Money and Duties, cplleded by Virtue of this Adt, fliall be applied and difpofcd for the Ufes of the faid Harbour, and in fuch Manner as is in this Adt diredtcd, and for no other Ufc, Intent, or Purpofe whatfoever, vix. Eleven or more of the faid Truftetfs fliall, and may, from Time to Time, direft and order the Making of the aforefaid Works, and the Deepening and Clcanf- ing of the faid Harbour, in fuch Manner as they fliall think moft neceflary and conducive to the £nds and Purpofes aibrefaid, according to the true Intent and Meaning of this Adl; and fliall likewife order and diredl the Fixing and Eredting of Pofts for Mooring, on the faid Pier and Wharfs, as they Ihall think exj>e- dient, aid the perpetual Repairi;ig of the faid Pier, Moles, Wharfs, and moor- ing Pofts, and the Cleanfing and maintaining of the faid Harbour; and fliall order the Removal of all Annoyances to the faid Harbour and Wharfs, and may contradt with Workmen; but firft repay the Charges of paffing this Adt, &ct Provided always, that no other Walls, Enclofures, or Breaft- Works, but what are diredted in this Adt, be made within the Limits of the faid Harbour, upon any Pretence whatfoever, without the Confent and Approbation of the faid James Lowther, his Heirs, &c. and of feventeen, or more, of the reft of the f^d Truftees for the Time being. ^nd be it further enaSied, that no Ship fliall unload any Ballaft in the faid Harbour in the Night Time, nor throw any Thing into it, either of Stone, Rubbifli, Gff. There fliall not be kept any tire, nor any lighted Candle, (ex- cept in a Lanthorn, or in Cafe of Neceflity) on board any Ship»or Vcftel lying; in the faid Harbour, under difltrent Penalties, &c. That, if »iiy Ship or Veffe! fliall, through Mifmanagement or Carelcfnefs, run foul, or bilge upon the Pier, Moles, or new Wharf, belonging to the faid Harbour, whereby the fame fliall be any Ways damnified, the Mafter or Ruler of fuch Ship or Veffel fliai! - with all convenient Speed, up^n Notice, repair the Damages fo fuftained, at the Charge of fuch Ship or VeflTel, under the Penalty of doubie the Value thereof, for every fuch Negledt. That, for the natural Securities of the faid Harbour, no Perfon fliall quarry, take, or carry away any Stones, either below the High-Water Mark, or from the Baurgh, &c. Provided neverthelefs, that the faid James Lowther, &c. and any feventeen, or more, of the reft of the Truftees, may, from Time to Time, as they fliall fee Occafion to explain or alter, all, or any, the aforefaid Orders, in this Ad^ particularly provided, or the Penalties of the fame; and alfo to fubftitute or make any farther or other Orders and By-Laws, for the better Government and Regulation of the faid Harbour, and the Wharfs aforefaid, and under fuch Penalties, not exceeding 6/. Sd. for any one Offence, as they fhall judge re- quifite for that Purpofe; and tliat t;cy may alfo, by the like Concurrence, make any ¥■■■' f. IS. 19. £*•. Of PORT S, ^c, ahy other Work er Works, in, or about the lUid Harbour, as well foi' the better preferving, fecuring, cleaning, and deepening the fame, as alfo for the more convenient docking, repairing, and cleanfing of Ships or fioats, or for any other Ufes, Improvement, or Accommodation of the faid Harbour, or of the Shipping therein, as they (hall find ncccffary or expedient; any Thing in this Aft contained to the contrary hereof notwithftanding. And for the more efFedually preventing the throwing of Aflics, Qc. into the Harbour, f.fteen, or more, of the Truftees, with the Confent of the faid "^ antes Lonetber, may appoint and agree with a Scavenger, within the faid Town, for carrying away the Dirt, fifr. All Penalties for any Offence committed within the Precindls of the faid f- Harbour, after deducting the Charges of Profecution, and Allowance to In- formers, as the Truftees ftiall think fit, (hall be applied to the Ufes of the faid Harbour, which Penalties may be recovered by Diftrefs and Sale, &c. In Cafe the Colledlors and Mafters of Ships cannot agree about the Tonage, it (hall be lawful for the faid Colleiflors, at all convenient andfeafonable Times, to enter into fuch Ships, and to admeafure the fame, according to the Diredlions of the Adl of Parliament herein before referred unto, which Admeafureraent fhall be the Rule to charge fuch Ships, then, and at all Times afterwards; and, in Cafe any Mafter, &£-, do not, upon reafonable Demand, pay the aforefaid Duty upon Coals, chargeable upon him by this Ad:, and to be difcounted upon the Coal Owner, as aforefaid; and likewife, in Cafe any fuch Mafter do not, upon like reafonable Demand, after the Tonage of the faid Ship is agreed unto, . pay the faid Duty upon Tonage, it (hall be lawful for the Collcftors to take any Tackie, Gfr. belonging unto (i}ch Ship or Ve(rel, by Way of Diftrefs, and to fell the fame, in Cafe Payment is delayed ^or three Days, ^c. And, in Cafe the Sums, appointed by this Adt to be paid for any Goods or f- *i. Merchandizes imported, (hall not be paid by the Merchant, or Owner thereof, upon reafonable Demand made, the Collectors may diftrain all, or any Part thereof, or any other Goods belonging to the faid Merchants or Owners, which (hall then or afterwards come to, or be found in, the Precindls of the faid Harbour; and, in Cafe of Non-payment in three Days, may fell the fame, Off. The Officers of the Caftoms at the Port of Whitehaven, (hall permit the*^"' Colleftors of the Duty hereby given, without Fee, to refort unto, infpcd);, and take Cognizance, of any Entries which (hall be made there, of any Goods or Merchandize, chargeable by this Aft; and the faid Officers of the Cuftoms (liall not difcharge any Ship outwards or inwards, until the Duties hereby granted for Tonage on Ships and Coals (hall be paid, to be proved by the Mafter's producing a Certificate thereof under the Colledor's Hand, fife. And, the better to cleanfe and deepen the faid Harbour, it (hall be lawful for f- jj- eleven or more of the Truftees, to order the Digging and Removing any Stones, Gff . within the Precinfts of the faid Harbour, Gff. and likewife they (hall have free Liberty to dig, quarry, and take all fuch Stones within the faid Harbour, as may be ufeful for walling or otherwife, and to ufe the fame in the Works of the faid Harbour, and to fell fuch Part of thrm as there (hall be no Occ-afion for, and apply the Money arifing by fuch Sales to tht Ufes of the faid Harbour only; and, if there be not Stones (ufficient for the fJd Work, to be got within the Precindls of the faid Harbour, they (hall have Liberty to quarry, and take fo much more, as together with the Stones arifing within the faid Harbour, (hall be necc(rary for the Ufes and Purpofes of it, in any Place or Places upon the Sea Shore, within the Manor of St. Bees, beyond the aforefaid Line, drawn from the Weftern Points of Tombeard-Rock: to the Baurgh, Eleven or more of the Truftees ihall, by Writing under their Hands, appoint <"• »4- a Pier-Mafter, to continue during their Pleafure, who (hall have Power to order the regular Lying, Anchoring, and Mooring of Ships and VefTels in the faid Harbour, and to determine any Difference that may happen in Relation thereto, and to caufe a due Execution and Obfcrvance of the Rules in this Ad, appointed, (Sc. and the Truftees are hereby impowered to allow fuch Perfon a Salary, not exceeding 20/. per Annum, &c. And, 191 - ''^U ■ ■'■:'■('„ f: '■'■>■ ■' '1 it I9& Of PORTS, e^r. f. t%. C 16. f. 17, r. ii. I % Cu. II. p. 3"- p. jii. P 3'3- P-3'4- . i p.jij. J 4 ««. II. P-943- And, for the better Security of Shibi, whic^ may have Occafion to pat into the faid Harbour in bad Weather, all tnit Port pf IVbitebtntn-Bay, lyitig on the North Eaft of the faid intended Counter-Mole, ,fliall be always left with a f^ee and open Beach to the full Sea, and that no Wnlls, Whari^ or BreaA- Works, (hall, at any Time, be made there, upon «ny Pretence what(bever, in any fuch Depth of Water, as may endanger anv Ship -or VefTel to ilriiM: or run upon the fame, without the Confent and Approbatioo of feventecn of the TruAee^ for the Time beine. Provided neverthelefi, that, as the Land ihall happen to gain on the Sea, on the North-Eaft Side, of the faid Counter-Mole, it Ihali be lawful for fuch Perfons as fliall be Owners of fuch Lands to advance any Buildingti, or other Works, at their Will or Pleafure, fo as not to endanger the Striking af any Ship or Veflel thereon: any Thing herein COOUined to the contrary thereof notwithftanding. And as the temporary Duties, granted by this A£k, cannot of a long Time raife fuch a Sum of Money, as may be fuffident for the afoFcfaid extraordin^ Works, which aee to be done at the faid Hsrbouri It is tbere/ore furfJber ena&td, that eleven or more of the faid Truftees are hereby impowered by Deed or Deeds, indented under their Hands and Seals, to convey and aifure all the iaid Duties hereby granted, or any Part of them, for all, or any Part of the faid Term of fourteen Years, as they (hall judge requifite, to any Perfon or Perfons, who (hall be willing to lend or advance amr Sum or Sums of Money thereupon, at Intereft, not exceeding the Rate of Six Pounds ptr Centum per jltmum, which Money, fo lent or advanced, fhall be eAplioyed for, and towards the Ufes of the faid Harbour, according to the true Ir'ent and Meaning of this Ad, (Sc If any Adion, Suit, &c. ffaall be comuienoedi (Sc. againft any Pcrfon, for any Thmg that he ihall do in Purfuantie of this Ad, &i: he may plead die ' general Imie, &c. Ajid this AiBt (haU be taken, and allowed» in all Courts, as a publick Ad, &c. Contimudby 10 Annm for 14 T'ears. The Preamble recites the Ads 7 and 10 Jbtita, and Hiews their Deiiciencyi and then this Ad continues the faid twa recited Ads for twenty-one Years, to commence after the loth Day of Apri/, iJ^Ot except fo £ar as either of ^cm are by this Ad enlarged, akered, or otherwii'e explained. It is further enaHtd, that the Truftcea appointed by the former, or this pre- fent Ad, have Power to mortgage all or any Part of the Duties (fubjed to the forementioncd Debt of 93S/. ijs. yd. 37.) to any Peifon who ihall advance Money thereon, to eflfcd the neccjSaiy Porpofes of this Ad, and fccure the Re- payment of the Sums fo advanced^ with Intereft for the fame. The Money direded to be borrowed by this Ad Ihall be applied, in the fird Place to difcharge the faid Sum of 938/. 17 j. yd. 3^. borrowed by Authority of, former Ads, with the Interefl:, and afterwards for making fuch new Works as may be neceflary for improving the faid Harbour, and keeping the fame ia good Repair. After the faid Sums are paid o• exempted. The Mafter to forfeit 40 x. if he refufes or negledts to flation his Veffel in (■ 9- fuch Place as the Quay-Mafler fhall affign for taking in or throwing out Ballafl, for loading or unloading his Veffel. All Goods, landed on any Qjiay or Wharf, fhall be removed in three Days f. 16. from the Landing, or the Owners forfeit \2d. per Ton, for every Ton of Goods remaining after that Time, and likewife 1 2 d. per Ton for every forty- eight Hours they fhall remain there. Cm. II. M .'-■;V.H. K>i- ^il Lu<. It; ! ... i.jF; iv No V. it: m ■i 194 f. 17. r. It. m'-' ■■ ■?:■ ^tii r*^'^ ' , '1' 3ic». ir. Sir* LlCHT- Housis. 1 l^'-'^ ^l':;' • , ■ ' , !" ul',.., ... , ; |v'- •' It:-' mM Bl's -; , 0/ P O R 1 S, &c. No Pcrfon to ^mptjr any Ballaft, &c. into the Harbpar, on Pain of being deemed a publick Nuifancc, and their bcipj; puniflicd accordingly. Twenty Hundred Weight of Scale Goods, or two hundred and Afty-mo Gal- lons of Liquids, or forty Square Feet of me^fuf able Goods, to be deemed a Ton. If any Difputc arifcs as to TTonage, to be 4?tcrmincd by the Mavor and two Jufticcs, and four younger Brothers of tUti Trkity-Ifou/e, or the Majority oflhem. Tbe Tabk or Sgbedult 0/ Harieur- Duties, Sluayage, or Wlmrjage, Boomage and Ballaft Duties, ctuirgeable on tbt Goods, find to be (aid by tbe MaJJer. For every Ton ^ Goals, imported, or ej(|K>rted, ihipped or unfliipped, laden or unladen, in, oip, or out of, any Ship or Veffcl, within the Limits of the Harbour of Poole, the Sum of 3 d. per Ton. Provided it (hall be lawful to import or expo--*- &c. any Goods into or from "-, or above 40, 4X. Ditto 60 Tons, or above 50, 5J. Ditto 100 Tons, or''»ove6o, bs. Ditto above 1 00 Ton. 7 s. For Ballaft the following Duties fliall be fliipped or unfliipped within Poo/i? Stakes, 6are of Mtffina, thrf Lanthorns at Gmo^i, Barcelona, &c. are refpedlively ferviceable to the Ships ufing thofe Parts, as ours on Scilly, the Eddyjione, Cajket.t, Portland, Dungeneji, ForSands, Skerries, &c. (befides the floating Light at the Nore) are to Navi-" gation in a more extenfivc Manner. That on the Eddyflone was begun by its ingenious Projcftor, Mr. Henry Win-' fianley, of LittUbury, in the County of M.J)'ex, Gent, in the Year 1696, and, after great Labour and Expence, was finilhcd in fomcthing more than four Years, though a much lets Space of Time would have futticed, had not the many Difficulties of ftormy Weather, Hardnefs of the Rock, Tides, and ether Impediments he had to ftruggle with, protradted the Work, and rendered his Aril Lodgment, or Foundation of the Building, to be very hazardous and trou- blefome; however, aPerfon of Mr. Winjianley'% enterprizing Genius was not to be intimidated by the Impediments that prefentcd to obArud the Profecution of his intended Fabrick, but he watched every Spurt of fair Weather, and Ebb of the Sea, as well to commence as to carry it on, and happily run through his Toils bv concluding it in the aforefaid Time, though the Light was put up on the \ifVtt.oi November, 1698, and thenceforward was inhabited; it ftood till the 27th of November, 1703, when Mr. Winjtanley, unfortunately being in it, found he had been building hie Tomb, as that dreadful Storm laid the Rock once more bare, and buried both him and his Works in the Sea; a plain Proof of the Deficiency of human Contrivance, and of the Infecurity of the beft pro- jc 0289 I<3 IC 'i IRELAND, Here may he fcen the lUll^ince at a Medium of eight and four Yean 1 a* alfo the Increafe of the Kxporis to branct fruni 1 720, at which Time tlic DilKculticii in that Kingdom occaftoncd by the Rife of the Coin and tlic M\ljijippi Hubble, were not overiome j it is alfo obfcrvablc, that the Impurtu from thence have rifen from that Time, and how the Impurtatiun of Iremh Wine has increafcd : The Medium of the laft four Ycari exccctling tliat of the laft eight 850a /, 8 j. 8 d. Though the Exports for Fni/jo' cannot be afcertamcd to any Nicety from the Cullomhoufc BookH, as Merchants arc not rcflrained in their Kntrics, for reporting their Guodi for one Country when they are defigned for another, at it frequently the C'afe in tins Trade 1 for the Entries are made for that Kingdom, when the Merchandifc is intended for ILmburgb, Bremen, or Holland, and this with the View of evading I'aymcnt to the fcvcral Britijh Lighthoufes in their Way to the faid Places, towards wliolc Support all Ships pay in the firft Port they put in at, and arc charged with lb many as they are benetited by in their Voyage ) now if it appear by their Cocket, that they are bound for thefe Ports, they pay towards the Maintenance of them all ; but if lor France, and they are fuppofed to be blown there out ot their Way, they are charged for no more than they are nrefumed to re- ceive Benefit from, and hereby elude the fcveral Charges they mult othcrwifc pay. Mr. Do6h makes feveral Allowances for an illicit Trade, Cfr. toe long to be infcrted here, and then concludes from the Premifes, that Ireland lofcn oy her Trade with France from (at leaA) 30 to 40000 /. per yinnum. The laft in order, though the greatcft Branch of the Irijh Trade with Foreigner* (as it leaves the greateft liallance in the former's Favour) is with Spain, Portugal, and the Streights, as thefe take off the major Part of any manufactured Commo- dities they export, except Linen, of which an Abftrad for eight Years here follows, to Lady-Day 1727, with the Medium of Exports, Imports, and Ballance, plainly demonftrating the Value of this Trade, and now much it merits Countenance and Encouragement. 67 ' Years Exp< 3rt8 ImporU Ballanct k /. :. d. /. /. d. /. /. d 1719 "'739 19 4^ 39670 3 3t 72069 16 04 1720 125261 '4 71 36678 15 10 88(82 18 1 18804 6 9i 1721 176768 6 '; 57963 19 "t 2 1722 '83239 '3 o| 56363 I o| 68153 '8 9\ 126876 11 "i 1723 '47*65 I "i 79'" 3 89024 4 'r 1724 149984 1 ?> 609 C9 16 II 61584 6| 96839 6 6; 478213 2 114 '4 1725 '3575' 1 10049 1 148059 8 8| 74167 8 a 1726 4 9 5i 21209 17 "4 Total — 669846 6 31 Med. of; 8 Years;: '43507 8 714 59776 12 104 83730 15 9^ By the Ballance here ftruck, it is found that more has been received from the Countries I have been treating of, than from France, Holland, and Flanders toge- ther, by 534847 /. 15/. 11 rd. and it may be obferved from what I have faid, that the Jrijh nave a Ballance from no other Countries but thefe and America, though the Importations from this laft mentioned Part of the World and Britain, are fo blended, that the true Ballance is not diftinjguiftiable. It may alfo be remarked from the above Calculation, how greatly the Imports were incrcafed in the laft Year, infomuch, as to make the Ballance fo inconfiderable, as to be very little more than the fourth Part of the Medium. The Exports to the aforementioned Countries, are Beef, about the Value of I oooo /. Butter, 35600/. Candles, 3000/. Cheefc, 1600/. Barley, 9000 /. Wheat, 3000/. Hake, 2500/. Herrings, 800 /. Sal- mon, 8000 /. Hair, 400 /. Raw Hides, 4000 /. Tanned ditto, 50,000 /. Li- aeOf # wlf^' 672 Of t/jg General Trade o///j^ WORLD. Mn, 1300/. Pork, 2000/, Calf Skins, 30C0 A Starch, 400/. Tallow, 2500/. Goods re-exported, 6uoo/. In all 143,100/. itttti The Importation from tbem are Capers, to about the Value of 17c/. Cork, 1860/. Dying Stuffs, 4000/. Sugar and Fruit, 6000/. Oranges and Lemuns, 3000/. Iron, 9400/. Oil, 3600/. Salt, 4600/. Silk Manufadure, 3000/. Raw SUk, 430 /. Thrown Silk undyed, 670/. Succus Liquor, 629/. Walnuts, 2000/. iV/ Wine, 3169/. Sfanijh Wine, 15,704/. Hoops, Cane, Reeds, and Plank, 700 /. Wool, 368/. Li all 59,300/. Here I finifh my Account of Ireland; and though the Calculations I have of- fered, were made fome Years ago, and therefore fomc few Alterations may have occurred in Trade lincc, yet I do not apprehend that thefc can be very material, nor have I to add any other Remarks on tnis Branch of Trade, to thofe I have oc- calionally made as I have gone along, fo ihall conclude the Subject, and proceed to dcfcribc the Traflick of other Countries, beginning firft with France. ?'->\- I^V^^Vir^ l^"-. Of the Products, Manufailurei, and Trade of France. THIS Kingdom has a Trade proportioned to the Number of its Inhabitants, and Extenfivenefs of its Dominions, of which fome Idea may be formed from the Calculations made of its annual 'ncome, which by Dr. Davenant was computed (fr<;n^ the beft Accounts he could procure) to be before 1690, about 84,000,000/. and tho' fome have fuppofed that the intervening Wars, between that Time and the Peace of Utrecht, hindered their Increafe, cither in V/'ealth or Numbers, yet others reafon, and I think more juiUy, that the continued Peace and florid Com- merce it enjoyed, till the late Broils reverfed the Scene, mufl have greatly encreafed their annual Income. However, I (hall endeavour to cxtraft the beft Account I can of what this Country furnilhcs towards a general Trade ; and in doing it, ob- ferve the fame Metl- d that I have followed in my Defcription of Great-Britain's, that is, by acquainting my Reader with the Produds and Manufadlurcs of each Province, and then (hew him how they are difpofcd of. In treating of the different Provinces and their Trade, I (hall obfervc the fame Divifion as Mr. Savary does in his Diftionary j and as I regard what he has given us concerning the Produfts and Traffick of his Count'-y, as the moft valuable Part of his Works, and in which we may reafonably fuppofe he is leaft miftaken, I (hall epitomize the Neceffiry of them for my Reader's Information, and com- mence, as he does, with I . The Kle of France, '~T^ HE Capital of which is Paris, where many Man\ifai3urc» arc carried on, and -'• afterwards brought into Trade, of which fome are exempt from the Jurifdic- tion of the publick Companies of the City, and eftablifhed by Royal Authority ; fuch as the GobeHs, where as beautiful Tapiftres arc made as any in Europe ; the Savonnerie, appropriated to the making of Carpets with a Mixture of Silk and Worftcd, in Imitation of thofe brought from Perjia, the Beauty of whofe Colours they come up to, and greatly exceed them in the Figure. The Manufactures of Glafles, Cloths, Hangings, dfc. beiides which the Artificers here carry on all Man- ner of Trades that are pradtiled in ourMetropolis ; though it is with Pleafure I can a(rert, not many of them with equal Perfection : Here are, however, made all Sorts of rich Silks, Brocades, Gff. Stockings, Hats, and every other Requilite for home Conlumption and Trade ; and almofl all the fmall Towns, Villages, and Di- flrids in the Neighbourhood oi Paris, have fome Fabrick peculiar to themj as Madrid (a Caftic built by Francis I. in Boulogne Vv ood) for Stockings ; St. Cloud, for Porcclane, Earthen Ware, Glafs, and Tanneries; Gent illy, Garges, and yiMto/iy, are noted ibr Whitflers ; at FerfJ Gaucher is a Manufadory of Serges ; Compeigne affords Stocking;, tocki and Caps • -^ Margny docs ClotJji, Camblcts, and Shags ; .— ■• 3 at >1J eel, and proceed FRANCE. at Hcudon are made aconAdcrable Quantity of WorAed Stockings ; at Dreux is a Fabrick of coarfe Cloth, and at Cidtres, Linos, Meulan, Sefa :ne, Poijy, Clavr, JjUptrcbe, Moret, and Dourdan, large Parcels of Leather are tanned, and trtis lau i» famous for knit Stockings, and making Buff. 2. The Produce of V\cax6.y. THE natural Productions which this Province furnishes to Tirade are. Corn, Hemp, and Wool ; and its Manufaftures, Woollens, Linens, Caps, Tapiftry, and Soap. In RefpeA of the firft, here I; worked up five cr fix hundred thoufand Pounds cf Wool of the Country's Produce, and near as much more from Germany, Holland, England, Spain, and fome other Parts of France, fo that only in the City of Amiens are made about 129800 Pieces of Stuffs, and 50000 Pieces m the Neighbourhood, which are called foreign Stuffs, as they are made out of the City; and of the aforefaid Wool, the Camblet-makers alone takeoff 80000 //J. The Cities of the greateft Trade in Picardy, next to Amiens, are Beauvais and Abbeville j befides which there are many Villages and Towns, as Tilloy, Fienviile, Nafurs, Beaucbamps, Grjwilliers, Feuguieres, Aumamale, Anvoille, Glatigny, wA Settles i in all which Places are only made Serges of many Sorts and Qualities, anc what in French is called Tiretaines, which I take to be here meant a Linfcy Wool- fey J Mouy and Crevecaur, give a Name to fome of the former made there, as Tricot and eleven Villages of its Jurifdidion does to other Kinds of Serges of their Fabrication. The finefl Woollen Thread fpun in Picardy is that of Amiens, where the Spin- ning employs a great Number of Hands, and con fumes a large Quantity of Wool both of the Country's Growth and Spanijfh, vhich is ufed for making or Caps and Cloths here and in the Woolhn Manufaftures of Paris, Elbeuf, and Rouen. The Q^ntity of Hemp and Flax gathered in this Province is likewife Very great, fo that the Linen Trade here equals that of the Woollen ; and St. ^intm is where the greatefl o^:' -« are tranfadted, which may amount to 40,000 Pieces in a com- mon Year ; after Hr. ^intin is Peronne, and then T>ieJU ; the different S;^ecies made in thefe three Places being feveral Sorts of Cambricks (from teh to m hun- dred Livres a Piece) Lawns, Gauzes, Hollands, printed Calicoes, &c. The Fabrick of foft Soap at Amiens is fb confiderable, as to produce yearly ten thoufand Quintals, and at Beauvais Tapiftry is made, and in its Neighbourhood is carried on a large Bufinefs irr Caps, Thread, and black Silk, Lace, Gimps, &c. In Amiens are at leaft two thoufand Looms conftantly employed, and in its Neigh- bourhood eleven fulling Mills, turned by Water, whofe Qjiality is not lefs excel- lent for Dying than it is for cleanfing the Woollens, which of this Place alone fell for upwards of 1,600,000 Livres. — The Linens of Pignigny, Orefmaux, and FHx- court, are better than thofe of Amiens, of which about two hundred Pieces are made and fold weekly. Mr. Savary fays, that the Clothes oi Abbeville are fo like to thofe oi England and Holland, as to render a Decifion in Favour of either very jiflicult ; but either the Fabricks are grown worfe fince his Time (the contrary of which I am very well afTured of) or elfe he is guilty of a noted Partiality to his Countrymen; for though I will allow the Cloth that is made there to be good, yet the Yarn is neither fo fine fpun, nor fo well and clofely wove as here in England, neither will it wear fo long, and much iboner grows bare and fhabby ; this Experience has taught me, as I have for many Years fecn the Wear of them, and more than once examined many of the fineft Pieces on the Spot. It is faid here are above an hundred Looms, that employ upwards of fifteen hundred Spinners, befidcs as great a Number of Weavers, Cloth- Workers, Fullers, Dyers, and fuch like Artifls, necefTary to the perfecting the Clothes, and the Produce of them is computed to be at leaft five hundred thoufand Livres yearly. Befides Cloth, there is made at Abbeville, Barragon Serges, Drug- gets, (ic. to the Amcunt cf about an hundred thoufand Livres, and of Stuffs mada out of the City, thougit in its Neighbourhood, two hundred thou&nd Livresj and 8 I . extra ."it ^71> !:■ . ■;.;'■■: ft!"' i!: - ''^ ■ ^74 Of the General Trade 0/ //^f? WORLD. txtra of thcfe Commodities, many otliers arc the Prodiidls oi Alibiville, as Plufli, CafFoy, Ticking, coarfc Linen for Package, Uc. to the Value of about 150,000 Livrcs. St. Sljiintin has no Woollen Manufiifture, though near 100,000 lb. of Wool is collcdcd in its Diftridl ; it however has a large Kabrick of Linen, inlbmuch, that forty thouliuid Pieces aic made or fold here yearly, to the Value of 2,0- o,oco Livrcs i being Cambricks, Lawns, Hollands, and feveral other Sorts of Linens, which are likewife made in great Abundance in many Parts of this Province, whofe Inhabitants are almoft totally employed in the Linen and Woollen Way, as they have a large Share of the Materials in their own Territories, which pro- duces them 524000 lb of Wool, and Plenty of Flax of a very rich Quality. / \ k' ?• It . I f t 3. Of the ProJuils o/* Champagne anJ So'iSoas. THE Proximity of thcfe two Provinces, and the great Rcfeoiblance of their Prodydnind Manufaftures, have induced me to treat jointly of them. The Soil, both of the one and the other, is very fertile in all Sorts of Grain, more efpe- cially Wheat and'Oats, and their Hills are covered with Vineyards that produce a moft excellent Wine. Hemp and Flax arc cultivated here in Plenty, of which are made various Sorts of Linen, and Threads, employed in the manufadturing of Lace. Their Paftures are admirable for Grazing, as may b'e judged from the Sup- port they give to fixteen or feventeen hundred thoufand Sheep (which yield be- tween tnrce and four Million Pounds of Wool) befides a great Parcel of black Cattle, whole Hices afford a fufficient Employ to fcveral Tanneries; and, in fine, their Rivers and Broolps fct to work many Forges for working Iron, hammering Copper, and milling Paper. The Territories of RetM or Mazarin, are in many Parts unfit for Corn, and this Sterility has put the Inhabitants on a Method of gaining a Livelihood, which I could not omit mentioning for the Uncommonnefs of it, and that is the fattening Oxen with Loaves, compofed with Rape Oil, which Seed they gather here in plenty ; but the principal Produdl of thefe Provinces is the Wine, for which they arejuftly fo famous, and of which the beft is found at Rhiims, Sillery, Haut- villiers, (corruptly called CvileJ in the Valley of Picrry, and the Diftridt of ^y, tho' there are many good ones of a fccond Quality at Oxmery, Chatillon and Fertus- Dormans in Champagne, and Guichy, Pargr.ant, and Coucy in the Souffonois. The Number of the Woollen Manufactories eftabliflied in thefe Provinces, are almolt incredible ; at Rheims they make Cloths like thofc of Berry, and various Sorts of Stuffs, both here and at Rhetel, Chateau Portion, Meziercs, Donchery, Mouzon, FiJ'mes, St. Manehould, Sommepy, Ville-en-Tartenois, Soijom, Chateau-Thierry, Charly, Orbaye, St. Martin-Dablois, Bar-fur-Aube, Ferre en Tartenois, Neuilly ; and 5^. Fond-Sedan is noted for making and dying thefineft black Cloths, asalfo large Parcels of Cloth and other Serges: At Bouts, Pertes, and Joinvelie, only v.liite I'llnminas arc made; at Monlcoruet, are made Sattins, Cloth Serges, Gfr. as they arc at Vervins Fontaine, and Ploumure, with fomc ordinary Cloths; At Mcntineral, Langres, St. Jujf, Anglure, Sezanne, la Ferte Gaucher, and la Ferte- Sous-Joiiars, the Fabricks are of Cloths, made all of Spanijb Wool ; in fine, Brienne, Chalons, Vitry, Chaumont, and Dienville, make feveral Sorts of Stuffs and Serges, befides fome Cloths. Linens, whether Flaxen or Hempen, are no inconfiderable Produds of thefe Parts, as the Manufaftories of them are difperfed thro' both Provinces, tho' the principal one is at Guife; however, between this Place, Fervins, and Noyon, there are thirty-four Villages, where no other Linens are made than thole of the fincU Flax, railed Batejies, or Cambricks. At Rheims, and almoft all the abovementioned Places for Woollen Fabricks, there arc alfo eftabliflied fomc for Linen, which with thofc of Hats, Caps, Lace, &c. arc very confidcrable, and furnifli a great ^'alue to the general Commerce oi France. 4-0/ i >? -FRANCE. 4. Of the hyonnoiis, Foreft, -.| 'I -i «H:' 3 676 Of the General Trade (//Ar WORLD. 6. O/'Guienne. THIS rich Province furni/hes Trade with lam Quantities of Wine and Bran- dies, Vin^ar, Pruins, Rofin, Chcfnuts, Oil, Iron, and Copper, wrought And unwrought, a great deal of Paper, and a middling Quantity of Hemp; there are in the Neirfibourhood of P«7]jpart«f, thirty-nine Forges for Cannons, and other large Works of Iron ; there are sdfo many others near Dax, and fevenil Hammers for Copper at Bergtrac, Orteix, and Nerac. On the Side of Oleron are four Paper Mills, and in the Neighbourhood of Bergerac, and Cafitl-JaJoux, fe- vcn others. A large Qwintity of Hemp is cultivated at the two Tonneiiu, and in fome other Places along the Garonne and the Lot; but all the Fabricks are but trifling, when comrared with the Crops of Wine and Brandy, the Staple Com- modities of thefe Parts; infomuch Ui'\t in all this Province, not above fe- venty-five thou(knd Pound of Wool is (horn, and it is with thefe, and a few from Ptitou, that all their Woollen Goods are made, viz. at Bourdeaux, Bazas, Ment-de- Mar/an and Ney, thick Blankets ; at Jouffac, coarfe Cloths, at Fonts, fome Eftaminas : at Banters, the Stuffs called Cardillats ; at Pau and Marmandc, Hats ; at Cadiliac, Nerac, and VUlenewoe d" Jgenois, Stockings j and at Reolle, Thread, Fringe and Tickcns. \ 7. Of Limofin and L'Angoumois. 'iM * ,i-f''i-' > •;i»|?» THESE two Provinces, though under one Direction or Receipt of Cuftom, are very different in the Nature of their Soil and Products ; the Angoumois yields a fufficient Quantity of Wheat, Wine, and all Sorts of excellent Fruits, whilft the Limofin on the contrary is cold and fteril, has but few Wines, and thofe bad, hardly any Wheat, fo that Rye, Barley, and Chefnuts, commonly fcrvc for Bread, to nourifh the Inhabitants. Both the one and the other Province have a great Number of Paper Mills, whofe Fabrick is in great Repute for the Prefs, tho' very little for Writing. The Manutadures of Woollen Stuffs are very trifling in this Province; however there are a few Stuffs, Serges, Eftaminas, coarfe Cloths, &c. made at Limoges, An- gouleme, St. John d'Angefy, Nerac, Rocbefoucault, Senterfune, Cognac, St. Leonard, Brives, and at Tul/e. The SaiTion cultivated in the Angoumois, is no fmall Objedt of the Country's Trade; for altho' it is not fo good as that of the Gajiinois, a great Quantity of it is fold at Bourdeaux to Foreigners ; and the bringing up of Horfes for Sale, chiefly at the Fair of Cbajlus, clofes the Commerce of thel'e Provinces. m 3'. \^-' K,. >-■•... ■ . 8. CyPoitou. GRAIN, Wine, Chefnuts, Hemp and Wool, are the Produfts of this Province; the Meadows, whole Herbage is an excellent Paflure, enable the Inhabitants to raife and feed a great Number of large and linall Cattle, of Horfes and Mules with which they carry on a very confiderable Trade. The beft Studs of Horfes are in the twelve Parifhes called the Wood of Eftos, in four of which there are Salt Marfhes. At Partinay, Niort, Fontenoy, Tbouars, and many other Places of their Di- AriAs, are made Cloths, Druggets, Serges, and Linfey Woolfeys ; at Niort alfo Chamois is prepared ; Woollen Stockings and Caps at St. Maixant, and Hard- ware at Cbatellerault. 250,000 lb. of Wool is gathered in this Province, befides which there is brought from Spain about 600,000 lb. of which, from 20 to 30,000 Pieces of Stuffs are Minually made ; and here are only three Forges of Iron, and two Paper Mills. 9. Of 1i FRANCE. 9. Of Rochelle, Aunis, Saintonge, tSc. TH E Produ^ls of the Provinces and Country that compofe this ReceiverHiip, are Salt, Wine, Brandy, and Hemp, befides a Number of excellent Hcrfes; and their Manufa^ures are of Linen principally at Barbejieux. Great Quantities of Su- gar are refined at Rochelle, and about 34,000 Muids of Salt gathered in the Ifle of Rh^i 18,000 Tun of Wine, and 10,000 Barrels of Brandy. This Ifland is alfo famous for the Annifeed Water made here, not only among the French, but Fo- reigners. Olleron produces about 4000 Barrels of Brandy, and the Sands of O/- lonne yield near 20,000 Muids of Salt : Vaft Qiuntities of Wine are gathered, and Brandy diftilled, at Rochfort, Cbarente, Aigre, Xaintes, Cognac, and their Dif- tridts. Angouleme affords four Sorts of Merchandize, viz. Brandy, Paper, Saffron, and Iron, this laft having Forges for it at Perigord, Aubaroche, Rudeau, the Chappie, Bourequoil, New Forge, Jomeliers, the Augoumois, Planchemenier, and Feuillade. 10. Of Orleans. TH E Wines that are gathered in very great Quantities in this Province, make the principal Part of their Produdts, amounting to 100,000 Tons; and it is faid, HiitBlois and Beaugency do not furnifli !efs : It is likewife very fertile in Corn, and not entirely barren in Manufadtures, as at Orleans, Dourdan, Gien, Bloii, dartres, and fomc other Places, fubjeft to this Generality, are made all Sorts of Woollen Stockings, both wove and knit, and at Dourdan many are made of Silk ; at Orleans alfo are wove Caps, as Cloths are at St, Genoux, Clame(y, Chatillon-fur- Loing, and Montargis ; various Sorts of Stuffs, different Species of Serges, Crapes, Capuchin Cloths, Bays, Linfey Woolfey, Eflaminas, &c. ^iXtvcaAe ztBaugency, Blois, Fendome, Pierre-Fitte, Montoir, Salbry, So'uefme, Nouan-le-Fuzelier, Vou~ zon, Jergeau, Chatres, St. Fargeau, Brou, St. Agnan, Chateau-Neuf, Brinont, Sully, La Charit^, Petiviers, Pongoin, Chaudun, Bazocbes, Illiers, and Anthon. This Province has feveral Fabricks of Hats, tho' the principal ones are at Orleans, Vendome, La Ckariti and Blois, at all which Places tnere are likewife confiderable Tanneries ; and in the Neighbourhood of Ltf Cbarite, are twelve Forges, and three. Furnaces for Iron. The Beaujfe and Vendomois, produce a great Quantity of Wheat and other Grain, as mofl other Diilrids of this Receiverihip do : In thi? Province, upwards of 200,000 lb. of Wool are manufactured into about 25,000 Pieces of Cloth, and other Stuffs, qiofl of it the Growth of the Country. 6yy ' 'J: . m • J - f .■ v^ I »1: v'i.r'< II, Of Tburaine, Anjou, Maine, and Perche. TH E principal Manufactures eflablifhed in this fruitful and pleafant Part of France, are comprifed in the filken, woollen, and tanning Commodities. The firll has its Eflablifhment in Tours, the Capital of the Province Touraine, where arc made all Sorts of fine Silks, as Velvets, Mohair, Serges, Brocades, Sattins, Taffeties, (Sc. in which formerly were worked up 2400 Bsdes of Silk, tho' at pre- fent three or four is more than fufHcient ; and the fame Decadence that has hap- pened in this Manufacture, has occurred in the Woollen, as this hardly employs fifteen or twenty Looms now, that occupied two hundred and fifty before j in thofe that flill fubfift, are Amboife, Chinon, Richelieu Loudun, Loches, Beaulieu, St, Chrijhphk, St. Pater, Laval, Beaumont, la Roue, Roziers, Montrefor, Villeloin, Orbigny, Reugnay, Chateau-Renault, NeuvilU, Pontpierre, Moray, Neufay, Loifant, and Montrictird, are made much the fame Sorts of Stuffs and Cloths, as in the laft mentioned Province. Few Hides are now tanned here, in Comparifon with the wreat Quantity that ufed to be formerly. The natural Produdts of thefe Parts, confift in Wines, Brandies, Saltpetre, and fuch Abundance of Fruit raifed, and afterwards preferved by the Natives, as has drawn on this Province the Appella- tion of the Garden of France. In the Parifhes oi Parcenay, Abillon, St. Mars, and Met tray, are Qyarries of Millftones i and near the Abbey of Noyers, a Copper 8 K Mine "'i ^ll. J" 678 0/ the General Trade of tk- WO R\.D. Mine was difcovcred in the latter End of tlic lart Century. Alnnit 7000 I'ioccs of Cloths, Serges, Druggets, Linlcy VVoollcys, and other Stuffs, arc made in this Diftrid of 'Town///;!', hcfuks funic Caps, Ilats, and Stockings; in that of y/,vyj« arc gathered Wines, Flax, and Hemp, of which large Quantities of Thread and Linen arc made; the Quarries of Slate, Iron, and Coal Mines, the Whitftcries for Linen and Wax, the Refineries of Saltpetre and Sugar, the Forges, and CJlafs- houlcs, with the Manufadlurc of Eilaminas, and Druggets of various Sorts, inakc up the Commerce of this Province ; of thcfc latter ahout 4000 Pieces arc made yearly at Angers, Cbatcau-Gontien, la Fleche, Bcaiigf, Saumur, le LutU, Dove, Montretiil, Bellay, Beaufort, and Durlal, belides fomc Mats, Caps, Off. In tlic Territory oi Maine, about 5300 Pieces of the aforefaid Woollen? arc made, tlio' the principal Manufaciture of this Province is Linen, for which it produces the Materials in vaft Plenty, and there has been feen 20,000 People employed at once in the feveral Branches of it : Here are alfo fomc Olafshoules, Iron Mines, (sfc. and large Quarries of a midling Sort of Marble. The Manufadl'ircs of the fmall Province of Perche, arc Linens, Stuffs and Paper, of wlvch the firft is the nioft confidcrablc j they have alfo here fomc Forges for Iruii, and carry on fonie Trade in the Grazing Way. 12. Of Berry. TH E Sheep and Wool of this Province arc the principal Materials it Airnilhcs for Trade; its Corn, Iron, Hemp, Nut Oil, Wines, and Wood, would alfo occafion a tolerable good Traflkk, had they navigable Rivers to carry tliem off. The fincft Wool is fold for Rouen, and only the interior Sorts worked up here, of which arc made the coarfe Cloths, called Drab dc Berry, and fome ordinary Serges, Druggets, Linfey Woolfey, Gfc. at Bourges, Iffbmhin, Chatcauroux, Vierfon, Selles, ylubigny, St. Amant, la Chajires, Ciijiillcn, Mebun, Aubigm, Dun-le-Roi, St. Be- mi/l-Ju-Sau/t, Buzancois, Leueroix, St. Savin, Sancerre, Linieres, Leret, La COap- pelle-danguillon, Aifne-le-Chnteau, St. Guatier, Ivry-k-Pre, Argent on, Ntuvy- St.- Sepulchre, Argent, Vakncay, Cinconet, Baugy, S-nccrgues, Les Aix, Blan- cafort, and Enricbemont, in all from 47 to 48,000 Pieces. 12. 0/ Moulins. THE Manufaftures and Fabricks of this Province, which contains the Bourhon- nois, Nivernois, and the upper Part of Auvetgne, are the Forges and Foun- deries, where Cannon, Anchors, and fuch large Works of Iron arc made j the Manufadtures of Tin, Earthen Ware, and Glafs j the Smalt Works, thofe of Cutlery and other Hardware, the Fabrick of Tapeflry and Cloth; and the natural Produds confift in Wine, Hemp, Iron, and Steel Mines, Coal, Cattle, Fifh, Chcfnuts, and Chcefe. The whole Province feeds fuch a Quantity of Cattle, as exceeds Imagi- nation 5 and it is furprizing to fee how many Beeves and Sheep are every Year cx- tradcd from it for all Parts, (even in Time of War) for Flanders, Germany, and Italy : Here arc alfo, in an Acorn Seafon, large Herds of Swine fattened; and in Re- gard of Manufadlures, the Iron, Steel, Iron Plates and Tin, arc melted, run, and formed into feveral difiisrent Works, almofl in all the Fofges built on the little Ri- ver of Nievre, which falls into the Loire, under the tiMgc^ of Nevers, and which before joining it, gives Movement to the Bellows, Hammers, and other Machine* of above fifty Forges. The Cutlery, and other Hardware, is made at Bourbon and Nevrrs, and in this laft is alfo made fome Earthen Ware, and fome Woi ks of Enamel. At Aubii(jhn, and Feuilletin, there are Manufactures of an ordinary Tapcftry ; and nt Moulins, St. Pourfain, Montlupn, Heriffon, Decize, Cercy-la-Tour, Moulins -Engilbert, ami Ni'vers, arc made fome coarfe Cloths and Woollens, though by far the feweft in tliis Province of any in France : This Receiverfhip produces in Wood, from the Nivirnois, Bourbonnois, and more efpccially from Morvant, above the Value of 400,000 Livres yearly ; Coal from the Vicinage of Decize, to the Import of J 20,000 Livres ; Fifli 300,000 Livres ; Hogs (in an Acorn Yesr) 300,000 Livres ; Corn, Hemp, Wine, and Cattle, 500,000 Livres j Iron 300,000 Livres ; Tin 3 50,000 m. FRANCE. r 0,000 Livrcs ; Earthen Ware and Glafs 200,000 Livrcs ; Cutlery and other Hard- ware, with fome Knanicl, 1 50,000 Livres ; and Tapeflrv, Nut Oil, &c. to at Icaft I 50,000 Livres. The I'rodudsof Wool, and the Manufadturcs of Linen, I pafs unnoticed, asthcfc arc all conlumcd on the Spot, as indeed moll of the Cloths and Stuffs are. 14. 0/ Auvergne. THIS Province is commonly divided into High and Low, and the Produifts of each as different as their Situation ; the firftis mountainous, as the Diftindion (eems to fpeakit, and produdtivc of nothing but Food for Cattle, of which here is bred a furprizing Quantity ; and the Low Lands abound in Corn, Wine, Hemp, and Wallnuts ; their Meadows are delightful, and fo fertile, that thofc in the Ncighliourhood of Riom and Clermont, arc mowed three Times a Year, and the Lands in general never lie idle, or at moft are not fallowed above one Year in twenty. There are feveral Sorts of Manufadlures in the Avergnois, and almoft all the dif- ferent Species fabricated arc of a very good Quality, but more cfpecially the Paper, which is excellent, made chiefly at Ambrtt, and about tbiers and Clermont. The Manufadtures of Eftaminas, Woollen Camblets, and other Stuffs, are at Ambret, CulnhttcOliergue, Sanxillunges, and St. Flour, making in all about 10,000 Pieces. Laces arc made at Aurillac, to the annual Value of 200,000 Livrcs, (though for- merly they produced near 800,000) and there are fome made at Muret, la Chafe- Dieu, Alarche, and Vineroles. The Hardware of Thiers and its Neighbourhood, affords Subfiflance to above 5000 Families, and Cards for Play are made here and at Ambret. The Tanneries of Clermont, Riom, St. Flour, Maringues, Anjuu, Chaudes-Aigues, &c. are very confiderable, as the Dairies near Aurillac, Moriac, Voiers, Beze, la Tour, and ArJes, are in Cheefe : Many fine Mules and good Horlcs are bred in the Studs of this Province, which befides the foregoing Parti- culars, produces Mafls for Ships, and Wood for Carpentry, Coals, Fruit, Wax, Glue, Tallow, Butter, Linen, Hemp, and Nut Oil. 15. O/' Normandy. TO treat of this large and rich Province, with due Regularity, I (liall do it ac- cording to its cuftomary Divifion, Into the three Diltridts of Rouen, Alenpn, and Caen. The former produces Corn, Cyder, Cattle, Hemp, and Flax, and befides has fome Fiflicries at Dieppe, Honjkur, Havre, &c. Its Manufactures confiil of Wool- lens, Linens, Leather, Hats, Combs, Paper, and playing Cards ; at Rouen, Elbeuf, Darnetal, St. Aubin, Aumale, Bslbec, Louviers, La Bottille, Gournay, &c. are made all Sorts of Cloth, Serges, Druggets, Ratines, Blankets, and diverfe Species of Stuffs and Hangings, in which arc employed about 1 100 Looms, and from 8 to 9000 Bales of Wool, (befides other Materials) of which 5000 are Spanijb, and the reft of the finefl Staples of France. Linens of many Proportions and different Fine- nefs, are made at Ponteau-de-Mer, Lizieux, Bernay, Rouen, Caudebtf, Arques, and Montiolliers. The mofl confiderable Tanneries, arc at Rouen, and its Neighbour- hood ; and Hats are made in feveral of thefe Parts, though the Quantity is vaflly lliort of what they have been formerly. Tlie Diflridl of Caen has not a lefs extenfive or important Trade than this lafl treated of, but it fccms as if each Part of this Receiverfhip had appropriated a dif- ferent Species of Bufinefs to itfclf. Here arc gathered a large Parcel of Drugs for Dying, fuch as Woad, Argol, Sumac, &c. The Butter oilffigny, the white Salt made in feveral Ponds, the Linens fabricated at Bayeux, and in its circumjacent Parts, nre the only Manu- fadtures of it ; the Wool, Hemp, and Flax in this Neighbourhood, are fold un- manufadtured : In the Diilridt oi'yire, are three great Forges ofBrafiery, viz. at Envou, Alouze, and Cherbourg ; and here arc made fome Woollens and Linens ; .it St.Lo, Fire, yalognc, Cherbourg, Coutances, FreJ'ne, St. Pierre- Jc-Antremout, Athis, Flers. 679 < ;,•-;•■ |V;V.:r;: ::.■:". si , ■'.■ " ' K i 1 " i (Iff '' ' ,T "'1 i »fj^v ■(' *■ r 'v. ,''» 680 O/Mt^ General Trade of t/je WORLD. Fkrs, and ILtkuse, to the Amount of 28,500 Pieces of Cloth, Screes, and Stuff?, bcfidcs Linens, Hats, Stockings, Leather, t^f. and the Territory ot Aleit^on, is no- thing inferior to the other preceding two, cither in the Diverfity of its Cotninoditics, or Importance of its Trade. Large Parcels of various Sorts of Linens arc made at Domfront, I'imoulifis, and thereabouts. The Manufadurc of Vellum Lace, was maintained thro" the long War at j^Unfon i the Magnificence, or rather Extrava- gance of /"Vz/mY, furticing for its Support, even in thole diftrefsful Times ; ofClotiis and Stuffs, from 50 to 52,000 Pieces, are made in this IJivifion in a common Year. The Pins made at Ljig/e and at Coticbes, the Hkrdware and Brafiery of this lall, the Tanneries m Argentan, Vimoutien, Conches, and yerneui/ ; the Fabrick of wooden Shoes, the forming of Joills, Beams, and other Timber for building ; the fattening of Poultry for I'tiris, and the Butter and Eggs fent there ; the Saltpetre in the Diftrift of Argenttin, arc no fmall Addition to the Commerce of Ahifon ; but the Glafs-houfes at Nonuiit, in the I'oreft of Exme ; at Fortijj'ambert in the Forcft of Montplnjm, and the two eftabliflicd in the Tbimarais, with the Forges for Iron at Cbanfcgray, Varcnms, dirvuges, Rannes, Concbes, and /ii Bonneville, are the Fabricks which moftly enrich their Neighbourhood by their Quantities and Perfection ; and to thcfe we may add the Breeding a great Number of Horfcs, and making large Q^ntitics of Hats, as other Advantages to this Country. it. Of B-etagnc. THE Produdls andManufafturcs of this Province, are, ift. Salt, of which is annu- ally made in the Parifli oi Bourne uf, from 16 to 17,000 Muids, and in that oiGuerrande,OTCroiJic, from 20 to 30,000. 2dly, Butter, in the BiihoprickofA/i;«/(j. 3dly, Wines, more cfpecially thoft; on the River of Nantes, and thcfe moftly dif- tilled into Brandies, to the Amount of about 7000 Pipes per Annum. 4tbly, Corn, (particularly from the Biflioprick of Vannes) of which in a good Year, after a fuf- ncient Provifion made for the Province, 6000 Ton of Wheat, and 9000 of Rye, may be exported for Spain. 5thly, Hemp and Flax, principally cultivated in tlic Bifhoprick of Rennes, Treguier, Leon, and Do/, and Ibid in Threads, Stockings, Socks, Gloves, and Cloths, to a very confiderablc Value. 6thly, Iron, (for which here arc feveral Forges in different Parts) Lead, Coal, and Paper. 7thly, Pilchards and Mackarel, whofe Fifhery is carried on from Port Louis, Bellijlc, Concarnau, Audierne, and fometimcs from Breji. Sthly, Woollens, fuchas Eltaniinas, Drug- gets, Serges, Flannels, Crapes, and fomc ordinary fmall Cioths, made at Nantes, Rennes, Bourg, Dinan, St. Brieux, Lamballe, Cbateau-briant, Nozay, Redon, 'Jo£elin, /<• Quay de Plelant, St. Croix, Auvray, Fannes, Malejlroit, Rochefort, Cbateau-neuf, Longonna, and Herviliac, to the Value of about And I (hall here re-capitulate the aforementioned Commodities, and fet down what thofe carried out of the Province may yearly amount to. Linens of all Sorts, to the Value of Threads, crude, whitened, and coloured, to the Value of Paper of different Sorts Honey and Wax Butter Horfes 1,000,000, Oxen 350,000, Hogs 100,000, and Sheep 40,000, in all Grain 100,000, Salt ioo,coo, Fifh 50,000, and Game 10,000, •nail Poultry 14,000, Hides and Skins 60,000, Wines and Brandies 8o,coo, in all Hemp, Tow, and Cordage 150,000, old Rags 10,000 Hair and Flocks 10,000, Staves 15,000, and Wood for Building and Fuel 230,000 Iron fur Anchors 1 0,000, Cards 6,000, Tallow and Grcafe 1 00,000 Ls. 40,000 12,000,000 1,000,000 200,030 600,000 100,003 1,490,000 260,000 154,000 1 60,000 255,000 116,000 Livres 16,375,000 .(L FRANCE. 17. O/tie Dutchy a/ Burganiy. 681 THE Wines of DijoH, Nuh, Beaune, Pomarre, Cbaffagne, Mdcon, Tonnerre, Auxtrre, Sec. arc the principal Produfts of this rich Province, and arejuftly termed the Mother of Wine, not fo much for the Quantity, as the Excellence of its Quality: Here are however other Commodities, as Corn, Iron, Cattle, Wool, Hemp, &c. of which the following Manufadhires are made, viz. from 12 to 13,000 Pieces of Cloths, Serges, and other Stuffs ; the Crop of Wool amounts to 3 or 400,000 lb. Weight ; the Hides and Hats fuffice for the Ufe of the Inhabi- tants } here arc thirty-two Forges for Iron, and eight Paper Mills : Several Ingre- dients for Dying grow here, and Woad in particular flounfhes to a Miracle; Linens are made at Vitaux, Sau/ieu, and Autun, though coarfe, and no large Quan- tity; and a few Stockings, with fome Lace, finilh the Catalogue of this Province's Produ^ons. 18. Of Franche-Comte. 'T^HE Produdts of this Province conAft of Corn, Hay, Iron, Saltpetre, Salt, ■■• Cattle, Butter, Chcefe, and Horfcs. The Rivers Saone^ Doux, Lougnon, Loure, and fome Brooks, work upwards of thirty Forges and Furnaces, where a large Quantity of Bombs, Bullets, and many other Iron Commodities are made ; Mails and other Wood for Marine Conftrudtions grow here in Plenty ; and the Saltpetre made in a common Year, is about 1,200,000 lb. with Room for a confiderable Augmentation at a fmall Expence, upon a due Application. The Salt is from the Pits of Montagne doreit fo named f^om the rich Treafure it enclofes, which however only confifts of two Drains of Water never dry, and which produced an extraordinary Q' Mty of this Commodity. The Studs of this Diftridt are very confiderable, ving always about 80 Stallions, 9000 breeding Mares, and from thefe abo ooo Colts yearly ; here is no Manufadlure of Drapery, nor any other ProduA uicriting Regard. I'* '■ J:' > ' I ■ i" ! ,' •• ^r': ;.,'■.■ V,! livres 16,375,000 19. O/'Dauphine. THIS Province being divided into Mountains and Plains, the ProdudUons cor- refpond to this Diverfity of Soil and Situation. The Mountains produce Firs, and other Trees proper for Marine Ufes, and cover feveral Sorts of Minerals and Metals i and the Rivers that arife and flow from them, turn many Mills of Forges and Founderies, for carrying on diverfe Works of Iron, Steel, Copper, and Lead, according to the different Species of Metals, caft and wrought here. The principal Iron Mine is in the Mountain of Allevard, fix Leagues from Grenoble, being of an excellent Quality, foft, eafy to forge and file, without Flaw. The Copper Mines arc in the Mountain of Cloche, and thofe of Lead in the Gapenfois, near the Cave of the Arnauds, and at the Village of Argentieres, four Leagues from Brian f on. In the Territory of Be^es, there are Slates, in that of Lamage a Mine of Vitriol and Copperas, and another of Tobacco-pipe Clay, worked up at Tain -, Cezanne, and Cejiers, in the Brianfonnois, produce Chalk, and feveral Parts in the Upper and Lower Dauphiny, Coal and Saltpetre. The Manufadlures, which thefe difFercnt Metals and Minerals occafioi. and maintain, are fpread thro' the whole ProviiKC. Steel is made at Rives-Moirans, Voiron, Beaumont- Furent, Tulins, BeaucroiJJ'ant, Cbabons, and Vienne. The Iron is forged at St. Hugon, Hurtiers, 'thois, Allevardt Laval, Goncelin, la Combe, Vriage, Revel, des Fortes, St. Gervais, and Royans j and Scythes and Sickles are made at Voiron and Viziles ; Sword Blades at Rives, Beaucroi£ant, Tulins, Vioron, Beaumont-Furent, but above all at Vienne ; Cannons are caft at 5^. George, and Anchors forged at Vienne : In fine, there are Copper Forges at this laft mentioned Place, Turins, Voiron, and Beaucroiffant; and the Vitriol and the other Minerals are prepared in the Fabricks and JLaboratories of Allevard, Laval, la Cloche, Largentieres, Lefchet, Bauriere, itid Lamage. Thefe are the Produdls of the hilly Parts, and we will now defcend to the Plains, where 8 L wc il4 ,:U i% 68a 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. we may H.id growing in tlicir proper Scafont, Hemp, Corn, and Mulberry-Trees, for the Noiinrtimcnt of Silk-WornJR. The Linen Manufadlurcs of the former are at St. Jolm-Crcm'ure, laTour-dit-Pin, Bourgoin, Funne, yallieu, Ruy, Lijlc Dabo, Artds, St. Qi'oree, Voiron, And at la Buijj'e. It is alio alnioft in the fame k^laces that Thread is I'pun, for Sewing and for the diDerent Sorts of Cap-making : Silk is made thro' the whole Province, excepting in the Mountains, and fome Parts too cold for the Worms j and hefides thcfe, here are many Paper Mills at St. Donat, Cbatcau-doubk, Perus, Dijimont, Cbabueil, St. yallitr, Crefl, Fienn*, Rives, Pa- riot, and yizille. The Fabricks of Hats are cAabliflied at Grtnobk, FoHtenil, Saf- fenage, Voreppe, Moirans, Cn-Ji, and Pont-tn-Royans. Large Hides are drefled on the Side of St. yJtidrif, St. Jeau-de- Sour nay, Vitnne, Serre, Grenoilt, Lumbin, Crolet and Goncelin ; the Skins and fmall Hides are tanned at Grenoble, Voiron, Romant, Valence, Loriol, Livren, MonteHmazt, Dieu-kjit, Vienne, and 5/. Antoint de Vi- ennois. The Cheefe of Sajj'enagt or other Parts, fold under that Name ; the Gloves of Grenoble fo light and fine ; the Pine-Nuts, Rofin, Turpentine, tSe. gathered in thefc Parts, make a confiderable Addition to the Trade of them j but I have yet to treat of a principal Branch, viz. that of the Woollen Manu- fadlory, carried on at Grenoble, Voiron, Tulin, St. MarcolHn, Rcybon, Serre, Beaunpaire, St. Jean-en-Royaas, Romans, Pent-en- Royans, Crejl, MonteUmart, 'ToUinim, Dieu-le-Jit, Buis, Valence, and Vienne, in all which Places are annually made from 38 to 40,000 Pieces of Cloths and Stuifs. 20. 0/ Provence. THIS Province is very fertile in Wine, Olives, Saflron, Oranges, Lemons, Prunes, Almonds, Nuts, Pomegranates, and all Sorts of excellent Fruit ; and here is alio gathered a very great C^ntity of Silk and Wool : Of the Olives is made large Q^Antities of the fwectell Oil, befides thofe pkklcd, for which the Provencials have the bell Method yet known. Their Mulcatel Winea of St. Laurent and Cioutat exceed any thing of that Nature, and add to the Delights of the beft Tables : The Raif.ns, wherewith thefc Wines are made, and particu- larly thofe gathered about Roguevaire and Auriol, are excellent in their kind, as the Figs arc dried here of two Sorts, and no Part of the World comfit their Fruits in that Pcrfcdlio.i as here. The great Number of the Mulberry-Trees, with which this Province abounds, enables the Natives to breed vaft Quantities of Silk Worms, and thereby procure large Crops of their precious Webs. The Soap, particularly that of MarJ'eilks and "Toulon, is in very good Repute, though gene- rally allowed to be inferior to that (hipped at Alicante in Speun. There are in Provence fixty Paper Mills, where many Sorts of this Commodity arc made; and the Tanneries are many and very confiderable. The Counti^ Wools are em- ployed in diverfe Manufactures of Stu0s, and many Fabricks of Hats j the latter at Aix, Marfeilles, Toulon, and in the Principality of Orange { and the former at Toulon, la Roque, Meuve, Solieres. Cuers, Pequanto, Camomet, Luc, Draguignan, and at Lorgues, tho' a great Part of thefc arc made of Spani/b Wool, pure and unmixt : At Gardes, Apt, Ayquiers, Auriol, Signe, Colmars, and Digne, are like- wife made fome corded and otlier Stuffs, as there are at Aries and Grignan, of other Species : In this Province alio are many Hammers for Copper Work, which arc all the Commodities it furnilhes to Trade. 21. O/'Languedoc. A Lthough this and the laft mentioned Province are joined together, enjoy the ■**• lame Afpcd, and are cxpofcd to the fame Winds, they are however very differcjuly divided, in Regard of the neccflary Advantages for Trade, more efpe- c'lally in their Ports, with which the other abounds j and to this Nature has given none, fo that the few it enjoys, are the EfFedts of Art, made with a great deal of Trouble and Expcncc : However, as in thcfe Sedlions I propfe to confine Kiy Diicourfcs only to tlie Products and Manuiadtures of the Countries treated ::^^ " " of; tt^' FRANCE. of, I ftiall omit enlarging on their Situation, at lead at i>n.(lnt, ami nro/ctnti in this, the Method f hav: vbfervcd in my Account of all the preccdniir i'lO' vnic vincct. Languedoc is efteemcd as one of the bed cuJiivated I'ruvinccs of the Kingdom of France, ana juftly merits this Em ^mium j its Inhabitants are numerous, diligent, fkilful, and indullrious ; it enjoyj the Advantage of having a greater Divcrfity in its F'rodudts, than any other Province j yet this'Country, fo well cultivated, and li) well peopled, might raifc a much greater Revenue, fupport a much greater Niunbtr of inhabitants, and furniOi the State with much larger Succours, if it undcHtood to attract by a fuitable Culture all thofc Advantages which it is capable of pro- curing ; it has Plenty of Corn and Wool, but it might largely augment its Crops of Wine and Oil, and exped a furer, more beneficial, and inmiediatc Sale to thefe Commodities, than they ever find, or can hope for from the others ; the (Jrowth of Silk might alfo be greatly eucrcafcd, and Cotton might be pUuited to Advantage, and this further improved by clUblilhing Manufactures of it t much more Salt might be made, more Mines wrought, and a great Number of Things might be added to the natural Produdts of the Country, for which the Soil and Situation is adapted ; however, I fhall not enlarge on what this Part of France might be inado to produce, but now acquaint my Readers with what its Products and Manu- factures actually arc. This fruitful Province, one of the larecft, richcft, and moft agreeable of that Kingdom, has two great Salt Marflies, trie one at Mardirac, the other at Higean, both yielding vaft Quantities of that ufeful Commodity. At Rieux, la Gra:.^e-dcs' pres, Lodeve, Ciircajjbtine, Limaux, Cajircs, Alby, Akt, St. Colombe, Lauclanet, LtiiJJac, la Grace, Us Saftes, Chalaire, Mazanet, Ttrrtcres, la Canne, Bedarrieux, St. Sivian, ^ifac, St. Hypolite, Bauzely, Vigan, Ganges, Saumcnncs, Anduze, Alais, St. Gervais, Sommieres, Gardonnenque, la Salle, Beziere, Aniane, and Beau- tairt, are many Woollen Manufadlures of Cloths, Serges, Ratines, Bays, Crapes, Druggets, Linfcy Woolfcy, and fcveral other Sorts of Stuffs : Of the fUkcn Fa- bricks, the principal are at Toulou/e, Montpelier, Nifmes, Alois, and in fome other Towns and Villages along the Rhone, where arc made Taffetics, Tabbies, Crapes^ Tarandines, Brocades, Damaiks, and fome Goods with a Mixture of Silk and Wool, in which all the Silk gathered in thefe Parts is employed, being from i a to 1 500 Quintals in a common Year. The Verdigris made at Montpelier and its Ncighbourliood, and the Cryftal of Tartar prepared at Aniane, are in great Eftccm among Strangers. The Diocofe of Mirepoix has alfo Mines of Iron, Coals, and Jett ; the Iron is found and wrought at Courfouls, St. Colombe, ^tillau, and at Belejlat ; the Coal at Trimont, and at St. Benoijl ; and the Jett at Lovan, and Ra- latiet. Of Hats the Fabrick is very conlidcrable in thefe Parts -, they arc made at Montpelier, ^ijfac, Sauve, St. Hypolite, Sumennes, Andufe, Alais, Ush, St. Geniez, la Salle, Nifmes, Clermont, Beaucaire, Valborgne, Mairvain, and Vala^ rangue : Chefnuts and Memp arc plenty in the Vivares \ and in the Dioccfc of Carccffone, all the Inhabitants of the fix Boroughs, compofing the little Territory of Graiffefac, are Nail-Makers, The Fabrick of Lace employs a good Part of the Workmen in Velay, and befides the Manufactures before-mentipncd at Mont- pelier, there are made Blankets, Wax is whitened, and thofc Drams, called Rof- Jolis, compofed in greater Quantities than can be confiflent with their Drinkers' Health : But to abbreviate the Detail of this Province's ProduCls, I fhtll cxcule giving a more particular Account of them than the preceding 5 tho' in the fol- lowing general one, I fhall fet down the Value of the total Produce and Manu- factures, and add what Share of it is fuperfluous to the Province's Confvunption^ and therefore fent into others, and abroad. Merchandize 68; ^■■,. ^1-1 i 684 Of the General Trade o/' //6r WORLD. Merchandize and Com- modities of the Growth and Manufadlure of Lan- guedte. The Price at which each Article in Trade it fixed and may amount to in a common Year. The Value of the Goodi and Meahandizei, ex- tracted for foreign Parts, and other Pro- vince! of Framt, ^^Hf «{fi'^' ' *~l B 3 i w;- Grain Li. 1200000 Wine 830000 Brandy 440000 Hungary Water 1 20000 Drams 150000 Verdigris 200000 Olive Uil 2000000 Woad 50000 Saffron 100000 Prune* 1 20000 Soude, or Kale 50000 Turnfol, or Heliotropium 15000 Chcfnuts 150000 Wood 300000 Staves and Cafks 60000 Silken Goods ] 800000 Cattle and Wool i 000000 Forged Iron Nails 120000 140000 Melting down old Copper 20000 Paper 140000 Parchment 15000 Card! 60000 Soap 105000 Whitening of Wax 150000 Linens 30000 Laces for Stays 1 0000 Pilchards, and other Salt-Fifh I 00000 Lamb, and Kid Skins 800000 Gloves 50000 Sheep, Goat, and Buck-Skini> drefTed into Chamois 358000 Glue 50000 Drinking and Safh GlafTes 20000 Plate Glafs 30000 60000 Laces of Puy FuAians and Dimities 90000 Blankets « 230000 Hangings 20000 Fine and ordinary StufTa 4100000 D° Cloths 8450000 Worfted Stockings 40000 Hats 400000 TafFcties, Ribbons, and Silk Stockings 900000 Coarfe Silk Stuffs Scooo Confeftion of Alkermes 50000 Eels of Aigucfmortcs 35000 Sardignas 30000 Garden-Seeds 30000 400000 830000 44c 000 1 20000 150000 200000 I 000000 25000 80000 60000 30000 15000 60000 150000 30000 1 500000 600000 8000 60000 1 0000 100000 30000 5000 50000 60000 400000 30000 150000 40000 60000 200000 5300000 150000 600000 50000 50000 20000 15000 15000 Livres 25198000 Llvres 13093000 22. 0/ :i:. H5I ILD. e of the Goodi rchandizei, ex- f'or foreign ind other I'ro- f France. 400000 830000 44c 000 laoooo I 500C0 200000 I 000000 35000 8000a 60000 30000 15000 60000 1 50000 30000 1500000 600000 8000 60000 1 0000 I 00000 30000 5000 50000 60000 400000 30000 150000 40000 60000 200000 5300000 150000 600000 50000 50000 20000 15000 15000 res 13093000 FRANCE. 22. (^ iht Lovitr Navarre and Hcarn. IP Btarn cannot be called fruitful, the Lower Navarrt ii much left (b, being a inountainOui barren Country, whofc Soil will not produce any thins but through puree of Application and Caret and it is owins to tnc AfTiduitv, Labour, and In- duAry uf the Inhabitants, that it yields the liutc it docs. The Valleyi of Barttont, Aj^t, and Offant, in the I'recindl, or Senechaufte, of OUron in Btgrn, pruducet Pines to inaiceMalU fur the Royal Navyt they liKewife enclofe fomeMinci of Lead, Cupper and Iron, which employ a C^ntity of Purges, Pounderiei, and Hammerti lame Salt is alfo made in diflfcrent Parts of Beam, though very little more than Icrvcs fur the Natives Cunfumption. The ProdudUons uf this Country for Trade arc Wine. Wheat, Millet. Oati, Apples. Plax, and Hemp, with which latter they make Ibme Linen, as they do Cyder with their Apples ( felling their Wine, of which that of the Sencfcnnlry of Moriac is eftcemed excellent. Thcfe two Pro- vinces, more efpccially the Mountains of Navarre, have mofl admirable Pafturage, which enables the Inhabitants to breed and raifc a great Number of Horfes. black Cattle, and Sheep, of which latter the Wuol is fo nne as tu pafs for t|iat of Sfain t though here arc no Woollen Manufactures, except a trifling one for coorfc Cloth* for the poor Natives Uic. 83. 0/* French- Planders, OF which Lijle is the Capital and Centre of its Trade j its Manufadures, and the Undertaking of its Merchants, employ and maintain about 100,000 Work- men, cither in the City, Suburbs, plain Country, or the neighbouring Vilbges : The Commodities which this Part of fVd«(/«'r/ produce, arc Grains of all Sorts, for the Food both of Man aiui Bcaft; Hay. Wood, Fruit, Wool, Horfes, Flax, Cattle, Butter, and prodigious Quantities of Rape Oil. The Manufadtures confift in Cloths, aergcs, Ratines, and diverfe other Sorti of Stuffs, made with Wool alone, or mixed with Silk or Thread) and others, whero ieveral Sorts of Linens are made, both figured and plain ; Hides differently tanned; Tickings, Camblets, Damafks. Velvets, Laces white and black (either of Thtcad or Silk) TapiAry, gilt Leather, Pipes, Match, Paftboard, Stockings, Breeches, uaps, and other fuch knit or wove Work ; fine Ozier Bafkets, Hats, Barragons, Ctijxa, Blankets, and feveral other Species of Stuffs: All thefe M;mufadture8 are eftabliijied in the City oiLifie, and the Commerce they occafion can hardly be imagined. At Orcbies are made Trippcs j at Douay, the tame things in Proportion as at Lifle i at Armentiert Eflaminas, iome Cloths, and a very few light Stuffs; it is in this City alfo that the Linens made in the adjacent Parts, are all fold \ at Latm and its Jurii- didtion feme light Stuffs alfo are made. At Gorgcbe is a Fabrick ofplain and figu- red Linens, whitened in the Whitflcries of this Place, which are excellent for the Purpofe. There are feveral Looms of Woollen Stuffs, or thofe mixed with Silk, at Roubais and Turcoing ; at Mei^in is a Fabrick of Linens and another of Hats j and in fine, at Tournay arc made worllcd Stockings, mock Plufh, and Earthen- Ware. t 24. Of Lorrain and Bar. THERE arc but few Woollen Manufactures in either of thefe Dutchics, vn^ none of Silk ; what little is carried on of the former is at St. Nicholas, St. Ma- ria au Mines, but the Cloths are very coarfe and in little Efteem. At Nancy is a Fabrick of ordinary Hangings, though Co trifling, that I flxould not have mentioned it, but to avoid leaving out any Manufacture in a Country where there are fo few. That of Thread Laces is not only more confiderable, but is almoft the only one thrt merits any Regard j Mericeurt, Vezelize, Neufcbateau, and fome Villages in their Juril'dtCtion, arc the Places where mofl are made, and employ five or ux hundred Women or Girls j it is true they are far from being fine, out of a Qijdity very fit for the Spanijh Markets, where feveral thoufand Pieces are annually fcnt. Houfhold and other Sorts of Linen, Worfted Stockings and Caps, Hats, Cordage, Nails, and 8 lyi Paper, 685 > i i'.i'' w m 22. Of J ■ , 6S6 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. Paper, are alfo Manufadlures of thefc Provinces, but all confunied at home ; and what they afford for Trade, is Salt, Iron, Alum, Saltpetre, Wood, Cattle, Wool, Rape Oil, Honey, Wax, Wine, Brandy, Skins and Glafs. Places proper for making Salt, are found in many Parts of Lorrain, fo that at leaft a Do:;en might be appropriated to this Purpofe, which would furnifh a large Quantity of an ex- celleot Sort ; though only three arc now wrought, viz. at Rozieres, Cbattau- Salins, and Dieufe. The Iron Mines are chiefly in the Mountains of Vofge, though there arc fome in the plain Country ; they afford plenty of Metal, and employ a great Number of Forges. The Allum Mines are only found in the Voyvre near Longevi, and arc of little Advantage to the Lorraimrs, as they neither know how to extraft or prepare it. Of Saltpetre they have no Mine, but colleft it, as clfewherc, on the Walls of old Houfei, and other antique Buildings. Timber and Mafls are felled in the Moun- tains of Fojge, both for Ship and Land Ufe ; and the Glafs-hoiiies are eftablifhed in the Woods of the Provoftry ofArnay, in thofe of St. Michael, and at the Village of tavoy, three Leagues from Nancy. Brandies arc diftilled at Pont-a-MouJ)'on, though not from Wine as i:. other Parts of France, but from the Preffings of the Grapes, which ?,re every v/here elfe regarded as ufelcfs, or at moft ferve only for Feeding of Pidgeons, or to dry and burn. The Skins, particularly thofe of Bears, which are taken in large Quantities in the Mountains, and the FortH oiFofge, are {o\A it Strajbourgb, &c. Wheat grows here in Plenty; and the Lorrainers are cfteerned the bell Founders in Europe, efpecially for Cannon, I -rtars, and Bells ; the Inhabitants of Levejcour, Outremicour, and Breranne, arc the moft reputed for thefc Fabricks, and this Art may be regarded as a Sort of Trade in Lorrain. If > r " Iv .,,, 25. Of the three Blfliopricks. T TNDER this Name arc comprehended Metz, loul, and Verdun, three imperial ^ and epifcopal Cities in Lorrain, now fubjeft to France. The Produfts of this Country arc Wine, Wood, Grain, Salt, Hides, Fruits, Confeftionary, Brandy, Linen, and wrought Wood of St. Lucia, (a fwccii-fcented Wood;) befides which here are fcveral Woollen Manufadlurcs, and Fabricks of Caps ; the beft of which hre eftabliflied itMetz.inA its Neighbourhood, which confift of all Sorts of Ratines, diverfe Species of thin Serges for the Womcns Wear, coarfe Cloth, with fome Druggets, and Eftaminas. Tout and Ferdun have alio fome of thefc Manufadures, but very inconfiderablc, both in Quantity and Quality. Worfted Stockings arc made in all the three Cities, and thefc Parts abound fo in Tanneries, that there are above forty at Metz, more at Verdun, and fcveral at Toul. A Sufficiency of Salt is extradcd from the Works of Moyenvic, as thefc produce about 9000 Muids per Annum. Oil is made here from the Lorrain Rape-Seed, both for their Woollen Manufadures and Lamps. The Mountains of Vofge furnifli the three Bifhopricks with Cattle, Butter, Cneefe, Skins, (efpecially inofc of Bears) and Wood for all Ufes .; befides which they make Brandy in the Manner as is expreffcd under the preceding Sedtion of Lorrain, 26. CyAlfacc. THERE is nothing nigh the Trade carried on in this Province, as its Fertility, and the Number of its Produfts feem to promifc; however, Strasbourg (Ca- pital of the Lower Alface) furniflies Trade with Tobacco, Brandy, Hemp, Madder, Mkermes, SaflFron, Hides, Trllow, Wood, and large Cabbages, of which lafl Ccmmodity, though feem;n>^'y trifling, there is yearly fold at Mayence and in Hol- land, to the Amount of 3000; Crowns : The Manufadhircs of this City confift of Hangings, ordinary Cloth"', Blankets, Serges, and fome Linens, made both of Hemp and Flax ; at Giromani, St. Marie-au-Mines, AJiembare, and Munjler, are Mines of Silver, Copper, and Lead, all in the Upper Alface ; and to melt and pre- pare the Iron of thefc Mines of Befort, there arc many Furnaces and Forges in the neighbouring Foreft, and for thofe of Copper, a Number of Hammers and Foundcries. 27. Oj IRLD. at home; and , Cattle, Wool, aces proper for )o^en might be tntity of an cx- ieres. Chateau^ lere are fome in reat Number of ngevi, and arc of aft or prepare it. the Walls of old :d in the Moun- ire eftabliHied in at the Village Potit-a-MouJJ'on, Preffings of the ft ferve only for y thofe of Bears, K^oiFoJge, are t Lorrainen are rtars, and Bells ; moft reputed for in Lorrain. m, three imperial : Produfts of this iionary. Brandy, I ;) befidcs which he beft of which 1 Sorts of Ratines, ;^loth, with fome ife Manufaftures, ted Stockings are leries, that there A Sufficiency of bout 9000 Muids For their Woollen three Bifhopricks x\A Wood for all preffcd under the e, as its Fertility, , Strasbourg (Ca- Hcmp, Madder, s, of which laft yence and in Hol- lis City confift of s, made both of md MunJJer, arc to melt and pre- ;s and Forges in ;r of Hamtners 27. Oj FRANCE. 27. Of Rouflillon. TH E Wool, Iron, and Olive Oil of this Country, are the principal of its PfO* dufts for Trade : Tiie firft of thcfe are fo fine and good, that thcjr almoft equal me Spanijh in Quality j the Bxtraft of Oii in a common Year, is to the Worth of 2 to 300,000 Livreij but of the Wine, though good. Only a midling Quantity is fold ; the reft of their Trade confifis in Wheat, Millet, large Catde, and Sheep. Rot^ffilhn has no one conliderable Manufafture ; here are howevcf fome Blankets, ordinary Linens, and coarfe Cloths, made for die Peafants Cloath^ ing and Ufe. T Have now finiihed my Detail of what each Country of l^rd«r^ produces, and ■■■ ftiall next inform my Readers how thcfe Produfts are difpoled of, in the general Traffick of that Kingdom, excufing to mention any Thing of the Trade carried on with Great-Britain, as tb' has been fpoke to already. The Commerce oi France is extended almoft to every Part of the known World* where any is carried on, and it is this only I (hall (peak of, without regarding theit' Home Trade, and fhall begin firft with that they maintain with Holland, ai thti moft confiderable of any other they are engaged m ; and the principal Cities con-' cerned in it, arc Paris, Rouen^ Orleans, Dieppe, Dunkirk, St. Falery, Caen, Nantett St. Malo, la Rochelle, L'lfle de Rhi, L'ljle iOleron, Bourdeaux, Berberat, Mon- tauban, Bayonne, Lyons, and Marfeilles, whofe Trade witli the Dutch I ftiall de- fcribe in Order. Of the Manufaftures of Paris, are fent to Holland, all Sorts of rich Silks, as Gold and Silver Brocades, and thofe without either of thefe Metals ; Gros de Tours, Damaftc, flowered and plain Sattins, Tarandines, Thread Laces, Ribbons and Girdles, Aprons, Hesf^ DrcfTes, Gloves, Fans, Jewels, Books, ©t\ From Rouen they extraft Linens, Caudebec Hats, Laces of Silks, and of Gold and Silver, true and falfe. Silk and Worfted Stockings, diverfe Sorts of Mercery and Hardwares, Greening Weed for Dyers, Thiftles for Clothiers, Safh Glafs, Boil Cretion Pears, Rennet Apples, Cyder, and Sweetmeats. From Orleans, they have only Gdtinois Saffron, Orleans Wine, and fome from the Loire, and Brandies i Dieppe furnifhes them with Safh Glals, Laces, Mercery, and Hardwares, and a large Quantity of Combs, and Horn Tobacco-Boxes. The Trade of Dunkiri with Holland is now reduced to the Importation only of the Returns the former gets by its American Commerce, and which is principally fent to Rotterdam. St. Falery has hardly any Trade with the Dutch, nor docs Caen remit them any Thing hut Paper, which is fent both to AmRerdam and Rotterdam. St. Malo ftlpplies the former with Paper, Honey, Grain, Calf-SUins, Grindftcnes, India Goods, coarfe Sugars, and feveral SpanUIj Commodities. Nantes fends them Bretagne Linen, Butter, (when fcarce in Holland) Corn, ftich' as Wheat, Rye, and Maflin, Honey, Gdtinois Saffron, Loire Wine, and Brandy, Paper, Prunes of St. Catherine, Sugar, Indigo, Cacao, Rocou, (for Dying) and Cotton Wool : Roc belle i\xni\^ch Amfierdam with Wine and Brandy, Salt, Paper, brcwn Sugar, Syrup, Indigo, Martinico Cacao, Walnut-Tree Boards, (Sc. The Iflcs oiRhe, Oleron, and Town of Cognac, fupply it plentifully with fmall Wines, (particularly that from St. Mar tin J Brandy, and Salt. Bourdeaux fends there Brandy, Vinegar, Perigord Chefnuts, Prunes of St. Antonin, Walnuts, and \Vdlnut-Tree Planks, Honey, Montauban Saffron, Linfeed for Oil, Paper, Turpen- tine, Rofin, and Pitch, coarfe Sugars, Indigo, and Rocou, Syrups, and feveral other Commodities. Bcrgerac only affords for this Trade, Wine and Chefnuts, with which at leaft a hundred and fifty Ships go yearly loaded from hence and Z./- bourne to Amjlerd'm. From Bayonne are carried there the feveral Wines oi Jour- narifon. Beam, Chaiojje, and Cape Breton j Brandies, Chefnuts, Prunes, Hams, Liquorice, Turpentine, Rofin, and Pitch j a large Parcel of iS*^.*?^ Wool, Honey, Bed Feathers, and Linfeed. Lyons deals only with Amjlerdam, in Silks and Ex- changes, though Marfeilles fends there Olive Oil, Soap white and marbled. Brandy, St. Laurence Wino, Olives, Capers, Anchovies, Honey, Almonds, Figs, Raiiins, Currants, Tunny Fifli, Dates, Verdigris, Perfumes, Woad of Languedoc, MRLD. ts Hair, Camels bricks, Hollands, calth, as thejr arc Nutmegs, writing •iainonds. Pearls, 3I, Pewter, Lead, ks of this Metal; !s and Iron Wire, Leather, all Sorts ith, Mafts, Yards )zin, Pitch, Tar, Herrings, Whale- :, Civet and Am- Soap Works and :aus. Starch; all [fables and Sails, opper BafoQs and :s. Cannon, and irried on between 5 Memoirs on the to his moft Chrif- n the Year 1658, zvcn United Pro- , in the following 'Sc. ay- ies» 'Ott, hm Guilders. 6,000,000 2,000,0C9 1,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 500,000 500,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,00a 36,000,000 Holland ^nfivaWj adOleron, above Vhcat, a/id other letimes amounts red fome Altera- j was made, yet xchanged as was fu^aJ, Spam, and 'am in particular loreefpcciallyat f^aimcM, FRANCE. Valencia, which now rival the Lyonois Fabricks in Pattern, Goodnefs, and Dye ; they however ftill fupply Portugal with this Commodity, and both Kingdoms in feme Woollens for their American Trade; on the contrary, raw Silk is carried from Italy to France as well by Sea as Land, and all the Italian States in Return take off fome Part of their fleecy Treafur** wrought into Serges, Cloths, Druggets, Gfc. Of Hats, fome are yet exported to all thefe Countries, though in nothing near the Quantities as was ufual when thofe oiCaudebec were the celebrated ones oi Europe ; their Linens and Lace alfo continue to find a Sale as well in moft Parts oi Italy as die Spanijh and Portuguefe Dominions, both in this Part of the Globe and America; and thefe States furnifh the Wants of the French with large Parcels of Hides from Buenos Ay res and Neuva Colonia, as they do with Snuff and Roll Tobacco ; of the former it is faid, about two thoufand Ton from Spain, and as much of the latter from Portugal; they alfo take from Spain large Quantities of Soap ready made, with Oil and Sofa or Barilla, to minufadure more at home ; and with this latter they likewife fupply themfelves for their Plate Glafs Fabricks. With their Wine, Brandies, and Salt, they carry on a prodigious Trade to all the North, for though many of thofe Parts are fupplied with thefe Commodities at Second-hand by the Dutch, yet none totally ; for Sweden, Denmark, Ruffia, and the Dantzickers relieve a great Part of their Wants with their own Shipping, which they load with Iron, Steel, Copper, Tin, Lead, Powder, Stock-Fifli, Salt-Fifti, Tallow, Wools, Boards, Mafts, Hemp, Cordage, Tar, and other naval Stores for the French Markets ; tho' indeed in Regard of tne French Interrft, it fignifies very little what Nations are the Exporters of their Commodities, provided they be taken off. They carry on an immenfe Trade to the Levant, and on the Coafts oi Barhary, principally with their own Produdls and Manufadtures, and fupply all their Wejl-lndia Settlements with thfem ; they ftiare all the European and American Fifheries, and if they do not do as much as the Englijh and Dutch do in them, they do more I believe than all the other Nations put together. Their Commerce with Germany is alfo confiderable, and a great Part of this is carried on by Land, as the two Empires in many Places join, fo that Silks, Salt, Woollens, &c. they may get to Market without the In- tervention of any Sea Carriage, and bring back an Affortment of thofe fine Thread? andLaces for which many of thofe Parts are fo famous. The Flemings come empty, and load back with Wine, Brandy, Syrup, and Sail Cloth. The Hamburghers bring Lead, Copper, Starch, Staves, Steel, Iron j and in Return take Salt, Wines, Brandy, Indigo, Ginger and Paper. For carrying on their WeJl-India Trad*^, the French have a Company with an «xclufive Charter, which was at firft formed in 1628, to fupport the Colonies they had at that Time eftabliihed in Canada, and to fettle others m that vaft TnGt oi Land then moft Part unknown ; this Company immediately began to flourifh, and the large Settlements fince made there are pro- |>erly owing to its Adivity and gckxi Management, though it fubfifted no longer than till 1649, when it began to fell Part of its Grant, and finiftied the Whole by 1651. This occafioned a Succeffion of Companies under different Denomina- tions, and frequently fplit into feveral Societies, too prolix to be inferted here, till they were reunited again in one, in 1 664, under the Title of The Royal fVeJi-India Company (but this only lafted for about nine Years, when the King annulLd the Patent, and annexed all the America Settlements to his Crown) at which Time there was alfo eftabUfhed a more confiderable Affociation, I mean that of the Eajl-India Company, which ftill fubfifts ; and there are now very large Colonies and Settlemenis in both the different Diftridts, though the Support of the one and the other has coft that Monarch feveral Millions. Here is likewife the Company du Bajiion de France, fettled in the Kingdom of Algiers ; and that of Senegal, after fome Years Tra£Sck, was in 1718 fwallowed up by their grand Company of the Indies; though out of this fprung their Guinea Company, which changed its Name for that of the Affiento, and then for the South Sea Company, and in its Turn loft both the one and the other, in its Abolition, the King lay- ing the Trade of their Diftrift open to all his Subjedls in 1716. They have alfo had their Hud/on s-Bay, MiJJiJJippi, JVeJlern, and Canada Companies ; the Company of Acadie, Company of the North, Levant Company, and St. Domingo Company, all which have oeen fo altered and jumbled together, that it would take up too much Time, and be little to the Purpofe, to give a diftindt Hiltory of them ; I 8 N ftiall 689 ■;■ t . wm^ 690 Of the General Trade 0/ /i6 and are about two Years before they return. The Flota confifls of three Men of War for the King's Account, and an equal Number with the Gal- leons for the Merchants, from four hundred to a thoufand Ton, which fails (as be- fore obferved) about Augujl, for la Vera Cruz, and is generally nineteen or twenty Months in its Voyage, fiefides thefc Diftindtions in the Weft-India Convoys, there is yet another, under the Denomination of the Flotilla, or little Flota, which the Spaniards give to fome Ships, fcnl before the Flota on its Return from la Vera Cruz, with an Account of the Time of its Departure, and what its Loading con* fifls of. When thefe Fleets fct out together, they feparatc in the Latitude if the Antilles, and rejoin on their comin? back at the Havana, in the Iflc of Cuba ; the Galleons are always the richefl, though the Affortments of Goods proper for the different Markets, much the lame j the following ones therefore will in- differently fcrve for both. 691 1 ' ^^i , I, Prom England. { Cloths in twenty Pieces, nineteen Brown and one Black. Sempcternas, in forty Pieces, the following Colours, viz. Fifteen Pieces of Parrot Green, fifteen Pieces of Sky Blue, five Pieces of Muik, five Pieces of Black. Serges, all Brown, or forted like the Sempcternas. Eflaminas, wide and well calendered. Brown and Green. | Serges, fine, of a Scarlet Colour. j Says, White and Black, well calendered. I Bombazeen, double. Brown and Greenifh. ■Serges ofHoogwet, half White and half Black, very fine and well calendered. Bays of Colchejier, the hundred Pieces aflbrted ao follows, viz. Twenty Pieces Black, fifteen Pieces Parrot Green, fifteen Pieces Sky Blue, twelve Pieces of the befl Yellow, ten Pieces Scarlet,, ten Pieces Red, eight Pieces Violet, five Pieces very White, five Pieces Caracucha (a Colour which I am quite ignorant of.) Stockings, Worflcd, of the firft and fecond Sort. Ditto, Silk, ordinary knit, in Packets of ten Pair, viz. Three Pair Sky Blue, two Pair Dove Colour, three Pair Parrot Green, two Pair light Yellow. From France. Several Sorts of Linen, as Rouenes, Florettes, Blancartes, ^e» Caflor Hats, two Thirds White, and one Third Black. Plufh Velvet, the twelve Pieces alTorted as follows. Four Pieces Mufk, two Pieces Olive Colour, two Pieces Amber Colour, one Piece Sky Blue, one Piece Flefh Colour, one Piece Parrot Green, one Piece Black. Stuffs called Lamas, twelve Pieces, afTorted as follows : Three li mm I n »:' MM: ■ 692 0/ t/je General Trade of the WORLD. Three Pieces Flefli Colour, three Pieces Sky Blue, ihrce Pieces Parrot Green, three Piece* Caracucha. Thread Stockings. L.ccs, Gold and Silver, from one to eight Fingers wide, one Third of each Sort. Cuts of black Laces, a Foot, '.r half a Yard wide. From Holland and Flanders. Cloth, fine, of two Aunes wide, twelve Pieces, afTorted as follows, viz. Two Pieces Black, two Pieces Scarlet, two Pieces of a light Nut Brown, two Pieces Olive, two Pieces of d'rep Cinnamon, and two Pieces of Mulk. Cotton printed Cloths, called Guineas, which are denominated Hollandillas in Spain i twenty-five Aunes long, and the Aflbrtn lent of a hundred Pieces to be as follows, Gff . Thirty Pieces deep Blue, twenty Pieces pale Blue, fifteen Pieces Parrot Green, fiftfjen Pieces Orange, ten Pieces Mufk, five Pieces Yellow, and five Pieces Flelh Colour. Or as the fubfequent ; Fifty Pieces of Blue, deep and pale, ten Pieces of a pale Flefli Colour, ten Pieces of Parrot Green, ten Pieces of Orange, ten Pieces Mufk, ten Pieces Yellow. Some Pieces of Goods made of Goats Hair, wide and narrow, very fine, of Mufk and Black Colours. Nonparels, Palimites, Serges of Liege of a deep Scarlet j ditto, corded, of Holland of lively Colours ; Dimities, Browns and Greens. Says, fine, half Black and half of a very good White. Tapes, White, made of Ervervielt Thread, of twenty-eight Threads, the two Thirds. Ditto, Flefli Colour, of eighteen Threads, the other o.:e Third. Caftor Hats, fine, two Thirds White and one Third Black. Pepper and Cinnamon, when they are cheap ; as the Chargss run high on them. Cloves and Mace, in a fmall Quantity, as the Confumption is not great. Rujjia Hides ; Mufk, in the Cods and out of them. Wax, White, in Cakes of five Roves ; Knives, with Ivory Handles. Stuffs of Leyden, of a fine Black ; two and three threaded Velvets. Plufli Velvet. Silk Brocades of plain Colours, among which muft be neither Red nor Flefli Colour. Barragons of Lijle, and double ones oi Valencienres. Picote Woollen, of modefl Colours and Browns. Ditto, Silk, Laitiparilles and Anafcotes. Serges, ''->e, oi Germany, all of brown Colours. Cambri.. s, of the fineft and dcarefl Sort?. Hollands, very fine j and Laces of all Sorts, efpedally fine. Lace, called Cortes, of the Price of eight or wcteen Rials of Plate the Yard; the Aflbrtments of the Cortes of Anvers are made for a hundred, as follows, viz. Twenty Sorts of Tranfillas, in two Aflbrtments, viz. Ten of one fame Pattern, from two to four Inches wide ; Ten of another Pattern, from two to five Inches wide. Forty Aluxeriados, with fmall Holes in, twenty-five from two to four Inches Width, fifteen from two to five Inches Width. Twenty Puntas de Mofquito, the Half from three to eight or ten Inches wide, and the other Half from four to eight or ten Inches wide, but each Sort to be of the fame Pattern. Ten J.icenciados, very fine, of one or two Inches wide, and fome from three to fovr Inches widie, for Womens Head DrefTes. Tr?". 'las and Abuxeriadas, of the finefV, from one to two Inches wide. Dama.tk Napkins and Tablecloths. Some Platillcs, Eflopilles, and Bocadillcs, 3 From SPAIN. 693 reads, the two Prom Itafy. Lames of Silk of Naples, the ten Pieces aflbrted as follows, viz. Two Pieces Flefh Colour, three Pieces Parrot Green, two Pieces Sky Blue, and two Pieces Dove Colour. Silk Stockings of Milan with long Clocks, each Dozen feparate, with the fol- lowing Colours. Three Pair Dove Colour, three Pair Parrot Green, three Pair Sky Blue, three Pair light Yellow. Ditto, for Women, of the fame Colours. Ditto, of Mejjina and Genoa, about half the Quantity as from Milan. Ditto, for Children, of the ftme Colours. Guirviones, or Corcondilles of Naples, Meffina, and Genoa, of Brown Colours. Silk Eftaminas and Gorgeranes, of the fame Colours. Plain Silks of Florence of a low Price, the ten Pieces afTorted thus ; Three Pieces Parrot Green, three Pieces Dove Colour, one Piece Sky Blue, one Piece light Yellow, one Piece of a fine White, one Piece of an Amber Colouri Flowered Silks of a mtdling Price, with lively Colours, and fome Brown. Gold and Silver Silks, from twenty to twenty-four Rials of Plate the Yard. Lamas, of lively Colours, all with Silver, and none with Gold. Calabria Silk, a hundred Skeins, fortcd as follows ; Fifty Skeins Browns ; ten Black, Pearl and White ; ten Parrot Green ; ten Dove Colour; ten deep and Sky Blue j five deep Green ; five deep Yellow. Since the above Calculation was made, the Spaniards have improved greatly in their Manufactures, and now (at lead in a great Part) funply feveral of the pre- ceding Commodities from their »wn Looms j of which E)on Geronimo de Uztariz fays (in his Theory and Practice of Commerce) there were formerly nolcfs than fixteen thoufand in Seville, though now they are reduced to about three hundred ; which Decreafe, though a feeming Contradiction to what I have aflerted of the Spanijb Improvements, is, however, not fo in Faft j as the Dev.ay of Trade in one Piacc has been more than equivalently augmented in another j thus the City ofFa- lencia, Alicant, Alcm, &c. nave gone for fome Years paft cncreafing both in their Silk and Woollen Manufactures, infomuch, that it is now computed there are ia thisKingdomonly two thoufand Looms; iaCatalonia^oyz fivehundred ; and in the Kingdom of Granada a thoufand : And as there are alfo feveral of both Sorts ia other Provinces, we may reafonably conclude, there are not at prefent fo few as tea thoufand in all Spain, which one would imagine (hould be fufHcient to clothe bot]» Rich and Poor, as the Inhabitants of Spain are not fuppofcd to exceed feven Mil- lions and a half; however we find the contrary, and tho the Imports to that King- dom are greatly diminifhed within a few Years pad, yet they ftill continue very confiderable, more efpecially to furni(h out the Aflbrtments proper for xht American Settlements : Wool and Silk are the natural Produdts of this Country, fo that the Natives have a conftant Supply of Materials for their Manufactures within them- felves, and the Crown has prudently prc^ibited the Extraction of the latter, in order to encourage them, as I doubt not it would the former, did not the Sheep produce more than fufiicient for the Subjects Ufc. A Patent for the making of Cryftal Glafs was granted on the 30th of January 1720, to Don John Goyeneche, which dill continues ; and the fame Gentleman undertook the cutting down, and con- veying from the Pyrenees, Marts, and Timber for Shipping, which he ftill performs, by having eftablifhed three Works, in the higheft and mod craggy Parts of thoie Mountains ; one of them in the kingdom of Arragon, upon the Mountains of Ef- puna J another in the fame Kingdom, in the Valley of Hecho, and upon the Moun- tains of Oza; and the third in the Kingdom of Navarre, in the Vale of Roncal, and upon the Mountains of Maze, Zurizabeiti, and Tzaizpeta, all being brought by Land and Water Carriage into the River Ebro, for hisCatholick Majefty's Navy. It is alfo owing to the Indurtry of this great and ufeful Man, that mar./ Fabricks of Fitch and Tar are cdablidied in many Parts of the Kingdoms of Arragon and Cata- hnia, more cfpcci.illv in the Mountains of Tortofa, where the great Plenty of Pine: 8 O afford II '%.!' iV J4 I'.'rt 1 It !■■ ■ .. ' 694 0///f>^ General Trade 0/ /.be WORLD. aftbrd fufficicnt Matter for a very large Encrcafe of thcfe neceflary Commodities j and indeed moftof the Mountains in Spain arccovcp-d with theft Trees, and tlie Extraiftion of thcfe Rcfins fo eafy, that it is a Matter of Surprifc any Importation of it is permitted from other Parts j yet I bcUevc mucli more is brought in than made Jierc, notwithllanding what Don Geronimo de Vztariz (before quoted) aflcrts, that the Manufadlurc of all Kinds of Rigging in Port-RmaJ is with Hemp and Tar ct the i^A^ii Growth. At Sada, in the Kingdom of Urf//fw, Cables, Cordage, and Sail Cloth are made, as this latter was, foinc Years ago, by that good Subject and confummate Statefman the Prinrc of Campo Florido, then Viceroy of Falenciii. The aforefaid Don Johndc Goyniecbc cHwhWihcdi with his Glafs Fabrick twenty-fix Looms for Cloths, which maniifadurcd fifty thoufimd Yards yearly forcloathing the Troops J befides others for Soldiers Hats, Buff, andShamois Leather, Looms for weaving Silk Handkerchiefs, Ribbons, and Girdles ; a Diftillery for Brandy and Hungary Water. In Madrid has been fct up a Manufadlurc of Tiflucs, Lute- ftrihgs, and other Silks, in Imitation of thofc made at Z.p/>j iq France, and from whence moft of the Artificers have been drawn j without the Gates of that Me- tropolis has likewife been raifed a Fabrick of fine Tapeftry, fimilar to thofc of Flanden, under the Dircflion of Mailers and Workmen from that Country. The Tabricks of fine Clotlis at Guadalazara, VaUmero, Alcoy, &c. are very confiderablc, and are undoubtedly greatly improved both in Quantity and Quality within a few Years part j yet our abovementioncd Author muS excufe my diflcnting from his Determination in favour of the latter, when he aflerts they arc as fine as tht Englijh i for I cannot allow them to be even equal to the French, njuch Icfs to what is undoubtedly their Superiors ; and I fpeak this with due Deference to Don Geronimo's Judgment, which I revere in other Particulars, though in this it fcems fomething biadcd and prejudiced in Favour of his Country. The Spaniards are well known to have excellent Iron, and may whenever they pleafe cad very good Cannon, Ball, (Sc. at their Founderies of Lierganes and Cavada, which are but at a fmall Diftance from the Dock Yardu of Guarnito and Santona. From the Fabricks of Eugui, Azura, and Iturbieta, a Supply of Bombs, Granades, Ball, and Grape Shot, may be drawn, and Gunpowder is made (all glazed) in feveral Parts of the Kingdom. In the Forges of Placentia in Guipuzcoa, only three Leagues diftant from the Sea, is manufa^ured a confiderable Number of good F;lre-Anns, fo that they may eafily be conveyed by Water to any of the Yards, as Nails, Anchors, and other Iron Works, proper for Marine Ufes, may be, their Forges enjoying the fame advantageous Situation ; Hemp grows plentifully in feveral Parts of Spain, and might eaiily be cocreafed, if the Natives fet about Its Cultivation, particularly in the Plains of Granada, Murcia, and Valencia, tvhere I have icen fine Crops of it, and its Price fo reaibnable, that my afore- mentioned Author fays, a Propofal was made to furnifh the King with 25000 Quintals, st four Dollars /fr Quintal, clear of all Charges. I fhall now fay fomething concerning the Companies eftablillied in Spain, and with this (hut up my Account of the Trade of that Kingdom. The Royal Company of the 'Phiii^^mti, 'T*HE firft Aflbciation in this Countnr was that now mentioned, whofe Char- -*• ter was dated at Seville the 29tb of March, 1733, with the following Articles. This Company was eftabliflied to carry on a Trade dircdtly to the Philippines, and had a Privilege, Art. I. To fail to the faid Ifles, and to tra^ ''ere, and in the Eaji-Indies, and on the Coafts oiAfrick, both on this, and on the .ler Side of the Cape of Good Hope, and in all the Ports where other Nations I. ive r free Trade. Art. II. and III. This Privilege is exclufive, and all former Perniiflions given arc hereby revoked. Art. IV. This Company may hoift the King's Arms in all their Colours, have a Seal, bearing the Arms of Cadiz, to ufe in all their Affairs. Art. V. The Ships of this Company fhall pay no Duties, being confidered on the Footing of the Royal Navyj and the Charity for the Seminary of St. Elme, and the Admif- iion of Youth for the Study of Navigation, fhall be at the Choice of tht Dirc«aors. Art. '«. SPAIN. Art. VI. As alio the Nomination of the Maftcrs, Carpenters, ahd Caulkers, on Con? dition however, that they be with the King's Approbation. Art. VII. If the King iclls or freights any Ships to the Company, they (lull be luch as it requires t and the Price of the Sale or Hire rtiall be agreed between the Intendant and Comptrollei' of the Marine at Cadiz on the one Part, and the Dircftors of the Company on the other. Art. VIII. IX. X. XI. and XII. They may build Ships in any Part of the King's Dominions, or out of them ; and if they buy them abroad, they may bring them to Ciidiz, without paying Duties, except on thoft they re-fcll j and all the Cordage, Sails, Gff. Hiall enjoy the fame Exemption, as thofe uled immediately for the King's Service j and in cafe they want any thing from the royal Arfenals, it fliall be delivered them for its juft Value. Tne Company may fettle Magazines wherever they pleafe, which C\a\\ enjoy the Privileges as the king's, and be vi- fited in like Manner with thefe, on Sufpicion of any Fraud. The Diredtors may nominate their Officers from among any Foreigners, provided that the Captain and half the Crew are Spaniards. Art. XIII. XIV. XV. and XVI. And the Company may alfo name Strangers for their Fadtors, who, as well as the Officers, ftiail be fubjedl to Puni(hment if they do not exadlly follow the Diredtors Orders. The King will grant the Conjpany fome Troops, if neceflarv; and if the Ships of the faid Company (which are prohibited going to AinericaJ are forced on that Coaftj they fhall be regarded as Men of War, and provided, at a reafonable Price, with all they want ; and in cafe they have not fufficient Ca(h to difcharge the Expence, they Hiall be fupplied with it from the Royal Coffers, and the Company fhall re • imburfe the King at CaJiz. Art. XVII. XVIII. XIX. and XX. The Company may freely embark any Merchandize and ProduAs, either of Spain or other Coun- tries, to lell or truck ; and they may alfo load 500,000 Dollars, more or lefs, on each Sh.,}, to employ in the Purchafe of Goods ; and in cafe any Silver remains, they may truck it for Gold, and on the Extradtion of the fa'd Silver they fhall pay no Cuftom, Off. The remaining Articles, to the Number of fifty-two, are con- cerning their Cargoes, Cuftoms, &«. 695 'T ''A Concerning the Guipufcoa Company^ 'T^HE Province of Guipufcoa, feeing their .Countrymen defpoiled of the Caracca *■ Trade by Foreigners, offered his Catholick Majefly, to equip for his and the Nation's Service, fojneJVIen of War, and to fend them to the Caraccas, to faci- litate the Means of preventing the faid Detriment, and fecure the future Ad- vantages of that 'Trade to themfelves ; his Majefly admitted the Offers, and granted the faid Province an exclufive Charter for that Trade, on the following Conditions. 1 . That the Province fhould eredt a Company, and fend yearly to the Caraccas, two Ships of forty and fifty Guns, loaden with the Produdts of Spain, which fhall proceed to the Port of Guayea, and being unloaded, fhall go out and cruize on the Coafl, and take all Ships and Veffels they fhall find carrying on an illicit Com-> merce, and may extend their Cruize from the River Oronoko to the River de la Hacba, for which Purpofe they fhall be fumifhed with a Commiflion from his Majefly. 2. That the two Ships fhall be loaded at St. Sebaftitn, or at Pajfage, and inflead of the Royal Duties which they fhould pay at Cadiz, they fhall render to his Ma- jefly an equivalent Service, and fail direray from Guipufcoa for the Caraccas. 3. That on returning with their Cargo of Cocoa, Silver. Gold, Tobacco, Sarfe- parella. Hides, and other Produ(^s of thofe Parts, they fhall proceed to Cadiz ; and after having been vifited, and the royal Duties paid, they may tranfport to Canta- bria fuch Part of their Loading as they fhall mink proper, without fuflfering the confiderable Expence of delivering and re-fhipping their Goods. 4. That the Prizes which they fhall make in America, fhall be divided one- third to the Crew, and two-thirds to the Com|>any. 5. That the Merchandize taken may be fold at the Caraccas, on paying the King's Cufloms. The Ships taken, with their Loadings of Cocoa, and othe^- Goods, If << nj] 696 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. Goods, (hall be regiftered and fent to Sf>aM, nnd the Sbips that fhall be deemed tit for Cruifers, may be equipped for that Purpofe. 6. That the Company's Fadors, having any Qnantity of Cocoa remaining, may fend it to La Vera Crux, in the Barks appointed for tne I'rade permitted to the Inhabitants of the Caraccas. 7. That the Favors (hall be obliged to fupply with Goods, befides the Province of yentzutla, thofe of Cumana, Margarita, and la Irinidad. 8. That the Governor of the Caraccas lliall be nominated Judge, Confcrvador of the Company and their Dcpendancies, with a Prohibition to all Tribunals and Minit^ers to intermeddle, witli a Right of Appeal to the Council of tlic Indus, 9. That the faid Ships fliall be exempt from paying Strangers Duties, ^c. 1 o. That his Majefty will maintain the faid Company under his royal Protedioii, and make thole contcmcd in it, to enjoy all the Rights and Honours, that apper- tain to thofe of his Royal Navy ; and the Share which any one fhall take in this Commerce, (hall not prejudice his Honour, Eftate, or Reputation, neither di- rcftly or indiredtly j but on the contrary, this (hall be a new Luftrc added to his Gentility, his Services, his Charadcr, &c. The faid Company formed Bye-Laws, for their better Government, to the Number of twenty-four, which I e\cufe adding as fuperfluour. here, and for the fame Rea(bn (hall omit mentioning the Steps taken by the Dutch, by their Minifters at Madrid and Paris, to obtain a Revocation from his CathoUck Ma- jefty of the (aid Company's Patent. m[ 1 mt ''.^: ft If"': • J \ Trade of Portugal. THERE is hardly a State in Europe, with the Title of a Kingdom, and whofe King has no additional Territories, that is of lefs Extent than that of Por- tugal i and yet no one has pu(hed Trade further, or has maintained it with a fu- pcrior Reputation. Its great Conquefts in both Indies, its Eftab^ftimcnts in ma^iy Places on tne Coaft of Africa, and the Po(re(rion of the Azores, Madeira, and Cape de Verd Idands, for a long Time fupported the faid Commerce, which it might probably have yet prcfcrved, had the Union between this Kingdom and Spain never happened. This Union, lo fatal to the Portugwfe Trade, was agreed on in 1580, after the Death of Cardinal Henry, Succc(ror to the unfortunate Sebajiian, who was killed at the Battle of Alcacer in Barbary, the 4th of AuguJI, 1 578 j and thereby be- coming fubjcdl to the Spanijh Monarchy, it found a very formidable Enemy in the Dutch, who were combating for Liberty, almoft at the fame Time that the others began to fufFer the Yoke which they were (baking off. Brazil was foon lo(t, and their new Enemies became Matters of a Part in their .E«^-/Ww« Conquclls } and being likewife bereaved of a Share of their Colonies on the Guinea Coaft, they had barely Power left, to fupport the remaining Part of their African Trade, which had formerly been equally glorious and profitable to them. It is true, that after a conftrained Union, or rather Servitude of fixty Years, Portugal recovered its primitive Power or Liberty, and all the States, which it had remaining in the other three Parts of the Globe, were unanimous with it, in elcft- ing John Duke of Braganza for their King, and who was accordingly proclaimed on the id of December, 1640. But the fatal Blow to the Portuguefe Commerce was ftruck ; for although they afterwards re-polfeflod Brazil, and their Forts and Eftabli(hmcnts on the African Coaft, were reftored them ; thofe of the Eaji-Indies were never agab fettled ; infomuch, that the Trade fince carried on at Lijbon, is nothing in Comparifon with what it formerly drove ; when the Riches of Perjia, Arabia, the States of the Mogul, the Coaifts of India, China.. Japan, and all the Iflcs of that vaft Part of the Ocean beyond the Line, came to be united at Goa, the Capital of their Eajl-Indian Conquefts, and were by numerous Fleets brought to Limn, for their Diftribution to ail the Nations of Europe, by the Hands ooly of thefe their fole Importers. 2 The lall be deemed I remaining, may erniittcd to the ics the Province pge, Confcrvador II Tribunals and if the Intiits. >utics, Cff. [royal Frotedioii, )urs, that apper- 'lall take in this lion, neither di- |Arc added to his lernment, to the ]t here, and for Dufcf), by their s CathoUck Ma- ;dom, and whofe than that of Por- ined it wiA a fu- irtiments in ma/iy fs, Madeira, and imerce, which it his Kiogdom and r> 1580, after the , who was killed and thereby bc- idable Enemy in nc Time that the 3f aPart in their of their Colonies cmnining Part of and profitable to le of fixty Years, tes, which it had with it, in elcft- ingly proclaimed or although they s on the African f again fettled; ; in Comparifon 'aliia, the States of that va/l Part Capital of their Liihon, for their thefc their fole The PORTUGAL Thcprefcnt Trade of Porn/^a/ is principally carried on by Foreigners j arid tii4 cliicf Places for it arc Lijhon, Porto Port, Ulla de Conda, St. Vba, and Faro ia I'.urttt ) (hough in the Commerce of their American, and other Settlements, none but tnc Snhjc^tti can openly be concerned. Of that with the Englijh I have already fpnki", and (liall now mention what llranch the other Nations are engaged in. Th« Outih lend to Lijion, all Sorts of Linen, Woollen, and Silk Manufadturcs t fuch as |>rinteil Cottons, and Chints, Muflins, and Cambricks, Holland, Q/kairug, and iii/,;/i,i I -ineno. Black Silk, and others. Delft Serges, Men and Womens Clothei ready made. Wigs, I lats, and Gloves, Silk and Worded Stockings, Rif^a Hides, Cojiptr Pans and Kettles, Steel, Mercery, and Hardwares, Powder, Cannon Balls^ Hciitp, and Flax, Corn, Paper, and Cards, beiidcs which, moll of the Merchan- dizes lent from Holland to Cadiz arc proper for Li/hon or the Brazils. And in return they take from the Parturuefe, Brazil Sugar, Tobacco^ and SnufTsi Pernambuc, Campecbe, and Brazil Wood, Hides, Cotton, Ginger, diverfe Drugs, Sweetmeat*, Indigo, (Cochineal, Sumack, Anniiceds, Wool, Oil and Olives, Figs, KailioN and Almonds, Oranges and Lemons, Pearls, Diamonds and other precious Stones, Gold and Silver Ingots and Coin. Tiic t'micb Trade with Portugal is but fmall, as his moft Chriftian Majefty brought it to this low Ebb, by prohibiting the Importation to his Dominions of Pvrfuf[Ui'Je Sugars and Tobacco j there is nowevcr a Sale for fome of the French Brocniks, Perukes, Off. though to no very great Value. I'lie Commerce with Italy furnidies them with Paper, and fome Linens from Genoa', Glafs Works from Venice i and Silk from thefe and moft other Parts of this Country ; who carry back with them Sugar, Hides, Tobacco, Off. From the northern Powers are brought here Hemp, Flax, Tar, Pitch, Iron, and all other naval Stores for the King's Yards and otherwifej befides Copper, fome Linens, &c. and the Ships bringing thefe Commodities (of which the Swedes are always moft) .cload witn Wine, Brandy, Oil, Salt, Oranges, Lemons, Cork, Su-i mack, and ibmc few other Commodities. The American Trade employs a great Number of Ships ; as there fails annually from Lijbon and Oporto twenty to twenty-two Merchant Veflels for Rio Janeiro t thirty for the Bay of all Saints ; as many for Pernambuc, and feven or eieht for Paraiia i thofe tor the two firft Places, of five hundred Tons Burthen i but for the latter, not above half as big. All the Ships dcftined for the fame Part fail together, and obferve the fame Me- thod in their Return i thofe of Oporto joining them of Lijhon. The Paraiia and Pernambuc Fleets depart all in Company, and come back in like Manner : And the King grants five Men of War yearly to convoy thefe Fleets, viz. two for Rio fiineiro, two for All Saints Bty, and one for Pernambuc j fending fome Veflels to meet them on their Return in the Latitude of the Azores. The Departure of all thefe Ships for Brazil is commonly in March, and their Return in September or Ocj tober i and formerly it was permitted to carry Silver with them for Trade ; but now this is prohibited, and their Cargoes reftrained to be Goods.of which the following ones are the chief, viz. Flour, Wine, Brandy, Oil, ordinary Worftcd Stuffs, Linen and Thread of the Country; Silk Stockings, Hats, Bays, Serges, and other Wool- lens from England and Holland; of whitened Linen called Panicos, and raw ditto named Aniages and Groga ; Copper Plates, and other Requifites for the Sugar En-' gines and Mills from Hamburgh ', fome Linens from Bretagnei a few Druggets, Serges, and clouded Brocades of all Sorts of Colours from France j and Tabbies, Taffeties, fewing Silk, Paper, Off. from Itify- The Englijh Goods however make up the beft half, and generally find the beft Difpatch. \ rom t te Bay of All Saints the Ships come loaded with Tobacco, Sugar, Sugar-Candy, Indigo, Whale Oil and Fins (which come alhore here in great Quantities from June to September) Cotton^ Oil, and Ballam of Capaiva, Ipecacuanha, Pareira, Brava (or the wild Vine; of-' firmed by Mr. Savary in his Diftionary to come from hence, though denied by Dr. James, in his Difpenfatory, to be a Native of this Country, as he fays that it is of the Eajl-India Growth ; both allow it to be a good Diuretic ; and the former re- ports that the Portuguefe regard it as a Specific for the Stone and Gravel, which induced me to mention it here) fome Cinnamon, long Pepper, Ginger, Elephants Teeth (from the Coaft of y^w/i^ Copper (from .^^fw^oiiv Hides, Silfc, dying and 8 P fweet «S>? i '. il'f ^'■ tir 698 0/ tk' General Trade 0/ the WORLD, fweet rcented Wtx)di, Sartron, Roco>-, Ltque, Rock Cryftal; Corot, Ambcrgrik (thtt the Sea ibmctimc!! throwi a(hore) Amethidi (ot° which here it tt Mine) Gold (found in the Gravel of a River near a Place called St. Paui, of whicii the King's FiAh may nearly amount to eight or nine hundred Marki) and all Sort* of Sweet- meati wet and dry. The Shipn that touch here from Goa, in their Way to Europt, furniOi the Inhabi- tants of Brazil with Spice, Drugs, and other Eafitrn Merchandife i and by thofe from Ansolo and Congo they receive their Negroes (at leaft fifteen thouland yearly) Ivory, Wax, Honey, C'ivit. Gold, and all other Commodities that thofe I'arts pro- duce ; but thefe Goods (the Slaves excepted) are moAly fent to Portugal in the Lijhon Fleet. J^rnambuc produccN only Sugar, and Brazil for FtrnamiucJ Wood, being fteril in the NeccH'aries of Life ) and the Inhabitants (which are more numerous than in any other Part of the BrazilJ would hardly be able to fubfiA without the foreign Supplies the Ships bring them t on the contrary, Rio Janeiro is extremely fertile in Sugar, Indigo and Cotton, at it would be in Tobacco, was the Growth of more than what fuffices for the Inhabitants \J(e not prohibited i it likewife brings Wheat to Perfedlion, and has Brazil V/ood, Hides, andFiih Oil in Plenty. It is particularly with the Pertuguf/e of this Part that the Spaniardt of Butnot Ayres carry on their Trade : thefe furniihing them with Flour, fiiflcet, Salt, or dried Meat; and the Por/t/^uW^ giving in Exchange, Sugar, Tobacco, Indigo, Wine, Brnndy, Rum, and fevcral other Merchandifiss that they receive from Europe. The only Company which I believe the PortugutJ'e have, is that Trading to the CoaA of Africa, of which I (hall give fome Account, and with it conclude my Trea- tife on this Nation. The Fortuguefe African Compawf. TH E true ObJccH: of this Company's Trade is the furniAiing Brazil with Ne- groes; and their Patent bears Date from the Beginning of the Year 1724, under the following Articles : 1 . The new Company engages to build a Fortrefs at their own Expence at the Mouth of the River y^«^r^ overagainft the Ifleof Cor^9, which belongs to the King of Benin, near the CoaA of Gabon, otherwife called Pongo, in 1*30' South Latitude. 2. That they fliall furnifli as many Negroes as the Fortuguefe Plantations in America fliall have occafion for. 3. Th.it it rtiall not be permitted either to Portuguefe or foreign Ships, to traf- fick on tl'.e (aid Coaft, on Penalty of forfeiting Ship and Cargo. 4. Nevcrthclcfs, if any Ships arc forced thither, either by Storm or fome other Nccefllty, the Company's FadVors may permit them to water, and likewife fell them the Provifions they may ftand in need of, without permitting them, how- ever, to tranfadt any Bufinefs. 5. That this Conceffion fhall lafl for fifteen Years, after which it fhall be lawful for his Portuguefe Majefly to prolong the Term, or to re-enter into PofTeflion of the Country granted. 6. In this laft Cafe, his Majefty may take PofTeflion of the Forts, Artillery, Ships, and other EfFeCks of the Company, on paying ready Money for them, ac- cording to a Valuation. Some Time after this Grant was made publick, the new Company fixed up at Lijbon Billets, declaring the Conditions under which an Intereft might be had therein, the Funds it would confiA of, and the Price of the Actions. Thefe Con- ditions were couched in twelve Articles, of which the principal ones are. That the Fund fhould only be one MilUon of Crufades. That the Adtions Ihould be worth athoufand Crufades each, of which the Pro- prietors fhould pay three hundred Crufades at fubfcribing, the fame Sum in the Month of U^Yfw^r, 1724; and the remaining four hundred Crufades whenever the Company thinks proper, after fix Months Notice. That thofe Proprietors, who fliall not comply with the Payments at the Time prefcribed, fhall forfeit what they have already advanced. That '';.:" I T A L V. That the Contpany (hall pay the Prnprictori, a Year after the ftrll Undartakiri);, a Dividciui of five /'■•r Cent, on the Capital Sum they Hiall have paid in, and thiit fuken from the ProHts whiih the Company (lull tnake by their Trade. In fine, that the chief ur general Commander, who hat undertaken to form thii Comiiany, fliull have fourteen ptr Cent, upon the Profits that it lliall make, on which he undertakes to pay the Kadtors, and other Perfons, that he null deem neccflary to be employed, on the CoalU of Aftkk, at Lijhon, Hraul, or ellcuhcrc. 6.;9 i pf tbt Trade of Italy. And firft nf that tif Venice; 'T^IIE Comnictce of this Rcpublick is hardly to be imagined, though there is nO ■*• Comparifoii between the prclent and former State of it, when it was froin hence that all the other Ruropfan Countries were furniflied with the Produdts of all the Edji i however it is yet fo confiderable, as to Aand the firft (and I think by fiu) amone the trading States of that Part of the Globe. The (^intitics of Cfold and Silver Tifllies, and other Silks made here, is prodi- gious, and are fold in all Parts of Europe, where thefe Sorts of Commodities find a Dilpatch i bnt the Confumption is more particularly great in all the Levant, where it fprc:td.<; d;kily more and mores and it is afTcrted for a Truth, that the Turks take off larger Quantities than all Europe put together ; befides which, this State produces tlice, Currants, Looking Glafs and other Cryftal Works, Beads, Laces, Gloves, SnufF-Boxes, Silk, Coral, Tartar, and Cream of Tartar, Oil, Olives, Drugs, fine Ldcque, Orpiincnt, Anis and Coriander Seeds, Brimflone, fine Steel, Turpsntinc, and Soap : They likewifc make fome Cloth here^ which was fortnerly greatly va- lued for its Dye, though its Quality is not a little Inferior to the Engltfi, French and Dutch. The Armenians eflablilhed at Venice, and thofe who annually arrive there, contribute greatly to the fupport of its Trade in which the Enelilh and Duttb Ships allb find a Convenience, as thefe are gen .illy the Carriers of the faid Merchants Goods from the Levant. I have already briefly mentioned the Parti- culars of its Trade with us, in which thirty or thirtv-five Ships are annually em- ployed, in carrying there Lead, Tin, Pepper, Sugar, CJinger, Dying Woods, Hides, Woollen Goods, Herrings, Salmon, Pilchards, Stock-Fifh, &c. which Ships re- tarn loaden with Cuh-ants, Hemp, Brimflone, Beads, Drugs, Oil, fometimes Rice, CSc. Froih HaHthurgh, Holland, Norway, and the Baltick, ten or fifteen Ships arrive yearly, with Dying Woods, Pepper, Cinnamon, Cloves, Mace, Ruffia Hides, Brafs^ iron. Pitch, Tar, Stock-Fifli, Gff. And thefe Ships reload with the fame Goods us is before-mentioned for England, with the Difterence that to thefe Places are carried more Silks. Former'v there came annually from Lijbon to Venice near three thoufand Cherts of Sugar, iti Return for the Cargoes of Corn fent there from Ancona, Sicily, and the Levant ; as allb Rice, Turkey Wheat, Steel, Looking, Drinking, Window Glafs, &t-. But as for fome Years part, the fame Quantity ot Sugars has been intro- duced from France, the Trade from Portugal has in Proportion gone decrealing, as this has augmented. From Cadiz and other Ports in Spain, Venice gets Indigo, Cocheneal, Woolj Barilla, ^c. for the Produce of the lame Effedts, as was lent to Li/bon. To Genoa and Leghorn arc fent jnany Cargoes of Corn, which the Venetian Veflcls commonly load in the Archipelago, and fome Windmv Glafs, ^c. fomc- times repaid in Goods, but oftener by RemifTes. There is font to the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, large Parcels of ordinary Cloths, Steel, Iron, Writing Paper, Looking, Drinking, Window Glafs, Off. and received from thence. Oil of Almonds, Sola, Pirtachoes, Silk, Pitch, Lemdns, and Lemon Juice. In fine, the Tra : which Venice carries on with the Morea in the Gulfs of !,<•- panto and At hem o.K'ht not to be forgotten j as it is from thefe Places, that a great deal of Wool, SWr, Wax, Galls, Valonea, Oil, Cottoh, Gtain, Honey, Tar, Gfr. i fi- 'i^ M ( ' ' r!, '^ Si. 700 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. ^c. are cxtradted, befides a prodigious Qiuntity of Chcefe ; for which the Vene- tian! generally pay in Money, except fome Loadipgii cf Fir and Larch Planks, with a lew Nails and old Iron, which, however, employ feveral Ships continually. This is the princip^ Commerce that Venice carries on by Sea ; that which /he tranfadts on terra-jirma is alio very confiderable ; for befides what it has with a great Part of Germany, it furnirties all the Wants (either from the Eaft or Weft) of the States of Parma, and Placentia, Modena, Bolonia, Ferrara, Mantua, Milan and all Lombardy ; and even of Piedmont, by Mc^ins of the Rivers, which faci- litates its providing all thefe Places on eafier Terms than by Genoa, Leghorn, or Ancona; befides this, it alfo fends all Sorts of Goods into its own andtheErr/^- Jiajiical State ; more particularly a great Quantity of Wax, which is wrought, and finely blanched at Venice ; lierc are likewife Sugar Refineries, with which is car- ried on a good Trade, as there is with Soap, Glafs, (3c. And the fole Privilege to fell Tobacco, (imported from Salonica and Albania) in the Venetian Territories, adtually produced in the Year 1741, the Sum of 736,000 efFediv; Ducats (which make 950,000 Current) for the Term of five Years. And to preferve the confiderable Trade carried on with Germany and Turkey (which in Value furpaflfes all others) the Republick has granted large Privileges to the Merchants of both Nations, eftablilhcd in this Capital, and have afligned vaft Edifices to the one and the other, as weiJ for their Habitation, as a Dcpofit for their Merchandize; that of the Turks, called the Palace of Turkey ; and that of the Germans, IlFondaco de Tedcf hi. If any Difoute happens between the Turks and the Republick's Subjefts, in which the former think themtllves offended, they demand Satisfaiftion in fo haughty a Manner, and receive it fo promptly, that it feems as if there was a Fear to refufc it them. In Regard of the Traffick with the Germans in Stiria, it : partly by Sea and partly by Land in Waggons j and with this I conclude the Trade of Venice j though before I ctofe the Sedtion, I Hiall add the following Method of calculating the Venetia.i Money, as I was not fo explicit about it, when 1 treated of its Bank. Concerning the Agios at Venice, and the Difference between Bank and current Money. THERE are two Agios, the one conftant and fixed of 20 />>•»• Cent, called the Bank Agioj the other fiuduating like that of Amjlerdam, and is from 120 to 128, which is called the Sopragio, bccaufe it is calculated on the Bank Money, after the firft Agio is added. As for Exam^j/e, Ducats 2000 Banco at the Sopragio of 128 ^ 400 Bank Agio of 20 fer Cent. B> 2400 20 480I 4 96 > Sopragio of 128. 4 96) Ducats 3072 Current. 128 100 3072 to 2400 from which deducting 4 for the Bank Agio of 120 i 400 Ducats 2000 Banco. But however the Sopragio vary, be it 128 more or lefs, fuch Sum •£ Ducats current will be reduced to Duc4ts 831 Banco. lit) ' From -i -vt-i, ITALY. From hence it appears that by making 834., the middle Term, or by multi plying the current Ducats by 83 ;., and dividing by the Sopragio, the Amount ii Banit will be given. Ducats 2000 Banco. 128 834 3072 9216 24576 1024. 256000 2000 The Bank of Venice is fliut on all Holidays, and every Friday of the Week in which there is no Holiday j befides which there are four Times of the Year in which it is flint, for feveral Days together, agreeable to the Order of the Senate 29 Ftb. 173I, and not as I by Miftake mentioned in treating of the faid Bank, viz. The firft fliutting of the Bank to begin the Saturday before Palm Sunday, and open the firft Monday after Eajier Week. The fecond on the 23d June, and open the fecond Monday of July. The third on the 23d Sept. and open the fecond Monday oiOElober. The fourth on the 23d Dec. and open the fecond Monday oi "January. 701 i^^^K '^'■iX. Of the trade of Genoa. THIS Republick for a long Time difputed with that of Venice the Empire of the Mediterranean Sea, and the Trade to the Levant ; but after the celebrated Vidtory of Chiozza (as mentioned in the Hiftorical Introduftion) they ceafed to rival the Venetians, after they had done fo *br near three hundred Years j it is, however, certain, that they now only yield t.ie Superiority in the Levant Trade to their antient Competitors, as theirs is fuppofed to be confiderably greater to the reft of Europe, and more efpecially to Spain ; and it is befides by Genoa, that Foreigners carry on all their Trade with Lombardy. Raw Silks, and in Skains, which the Genoefe get from MeJJina, and other Ports of Sicily, and the fine rich Silks they make in their Capital, occafion a confider- able Trade, and they fee an annual Import of Ships, hardly credible, who all take fomething of their Manufadtures ; it is true, at pr>..fent, and for fome Time paft, the Bufincfs of their City has not been fo briflc as ufual, chiefly owing to their ill judged Engagements in the late Embroils oi Europe, which has ruined their Bank, and confequently for the prefent deftroyed publick Credit among them ; but as • it is to be hoped they will find fome Means to re-eftablifli it, and as Trade will naturally revive whenever this is done, I fhall defcribe it as it has been, with my beft Wiflies that, Phivnix like, it may rife out of its own Aflies. The Fabricks here are plain and flowered Velvets, and fome with Gold and Silver Grounds j Damafks, Satins, Tabbies, Gold and Silver Tiffues, ar.dmany other Sorts of Silks, both plain and flowered ; here arc likewife Oil, Olives, dry Sweet- meats, Silk Stockings, Gloves, Breeches and Waiftcoats, Ribbons, Galloons, Paper, Soap, Rice, Oil, Olives, Figs, Almonds, Anchovies, Marble, Lemons, fcented Oil and Perfumes, Tartar, Parmefan Cheefe, red Coral, Coffee, Cotton, and all Dying and Medicinal Drugs, that come from the Levant. At prefent the Genoefe Trade to Smyrna is but trifling, however they always keep a Conlbl there. In the flourifliing JEra. of this Republick, it was Miftrefs of feveral Ifles in the Archipelago, and poffeflcd many Cities and Towns on the Coaft of Greece, and the Black Sea ; Pera, one of the Suburbs of Conjlantinople, was once under their Domi- nion, which facilitated the carrying on a great Trade in the Levant. 8 Q^ Th« .^V %4 70Z 0//y&^ General Trade of the WORLD. The Decline of their Power, and the Lofs of fo many States, occafioned the Ruin of their Commerce in thofe of the Grand Seignior, and there is rarely lecn to appear any under their Colours now. When the foreign Ships arrive at Genoa, (which is one of the fineft Ports In ItafyJ they depofit their Goods in a great Warchoufe called Porto Franco, becaul'e the Merchandize brought in to be lold, as well as that to be exported, pay no Duties at coming in, or going out ; the Merchants only paying at the Cullomhoufc in Proportion to the Sales they make, and it is permitted them to reiinbark what- ever remains unfold, without any Impofition. In 1741, an Infurance Company was formed at Genoa, of which the following twenty-fix Articles are the Plan abbreviated, as much as the Senfe of them would allow. Several principal Merchants of the City of Genoa having confidcred the Incon- veniences, which the Want of an Infurance Office there expofcd them to, deter- mined to crcift one for Shipping, Lives, and Slavery, on the following Condi- tions. I. To form a Capital of an hundred thoufand Pieces of Silver called Croifats, of feven Livres, twelve Sols Bank Money each, for the Security of whomlbever flionld "aufe himfelf to be infured by the Company j of which 100,000 Pieces, 30,000 Ihall be depofited in the Bank oi St. George, in the Manner as fliall be judged beft, and the remaining 70,000 fliall be depofited, as hereafter is exprcflld ; and the laid Sum of 100,000 Pieces, and no more, fliall be obliged by the AlUircr during the Exiftence of the faid Company. II. That for the Execution of the aforefaid Depofit of 30,000 Pieces, and to compofe the Capital of the faid 100,000 Pieces, 300 Billets fliall be formed u:-\ difpofed of at 3334 of the faid Pieces, to whomfoever inclines to be intc. lol in the iaid Company; and the Purcbafers thereof, for the Number takrn, fi.all transfer or write in, to one of the Offices of St. George, to the Company',, Crtiiit, 1 00 of the faid Pieces, or their Value, for each of the faid Billets ; and for the 2334. remaining, they fliall oblige themfelves under Security, to make Payment of It to the Company, in cafe that through Misfortunes (which God forbid) the 30,000 Pieces depofited are not fufficient to fatisfy the LolTes. And if it liappens that the Company have not Premium enough to pay the Loflls, Averages, &c. it fliall give Power to four Deputies, or Diredors, to demand of the Proprietors, the Proportion, which by a pro Rata, fliall touch each on Account of tlie Obli- gation they have entered into. III. In order to perfedt the Formation of the Company p opofcd, Mcflrs. N. N. who have thought proper to communicate the Articles to tlie Merchants of tlic Place, fliall be alfo encharged to admit in Quality of an AH'ociate or Proprietor, thofe who will engage, and fliall appear to them, proper to be admitted into the Company propofed, which fliall be done by demanding or requiring from them a Promife to the following Purport, or as it ihall be drawn up by the Notary Pub- lick, viz. " T A. B. approving the Projedl of the Infurance Company, which has been read •' •*• to and fliewn me by Meflrs. N, N. and defiring to be aggregated to it, and " alfo to fliarc in it, for Adions of 333 ;. Pieces each : I promife and oblige " myfelf to the faid Gentlemen, to write on, or transfer into, one of the Offices " oi St. George, when the faid Company fliall be fettled, the jull Value of no " Pieces of Silver, appertaining to the faid 300 Adions, and to engage myfelf " to fulfil the Propofals for the remaining 23 3 1 Pieces of each Adion, as ihall " be more amply expreflcd in the Ad of the Afibciation ; and I will that the " prcfent have its full Force and Value, as if it Y ^ been apublick Ad, pafll-d " before a fworn Notary Publick, under the Hypoti '^cationofmy Effeds prcfent •' and to come : In Faith of which, C^c." IV. When the faid 300 Adions fliall be employed, and by that the Company fettled, each Perfon concerned fliall be convoked to the Place appointed by the before-mentioned Gentlemen, and there by a Plurality of Votes draw up and cftabHfli the Ad of Society, on the Footing of the Articles, here cxprcil, adding whatlijcvcr ITALY. whatfocver (hall be judged convenient, and fupprefling that which /hall appear luperfluous. The four Deputies or Direftors (hall be then elected, two Genoefe and two Foreigners, though all refiding in Genoa, whofe Bufmefs willconfiftin ligning the Policies, in the Name, and at the Rifque of the Company, according to their Inftruftions : The Ciifliier (hall render them an Account monthly of what Premiums have been received, and they muft take Care to examine the Docu- ments of the Aflurers, who (hall have fu(Fercd Lofles, and to order Payment by the Ca(hier ; and, in iine, they (liall be charged with the Care to provide every Thing neccffary, that may relate either diredtty or indirectly to the Company, and the whole (liall be done by an Aft of the Chancellor. V. Befia.^s the four Deputies or Diredors, the Ca(hier and Book-keeper (hall be likewife eleded, and the Salary of each fettlev ; the Premiums of Inlurance for the refpedive Maritime Places (hall be e(labli(hed; the Duration of the Com- pany (hall be confirmed, as well as the Time and Employ of the four Diredtors, and the whole (hall be duly regiftered. VI. The Continuance of the Society (liall be fixed for five Years, to commence the ift of Januarvy 1741. But the Beginning of the fifth Year, 1745, the faid Company (hall afiemble to renew the Adt tor five other Years, or to provide that which (hall be judged convenient, in Cafe of a DifTolution ; and all thofe interefted in th? faid Company (hall be fummoned for this Purpofe. VII. The Proprietors of the above-mentioned Adtions can neither (ell, nor alie- nate them, without the Confent of the four Diredlors, and that during the limit- ted Time of the Society ; but the Confent being obtained, the Company (hall be preferred to any other Purchafer. VIII. At the Beginning of every Month (after the firft) the Company's Cafliier fliall give the Diredtors an Account of what he has paid or received in the pre- ceding Month, Csfc. IX. At the Beginning of each Month, the Diredlors (hall alfo review with Ex- adtnefs the Writings, and the Book-keeper (hall be obliged to a daily Attendance, to excrcife, with all Care and Diligence, whatfoever is dependant on his Office. X. To the End that thofe who have Infurance to make, whether Refidents or Strangers, may be encouraged to prefer the Company to every other Means con- ducive to their Intentions ; the Premiums (hall be lowered to the mo(l mode- rate Price; and as for the reft, when any Difficulties or Suits happen between ^ the Company and the A(rurers, it is to be underftood that they are to be deter- mined by the Laws and Statutes of the Place ; and that the Company is obliged for all common Rifques, fuch as Pirates, Sea, Fire, and Reftraint of Princes j and if the Company think proper to underwrite fome Infurances which may be fome- times offered in which Barratry is comprifed, or upon good, or bad Advices, for a Premium, proportionate to fuch Conditions, the Company (hall give the Di- redtors their Permi(fion. XI. Conformable to what is pradlifed in other Parts, no Averages (hall be paid, under Four per Cent, but all above this (hall be pundlually fatisfied. XII. In Cafe of a total Lofs, and the necefTary or Juridical Proofs are produced, the Sums inlurcd (hall be paid, with the Difcount of Four per Cent. XIII. Whereas the Variation of the Agio and the Current Species are prejudi- cial both to the Infurer and the Infured, the Company will pay all Loffes, or Avcr.iges, in Bills oi St. George, and the Premiums (hall be recovered in the fame Manner. XIV. Any Proprietor, polTefled often Adtions, (hall have two Votes in the Af- lenibly of the Company j and he that has lefs, (liall have only one. XV. He that has lefs than fix Adlions cannot be chofen a Diredlor ; and the jiioil ancient of the four fliall prcfide at all general and particular AfTemblies. XVI. No one (liall have more than twelve Adtions in Propriety, but (if the Cafe happens) the concerned in the Company may adt as Reprefentatives of fome foreigner or Citizen who delircs to be admitted by their Means; though with this I'rovifo, that he fliall advife the Names of the Co-partners, and the Place of their Doniicii, ;uul the Reprefentatives (h?ll oblige themfelvcs to fubmit to the Cov«- iiants, wich (hall ^e (lipulatcd in the Company's Riftrunicnt of Union. 6 XVII. 'O3 '',''"-i::j3 'M u, M' r ■; y m-:m 'I I'l • : *:. WM-^ m* mim-!i A. . !.,«.. 704 Of the General Trade 0/ z^^: WORLD. y ^11. He that fliall not be poffeffed of at Icaft five Adlions, fliall not be ad- mit jd to the Company's Meetings, but fliall be obliged and held to all that fliall be determined at tncm, and fubmit to all the Conditions and Refolutions of the Society, excepting however, that in the firft and laft Affcmbly, that fliall be had, all the Concerned in the faid Company ought to meet, as has been already hinted. XVIII. At the End of each Year after the Company's Eftablifliment, a Ballance fliall be drawn of all that has been received and paid, and half of the Profits fliall be proportionably divided among the Concerned, and even the whole, if the Com- pany does not think it more convenient to leave the other Moiety till the End of the fifth Year of the Company's Duration. XIX. The Cafliier eled fliall be obliged to give a fufficient Security. XX. The Directors muft; never fubfcribe more than 20,000 Dollars on Ships with French Colours, which they fliall efteem good ; 1 5,000 on Veflcls with the fame Colours of lefs Tonage; 12,000 on large Barks well armed, and carrying the fame Colours j 12,000 on Ships not under French Colours; 8000 on Barks and Vefllls, with Latin Sails, and not with French Colours. XXI. The Premiums of the Parties infured by the Company, if they have no Concern in ii, niuft be paid immediately j thofe interefted in it, fliall only pay every fix Months. XXII. The Damages which the Afllirers fuffcr fliall be paid, viz. the Ave- rages, from the Admiffioii of the Proofs ; and the Total Loffes in three Months after the Intimation, when they appear to be juft and clear \ or being llifpicious, after their Verification j or diredly with the Difcount of Two per Cent, befides the Four always paid. XXIII. The Dircdtors may not fign for Account of the faid Company other Policies of Inforancc, than thofe which fliall be tendered them by tlie publick Brokers, who are SJg. John Baptijl Procurante, ana the Sigrs. RolhindcUi, and Cervelli, and this to avoid any Inconvenience. XXIV. In Cafe of the Death of any one of the Proprietors, the Heirs fliall be fubjed: to the Event of the Defunft's Share, and may neither fell, nor alien their Adtions to any other than the Company, in Cafe they find thcmfelves neceflitated to fell them. XXV. The Charge or Oflicc of the four Deputies, fliall laft for one Year ; and before it ends, the new Eledion of four others fliall come on, though with the Liberty to confirm -ill the firft four, or at leaft two of them, which muft always be two nationals, and two Strangers. XXVI. In Cafe of a General Aflcmbly, the Number of the Proprietors ought to be at leaft two-thirds of all the faid Company, and the Articles fliall not be deemed as paflcd, if the iaid two-thirds have not concurred therein. The Gcnoefe have a Levant Company ftill fubfifting, which was eftabliflicd in 1645, though it has for fome Years pait done fo little Bufinefs, that it is hardly remembered to be an Aflbciation, its Tranfadions are fo trifling in a corporate Capacity. They likewife had a Company eftabliflied formerly under the Title of ne Company of the Grilli, which fupplied the Spaniards in America for a long Time with Negroes, but on their agreeing with the AJjiento Company, this Genoejc one was overfet. I ihould here fay fomething of the Ifland of Corjica, as Part of the Genoefc Dominions, and I am the more tempted to do it, as the Natives have rendered themfelves fo famous in their Struggles for Liberty, and done fo much towards making themfelves a free People; though I fear the Means they have ufed will fruilrate their Defigns, and only occafion the changing Maftcrs, not Fetters ; they have proved themlelves a brave, daring Nation, and it would be a Pity their pretended ProteiStors fliould rivet their Chains, as they are worthy ol" a better Fate. The Mercure Hijiorique furniflies us with a ftiort, tliough curion<. Account of them and their King, which I lliall tranflatc, in Hopes it may be agreeable to my Readers. TheWar which has fiibfifted for fome Years between the Gcwo^/t- and xhcCcr/icans leaves Room to doubt, whether they will remain with the Poflclljon of that llle, or 8 "Iiethcr f "1 •i ITALY. ^vlictVier It fliall paft under fomc other Power, or whether the Inhabitants will ob- tain their Liberty. In the Interim, for the unravelling of the myfterious Intrigue, which King TAeodorehis played, who was eledled in 173 c ; I fhall here obferve, that on his Return to that Ifle towards the End of 1737, he convoked the States of the Kingdom, to give them an Account of his Proceedings during his Abfence ; he afterwards made them a Rcprefcntation, confiding of feveral Points, which they r.greed to, without the leaft Difficulty ; they were, above all, extremely well fatished with the Difpofitions taken to extend their Trade, and they eftabliUied a Council of Commerce, compofed of four Corficans,and the fame Number of foreign Commiflarics, converfant in Trade, from which they flattered themfelves with great Succefs ; and it is a Matter of Surprize, that a Nation till then hardly known» (liould find themfelves in a Condition fo fuddenly to make themfelves talked of. They attended to the Manufadtures of diverfe Species of Goods ; and the Crops were fo abundant this Year (1737) that the Corn, Wine, Oil, and other Fruits, were at a very low Price, which muft naturally put the Chamber of Commerce in a Condition to procure great Advantages from Foreigners j but as Money is very fcarcc in Corjica, they permitted the Inhabitants of the Low Country, to pay their Taxes and Capitations in Fruits, Off. The principal Articles of King Theodore's Propofitions were, I. That they ought as foon as poffible to fet about making fome Salt-Pond8» as the Nature and Situation of the Country promifed fo great a Quantity of that Commodity, as might load an hundred Ships yearly j fo that the Crown, and Subjects, might draw great Advantages from this Branch of Commerce. II. That they ought to encourage the Working of the Iron, Copper and Lead Mines which are difcovcred, to extradl not only Iron for common Ufes, but for Cannon, Bullets, and other Things neceflary to put an End to this tedious trou- blcfome War, and thereby fave the grofs Sums, fent out of the Ifle to purchafe them. III. And as here is a great Abundance of Brimftone and Saltpetre, they ought to build a Mill on the moft commodious River, to make what Gunpowder they ihall need in the Kingdom, and repair the Want under which they have hitherto laboured in this Particular, without mentioning the vafl: Sums it has coll. IV. They ought to encourage Agriculture, the Majority of the beft Lands be- ing uncultivated ; and to this End, they ought to efl:ablilh in each Pieve, fome CommiiTaries, intelligent In this Art, who Hiall be particularly charged to take Care, that the Peafants till each a certain Spot in their feveral Diftridts for their own Advantage ; and in Parts improper for the Plow, each Peafant (hall be obliged to plant at leaft four thoufand Vines, or a thoufand Olive Trees, and all Sorts of Exemptions (hall be granted during ten Years, for thofe Grounds fo newly culti- vated. V. By an Ordinance publKhed throughout the Kingdom, one conftant and uni- form Meafure (hall be eftablKhed for all the Fruits growing here, fuch as Oil, Wine, Honey, Pitch, Tar, and other Commodities put up in Calks ; and at the f.ime Time, one Ell, one Weight, and one Bulhel, fimilar and conformable to the Standards of other trading Nations. VI. Whereas a Quantity of Silk may be (hipped for abroad, theylhould above all encourage this Branch of Commerce. VII. And as nothing can contribute more to the Advantage of this Nation* than a regular foreign Trade ; and as our Kingdom Is better fituated than any other for it, with fo great a Number of good Ports and Bays, we vrould have our good Citizens accuftom themfelves to it, by making them fcriTible of the Ad- vantages anfing from fuch an Application. To which Purpole we have thought proper to edablifh a Council of Commerce, for Account, and at the Expence of the Crown. The Commiflioncrs of which College (hall be obliged to purchafe of our Subjedls all their Fruits and Produdls of the Country, fit to be fent abroad, at a Market Price, paying them in Manufadlures, or our Silver Coin : But if the Peafant will not give his Prodiifts at fuch a Price, he (liall bring them into the Crown Magazines, where a Receipt (hall be given him. The CommKTioners (hall fond tlicle Produds with otliers, and their refpedtive Invoices, to the Confuls, and 8 R Correfpondents 70s \mk^'. :\ 1 *i.( 706 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. Correfpondcnts of the Crown in foreign Parts, with an Order to draw out the particular Accounts of the Produce of thefe Eftcdts, in order th^t there be given to every one what belongs to him. The Proprietors fliall receive at the College of Commerce the Returns, or Import of their Account?- on paying (befides the Carriage) Five fer Cent, on the Capital, to defray the Charges ; and if the Pca- fant be neccflltous, and cannot wait for the Returns unalfifted, he may receive from the College, the half, or two thirds of the Value of what he delivers, for which he (hall pay on ballancing Accounts half ^tv Cent, for iw Months, beiidcs the Five per Cent, aforementioned. And to give a greater Credit to the faid Col- lege, we engage our Self and Crown for it. And we order our Confuls, l».e- fidents, or Correfpondcnts, to contradl and negociatc only with the faid College, and they fliall fend us whatever we cannot pafs without in our Ille. No Velicl ihall be admitted without the Permiflion of the faid College j and our Correfpon- dent abroad fliall have the liime Credit as thofe here, and beiides that, the Cha- racter of Counfellor of Commerce of this Kingdom. VIII. And forafmuch as that our Kingdom abounds in Wood, Pitch, Tar, Hemp, and every Thing necelTary for the Conftruftion of Ships ; this Article fliould be taken very ferioufly into Confideration, as alfo what concerns the Fifliery, ^c. There is an Appearance that all thefe Regulations of the King, are at prefent fufpended fince the Entry of the French into that Ifland ; though it is probable, that whenever they quit it (if they ever do) and the Natives know their Fate, they may make their Trade flourilh according to the Principles of this Propo- lition, or in fome other manner more convenient, and beneficial ; this is what Time only can demonltrate ; and however Fortune dilbofe of their King, they will Hand indebted to him, for opening their Eyes to the Advantage Providence has given them, and for the many Fatigues he uiiderwent to promote their Hap- pinefs and Freedom. This little Hiftory is not intended only to amufe, but will likewife ferve to flicw what that Ifland contributes to Trade, as the Commodities therein men- tioned, are the Total of its Produds. 7\. W'ktm •A 'it. J ' .K. i' 0/tie Trade j/* Naples. THIS Capital of the Kingdom of the fame Name, is a Place of great Trade, and the Goodncfs of its Port attrads vaft Numbers of foreign Veifels to it ; but in order fl:ill to ci ruafe its Commerce, and raife it to the highcfl: Pitcli polfible, Don Carlos, the prelcnt King, has invited tlie Jews to fettle there, by granting them feveral very great and fmgular Privileges, as will appear by the following Edidt publiflied on the Third oi February, 1740, by order of his Sici- lian Majefly, viz. I. It is granted to all Merchants or others of the Hebrew Nation, a full and abfolute Safe-guard, F.iculty and Permilfion, to come, remain, traflick, p.-ifs on, or ft.iy, with or without their Families, in our Kingdoms and States, as alfo to depart, and return, without any Obftacle, both in regard of their Effefts, and Perfons ; and this for the Term of fifty Years next following, to commence tlic firlt Day of this; declaring that the fiftieth Year being expired, there (hall yet be granted five others, during which, if it be the good Pleafure of his Maiefly, or his Succeflbrs, to abrogate the prefent Licence at the End of the fifth Year, they may freely, and without Hindrance, regulate all their Affairs, (Sc. we will- ing, that no ^traordinary Duty be exaded from them on the Departure of their Ships, Veflels, Horfes, Carriages, &c. II. If any Hebrews coming from other Kingdoms or Countries to ours, fluli be accufed in thofe States from whence they came, of having committed fome enormous Aftion, or Crime there, for which they have been profccuted ; as alio in cafe that they were difguifed as Chriftians, and had leigned to be of this Re- ligion, we annul and make void the Caufes of fuch Acculiition, and will not per- mit that they be called to Account for it, in our Dominions, on any Pretext M-hatfocvcr ; in fine, we grant to the faid Hebrews, the Irec Excrcili: of their Ceremonies, JllLD. |o draw out the there be given at the Colk'gi; ding (belides the land if the Pea- ne may receive |he delivers, for lonths, belides J to the faid Col- in Con fills, Ivc- Ihe faid College, llflc. No Veifel I our Correfpon- I that, the Cha- )d, Pitch, Tar, Ips } this Article |at concerns the f, are at prefent h it is probable, now their Fate, ;s of this Propo- al ; this is what their King, thcv itage Providence imote their Hap- likewife fcrve to :ics therein men- re of great Trade, foreign Vclfels to the highcft Pitch :o fettle there, by vill appear by the order of his Sid- »fation, a full and traflick, pafs on. States, as alfo to their EfFefts, and to commence tlic d, there Ihall yet e of his Maicfty, of the fifth Year, lirs, &c. wc vvill- )epartureof their ries to ours, lliall committed ibnie ofccuted ; as alfo to be of this Rc- and will not per- on any Pretext Excrciie of their Ceremonies, ITALY. Ceremonies, Solemnities, Ufc and Cuftoms, according to the yewi//j Laws, pro- hibiting their wearing publickly Cloaks, or other diftinguilhing Drcls, under any Denomination whatlbever. III. That the Hdnws (hall not be fubjeft to any Rcgiftry or confular Jurif- di preparod by the religious Rcclufts of the Place. Ancona has likewife its Siljc Fabricics, and Tanneries for Hides, on which its Exports chiefly confift, except in fome Years when large Quantities of Corn are nii})pcd from hence ; it was made a free Port by Clement Xll. in a Decree of the ibt\\oi February '732» very much to the Diflike of i\it Venetians, as it attra^ a laree Share ot that Trade carried on before at Fenice, both from the North and the Levant. 0/" Florence jW Leghorn "xitb their Trade. TH E Commerce of Florence is carried on by way of Leghorn, and confiAs in a large Quantity of rich Silks, manufadured in this Capital of the grand Duke of Tufcaiiy i tHe principal of which arc Tiffues and Brocades of Gold, Silver, and Silk, Sattins of all Colours, but more efpecially the White, which are greatly cfteenied ; Armoifins and Taffeties here are alfo made, fome light Woollen Stuffs, and the other Merchandize that this place affords, are raw and fpun Silks, Wools wafli'd and unwafh'd. Wine, and Gold Wire. Lcghonic (or Livornoj is one of the mofl important, and the bcfl Ports of the Grand Duke's Eftates, and hardly yields in point of Trade either to f^enice or Genoa ; the great Liberty which all Nations enjoy (let their Religion be what it will) induces fome of almofl all Nations to aflemble here ; and the moderate Cudoms paid on Importation (for all Exportations are free) attracts alfo a Con- currence, not only ot French, Englijh, Dutch, &c. but al(b of yrwx, Turks, zai. Armenians ; the Turis however trading only de fajo. The Englijh and Dutch (more efpecially the former) are thofe who carry on the greatell Trade j this Place being properly the Staple or Magazine, for the major Part of the Goods which they receive from the W'eJ}, and tend to the Le- vant, as it is for thofe they get from theoce in Return, and forward to their tt^eftern Markets. The Jews and Armenians tranfadl mofl of the Bufinefs by intervening as Bro- kers, for which they are paid, according to Cuflom, for the different Branches of Trade they tranfadt, whether Purchafes or Sales, Exchanges or Infurances. Befides the rich Fabricks of Silver, Gold and Silk, at Florence, Pi/a, Lucca^ and the other Towns of Tt^iany and its Neighbourhood, here are found raw Silk of all Sorts, as well Italian as Levant, and even Spanijh Olive and Oils, not only of the Growth of the Country, but from different Parts, as Gallifoli, la Poui/le, the Levant, Barbary, &'j. But that which is not the leaft important Part of this Commerce, are the Mer- chandifcs from the Levant, with which (as has been faid) the Englijh and Dutch have always their Warehoufes well furnifhed, as they have with thofe Goods they receive from the Weft, which confifl of the fame Commodities, as will hereafter be mentioned as proper for Italy ; what is (hipped from Leghorne, befides the Goods aforementioned, are Cotton Wool, and fpun. Coffee (brought diere by Way oiA- lexandria) Allum, (of Civita Vecchia, and the Archipelago) Anniieeds (from ^mi and Malta) fine Laquc (from Venice) Marble of various Colours (from Carrara) Red Coral (from Sardinia) Soap, Sumack, Argol, Britnflonc, Wine, &r. Of the Trade ofWAzxi, Modena, Lucca, Parma d« 710 0/ the Genfual Tradf. 0//^^ WORLD. Silki, and in Skains, as alfoc 'Oils and Olives, wh'uA l.utcr arc ei^eemcd the bcft in If.tfy but double priced, from all others. Parma tranfaAs all its liufi'icfs by Way of Venice, whi( h principally confifts in raw Silk, and Chee'e made at Lotii. I (hall laftly mention as a very ccnfiderablc Branch of the Italian Trade, that carried on in the Territories of his SarJInuin Majefty •. of which Turiu is the Ca- pital, and has an advantageous SituaMon. for extending it on every Side, as almoft all that comes from the other Parts of Italy, and thai which enicrs it by way of Lyons, and Geneva, pr-is by this City j the Po, which runs near if, alfo facilitates a Communi^atiin with Lomhardy and the Venetian States ; and although it is nc- ceflary to trav-rfe th: Alps to get th.-rc, nothing is caficr than the Journey by Mules, which are made ufe of for the Tranfp' -tation of the Goods, and of Men, who jjivc al' defirabk' AlTiftincc lor the Paflagc of Mount Cenis. Piedmont produces the beft '■"ilk in Europe, on Account of its Lightncfs and Finc- n;fs, and the Organcins maiie of it, arc the moft efteemed, in England, Frame, Ho/lard, znd Germany, of any. U is reckoned that in a common Year, is made in the Fving of Sardinia\ Territories, viz. in Piedmont, MontJ'e'-rat, AleXi\ndrin, Lomelir.e and Novaros, about 560000 Pounds (of twelve Ounc-s) of raw Silk, which arc all reduced into Organcins or Frames ; only thofc of Navarois being permitted Extradtion unthrown. The Fabricks of all Sorts of Silk Stuffs, long finre cflablifhed m Turin, confumcd about 1 30000 Pounds of thrown Silk yearly j though it is to be obferveo that the Fabricators of thefe Silks, import from their Neighbours, the greatefl Fart of the F'ramcs they ufe, or of raw Silk to make them. There is bclidc? in Turin, ubout fix iiundred or fevcn hundred Looms for Silk Stockings -, Tor whofe Employ a great Quantity of Silk is required j however it is computed, that befides the Silk uled in anthefe Mani> "af urea, there is yearly lent to Lyons, about two thouland fmall Bales (of an hundred and thirty fix Pound each) loaded at Genoa and Leghorn ; extra of what is font to Holland and Germany, by way cf Savoy, and Geneva. This Prince's Dominions have likcwifc feveral Fabricks of Drapery, particu- larly, cf Scarlet, Blue, and Black Cloth ; befides diverfe Sorts of light StufTs j they alfo make Ratines, and coarfe Cloth for the Soldiers Cloathing. Piedmont is very fertile in Corn, with which it fup^^lie? its Neighbours, as it does with Rice ; of *vhich latter, large Quantities arc lent to France and Geneva, as alfo to Venice by the River Po. Hemp likewife prows here in Plenty, which is almoit all fent through Nice to MarJ'eilles and TouTor., except a final! Share to the Genoefe. A great Number of Cattle are fatted in Piedmont, and Abundance of Wine made, both which find a ready Sale among the Genoefe and MilaneJ'e, and a large Share of this latter .' s diftilled into Brandy, to make the Compofition of Rojfolis at Turin, which has greatly the Preference of others. Some few Years ago, a Manufadlure of Earthen Ware was eftablilhcd at Turin, and a little while fince, another of Porcclane, which is brought to great Pcr- feftion; fcveral Quarries of excellent Marble are found difperfed about the Country, whicii ferves to ornament both their Churches and Palaces. The Countries of Nice, Oneille, and ether Places on the Sea Coaft, fubjed alio to his Sardinian Majcfty, produce moft excellent Olive Oil, and in luch Plenty, that befides a Sufficiency for all his Dominio'^s, large Qiiantities arc fold to the French and Genoefe. And the Ifland of Sardiniu, which gives him the Title of Majefty, pro- ducing many of the Commodities above mentioned, and fimilar to thofc of Sicily, I Ihall not enlarge on itsDeftription, to avoid Repetitions, but now give a Detail of the Commodities prop *r for Italy, as I have intcifperfcdly of thofc, which the different States thereof produce. Merchandize proper for Italy. CPICE in general, which (except Pepper^ the. Dutch ha^ e to themfclves. ^ Cacao, Ginger, ' ,a, Porcelane, and otner Indian Curiolities. Painted Linens, Chints, and painted Furics- SattiiiSy icipallyconfllls in Of the LEVANT, ^c. Sattinc, Dama/k>, and other thin light Indian Silks. Linens of divcrle Sorts, as Muflins, Cambricks, Hollands, Sdelias and Ofnabnighs. Clothb, CambletH, Serges, and other Stuffs, from England, Franct and Holland. Silk Stuffs froni Lyont, Mercery, hard Ware, and kuffif Hides. Uiverlo h'remb Modes ior Women's Wear; white Threads and Tapes from Htirkm and Flanders, Vermillion, and all Sorts of Dying Woods > Madder and Elephnnts Teeth. Whalebone and Oil, Copper, Brafs, Iron, Lead, and Tin. Tar, Pitch, and Rofin, Capers, Mu(k, Amber, and Civet. Herrings, fmoaked and pickled, Salmon, Slot k-filh, Poor-jark and Pilclurds. Pewter, Steel, Caviar, Langufdoc And Provence Wines, Wheat, and other Grain. All Sorts of Frf/ifA Merceries, Laces and CJuimps, of Silk and Silver. Silk Stuffs, with Gold and Silver, from Lyo«/and Teun, and Ribbons, particularly from Paris. , Wigs, Hair, Worfted Stockings, Hats, &c. 711 1 u it through Nice to 0/the evant Trade, and that on the CoaJ} o/'Barbary. T SHALL join under this Title all the Trade carried on with the EngliJh,Frencht •* Dutch, and Italians, at Smyrna, Alexandretta, Aleppo, Seyda, Cyprus, Conjian- tinople, Alexandria, Kofetta, and even Grand Cairo, Angora, and Beibezar, upon the Coalls of Barbary. The great Quantities of European Ships that import at Smyrna, r.nd the nu- merous Caravans which arrive there from Pcrfia, have always made, and flill make this to be a Place of the greateft Commerce iT all the Levant, for which it is happily fituated in the Gulph of t\\t Archipelago, in that Part of the Leffer Afia that the Greeks called Ionia, aiid ai prefent named Natalia. The Port of this City, fo famous for its Commerce, is capable of containing many Fleets, and here is always feen feveral hundred Veffels of diverfe Nations. The greateft Part of the principal foreign Merchants have fine commodious Houfes of their ownj and hardly a.iy Thing can be feen morefupcrb and mag- nilk-ent than the Habitations of the Confuls, who are abnoft all lodged near the Sea } but Perfons whofe Stay here is but Ihort, or who would be faving in their Expences, may have the Convenience of being accommodated in a Kan, which is a Sort of an Inn, where a thoufand People may lodge, on paying a Dollar /fr Month for each Chamber. At Smyrna are two Cuftom-Houfes j the biggcft called the Cuftom-Houfe of Commerc<*, where the Duties are paid on Silk, and other Goods that the Arme- nians import from Perjia, and thoie which the Chriftian Nations unload there, and embark for their Returns : The other named the Cuftomhoufe of Stamboul, or ConJiantinopL; only takes Notice of the Trade of this Capital of the Ottoman Empire, from Salonica, and other Parts of Turkey. The Caravans have their Times and Seafons fixed for their Arrival and Depar- ture, on which tht European Nations regulate the Remifs of their Ships, to the End that the AJiaticks may carry with them the Wellern Merchandizes, and the Europeans reload with thofc oi AJia. Of the AJiatick Nations the Armenians are thofc who carry on the greateft Trade with Smyrna ; the Caravans from PerJiA being almoft all compofed of them, and in this City are eftabliflied above twelve thoufand. In refpedl of the Natives of Europe, the Englip are beft regarded, and moft favourably treated, and they likewife fend the greateft Number of Ships here ; after them the Dutch; but the French arc too numerous here, and thereby hurt one another. The Merchants from Leghorn carry on a great Trade here j thofe of Venice ftill more ; and the Genocfe (notwithftanding the Expence the Liberty to trade under their own Colours has coft them) hardly any ; and the Mejinois, fmce the Year 1690, none at all. The French Trade is carried on from Marfeilks in ten Sai) of Ships, and three or four Barks yearly i whofe Loadings coniift of Dollars, Cloths of Dauphine, 3 CarcaJJbnne, '■:■■••■: I' K^ WH ic WW _!: ' ■ ■■'; i ■ ■ 712 0/*//^ General Tuade 0/ t/je WORLD. Ctirctjonnf, and S>if>Ui in I'erpttuanR or Imperial Serges » in Capii Paper, Co- chineal, Tartar, Vcrdigrcalc, Indigu (frtiin iV. Domingo and Guulimuh) Fcwter, Dying Woodii, Spice and Sugar. The Ketiirni being alinoft the lame, for all the Nations o( Eurept, who trjilc there, I Oall here mention them once for all, viz. Angora (lOats, and Camels Hair, Rhubarb, Scammony, Opium, Senna, Gum Adragant and Arahick, CotFcc, yellow Wax, Allum, Cotton in Wool and I'pun, Currants, fine Camblcts, Bne Wools tVom Mttalin and Caramania, Skins like Ma- rocco'%, Uuffalocs Hides, Shagreen, Spungei, MaAick, SafTron, Galbanum, Gallii, AHies, Box, Annifeeds, Fullians, Huckrain, Carpets, Silks called CerbafTi, Legis. ArdaHe, and Arda/lctes, Cotton Stockings, Turkey HandkcrchlL't's, Valonea, Xanto- line, Apoponax, Agaric, Tutti, Amber, Muik, the Ultramarine Stone, Storax, Soap, Pearls, Diamonds, Rubies, and other precious Stones i but thefe Jewels arc ibid privately by the Armcniam, who bring them with their Caravans, and who frequently come themlclvcs to Chrirtendom todifnofc of them. The Dutch fend there yearly about fourteen Ships, with Lnden fine Cloths, Cloves, Mace, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Ginger, Cochineal, Indigo, Copperas, Quick- filver, J-rafs and Iron Wire, Dantzui Steel, Englijh Pewter, rough yellowAm- ber, Tartar, Sea-Horfe Teeth, Lapis Lazuli, Loaf and Powder Sugar, Cinabar, red Oaktr, Dying v\'oods. Tin, Ruffta Hides, Gff. and reload with the grcatcft Part of the G(M)ds jufl mentioned. The Venetians generally fend there fourteen or fixtccn large Ships annuallr, under Convoy of two Men of War, (as the Englijh, Vrencli and Dutch commonly go) bcfides others at different times without Convoy ; and the Liveniait alfo fend Vcflcls as they find Occafion. Angouri, or Angora, and Beibazar, Capital of Calatia, hss always prefcrved its Reputation for the Beauty and Fincncfs of its Goats Hair, and the Fabrick of Stuffs made there at prcfent called Camblets i and it is from this Place, and Bet' tazar, (hat Smyrna is fiipplied with thcfc Commodities, the Quantity of the for- mer being ahnoil incredible, of which it is faid the Englijb tranfport above five hundred Bales, the French as many, and the Dutch more than double that Num- ber, and the Confumption of it is full as great there, as what is (hipt by thefe Nations : The Englijb and Dutch have Factors fettled here to purchafe this Com- modity at fird Hand, by which Means they have it much cheaper than when brought to Smyrna. Aleppo and Alexaniretta ; thefe two Cities of Syria have a great Similitude in their Trade, or rather it is the fame that they both carry on, Altxandrttta being properly only the Port to AUppo, which is twenty-two (or as fomc fay twenty- tive) Leagues within Land. Aleppo is one of the principal Cities in the 9 urkifli Empire, and only yields to Conjlantinople, and Cairo, in Grandeur, and to Smyrna in Point of Trade. Two Things (among others) arc very remarkable in regard of Trade; The one is the C ultom of making Pidgeons fervc for MeHengers, to give Advice of Ships Arrival, and other prcfling Affairs, which is done by taking them from their young ones at Aleppo, and fending them to Alexandrttta a little before it is fuppofed they may be wanted, who being let fly at this laft Place, with a Billet about its Neck, returns in three Hours Time; the other Thing remarkable is the Prohibition to go from Alexandretta to Altppo, any other Way than on Horfeback j and the Rea- Ibn of it was to prevent Sailors running afoot to Aleppo, and there fpoiling the Price of Goods by their over-urgency in laying out their little Stock, which without this Ordinance would be greatly diminifhed. There is hardly any Place in the three antient Parts of thr: World, from whence fbmc Merchants are not fcenat Aleppo: ficfides the EngMi, French, Dutch, and Italians which refide there, the Caravanfei^ arc always fail of Armenians, Turks, Arabians, Perjians and Indians, which come in fuch Numbers by the Caravans, that although there are above forty of thofe publick Buildings, they hardly fufHcc to contain thofe, who only appear to tranfadl lome tranfient Bufmefs, and who after felling their Goods, return by the Way they came, with rhcir new Purchafes. Tlic Merchandize proper for this Place, arc the fame as thofe (or Smyrna; and thole which the Ships reload are Silks of the Country, and Perfia Cotton Cloths of various Sorts, and among others blue Amans, Auquilles, Lizardes, thofe from Beb}; DRLD. Ctpi, Paper, Co- ualimalti) Fewter, ic Uinc, lor nil the ) uncr for all, viz. urn, Senna, Gum n Wool and fpun, (I, Skinii like Af«- Galbanum, Gallt thefe Jewels arc Caravans, and who .eyJen fine Cloth i, Copperas, Qyick- ougn yellow Ain- iUgar, Cinabar, red ii the grcated Fart go Ships annuallr, Dutch commonly Livermis alfo fend i always preferved md the Fabrick of >i$ Flace, and Bet' uuntityof the for- unfport above five double that Num- t is fliipt by thefe lurchafe this Com- leapcr than when rrcat Similitude in iltxandrttta being Ibme fay twenty- and only yields to of Trade. Trade: The one e Advice of Ships from their young is fuppofed they about itii Neck, ie Prohibition to ck i and the Rea- id there fjrailing tie Stock, which rid, from whence tHch, Dutch, and irmenians, Turks, by the Caravans, hey hardly fufficc cfs, and who after cw Purchafcs. (or Smyrna; and Cotton Cloths of ides, thofe from Befy, Of the LEVANT, ^c, Bthy, others called Linen Antiquiel, Ajamit, and Abundance of Chint* t dlflTcrent Cotton>i, and Cotton Threads, Galli, Cardovans, Soap t mtlny Species of Silk StufTs, and thole admirable Camblett before<>mcntioned. Styd< it the ancient Sidon of Pbtnicia, fo renowned formerly for Its great Traffick, very little inferior to that of Tyrt itfelf, whofc Reputation for Commerce has been ciiually puhliOied, both by facred and profane Authors. The modern Sidoniunt retain nothing of the ancient but their Inclination for Trade, every Thing rife is altered) their Power by Sea no longer fubfifts : The vaft Extent of their City is reduced to Icfs than one Quarter of what it was formerly i and the great Numoer of its Inhabitants to lefs than fix Thoufand, of which the Foreigners make near half. But few Weftern Commodities find a Sale at Stydt, though with the Produdts of the Country a pretty good Trade is fupported t thofe few are fome Cloths of lively Colours, Sattms and Damalks ox Lucca and Genoa, with fome Paper, a few Cheds of Indigo and Cochineal, Spice, Sugar and Brazil Wood, all in fmall Quan- tities. The Gova Conjlantinopk confift in Wools, called Pelades, and Trefquilles, of which the Extraft in a common Year is two thoufand Bales of the former, and three thoufand of the latter. Of Buffalos Hides, about ten thoufand carried to France and Italy ; of Ox and Cow Skins, of the different Sorts and Qualities, fifty thoufand, of which the Confumption is for Italy ; of Pot-A(hes, from the Black Sea, which the Englijh and Dutch buy to fcour their Cloths ; yellow Wax, fome Goat's Hair Thread, a Quantity of Caviar* or falted Sturgeons Roes, commonly bought up by the Venetians and Leghorners. The Fur Trade, from Mtifcovy, Natolta, the Black Sea, Critfi, and oUicr Placeg o^Tartary, is very confiderable, though in this the European lM.tTtha.ni% have no Sliare, being entirely tranfafted by the Greeks -, of thcfe Skins about two hundrtU Cherts (with two hundred Pair in each) of Sables are yearly fold, from fifteen bun* drcd to twenty-five hundrdd Dollars per Cheft ; Ermins (only efteemed when ex- tremely white) fell from ten to eleven Dollars, for forty Skins and Minevers at feventy Dollars per Thoufand j Martins, Polecats, Lynxes, and Fox Skins are brought here from Natalia, and annually fell for the Value of about fixty thou- fand Dollars ; the black Fox Skins brought from Caffa and 1'artary are in very great Efteem, and their Sales may yearly import an hundred tnQu£lnd Dollars. Of Caffa, or Capba, and the Black Sea : The Venetians have often endeavoured to commence a Trade to this laft, more efpccially to Ca^'a, and in 1672 obtained Leave, by the lively Reprefentations, and the more perfuafive Arguments of large Prefents which their Baily the Chevalier Sj^irini made j but upon the Re- monftrances of the Superintendant of the Cuilomhoufe at Conjlantinopk, who fuf- fertd in his Intereft by this Conceflion, and alfo under the political Apprehenfioni that the European Chriftians would, by this Means, more eafily have a Corre- fpondence with thofe of their Religion fettled on that Coaft, the Privilege >ya8 revoked, and no European Nation has been able to obtain one fmce. Caffa has an excellent Road, and its Port is where the greateft Bufinefs is car- ried on in all the Black Sea^ it being common to fee arrive, or fail, four or five hundred Vcflels together. Here is a great Trade carried on in Corn, Salt, Furrs, and Butter; this laft being efteemed the beft in all Turkey; but that which at- tradts the greateft Number of Shipping, and what induced the Venetian Am-^ baffador to purchafe the aforementioned Liberty at fo great a Price, is the large Qnantity of Sturgeons taken in the Palus Mceotis, of vvhich fait Roes the Italians are fo fond, and not only they but feveral other Nations of Europe and ./yia. Some Accounts fay, that many of thefe Fifli here weigh eight or nine hundred Pounds^ and their Roes three or four Quintals j and though thefe Relations may be fome- thing exaggerated, it is certain that there are jione elfewhere, either to large, or abundant ; but as the Trade of this Part is in general fo very great, I fliall give my Readers an Abftraft of a very curious Memoir drawn up by a Perfon well ac- quainted with it. The Commerce (fays he) of the Black Sea is fo confiderable by the Advantages it affords, and the great Quantity of Goods it takes off, that the yeairly Import of them is fuppofed to be more than three Millions of Dollars ; Caffa is one of the principal Ports in it, diftant aboi^t feven hundred Miles from Cmjlantinqple ; the Turks, Greeks, Per/tans and Mu/covites, are the People who fupport this Trade,^ and vaft Quantities of MerchandUbs fell here, both for the Confumption of the Place, and that of many others with which it maintains a Corrcfpondf nee. Here are an- nually fold to the Value of twelve or fifteen thoufand Dollars in Venetian Bro- cades ; here is likcwife fold another Sort in which the Odd and Silver is falfe, and the Flowers like thofe of Damaflt, to the Amount of feven or eight thoufand Dollars. Ten or twelve Bales of Cloth are alfo annually difpofcd of i about twenty thoufand Dollars worth of Scio Damafk ; and to the Amount of an hundred and fifty thoufand Dollars in Taffeties ftriped and plain; here is likewife brought from Scio, fifteen thoufand Dollars worth of Fuftiazis, aod foqie of thefe frpm ConJiantinopU. 7»5 ■i?;,;:. • irt ■■ ! . ;•■/- ■ til- ; I* %i. '. ti 716 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. ConJlantinopJe. Of CofFce here is fold yearly from fifteeo to twenty thoufand Dollars j and five j fix thoufand Dollars in Flax from Cairo, Of all thefe Mer- chandizes a great Part is confumed in the Crim, diftant about an hundred and fifty Miles from Caffa ; another Part is fent to the Ports, fituated near the Palus Mentis, as at Gnjkree, Bolovelava, Kirerei, and feme others dependant on CaJ'a, vrhich ferves them fbr an Almagazen. TheProceeds of all ttiefeGoods, tc commonly employed in Hides, Wax, Wheat, Barley, Butter, Honey and Cav ', which arc the chief Produifts of the Place. Of tne Hides here are two Soi .., the bed made at Cqff'a being from about thirty- five to forty Thoufand yearly j thcie are carried to Smyrna by the Way of Natalia, and coft about a Dollar each ; the fecond Sort are of an inferior Quality, tanned in the Neighbourhood of that City, whofe Value is three Fourths of a Dollar each, and their Number about an hundred Thoufand, which are fent to Conjlantinople. There is Oiinually coUefted at Caffa near thirty thoufand Ocques ofWax, of which Part goes to iS/fwnra.andthe reft to Conjlantinople -, there is alio fent yearly to the latter, fifty or fixty Saicks (or Saiques) of Wheat, and from fifteen to twenty with Barley; of Butter Cm^ remits tb this Capital between fifty and fixty thoufand Ocques j and the Profits it makes by its Honey, is not lefs than that which the Wax and Butter leaves. In fine, this Place affords fome Silk, though the Qiiantity is not large, nor its Quality good. ^izeck or Afopb, is fituated on the Don or Canals, not far f om the Place where this great River fsJls into the Palus Maotis. This Part oiAJia was hardly known in Europe, only to the Geographers, before the Year 1 695, when the famous Czar Peter jVexowttz took this Fortrefs from the Turks to whom it belonged, with the Defign to eflablifh a Fleet there, not only to attract the Trade of tne Black Sea, but alfi) capable to make the Grand Seignior tremble, even in the Capital of his EmpiK i ^Pb fbon attracted the Attention of all Nations, and it cofl more than one Siege and a bloody Battle (in which the Czar with his whole Army had like to have pcrifhed) to rcflore this Place to its firfl Mafler, who having experienced the Importance of it, augmented its Fortifications, and guarded it with an ex- treme great Jealoufy j but it is known that in the lafl War (in 1739) this City became again an Apple of Difcord, and that the Czarina remained in Pofi!efnon of it, though I believe without reaping thofe great Advantages, that the Czar had at firft expefted from its Conqueft. It is from Afrpb that a Part of the Caviar fold at Conjlantinople comes, where in a common Year are imported at leafl ten thoufand Barrels with 74. Qijintals each ; though all the Caviar is not made of Sturgeons Rocs, but fomr of thofe of other large Fifhes. Kily (or KiliaJ is fituated on the South Side of the Danube, about fevcn or eight Leagues from the Mouth that difcharges it into the Black Sea. Four or five thoufand Pieces of Fuflian from Scio are brought here yearly, and Damafks from thence alfo to the Value of about fix thoufand Dollars ; Buckrams for more than thirty thoufand j bcfides two thoufand Pieces of Fuflian made and fold in the Place; Coffee alfo fold here for fourteen or fifteen thoufand Dollars ; Flax for three or four thoufand ; flriped Tafifeties (called Santals) for above fixty thoufand j other Sorts of Taffcties for feventy thoufand ; of Cloths, fifty or fixty Pieces, are annu- ally imported, though of all thefe Merchandizes few are confumed at Kily, as this is the only Staple, or Storchoufe, from whence they are fent to diverfe Ports on the Danube, or within Land, as Ifmael, Temefwaer, Hias, Galas, and feveral other lefs confiderable ; all which Places contribute fbmething to Trade, viz. Hias, about fifty thoufand Ocques of Wax, of which a Part is fent to Sn^na by Natalia, and the refl to Conjlantinople ; the Butter comes from other Ports, where in a common Year may he colleaed above an hundred thoufand Ocques. At the Mouth of the Danube and before Kily, is a very large Fifhery, of the Mouronne (though what this Fifh is, I confefs my Ignorance) which produces above fixty thoufand Dollars yearly j each Fifh weighs about a Quintal and a Half, one with another, after the Roes are taken out, to make Caviar, though this Commodity made here, is not good, as the curing it well would render it too cofUy to get any Thing by it. From the Ports along the Danube are expedited more than fix hundred baicks yearly with Wheat and Barley, which commonly yield the large Profit of 1 5 to 30 per Cent, to the Concerned. Prevat m )RLD. twenty thoufand OfallthefeMer- ; an hundred and ted near the Paius pendant on CaJ'a, ides. Wax, Wheat, idts of the Place, from about thirty- c Way of Natalia, t QuaUty, tanned is of a Dollar each, to ConJiantinopU. sofWax, of which [yearly to the latter, venty with Barley; ifand Ocques ; and lie Wax and Butter antity is not large, m the Place where was hardly known en the famous Czar belonged, with the Ic of the Black Sea, n the Capital of his id it coft more than bole Army had like having experienced ,rded it with an ex- in 1739) this City ined in PofTeflion of that the Czar had nop/e comes, where is with 7t Quintols but fomr of thofe uhe, about feven or : Sea. Four or five and Damafks from Lrams for more than nd fold in the Place} Flax for three or ty thoufand ; other y Pieces, are annu- snfumed at Kify, as fent to diverfe Forts Galas, and feveral g to Trade, viz. art is fent to Smyrna from other Ports, thoufand Ocques. arge Fifliery, of the ce) which produces Quintal and a Half, Caviar, though this would render it too ')anul>e are expedited which commonly :8 0/ the LEVA N T, ^c. 717 ' Trevat takes off no European Goods, fo that all the Commerce is carried on in Dutch Dollars, the PoHJh Abra, the Izelotes of the Empire, Venetian Sequins, Hongres of Hungary, the Egyptian Cherif, Afpers and Parats, all which Species are commonly taken here at 15 c 20 per Cent, higher than in Conftantinople. Here is made in a common Year from twenty to twenty-five thoufand BufF-fkms, and fbme Wax is alfo (hipped ofF. KJrmant, like the laft mentioned Place, takes offnothing from Europe, and ohly furniflics Trade with about twenty-five or thirty thoufand Hides yearly, and fomef Butrcr. Sinope is a Port fituated on the Euxine Sea, on the Natolian Side ; fome Goods are here imported, but the greatefl Part of the Trade is carried on in the different Coins aforementioned. The Perjians, however, drive a very confiderable one here in Silk Stuffs, Cambrefines, Indianas, Carpets, Lizats, tSc. of which the greateft Part goes to Conjlantlnopte, and the reft to Cqffa ; and it is on the Tartars, Greeks, and Turks, who purchafe the greateft Part of thefe Merchandizes ; a few Linens are brought from Frebi/onde, but of fo little Import as not to merit any Regard. Niccpolis is a Sea Port, with very little or no Trade : Though Cafiamboli, which is two Days Journey from it, makes coarfe Buckrams of all Colours to above eighty thoufand Dollars Value yearly } of which a Part goes to Conftantinople, and the other to Caffa and Kih\ here is alfo gathered a confider- able Quantity of Wax fent to Smyrna j and the Per/tans carry on a great Trade here, as they do at Rupur, a Day's Journey from Synope. La Mafire is a Port in the Black Sea, tolerably fecure, and where a pretty good Commerce is carried on, confifting chiefly in Packthread and fpun Yarn for Cord* age and Cables, of which there are annually loaded for Conftantinople at leaft eight Saicks ; there alfo goes from hence, and feveral other neighbouring Ports, a large Quantity of Wood, the greateft Part for Conftantinople, where it is employed in the Grand Seignior's Yards for building the Men of War and Galleys; the Mafls in particular are very good, and fb long, that they have ferved for fixty and fe- venty Gun Sliips, all of a Piece. There are exported from feveral Parts of the Black Sea, Salt Beef and Potafhes, the laft for Conftantinople and Smyrna, which the Englijh and Dutch purchafe to fcour their Cloths, and make Soap ; the Furs alfo that come from Mufcovy are tranfported to Conftantinople by the Black Sea. Of the Trade of Cairo, Alexandria and Rofetta in Egypt< ^TpHE interior Commerce of Egypt was once very confiderable ; of which its * continual Fairs, that during the whole Year were often held feveral at a Time in the different Provinces of the Kingdom, will give the higheft Idea. There all the People of the Country flocked together, to fumifh tnemfelves with the Goods anc Merchandizes that they wanted- or to difpofe of thofe which a Su- perfluity rendered ulelefs. There each particular DiftriA, bringing into Trade the Merchandize which either Art or Nature had rendered peculiar to them, con- tributed on its Part, to this reciprocal Communication, and to the general Cir- culation, which was inceftantly made, in the whole Body of the State. Egypt was fo fertile, and had fo well perfected the Arts and Sciences, that there was a pro- digious Concourfe from all Parts to thefe fo frequent Affemblie;;, which wer« pro- d&^ve of immenfc Riches to all the Country. In regard to the exterior Commerce of the Kingdom, it did not become flou- rifhing all at once ; and ac it owed its Birth to me Wants of Strangers, rather than to thofe of the Egyptians themfelves, it was only by Degrees that it went improving, and in the End became fo extremely great. Egypt was for a long Time ihut up in itfelf, and fo feparated from all other Nations, that Nature it- felf fecmed to have concurred in keeping it hid from the reft of the Earth, as at firft it had no Communication with any of the other People of the World. Long and toilfome Deferts encompafs it on the Eaft and ffeft, where its greateft Extent is ; dreadful and unpaflable Mountains bound it on the South, and fnuts up its PafTagcs to Nubia : In fine, the Mediterranean Sea on the North, fcemed to 8 u 4*«>y •t . -i mm f :i. .;■ j! m K-f;.. I ti 4" I ■ I i|^1il ri. _,i (JS. r« ' ilj ?> ftf i il^!. 718 0///&^ General Trade of the WORLD. deny it any Commerce on that Side, whilfl: Navigation was Co little known, that it was for a long Time in thofe Ages retarded. Egypt, contented with its own Produfts, was then both unknown, and unprofitable to the reft of the Univerfc; from which it drew no Advantage, until tlic Creeks, by rifking the croffing to yifh'c, difcovercd in that Country, fo long unknown, a Nation already policed and a Friend to Trade, that in Time engaged deeply in it, and became famous for its Knowledge both in this, and other liberal Arts and Sciences ; which the Magnificence and bon Gout of their Kings, went perfeding by infpiring an Emu- lation in their Subjefts to improve in all by the Application of afuitable Reward, as an Encouragement to thole who exceeded in any of them ; and it may be juftly aflerted, that they were there fupportcd a much longer Time, than among all the other Nations of the Earth : But after that Egypt fell under the Domi- nion of the Mahometans, all went to Decay; the Fertility of this charming Country diminifhed, as the Number of Inhabitants did, and thefe People were foon reduced to an extreme Mifery under their pitilefs Mafters, and from a Na- tion once fo induftrious, arc now become the moft unpoliflied, fince the Arts and Sciences were baniflicd. The making of Fire-Arms is of all Arts the bcfl: maintained in Egypt ; and notwithftanding all others, and the Sciences are fo fallen here, that it is hardly pofliblc to difcover any Traces of them, yet it always carries on a very confidc- rablc Trade with ^Ifric, AJia, and even to India and Europe, and it muft be al- lowed, that no Situation was ever more favourable for Trade, than that of this delightful Country. Cairo, the Capital of Egypt, is feated on the Nile, above the feven Mouths, by which this River difcharges itfelf into the Mediterranean ; Alexandria and Ro- fetta, diftant from one another ten or twelve Leagues, and which are at two of the Nile's Mouths, ferve for Forts to this famous City, about ninety Leagues dif- tant ; and it is before the one or the other, that the European Ships anchor to dif- charge their Goods, of which the greateft Part is defigncd for Cairo, and where they attend to take in their Reloadings. If all that has been faid of the vafl; Extent of Cairo, to make it defcrvc the Name of GraW, beyond all other Cities, is not an Effed of Exaggeration in the Arabian Hiftoriaiis, or of that of the greateft Part of the European Travellers, who are equally fufpefted, certainly there is not a City in the World, that ever had or has, a better Title to it j but not to enter into this Hiftorical Difcuflion, there is no Room to doubt, that it has been, and ftill is, a Place of great Trade, though Monfieur Maillet, Sicard, and other French Writers, will not allow it to be near fo big, nor fo populous as Paris. The fainous City of Alexandria is now reduced to three or jGour thoufand re- fuged Perfons, from the different Provinces of Turkey ; Rojetta is all new built, of which the Foundation was not laid much above a hundred Years ago ; and as the Canal, which goes from the Nile to Alexandria, only now ferves to carry the Water from that River to this City, and the Lake Mareotis, the Neccflity m houfing the Goods fent from Cairo to Alexandria, and thofe which go from thence to Cairo, has probably not a little contributed to the Aggrandifement, or even to the Conftrudion of Rofetta. And it frequently happening that the Goods, which were without the Bar, waited an Opportunity to get over it to Alexandria for Months together ; and on the other Side, as thofe that came from this City, (after hav- ing furmounted the Difficulties of the faid Paffage) could not be tranfportcd to Cairo in the fame Veflels, it became abfolutely neccflary to build in thii Part proper Places to put them under Cover, and to have Correfpondents and Fadors lettled there. Tne Trade here is fo much augmented, more efpecially ,' . cagucs from Egypt to the Strcights of Gibraltar, and a little beyond i iiiw t'^^ Atlantic k Ocean. The principal Kingdoms, or Republicks, which ilividc tl \{[s of Bariary, are Tripoly, 'Tunis, Algiers, Morocco and Fc~.; the Government of thefe two laft is entirely mo- narchical, and fubjedl to the fame Prince ; that of Tripoly is Republican, and thole of Tunis and Algiers, a Mixture of botn. All thefe States have a Number of Ports in the Mediterranean -, and the Kingdoms of Morocco and Fez have alfo fomc on the Ocean, which ;ire equally ferviccable for the Chriftians Trade, and for a Retreat to their own Crui;:crs. The moft confiderable of thefe Ports, and where the greateft Trade is tranf- afted, and Confuls of different Nations relide, are Tripoly and Gouletta (which is that to Tunis) Algiers and Saltee, in which laft the chiefeft Trade of Fez and Mor:,cco is carried on, although a good deal is done at Tetuan, and fome at Arzilla, AlcaJJar, Azamor, Sapbia, and Santa Cruz. The Kingdom oi Al- giers has, beiides its Capital, Tremecen, Conjlantine, Bona, Bugia, Gigery, La Calla, Cape Rofa, Collo, and that called the Bajlion of France, near the Gulf of Storacourcouri. And bcfides the Gouletta, Tunis has Bizerta and Port Farina, though the Tri- polines have only the Port of their City, with fome few Places on the Coaft, where none, or hardly any Trade is carried on. The European Merchants have Warehoufes only in the principal Cities, and rarely land in any others, on Account of the Impofitions commonly pradlifed there j trading among thefe People (as the Saying is) Pike in Hand, being always on their Guard, or otherwife they are furely abufed or cheated. I liave already mentioned ^p. 628.) the Exports from Barbary, as well as the Goods they take off, and have little to add thereto, except fomething conccrnin^^ the Trade of Morocco, which differs in fcvcral refpedts from the others. Sallee, as above obfervcd, is the Port in the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco. of the greateft Commerce; the Entrance of the River Guercu, on which it is built, has a Bar of Sand that changes according to the Winds that blow, which is of vart Inconvenience to the trading Vcffels, though it ferves as a Refource to the Saletines when purfued by the Maltef, or other Chriftians, who are more in Safety here, than in any other Port of Barbary. The European Merchandizes are unloaded immediately on their Arrival, into the Chriftian Merchants Warehoufes there, and afterwards fold Wholcfale to the Moors or feivs, wjio fend them to their Corrcfpondents at Morocco, Fez, Mc^ulnez, Tarudant, and Illoe. The greateft Part of the Merchandize imported is conlumed ill thefe live Cities, particularly at Mequinez, twelve Leagues from Fez, and has the largeft Magazines of Corn, Hides, and Wax, which are the chief t ommo- dities of the Growth of Morocco, and the States dependant on it. .And what Goods remain undifpofed of in the faid five Places, are lent to the Provinces of Sara, Dras, and Touet, in the Kingdom of Ti/ilet, where the Arabians take them in 3 Truck ^-#;- 0/ A F R I C K, ^c. Truck for Gold Duft, Indigo, Oflridge Feathers, Dates, and Ibmctimes si few Elephant's Teeth j of which laft. Gold, or the I'cathcrs, none arc produced in the Territories fubjcdl to the King of Morocco, although the Chriftians yearly extrad from thcin a great Quantity of that ricli Duft and Plumes. The Gold and Ivory is brought by the Arabian Troops, wlio go to procure them as far as the Kingdom of Sedan and Gago, which arc Part of Guinea, and are above four hundred Leagues from Morocco. The Ollridge I-'eathers come from Sara (or Dara) a Country to the South of Morocco, towards the Sea of Sand, where the Moors and Arabians kill them iu great Numbers, and fometimes take them alive, and bring them to Morocco, which has led many Authors and Geographers into the Error of fuppofing them Natives of this Empire. Tlic Benizcqucrs, a People of Afric in the Province of Habat in the Kingdom of Fez, have among them a Number of Weavers and Curriers, who carry on a jjrcat Trade in Linen and Hides ; and the other Commodities in which they deal, aic Honey, Wax, and Cattle. Santa Cruz, in the Kingdom of Morocco, on the Confines of that of Sus, near tA Mount Atlas, is a fmall Town, though it a'' prefent carries on a pretty good 1 radc, moic efpecially to Marfeilks, wl'.'sre Imports and Exports are fuch as arc beloreiiKntioned, Algicn, Mr Savary fays, contains above three thoufand foreign Families, which Trade had drawn there, though he fuppofes it principally arifes from the Sale of the Prize Goods, continually bringing in by their Privateers. The Country produci-s plenty of Corn, beiides the other Commodities peculiar to Barbary, and their Imports confift of Gold and Silver Stuffs, Dainafks, Draperies, Spices, Pew- ter, Iron, hammered Copper, Lead, Qiuckfdver, fmall Cordage, Bullets, Linens, Sailcloth, Cochineal, Tartar, Allum, Rice, Sugar, Soap, Galls from Aleppo to Sii'vrna, Cotton in Wool, and Thread, Copperas, Allocs, Woods for Dying, Cum- min, Vermillion, Arfenic, Gum Lack, Annifecds irom. Malta, Brimftonc, Opium, Maftick, Sarlaparilla, Incenfe, Spike, Honey, Wool, Paper, Glafs, Beads aflbrted, &c. a fmall Quantity of thefe Merchandize however fell here, although the Na- tives arc always wanting them, as Duties muft be fatisficd, Recoveries difficult, a Retreat of the Propci ty uncertain, and Impofition very freq.ient. 1 hole there- fore who need any of thefe Goods, wait till the lad: Extremity, in hopes of fome Prize being brought in. Couca, is a fmall Kingdom, fubjedl to that oi Algiers ; its principal Trade con- fifts in Corn, Olives, Oil, Figs, Railins, Honey and Wax ; here are alio fome Iron, Allum, Sheep and Goats for Exportation. The Bajiion of France is a fmall Fortification built at the Extremity of the Kingdom of Algiers, on the Side where its Frontiers join with thofe of Tunis. The French, to whom it belongs, and from whom it received its Name, have been in PoflelTion of it ever fince 1561, when Soliman II. made them the Con- ccfiion, after a previous Agreement with the Divan of Algiers, and the petty Princes of the Country, for which they pay 39500 French Livrcs yearly. La Cajja, is the true Port to the Bajtion ; and befides thefe, the French have Cape Roja, Bonna, and Collo in their Grant, from all which Places, they annually Export about fifty thoufand Meafures of Wheat, eleven or twelve thoufand of Barley, five to fix thoufand of Beans, and fome other Pulfe, above eighty thoufand Skins, a little Guet, about five hundred Quintals of Wax, and much the fame Quantity of Wool. It is likewile here that the French have their Coral Fiftiery, of which they take from five to fix hundred Quintals yearly j and all thefe Com- modities arc fent to Marfeilles, except the Pulfe and Grain, which the Italian Markets take off, and more efpecially Genoa. The Bajlion has been for fome Years paft united to the French African Com- pany (or the Cape Negro Company) whofe Exports from the Place of their De- nomination, are like thefe from the Bajiion, viz. Corn, Hides, Wool and Wax, of which in a good Year their Extradts are confiderable. • Between thefe two Places of the Bajiion and Cftpe Negro, (fubjeft to TunisJ is the Ifle of Tabarque, Dependant on Sardinia, but has for a long Time apper- tained to Meffrs. Lommelini of Genoa, in Property, who pay a Sort of Tribute to Algiers and Tunis, to prefervc the Inhabitants iu the free Enjoyment oi the Curid 7-^3 I 1 * ' I. ' -*■/»■. 9- b : IP' ,1 724 0/ the General Trade 0/ //j^ WORLD. Coral Fifliery, and do the (lime to the King of Sardinia, though their Ifland is well fortified, and free from Itilults. It fikcwifc carries on a tolerable good Trade on its Coa(lt> in Corn, Hides and Wax. Of the Tradi o/Africk. 'X^HIS is one of the fonr Parts of tlic World, bounded by the Ocean, the Medi(er- ■^ ranean, and the Red Sea, which makes a I'cninfula of it ; and a greut Ifthmus, between Suez, at the Extremity of the Red Sea, and Dumirttii, on the Mcdifcrrtiiu-iin, joins it to A/Iii. This Situation gives it a vad Extent of Cbaft, on which only the Europeans liavc any 'I'catKck ; the Inland of their Continent being very little known, cither from tlie Nature of the Country the infupportablc Heats that generally reign here, or on Account of the Inhabitants Ferocity, of which the major Part are Savages. And as a Connexion of Matters, which could not conveniently be feparatcd in treating of the Alediterranean Trade, led me to defcribe that of Ctiiro, AUsan- driii, RoJ'ftta, and all the Coafl of Barbury, that make a confiderable Part of Afrtck, I Hiall have no Occafion to repeat any thing concerning them here j but under this new Title proceed to give a general Idea of all the Plates, where any Commerce is tranfadtcd on the otherCoafts of y^r.Y/f, and of the Eftablinimeiit that the different Nations of Euroffe have there. In rfgard to the Trade of the Red Sea, as it in fome Sort appertains more to yljia than ylfrica, I fliall omit ("peaking of it, till I come to treat of the AJiatic Commcicc, a.id at prel'cnt confine my("clf" to the African only. Very little or no Trade has been carried on, nor any of the Europeans had any Settlement on tlie faid C'oalf, from the Kingdoms of Morocco and Sus, to the Neighbourhood of (?apc Vcrd ; near which Cape, and in the Space between thi- River oi Senegal, (which is one of the Hranches of the Nigrel^mi, that oi Sierra hioiia, the French and Portuguefe have (bine Fadorics ; as the Englijh and Dutch formerly had, but the one abandoned them, and the others yielded them tu France. Since writing the above, the Englijh have drove the French from all their Settlements on the C'oa(> of Africa. The Coaft of Sierra Liona is vifited by Ships of all the four Nations, though folely the Englijh and Portugueje Iiave any Eftablifliment here ; and it is the firll only who refide near Cape Mij'erado between the Coafts of Sierra Liona, and thole o( Malagueta, where they have about ten or twelve houfes in all. The French carry on (bme Trade on the Coa(l of Malaguete (otlierwKc named GnwsJ though without any Relidencc ; and on the Ivory Coaft (which joins to this lafl mentioned) all the Nations of Europe, that are engaged in the African Trade, tranlaft a great deal here in Elephants Teeth j though (umeof them, hav- ing no Settlements, arc obliged to negociate with the greateft Caution, very rarely putting Foot ufliorc, for fear of the Natives, who are Cannibals, fierce and un- tameable. The Cold Coaf>, which is the next, is the moft frequented of any in Africk by the Europeans ; and to prcfervc the Trade of the rich Metal, from which it is denominated, there is hardly any oi them who have not Habitations here, and Ibmc of their. poUbfs even Towns, and confiderable Fortifications. Ardres is a fmall maritime Kingdom joining to the Gold Coafl, though it affords very little for Trade, but Slaves : And Benin follows, making a Part of the Coall of tiic Gulf of St. Thomas. The Ifle of the fame Name under the Line, has be- longed to the Portuguefe. ever fince they drove liie Dutch out, who had before taken it from them, whiifl united with the Crown of 5/> ■ * I t 3 \h 1 »• V 728 0/ the Geneuai- Trade of the WORLD. with J the fii'ft fix Leagues from [ffini, and the other ten. The Ships that trade along the C'oaft, come to an Anchor before thefe Villages, and hoilt their Co- lours, on whicli the Negroes immediately come off, and on finding them Friends, go aboard, v. here tiiey arc commonly regaled with a Glafs or two of Brandy, and an Enquiry is made from tliem, whether any Ships have been lately on the Coafi;, and what Cioods they luve got to difpofe of. The Kingdom of Giiiomcrc, is the neareft to Cape ApoUonia, and tiiougli its SeaCoaft be very contrafted, it is pretty confidern.ble within Land, and drives a great Trade, cither from Gold Mines it has itfelf, or with what it colledts by its Commerce, with thofe tliat poiTefs them, as this Metal is very common here ; and the Traftick in Ivory and Slaves is not a little. At eight Leagues to the Baft of Cape St. ApoUina, is the Village which the Negroes call Akxem, the French Axivie, and the Dutch Atchiin, of which thefe laft have been for above a hundred Years Mafters. After Axime, is Cape des Trois Pointes, called fo from three Mountains which compofe it. The Subjects of the King of Prujfia were fettled here, and had a Fort, which they had obtained in 1720, and delivered up to the Negro King, Mailer of the Countiy, who acquainted the French therewith, and follicited their coming to fettle there, witii Offers of an exclufive Trade j but they negledting to improve the Opportunity, the Dutch took it in 1725, and continue to enjoy it, and is one of the moll conlidcrable Places on the Coall ; the Anchorage is good, the Landing eaiy, without any Bar ; and the Country is healthy, abundant, fertile, and well cultivated. Befides the Gold Trade, which is very confiderable^ here is a great deal of Ivory, and many Slaves. The Dutch have another Fort called Botrou, about two Leagues to the Eaftward of the Cape j and another at lix Leagues to the Eaft of Botrou, named Witfen, pretty near to Tacoravi. Sama or Chama, is one of the chiefeft Places on the Gold Coall, being near four Leagues Eaft of Tacoravi 5 it contains about two hundred Houfes, and the Portuguefe had here formerly a Fadory, and a Redoubt } but the Dutch feized both the one and the otiitr, and carry on a corifiderablc Trade here, it being the Rendezvous of all the neighbouring Negroes. The Kingdom oiGnaff'o, or Cotnvendo, begins four Leagues to the Eaft of Sama. This with Fefu (or Fetu) and Sahou, made fornifily but one Kingdom, and was then powerful and rich, but fince its Divifion, is greatly diminillied. The Ne- groes call it Commendo Ajata, and the Portuguefe, Aldca de Torres, though it is yet known under the Name of Littk Comtnendo, to diftinguilh it from Gnaffo, which is further in Land, and denominated Great Commendo. All this Country is ex- tremely fertile, and abounding in every Thing necefliiry for Life. At Lift/a Commendo, is a celebrated Market kept daily, the beft furniihed of any one in Gui- nea, and it may be in all Africk. Although the Gold Trade is not fo confiderable here, as at the Places bcfore- inentioned, and at the Mine, &c. which I (hall hereafter fpeak of; yet the French have notvvithllanding made a Settlement, that is of infinite Service to them, for furiiilhing their Ships with Refrefliments in their Voyages to the Fall, and in their Return to France. The Cajile of the Mim\ known by the Name of St. Georg,' de la Mina, is the principal Fadlory, and the bell Fortrefs which the Dutch have on the Gold Coall, being the Refidcnce of their Director, and general Commandant, and the Centre of their Commerce, on which all their other Settlements depend. The Soil is ■ifertile, and therefore the Miners are obliged to the Bhuks oi Commendo, Fetu, and Cape Corfe, for '' Provifions j which laft Place lies about three or four Leagues from the Mine, and has for fome Years pail been the thief Settlement of the Englifh in thefe Parts ; it is the Relidence of the Diredtor General of the Lon- don Company, who has the Authority over all the Settlements which this Nation has in Guinea; and the Fortifications are here lb ftrong, as to have refilled the Dutch Fleet, under the Command of Admiral Riiyter. The Village occupied by the Negroes is the moll confiderable of the Kingdom of Fetu; it is compoled of more than two hundred Houfes, and has a diurnal Market, where every Thin" may be had for Money that a Fcrfon can wifh for. Bv 0/ A F R I C K, ^f . By the Agreement which the Englijh and Danes made on their joint Capture of this Place from the Dutch, it was tUpulated that the Danes (hould have a fortified Settlement here, called by them Fridericjhourg, which is to the North-Eaft of the Village, and is commanded by the principal CommilTary of the Danijh Company, which carries on a confiderable Trade here. Although the Fort and Village of Cape Corfe, are in part dry and arid, the rcll of the Kingdom is very fertile and abundant, the Lands are well cultivated, and the Natives (who are numerous) are very laborious. The Village of Maure, is a little League from Fridericjbourg, where the Dutch have a Fort with the Name of Najau. The Kingdom oi Fantin is extremely rich, populous and potent ; the greateft Village in Cormantin, about three Leagues from Moure; the ^ngiijh had formerly a Fort here taken and retaken by the Dutch, with whom at laft it remained, and they have here a good 'Irade, as they have at Adia and Jamolia, which they have fortified. The Country is rich in Gold ; the Inhabitants laborious. Lovers of Trade, of which they have learned the Secret and Oeconomy from the Dutch. Ackram or Acron, a Town in Africk on the Guinea Coaft, is not far from Bregu, or Berku, and whofe principal Traffick confifts in Gold Duft, which the Inhabi- tants give in Exchange for red Cloth, Pots, Kettles, Bafons, and other Copper Kitchen Utenlils. Aguvanna, another African Kingdom on the Gold Coaft, carries on much the lame Traffick as the preceding one, with the Addition of fome few Slaves. Of Acara, Lampi, Juda, and Ardres or Ardra. yiCARA is a large Kingdom, feated at the Extremity of the Gold Coaft, -^ where the Englijh, Dutch, and Danes, have each a confiderable Fort, which renders them Mafters both of the Gold and Negroe Trade, and therefore obliges the French to deal with Lampi, Juda and Ardres, even when at War with thefe Nations ; the latter of which borders on the Kingdom of Boneri. Before that Moure and Cormanteri had attradted the greateft Part of the Bufinefs tranfaded on the Gold Coaft, the Village of little Acara, fituated at the End of it, was the Place where moft of the European Merchandizes found Difpatch j this Village only furniflied a third of all the Gold that the Europeans traded for on this Coaft, and the Negro Trade v.- ftill pretty good here, as between three and four hundred may annually he purchafed on reafonable Terms. The Commerce of Lampi ?nd fuda (a fmail Kingdom between Acara and Ardra J is not inconfiderable, efpecially for the Purchafe of Negroes. In the Years J 706 and 1707, the French Affiento Company bought here two hundred and fifty each Voyage, in Truck for European Goods from forty-five to fifty French Livres per Head, though in the Kingdom of Ardres, from whence near three thoufand Slaves may be annually extradted, they ceft about eighty ditto, and thefe with Provifions, are the only Articles of Commerce in this Kingdom for Exports ; the Goods efteemed moft here for Truck, are the biggeft Glafs Beads ; large Cryftal Pendants ; large gilt Cutlafles ; coloured Taifeties ; filk Stufi^s ftripcd and fpot- tcd J fine Linen ; Laces ; fine Handkerchiefs ; with Buttons ; Iron Bars j a fine thin woollen Scul l died Bouge; Copper, cylindrical, and pyramidical Bells; long Coral j Copper Bafons of various Sizes ; Mufkets ; Brandy ; large Um- brellos ; gilt Looking- Glafles ; China Taffeties, and other Silks from that Part ; CJold and Silver Duft ; Englip and Dutch Crowns. 729 I (, W / I Of t?je Trade on the Coa/l of the Kingdom of Benin. 'TpHE Europeans trade but little in this Kingdom, although it has two hundred •■■ and fifty Leagues of Coaft, and the Inhabitants are lefs favage than the Negroes oi Guinea and other Vim oi Africk. The Merchandize found here are Cotton Habits ftriped according to their Fafliioii (afterwards fold on the Gold Coaft) and sthcrs blue, proper for the Trade of the River Gaiou, and on that of Angola ; 8 'i Jafper II"- 'i m 1 . re* 1 St h IV-'- i:-- 730 0/ //&^ General Trade 0/ the WORLD. Jafpcr Stones j female Slaves (for they will fell no Men ;) Leopard Skins; Pepper ; and Acori, v.hich is a Species of blue Coral that grows under Water in the Form and Manner that other Corals do. In Exchange of thel'e Commodl." -s are given Gold and Silver Stuffs j Red and Scarlet Cloths ; Red Velvets ; Violet coloured Ferrets ; Harlem flowered Stuffs well gummed ; Red Glafs Ear-Rings ; Looking GlafTes with gilt Frames 5 Glafs Beads ; Bougcs j fine Coral ; Earthen Drink- ing-Pots flriped with Red ; all Sorts of Cotton Thread, and Linen ; Oranges ; Lemons ; nnd other gn.rn Fruits candied ; Brafs Bracelets weighing five Ounces and an Half ; Lavender } and Iron Bars. The Dutch are almoft the only Traders with thefc People, as it is they alone among all the Europeans who have a Warehoule here, which by the King's Per- miflion is eftablilhed at Gohu, a large Village on the River oi Betiin; and this Commerce they enjoy fo uninterruptedly, as the Country produces neither Gold, Ivory, Hides, Gum, Wax, nor Slaves, as abovementioncd, though the Natives are jnuch more civilized, honeft, and (if the ExprefTion may be allowed) polite than any of their Neighbours. Captain Snelgrave, in his Trcatife of Guinea, publifhcdin 1734, fays, that the River Congo, in the fixth Degree of fcuthern Latitude, is the mofl diflant Part that the Eng/i/fj trade to, whofe Commerce" here ir fo greatly augmented imcethe Peace oWtrccht, that inftead of thirty-three Ships under thofc Colours that in 1712 were on the Coafl of Guinea ; it was dcmonitrated to the Commiffioners of Trade, that in 1725 there were above two hundred Sail, to the great Advantage of Navigation and our American Colonies. Our Author recounts the Ruin of the Kingdom of JVhidaw, fFida or JudaJ of which Siilicc is the Capital, fituated about feven Miles from the Sea j and here the King had granted to the Europeans commodious Houfes for their Fadories, protecting both their Goods and Pcrfons. The Port was open and free to all European Nations, who came here to purchafe Slaves j and this Trade was fo confiderable, that the Engltfu, French, Dutch, and Portuguefe exported above twenty thoufand yearly from this Kingdom and its Neighbourhood j but the Liberties which the Natives enjoyed of having many Women, and their aban- doning themfelves to Luxury and Pleafure, fo effeminated them, that although they could brinj^ above an hundred thoufand Men in the Field, their Cowardice was fo great as to fuffer two hundred Enemies to drive them from their Capital, and to fee uninterruptedly thei.- whole Country deflroyed by a Nation, which they had formerly dcfpifed. Of Congo. VX",. 'Tp H E Portuguefe, who difcovcred this K ingdom in 1 484, and fettled here in 1 49 1, ■*■ are the only Europeans that trade here; all other Nations only (topping for Re- freflimeiits which they purchafe of the Blacks, in Exchange for finaJl Looking- Glatles, Beads, &c. The principal Settlement of the Portuguefe is at Loanda, the Refidence of the Vice-Roy, and, as may be faid, the Capital of what the Whites poflefs in this Kingdom i the Port is vafHy large, and the Anchorage fecurc, and tills the Place where all the Ships arrive and fail from, either for Europe or the Brazils. The Slave Trade is the mofl important one that the Portuguefe have at Congo, and the Number, which they fend yearly to the Support of Khc'ir American^o\onKs, is furprizinglv great ; a:id what renders this Bufincfs flill more advantageous and conf'derablc, is the fliort Cut from hence to the Brazils, compared with what all other Nations have to run, vvlicn carrying thefe unhappy Wretches to their Plan- tations ; as the Portuguefe fcldom exceed a Month or five Weeks in their Paflage, and confequcntly in this fhort Time are not cxpofed to fuch a Lois by Mortality among their Slav es, as others arc, who have a much longer Voyage to make, which frtqucntl) occafions Diftempers that fuinetimes carry off thegreatefl Part of them. It is (liffi( nit to afcertain the Number of Slaves, which the Portuguefe reliding at Loandti, Cokmho, St. Salvador, and all other Places in this Part oi Africk, have in Property. Tliofe who arc leal! rich, having fifty, an hundred, or two hundred be- longing to tlieiii, and many of the mofl lonliderablc, poflefs at lead three thoufand j a re- s' 'Jt O/ A F R 1 C K, ^c. religious SoL!°ty at Loanda, have of their own tweh'c thoufand of all Nations, which being Bi.ckfmiths, Joiners, Turners,.Stone-Cutters, ^c. do almoft all bring their Mafters in from four to five hundred Rcis per Day Gain, which they pro- cure by woriting for the Publick. Bcfides the Blaciis, Congo produces Ivory, Wax, Honey and Civet, and has in it fome Mines of Iron and Copper, though of thefe no great Quantity is extradted. St. Salvador is properly the Rendezvous of all the Portugue/'e Merchants ; where they bring Gold and Silver Stuffs, Velvets, Englijh Cloth, Gold Lace, bkck Ratine, fmall Englijh Carpets, Copper Bafons, blue Curthen Pitchers, Hats, Rings, Coral, Fire -Arms, and Shells called here Zimlji, or Zinibis (as before obferved) which fervc for a fmall Money ; befides all which, Brandy and Wine find here a current and good Diipatch. 731 '■ ." ')' '!l|»1 Of Angola. jfNG 01. A is of all the African Coafts that which furniflics the Europeans with -*^ thebcil Negroes, andtonimonly in the greateft Quantities, although it fcarcely extends twenty-five to thirty Leagues along the Sea-Shore ; it is true this King- dom widens confiderably within Land, being at leaft an hundred and fifty Leagues in Length and as much in Breadth, whofe Capital is Loando St. Paolo. Although the Portugucfe arc extremely powerful, in the interior Part of the Kin'^domj and that the Majority of the Negroes in the Provinces they have fub- ducu, may properly be termed the Val&ls of his moft faithful Majefty, to whom they yearly pay a Tribute of Slaves, yet the Negroe Trade, which is tranfadled on the Coaft, nas always remained free to the other Nations of Europe ; and the EngliJJ}, French, and Dutch fend yearly a great Number of Veflels, who carry off many thoufands of thelu poor unhappy Creatures, for the Supply of their American Settlements, or for Sale in thofe of the Spaniards. The Portuguefc are however thofe, which deal the moft here ; and it is afto- nifhing that they have not before now depopulated the Country, there being hardly any Year, that they do not fliip off fifteen thoufand for Brazil. The Villages of Cambambe, Embaco, and Majingomo, are thofe which furnilh moft Slaves to the Vortuguefe Merchants concerned in this Traffick. And the Merchandize with which they pay for them, are Cloth with great Liftsj Crimfon Silk Stuffs ; Linens j Velvets ; Gold and Silver Lace j black Serges j Turkey Carpets ; white and coloured Threads ; fewing Silks ; Canary Wine ; Brandy; Olive Oil; Sailors Knivf s ; Spices; refined Sugar; great Hooks j Pins three Inches long, and others of various Sizes ; Needles, ^c. The Portugufc have alfo a Settlement at Binguela, a fmall Kingdom dependant on that of Angola, where they carry on fome Trade ; but this Place is unwhol- fome, and fitter for the Abode of Criminals baniftied by the Tribunal at Lijbon, than for the Refidencc of Perfons excrcifing Trade. Of Loango, Malimbo, and Cabindo. THE Negro Trade that is carried on in thcfe three Places of the Angolian Coaft, is not one of the leaft confiderable, that the Englijh and Dutch are con- cerned in, on the Shores of this Part of Africa, whether for the Number, Good- nefs, or Strength of the Slaves, for which the Europeans prefer them to all others ; and the Inhabitants of the yfw^r/Vtf.'z Colonies, always give for them a higher Price, as more able to fuftain the Labour and Fatigues of the Culture and Manufadluring Sugar, Tobacco, Indigo, and other painful Works, in which it is cuftomary to employ thefe mifeiable Perlbns. The Merchandize proper for thefe Parts is the fame as has been already men- tioned, fo I fliall only add a Remark made by the Judicious in this Conunerce ; that as foon as the Biifinefs is concluded, and the Slaves aboard, not a Moment fhould be loft in getting to Sea, for fear that the unhappy Captives (hoiild grieve at the Sight of their Country, from which they are now baniflicd. 0/ I III « i-*!:" !':■:■' m '•u ■•^.i- . P fi'' ■ .• , k' , ^,,> ^ ';'■..■ i^V':'r ■ i.^■■ f -■■■^ 'SA' Of the Trade of the African Coa lis from the Cape o/"Good Hope, to the Entrance ' of the Red Sea. THE Pcriiigur/e dillovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1493, ^^^ ^^^V *■«- mained undctcnnined to fettle here, either tiirough a \Vant of Courage or Dcfcdt of Prudence, or by a Refledtion on the Cruelty with which they treated the ^Qox Hottentots, in Revenge of their being at firft not well received by iheni. It dot; yjt appear that from that Time the Europeans made any Dclcent tnere till 1600, when the Ships of the Dutch Eajl Company began to touch here, though they did not at firll con-iprehend all the Advantage they might draw from an Ellablifhme.-t in this Country, and therefore contented themfelvcs for fome Years, to anchor here, going ;iiul conung, only to buy frefh Provilions ; and in order to fecure thefe from any Infult till re-emharking, they built a fmall Fort upon the Harbour, whofe Ruins were difccrnable not long ago. But on the Company's Ships flopping here as uUial in 16^0, one Mr. Van Rcihecck, then a Surgeon, foon perceived by the Situation and CJoodnefs of the Country of what Advantage the Ertablilhment of a Fadtory here would be to the Company's Trade, and on his Return to Holland, he communicated his Thoughts to the Directors, who fo far approved of them, as to refolve on attempting the Thing without Lofs of Time ; and accordingly they charged him with the Care of the Expedition, and gave him four large Ships with all Materials, Inflruments, Workmen, Gff. jiecelfary for the Undertaking : They made him Admiral of this little Fleet, and Governor of the Cape, with full Power on Arrival to treat with the Natives, and to regulate every thing that he Hiould judge would be conducive to the Ellablilhment of the intended Colony, on a fecure and huling Foundation. Fan R'ubeeck had all the Succefs that he could pofllbly defire in this Enterprize ; as he knew fo well how to ingratiate himlclf with the Hottentots, by the Prefents he made them of fome Hardware, he prefently concluied a Treaty with them, by which they granted the Dutch full Liberty to feti i'; m their Country, ?.nd to trade with them as they fliould think proper, on Payment of fifty Guilders, in the fame Sort of Merchandize as their Prefents were. This Treaty was iirrae- diately executed with ''undluality on both Parties, and from that lime the hdu: Company have cnjjyea an uninterrupted Settlement, and nothing is negleded to render it as beneficial as poflible. When I fay their Ellablirtiment has been without Interruption, 1 mean fti re, the contraiting I'arties ; for as foon as the Dutch begun to cub.ivate their i^ w purchafcd Lands, and to build Houfes and Forts, the Gunjcrmans [w'. ich pre a Nation at the Cape nearell the Sea) oppofed I'u fives to this ElT.abliihi.ient, and called in all the neighbouring Nations to their A'' !'. nee- f^nt the jD«/fZ» defended themfelvcs lb well, that their Enemies were ob);g«;. :• k ^--uid Peace, which was granted them on the following Co-'^'tions, viz. The !V il Agreement was not only confirmed, but it was farther lui.iulated ti; >> U' .[:■. t^ands, which the Natives did not then actually occupy, lliould thence-forward belong to the Ho/- landers, with this Claufe only, that the Natives might fettle wherever they pleai- cd, provided it was in Places that the Dutch left uncidtivated. An Alliance of- fenfive and dcfenfive was at the fame Time concluded, which though not fet down in writing (the Hottentots not underltanding the Ufe of Letters) has been hither- to religioudy obferved. liy this Treaty the Dutch are in a manner become the Mailers of ail this Country ; and tlic Chiefs of the Nations frequently come to renew the Alliance with the Governor, and to bring him Prefents of Cattle, when tliey are alwa)S well received, and their (Jifts returned in Tob.icco, Brandy, Co- ral, arul other Things they are known to be fond of. It has coll the Company im'menfe Sums to put this Eftabliiliment or\ the foot- '■ \\X it at prcfcnt ib ; Mr. A'./Aw computes the Expence of the firfl twenty Years to liavt b'^wii at Icall a Million of Guilders per yhmuui, and that during tlic Time he was tl-.oic, it ,v, 3 ditlicult to raife enough to defray Charges. The Reve- nues ccr.iift in the Titiies of all the Lands which the E.urjpcani poflels at the Ctf/i, CiOTud Penti, Cufloms on al' foreign Wines, and thofe of their own C».n-'>Ii, yn "■ nicco, Mecr, Bruid^^ and other dilliUcd Liquors, as well as on the 1 0/ A F R I C K. f! the Piofiis made by Trade, which the aforeCaid Mr. Koll/en reckons annually amounts to 225,000 Guilders. But as the Colony has always gone increafing,, and I'rclh Lands continually been grubbing up, this Ellablirtunent inuft becoine very beneficial in Time. The Territories which the Dutch poflcfs are divided into four Diflridts or Co- lonic, of which the firft is called the Cape, becaufe it is the nearell tc the Sea, and the City and Fort of Good Hope, are built here. The lecond Colony is that of Utt'llenbofch, io called from Slcl, the Name of a Governor (Simon l^andcr StclJ under whom this Ellablifhmcnt was made, and Bolcb, whicli, in Dutch fignifies a Wood, becaufe the Country was entirely co- vered with it, or over-run with Weeds, when the Dutch took PofTellion ; this Colony is feparated from the firll by Sands of a great Extent, and divided into four Parts, of which the two principal ones arc, that which ftill retains the Name oi Stellcnhfch, and that called Hottiiitot Holland, not becaufe it refembles the Province ol" 'hlland, which is much lefs, and very differently iituated, but be- caufe it appeared to tlic nril: Settlers, to be the fitteH for the Cattle appertaining to ilie Indui Con.paiiy. Dralwnju.u is the Name of the third Colony, which was begun fettling in 1675 ; a great Number of French Proteftants, having a little before fled for Re- luge to Holland, the Company, by Recommendation of the States General, fent jiany with their Families to this Country, with Orders to the Governor to give them Lands, and all Neccffaries for their Culture ; it is thefe or their Defcen- dants, which at this Time compofe the greateft Part of the Inhabitants of Dra~ kenjidn j and although they have omitted nothing that might render this Settle- ment flourifhing, and herein have been aflifted by the Soil, which in general is very good, yet few have obtained a Sufficiency to make themfelves eafy, but ge- nerally fpeakingare poor, living from Hand to Mouth, and in Hutts like the Hot- tentots. This feems furprizing, but our Author attributes it to the little Support afforded them, as there was Room to have expeiSed more. The Country is mountainous andftony, yet neverthelcfs very fertile, producing almoil every Thing growing in the other Colonies ; the Honey Mountains are here among others fo called from the great Quantity of that fweet Liquid, which a Meridian Sun forces in Drops from the Clifts of the Rock, and which the Hot- tentots acquire at the Peril of their Lives. The Governor P'ander Stel gave this Colony the Name it bears, in Honour to Monfieur Baron Van Rbeede Lord of Drakenjlein in Guilder land, who in 1685 was fent by the India Company, in Quality of Commilfary General, to examine the State of all their Fadtorici and Plantations, and to rcdrefs as he fhould think proper the Abufes crept in there. The laft an.! youngeft Colony of the Capei; ;hat oi fVaveren,v/h\c\\ received this -Jame from William Vanderjiel, in Honour ol the Family of Van Waveren oi Am- jterdam, to which he was allied. It was before called the Red Sand, on Account of a Mountain which feparates it from the Colony of Drakenjlein, on the Top jf which, and about it, is found a great Quantity of this red Sand. The Country is naturally very fertile, but little cultivated, as the Inhabitants poflefs nothing here in Property, but arc obliged to renew their Leafes every fix Months with the Governor. There is not a Country in the World, according to Mr. KoI'mh, that feeds fo great a Quantity of large and fmall Cattle, as the Cape of Good Hope, where they are cheaper, and their Flelh better ; an Ox commonly weighs here between five and fix hundred Pounds, which is given for a Pound of Tobacco 5 and a Sheep's Tail weighs from rifteen to twenty, and fometimes thirty Pounds. As lazy as the Hottentots naturally are, they do not however negleft an Ap- plication to the Mechanick Arts, and they are .even fo expert, that it is incon- ceivable how they fliould be accufcd of being a People the moft ignorant and ftupid in the World : They liave Furriers and Tanners by Profeflion among them, who underftand preparing the Skins with which they cover themfelves, and the Hides that they employ in diverfe Ufes, almoft as well as the Europeans; Arti- ficers in Ivory, who, without any other Inftrument than a Knife, work in it with as much Propriety and Delicacy as the beft Turners ; Matt-makers, Rope-makers, who have the Art to make Cords with fmall Ruflies, that are as Itrong and du- c^ A rablc 733 %i F' I u m ' > fir ht ir "':■;' 734 Of the General Trad:', i/ /^^ WORLD. rable as Hempen ohcs ; and tilackliniths, who very well underAand to caft Iron, andgivcitall Sorts of Forms, only with Mints, although they hardly ever make any other Ufe of it, than to arm their Sticks, Arrows, Javelins, and other fimi- lar Inftruments. Thefe Blatkfmiths work alfo in Copper, though but a little ; for all their Performances herein are reduced to Ibme 1 oys, with which the Men and Women adorn themfelves j and they are ail in general Potters, every Family mak- ing their own Vcflcls, for which they ufe the Earth of an Ant Hill, which they carefully cleanfe, and afterwards knead with Ant Eggs, which make an admir- able Cement, and gives to the Matter a jet Black, that it never lofes. It is here- by feen, that they neither want Invention nor Dexterity, and that if they were lefs flothful, they would in the Mechanick Arts foon equal all the other Afrkam *. CySofala and Monomotapa. THE Kingdom of Sofala is rich in Gold Mines and Ivory, and thefe two precious Commodities attrad Foreigners, and maintain Commerce. 1 he A- rabians are fuppofed by fomc, and the Fleets of Solomon and Hiram King of Tyre by others, to have been the rirll Traders ta thele Parts ; but as I have treated largely of this Conteft in my Hiflorical Introduction, I beg leave to refer my Rea- der thereto, for any further Information. The Portuguefe fettled here towards the End of the fifteenth Century, and in 1500 even obtained Permiflion to build a Fort pretty near the Capital, for the Habitation of their Fadlors, carrying on their chief Trade herein, for which it %\'as commodioufly fituatcf* on the jama's Shore, vrhere they had their Ware- lioufc for European Merchandize, lent them from Mofambique. The lirhtft Mines of the Kingdom are thote oi Sofala, from which there is yearly extracted (if the Nijrocs -nay be ci edited) more than two Millions o( Me- riguls, v/hich at fourteen Livres Tournois (as Mr. Savar "omputcs them) make twenty-eight Millions of Livres: Thele Riches arc divided between the Portu- guefe (who are the only European<: that trade to this Kingdom) the Arabians, (more cfpevially thofe of Ziden and Mecca ) and the Mahomttans of ^illoa, Man- hifi; and Mc'-iua. Thefe latter come in fmall Barks, which they call Zam- tvtis, and bring Hue and white Cottons, Silks, Amb . rcafc and Succinum, or yellow and red Amber \.; ioufly carved. The Commerce of th.'^ Arabians ma) import above 140,000/. Sterling per Annum, in the exchanging divcrfe ^orts. of Goods that they bring from the Eajl indies, and the RedScA, againfl Gold and Ivory. In regard of the Porfvgiui/e Tnnie, ''t is carried on by thofe of this Nation fettled at Mofamliique, who fend here the Produds of Europe, proper for this Market, on which they m xt- fo vart a Profit, that only the Governor's Rights amounts yearly to between .. o and 70,000 .'. Sterling, extm of the Portuguefe Troops Pay, which < omes out of this Trul^, and bcfidw ths; Tribute that is an- nually fent to the King of Portugal, which is very confiderable. The Imalleft Share of tb''fe Merchandizes are, however, confumed in this King- dom, the rcftpaffes to Monomotapa, where the So-j/ois truck them jh;;u nil Gold, which is given them unwcighed ; (thele People never ufing Scales) and making, as one rr ay fay, an arbitrary Traffick, dependant on the Caprice of the Buyer and Seller. The K.i^gdom of^ Monomotapa being withtn Land, and none of its Provinces near tlie Sea, Strangers, and more elpeciaily the Europeans, carry on no direifl Trade with it j it is true, the Portuguefe have fome Settlements here, but Reli- gion has been a greater Motive to their Origin than Trade j fo that all the Gold, Ivory, and Oftridge Feathers (which arc the princ.pal Commodities that this vaft Tra r"^.' :., iC.,'t m-\ ^'H if."-"; •lU:'-^ 0/ A F R I C K, ^c, 735 the Arabians and Portuguefej that thefc latter commonly call the Prince to whom Monomotapa is fubjcft, the Golden Emperor. Of Molambique. TH E Portuguefe are the only Eurcpeans, who have any Eftahlirtiments, or carry on ^ny Trade in the Kingdom of Mofambique ; the Arabians, how- ever, Uiarc with them, although the former ufe all pofTible Means to hinder their Progn-is, and fecurc it entirely to themtt;Ives. Tne Portuguefe Habitations along the Coaft are confiderable, and all defended by good Fortifications, or at Icaft, by ftrong Iloufes, wliich fervc for Magazines and a Security againft the Na- tives, who are equally perfidious and laay ; but tlic Center of their Commerce in thefe Parts, is the Illc o'l Mofambique, about two Miles from the Continent, in which they have a commodious Town, well fortified, which is the common Rcfidencc of the Governor General, a'.id of the richefl: Merchants. This Ifle and its Por;, are to the Portuguefi' India Shipping, what Madagafcar was formerly to the Freta/.', and what St. Heiena and the Cape of Good Hope arc at prefent to the Englijh and Dutch, viz. - Place for depofiting Goods, and af- fording Refrefhments. The Dutch twice attempted to make themfclvcs Maftcrs of the Commerce of Mofambique, in the Beginning of tlic fcventeenth Century j the firft in 1 604, and the fecond in 1607 ; but the Portuguefe, then united with the Spaniards, made fo brave a Defence, that the Dutch f"lects were obliged to retire half ruined, tho' with a rich Booty that they found in fcveral Portuguefe Caracks which they took. The Trade carried on here confifts in Gold and Silver, Ebony, (of which their Forcils are full) Ivory (found here in greater Abundance than in any Part of Africk) in Slaves taken in War, Matts, and all Sorts of Refrcrtiments ; and the Merchandize given in Exchange, are Wine, Oil, Silk, Woollen and Cotton Stuffs, Coral, wrought and unwrought. When the European Goods arrive at Mofambique in the Portuguefe Ships, . icy are taxed at a certain Price by the King's Faftor, who afterwards fends tht. . t / Chilimani, at the Mouth of the Senna, from whence they go up the River in fmall Barks, to a little Portuguefe Town feated at the Height of the Senna, where the Caffres and Blacks come from the Inland Kingdoms and Provinces of Africk, fometimes at three or four Months Travel Diftance, to buy or take on Credit the Portuguefe Goods, for a Quantity of Gold agreed on, and which they never fail to bring faithfully. This Traffick generally yields Cent, per Cent, and is properly the Chili and Peru of the Portuguefe ; Gold being fo common here, that at a Month's Journey from the Coaft, the tJtenfils of the Houfe and Kitchen are cuftomarily made of it. O/'Mclinda. TH E Commerce of this Coaft, which is the laft Kingdom from the Cape of Good Hope, to the Entrance of the Red Sea, where the European Ships an- chor to trade, is almoft entirely in the Hands of the Portuguefe, who have a great Settlement in the Ca 'al, and have even had the Credit of buildfng feven- teen Churches here, althoL^l the King is a Mahometan. The Natives, however, carry on fome Trade with their own Vcirds, in the Red Sea, and with them fre- quent the beft Ports in Arabia. They are alio fometimes feen in the Indian Sea, particularly at Cambaya, a Maritime Town in the Territories of the Great Mogui ; but with all t lis, and though the Indians ami Arabians Ibmctimes bring their Goods to Melinda, it is properly by the Hands ut the Partugucfe that all this Trade is tranfaifled, which IS but little lets confiderable than that • f Mofiimbiquc. The Gold brought from Sef'nJa, the Ivory, Copper, Quickfilver, all Sorts of Silks and Cottons of Europe and the Indies, various painted Lincn^, elpecially Cam- i bayan t ".l*/^!*"*-**?— «'V?E--i- 736 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. bayan Handkerchiefs, Spicery, Rice, and other Legumes and Fruits, are the principal Commodities brought to MclinJu. ^■l^ps' K%'' w ■ Kti ' K Pf^ r" O/'Abifl'inia, er //le- Empire o/Preftcr John. j4BISS1NIA, better known to the ancient Geographcrf; under the Name •^^ of the Upper Ethiopia, produces all Sorts of Commodities proper for the Support of a ccnfiderabic Trade, either at home or abroad, if the natural Sloth of its Inhabitants did not hinder their benefiting thcmfelves by the(e Advantages. Many Authors who have endeavoured to dill over and fix the Situation of the celebrated Opbir, have thought to find it in the vail and rich Eflatesof this fa- mous Empire J though I think Dr. Gara'n 1ms julHy placed it clfcwiierc, as may be feen in the Hiftorical Introdudtion ; howc\ now carry on the greateft Trade to the Ifland of Tirct-rtf of any Nation, where they load the ;aforementioned Goods, in return for Woollens, Iron, Herrings, Pilchards, Butter, Cheefc, and Salt Meat. 9 K Madera, t port a confiderable Trade, but more efpecially Raw Hidos of Kids, Goats, wild Cows, Gfr. Cattle are fo plenty, that feveral Ships are employed in carrying them to Brazil ; and the annual laltingof Filh caught near Cape Verd, keeps many Sailors at Work, as it does alfo Veffels afterwards, for its Tranfportation to the Bay of All Saints, or fernambouc. The Ifles of St. Vincent and St. Antonia, in particular, carry on a very lucrative Trade in the Oil they extraft from Tortoife that come afliorc in certain Times of the Year, as well as in Ox Hides, which they drcis in the fame Manner with them in Spain and Portugal. In fine, the Rice, Honey, Turkey Wheat, Orange?, Lemons, Pine-Apples, and feveral other delicious Fruits ; as alfo the great Quantities of tame and wild Fowl, found here, not only fervc for the Food and Regales of the Inhabitants of thefe Ifles, but alfo for the Traffick which they have with Strang-.'rs, who come here to water, or to trade. The Ifle of 5/. Thomas, (which the Negroes of the Coaft call the Iflc of Pon- casj took its new Name from being difcovered on that Saint's Day, the 21ft of December, 1465, in feeking to difcovcr a Way to the Eajl-Indies and the King of Portugal fent People there in 1467. Its Capital is called St. Thomas ; and although it is fituated under the Line, and that the Heats are exceffive, the Portugiuje have raifed here one of the nioft flou- rifhing Colonies they have in ,/^/fi ; and its Stuation a[)peared lb commodious to the Dutch, for the Trade of Angola, and its neighbouring Coafts, that they took it twice, viz. in 1610 and 1641, though they could not keep it; and the Portuguefe in a (hort Time repaired the almoft ineflimable Damage, which their Enemies did thee on abandoning it. The Portuguefe were the firft who in- habited and cultivated it, though at prefent the Negroes are by far the greateft Number, and it is fuppofed might eafily feize it, if their natural Sloth and Cow- ardice, joined to their Aptitude for Slavery, did not render them uncapable of fuch an Enterprize. W- Sugar JJT- 0/ A F R I C K, c. 739 Siii^ar Cuncs and (Jingcr grow here, .i» well as at any Place in the World, and make tlie principal inland Trade of tlie Iflc ; the I'ortugue/i cultivate thciii with extreme great Cure, nui notwithAaiiding the encellive Meats of Sky and Sun, they arc leldom deceived (i\ their iLxpedlations, as the Crop both ot the one anil the other is getting in every Month of the Year. Of brown Sugar hero 2* tomnionly made from fix »o fevcn hundred Ciiargcs, of which there is yearly carried out of the Iflc near a hundred thouCand Roves (of thirty-two Pounds Pot' fuj(ui/c eacii) which is fcnt to Portii^a/, wrapt up in its Leaves. 'I'lie other Produdh and Manutaillures of the Kle, are divcrfc Cottod Stuffs, proper for the Negro Trade on the Coaft, Fruits, and particularly that called Co/ii, which is a Nut, in Tade like a Chefnut, and whicli is trucked with great Advantage at Loandti, St. Ptio/j, and other Places in the Kingdom ot Angola and Ccngr, trom whence they are tranl'ported to a much greater Diftance. The Leg'imen of all .V)rts arrive here to great Perfedion : /Www Wheat, Millet, Ma- nioc (of whole Roots the CalVave is made) Melons, Potatoes, Figs, Hananas, Dates, Cacaos, Oranges and Lemons grow here in Abundance ; the bhcep and Kids are excellent, but the Beef is fnuller and not near fo fat as in Europe. The Eurohi-.in Commodities, which the Portugtiejl- carry to St. Thomas, arc Linens from Uolland and Rouen, or others limilar in (^dity, Thread of all Co- lours, thin Serges, Silk Stockings, Z.ij(/'« Ca'^Mets, Nijines Serges, Hatchets, Bills, Salt, Olive Oil, Copper Plates and Kettles, P.ich and Tar, Cordage, Sugar Moulds, Braiuiy, and all Sorts of diflilled Liquors, Canary Wine, Olives, Capers, fine Flour, Butter, andChecfe. Bclides the great Iflc I have now fpokc of, (umc Pilots give the Name of St. Thomas in general to fmall Iflands, near, and even to fome very diftant : Of thefo the chief is yV/'/jcr's Ille, difcovered in 1471 i that oi FirnaaJo Pao, Poo, or Port, that of the Afcen/ioi', and that of Annabon, or Bon Anno\ it having been difco- vered on Ncvv- Year's Day, even that of .S7. Helena, although at a great Dillance from that of St. Thomas, ot which I fliall treat in its Place ; and in refped of the other four, no Commerce is carried on with them, as the Ships bound to the Eajl- Indies, only touch here for Wood and Water, or to catch Tortoifes, when in want of frefli Provifion, and have many Sailors fick ; excent Annabon, where the PortugueJ'e that arc fettled carry on a Trade in Cotton, \\ hich they gather In great Abundance here, as alfo Hogs, Goats, Poultry, Varict) of delicious Fruits, Palm Trees, Tamarinds, Woods, ^c. Of thi Canary IJlands. THESE are the fame the Antients knew under the Name of the Fortunate Iflands ; whofc Difcovery is neverthelefs reckoned only from the Year 1348, or at utmolt a hundred Years before j they were in a Manner forgotten for fe- veral Ages, and as one may fay, loft all that Tinie to the Nations of Europe, who had no Knowledge of them. The Spaniards are at prefent their Mafters, and have poflcffcd them ever fince 1522, when they were given up to them by the Succelibrs of their firft Conquerors. They are fituated to the Weft oi Africa, over againft the Kingdom of Morocco, being eighty Leagues diftant from that Coaft, and till lately were counted only fevcn in Number, of which the prin- cipal is called the Grand Canary, the o:herfix are. Pa/ma, Ferro, Gomera, Te- nertff'e (fo famous for its Peak, or Mountain, fuppofed to e the higheft in th« World) Fuente, Fortavcu ira, and Lancerotte \ but fot fome Years part, Clara, Lobos, Graciofa, Roca, Alegranza, and Infiermo, have been difcovered and added. The Soil of thcfe Ifles is extremely fertile in all Sorts of Grain, Fruits and Le- gumes, particularly in thofc excellent Wines, fo much efteemed overall Europe, where fo large a Q^iantity is yearly tranfported : Mr. Savary fays, that between us and the Dutch, an annual Export is made from thence of above thirty thou-' fand Tons of this pleafant Cordial ; and though I am convinced that the Qtwn-' tity is very large, yet I cannot think it amounts to fo much : Sugar is alfo cul- tivated here in Abundance, and in the Grand Canary only, twelve Mills are employed in grinding the Canes, and in Proportion on the other IQss, fo that 2 her«« \i. \ m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ ^ .<.^ ^/ 0% / Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREIT WiSSTH.N.Y. MSM (716) 173-4503 4^ f4o ! If 1. ''■'^k C^*a^^i^B . .V.;? Up ''^ ■■ '^'^iiii ^BpvivJ''-'- ■'^S^ K^--l:- ■ ' ?!■' a' ''^ ^wS^' ■: ' bSS^' W^,\ :■; ^^L'jl'l 'K'li> ^"'- ' . 1. ,,,. ,^. _ < ,1 ^4', ^^^ f f i' ,!-.-if I Of the General Trade o/ //j Hides, all Sorts of Silks, (though moft of thefe are now fupplied from SpainJ Men and Women's Silk Stockings, Ribbons, Wheat, Barley, Flour, and all Sorts. of Pulfe, Herrings, Pilchards, Beef, Pork, Butter, Cheefe, and Candles ; with all which the other Ifles are fupplied from Teneriff'e. Arid the Englijh take in Return th,' Malvoife and dry Wines made here, of v/hich in a good Year, Teneriff'e only, produces above thirty thoufand Pipes (one third Malvoife) and ¥alma and Ferro, fifteen or fixteen thoufand Pipes each. I have already mentioned, under the Trade < - ental Ocean, the inman Sea to the South, and to the Weftward, die t(*d Sea, the Ifthmus of Suex, the Mediterranean, the Canal of the B/acA Sea, the Pont- Buxiit, the Sea of Zabaebe, the Don, and the 06y ; beine from Eaft to Weft about feventeen hundred and fifty Leagues, and from Norm to South near fifteen hundred and fifty. Many Nations of this vaft Continent, efpecially thoie who live in the Middle of it, and thofe of the Northern Ocean, are very litde known to us, and if we except the Mufcovites, who pofiefs a Portion, and whofc Caravans, unce the Reign of the Czar Peter Alexivwitz, regularly depart evciy Year from Peterf- hargb to China, and traverfe fome Part of it, it may be laid, that the Europeans have no Trade there, and have only uncertain and fabulous Accounts of thefe Countries. Though it is not fb, withRefpeA to thf; Southern andEaflerfi Ooafts oiAfia, tli which I (hall now briefly fpesgk, as they follow, from Mocha, the richeft and moft trading Ci^ of Arabta-Feiix, to China, where the Eunpeans generally ter- minate their Voyages and Commercial Enterprizes j referving neverthelefs, the Liber^ to make fome Excurfions within Land, particularly for what regarck the Trade of Perfia, the Empire of the Grand Mogul, that of China, the Kingdom of Siam, and fome others ; which, however, I Hiall touch on with the utmoft Brevity. Afterwards I (hall run over that great Number of Ides lying in the Eaft, whofe Commerce in Spice, and other precious Commodities, is rendered (o famous, and annually attrads fo great a Number of Ships, as well from all die European as Indian Nations. With RefpeA to die Eaftern Coafts ai Ajia, which are waftied by the Medi- terranean, Black Sea, and the Archipelago, I (hall excufe faying any Thing more about them here, having before joined this Commerce to that of Europe, to which my Reader may have Recourfe, particularly where the Trade of Cenfion- tinople, Cqff'a, Aleppo, &c. is treated of. I ffaall therefore begin this Traffick of Afia, with the Cities of Arahia-Felix, feated on the Red Sea, or in the Ocean, near its Mouth ; as Mecca, Mocha, Aden, and fome other-s ; and afterwards enter the Gulphs of Ormus and Baffora ; where we find Bajfora, Ormus, Cameron, (or Bender- Abt^ffi J dependant on the Empire of Perfa, which we fhall vifit even to its Capital. The Coafts of /« celebrated for that of Bantam, and yet more for the famous City of Batavia, and the Ifle of Borneo. The Pbtltppinei, called the ManiUes. The Moluccas, io fruitful in Spice. The Ladrones, which are in the Track from America to India by the South Seas, and the Ifles of Jafon (or Japan) from whence all European Nations are excluded except the Dutch. And as I nave already occaQonally mentioned Ibmething of the Eaft-India Trade, I (ball avoid repeating it here, but only now add, what I before omitted con- cerning it. And jxevious to my Entrance on this propofcd Detail, I (hallfpeak a Word concerning Bur/a, which was omitted in the Article of the Levant Trade. Bur/a, which was the Capital of the ancient Bythinia, is ftill one of the fineft and largeft Cities in the Grand Seignior'i Dominion, feated on the Sea oi Mamnera in Natalia. Its Caravanferas (or Inns) are vaft and commodious, and its Bezeftan, with its rich Shops, reiembles the Salons of a Palace, by the Quantity of Merchants, . and Goods exhibited to View there. The moft able Workmen of all Turkey are at Burfa ; its Manufactures of Silk Stuffs are admirable ; but its Carpets and Tstpifliy, worked on |>cfigns icnt from Framee an^ Jtafy, a^ above all cfteemed. StUT is gatbtred here in Abundance, and of (he beftQ^ty 4iat the Eftatep of the Grand Seignior produce ; here is alfb fome Gutp Adr^gant, but this col]e|£ted at Cara^i (or Chateau NoirJ about four Di^ Journey from this City. f:t The Trade ofAxMz. np HIS Part of Afia has at leafl thirteen tfaoUfand Leagues Circuit, and is * divided into Arabia Deferta, Arabia Petrea, and Arabia Felix i this laff , which is almoft as big as the other two, and which it alfo furpafTes in Riches and Number of Inhabitants, is befides dUlinguifhed for its Commerce, which is one of the axA confiderable in all the Eafl. Its chief Cities, and thofe mofl noted for Trade, are Mocha, Hidedan, Chichiri, Zibet, and Ziden on the Red Sea ; Aden, Fartack, and Ma/cote, on the Ocean, or Arabian Sea ; Babr, Barbem, and El-catif, in the Gulf of Bajlora ; in fine, Baf- fora at the Bottom of this Gulf} but as this laft is in Arabia Deferta, I fhall de- fcribe it when I come to treat of that Province. I might here add Mecca and Medina, Places which the Mahometan Zeal has feparated as holy, and which are alfb rendered famous for the immcnfe Riches annually brought here by five Caravans,' partly through the Devotion of Pilgrims, and partly by the Merchants for Trade ; but the Entrance into thefe two Cities being prohibited on Pain of Death to any Chriftian, and the Europeans confe- qut^ntly having no Commerce here, I fhall content myfelf with informing my Reader, that ue Bufinefs which the MuJJ'ehnan Nations of India and Africk carry on here, is by Ziden ; this being properly the Port of Mecca, although it is at leaft twenty-five Leagues difhnt ; and by Mocha, which ferves as its Storehoufe, ,or Staple. Mocha, fituated at the Entrance of the Red Sea in thirtren D-grees eighteen Minutes of North Latitude, is at prefent a City of the greateft Commerce in all Arabia-Felix, where it was transferred to from Aden, about the Middle of the i6th Century. There are hardly any Maritime Nations, either of Europe, AJia, or Africa, who do not fend Ships to Mocha ; the Englijh and Dutch generally fend theirs here, from the Places in India where they are fettled, as the French did when their Commerce was moft flourifhing, but they now go there directly. The (y A S I A, ^c. ., The other Vcfllls brought here by every Mouflbn, which are often fifty or more in Number, commonly come from Goa, Diu, Touvel, Dabul, Goga, Ca/ieut, Ac ben, Mafuli^atan, Negeva, Preiment, Cddtt, Mofambiaue, Melifula, and Etbiopiat' all loaden with the richeft ProduAs of the Places from whence they fail* or that their Freighters have colledted from the moft remote Parts of the Eaft, as from China and Japan % befides wh'ch Marititr.s Trade, a very great and rich one is carried on by Lapd, by Means of the Ca-avans from Al^po and Suer., that arrive in the Month of MarcL They are commonly two Months on their Jour- ney, and generally join on entering Arabia, making Part of thofe that conduA the Pilgrims to Mecca and MetHtia, but which, till then, are only compofed of Merchants and Goods. About a thoufand Camels ierve for to tranA>ort thefe Merchandize, Eatables, and other NecclTaries for the Merchants, and the Troops, which go as an Ef- corte to defend them againft the Arais ; and thefe Caravans are efteemed but indifferently rich, if tliey carry lefs in ready Money, than two hundred thou- fand Dollars, and a hundred thoufand Ducats of Gold, either Hungarian, V^ne' tian, or Moorijh ; and this is only to be underflood of what is entered at the Cuilonihoul'e, there being always near as much more unregiftered, and car- ried '.>y Stealth, to fave fhe Duties, ^vhich are very confiderable. The Goods which thefe Caravans convey, are Velvets, Sattins, Armoifins, Gold, Levant Stuffs, Camblets, Cloths, Saffron, Quickfilver, Vermillion, and Merceries, from Nurem- burg. The Royal Ship (leaded yearjv for the Grand Seigniors Account) fit>m Suez, brings alfo the fame pommoidittes as the Caravans, with the Addition of feme Mu/covy Hides, Pewter, Foinwa (a Drug to dye Scarlet) and about four hundred thoufand Dollars, thpu^h but fifty thoufand Ducats. The Goods wh^ch the Caravails, Royal Ship, and other foreign VefTels load at Mocha, in Return of thofe hrought there, are partly the Produ^s arid Manufac- tures of Arabia, and vv^y what Ytas been introduced by Ships from India, A/rick, and Eui'ope. The Arabians furnifh but little tG-i^ratxls this Commerce of their own Manufa^ures, ^s th^y hstve oqIv fomc Cotton Cloth, and this but coarfe; though "in l^ecotppepce of the Gud pefeA, their Growths fbm>ly many valuable Commodities, ^s Inpenft;, Mvnht ^d Ambergreafe, Aloes, fiaum, CafHa, Dragons BlcKyf, Giun Arabick, Cojrdl, and a Qiuintity of Plants, both Medicinal and Odiferous, precious Stones, efpecially' Babarem Pearls, bat above aM, Coffee, which befides being of the befl Quality, is fo plenty as to load many Shaps with it yearly, of which this Port is generally full from all Parts, and under all Colour^ as from Surat, Cambay'e, Dm, Malabar, anil all Places in India ; here are alfo VefTels of jC^^, Soqotra, Mafcate, and all the GvM[ of Perfia ; and of the Europearisi 'Bnwjh, Frejicb, Dutch, Danes, and Portuguejl' j and befides the Merchants of the ahove-mentioiied Illations, this is the Rendezvous of many from Barbary, Egyfit, Ttirkey, and all Arabia, and may properly be termed a general Magazine, wnere the Merchandizes of an univerfd Trade are depofited. Ade/i formerly enjoyed all the Advantages in Trade, that Mocha now does, by a Transfer from the other j and is the only Port that the Grand Seignior has upon the Ocean ; its Situation near the Mouth of the RedSez, renders it a Har- bour common to both, which f^l attracts a confiderable Trade from the Ara- bians, Perjians, and Indians, as it fbmc time ago did from the Dutch, till their own Plantations of Coffee proved almofl fufficient to fupply their Demands, and con*- fequently flackened their Intercourfe with other Nations for it. Cbicbiri, or Cbiriri, i$ feated higher iHxan Aden \n thePer^n Gulph, and is the firfl City in Arabia Felix, where the Dutch ufcd to Trade before their cor- refponding with Aden. This City has an Emir, or Arabian Sultan for its Sovereign, although Tribu- tary to the Turks, to whom he pays annually four thoufand Dollars, and twenty Pounds of Ambergreafe. The veffels fronl India, Perjia, Ethiopia, and the Iflands of Comorre, Madagajcar, and Melinda, are thofe that moftly frequent this Place, whofe Imports and Exports being fimilar to thofe of Aden, a Repetition of them here is fuperfluous. Mufcate is a City in Arabia Felix, fituated to the Weflward of Mogol in the Gulph oi Perjia, ki the Latitude of twenty-three Degrees thirty Minutes North, - "-' ^ dirc«aiy 743 .m m My II i J 7^ I I 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. dircAly uader the Tropick ofCMcer, anduaPl»ce of greater Trade than any other near the Gulph of Ormus. The Pearl FiOwry hard by the Ifle of BaJba- ram, in the Months mf yvne, Jufy, and Mguft, is alone capable of enriching the City greatly t but befides this, it has the Advantaee of being a Depofitory of all the Drugs, and Merchandize of ^fw^t tranfported from hence to P^^, Egypt, Syria, the Jiuliet, and even to Europe. CaJeH has its Port open and eimofcd to an Eaft Wind, though flieltered from the Weft i its Trade is but inconfiderable, and this under the King's immediate DireAion } fome Veflels come here with Rice, Dates, and a Sort of Cloathing made of Hair in Per/a, which Goods are exchanged for Oliban, Aloes, and But- ter J and the propereft Time for this Commerce is in the Months of May, June, and Jitfy. Ser i the Trade of this City (not far from the laft mentioned) is very confi- derable i its Inhabitants are friendly to Strangers, and its Port being a very good one, attraAs Ships from feveral Parts, efpecially from Ma/cate, Cameron, Surat, CaJla, and other Places on the Coaft of Etibiqpia j the Merchandizes exported from hence are. Butter, Myrrh, Slaves, Oliban, Aloes, and all other Drugs that Arabia produces. Mofetk, diftant from Mwba about ten Leagues, has loft its Trade by the Proxi- mity, and now hardly deals in any Thing but Salt. Hedicda, is an Ifle in the Latitude of fourteen Degrees fifty Minutes, that has a Creek proper for the ConftruAion of Ships, and a fecure Port ; thefe Advan- tages draw a tolerable good Trade here, particularly in CoiFee, brought from Zidda, Mocha, and other Parts. Gezeon i the Pead Fiihety renders this Place famous, and its Trade flouriHi- ing, of which the BMiiant have the Direction, with very con^derable Profits. Firjbarn is an Ifland about three Leagues diflant from Gexeon, which, befides the Pearl Fiihety, has a great Trade in Wheat, with which it fupplies all Parts of Arabia. Judda, or Zidden i this is properly (as has been before obfcfved) the Port to Mecca i its Trade coofifts chiefly in Coffee brought here by the Arabians, and l>ought by the Turks, who take it ofl^, ahnoft all ; though here are alfo Merchants of M^ol, Perjia, and feveral Places on the Coafts cS. Ethiopia. r J.-' I' 0/ the Trade of the Gulph of Perfia. 'T*HI S Gulph, called alfo the Gulph of Ormus (from the Ifle of Ormus, a very ^ little Diftance from its Entrance) Gulph of Bajfaro (from a City of this Name in Arabia Deferta, at its other Extremi^) sind the Gulph of El-Catif, (from a Kingdom in Arabia Felix, extending along the Coaft, oppofite to that of Perjiaj is equally celebrated for its Pearl Fifhery, near the Ifle oiBahartm, as for its great Commerce with all the Oriental and European Nations, who fend their Ships eiJher to Bender-Abaji, or BaJ'ora. The City and Ifle of Ormus, although quite fallen from its former Luflre, and entirely deftroyed by Order of Cha-Abas, after his retaking them from the Portuguefe, merits however to be mentioned, as due to the Memory of what they once were, and the Rank they for a long Time maintained among the moft trading Ifles and Cities of Afa. This Ifle, fcated in the Perfan Gulph, pretty near its Mouth* and two Leagues from the Coafl of Perfia, has littli more than twenty Leagues Extent j yet it bore for a conflderable Time the Title of a Kingdom, with its own Monarchs, Tri- butaries however to the King oi Perfia. The Portuguefe, who judged this Port necefTary to their Infant Commerce in the In^cf. took it in 1 507, and hereby fhut up the Entrance to Pcrfa againft all other Nations, as no Perfon was henceforward permitted to traiiick there, without their Pafjport, or under their Colours ; and whilft they of all the Eu- ropeans, remained Mafters of the Indian Trade and Navigation, the Perfians did not find themfelves in a Condition to Ihakc off this Yoke, which thele new Comers had put on one of the moft famous Empires of Afia. But the Dutch, hav- ing lEi' de by the Proxi- C/.i 0/ A S I A, @>f. ing followed the Ptrtuguefe to India in the latter End of the fixteenth Centurjrf and the Englijb at the lleginning of the feventeenth i the Emperor CAa-AAtt . valued himfelf on the Afliuance of thefe latter, to drive his Eaemies from their Ifle, which they were obliged to furrender in 1622, having loft, u th«r pre- tend, at its Talung, more than fix or feven Millions in Merchaadize, and other Effeas. Gameron, Gamron, or Gomirown, the Port of all Pet^, and perhaps of all jffia, where the greateft Trade is tranfadted, was quite difregarded, till the Par- tuguefe were drove out of Ormus ; as before that Occurrence, this was only a finall Village with about fifty miferablc Hutts, where the Portuguefe, however, kept twenty-five or thirty armed Barks, on Account of the Goodnefs of iu Port, and to maintain their own Commerce, and hinder that of others. Cha-Abas fortified the Port, and began to build the City, and by Privileges and Immunities drew Trade here, changing its Name, and calling it after his own. This Port is open to all Nations, except the Spaniards and Portugutft } and here are fccn, Perjians, Arabians, Indians, Banians, Armenians, Turks, jews, Tartars, Moors, Englijh, French, and Dutch. The trading Time is from the Month of OSlober (when the great Heats arc over) to the Month of May (when they recommence) and at this 6eafon the Ships of all the Europeans cflabiiihed in biaia arrive, and many others appertaining to Indians and Moors -, and by Land at a fixt Day, is feen coming in nere, diverfe Caravans of Merchants, from Ijpaban, Schiras, Laon, Aleppo, Bagdat, Herat, BaJJbra, &c. The Englijb began their Trade to Per^a in 16 13, and were fo much the bet- ter received, as the Grand Abas then formed the Defign of engaging their Af- fiflance to diilodge the Portuguefe from Ormus and other Parts, andfor that Pur- fofe entered into a Treaty with our Countrymen, that entided them to many rivUegfs, which have howev;:r been very iU obierved; for as icon as the Per- Jian Monarch had his Turn ferved, he forgot, or rather flighted his Engagements « and though he ftill continued to prefer the Englijb, it was not in the Marnier, nor to the Degree, as was promifed, or their Services deferved. They now carry to Perjia Silver, a large Quantity of Cloth, Pewter, Steel, Indigo, Silk Stuffs, and thefineft and moft beautiful Mi£u» Cpttons. Tne Dutch Cargoes confift of Spanijh Dollars, and RixdoUars, Goods that they receive from Europe, and what they colleA from their different Settlements in India, but above all, Spices, with which they fupply all Perfia j Sianopan, Anis, and Santal Woods, Ginger, Indigo, Vermillion, Incenfe, Benzoin, Qutckfilver, Lead, Pewter, Copper, coloured Cloths and Linens. The Indian, Arabian, and Moorijh VefTels are loaden with the Produ^ and ManufaAures of their Countries ; and the Goods that come by the Caravans, con- fifl in various Gold and Silver Stuffs, Velvets, Taffcties, Porcelain, Feathers, Afo- rocco Leather, Wool, Brocades, Carpets, Turkey Camblets, and other flighter ones from Arabia, Medicinal Drugs, Dragons Blood, Manna, 'Myrrh, Incenfe, Raifins, Dates, Barcun Horfes, but particularly in raw Silk, which is the greateft Article in the Perfian Trade ; here are alfo found Turquoifes, and Pearls, of which latter I (hall have Occafion to fpeak more hereafter. All Nations trading to Gamron, have their Houfes and Majgazines here ; thofe of the Englijh, French, and Dutch, having more the Air ofPalaces than Mer- chants Offices and Habitations, and are feated along the Sea Side, which is very convenient for the loading and delivering their Ships, as they arrive. Perjia has ftill fbme other Ports in its Gulf, but much lefs confiderable than Bender- Abaffi, which has attraded almoft all the Commerce of thefe Parts. Congre, or as fome call it Bender-Congo, or Bender-Erric, is alio in fbme Re- putation, and Strangers fend their Ships, or conduct their Caravans here ; the chief Trade is however in Pearls, and Boles for Dying and Painting Green and Red, which are gathered from little Hills of thefe Colours, in a Mountain a few Leagues from the City, called by the Natives Chiampa. Babarem, is an Ifland in the Perjian Gulf, feated over aeainft the Coaft of Arabia (from which it is b u^ 74:6 0/ /y&ef Geneuau Trade o/" //&f WORLD. Witter hu fe ba^ tTafte, that Strangers ouindt olb it, uid the Divers whto fre- Sient (hit Place tre obliged to feck it elfewhere. It it not the F:rtility of e Ifle, nor the Trade carried on here, that renders it fo famous in all the Eaft, . and ob^gtss the l^ttfums to have a Citadel, and to kee|> a Garrlfon of three hun- dred Mfcn heit J but the Pearl Fifliery, which is near it, produces at Icaft a Mil- lion yearly. Tnis rUhery begins with yune, and enus with Septmber, in which Pearls of a large Size are fometlmes taken, even to the Weight of fifty Grains, though in common from ten to twelve ; and thofc that exceed this, ought to be feparated for the King, though herein he has not always Juftice done him. Baffora, or Balfora, is fituated on .a River named by the Arabians Scbat-tl- Jrab, which is formed by the Union of the Euphrates and Tigris, that join a good Day's Journey above this City, and fo united, empty thcmfclvcs into the PerfioH Gulf, twelve Leagues below it. This Place is rich, and of greater Trade than any one in Arabia Dtferta ; and its Foflcfljon having been for a long Time difputcd by the Arabians, Perjians, and Turks, thefe latter remained Mafters of it. Bajfora, like Bendtr-AbaJJi, gained confiderably by the Deftruftion of Ormiis, and here arc now feen Ships from all Parts of Afia, and Europe, and elpecially among thefe laft, the Englijh and Dutch make a confidcrable Figure, they having their Factories here, to tranfaft their Bufinefs, and difpatth their Letters by Land, which is done by the Way of Damas and Aleppo. The Portugue/t alfo have a Settlement here, though to very little Purpofc. Almoft all the Trade pafks through the Hands of Indians, Perjians and Ar- menians. The Caravan of Baffora is one of thofe that carries to Bender- Abaji apart oftho& rich Goods, with which that iVi^d* is fiippoi'ted : And the fame Caravan brines back on its Return, the Produ^ c/ tn^ China,, Japan, and Eu- rope, of which Bender is (as has been before obfcrved) a Depofitory, Staple, or Storehouse for Perfia, and the three Arabiae. Befides this Commerce with Bender-Aba^, and that which Baffora maintains on the Sea Coaft with the Indians, Moors, and Europeans, whofe Ships arrive here every MoulTon ; this City has alfo a very confiderable one with Bagdat, which is not at a great Oiftance, and is cbmmodioufly feated for a Tranfportation of its Commodities by the Tigris; and the fame with Aleppo, and the reft of the Ot- toman Empire in AJ!a, from whence Caravans fet out, and a Part of them always deftined for Baffora. We might alfo place in the Number of thofe things that render this Trade ilourifhing, the pafliiig here of the Perfians, in their Pilgrimage to Mecca, who commonly take this Route, and not only pay large Duties to the Turkijb Balhaw, but alfo exchange or fell a Qjoantify of Goods here, which they bring in their little Caravans going and coming. If V! ^ '"1 Of the in/and Commerce of Verdi, and the States dependant on it. TRADE is regarded as an honourable Profeflion in Perjia, where the Name of a Merchant is efteemed a Sort of a Title of Diftindtion, and fomething relpeflable ; the Noblemen, and even the Sovereign himfelf, do not difdain to exercife the Pundlion, and to have Warchoufes, tSc. for carrying it on. The Empire of Perjia is of fo great an Extent, and its Provinces are generally fo rich and abundant, that the Aifertion of its Trade being one of the moft con- fiderable in Afta, has nothing furprizing or incredible in it. IJPahan is as the Center of this Comivercej it is from thence that the Cara- vans fet out for carrying the Goods to Bender- Abaffi, which the Fadtors of fo- reign Nations refiding here have purchafcd for Shipping. And it is here, where many yearly arrive, both from within and without the Kingdom, as from Schi- ,■ ras, Laor, Aleppo, Bagdat, Herat, Baffora, nd all thofe from the Z,ct'd«/i and 'there arc few Cities, wnere Trade attrafts fo large a Number of St-angcrs as this; ■ of which the moft confiderable arc the Armenians of ZuHa, a Colony which * Abas le Grand eftablilhed in One of the Suburbs ; and the Indians, of which here are 0/ A S I A, ^f. . ^ are more than a thoufand. who have dieir Shops in the MtUkm (or Maritat) aext the Per/knt. Here are alfo fettled ^though Isfs numeroui) EHgliJh, Vrtkcb, Dutei, Itt/unu, Spanutrds, Tartan, ArMioift, Turit, GiorgiaHs, Perjiaiu (from all tne Proviocea of the Empire) and Jtvu. There are no Sorts of Goods, vkhich may not be found in J/paidut ; but the greateft Trade it drives is in Silk, of which tn almoft incredible Qjiantity ia an- nually gathered in Ptr^. The Provinces which produce moft, are GuiUm, Mtjandtran, Media, Baitria, Caramania, and Georgia, which all together may pro- duce about twenty-two thoufand Bales (of two hundred and feveoty fix Founds each^ with an Appearance of its yearly increafing. This Silk is diAinguifhed into four Sorts, viz. Cbirvan (fo called {tomCbirvan in Media, near the Ca/pian Sea, and in Europe ArdaffeJ Karvary, or Leps, (ga- thered at Le^iam, a fmall Town of GuiUanJ Ked-Coda- Pen/end, or Bnrgeoife, and Cbarbqffie, or Brocard. Of all which Silks, it is bid not above a thouiiuid Bales are ufed in the Perfian Manufadlories, and the reft fold for Tranfportation to Turkey, India, and all Parts of Eurote and /Ifia. The Manufadlures of Stuffs in Perja arc on a Footing with thofe in Burtft, excepting Cloths, of which here is no Fabrick eftabliOied, and the Perfiati Ma- nufacturers make of Felt (which they underftand the working up, as well as any People^ fome Cloaks, and common Carpets to cover the fine ones, for which they are juitiy fo famckus. A very great Trade is drove in Per/la with Cloths from Europe, brought by the EHglifti and Dutch to Gamron, among which are likewife fome Frttwo, more efpeciaUy thofe of Beny and Uffeau. The Stuffs that the PerMans moft commonly make in their Manufadures, are of Wool, Cotton, Coats and Camels Hair, and above all. Silk, with which they very often mix the three laft Materials. The fpinning, winding, and milling, are fi> milar to what is praAifed in France at Lyom and Tours, and the Perfiant are intelligent in the Ufe of the Diftatf, Spindle, Reel, and Mills, which ferve in the iaid two Cities, for the Silk's Preparation. The StulFs they make of pure Silk, are Taffedes, Tabbies, Sattini, Gros de Tours, Turbants, Ribbons and Handkerchiefs. They make alfo Brocades, Gold TiflTuea^ and Gold Velvets, of which laft Sort feme coft fifty Tomans the Gwfit, or Per- Jian Jun, which comes to about five Pounds Sterling per Engiijb Yard, and it certainly the deareft in the World. The fineft Perjian Carpets are made in the Province of Kirman, cfpccially at Si/ian ; and among the Stuns made of Silk only, there are many pa'nted with various Defigns, and fome heightened with Gold and Silver, apphcd with Moulds and Gum Water, which they underftand Co well perfornung, as to nuke them almoft appear true Brocades. The Woollen Mtnufadures, or thofe of Camels Hair, arc for the moft Part eftablilhed at ^efde, Kirman, and Mongnayt the Wools of Kirman being the fineft in the World. The Goats Hair Stu£^ are made in Hircania, and refemble Bara- gous, the fineft coming from Dourak in the Perfian Gulf. The other Goods, which the Perjians fend abroad befidcs their Silks and Stuffs, are Porcelanes, Feathers, Morocco Leather, Cotton Wool, or Thread, Chagrin of all Colours, Tobacco, Galls, Matts, Baikets, Things wrought in Bo)r, Iron and Steel oi Cajbin, and Koralan', Furs, Lapis Lazuli, (which comes from the Uf- htcks, but of which Perjta is the Storehoufe) Perfumes, eipecially Ambergreafe and Mufk, (both Productions Strangers to Perjia, but found here in great Abun- dance, the one brought from btJ^ and the Red Sea, and the other from Tibet) Pearls from the Pe^n Gulf, Turquoifes, all Sorts of Spices brought by the Dutch to Bender- Abajji, Saffron the heft in the World, particularly that from the Coafts of the Cajpian Sea, and Amadan, Allum, Brimftone, diftilled Waters of Orange Flowers, Rofes, &c. Glafs, Cryftal, diverfe Animals Skins prepared at Schiras, Coffee brought there from Arabia. In fine, Variety of Medicinal Drugs and Gums, which either grow or are brought here ; and among the ProduSs of Perjia, and as Part of her Merchandize, the excellent Wines of Schiras and Te/d, Oiould not be forgotten, as the Perjians do not confume the whole them- felves (though the great Men here are very much given to Inebriety, notwith- ftanding 747 t- . I f i I s 74^ im >■ Of the GiiMiRAL Trade of the WORLD. ftan^nf tht Alcoran's t*n4iibitJon) but they are tnnfported annually to a rery c .mfiderable Value all over Indtftan, and even to China. Piftachoet and Almonas ^w flieira^lljr in 7^, Caf^n tnASukaniai andofCafflck, Horfei, Mules, aiid Lambt/' large Qjuirtitiei are Tearly fent into the Dominions of the Orand Stignior, Indoftan and other Parti of jifia. All that hai been here fiud of the Trade ofPtrJfa, muft he regarded at a Defcription of it, before the Revolu- tion in 17x1 1 and at the Troublet in that Kingdom ftill continue, the Com- merce there is not oriljr interrupted, but In a Manner loft, efpecially to the £»- riffMs, and muft remain fu, till Peace (the Parent of it) reftoret Tranquillity, and placet Trade on the Focting it formerly wai. Q/* Georgia mul Mingrelia. THERE is hardly any Country in all y^tf, more abundant in Cattle, wild and tame Fowl, Fruits, Winet, and indeed all the Neceflariea of Life. nor where they are in greater Perfedtion, than in Georgia. Its Wines, particu- larly thoTe of Tr/it its Capital, are tran/jx>rted to Armema, Media, and even to JJpaboH, where a Quantity of it is always refcrved for the King's Table 1 Silk it eathered here in Plenty, but the Georgians not underltanding its Preparation, nor having hardly any Artificers among them to manufadture it, they carry it among their Neighbours, and drive a great Trade with it at ArTurtm in turkey and thereabouts. The Lords in Georgia being Mafters of the Lives and Liberties of their Vaffals, at the Fathers are of their Children, malce the bad Ufe of their Power to fell many thouftnd of both Sexes yearly into Slavery, more efpecially of the Fe- males, who being all very beautiful, are purchafed by the Turks and Perfians for their Seraglios j and this iniquitous Commerce is principally carried on by the jimienians. MingreKa does not traffirk lefs in Slaves than its Neighbour Territory, as above twelve thoufand of thefe unha^^py Wretches are yearly dilboied of in this Man- ner, of which above three thoufand are purchafea for Conflanthtople. The other Merchandizes that this Country produces, are Silk, Flax, in Linen and Thread, Linfeed, Hides, Martens Skins, Caftor, Box, Wax, and Honey of two Sorts, the one white and the other red, though both excellent t it is the Turks of Con- finntinople, and the Merchants of Caffa, Gonia, Irijfa, and Trebijonde, who carry on this Trade ; and it is common to fee twelve Sail yearly from Conftantinople, and more than fixty Feluccas from other Parts, which bring here fundry Goods and Provifions, to truck againft thofe of the Country, as very little or no Money intervenes in thele Negociations, or any that are tranfadted by the Mingrelians. The Goods proper for this Exchange, are Bracelets, Rings, Glafs or fmall Necklaces, fmall Knives, Pins, Needles, and other minute Mercery. Brimftone and Nitre are found near TeJIis, as a foflile Salt is; in (bme Mines in the Road to Erivan. Olive Oil is very dear, fo that the Natives both eat and burn that of Linfeed ; which is all the UCc the Georgians make of this Plant, as they throw it away, when the Seed iff gathered, though they might have ex- cellent Flax from it, did they not prefer the Cotton Cloth to Linens. Avogajia, Part of Mingrelia, is abundant in Flax, Hemp, Pitch, Wax, and Honey, though this lad is commonly bitter, by reafon of the Bees gathering it from the Box and Yews that grow here in Plenty. Vermillion is found in an al- mo(^ inacceflible Rock ; and it is in feveral Parts of this Province, that the true Rhupontick is met with, which many t&ke for Rhubarb, and what di/honeft Druggifts fell for it. O/* Armenia. THIS Kingdom, after many Revolutions, was at laft fubje>"' r , '-■'■ sw^> '"'■' ' 'i .'. ■fflnl ' ^- ^ ' JJfffie;:'. r, . f^ff^'t^- ■ filt', ;i!, Jaft''-" ' '' IP^''- ' lis Kingdom is now in the Hands uf tlic Calmouckt, and it the peculiar Patri- lony ot Dala-LsHUi, the Sovereign Pontiff of all the Pagan Tartars, who by imc has been confounded with ^r«^cr- 7(?iJ« (before fpokcn of.) The Capital lilt, in wnofc NcigI)bourhood is gathered a Quantity rzinda is a Mine of Gold extremely rich, at the Foot Of the General Trade of the WOKLD. Urge Quantity of wild Goats, white B«trs, bluk I-'oxcit Ermines, Sablci, end Gluttons (a tlefh-cnting Animal, a little rniallcr than. a Wolf) whole Fiir^, with Rhubarb, Ginienx Root, Silk, Wool and Mulk, conllitute the Trade of thi- Northern, Kaliern, and Southern Part of the Country t but the Tartan, whii h inhabit the Will, on the Borders of the Ca/hiaft Sea, regard all I'radc as a Mattti beneath them, and glory in robbing the Merchants who pafs tlirough their Ter- ritories, or at leail exadl lb on them, aa to make them lolc all l>clirc of re- turning among them i and indeed, all thcfo Mabomtlait 'lartarj, live on the Rapine and Sfwil, which they pillage from their Neighbours, whether in Pculc or vVar i in which they arc very different troni the Ca/Mout-ii and MouNgala, who, although they ore Pagam, live quietly on the ProdudU of their i'locks, and oflfend no one, unlefs they arc Aril molcAed : Of thefc ibmc havc'hxcd Habita- tions, though others have neither Towns nor Villages, but live in Tenta, and wander from one Place to another, according as the Convcniency of Pallurngc invites ) and they all fupport themfclvcs by cquininc Food, as we do by that uf Oxen and Cows, of which latter they rarely cat, but live chicHy on Horli: Flelh, and make ufe of Marc's Milk, as the EiirepeaHi do of that of their Kine. The Tartan have lb Arong a PaHion for the Colour red, that not only their Princes and Ladies, but even tlie conunon People (through all the North of y^M^ would do more for a Piece of Stuff with this Dye, than lor four time* the Value in Gold and Silver. The chief City of thcEaftcm, or Nieud'eu-MourtgaUt, is Nauni that of the Weftcrn, or CaUha-MoungiiUs, j^r^un/ioy. The Kingdom of Tangut, or lioglMr- gar, is divided into two Parts, ot which the Southern is properly called Tiief ; thi ■ mony fome of this Kingdom is Barantola of Rhubarb, Gff. and at Tarzmda is a JVline ot UolU extremely ran, at the Foot of the Mountains, which Icparatc the Lands of Cuntaijib, from thole of China, to the Eaft of the Defcrts of Goby, of which the Cbineji have taken Pofleflion, and have cllabliflicd here fome Colonics of the Meungaliam. The Kingdom of Cafchgar, or the Little Boucbarie, is a fertile Country, and tolerably populous \ it is rich in Gold and Silver Mines } but the Calnioucks, who arc at prcient its MaAcrs, receive but little Benefit from them, as they live quietly on the Pioduv.1s of their Cattle, and never mind Gold nor Silver, that is to colt them Trouble in its Acquifition { however the Beucbarcs, who inhabit the Towns, collcdta good deal of Gold Dull in the Spring, in the Gutters, which the Tor- rents occalioncd by the melting Snows, make on every Side o'i the Mountains, and carry it to India, Cbina, and even ns far as Toboljky in Siberia. There is alio found large Quantities of Mufk in the Cafchgar, and many Sorts of precious Stones, among which arc Diamonds ; but the Inhabitants have not the Art to cut or polifh them, and therefore arr obliged to fell them rough. The City of Cafchgar, which gives its Name to the Country, was once the Ca- pital of the Kingdom; but fince the Tartars have been in PofTeirion of it, it IS greatly fallen from its prilline Grandeur t however it Hill carries on fome Trade with the neighbouring Countries, though little in Comparifon of what it did formerly. Jcrkcen is at prcfent the Metropolis of the Little Boucbarie, and is pretty large. It is the Staple of the Indian Trade with the North of jljia, of Tangut with Siberi^i, and of the Grand Boucbarie vfith Cbina, which renders it both rich and populous. If Peter the Great had lived a few Years longer, he would have endeavoured to cllablifh a Trade between this Place and his Territories, by means of the Ir/is, which would have been very advantageous to Ruffia. Chatecn, or Cbotan, is to the Eafl of Jerkeen, and at prcfent in a flourifhing Condition, by reafon of the great Trade carried on here between the Bou- cbaris, Calmoucks, Indians, and the Tangut ois, and the extreme Fertility of the Soil. The Great Boucbarie (of which Boucbara is the Capital) comprehends the SogJiana, and Bailriana of the Ancients, with their Depcndancies, and is at 8 " ' prcfent Of A S I A, ^t. 75 « prcfent tlie bed cultivated, and mod popuinua of any Province in til the Grand 'fiirltiry. With the Mabemetan Tartan the Slavci arc a confidcrable Objedl of Trade, for whofc r--*'ire they often make War with their Ncighbouri, keeping fomc for their ov, ■' t, and Iclling the rell where the tan j and this Commerce goes fo fur witi lome of them, that in Default o< an Oppoitunit}' to make Slaves, they do not fcruplc to Oeal and fell the (Children of one another, or to fell their own, if they cannot do better i ifthevarc tired of their Wives, they fell them wuhout any Ceremony, as they do tneir Daughters, ef^tecially if they are handfome. The Horfes of thefe Tartars have but a bad Appearance, being very lean, not-* withftanding which they arc indefatigable, anu may juftly be termeu the beft Horfes in the World. It muil be acknowledged that Nature haa withheld nothing from this fine Country, that cijuld render an abode here agreeable ; the Mountains abounding in the richcll Minos, and the Valiics in an admirable Fertility of all Sorts of Fruits and Pulfe. Their Meadows are covered with Grafs Man high \ their Rivers full of excellent Firti ; and Wood (fo fcarce in all the ofrcll Great TartaryJ growi abundantly in many Places of this Province i but all this is of very little Ofc to the Tartar Inhabitants, who are naturally lb dothfti'., that they rather chufe to pilfer and Ileal, than to apply thcmfelvcs to cultivate what Nature has offered them fo liberally. Carjihi, or Karfcbi, is at prefent one of the beft Cities in the Great Bouebarie j it is large, well built, and better peopled than any other in the Country } the adjacent Parts are extremely fertile, and its Inhabitants carry on a very good Trade to the North of India. JalaJ'agan, which Aands almofl in Front, is one of the chief Pafl'agcs by whicli People enter from the States of ContaiJ'ch into the Great lioucbarie. Badagjiban is a very ancient, and extremely ftroiig Cityj it is not large, but well enough built, and populous ; its Inhabitants arc rich by the Gold, Silver and Ruby Mines in its neighboviring Mountains; although there is no one who regularly works thefe Mine;., rhofc who live at the Foot of the Mountain.i, do not benefit thcml'clves a little by the Grains of Gold and Silver which they colledl in the Spring, after the molting Snows have walhed them from their Beds, by their Torrents. Anderab is the moft Southern City of all the Great Bouebarie, feparating the Territories of the Great Mogul and Perjia from Grand Tartary j it is by this Place, that whatfoevcr is brought in, or carried out of this Country, to or from the States of the former, mufl necetfarily pafs. And there is in the Neighbour- hood of Anderab rich Lapis Lazuli, with which the Boucbares carry on a con- fiderablc Trade, with the Merchants of India and Perjia. Although Cabul, or Caboul, depends on the Great Mogul, and not on the Cban of Bakk, it will be a fropos to fay fomething here, concerning the flourifhing Trade maintained between the Subjcds of thefe two Princes. Cahul, fituated at the Foot of the Southern Mountains, which feparate the Eflates of the Great Mogul from the Grand Bouebarie, is one of the fincfl Cities to the North of India ; it is large, rich, populous,- and becaufc it is confidered as the Key of the Grand Mogul's Territories, towards Perjia, and the Great Bouebarie, it is always carefully kept in a good State of Defence. This City is the Staple of all the Mer- chandize, that pafles to the Indies, F Jia, and the Grand Bouebarie. The Sub- jedls of the Cban of Balek cothe here in Throngs with Slaves of both Sexes, and above all, with Tartarian Horfes, of which fo great a Trade is driven in this City, that it is pretended here comes yearly more than fixty thoufand. The Neigh- bourhood of Cabul is very fertile, and all that is neceffary for Life grows here in Abundance, and is v,.ry cheap. The City of Bouebara, or Buebara, is upon a River, whofe Waters are very un- wholfome, and which difcharges itfcif into the Amu, about forty Leagues from the Cajpian Sea ; it is large, fortified, and well featcd for Trade with Tartary, Perjia and India ; though with all thefe Advantages it carries on but little, being hindered by the extraordinary Impolitions on Foreigners in the Article of Cuflums. Satnarkant, ;,vi M '§ ^: %J^'i in 75a 0/ the General Trade o//y&^ WORLD. Samarkant, Capital of the Province of Aftfurmmr, ;s about (even Days Journey to the North oi Bouchara, and was formerly much more brilliant than now, however is is ftiH large and populous enough ; it is faid that the bed filk Paper is made here of any in the World, and therefore is much fought after by the OrrVn/^?/ Nations. Here is the mod famous Mabamttan Academy of Sciences ; and its adjacent Grounds produce Apples, Pears,Grapes, Melons, (of an exquifite Tafte) and in fuch Quantities, thai tjiv Fmpire of the Great Mogul, and Part of Perfia, are fupplied from hence with them ; a id indeed this City wants nothing to render itconuder- able in Trade, but otbr; iviafters and Neighbours than the Mahometan Tartars. Wardanji, Plated to the Weft ward of Boucara, towards the Frontiers of Cbarajm, is c :clc-?hl2 large City inhabited by the Boucbares, who in peaceable Times trade to Perjia, and in the Country of CharaJJ'm. Balck'a the Capital of the fn.jlleft, and moft Southern Part of the Grand Beu- charie, but extremely well cultivated and fertile ; here is gathered a great deal of Silk, which the Inhabitants work up into Stuffs ; the U/becks here are the mod civilized of all \hc Mahometan Tartars of the Grand Boucbarie ; to which the great Commerce they drive with the PerJUms and the Subjects of the Great Mogul does not a little contribute. Talcban, feated below Balck, on the River that runs by it, is a fmall City, well built, pretty populous, and with a tolerable Trade. Cacbemire is a fmall Kingdom, that is hardly thirty Leagues long, by twenty broad, fo (hut in by hif;h Mountains, which feparate India from the Grand Tar- tary, that there is no Entrance to it, on any Side , without pafTing Rocks of a pro- digy nufaduret of Gold and Silver Brocades, with other Stuffs fettled here. The earthen Ware of this Place was alfo very much cfteemed, befides which a great Trade was carried on here in thcfc beautiful filver-grey Lamblkins with curled Wool, finer than Silk itfclf : And it w;"! in evt ly rcfpedt a very rich, ftately and populous City, till the UJbed. Tartars plundered ; nd left it in a miferable forlorn Condition j it» adjacent Parts are, however, the nioft charming of any in the World, and produce in abundance ill Sorts of er.iuifite Fruits and Greens, as its Neighbouring Moun- tains do Turquoifes, and even Rubic"!. Herat is at prefent the fined and lar;*eft City of all this Province, fincc the Ruin of the laft m':ntioned, which was the C ipital ; it is rich, fair, and populous, and prod'ices the handlbmefl Carpets of all hcr/ia ; here are alfo made feveral Sorts of valuable Stuffs and Brocades ; and in c W':«d, this is the Staple of almoft all the Coninicrce carried on between Perjia and £ndu\ 48 it lies in the Route from IJpahan to Ccindahar. Aftrabath is fituated on a Gulph of the Caff tan 6c2,- being the Capital of the Pro- vince of that Name, and partes for one of the fineflCiticc in Perjia, as it is large, well built, rich and very populous. Here are many fine Fabricks of Silk, and Wool* Icn Stuffs, more particularly a Sort of Camblet that is vaftly efleemed. The circum- jacent Lands are equally agreeable and fertile in every NecefTary of Life, and the neighbouring Mountains are all covered with Forefts of Fruit Trees. The Gulf of Aflrabath is about fifteen Leagues from Eaft to Weft, and four or five from North to South, but is only navigable for fmall Veflels, becauie here is not more than ten or twelve Feet Water at its Entrance to the CaJ^ian Sea, but it is of great Convenience to this City, by Means of the Communication it has with ali the Perjian ones feated on that Sea. Mankijilak is a fmall Town in the Countiy of Cbaraffm on the Borders of the Caf' piatt Sea, to the Northward of the Mouth of the Southern Arm of the Amu, and in itlelf it but trifling, as it does not contain at utmoft above feven hundred miferable Cots ; but its Port is cKcellent, and the only one on this Sea ; it is fpacicus, fccurc, deep, and if it was in other Hands, would make Trade foon flourifh. Urgens, the Capital of Charaffm, is fituated in a large Plain to the North of the River Amu, about twenty-five German Leagues from the Eaftem Border of the Cafpian Sea. This City was once very confiderable, but fince it became fubjeft to the Tartars, and tlie Amu, that run at the Foot of its Walls, has taken another Courfe, it is fell greatly to Decay. Turkejlan is about Icvcnty Leagues long, and as many broad, having feveral good Diftrifts of Land on the Side of the River "Jemba, and towards the Mountains ^ich divide this Province from thofe of the Calmoucks ; but :he Inhabitants make no Ad- vantage of it, as Rapine is their only Occupation, and few among them have any fixed Habitation, but live in Tents, towards the Frontiers of the Calmoucks, and the afbrefaid River, that they may be within Reach of benefiting themfelves by any Occafions that ftxall offer for Pillage or Plunder ; and they go to fell the Slaves they make in thefc Excurfions c'ther to the Charajm or Grand Boucharie, where they always find Perjian, or Armenian, and fometimce Indian Purchafers. Of the Cafpian Sea. IT is but a little while fincc we have had any true Knowledge of the Ma^ fanderan or Ca/pian Sea, which the / 'erfians call Kulfum. It is beyond Dif- pute the greateft Lake in the Univerfc; being fituated between the thirty-feventh and forty-feventh Degrees of Latitude, and the feventy-feventh and eigtity-third Degrees of Longitude ; its Waters are extremely fait, except towards its Shores, where they arc frefhcned by the Rivers running in, and it abounds with Stur- geons, Salmons, Salmon Trout, Gfc. all which Fifh come in the Spring to feek the Mouths of the frefli Water Rivers -, and it is incredible what a Quantity arc ynrly taken at this Seafbii ; here are alfo Carps and Breams, which is fome- tbitig particular in a Sea, whofe Water is naturally fait ; and here is alfo the 9 F White 755 i '-''i '-'^i jSglKw ^'wM i-W^KSm \ ''mm ■ y^mm ■ ' '•■ "' 'teif '■-^vi ik'^S ,>•■■: .',''• V ^, -.■ *? ' ,■>, . . '."■■V r^ 754 Of the General Trade o//^^ WORLD. White Fifh, called by the Ruffians, Bhlluga, which is peculiar to this and the Black Sea j and for this Reafon Tome pretend that thefe two Seas have a fubtcr- raneous Communication. All thefs Sorts of Filh are much larger and fatter than elfcwherc, efpccially the White Filh, which have been taken twenty f'eet long; they have fomc Kefemblance to a Pike with the Tafte of a Sturgeon. The Cajpian Sea has neither Flux nor Reflux i and only the Port of BaAu (in the Province of ScLivanJ on all its Weftern Coaft, and this folcly for fmall Veflcls i though there is a good Road at Terki, where Vcffels may ride in Safety, between the Ifle of Zezen, and the Land. On the Eafti n Coaft is the Port of Mankifcblak in the Chorajjan, which is excellent, and the only one found in this Sea ; but being unhappily in the Hands of the Tartars, with all this Eaftern Coaft, it is of very little Ulc. |K-« V V > .*s- ■ \ vt "'a ' \ \^ ,.s 1 ^ %'' ^ *t. ^^m. W Bw> ^^ wi gnS w hI\>. si'^-' " Hi" 4!r{'f Of tbe Cofacks, or Cofaqucs. 'T^HE Cofacks are now divided into three Branches, and \![m Ruffians, on whom ■'• they depend, call their Country the Ukraine, which is in that Lanjtuage, ftated on tbe Frontiers, becaufe it cfFedlually makes a Frontier between RuJ/ia, Poland, Little Tartary, and Turkey, being to the Weftward of the Borijihencs. As this Country is an entire Plain, interlperfcd with fine Rivers, and agreeable Forefts, it muft be fuppofed to be extremely fruitful ; as it is in EfFcft, and pro- duces all Sorts of Grain and Pulfe, Tobacco, Wax, and Honey in fuch Abun- dance, that it fupplies a great Part oi Rujia with it. The Pafturage here is fo excellent, that the Cattle furpafs all others of Europe in Size ftbe Mufcovite Beef that I baveften, has always been very fmall, tbougb I think fatter, and fupe- rior in ^ality to any other.) The Rivers are (locked with excellent Fifli, and Game is found here in fuch Quantities, that this Country only wants a Com- munication with the Sea, to be one of the richeft States in that Part of the Globe, The Don Cofacks, who occupy on the Banks of the River with this Ruffian Name, a Number of Towns and Villages, do not extend themfelves far within Land, as there is a Want of good Water in many Parts, and no -Wood ; they live on their Cattle's Produce and Agriculture, without forgetting however to Uve at the Expence of others, whenever Occafions pre^nt. The Cofacks of the River ""jaicks took PoneiTion of its Soutliern Border, when the Tartarian Power began to iletline there j and when the Ruffians feized the Kingdom oi Jfracan, the Cofacks voluntarily fubmitted to their Dominion. Thefe People live by Agriculture, Fifliing, and the Produce of their Cattle, with what Booty they can make. This River at prefent feparates Ruffia from the Eftates of Contaifch, and its Banks are fo fruitful, that however little the Earth be cul- tivated, it abundantly produces every Neceflary of Life. It is alfo extremely full of Filh ; and it is afterted, that in the Spring, fo great a Qjwntity come here from the Cafpian Sea, to fcek the frefli Water, as almoft to ftop its Courfe, and may be taken with the bare Hand, with the Roes of which prodigious Shoals, caught in this River, and the Neighboui'hoody fo much Caviar is made and ex- ported to all Europe. The Tartars of Nagai fubfift by their Hunting, Fifliing, and Cattle, being fubjetS to the Ruffians ever fince their taking the Kingdom oi Aftracan, which the others pofl'eft before; the Capital of the fame Name is feated on the Frontiers ot Ajia ind Europe, and by this convc ient Situation invites a large Number of Armenians, Indians, Perffir.s, Mahometan Tartars, Catmoucks, Geergi- iins, and Mufcovites, to form a conliderable Trade here. The Fotga is one of the biggeft Rivers in the World, and traverfcs almoft all Ruffia i it abounds with all Sorts of fine Fifli, and its Borders fpontaneoully pro- iliat moft Species of Pulfe and Herbs without any Labour or Cultivation. The Calmoucks are Part of the Pagan Tartars, defcended from the Mogoules, and dd'irous of being ftill called fo ; they inhabit the finclt and moft confide- rablePart of Tartary. The beft Iron of all Ruffia (and it is probable of inc whole World) known in that Country by the Name of Siberian Iron, comes from the Mountains 0/ A S I A, tfc. Mountains of y4ig/es, that feparate Rufa from Siieria . which Metal is melted and wrought witli the fame Eafe as Copper, and there are Cannons made of it, nothing inferior to thofe of Brafs, either in Beauty or Goodnefs. Thefe People carry on no Trade, except by Way of Barter for Cattle, though are harmlefs and inofFcnfive if not molefted, as has been before obferved. The Ofy and Om, large Rivers in this Country, are full of Fifli, and moll of their Borders very fer-' tile in every defirable Produft. Of the general trade of the Eaft-Indies. T HE EaJi-InJies commence where the Kingdom of Pcrfia ends, being fe- parated from it by a long Chain of Mountains^ and the River Indus, whofe Name they have taken, and which on ifluiiig from Mount Taurus, (where it rifes) takes its Courfe towards the Northern Parts of India, as the Ganges (which flows from the fame Mountain) does towards the South, both falling at laft into the Indian Ocean -, the firft into the Gulph bearing its Name, and the other into that called Bengal. This vaft Region ot JJia is called the EaJl-ImUes, from its ativanced Situation towards that Part of the Heavens, more than any other Coun- try yet known ; as America is in the fame Manner diftinguiflied by the Deno- mination of the We/i-Indies, on Account of its lying more Weft than any other Uiftria of the habitable Globe. ^iOfl-India is commonly divided into that on this Side of, and that beyond the Ganges ; the firft Part comprehends the Empire of the Great Mogul, the King- doms of Decan, Narjinga, Canara, the Pefcoerie (or fifhing Coaft) that of Coro- mandel, Befnagar, and Orixa. The other includes the Kingdoms of Bengal, Ara- can, Pegu, Siam, Malacca, Cambaya, Ciampa, Concbincbina, Brama, Jangomeat China, and others lefs confiderable. Both thefe Parts have their Ifles, though thofe appertaining to that beyond the Ganges, are larger and much more confiderable for their Trade than the others as will be explained hereafter, when their Defcription falls in Courfe ; and I ihall now begm with that of the Great Mogul's Dominions, being the firft that prefent themi'elves on quitting the Perftan Sea, to enter the Indian Ocean. 0/"IndoflaD, or the Empire of the Great Mogul. THE Empire of this Prince comprehends a vaft Extent of Coafts in the In- dian Sea, and ftrctches very far within Land, fo that he pofTefTes the greateft Part of the Indian "Terra Firma. The Kingdom of Bengal once belonged to him by Conqueft, and of which he ftill rcta'::s a Share, though the Moorijh Rajas, or Governors, to whofe Cuftody he trufted it, have revolted, divided the other Part among thcmfjlves, and there- by depri yed the Emperor of one of his richeft Provinces, and the moft conve- nient for Trade ; for which he is however in fbme Sort indemnified by the So- vereignty, which he has always preferved, and by the Acquifition of the King- doms o^ Decan, Cacbemir, Breampour, and Maliquo, which he has added to his Dominions. Indrjian is in general fo fertile in all that can contribute to the Conveniency of Life, that it might very commrdioufly pafs withuui. any foreign Trade, and not only comfortably, but very deUcioully fubfift on its own Abundance ; yet thd greateft Part of the Inhabitants, particularly thofe called Banians, are fo addidted to Commerce, and underftand it fo well, that it is nothing furprizing, to fee them maintain fo confiderable a one, on all the Coafts of this Empire, and even loAgra it." Capital. The Europeans Traffick with the Moguls Dominions confifts principally in Gold and Silver Coin, Leather, Spice, Elephants, ^c. brought herefrom Japam China, Moluccas, and Ceilon ; Pewter, Cloths, (£c. imported from Europe, and Horfes from ^e UJbecks and Perfa. 4 0/ m '■■■ •■%■'■■ • ^1 i DM' ! .■-*■; W'A \ If Mm V-'- ^3 ■■«* 1- V' it. V ' 1 ; ' . ;' A- 1 > ?£' 0///&^ General Trade 6///6^ WORLD. 0/ Gufurate. OF all the Kingdoms which compoTe Indojian, there are none that have more confiderable Ports, or where a greater Trade in carried on, than this of Gu- furate, called alfo by fome the Kingdom of Cambaye, from one of its mofl im- portant Cities, diftinguiHied by the Appellation of the Indian Cairo. This Ter- ritory is almoft totally maritime, forming a Peninfula, that llretches out between the Gulphs of India and Cambaye, containing more than an hundred and twenty Leagues of Coail. It is in this Extent that Cambaye and Surate arc iituated j the two Cities (efpe- cially the laft) the moft celebrated in India, for the Trade which the Europeans carry on there, or that the native Merchants maintain from Java and Sumatra to UM Levant, Aden, Mocha, divi Mecca, on the Red St. x, and to Bender-AbaJJi in the Perjian Gulph, in Cotton Clo»h, Counterpanes- Carpets, embroidered Hang- ings, Rock Cryilal, Granates, Hyacinths, Amethifts, Turquoiics, choice Drugs, Medicinal Herbs, Dying Woods, Perfumes, excellent Indigo, (cultivated and made at Amadabat, the Capital of the Kingdom, and at SircbesJ Camphire, Tobacco, Brimftone, Turbith, Galanga, Nard, Lapis Lazuli, Afl'a Pcctida, Borax, Scamony, Benzoin, Pepper, Cummin, Ginger, Mirnbolans, Siiits of their manufadturing. Corn, Salt, Oil, and Butter. Their Returns from Aden, are Gold and Silver Coin, Coral, Anibergreafe, Miffeit, (a Drug for Dying and Colouring) and the beft Opium of all the Eail. From Perjia they extraS Brocades, and other Silk Stuffs, Velvets, Camblets, Pearls, Almonds, Raifins, Nuts, Dates, and particulariy Rofc- Water, of which they arc very fond, and which chey tranl^rt to many Parts of India. The Europeans, ajid other Nations, furnifli this and the other Territories of the Great Mogul, with Pew Lcr, Vermillion, all Sorts of Cloth, Ivory, Sandal Wood, Pepper, Cardamoms, Cloves, Porcelane, China Stuffs, Gold and Silver Vcffds ; and tliere are feen in their Ports and principal Cities, not only Englip, French, Dutch, and Portuguefe, but aHioyews, Turks, Perjians, Arabians, and Merchants of all the Cities in India, except. Chinefe and Japonefe. I (liall treat of the Trade of all the Cities at large, after I have faid fomcthing of that of Amadabath, Ca- pital of the Kingdom, and fome others within Land. Amadabatb, one of the biggcft Cities in the Mogul Empire, is feated within eighteen Leagues of Cambaye, and forty-five of Suraie, on a little River which falls into the Indus. Its Commerce is equally flourirtiing both at home and abroad, fending yearly large Caravans to Agra, and tranfporting to Surate, Cam- baye, and Brochia, its manufaSured Stuffs, and other Merchandizes ; the Produds of the Country are brought there in Return of their Caravans. It is reckoned there are twenty-five great Towns, and above three thoufand fmall ones in the Jurifdidion of this City, whole Inhabitants are almoft employed in working for the Fabricks ; of which the principal ones are of Silk or Cotton, pure or mixed with one another, being a Specie of Goods peculiar to the Coun- try, fuch as Tulbandes, AUigias, AttelafTes, Baffetas, and Chitcs ; here are alio made Brocades, Gold and Silver Stuffs, Damafks, Sattins, Taffetics, and Velvets of all Colours, Alcatiffs or Carpets, with Gold, Silver, Silk, or Stuff Grounds ; in fine, all Sorts of Cotton Cloth, white or painted, which in Finenefs, Beauty of Defigns, and Vivacity of Colours, do not yield to any in the Indies. The greateft, or at leaft the beft and moft beautiful Part of thefe Manufac- tures, are deftined for Surate; the Banians, who tranfadl almoft all the Bufinefs of thris laft Place, and are here as Brokers to the European Merchants, having their Fadors on the Spot, who buy up the Goods as foon as made, or being the Undertakers themfelves, have Artificers to work for them. The Produds of the Country are Indigo, (which is cultivated and prepared abundantly in the Territory of this Capital, particularly at Sirches, which, though but a fmall Town, has acq lired great Reputation by their perfcd ordering of this Drug) Sugar Can- dy, and Sugars, all Sorts of Sweetmeats, Cummin, Honey, Lack, Opium, Borax, Ginger, dry and candied, Mirabolans, Saltpetre, Sal Armoniac, Ambcrgrealc, Muik, and Diamonds ; but thefe three laft Commodities are brought from abroad, b and ¥1' ¥ LD. lat have more pn this of G«- its moft ini- . ThisTer- Is out between pd and twenty Cities (cfpe- Ithe Europeans y and Sumatra Bender- AbaJJi bidered Hang- Ichoice Drugs, rated and made jire. Tobacco, Irax, Scamony, hanufadturing, Ambergrcafc, afalltheEart. mblets, Pcaris, which they arc Territories of Sandal Wood, Silver VcfTds ; nglifi, French, and Merchajits It of the Trade madabath, Ca- ! feated within c River which at home and ) Surate, Cam- i the Produds hrce thoufand noft employed ilk or Cotton, to the Coun- i here arc alio and Velvets of Grounds; in ■k, Beauty of efe Manufac- 1 the Bufinefs lants, having idc, or being rhe Produas ^antly in the fmall Town, ) Sugar Can- pium, Borax, Vmbcrgrealc, from abroad, and 0/ A S I A, ^c. and refold to foreign Merchants. It is here that the Englijh and Dutch iiavc their Linens flained, and thoir Saltpetre refined j and it is from this City, that all the blue Cloths come, which are (ent to Perfia, Arabia, to the Kingdom of the Abiffines, the Red Sea, the Coaft of Melinda, Mofambique, Madagafcar, 'Java, Sumatra, Macaffar, and the Molucca Iflands. Brocbia, a large City in the Kingdom of Gufurate, feated twelve Leagues to the North of Surate, on a River which at eight Leagues Diftance difcharges it- felf into the Sea at two Openings, is reckoned both among the Maritime and Inland Cities. Here and m eighty Villages under its Jurifdidtion are made Cotton Cloths, that are always placed amon| the Number of the finefl and moft beau- tiful of all India. The Faftories which the Englifii and Dutch have here arc very ancient, and fome of the firft, that thefe two Nations eftabliflied on this Coaft. Bifantagar is almoft in the Middle of the Kingdom, where a great deal of Cloth and Thread are made for Tranfportation. And Ptttan is celebrated for its Manufadures, which confift in Silk Stuffs, Cotton Cloth, Tulbandes, Allegias, and in fbme other fuch like Fabricks, that are alfo made at Amadabatb, Brodera, Goga, Chijl, Pour, Nariaath, Vajfet, and fome other Places } and it is from them that the Banians extradt Abundance of thofe Com- modities, which tlie Europeans make a Part of their Ships Cargoes. Of Cambaye. THE Trade of this City is veiy confiderablc, and only yields to Surate, which it formerly furpafled, till thu had reaped the Advantage of Gta's Decadency, and the Portuguefe Ruin. It is feated atUie Mouth of the River Carari, at the Bottom of the Gulph, to which it gives Name, fixtcen Leagues from Brochia, and thirty from Surate; the Englijh and Dutch have Lodges here, on Account of its Proximity to the laft, where their principal Trade of the Grand MoguTi Dominions is tranfaded, and where they nave their Fadories fettled, which may be almoft regarded as tfie fecond in Point of Importance, among thofe they have in India. The Natives of the Place, more efpecially the Banians, addid themfelves to Trade, and carry on one commonly to Diu, Goa, Cochin, Achem, Batavia, Ban- tam, the Coaft of Coromandel, that of Bengal, Perfia, and the Red Sea, where they fend their Ships, but generally with £)a/f A Pilots, hired with a conliderable Salary of the Company ; and though the Remifs of thefe Goods to all the aforefaid Places, is a confiderable Objedl of their Commerce, yet it is nothing in Compa- rifon with that which they tranfad with Strangers, who yearly arrive at Cam- baye ; tlierc being hardly any Nation of India, from whence boui Merchants and Ships are not feen here; as alfo from Mofambique, Melinda, Arabia, and the Perfmn Gulph. The Europeans befides fend here every Mouftbn a good many Veffels, whofe Loadings confift more in Reals, Rixdollars, Ducats, and Sequins, than Merchandize ; Gold and Silver being the beft Cargo that a Ship can bring to this Coaft, except Spice, which the Inhabitants here and at Gufurate cannot be without. The principal Goods exported from Cambaye, arc very fine Cotton Cloths, in as good Eftcem as thofe from Bengal and Coromandel, Canvas, many Sorts of Silk Stuffs, Tulbandes, Safhcs, Carpets, Clotli of Gold, Counterpanes of Silk and Cot- ton, fiitchcd or embroidered. Quilts, Bed Furniture, &c. Elbow Chairs, Tables, and other HouQiuld Stuffs, Indigo, Saltpetre, Borax, Opium, Cummin, Ginger, Rhubarb, Mirabolans, many other excellent Drugs, Sugar, Oil, and Butter, with- out reckoning fevcral Sorts of precious Stones found at Gufurate, or that are brought here from ellewhere. A great many excellent Works in Agate are alfo performed here, which do not in any Manner yield to thofe of Europe, either in Beauty or Pcrfedion. The major Part of thefe Merchandizes, of which the Europeans make the greatcft Purchafes, are not thofe of which their homeward-bound Cargoes are compofed, but they ferve for Traffick to other Parts oi India, to exchange againft various Commodities that may fuit their Owners ; and the fame may be faid of 9 G Grain, 7S7 iir*:>:v. ) 1 ^1' 7s8 Of the Genera^ TKade &f the WORLD. Grain, Fruit, Pulfe, M Wheat, Rice, Peas, Beans, Kiffery, (a Sortofal'ca) Millet, Barley, Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, ManM$, and Catfaos, of which the Eng/ij/jmA Dutch carry a large Qjjantity yearly to Places where thefe arc wanting, and dif- pofe of them there to great Advantage ; and this Remark may ferve for all that fhall be faid henceforward coacerning the Europeans Trade in the Eaft-Indies. 9m Of Surate. THERE is no Place in the Afo^«/*s Dominions, and it may be added in all the Indies, more celebrated for Trade than this. It is feated on the River 7<»//, or Tapta, to which 5owc. > Very confiderable Negociations arc made from hence and fome other Parts of India, by Way of Exchange, and I ihall therefore mention the Premiums they are commonly agreed at, with this Remark, that they arc not fo fixed, but that they occafionally rife and fall as in Europe. , The Exchange from La6or to Surate is generally from 7 to 7; per Cent. , From Janabat and Agra 4 to 5. Vrom AmaJabatb i to i\.. From Bengal, Patna, Cajimbafar, and Ougli, 8 to 9. ■■ . From Gokondt, and the neighbouring Parts, 5 to 6. ' ' (IV..' And for Gaa, 4 per Cent. my>% ^K■.A\l Of k^Ti. 759 BEFORE I quit the Mogul's Empire, it is but juft I fhould remember this Place, which is its Capital, and the Centre of its Trade. It is fituited in 28°, on this Side the Line, on the River Omini, or Gemma, which falls into thtOanges. '^ ^^ -''''' . • TlicNumbei of its Mcidant, where the publick Markets 4re kept for air Sorts of Provifions j of its covered Bazards, where each Merchant and Artificer have their Shops and Quarters, of which fome are half a Quarter of a League long ; and that of its Caravanferas (above eighty in Number) fuffifes to demonftrate both the Greatnefs of its Extent, and the Importance of the Commerce carried on here by Foreigners and its Inhabitants, which is maintained by feveral Cara- vans from jlmadabatb, Surate, and other Places, commonly compofed of four or five hundred Camels, and by which Conveyance, the EngHJh, French, Dutch, Moors, Turks, Arabians, Perjians, and other Nations fend their Merchandizes to, and receive odiers from this Capital, as may fuit their Bufinefs. Befides the Indigo of this City (which is the beft in the World) a large Quan- tity of Silk Stu£fs and Linens are exported % thefe latter principally to the Weft and North j and it is here, that all the Merchandize of Boutan and Tartary aie brought, and where the Merchants of the interior Parts of Indoftan alfo come. Daman, Ba^aiki, Din, and Chaoul, are four Maritime Places in the Kingdom of Gujarate ; but all four appertaining to the Portuguefe ; they alfo were Mafters of Bombay, between Daman and Chaoul, but yielded it up to the Englijh in the Year 1662, in Favour of the Marriage between King Charles VL. una Catharine Infanta of Portugal i it is a very good Port, and as fecure a one as any on the Coaft. ■ . ' Daman is feated in the Peninfula on this Side the Ganges, and on the Gulph of Cnmbaye, between Surate and Bafaim, from which it is equally diftant ; its Situation, and the Goodnefs of its Fortrefs, as alfo the Importance of the Trade carried on here, makes the Portuguefe regard it better than any other Place they have remaining in India, although the Bufinefs oi Bacaim hardly yields to this j yet that of both the one and the other, as well &s ol Diu, is confiderably de- cayed, fince the Englijh, Dutch, and other Nations of Europe, have brought Surate into fuch Reputation } and the Portuguefe loft, as one may fay, the Empire of India, of which they hadPofleflion for an Age. Diu, which has the Reputation of beiag impregnable, has always been, and ftill is, the ftrongeft Place the Portuguefe have in thefe Parts 5 it was here that they formerly kept; their Fleets j and it was alfo here, that the Moorijh Veffels were vifited, and took their Paffports to fecure their Commerce j fo that there was no Place from whence the King of Portugal drew a greater Revenue, either by the Cuftomhoufe Duties, or th« Produce of the Vifits and Paffports. >^.-t ■f- (I Of the Trade of Laffa, or Boutan, and Chaoul. nOUTAN, an Indian Kingdom, bordering on the States of the Grand Mo' ■O gul, is a Country very little known ; though there is a Caravan of Mer- chants, who yearly let out from Patna (the greatcft City of Bengal j at the End of Dicember. This Caravan arrives in eight Days at Gorrochepoar, the laft City of 1- I; ty^ IM: 760 Of the Genlral Trade of the WORLD. of tiie Mogul, where ihe Merchants take Prcvifions for the PArt of their remain- ing Journey 1 froin thence to die Foot of the NaugroctI Mountains, is eight or nine Days pitinful Travel, which Mountains are eight or ten Days getting over t and as they are very rugged, the Inhabitants, who retire here, and are half Sa- vages, cx>me to offer themfelves to Paflengers, for the Carriage of them loid their Merchandize, to the Foot of the Defcent. Thft Provifions and Goods are loaden on Oxen, which carry about an hundred and fifty Hounds Wc'<; ht 1 and the Men pafs, feated on a Sort of a Cufhion, which thofe poor People nx on their Backs, and three Women commonly relieve one another in carrying a Man this little Journey ; on leaving the Mountains there are Oxen, Camels, Horfes, and even Palanquins, for thole that chufe them, which Tras^ellers do not quit till their Arrival at Boutan. A very great Trade in Muflc is carried on in all the Country of i3o«/<;fl; and it is here alfo, where the fineft Rhubarb (is found ; here likewile grows the Semen contra Vermis, (or Wormieed) and the Country abounds greatly in Mar- tens, (o that very fine Furs are to be procured here, but little Gold is to be met with in the whole Kingdom ; and that which is here, is brou^h: from abroad by the Merchants who come to trade. In regard to Silver, it is believed here are fome Minctt, and that it is from the ProduAs of the Country, that the King oi Boutan Aamps his Coin, which is of the fame Weight and Value of the Roupies, of an 0£tagon Shape, with Characters that are neither Indian nor Chineji. Their fole Manufactures are coarfe Hempen or Cotton Linens, with which they clothe themfelves in Summer; and ill made Cloth, hardly better than Felt, fervcs for their Winter Clothing. Cbaoul, or Cbaul, is a City, as I jull now mentioned, belonging to the Portu- gue/e, which on their Arrival, odd Lidtan Conquefts, they took from the King ofJMan; its Trade is very confidfcrable, but much lefs than it has been for- merly; it is above all, famous for its Silks and Silken Manufadhires, with which it almoft entirely furnifhes Goa, as well as a mat Part oi India. A great many Ciina Ships come here, wim the Produ^ of that Country, and take Spices, which turn to a good Account. The other Fabricks carried on here, are all Sorts of Varnilh after the Ciinefe Manner, and divers Works of Lack of all Colours, which nearly approa9h in Goodnefs to thofe of Ciina. Here ore alfo Plenty of Oxen and Cows ; alLSorts of Fruit and the other Products of the Earth, exccjpt Grapes, Walnuts and Chefnuts. I nave mentioned the City of Caboul, in treating of the Trade o£ Grand Tartary, Co have nothing to add about it here. IK • '... .if * -4 i^-^ Of the Commerce of the Coafls of India and Malabar. 'T*HAT Extent of Coaft, which runs from the Frontiers of Gufurate to Cape *• Comorin, are called the Indian Coafts, in which are found the Kingdoms of Decan, Cuncan, Canara, Malabar (which -alone contains at leaft eight or ten, and among them Cananor, Calicut, Cranganor, Cochin, Porca or Porcati, Call- coulang and Coulan.J Of all which Coafts the Portugueft were for a long Time Mailers, it being from hence that they begun their Dilcoveries and Conquefts in the Eajl-Indies, as Calicut was the firft City where they landed, and Cananor the Place where they built their firft Fortification, which was followed by others al- moft in every Maritime City of thofe little States ; but when their Affairs be- gan to fall into Decay in the Eaft, they abandoned and razed that Part of them which they deemed indefenfable againft the Dutch, who drove them out of the beft, and among them Cochin and Cranganor, which thefe latter took in i66i, the Portaguefe having only been able to favc Goa, and a few other obfcure and notelefs Places. Decan is the firft Kingdom on this Coaft after that of Cufurate, which for a long Time was a Province of the Mogul Empire, as well as the other, though at preicnt it is only tributary. Its Sea Ports, where fome Trade is tranfaCted, are Geytapour, Rajapour, Carapatar, Dabul, and Sifardan, which cenfifts in Silk Stuffs, 0/ A S I A, ^c. y6i Stuffs, and Cotton Cloths fcnt by Sea to Surate, or what the Inhabitants of Decan tranfport by Land into the Territories of the Mogul, thofo of Gektnda, and as far as Coromandcl \ and in this Kingdom it is, where Pepper is firft met with. Rajapour is a City built in the Lands of Sevagy, that famous Rebel, who for a long Time biiTicd all the Forces of the Great Mogul, and the King of f^ji^^oi/r his Mader. It is about twenty Leagues from Goa, and produces Saltpetre, Linens, but above all Pepper, which is gathered here in Abundnnce. Balagaie, a Kingdom ol AJia, in the /W/oa Peninlbla on this Side the Ganges, makes a Part of that of Dican, and produces a Quantity of Silk and Cotton ; here alfo is found excellent Lack, as good as that of Pegu, Areque, Rice, Betel, in which the Europeani drive a confidcrable Trade. Tne Diamonds extraifted from that which the Portugue/'e call the old Mine, are very much eileemed, elpecially thofe to which they have given the Name of Nayffez, or dwarf Points bccaufe they are naturally brillianted : Here are alfo Amethyfls, Crifolites, and thofe Stones which the Lapidaries cull Hematites. Cuiicaii, wiiich fume make a Kingdom of itfelf, and Others place it among the Provinces of Decan, is noted for the City of Goa feated in it, bcfides which it has ncvcrthclefs four otlicrs, viz. Vifapour, Sal'iapour, Paranda, and ff^ingurla, where fome Tratlitk is eftablifhcd, n all Things fimilar to that of Decan. Goa is the Capital of what the Portuguefe poflefs in India, taken from the Kxngoi Decan in IC20, by Alphcnfo Albuquerque, and continued ever fmce in their Poffeflion, as they have always fuccefsfullv defended it againft the moft for- midable Powers of this Part of India, and ftiU guard it with on extreme great Jealoufy againft the Enterprizes of the Dutch, who having taken from them almoft all their other Places, found this at lead as convenient for the Trade of Surate, as all thofe they poflefs on the Coafts of India and Malabar. This fa- mous City is feated in fifteen Degrees fix Minutes Latitude, in an Ifle which the Rivers Mandoiia and Guani, form at their Entrance, and is the Refidencc of a Viceroy, who had formerly five large Governments under his Jurifdidion, viz. that of Mofamlnque, Ma/cate, Ormus, Ceylan, and Malacca ; at prefent his Autho- rity hardly extends beyond Goa, and the Commerce, which v\e Portuguefe carry on to Indiii, is nearly reduced to that of this. City ; and even this is fo trifling, that one Merchant tolerable rich, and in Credit^ might with one Ship only main- tain it to Lijbon and India. 1 80 that Goa no longer fupports its ancient Reputation, the Banians, which for- merly carried on all the Trade, being moved to Surate, and by their Retreat com- pleated the Ruin of that little Commerce, which had efcaped the Enterprizes of the Dutch, the Cruizes of the Malabar Pirates, and, if one may be permitted to fay fo, the Slothfulnefs and Indolence of the Portuguefe thcmfelvcs, among whom, for a long Time paft, has not been found fuch valiant Men, as under the Gamas, and Albuquerqiies had made all Afia to tremble j nor thofe able and enterprizing Mer- chants, who had carried their Commerce as far as the Ariftick Circle. Thofe Traders, who ftill remair at Goa, continue to load fome Cargoes for Perfia, Pegu, Manillas, and Macao ; but befides that the Ship's Loadings commonly belong entirely to the Indian Merchants, there is hardly a Portuguefe rich enough to pur- chafe a Cargoe of two thoufand Pounds Value, infomuch that in all India they fcarce trade for fifteen thoufand Pounds. Their bed Returns are thofe from Mofambique, altho' very much diminiihed, ei- ther by the Lofs of Mombaze and Pate on the Coaft of Melinda' to the Arabians, or becaufe the Negroes do not bring Gold or Ambcrgreafe here in fuch Quantities as formerly, thro' Fear of the fMArabians, who ravage all the neighbouring Country. The little Gold, which the Portuguefe draw from Mofambique, is difpofed of at Diu and Goa, from whence it feldom goes out again, being here converted into a Coin nominated after St. Thomas, and worth about 5/. b d. Sterling. It is commonly believed that what has complcated the Ruin of the Portuguefe Trade in India, (which, with the Places they ftill poflefs there, might yet revive) is each Governor's interefting himfelf a Share in the Commerce of the Place he commands at ; and that Merchants no longer enjoying the Liberty they once did, dare not undertake any Thing conflderabk in it. 9 H There i \9> V :T' I." ■ ■^ :.' %l:. m 1-^ Hi pp. ,' ■ m W' 1 /, 1 \v m iu^ w^ '■'IP' ■i $■ ''■ W • •' '% 762 0/ the General TrAjjb ^ th^: WORLD. Thenii* however 9 Tribunid tftahtHhed M G«rt< la jiulgc and determine tfi« Aflfkirt of a Company, which for a large Suat obtained luinc Yeiirs ago ap cxcltl- fiyc Grant of ^hv I'rade from Mojambique, Monbaz, Macao, and other ('l^6ill in /»dlw, apuertaininff to the Oow'h of Portugal, though I am ignorant honr It profpers, and it is to be doubted' Whether the laid Aducution has not dune more Harm than Good, to this CapSthl of th« Pcrtugur/i in the Indlen it is however from henoe ooly that this Nation a^ permitted to load for liengal and Chiha. Batttala, the Metropolis of a little AHan Kiotdom in the Peninful^ on this Side the GW. The Air is good on all the CoiA 'oi Malabar, and iJicrois hardly a Country in yljia more fertile} the black and white Rico, fhich makes a Part of -its Trade (and probably tb6 moft confidertlble one) is gath^ercd here (aS !«^ove men- tioned) twice a Year; and befide^ ft<)gaiitity of excellent Fruits, which ferve.for the Shipping's Refrelhment} here may be loaded aQuantity of Cardamoms, Cmna- mon. Betel, white Areque (and red lor Dying ;) bu: above all Pepper, of which vail Parcels are annually exported. There are feveral other Ptirts in India where this loft Commodity is produced, but it no where grows iil greater AbUnklance,, or of a better Quality than on this Coaft, from Vijapour to Cape Comor/n i the largcA Berry comrs from f^ifapour and Canara\ all other Places producing the Grain of a leHcr Size, though thele are moft efteemed by the Indians, who come ,here to fupply themfclves with it. The Cardamoms are gathered in the Kingdom of Cananor, on a Mountain £x or feven Leagues from the ' Sea, which it is believed is the only Spot in the World where they are foundi' a ftw of them are tranlported to Europe for Me- dicinal Ufes, and the xt^x&btSaiPerJiai tni Arabia i where the Rice is never thought good, till feafoned With'&ns iigrceable Spice. The Cinnamon is not near^^food at that of Ceylon, and but little of it left, fince the Dutcb rooted up what grew it'Cec6ie\i . and the ^ctel is only proper for theEaft. - , . Mirzeou, is the firll Place Vsf die Koogdom o( Caaofa, near the Prontiet-s of that of Fifapour, about eighteeh -Leagues to the South of Goa \ the Parttmieje had here one of their moft ancient Fortificatioos. but the Canarins took it from them in 1662, after a Defence which neither did Honour to the Beliegers or Befiegcd. •. "-•• ,1^ ,, ■■•^; ' ri v. ■ ' '• '"■■ Mangalor, which is eighteen licflgues fifotn BiUipatan, and Baca^r nine Leagues from hence, arc the two principal Places oiCanara, as well for Trade as the Good- nefs of their Ports. Pepper, and black and white Rice, are the chief Merchan- dizes exported from thefe two Cities, the Trade, of this laft Commodity being (o great at Marigalor, as to load ftfty erfiiitjL-jyeflfls with it yearly. . Onor is a fmall Kingdom of fi^a^ar, where ifw-iPBr/aFaj/l have a Faftory, and purchafe almoft all the Pepper gathered here, whickfhas the Reputation of produ- cing the beft and heavieft in all India. Here may be fhipped off about eight thou- fand LD. i determine di« Is ago ai^ cxciu- Id other pli»tt» bnorant hou^ It niot done more \i it is however J and Cilha. Irul? on this Side Ifidcrable Trade, Ih produces here ports, of which I third Canacar ; Is Quality. TKe land Sweatmeati fm Qrmvs j atrd of Copper finds common Name h the Title of Names todiftin- thcir chief tr^- )c Coiporin, after irclly a Coyntry :s a Part of 'its (as ;»Kovc mcn- which fcrvc for lamoms, Cimia- ppcr, of which lity is producfcd, ty than on this 3ni Vlfapour and IiQugh thefc are es with it. a Mountain fix nly Spot in the Eurojie for Mc- le Rice is never ittle of it left, )nly proper for »e Prontirt-s of the PorttiTuefe took it fro:n e Befiegers or 'nine Leagues : as the Oood- liefMerchan- adity being (o Pz&oty, and ion of produ- t eight thou- fand 0/ A S I A, &c, fond Quintals yearly, bought of the King of Baticala, who it alfo Sorereign here, and muK be paid for fix Months before the Crop, uthcrwifc the Fadtors will re- turn without it. A Quantity of Rice ia alfo extraded from hence for feveral Parti of India. Ctinanor ii one nf the largeft Kingdoms of Makbar, and tho' it yields to CaUeut in Extent, it greatly exceeds it in Trade and Number of Inhabitants, ^ts principal maritime Plates are Hilipatam, Tramapatam, aiul Cananor the Capital, to which it has given Name. Tlie Portugueft for a long time prelervcd here tne 6rft Fort t^ty built in India, but lod it with Locbin in 1602 1 from which Time the Dutcb v. o took it, remained in a manner Maflers of the Trade of this Part of Makbar, which has not lefs than twenty-Ave Leagues of Coail. The Cioods cxtradlcd from hence are Sugar, Pepper, Ginger, Cardamoms, Areque, Elephants Teeth, Caflia, Honey, and Ambcrgreafe, found at Cape Conn- rirt. Here is fome Trade carried on in jewels, as Granates, Saphires, Hyacinths, Rubies, TopaiTes, and particularly a Stone nominated among the Europeans from the Place of its Produce Cananor Stone, of fome ufc in Medicine witn the French. It is aflcrted, that upwards of two hundred Veflels come here yearly 1 and tho' a confidcrablc Trade is carried on in the abovementioncd Commodities, it is certain that Rice, in which this Kingdom fo much aboundb, is the chief Load- ing of them. Caok is a Village one League to the Southward of Cananor, where very fine Li- nens arc mades and a little htxhcv Tremapatan, renowned alio for its Bazar, Mer- chants and Linen. Bikpatam is a City of Cananor, where the greateft Prpper Trade is carriad on j it is large, and inhabited by rich Mahometan Merchants, being feated on a fmall River, three Miles from the Sea. The Englijh have a Settlement here, and load a chief Part of the Pepper they fend to Europe, Tilichery, called by the French TUceri, is four Leagues from the lafl; mentioned Place, three from Cananor, (tho' Mt.Eachard puts it down thirty Miles) and only one from Tremepatan. Tho Eng/ijb have a Fort here, and Prince Onifri gave the French Permifllon in 1670 to tranHatc their Factory from Biiipatan here. Its Trade is the fame, as that of the above-mentioned neighbouring Places^ with the Addition that here is found fome Sanders* and from this Kingdom is (hipped a ^eat deal of Pepper for Perjia, Bajfora, Mocha and Ma/cati, at which Places the unalleft Grain is in greateft Eftecm. Calicut, called formerly the Empire of Samorin, is the largeft of all the King- doms on this C6aft, and the Title of Emperor, which all other Princes give to its Sovereign, feems to acknowledge a Superiority ; yet in reality all the petty Kings of this Part of India, are wholly independant one of another. This Kingdom extends from Pudepattan River to that of Cranganor, being about thirty Leagues of Coaft, and was once a Place of the greateft Trade in India, as well on Account of the Refort here of foreign Merchants, as for the Commerce and Navigation that its Ships maintained with the moft celebrated Cities of Ajia: But firft Goa, and afterwards Sarate carried away the Bufinefs from it ; bcfidcs the Coaft being bad, and Inundations very frequent, have not a little contributed to drive its quondam great Trade from hence, though here ftill remains a tolerable one. The Englijh, French and Dutcb have Settlements here, and though it be the Capital of the Samorin Empire, yet the Court removed farther within Land, and thereby occaiioned a confiderable Diminution to the before decay lugTr^c of this Place; its Bazar is neverthelcfs one of the baiuUomp^t of ^^^'^M^^?S^^^Z four or five Streets always full of rich Goodsi of wbicli the c^uj^c l;|epp^r i^finc Linen } natural Salt-petre, illat wants but little Purification, and wfiichi is found in plenty all over the Kingdom, particularly on the Side of Sirinpatan ; Sanders i excellent Rice, which hera as well as on all the reft of this Coaft, is not on^e of the leaftObjcfts of Trade. - The Sand of the Sea Shore on the Coaft of Calicut, efpecially at the River's Mouth, is found mixed whh Grains of pure Gold, by wmcb many poor People find a comfortable Subfiftance, though the Grains are commonly very fmall^ 763 [.■<-,-":^i,. P ^ ' t :'i"i 764 0/ the Oenerai. Trade 0/ t/jc WORLD. Tamr ji the chief trading I'laco of a very little Kingdom, from which it is d«- ^ nominated, and whofe King, though hix Dominioni arc hardly ten League* (^uure, , ii as much a Sovereign as ti Samorin liiinlcit, This City, if it may be tailed fo, is five Leagues to the Southward o\' CalUut \ it has only an open Road witho\it any PJvcr, and the Inhabitants ufiti Haxar arc rich Miihomttiins I this Nntii-n is at Knmity with the Dulcb, but llrongly allied with the Pertugufji, and the Frtrtrbwere well received by them in 1^72. Cranganor, (hetwccn Timor and Cochin) is but a very (mall Kini'ilom, where not^erthclcfs the Portu^ufff had a confidcrablc Fort, which was calkd Cianganor of the Portugueje, to dilUngtiifh it from the Cranganor oj tht ALi/aian : 'I he Dutch took It in ififts. Coihin, another Kingdom which commences where the Inft mentioned ends, had two Capitals diflinguifhed like thofc of Oanfionor, and Cochin of the Portu- gutj'e, and was alfo taken by the Dutch in 'fitnuary \()bj. Porco, Pfrcatti or Prrciits, comes next 1 and afterwards Cti/icou/nug, and Ceu- lang, which are the laft Kinpdfms o( Malaiar. The Englijh and Dutch )\z\o their Fadlorics in the chief and l>clf Places of thcfc petty Kingdoms 1 and the latter have Forts at Coulang and Cochin, to fecure the Pepper Trade which in very con- fidcrnble here, and which their N'cfl'cls yearly load in palling, contiiming their Route to Surate, Ptrjia, and the Red Seu, where thty difpofc of the major Part, in exchange for many rich Merchandi/cs, that all thcl'c Placcv produce, and which they bring afterwards to Jintii'viii. The TrafRck ofthefc fix little Kingdoms is but little different from that of the xt^oi Malabar, though here are notwithflanding foinc natuiid Prodiidlioiis, that are peculiar to each of them, and not to be fuund in the others > which in Ibine Meafure varies the Trade. In general the Exports trom bancx are Popper, Car- damoms, Laque, Ginger, Tamcrinds, Opium, Ambcrgreafc, Rice black and white, KifTeri and Cayang, (a Specie of Pcafe) Sanders, Saltpetre, aid Linens of diverfe Sorts, though neither fofine or well painted is thole about Hurate, of wiuth 1 have already fpokc ; nor thofe of Ctromandtl and Jienga/, of which I fliall treat hereafter. Ccv/ang is a Kingdom in the Peninfula of InJta, on the CoaA of Malahar, whole principal Tra . confiits (like thofe before defcribed) in Pepper, which the European Ships and Indian Junks come here to load ; and there is on the Coail a Filhery for Pearls, pretty conflderable, which belongs to the King. i Of the Coafi of the Felcheric. 'X* HIS Coaft (properly that of Madura ) called alfo the Pearl Coafl extends it- ■■■ fclf from Cape Camori (or CamorinJ to Negapatan (or Nagapatnam) being the firft Part of Coromandel. It has before it the Jfles oi Manar and Ceylan, and it is in the Streights which feparates them from the Continent, that the I'carl Filhcry is carried on. The inland Parts of this Country arC' arid and almofl barren, where none of thofe Legumen, or admirable Fruits are gathered that render Life fo commodious in all India \ except a little Rice, hardly fufficient for the Inhabitants ; fo that it is only for this fiihing of Pearls, that keeps the Natives here, and gave Birth to that Knvy in the Dutch againft t)\c Portuguefe, Tutucorin is deemed the Capital of this CoaA, though lefs for its Grandeur and Beauty, than for the Fiftiery of Pearls carried on here, and bccaul'e its In- habitants arc the mod expert in it j thofe alfo of Calipatnam arc in Eilecm, and thefe two Towns furnifh the grcateft Number of Boats. The Portuguefe fettled here on their firft Arrival in India, and the Dutch took it from them in 1658, and have kept it ever fincc, (haring this marine Treafure with the Sovereign of the Country ; all the Oyfters taken burate, of wJiith lich i ihall treat Malabar, whole ch the European »all a Filhcry for oafl: extends it- tnamj being the Ceylan, and it is ic Pearl Filhcry where none of fo commodious ants } fo that it d gave Birth to •r its Grandeur became its In- \n. Elleem, and irtuguc/e fettled them in 1658, le Sovereign of as the Fi/he7 0/ 0/ A S I A, ^c. Of tin CoaJI •/'Coromandel. 'T* HIS Coaft begins at the Point of NrgatatoM, where that of the Ptfihtrit endi; *■ and reaches to the River Na^unJ, and the City of Ma/ulipatan } though fome give it a greater Kxtent, and contmuc it to Bengal. The Trade carried on by the Eurobeans here, is vety confiderabic, where they have all great Settlements, Forts and Fadorics ( having been invited thereto by the GoodneU of thia Port and Roads on this CoaA, which are the bed in hdia, and arc a great Refuge to their Ships, when during the bad Moufon, they are obliged 10 quit the Coaft of GuJ'aratt and Malabir, as they cannot remain there in Safenr. Tnc chief EAablilhmenti which the Eurobtans have on this Coa(l, are Madras, or Madrajhatnam, Ptitepollte, CoHnimeer, Mttcbtepatam, yizagaftatam, and Mad- dabollam (N. B. Putnam means a City in a// tie Peninfula on this Side theiinn^ci) belonging to the Englijh \ Pondicberry, ap|)crtaining to the French > Nagabatnam, Nijipatan (otherwife Portapouiij Teguenapatnam, Sadraipatnam, Majisiipatnam, Datkeron, Bimilipatnam, Narueruantze, Conjemere, and Paliacate, poflelTed by the Dutch, and 'Tranijuekar by the Danes. I might here introduce St. Thomas, as a Portuguiji Fadlory on this Coall, being the Place where they tranfodl their Trade from Coromandel, but this Nation has no Fortification here, as the others have at the Places aforementioned. Madras is fcated in the Latitude of thirteen Degrees, ten Minutes (Mr. Charles Lockyer fays thirty Degrees) North, and an hundred and two Degrees thirty Mi- nutes of Ead Longitude, and after the Dutch had Ihut the Englijh out from Ban- tam, became the Refidence of one of the Company's two Prefidents in thcfe Paru, and is now regarded aa the Center of its Trade, either with Europe or India. From four to fix Ships is the common Number that arrive here yearly, diredlly from Europe, and much the fiune in Return, loading with the Goods of the Coun- try, and tnofe colle£ted from their other Fadtorieu on this Coaft, or whal their Trade in India has brought here, which are Silk Stuffs, Silk and Cotton Handker- chiefs, Cotton in Thread and Wool, Indigo; all Sorts of Muflins and Callicoes; MaJ'ulipatnam Cbints, reckoned the moll beautiful made in the Indies, and the moll efteemed in Europe ; Diamonds and other precious Stones from the Mines of Golconda, £cc. A Trade is carried on from hence by the Fa^ory, to all Parts eallward of the Cape of Good Hope, as to China, Manill", Batavia, the Coafts of yai F**' ' li'j "*' y ^' #?;' *» ■ *, f. Il'^'' ■ fir O/'/ifi? Kingdom o/" Bengal. THOSE who terminate the Coaft oi CoromanJel ox Mafulipatnam, call that the Coaft of On'xa, which continues to Bengal, and even Ibine comprehend in this the City of Pipeli, though it really is in the Kingdom of Bengal, Although the Kingdom of On'xa, which gives Name to thisCoall, has many Ports, they are all fo bad, that the Europeans carry on little or no Trade at them, fo I fliall pafs on to that of Bengal, one of the richeft in the Indies. Bengal is a Kingdoiri fituated to the Eaft of Indojian, towards the Sea j fome for- merly believed, and among them Morert, that there had been a City called Bengal, wdiich had given its Name to the Kingdom, of which it was the Capital. It is cer- tain that there neither is, nor ever was, a City fo called in thefe Parts i and what is more, there is no City at all, fcated at either of the Ganges Mouths, as the faid Au- thors have aflerted. If there is a Metropolis, it mul^ be tb^t where the Viceroy refides, which was formerly at Dacca or Decca, but for a long Time pad the Court has been kept at Cafembazuir ; the firft of thefe two Cities is large, and fituated on the Oriental Branch of the Ganges, near fixty Leagues from its Mouth, and the other is upon the weftern Arm of the fame River at fixty Leagues above Ougli. All the Maps of this Country are faulty, as well in the Form as Latitude of this Kingdom's Coafts, they making the Ganges difcharge into the Gulph of Bengal, to be at twenty-three Degrees of Latitude, when it is redly at twenty-one De- grees fifteen Minutes ; and are alfo very defective in the Situation of Places, which I thought proper to mention as not foreign to my Subjedt. The Commerce carried on here, as well by Strangers as the Inhabitants, is very confiderablc ; and in which here are concerned, Perjians, AbiJJins, Arabians, Guzuratins, Malabars, Turks, Moors, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, and in fine. Merchants from all the Parts of AJia. All the Chriilian Nations eftabliihed in India fend their Ships here, as it is the Merchandize of Bengal that makes a con- fiderablc Part of their Reloadings for Europe, befides thofe they extraft for their Indian Trade. The moft trading Cities, and where the Englijh, French, and Dutch have their moft flourifliing Settlements, are Cafambazar, Ougli fOugeli, or HugueliJ Pipeli, and Bellezoor ; to which may be added Patna j for although fome place it with- out the Jurifdidkion of fit-w^j/, by making it the Capital of a petty Kingdom fub- jcdl to die Mogul, yet as its Trade is all carried on through Ougli, I fliall not fe- parate it from the aforementioned Cities. The Englijh have their Eftablifliments at Ougli, Pepeli, and Bellezoor, the French at the two firft, and the Dutch in all the faid five Places. Ougli is the City, where all the Nations concur, who carry on the Bengal Trade, and where the richeft Merchants of the Country refide, whether Moors or Pagans. Its Warehoufes and Shops are always full of rich Indian Goods, but each Sedl of the Natives have their particular Quarters in the Bazars, without ever mixing, as much for the greater Freedom in Trade, as out of a Principle of Religion, which hinders thefe fuperftitious People from having a too great Fa- miliarity together. The Lodge which the Dutch occupy at this Place, is very large and magnifi- cent, having at once the Air of a Fortification and Palace. The Diredor lives here like a Prince ; and next to Batavia, this is the Place where the Power and Splendor of the Company appears in their greateft Luftre. Cafembazar is the Part of AJia, from whence the Dutch draw the greatelt Quantity of Silks, which they bring down the Ganges to Ougli, and from thence fend Part to Japan, andPfirt to Europe; it is for tliis Bufinels that they maintain a confiderablc Fadlory htrc, though they befides are furnilhed by it aUb with a Quantity of Taffeties plain and ftripcd, and the fineft Linens that Bengal produces. The Crop of Silks at Cafembazar may amount in a common ^ car to twenty- two thoufand Balcb of a l.undred Pounds each, of which the Dutch Company have leave to buy only lix or icv*in thoufand, the reft arc divided between the Tartars and the Mogul'^i Suojedts, or remain in the Country for the Manufactures. 3 ^^< ■a-. Ih'zoor, the French 0/ A S I A, ^c. At Chiopera, in the Dirtrid o£ Patn.i, are the beft Refineries of Saltpetre, and it is there that the greateft Purchaics of this Commodity are made; and from whence the largeft Quantity of it comes that is exported from fi^rw^j/j and it is for this Trade only that the Dutch have a Fadory here. It muft be obferved, that in regard of the Merchandize that is cxtrafted from Patna and Cafembazar, they muft be ready to be carried down to Ougli at the End of the rainy Seafon, as the Canals by which they are conduced grow dry in two Months, after the fair Weather Mouflbn commences, and then the Land Carriage greatly augments the Expence. The Merchandizes proper for Bengal, arc Japan Silver, Copper, Malacca Pewter, Vermillion, Alkermes, Qujckfilver, Lead, Tables, Cabinets, and other Moveables japaned, Porcelane of China or Japan, Luoking-Glafles, Cloths, and all Sorts of Ettro/Mw Merchandize, Pepper, Spice, Arcque, Elephants of Cg/^w, and their Teeth, Birds of Paradife, and Ternate Parroquets. The Goods of the Country's Growth, or that arc brought there from the neighbouring Kingdoms, with which the £ uropeans ufualiy load their Ships for the homeward bound Voyage, coniift; in Raw Silks, called Tany and Mouta, Cotton Wool and Thread, red Wood, va- rious Boles, Coffee, Cowries, (or Cauris) which ferve for fmall Money here ; white and yellow Wax, Canes, and Rattans, Gutta, Gamba, Bengal, Labor, Goromandel, and yf^ra Indigo, three Sorts of Lacque, Myrrh, various Perfumes, Salt, Rice, Salt- petre refined and unrefined. Terra Merita, Sugar and Sugar Candy. With thefe two laft the Dutch load feveral Ships entirely every Year ; Part for their own Accounts, and Part on Freight for the Moortjh Merchants, dcftined principally for Perjia. There is likcwife exported from Bengal, Borax, Opium, Grain, Gums, and Me- dicinal Roots, embroidered Counterpanes, Carpets, and Stuffs, fent to China, Ja- pan, Camboya, Tunquin, aiid feveral other Parts of /» '. I> O/" Malacca. THIS City is feated at two Degrees and a half Latitude on this Side the . Line, in the Streights, to which it gives Name, and feparates the Terra Firma from the Ifle of Sumatra. Alphonfo Albuquerque took it from the King of Jhor {or rather GohorJ m 15H, and it was unfuccefsfuK. Attacked an hun- dred Years after by the Dutch; though they were more fortunate in 164 1, when they drove the Portuguefe out, after a Siege of fix Months, and have remained Maftcrs of it ever fince. Its Port is one of thq beft and fafeft in Indi^^ an(| m^y be entered at all Times of the Year, which is an Advantage that neither that of Surate, or Goa enjoys, nor any others of Guzurate ax MalaUir, which are all fubjed to the Moufbns. Whilft it remained in the Hands of the Pfer- tuguej'e, it was one of the Staples for the Indian Trade, and as a Storehoufe to allthe Eaft, wheit the Indian Nations, accuftomqd to the-Marine Trafficl^, uicd toaffemble. '•'■.■"m'A .'!' -.ot r.:; "' ••• It Hill fdppoHfs its Reputation, and its Commbrce is yet very confiderable, par- ticularly in Linens from Surate, Coromandel, and Bengal, which find vent here, at Andra, Giery, and in the Rivers ofSiaca and Pera, and here are alfo found other Goods, of which a Part go by Land to 5«j/n and Pegu. The i« Ji I ''ii' ^,n 0/ A S I A, t?c: The major Part of the Payments for thcfc Linens, and other Commodities brought here bv the Dutch, arc in Gold and Pewter, on which large Profits arc made in the other Parts of India they are fcrtt to. The chief Officer in Trade that the Dutch Company maintains here, is called Chabander, an Indian Name, which fignifies Super-Intendant, who is independant of the Governor, and has the folc Diredtion of Trade and the Cuftoms. The Dutch are here about two or three hundred Families j the other Merchants are Malayans, Moors, or Chinefe; thefe laflonly concerning thcmfelves in the Re- tail of Tea, Sugar Candy, Sweetmeats, &c. but the others have their Shops ever full of all Sorts of Goods, that the Dutch Ships bring here. The Trade carried on at Malacca was the leaft Motive to the Dutch for its Capture, or that now induces them to maintain and guard it with fo much Care j but its admirable Situation for that of China and Japan, befides its commanding all the Streights in which it is fcated, fo that no Nation can pafs to the Eaftward without their Permiflion. Ligor and TenaJJ'erin are two petty Kingdoms in the Peninfula of Malacca dependant on the King of 5ww; the Dutch hme Settlements here, and carry on a good Trade in Pepper and Pewter, of which I (hall fpeak in the following Sedion, where I an\ to treat Of the Trade o/*Siam. THIS Kingdom, even fince the Separation of Tunquin and Cochirichina, is oHe of the moft powerful in India : Its prefent Bounds are Camhaye to the Eaft j Labor to the North ; Ava and Pegu, to the Weft j and the Sea of the Gulf of Siam (to which it gives Name) to the South. Its Capital is Seia-Juthaia, of which the Europeans have made Judtia, Judia, Judea, and Odia, and the Por- tuguefe call it Siam. This City is feated on the Menam, a great River that falls into the GiilpH of Siam four Days Journey from it j and which, like the Nile, regularly overflowing and drowning the whole Country at periodical Seafons, renders it very fertile in all Neceffaries of Life, particularly in Rice, of which Foreigners yearly export feveral Ships Loadings, though large ones cannot go up the River, but are obliged to attend and take in their Cargoes below, whilft fmall ones may get up to Biitt- cock, (five or fix Leagues above its Mouth) but only Barks and Junks can reach the Capital. There is no Part ^Afia, from whence Merchants are not feen at Jutbaia\ a^ they come here from Japan, China, the Philippines, Tunquin, Cochinchina, Chiampa, Camboya, the Ifles of Sunda, Bengal, the Coaft of Coromandel, Surate, Perfia and Arabia ; and the European Nations that have Settlements here, are the Englijh, Dutch and Portugucje ; the French who had one alfo in 1686, were drove out from Bancock in 1688, andf though they afterwards fettled in anotherPart of the Kingdom, their Trade was fo inconfidefable, that it may be juftly faid they have ever fince font more Miffionaries than Merchants there. It is only the Europeans, Chinefe and Moors, (that is, all the Mahometans) who are privileged to have Houfes in tlie City ; the Indian Nations having them with- out, though their Quarters are all feparate, where they carry on their Trade, and cxercife their Religion. The Dutch carry on the greateft Trade here, and the Houfe they built in 1634, is one of the handfomeft they have in all the Eaji; yet this Settlement ife only reckoned the twentieth in the thirty-two principal ones they have in in all, uhder ' the general Government of Batavia. Trade is one of the chief Profeflions of the Siamois, and it may be truly ikid, that their King is the principal Merchant among them, whether for . iC Traffick at home or abroad. His foreign Commerce is moftly to China, where he annually fends five or fbt large Vcflels ; to Japan, where there goes two or three j to Camboya, Tunquin, and Cochincfjina, the Deftiny of as many j and in fine, to all the Coafts of Indtti, (efpcciaily Surate) and even to Perjia, where there are always fome of his 4 Ships, '■fin m / !. 1 i 1 i vf, t' ■'' ■; ]: ( ; 'i. t 77ft 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. Ships, commanded commonly by Chriftians, as his own SubjeAs are no great Saikrs. The inland Trade of the Kingdom, carried on by his Fadlors, does not onlv con- fift in the valuable Commodities, imported by his Shipping, of which his Ware- houies are always full, and fold at the Prices he thinks proper; but alio in the dif- ferent Products of his Dominions, whether they be the Tribute of his Subjcdls, or vrhat he cultivates in the Lands peculiarly belonging to him : So that only in Betel and Arque, green and dry, the King's Agents get upwards of fix or (even hundred thoufand French Livres ; and it is reported, that the Cuiloms of Bancock, and the farming the circumjacent Gardens, produce him more than four Millions yearly. This Kingdom is rich in Mines of Pewter, Lead, Silver, and even Gold, though thcfe laft produce but little, and that of a very bafc Alloy ; the Pewter Mines of Lagur being the moft confidcrable, whofe Metal makes one of the bed Branches of Trade that the Dutch carry on here ; the Company having a Treaty with the King, which interdifls the Purchafe of this Commodity by any others than themfelves. It is with this Pewter that the Dutth bailaft their Ships in returning for Europe, prefcrving however enough for it for their Indian Trade, where in many Parts they truck it againil other Commodities to a very great Advantage. The other Merchandizes which Siam produces, are. Wood tor building Ships (of which the Dutch load great Quantities for BataviaJ Stags, Beaves, Buffaloes, and Tygers Skins, (of which latter, a ftriped Sort elleemed very valuable, more efpecially for Japan) Gum Lacque, Lead, Sapan Wood, Calembeck (or Aloes Wood) Honey, Wax, Sugar, Betel, Areque, Pepper, Rice, Salt, Varnifli, va- rious odoriferous Woods, Tea, (that comes from China and Japan) Calin, (fup- pofed by fomc a Metal between Pewter and Lead, though by others only a Mix- ture of them) Ambergreafe, Linens of the Country, Elephants Teeth, Saltpetre, Gum Gutta, Canes and Rattans, Cotton, Ivory, Afphaltus Wood, Mufks, Ben- zoin, and Silk, but thefe three laft are brought here from Laort when that King- dom is not at War with this of Siam. The Goods proper for this Trade, and which are principally in Demand at Siam, are Silk Stuffs, Spices ; all Sorts of Chinefe and Japan Commodities, fuch as flow- ered Velvets, japanned Works, Porcclane, Goldfmiths Wares, diverfe European Commodities, gold and filver Bars ; but the Goods that find the readieft and furelt Dlipatch, are the Linens from Surat, Coromandel, and Bengal; here are befides imported, red Coral, yellow Amber, Quickfilver, Sanders, and Cloths ; Pepper alfo was once a good Commodity, but fince its Plantation here the Natives h!>"e enough, and to fpare for Exportation. w 1% CyCamboya. THIS Kingdom, called alfo Cambodia, was formerly a Province of Siam, but at prefent only makes it the Acknowledgment of an annual Tribute, viz. of a Nofegay of golden Flowers. The Capital of this Kingdom, which the Europeans call by the fame Name, and the Inhabitants Rauveia, is fituated at iixty Leagues from the Mouth of a River which fidls' into the Sea, to the Eafb of the Gulph of Siam, and which, like the Ni/e, and the Menan, overfiov/ the Country regularly every Year. The Portuguefe had for a 'ong Time this Trade to themfelves, but it is now open to all thofe who will engage in it ; and here arc Englijb, Dutch, Por- tuguefe, Chinefe, Jatantfe, Siamois, Cochinchinefe, Malayans, &c. of which fomc come with the South, and return with the North MouHbon, and others quite the reverfe. The Dutch fend Linens here from Malacca, of which the propcrefl for this Market are, Bengal CafTas, white and red Betilles, Alfortments of Seraffes, and fome Cotton Thread. The Goods this Place produces for Exportation, are Benzoin, Gum Lacque, Wax, Copper Bafons, Iron Chinefe Pans, Rice loaded for ^inam, and a Quantity of Stags, Beaves, Buffaloes, and other favage Animals Skins, which here, aswell as at Siam, are one of the beft Articles in this Trade, and the eafleft fold, by Means of the Chinefe and Dutch Traffick, to Japan, the former being the moll conii- dcrable Traders here of all the Eaftern People. 3 Of IH' . • 0/ A S I A, ^c. " "i 0/ Cochinchina. 'TpHIS Kingdom is ftated between thofc of Cahiiina and Tunquin, on a Gulph "*• bearing its Name ; its Length is about an hundred and ten Leagues, and its Breadth in fomc Places, only ten, twenty, or twenty-five at moft; and notwith- ftanding its fmall Extent, it has the Kingdoms of Chiampa and Tbien for Tri- butaries, where it carries on a very great Commerce. Its chief foreign Trade is that of China and Japan, carried on by thj Chinefi fettled here, or thofe of Canton. The Europeans, efpccially the Dutch, load many Merchandizes here ; the French, as has been faid of Siam, have hardly any of their Nation here but Miflionaries. The Commodities cxtrailcd of the Growth of the Place are Gold, (which comes from the Mines, or Duft collefted in the Gravel from fome Rivers) of Calembac Wood, which grows in the Kingdom of Champoa, from whence they can only bring it to Cochinchina, and which fells for its Weight in Gold, even on the Spot ; Pepper is alfo extracted from hence, and fent to China ; Silks gathered in fuch Quantities, that even the Cordage jf their Gallies and Filhermens Nets are made of it : Taffeties, which are the only Stuffs made here ; Sugar, (hipped commonly for Japan ; Wax, Areque, and Betel ; Rice, with which many Ships arc annually loadcn ; in fine, thofe Birds Nefts fo much efteemed by all the Indians, as a fulutary Food, which fervc them at once both for Aliment and Regale. 77% ■1 k I m i! Of Tunquin. JUN^JIIN (or Tonquin, as it Hiould be pronounced) was for a long Time a Province of China, when Cochinchina and Chkmpa were a Part of it j at prcfent thefe two Kingdoms are feparated, and Tunquin, more compaft than before, is bounded on two Sides, by three Provinces of China, which are Canton to the Eaft, and Invan and ^anft to the North ; to the Weft it touches on the Kingdom of Brama, and to the South on Cochinchina, and the Gulph to which this laft has given its Name. The Timquinois did not till pretty lately renounce the Politics they had learnt from the Chine fe, not to trade with any foreign Nation, but at laft they are become more tradlable j having at firft permitted Strangers to come and trade with them, and were afterwards emboldened to go and traffick with others, as they now do at Siam, Batavia, and many other Places of India, they fend Ships to. The beft Merchandize that the Europeans can carry to Tunquin, are Cold and Silver, efpecially Dollars, although they are not without them i as here comes a great deal of Gold from China, and a Quantity of Silver from Japan; befides, fome pretend that this Kingdom has Mines of both thefe Metals, though Mr. Tavernier denies it, and with a reafonable Probability. Other Commodities brought here, are Spice, Pepper, Quickfilver, Vermilion, Cloths, and yellow Amber. Thefe People are open and faithful in their Dealings, in which they are very different from their quondam Mafters the Chinefe, who pride themfelves in cheating Fo- reigners, and ufe a thoufand Chicaneries in their Purchafes and Sales. Silks arc in fuch Plenty at Tonquin, that both rich and poor equally clothe them- felves with feveral light Stuffs made of them in the Country j and the major Part of thofe Things, which in other Places are made of Flax or Hemp, are compofed here of this Material. The Dutch export great Quantities of thefe Silks for Japan, being more commodious than to fetch thofe of Perjia and Bengal, as they did b*:- forc their Trade was eftablifhed at Tonquin. Here is alfo to be purchafed Mulk, Tortoife Shell, Aloes Wood (of which here is fomc worth near an hundred and thirty Pounds Sterling per Pound ;) Sugar in Pound and half Pound Loaves, proper (or Japan; Porcelancs (brought from abroad) Lacque, Rice, and thofe Birds Nefts mentioned in the Seftion on Cochinchina, which are found in five fir all Iflands of the Gulph, where both the Tunquinois and Chine/!' go to feek them. It is alfo in five other Neighbouring Ifles, that they go to catch Turtles (or Tortoifcs) which come afliore there in fuch Quantities at 9 L certain Li S «'' . -Trt 774 Of '^ General Trade of the WORLD. certain Seafbns, as to render the Sale of their Shells and falted Flefh one of the beft Branches of Trade in this Kingdom. They have Oranges and Lemons here, as in all other Parts of India ; but thefe latter are fo foure, as to become thereby u&lefs for Refrdhmcnts to the Ships, and are therefore only confumed here in- W9i of jigua Forth, to cleanfe Copper, Brafs, or Iron for Gilding, in the Dying of their Silks, and in the Lyes for ihcir Linens, which makes them of a dazzling Whitenefs. Of the Trade of China. 'T*HIS vaft Part of the Globe, and the caftermoft ofjifia, is equally famous for '*' its Fertility, which furniflics in Abundance wherewith to maintain an exten- five Commerce, and for the Genius of its Inhabitants, who more than any other People of the World, underftand to employ in all Sorts of Manufactures and Works the many rich Produdts that grow, and are found in the fifteen Provinces of this vaft Empire ; which is rendered more adapted to Trade, than any other eaftern Country, by the many Rivers and Canals that traverfe all it« DiviHons, and thereby facilitate the Tranfport of its Merchandize ; and for abroad, the good Ports, that fix of its Provinces have, which are wafhed by the oriental Ocean. The Chinefe Politics making them fear, that a Communication with Strangers miglu corrupt their Laws, never gave thefe latter any Opportunity to attack their Liberty under a Pretence of Trade; but forfeveral thoufand Years, fliut the En- trance to their Kingdom againft all Nations whatfoever, and were content with the interior Trade carried on among themfelvcs i but at laft the Emperor, having opened his Ports to all the World in 1685, the Indians and Europeans were equally forward to improve the Liberty of this new Trade, which they have carried on ever fince. TYic Portuguefe \j\\ thenhadbeentheonly Nation of £ur0/f, who had carried on any Sort of Traffick diredtly to China, by Means of their Situation at Macao (of which I Aiall treat by and by ;) and the Dutch, defirous of imitating them, when eftablifhed in the Ifle of Formofa, having been chafed from that Poft in 166 1, had renounced this Commerce, or at leall, like the Englijh, only maintained it in the half deferred Ifles, where the Chinefe Junks brought their Merchandize, and returned with what they got there from Foreigners. It is true, that many Indian Nations, and the Dutch themfelves, were never without the Products of China, but it was what the Chinefe brought, who were permitted to go to other Parts, at the fame Time that all others were ftriftly for- bidden coming among them j and the Places which the Chinefe Junks frequented moft, and to which they iHll continue the Trade, are Japan, the Manillas, Co- chincbina, Achin, Malacca, Camioya, Siam, Tunquin, Patana, Jambi, jindragiri, (in the Ifle of Sumatra) Batavia, and fomc others. The Trade with Strangers in China was not only open by Sea, but their Cara- vans were alfo admitted here, as well from the eaftern Tartars (who now govern this Empire) as the Mufcovites, who fend yearly to Pekin a very numerous one from Peterjburgh. China is feparated from the States of the Grand Mogul, by Sandy Deferts ab- folutely impaflable, and other Provinces of India, by Mountains very difRcult to get over, which hinders almoft all Trade between thefe different Kingdoms, ex- cept a very fmall one on the Frontiers, though it is very difficult to know in what even that confifls, as not one in a thoufand at the Capital knows any Thing of what paf^s without the City. It is true the Chinefe have fometimes gone to Ben- ^al, the Philippines, Batavia, and even to Goa j but this by Stealth, and with the Connivance of the Mandarins, Governors of the Sea Ports, for a i,ood Sum of Money, which the Court were Strangers to, notwithftanding it is abfolutely for- bidden to every Subjcdl of the Empire, to go to any foreign Part, on any Pretext whatfoever, without a Licence, or exprcfs Order from the Government. The greatefl: Part of the Chinefe, i'pread in India to trade, are of the Poftcrity of thofe who cfcaped from China, when the Moungalean Tartars became Mafters of it ; am] they have only a clandeiline Communication with the other Chinefe their Countrymen. There In- 0/ A S I A, ^c. 775 There is no Nation fitter for Trade and that underftand it better than the Chineftt fo that it lets no Profit flip, which Commerce offers j trading in, and benefiting by all, with an admirable Dexterity and Skill, though not with tnat Fidelity, as is elfe- whcre regarded as the Soul of Trade j in one Word, the Chinefe arc fpread in ylfia, wherever there is any Thing to be got, with the Charadlcriftick of Cheats, Ufurers, faithlefs, full ofComplaifance and Subtlety to manage a good Opportunity, and all this under the Appearance of plain Dealing and Honefly, capable of deceiving the moft attentive and fufpicious ; and they commonly fay proverbially, that all other Nations are blind in refpeft of Trade, but thcmfelves and the Dutch, which latter have one Eye, but they two. As it has always been a Maxim in the Chinefe Govern- ment, to encourage a great Currency of Trade in all the Kingdom, it may be faid that all the People concern themfelves in it j here being hardly any of the Natives, even the Mandarins, who arc not engaged in it, at leafl in Partnerfhip with the Merchants, to whom they advance their Money, that it may go encreafing, and not lie idle. One of the principal Branches of Commerce in China, as well at home as abroad, confifls in Silk and Silk Stuffs, either plain or mixed with Gold and Silver, of which here is fo great a Plenty, that moft of the People, and even Servants, commonly go clad in Saf cin or Damaik. Silkworms are bred in almofl all the Provinces of^the Kingd.im ; but Nanguin and Chekiam (efpecially the latter) are thofe where moft is gathered, and where moft Silk is manufadured, there not being one Year in which they do not fend to Pekin near four hundred Barks loaden with Cloth of Gold (or TifTues) Damafks, Sattins and Velvets, be- fide thole made by the Emperor's Orders, for Prefents to his Ladies, Prin- ces, and all his Court j all the other Provinces alfo pay a Part of their Tributes in Silk and Silk Stuffs, which are generally refold for the Emperor's Account, but when all together arc not near the half of what Chekiam furnifhes alone. It is in the Pr incc of Nanguin, that the moft beautiful Silks are made, and he beft Artificers come to eftablifh their Fabrick, though Fo- jarry away any of thefe } but almoft all the Silks that tne £»- well wrought as raw, are manufactured at Canton, or in the Pro- vince of which that City is the Capital, and gives it its Name. There is made in Cbtna all Sorts of Silk Stuffs, either net or mixed with Gold and Silver, as there is in Europe, and many others peculiar to themfelves; and they have Wools in many Provinces, of which they only make fomc Serges, as they are ignorant in the Manufadture of Cloth, though they have thefe brought here, and very much efteem them, more efpecially thofe from England, yet ihey buy but little, as the Cloths coft vaftly more than the very fineft Silks that can be made here. The Chinefe have alfo various Furs, even of the very fineft, fuch as Minevcrf , Ermines, and Martens, but they are all confumed in the Country, in Linings for Mens or Womcns Clothes (of which one only often cofts above z^ol.J Caps, Saddles, and other Moveables. The other Merchandize exported from China, befides wrought and raw Silks, are Cottons in Wool, Thread, and Linens made of them, Brafs in Plates, and Salmons, Toutenaque, Tea, Camphire, Mufk, Flax, Sugar, Salt, Ginger, Sweet- meats, Quickfilver, Vermillion, Lapis Lazuli, Vitriol, Ambergreafe, Rhubarb, Galangal, China, Mirabolans, China Ink, Horfes, Porcelane, japancd Works, Pot- ter's Works, proper for India ; Camblets, Hemp, and Hempen Linens, fine Gold, PeW^^er, Iron, Steel, and manylnftruments made of all thefe Metals nicely wrought; in fia*;, precious Stones, Pearls, bcautifiil Marble, Aloes, Rofe, Brazil and Ebony Wood, Jefuits Bark brought from the Manillas -, yellow and reddifh Amber. Af- ter the lacquered Works of Japan, thofe of Fokien pafs for the bel, and though there are good Artifts in this Manufadure at Pekin, yet they fall fhort of that Beauty and Perfedtion, fo confpicuous in the Fabricks of Japan and Fokien, as much as they exceed any Thing of that Nature attempted in Europe. In Regard of the Merchandize proper for the Trade of China, Plate is as the Bafis, whether in Dollars as they come from the Manillas, or in Bars as the Dutch bring them from Japan -, the Chinefe, who have nonr, cfteeming it greatly, and willin^Ty truck their Gold, and beft Commodities againft it. And whilft I 4 If where moft reigners har ropeans fhip, ' » ■''. 1 V , s ^ w am ^^^^H ray, -'^^ ^^^H Hb^ ^B pi IM^^H wm ^'■< ^ ■■; ^^^^^H ■r ' '^^^ffl^P^ S' ''•' ^Sr^l '! : . ■ jjHKpf^/l 'j' ^^jt ' : ■: ^^PKv.' ' Wfcy J-'\ ., ^^"-' ' |p|s,v' ." ■ , ,1! k'S^Ot/ ^* "t^' 1^^;'-'% •'■'■■ i ■ ^fe;'J,..| ' ^'v^ f^m^i.y S. e Difference between Gold and Silver is com- puted a* one to ten, whereas the Oi/Ference in Europe is as one to fifteen, fo that Kreat Advantages are made hy carrying the latter tliither. Spice and Pepper alfo nnd a good Sale here, particularly this \\\\, wherefore the Dutfh always make it a rart of their Loadings i there are alio brought here Linens of vari- ous Sorts, Cloths, Serges, EfVaminasofdiverfc Species and Colours, ofwhiclithc red, white and black arc moft in Efteem, Sanders, Elephants Teeth, Amber, and red Coral, though pale. What has been hitherto faid of the Cbinife Trade, has been iliiie more than the TranfaAions of the inland Part of this vaft Empire, by the Inhabitants of the diilerent Provinces that compofe it, and with taking fome Notice of that Trade which Foreigners, efpecially the Europeans, carry on here, fmcc the Em- peror opened his Ports to tnem; I ftiall therefore now enter into a Detail of the Commerce that the Cbinefe carry on in their own Ships in all Parts of the Eaft. Of the exterior Trade of China. /^ANTON'ii the Port where all the Cbinefe Junks are loaded for abroad, and ^ where they come to bring their Retarns s the Places for which they com- monly load, are, as has been already obfervcd, the Ifle of Haimitu, Cochincbina, Camboya, Tunquin, Siam, Batavia, Japan, Manilla, Surate, Maldives, and Achen, of whofe Trade I fliall fpcak in order. Of the Commerce of Canton to tbe IJland of Hainam. ''pHIS Ifle, fituated ninety Leagues to the South- Weft of the River of Cjw'- ■■• ton, is Part of the Emperor of Cbina'i Dominions, lb that fecmingly it (hould not be comprized in what I have to fay of the exterior Trade of China ; but as they themfelves count it among the Places of their foreign Trafiick, I (hall there- fore begin with it as I propofed. Vcffels may go and come from Canton to the Ifle of Hainam all the Yea.-, but the beft Seafon for leaving Canton is the End of November, and that of re- turning from Hainam, the Month of June; thofe who depart in the good Mouflon may make their Paflage in lefs than eight Days, but thofe who fail againit the Mouflon, commonly employ a Month, and fometimes lix Weeks in the Voyage. The Goods they carry with them to Hainam, are wrought and unwrought Iron, Iron Chaldron, Cotton, Cotton Linens, called Canques of Foiken, ditto of Nan- quin, common Straw Matts, and Garlick. The Commodities in Return for Can- ton, are various Sorts of Rattans, yellow Wax, Galangals, Venifon faltcd and dried, Areque, Cocoa Nuts, Stags Skins, and Nerves, and Aloes Wood, of which it is faid thete are thirteen Sorts. Commerce from Canton to Cochinchina. THE King of Cochincbina is the only Merchant that may publickly be dealt with, yet fometimes he permits Particulars to buy and fell ; and though the Licence for fo doing cofts dear, it is notwithftanding always very advan- tageous, and every Ship on Arrival makes to him or his Oriicers, a Prcfent to the Value of about four hundred Taels. The Cbinefe Veflcls leave Canton the Beginning of March, and commonly ilrrivc at Cochinchina about the i 5th, though fomctimas the Weather detains them till the 25th ; and to return from thence they muil fet out the Beginning of July, having generally the fame Paflagc coming as going. The Goods proper for Cochinchina, arc the Caches (a Copper Money) of Hai- nam and Canton, Brimflone, Saltpetre, (though it muft be oblerved that both thefe laft Commodities are not perpiitted to be loaded at one Time, in the fame 3 Ship, 0/ A S I A, &>c, ship) nor either of them feparatelvf without a particular Licence, which always colU dear, as thefc are prohibited Exportation from China) Gold StutTs, fine white and red Crapes, Ginfcng, thin Criinfon Sattins of Canlon, coarfe I'orcclane for common Ule, all Sorts of Medicinal Drugs, thick Paper for burnin? before their Pagods, Glafs Bracelets, ordinary and fine, Iron Kettles, and leaf Gold. The Returns from thence, are in Gold Ingots, Agracaramba Wood, Darts, Areque, /the bed in IndiaJ black Wood, Rhinoceros Horns, (of three Sorts) Huffalos and Cows Hor.s, Pepper, Fi(h, called Bitchemarec, Sea Dogs Skins, ftrong coarfe Silk Stufls, Birds Nefts, white Sugar and Sugar Candy, and Japan Wood for ftuining yellow. Trade of Canton tvitb Camboya. TV{li.Cbinefe Veflels, which carry on this Trade, fail from Canton the Begin-* ning oi January , and fpcnd in their PafTage from fifteen to thirty Days, according as the Weather favours ; their Return is commenced at the End of June, that they may arrive in China by all the fucceeding Month. The whole Commerce is tranfaAed in the foulhcrnmoft Part of Camhova, near three hun- dred and fifty Leagues from the River of Canton. Every Ship on Arrival makes a Prcfcnt to the King and his four principal OtKcers of three or four hundred Taels, and then have Liberty to trade with whom they pleafe. The Commodities commonly fent here are only five, viz. Iron Anchor Flooks, Umbrellos, Rattan Matts, all Sorts of Fruit, and Porcelane. The Returns arc Sapon or Brazil Wood, Elephants Teeth, Lacque, Lounge for painting yellow. Birds, Buffalos, Chameaux, Cows and St-igs Skins, Buffalo and Cows Horns, Pea- cocks Feathers, and TafFoufia, a Medicinal Drug. 777 \ 13 Canton'/ Trade ivith Tunquln. rUN^JJIN is two hundred and twenty-five Leagues from the River of Canton, which is commonly failed in ten or twenty Days, and the Return much the fame j the Seafons for departing and coming back, are the Beginnings of January and Jufy. The Prefents which thefc People make the King and feven of his Officers hardly amount to three hundred Taels, though all other Nations pay a great deal more : The Merchandizes carried hither, are Canton Cafchcs, Iron Kettles, fmall Brafs Cannon, Pewter in gilt Leaves ; all Sorts of Drugs, at lead an hundred Species, ordinary Porcelane, Cloves, Pouchoc, a Drug ferviccable in Medicine, and for dying Yellow, Silk, or thin TafFeties, red Crape o( Canton, Gauze of the third Sort, Glafs Necklaces, Vermillion, Alum, Rupiedly, (a Drug for dying Black) and all Sorts of Cbinefe Fruit. The Goods loaden in Return, arc yellow Raw Silk, Mudis, or Stuffs made of a Tree's Bark, feveral Sorts ofTafietics, coarfe and fine Canques, or Cotton Linen, Brazil Wood, Cinnamon, (not extraordinary good) Lacque, Anifecds, and Caramangee, a Medicinal Drug. Commerce of Canton and Siam. TH E Ships fail from Canton for Siam about the 2oth of November, and arc thirty or forty Days in their Paffage, and their Return is begun in June, that they may arrive in all the Month following ; and the King here, as in Cochin- china, is the only one to trade with. The Cbinefe carry a large Quantity of all Sorts of Goods here, and bring no fewer back ; the outward bound Cargoes confiding of wrought and unwrought Iron, Toutcnaque, Allum, white Sugar, wrought Copper, Latten and Iron Wire, Copper Baibns of different Sizes, cafl Copper Cirterns, Iron Kettles five within one another, (all which Commodities fcrve as Ballafl) Damafks and Sattins of all Colours, ftriped and common Taffeties, Gauzes, fewing Silk, Marclle, a red Nanquin Paint, Chuangon, a Medicinal Drug, Figie-caque, a Ckinefe Fruit, Sugar Candy, Railing, Prunes, dried Chefnuts, Water Melon Seeds ; Copper Drums, cal- 9 M led 778 Of the General Tradb of the WORLD. ledGans, QuickfJver, and three Sorti of Gold Wire. ThcGooda th»t compufe their Cargoes onReturn, arc Eleph;inti Teeth, Lead. Fewter. Are(|ue, lirascil Wood, Ta»)ulic, or T.iftou(1a, a Medicinal Drug, (all which Icrve tor I.alUge) Lacquc, Horfc, Cows BuA'dlui and Stagi Skins, Hunalu and Rhinoceros Horns, Myrrh, Loung, Bird* Nelh of three Sorts, Puchoc, Inccnii:, Hirds Skim with their Fea~ then. Peacocks Tails, two Sorts of Stags Nerves, and Caye-lac, an odorifcroM Wood* for burning before their Pagods. h.':i P*: y.- m Of the Trade between Canton and Batavia. jyATAFlA is fcvcn hundred Leagues from Canton, and Ships which go *^ from the former to the latter, liulthc Beginning of i^fcw^i-r, in order to arrive in the following Month j and when return they fct out on the feet iid or fourth of June, and get home in 'July. The Goods the Cbimfe carry with them, are Tontcnaaue, Gold, fine and ordinary Porcelanes, fevcral Sorts of Tea, Copper Bafuns, Gold Wire of Canton and Nuntfuin, Snttins and Damalks, the frcatcfl Part black, Taffcties, three Sorts of lewing Silk, Anifccds, (^ickfllver, ermillion, Muflc, Borax, Iron Kettles, five and fcvcn in one another, Rhulxirb, Arcailbul, a Medicinal Drug, Copper like the fapan, very thin Canton TafFetics, of all Colours, Canton Glafs, and China Root. The homeward hound Cargoes confift of Lead, Pewter, Pepper, Inccnfc, Puchoc, Carcmangec, Camphire, Co- ral, Rattan and other Matts, Rattans, Nutmegs, Cloves, yellow Amber, Myrrh, AflTa-Fcetida, Azeboucq, a Medicinal Drug, Guinea Pepper, Birds NeAs of two Sorts, and Sugar Cindy. Commerce /rem Canton to Japon or Japan, AS I (hall have Occafion to treat amply of this liland, in the Chapter that will be dedicated to it, there will be no Room to enlarge on it here j fo I (hall only confine myfelf to that carried on by the Ci)in«Je, in t large Num- ber of Junks that they yearly fend to this Place from Canton t and the Port of Japan, which their Bufmefs leads them to, is called Langi-A/aiie, (iraated in thirty-fix Degrees fix Minutes of North Latitude, and in an hundred and fifty- one of Eaft Longitude. In order to fecurc a fuccclsful PafTagc, the Vcflels fliould leave Canton the Beginning of May, that they may get to their intended Harbour in about twenty- five Days, as a timely Arrival is of the utmoft Importance to the Sales of their Goods, a Preference being always given to the firft Comers, when the Merchants or Captains demand it ; and this Claim .^ould never be negletfted, as the Chinefe lend (o many Junks in fome Years, that evfral which arrive lad, are obliged to carry all, or at leaft a Fart of their Cargoe-. \.,.ck again. On approaching to the Harbour, the ''eflcl mull anchor at three Leagues Dif- tance to give the Cuftomhoufe Officers Time to vifit her, and take the Captain's Declaration, which muft be in Writing and contain his Name, that of the Junk, the Place he came from, and thofe he touched at, the Number of his Crew, when he failed, the Condition of his Goods, the Size of his V^ertll, the Number of his Guns and fmall Arms. As foon as the Vifit is over, the faponefe Pilots and Sailors come aboard and carry the Vcfl'cl into Port, where, when anchored, the Loading is delivered into the Warehoufes which the Diredor General of Trade furnilhcs ; where the Sales vcz made on the Day, and at the Hour appointed by him. The Goods proper for this Voyage, are. Coral in Grains, Agrncaramba (an odo- riferous V.^ood) Ultramarine, (none but the King oiJapafn:A\\ buy thtfe Commo- dities) Enamel of five diffcrentColours, Alum, Iron, Tontenaque, white and brown Sugar (which five Articles fcrve for Ballaft) Sattins, of which mure than two Thirds are black, white Taffeties oi Canton andNanquin, white and red Crape of Nanijuin, Canton filhing Lines, Vermillion, raw Silk of Nanquin, Galanga, Legumen, yellow Lacqite, a« it diftills from the IVee, Areque Bark, Ychitzee, a medicinaj Drug, 3 Caramangee 0/ A S I A, Gff. Canimangce from Ciina, Folio Chirozc (a medicinal Hriig) yellow Wax, Cbintft white Ivincii of fevcral Sorts, green Alum, Honey, Chicnfou, a mciiiiinui DruK, Sugar Candy, Benzoin, Aloes Wood of three Sorts, (Jmn Sandrac. 'I'ortoilc Slu-n, Cainphirc of three Sorts, Pnchoc, Inccnfc, Myrrh. Lounvc, Miilk, Rhubarb, Cinnamon, Chuangon, a medicinal Drug, and a very bad Sanron. In Kcturn the CbiHffe take Lac(]uc or Varnifh, Forcclanci, fine i'earls, Steel, wrought Copper, and a Sort of Catnphirc proper for China. 779 trade from Canton to tht Manillai. TIIRSR Iflcs arc two hundred Leagues from the River of Citnton, where the Cbinfji Ships fail for in the Month o( Marib at latill, and depart from thence in Ju/y. All the Junks that bo this Voyage, make the Gover- nor and Siipcrintendant of the Culloms at the Munillas, a I'rcfent on Arrival, which at firll was only voluntary, but the Continuance has made it become a Right. This Trade was formerly very advantageous, but it is greatly decayed ; in 1700 the Goods from Cn/ifon \oH 30 />ir Citit. at the Manillas, and though after- wards they grew fomethlng better, yet nothing inComparifon to the Value thejr once bore there. When the Spaniards go from their Iflands to Canton, they carry a Parcel of Embroideries, and a little Mulk with them { and what a Cbt' nefe Cargo for the contrary Voyage confiils of, is Tontenaiiue, Iron, Porcclanes of all Sorts, Canqucs of Canton, and others of Nanquin, very ordinary Sailcloth, fevcral Sorts of Cloths called Nunna, flowered Damafks, plain Sattins, various Species of TafFcties from Canton and Nanauin, white and red Crapes, plain and flowered Mocrcs, with raw and fewing Silks. In Return, they bring Brazil Wood, Stags Fiefli, faltcd or dried. Stags Nerves, and Pearls. ■■\\ 1 Of the Trade from Canton to the Maldives, touching at Achem. FOR this Voyage a Ship of an hundred and fihy to two hundred Tons Biirthen is the propercft, navigated with Ave or lix Europeans at mod, and the rcll of her Crew Lafquares or Laicars. The Scafon for Sailing is the End oiOSlober, to arrive at Achem between the firft and tenth of Derembtt at lateft, that they may de- part for the Maldives in Time. The Loading of this Veffel fhould be compofed firft, with Merchandize proper for the Moors of Achem, who trade for Surate. Secondly, with thofe convenient for tlic Natives there. And thirdly, with fuch as may fuit the Maldivean Market. The Goods for Surate are, fifty Ton of white Sugar, an hundred Pieces oi Japan Copper, twenty to fifty Pieces of Sugar Candy, two hundred Pieces of Tontcnacquc, twenty to forty Pies of Qiyckfilver. The Goods for the Natives of Achem are, coarfe Porcelanc about five Hundred Tacls, Copper Bafons of different Sizes, twenty Pics of Chinefe Tobacco in Pound and half Pound Papers, fifty Pieces of Gold CV/«/5« Thread of the third Sort, twenty Catis, the Ends mufl be of Silk, three or four Barces of fine Coffee, and Tea Cups and Saucers, fifty Pieces of TafFcties fquarcd, fuch as are tent to Siam for Women's Petticoats, fifty Pieces of five threaded Damaiks, with red, blue and yellow Flowers. The Returns made from thence are in Shells called Cauris, or Cowries, which ferve as Money in many Parts of the Eajl-Indies, as they do on the Coafts of Af- rica, where the Europeans carry them, dried Fifli, and the Bark of the Cacao Tree, prepared for Spinning to make Cables with. There may likewife enter into the Canton Cargo for Achem, fevcral Species of European Goods, fuch as all Sorts of Nails, Iron Anchors from three to fourteen Qiuntals Weight, Ircn Guns from two to five Quintals, Wine and Brandy in Bottles, fome ChifTcIs, Spcftacles, twenty Barrels of Pitch, Paper, Iron in flat broad Bars, Cordage from one to five Inches thick. Padlocks, and alfo fome blue Linen for Women's Petticoats. m i»i Of ' xl: •■ilk 780 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. Of the EngliHi Trade from Madras to Canton. THE Ships lail on their Voyage in the Month ofjuly, and arrive there in jluguji or September ; fometiines they lofc their Paffagc, in waiting too long for thofc from Europe, to get Dollars, as without thcfc they can do nothing in Trade to China. They fail on their Return from Canton in January or Fe- bruary, and their Voyage eithe: going or coming is from forty-five to fixty Days. The Goods carried from Madras, are Englijh Lead, Lead and Pewter from Pegu, Malaccan liquid Storax, Rattans from the fame Place, Incenfe, Afla Foetida, Madras red Wood, Myrrh, Puchoc, and fine Pearls of all Sorts. The Goods in Return are. Gold, Copper from Japan, and ditto from Canton like the other, Toutenacque, AUum, Qmckfilvcr, Vermillion, ordinary Porcelanes for the Moon Vic, white Sugar, and Sugar Candy from China. l*„. Of the Trade from Surate to Canton. THEY carry from Surate to Canton the fame Goods as from Madras, befides a Quantity of Cotton ; and thofe brought back from Canton are alio the fame, except the Gold. They fail from Surate in the Month of May or June, in order to arrive at Canton in Augujl ; and cume from thence about the 1 5th of December, to finilh their Voyage in A* cA. The Europeans Commerce neith Canton. THE Ships which annually arrive here from England, Trance, Portugal ani. Holland, commonly bring the following Goods, viz. Silver, in various Coins, all Sorts of fine Cloths, Camblets, Serges, and other Woollen Stuffs, fine Linens from Holland; Clocks and Watches, Looking-Glaffes of all Sizes, Mathematical Inftruments, EngliJh'Etvrcts, Pencils, Paper of all Sorts, various Ornaments for both Sexes, fome European Liquors, and efpecially Wine -, of all which Commodi- ties a good Part is diftributed in Prefents to the Mandarins in the Government of this Place, and the Merchants generally make a confiderable Advantage of the reft. They employ the Silver they carry in the Purchafe of diverfc Sorts of Goods, in Virtue of certain Agreements made beforehand, which arc raw Silk, Da- malks wrought according to Patterns given ; plain Silks, lacquered Wares, Green and Boiica Tea, Badianes (a Seed from the Anis Tree growing in China, {q called from the Smell which its Wood has, like that Aromatick in Europe) Canes, and Porcelane after the Models and Paintings dire<^ed. They alfo fometimes buy Gold here, though but feldom, as they have it much cheaper in India. At Canton, fome precious Stones (excepting Diamonds) are likewife to be met with, though never in any great Quantity. It is at ^luantung and Fokien, that the beft Chinefe Brocade Silks are made, and of which a large Quantity are brought to Europe; all which Commodities are purchafcd with ready Money ; and the Sales q( Europeans Goods are on the fame Terms, as Strangers find a confiderable Difference in their Disfavour by Barter, and therefore maintain the Method of buying and felling for ready Money only. In 1720, a CommilTary from the Af^^jft/ Company arrived at Canton, and obtained Liberty from the Court to refidc there ; but on propofing to load a Ship, he found fo many infurmountable Difficulties lying in his Way, that he thought beft to decamp, and quit his uneafy Refidence ; in the fame Year alfo a Snip arrived there under the Emperor's Colours from OJiend; the Fate of whicli Company being fo well known, I have no need to enlarge about it. Bclides wJut is before-mentioned, there arc tranfported from Europe to China, and from China to Europe, a thoufand Trifles, which leave a confiderable Gain, though are too numerous tc be particularized ; I fhall therefore omit attempting it, and proceed to give fome Account of the Trade carried on between the two I Empires 0/ A S I A, ^c. Empires of Ruffiu and CAina, as it properly comes in here, and for which Mr. Lange has furniHied me with Materials ia his Journal, &c. A State oftbi Trade between Ruffia and China in 1721 and 1722. /"VUR Commerce with China (fays the above-mentioned Author) is at prefent ^-^ in a pitiful Condition, and nothing in the World could have prejudiced our Caravans fo much as the Commerce maintained at Urga, (the Chan of the Wefterii Moungales Camp, tributary to China) for from thence arrive at Pekin Monthly, nay Weekly, not only the fame Goods as our Caravans convey there, but of a better Quality, and carried in fuch Quantities by the Cbinefe Merchants, who are continually coming and going between Pekin and IJrga, and thofe which the Lamas or Moungalean Priefts, furnifh on their Part ; that makes the Value amoun*^ to four or five Times as much as a Caravan going under her Cz^rj/Zi M -fty's Name ; befides. Particulars are able to bring thefe Commodities fo much cheaper to Market, than the neceflary Expences of a Caravan will permit the Commiffary of it to doj and having not only the Advantage of travelling cheaper, but alfo quicker, they have an Opportunity to foreftal the Market, and fell their Goods before the Caravan can arrive ; it is therefore our Author's Opinion, that except the Trade between Ruffia and Urga be prohibited, only with the Allowance of carrying there Cloths and Ruffia Hides, the Ruin of the Cara- vans is certain and near, and which may in the End draw on that of all the Mufcevite Trade in thofe Parts. The Goods commonly brought from China to Puffia are, fmall ftrung Pearls, fine Gold, various Sorts of raw Silk, Damalks of different Goodnefs, plain and flowered Sattins, fevcral Species of Silk Shagreen, fpun Silk, C^jiion Cloth, all Sorts of Green and Bohea Tea (which they might have in greater Perfection in Ruffia, than in any other Part of Europe, as the Northern Provinces of China produce by far the heft, and the Mufcovttes have this by the Way of Siberia ; fo that would they be careful in its Package, it would naturally retain a higher Flavour than that which comes by Sea from Canton ; but their Indolence leading them to a Negledt of this Precaution, their Teas are generally tainted, and contradl an ill Tafte, of which their Delicacy renders them greatly fafceptible) BaJianes (before defcribed) Porcelanes, Carpets, Silk Flowers ftuck on Paper, and fome Tobacco. The Commodities fent from Peterjburg to China, are Jewels of feveral Sorts, Sables, white and common Fox, Lynx, Beavers, Er- mine, Minever, Badger, and Seal Skins, with fome Teeth of thi. aft Animal. I might here ada fomething of the French Traffick to China, as I faid but little about it, in treating of that Nation's general Commerce j but I omit it now for the fame Rcafons I did then, viz. becaufe both their outward and home- ward bound Cargoes, are in all Things fo like thofe I have mentioned in tlie Engli/h Trade, that a Repetition would be fuperfluous. jSt m m ;-»! 'I 0/ Macao. ALthough the City of Macoa is not to be reckoned among the moft confider- able ones of China, either for Grandeur or Number of Inhabitants, yet it merits a particular Regard, on Account of the Reputation that it has always held among tnofe where the Portuguefe have been eftablifhed in the Eaft, and ftill pof- fefs there ; as alfo becaufe it is the firft where the Europeans opened the Trade of this great Empire, and which it enjoyed alone nc-r two Ages, that they were permitted to come and trade in it. This famous City is fituated in a Peninfula of the Oriental Ocean, on the Coaft of the Province of Canton, to which it is joined by a Slip of Land, at forty Leagues by Sea didant from its Capital, where the Portuguefe fettled the Beginning of the fixteenth Century. Before the Chinefe were familiarized with thefe new Comers, who under Pre- tence of trading, were already pofleffed of the ftrongeft Cities of Indie, and their Fleets Mailers of the Eaflern Seas, it was only permitted the Portuguefe to come 9 N ' annually -t ..'J 782 0/ //&&^ General Trade o/*//j^ WORLD. Radons, who trade to Guinea^ Juda, and on the other Coafts between Cape Verd, and that of Good Hope ; befides which ♦he IH^rders carry a large Quantity diemfclves to Ceylan, and fome other Places on the Malabar Coaft, from whence a great many are fent to Surate and into the Dominions of the Grand Mogul. The Goods given them in Exchange for their Shells, are coirfe Cotton Cloths, Rice, and fome other Provifions, that do not grow in their Iflcs. The tocoa Tree aUb furniihes them with fome Merchandize that they fell to Strangers $ though Dr. Garcin has exploded a vulgar Error, hitherto propagated by moft Authors who have defcribed thofe Trees as Natives of thel'c Ifles, accounting them the beft of any in India, which I thought would not be unacceptable to my Reader, if I give it a Place here ; the Doitor acknowledges, that here sre Plenty of the common Sort of Cocoas, though in nothing different from thofe growing in their neigh- l>ouring Countries j but that Specie to which the Preference is to be given, and whofe Product thefe Ifles are fo celebrated for, does not yield the edible Nut, but one only ufeful in Medicine, being efteemed by the Indians very good againll Poifbns, Cholicks, Fevers, and Affeftions of the Nerves, for which they come to ieek, and purchafe it at a very confiderable Price. ©/■Ceylan. THIS Ifland, called alfo by fome Ceyion, is feated in the Indian Sea, at forty-five Leagues Eaft from Cape Comorin. Its Length is about eighty Leagues (being between the fixth and eleventh Degree of Latitude) its Circumference more than two hundred, and it is fuppoicd to be the tafrebana of the Ancients. The Portuguefe dilcovered it in 1 506 or 1 509, but they could only fettle on the Coails, without having ever been able to penetrate into the Country; they enjoyed their Conqueft, and the Cinnamon Trade for more than a Century, when the Dutch having began to make thcmfclves known in thefe Parts in 1602, foon after feized on Gale Point, and fucceflively made themfelves Mafters of all the other Forts, till they had chafed the Portuguefe entire from the Ifle in 1657 by the Capture of Columbo, the fineft and ftrongeft of all their Cities, not only in Ceylan, but in all India. This Conqueft was made with the Affiftance of the King of Candi ; and one Claufe in the Treaty was, that this Place fhould be put into his Hands ; but the Dutch having thought it more for their Intereft to keep it themfelves, were foon embroiled with their new Ally, and from that Time to this the Concord is nothing better between them, than it was before between the Cingales (or CingalaisJ and the Portuguefe, the former being prohibited on Pain of Death to have any Commerce with the Dutch, though this muft be underftood of the Mountain Cingales who belong to the King of Candi, and not the Maritime ones, as thefe are the Hollanders Subjcds. The Fr:^ch in 1672, attempted an Eftablifhment in this Ifland, and the King of Candi, who would have been pleafed to oppofe them to the Dutch, as he had be- fore done theft againfl the Portuguefe, granted them by Treaty the Port oiCottiar, feated on the Bottom of Trinquemale Bay, in the eaftern Part of the Ifle ; but the Enterprize of St. Thomas, m which Admiral Dejhayes lightly engaged the French Squadron then under his Command, hindered his fupporting this Settlement that he had begun, and the War which was then declared between France and the States General, having afforded Opportunity and Time to the Dutch for difplacing the French, they remained in their firft PoffefTion, that is, fole Mafters of the Coafts and Cinnamon Trade, but always ill with the Mountain Cingales, who continually reproach them with their Infidelity. The principal Places that the Dutch have on this Ifland's Coaft, which they entirely poflefs, (except fome to the Wejiward) are Colombo, the Capital of them, and the Governor's Refidence, Negombo Matura, Gale, Caliature, Batecalo, and 'Trinnuemale, two Forts to the Eaft, befides fcveral Habitations. They have alfo the Ifle of Manar, and the Kingdom (or large Peninfula) of Jaffanapatnam, both to the North. The Commodities commonly found in Ceylan, and which arc coUedtcd with very little Trouble, are Long Pepper, Cotton, Ivoiy, many medicinal and dying Roots and Drugs, Cardomoms, Silk, Tobacco, 3 Ebony, l%4 ILD. between Cape large Quantity , from whence nd Mogul. Cotton Cloths, 'he (.'ocoa Tree ngers j though f moft Authors g them the bcft Leader, if I give if the common in their neigh- ) be given, and sdible Nut, but ry good againll h they come to 3ea, at forty-five Leagues (being ence more than nts. nly fettle on the •yj they enjoyed jtury, when the 1602, foon after of all the other in 1657 by the t only in Ceylan, of the King of 1 be put into his reft to keep it lat Time tc this between the ihibited on Pain be underftood jt the Maritime , and the King , as he had be- ^urt of Co//Mr.- Ifle ; but the iged the French ttlement that "France and the for difplacing Vlaftcrs of the Cingales, who ft, which they apital of them, Batecato, and se PeninfulaJ of nly found in pper. Cotton, Silk, Tobacco, Ebony, Of ASIA, ^c. 785 Ebony, excellent Wood for buildings Lead, Betel, Areque, (the beft in India) Wild Honey, Muflc, Wax, Cryftaf, Saltpetre, Brimftone, Sugar, Curcuma (a Root for Medicine and Dying) Rice, (of which the Dutch carry large Parcels to the Coaft of CoromandelJ Iron, Steel, Copper, Gold, Silver, and all Sorts of pre- cious Stones, (except the Diamond) Cinnamon and Elephants. Though all thefc Commodities abound in the Uplands, fubjedl to the King of Condi, the Dutch have them not in fuch Plenty, and but few of them, except the Cinnamon, when the Cingalais do not dare to venture on a Breach of the Prohibi- tion for their trading with the Hollanders j it is therefore principally with this Aromatick that the Dutch fupport their Traffick here, and it is not the whole Ifle, that produces it equally, here being many Places where but little grows, and more where there is none at all. That called the Cinnamon Field or Ground, and which belongs entirely to the Dutch, is from Negambo to Galiettis (a Village three Leagues to the Eaft of Fort Mature) which comprehends a Part of the Weftern and Southern Coafts of the Ifle. The beft Cinnamon is that in the Neighbourhood of Columbo and Negombo ; that of Gale Point is alfo very good, and the reft but middling; it is diftinguiftied into three Sorts, viz. the fine, middling and coarfe, of which the young Trees produce the fine, and of a worfc Quality in Proportion to their Age, though the Bark muft at leaft be two or three Years old. This Tree multiplies greatly and almoft without Culture, but the Dutch hinder their Increafe, to make this precious Bark more fcarce and valuable. The Cinnamon Tree comes very near in Chara£ters to the Laurel, that is, in Flower and Fruit, and the Natives fuppofe there to be nine different Sorts ; fome diftinguifhed by their Smell and Tafte, and others by their comronent Parts j among which is one that fmells ftrong of Camphire, and another with a thorny Trunk and Branches. The Seafon for barking and getting in the Crop, is June, Juh or Auguji, and it lafts three Weeks or a Month, according to the Quantity gathered ; between three and four thoufand People are employed in it, all of them enrolled, and difciplined with as much Exa£tnefs as regular Troops, that they may perform their different Functions unconfufed. Next to the Advantage arifing from this Commodity, the Dutch reap the greateft from Areque and Elephants, (which the Natives cultivate and hunt for them) by tranfporting them to feveral Parts of India, where they firft fell in Preference to any other, and the latter will fetch from fifty to eighty Pounds Sterling each. CySund or Sonde IJIands. THESE are a great Body of Ifles, lying in the India Sea, to the Weftward of the Molucques, from the eighth Degree of North to the fame of South Lati- tude, and between the hundred and thirty eighth and hundred and fifty eighth Degree of Longitude, of 'vhich the three principal ones are Java. Sumatra, and Borneo, as well for their Extent as Commerce, of which I fhall treat in the Order I have here placed them. Of Java. '^i.AVA, feated to the South of Sumatra, reaches from the Streights of Sunda to J thofe of Balamboang, which is about two hundred and twenty four Leagues ; and its Breadth being unequal, the Circuit may be near four hundred and eighty. The Dutch are at prefent the only Europeans eftablifhed on it j having firft ini- quitoufly polTeft themfelves of the Englip Settlement at Jacatra, and suterwards that of Bantam, they have fince hindered any others from coming here. The Javans, jealous of their Liberty ard Trade, did for a long Time refuie all Europeans leave to fettle in their Country, till the Englijh, towards the End of the fixteenth Century, landed, and were by the Emperor of j^<2v<7 permitted to build a fmall Fort at Jacatra, with Warehoufes and a Lodge for their TzOiors and Goods ; and the King oi Bantam alfo gave them Leave to eftablifh a Fa^ory in his Capital, in order to fharc a foreign Trade with his*Neighbours. 9 O It i"rl' :^} U ■ I ■ m ::: I- ' ■■; ft &:&. 786 0/ the General Trade 0//^^ WORLD. It was in 1617 that the Dutch, who till then had not had any fixed Trade ai Java, came to cftablifli there, but (according to their Pradlicc in the Indies) at the Expencc of othef, having (in Sermon Time) furprizcd the Engtijh Fort at ?acatrt; and plundered their Lodge and Goods, they afterwards built there tjic ii.y of Batavta. The Englijh, well fettled as they thought at Bantam, (which was the Rcfidcncc of the fecond Prefident of their Company) continued to carry on as confidel-able a Trade as the Dutch 5 but were difpofleft of this Place alfo by their envious Neigh- bours, under afalfc Pretext and feigned Authority of the King, a Detail of which is too long to be infertcd here. Before the Hollanders became Mafters of Bantam, the yavinr who were natu- rally born for Trade, carried on a very confiderable one themfelves, not only in feveral Ports of their Iflands, 1 ut to the moft remote Places of India ; and though this Bufinefs is greatly diminished, through the fuccefsful Endeavours of the Dutch entirely to deftroy it, yet a Part ot it ftill iubfifts, by Means of the many Havens, and Ports in the Ifle, where the Company have no Eftabliftiments. The Places of their chief Trade, befides that of the Ports in the great and little 'Java, arc Sumatra, Siam, Malacca, Borneo, Celebes, Bouton, the Moluccas, Banda Solnr, and Timor j though in Regard of the Moluccas, and the other Ifles de- pendant on them, they muft have Leave and take Paflports for going there from the Dutch, who arc abfolute Mafters of them, and which is always difHcultly ob- tained, and at a confiderable Expence ; they alfo trade by Sea to Batavia, and it is here they diredl their principal Traffick to, as it is the Relbrt of many Nations from all Parts of ^Jia. What they deal moft in is Rice, which they go to purchafe, and then tranlport it elfewhere ; they however engage in the Dilpofal of all Commodities growing on their Ifle, fuch as Pepper, Cocoa Nuts, Oyl, Sugar,- Cardamoms, Opium, Indigo Birds Nefts, Horfcs, Areque, many medicinal Drugs, Benzoin (from Bornea) Ginger, Copper, Gold, t/^-. in Exchange of which they bring back feveral Sorts of rich Silk Stuffs from Cot-omandel, Bengal, and more efpecially the Patoles of Surate Cotton Cloth, Counterpanes, Mats, Fotas (a Sort of Womcns Drefs) Lacque, ttanfparent Rofin, Tortoifc Shell, Pewter, Lead, Porcclanes, Tea, Sandal, Wood Ivory, European GDods, Cinnamou, Nutmegs and Cloves, which Spicc they are obliged to buy of the Dutch, except they can clandeftinely procure fome of the two laft Sorts from the Moluccas and Banda, to which they arc very near Neighbours. The principal trading Cities of the I(ie, are Balamboang, Panarocan, Joartam, and Ciaaiou, of which the Dutch have almoft ruined the Trade, to draw it to Japara, where they are Mafters, which lies ninety four Leagues from Bantam, from whence they get the greateft Part of their carpentary Wood, Cattle, Rice, . and Fruit, to fupply the Inhabitants of Batavia, Amboina, T'ernate and Banda, and to whole Port the javans, Maca£'arois, and feveral other Nations, even from the moft remote Parts of /IJia, fend their Ships ; Cheribon on the fame Coaft, at fixty feven Leagues from Bantam, where the Company have a Fort, as well as at %- fara. There is yet on the Coaft of this great Ifle, Tagal, Samarang, Rambam, where the Company build their Sloops, and other V^eflek, and Sourabaic (to all which the Dutch have Forts;) in fine. Bantam and Batavia, which are the only two of whofe Trade I fliall fpeak, as the Dutch have in a Manner here united that of tlie whole Ifle. Bantam is the Capital of one of the two Kingdoms, whofe Kings divide the Em- pire of the Ifle oijava; he ai Bantam extends his Dominions even into the Ifle of Sumatra, on the other Side of the Strcights, where he pofl'efles Sillcbar, Dampin, and Lampon. Bantam was, before the Europeans had penetrated into the Eajl, one of the moft trading Cities oi India; the Arabians, Turks, Moors, Chinefe, and ulmoft all the Nations of India fending their Ships 'lere. I have already faid, that the Englijh were the hrft Europeans who here obtained a Settlement, where their Commerce flouriflied for a long Time; and I could greatly enlarge, and give a black Detail of their Diflodgment, but I dare not tref- pafs fo much on my Readers Patience ; let it therefore fuffice to repeat, that the Dutch have rcmainc>d Mafters here ever linee they unjuftly deprived our Coun- trymen of it. 3 Thcrt 0/ A S I A, ^c. There is no Place in the Illc of Java, where Refreihrnents coft lefs than here ; the Natives, who on the Ships Arrival bring them in Plenty, are contented in Payment with Pins, Needles, fmall Knives, &c. Batavia is fcatcd alfo in the Iflv of Java to the eaftward of the Kingdom of Bantam, and twenty Leagues from the City of thai Name, which is the Capital : It is built on the River Jacatra, and nearly on the Ruins of the ancient Town of the fame Denomination, that the Dutch took from the Englijh by Surprize in 1617, as before mentioned, and which they had often defended againit all the Forces of the Emperor of Maratan, the moft powerful Monarch of the Ifle. In 1619 it took the fizmt oi Batavia, though it was not iinifhed and put in its pre-* fent Condition till 1660. This new City, which yields in nothing to the fined ones of Holland, either for the Length of its Streets, Magnificence of its Buildings, Convcniency of its Ca- nals, and Beauty of the e cr green Trees planted on each Side, is defended by a Citadel with four BafHons, founded on Piles, in which the Company always main- tain a Garrifon of a thoufand regular Troops ; befides which Fortification, there are diverfe advanced Ports within Land, furtained by Redoubts, or fmall Forts, to cover the Soldiers from the Excurfions and Surprizes of the Javans. The City is peopled with diverfe Nations, of which the Dutcib make near half, and among them are fome of tl»e Portugueji, though almoft all of them Proteftants, who have two Churches here, where the Minifters officiate in their own Lan- guage } the Malayans have alfo one, and the other Inhabitants are permitted the free Exercife of their Religion: The Suburbs reach near half a League into the Coun- try, and form a larger Town than Batavia itfeU, peopled with Chinefc, Moors, 2'avans and Malayans, and alfo many Dutch Artifans ; the firft are the principal [ulbandmen, who fow Rice in the Grounds they cultivate round the City, and have brought it to fuch Perfedion as not to need any foreign Supplies ; Sugar is alfo gathered here in Plenty, and there are many Mills on the River Jacatra, for bruifing the Canes, and feveral others for making Paper, Gunpowder, and grinding Corn ; but all thefe Advantages, though capable of making any City nourifh, are nothing in Comparifon with thofe that the Company's immenfe Trade brings here, where all Sorts of European and Afian Commodities are amafTed, and their Warehoufes well filled, either for loaaing their Ships bound home, or thofe dertined for the Trade of China, Japan, all India, Perfia, Arabia, and the Red Sea } Batavia being the Center where all the Company's Effedts enter and go out, by a perpetual Circulation, and always with an inconceivable Advantage, though confiderably diminifhed by the indirect Gains of fo many principal Diredtors, and their Subalterns, through whofe Hands all the Affairs pafs, and who in Places fb diftant, are apt to forget their Conditions, and think tnemfelves Marters of thofe EfFedts, of which they are only Depofitaries. The Council oi Batavia has eight Governments fubjedt to it, viz. that oiCeylan and Coromandel, in the occidental Peninfulaof the Ganges; tht^toi Malacca, at the Extremity of the oriental Peninfula ; four on the Molucca Ifles, which are Macaffar, Amboina, Ternate, and Banda ; the eighth is that of the Cape of Good-Hope, After thefe Governments there arc three Directions, each filled by a Chief with the Title of Diredor, the one in Perfia, the other at Surat, and the laft at Bengali the Direftor of the firfl refides at Gammeron, and has the Lodges at Ifpahan and Kerman, in his Dependance ; that of Surat, where the Director refides, has under it the Lodges of Amadabat, Barochia [or Brochia i) and that of Bengal, which is very extenfive, has its orincipal Settlement at Ougli, where the Director rc(ides, and has under his Diredlion that of Cazembazar, Bella/or, Decca, Patna, and Chiopera ; Pepeli belonged to it formerly, but the Company have abandoned it for a long Time. Four well fortified Places ferve to guard the Country, where are many Eftablifhments, the chief of which bearing the Title of Commandaries ; of thefe there are two in Ceylan, viz. Point Gale, and Jaffanapatnam ; the other two are Cochin on the Malabar Coaft, and Samarang on the Coaft of Java. The other Fadtories or Lodges are thofe on the Coaft of Coromandel, under the Governor of Nagapatnam ; thofe of Java fpccified in this Section, under the Commander of Samarang ; thofe of Sumatra, which are Palimbang, Jambi, and Padang, areindcpendant of all others but the Government of Batavia; in fine, thofe of 7^7 hi'Mki'' Wf :' A »'• t i('» ^alitudinarian Conftitutions. Ccram is not Icfs than Gi/0/0, a Part of whofe Coafts have for a long Time appertained to the King of Ternate, and were the Occalion of a tedious War be- tween him and the Dutch, on Account of the Cloves cultivated here; fuice the Peace made between them in 1638 j this Place has (hared the Fate of Terna/e and the other Ifles belonging to it. The Clove Trees have been rooted Up, and the Dutch have built Redoubts and Forts in many Places, to impede all foreign Trade where they have now made themfelves Mailers. Of which more hereafter in treating of Ternate. Bouton, is the laft of the four Great Molucca Ifles, and may have about eighty Leagues Circumference. This produces no Rice, but carries on a great Trade in Slaves, and has a fmall Quantity of Ambcrgrcafe of a midling Qusdity. Its beft Bufincfs is that of Tamettes, a Sort of Linen made here, proper for the Moluccas, where the Dutch carry a large Quantity yearly. 4^ Of the Little Molucca Ifles. THE Iflands properly called the Moluccas, are only five, viz. Ternates, Tidor, Machian (or Makian) Moter, and Bachian, which compofe one of the kv^n great Dutch Governments in Afta. The Land of thcfe Ifles lies very high, each 4 being \m, 0/ A S I A, c. ht\n% An entire Mountain, which bcginn from the Coalli, and have their Sum- Hiil» run to a >{rcat Ekvation. They arc all very fmall -, 'firnate, which is the principal, not having above feven Leagucn, Macbian near lix, Mottr only four, and Bitcbum twenty in Circuit i but this laft is halt' delcrt, and very full of Sago ''"reeii. All tlMtfc Iflea are near the Line, Machian it dircdtly under it. and Moltr more to the North. The Kirjg of 'lernalt reigned formerly over not only thcl'c five Iflus, but over the greatcd Fart of the Me/uccan Archipelagt, and his Subjedh were then obliged to bring their Spice to tiis Capital i and it was there, that the toreign Merchants, whether Javans, Malayans, Cbinefe, and the Ptrtugui'li (at firit) came to buy it { but a little after thefe latter were arrived in IriJiti, tins great Power of the Tfrmttois began to flialic, and the Inhabitants of Macaljiir, TiJor, and many other Iflca having revolted and confederated, went to attack their King. Ihc Portuguefe, always attentive to what might enlarge their Empire, and ex- tend their Conqucft in the tnJiet, foon mixed in the Quarrel, and improved 16 favdur:ble a CuHJundtiire to their own Advantage, obtaining thereby an Eftablifh- mcnt \\\ Termite, even with the King's Content t and afterwards by Right of Contfuclt in TiJor, Mathian, /ImMna, Banda, Timor, and So/or, where they built FtittSi which made them MaAers of the Spiceries. In 1605, the Dutch ap- EBflTxd at Tiirnate, and the Ptrtuguefi Ternatots received them, and permitted their ulUing the Fort of TtluctQ, one of the Arft they had in India. This Change of Mailers having in nothing iwectncd the Ttrnatois Servitude, who to the PortugueJ'e Yoke had now added that of the Dutch, thty endeavoured fevoral Times to Hioke off this laft, but always unfuccefsfuUy { and were obliged to fiiake various Tre«ticH in 1609, 161 a, and in 1638, which finiHied the Lofs ol' the little Liberty they had remaining, and entirely excluded all Foreigners from the Moluccas, fecuring to the Dutch only all the Trade of the Cloves, which grew in thofc Iflcs. This Treaty, which confirmed all preceding ones, and rcitofed 19 the King of Tcmatt all th« Places that the Dutch had feized in tbc loft War of 1638, agreed, that all the King's Subjects Aiould quit Amboinai txki that this Ptinco (houh* or ever renounce his Right to that Ifle in Favour of the Dutch, with many otlier Articles to rivet their Slavery, and exclude all Stran* gers. It ought, however, to be remarked here, that this Peace was in ibmc Sort bought by the Dutch, fcr although vidonous and Maflers of one Port of the King's Territories, who with his Grandees, and brave Troops, had retired ittto inaccedible Fhces ( they chofe rather to fubmit paying him a Kind of an Annual Tribute, than to rifk the Clove Trade, of which they were, and are yet lb jealous i as they alfo did in Favour of the Omnuu and Oroncais, to whom they likewife yearly pay a Sort of Penlion to recompence their rooting up all the Clove Trees in their Lands, and not to permit their Vaflfals planting any for the luturet and fince the Treaty of 1638, the Dutch have ablolutely remained in PoflTeffion of the five fmall Mtlucca Ifles, but by various Difputes which have happened fince, the Compaiw has been obliged feveral Times to augment the different Penfions they paid, tor the Deftrudtionof the Clove Trees in all the Ifles, as they found they had fufficient in thofe which grew in Amboina. Theie Aug- mentations were made in 165a, i68a i and laftly in 1713. when it was Anally agtieed that they fliould pay yearly, To the King of Ternate To the King of Tider To the King of Bacbiatt To the King of Moter To the King of Machkm To the Grandees of Ternate 6600 Rix Dollars 2400 700 150 2000 600 793 mm ■' ff M In all 12450 Rix Dollan. None of thefe Ifles are fruitful except in Cloves, and confequently fumifli no- thing elfe to Trade; that of Ternate yielded formerly in a common Year be- 9 Q^ tween mi ' ■ "W^'i s - » 6:m* 794 ^f ^^^ General Trade of the WORLD. tween four and five hundred Bahares (of five hundred and fifty Dutch Pounds each) of Cloves, and near one thoMtimd in the grand Crop, which happened every feven, or as others fay, every four Years. Tidor three hundred Bahares, and twelve to thirteen hundred in the good Seafon. Moter only an hundred j Machian three hundred ; Bacbian little more than Moter ; but thefe three augmented proportion- ably in the good Y'ear j Moter and Bacbian yielding near four hundrea, and Ma- chian fifteen or fixteen hundred ; but no Cloves grow 'there fince the aforefaid Treaties. From Ternate a fmall Quantity of Tortoifefhell is exported, and a large one carried there of coarfe Linen, and fome others with Handkerchiefs called Tamettes from Bouton, many Stuffs, and other Merchandize from Europe, for the Dutch in Garrifbn, or fettled there. ' Of the Ijles of Banda. 'T"^ H E S E Iflands, the only Places in the World where the Nutmegs and Mace -'■ grow (according to Mr. Savary, though denied by Dr. Garcin, as hinted at in the IntroduftioP to the Moluccas) make a Part of the fo often mentioned ^rci6{- pelago, and are in ti.e Number of thofe called the little Moluccas. They are fix, every one with its own Name under the general one of Banda, viz. Lonther, Nfira, Gounong-Api, Pculo-Ay, Pouh-Rhon, and Rojinguein, as Dr. Garcin writes tliem ; thou[>^h Mr. Ecbard, in his Gazetteer, calls them Lanton, Nera, Genapi, Pulloivay, Pa;.rt]i and Bajingen. Lontlwr is she largeft, highefV, and fullefl of Nutmeg Trees j it was once cal- led Bandan, by the Natives of the Country, and it is from thence that thefe Ifles arc denominated Banda. But after that the Dutch had a Fadory here ^^led Lonthor, which was that of a City deftroy ■. in the uicient Warsi this Iflc was called fo likewife. Neira is two-thirds lefs, and is where the Governor of the Iflands refides i it is furnifhed with two Forts, the one called Najfau, and the other Belgick. This on a little Mountain towards the Middle of the Ifland, the other an th« Streights, a Mufket Shot in Length, and over againft the Ifle of Lonthor. Gounorig-Api is about the Size of the preceding one, and not above a Stone's throw difVant from it to the Wefl ; it has a larre Mountain in the Middle, which occupies almoft the whole Ifle ; and is a Vulcano that burns continually ever fince the End of the fixteenth Century, and gives Name to the Ifland, as Gounong in Malayan fignifies Mountain, and y^pi. Fire, Poulo-Ay, is a fmall Ifle to the Wefl of the three preceding ones, of which the Land is pretty plain, and very good. The Company have a Fort here called Ravcnche, and this is as f-^rtile in Nutmegs as Lonthor, if not more. Poiilo-Rhon, and Rojinguein, the other two Ifles, are the fmallefl of all, veiy b.irrcn, and but thinly inhabited, each having a little Redoubt guarded by fome inferior Officers. Sanda, which is the fixth of the eight great Governments that the Hollanders have in India, lies in four Degrees and a Half of South Latitude, four hundred and fifty Leagues from Batavia. This was one of their firfl Eflablifhments in India, and Fort Na£'au in the Ifle of Neira (before-mentioned) was the firfl they built. Among the fix Ifles oi Banda, there are but three where the Nutmegs ten cultivated, viz. Lonthor, Neira, and Paulo-Ay, the others being too mountainous and barren ; the fird is the largeft, and furniflies the greatefl Qmuitity of Fruits, it having twenty-five Nutmeg Orchards, which in the befl Yearproduce all to- gether about 570,000 Pound? of Nutmegs, and 140,000 Pounds or Mace, grow- ing on a Superficies of 140,000 Yards of Land. The Ifle of Neira yields in a good Year 8000 Pounds of Nutmegs, and 2000 Pounds of Mace, from a Spot of lo.Hoo Yards : The Iflc oi Paulo- Ay, although very fmall, is in Proportion the moil fertile of all, having fix Orchards containing a Surface of 28,760 Yards, which produce in a favourable Seafcn 120,000 Pounds of Nutmegs, and '^0,000 Pounds of Mace. The Proprietors of thefe Orchards in the three Ifles want the Afliflance commonly of twenty-fix thoufand Slaves for their Cultivation and get- ting in the Fruit. Of 0/ A S I A, ^c. CyAmboina. '^HE IQe of AmMna is fituated in four Degrees twenty Minutes from the ■'■ Equinodlial Line, at forty-two Leagues Diftance from the Ifle of Banda, or thirty-four from Poulo-Rhon, the Wefternmoft of this Clufterv and confequently the neareft. Some Authors place it among the Number of ithe great Moluccas, although it has not above twenty-four Leagues Circumference : It is divided in two, fo that the Iflhmus, which feparates the two Parts, being very nar.-ow, it feems to form two Ifles. The largeft of thefe two Parts is called HitoU ; • and the other not above half as big on the Southern Side, Leytimor ; the firft is twelve Leagues long, and two and a half broad; and the other five Leagues in Length, and one and a half in its greateft Breadth. The two fmail Peninfulas of this Ifland, form a narrow Gulph between them, of !» Parallel L. ugth with Ley timor, and fomething better than a League wide, bo h at its Entrance and in the Middle. Befides this great Ifle of Amboina, there are ten fmall ones very near, viz. Ceram, Ceram-Laout, Bouro, Amblau, Manhc, Kelang, Bonoa, Orna, Honi- moa, and NouJJ'a-Laout ; thefe laft three bearing the Name of Wiaffers, which with Amboina are the only four Ifles where any Cloves are cultivated, the Trees in all the others being grubbed up, as thefe produce fufficient to ferve the whole Globe. The Company have Redoubts and Settlements in all the Iflands, as well to reflrain the Inhabitants from Planting, as to hinder any contraband Trade from being carried on. At Amboina the Dutch have fevcral Forts, in one of which the Governor refides j this being the fifth of the Company's great Governments in India. When the Dutch firft became Mafters of this Ifle, there were very few Clove Trees in it, but they have fince made fuch Plantations, that it now produces more than all the Moluccas ^^t together. The greateft Crops are gatnered at Hitou, Loubou, Campbelle, Lejfide, Nau, Caylolo, Cabeau, Larike, Vaccajibou, Ourien, and Ajj'ahuh, Part in the fmall, and Part in the great Ifles. All die Ifl6 is di- vided into feveral Villages, and each Village into many Orchards equally culti" vated by the Dutch and Natives, who are each obliged to plant ten Clove Trees yearly which has been the Occafion of fo great a Multiplication, as not to leave Room for the Culture of other Fruits, Pulfe and Greens for common Ufe, but they are brought from abroad, efpecially Batavia. The Clove Trees o{ Amboina and its Neighbourhood, have from one Year to another, a good and a bad Crop, which is different from the other Moluccas, where the other good Crop only comes every fourth Year, and fometimes every fcventh. They have tried to plant Nutmeg Trees in the Ifle, and have fome few growing in Gardens though they thrive very poorly. At ViSloria, there are Magazines always full of Stuffs, ready made Clothes, Cotton Cloths, and other Merchandize oi India and Europe, where the Inhabitants go to fiirnifh themfelves with what they want, on which the Company makes large Gains. The Provifions, Stores, and Commodities from Batavia are brought here yearly by two of the Company's Veflels, who on their Return load entirely with Cloves, which fome Years are produced in fuch Quan- tities, that they are obliged to burn, or throw Part of them into the Sea, pro- ceeding from the Obligation the Dutch have laid themfelves under to take all that the Seafon yields, at a Price agreed on with the Owners. It is fuppofed that here are more than fixty thoufand Inhabitants, of which the leaft Part are Dutch, fo that thefe are forced to maintain large Garrifons to awe the Natives, in cafe they fliould be diflatisfied at the Reception of their Cloves. And it may be feen' at what an Expence both of Blood and Money the Company have fecured to themfelves this Branch of Bufinefs j and yet after all their Care and Precaution, it never has, nor ever will be, in their Power to hinder the Extraftion of the Spices entirely, and in the Manner they endeavour to guard againft, with fo much Jealoufy ; I mean by partly falling into the Hands of Foreigners, through the Connivance of their own Oflicers and Servants. The total Number of the Clove Trees growing in all the Places before-mentioned, are fuppofed to be about two hundred and fifty thoufand, extra of the young Plants rearing, to fupply the oM ones Decay; and as their Fecundity is uncer- 4 tain< 79.5. « :'l -3i I 796 Of the General Trade 0//^^ WORLD. tain, and greatly varying according to the different Seafons, I here add the Pro- dufts of fevcn fucceffive Years, that my Rea^der may thereby calculate the Ave- rage, viZ' in I705> two thoufand and fix Bahares (of five hundred and fifty Pounds, as before-mentioned j ) Anno 1706, twenty-fix hundred and fixty-one AJiares ; Anno I707, feventcen bttndred and ninety-eight Bahiires ; Anno 1708, fix hundred and twp and a hdlf Bahares ; Anw ^709, twenty-trine hundred and fifty-nine Baharea ; i^nno 17 10, nine hundred and thirty-fix Bahares; and Anno 171 1, thirteen hundred Banares> TMRor.and Sohr are alfo two Ii\es of the Eaflem Archipelago, between the Cape of the Ifle of Celebes, and the Ifle of Floret, where the Duttb have fome Trade and Ports. At I'imer a Commerce is maintained in Slaves, Wax, and Sanders, of which latter here may be collcdtcd yearly near two thoufand Bahares (of five hundred and fixty Pounds) and Sohr produces the fame Commodities, though in much lefs Quantities. Of the Philippines, or Manillas. J- • 1 i-\i THESE Ifles were dilcovered by the famous Magellan in 1520, though not fettled till 1 564, under the Reign of the Spanijh Monarch Philip 11. from whom they received their new Name. They lie m the Indian Sea, between China and the Moluccas, at about an hundred Leagues diflant from the Coafts of Catiiboya and Champaa, and two hundred from the Mariannes Iflands j they compoung one of the five Archipelagos in the: Oriental Ocean, and by fome are numbered in eleven hundred, though others count thet., va many thoufands, which is undoubtedly an Exaggeration, greatly exceedi .'■• tie Truth. The Ifland Manilla, fo called from its Capital, is the r.:olt confiderable of all thofc poiTeired by the Spaniards, and the Centre of their Trade, which they ex- tend on one Side as far as China, and on the other to the American Coafts, or the South Sea. This Ifle, though feated under the torrid Zone, (as well as the reflof die Philippines J enjoys, a healthful temperate Air, notwithflanding itsfirfl bad Reputation. It is the Northernmoft of all thefe Iflcs, and is not lefs than four hundred Leagues in Circumference. Mindanao, which on the contrary is the Southernmoft Me, hardly yields in Grandeur to the foregoing, but the Inhabitants in fome Sort carry on a difhnA Commerce, either with the Spaniards (when not at War with them) to China, Borneo, or the other Ifles oiSon^a, here they carry feveral of their Produfts, and return with the Commodities they want. They had alfo a fettled Trade with the Moluccas, before the Portuguefe and Dutch became Maflers of them. The Merchandize which thefe People carry to all the faid Places, are Gold, (which they gather in their Mountains and Rivers, particularly in that of Ba- tuamj Wax, Rice, Sago, Stuffs (made of a Tree's Bark) Coco Nuts, Sefame, Oil, Iron, Steel, and baflard Saffron. The Spaniards alfo extradl from hence Timber for building their Galleons, which are larger than thofe of the European Con- ftruftionj and this Ifle alfo affords many thoufand Skins (efpccially of Stags and Buffalos) which are proper for the Japan Trade ; and we might reckon among the Commodities of its Growth, Nutmegs, Cloves, Betel, Cacao, and Pepper; but the Natives omit the Cultivation of more than they want of the two firfl, for fear that if they increafe their Plantations, it might invite vhe Dutch among them, and put them on endeavouring to become Mailers of that fiufinefs here, as they had done at the Moluccas and Banda. Almoft all the Trade the Spaniards tranfad, is managed (as before obferved) in the City of Manilla : This 'apital, the Refidcnce of the Archbifhop end tho Viceroy, is fituated in fourteen Degrees fifteen Minutes of Latitude, in the mofl Southern Part of the Ifle j its Harbour is very good, fpacious, and fecure j and it is here where the two Galleons that load at Acapulco in New Spain yearly ar- rive, and from whence they return with the fucceeding Mouflon to the faid Place of their Departure. It is alfo here, that the Chinefe and Japonefe Veffels are continually arriving, with a great Part of the immcnfe Riches thofe two Em- 2 pires 0/ A S I A, 6^r* pires are poffeflcd of, to truck them againft thofe of the new World, of which this City is a Sort of Depofitary for the Eaft. The Time of thefe People's Nego- ciations is commonly from December to April, during which Term, thirty or forty of their largeft Veflels are always feen in the Road, and in the remain- ing Part of the Year, four or five hundred of all Sizes, which belong to the Spaniards, and the Chinefe fettled in the Iflcs with others trading to this jirchi-^ pelago. The PortugueJ'e alfo carry on a good Trade here, and it is in this only that they make any confiderable Gains, fince they loft that of Japan ; though of all the Nations who trafiick here, the Chinefe are thofe who carry on tnfc greateft Commerce, and the Number of them redding here may amount to at leaft two thoufand. The Goods which they, and other Strangers bring hertf, are Silk and Cotton Stuffo of all Colours, raw and fpun Silk, Cotton Wool and Thread, Gunpowder, Brunftone, Iron, Steel, Quickfilver, Copper, Wheat Flour, Walnuts, Chefnuts, Bifcuit, Dates, Porcelanc, Cabinets, Efcrutores, lacquered Trunks, Rice, all Sorts of Drugs, Saltpetre, Cotton Cloth white and coloured. Ribbon Head dreffes for the Women's Veils after their Fafliion, Pewter and other Houfliold Furniture made of it. Silk Fringes, and Thread ones of various Sorts ; in fine, divcrfe Merceries and Hardware, of China and Europe, and feveral Sorts of Glafs Beads, which are proper for the Ifle of Mindanao. The Exports from the Philippines, confift in the Produfls of the Country, and thofe brought there from America ; the firft are Gold from Mindanao, Wax, Honey, Tobacco, and Sugar, tranfplanted from the Weji-Indies, ■ nd which flou- riflies here perfectly well. Stags and other Animals Skins, botii wild and tame, Timber as well for Houfe as Ship Building, Plantain Cloth and Thread, feve.-al Oils, Civet, and the Animals that produce it. Palm, Wine, Baftard Saffron, Cocoa Nuts, and all the Commodities which that wonderful Tree produces j and in fine. Sago, which ferves the Natives in the fame manner that it does the Moluccans. The Merchandize from America, are the Produfts and Manufaftures of Peru and Chili, and of all the Spanijh Coafts in the South Seas, brought to Manilla, by the Annual Galleon from Acapulco, but principally in Gold and Silver, which the Mines of Potoft and Chili furnifh the Eaft with in Abundance, notwithftanding the vaft Quantity, that the Flota and Galleons yearly tranfport to the Weft* 191 '-^ ^* Of the IJles o/" Thieves, or Ladron6Si MR. Savary fays thefe Idands were difcovercd in 1520, and Mr. Echard iti 1552, by Magellan, after pafling from the North to the South Sea by the celebrated Streights bearing his Name j he called called them the Ifles of Thieves (in Spanijh IJlas de LadronesJ on Account of the Petty Larceny the Natives were guilty ot, in ftealing a few Nails and Bits of old Iron from him, and the IJlands of Sails, from the vaft Quantity of Canoes, that at once furroanded his Ship on Arrival j they were afterwards named Mariannas, from Mary Ann of Aujiriat Queen o( Spain, who fent Miflionaries therein 1665, after their being taken Pofleflion of for that Nation ; they are at the Extremity of the Eaft, or upon the utmoft Eaft Bound of our Hemifphere, in that vaft Expanfc of Waters, that lie between Japan, the Philippines, and Mexico, or in other Words, between the Oriental and Pacifck Ocean ; there are only fourteen, or as fome fay fifteen of them known, although they are much more numerous ; Gnakans and Saypan are the moft confiderable and populous, having, as Mr. Savary fays, more than thirty thoufand Inhabitants each, although the largeft of them is not forty Leagues in Circumference, which muft be a Miftake in the faid Gentleman, either in the Number of Inhabitants, or Extent of the Ifles. Some have believed that they had always a Commerce with the Tartars, but it is certain that before Magel- lan's Arrival they thought themfelves the only Inhabitants of the Earth, igno- rant even of the Ufe of Fire, which they took at firft for a devouring Animal, to whom an Approach was dangerous. Since the Spaniards have been eftabliflied here, thofe of the Philippines, diftant only two hundred Leagues, maintained fome Trade here, and the annual Acr*>ulco Ship always touches for Rcfrcfliments, which they truck againft Linens, Iron, Merceries, and Hard Ware j but this Trade is fo 9 R inconfiderable ffirl 798 Of the General Trade 0//^^ WORLD. inconfidcrablc as would have induced me to pafs it without Notice, had it not been to avoid neglcfting the Memento of the Ifles, which by their Situation be- tween AJia and America, may very much favour thofe, who carry on a Marine Traffick from the South to the Eaft. %^ i'i'- m * , Of the IJles of Japan, or Japon. THESE Ifles lie in the Sea of China, between thirty-one and forty Degrees of Latitude, about two hundred and eighty Leagues diftant from the Con- tinent in fome Places, though in others not above fixty. The three principal ones are Niphon (in which is feated Meaco, the moft important City of the Ifles for Trade) Ximus, or Ximo, and Xicocon, or Xicoco. A great Number of fmall circumjacent Ifles furround them, though but little known to the Europeans, except thofe of Firando, where the Dutch had at firft fome Settlements, and that of Bongo, called Cikoko, where Nangafaki is built, the Seat at prefent of the Dutch Trade, and which was formerly that of the Portugutfe, before their Ex- pulfion from fapan. It has been for a long Time controverted, whether Niphon, the largeft of thefc Ifles, and fome others to the North of this vaft Empire, do not join with Great Tartary or to fe^b, that Land newly difcovered, and as yet but little known j fome modern Relations however feparate it by the Streights of Sangaar from any Con- tinent, and more efpecially the Obfervations of that fine Chart, which the deceafed Czar, Peter the Great, had made, to inform the Publick of this Truth, an A to delineate the Lands fubje idred and forty the Portuguefe who were rec- ;ligion, which Chriftians, the hem ; but the ither Chrijiiam for which in- lin their other 'iulch were in- < to procure a gh not to Fi- r,i!!(lo rando their former Settlement, but to Nangafaki, or rather Difma, where the fame Habitation was given them, as had formerly belonged to the Portuguefe, and where the Company's Prefident has refided ever fince 1 64 1 . Nangafaki, Capital of the Ifle oi Bongo, or Cikoko, is fituated in the thirty-third Degree of northern Latitude, before which lies a fmall Ifle, feparated by an Arm of the Sea, only forty Feet wide j and for a Conmumication between it and the City, there is a Bridge an hundred and fifty Paces long, by fifty wide ; at one End of it there is a Draw-bridge, in the Hands of the "japanefe, which the Dutch arc prohibited to pafs, without Leave from the Governor of the City, on I'ain of Death; neither arc any of the Japancfe permitted to enter except the Interpreters and Fadtors, with whom the Officers and Commiffioners of the Lodge may only have Communication. All the Ifland is palifaded round, for the Security of the Company's Ware- houfes J four long Streets divide it, which are crcfs cut by fome public Places ; on each Side arc a Number of Magazines, though the principal one is at the Gate of the Bridge, where the Goods are fold. There is another Port to the Sea Side, which is where they load and unload their Veflels. Thclmpofitions on them are very extraordinary, and what no Nation could fub- mit to, lefs wedded to their Intereft than the Dutch; but thefe patiently bear every Innovation and Infult, for the enchanting Premium of an hundred and fifty per Cent, that they arc fuppofed to make by this lucrative Commerce, and which it is reckoned leave the Company an annual clear Profit of five Millions. The two Ships that the Hollanders fend to Japar, carry their Returns to Batavia, where the Repartition of the Goods brought there is made, according to their Propriety, for the different Markets in India, Afia, and Europe that the Company trade to. The Merchandize of Europe, India, and China, fit for the Trade oi Japan, are Scarlet and other lively coloured Cloths ; Camblets of various Sorts ; red Serges ; Burats (a coarfc woollen Stuff) Gold and Silk Brocades ; Damafks j black and co- loured Armoifins j Gauzes, and other Silk Stuffs ; whitened and raw Siks ; Cotton Thread and Wool ; Embroideries j Carpets, Linens, Silk Night-Gowns ready made; Flanders Pack Cloth ; Glafs and Earthen Bottles j Lead, Pewter, Steel; different Sorts of Aloes and Brazil Wood ; white and Mufcovado Sugar ; Cambodian Nuts; theSkinsof aFifhlikeaThornback; Alum; red Leather; Capoc (a Sort of very fine Cotton) Wax ; a mixed Metal called Calin ; Sublimate, Caflia, Verdigreafe ; Tea ; Colours for Porcclane ; Camphire, Mufk, Paper, Pepper, Spices, Elephants Teeth, Hemp, red Wool, medicinal Drugs, Borax, Quickfilver, China Porceianes ; and Merceries of all Sorts from tlience and Nuremberg ; red Coral, and Stag Skins, with thofe of other Animals ; of which Green Hides the £)«ff/6 carry yearly to Japan two hundred thoufand of Stags, and an hundred tboufand of Beeves, moftly procured from Siam; and of which the Ifland of Formofa furniilied them a Quantity whilft they remained Maflers of it. Almofl all the Goods are paid for in ready Money, and a large Profit is to be made by carrying them to China and Bengal. From Japan the Exports are all Sorts of Houfhold Furniture of painted lacquered VVood, Fans, Porcclane, Medicinal and Dying Drugs of the Country's Growth ; Copper, fome Minerals, Goat Skins, Silk and Flos ; of which the JapaneJ'e often fell .■'. Part, and get foreign Silks for their own Ufe (efpecially thofe oi China) inftead of them. Of the Trade of Jeflb. THE Country of Jf-^, Tedfo, Teco, Jedio, ov Efo, make only one Continent with fome of the Japan Ifles, although there have been both Navigators and Geographers, who have thought it feparated by an Arm of the Sea, which the Japancfe alfo affirm. Its Inhabitants and Trade were for a long Time unknown to the Europeans, frequenting ihcAJian Seas, audit is only fmce 1643, that there has been any Advices about it ; gained by the Return of a Dutch Ship called the Caftricum, that dilcovered it. The Natives of the Country (which is very moun- tainous) are moflly Savages, both in Form and Manners, being entirely without Religion, 799 m ;:'. f ') 1 800 0/ the General Trade 0/ the WORLD. Religion, and altnoft covered with long Hairs like Bears, efpecially the Moun- taineers, though the Inhabitants of Towns are a little more poliflied, and all equally under the Dominion of one Prince or Governor, who acknowledges the King o( Japan for his Sovereign, and pays him yearly a Zo\i of Tribute, which he perfonally prcfents, and it conr'^ts commonly in Silver and Oftrich Feathers. The Trade which they carry on with the Japanefe, is not inconfiderable, and thefc were tfic only People they knew till the Dutch appeared among them. The Commodities which they truck with the Japatiefe, are Whale's Fat, and their Tongues fmoked and dried. Furs, fcveral Sorts of Feathers, and other Products of their Lands and Game, befides fome Hemp which they fpin, by holding it between their Teeth, and twifting it with the Palms of their Han.'.s. The Japanefe Mer- chants vifit them once a Year, and carry them Rice, Sugar, Silk Clothes, and , others of a blue ^tnH csWcA Kangan ; Copper, Tobacco Pipes, and Boxes, Cups, varniflied Pots, and other fmall Kitchen Utenfils, Silver Pendants, and Copper Ear-rings, Hatchets, Knives; andin hne,allthattheyhavecomesfromy<7/iri». Theft People, notwithftanding their natural Savagenefs and Barbarity, are however very fubtlc and intelligent in their Trade, wherein they are truly juft and faithful, .without any Inclination to Theft ; in general they moftly efteem Iron, and more efpecially thofe under the forty-fixth Degree prefer it in their Traflick with Stran- gers, to all other Commodities whatfoever. This finiflies my Account of the AJiatkk Commerce, in which I have been as concilb as the Nature of the Subjedl would permit ; confcious of having already exceeded my propofed Limits, though I hope neither unneceffarily, nor unprofitably to my Reader, whofe Information I have ever ftridtly confulted, rather than any Eafe or Advantage tomyfelf. Satisfied therefore of having complied with my Ob- ligation in a faithful Discharge of that Confidence the Publick has kindly rcpofed in me, without any Intermixture of finifter or felf-intcrefted Views, the too fre- quent Motives to fpinning out a Work, and thereby impofing on the generous Credulity of the Subfcribers, I ftiall proceed in my Labours, and haften to finjfli them with all convenient Brevity. Concerning the Trade of America* yf MERICA was difcovered in 1492, by Cbrijiopber Columbus a Genoefe, though •^^ Amerkus Vcfpucio, ^Florentine Merchant, (who went there in 1 497 and 1 499) had the Honour to give it its Name : It is divided into two great Parts, that form a Peninlbla each, and are joined by an Iflhmus, hardly fcvcnteen Leagues wide. Both are denominated from their Situation; that to the North being called Northern Aniericii, and that to the South Southern. This laft is alfo named Peruvian, and the other Mexican, from P:rrt and Mexico, the two greateft Empires that the Spaniards conquered in this new World ; whofe Difcovery having been made at the Expence oi Ferdinand ard Ifabella, King and Queen oiCaJiile and Arragon, the Spaniards have always pretended, that thefc new found Lands ought to belong to them only ; but other Nations not attending the Difcuflion of this unjuftifiable Claim, have each taken Pofleflion of what fuited their Conveniency in the one and the other Part ; fo that the Portuguefe at prcfent Ihare the Empire of Peru with its pretended Owners ; and the Englijh, French, Dutch and Danes, are MaAers of the greatcit Part of Mexico, and the Northern Ifles. America is almoft environed by the Sea, called either North or South, according as the Courts it waflies are fituated towards either of thofe two Points of the Hea- vens ; the South being alfo called the Pacifkk Sea. In the one and the other Sea, (joined by the Streights oi Magellan, Maire, and BrowcrsJ arcfeveral Ifles, though many more in the North than in the South, this having none confiderable but California, and a few others along the Coafts : whilft the North has the Bermudas, Lucayes, Antilles, and the large iTles of Cuba, St, Domingo, or Hifpaniola, Jamaica, St. John lie Porto Rico, Terra Nueva, Cape Breton or Louifbourg, and fome others of lefs Importance, and uninhabited. The Divilion of this new difcovered Quarter of the Globe, is as follows, 'Jz. 8 The 0/ A M E R I C A, ^c. T\\: Spaniards, who were its fiift Conquerors, and who are alio the heft fettled here, poUefs on the Continent all Southern Amcrka, except l->ra::'7 belonging to the Portugucji, and fome Places in Chili, Magdlai, and tlie liUimus oF Daricn, where they have never been able to fubdiic the Indians, who arc therefore called Indios hravos (brave Indians.) Spain alio occupies the beft and richeft Part of the Northern Diftrid to Mijijfipi, New Albion and Florida j and the Ifles belonging to them are, Uifpaniola, other- wife called .SV. Domingo (which the French (hare with them) Culia, Porto Rico, Margarita, Lucayes, and fome others of lefs Note, that the Spaniards only Ibmc times vWit, without having any Colonies on them. Next to the Spaniards the Englijh have the moft flouriihing Settlements in Ame- rica, as well for the Number of the Inhabitants, and the Quantity of Ships fent there yearly, as for the valuable rich Commodities they produce, of all which I have already treated from Page 651 to 657, fo (hall not make any Addition licrc. The French have in 'Terra Firina, Mi(fiJ/ipi, Cayenne, and fomething towards the River Surinam. Their Ifles are, Grenada, St. Lucia, Marfinico, and Santa Croix among the Antilles. They have befides the Southern Part of St. Domingo, and the little Ifle of Tortuga near to it. The Portugue/e only poflefs in America the Coafts of Brazil, extending from the River of the Amazons, to that oi St. Gabriel, near the River oi Plate; this Coaft is divided into fourteen Commandaries, of which the beft known in Europe are Fernamiouc, the Bay 0/ all Saints, and Rio Janeiro. The Dutch, fo well fituated in the Eaji-Indies, arc bad enough ofF, in the Weft, where all their Colonics arc reduced to thofe of Saba, St. Eujiatia, and Walkercn, all the fmalleft Ifles of the Cat Ibbees j but to make them ibnie Amends, they poilefs thofe of Bonaire, Aruba, and Curacao, which lying pretty near to Carthagena, and Porto Bella, furnilh them with frequent Occalions of carry' ig on a very beneficial contraband Trade, cgainft which the Spanip^ Governors ufu- ally ihut their Eyes. Surinam, at the Mouth of the River with the fame Name, on the Coaft of Guaiana, belongs alfo to the Dutch, as does Bamrom, Aprouvace, and Berbice, all thefe in Terra Firma, and are, as one may fay, feparated by Cayenne, appertain- ing to the French. In fine, the Danes are fettled in the little Ifle of St. Thomas, where the Ham- burghers have alfo a Fadtory. This Ifland is not very diftantfrom Porto Rico, and they have another fmall one among thofe called the Firgins. Thefe are the only Nations fettled in America, and having fpoke of their Pof- feffions, I fliall now proceed to treat of their Trade, beginning firft with that of the Spaniards, as Mafters of a larger Share of thofe Parts, than all the reft put together. The Ifle of Cuba is the largeft of the American North Sea, after St. Domingo, which however it greatly furpaflfes in its Riches and Commerce. It lies Eall and Weft from twenty to twenty-three Degrees of North Latitude ; it has about four hundred Leagues in Circumference, and is almoft cut in two by a Chain of Moun- tains, from whence iffue feveral Brooks and Rivers, whofe Gravel contains tome fine Gold, a plain Indication of the neighbouring Mines being impregnated with that Metal, though hitherto they have remained unwrought, as well as thofe of Copper and Silver, fuppofed to be within three Miles of St. Jago, the Capital of the Ifle ; but its chief Riches are the vaft Number of Hides cured here, taken from the Infinity of both its tame and wild Cattle ; befides which it pi duces, Sugar, Tobacco, Tallow, dry Sweetmeats, Ginger, Caffia, Maftic, Aloes, Sarfaparilla, and a great Quantity of Tortoifefliell. Hijpaniola, more commonly called St. Domingo, from the Name of its Capital, is feated between the eighteenth and twentieth Degree of North Latitude, near the Middle of Cuba, Jamaica and Porto Ric:; ; from which latter it is only fepa- rated by a very narrow Streight. The principal Commodities that the Spaniards trade in from their Part, are Hides, Tallow, Sugar, Ginger, Cocoa, Wax, Honey, fome Ambergreafe, Brazil and Guayac Woods (which grow here) and that of Campeche brought from abroad} in fine. Lemons, Oranges, and many other Fruits, fold frefli, and of which niofl; excellent Sweetmeats are made, both wet and dry : g S here So I v'J* m ;v km- !>'. lo2 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. here arc alfo fomc Gold Mines, but fincc the entire Dcftriidion of the Natives, they remain unknown, and the prefcnt Podcflbrs have no inor* of this Metal, than what is found among the Gravel of the Rivers. TheCity of 5/. Domingo (fcated in the Southern Part of the Ille, at the Mouth of the River OJanaJ is the Capital of the Sf<(i/i/iir,h Sliare in Ilifpur.hlii, and the Staple of all their Goods, cither Native or Foreign i the Inhabitants of i he other Towns coming here to furnirti thcmfclvcs with thole from Eiiropc, and the Continent ofAmeriai (brought here in the Ships of that Nation) at .he fame Time leaving theirs for Embarkation. The Salt-ponds of '.he ITk arc almoft equally divided between the Spaniiirds and the Frcmb, there being many in the Northern Part where the latter inhabit, and not fewer in the Southern where the former have their chief Eftablilliments ; The moft abundait, and from whence the bell Salt is extradted, are tbufe of the Bay of OfOrt ond Corodou, to the South j and them of Ciiraco!, Limo/iad; and Montf-Chrijlo, to the North- Eaft. Here is alfo found fome Mountains of SalGemnu, but they -.re neglecftcd, as well as fome other Minerals, which might become (with a proper Care and Application) a confidciable Object of Trade. Porto Rico is fituated fifteen Leagues *o the Wcftward of HiJ'paniola. being from thirty to thirty-five Leagues long, by twenty broad, and was named, either from the Port of its Capital, which is one of the nioft fpacious, commodious, and fecurert of America^ or from the Quantity of Gold, at that Time cxtraifted from the Mines of this Ifle. There is now but little of this precious Ore appears in the Commercial Tranf- aftions of the Ifle, the Mines having been either exhauflcd, or negiedlcd for want of Workmen i here is however always fome little collected in the Rivers Sand, and particularly in the Torrents that f»l! from the Mountains, and moft abundantly in thofe of Manatnabow and Cecubo. The chief Trade carried on at prelent here, confifts in Sugar, Ginger, Hides, Cotton, Wool, and Thread; Caffia, Maftitk, Guayac, .Mays, Salt (of which here are excellent Ponds) Oranges and Lemons, frefli or preferved, and all Sorts of Cattle. Its principal Cities are Porto Rico, (the Capital) St. Germain, Arezibo, and Guddiamila, though the firfl is where all the Bufincfs of the Illc is carried on. Margarita, or Pearl Ifland, on the Coafts of South America, at eleven Degrees of North Latitude, was for a long Time famous for the Fifliery of Pearls, but has been deferted ever fincc the Middle of the feventeenth Century, and this Bufincfs transferred to La Rancberia, in the River of La Hacha, where the Spa- niards fent ten or twelve Barks yearly from Carthagena, convoyed by a Man of War of twenty-four Guns, with proper Divers for the Oyiters. Of t Hie Trade on the Coajis of Spanifli America in the North Sea. f T would undoubtedly be too long, and an unprofitable Attempt, to enter into ■■■ an exadl Detail of all the Maritime Towns, where any Trade is carried on, in this Part oi the Spanijh Dominions j I /hall therefore only defcribe thofe Places, which ferve as Staples, or publick Storehoufes, and where the Flota, Galleons and Regillcr Ships come to deliver their European Goods, and reload thofe of America. The Chief of thefe Cities in the North Sea, are Porto Bella, for Pent and Cajlile d'Or, or Nciv Cajlile ; Carthagena, for New Grenada, and Part of Gua- timala ; Vera Cruz, for all Mexico ; Porto Cavallo, for the Honduras, and the other Part of Guatimala; Maracaibo for Venezuela, and the neighbouring Pro- vinces J Buenos Ayres, for Paruguai and Chili ; and fome others of lefs Confe- quencc. Porto Bella is no ancient City, having been built in 1584, to ferve as a Retreat for the Galleons, inftead of Nombre de Dios, feated lefs advantageoufly, and where bad Air cxpofed both the Europeans and the American Merchants to many Diforders, when their Traffick called them to meet at this unhcalthful Place i though the former is but fmall, and almofl as unwholfome as the other. It !^*^. " Of A M E R I C A, ^f. It Is here tint the Fair is liclil, for a Month or fix Weeks, the Time of the Gal- leons Ihy, when tlic priiicipal Dealers return to Panama, where they refide all the reft of the Year. The Concourfe is fo great at Porto licllo, during the Fair, that the fmallcll Shop often lets for a thoufand, and a midling Chamber for an hundred ami twenty i)ollars, only for the (mail Space it lafts ; Provifions alfo augment proportionahly, andcommonly twothoudmd Mules arc employed in bring- ing the CJoods from Panama, and returning with thofe from Europe, the Didance between the two Places being about eighteen or twenty Leagues j the chief of what they bring from Panama ci the laid two thoufand Mules, is Gold and Silver, which is delivered at the Place of the Fair, and after being there weighed and marked by the proper Orticers, is thrown by with lb much Negledl, till embarked) in the Corner of fome Warchoufes, as Pigs of Lead arc, in the Countries where they abound. I have already mentioned under the Article the Spanip Trade, what Com- modities were proper for the Wejl-lndies, and ihall now add that the Returns from Porto Bella, arc in the aforcfaid precious Metals, Indigo, Cochineal, Cacao (now brought only by the Caraccas, or Guipujcoa Company) Sugar, Tobacco, Hides, &f(.. The King's Revenues (being one-fifth of all Gold and Silver) are generally lent home by the Galleons, as well as what appertains to Particulars, and which is delivered thefe latter at CaJiz, after Payment of fuch Duties as the King thinks proper to impofe. Carthagena is one of the four Provinces of New Cajlile, whofe Capital (with the fame Name) is feated on the North Sea, though very diHant from Porto Bcllo, to which it is hardly inferior for its Trade, and greatly exceeds it in Gran- deur, Populoufnefs and Riches. It is one of the belt Ports in the World, and therefore made ufe of by the Galleons for Wintering, when they are obliged to pafs that Seafon in thefe Parts, and where they often call on other Occafions ; befides which, this Place maintains a great Trade, with almofl all the Provinces of Mexico and Peru, and no fmall contraband one with Jamaica and Curacoa. It is here alfo, that the Revenues of his Catholiclc Majefty, and the Effeds i^f Particulars, are brought from New Cajlile, and the other three Provinces of that Kingdom, to be fent home by the Galleons ; thefe Commodities are Gold, Silver, Drugs, Medicinal Plants, Spices, and all others mentioned to be rtiipped from Porto Bello, befides fome Emeralds from the Mines, near the City of St. Fei/e Bogatta. Fera Cruz, called alfo St. John de TJlhua, from the Name of its Port, is fituated at the Bottom of the Gulphof Afmco, in the Nook formed by the 7'ucatan; and is in fome Manner a City of the greateil Trade in all the Spanijh America, either on the one, or the other Sea ; its Merchants fending their Ships in all the Northern Ocean, and to the Ifles of C"^::, lica, and lend them even to Sp.iin. This City has the Privilege ( fa yearly RcgilK-r Ship to load the Produd^s of tiie Country, and bring thofe from Europe fit for this Market. It is alii, the Depolitory for the Govxls from Mirulii, and of fome other Places on the Frontiers of New (JranaJa, and ycnezucid, eighteen (or as others will have it) forty Leagues from Gibraltar, a large Town on the Lake, where the chief Merchants o\ Maracaibo have their l'!(btes. It is from Mcrida tliat all the CJold, Silver, and precious Stones, are brought to Miicnrai/') ; and froin (libraltar, the bel> Tobacco, and the moll ex- cellent Cacao, that all the Continent i^i America produces. The Commodities proper for the Hay of f'rih-^.rie/a, ami the Lake o( Mara- caibo, aic Linens, Silks, Wines, Tools for Agrii nlture, fome Hard Ware, and fmall Mercery, and many other of thofc I hnvc formerly mentioned. Bue.ios Ayres, fituatcd in the thirty -fifth Pegrec of South Latitude, is built on the Southern Hank of the grea^ River oi Plate, on the Declivity of a little Hill, at the Mouth of a fmall River, lalling into the great one. It contains near four thoufand Houfes, all Earth, except fifty Hriek j its Inhabitants are rich, and owe their Riches to the great Trade th?y drive, both at home and abroad. Its inland Trade is with Paraguay, Chili and Peru ; and the foreign one, firfl, with Brazil, where the Merchants fend their Ships, althot h they will admit no PortKguefe into their Ports, oecondly, witli the Spaniard. jI Europe, who load ftveral Regiller Ships, to brin^' here all fuch Goods, as I have mentioned to be fit for Porto Bel/o. Thirdly, with the Etidilh when tlie AJ/iento Trade fublilled ; and fourthly, here comes many Vefl'els from feveral Parts of Spaiiijh America. The chief Commodities exported fron\ Buenos ylyres, arc Hides (of which vaft (^antities are fhipped here) Cochineal in fmall Cakes, and rigoiiean Wool, b'ith from Per;/, Coyw/>w/^5 Copper, Paraguay Herb, Tob.icco, Loaf and Mufco- vado Sugar, Cotton Thread, yellow Wax, and what ellc the Cities of P/zv/ir/wy and las Corrieiites ynAucc ; in truck of which the Inhabitants of thofe two Places take Knives, Sciflars, Ribbons, Taffeties, Linens of /:f;v/(7^«f, fluwered dittos of Rouen, Silk Stockings, Englijk coloured Flannels, grey Caflor Hats, Silk Stuffs, Cloths, and Peru c- i^tito Flannels, as np CaOi ever comes from or goes to either of the fairi Cities. The Bay of Campeche, and the Coaft of Caraccas, ought alfo to have a Place among the trading ones of Spanrjb America in the North Sea, as the firll abounds with the Dying ^^'ood, fo much efteemed in Europe for Blacks, and Violets. The City of C.w'/>.'f/'(', which is the Capital of the Country, is feated in twenty- nine Degrees of Latitude, and the only one that ihc.e is, from Cape Catochc to Fera Cruz. The Cioods extr, dted from hence, belides the aforefaid Woods, are Tim- ber for Building, Wax, Sugar, Caflia, Safapareillc and Hides. The Crtr^/rca Coafl: is fruitful in that Sort of Nut, wherewith Chocolate is made, and though it feems a long Chain of Mountains, yet it has many Vallies where the Inhabitants of Caracca (Capital of the Country) maintain their Slaves to cul- tivate the faid Nut Trees, which produce the Cacao Icfs in Size, that what is ga- thf-ed in other Parts, yet this is eAeemed the beft in Quality of all that America y. -ids. 1 This Of AMERICA, ^c. This Coafl affonls little Trade bcfidcs this Fruit, though here arc fomc Hidig anil Silver, but thcfc arc contraband Cuinmuditics -, and tlic (ioods moll vendible here, arc fcveral Sorts of Linens 'Vom Europe, ami Calicoes from InMa, Brandy, Earthen Ware, and Icvcral other Manufadurcs of England, France and Hollana. 805 n Of the Commerce of the Spanifli Atncrican C ajls in the South Sea. npH AT Part of the Ocean, entered from the t^fortC) Sea, by the Streights of *■ Afiigi//iin, Mnire, and Howers, and which wafhcs the Meridion il Coafts of America, from the faid Streights to the Iflc oi California, is called the South Scai it is alfo called the Red Sea, Pacifck Sea, the Sea of California, and the Sea of Jell'o; but this is only when a Part is to be fpecificd, the Name of the South Sea comDrchtnding the whole, when fpeaking in general. Tne principal Cities which the Spaniards polTefs on thcfc Coafts, and where they carry on the greatell Trade, going up them from Chili to New Spain, are Baldivia, the Conception, l^alparaijb, Arica, Lima, and Callao its Port, Panama, Acapulch and La Navidad; bcfides which principal Places, here arc a Multipli- city of liuaii Ports between them, that cither fervc for loading Places to liime inland Cities, or for carrying on a Coafting Trade, with tlie Produfts of each par- ticular Diftridlj the chief of which arc, vl?«roftf, Lavelia, Guiarme, Paita, Rio- Tomba, Sebfjues, the 'trinity, St. Michael, Tomaco, Sanfonnat, Sagno, Nafca, Pifcai Pachacama, iiarhacoa, Tecoantepeque, Nicoya, Chiricito, and fomc others. Baldivia, la Conception, and yalparaifo, are fituatcd on the Coafl of Chili, and it is in their Ports, tha' all the Trade of this Kingdom with that of Peru is tranfadled, as the Way bv Land, although (hortcr, is both more difficult and dan- gerous, i>r. Account of the Mountains to be croflcd, wnlkh are almoil all dcfert, and fo difficult of Accefs by the extreme Cold always reigning here, that there arc but few Merchants who care to run the Hazard of them ; and the other Road by the IDefert of Datacama, notwithftanding it is the (hortell, is not lefb diificult throuei) the vVant of frefh Water. Baldivia is the firft City found on the Coaft, after pafling the Streights of Ma-' gellan, and is feated two Leagues from the Sea in the fortieth Degree of Lati- tude, between the Branches of two Rivers, who at their Mouth form one of the fincO and fccurcft Ports on all this Coaft. The Gold Mines, which are not very didant, and more abundant and rich than any other of Chili, rendered it formerly very famous, but the Revolt of the Arauco Indians, who invaded and took k in 1599, and whom the 5/>fl««rfrf(7« Merchandize, that arrive from Porto Bella to Lima, by Way of Panama. Its inland Commerce is to 5/. Jago, Capital of Chili, through wluch it receives from Buenos Ayres the various Commodities mentioned in treating of the Trade of that famous City. La Conception, i^ckoncd the fecond City of Chili, (counting Baldivia for the third, and St. Jago for the firft) is feventy Leagues from this lart, and fixty from the other. Its Port, in Form of a Horfefhoe, and from thence called by tha Spaniards Herradura, is five Leagues from the City, to which light Vcfliels go up by the River Andidicn which croffes it. The Mines of ^ilacoya, and ^i- lacura, arc only four Leagues diftant, and the principal wafliing Places of the Kingdom much about the fame; it is here, that on feparating the ^Tth from the Metal by this Lotion, that thofe Lumps of Gold are difcovered, which are of the greatcft Purity, and fo much enrich the fortunate Finders : And wliich, as well as all that is cxtrafted from the Mines, is carried to the Mint at St. Jago, to pay the King's one-fifth, which is fent with the reft of the Royal Revenue to Lima. The Natives breed a grcit QuoriUty of large Cattld and Goats, the Skins 9 T of if l i^: ' ! W' I ; ¥r "^n- ( 1 806 0/ the General Trade of thcWORLD. of which Ml they make into Cordovuii, and fend theCe witli the other Hidei to Lmu* AtNn whence by Panama and the Hivcr Ciagrt, they are transported to iha North Sm. The other ComnKiditiei in which they trade, being much th« fanM M thoft of BaldivUi, with the Exception of Wool and Cloth, and other Stuflfi made in the Country, and the Ships which the Inhabitants fend yearly to Ptru, being ten or twelve, bring with little Difference the fame Returnii, as thof« of the other afbrafiud City do. Valparaijo is featcd in a Bay of the fame Name at the Mouth of the River Tofacalma, and ferves as the Fort to St. Jago, the Capital of Chili, built on the fame River, fthcen Leagues front the Sea. This Port is one of the fafcft and iBoft commodioui of thole on the South CoaA« and is where all the King'i Rc- VMue of CbUi is nnbarked for Peru, a« alfo the Effedls of Particulars defined for th« Ncnth Sea, confining efpecially in Gold, drawn from the Mines near BaitHvia and the Conception, or thofc of Tijhl, which arc betM'een Valparaifo and St. Jtgo. There are alfo carried to Lima Turquoilcs, which are lound in mi excillcint Rock, opened in the Vally of Cotiapo, in the Northern Part of CbHi. S^iiUero, and Ctquimho, are alio two Maritime Cities of Chili, where Ibmc Bu- fiflcu » tranftdted, efpecially at this laft, in whofe Ncighbourliood is u Copper Mine, producing Metal with which all the Artillery of Peru and Chili arc can. Arica, although it is the lead confidcrable City of Peru, for the Number of its Inhabitants, and Beauty of their Buildings, there is fcarcely any Place, which in fo final! a Time, tranfudts fo rich a Commerce, its Warehoules being, for fifteen Days, the Dcpofitorics of all the Tre'-.,*.-cs from Pot(^; and the Silver Fleet, which yearly faus with the King's Revenue, and the Mines produce for hima, to b« afterwardn forwarded by the Way of Panama to Ptr to Btllo, in the North Sea, for the Galleons. Thia Treai'ure is brought from Ptto/i to ^rara in March > and in Jtme the Lima Ships come to load it. The City is fituatcd in eighteen De- orees forty Minates of Latitude, fcrenty Leagues from the City oi Poteji, to which u however fervcs for a loading Place, at belJDrcmchtioned. The Merchandizes which are bronriit fron Lima, and ether Ports of Peru, to Arica for Potofi, are European Cloths and Serges, with others from ^^0, where the beft Woollen ManufaAurea are of all Peru, Geld, Silver, Silk and Cotton Stuffs ) thefe here made in the Country, and the ethers coming from Spain by the GaUeons, Flour, Wheat, Maia, (or Indian Wheat) Acicoca, (an Herb ferving InAead of Paraguay) Ariquipa Wines, the bcft of Peru, where the King of Spain permits the planting Vineyards, Oil, Olives, Butter, Cheefe, Sugar, SaiCy Quickfilvcr, SweetnneciS, Syrops, and all Sorts of Hard Ware, and Iron Vicnfils for the Service of the Houfe and Mines ; all which are paid fur in the lat- ter't Argentine Produce ; as the City of Pottji (called alfo an Imperial City) be- ing feated in a Coiuitry fb barren and unfruitful, would furni/h nothing to Trade, if its Mountains did not cover thofe infflchauftible Silver Mines they do. It is alfo owing to the Richnefs of its MinCf), that this City is the fineft, meft populous, and abundant in all things, of any one in Ptru i its Inhabitanrc amount- ing to more tlian fixty thou£uid (among which aie iX leaft ten th "''-■'* •! Spa^ niarJs.J And its Markets, Warehoufes, and Shops, are ever full c fall Sorts of Fruits, Sweetmeats, Wines, Stuffs, Jewels, European and Indian Curiofrtiec, with an Infinitude ofotlier MerchanJize and Wares, to gratify both the Vafte and Sight, fubferving as well to Pic^Aire and Ufe as Ornament, although (as has been faid) none of thefe Thii.i;s grbv and JuaactiMuca, forty Leagues from Lima. They get the Country Stuffs from ^ifo, and from the MounUin Towns, which arc in the Neighbour- hood of their Canital. The Wines are brought them from Arequipa, Tsa, Pijca, aiid N,{/i(i > as the Cattle arc from Xaura, Cufco, Canetn, and Guemangua. Th« Sugars, Sweetmeats, Syrups, and Prelerves, are made at Jamanga, and Guara. The Wheat, Flour and Maiz, come from this fame Place, yaraiuas, and tho Villages near to Lima: Dry Fifti from Peita\ Carpenter's Wood from Gu■) loaded and difpatched, under Convoy of four or five Men of War; whlld the Prefident of Panama on his Part, direfts the providing Mules for the Carriage of a Part of the Treafure by Land, and Barlis for the Conveyance of the Remain- der by the River Chagre to Porto Bello, that no Time may be loft, as the Gal- leons only remain there about a Month, during which Time, every Negocia- tion muil be tranfadted. It is computed that tne King's Effedts loaded on the Galleons, commonly amount to three Millions of Pieces of Eight in a common Year ; and that the Merchants regiftered EfFedts are three or four Times as much, extra of what is (hipped clandeftinely. All the Galleons muft be ready to fail the thirtieth Day after Arrival, otherwife they run a Rifque of being left behind ; however, the Admiral commonly grants an Addition of eight Days, which is of great Relief to the Merchants, and nothing difadvantageous to himfelf, as this Benefit is always procured by the Intervention of a confiderable Prefent. The Goods proper for this Voyage, have been already defcribed in the Article of the Spanijh Trade, fo I ftiall only add here, that all Iron Inftruments, fuch as Hoes, Axes, Hatchets, Anvils, Gfc. Spice, Wine, Oil, Laces, and Gold and Silver Stuffs, are likewife proper Objedts of this Trade. The Maritime Towns, where (next to Lima) the Merchants of Panama carry on their Trade, are Lavillia, which furnifh it with Hogs, Poultry, Salt Beef, and Sirops j Paita (or rather Piura, to which the other is the Port) from whence are exported Wine, Oil, Flour, Sugar, Soap, and Goat Skins, made into Cor- dovans ; Realegio, yielding Brandy, Sugar, Oil, Flour, and Wine ; Galio, Tomago, and Cbilae, three Illands producing yearly a large Quantity of Timber and Boards; Pifca, fruitful in excellent Vineyards ; Truxilh, abundant in Wheat Flour, and Sugar } Oicoya, where are Plenty of Shipwrights and Yards, as alio a Quantity of Cattle, Hides, Wheat, and Red Wood, or Nicaragua. There are alfo Ibme Pa- nama Barks, which go yearly to fifh for Pearls at the Ifle of Gorgona ; this being the only Place where they are found in the South -Sea ; thofe called the Pearl Iflands, within twelve Leagues of Panama, now producing none. Tecoantepeque, La Trintaad, Vatulco, and Realejo, are Places alfo on this Coaft between Panama and Acapulco, which fefve for Ports, where all the Traffick of Guatimala, Leon S^uaxaca, Nicarague, and fome other Provinces of New Spain is tranfadled, which confifts in Cacao, Vanillas, Achiolt or Rocou (a Dying Herb) Jndigo, Cochineal, Hides, Wheat, Maiz, Wool, Sugar, Cotton, Salt, Honey, Caifia, Wax, and in fome other of the Produdls of Mexico. Acapulco is next to the Port of Tecoantepeque, and feated l.venteen Degrees North of the Line. It is the Weftern Port to the City of Mexico, as Fera Cruz is the Northern ; and the principal Places of its Trade, are Peru, the Philippines, and the Coafts ncareft to Mexico j the Commerce of which latter is entirely negociated thro' the laft four mentioned Places, and fome other fmall Harbours, where the Merchants of Acapulco fend their Goods on light VefTels, to extradl Provifions and Refrefhments, although they receive large Parcels by Land on Mules, particu- larly Flour, Chocolate, fmall Cheefe, Salt Meat, and all Sorts of fuch Provifions, for which they have daily a Market ; and the Cattle they want comes the fame Way. I have alfo treated of the Trade between Acapulco and Peru ; and though that between the Northern and Southern America is open and free, yet the In- habitants of this City make but little Ufe of it, their Commerce being only ex- tended to the Places on the Coaft, fo that what is tranfadted between this and the Manillas, is what gives it Reputation, and which is carried on, in only two Ships of eight hundred or a thoufand Tuns each ; whereof one is always in load- ing at the Philippines, and fails on its Return, as foon as its Twin Veflel arrives, a Convoy being afllgncd them, of a twenty-eight Gun Ship, and they mounting forty each. Their Cargo from Acapulco, confifts partly of European Merchandize, brought to Mexico from La Fera Cruz, and partly of the ^Toa\x&.% oi New Spain, both fent to the South Sea on Mules. The Reloading back is compofed of what- foever AJia produces, that is either rich or valuable, even Pearls, precious Stones, and Gold Duft, with which thefe Ships are fo fully flowed, as to render their between Deck Guns unfcrviceable in cafe of an Attack. 809 I '""r 9 U Of K-'i'ii: ■ KvJi' li-fl- ■ : ' ^ 9r>' . 'i; ■ 1 ^' i^^- j^^ ft' ''■ V" ^^^ m 1 ^^''^^' 1, . K'f'' "' '■ ^^«i,,; ■■ Wk' ^;N" fr*-: l>..:-V (■; ,^;.;;, ■ m. 8io Of the General Trade (^/^ /^^ WORLD* Of the trade of French America. 1 SHALL begin with the Ifles which the French poflefs in this Part of the World ; and firft with the Antilles, of which this Nation are Mafters of four out of the twenty-eight they are in all, and (hared that of 5/. Chrijlophers with the Eng- /j^, till the Tre o( Utrecht, in 1713, gave it wholly to the latter. Martinko is t' - chief of thetnj the others are, Granada, St. Lucia, and St. Croix. Above two hundred Ships are employed in the Trade of thefe Iflands, and it is not uncommon to fee eighty Merchantmen loading at Martitiico together. Tobacco was formerly the Staple Commodity here, but the Cultivntion of that iMant has been long neglcifled for Sugar, more efpecially at Martinico, which alone 1$ fup- pofcd now to yield in a common Year, between five and fix Millions of Pounds Weight ; Granada and St. Croix, four or five hundred thoufand between both : St. Lucia grows only Tobacco, with fome Pulfe and Greens, which turn to good Account at the firft mentioned ; though hefides thefc Commodities, the Iflands produce among them Indigo, Cocoa, Rocou, Cotton, Ginger, Caffia, Guinea Pepper, fome Medicinal Gums, Hides, Tortoifelhell, Dying Woods, Gfc. The Commodities fent there from France, are every NccelFary for Provifions and Clothing, Houfliuld Furniture, and Tools for various Ulcs, efpecially for Agri- culture. St.Dotringo, divided as I formerly mentioned between the Spaniards and French, carries on a very confiderable Trade, of which the chief Places aillgned the latter are La Grande Ance, Leogane, La Grande Terra, Port de Paz, Fort Margot, Lancon Louifa, Trou Charles Morin, Lemodada, Cape Francois, and the Little Goare. Befides this Diftribution o(St. Domingo, the French poflefs the fmalleft Ifle ot'Tor- tuga, (about three-fourths of a League from the other) and the Produdls of both arc Tobacco, Sugar, Indigo, Ginger, Rocou, Cotton, Cocoa, Hides, Brazi- letto, yellow Sanders, Fuftick, Cedar, Grenadillo, and fome other Woods lor the Dyers' or Cabinet Makers Ufe. The Ships Cargoes proper for thefe Ifles, are much the fame as thofc for the Antilles, excepting the Salt Meat, which is not here wanted, 5/. Domingo having it in fo great Plenty, as even to fupply the other Ifles with large Quantities : Here are about four thoufand Families cfta- bliflied in the whole Settlement, which more than double thofe of the Spa- niards, though thefc latter are near a Century more ancient here than the others. On the Continent of North America, the French poflefs Louijiane, called alfo MiJJiJipi; and in the Southern America, Cayenne, and fome other Ha- bitations on the River Surinam. They have been fometimes alfo Mafters of Nova Scotia (as formerly hinted) and they were once (o of Newfoundland ; but thefe having been ceded to the Engtip by Treaties, I fliall only remark here, that with refpcdt to the latter, the French are in Confequencc of the thirteenth Ar- ticle of that of Utrecht in 17 13, permitted during the Fifliing t-eafon to build thcmfelvcs Stages and Huts, and wliatcver elfe is neceflary for Curing and Dry- ing their Fifli, though this Privilege only to extend from Cape Bo!,a Fi/ia, to the Northern Extremity of the Ifle, and from thence Wcfterly to Cape Riche -, but they arc to build no Houfes, much Icfs Fortifications, nr.y, are not fo much as to anchor here, only in the aforelaid Scafon. Louijiane, or MiJJiJ/ipi, is a vaft Extent of Country of more than one hun- dred and eight Leagues lying in North America, between Canada, Carolina, Mexico and the Ocean. It is in thefc newly difcovcrcd Lands, that the famous Colony is cftabhflicd, which after the Year 17 17 engroflcd the Attention of all Europe, and fct the major Part of it a madding after tlieir Hx;imple, to the Ruin of many thoufand Families ; however, I fliall hereconfidcr it in its prelcnt Situation, and give an Account of the real Trade that is here luhfiftingj difrcgardlefs of the chimerical and ideal Advantages, fome of its moil fanguine Adventurers at firft propolcd from it. The chief Settlement of this Colony, or more properly fpeak- ing the Capital of all the Country, and Centre of its Commerce, is the City to which the Name of New Orleans was given, to prekive the Memorial of the Re- gency of tluit Prince, under whofe Piotetition and Aufpices it was founded. Its Situation is on the Side of a River, near enough the Sea to have the Conveniency and 0/ A M E R t C A, ^c. 8ii tnd Facility of loading and unloading the Ships that imports, and at a fufHcient Diftancc to avoid its bad Air and Neighbourhood, when irritated. The Trade carried on here is much the fame as at Canada -, and fome Indians have aiTured the French, that hij^h up in the Country are found Mines of Gold, SiWcr, Copper, Iron, and Steel j of which two laft Metals, Mr. Savary fays, there were never any Samples feen in America ; though with Submifiion to his better Judgment, I muft contradidl this Affertion, as there is Plenty of Iron in New England, and Nova Scotia, and may probably alfo be in fome other of our ^Feji Indian Plantations. Thefe Mines are however yet undifcovered, but the true Riches of the Country confifts in that great Quantity of Cattle with which the Plains and Forcfts of Louijiane are filled, viz. Horl'es, AfTes, Bulls, Cows, Sheep, Goats and Hogs, of which the Indians make a great Slaughter in their Excurfions, and bring both Flefli and Skins to the Colony, and there Exchange them for Trifles. The Supplies from France, proper for this Colony, are the fame as has been di- rcdcd for the Iflands ; with the Exception, that to what the Country produces towards the Support of its Inhabitants, muft be added, fome Flour, Corn, Rice, Pulfe, and all tnat can contribute to fuftain fo numerous a Colony -, and the Mer- chandize fit for the Trade with the Indians, are coarfe Woollen Blankets, ferv- ing for Cloaths, Limbourg Cloths, white and red, and Cloaks ready made of them ; ordinary Hats, Knives, Hatchets and Pickaxes, fmall Mirrors, Glafs Beads and Vermillion. The Ports, Ports, and Eftabliflimcnts, which the French at prefent occupy are fixteen, viz. the Ifle Auz VaiJJ'eaux, Biloxi {or Fort Louis J New Orleans, Manchac, Notches, Natchitoches, Tafous, Illinois, Ouabache, IJle Uauphine, Fort de Conde, Alibamons, the Bay of St. Bernard, the River Aux Cannes, Padoucas, and Mijfoures^ This Country produces Rice, Indigo, Cotton, Tar, Pitch, butmoftly Tobacco. Cayenne is the only Settlement the French have in South A/mrica, except fou'i;.i Habitations that it poffeffes on the Coaft of Surinam, and the River of ylmazons, which form a Sort of Government of more than a hundred Leagues. The Ifle oi Cayenne that gives Name to this Government, and takes it from a River whofe two Branches feparate it from the Terra Firma, lies in the Latitude oi four Deg. forty Min. a hundred Leagues from the great River of the Amazons; It is fev^nteen Leagues in Circuit, of which five are bathed by the Sea, and the reft by the two Branches of the River aforefaid : And has been fuccefllvely poffeft by tne Engli/h, French, and Dutch, though the French have finally remained Mafters of it ever fince 1677. Its chief Produdls are Sugar, Rocou, Indigo, Cotton, and Vannillas ; and the Commodities fent here from France, are principally Flour, Wine, Brandy, Linens, Stuffs, Quickfilver, Hard Ware, and above all. Salt Meat ; the Inhabitants, exclufive of the Soldiers and Slaves, are about twelve or fifteen Hundred Men, fpread in the different Habitations above-mentioned, of which the chief, compofing a fmall Town of two hundred Houfes, with three hundred and fifty Whites, is below Fort Louis, where the Warehoufes are kept. :v->,^j Commerce of the Portuguefe America. THIS Nation's PofTefTions in America have been many Years fince reduced to the Brazil only, tho' this is a Part of the New World', fo vaftly extenfive, fertile, and rich, that they have no Room to complain of their prefent Share. This Country reaches from the Amazon River, to that of Plate, and has its Coafts curved into a Semi-Circle of about twelve hundred Leagues Extent, though li.a Portuguefe do not occupy the Whole, having no Habitations beyond Rio Janeiro, which is two hundred Leagues from the River oi Plate, its Southern Boundary. The inland Country is yet unknown, as the Portuguefe have never penetrated it above eighty Leagues, by Reafon thofe vaft Regions which feparate it from Peru are inhabited by innumerable Nations of Indians, who loving Liberty, difpute the Acquilition of their Lands, Inch by Inch, as they regard foreign Settlement only as Ufurpations. The Portuguefe have divided their Ellablirtuneiu into four- teen Captainfliips, or Commanderies, viz, Tamaraca, Bahia de todos los Santos, Pernambuco, Paras, Maraghan, Ciara, Rio Grande, Paraiba, Ceregippc, Los Ifieos, 3 Porto 11' rk' 8i2 0/ the General Trade of tie WORLD. Porto Seguro, Spirito SanSio, Rio Janeiro, and 5/. Vincent i of whofe Commerce I (hould now treat ; but having already done it in the Section of the Trade of Portugal (P. 697.) any further mention here would be fujjerfluous. I might here alfo very properly add, an Account of the Trade which fome other Northern Powers carry on in America j but having as yet given no Oefcription of their European Commerce, I fhall join them both together, by reciting the general Traffick of each particular Potentate, and begin firft with the Dutch. Of the frade of Holland. NOTHING gives a greater or more magnificent Idea of this Commerce, than the flourifhing Condition it has always fupported the States in, notwithftand- ing the many long and expenfive Wars it has for a Century part been fo frequently engaged in. Three Things more cfpccially fupport this immenfe Trade ; the one is the great Credit of the Bank at Amjierdam, whofe Treafure is fuppofed by fome to be three thoufand Tons of Gold (of an hundred thoufand Guilders each) ) the fecond Thing fo advantageous to the Trade of Holland, is the incredible Number of Ships, continually going out and coming in ; ^.nd the third, is the Safety with which this Trade is carried on, by the Government's Prote ; Woods for dying the Ruffia Hides j Laces, Gold and Silver Wire, and of rhja latter Metal in Specie. The Trade to Norway employs yearly upwards of thcee Hundred Dutch VefTels from four to five hundred Tons, the greatefl Part from the Villages oitrifei, or tl)ofe in the Neighbourhood of Amfierdam. B^gben, the raoft conftderable Port 9 X in 8i m .-;( *'1 1% I r\> '^4l ^ I' 1 H:^^.^. if-;:, 0;: . \' w ■ 814 Of the General Trade cf tk' WORLD in •he Kingdom of Norway, is where the Dufc/j drive their principal Trade tho' they carry on fomc with Drontheim, Coppcrijich, and a few otner Places, in Spice, Salt, S/ anijh Wine, Vinegar, Brandy, Chcclb, roU'd Tobacco, and foinc Clothes. And as Timber for Ship Building is what the F/r/iiings moftly bring back, they have made feveral Treaties from Time to Time with the Kings of J^tiimark con- cerning Wood, ©"f. The Commodities which the Dw/r^ load in the Bultick being bulky, obl'gcs them to employ a large Numi or of Ships (a thouftnd to twelve hundred) yeariy in this Trade, which they fend lefs than half loaden, tlio' they always return with an en- tire Cargo J and as ttit Ballance of Trade is in their Disfavour, by the Produce of the Goods fcnt being infuiHcient to pay for the Rcloadings, they are always obliged to accompany thcfe Voyages with a Parcel of Rixdollars, to make the Deficiency good. The Commodities proper for Sit-cdcn and Denmark, are Spice, Drugs, Por- tugal and Spani/fj Salt (thole from France not being in fo much Efteem here) Su- gar, Wine. Brandy, Linen, with Silk and Woollen Stuffs. For Pomerania, Cloth, Wine, Cheefe, Salt, Tobacco, Spic, Iron, Lead, Pewter, and old Rixdollars. For Dantz'tck, a Quantity of Silks of all Sorts and Falhions, a great many Clothes ; Dying Woods, fcnipedor croundj Madder, large Parcels of Spice, Drugs; Italian Cremor Tartari, Sugar, Oil, Paper ; diverfc Sorts of Wine, Brandy, and French Salt (fit only for Prujfia.) In fine, they fend to Riga, Revel, Narva, and Pernau {Cil'ies o( LivoniaJ Salt, Spice, Sugar, Tobacco, French Glafs, and above all, a Quantity of old Rixdollars, with which they pay for Goods not only of this Pro- vince belonging to Sweden, but alfo thofe that are tranfported here, from MuJ'covy, Poland and Lithuania. Their Whale Filhciy is very advantageous, occafioning a yearly Employ of near two hundred and fifty Ships, with between four and five thoufand Men j but that of the Herrings fo infinitely exceeds it, as almoft to furpafs the Degree 01 Comparifon, above twenty thoufand Men, and three thoufand BufTcs, find an annual Occupation and it is afTerted, that they take and fell more than 300,000 Tons, one HI 1: Year with another, which at two hundred Guilders per Ton (as a Dutch Author computes them) amounts to fixty Millions, from which mufl be deduAcd near twenty-three Millions, for the Charges of Outfct, Gfr . and there remains net Profit 37,000,000 of Guilders, or about 3,400,000/. Sterling. Altho' the Dutch have no great Settlements in the Weft-Indies, fince they were obliged to quit the Conquefls they had made on the Portuguefe, they notwithfland- ing carry on a very confiderable Trade here ; which is not a little augmented by the contraband Commerce, for which their Colony at Curacao adminifters them frequent Opportunities. Surinam, Aprowacq, Bcrbice, and Boron, feated in South jimerica ; Bonnaire, Aruba, and Curacoa, among the Soto-vcnto, or Leeward Iftands ; and Saba, St. Eujlacia, two of the fmalleft Antilles, are the only Colonics the Dutch poflefs at prefent in the Weft-Indies. The four Colonies of Terra Firma take their Name from four Rivers of the Province of Guiana, along which they are eftablilhed. Sugar, which grows here in Abundance, is the principal Objeft of their Trade, though they alfo cultivate Indigo, Tobacco, Ginger, and Cotton. The Merchants of Amfterdam carry on the greateft Part of this Trade, and have their Warehoufes here always well nllcJ with all fuch Sorts of Goods as the Europeans ufually fend to America. Of the Antilles where the Dutch are eflabliflicd, neither of them is very con liderable ; St. Euftacia is the biggefl, and Saba the fmalleft ; thefe two are little better than Rocks, tho' the few Inhabitants refiding here have found fufficient Earth diflributed to raife a Support, and fome Tobacco for Exportation ; this is a Commodity common to them all. The Dutch have feveral trading Companies eftabliflied in Holland, fuch as the Eaft and Weft-Indian, that of Surinam, the North, the Levant, the Baltick, and the Nova Zembla and Greenland fifhing Companies, all of confiderable Advantage both to the State and Particulars. Tho' however rich the Trade of thefe are, or whatever elfe it tranfadtcd by private Merchants with the other three Parts of the World, it is certain, that That which their Eaft-India Company has carried on in all the Kingdoms of y^«, for little more than a Century part, is of a much greater Confequence, and infi- 2 nltcly Of the NORTH, Ijc. nltcly furpafles it, both in Profit and Reputation. But as I have already given an Account otit, in my Dcfcription oi AJta, I fliall hereclofe my Narrative of this Kation's commercial Tranfadions. Concerning tbi Trade of the North, and the Baltick Sea. 'X* H ERE is comprehended under this Name, not only what is enclofed within *• the Compafs of this Sea, but alfo fome Cities featcd on the Rivers which fall into the Gernanick Ocean that are near : And all that are more Northwardly, as Norway ; Diinijh, S-wedif/j, or MuJ'covitiJh Lapland ; Archangel, Baronday, Siierfa, Grocn/and, and Nova Zetnbla. Hambioyjj, an Imperial and Hanfiatlck City, is the moft confiderable of all of ihem fituated > i the German Ocean. Here is carried on, not only the whohi Trade of the }Llbe ; but it is alfo by Means of its Merchants, that the greateft Part of the Rcmiffes are made and Bills negociated j with all the Cities of the North J an Advantage that it only (hares with Amjlerdam. This famous Hanfiatick City is more than twenty Leagues from the Elbe's Mouth, tho' Ships go up this River within two or {hrce Leagues of it, and ai*^ there obliged to lighten, being barred a nearer Approach by a Bank of Sand, with a whole Cargo. The Goods proper for this Place, are fome French Salt, White Wine, to the Amount of fix or feven thoufand Barrels yearly, and of Brandy about four thoufand, a little Vinegar, Cloths, wrought Silks, Spice, Drugs, Mercery, Prunes, and other dry Fruits, with a large Quantity of Paper. And the Goods exported from thence are. Grain, Wood for Ship-building, Pipe Staves, Lattin and white Iron Wire mads in Saxony, and all Sorts of Copper Pots and Kettles. Here is alfo found the many various Species of Goods that the North and Baltick produce, though not fo cheap, being at fecond Hand. It carries on a great Trade with France and Spain in its own Snipping, though much more in foreign Bot- toms, and its Engagements with Holland, &c. are already fpoke to. I have alfo defcribed its Bank, and fliould now fay fomething about its Coin, that has occafioned fuch Embroils between this State and the Crown of Denmark j but a nice Deduction of the Motives to, and Particulars of thefe Difputcs, would be too prolix for the Space I have left, and a curtailed Account muft be unfatif- faftoryj I (hall therefore excufe adding any Thing on the Subjeft. Bremen on the fFefer is in good Repute for its Trade, tho' much inferior to Ham- burgh. Large loaden Veflels can only go within four Leagues of the City, and fmaller ones to the Diftance of a League and a Half. The Imports are much the fame here as the laft mentioned Place, except French Salt, of which none is con- fumed. The Wood extrafted from hence is th-^beft in the North, but it is like- wife the deareft ; and here is alfo exported Wheat, Wool, fome Metals and Brunf- li'ick Mum, of which that oi Bremen is nothing inferior. Denmark, Sweden, Mufcovy, Poland, Courland, and fome Provinces of Lower Germany, environ on all Sides this Part of the Ocean that forms a Sort of great Gnlph, named the Baltick Sea, which can only be entered by two Paflfages, the one called tiie Belt, difficult and dangerous, and the other the Sound, of which the King Denmark is Mafter, by pofleffing the Fortrcfs of Kronemburgh, near Elfeneuf. This Sea has a large Number of excellent Ports or Cities at but a little Diftance, where a great Commerce is carried on j the principal of which are Lubeck, Copen- hagen, Elfeneur, Stockholm, Rofiock, Stralfund, Stetin, Colberg, Dantzick, Ewing, Konigjbcrg, Riga, Revel, Pernau, Narva, and Vifiourg, from which Places and Sea more Goods are in general exported than imported, excepting af Dantzick, where the Confumption is very great j this famous City being as a Magazine of all Ncceflaries to Poland. Lubeck, an imperial City, and at theF/ead of the Hans Towns, featcd in Lower Saxony, on the River Traves, which at ten Leagues from thence falls into the Bal- tick Sea, has a better Trade than Bremen, but a great deal worfethan Hamburgh. Here may fell yearly two thoufand Lafts of French Salt, which the Natives relinc, four thoufand Barrels, or a thoufand Tun of Wine, as many hundred Barrels of Bi-andy, and one hundred and Hfty Vinegar ; Paper alfo finds a good Sale here ; and the 815 .-) < ' Ji l^'V- '» ;i 8i6 Of the General Trade 0/ //jt- WORLD. the Frtncb betides fend Sugar, Mercery and fomc Silks j tht EngUp and Dutch, bring their Cloths, Dying Drugs and Pepper, to which thefc latter add Nutmegs, Mace and Cinnamon. The Goods exported are Hemp, Klax, Rujia Hides, from Mufcovy, Iron wrought and unwrought, particularly Snips Anchors, Wood, Grain and Wools. Loaden Merchant Ships can only go to Travemunde, a finall Village, three Leagues diAant from the City, where they are obliged to lighten to the Draft of eight Feet Water, in which Condition they may fwim up quite to Lubeck. iisl 0/ the Trade o/* Denmark. w '4. " 'i J ' w M •' ) 'm tr^r IB. %' • I^K^ Pi iHnt *m m Hj mi- 'T^WE Port oi Copenhagen, Capital cf the Kingdom, is not only the fincft in the ■*■ Ba/tici, but one of the mcit convcm:nt and fafe in all Europe ; it is alfo here that the chief Trade of Denrrark is tranfoifled, the' fomc Bufincfs is likewife done ztBlfinure, but neither at the one nor the other any thing in comparifon with the Negoci ens of *M reii of this Sea. 7 he Goods that fell bed in Denmark, arc Spanijh ■:. Pr • •, ., Salt, (except their Confumption has been afFedted by the Mine difcovcr •■ i. :'^L/v ir. r; ^o) French Wines and Brandies, Paper, Gold and Silver Stuffs, Si'j-K, fL«ri':'! tntl Dutch Woollens, Spice, Medicinal Drugs and Pepper, Tallow, h\ :. iu Stnckfifli, Wheat, from the little Ifle of Zecland, and Rye from Zelandt', are alii M tht Merchandises ihippcd from hence, the Extradion of Carpenters Wood being :xcepted. The Dutch alfo tranfport from the Country of Jutland, a Quantity of lean horned Cattle yearly, which they fatten in their Pauurcs, and reap therefrom a confiderable Advantage. After Copenhagen, the moft trading Cities of Denmark arc, UJied, Chrijlianfadt, Carelfcrotn, Sakiourgb, Careljhaven, and particularly Eljinere, or ElJ'eneur, from which the Extracts are, fome fmall Mafts, Deal Boards, Tar, Tallow, Beeves and Goat Skins. The major Part of which Trade, and indeed that tranfaded with all the Places in this Kingdom, except the Capital, is by way of Barter, or the Inter- vention of Rix-doUars, brought here by the Dealers for tnat Purpofe. The other Ifles next to Zetland, or Stakn, in which Copenhagen Aands, are Fuh- nen, Laland, Langeland, Faljler, Mune Samfoe, Arroe, oornhobn, and Amack ; of which the firft is nothing inferior to the principal Ifland, either in Extent or Goodnefs : It abounds in Wheat, Hogs, Lakes and Wood, tho' it produces no- thing for Tranfportation but Horfes, the Fruits being all confumed at home. Laland yields abundance of all Sorts of Corn, efpecially Wheat, from whence the Metropolis and other Parts of the Kingdom are fupplied, bcHdes which the "Dutch export a good Deal yearly. 7?alfier, Langeland sluA Mune, are numbered among the fertile Iflands, and the two firil yield iome Grain for an annual Tranfportation. ^rro/" and ^/^^a abound in Anileeds, which the Natives ordinarily ufe to Seafon their Viduals, and even mix it with their Bread. Bornholm, Samfoe, and the other IHes breed Cattle, and produce a SufHciency of Corn for the Inhabitants, but that of Amack deferves to be examined apart. This little Ul^nd is very qear to Copenhagen, from whence it is feparated only by a fmall Arm of the Sea, which is paited by a Drawbridge, and this Spot is the moft fruitful of any other Territory in Denmark : It was many Years ago given to fbme Hollanders, tranfported here to manage the Dairy, in making Butter and Cheefefor the Court} they hadsreAt Privileges granted them, of which they en- joy fome to this Day, but others nave been curtailed, and it is to be feared that by little and Uttlc they will come to be placed on the Footing of other Subjeftsj the In- duftry and Diligence of the Inhabitants of this Ifle, have made it, as one may fay, the Kitchen Garden of Copenhagen, and nothing in the whole Kingdom is to be found of the Sort that exceeds what this produces and has growing here. Jutland makes the greateft Part of Denmark; it is a fertile Country, abounding more efpecially in Cattle, but d?fc(ftive in good Ports on the Side of the Ocean ; nevcrthcleis this docs not hinder the Dutch from making an annual Extraction of a large Q^ntity of meagre Cattle as has been before jnentioned. The Horfes and Hogs are excellent and very numerous, and the Corn fiifHcient for the Inhabitants. The Land is mofl fruitful near the Sea Coafts ; and in a Word is the befl that the ^ng of Denmark has. ,;:"■■ 3 The ::,^,#- Of the SOUND, ^c. The Diicliy of Sleefwick, or South Jutland, is in general a very good Cotmtry \ the Convenicncy of its Situation between two Seas, the Ocean and the Baltick, gives it great Advantages for Trade, altho' the Convcnicncies for Tranfportation arc not manv. It furniflies its Neigiibours with Wheat, Cattle, Horil-s, and Fuel Wood, befidcs what it retains for the Natives Ufc. ItoljUin is very abundant and very agreeable, it is perfeiflly well leated fbr Trade, like the preceding, between two Seas, and has befides the Advantage to be near the Elbe and Hamburg, wliich being a free City and confequcntly rich, is of no finall Advantage to the Territories which the King and Duke of Ho/Jiein have ill its Neighbourhood. Stormar and Ditbmar, or Ditmarjh, arc two Dillrids ncareft the Elbe ; this Country is for the moil Part low and rich, of a fat Soil like many Places in Hol- land, and flmilar to thofe alfo in its Fertility and Embellifhments } thefe Countries likewifc arc benefited by the Neighbourhood of Hariburgh and the River they lie near. The Country of Oldenbourgb abounds in Cattle, and raifes a great Number of Coach Horles, very much (ought after for their Colour, which is yellowifti, though otherwifc their Qualities arc not extraordinary. In general though Denmark be of a great Extent, it notwithftanding yields but in fmall Quantities the Neccffarics of Life, few Produdts for the Merchants, and till lately no Manufadures at all ; but to remedy this long continued Negledt, and ftir up the People to an Imitation of their induftrious Neighbours, by an Ordi- nance of the King's, of the 28th Nov. 1727, all Merchants wcr '•ohibited to fend to Iceland any other Cloths than thofe made at Copenhagen '1 j is alfo ertabli(hed fomc Fabricks of Linens at Zivelck Blanck, and / v/'/ti, ich arc furiicient to fupply all the Provinces of the Kingdom, infomuch at tii lamber of Finances and Trade, forbid by the King's Order in Sept.'W'ef 7^8, the En- trance of foreign Linens. In a Council held February xj'^j. 1- v > rcfolved to raile a Tax or Impoft on all the Cities both of Denmark and Nor\ /, md to em- ploy the Produce in cftablifliing a Fiflicry in Greenland, The thirteenth of Jan«dry, 1727, his Majefty intcrdifi \'^ " itry of any fo- reign Goods into the Kingdom by th*; Way of Bremen and i^ubc.k ; and for a rtill greater Encouragement toTride, the King in February 1730, publiihed an Ordi- nance to lower the Duties on Entry of the Goods, that the Merchants his Sub- jcfts fhould introduce direftly from foreign Countries, which however ihould not take Place on thofe brought into the Kingdom by Strangers. In Auguji the fame Year, an Edidl was proclaimed, by which that Monarch enjoined all his trading Subjefts, not to fend any Ships to J jrtugal or Spain, with aids Force than eighteen Guns, and a proportionable Crew, to defend themfelves againlt the Barhary Corfairs, in cafe of Need. And in January 1631, Chrijiian VI, fupprefled the Farm on the Cuftoms on Wine, Brandy, Salt and Tobacco, permit- ing both the Danes and Norwegians to trade in them. Concerning the Sound. ''T^HE Paffage, or Streights called the Sundt, or Sound, fo famous in all the *■ Northern Countries, is between the lile of Sialand, and the Terra Firma ot" Scania. On the Swede's Side is the City of Heljingburgh, with a ruined Caftle, between which and Eljinore all the Ships who trade to the Baltick, pafs and re- pafs, fo that it may juftly be faid, that after the Streights of Gibraltar, this is the mod important and frequented one in Europe. The Lofs of the Province of Schoncn, (which, with the three adjoining, were given to the Swedes by Treaty in i6^S) was very confiderablc to the Danes, in Regard to this celebrated Paflage, as tht-y were Mailers of the one, whilll they continued Poffeffors of the other ; it is t>ue, that by Treaties, the Right they had is cxprefly refervcd to them, and in Virtue thereof, they make all Ships pay the Impoft at paffing, except- ing the Swedes, who were excufcd till 1720, when thtTvtntyoi Stockholm, figned the 1 4th of July, between the Kings of Denmark and Sweden, reunited and confirmed the Sovereignty of the Toll, to the firft of thefe Crowns for ever ) to which the Swede Ships have always iincc fubmitted like thofe of other Nations, 9 Y yet 81: 1, 1 11 .;i)^ *^i^ 1 w^. ^Bvf' -'''-' pi t \ 8i8 0/ tJbe General Trade of t/jeW ORl.D. yet they cannot judge their Right to be as firm and fccurc, m if thuy were Mailers of both Coasts as formerly, for they may have the Title ai formerly, but not the I'ower to fup|X}rt their Claim, in call" of any Difagrccment with the Swede, which whilll they pofl'clit-d the other Shore, was uncontroulablc. The Cuftoms have been various, according as Times, and the Interells of Princes have fuited, and the levying them have given Birth to many DiCputcs, too long *o be recited here j however I . 435) that the abovementioned firft Treaty, was concluded on the thirteenth of yfwfj^ '645, and renewed for twenty Years the fifteenth of yune 1701, with a Regulation what Ships, and all Sorts of Goods belonging to that Nation, are to pay 5o«m/ Duty. La Martiniere is alfb agreed in the Year, and adds, that it was likewifc adjuiled by this Treaty, that ihi; Subjedts of the United Provinces fliould pay Toll at the Rate of Four ptr Cert, on all Merchandizes, which with the Complaifance of our King Raines \. in Favour of the Danes, to the Prejudice of his own Sub- jedts, out of Regard to the Princefs of Denmark whom he had married, con- firmed that King's ufurped Title, to what was othenvife precarious j and as Time and Treaties have now rendered it a Sort of Due, I fhall coiifidcr it in this Light, and give an Account of it, on the Footing it is at prefent. The Englijh Treaties with the Crown of Denmark, are founded on thofe the Dutch have made witli it ; the firft in 1667, but this fpeaks nothing of the Sound, fo the fubfequent one in 1670, is that wherein the Conccflion of the PafTage Duty is made ; it contains forty-two Articles, exprefTing, that a perfedl Pence and Friendfliip fhall commence and beeftablifhed between the two Crowns j of which neither fliall confent to any thing prejudicial to the other. That they (hall not alUft each others Enemies if Aggreflbrs, but England to alTiit Denmark if in- vaded. Each Party to be comprehended in any Treaty made with others, and a Freedom of Trade to be carried on between the two Kingdoms j Englijh not to come Of the SOUND, ^c, come to prohibited I'orts wltliout Licence, or Streli of Weathdr, nor the Danii to any of the Hrilijh Colonies. D,ines may import all Things of their own Growth of Manufadurc, and Inch as come from any Part of the River ii/^^ inio England, Siot/,inJ, And Ire/anJ i and the Englijh have the fame Liberty for introdiicins; all the Hnxliids of his Britunnick Majelly's Ur nions into any Fart of Denmark or Norway, except Port* prohibited j though it. cafe any Strangers have hereafter I-iberty to biiiij; :dl Sorts of Goods into prohibited Ports, both I'arties refpedively (hall have the fame Privilege. Neither to pay any greater Duties than other Strangers, excepting the S-wi-Jes in Denmark. Both Nations have Leave to bring all Goods into their proper Storchoufes rcfpedlivcly, and neither Party obliged to come into any Port, where he is not bound, nor (being forced in) obliged to un- lade or fell any Part of his (Joods. Tho" prohibited Timber be laden on an Eng' lijh Ship, fhc (liall not be fearched after 'tis aboard, nor (hall the Ship or any Bri- tijh Siibic(;t be arrcrtcd or moleded for it, Gff. Englijh Ships paiTmg the Sound to have the 13cne(it of deferring Payment of the Cudom till their Return, on bring- ing with them Certificates under the Seal of the proper Officers, tcftifying that the Ships belong to Briiijh Subjedls, and likewifc that before their Pa(rage they give Security to pay it at their Return, and if they (hall not return, in three MonthB at (arthcll. C^oods landed at El/inorc, with an Intention to tranfport them cll'ewhere, (hall pay no Duties but what the Dutch or any other Strangers pay. BritiJJj Ships and Subjects to be difp:\tched immediately on their Arrival at Eljinore, without a Preference to any otlier Nation, except the Inhabitants of certain Places, who have anciently held a Privilege to that I'urpofc and ftill do. The Subjedls of either Prince d) ing in the others Dominions, fliall have his Eftate pre- ferved for the Vti^: of the right Heir, Off. The Subjedts of either of the Confede- rates may trade with Enemies of the other, unlcfs in beficged Places, or with contraband Goods. A Merchant may freely rcfidc where he trades, and Duties only to be paid according to printed TarifFes. Englip Ships trading to Norway (liall be re-mcafured, that lluis Commerce may be better regulated than hitherto. That the Freedom of Navigation during the War, which either Party may have with any other may be obferved, Pa(rports and Certificates (hall be given to the Allies Ships, and the Ships bearing fuch Certificate (hall not be fearched on producing it. Englijh Ships pafling by Gluckjlad, and other Places fubjedt to the King oi Denmark on the Eloe, (hall be free from all Cuftoms and Search. Any Injury done to cither Party's Subjedls in the other's Territories, (hall be puni(hed according to the Laws of the Country. No Ships, or Goods laden on Ships, belonging to either Party, (hall be adjudged Prize, but by due Form of Law. Jufticc to be adminiftered according ta the Laws of each Country rcfpedtively. In cafe of Shipwreck, the Goods, &c. fhall be prcferved for the Owners. Ships, Commanders of Ships, Goods, fisfc. not to be arreiled or fcifed, but for the Defence of the Kingdom, and in Cafes of Debt. Merchants, Mariners, (Sc. to have the Liberty of wearing, or carrying Arms. Ships (leering the (aine Courfe, (hall have the Bene(it of each other's Convoys. Pi- rates (liall not be protedled by either Party. The Subjedls of either Party (hall have free Accefs at all Times to each other's Ports, but Men of War not to exceed fix in Number, except forced in, and then to give Notice to the Magiftrate. Neither Subjedls (hall take Letters of Mart from any Prince or State in War with the other. Ships taken in Port by a third Party (hall be rcftored ; and Seamen taken on board any Prize, that are the Subjedls of either Crown, (hall be fet free. If a Ship laden with prohibited Goods is taken, no Bulk (hall be broken till an Inventory be made in the Admiralty. No Men of War to injure the Subjedls of the other Prince; and in cafe they do, they (hall be liable to make Satisfadlion, as it (hall be ad- judged on Trial in the Courts of Admiralty, or by Commiflloners appointed by the contradting Kings refpedlively. Sentence concerning Prizes (hall be given ac- cording to Ju(tice, and upon Complaint of any Sentence, the Caufe (hall be re- heard. No Goods fliall be fold before Sentence but by mutual Confcnt, ami to prevent peri(hing. Confuls to be appointed ; no private Injury to break this Treaty, nor Reprifals to be granted, but upon Denial or Delay of Juftice. The Englijf} to enjoy all Privileges enjoyed by any Strangers in Denmark, the Swedes only excepted. Former Treaties, not contrary to this, confirmed, and the Ratifications to be ex- ^tg changed within three Months. The m M 8io Of the General Trade of the WORLD. The aforemcntiuncd Treaty, made Itctwcen the Duntt and the Dutch, under the ijtli of "fuHt, 1701, tor twenty Years 1 and another between Denmark %nA f'/v/ffic dateii M Cofifilagfn, the a ^d uf yiugaji, 1742. for fifteen Yean, being much tlic fame in bublhmcc as the pretcdinu witli uit, I omit giving the Particu- lars of them, for fear of incurring tlie Ccniurc of ProHxity i but Hull proceed to coininunitatc the Kulet tor itriiiing to the CalUe at Cronrniurg near Hljinort, I I. Ships fiom the North, as foon they get the highcA Church Spire {N. B. It is blown down, and the Steeple covered with Boards) and the northernmoA Steeple ill trom-nhuigb to bear in oncS. W. and by W. muft lower their Top-Gallant or 'f'oplhils, and continue (" until they arc pa(l the Cadle, and have the two northern- mofl Steeples uf Cionenburgb to bear in one W. and by N. and then may again hoid them. n. Ships from the South muft iiavt lowered before they get the two North Steeples of Crontnburg W. and by N. and continue fo until the Church Spire and North Steeple of the Caftle bear in oiic S. W. ami by W. They who neglcA in thcfc two Articles may be fired at from the Gallic. n '#1 111. Such Ships as carry flanding or flying Top-Gallant SatU, fliall lower them down to the Cap, and if they have but one Top-Gallant Sail, muft at the fame Time lower their Fore-top Sail half Mall down ; if no Top-Gallant Sails, then both Top- S Ills half Mart down. All Vcflels who have no Caps, muft lower tlwir Top-Sails entirely down. Ships who have only low Sails arc exempted from lov/ering. IV. Ships turning to Windward, with a Scant or little Wind, and the Current fo flrong againii them that it would force them aftcrn in cafe they lower, then it is not required, but on a Flag being hoiftcd from the Caftle, .'ire excufcd, and may do their bell. V. In cafe a Ship is fired at from the Caftle, and the Maftcr and People will make Oatli that lie lowered as in the firft and fecond Article, or could not do it to Erevcnt driving aftern by Wind or Current, he is free from paying the Shot; ut if his People rcfufe to take fuch Oath, he muft pay. If the Maftcr fails without paying the Pcrfon who clears him at the Cultom-Houfe, he muft pay tlie Money when it is proved who the Maftcr was : Charge one Guinea; to the Boat one Shilling. The 9th of April, 1687, the King iffucd a Placard, ordering the following Fees to be taken at the Sound. To the Dircdor of the Cuftoms To the four Chamberlains To the Seal Preffcr, for ftampcd Paper, and his Trouble To the Toll Infpedor for himfelf and three Boatmen By another Placard oi June 15, 1701. To the Dirciftor of the Cuftoms To the four Chamberlains To the Seal Prelfer, for ftampt Paper, and his Trouble The Tranflatur extorts eight Stivers for each Cockct. i Rixdollars. I T I Rixdollars. T I ( Such [ii^i.i }utc6, under V^nmarA and BTciri, being I the Partiiu- l| proceed to i {^. B. h h Imoft Steeple Ip-Gallant or vo nurthcrn- inay again >rth Steeples cand North left in thefc them down B fame Time ■n both Top- ic Top-Sails v/cring. I the Current lower, then ixcufcd, and 'c will make not do it to ; the Shot, Mafter fails lie muft pay neaj to the owing Fees dollars. lollars. 6/ ti^ SOUND, ®>r. Such of the above Fees as are now taken, fume of the CommUllonfri charge iii Crown Money, which is apprehended to be an Abufet as they ought only to b« fcharsed in current Money. Tne followins air (he SouhJ Duties on fuch Goods as are commonly carried from, or brought to EngldtiJ, which I thought would be fufficiently fatiifadlorv to my Reader, without fwcljing the Account, by an Amplification of What all other Nations pay on the Commodities that compofe their Tirade. I Such Ale or Beer, the 8 Hogflicadi, at 4^ Alegar Alum, the Schippont Almonds, the 1 00 lb. Apptes, the Laft of 1 2 Barrets Apothecary's Drugs, the Licfpond, valued at 36 Rixdolltn Annileeds, the 100 lb. Antimony, the Schippont Anchor and Locks, the Schocks of 60 Argol, the Schippont Arfenic, ditto Afhes, Weed, the Laft of 1 2 Barrels, or 1 2 Schip. Pot, ditto ditto Auri Pigmentum, the 100 lb. Bacon, the Schippont JBalkf, great, otbak, the Piece Fir, 4 ditto , Small ditto, 20 ditto Bays, the fingle Piece Double Beef, falted, the Laft of 1 2 Barrels Books, printed, the 100 lb. valued at 36 RixdoUan Brafi, or Brafs Wire, the Schippond Wrouffht, the 100 lb. valued 3136 Rixdollar* Brimllone, the Laft of 1 2 Schip. Brandy, French or Spanijh, the Hoglhead Corn, the Barrel Rhenilh, the Auln Btiy Berries, the 200 lb. Biteuit or Bread of Wheat, the 4 Barrels , . ■ " Rye Butter, the Barrel * Brazil Wood, the 500 lb. Brifttes, the Schippt. valued at 36 Rixdollars Cables, Cordage, or Cable Yarn, the Schippt. Calicoes, the 8 Pieces Capers, the Pipe, or two Hog(heads Cards, for playing, or for Wool, the 10 Dozen Copper, the Schippont Wrought, the 100 lb. valued at 32 Rixdollars Cheefe, the Schippont Cork, he 30 Bundles Copperas, Calamin, or Cremor Tartar! the Schip. Cotton Wool, the 100 lb. Cardamom^, Cinnamon, Cloves, or Cochineal, the 100 lb. Corn, Barky, the Laft of 20 Barrels Beans, Peafe, Oats, or Buck- Wheat, the Laft of I a Barrels Malt, tne Laft of 20 ditto Rye, ditto 20 Wheat, ditto 20 Coriander and Currans, ihe 200 9Z Rlx. Sti. !J 12 9 i« 18 9 II o 6 la la o t i '5 I t W o 24 6 24 9 6 4 5 :i 6 6 18 36 24 13 O o o o o 6 o I O O I o o e o o o o o 6 o o I o o o o o o o 6 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 3 C 12 I o 62! 9 Cafqucs, f^ 0/ the X^ENBKAL Trade of /^ WORLD. i p^\y^ Cafques, tlie ^b rt6ceS aoth.ofSilk, thcPicW Fine, or (hort Cloths, or double Dozens, the two Pieces Coarfe, or long Cloths, or Dozens, the 4 Pieces Canvas, or Cambricl^ the 4 Pieces Camblet, the 4 Pieces Camel's Hair, the 251b. Calamancoes, the 8 Pieces Campeachy Wood, the 500 lb. Carraway Seeds, the 1 00 lb. Canary Seed, the Cafk Chefnuts, the 36 Sacks Cyder, the Hogfhead Cavear, the Schippont, valued at iSRixdoUarl Coffee, the 100 lb. Clockwork, the 100 lb. valued at 36 Rixdollars Crooked Wood, or Timber, 25 Pieces Deali, of Oak or Fir, above 20 Feet the Schock Carljhamn Deals under 20 F^et Common, 1 to 14 Foot the 1 000 Diaper, or Drilling, the 20 Pieces pates, the 100 lb. Damafk, of Silk, the Piece Linen, 4 Pieces Woollen, 8 Pieces Druggets, 2 Pieces Down, the Schippont Eels, the Laft, of 1 2 Barrels , - Elepfiants Teeth, the Piece ,. 1 .,■ , ; ,. , Fifli, Cod, the Laft, of 1 2 Barrels ] '^'^ ' ' ^','j Stock, the Laft, 12 Schippont or 1006 Flifli Salmon, the Barrel ^• ^, Salted Herrings, ditto ,"h., H m Red ditto, the Laft of 20 Straaes, bir 20:bo6 i^eathers, coarfe, the Schippont Flannels, 8 Pieces of 25 Ells each Flax dreft, the Schippont undreft, as fine clean Narva, Marlenburgb, Heih'tt, "EJlauJht Podoltckt Rakitzkir, and Pater-nojler, the 4 Schippont coarfe, half clean, Far ken, Rajfen, Couriana, Pru^, KaJfttSt Mmtlf» Marienburgb, the 6 Schippont 't'ow, the 5 Schippont pigs, the 1 8 Balkets, 800 lb. "Bernambuck Wood, 1 000 lb. Flounders dry, the 20,000 Friezje, the Piece Flour of Wheat, 200 lb. Barley, or Rye, the Laft of 12 Barrels Gauls, or Gum, the 200 lb. ^ '7a, 12 cijals for Windows, Englijh, French, Lubeck and Dantzici, the 8 Chefts Venice, Drinking ditto, the Cheft Bottles, the Ton, 4 Hhds. and 30 Schocks 2 Pipes Quart Bottles, 100 Doz. 50 Rixdollars Grains of Guinea, 50 lb. Ginger 100 Green 50 Rix.Sti. 6 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o o o 6 o o 6 6 o o o o o o 9 9 9 »S 10 15 10 18 9 6 12 9 24 18 36 o «4 36 36 30 9 12 10 10 S 39 36 IS 3^ 5 2 12 6 10 36 o 18 18 30 12 6 9 12 9 30 30 9 30 12 H 12 12 Gun c. 1.-!! Rix.Sti. 6 6 9 9 9 »5 lo lO i8 9 6 36 12 9 24 18 36 o o -24 o 36 36 30 9 12 10 10 $ 39 36 12 3^ 2 12 6 10 36 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o 6 o o o 6 o. 6 o o o o ^odolick, I temtUt I lefts o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 18 18 30 12 6 9 IZ 9 30 30 9 30 12 '5 12 Gua .•i^wdbn,; V.-iiV- .qmol- j>Io8 ...1: 0/ /^Heriib, the Schippont . ,'''•"'; ''^' Tow, 10 ditto "'■'■'•'•''• -^ «' '•Haberdafliery Ware, 100 lb. value at 36 Rixdollaw t-Midk^, Elks, Harts, Bucks, or Rtiffia, the Decker ■^^ ^ Salted ditto ~l -^ Dry, the 5 ditto <^l '■ Ruflla, the Schippont ■^'Kariflfpokes, the 500 ircn^ Wire, or Pans, the 100 lb. . .1 ' Stoves, Plates, or Pots, the Schipp6rtt Bars, Bats, Bolts, Hoops, Anchors and Guns, the Sduppoilt Wrought, loolb. valued at 24Rixdollar8 Old, the Schippont '(.rn ;,.!■' • Oftermunds, the Schippont ." •' ^ ;!i go, the loolb. . ; . lafs, the 1 00 lb. iunroer Berries, 200 lb. Lernes, the 8 Pieces 'Lact, Silk or Ferret, the 4 lb. ^' ^ Thead, Wool, Cotton, Hair, the 10 lb. '^ Gold and Silver, the Pound ■'LeiAbns, the 12 Chefts, or 3600 Pickled, the Pipe, or 2 Hogflieada '"'Linfeed, the Laft, of 24 Barrels LigrtUmVitE, the 100 lb. •LeaAer, Ru^Of, or Scotci, Ac Decker iSpahyn, Cordovan, *turkey 2LndBv^^tto * Sems, tho 10 Decker Bafanes, ditto Tann'd, or Sole, 100 lb. Alum'd, or White, 500 Pieces tAniti, Callicoes, the 16 Pieces Flax, 20 ditto Holland, Silefia, and Wejlphalia, the 4 Pieces Tow Linen, Crocus, Dantzick Tow, ditto Uic 40 Pieces Hemp, black Tow 80 Pieces Canvas, 8 ditto Damaflcs, 1 2 ditto Drilling, 20 Pieces, or 500 Arftiins From Peterjhurg, all Sorts, 40 Pieces or 200® Arfliins Lead, the Fodder, Ton, or 6 Schippont C the 1 00 lb. Reo, or White, the 100 lb. Logtvood, the 800 lb. M^ 1 5 Palms, and upwards, the Pieces '^ ' Small For Boats, the Schock , ,<; MuihrdSeed, the Laftof 12 Barreli , ' . Mac^, 50 lb. ^0 Rix. StI. 6 9 I 12 24 12 I' 3* 'I 9 18 1 o o o o o o o o e b b o Q o o o o o :-) .rU. is Ms M w I M *l 824 ^f *^' General Trade of the WORLD. wm^ -'■■■A , •Mi^ t tAuti% from Peterjburg \ht looo Mohair, 501b. Nutmegs, 50 lb. Nuts, theLaft of 12 Barrels, or 36 Sacks Nails, Holland's and Lubeck's, the Centner ; Tree Nails, for Ships, the 40,000 Oitrs^ great, the Schock Small ditto Oil, Olive of Seville, or Portugal, the Pipe Rape, Lin, Hemp, the Laft of 8 Aulns Train, the Laft of 8 Hogiheads, or i z Barrels Olibaoum, the 100 lb. Oranges, laChefts, or 3606 '•5'^'"'^'''"' Olivea, the Pipe, or two Hogftieads Paper, 8 Bales, or 80 Reams Pins, 50 Dozens '" "^ Pitchj great Band, the Laft of 1 2 Barrels Small Plates of Tin, the 4 Cafks, or Schippont Prunes, the 400 lb. Prunelloes, the loolb. Pepper, the 100 lb. Pewter, the Schippont Pladding, the 1000 Ells, or 4oPsecc8 Qyickfifver, the 50 lb. Ralhee, the 1 2 Pieces Rape Seed, the Laft of 24 Barrels Ribbons of Silk, or Ferret, the 41b. Gold and Silver, 2 lb. Rice, the2oolb. ' " ■* Rozio, the Schippont Raifins, the 400 lb. or 36 Balkcts Rhubarb, the 25 lb. Rickers, the Schippont Saffron, the 2 lb. Salt, Spanilb, French, and Scotch, the Laft, of 18 Barrels, or 8 Buihels Lyneiurg, the Laft, or 1 2 Barrels Saltpetre, the Schippont Shumack, 400 lb. Spars, great, the 25 Pieces Small, the 1000 Says, double, the 2 Pieces Single, or Englijh, 4 Pieces Sail Cloth, 8 ditto Sattin, 2 ditto Serge, 1 2 ditto Soap, white, the 100 lb. Green, the Laft of 12 Barrels Shag, with Thread, 2 Pieces Starch, the 300 lb. Steel, the 100 lb. Silk, fcwing, Ferret, wrought Lace, 41b. Raw, the too lb. Stuffs, 4 Pieces with Gold and Silver, i ditto Skins, Beaver, the 5 Decker ^ Otter, I ditto Kujfia, dry. Wolf, and Fox, 5 Deckers - •• Goat, 20 ditto Rix. Sti. o 15 18 la 4 36 1-2 8 9 18 30 30 18 9 12 9 9 12 «4 30 36 \l lo 10 9 « 3« 9 12 9 24 36 6 9 16 9 6 30 9 'S o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ♦ o o Q o o o o o o o o o 4 10 ;i 24 6 18 .36 Skii]$, - Of the S O U N Di ^c. Skins, '^Calfr lo ditto Cat and Sheep, 500 Pieces Black Rabbets or Lamb, 1000 ditto Grey Rabbets, or Kid, 2000 Martens, 40 Hare, a Bale, valued at 72 Rixd. Staves, Pipe, Hoglhead, and Barrel, the great Hiind.of 48 Shocks Stones, Poland, 1000 Feet, or 5-0 Ells Sturgeon, the Laft of 1 2 Barrels Stockings, of Silk, i Doz. or 1 2 lb. Kerfey, Woollenj or Worfted, for Children, i do Pair Worfted, Floret, Sayette, 50 Pair Woollen for Children, 200 Pair Succad, 50 lb. Sarfaparella, 501b. Sugar, Candy or Confedlionary, the 100 lb. Loaves, Powder, Mufcovado, 2co Stuffs, Woollens, 8 Pieces Sword Blades, 50 Hilts, 50 Sweet Wood, loplb. Tallow, the Schippont Terras, the Laft, 6 Schip. or 1 2 Barrels Tar, Great Bund, the Laft of 1 2 Barrels Small • •: Thread, white and coloured, 501b. Gold and silver, i lb. Tin, the Schippont . , Tobacco, 100 lb. ^ .■ Treacle, a Pipe, or 2 Hogfheads Turpentine, the Schippont Verdigris, the 100 lb. Vermillion, the 100 lb. . Velvet, fine, the Piece, with Thread, the 2 Pieces Vinegar, of vVine, the Hogfliead, Beer, Ale, or Cyder, 2 Hogrtiead* Wax, the Schippont Wire, Iron or Brafs, the Schippont Steel, the 100 lb. Gold and Silver, the lb. Wool, Beaver, the 50 lb. Spanip, or fine, the 4 Schip. Coarfe, or Scotch, 6 Flock, or cutting Wool, 2 Schip. Scotch, Shirts, 50 Pieces Shifts, 8 Pieces Wood, Shovels, the loSchocks Dirties, or Trays, 5 Schocks Plates, ditto Nails, the 20,0 Wine, Bourdeaux, the Ton, or 4 HogrticaJs, at 52 Rixd. Picardin, Hoogland, Mufcat, and Froiitinac, the 2 Hogflieadi^ Spanijh, or Portugucfc, the Pipe Italian and Levant, ditto Rhenidi, the Auln Wainfcot, Boards, the Schock Yarn, Cotton, 50 lb. Linen, the Schip. or 40 Sch. ro A 825 Rlx.Sti. iJt ]8 18 18 30 36 3^ 30 I 12 3<5 30 30 3^ 12 18 i3 18 12 12 i8 a 9 6 36 18 9 3^ 5 24 9 36 6 e 9 36 9 9 12 9 36 24 24 5 I 36 30 9 '5 10 9 9 2 i3 I 36 I I 24 2 40 c 1 2+ 36 > 36 k'ara. m ':4 .fI &'i 826 Of the General Trade o///j^ WORLD. ■1 ■ , ft. It •■ Yarn, Tow, the 4 Schipponts Sail, I Schip. All Sorts of Woollen, the 50 lb. RIx. Sti. o 36 o 36 o 36 I fhould here have added to the preceding, an Account of the Cuftoms on Goods in Denmark, but I omit inferting them as I have thofe payable in all other King- doms, to avoid fwelling the Work to too great a Bulk ; nowevcr, I fhall give my Readci a Lift of the Commodities prohibited by his Danijh Majcfty, and note ibme other Particulars, neceffary to the Information of fuch Pcrfons as are concerned in that Trade. Brimftone is forbid Importation by Placart of 29 December i/a/; and Buckram to be brought into Copenhagen and the Ifland of Sialland, by Order from the Cham- ber of Finances, dated lo Sept. 1728. Cloth, Corn, and Earthen Ware of all Sorts, are prohibited by a Placart of 25 Feb. 1717; dried Fifh, or Salt Cod, from foreign Parts, prohibited by a Placart of 23 March 1729 ; Flannel, and Iron in Bars, pro- hibited by a Placart of 8 Sept. 1730, but allowed on Oplag (which is a Privilege granted to Copenhagen and Eljinore, where all foreign Goods may be landed and exported Duty free within a Year) for Exportation ; Kerfies forbid to be imported j Oil of Linfeed, Hemp, and Rape Seed, prohibited by a Placart of 22 Nmh 170,^.; Mohair twifted, forbid by a Placart of 18 July 1708 ; Woollen Stuffs of X Kinds, and Stockings, prohibited ; Brandy, Salt, Tobacco, and Wine, may not be brought into any Port in Denmark but Copenhagen j Wool Cards, not importable into 5/W- land by a Placart of 15 Sept. 1727, bjt admitted any where clfe. To the Port Charges beforementioned, payable in the Sound, fhould b" TjO"t!C . Light Money for Ship and Cargo, in Crowns Rixd. j % Pafs, Seal, Writing Money, and Fees 4 i :u Guard Ship both Ways, 4 Sti. each Time Bri*' "*' Poor upwards of 24 Sti. Commilfion ■ 24 ided; m BaL " 254. 'J 12 24 Add 3 Sti. on each Rixd. Crowns, to make it Curr-'«t Mcio ar.u -/^'erve that in this and all the preceding Duties, 48 Stivers make ilv.- fv xtu;il!ar. N. B. All Mafters are allowed 4 per Cent, out of t' .e Durits paid on theii Car- goes both upwards and do v "Is, At Copenhagen a Bank was i . -' •lifh'^ ' ' few Years ago, whofe Notes are current through all Denmark-, and the Xi\ ;.>> i)rc!-<:, the 2 lit of March, 1705, concer.i- ing ftranded Ships anr" ^-oods, r;-.. very c\> ent, tho' they have not hecn io well obferved lately as they ihould be, i.> Ju'/u^iu, where -]- Salvage hns been recovered, in dired Contradidlion to the aforcfaid Ordinance j but in Norway a bettet Re- gard is paid to it. Befides the Sound, the Baltick has an Entrance by the Great and Small i?./. ; the former being a fafe Palfage (when well known) for large Ships, which pav the Duties thereof at Nybourg in the Iflc of Fuhnen, where the Danes have a Forcifica- tion (oppofite to Korfoer the Ferry Place in S'uelland) and where all Paflcngcrs for "Jutland, Holjlein, &c. from Copenhagen land. The Little Belt is at Frederica in Jutland, (where fmall Ships can only pafs, and muft pay Sound Duties) and Sophia Odde in Fuhnen, both Places being forti- fied. And as Norway is fubjed to his Dani/J: Majefty, I Ihall now treat of it, though it makes a Break in my propofed Method of delcribir.g the Trade of the Nations bordering on the Baltick all together. OJ'the Trade of Norway. 'Tp'^ITS KinfJoi;: is ancient, was governed by its own Princes till 1397, when it * became a Province of 7J(7//«^r/i. Its northern Borders at //''(7n/,/)?/w, lie in the Lat. of 70 Deg. jo Min. and its South Fall at FredcrichJhaUin 59 Deg. 20 Min. its; 3 Soutli Of the ^ O U N D, ^c. South Weft Limits being the A'ijiw, in 57 Deg. 50 Min. and the inland Frontiers ate in many Places feparatcd from Sweden by a Range of Mountains, which con- tinue to the North Sea. The Country is veiy barren, not producing a ufficiency either of Corn or Cattle for the Inhabitants Support, altho' it is in general very thinly peopled (proportionate to its vaft Extent) containing only two huinlrcd ninety-one Parifhes, with nine hundred thirty-nine Churches and Chapels of Eale; it differs from all other of his Danijh Majclly's Dominions, in producing many more Commodities for Exportation than they all put together ; its Natives being active, laborious, induftrious and honeft. Copper is one of -ts principal Produdls, and of this the chief Works are at Ro- raaiy Si/icc, ^liine, Meldahl, (or LyckensJ Faaduhl and Aardahl. 7 he firll of thefe Mines yields about three hundred and fifty Tons yearly, on which the King hath two Rixdollars per Ton Excife, a Tenth in Kind, and a Duty on Exportation of 8 /. 1 5 J. fer Ton, which brings near one-rifth of its Value into the Revenue. It is moftly (hipt for Holland, and the Proprietors of this Mine have it divided into one hundred and feventy-two Shares, each worth about 500 /. Sterling, as in a Medium of twenty Years part, it hath yielded twenty per Cent, annually, after hav- ing been work'd about one hundred and ten Years. It lies about f^ne hundred and eight EngliJ/j Miles E. S. E. from Drontbeirn. ^f'ckneMinc is more antient than this now mentioned, lying three hundred and fixty Miles to the S. W. of it, and produces about fifty Tons yearly. Meldahl is the third, and has been wrought with various Succefs, having at fometimes rendered the Proprietor fifty per Cent, and at others nothing, the Me- dium Quantity is computed to be near fifty Tons yearly. Selboe had been given over for thirty Years, but wrought again for fittf^en part by the Boors, is two hundred and forty Miles from Drontheim. Faadabl hath been wrought about three Years, though it had been given over for feveral before ; it now affords great Hopes of being the fecond Mine in A'isr- ,&.'■>: i 828 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. licoes white and printed, Cindlcs, Caps, Silk and WorfLcd, Canvas, Coals, Cop- peras, Cork, Coriander Seed, Cotton, Coverlets, Currants, Cyder, Dimity, dry Fifh, Corn and Flour, Glai's, Glue, Cuui-powder, Hats, Herrings, Indigo, Lead, Leather, Linen, Mead, Muftard Seed, Mercqry, Nuts I'cwter, (^ickiilvcr, Rai- iins, Rice, Saffron, Salmon, Steel, Stockings, Sugar, Sweetmeats, Tea, Tin, Silks, Vcrdigrcalc, Vitriol, Wax, Wire, and many other fmall Commodities too nume- rous to be inltrtcd. About t\s clve Years ago, 'Joachim frieJcric Paron Beurt, a Bo/jciiini/t, ercfted (as Dircelor General) at the Knig's Expence, a Salt Work at ylmrjutiJ, near the luirJer Ifl^nd, with a great Pile of Buildings; and the Water there being much Ircflier than in the North ^*ea, is pimipt up to the Top of the Grader Houlc, from whence it is conveyed by a great Number of Spouts, and falls upon many Hurdles, with the I).uk taken off, in order to ditiipate the frefh Particles of the Water, and pre- pare tlic Remainder for the Pan, to which the Houfc being left open on all Sides, that the Air may have a tree Paffagc, is intended to contribute, and by this Me- thod they endeavour to imitate the Salt of Fraucc and Piriugal, tho' the Quality is muth inferior, and will not keep in damp Places. This Kingdom has many good Ports, but the following ones only arc appointed for the landing or loading Alercliandize, from or to foreign Parts, or thofe of the King's other Dominio.is, whole Trade I (hall bricHy particularife, having already fpoke of it in general. AbrcKiiiil. The ufual Exports of this Place arc fliort Timber and a few coarfc fawn Deals. Bcrgri! was once a firil Rate Hans Town, and the Seat of a Bifliop and Grand Baily.tho'its Trade has fur fome Time gone very much to Decay j at prcfent its rincipal Exports arc Tar, ordinary nine or ten Feet Deals, fait Cod, Stockfilh, icriings and "^K^mon ; here all Sorts of Corn may be imported, on paying a Cuf- tom of twelve Mi. ."^pecie/)!;- Barrel. Chrij}iana is a City .'.lout a hiuidred and thirty feven Years old, the Refidencc of a ^'ice^oy, Bilhop, (jiand Bailiff, and is the High Court of Norxuay; from hence arc (hipt the grcatcll Quantity of the beil Deals in this Country; and befidcs it has an Allum, and a Stuff Manufacture. ChrilVuinJaml, built aKuit a liundrcd .;. 1 twenty Years ago, is the Scat of a Bi- fliop, and Grand Bailiff; us chief Exportation Timber, and a few Deals moAly ill fawn. ChrijiuwfunJ was called FaarfuNd until 17^^, when the late King gave it its prcknt Name ; its yearly E.xports arc about two thouland Barrels of Tar, fome bad Pitch (of v^hich th^y h.ue little in Norii.\iyJ Stoekfiil), ic, 00 Barrels of Cod and Ling, 48,000 Barrels of Herrings, ibmc few Deals, Train Oil, and Salmon. Dramiiii • s a general N.iir.e ior Bnigneis, Coppervyk, and Stroi.ijhc ; it exports great Qllanllli-,^ of Deals and 1 imher. It lies .iWu four Miles dillant from Kongs- lerg (when; the Silver Mines are) and by a Placard, dated A/<7j'tbc4th 1706, all Ships going to Dnim/iirn in Ballail, are directed to caft it out near the Curtomhcufe for PreU-v ution of the Ground whereon it is built. Di'yiithcim, called ako •Irumllh '•., is an ancicDt City, and was fd Stoc^cfiih. Vridi'rkhjhahl is the cartcrmolt Town in Nor-u^jy, and was built ;'.bout :, hun- dred and twenty-eight \ ears ago; it is feparated froniiS'ii't'i/t;/ by a Ford two Erig/ijh Miles broad; and its Exports .ire coiifiticd principally tu Deals, with a few Balk< a:i.J t)f the SOUND, ^c, and Spars : Its Oplag occafions the Importation of all Goods in their own Ships; befidcs Iron from Siueden, under any Colours. Friderichjiad rofe on the Decline of Sarpjburg (lying a Mile and a Quarter up the River Glommen) about a hundi-ed and feventy Years ago ; from hence many Mafts, Load Balks, Deals, Span,, fmill Balks, ^c. are annually exported : It is the bcft fortified Town in Norway ; but as feveral of the Fortifications are built on a Clay Ground, wiih a boggy Bottom, the Foundations ficquently give Way and fink. Holtn/lrand, a fmall Town, that exports a few Deals, Balks, and Sparwood. It lies in the Earldom of 'Jarljberg ; and on the Illand called Long Oe, near to it, is a a very good (iuarryofgrey Marble. Kragcroe is another fmall Town, yielding fomc Deals, Balks, Spears, dnd Sparse and fome Years ago it produced the beft fourteen Feet Deals in Norway. Langefund, a Imall Place, fubjeft to the Cuftomhoufe of Porfgrmd, affords forie fmall Balks ;, but moftly Sparwood. Laurvi, a fmall Town in the Earldom of the fame Name, within Stavern; v/here the Earl has a fine Iron Work, produceth chiefly that Sort of Deals called Sc^irwen, which are commonly efteemed the beft. Mandahl, a little Place lying two Miles on the Eall Side of the Naze, yields fomc Ihort Timber, zA a ftw low priced Deals. Mcfs, a fmall ancient Town, wnofe chief Exports are Sparwood and a few Deals J tho' it has a fine Iron Work, and feveral Saw Mills. Porfgrund has the Cuftomhoufe for itfelf, Brevig, Lonfonnd, and Scheen ; the two hrft exporting very good large Timber, efpecially the Sort called Bratjburgh Spears, Sparwood, and fome Deals ; at the laft Place are fawn the Cloifter Deals from twelve to eighteen Feet long ; the beft in thofe Parts. Romfdahl, a fmall Town, whofe Exports ufually are fome Fifli, and a little Tar. Rus-oer, commonly called Eaji-Ries, produceth chiefly fhort Balks, Spars, and fome few coarfe ill fawn Deals. Sand lies on the Weft Side oiChriJliana River, tho' the Ships chiefly load on the Eaft Side, at Drobark and Wsnebeck; its Exports are great Quantities of white Wood Balks, and Spars, principally for the Hollanders. Stavanger, a very poor Place, moftly inhabited by Ship ^■^•^fters, who are chiefly employed in carrying Fifti from Bergen and the adjacent ' .'^■' ;, coaftwilc, and fome imall Matter to the Belt. Sandefiord, a fmall Place between Laurvig and Tonjberg, whofe chief Produce is Spars for Denmark, as there are few Inftances of Foreigners lading here. Sundbard, a fmall Town N. W. of the Naze, (hips a little Fifh and fome Tar. Tonjberg h deemed the oldeft trading Town in Norway, and has the Ruins of an antient Stone Building, fuppofed to be the Relidls of a Palace, where one of their Kings refided ; it is now a poor Place, and the Exports reduced to a few white Deals, Balks, and Sparwood. Two or three Ships are fent yearly from Copenhagen to Finmark, which load with Fifli and Oil, moftly for Holland ; and one or two likewife go from the fame Place, chiefly with Provifion* for the Garrifon at Greenland (and to carry Miflio- naries) as the Inhabitants want but few Neceflaries, or feem to have no Care for more than the prefent. H^ardhuus, or JVardhuys, is the Northernmoft Fort in Norway, where the King oi Denmark keeps a fmall Garrifon : It lies in 70 Deg. 45 Min. Latitude, and its Longitude from the Meridian of London is 27 Deg. 50 Min. Near it the River Tarn, akes its Rife, and runs thro' Lapland ; from the diflferent Ports of which, and t inland, ten or twelve Ships of about two hundred Ton load yearly, with Fi(h for Copenhagen, and from the latter many to Bergen and Droniheim. The Havens of this Country are very numerous, a nd moft of them very fafe, but many of them abound with the Worm fo prejudic al to Ships' Bottoms ; no one is permitted to go into or out of them without a li'ilot, as per Placart March 5* 1725, where the ift Article is, that all Ships going infn Harbour (ither to load there, or deftined to other Tountncs, (hall pay Pilotage conformable to this Regulation, and not be allowed (whilft a Pilot is to be got) by themfdves, People, or any, fave fworn Pi- 10 B lotH ^1^ n . ' •i^i' 830 0///&^ General Trade of the WOK LD. lots, to carry their Ship in or out of Harbour, or to follow other Ships, for if t^ey do thry arc liable to pay Pilotage at the Cuftomhoufe, adly, One Tenth is to be dedudod out of the Pilotage for the Captain (who is Chief over all the Pilots) and the remaining nine tenths to the Pilot. Rd. Ro. s. ' 3dly, The Summer Pilotage, viz. from the i6th of March to the 1 6th ef OSlober, from Sea, is to be, for a Ship drawing 4, 5, and 6 Feet Water i 5 9 10 II la I I 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 o I 2 o I 2 O I 2 O I 2 O o 8 16 o 8 16 a 16 o 8 16 Winter Hire, .| Part more to be paid from the i6th oiOSlober to the 16th of March, and when the outer Rocks don't exceed one Mile from the Port, only finele Pilotage is due. For every Foot above the 1 8, i Rixdollar per Foot more than the 5 Rixdollars, the Feet to be reckoned as are mark'd, and the Pilotage to Sea to be \ lefs than this for bringing in, and nothing reckoned for ^, ~ or ^ Feet. Fly-boats, Hoys, and other flat built Veflels from Sea Rd. Ro. 4, 5, and 6 Feet Water i 2 -■^'^' I Or half as much more as fharp built VeHcIs, 9 10 II 12 13. • ,9. ,vi jij t \ . T/»y{ D'i.fl Ikii') M 2 2 .-3 3 4 4 5 5 2 o 2 O 2 O 2 S. o o o 9 ? o o o o Pilotage by the Mile, when do not exceed 'four. Rv,, '' Ships of 4 to 6 Feet, each Ft I 8 6 to 8 I 12 9 to JO I 16 II to 12 I 20 13 to 14 2 15 to 16 2 i 17 to 18 2 16 Flat built Ships pay 4 more, above this Depth i Rixdollar more for each Mile, if the Pilot carry a Ship above four Miles he is to receive | Part lefs, but if nine to twelve Miles inclufive, 4 lefs for each Mile. Winter here to receive ^ Part more alfo for Pilotage in and out. Whilft the Pilot is aboard the Ship Mafter muft provide hira free. Meat and Drink, but if obliged by contrary Weather to keep the Sea, one, two, or more Days, the Mafter (excluGve of the Pilotage) raufl pay the Pilot two Rixoo^t's daily. N. B. Nothing to be paid the Pilot for Attendance whilft the Ship is in Har- bour, nor can he demand Proviiions. 4.Tlie Pilots murt not (on Forfeiture of their Place) take more Pilotage than what this Placart allows, except in ftormy Weather where Hazards arc run, or moie Per- ■fons employed for the faving People, Ship and Cargos or when (lie hath loft MaAs, Hull,, or Rudder; tlie Pilot may in fucfa Cafe agree above the common Rate, if 3 the .D. hips, for if ain (who is Rd. Ro. s., 1 r I o o I I 8 I 2 |6 2 O O 2 I 8 2 2 l6 300 . 3 ' « 3 2 16 400 4 I 8 4 2 16 500 } the 1 6th of t, only finslo ore than the c to Sea to be Feet. Rd. Ro. s: ter 120 ,r;o2 ,,2-2 2 6 -"'3 9 .,ii3 2 ? ,400 Jiu.4 2 r>i.5 V, 5 2 Ft. o I 8 Hia : I 12 I 16 1 20 2 O 2 8 2 16 for cadi Mile, but if nine to B ^ Part more ■ce. Meat and two, or more :wo Rixooi;ts [lip is in Har- igc than what ormoie Per- th Joil MaAs, ion Rate, if the Of the S O \J ^ D, &c\ 83 the Maftcr rcfufe to agree, the Pilot notwith(t;uuling mud do his Duty, and the Pay be fettled by the 0/Jermciii J and two dilintcrc(li\l i'erlbns; but if citlitr Party bcdil- fatisfied, the Magiftratcs may cttempt it ; if their Determination be alfodillikcd, it may be appealed from to the Court of Admiralty in Copenhiigen. 5. As foon as the Pilot fees a Ship in the Offing, with her Colours out 38 a Waft, he (hall go with his Boat without the outer Kock, and continue on board her until fafely moored. If in clear Weather a Ship put out a Show for a Pilot, being in fome Danger, and no P'.lot appears, they who ought to attend in that Neighbour- hood, and have no realonable Excufe, ihall forfeit two Rixdollars each to the Poor. And the Oldermand, for not keeping better Order among the Pilots, rt...ll forfeit four Rixdollars for the firft Negledt, live for the fecond, and lofe his Office for the third. - 6. A Ship having brought to for a Pilot with his Colours out, and none near at hand, the I'ifhermen who have been ufed to officiate as Pilots may then take Charge of the Sbip and carry her in, r( overing full Pilotage for their Trouble without any Deduction, though none but Pilots may carry a Ship to Sea, except Fifhermcn appointed by the Oldermand. 7. That the Pilot-Boats may be known, tliey (hall carry a red Cloth in the Middle of their Main-Sail, but when cannot ufe it, fliall flicw a white Clotli at the End of their Sprit ; and on Negletit to Ihew thelc Marks, they ffiiill each Time forfeit two Rixdollars to the Oldermand, and two ditto to the Poor. Fifhermen ufiilg fuch Signs fhall forfeit four Rixdollars each Time. 8. When a Maftcr hath got a Pilot on board, he fhall not be obliged to take another on his coming into another Pilot's Diftrifl, if the Pilot he has is acquainted and willintj to proceed farther > tho' if the Olderman ' order another Pilot, the former muil quit, to prevent the Harbour's being kii deflitute ; but if the Pilot engages to go farther than he is acquainted, and a Damage happens, he Ihall pay it, as the Law direfts. Code IV. B. I. Cap. v. A. Q. When a Mafter has any reafonable Caufe to complain that his Pilot has not done proper Duty, and the (Weather permitting) Colours were put out to fhcw the Want of a Pilot, the Mafter (hall in this Cale take the Pilot and Oldermand, and in Prefence of two Sea-faring Ship Mafters, whom the Magiftracy fliall ap- point, make an Atteftation thereof, and the Mafter (hall have Credit for Law Charges until a Decifion, each Party obliging themfelves to be fatisfied therewith ; and a Pilot having Reafon of Complaint is entitled to the fame Liberty. 10. The Pilots are to have Blanks in the Mafter's Language for him to fign, notifying what he has paid him, as fhall the Pilot for what he has received. 1 1 . Wind and Weather permitting a Pilot to condudl a Ship into a convenient Harbour, he mu(t not on any Account carry her into one, where the anchoring Ground is too deep, efpecialiy late in the Year, or in Winter, except in C&fes of Neceflity ; and then the Pilot (hall before-hand acquaint the Mafter with the Circumftances, and muft however anchor in the moft convenient Place, on Pe- nalty of four Rixdollars ; and the lame Sum on neglefting to take an Attefta- tion, that it was not his Negleft. A Pilot conduding a Ship through dangerous Places, or altering the Land Markf, (hall be imprifoned for Life in Bremcrholm, orfuffer death if he defervesit. 12. As the Captain is allowed one tenth of the Pilotage, the Oldermand of the Pilots, (hall have three Stivers on each Rixdollar, both of them to be dedufted out of the ftipulated Rates j and if Pilots carry in and out of Harbour, which don't load or deliver in that Country, the Captain's Salary fliall be only one twen- tieth Part. 1 3. Forfeitures to be diftributed amongft poor Sailors. 14. The CoUedtors of the Cuftonis are to affift the Pilots in getting their Pi- lotage, and not clear the Ships until ihey are fatisfied, or have the Oldermand's Attelt what Draught of Water (he drew in and out, but muft deduft the Salaries if the Mafter has paid them to the Oldermand. 1 5. A Mafter failing before he hath paid his Pilot, fliall, when niet with in Norway, pay the Debt, and the like Sum to the Poor, befides the Law Charges : And a Mafter ufing a Pilot ill fliall forfeit as the Law direfts. ,, 16. And I .-.•l*fcw««^ . ' *! ":< '< ^ . 'if' 831 0///&^ General Trade 0/ /;&^ WORLD. 16. As the PUott are always obliged to luep a look out, they Hiall have Refervel of others. 17. If the Magiftrates, or Admiralty's Decifions 'n Law Suits between Mafters and Pilots arc diflilced cither Party may appeal to the Kine- 18. Ships bound to any Port within the Fader, and (top (with a fair Wind) in any out Harbour to fmuggle, the Pilot Hiall immediately inform the nearcll Officer of Juftice ; and the Maftcr on due Proof made againfl him, muft pay the two hundred Rixdollars, as direded in the Book of Rates s the fame to be alio obfcrvcd North of the Naze : And a Pilot ncglcdting to give fuch Information Ihall lofehis Place. 19. The King commands all his Military Officers to be aflifting herein, and to keep thcfc Orders, as a Law. Mafters of Ships muft make a true Report at the Cuftom-Houfe, within twenty- four Hours after their Arrival; and if required by the rolleftor, muft produce authentick Bills of Loading. The not reporting within this Time limited, in- curs a Penalty of twenty Rixdollars daily j if they negleft to report all their Car- goes, they muft pay twenty per Cent, on the Value oi that Part omitted, except he w ill make Oath, that it was an Error, without any fmifter Intent to fmuggle them. If they belong to Maftcr or Mate, they are confifcable and liable to double Duty. Mafters muft be careful not to fail without their Told-Zedel, which is a Paff- port given them from the Cuftom-houfe, containing a Lift of the Cargo, and that the Laftage, Tiende (or tenths, a Cuftom) and Lights are paid ; otherwife being found witnout it, and the Cargo is difcovered not to be duly entered, treble Duty muft be paid, and the Mailer condemned to Chains for Life in Bremer holm \ if the Ship be only in Ballaft, the Punifliment is to pay ten Rixdollars, and the pro- ducing falfe Paffports, with an Intent to defraud tne Revenue, incurs a Forfeiture both of Ship and Goods. The Lignts in this Province arc the Farder, built on a high Rock at the En- trance oiCbriftiam Fiord, and two on iiitNaze Point; in Denmark, they have the Scbaw, and Anhlt in the Cattegat ; that on the Sand Bank called Scagen, at the Point of Jutland, was fome Time ago walhed away, and I believe not yet reftored. The Sea Marks here, are the Cow and Calf near Mandabl. Off Merdoe Ifland, the from Hills, and Trom Church, with a new built whitened Steeple, and the above mentioned Light-houfes. The Danijh trading Companies, arc that of the North, the Iceland Company, and the Eaji-India Company. Thn firft was eftablilhed at Copenhagen in 1647, by Frederick III. which has not only veiy conliderable Settlements in Norway, but they fend their Ships alfo to the Port oi Vnranger, at the Bottom of the Gulph of the fame Name ; from whence their Con.miflaries penetrate by Land, both into the Danijh and Mufcovite Lapland, on Sledges drawn by Rain-Deer. They alfo extend their Trade to Borandai and Siberia, where their Fadlors advance even to Panigorod, the Capital of this Part of the Czar's Dominions ; and the Goods they carry arc Rixdollars, Tobacco, Brandy, and Linen, which they truck againft a Variety of Furs, the only Produdts of mcfe Parts. The Iceland Company alfo owe their Charter to the faid Monarch Frederick III. who granted them his Letters patent in the fame Year the Northern Aflb- ciation obtained theirs. It is the Ships of this Company only, that are permitted to trade with this Ifland, which lies in fixty-five Degrees forty-four Minutes of Latitude, and thirteen Degrees and thirty Minutes of Longitude. The Inhabitants, although at prefent Chriftians, are notwithftanding almoft as much Barbarians, as before this Religion was profefled among them. They neither buy, nor fell, or know the Ufc of Money ; fo that all their Trade confius in Barter, either with Strangers, or between one another; this Ifle became fubjcA to Denmark at the fame Time with Norway ; and their chief Traffick confifts in Beeves, Sheep, and Horfes, and the Skins of thefc Animals, dry or falted, dry Fifti, Butter. Tallow, Brimftone, and the Furs of Foxes, Bears, Wolves, Gff . Among the Sheep they have a very extraordinary Sort, being large, with eight Horns, which the Natives arc obliged to lliw off, for fear of their wounding the other Cattle, as they are difficult Of the NORTH, \jc. difficult to tame ; their Wool n thicit and fine, which recommends it to a gfwd Sale. The Dimes carry to thcfc Illanders in Exchange for Commnditics, To- bact'), Linens, Klour, Beer, Wines, Brandy, Iron, Cloth, fome Hard Ware, flfr. idl convryed to Kirkebar, a large Town, or fmall City in the f'land, where the Merchants and I'adlors rilidc j and though the Trade to Grot and has nothing to do with this Company's Charter, yet as it ftill liei farther North than LelnnJ, Illiall Ipcakof it here, as in its proper I'lace. Till'. Countrv, in a Manner unknown, and its Limits yet undifcovered, has hi- therto hindered the Learned from determining whrther it is a Continent joining to that oi America, or 'Idrfiiry, or whether it is ll-paratcd from hoth, and is an 111;':k1. The Smallncfs of its FrodinJts, are fuitcd to the Paucity of its Inhahi- tants, as it aftords nothing but Whale Fat and Oil, Seal Skins,' and the Teetlj of a Filh called 'Townk, more valuable than Ivory tor its Whitenefs ; which they truck with the Whale-Filhcrs, who land here to boil their Ulubber againll knives, Sciflars, Needles, Looking (ilaflls, Hs!r. And as I have no where taken Notice of the Value and Importance of this Fuucry, wliich now begins to be regarded here, as it is encouraged by the Govcriunent, and the Succcfs of our lite Attempts in it ; I prcfinne it may not be difagreciiMe to my Readers, to be; advifcd of what may annually be taken in that Sea. I fhall therefore give a Lid of tile Ships which fidi';d there in the Year 1737, with the F'ortunc they each had in their Ki..erpri7-e. The Dutch then fent into the GroenlanJ Sea an hundred and fix Ships, which caught three hundred and fifty-five Whales. The Hamhurghcrs feventeen Ships, that took thirteen Wh.ilcs and a half. Altena fent five Ships, and got fcven Whales ; and Bremen's ten Ships caught eleven Whales j thcfe were all extra of the Adventurers to Davis's Streights, whofe Engagements were yet more confidcrable. The Danes begun late to engage in long Voyages, at lead to the Ea/l'Indies, and it was not before the Middle of the feventeenth Century, that their Colours were fecn in the Gulph of Bengal, and on the Coafts of Pegu. At prefent they carry on a pretty good Trade to thole Parts, by a Company ellabliflied in 1612, and whofe Privileges were enlarged, and its Commerce extended by a Grant from his Danijh Majefty in 'January 1728, which made them in a Maimer a new Aflbciation ; and for a Fund they opened Books to take in Subfcriptions, at Altena \ but this new Company being itrongly oppofed by the Maritime Powers, which undoubtedly had an Influence on the intended Subfcribers, the Thing dropt, and the Company remained on its primitive Footing ; but the prefent King in order to afllft and encourage their Undertakings, advanced them a hundred thoufand Crowns in 1740, that they may puih their Trade with more Vigour. The Ifle of "t. Thomas, fcatcd in the North Sea, at fifteen Leagues Diftancc from Vorto Rico, is the oidy Colony that the Danes have in the IVejl-Indies. The Hamhurghcrs have alfo a Fadlory here, from whence they carry on fome Trade with the Antilles. The Produdts of this Ifle arc but little, for though fome Sugar and Indigo are gathered here, they would not be capable alone to fupport the Inhabitants, if they found not in their Situation, a Refource elfewhere, rrom whence to pro- cure, not only a Support, but to fet forward an advantageous Commerce, con- lilling principally in the Negro and contraband Trade carried on with the Spa- niards ; their having made their Ifle a free Port likewife greatly contributes to their Benefit, as it attracts the Bufinefs of all the illicite Traders in thofe Parts. U.it now to return to the Baltick. 833 0/tbe Trade o/'Courland, Pruflia and Pomerania. THE fin.all State of Courland has properly but one Port of the Baltick Sea, which is Lihaw. Memel, at the Entrance of the Gulph of Courland, although it belongs to Ducal Pruffia, linfert it here, as it is between thefe two Cities that all the trade of this Country is tranfaclcd, of which Wood and Grain make the moft confiderablc Part. Linfecd flapped from hence in great Quantities is the 10 C moft IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ <_ ^ .*^ i^Jie /. /^,^ ^ 1.0 I.I 2.5 ■Ail! US ■U lilii 121 ^ 1^ 12.0 Ui& r-25fA^ •« 6" ► ^% ^ V] *> / Hiotographic Sciences Corporation q\^ V :1>^ <^ 4^ V\4^ "V 33 WBT MAIN STRfiT WnSTCR.N.Y. MSM (716) S72-4503 ^V* ^ pi U''. Iftr'; V 'J 834 0/ the General Trade 0/ the WORLD. moft eftcemed of any in the North, whereof large Parcels are ufed in HoliantKot extracting its Oil, and in France and Flanders for fowing j and this Trade is fuf- ficient to employ twenty-five Ships yearly in it from Holland only. F'MgJhtrg it the Capital of Ducal Fruffia, feated on the Frtgtl, that falls into the Trycbef, (called by tome the Hoc) a Sort of a Lake that communicates with die Sea { but it is at Pilau (a confiderable Fortrefs at the Entrance of this Lake) that die Veflels at firft arrive in their Way to Konigjherg, whicli is more than eight Leagues diftant, and cannot be gone up by Ships drawing more than ten Feet Water. This Inconveniency, that occafions great Expenccs, is followed by two others, viz. Strangers may not houfe their Goods in order to wait a fa- voarable Opportunity for their Sales, neither is the difpcrfing them within Land by the Canals permitted, nor their Sales fuflfercd to be made to any other than the Inhabitants of the City. Befides, the Products of the Province, the FrtgeU which has its Rife in Lithttania, ferres for Tranfportation to Konigjberg of that Country's and Foland's Produfts j fuch as Pipe-ftaves, Deal Boards, Wheat, Rice, Barley, Millet, Hides, Furs, Hemp, (inferior to what is got from other Parts of the North) Flax, Wax, Honey, Tallow, Pot-afh and Wood-afli j the Imports there are Woollens, Salt, (moftly from France J of which near eight tiioufand Lafts are fold here annually for the Confumption of Fruffia and Lithuania : The other Goods proper for tnis Com- merce, are Iron, Lead, Pewter, about one hundred Barrels of Wine, one hundred ditto of Brandy, and the fame Quantity of Vinegar; Butter, Checlc, Sugar, To- bacco, (chiefly Clerac and Martinico, of which a hundred thoufand Pounds may be uied here yearly) Spice, and (as in all the reft of the BaltiekJ Rixdollars. Dantzick is of all the Cities feated on the Baltick Sea, that where the greatcft Bufinefs is tran&Acd. The Ftflmla, on whole Borders it is built near a League from its Mouth, conveys to it all the Merchandizes of Poland, whole richeft Palatinates this River waflies for more than one hundred Leagues in its Courie, and (erves to tranfport in Return thofc foreign ones with which its Wareb/des are always well ftocked. Ships drawing more than eight Feet Water cannot get up to the Canal, running from the Vijiula to the City, k that if they draw more, they muft be lightened in the Road, (which is an excellent one) and carry the Part of the Cargo fo taken out in Boats. The Magazines for Grain eftablifhed at Dantzick in an Ifland, partly formed by the VifiuWi Channel, are very famous in all Europe, and they certainly deferve it, if there is no Exaggeration in the aflcrting, that they annually fupply Fo- reigners with eight hundred thoufand Ton of Wheat. It is a Privilege of the Burghers, that they only are permitted to purchafe the Polanders Wheat, when once brought into their City ; but on the other Hand they arc obliged to take all that comes in, at a Price nxt by the Magiftrates. Strangers here are fubjeCt to the Inconvenience as at Konigjberg, of being debarred the Liberty to fend their Goods within Land, or felling them to any others than the Citizens j but the HardHiip is fomething alleviated here, by the Permiflion to houfe them till a fa- vourable Opportunity offers for their Difpofal. The Loadings of the Englijh, French and Dutch Ships for this City confift of a Qoai.fity of Cloths and Silks, Spice, Dying Woods, Drugs for that Ufc, and Medi- cines, Italian Cremor Tartari, Sugar, Oil, Paper, all Sorts of Hides, Salt, Wine, and French Brandy. Wheat and other Grain, I have already obfcrved, are the principal Exports from Dantzick j here are however many other Goods, that this Place furniflies Trade with, of which the moft confiderable are. Ships Marts, Oak and Deal for Car- pentry, Flax, Potafhes, Weedafhes, Honey, Wax, Tallow, Steel, Iron, Copper, Lead, Saltpetrt;, Pitch, yellow Amber, Beeves, Hides, Skins, Wool, and Poland Salt, when the ^mglijh and Dutch cannot have this Commodity from France. Stettin, which is the Capital of Lower Germany, has the greateft Share of the Trade of it, altho" it has other Ports, as Straljknd, Wolgafi, and Colberg (this laft in the Territories of his Pruffian Majefty) where fome is tranfaCted, yet but little in Comparifon with that of the firft mendoned City j which is feated in the four Branches of the River Odr- that preferre its Name, and which falls into the Baltitk about eight or ten Miles from it. Ships cannot go up to the City, but I arc \oi'laiid (or Jc is fuf- [falliinto ates with bis Lake) horc than ( than ten ■lowed by jwait a fa- |hin Land • than the itfjuania, iProdufts J Furs, Ix, Honey, (moftly Iv for the nis Com- le hundred ugar, To- ids may be lars. he greatcft ague from Ptuatinates d (ervcs to dways well the Canal, y muft be the Cargo rtly formed nly deferve fupply Fo- rge of the leat, when to take all fubjeft to fend their I ; but the tntiilafa- ronfift of a and Medi- alt. Wine, ports from nes Trade U for Car- , Copper, nd Poland ^ranct. are of the this laft in it httle in I the four > into the -ity, but arc Of the S O U N D, ^f. are generally unloaded at Stetmert, or tVolgafit from whence the Goods are carried in Boats. At Stettin are to be met with, not only the Produfts ofPomersnia, but aUb thofe of Silejia, and the Marquifate of Brandenbvrg, brought there by the Oirr, which partly croflcs them, and confifts chiefly in Grain, Ship's Mails, Wood, Hides, coarfc Wools, Honey, Flax, and Silefia Linens : Their Imports are, Spice, Silks, Woollens, a large Quantity of Sugar, many Herrings, twelve to fifteen hundred Lafts of French Salt, a few Wines, lefs Brandies, and (as elfewhere) a good Fund of Rixdollars. Of the Commerce of Livonia, and its princifaJ Citiet. 'X*HE Pofleflion of this vaft Province was a long Time difputed, betweea the ■^ Mufcovites, Polanders, and Swedes; but by the Treaty of O/rutf, in 1660, it was divided between the two laft Powers, to which a third may be added, viz. the Dukes of Courland, who enjoyed a Share of it, under 'he Protection of Poland. But the laft War in the North, begun in 1699, afreHi defpoiled the Swedes of it, after diverfe Events equally glorious to Charles XII. King of Sweden, and Peter yllexowitz. Grand Duke of Mufcovy, though more fortunate in the End to this lall, who has remained in the Poifenion of aUX Swedijh Livonia, a Treaty of Peace having finally decided the Rights of thefe Princes. This Peace, concluded after the Death of Charles XII. (killed at the Siege of ChriJiianJladtJ having adjudged Livonia to the Czar, thereby in a Manner ren- dered him Mafter of the Trade of the Baltick, in openipg to him the Ports of Riga; Revel, Narva, and Pernaw, whofe Commerce is of fo much the more Im- portance, as not only the Goods of the Country, but a large Quantity befides, are brought here from Ru^ and Poland in the Summer, by the Rivers on which three of thefe Cities ftand ; and in the Winter by Sledges. Riga, Capital of the Province, is built on the Dwina, which after traverfing a Part of Lithuania and Livonia, falls into the Baltick Sea, two Leagues below the City, where their Ships may get up to, if their Draught of Water does not ex-* ceed twelve Feet, otherwife they muft be dilburdcncd. The iittcft Time for this Trade is that of the two Fairs, held vmrly in ilfdy and September, where moft Purchafes are made in Rixdollars, tho' tome in Exchange for Goods brought there ; but this Bufinefs is fomething troublefbme to Strangers* as tliey are not fuflfered to unload their Ships, till after having fold their Cargoes to the Burghers ; and would be much n«ore fo, were it not that this Law is often evaded by the Goods being cloaked under borrowed Names, lent, for the Lucre of a Commiftion. The few Goods loaded for Riga confifts mRAeniJh and French Wines (hardly fouf Imndrcd Barrels of the latter) Spice, Salt (of which from five to fix thoufand Lafh fell here yearly Sugar, Tobacco, Vinecw, P^per. fome Fruit, and Mercery Ware, tho' all thefe in fmall Quantities. The Returns which the EngKjb, French, and Dutch get from hence are very confideraUe, the principal being Furs, of which there is annually brought down the Dwina more than a thoufand Boat Loads* bcfidcs what comes in Uie Winter on Sledges. The Mafts from Livonia (which are very valuable) al(b Oak Plank for Ship- ping, Ton and Pipe Staves (in great Abundance) D«d Boards, Wheat, Hemp, i'lax, and their Seeds, efpecially the laft for fowmg and Oil, Pitch, Tar, Wax, TjIIow, and excellent Afties for Glaft or Sojip. Revel is almoft equidiftant from Riga and Narva: it was for fome Time among the Number of the Hanfatick Towns, but renounced their Alliance in 1550. h'i Trade is always very great, but not like what it was before the EngHJh had (Ijlcovercd the Port of Arehanrel in the IFhite Sea, and when it was the Ma- gazine of the greateft Part of me Ruffian Produfts. Its prcfent Exports and Im- ports are near the fame with tbofe of Riga ; to which I beg my Reader will be referred. Narva, upon a River of the fame Name, not lefs than the Elbe, has enjoyed for a long Time the Privileges of the Hai]Jiatick Cities, having been almoft ruined 83s ■'.■t'i'S 1^ I ^1 1*1 836 Of the General Trade of the WORLD. ruined, and its Trade cei^fed for neai(^l,^^!ApM)iy,/ it did not begin to recover its Credit till after the Middl't of 'the feventccntn. 0/Mr/W remarics, that in 1654, they imported here at leaft fixty Dutch Veffels, who loaded more than the Value of five hundred thoufand Crowns in Goods, fincc which Time it has contefted a Superiority in Trade with Riga itfclf, and carried it againft Revtl. The Neighbourhood of Novogorod and Plejkou, trading Cities of Mufiovy, from which laft Narva is hardly forty Leagues diftant, makes that of all this vaft Empire eafy to it ; and it is the Paflage by which almoft all the Merchandizes which go even to Mofcovo are tranfported. The Commodities proper for Narva, or thofc in which Foreigners invert their Returns, are the fame as at BJ^ and Revel, and therefore need no Repetitions. Pernaw, a fmall City on a River of the fame Name, was formerly occupied in no other Commerce thah that of Wheat, which drew here fome foreign Veffels to loadit { but fince the Means has been found of bringing down the River a Quan- tity of Marts, (not lefs valuable than thofe oiNorwrnJ and a good deal of other Wood, its Trade is greatly encreafed ; and fmce 1680, the Dutch have annually fent here more than fixty Ships inrtcad of five or fix, that they consigned here be- fore. Few Goods are wanted here, and almort all the Trade is carried on by the Intervention of old Rixdollars. 4." ■••r. -..1 .^ i-s jj-, il?.'''f Of the Commerce carried on at Archangel and otter P/acesof Ma&ovy. THE Trade oi Archangel alfo comprehends that which may be tranfadled In a Fart of RuJJia, and even as far as Mo/cokv, by Means of the Dwina on which this City is built, or other Rivers with which this vaft Empire abounds. Befides the Englijb and Dutch, who alone carry on more Trade here than all other Nations put together, the French, Swedes, Danes, Hamburghers, and thofe of iJr^w^w, have their Magazines and Correfpondents at Archangel. The Commodities fit for this Place may be feen in the Defcription of the Trade of Holland, to which may be added Bourdeaux and Anjou Wines, (three Quarters Red, and one Quarter White) Syrops, whitened Linen, Furtians, coarfe Cloth, and otlicr %ht Woollen Stuffs, Ribbons,- Hats, Jewels, Houfehold Stuff and Artificers Tools. But of all the Merchandize, there is none whofe Sale is fo fure, or that turns to better Account than the Cartor from Canada, which often fells for ready Money, tho' this is feldom the Cafe with any others. Furs are (as one may fay) the Foundation of the Trade carried on with Mu/covy and the chief of its Exports, and altho' they do not differ in Qjiality from thofe of Lapland, Borandai and Siberia, (of which I have already treated) yet they are to be found here in greater Quantities, on better Terms, and with lefs Rifque. The RuJjia Leather,' dry or falted Hides, Goat, Bear, or Wolf Skins ; Hemp, Flax, Hogs Briftles, Fifli Oil, Caviar, Tallow, Tar, Wax, falted Salmon, (Sc. are Com- modities that Mu/covy yields, and of which the general Suple is ertablifhed at Archangel, that fince its bemg frequented by the Englijb, and afterwards by other' Nations, has carried away a great Part of this Trade from the Baltici, and par- ticularly from Revel. Of all thefe Produds and Goods, the moft erteemed are the Hid^s of Jerojlaw, the Honey and Wax of Plefieou, the Tallow of Folegda, the Oil in the Neighbour- hood of yolga, the Flax and Hemp of the great Novogorod, the Pitch of Dwiiia, the Sables and other Furs of Siberia. Aftracan is a City under the Dominion of the Riiffian Emperor, is featcd at the Mouth of the Volga in the Ca/pian Sea; the principal Merchants trading here are, Mufcovites, Tartarians, Armenians and Indians. All Sorts of Merchandizes may be fold in the Morning at the Bazar or Market of the Tartars, where other Na- tions have the Liberty of canying theirs. After Noon the Rt^ffian Bazar Is held where the Armenians are equally admitted, and the Indians tranfad all their Bufi- nefs in their own Caravanfera. Bratoffiena is a Village near to Mo/cow, on the Side neareft to Archangel, where Commiiiioners are ertablifhed to examine all Goods dcfUned for Mo/cow, which after Of the SOUND, ^c. after being fcarchcd, and the Lead here put on them, arc no more difturbcd till their Arrival at that City. Bitrafi's, a Nation of Mufcovite tartary, which inhabit along the River Angara, and the Lake of Bekal. They arc rich in Cattle, particularly in Beeves and Camels, with which the Mufcovite Caravans tliat go to and from Chinn arc commonly pro- vided here, paying their Hire in Goods, and not in Money, of which thefe People make no Account. The Merchandize proper for this Place arc black Sables, Pewter, oi Copper Ba- fons} Hamburghers red Cloths, Otter Skins, Perjian Silks of all Sorts of Colours, and Gold and Silver Ingots. The largeft Ox hardly comes to four or five Ruhlcs, and the ftrongcft Camel to ten or twelve, the Ruble on the Footing of five Guil- ders as in RuJ/ia. Jerojlaw, a Mtjfcovite City on tne River Fologik, where one of the greateft Trades of all Rujia is ncgociated, principally confilling in Hides, Tallow, Linens and Brufhes. Maiaria, a great Monaftry with a Village of the ftme Name, featcd on the Kcr- fm'ie that falls into the Volga, a great River of Mufcovy. This Place is famous for its annual Fair hold here in the Month ofjufy, and which iafts for fifteen Days. The Majority of the Ri/^i I ' 838 0/ /^^ General Trade 0/ the WORLD. And that my Reader mav form fome Judgment of the Encreafe of thia City and its Trade, I fliall give him an Ah Iradt of a Year's Imports and Exports, communicated to me by an ingenious Gentleman, whofe Remarks may be de- pended on. EXPORTS. Poods. firiftles Cavcar Cordage Flax, 1 2 Head 9 and 6 Hemp, clean Ouldiot Half clean Codillec Hides Iron Ilinglafs, firA Sort fecond • third Linens, Narrow Broad Brown Cralh Broad Diaper Narrow Drillines Raven Duck Sail Cloth Flemifh Oil Silk, Legis SherbafF Talbw, firft Sort fecond third Wax 8903 14570 46705 14570 972959 18615 49410 49530 12 14770 987 1160 Arfcbins. Pieces. «379f> 2748658 8695 36419 1099981 66489 281989 196893 1 56345 2703 '093 53743 93291 22097 26150 10789 3394* 7306 With fundiy other Articles, of which the Total Export is 4374520 Roubles, Whereof by Brittjh 2^57^7^ IMPORTS. Roubles. Ale, Englip, and Cyder, 131 Hogfheads^ „ and 6734 Doz Allum Apples and Pears Arrack, 161 Dozen Brandy in Anchors 48466 Cabinet Wares Calicoes and Chints China, Earthen Ware and Glaft Chocolate Coffee Cochineal Copper, wrought and unwrought Cotton Fifli, 3205 Caflts; and 29656 Stock Firti Cloves, Men's and Women's 2.632 Dozen Gallantries for Women's Drefs Handkerchiefs of Silk and Cotton 1637 7 Doz. 2875 Pieces i Hardware, and fundry Small Wares I »3297 4764 1289 36523 19222 12872 19x29 4554 94491 22096 200994 Poods. Ar/cbins, I 392971 6169Q 18 2931 375tV 1916 3aA Hats, 7II63 Of the SOUND, Wc. IMPORTS. Roubles. Poods. Arfcbins. Hats, 310 Dozen " 654a Indigo Lace, Gold and Silver, 298 Zitters 97j47 Lead Linens, Cambricks, Mufllns, &r. 2025 ps. 50623 Needles, 16500006 8209 Oil, in Calks and Jars 356^6 Paints Paper, of all Sorts, 1057 Reams, Hangings 10141 ps. 15358 Pewter, wrought , Shot Silks, Brocades of Gold and Silver, Paduafoys, Sat- 2 „ , . o,„ »»«»» • tins. Velvet. Of., 4394; Pieces ^ 5 "3 « 830 89^*9 r Skins, Beavers 7326 Pieces 25289 Spelter Spicts 19683 Stockings, Silk, Worftcd, and Woollen, 4000 Doz. Pair 50785 Sugar, Double Refined Single Clayed Candy Raw Tea _ Turpentine 880 Tin, in Blocks Wines, Hungary and Tokay 7068 Rhenifh and Mofelle »oi43 Champain and burgundy, 152 HogHieade 21950 Mufcat, Sack, and beft French 757 Hogihcads 34071 839 2547t 88- 3820 88i8;. 23»3-i- 2370^ 400 2343i 6071 2403A 20360^ 339154 23018A 598^ 80964 219 225 >^27H Ordinary French 5856 Italian St. Laurence 1 30 Doz. Wood, Logwood ") Red I Yellow, FuftickJ Woollens, Scarlet Shalloons D* other Colours Calimancoes Drugeets 86 Pieces Cancels, Everlaftings, Bays, Flannels, C?f. 1541 ps. Superfine Cloth Midling Soldiers, and Ordinary Yorkftiires Silefia and Hamburgh 3622 Pieces Pound Pieces Cloth Lifts 146381 4137 1560 593* 45100 1130? 58 1 22534* 86892 105987 593357 49152 4664 979 "4313 3'779» 123328 lOIOO 68540 41007 70240 822917 2231 201 npi Duties Rixdollars 529397 with 25 /^r Cent. 97900 00923 66 1 746^ The whole Imports, with fome immaterial Articles, amount to Roubles 3 3009 2 3 66 1 746 39626694. Bttllance of Trade gained by the Ruffians 4118514. Total Export Roubles 43745 2° Imports by Britifl) 1 3472 3 7 Duties thereon Rixdollars 201221 C 251526' 25 per Cent. 503054 | 3 5 t 3 ■ 3 :!i! ■ Roubles 15987634. Ship- 840 Of the General Trade 0/ /^ ■> ■. ■ t". ' ,«'V'j ■ ■/* ^iv Of the Tiiiik of Sweden. ALTHOUGH this Kingdom has always furniHicd /^//ro/><• with its Aipcrfluous Products, it was nevertlielcfs rcgardlcls of Trade, till Queen C'/6/ y//>»rote£tcd and encouraged it, hy the Advantages flje granted to and procured or this Nation ; which till her Reign feemed entirely to negleft Commerce, either by having its Attention drawn off, through its natur.1l Propcnfity to War, or the Effedl of Sloth and Ignorance, which it would not be at the Pains of removing J but the Cruelty of the Duke of ^/r/}, made many to clcapc from the Low Countries, and take Sandluary here, to which Fugitives Hurden owes the ma- jor Part of the Knowledge it has acquired in Trade ; and their EilabliHimcnt was fo fuccefsful, as to encourage a grcit Number of fValhons to tranfport thetn- felves here, whofe Language and Religion flill fubfifls, in thofc Places where they firft ieltlcd. They crcftcd Forges and other Conveniencies for carting of Cannon, as al/b for the manufiifturing of Iron Wire, and other Works of this Metal, Copper and Brafs, which their Defccndants continue to this Day j but notwithftanding all this, the Navigation of the Swedes was but trifling, till their aforefkid Princefs, on concluding a Peace with Denmark in 1644, obtained from that Crown aConcef- fion, that all the Ships, and other Effedls of her Subjects, fhouldpay nothing on pafling the Sound; fmce which the Swedes have greatly cncreafed in Shipping, and in the late War were the principal Carriers o( Europe. The chief Articles of Sweden's Exports, confift in Copper, Iron, Pitch, Ronn, Marts, Boards, Gfc. In Exchange of which, it takes from foreign Parts, Salt, Wine, Brandy, Dra- peries and other Stuffs ; Tobacco, Sugars, Spice, Paper, (of which they hardly con- fume yearly two thoufand Reams in all the Country) Linen, Vinegar, Fruits from Provence, Come Mercery, and diverfe other Commodities. The Trade which the Swedes have with Portugal, is that which they can leaft be without, as the faid Kingdom chiefly fupplies them with the great Quantities of Salt they ufc ; though their Commerce with England yields them much more Profit in taking off near half their Produifls, and bringing them almoll two- thirds more of their Value in Silver than in Goods. The leall; is that tranfaded with France, as this rather ferves to feed their Vanity, than fupply their Needs, and confumc but very little of the Country's Manufadures or Growths. It is at Stockholm, that almort all the Traftick of Sweden is negociated ; Fo- reigners not having the Liberty to trade in the Bothnic Bay, nor the Subjeds of his Swedijh Majefty, to bring their Goods only to this the Capit.il, whofe Port is deep and fecure, though the coming in, and going out, long and dangerous. I'he Swcdei thcmfelves tranfport the beft Part of their Commodities, in their own Ships, to Holland, Spain, and Portugal, and fome few proceed to France, to load Wine, Brandy and Salt. But the Englijh and Dutch are the People who carry on the grcatert Trade with this Country ; the firll by their Woollens, and the latter with their Spices ; though that of the Dutch is however the mort con- lidcrable, efpecially fmce they have in fomc Mcafure rendered themfelves Mafters ot the Copper Mines, and of the Pitch and Tar made there, by the great Loans they advance to the Farmeri of the former, and to the Merchants of the other Materials fo neccffiry to Navigation, infomuch that thefe Commodities are to be nut witii almort as cheap at Amflcrdam as Stockholm. Mrangcrs are permitted to deliver their Gi .ds at Stockholm without paying any Curtoms but in proportion as they go felling, and may, if th?y find no Vent here, reload thcni for another Market, on the Payment only of Ilalf^fr Cent. Duty. D. tions civcn lixdoilars, tiicir own Goods 65 LincMs, 6, Aipcrfliious ijiina, botli procured Commerce, ity to War, he Pains of >c from tlie vcs the ma- lahUflimcnt fport tliein- wherc they non, as alfb Copper and iHandine all Princeu, oa vn aConcef- nothing on in Shipping, :hief Articles Boards, Gft*. Jrandy, Dra- yr hardly con- , Fruits from :hey can leaft ;at Quantities \ much more almoll two- »at tran faded f their Needs, :hs. ociated ; Fo- c Subjefts of whofe Port is ngerous. itics, in their cd to France, c People who /oollcns, and the mod con- fclves Mailers c great Loans i 01 the other ities arc to be ut paying any find no Vent llih' per Cent. Duty. Of ihe S O U N D, ^c. 841 Duty. I have already mentioned in the Sedion of this Country's Trade with us, the Mcrchandifc we import from thence, and fljall only add a Remark here con- cerning Copper, whofe Purchase is always made with ready Money ; that it is better cfTcdtcd in Winter than Summer, as in this latter Seafon it is only to be had at fccond I land, fo that confcquently in the former, it may be procured beft and cheapen. The cultivated Lands of this Kingdom are fertile enough, though the major part have but little Depth ; barren Soils manured with the burnt Aflics of the Trees that grow here, often produce a very abundant Crop, without any other Tilling or Improvement, than the bare covering of the Seed. If the Inhabitants were indullrious beyond what meer NeccITity forces them to, it would not be ditlicult for them to raife a Sufficiency of Grain, at leaft to fupply their Wants } but by their Mifmanagcment they cannot fubfift without Supplies from Livonia and other Parts of Germany, bordering on the Baltick, which however are of no Service to the pooi People, who live diftant from thcfc commercial Reliefs, and are obliged in a Dearth, to grind the Grain of Beech Trees Bark, and make it into Bread. The Wool which their Sheep produce, is extremely coarfe, and can only ferve to make Cloathing for the Peafants ; their Horfcs are fmall, efpccially in the Dutchy of h inland, but they are hardy, ftrong and vigorous ; here arc a Quantity of favagc Animals, of which the Natives hunt and eat the Bears, Elks, Deer, Gfc. and take the Wolves, Foxes, wild Cats, and Ibmc others, for their Furs. The principal Lakes of Sweden, arc the IVeter, Wener, and the Meier, which, with many others, are not ill provided with Fi(h, fuch as Salmons, Pikes, Perch, Tench, Trouts, Eels, and fcveral other Sorts unknown elfewhcre ; here is, above all, an Infinitude of Streamlings, a Fifli fmaller than a Herring, which arc failed in Barrels, and diftributed all over the Country : and befides thefe, the North' Bottom, or the Bay that feparates Stteden from the Dutchy of Finland, is fo abun- dant in Seals, that a large Quantity of Oil is extraifted from them, and tranfported to diverfe Places. In the Lakes of Finland, vaft Numbers of Jacks are taken, of which feme are falted, and others dried, and afterwards fold to very good Ad- vantage. Among the Mines of this Kingdom there !s one of Silver, which is about one hundred and forty-five Braces deep, and yields, after great Labour and Trouble, near the Value of twenty thoufand Crowns of fine Silver yearly, though this is not above Four per Cent. Profit. The Profundity of the Copper Mine does not exceed eightef-n Braces; it is of a 'great Extent, but fubjedt to Damage from Time to Time, by the falling in of the Vault, which however is not all Lofs, as the Mineral procured from the Rubbifh makes fome Amends, though the De- triment of this Occurrence is always confiderable. The Copper that is annually extracted from this Mine produces about two hundred thoufand French Livres, of which the King has one-fourth Part, befides twenty-five per Cent, on all the Ore carried away uncleanfed ; and he has the Preference of all the Silver to take it at one-fourth Part lefs than its Worth. The Mines and Forges of Iron are here alfo very numerous, efpecially in the mountainous Parts, where there are commodious Water-falls to turn the Mills, fo that befides the Iron ufed in the Country, there is yearly exported for near the Value of three hundred thoufand Livres. At Stockholm, and the Caftle of Jencopingb, near the Frontiers of Denmark, arc large Magazines filled with this Metal, brought from Oerbro in Nervia, as Opportunities oiicr, and of which they arc continually making all Sorts of Fire Arms. For what regards thcfe Mines, there is befides the inferior Courts, and Officers eftablilhed in many Places, a ge- neral one, called the College of the Mines, which has its Seffions, or Aflemblies at Stockholm, of which the Prefident of the Trsafury is generally the Chief, af- fifted by a Vicc-Prefident, and other Afleffors j the Laws arc in this more exad and circumftantial, than thofe for any other AfFairs, and Juftice is commonly adminiftcred here with a great deal of Care. This Nation has no Settlements in America, though the Great Gujlavus Adol- phus had projedtcd a Company for the other Indies ; and his Letters Patents given uu this Occafion the )4tij of June, 1626, are yet extant, by which he invited 10 £ his i- K.X r.y,' IT 842 0//y& and wherein he fucrificcd his Life in the Arms ot Vij(f and /?/6>>;(' that flow from their Territories, occafions their Traffick with thofc States, and the Low Countries, to be very confiderablc, efpecially in the Time of War, between the Powers who EofTefs them. By the Rhine, Switzerland has a Communication with the Ocean; y the Rhone with the Mediterranean ; and it may be faid, that it even makes the Communication of the two Seasj fincc that of the Rhone may be gone up as far as Seyjfel, fcvcn Leagues from Geneva, where the Goods embarked for Marges, arc tranfported to Tverdun, and from thence go by Water, even to lIoU land; there being a Canal of Communication between Morges and Tverdun be- gun, and which may be fini(hed at a fmall Expt-ncc. Within Land, the Tranfportation of Goods from one Place to another is eafily performed by Means of the Rivers with which it abounds, notwithftanding the Mountains crofs the Country in many l laces. Switzerland is in no Lack of any Commodity nccefTary to the Support of Life j Wood, Corn, Wine, Cattle, Sheep (whofe Wool may be employed in making Cloathing) and Flax, are here in great Abundance; (o that Salt in part is their only Want ; but the Tirol, Franche-Compte, and Bavaria, are forward to furnilh it, fo that this Article is not an Objeft of Commerce, being one of the Revenues of the State, who alone manage this Bufinefs, and fell this Commodity at a very moderate Price : Sometime fincc a Mine of Rock Salt was difcovered near Aigle in the Canton of Berne, on the Frontiers oiValay; but this, at moft, can only farnidi one-third of what is necelTary for the Country of Vaud. France m h't i(}: u •V > w s, ■<;; It :V'- Pfe':,- . . ■■■■'■ 844 0/ the General Trade 0/ /EWORLD. Frantf furnifhcK towards the general Importv of this Country, Salt from Francbt- Comptf i Wine from liurgunJyi Gold, Silver and Silk Mtinufiidturcs from Lyons i and many light Woollen Stuni, made in the I'rovincei bordering on the Can- tons. It has from Germany all Sorti of Mercery, and particularly from Nurtmburg a great Qii.intity uf H.irtI Ware \ and Hides from Framjort. Italy, cipccially l^tdmont, lends it ordinary Silkn, Organzines, and Fleureti ^un, unl'pun, or raw. And HolLinJ fupplicK it with Cloth, Serges, Flannels, CallimanKHs, painted Linrns, Muflins, Caml>rick)>, Cotton, Ivory, Dying and Medicinal Drugs, Spice, Tea, Chocolate, Whalebone, Rtijfia IVwiKi, And India Sillci. If we examine what SvitzcrlanJ imports from foreign Parts, cfpecially from Franir, it will be found, that it is Luxury more than NcceHity obliges it tu have Rccourfe there j fo that ibme Cantons, convinced of this Truth, and per- fuaded that good Magiltrates ought to endeavour as much ns is dependant on tncm to eradicate this Vice, have enadtcd fumptiiary Laws, prohibiting Jewels, and the l^fc of all Gold and Silver in their Furniture, or on their Clotlis ; Silks of an excefTivc Price, and even the Fntry of foreign Wine, is very fcvercly forbidden in the Canton of lii-rnf, which Laws arc regarded as a Means to hinder the Coin from going out of the Country. The Commodities which cither the Growth or Manufadlures of Switzerland produce, are various, according to the different Genius of the Natives in their rcfpcdtive Situations, which I mall defcribc, and begin firft with Zuriti, Capital of the chief Canton, which is feated on a fine Lake very abundant in Fi/li, from whence the Limmat flows, that divides the City in two Tarts, whofe Communica- tion is by two fine Wooden Bridges. Although Ziirick has but few Bailiages, it is one of the richeft Cantons by the Trade and Fabricks which its Inhabitants have attradled and let up among them, and which have flouridicd beyond their moft fanguine Fxpedlation. It is certain, that the Zurickers have a Genius that qualifies them foi Imitation, and the Feafant a Patience and Attachment to La- hour, which aflllU them marvelloufly in it j and as they work cheap, it is a con- fiderablc Aiivrr.taee to them, and recommends their Goods to a ready Sale j thus, thouj-.h the Merchant and Artificer gain but little, Zurick poflefles great Riches, a plain Indication of the good LlfcdU that Manui'adlurcs, and Diligence ia them, produces. Commerce is properly fpcaking the Bufinefs o( Zurick, the particular ObjcA of its Induftry, and the determined ruling Tafte ; the moft conllderablc Men of the City (In not difdain to infcrcft themfclves in Trade, but apply to it with the fame Diligence, as the inferior Citizens, and their great Riches never renders their Aflicluity, Patience, and neccflary Labour, to augment their Manufadures, and perfect their Works, irklumc ; this is what makes their Republick fiourilh, and that has railed it to the Degree of Power it at prefent poflefles. The Silks and Organzines, which the Zurickers buy yearly in the Trcntin, Italy, and Piedmont, to twill or throw, employ a great many People, and the Sale which they afterwards have for them in England, France, Holland, and clfcwhcre, is very tonfiderable ; they alfo employ great Quantities of Silk in their own Manu- factures, wi ought feparately in feveral Stuffs, Handkerchiefs, Crapes, G'f. mixt with WorP.cd, Cotton, 1 bread, or Ferret ; large Parcels of Cotton is alfo fpun here, for the aforcfaid F"abricks ; Cotton Linen is made for Printing, as are Stotkinps and Handkerchiefs of the fame Material, the fineft being wrought into Mullins ; and towards the End of the laft Century, the Art of drawing Gold and Silver Wire, was introduced here. Wintcrthcur is a privileged City of theaforefaid Canton, whofc various Manu- factures have brought it into great Reputation and Trade; here are made Muf- lins, Cravats, Handkerchiefs, Cotton Cloth, Woollen Crapes, Callimancoes, Sat- trns, Danv'fks, and Camblcts in Imitation of the EngliJIj. The Cotton is Ipun here, where they alio dye well. Zttrzach is rendtrcd noted for its two Fairs held here at Pcntccojl and St. Vercna (at the End of JluguJiJ which attrad a great Number of Merchants frgm divcrfl' Countries : And Schajfloufe ¥H \ ■' n. Of S W I 1 Z K R I, A N n, ^c. {{chnfiUuft it the twelfth Canton, and ilic Staple for Steel, Copper, Lattin Wire- in Kolls and Unnds, which the i'cy/j get trom .SV/r/i;, Sahhourg, llun- fiiry, (ic. nuny ThingN arc »a(l luro, and u Variety of Works c-lhhiilhcd, of iiittnnv Miiin^R for Bridli-s, Co.kI) Karncll'ci, and lottons printed i though its Trade lirtcrent from lliat of //<;/(/, except in the aforel.iid Artiilc, n-! it rninillic' but little to the other Cantons. It is not larj e, hut the Soil very i;ood and fertile in Wheat and Fruits, abundant in I'ulturagc, and pi mlutcs excel- lent Wincii. Hffuf ; for to give fomc Idea of the Trade of this City an»l Cantor whiih i« the bi}»j;cll of all, it will not be improper to reprelrnt to my Keadcr its Fertility in CJrain, Wine, i'allurat^e, Reck Salt, and Iron Mine*. The Commerce of i lorfes and other Cattle bringH in here large Sums of Money; that of (Jrain is a principal Article » the White Wines of the Coall and the Fiiud arc very much cllccmcd j of which the Cantons of h'tHourg, and So- liurf, confumc a great doal. Its Manufactures confill in the Ijiiiniing of hdk Fer- ret, which employs more than four thotidmd I'erlbns ; in I.inrns and Hempen Cloths of . M Sorts, DimiticN, Cotton Cloth for printing. Silk Stuff's, and others with Silk and Cotton, I'lanncls, Cotton and VVool, Cotton and Thread, Silk, Worfted, Cotton, and Thread Stockings, Ferrets, Tapes, and tine Paper. The created Fart of thefc ManufadUircs owe their Kllablilliment to the I'rcncb, who in the Capital found an Afylum from their Perfecution, andSuccourH beyond their Hopes. The I'errct and ThrcacI find a Vent in France, Germany, and the other Parts of tfwitscrliinil \ the F.inens and Tal)lc-cloths (of which here is made a prodigious (iuantity) (c\\\\\ England, Frame, Spain \\\\y\ yipnerica ; thele being the flm•|^ and bed of any wrought in ail the Cantons. The Dimities are very like thofc n( Holland and Flanders ; many of the Cotton Cloths are printed in fevcral l""abricks, as well in the City, as other Places of the Canton, and the reft arc (old lor the fame life, to (ieneva, Neufchatel, Moral and Hale. The Stocking Weavers get their Wools from Leipzig, which they have fpim in the Manner as to make Stockings of two, three, and four Threads, ibid chiefly in Italy, where their Beauty and CJoodncfs has brought this Fabrick into great Efteem. The Silks muri'ifadured here fervc principally for the Confumption of the Cantons, among which it (lands the fccond in Rank, though in Higncfs it is one-third of the whole. It has many conlidcrable Towns and Places lubjccit to it, where divcrfc Manufadtures arc cftabliihcd, or fomc Trade carried on > the chief of which 1 (hall juft mention. Rotirgdorff' is a Town engaged in a pretty confiderable Trafikk with Linen, Thread an&^ General Trade o//Artly fupplied. Fevay is at prefent rich and populous, and its Inha- bitants enjoy the Franchifc in France granted to the Swifs Nation j in its Neigh- bourhood arc Quarries of fine Marble, and they have eftablidied there Water Saws, which greatly facilitate the Works, fo that fix may operate at the fame Time on one Block, w hich has put the Undertakers in a Condition to furnifh very cheap Marble for inlaying Porticos and Halls according to the Modern Taflc, and alfo to compofe Chimney Pieces, &f . which they do in a very grand Manner. Morges, a Town alfo fituated on the Borders of the faid Lake, two Leagues from Laufanne, is well built, and has a good inclofed Port. This is the Recep- ticle of Goods from divcrfe Countries, that arrive here by Water and Land ; the Genevan Barks tranfport here weekly the Merchandize that the Sioifs get from Italy, Piedmont, Savoy, Daupbiny, Lyons, Languedoc, Provence, and Bourdeaux, (by the Canal of Languedoc) and reload thofe which are arrived from England, Holland, tiie North, Germany, and Switzerland, deftined for Geneva, Piedmont, Italy, Spain, and the Southern Provinces of France. Nyon, built in the fime Manner as the two preceding Places on the Banks of the Lake Leman, is a great Pafs for Goods that this Town, Valais, and the Mi- lanefe, export from feveral Provinces of France. Its Soil is as proper for Vines, as that Part of the Country of Faud, bordering on the faid Lake, which produce thole good Winc:i on the Coaft and Faud, liat arc fo much eftcemed j of which the Tride of thefe latter in Switzerland, and thofe of the Coaft in foreign Coun- tries is vci^ conlidcrable. Copet, a .*hi2il Town two Leagues from Geneva, is noted for Clockwork, and its large Fifliery. Tverdon, a very agn cable Town, on the weftern Extremity of the Lake of Neufchatel, is a confiderable tJtaple, or Depofit for Wine, Salt from Roche and 5^- voy, and other Merchandize, fcr whole Reception here arc large Halls built, which I'crve for no other Purpole. Its chief Trade however is that of Wine, and Delft Ware made here. Avenches, on a Hill near the Lake Moral, was the Capital of the Country of the Helvetians ; it has a moft delightful Situation, and here arc found Ibme good Remains of Antiquity. It is a great Pafs, and fome Years fince, the Natives hfive made fome PlantPti'^ns of Tobacco, which, with thofe of Payerne, and its Neighbourhood, very near furnidi a Sufficiency for the Canton's Confumption, 3 and ^" (ft )k 0/ S W I T Z E R L A N D, ^c. and produce a confiderable Revenue to the Inhabitants, whofe Soil being very fertile, is likewife abundant in Grains and Fruits. Payerne, a Town of the Country of Vaud, feated on the Broie, between Avenchet and Moudon, U a »cry grrat Pafs. Its Territory is very fertile in Grain and Fruits, and here are fine Phntatiois of Tobacco, out of which the Inhabitants prepare the Rajpce, after the Score'; of CJerac, which Is in Efteem both at Home and Abroail. Moudon is an anc'cnc Town built on the aforefaid Kiver Broie, fruitful in Corn, and a v:ry conHderable Pafs fo'- Merchandize by Land. Mon t, fituated on the Lake of the fame Name, is the Staple for all the Wine of the Country of f^aud, fcnt to Berne, and a great Pafs for Goods, both by Land and Water. Linens are printed here, and the Town is dependant on Berne and friiourg. Granfon, feated on the Borderb of the Lake of Neufchatel, at a League from Tverden, in alfo under the Dominion of Berne and Frihourg, and is the Staple of Salt from Franche-Compte for Switzerland, m whofe Neighbourhood is a good Pa- per Fabrick at a Place called La Motbe. Lucerne is a Town built to the North of the Lake, at th?; Part where the Ruft iffues, which enters the Aar, hcXovr Bruck, in its Way to the Rhine; hvr? are diverfe Manufactories of Hempen, Flaxen and Cotton Cloths, Fuftians, Cotelines, woollen knit Stockings, and fpinning of Cotton throughout all the Canton, which abounds in Grain and Pafturage. It alfo breeds large herds of Cattle, with which the Natives drive a great Trade, as they do in Cheefe for the Milanefe, from whence the Sviifi receive in Return large Parcels of Rice. This Town has an advantageous and convenient Situation, as being on the grand Rout to Italy, by way of Monte St. Godard. And the Goods which have crofled the Alps are tranfported from hence, by the Lake and River Ru/s, to the RAine, which conveys them to the Ocean. The fmall Cantons that want Corn, provide themfelves here with great Facility, the Lake washing thofe of Uri, Scbwitz, and UttdenvaJd. Uri is a Canton in the Vallies of the high Alps, and abounds in excellent Paf- tures ; its principal Revenue confifts in Cattle, and its Cheefe finds a ready Sale in Lomtardy. At Altorf, a chief Borough of the Canton, is eftabli(hed a Fabrick for cutting and polifhing Cryftal, of which here are very fine Mines, and the Canton produces feveral Sorts of Linen for various Ufes. Scbwitz -, in this Canton are made Linens of Hemp and Flax, but Cattle and Cheefe are the two great Branches of their Trade. Underwald has a Revenue and Trade fimilar to the lafl mentioned, with the Addition that here the Natives ipin the Thread they ufe in manufacturing their Linen. Zug is one of the moH: agreeable of the fmall Cantons, and its principal City with the fame Name is well built, flanding on the Lake called alio Zug. The Cduntry produces Corn, Wine, a great many Chefnuts, and has excellent Pafturesj befides which here are Manufactures of Linen and Woollen Stuffs. Claris, the Capital Town ot the Caruun, furnilhes green Cheefes, renowned for their Goodnefs and Medicinal Virtues, given them by a certain inferted Herb, which alfo produces their Colour, and they are called by the Inhabitants Scbabzi- guer. Its Slate Quarries are reputed the fineft in Europe, and furni(h the Tops of Tables of a furprizing Bignefs. This Canton is rich in Cattle^ and the Inhabitants very laborious ; here is a great Deal of Cotton fpun. Part fold, and the Remain- der employed in the ManufaClur'j of Switzerland-, and fome Linens and Stuffs are made nerc according to thf; Cuftom of the Country. Bajil is a City built on the Rbine, which divides it into two unequal Parts j it is one of the mofl confiderable of Switzerland, although properly out of it, and drives a Trade unequalled by any in that Country. Its Situation procures it the Pafl*age of the Goods that come from England, Holland, the Nortb, and Ger- many for the Cantons and Geneva, and for thofe which the Swifs and Genevans fend to thofe Countries : the Trade of the Wools of Germany and Poland ; that of Cloth and other Stuffs, Drugs and Spiccries, Metals and Furrs, is very con- fiderable here, as are the Engagements in Exchanges : The Activity and Pene- tration 847 i M, . f '"n ■'•i;-:sitH !■■ ' Ifl i-j;; n < '. ^ 848 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. tration of its Inliabitants liave long fincc rendered it noted for Trade, particu- larly for Linens, whofc Fabriclis ars in a flourilhing Condition. It has aJfo feve- ral Manufadlures of flowered Ribbons, which employ a great Number of Work- men, and are fpread through Germany, SUefia, Hungary, and Bohemia, The Fa- bricks of wove Stockings, Silk, ditto and Worfted, fet a great Nm 'ler of Looms to work, whofc Products arc fent very diilant to be dilpofed of. The Manu- fadlure in Imitation of Chints is brought to great Perfection, and docs not only fupply the neighbouring Merchants, but many others m ch farther off. The Paper of this City has been long noted for its Goodnefs ; and here are Letter Founders, not only of the Charadiers of the living Languages, but alfo of Greek and all the Oriental Tongues, which are uled all over Switzer/und, in France, Germany, and elfcwhere ; Printing is likcwife a confulerable Part of the Buiinefs of the Inhabitants ; among whom are alfo found Gold Beaters, very expert in their Art ; Fabricks of Tobacco, excellent Dyers both of Silk and Wool, Whitfters, &c. St. Gall is a large fine City feated two Leagues from the Lake Conjlance, in a narrow barren Valley, whofe Soil produces nothing but (irafs, notwithftanding which, moll of the Inhabitants are rich, at leaft ver)' few of them ftreightencd in their Circumftances ; their Wealth flowing in with their great Trade, which chiefly confifts in Linen, whofe Confumption is very extraordinary all over Swit- zerland, and abroad. This iJufinefs is fo confidcrable as to place the Weavers in fome refpedts on a Level with the Nobility ; as they with the Gentry make the firft of the twelve Tribes, of which this City is compofcd. The Manufactures of Woollen Stuffs are here alfo in a flourishing Condition ; befides which, this City being fo near the aforementioned Lake, and on the Road from Germany to Italy, itferves as a Channel of Communication between them; audits Halls are the Warehoufes for Goods that go and come. Fribourg is a pretty large City, and Capital of the Canton bearing the fame Na.ne, feated on the River Sane. Its Factories are extenfive, and the Country very fine, being, next to Lucerne, the moft powerful of the Foman Catholick Cantons; the Goodnefs of its Paftures, and the Fertility of its Soil, yield a very confidcrable Income to the Inhabitants, whereby they are placed at Eafe, and are not fo laborious as their Neighbours j fo that with the Exception of the Cheefe Trade, they bring little to it, befides a few Hempen Linens, and fome Hats made here. There is a Fabrick of Paper in the Neighbourhood, and a Printing-Oflice in the City. Gruicre, is a fmall Town in the Canton of Fribourg, noted for its excellent Chccfes in all Europe ; and of which the Trade is fo very confidcrable, as to in- duce fcvcral Merchants of this Canton to fettle Houfes at Lyons, for ncgociating their Sales. Sclcurre, the capital City of the Canton with the fame Nanje, has very fine Fortifications, and is feated in a Couiitry extremely pleafant ; the y^//r dividing the City into two unequal Parts. It ferves as a Depofite of the Goods imported to Sii'ttzerland, by Way of Schaffhoufe and Bajil, and which are loaded for Yver- don by the Lake of Bienne. At Olten, a fmall Town en the ylar, and dependant on Solcurre, befides other Parts of the Canton, are made a Quantity of Woollen knit Stockings, and fome Hats, and Cutlery Ware. Apenxel is the principal Town of the Canton named therefrom, which is very rich in Meadows and Parturage, fitly adapted to the Breed'ng of many Cattle, in which this Territory abounds ; they alfo gro"' here a grc.it deal of Hemp and Flax, which ferves ihe Inhabitants for a Winter's Employ in making Linens, fold afterwards to St. Gall, but little diftant 4ierefrom. Bienne, a Town fituated at fome Diftance above the Lake of this Name, between . Soleurre and Neuji/jatel, Dependant on the Bilhop of Bafil, carries on a great Trade in Deal Boards, commonly twenty-two or twenty-four Feet long, as alio in other Wood for Building ; here are alfo inade Variety of Ribbons and I'crrets, and it has good Tanneries, and fine Earth for Delft Ware. Parent ree, a City and Caftle ferving for the Refidence of the P fliop of B^///, where is made fine Eartiicn Ware, Gloves, and Woollen Stockings knit and milled. Mulhaujin, 0/ G E N E V A. Mulhaufen is built on the River ///, five Leagues from Bafil, and allied with the Swifs. It is feated in a very fertile Plain ; abundant in Grain and Wine, hav- ing mere than fixty Manufadures of Cloth and Druggets j here is alfo made a Quantity of Woollen knit and coarfc Silk wove Stockings, and Blankets ; befides which, the Place affords very good Dyers and Tanners, who have fufficient Oc- cupation in their different Employs. Neufchatcl, is a Swifs City, Capital of the Principality of this Name; it is feated on the Borders of a Lake, whicn communicates with thofc of Morut and Biemif, and difchargcs itfelf that Way, into the Aar and the Rhine, which extremely - cilitatcs its Trade, not only with the refl oi Switzerland, but alfo with Germany and Holland, for which Places VefTels depart twice a Year with Goods and Paf- fengcrs ; it is a very plcafant Voyage, and is generally performed in fifteen Days. All the Subjedts of this Sovereignty are exempt from Tolls, Impofls, and other Duties, as well for the Goods tney brine in, as thofe they export on their own Accounts, neither are they obliged to declare the Contents of their Bales, or Cafes, at entering, or going out, when the Merchandize belongs to them. Here are three free Fairs in the Year, at which the Merchants pay noCuftoms on Imports, and but a Trifle on Extrads. Their Trade is pretty extenfive, and here are Ma- gazines, where Traders of the neighbouring Places may purchafe the various Commodities from India, England, Holland, France, and Germany, at reafr nable Prices. The chief Fabricks of the Country are printed Cottons (in Imitation of Chints) pufhed to a great Degree of Perfection, the Beauty and Vivacity of the Colours, equalling tliofe of the befl AJiatick Performances ; here are alfo manufactured Thread and Cotton Stockings, of which a great Confumption is made in Italy, France, Sbain, Portugal, the American Ifles, and even in Holland, notwithftand- ing the fine Fabricks of Harlem, the Dutch Merchants having diflinguifhed the Goodnefs of the Thread and Work, befides a confiderable Difference in Price. The Glovers Trade has been long in Repute, and the Thread is fpun finer here than in Holland, to abo/e the Value of forty-five Shillings Sterling per Pound Dif- ference. The Manufacture of Lace is fpread through the whole Canton ; the common Sort are wrought in great Quantities in the Mountains, and a prodigious Sale is made of them abroad j in the City, the Perfection of this Commodity is pufhed to a Degree of Equality with thofe of Flanders for Beauty, and to furpafs them a great deal in Quality; here are alfo made Linens and Tapes, and the Cha- ir ns of Neufchiitel, is in great Efteem, it being fent to Italy, France and Germany. The Village of Scrrieres, Dependant on this City, and which on Account of its Proximity might be regarded as one of its Suburbs, is confiderable for the many Wheels which the little River bearing its Name turns, without ever hav- ing the leafl Interruption from the rougheft Winters, or dricft Summers, among which are grinding Mills, Saws, Polifhers, Forges, Founderies, and Battery Works, for Copper, Iron, and Paper j here arc alfo made Variety of Hard Ware, but the !ron Wire and Cards of this Place, are (above all) in great Efteem. The Medicinal and Vulnerary Herbs found here in great Abundance, its vaft Herds of Cattle and Plenty of Corn and Wine, with every other Neceffary of Life, proclaims the Fertility of the Country, in which a Refidence is rendered ftill more agreeable by the Wholfomenefs of the Laws, which fecures the Property and Liberty of the SubjeCl. T' 0/ Gpueva, 'HIS City is celebrated for its Antiquity, for its advantageous Situation, for the Number of its Inhabitants, and particularly for its great Trade, which however was yet much more confiderable before the Removal of its Fairs to Lyons, li is feated in one of the delightfulleft Countries of Europe, at the Ex- tremity of tae Lake bearing its Name j and which facilitates a Commerce, that the Induflry of its Inhabitants has rendered very extenfive. In refpeCl of whofe . interior Part, this City may (with proper Limitations) be regarded as one of the Storehoufcs of France, a Part of Germany, Switzerland, Piedmont and Italy, which Countries it fupplies with all Sorts of Linens, Mullins, Chints, Drugs, Spice, Eng- 10 G Itjb, 'V 849 m r 1 f ""it !r i\ *; 4-- '1. r l 'I 850 0///6 fc-nd their Ships, that fome of the Genevans are not fceii as Partners, or Principals in the Voyage. Having f Of W E I G H T S, ^c. Having now jinijhed the defcripthe Part of my Work., I proceed to give an y^ccount of tie WziGHTSy Measures, aW Coins, as my Propofals promifed j and I Jhall begin firji with thofe of my own Country. THE Weights in common Ufe throughout Great Britain, arc Troy and Avoirdupois ; the former confiding of Grains, Pennyweights, Ounces, and Pounds, whereof 24 Grains make a Pennyweight, 20 Pennyweights an Ounce, and 12 Ounces a Pound, by which Bread (in Corporation Towns only) Gold, Silver, and Apothecaries Medicines are weighed j and to this Weight Corn Mca- fures are reduceable, as 8 lb. Troy makes a Gallon, 16 lb. a Peck, and confe- quently 64 lb. a Bufhel ; Liquid Meafurcs are alfo dependant on it, as their Con- cavities correfpond in their different Sizes thereto, from a Pint confiding of 1 2 Ounces (or a Pound) up to a Tun, containing 252 Gallons, and weighing 20 16 lb. or 1 890 lb. Avoirdupois ; 2 Pints make a Quart, 4 Quarts a Gallon (containing 231 Cubical Inches) 63 Gallons a Hogfhead, 42 a Tierce, 126 a Pipe, and 252 a Tun of Brandy, Cyder, Wine, &c. Refiners and Jewellers alio make Ufe of this Weight in Part ; the former cal- ling their fmalleft Fraftions Blanks, of which 24 make a Perit, 20 Perils a Droite, 20 Droites a Mite, 20 Mites a Grain, and then as above. The Jewellers divide the Ounce into 152 Parts, or Carats, and tliefe into Grains, whereof four make « Carat. By Avoirdupoife Weight, all Grofs Goods and Bafe Metals are weighed, fuch as Grocery, Roftn, Pitch, Tallow, Soap, Butter, Cheefe, Iron, Lead, Copper, Al- lum, (Sc. its component Parts are Drams, Ounces, &c. of which 1 6 Drams make an Ounce, r6 Ounces a Pound, 28 Pound a Quarter of a Hundred Weight, or n * Pounds, and 20 Hundred Weight or 2240 Pound a Tun ; but befides this Hun- dredweight there is another called the Stanncry Hundred, by which Tin, ©"r. is weighed to the King. The Avoirdupois Ounce is lighter than the Troy Ounce, ■ by near a twelfth Part, 51 Ounces Troy being equal to 56 Avoirdupois; but the Avoirdupois Pound is heavier than the Troy, 1 7 Pound of this latter being equal to 14 Pound of the other. Wool is generally fold by the Tod, or Clove, allowing 7 Pounds to the Clove, 14 Pounds to the Stone, 28 Pounds to the Tod, 128 Pounds to the Wey, 364 Pounds to the Sack, and 4368 Pounds to the Laft. Lead is bought by the Fodder, which ^X. London, Netvcaflle, (3c. weighs 19^ Hundred Weight of 112 Pounds; but zx. Hull 19;- Stannery Hundred of 120 Pounds ; and at Cbejler, &c. it is flill different. In EJex, Butier and Cheefe arc weighed by the Clove (or half Stone) being 8 Pounds, of which 32, or }.^6 Pound is a Wey; but in Suffolk 42 Cloves or 336 Pounds are allowed to the Wey. Of Butter a Firkin muft weigh 56 Pounds, and that of Soap 60 Pounds, and 4 Firkins of either make a Barrel. A Stone of Beef at London is 8 Pounds, but in the Country it is commonly 14 Pounds ; Horfc-Racers alfo reckon 14 Pounds to the Stone ; and it is the fame with Iron, Shot, or Wool, double the Quantity of Iron and Shot being called a Quarter, though a Stone of Sugar, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Pepper or AUum. is but 134. Pound. A Faggot of Steel is 1 20 Pound, and a Burden of Gad Steel 1 80 Pounds. A Barrel of Gunpowder is 100 Pound, and 24 Barrels make a Lafl. A Seam of Glafs is 24 Stone, (of 5 Pounds each) or 1 20 Pounds. A Trufs of Hay 56 Pounds, and a Load or Tun of it 36 TrulFes. Raw Silk is fold here by the Pound of 24 Ounces, or more properly one Pound and a half Avoirdupois ; but Organcines, Tramcs, &c\ by the common Pound of 16 Ounces. In France, Hulland, and mofl other Places of Europe, the Pound is termed Mark Weight, by reafon that 2 Marks of 8 Ounces conipofe it, fo that in all Places where this Pound is ufed, it confifts of 1 6 Ounces, as with us ; and as moft Authors who have culculatcd the Correlpondency of thefe different Weights have 8si is .;.U'. <• H' '' ■I 1 #•3' uils ■ •. J *1 V i ".' 852 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. have taken thofe of ParU for a Standard, I Hiall follow their Example, as it is eafy to reduce any not mentioned in the following Table by the Rule of Three, and I (hall onlv take Notice of fuch as are not inferted therein, or that moke ufe of more Weignts than one. Co»;«fj^rrg reckon their Weights by Schipponds, confiding of 4c o lb. divided into 10 Steens of 40 lb. each, 100 lb. of Ptfrii makes xzi^.oi Coningsberg, and 100 lb. of Coningsberg make 80 lb. of Paris, fo that the French Hundred of Salt yields near i o Lads (which is little more than 40000 lb.) at this Place. Dafit^Jck's Schippond confiils of 320 lb. containing 20 Licfponds of 16 lb. each, of which ICO lb. makes 88 J lb. at Paris; and on the contrary, 1 00 lb. of this lafl City makes 112 J lb. at Dantzick. The Hundred of Frf«t,6 Salt produces ii | to 12 Dantzick Lafts, (the Laft of that Salt being 18 Tun) though the Laft of this Commodity from Lunenbnurg and Haran is only 12 Tuns. Elbing's Weights are the fa..ie with thofe of Dantzick. Stefin's Schippond contains 180, and its Pierre 2 lib. the no lb. making 100 lb. of Paris. The hundred of Salt from France, yields here 10 Lafts. Lubeci, the Schippond here is 300 lb. divided into 20 Liefponds of 1 5 lb. each j and I CO lb. of this Place makes 95^ lb. of Paris, and loolb. of Paris 105 lb. of Lubeci. Brejlau, 100 lb. of this Place makes 80 lb. at Paris, and 100 lb. Parifiau makes 1251b. here. Bremen's joolb. are reckoned equal to 971b. of Paris, and 100 lb. of Parit are cfteemcd 103 lb. of Bremen. Naumbourg makes ufe of the fame Weights as Leipjick, calculated in the Table. Erfort computes icolb. to equal 92 lb. of Paris, and that 100 lb. of Paris, makes io8|lb. here. Berne, the 1 00 lb. here arc computed to make 901b. of Paris, and the 100 lb. ' of Paris to make 1 1 1 lb. of thefc. Cologne'^ 100 lb. make 961b. ix. Paris, and lOolb. of Prfm are cq«al to 1041b. here. Ghent, ^rujjels, . alines, Bruges, Lijle, 1 00 lb. of this Place makes 884 lb. of Pari', and 100 lb. of Paris maket 1141b. here. 5^. Malo commonly fuppofed to have its Weights equal with thofe of Paris, though by fome reckoned to be 2 per Cent. lefs. Bayonne has its Weights equal with thofe of Paris ; and at Lyons two Sorts of Weights are in Ufe ; thofe of the City, by which all Species of Grofs Goods are fold and whofe Pound confifting of 16 Ounces only makes 14 Ounces Mark Weight : The other for Silk only, containing 1 5 Ounces the Mark, fo that 1 00 lb. of Silk makes 108 Ib.Xity Weight. Genoa, this C:ity has five Sorts of Weights, the firft called the Great Weight, ufed in the Cuftomhoufe ; the fecond Cajh fVeights, for Plate and Coin j the third Cantaro, or the common Qujntal, by which are weighed Grofs Goods that are fold ; the fourth called the Great Balance, by which Raw Silks are weighed; and the fifth is called the Small Balance, that ferves for weighing fine Goods. 90* Rotoli or Pounds, Great freight ■» 100 Rotoli Cap freight I 100 Rotoli Common Weight \ make 100 lb. of Paris. J 44 lb. Great Balance \ J 53 lb. Small Balance J Rome, 100 lb. of this City, makes within a Trifle ji'^Vo. at Paris, and 100 lb. of Paris makes 140 lb. of Rome. At Leghorn they make ufe of two Sorts of Weights, viz. great and fmall. The Quintal is reckoned varioufly, according to the Specie of Goods fold by it, viz. the Quintal of Roman Allum, of Poorjack, dried and pickled Herrings, and I correfpond cxadlly in Weights with Antwerp. ¥^ )f Paris tnakei liofc o( Pan's, 0/ W E I G H T S, e^r. 853 and falted Salmon; is fold here by that of 150 lb. The Qiuntal for Sugars 151 lb. and for Wool and Pi(h 160 lb. F/orence has the fame Weights as at Leghorn. Lucca has likewife two Soru of Weights, viz. Great Weight, of which 94I Rotoli, or Pounds? , lu r d • Small Weight, of which 1414 Rotoli, or Poundsr»^* '°°^''- °^^'"""- Palermo in Stcify ufes alfo two Sorts of Weighu, of which, 100 Rotoli, Great Weight 7 , ^ a \ r .\. CUiTlb.Jm • 100 lb. Small Weight ^ T*^* * T"''* *'^» *«"{ 65 lbj°^^*"'- At Venice the Weights are likewife different, the Pound of the fmall Weight confiding only of 12 Ounces, and the Pound of the great Weight i8^} of th« fame Ounces ; or it is otherwife reckoned that 100 lb. great Weight makes 158 lb. finall Weight, and 100 lb. fmall Weight 634 lb. great Weighty Iooib:Swei|hl}'"»'^"gl 6o"lb.V^'"^- And.oolb.ofP.„>makeatr.«,4 -4 ISX^^rilJj: Bolognc, 100 lb. of this Place makes 661b. At Paris, and 100 lb. oi Paris makes 1514- lb. o( Bologne. Bergame, like Venice, has two Sorts of Weights, viz. great and fmall ; this lat- ter has only 12 Ounces to the Pound, and the great has 30 Ounces or 2^ fniall Pounds. The fmall lerves for weighing Silk, Cochineal, Indigo, Wax, and other Drugs } and the great for Wooll, and other Grofs Goods The Weights of Naples are the fame with thefe oi Bergame. Smyrna uks the Cantar, or Quintal, with its Fractions for the Weight of Goods. The Quintal weighs 45 Oques, or Okkes, or 100 Routels. The Batmen makes 6 Oques, The Sechie 2 Ditto, The Routel makes 180 Dragmes, The Oque 400 Ditto. The Quintal of ico Routels or 45 Oques as above, is equal to 1 14 lb. of Paris ; on which Footing 100 lb. of Paris makes about 874. Routels of Smyrna. It is reckoned that the Oque weighs a Trifle more than 2^ lb. of Paris, but this is according to the Goods weighed by it. Confiantinople has the heaviefl Weights in all the Levant, though they are dif- tinguifhed as at Smyrna. The Quintal confiils of 45 Oques, and the Oque of ~ - •• .lb. of Parw, II 1 24. lb. of Paris, 1 8 1 lb. of Venice, 160 lb. of Leghorn. Being divided into Rottes, Oques, Batmens, &c. as at Sn^na. Pit Aleppo, they make ufe of diverfe Sorts of Weights, viz. The Quintal, or Cantar, of 100 Rottels, each confifling of 72c Dragmes. The Surlo, which is 274 Rottels. The Rottel, with which mofl Goods are weighed containing (as above) 720 Dragmes, which make 4W lb. of Paris. The Rottel for weighing the Silks growing in the Neighbourhood, is of 700 Dragmes, and weighs ^^ lb. of Paris. The Rotlct for weighing Perjian Silks, Legi de Burma, ArdafTe, and Ardaflete, contains 680 Dragmes, and weighs 4^7 lb. oi Peris. The DamaiTin Rottel, with which Brafs, Lattin Wire, Amber, Camphire, Benzoin, Spikenard, Balm oi Mecca, and Aloes Wood, are weighed, contains 600 Dragmes, and makes 3|| lb. of Paris, The Ok, or Oque, weighs 400 Dragmes. The 10 H 400 Dragmes, correfponding to 2^^- ' It is reckoned that the Quintal of Conjlantinople weighs'^ .■• *\ 1 ■ Ml 1 ^54 Of the General Trade of the WdRLD. Ihc Metkal, With wbkh Pearls and Ambefgreafe arc weighed, u i|Dragine. xVb.oi Paris 1 fi56l I lb. fmall Weight of VenictKtaakit at AUpfoX 98^Dragme8. 1 lb. great Weight of D* J U'»J The Quintal of Tripoli make i J Quintal of Altpha of 720 Dragmes. At SeyS^a (the anticnt Sidon) two Sorts of Weignts arc in ufc, viz. The Kottel DamofTin, or Damafquin, bv which all Sorts of Silks and Cotton Thread is foldi it is reckoned 60 o DragmeS, which make j^^lb. ofPor/V. And the Acre, by which moft of the Grois Goods are fold, equal to 44 lb. of Paris. ■ Alexandria makes ufe of a Cantar or Quintal for the weighing of Goods, which varies according to the different Species weighed by it, as for fome it con- fiAs only of too Rottels, andforother, 105, no, 112^, 115, ilo, 125, 130, and 13]. The Rottel Farfarin it 144 Dragmes, 100 of which Rottels are reckoned equal to 1251b. o( Leghorn. The Rottel Geromn is 312 Dragmes. The Oi:ke, or Oque is 400 Dragmes. The Cantar, or Quintal of 100 Rottels, is fuppofed equal to 1 20 lb. of Pan/. Rofetto has its Weights the fame as thofe lau mentioned o( Aleitandria. Grand Cairo make ufc of the Quintal, or Cantar of loo Rottels, for the weighing moft of its Goods, reciToned equal to 88 lb. of Paru; though a Quintal of Coffee yields 951b. at Amfterdam, which are (as has been ob- ferved) the fame with thofc of Paris. Thefe are all, or at leaft die Principal Places of Trade, whofe Weights are not mentioned in the /ubfeqitent Table, fo that J have nothing more to add •a thisSubjedt. L'P:'- > .y/t Lji' __ I :.' Jsin nomifc-a ;>fi 1' . ij.m iaitio^ jdT I'l i^i lUti^l^o dlooi jni-'col djidw no • " ■ -adl bi.a:.'-. ri *i 4l b and 'S' . .>c.'i Wl ; I ,, ( :. *S-f * TABLE i ftoin (! :i;.. flji'.v .! ' ' ! .' •■ i!viii((' ■V -.,•,■ /.-AO 1 . .•U" ta -.rlV .-;!■• > Of WEIGHT llil?.!?.!.^ I'ili^ 8 8 8 2 § 8 8 8 8 8,S.S.oeoeooanoeeooooa I ^ I ^9 Arc ci|>J4l to • *0 00 O ^0 O OS O^ Os"'! --J O — O M OO'O ■• O * O O O •pt$»fi4f put Q 00 oo\o Qo>p yi */uv^ *Utwfj$ifwfrjQ ' 00 00 ^ 00 M -w(^ JO Vj'.wf JO ^ QONI -o 00\O '^ <w W 00 O --I P ^^ 00*^1 O v^ Wl 00 -J!A an* '■"••if iO i»!0 tv '"t^^/ JO 8 00 QOO 00r* VI <^ O' O-'^ O^ — 00000 0000*0^0 ^ O ^ (^«^ 00« 00 0» CA4- »*'^ -4 O^^ OV) H^^^O O *^ vQ e> o ^o ^ q--ifc ». > M O ^0 — O "" Ot'vl'^l 00^4m I4MU4 O ^O M"* •-• O M O U^t Mi^ mnC O O •" CIDNUWi M<^iO^ mMm OO'Q _ •■ M •■ M y^ \0 ^U> CKQ OOsdsO^ tM oe — M '»n^^n 3o put *^Jh9fii9j, JO 8 M O »4 M M M VI -^ 0\ OOVI dM V( _-K O V* VI "■ -^ M « ^ Sn M ^ -^I *-4 O0-*J OOVi Vi -^ Owi OOO OO O ^t M OO"^-! ^ 00 00 C -• ^t4>k^4. N<.MV« ••«04» OM u NV|\0 Ov H -^ sO • Qs^ W N +. •^ ■*• Ot'O v< *9th9U90iO O 00 04>O 00>d ^ Os g\^J O^ O O «* ODaoO 000*0 O'-O o o '^__** -^sOO\ mO^m'^v^Qv**^ mN^ ^ '^fjn^H JO '^^ '/V^w/JO o 00 odnO \C jo ^ o^ Os^ m OO o - Qogoo-n q*o O^O •sJ^Vi^O — ^O MW* N M O O^^ N OCVi O 0\ O ^ '^ *^ ^t M N 4> '-«« -*- OOSO OOO O-^*-^*^ Otl'<> h«'^ MVi4>.v^it^» V« 00- N — - 0OOnO«>m O WV»^ Ou — '^•■^O 0\»* O*^ VI <^v*oe-»>noo T**00 VW VQ OP N OO t* -!*■ 'io v^y!'/^ io •••wo JO 00 00 00 O S2.^ -h -^ O— M-^ NVtv VI -^ j\ O ^'^ oG^j « w* "^ M c^4* o ■ VI -^ -Vj " V< ^> •kjo^fifjO O' o ^^ — o • ■'"tut JO V* v^— >+ MWMMVi-9000 -O W-M/».*i. "«'^JO v| ^ v> Q>>4^ VI o O •- 2 On"^ OS OOvT > <^ ^ VI Ov 0\vi N >. VI O CftO O-OO^N-Nviso OSvj ^ ^ 0*0+" •"/% JO Q so •«» O ^O O » OsOsvi ^lOOO-OOQOOsO-OOO s500\0 N MV4MV4 0>- OOW «0 VI >0 VI n 00 0%v| ••'jS}'*#"'0*'//."«tfiO -«^000 0\0n Osvj '. -^k -vi-M <^«\0-*M VI ^>.ODM OOO 00 OOVj •/"*"■" > r cr > H n S PI Z cr n cr S- n o X cr n Z o > > o PI o cr < n o cr cr n ,■,■".1 #" ■,|. i i' If 856 Of the General Trade e/" /A? WORLD. Mr. "Jtibn Ptttr RkarJ, having fumiflied ui in hit Book tntitled, Le Negoet djimjitrtkm, and reveral other Authon in their different Works, with a CalcuU' tion of the Agreement, which the feveral Corn Mcafurei of Eurept have, with thofe ofthat City, I herewith dedicate it to my Reader's Service, in Hopea it may be ufeful to many of them in their feminal Negociationi j but previous thereto, I (hall ^ive fomc Account of the Fractions of the diiferent Meafurei mentioned therein, and of thofe that arc not there inferted. HJ. iv^J'vf '•■■ mi' '^»::;^.:,vr:i; ■■:■ The dry Meafures at Amflerdam for Com arc. The Laft, containing 27 Muddes, or 30 Sacks. The Mudde, containing 4 Schcpels. The Sack, containing 3 Schepels j and Retailers All! divide The Schepel into 4 Vicrdcvat, and The Vierdevat into 8 Kops. {of Wheat commonly weighs from 4600 to 4800 lb.") of Rye 4300 to 4200 lb. (Mark Weight, of Barley 3200 to 3400 lb. J The Laft oi Monnikendam, Edam, and Purmtrtnt, is equal to that ot Am- Jitrdam. (of Hoorn | jof EnkbuyfiA The Laft (of Muyd'tn ) is of 2 2 Muddes, or 44 Sacks, and the Sack of 2 Schepelf . jof Naardtn \oiWtfop The Laft of Haarltm u of 38 Sacks, and the Sack of 3 Schepels; 4 Schepels making i Hoed of Rotterdam, and 14 Sacks, i Hoed of Dtlft. The Laft of Alkmaar is of 36 Sacks j the Hoed 4 Schepels { but the Hoed it 5-8ths bigger than that of Rotterdam. The Lair of Ley den, is of 44. Sacks, and the Sack of 8 Schepels. The Laft of Rotterdam, Delft and Schiedam, is compofed of 20 Sacks, and the Sack of 3 Schcpels, of which 10 2-3ds make an Hoedt (the Laft of thefe Places being two per Cent, bigger than that of Amfierdam) and this Laft for Hemp-Seed is alio of 29 Sacks, nnd for Linfced 24 Tons or Barils. The Laft of Uort or Dordrecht is of 24 Sacks, the Sack of 8 Schapels, and 8 Sjcks make 1 Hoed. All Grains are bought and fold here by the Hoed, which make 8 Barils or 32 :^chcpels, counting 4 Schepels to the BarU j and 3 Hoeds make i Laft of ylwjhrJam. The Laft of Gouda, or Tergouw, is of 28 Sacks, and tnc Sack of 3 Schepels j 32 Schcpels making i Hoed. Four Hoed of Oudeiiatcr, Heufden, Gornichem, and Leerdam, make 5 Hoed of Amjlcrdam : 2 Hoed of Gornichem make 5 Achtendeelen, or Huitiemes, and i Laft, and 4 Hoed, mafte 5 Hoed of De//i. Twenty-eight Achtendeelen or Huitiemes, of Ajperen, make 32 Huitiemes of Rotterdam : 26 Huitiemes of Worcum, alfo make 32 Huitiemes of Rotterdam. The Laft of Breda, for hard Grain, fuch as Wheat, Rye, Barley, and the like, is of 33 I -half Vecrtels, or Quartieres J and the Laft of Oats is of 29 Veertels j 1 3 Vecrtels of hard Grain, making 1 Chapeau of Delft, and 14 Veertels of Ant- lurp. Corn Meafures of the Province of Utrecht. The Laft of Utrecht confifts of 25 Muddes or Sacks ; 6 Muddes making 5 Moiiwcrs, and I o i -half Muddes or Sacks, i Hoed of Rotterdam. The Lifi of Amerfort, is of 16 Muddes, or of 64 Schepels; 6 Muddct ma- king 1 Sack, or 1 Hoed of Rotterdam. The Laft of Montfcrt is of 2 1 Muddes, the Mudde making 2 Sacks, and the Hoed containing 4I Huitiemes more than that of /ieWtr 4 I ; I &:■' ■? if' 858 0//Ar Generai, Trade 0/ /EWORLD. At Oravtlintt la Rtfetcn ' reckoned to the Liift of Wheat, and 18; for Oati. Corn Medfurri of the Country of Ltigt. The Laft of Leigt ii 06 Seticm, and the Svtier conlifti of 8 Miiddfi, The La(l of Tonrra tor Wheat ii 15 Mudt^et, and for Oat* 14*1 ) C om Mcafiire* of Ortat-Britiiht and IrtlanJ. TheLall ofthcfe Iflands contains 10; Charters 1 the(|narter it K Buthela, and each Bulhcl 8 Gallon*, or 4 Pccki 1 the \,m licin^ caual to that 01 y/m/rrt/am. v Corn Meafurcs of fcvcral I'Uccs in tlic North. \ The La(V of Dantzick is equal to that oi Amjitrdamt it being rccKcncd com- monly to weigh >6 Schipponds of 340 lb. each, nuking 5440 lb. ftr LaU, Dsnf- zick V> eicht, for Wheat j though the Laft for Rye ii only counted 1 5 Schipponds, or 5 1 00 lb. The Laft of Comngjherg isalfoequuiio x\\%t of AmJItrtiam, and Com 11 bought and told here by Guilders and Groi of Poland. The Lad of Riga contains 46 Loonens, whidh make a Loft of Amfttrdam \ Corn Iclls here for Rixdollars of 3 Guilden, or 90 Groi. The Lad of Coprnbagen is of 4s Tons, or 80 Schcppels, though it varies ac- cording to the different Sorts of Cirain, even as far as to 96 Siheppcls. In Sweden, the Laft is reckoned 23 Tuns. The Lail of Hamburgh contains 90 Schcppels, 1 2 of which Lads make 1 3 of Amjierdam. The Laft of Luheck is 85 Schcppels, of which 95 make a Laii of Amjitrdam. The Laft of Embden conufts of 1 5 i Tuns. And 24 haAi of Bremen make 23 ofAmJItrdam. Corn Meafurcs in Icvcral Parts of Franee. The chief Meafure for Grain, is called at Path, and in many other Cities of that Kingdom, a Muid, which is divided into la Setiers, and thebetier into 12 BoifTcaux, or Bufliels ; the Seticr for Wheat is again divided into 2 Mines, the Mine into 2 Minots, and the Minot into 3 BoilTeaux. The Setter of good Wheat ought to weigh from 244 to 248 lb. Mark. The Seticr " Oats is divided into 24 Boifleaux, the Boiflcaux into 4 Picotins, the Picotin into 8 Demi-quarts, and the Demi-quart into 2 Litrons. The Muid, or 12 Setiers of Paris, make 17 Muddes of Amjierdam, and 19 Se- tiers the Amjierdam Laft. The MyxiA of Rouen contains ta Setiers, making 14 Setiers of Pitris, which Muid ought to weigh 33601b. Mark Weight of Wheat, «• the Sctier weighs about 280 lb. which is divided into 2 Mines, and the Mine into 4 Boifleaux ) 4 Muids are equal to 3 Lafts of Amjierdam, 6 betters making 1 o Muddes, or 1 .j. Muid an Amjierdam Laft. The Muid of Orleans ought to weigh 600 lb. it it divided into 12 Mines, and makes i ^ Setiers of Paris, 5 BoilTeaux of Bourdtaux, or 3 J. Muddes of Am- jierdam. The Meafure for Corn ufcd at Lyom is called an Afn^, which is divided into 6 Bichets, or Boifleaux, and makes near i| Setier of Paris, or 34. Boifleaux of Bourdeaux ; fo that 4 Afn^ make 7 Muddes of Amjierdam. 8 Boifleaux of Roan make i Setier of Paris, or 1 J. Mudde of Amjierdam. 3 Afnccs of Macon make 7 Muddes of Amjierdam. 5 Boifleaux of Avignon makes 4^ Muddes of y^M^^r Setters of .SVw««r, make I Lart "^ 14 Hoillcaiix uf 79Mr/, make 1^ Mudde ao liotHcaux of BlnJ's, make i { Mudde i/tuhfterm 1 tiitrhrjitux Muake 1 ; Mudde Ptrigutux J 7 49 Setiert of ArUs, make a l.aft of Amfierdam, each aeticr weighing 93 lb. Mark, and the Charge ii reckoned 300 lb. of that Place. 48 Setiers of liaiuoire, make a Lad of Amfttrdam, and the Charge here is 2 fir Cent. bigEcr than that of Ar/fj. I'he Cnargc of Mar/'eilles, ii of 4 Emineo, the Emine of 8 Sivadieri 1 and the Charge is lUfo computed at 300 lb. AlarJ'eillei Weight, which makes it be equal to I i Mudde of AmJleriLim. Forty»one Charges of St. Gilltn make a Lad of Amfttrdam i the Charge here is alfo of 3001b. but heavier by 18 to zo per Cent, than that of Arlet. Fifty-one Charges of Tarafcon, tpfke a Laft of Amjierdam ; the Charge here is likewifc of 300 lb. ^ per Cent, heavier than that of y/r/«. Three Einines of 'Toulon, makes 2 Muddes of Amfterdam ; the Charge is here reckoned to cunfid of three Setiers, and th(i Sctier containing 1 \ Eminc, 3 of which make 2 Setiers of Paris. Four Boiflcaux of y^«r makes an Amfterdam Laft ; bjt I find that an Eng/iftj Quarter commonly yields there 1 6 Alquicr«, at which Rate only 1 64 go to the Laft of Amfterdam. At V m 1 1 t I < 1 1' :-••) T '1: i ^ Of the General Trade o/V/STWaRLD. At -the Axertt liUnds, belonging to the Kbg oi Portugal, and in that o{ St. Micbatl, 60 Alq jiers is reckoned to the Muid, and 240 make an jtmJIertLun Laft ; though Com tranfpoited from St. Micbatl to the Ifle of Madeira, yield* 4 Al- quiers Benefit on the 60 ; that is, the 60 of St. Michael produce 64 at Madeira, being 6\ per Cent. Italian Corn Meafures. Corn is fold at Genoa by the Mine, with an Exemption from Duties to the Seller, and 25 Mines are reckoned a Laft of Amfterdam. At Leghorn, 40 Sacks make a Laft oi Amfterdam, and s Sacks of Wheat make the Marfeilles Chafge of 300 lb. lefs 4 per Cent. Wheat is fold at Venice by the Staro, or SeUer, 3 Staro making ont Marjeilla Charge, or j| Mudde of Amfterdam. This may fuflice to fhcw the chief Corn Meafures of the principal Parts in Europe, to which my Reader ms^ have Recourfe, for a more ampk: Explication of their difFerent Divifions, than could conveniently be inierted in the following Table 1 though this contains a greater Number of Places, and fhews at one Glance, the Agreement between the Meafures of every City, with thofe of Amfterdam, Paris, and Bourdeatix ; the Nanae of the Place being fought in the firft Column, whofe Meafure is wanted, tbey being all ranged for this Purpofe in an Alpha- betical Order, and all trifling Fractions left out, as their Infertion would have in- terrupted the Regularity of the Table, without adding any Thing to the In- ftrudtion ( '' my R«uler. j4 TABtB 0/ tie jigreemen: of dherfe Measurks with tbofe of Amsterdam, Paris, and Bourdsaux. I>l Names of Places. Abbeville A^en •Aiguilhn AJicant Alkmaar ftps!/e Amerifirt Amiens ■ Amfieriam Antwerp Arks Auray le Due Arnbem Ajperen Aubeterre Audierne Auray Auxone Avignon Barhefieux Baugenci Bayonne Beeucaire Beaumont Beauvais Bellegarde Bergerac Bergen-ef>- ::^om Bergcn-St-Winox Bloii Different Meafures, 6 Setiws 331 Sacks 41 Sacks 25 Setiert 1 2 Cahizes 36 Sacks 14 Boiifeaux 16 Muddes 44. Sctiers I Laft 32-J Veertcls 49 Setiers 9I Boiifeaux 22 Mouwers 25-J- Sacks 5 Boifleaux I Tun 100 Boifleaux I Emine 5 BoilTeaux 5 Boifleaux 34. Mines 36 Sacks 48 Setieres 38 Sacks I Tun I Bichet I Pipe 63 Sifters 1 3 Raziers 2o Boiffeaux Meafuri of Am- fterdam. 7 Muddes I Laft I Loft I Lafl I Laft I Laft lie Mudde I Laft 14 Mudde 27 Muddes I Laft I Laft 14. Mudde I Laft I Laft It Mudde 13^ Muddes 35 Muddes 4 Muddes 44 Muddes I Y Mudde I' Mudde Meafitre tf Meafure of Pun. Bourdeaux. 5 Setiers 10 Boifleaux. I I I 18 2 5 1 I. Laft Laft Laft Muddes Muddes Muddes Laft Muddes '. Mudde »9 »9 19 19 19 I »9 I ^9 19 »9 I »9 I 9; 3 I I »9 >9 J9 "t It 31 '9 12 I 3? iS 3; 38 2 38 2 ?l 2 3? 38 2 J9 2 2 38 St 7 38 24 2 £. W- Duties to the F Wheat make on« Mar/eilles XUS^Sfn'W EIGHTS, ^t. %€i kathds oiV\ii!Cti. ,hifferent l^e^Hret. Bm-k-buc Bologne in Picardi Bommcl Bourbon Laucy Bourdeawt Bourret 20;. Mouwtf^ 8 Setiers' 18 Muddes i3|BoiffeJHJit 38 BoiiTeaux 1 00 Sacks 100 Carticrts' 33J^Veerteii 24 Lafts ' I Qua red I Tun 1 1 Carfes ijri Hocdts 25 Sacks 2 1 Muddes ■ 3 3 J. Sacks 52 Hanegas ioo Cartes 1 2 Setters ^ 24^ Muddcfi Breau Breda Bremen Breffe Brejl Briare Bruges Bruje/s Bueren Cadillac Cadiz Cahors Calais Campen Candie i Chargd' Canville 106 Sacks Carcajfoni 35 Setiers Cajiel Jahux loo Sacks Cajiel Maursn 1 Pipe Cajietnau de Medor loo Quafticres Cajhlnaudiri 4 1 J. Setiers Cajiel-Sarazin - 100 Sacks Cafires ih Languedok 100 Seti^ Caude-C(ifle 100 Sacks Chalais 5 Boifleailx Chalons Jiir Saone v 5 Bichets Charite 8 Boifleatix Charlieu fur Loire ' 7 BoifTcaux Charolles 6^Boifreaax Chateau neuffur Loire 7 ' BoifTeatnc Clairac Cleves Concarnettu Condom Coningsberg '■ Copenhagen ' Corbie Cofne Creon Cuylenbourg Dantzick . Delft Deve^ter Dieppe Dixmude Doejbourg Dort, or Dordrecht Dunkirk Dunes Edam Elking Embden " ij^Tons 34^ Sacks i6- MouwcrS I Tun 41 Sacks' ' I La^ 42 Tuns ^i Setiers Boiffeatot 100 Sacks 21 Muddes I Laft 29 Sacks 36 Muddes 18 Mines 30 - Razieres 22 Mouwers 24 Sacks 18 Razieres 100 Sacks 27 Muddes I Laft I »3 I 1 I Mtafiarttfhm- fterdam. Lait Maddes Laft 4-Mudde Laft 3i Lafts 3i Lafts , 1 Laft 23 Lafts 14 Mudde 1 3 ^ Muddfes i|Mudde 1 Laft I Laft I Laft 1 Laft I Laft 1 Laft 184. Muddes I Laft liMudde Meafurttf Meafkre$f Paris. fipurdeaux. lip Setiers 38 BoiiTeaux Lafts Laft 3 I 2 5 3 I Laft 3-1 Lifts 4 Lafts. 3 Lafts 14 Muddcf 84 Muddes i^ iVfiiade j;. Mu9 I I 6i« 19 »9 >9 '9 12 »9 19 19 '9 57 19 19 •9 Laft Laft Laft Laft Muddes Laft Laft Laft Laft Lafts Laft Laft Laft K 38 2 38 »33 l 874 '9 2 ^? 3? 3? 35 3? 38 2 II 108 12? ,38 '33 152 »>4 2 12 2 2 2 a 38 18.J. 33 2 24 3? 3? 38 114 3? 38 Names -7^ S6% Of the Names of Plarei. England Erftlfttyn E^etfac Etqffort FUffingut Francfort Fronjac Fronton Gaillae Ghent Genoa Ginfac Gergeau Gien Gimond Goes, or Tegoes Gorcom Gouda, or Tergow Graveline Grenade Gri/oles Groeninguen Haarlem Hitmaourg Harder'wyck Harlingen Havre de Grace Hennebone Heufden Hoorn, or Home Hu/um Ireland La Briile La Gruere La Magijiere Lanion La Reole La Roche de R. La Rochelle Lavaur Layrac Le Mas de Agenois Le Mas de Verdun Les Adriens Lefpare Leuwaerden Leyden Leytoure Ltbourne Litge Lijk in Flanders Limeul Lyons Lijbon Ltfle in Albtgeois Lifle-Dieu General Trade of the^OKUD, Different MeaMs.'''t:£^''''^,'^iSSSZ^. A A Sacks t r^A i9Setien38BMfletux 10 38 100 44 Sacks 10^ Quarters a I Muddes 1 00 Sacks 100 Boifleaux 40 Sacks 27 Malders 28^ Sacks 100 Sacks 2 1 Setiers 56 Halfters 25 Mines 109 Sacks 3i Mines 94 Caries 20 Sacks 40 Sacks 174^ Muddes 2§ Sacks 22 Razieres 30 Sacks 100 Sacks 33 Muddes 38 Sacks 12 Lafts 1 1 Muddes 33 Muddes 5^ fioiifeauz 1 Ton 1 74- Muddes 44 Sacks 20 Tons 10^ Quarters, or? 38 Bufhels S 40 Sacks 1 00 Sacks 100 Sacks I Ton 30 Sacks I Ton I Ton 2 1 Setiers 1 00 Sacks 100 Sacks 100 Sacks I Ton 1 00 Sacks 3 3 Muddes 44 Sacks 1 00 Sacks 35 Sacks 96 Setiers 38 Razieres I Pipe 4 Afn^s 2 1 6 Alquiers 100 Setiers i Ton Aerdsm. I Laft I Laft 1 Laft 19 2 Lafts, 17 Mud. 50 2 Lafts, 24 Mud. 55 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 3 Lafts, 1 4 Mud. 67 I Laft 19 1 Laft 19 J Laft 19 2 Laft8,i4Mud.48 i^Mudde I 14 Mudde I Laft I Laft I Laft »9 19 »9 »9 »9 1 Laft I Laft I Laft 19 3 Lafts, 10 Mud. 64 I Laft 10 Laft I Laft 13 Lafts 10 Muddes I Laft i^Muddc 1 74- Muddes I Laft I Laft I Laft I Laft »9 »9 247 7 »9 < "4 »9 »9 »9 »9 1 Laft 19 2 Lafts, 23 Mud. 54 2 Lafts, 24 Mud. 55 14 Muddes 10 I Laft 19 13 Muddes 94 13 Muddes 94 1 Laft 19 3 Lafts, 4 Mud. 594 2 Laft^, 20 Mud. 52 3 Lafts, i4Mud.67 13 Muddes 94 3 Lafts, 14 Mud. 67 I Laft 19 ! Laft 19 3 Lafts 57 1 Laft 19 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 ' 5 Muddes 34 7 Muddes 5 I Laft 19 7 Lafts. 5 Mud. 130 i4^Muade8 10 20 no 3? 3? 38 35 3? 96 a 2 38 3| 3? 3* 128 11 49+ »4 3« a ? 38 38 108 no 20 3? 38 1194 »04t »34 184 '3t 35 38 3j 3« 7 10 t 200 Names 0/ W E I G H T S, @»f. Namec of Places. Different Meajures. htgbarn LoKvain Lubtek Macon Malines Marans Marfeilles Mas i Agtnois Mas de Verdun Middlebourg Mirambcau Mirandous Moijfac MmcaJJin Montaubah Montandre Montfort Montpellier Montreuil Morlaix A'lunikendam f/Suyden Naerden Nantes Naples, la Pouille and la Calabria Narbon Narmoutier Ifle Negrepelijfe \ Nerac Nevers Nimeguen Nieuport Orleans Oudewafer Pain d" Avoine 40 Sacks 27 Muddes 95 Schepels 3 AfnMS 30TijVcertels I Ton I Charge 100 Sacks 100 Sacks 41 1 Sacks ICO Boifleaux 100 BoifTeaux 30 Sacks 100 Sacks ^100 Sacks 1 1 00 Setiers 100 BoiiTeaux 2 1 Muddes 3 Setiers iS Boifleaux I Ton 27 Muddes 44 Sacks 44 Sacks I Ton 3 Tomolos 32I Setiers I Ton 100 Setiers 100 Sacks Meafures of hm- Mttfiire of Mtajiare rf fterdatn. Paris. Bourdeauz. 8(S3 1 Paris Periguex Pont F Abbe Port Louis Porto Port Purmerent Pvymerol ^iberon $uimpercorantin ^inferlay Rabaftens Realmont Reahilte Redon Rennes Rbencn Rjbeyrac Riga 334. Sacks 8 Boifleaux 2 1 1 Mouvers 17^ Raziers I Muid 2 1 Muddes I Ton r I Muid \ 1 2 Boifleaux 5 BoiiTeaux I Ton I Ton 1 80 Alquiers 27 Muddes 100 Sacks I Ton I Ton I Ton •17 Setiers 100 Setiers 25 Sacks 100 Setiers I Ton I Ton 20 Muddes 5 Boifleaux 46 Loopen \ Lafl Laft Laft Muddes Laft 13 Muddes i^-Mudde 2 I I I 7 I ipSeders 38BoiiGRHUuc «9 «9 5 »9 9t 1 Lafts, 2oMud.52{. Lafts, 14 Mud. 67 Laft i9 Lafts 57 Lafts 57 Laft 19 Lafts, 23 Mud. 54 Lafts, i8;Mud.7o Lafts, 10 Mud. 140 Lafts, 5 Mud. 60^- '9 9t ic8^ 8oi Laft 19 i^Mudde I It Muddes i 1 34. Muddes 94- I Laft 19 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 i3TMuddes 9|. i4.Mudde I I Laft 1 34 Muddes 84. Lafts 4^ Lafts 1 Laft 19 i4.Mudde I I Laft 19 I Laft 19 34 Muddes 24. I Laft 19 »3 9t 17 Muddes 12 i^-Mudde I i4.Mudde I i3|Mudde 94. i74.Muddes 124- I Laft 19 I Laft 19 3 Lafts 57 1 34. Muddes 94- 134. Muddes 94- 1 74. Muddes 124. I Laft 19 4 Lafts, 10 Mad. 86 I Laft 19 8 Lafts.ioMud. 162 i44.Muddes 10-4- 14 Muddes 94- I Laft 19 i4.Mudde I I Laft 19 38 10 3? 18; « 104* 38 114 114 35 108 140 280 121 38 2 Z 38 i8f 38 19 3'6| 1614. 38 2 38 % 2 2 >9 244 3; 38 114 '9 '9 24^ 38 172 38 324 20i i9i 38 2 38 .1 \ ^'p 'i\ Names '-J e i ^^ Of the I Ton I ; 1 Ton IK. i|Mudde 2 Lafts, 18 Mud. 50* 1 Laft I Laft Villeneuve itAgenois 100 fioiHeaux Vlijinguc 40 Sacks Utrecht 35 Muddes Weejop 44 Sacks Worcum 23' Sacks Wykte Deurji. 20 Muddes Tj'djiein 20 Muddes Zirick Zee 40 Sacks Zwol 26 Sacks i^ Mudde ... I Laft '!< '. I 10 Muddes .Lui'. \- 3 Lafts 1 Laft I Lafl 14 Muddes 1 3I Muddes 40 Charges fU J ; i Laft I Eminc iii>\ \ 24 Muddes ' 1 Ton *H i r. 14 Muddes »t; I t 91 Boifleaui^^, | ^ 100 Socks '!>^t aZt Razierer ' 19 Setiers ' 3 Eftereaux 19 Setiercs 29 Sacks Bi Muddet 1 ^ Salme 35 Vcertcls 83 Tons • 94 Carfes 5 Sacks 5 1 Charges 37^ Sacks 39 Sacks a I Muddes a6 Setiers ioo Sacks ] 5 Muddes 14 Tons . I Bichet 3 Emines 25 Sacks J 4 Boifleaux I Caflis 100 Sacks 1 Ton 2 Stares 214 Mouwers t Bichet 20 Muddes 25 Sacks I Setiers 2 BoiUmuiT 19 7 57 19 >9 9: 9; >9 9i 14 Mudde I Laft I Laft 14 Mudde I Laft I Laft I Laft 1 4 Mudde 44 Mudde I Laft 1 Laft • I Laft I Laft 1 Laft 2 Lafts, 16 Mud. 49f »9 '9 »9 I >9 »9 ^9 I 19 »9 I 3 J9 »9 »9 19 »9 I Laft 1 Laft 2 I 91 I '0 1-' 24 j! Muddes IB Muddes I i Mudde 3I Muddes 3|Lafts 14 Muddes i^Mudde- I Laft i| Mudde 1 Laft 19 24 Muddes 17 2 Lafts, 21 Mud. 524 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 I Laft t^ I Laft 19 I L&ft 19 I Laft 19 I Laft 19 38 H 114 35 3« i9{. >9 38 34 »94 loij. 3? 38 2 38 38 2 38 2 6 3f 35 35 3? 98* 3? 38 3t 4 25t 2 4t »23x 19t 2 38 38 34 3? 38 >^^J To the foregoing Table I (hall here add the Weights of the Flanders and German Meafurcs, as they arc calculated by Mr. Savory, in hcipes it may be agreeable to my Readers ; though I muft accompany it with this Remark, that 5* ' f/.f 0/ W E I G H T S, ^f. the Poiulerofity of the fcvcra) Sorts of Grains therein-mentioned, are rendered lb uncertain by the Change of Weather, and other Accidents of Humidity or Drinefs, that np Exiidtnefs is to be depended on from fuch a Computation j however, it may occafionally prove of fome Service, at lead to thofe intercfled in the Cora Trade, and therefore I give it a Place. 865 %i An AbjlraEi of the Correfpondcnt Weighti and MeaJ'ures of the dif- fer eitt Species of Corn /» Flanders and Germany. Pki'C], Names or Mcafurcs. Dunkirk Bergui's Ypra ylyre at. Omer Calais Doulcnsl Raziere Razlcrc Raziere Raziere Raziere 5 Qljafticr I Sctier or Septier 264 I Sept. of 4 Quart, and" each Quart. of4Boifl'. 205 J- whereof 16 makes the (212 Mark Weight of W'htat. 250 lb. 210 179 160 196 66 Amiens Pcroune Lijle Menin Tournay Conde Valenciennes Cambray Douay Arras Mons Maubeuge Avenes Landreci Le i^itfncy Le Cafieau SoiJJ'ons Noyon La Fere Gui/i St. ^entin Namur Dinant Philippevillc Givet Chalons Reims Rhetel Rocrcy Mezieres Verdun Sedan Montmidy Septier of Doulens, Setier Setier Raziere Raziere Raziere Raziere Raziere MarkWeightof^^^^yj^ Men.ngormixi j„ » Lorn. ' 2471b. 2401b. 204 200 173 168 150 148 193 190 60 58 240 232 20I Mcncault Raziere Raz.wt.ofS/. Raziere Raziere Raziere Mencault Mencault Mencault Setier Setier Setier Jalois Setier Setier Setier Retz Retz Setier Sctier Setier Cartel Cartel Francarte Cartel Cartel Dijon and Chalons Emine Auxonne Emine Bezanpu Mefure J 49 88 no 129 180 178 75 81 129 VaJiiiS 100 102 97 80 85 158 86 7» 80 67 444 44^ 5S 47 200 130 112 35 3° 38 3?l 48i 45 27 36 201 208 49 86 106 126 168 172 74 83 125 123 75r 94 98 94 76 80 i<;6 2 69 76 64 42 43 54 46 *95 124 108 3+ 23 3+ 38 47 a 35 Mark Weight of Oali. 48 84 104 123 170 164 74 84 125 124 ir 88 90 79 72 148 84 76 62^ 414 4*i 45 190 118 104 3,^ 2.' 32 37 50 4» 25 34 1 2 5^ lb. 48 54 66 « 120 TiieRizieremak. 75ing2}{M«ncaulu. 43 50 70 72 II 124 50 50 44 ^7x 62 30 m *5 35 27 20 3a 10 Gray T 866 t -it 'i\. fVV; I Of the General Trade of the WORLD. PUCM. Gray Port fur Same Euxeuil, St. Loup, Favernay Dole Naoin of Mctfiuci. Mefure Quarte Quarte } MarkW€i|hi ofWlMM. 70 391b. 381b. 30 lb. 59 58 48 68 67 Pontarlier >Emine 60 59 58 Salins 3 Villerfuxel Montjutin >Emine 45 44 43 Montbeliard ] Hericourt ^Emine 40 39 38 Blamont J VanviJlers Quarte 63 6a 61 Vezoul Qiiarte 60 59 58 47 Befort Lanfcron ? Quarte 43 4» Frtbourg Boifleau 27 ^5 25 Brifac Rezal 164 i6a 158 Colmar Rezal 160 156 164 Schlefat Rezal 168 166 St. Mary auxMi/ifsReza\ 7^ »75 176 Strafbourg Rezal 160 160 160 104 Haguemiu Rezal 165 J 60 »55 JI2 Fort Lo^ijJuR/)ifiThc Sack orFcrtek ■ i6i 156 150 no LanJau Maldre 186 ^75 176 Neujiat Maldre 184 170 Wipmhourg Rezal 164 162 *59 108 104 Philipfbourg Pbalfbourg and Ligtemberg Maldre iRegal 168 184 i6i 183 'J4 182 Saar Louis Quarte no 109 108 96 Hambourg and Bitche iMaldre 300 298 280 Saarbourg Bichct 23 22 21 Keyferlautern Maldre 16a 160 158 146 Mont Royal Maldre 336 324 312 Saarbruck Quarte 128 126 ii6 108 Metz Quarte Bidfjet 93i 95^ 99v 81 Toul. »34 129 119 80 Nancy Regal 174 »73 172 144 Longvy C Rezal of A'a«*'^'^*'- * c A a J S 102 Braffes for Woollens X^cv...:... 100 hyxnzzoi Amfterdam J^^g. g^flj., ^^ ^old, Qfr. Stuffs 5°^ '^'"^^• 100 Pics of Smyrna and Seyde, are computed to be 97 Aunes of Amjierdam. 100 Aunes of y^»y?*r 'im, make 103 Pies oi Smyrna, &c. 100 Pies of Conjlantinople, make 97.;. Aunes of Amjierdam. ""nn&s oi Amjierdam, tmkc loz^Vicsoi Conjlantinople. les of Aleppo, are reckoned to make 98 Aunes of Amjierdam. vuncs oi Amjierdam, make 102 Vies oi Aleppo. lou Pies oi Alexandria and Rofette, make 97 Aunts oi Amjierdam. 100 Aunes of Amjierdam, make 103 Pies of Alexandria, &c. and the Cforre- fpondency of fdl ^e other Megfures in Europe, are to \» found in the (qliiilyifipg Table. ^^5^ 10 IC IC 1 A^l !'■ J 4'; >" .< i ft I , ;i ^■" 10 M A TABLE w w |ti fi m* Sj6 Of the General 1? rade of the W6rLD. .PB- o 2.8 •-• " 3 " Cn S ^' f» ^ VO 3 -• » « -,►0 ^ c'o o *; a o § 5 =" « ? B3 « 3 t^ B-2 3 ^ St«o ?» "i S jv <•" o > n o <; g - '^ ^ Tg 5I«> ,j " 3 a o r>. "^ CJ _ o'S 3 5 e O K. J5 '^ _ ^ ^ 888S88SS8888 88 888S888888 M«k« > w) <^ u« M o* oi o^^o <^'«4 -»t« O'j'^ — o . wn ^ ♦ O &V1 SO JO 'MiPJj jo touny 1 ^ k>j *^ ij - ^1 ^aO»^-^ .1 O Q ^i O ---J O-Mk* O r^»* •*■♦• N- 000 O O -• MUa^Wt-zt^ * QCNO M NO 5 >0 QOO 00- «• "^1 9^ M o O ""^J J^iM sLJ i^ ^ s^ aBOo&>o 0OQO-" oe* O^ i/jntMOQ JO nuny pug ntuff JO »3nn\' JO **JfMfc,vjoMuny »4 Vf — •• ■• 0e>O Q O M 00^ -fk i^t OvO N 00 Q t'l sO O '^■'^ 'X'*0 vo — » on joj7;ri)V^^j„ sjuny o - -I 00 o «.«» o-(>omowon4-'^*ci30nooo | r.x^K/j} JO !3uny mt^mit^^.. _Mi-u.- 4^»<^t.„ ^ NUIVmU**.^ O-^'-'I — N Q O O^Vt .f- ix W« VM O* VM ^Ut CM ^ UM, H-M-''« ». ->4-ri->«-w«4^ ^- M M N N<^>-^0«^\0 O 00 00>^ MW M M 14 N H«^UJto«^i "-** O-O "O O O ooow O — *^ O*^^' C>- I • I "^ »rf« N O O O wi oci»Nt^-i> — -I"© 00 «.-■<• ** I 'O CO OO o -*;■ 0\ I O'v'w*'-^ Crt Os-s| -^J ^^ M SO ■sj-^j^-j MsO O '^-♦' Q " ►* OnODC7'00*0\0>n*>-I'^ m *>v*«^ii^u^ 0^4cn O-^*^'^'^^* Ooa^O »4 00 Cwi VI NOOO^OOO*-OOtN— 04 ODN.M •• r4 o M •- •f> ^u* P* O <-M ■^ VI wi ^t ON O "^J on 00 \0 O^^J 0'-o'^l'-n*^w»-W- »<- w - Htm »-w >*■ »,wv«>»»*iwitgj t^»«. m Wm OOnO O O 0'^»^^-^ "-^ 000 ^»*0 N>0*0*0 00 00*- 1 O O '^ M- »Jx — — »« O iM O QO^OnO^ •- -NO a- N &<-f* <^ -1 *o cc^ "^ O O •- IM l.t O N H M «• O-vJ 0CM^Ot'**--f»- 00 N O>00O O -O Q t-vj^^O IJ^-*» M^O O 00^ •Uc^ftj JO ^/OSmJMJ jo «OpUI!-> v./w^josaj/Big gff *gwg^.<^gjo tjjjrifl pu» '-'«"»// JO sayejg "//WJo'ajBJH > H > ca r W ►*^ r» B* a > n » n w e w >TJ as r H: >■ n »> g. P t*1 50 C^ pi >J •fl y; ^ a tl3 P9 56 r PI < n < 9, b: 9 n •3* ^ -1. W f-l 3 o o 2 O > cn CI O % r> > r *«,- r-'' ' ' 77r H > 5 H a > tx) r n S. o jl "*> r §• r > sr o S" n . - M __- e uny rt nja r w, 3unv !» « Si /luiy n S 3uny S «^ s- O auny P o __ — tt^S 3 put fKttJf "V c^:: >j ■" Munv c? my ^JO / t^5 laan^' ' p M Munv < n < tsuny s g^ B r> o a* tjunv S: ^ uny ■i.iu>!.n ijur" S-25 n O iisut; ) r S JWD m > en ..pj»; I CJ 9» "A M 1 nn, ^ s. 10 Opi.M!- j»^a ^ » s / z tJJJBJ a o U^H > " r 0/ WEIGHTS, ^r. 77v following an the Meafuret of France and other Countrus n- clured into Fcet^ Inches, (inJ Lines, of which 1 2 Lines make an J nth, and i 2 Inches a Foot, which may in fome Mtafure illuflratt the prtctding Table, The Aim of A/m contains — — ■ — The Cajic of Vrovencf, Avignon, and Monlpelier — The Cane of Toulouf^ and Varra of Arragon ■ The Yard of England The Auncof //sZ/rfW, Antwerp, and ToKrWijy The Aimc of FlamUrs, Brahant, and Germany The Varra of C^^/V/f The Varra of Valencia in Spain The Rns of PieJmont, and the BrafTc of I,«ff The Fool of Amjlerdam The Foot of Antwerp — ■^— — ^ - The Foot of LoHvain — — — The Foot of Mf ii .i;. 87a Of the General Trade 0/ Mr WORLD. The fame receptive dry Meafiirc as is ufe«l for Corn, fcrvcn alfn in England for ."alt, Lime, Coals, Ofr. they lioing all mctcil hy the HUnchr/ier Mcifiirc, tlio' the firft is now gencrnlly foM from the Pitti by Weight, reckoning 7 lb. Avoirtiupoii to the Gallon, or 56 Ih. to the Bulhel, in Freight Computation 41 Biifhcis is accounted a Ton, fivcMulhcls isaS.uk, anil 4 C. Wt, aCJjurtcr. When fulil by Meafure this Commochtv and Coah mull he heaped, or elfe five llrickcn I'eiks arc allowed to the Buflief, and nf the latter t^() Bitlhels make a Chaldron. In other I'art* of I'.urepc, Salt (which is a more (iaple and currrcnt Merchandize than almoft any o- tlier) is bought and ibid by different Meafures, according to the fcvcral Pl.icc^ of its Pilputth : I'or at AinjUrdimi (where vaft Quantities arc imported) it is fold by the Coit. of 404 Meafures, or Scheppels, which Cent, is reckoned to be fcvcn Larts or 14 Tons, and the Lall to weigh 4000 lb. fo that the faid fcvcn Lafb or 14 Tons make 28000 lb. called the Cent, of Salt, which alfo contains 208 Sacks, tho' fonic of this Commodity is much heavier than others. 8aU is carried to Am- Jlt-nltim AwA all the Cities of Holland \ FUnders, Brabant, Ztlandi other Places of the Ntrth, anil up the Daltick, from Maranj, Hrouage, Sude, the Ifles of • RljJ and Olgron \ Mean; HochelU, and other Phices of Saintonge, and the Coun- try oi Aunts ; from I'oli^uen, (.roijil, Guerand, the Bay o( BourneuJ, and other I'arts of l^rctiignc j from Ht, Uivs in Portugal, and from Cadiz, Atamat, and Ivua in Spain. In the Cities and other Parts of France, Salt is fold by the Muid, whofc Size varies, according to the different Places of its Manufacture and Difpatch: At Pa- ris this Meafure is reckoned to cor.tain \i Setiers, or 48 Minots, which Minot is alio divided into left Fradions. The Cent, of Salt from Marans, Brouage, Sude, the Ides ofRi/, &c. contain 28 (IrickenMuids, and each Muid 24 BoilTeau-v, which yields at Amjierdam n^ LalU, or 23 Tons, a little more or lefs, according to the good or bad Mcetage made at the Ponds, or its Wade in the Voyage. The Salts of the Iflc of RbJ and Brouage arc deemed heavier than thofe from Oleron, Marans, Mornac, (ic. And the Cent. of thclc weighty Salts yield at Hamburg u\ to 11 ^ Lafts, which arc 45 to 46000 lb. In Dtnmark, or Copenhagen, the faid Cent, only renders 9,' Lafts, thr Laft be- ing rcckoncil here equal to 18 Tens, and the 50 Lafts to correfpond with 52 of Coningsberg ; at which Place ihcCent. produces about 10 Lafts, or 40.00 lb. At Riga the faid Cent, yields the fame Meafure as at Coningsberg, and about 6v Lafts of Rira make the great Cent, ol Amjierdam. The fiid Frciieh Cent, produces at Dantzick ii J to 12 Lafts that Meafure, of which I.r.lls 7; to 7 1 make likewife the great Cent. o( Amjierdam, At Steti/i m I'ommit^ia, the Frenci Ctw/. yields 10 Lafts, making 40000 lb. Meafure and Weight of the faid Place. In P^rlugtil, S.ilt is bought by the Mii.a, of which four make a Laft, and feven the Cent, of Amjierdam, containing (as above) 404 Scheppels. At Ahimat and Ivica 'tis fold by the Modin, which weighs from 27; to 28 C. F.nglijh, anil at both Places the Quantities made arc prodigious, being all for tlic King's Account. Of Liquid Meafures in Great Britain, the ordinary fmalleft one is called a Pint (with its Fractions) of which two make a Quart, two Quarts make a Pottle, two Pottles make a CJallun ; eight Gallons make a Firkin of Ale, and nine a Firkin of Beer ; two F'irkins a Kilderkin, and two Kilderkins a Barrel j one Barrel and half a Ilogrticad, two llogflicads a Pipe or Butt, arid two Pipes a Tun. The F^n-^lijh Wine .\Icafurcs are fmaller than thofe of Ale and Beer, and arc pro- portioned as 4 to 5 ; (o that four Gallons Beer Meafure are almoft five Gallons of Wine Meafure ; of which latter a Gallon is 231 Cubical Inches, and eight Pounds one Ounce, and 1 1 Drams Avoirdupois of Rain Water. Of thefe Gallons a Runlet of Wine holds eighteen, half a I logftiead 31 ; Gallons, a Tierce42 Gallons, a Hogf- head 6^^ G.nllons, a Puncheon 84 fiallons, a Pipe or Butt 126, and a Ton 252 Gal- lons, or ioi6 Pints ; by wliich Meafure is fold Wine, Brandy, Vinegar, Cyder, ^c. Foreign \'cirels for containing Wine, Vinegar, &c. have various Denominations, accordiiiir to their Dit^'.rcnt Si;^es, and Places, of their F.jbrication. The m Of MEASURES, ^i\ The Wocden oiGtrmtny, for holding Rhcnifh and Mo(cll« Wii)f s arc iliiK*nHit In their Gauges ) fome containing 14 Aumct AmJitrJam Mc^lUrc, uiid others mure. or left. The Aume ii reckoned at Amfltritm for eight Stet knni, or 10 Vcrgen or VVcr- teU » or for J of a Ton of two Pipes 1 or four BurrcU of I'rancf or nonnliiiux, which ; ii called at thii latter Tiercon, bccuufu three of them make a I'ipi-, ur two Barrels, md fix the faid Ton. The Steckan ii 16 Minglei, or 32 Pints 1 and the Verge or Vcrrfcl in In rc- fpedt of faid Rbtnifl) and MoftUt, and Ibmc other Sorts of Wine, of lix Minglf s ; l>iit in meafuring Brandy, it confifb of lix ; Minglns. The Aume is divided into four Ancken, atid the Ahckcr two Stckani or 32 MinglcH. The Ancker is taken fometimcs for ,'^. of a Tun, of lour Bnrffls i on whi'It Footing the BourJeaux Ikrrcl ought to contain at /ImjUrdiim (when the Calk ir' • . ^* . Of COINS, both real and imaginary. In England, the Copper ones are a Farthing and Haf-penny, the latter being two of the former. In fine Silver of the Standard of 1 1 oz. 2 dwt. called Sterling, the fmalloH: Piece is one Penny, others of two Pence, three Pence, four Pence, (called alfo a Groat) and fix Pence, a Shilling, or 12 Pence, a Half-^Crown, or two Shillings and ftx Pence, and a Crown, or five Shillings. In fine Gold of 22 Carats, called alio Sterling, a Guinea (now worth 21 Shillings) half a Guinea, fome few two and five Guinea Pieces, and fewer ^ ones. Accounts are kept in Pounds, Shillings and Pence, (the firft and laft imaginary) and Exchanges are calculated in one of them two. In France, the Gold Species are Louis, witli its Diminutions of i and ^, and its Augmentations of double and quadruple. Of m % he Barrel of u 0/ C O I N S, ^c. Of Stiver the Crown or Eca, with its PraAions, which at prefent pafleg for j Livres, though has been up to more than 7 Livres. Of Silver and Brafs mixed, the Sol. And Of Copper the Liard, which is -J. of a Sol, or 3 Denier? A Double 2 Deniers. And a Denier or Vr °^ * Sol. But the Value of thefe Coins have been fo often changed, fince Mtn 1718, that it is impofliblc to afcertain their prefent Value with- out Rccourfe to tne different Ordinances concerning them, which are very long, and would render their Quotation more tedious than profitable to my Readers, which may juftly apologize for iny Omiflion of them. Accounts are kept throughout this Kingdom in Livres, Sols and Deniers, of which 12 Deniers make a Sol, and 20 Sols a Livre, their Exchange is by the Crown <^ 3 Livres or 60 Sols. In Holland, the Gold Coins are 15 Guilders, and 15 Stivers 5 Ducatons Ducats Souverains Rofe-Nobles 1 r^ > worth \ . ' 1 I'.l though of thcfc very few arc feen. Silver Coins. f 3 Guilders and 3 Stivers |2 10 worth ■; 2. Of this Coin very few to be met with t 10 8' 875 ^ Ducatons Drie-Guilders 9ax Dollar or Patucon Croons Dollars Goud Guilders, or Golden Guilders 1 Guilders J '- 1 Here are alfo ^ and -J. Rix Dollars 5 Scheliings, (of which fome are worth 6, und others only 5^ Stivers j) here are alfo Stivers (of which 20 make a Guilder) divided into 2 Deniers dc gros, or 8 Duytes, oi- 16 Penins, though thefe twolaft Denomi- nations are imaginary. Here are befides, fevferal other Coins, particularly fome fmall ones, of 2, 3, 4, 8, and i2| Stivers. Accounts are kept at Amfterdam and Rotterdam, the two chief trading Places, in Guilders, Stivers and Penins, fo that although Goods are fold for other Species, fuch as Livres de gros, G?f . yet all are reduced to the above Denominations for the Entries into their Books. The Exchanges are made with us in fo many Scheliings to a Pound Sterling, though to moft other Places in Deniers de Gros. Foreign Coins are very many, both of Gold and Silver, but are not current here at any fixed Price, but (as other Commodities) rife and fall according to their Plen^ or Scarcenefs. YnRuffia, 3 Coppecks is an Altin, 10 Coppecks i Grieve, 25Coppecksis aPol- poltin, 50 Coppecks is aPoltin, 64 Coppecks is a Dollar, and 1 00 Coppecks or 19 Grives is a Rouble; an Englijh iZio^n paffes there by Weight, for 120 to 130 Coppecks. Accounts are kept in the trading Places of this Empire, in Roubles, Grives and bufles; the Albus into 12 Deniers, or 2 Creutzers, and the Creutzer into 4 Hel- lers. The Dollar is worth here 52 Albuifes. The Guilder 24 Albuffes. ThcBIaf- lart 4 Albufles ; and Accounts are kept in Rixdollars, Albu£es and Penins, and their Exchanges with Amjierdam are for Rixdollars of 78 AlbuiTes, for Rixdollars current Money there, at a fluctuating Premium. At Frankfort fur k Mein and Hanaiv, tlie Rixdoliar is 90 Creutzers, and the Creutzer 4 Hellers ; but as the current and exchange Money is fo very difFereut, and not readily to be calculated, I herewith add a Computation made by Monlieur John Peter Ricard, in Hopes it may (at leaA to fome) be both agreeable and ufeful. ICO Guilders of 65 Creutzers exchange Money, make 108 Guilders, 20 Creutzers, of 60 Creutzers exchange Money. Sy Rixdollars, 62 Creutzers, of 74 Creutzers ditto. 88 Rixdollars, 6 Creutzers 3^4 d, of 90 Creutzers current Money. 132 Guilders, 6 Creutzers 344. «^. of 60 Creutzers current Money, too Guilders of 60 Creutzers exchange Money, make ?2 Guilders, 20 Creutzers of 65 Creutzers exchange Money. I Rixdollars, 6 Creutzers of 74 Creutzers ditto. 8 1 Rixdollars, 27 Creutzers 44 ^. of 90 Creutzers current Money. 121 Guilders 57 Creutzers ^ d. of 60 Creutzers ditto. 1 Qo Guilders of 60 Creutzers, current Money, make 75 Guilders, 45 Creutzers of 65 Creutzers Exchange Money. ^ 02 Guilders of 60 Creutzers, ditto, 66 Rixdollars, 36 Creutzers, of 74 Creutzers, ditto. 66 Rixdollars, 60 Creutzers, of 90 Creutzers, current Money. 100 Rixdollars of 74 Creutzers exchange Money, make 113 Guilders, 55 Creutzers, of 65 Creutzers exchange Money. 123 Guilders 20 Creutzers of 60 Creutzers ditto. 100 Rixdollars P, St. Gat lit givei in 3cr of its ■{ ditto to ICrown. '.S good lie Guilder tlie Gros 7 pilings and Crcutzers Inge as Zu- pllings, 90 Eutzers, or A Schel- I with moft tranit; the I commonly r 1 1 Livres fomething Moneys are 9 or I o Sols r are. Pieces jtruva, be- f thefc there )lfi Toumoit. Rixdollars) into 78 Al- into 4 Hel- IhcBlaf- Penins, and or Rixdollars zers, and the cry different, by Moniieur igrecable and }0 RixduUars 0/ C O I N S, ^c. 106 Rixdollars 24 Creutzers i^^d. of 90 Creutzers current Money< ijo Guilders, 24 Creutzers 1^,' vers ; and their Exchange is almoft confined to Amjierdam, between Rixdollars and Rixdollars, and fometimes Guilders againft Guilders, both with a Premium of fo much per Cent. Bolzano is a Place conllderable in Exchanges with feveral Parts of France, Itafyt Switzerland and Germany. The Species moft current here, are the German Rix- dollars and Dollars, the former worth 90 and 93 Creutzers; the Guilder of 60 Creutzers is likcwife in ufe here. It exchanges with Lyons an uncertain Number of Creutzers for a French Crown. With Rome the fame for a Crown. With Florence Ditto for that Crown of 7^ Livres. With Bergam the Rixdollar of 93 Creutzers, for an uncertain Number oi Soldi. With Venice the fame, for a Number of Soldi Banco. With Ancona, the Guilder of 60 Creutzers for an uncertain Number of Bajochcs. With fio/ojw ditto, for a Number of Soldi. With 5/. Ga/. 1 00 Guil- ders for an uncertain 5lumber of dittos that Money. With Frankfort an uncertain Number of Rixdollars of 90 Creutzers, for 100 Rixdollars of that Place j and with Augsberg and Nuremburg the fame. At Nuremberg and Ausbourr, the Guilder is 15 Batz, 20 Imperial Gros, or 60 Crcutzers ; the Crcutzers 4 Hellers, and the Rixdollar is i J. Guilder, or 90 Creut- zers, {near 4/. 6 nd 5 Chavelets, or 20 Soldi, a Livre. Account are kept in thefe Cities in Livres, Soldi, and Denari, or in Dollars of ICO Soldis exchanging on London the Dollar of 5 Livres, for a certain Num- ber of Pence ; on Amjlerdam and Antwerp, ditto for a Number of Groots ; on ^pain the fame for fo many Maravadies ; on Portugal the fame for Reas ; on Geneva the fame for a Crown with a Premium ; on Venice the imaginary Crown of 90 Soldi, for an uncertain Number of Venetian Soldi ; on Mi/an ditto for a Number of Sols of the Empire ; on Rome an uncertain Number of Soldi for that Crown ; on Parit the Dollar for an uncertain Number of Sols ; on Leghorn an uncertain Number of Soldi, for the Dollar of fix Livres ; on Naples the fame L: the Dollar of nine Carlins. At Milan, many Sorts of Money are current as at Genoa, but their own Spe- cies are Livres, Scidis and Denari, to be counted like Pounds, Shillings and Fence, viz. 1 2 Denaris make a Soldi, &c, and Accounts are kept here in thofe Species. This is a confiderable Place of Exchange; and gives to London a Ducat for an uncertain Number of Pence ; to Spain ditto, for a Number of Maravadies ; to Venice the fame, for a Number of Soldi ; to France, an uncertain Number of Soldi for a Crown Tournois ; to Florence ditto, for that Crown of y^ Livres ; to Genoa the f^me, for the Dollar of five Livres ; to Novi, the Caw. for a Crown Mark; to home 100 Crowns, for an uncertain Number of ftanipt Crowns. Be- fides which, it exchanges with many other Places. At Rome, the Crown is worth 10 Julios, and the Julio 10 Bajoches. The Crown is alfo divided into 20 Soldi d'Or, and the Soldi d'Or into 1 2 Denari. Accounts are kept here in Crowns, Julios and Bajoches, or Grains and Quar- trins ; and it exchanges with London, a (lampt Crown for an uncertain Number of Pence; with Genoa, the fame for fome Soldi ; vfith Bergam zn6 Bologne, ditto for ditto ; with Ancona 100 ditto, for a Number of their Crowns ; with Spain one ditto, for an uncertain Number of M-ravadies ; with Bolzamo the fume for fome Crcutzcrs ; with France, an uncertain Number for 1 00 French Crowns ; with Ve- nice, the fame for 1 00 Ducata Banco ; with Legbcrn, tlie fame fur 1 00 Dollars ; 10 P with ''I, ^ ' 881 0//i&^ General Trade o/M and the Exchanges arc made on London by giving a Dollar of 6 Livres for an un- certain Number of Pence; on Holland ihc (ame ior a Number of G roots; on France the fame, for a Number of Sols; on Portugal the like, for a Number of Rcas; on Florence the fame, for fome Soldi ; on Genoa, ditto for ditto ; on Venice, an uncertain Number of Dollars for 1 00 Ducats Banco ; on Naples, 1 00 Dollars for a Number of Ducats of 5 Tarins ; on Novi ditto, for the like Number of Crowns, with a Premium ; on Rome ditto, for an uncertain Number of Crowns ; on Geneva, ditto for ditto ; and bcfides, it exchanges with many other Places, in the fame Manner as its Capital Florence docs. At Florence, 5 Quartrins make a Craca or Grain, 8 Grains a Julio or Paulo, 12 Grains aLivre, and 7^ Livres, or 150 Soldi, a Crown. They here keep their Books and Accounts in Crowns, Soldi, and Denari j Picoli, or Current ; and exchange the Crown of 7^ Livres with London, for an uncertain Number of Pence; with iS^^i/n the fame for Maravadies ; with Por/w- fal ditto for Reas ; with Milan ditto for Soldi ; with France, an uncertain Num- er of ditto for 100 Crowns Tournois i with A'o'di ditto for lou Crowns of that Place ; with Venice ditto for 1 00 Ducats Banco j with Naphs i ^ o ditto for an un- certain Number of Ducats ; with Leghorn an uncertain Number of Soldis, for the Dollar of 6 Livres; with Lucca 100 Crowns for an uncertain Number of Crowns of 7 ^ Livres j with Rome ditto, for an uncertain Number of Roman Crowns ; with Amjlerdam, Antwerp, and Genoa, the fame as from Leghorn to thofe Places. At Lucca, the Crown is worth 7 Livres 10 Soldi, the Livre 20 Soldi, and the Soldi 12 Denari, all d'Or, and they keep their Accounts therein. At Naples, feveral Coins are current, but their own is the Ducat, which makes 10 Carlins; aTarin 2 Carlins; a Carlin 10 Grains; a Grain 3 Q^rtrini : n Carlin worth about e d. Sterling. Accounts are here kept in Ducats, Tarins and Grains ; and Exchanges made with Spain, by giving a Ducat of 10 Carlins, for an uncertain number of Mara- vadies ; with Genoa the Dollar of 9 Carlins, for fome Soldi ; with Palermo the Ducat of I o Carlins, for a Number of Ponti; with Leghorn, Florence, Venice, Rome, and France, for i co Dollars, Crowns, Ducats, Aampt Crowns, and Crowns "Tournois, 100 Neapolitan Ducats with a Premium. In Sicily, the Coins are very like the preceding; 8 Pichili make a Ponti, 6 Pi- chili a Grain, 10 Grains a Carlin, aTarin is 2 Carlins, 12 Carlins is a Florin, 13 Tarins a Ducat, and 12 Tarins a current Crown, which is about 5/. Sterling. Accounts are kept in this Ifland as at Naples ; and it exchanges with Spain the Florin for an uncertain Number of Maravedies ; with Florence an uncertain Number of Carlins for the Crown of 7I Livres ; with Novi the fame for the Crown ; and with Naples an uncertain Number of Ponti, for the Ducat of 5 Taris. At Venice both the current and Bank Ducat make 24 Soldi, or fix Livres and 4 Soldi. The ^f«f/M« Piftole 29 Livres.; theChequin 17 Livres; theTeftoontwo Livres 14 Soldi ; 4. Ditto or a Julio, 18 Soldi ; a Soldi 12 Denari ; a Livre Picoli is 20 Soldi and about 9 (/.-Sterling. Accounts are kept here in Livres, Soldi and De- nari, Picoli or current ; but the Bank Entries are in Livres, Soldi, and Grofles. It deals very confiderably in Exchanf^"*!. and gives to London a Ducat of 24 Grains Banco, for an uncertain Number of 1 ; Sterling ; to France an uncertain Num- ber of Ducats, for 1 00 Crowns Tourr in ; to Spain one Ducat for a Number of Maravedies ; to Holland, Brabant, 1 id ritimburgh, a Ducat for a Number of Groots ; to Novi, an uncertain Number of Ducats for 1 00 current Crowns ; to Naples, 100 Ditto for an uncertain Number of Ducats, of 10 Carlins ; to Leg- horn, 1 00 Ditto for a Number of Dollars of fix Livres ; to Lucca 1 00 Ditto Kir an uncertain Number of Crowns of 7 i Livres ; to Rome the fame, for an uncer- tain Number of Crowns ; to Genoa, an uncertain Number of Soldi Banco for the Crown of four Livres j to Milan the fame, for a Crown of five Livres f c Soldi ; to 0/ C O I N S, m- to Franci/ort, Nuremberg, and St. Gal, lOO Ducats, for an uncertain Number of Guilders of 60 Crcutzcrs. At Bologna Accounts are kept in Livres, Soldi, and Denari, the Livre being 20 Soldi, and the Soldi 1 2 Denari. The Money is a Crown worth four Livres Avs Soldi, or 85 Boulonins. Here is likewife a Teftoon valued at one Livre 10 Soldi i a Jules at 20 Quartrins, and the Soldi Bayock, or Boulonin, at fix Quar- trins. Many Coins of the Empire, France and Spain^ pafs current here, and it exchanges with France an uncertain Number of Soldi for one Crown Tournois j with Naples thr fame, for the Ducat of 10 Carlins; with Venice, the Crown or Dollar ot 85 Soldi, for an uncertain Number of Soldi ; with Rome an uncertain Number of Soldi, for the Crown of 10 Julios; with Lucca, the fame for the Crown of 7 J Livres; with Florence ditto for the Ducat of feven Livres. At Bergtim many foreign Coins arc current, and their Accoimts kept in Livres, Soldi, and Denari, of which 20 Soldi make a Livre, and 1 2 Denari one Soldi. I'he Ducat or Crown of Exchange is reckoned at 7 LivreD, rnd of thcfe it gives to N^vi an uncertain Number, for 100 Crowns that Money; to Miltin the lame for the Ducat of five Livres and i ; Soldi ; to Lyons ditto for a Crow'' Tournois ; to Rome Ditto for a Stampt Crov/n ; and to Venice a Crown for an uncertain Number of Soldi. At Parma Accounts are kept in Crowns of 20 Soldi, and one Soldi is 20 Denari. The Merchants Crown is reckoned 4 Livres, with an unfcttled Premium. At Modena Accounts are kept in Lires, Soldi, and Denari ; they have aUb a Du'^ cat of five Livres, with many other foreign Coins current here. Mantua has the fame Species and ilie lame Way of Reckoning as the lad men- tioned Place. And at Ferrara and Ancona Accounts are kept, and the Species the fame as at Rome. In the Ifland of Sardinia, Accounts arc kept, as in moft Parts of Italy, in Livres, Soldi and Denari ; the Dollar or Piece \ is worth 9 ; Rials, and the Rial 1 5 Soldi, Sardinia Money, and the Livre 20 Soldi ; fo that the Dollar is valued in 6 Livres^ 18 Soldi, or 1 38 Soldi, that Ifland's Currency. At Placentia Accounts arc kept in Crowns, Soldi, and Denari oi Mark, of which 12 Denari make a Soldi, and 20 Soldi the Crown. This Place always gives in Ex- change an entire Sum, viz. a whole Crown, or 1 00 Crowns, Gfr. In the Ifland of Malta Accounts are kept, and Money is the fame with that of Sicily, being Silver, Copper, or Brafs, of which the latter are the current Species ; and in Negociations of Purchafes or Sales, it is always ftipulated w'. ether Payment (hall be made in Silver or Brafs Money, the former being efteemcd 50 per Cent. better than the other. Six Pichili make a Grain, lo Grains a Carlin, two Carlins a Tarin, and a Deci Tarini 10 Tarins, befides which many foreign Coins ard cur- rent on the Ifland. In Savoy and Piedmont, the Species arc Madonines or Piftoles of Savoy, worth 13 Livres; Ducatoons worth 7 Florins, or 84 Soldi; the Savoy Crown, worth 3 Livres, 1 2 Soldi ; the Livre worth 20 Soldi, and the Soldi worth 4 Qnartrins or Liards. Accounts are kept here in Livres, or Lires, Soldi and Quartrins ; and their Exchanges are in Ducatoons. In the Ifland of Candia, the fame Coins are in Ufe, and the fame Method of Ac- counts pradtifed as at Venice. In their Meafuring two Pico's are ufed, the one for Silk, and the other for Woollens ; 100 of the former making about 614. Yards Englijh, and 1 00 of the others four Yards more. The Weights of this Ifle are alfo two ; the Suttle and great Weight ; 100 lb. of which latter very nearly correfponds with 1 18 lb. Avoirdupois, and the 100 Suttle making about 76 lb. Ditto. In the Morea, Accounts are kept as in Venice, or Turkey, according to which of thefe Powers the Place is fubjcft, though they generally reckon in their Deal- ings by the Dollar of 80 Afpers. In co.i.puting their Weights, they reckon 1 1^- Drams to an Ounce, 12 Oun'.es to the Pound, 3 lb. to the Ocque, 132 lb. to a Quintal (of about 117 [ lb. Englifli) though in weighing Raw Silk, they count 15 Ounces to the Pound. Oyl is lold here by a Mtoliire called the Levor, weighing about 7i lb. of which 10 make near 15 Englijh Gallons, or 1 12; lb. Corn 883 II i.i i,iif»«iiipp- r',V); 1^ 884 0/ the General Trade of thr WOR LD. Com is fold here by the Bochcl, of which 9; make 8 Uulhclit It'incbeJltrMet- furc, and their Wine is fohi by the Lodcr, coiitiiiiiiiig »bout 8 (Jullons Engi.jh i which Weights and Mcal'urcs I mention here, as they were omitted in their (jro. per Place. At ConJIantinople, the current CuinN arc golden Sc\]uins, worth 24^ A(;)er«. The Piece rcclioncd at 120 Ar|K*rs. The FuruH or Mediiis worth 3 Ar))crs, oud the Afper worth a I'riHe more tlian a Farthing Sterling. Many foreign C oins p.iis here, I'uch as Spanijh Dollars (if weighty) at 108 to 1 lu Afpcrn, and in Proportion for what they are light i Caragroud)(< (Money of the Empire) lor 12 > Alj)crs; the Aflclanis, Abouqucls, and Lion Dollars of Infpruck and UollunJv;or\\\ 1 1 6 Al- pcrs ; the Folijh Abras, the Turks, Izelotcs, yaiftian, and 1 luti^tittati /ckinu, iHc. At Smyrna they ufc for current Money the Aifclanis luid Abouqucls, worth 80 Afpers, the Scherifs of this Place being Pieces of Ciold worth »\ DollarN. At Alexandretta, or Scandfroon, as well as at jlli'ppo and Seydtt, the i urrcnt Coins are 'he Dollar worth 80 Afpers, and under thele Denominations all Accouius uro kept in thefc Parts. At AlfxtinHria, Rojitto, and Grand Cairo, the current l>ollar is worth 33 Medini, and the Abouquel or Lion Dollar, 30 Ditto ; the Allulani worth 32 Medini, and the SpanipJ Dollar about 70. The Gold Coins arc the Sultani, XerilF, and Chc- keens, being each worth about ^s. \d. 5 J. or 6 d. Sterling. The Places mentioned in the three lall Articles (hould net have licen infcrtcd here, had their Connexion been lefs with Coitjlantinople than it is, as their Situa- tion is not in Europe, to which Part of the World I propolcd to confine the pic- fent Scdtion of Mcafures, Weights and Coins, which I have now finiihed with all the Accuracy I have been able j and though the grcatcll Part of the preceding Tables and Computations arc colle^ed from fcveral Authors, and their Iriors (which were many) correftcd, whcrecvcr 1 perceived them j yet I have not ilopt here, but alfo very confiderably enlarged them, by the Addition of m;\ny prin- cipal trading Places, that had been omitted by the Compolcrs of the aJortlaid Calculations, who have generally copied from one another, and tlu tcby propa- gated the Miftakes and Ovcrfights of the firll Inventors, which are here (at leaft in fome Meafurc) rcftificd and improved. I (hall next endeavour to give the beft Account I can of the Weights, Meafurcs, and Coins of the other trading Parts of the World, and with this finilh my Work, and conclude my Labours. At Caffa in the Black Sea, many foreign Coins arc current, but thofe in moll EAeem arc the weighty Mexican and Sevilian Dollars, which arc always worth here I o per Cent, more than the AU'elani, being continually bought up by iht: Armeniam, and fent to Perfia. The Aflclani paffes for 90 to 100 Al'pers ; the Venetian Zekin for 2\ Affclanis (as at ConJIantinople ;) the Abros pafles for | of an AlTeianij the Izclot for \ of ditto, and the Turk for .;.. The Ocque or Ok of Cajf'a is the fame with that at Conjiantinople : And they have two Sorts of Long Mealiires, tlie one for Woollens and Silks, and the other for Linens, Cottons, fife, both are called Pics, but the firft for Diflindion Pic-arfem j the Linen Pic is 30 per Cent, bigger than that of Conjiantinople. At Kily, or Kilia, the Money confiAs in AlTclanis, worth fometimes 1 1 c or 1 16 Afpers, as it Conjiantinople, their Price being generally governed by that of the lull City : The Izclot is received here for * of tne Dollar. The Sevilan and the Cara- groufch have here the fame Currency as at Conjiantinople, and other Species at a proportionable Value. At Prevat, all Trade is carried on in Affclanis, Abras, Turks, Izelotes, Venetian and Hungarian Zckeens, Cheriffs, Afpers and Para's ; thefe Species being com- monly 1 5 per Cent, higher than at Conjiantinople, as they arc at Synope, Nicopolis and Cajlatnboli. At LaMaJire the current Coins arc only the AlTelanis, Quarts, Turks, Izelotes, and Afpers, the Sevilan and Caragroufch Dollars not being fo much as known here. At Halonica, in the Archipelago, the Sevilan is worth 2 1 2 Afpers, and the Sequin Roufpi 412. The Meafurc called the Guilot makes nczv \\d\f z Leghorn Sack, as the Ocquc does 3 : lb. of that City, and the Pic is near a Dutch Ell. \ In 1 C the Caroube is half a Temin or 14I Afpers. The common Algi^r Q^ntal is 1331b. oi Marfeilles, or io6lb. deMarc; the Pound in general is compofed of 1 6 Ounces, except in weighing Chocolate, Tea, and limilar Commodities, when it is only 14 Ounces; the Pound of Dates, Rai- fins, &c. is 27 Ounces. The Meafure for Woollens and Linens is the Turkey Pic, of which 2 make i Aune and 2 Inches Paris Meafure ; but Gold and Silver Stuffs and Silks are fold l^y the MoreJ'cQ Pic, three of which only make 24. of that of Turkey. Though a confiderable Trade is carried on to the prodigious extcnfive Coafts of jtfr'uk, and though thefe are peopled by numerous different Nations, yet Coins are unknown among them, and all their commercial Tranfa^ions carried on by Way of Barter, they having no other Money in Ufc, than fomc Shells for ihe purchafe of fmall Matters, in mofl Places ; and in Abyjjinia or the Empire of Prejler John, fomc Bits of Rock Salt only ; fo that this great Part of the World 10 Q_ affords i-> Ill*' ■ ■» I 886 0///&^ General Trade of the WORLD. afTurd* me nothine to remarli on the Suhjcdt I am at tirefcnt cnKaged in, till \vc come to the ifle of Madiga/car, where though Money ii ulclcli, yet they have lume Wcighti, though only for Gold and Silver, and the biggcft of the/o not exceeding a Orngme, or the Gros, they having no Notion of Ounces or I'ounds, nor Fernit m which to exprcft them. I'he Gros in here called Sompi i the Dcmi-gros, f^afit the Scruple or Pennyweigh Sacarei the Demy Scruple or Ubulcy Natifui, the lix Grains Nanque t the Grain unnamed among them. And all other Merchandize are exchanged according to their Value and not Weight, They have lilcewife here long Mcafures, and thufc of Continence, the Tatter like Hufhcls arc called TroubabouMhe, or Moncha, that hold fix Poundti of hufked Rice. The yeule, not containing above half a Pound, and the ZatQu, with which unhufked Rice is mcafurcd, and contains loo Voules, being near 25 Pounds i they have but one long Mcafure called Refc, which is very near an European Rralfc, and they are not unacquainted with the Span, but open their Hand to dcfcribe it. 1 Ihould here liavc proceeded to dcfcribe the Weights, Mcafures and Coins of yijia, &c. as they are in Ufe at every Place, but as this would (Kxafion Repetitions, I rtiall give them alphabetically to avoid fwclling this Article unncccfTarily. ^bagi or /l/>ii//iu is a Pcrjiiin Silver Coin, worth 2 Mamoudis or 4 Chaycs j the Chayereckoncd to be equal in Value to aTriflemorcth3n4Sols,6 DeniersofFrtf«f/, fo that the Ab;igi is 1 8 Sols. This Specie is current through all Perjia j and at 'Tijlis and in all Georgia it is worth 22 Sols Touriioh -, 4 Chaouris, or Sains, make here an Abagi ; i Ulaltou, a half Abagi or 2 Chaouris ; 40 Afpers or Carbequis make alfo an Abagi, and the t^enttian Sequin is worth lix Abagis and three Cha- ouris. ylias, a Perjian Weight for Pearls, being ; lighter than the European Carat. ylhucco, Ahocco, or Abocchi, a Weight uicd in the Kingdom of Pegu, confiding of 1 2 ; Teccalis ; 2 Abuccos make the Agito, or Gizo ; 2 Gizos make 1 Demi Hi/a, and the Biza weighs 100 Teccalis, about 2 lb. 5 Ounces of the heavy, and 3 n>. 9 Ounces of the light Weight of Venice . Acre, or Lacre, an India Money. Almene an Indian Weight of about 2 lb. ferving to wtigh Saffron in many Parts on that Coa/t. ylrch, an imaginary Money in the States of the Grand Mogul, particularly at Amadahath, of which 4 make i Crou; a Crou worth 100 Lacs or Laquesj and the Lac 1 00000 Roupies, or Rupees. Baatt in Siamifc, and Tical in Chinefe, is both a Weight and Coin current in the two Empires j the Weight is 4 IVfayons (in SiameJ'e Seling) the Mayon 2 l-'cuangs, the Fouang 4 Payes, and the Paye 2 Clams ; here are alfo Sompayes, in Value ; a Fouing. All thefe Weights arc alfo Coins, or at leaft Bits of Silver that pals in lieu of them, as well in China as Siam. The Tical weighs 3 Gros and 23 Grains, which (reckoning the Ounce of Silver at 3^ Livrcs TournoisJ is 32 Sols and 4 Dcnicrs that Money, as it weighs near ; an Ounce. Bahar, Babaire, or Barre, is a Weight ufed at Ternate, Malacca, Achem, and fcvcral other Places in the Eaji-Indies. There arc two Sorts of them, the one called the great Bahar, and the other the little one. By the firft Pepper and all other SjMcc is weighed ; it is coinpofed of 2co Catis ; the Catis of 26 Taels, or 38 J^ Oun- ccb PortugiieJ'e, e.ich Tael being reckoned i| Ounce that Weight ; fo that the Bahar is 550 lb. of Portugal, or 48 1 lb. 4 Ounces of Paris, Strajburg, Amjlerdam, &c. The fmall Bahar, by which is weighed Quickfilver, Vermillion, Silk, Sff. alfo confifls of 200 Catis, but each Ca'is is only 22 Tacls, or 32; Ounces Portu- gui'fe ; fo that this Bahar only makes 458 lb. J 3 Ounces of Portugal, and thcfe near 401 lb. 7 Ounces oi Paris. The Bahir oi China is 300 Catis, but thefe only make 200 of Mu'acca, each Cbinefe Catis containing no more than 16 Taels, one of which weighs i| Pieces \ and confifts of 10 Mafmacc or Mafes, and each Mas 10 Condorins. The Bahir of Mocba in Arabia, weighs 420 lb. containing 15 TrafTels, the Traffcl 10 Mauns, the Maun 4oTuckca, and the Tuckca loCoffila. Barutb, in. till yet ihcy of thc/o Ounces or led Sompi i V Scruple bng thcin. pc and not |ontinence, hold fix jd, and the [ulcs, being ps very near open their ul Cuins of cpetitions, rily. haycs ; the Irs oi France, r/ia i and at Sains, make CarbcQuis 1 three Cha- h-an Carat. u, confiding lake I Demi c heavy, and n many Parts )articularly at Laquesi and oin current in the Mayon 2 Sompayes, in of Silver that bs 3 Gros and wiij is 32 Sols , Achtm, and the one called - and all other 1, or 38j.Oun- t i fo that the g, Amfterdam, ion, Silk, Gff. )unces Portu- iga/, and thefe Ma'acca, each ighs 1 1 Pieces 1. The Bahir ie Traffel 10 Barutb, 0/ C O I N Btirtifl, nn InJiiin Mcafurc containing 17 (Jant.ins, tliit Pep|iiT, Paris Weight, of 16 Ouncci lu the Poiiml is 50 to j6 Ih. of . (b thut the CJ.ititiin ought to hofd near 3 lb. Hitjiiruco, a fmall liuli,m C«»in of two Sorts, the one ternud u;o()d ami the other bad, which latter arc \ Icfs than the others { 3 godd Kalitrucos make 2 Portugueji R.'a«, 15 a Viiitain, and 375 a Pardao-xcrafin. Biifman, a Perjian Weiijnt, of which there are two Forts, the one called Hatman deC'ahi, bcin^thc King's Weight, and the other tlic Hatmun deTauris, from the Name of a principal City in Pcrjiin that of C'alii fcrvcs to weigh us well the Ne- i-cflaricR of Life, as tlie Loads of the Heads of Kurden. It weighs i 2 ; lb. ot Ptirii, of 16 Ounces. That of 'Tanris only ufed in Affairs of Trade weighs f)[ lb. or half of the other, though by fomc it is I'uppolcd only to weigh 5 lb. and 14 Ounces, at which Computation it confifts of A Rattles, each a 1 ririe Icfs than a Pari/ian Pound ; the Derhcm or Draumc, which is the fifth Part of a Pound ; the Melcal ,' a Derhcm, the Dung or the 6th Part of a Mcfcal, and is equal to 6 Grains, Cirat Weight, and the Hurley Corn, which is ; of the Dung i be fides which Di- vi lions the Per /inns have that of the Vakie, about a Freitcb Ounce, and the Sahcheray, confiding of 1 1 70 Derhem. iiijbrch, a current Coin of Or/wttj, very near in Value with the Liardsof F^dw*", 10 of them make i Pais j 4 Pais 1 Soudis ; 10 Puis 1 Chay (worth iowx Dutch Stivers) 20 Pais i Mamoudi ; 2 Mamoudis i Abbalii j 25 Pays 1 Larin i 5 La- riiis the Real or Rixdollar ; and 100 Mamoudis i Toin.in. They reckon in Or' runs by Tomans, the fame as in Holland by Livrcs do CJros. Biis, both a Weight and Meafure ufed on the Coall of Coromandel in the Eaji- Indies. It is the ; of the Maun, containing 5 Cccrs, and i Cecr, 24 Tols. aec Maun. mjti, Bizti, or liizc, is a Money of Pegu, with the fame Currency as a half Ducat. BIztt or Piza is alfo a Weight in the lame Kingdom for weighing of Mcrch;»ndi9«c ; it is about 2 lb. 5 oz. heavy Weight of Venice, or 3 lb. 9 oz. the fiittic or light Weight of that Cityj it likewife weighs looTecaUs ; befides this the fmalled Weights :irc the Abucco, weighing 12 J Tccalis s the Agito, weighing 2 Abocchis, and 2 A li the-Demi-Biza, that is 50 Tecalis. Bi/li, a fmall Per/i.iu Money, which fome good Authors place among the current Silver Coins of Pc/Jiit, and make it worth 1 Sol, 4 or 6 Deniers lournoisi but others probably more credible, and among them Sir yoyftw C/6<»r/, only reckon the Bifti as an imaginary Coin ; it is true, they call it Dinar-Bifti, which they make to be worth 10 fingle Dinars j fo that on tnis Footing, of 1 0,000 fingle Di- naries, that go to a Toman (another imaginary Specie) there muft be only looo of thofe called Bifti. Cabeer, a Money ufed for Accounts at Mocha, of which 80 are reckoned to a French Crown. Ciniiiii, a limiid Meafure ofth* Kingdom of Siam, which the Portuguefi caM Choup : it contains near a Pot, or near 2 Pints of Paris j \ of the Canan is called Leing, the fame as the French Chopine. Ciind'ul, or Candile, a Meafure of Continence ufed in India, at Cambaya and Bengal, for Rite and other Grain ; it contains 14 Boiffcaux, and weighs near 500 lb. and the Gauge of Ships is reckoned here by the Candid, as it is by the Ton in Euro/>c ; lb that when it is faid, a VefTel is 400 Candiils Burden, it is to be un- derftood flie can carry 200,000 lb. or 100 Tons. It is alfo a Weight ufed in China and at Galanga, of which there are 2 Sorts; the fmalleft being 16 Mauns; the other, which is the heavieft, confifts of 20 Mauns ; the Hrll makes 3 Chintals good Weight, and the laft 3 Chintals and 3 Rubis; the Rubis making 32 Rotolis. Cando, Candi, or Condi, a long Meafure ufed in fcveral Parts of India, and particularly at Goa, where it correfponds with \j Dutch Aunes, J. per Cent. bigger than the Aunes of Babel inA BaJJbra; and 61 niore than the Varrc, or Aune of Ormus -, Silks and Woollens arc meafured by the Varre, but Linens by the Can Jo i which Mcafurc in the Kingdom of Pegu is equal to the Aune of Venice. Cos, 88f i •f vuy. i^. 1 888 0/ the General Trade of the WORLD. Cas, Caxa, Cayas, Cache, Cajfe and Cujie, is a fmall Money of Lead, and the Scum of Copper mixed ; its principal Currency is at Bantam, and the reft of the lilc of Java, and in feme neighbouring Iflands ; this Money made at CL'ncbeut a City in China, is a little thinner than a Double of France, and has a Hole bored in the Middle, by which many of them are llrung together; this String, called a Santa, has 200 Caxas, which are worth 9 Deniers j 5 Santas tied in a Bundle, make 1000 Caxas, called a Sapacou, which make 3 Dutch Stivers and 9 Deniers. There is nothing more brittle than this Money, fo that if it falls it certainly breaks in many Pieces ; and if it lies but one Night in Salt Water, they ftick fo clofe together, thet more than half is broke in their Separation ; the Malayans call them Cas ; but in the Language of Java, they are named Pitis. There are two Sorts of them, great and fmall j the latter are thofe I have been fpcaking of, whofe Value is fo fmall, that 300,000 of them are only worth about 56 Guilders, and 5 Stivers of Holland; the biggeft are the old ones, of which 6000 are worth a Piece of Eight, and arc very little different from the Caches of China, and the Caffies of Japm. Cafa\)a, Gafava, or Gazana, is an Rajl-lndian Silver Coin, and one of the Koupic; current in the Dominions of the Grand Mogul, efpecially at Anu." dabath. Cajheque, Kab'fquf, or Cabefque, is a fmall Copper Coin, only made, and ctii- rcnt in Perjia; ii is worth about 6 Deniers Tournois, and the Demi-Cabefque one ha'f. Ful, is the common Name for all Copper Money in Perjia. Cati, Catti, or Katti, is a Chtnefe Weight, particularly in ufe on the Side of Canton. It is divided into 16 Taels, each Tacl making i Ounce, 2 Gros of France; (o that the Cati is 1 lb. 40Z. Mark ; 100 Catis make a Pic, which is a large Chtnefe Weight, like the 120 lb. of Paris, AmJierdam, StraJburg, &c. The Cati isalfo the only Weight at Japan; it is likcwife ufcd at Bata ; and other Parts of India, where it is lighter o. ueavier, according to the Number of Tacis it confifts of J for Example, at Jcrva it is worth only 20 TaAs, and at Cam-' baya 27. Cati is alfo a fmall Weight which the Eaftern Lapidaries ufe, for weighing Eme- ralds, being only 3 Grains. It is likewife an Account Money ufed in Java, and other neighbouring Iflands, being near in Value to 19 Dutch Guilders, and 100,000 Caxas of Jav" ^o the Cati. Cavan, ufed in fome of the Philip^Uc Iflands, !»nd efpecially at Manilla, for nieafuring Rice, and other Corn and Pulfe, containing 50 Spanijh Pounds of the firfl:, Chaye, Schai, or Chay, is the fmalleft Silver Coin that is made, or current in Perjia ; fome pretend that this is the Bifti, which according to their reckoning makes i Sol and 6 Deniers Tournois, although it ieems certain, that the Bifli is not a real, but imaginary Specie. The Chaye is worth juft 4 Sols, 7 Deniers and I Maille of France. Cheda, a Pewter Coin, made and current in the Kingdom of that Name, ly- ing in the Eaji-Indies, and in 'Se Neighbourhood of we Great Moguls Domi- nions. There are two Sorts of this Money ; the one of an Odtagon, and the other a round Figure ; the Aril weighing 1 4. Ounce, and pafTes in the Country for the Value of two Sols Tournois, althoueh on the Footing of 14 Sols per Pound of Pewter; it ought not to be worth more than i Sol and 3 Deniers. The round Cheda worth 4 Deniers, has 80 Cawries, or Maldivian Shells givea for it ; both are received in the Kingdom of Pera, of which the King of Cheda is alfo Maftcr. Cberajis, or Teli, are Golden Medals Aampt in Perjia, erroncoufly fuppoled by fome to be a current Coin, but the Perjians make none of Gold ; fo that all the Money pafling in that Empire of this Metal is foreign, and not coined there. Cher ay, or Chaby, a Perfian Weight uled in Trade ; this is what is other- wile called the civil or common Weight, aiid is double that named the legsil Weight. iJjerif, a fmall Gold Coin made current in F>gyJ>t, worth about 4J. Sterling. Clam, a fmall Weight, and imaginary Coin of Stam. Vide Boat. 2 Cobilf, - '-J 0/ C 1 N S, (^c. SSp Coiile, Covid, or Coude, a long Mcafure ufed in fevcral Parts of India, being unequal and varying as the Aunc does in Europe. At Sural, Monf. Tavernier makes it 2 Feet and i6 Lines, King's Meafure, and it is divided into 24 Tafotsj each Tafot a Trifle more than an Inch. Cociein,&n imacinary Specie, ufed iii Japan, in Accounts, like the Piftole in many Parts in Europe, being iti Value about lo Livres Carolus of the Low Countries. Coffila, a Weight of Mocha. Vide Babar. Cohi, a large dry Meafure ufed in the Kindgom of Siam, for Corn, fifr. It con- tains 40 Seftes, and the Sefte 40 Sats ; fo that reckoning the Sat at a Trifle more than 31b. Marc, and the Sefte looCatis, or 125 lb. that Weight, the Cohimuft weigh exadlly 5000 lb. Coiang both a Weight and Meafure of Cdmbaye in the Eaji-Indies, of whicji 5 make a Laft. Commajje, or Connuajje, a fmall Money current at Mocha, and the only one made there ; it has not a fixed Value, but is c ependant on the Governor's Caprice for it; 60 CommalTes and 80 Caveers(or Cabe<;rs,in which Accounts are kept)make a French Crown. Compan, a Silver Money currertt in feveral Parts oi India, particularly at Patane : it is worth about 9 Sols, French Money, tho' it rifes and falls ; and is near the fame in Value and Alloy with the Maimoudi of Cambaye. Coniorin, a Sort of a fmall Weight, which the Chintfe, fcfpecially thofe of Can- ton, ufc for weighing the Silver received and paid in Trade ; it is worth about 3 Farthings Sterling, loof them making i Mace, and 10 Mace i Talc, orTael. Conduri in Malayan, or Laga m the Javan Language, is a fcarlet Bean with a black Spot on its Side, which thofe two People ufe for weighing Gold and bilver. Conodis, a fmall Coin ufed at Goa, and in all the Kingdom of Cochin. Cotta, a Sort of a Mcafure ufed in the Maldives, for meafuiing of Cauris, or Cowries, a fmall Shell that ferve as Money in fome Parts oi Ajia, ind the greatell Part of the Coafts oiAJrick; it contains 12000 of thofe Shells. Couit, called alfo Guz, a Sort of Aune ufed at Mocha, for meafuring Linens and Silks, of about 24 Inches long. Coupant, an oval Pieceof Silver or Gold of jTj^a^ of various Sizes. The big- geftof thcGold ones weigh i-J. Ounce, which at 63 Shillings Sterling />«• Ounce comes to 5/. 10 s. ^d. others about ^ as big both in Size and Weight, are worth 1/. i6j. 9Kr««V, or 1665 Millions of Guilders; a Sum and Capture fo immenfe, as to ftand unexampled in Hiftory ; and what makes it the more fur- prizing is, that almoft all thefe Riches were taken in the City of Dehly only. And the laft would feem incredible, if it was not known, that the Silks, Cot- tons, and other Goods, the Manufafturcs and Growth of this vaft Empire, at- tradl and bring in hare Plate from moft Parts, both of AJia and Europe, by the many Ships that come yearly to purchafe their Loadings with this .detal, In- 10 R dojian ,;;:■..» •f^-vmimf" r if'i^ I If J I' i'r ■ ■ If r^^ 1 1 p 1 ) M 1/ 1 * ^ ^^ ^ i P ^ ^* 1^ .H^ ■' > .^n- 890 Of the General Trade 0/* //&^ WORLD. <^. i - 892 0///&^ General Trade o//y&^ WORLD, Gut^e, a long Meafure ufed in fome Parts of the Mogul's Donunions, being about 14. Dutch Aune. Gueze, ditto of Ptfjia, for meafuring Stuffs, Linens, &r. Of this Meafure there are two Soru in that Kingdom, viz. the Royal Gueze, called alfoGuezc Mon- kelfers ; and the Gueze Racourcie, called fimply Gueze ; this laft being only 4 of the ether. The Gueze Monkelfer contains 2 Feet 10 Inches, and 1 1 Lines of Paris, or * of that Aune. fo that | Guezes make 4 Aunes. In India is alfo ulibd a long Meafure called Gueze, which is near 6 Lines fhorter than that of Perfia, or about ^ of an Aune lei's, though as the Difference is fo fmall it is fcldom regarded. Guppas, Weights ulcd in fome Towns in the Streights of Malacca, particularly at Siueda. 4 Guppas make the Guantas ; 1 6 Guantas, i Hali, or Nali ; and 1 5 Halis the Bahar of 450 lb. Marc. Guz. Vide Couit. Hali. Vide Guppas. , Hafaer Menarie, a Silver Coin current in Pfr;^<7, worth loMamoudis. Jerun Cbrocben, a Money coined in the Dominions of the Grand Seignior, cur- rent for half a Ducat. Keer, or Ceer, Weights ufed in fome Cities of the Great Mogul, particularly at Agabar and Ziamger, in the firft of which Places it weighs 36 fmall Weights of i^lb. Marc, and in the other 36 of 14.1b. Ken, a Sort of an Aune ufed at Siam not quite 3 Feet, 2 Kens making i Voua, which is a French ToUe lefs i Inch ; the Ken likewife makes 2 Socks, the Sock 2 Keubs, the Kcub 1 2 Nious, and there goes 8 Grains of unhufked Rice to a Niou, which makes 9 French Lines. Kepath, a fmall Weight ufed by the Arabians ; it is 4. a Danck, or Dank, that is the Grain ; 1 2 Kepaths make the Dirhem or Dragme of Arabia, and fome have thought that the Word Karat comes from this of Kepath. Keub. VideKtn. Khatovat, a long Meafure ufed in Arabia, and is the Geometrical Pace of the Europeans ; it contains three Akdams or Feet, and 1 2000 Khatovats make the Pa- rafange. Ktfie, a liquid Meafure alfo oi Arabia, though Authors differ about its Con- tents, fome making it equal to a Septier, others to a Pint or Bottle, and fome only to a FoifTon, or ^ of a Septier of France. Lack, or Lake, 100 of which make a Couron of Rupees, and this Rupee reckoned worth a French Crown of 3 Livres, i| Dutch Guilders, or 2 j. 6 d. Sterl- ing. Fide Couron. Laen. Vide Fun. Ltirres, a Money ufed in the Maldives, of which 5 make a Dollar. Mamoudi, a filver Coin current in Perfia, and many Parts of the Eajl-Indies j the Perjian Mamoudi is in Size and Shape like the French 5 Sol Piece, and is worth 2 Chayes or Schaes ; 2 Mamoudis make an Abafli, and 100 a Toman, which is the largeft Account Money in Perfia. The Indian Mamoudis, called alfo Mamedis, has no certain Value. In the Province or Kingdom of Guzurate, the Mamoudi is worth 1 2 French Sols, fo that five of them make a Crown Tour- nois, and the fmall Mamoudis bear a proportionable Value, that is 6 Sols at Gu~ zurate, and more or lefs at Bengale and other Places, according to their Rife and Fall. Man, Maun, Maud, Mem, Mao, or Mein, Weights ufed in the Eafi-Indies, ef- pecially in the Dominions of the Grand Mogul, and its feveral Names undoubtedly proceed from the different Pronunciation of the many various Nations that Trade draws here, both Afiaticks and Europeans : There are two Sorts of Mauns, the one called the King's Maun or Weight, and the other only a Maun. The King's Maun ferves for weighing NccefTarics, and Things for Carriage, and is compofed of 40 Scrres, and each Scire cxadtly a Paris Pound ; fo that 40 Parifian Pounds arc equal to one King's Maun. Though the Sieur Tavernier, in his Obfervations on the Eafi-Indid Trade, feems to diffent from this Calcuhtion, and fays that the Maun of Suratte comes out to only about 341b. of Paris, being compofed of 40, artd fometimcs 4 1 Serres, but that the Serrc is near f lighter than the aforelaid 4 Pound. 0/ C O I N S, &c. ■ Pound. He likewife ipeaks of a Maun ufcd at ^gra, the Great Mogul's Capital, whicli is half as heavy again as that of Suratte, and which on the Footing of 60 Serres whereof it is compofed, makes 51 to 52 Paris Pounds. The 2d Sort of Maun is that ufed in Trade, compofed alfo of 40 Serres, but each of thefe Serres is reckoned only 1 2 Ounces or J of a Paris Pound. In the Eafl-Indies there is yet a third DiuinAion of the Maun, in common Ufe at Goa, confifting here of 24 Rotolis, each i J lb. Venetian, or 13 Ounces i Gros of Paris (the Venetian .Pound being only 8 Ounces 6 Gros of Paris) fo that the Goa Maun weighs 36 lb. oi reriice, and 191b. 11 Ounces oi Paris. In fine, the Maun is a Weight that alters according to the Places or the Sorts of Goods it is ufcd in. At Suratte (an- other Author fays) it makes 42 Ceirs, or Serres, but is either greater or Icfs, ac- cording to the Commodities weighed with it. It is of 341b. in the Sales of Cot- ton, Gum, Lacque, Benzoin, Vermillion, Quick-filver, Copper, Pewter, Sandal Wood, Arequo, Ivory, or Elephant's Teeth, Spanijh Wax, &c. which is alfo agreeable to what Mr. Tavcrnier lays. It is 3 5I lb. for weighing Indigo at Su- ratte, and but 34rlb. at Amadabad. It is 364.1b. on the Sales of Camphire, Spice, Tea, dry Pulfe, or Wheat, Siampan Wood, Qfc. but at Amadabad the TVIaun in Regard of thefe Goods, is 38^ lb. It is 38 lb. for Cachou, and 40 lb. for Afla Fastida. At Bengal the Maun is 40 Ceirs, and weighs 64 lb. for Spice, and 68 lb. for Pewter, Copper, Quickfdver, Lead, and moft Sorts of Drugs j and 64; lb. for Silk. On the Coaft oi Coromandel the Maun is 68 lb. as at Ben- gal on moft Goods ; it likewlfe weighs 40 Ceirs, and the Ceir i ^ lb. Maun, or more commonly Batman is a Perjian Weight. Vide Batman. Maun is yet a Weight of Bandaar-Gameron, in the Perjian Gulph, of 6 lb. the other Weights are the Maun-cha weighing 1 2 lb. and the Maun Surats weighing 30 lb. The Maun at Mocha weighs a little lefs than 3 lb. and 10 of them make i TrafTel, 1 5 TrafTels i Bahart, and the Bahart is 420 lb. Mangalis, a fmall Eaji-India Weight, of near 5 Grains, only ferving to weigh Diamonds, Emeralds and other precious Stones being weighed by Catis of three Grains each. Mangflin is alfo a fmall Diamond Weight at the Mines of Raolconda and Pant otherwife Coulers. The Mangelin of tliefe two Mines weighs 1^ Carats, that is 7 Grains ; there are alfo in the Kingdoms of Golconda and ViJ'apour, Mangelines that wfeigh I \. Carat. The Mangelines of Goa, in ufe among the Portuguefe, only weigh 5 Grains ; and though they arc commonly called Mangalis, thefe two are different Weights, as this Account of them plainly demonftrates. Mangours, a fmall Coin current in Egypt, whofe true Name is Forle, which fee. Manjia, Weights ufed in fome Places of Perjia, particularly in the Schirvan and in the Neighbourhood of Tauris : it weighs 12 lb. or a little lefs. Man- Surats, this Word conftrued is, Suratte Weights, of forty Ceirs. Fide Maun. Marco, a Weight ufed at Goa, of 8 Ounces Portuguefe, that is a Demi Rotoli. Mas, or Mace, a Sort of fmall Weight ufed in China, efpecidly on the Side of Canton, for weighing Silver. Vide Condorin. Maures, a Gold Coin current at Suratte, and in fome other Parts of the Mo- gul's Dominions. Mayon, or Seling. Vide Baat. Memccda, a Liquid Meafure ufed at Mocha in Arabia, it contains 3 Chopines cf France, and 40 Memcedas make i Teman. Merigal, a Specie of Gold Coin current atSofala, and in the Kingdom o£Mo- nomotiipa ; it weighs a little more than a Spanijh Piftole. Mifcal, a fmall Perfian Weight, making near the hundredth Part of a French Pound of 1 6 Ounces ; this is the Demi-Derhem, or Demi-Draghme of Perjia. ^00 Dcrhems, or 60 Mefcals make the Batman of Tauris, which weighs 5 lb. 14 Ounces French. Vide Batman. Metecal, a Sort of Gold Ducat, ftruck at Morocco, and in fome other Cities of that Kingdom and Fez. This Metecal is different from the Metical of Fez, only worth 20 Dutch Stivers 5 the old Meticals excel the new ones both in Weight and Fincnefs j thefe arc of different Goodnefs, and confequently of various Values, vhi'^ h pccafions no fmall Difficulty in Trade. 10 S Metkal, ^n 1 { i 894 ^.3^i If " I kr'-"' Of tpe General Trade of the WORLD. Metkal, or Mitkal, a fmall jlrahian Weight, of which 1 2 make an Ounce. Metricel, or Mitricol, a fmall Weight 4 Part of an Ounce, which the Portu- gutfe Apothecaries and Druggifts ufe m the Eaft-Indies i befides which they have the Metricoli, which only weighs 4^ of an Dunce. Minaltcun, an imaginary Specie made ufe of in fome I'arts of Perfia, making 10 Yonfaltoun, 2 Yondiltouns makr i Abafli, and 5 Abaflis the Minaltoun. The Yonfaltoun is alfo called Mamoudi-Lacize. Moncba, or Monka, a Sur' of Boifeau or Corn Meafure uled by the Inhabitants of Madagafcar, for meafuriug hulked Rice. Vide Troubahouachc. Moroe^e, a Silver Money current in Perfia, particularly at I/paban, of which 7 make a Dutch Crown. Murais, or Morals, a Mcafurc for Rice and other dry Pulfe ufed by the Portu- guefe at Goa, and in their other Colonics, containing 25 Paras, and the Para weighing 22 Spanijh Pounds. Nali, an Eajl-Indian Weight. Vide Hali and Guppas. Nangue, is the fmallefl Weight of the five, ufed among the Inhabitants of Ma- dagafcar, for weighing Gold and Silver; it is equal to 6 Grains, and befides this, here are the Sompi, Vari, Sacare, and the Nanqui. Vide Sompi. Nafara, a Silver Money cut fquare, flruck at Tunis. Neve/, a fmall Coin of a bafe Alloy, current on the Coaft of Coromandel, 8 or 9 of which make a Fanon, and 1 5 Fanons a Pagode ; the Nevel is worth from 3 to 6 CaiTes. Nil. Vide Couron. Oubang, is a Gold Money of the largeft Sort at Japan ; its Figure is oval, nearly refembling in Form and Size the Sole of a Shoe, and its Value is i o Coupangs, or Coupans, which are Pieces of Gold of the fame Figure, but ten times lets in their Weight, or ' lefs in their Surface; the Oubang is worth lOoRixdollars in India^ and me Coupang ten. Fadan. Vide Couron. Paenfzajie, Silver Money current In Perfia, worth 2, Mamoudis ; 2 Paenfza'* jies make i Daezajie, and 2 Daezajies the Hazaar Denarie. Pagode, is a Gold Coin common on all the Coafts of Coromandel, and almoft the only one in Ufe in the Trade carried on there j large Payments being always made in thefe Gold ones. The EngUjb make of them at Fort St. George, of the fame Standard and Weight'with thofe of the Country, and which pafs for the fame Va- lue. The Dutch aJlb ilamp fome at Paliacata (fays my Author, though I believe he miftakes it for Naga-patnamJ of the fame Weight with the Englijh, though 2 to 3 per Cent, better in Fincnefs, and confequently are more fought after. At Narfirgua, Bifnagar, and the neighbouring Parts, they make Silver Pagodies of divers Standards and confequently of various Values ; the fmalleft are worth ii Tangas, reckoning theTangaat 90, or 100 Indian Bafarucos. Vide B^Szmco. Para, a Meafure that the Portugii-fe ufe in India for Pulfe, weighing 22 lb. Spaniflj, and is -j-V of the Mourais. Pardao, or Pardo Xerafin, a Silver Money of a bafe Alloy, which the Portu- guefe flamp in India, current at Goa, and on the Coaft of Malabar ; they are worth near ^00 Reas, or 20 Fanons : there are alfo \ and | Pardaos, and fome fay there are liKewife double ones. And as no Money is more eafjy counterfeited than this, the Indians make many falfe ones up in the Country, and bring them down to pafs in Trade, which they would eafily do, were it not for fome of the Chriftian Natives, who are employed to examine them, and are fo expert in their Office, that they will readily and certainly detedl the Falfity only by feeling. Pardaos de Rcales, is a Name given to the Spantjlj Dollars, the only Specie of that Nation current in India, which have a certain Value fixed on them, from which they never lowier, but often rife as they are wanted. Pardos, a Specie of Silver Money current at Mofdmbique, and along the Coaft oiAfrick, worth 200 Reas. Pau, a long Meafure ufed at Loango de Boaire, and in fome other Places on the Coaft of Angola in Africk. There arc three Sorts of Paus at Loango. That of the King and his favourite prime Minifter; that of his Princes and Captains; and 5 that I 0/ C O I N S, &>c. that of Particulars, The King's Pau, is 28 Inches long, that of the great Men 24 Inches, and that of Particulars only 16 1. Pocha, or as it is wrote by fome, Pfffa, and by others Ptyfes, is a fmall Cop- per Money current in many Places of India, efpecially in the maritime Provinces of the Great Mogul, and more particularly in the Kingdom of Guzarate, whofc principal Cities arc Suratc, Baroche, Cambaya, Bondra, and Amadabad; 26 make I Mamoudi.and 54 a Rupee ; fo that the Pecha is worth near 8 Deniers. In thofe Parts of India, where the Cowrie Shells are current, 50 or 60 of them are given for the Pecha, and where the Caramania Almonds pafs for fmall Mont /. 40 or 44 of them. Pic, Pick, or Pico/, the Cbincfe Qil'ntal of 100 lb. their Weight, or 1251b. Marc. Fide Cati. This Weight is alfo in ufe at Siam, Malacca, aiid in the Ides of Sonde, though at the firft of thcfe it confifts of double the Number of Siamefe Catis, to what it does of the Ckinefe, as the former Cati is only half of the hitter. Picol, is alfo another Weight ufcd in China for Silk, containing only 66 J Catis, fo that three of thefe Picols make as much as the Bahar of Malacca, that is 200 Catis. It is alfo a Weight ufed in many Places of ti:e Continent, and the JVeJi Indian Ifles, weighing near 20 Dutch Pounds. Pitis. Vide Cas. Pole, a Copper Money ftruck at Boghat; an r.ncient Province of Perjia, at pre- fent governed by its own Prince, 1 20 of which go to the Silver Coin of the Coun- try, worth about 1 2 Sols Tournois, tho' this Value is not always certain, as it rifes or falls as the Prince plcafes. Pont, or Punt, a long Meafure ufed in China; of which ten go to i Cobre, and the Cobre is about 13 [ French \niA\cs. Ratel. Vide Batman. Ratis, a Weight ufed for Diamonds, at the Mine oi Soumelpour in the Kingdom of Bengatc ; and in all the Great Mogul's Empire for Diamonds and Pearls it is ^ of a Carat or 3,'- Grains. Refe, a long Meafure ufed at Madagafcar, near what is called the BralTe in Europe. Tliey alfo ufe the Demy-Reie, or Span. Rize, the Name given to a Sack with 15000 Ducats, in the Territories of the Grand Seignior, fo that it may pafs as> a Sort of a reckoning ^Mor y, like a Ton of Gold in Holland, or a Million in France. Roe-neug ; this is the largeft Meafure for Lengths and Diftances ufed in the King- dom of Siam, being the ■S'/flwj^ League, of near 2000 French'Vo\ks. There goes to it 20 Jods, 4 Sens to the Jod, 20 Voua to the Sen, and 2 Ken to the Voaa j the Ken is the Siam Aune, Gfr. Vide Ken. Rotolo, or Rotoli, a Weight ufed in Sicily, feveral Parts o( Italy, Portugal, Cairo, and other Places in the Levant and Egypt, Goa, &c. is very different in mod of thefe Parts mentioned, as has been already (hewn ; therefore as a Weight I have nothing to add about it j and (hall only fay that 'tis alfo a liquid Meafure in fome Cities and States of the Barbary CotiAs, 32 of them at 7r/^o// making a Matuli, (another Weight alfo ufed in this City of 32 Rotolis) and 42 of thefe Rotolis make a Mataro or Matara of Tunis. Roup, befides being a Coin of Poland, is alfo one made and current in fome Pro- vinces of the Turiijh Empire, particularly at Erzerum in Armenia, being worth ^ of a iS//:/;//& Dollar. ' Rupee, a current Coin in the Empire of the Great Moj^jl, and in many other Places and Kingdoms in the Eaji-Indies. There are both Gold and Silver of this Denomination, tho' thofe of the firft Metal arc fcarce and in little Ufe, weighing 2 1 Drachnies and 1 1 Grains ; there are alfo its Fradlions of Halves and Quarters. The Silver Rupee is of fo unequal a Value, as to be with Difficulty fix'd on any certain Footing, its Worth varying according to its Quality and the Place of its Fa- brication ; there are 5 Sorts ot them, viz. the Rupee Siccas, worth at Bengalc, 39 Sols Touniois ; thofe of Suratte 34, and thofe of Madras 33, (all of the new ones) thofe called Arcates, and the laft Petch. The new ones are round, and many of the old ones f(|u;irc, tho' they arc both of the fame Weight ; and befides thefe Di- ilindions of new and old, the Indians make the other five abovementioned ; and it may 89s ■«i.iii i B'i n ii i i n iii,a W» ! 'W ''"'iK«i;>^B^ai|^'' 't E if M h 896 0/ //j^ General Trade of the WORLD. may in eeneral be remarked, that all rhefe Sorts are in higher Value at the Places of their Make than clfewhcre ) and that the new are always worth more than the old J the Reafon of which Difference proceeds from the Love the Natives have of Silver, which induces them for its Prefervation to hide it ''arefully in the Earth, a< foon as the}r get a few Rupees together. To prevent which Diforder, that drains the Countries where 'tis pradliicd of their current Species, the g;overninK Prince and Raia's ftamp new ones annually, with an Augmentation in Value, without any Increaie of Weight, and thefe coniequently grow diminifhing in Worth as they grow old. The Silver Rupee is the moft current Money in Trade, both at Su- riittt and BengaU ; but on the CoaA of Conmandel, the Gold PaKOt'.es (worth 2 Rixdollars or 3 \ Rupees) are the moft in \^(t. It is from the Madras Rupee that the Value of all others is proportioned, and that varies according as certain Circuniftances occur ; and thele differct.t Sorts of Rupees have not an equal Currency in every Place, as may be feen by the .xbove Valuation of them. The Rupee ufed in Accounts is only an imaginary Specie , as well at Su- rattt as Bengalt, to which the Value of the old Rupee is oiten reduced, and is worth /, Icfs that that of Madras, All Sorts of Rupees are divided in a fmaller Money, called Ana, of which 1 6 goes to the Rupee ; but it muft be obferved, that the Ana is worth more or leA in Proportion to the Value of that Kind of Rupee, of which it is a Part. Some Anas are made at Madras, but fo few that they are rarely feen to pafs. To that this Specie is rather a reckoning Money than a current one. The fmalleft Coin, and tliat in greatell Ufe, among the common People, and in the Markets, are the Cowries, 80 of which is counted a Pouni, according to the Cudoni of dengaU ; fu that a Rupee is divided into Anas, Pounis, ana Couries, according to which the following is the Value of all Rupees as they palfed at Bengali in 1726. The Rupee of Madras was worth The Rupee, Sike, or Sicca The Rupee, Arcate The Rupee Petch The Current, or Old Rupee Befidcs which there are yet two other Species of Money in Accounts, called the Peys and Gandan, the firft worth 95 Cowries, and the other 4. The current Rupee is that ufed in the Revenues of the Great Mogul, and was in 1726 and 1727, worth I \ Dutch Guilders, or, which was the fame Thing, a Fr^w /6 Crown in 1741. Rubie, a Gold Coin, current in all the Kingdom of Algiers, and in thofe of Congo and Labez, worth 15 Afpers j it is efpecially ftruck at Tremecen, which has the Privilege of making tnefe, as well as the Medians and Zians. Sarare, a fmall Weight ufed in Madagafcar, for Gold and Silver, being equal to an European Scruple. Fide Sompi. Sat, a Mcafure ufed at Siam for Corn, Seeds, Pulfe, and fome dry Fruits ; it is a Sort of a BuHiel made of Bambou, and 40 of them make a Sefte, and 40 Seftes the Cohi i it IS ditiicult to reduce witli any Certainty thefe Meafures to thofe of Europe, as fome reckon the Sefte, looCatis, and the Cati (as has been already obferved) not being of the fame Weight in all Parts of India, the Sefte or Sat cannot be af- ccrtained ; but if 100 Catis be eftecmed 125 lb. Marc, the Sat will be near 3 lb. and the Cochi 5000 lb. Scban, or Scbang (in Chinefe Cati) is a Weight ufed in the Kingdom of Siam ; the Chinefe Cati is worth 2 Siamefe Schans ; lo that the Chinefe being 1 6 Taels, the Siamefe muft be only 8, though ibmc reckon that of China at 20 Taels, and the other half. The Tael weighs 4 Baats or Ticals, each of near half an Ounce ; the Baat 4 be'ings, or Mayons ; the Mayon 2 Fouangs ; the Fouang 4 Paycs, the Paye 2 Clams, the Clam weighs 1 2 Grains of Rice, fo that the Tical or Baat weighs 768 of thofe Grains. Vtde Baat. It is to be obferved, that the grcatcft Part of thefe Weights pafs aJfo for Mo- ney, cither real or in reckoning, as Silver is a Merchandize, and fold by Weight. Scharaf, a golden Coin, that was formerly made in Egypt, worth the fame as aSultanin, that is, near a golden Crown oi France; the ./^rtf^MAx call it Dinar, I or 38 Pou nis, or 3040 Couric*. 391 3160 37 2960 36; 2920 34 , 2720 ■r-i«,. 0/ C O I N S, &>c. Of Mcthcal-alilhcgcl, the Stharafi at prcfcnt Tcarcc, and fomc believe them to be the liimc Specie as what the Greeks name Golden Be7an8. Schenfi, a Gold Coin current in Perjia, worth 8 Larins, at the Rate of 2 Spa' uijh Dollars /xr Larin ; the Jiuro/k;inr call them Golden Seraphin. Sc/jetif, othcrwifc called Snltanin, and very commonly Sequin j it is a Gold Coin current in ail the (Jrand Seignior's Dominions, though it is hardly ever made at any Place of them but Cairo, and is the only Gold Specie ftrucic in Turkey. Schulte d' Argent, a Sort of Account Money of "Jiipan, on which Payments in Trade arc eftimated, being worth iz^ Dutch Guilders, that is 5 Rixdollars, or Crowns of the United Provinces ; and othcrwifc it is reckoned equal to 4Taels, 6 Mat c, and 5 Condorins ; ihe Value of them varying a little according to the Year. &er, Sern; or CcYr. F/V/i-Man. Sejle, a Mealiire for Corn, &c. Vide Sat. Sok, or Sac. Fide Ken. Sompayc, is the fmallell Silvc Coin current at Siom ; it was worth 2 Sols and Dcmi-pitc French Money, when the Ounce of Silver was only valued at 3-^. Livres. It is the half of a Touang, and 1 2 to 13 Siamefe Caches are given for i Sompaye, tix 400 Cowries. The Sompaye is divided into 2 Payes, the Paye into 2 Clams ; but thcfc two Sorts of Money are only imaginary, and not current Species ; the Sompaye and its Diminutions lerve alfo for Weights; the Clam weighing 12 Grains of Rice, and the others rifing in Proportion. Sompi, a fmall Weight, which the Inhabitants of Madagafcar ufe for Gold and Silver ; it weighs but i Paris Dragme, and yet it is the heavieft Weight thefe Klandcrs have j they not knowing what the Ounce or Pound is, nor have any thing anfwcring to them ; the Diminutions of the Sompi, are the Vari, or Demi- gros, the Satare or Scrujilc, the Nanqui or Demi-fcruple, and the Nanque, equal to 6 Grains. Sordis, a fmall Money current at Ormus in the Perfian Gulph, being worth 4 Payes, and the Payc 10 licforchs. F/V/^' Beforch. tael, called by tiie Chinefe, Learn, is a fmall Weight of Cj6/« the Drawer Sufra Piotcfl has Kedrefs againll the Drawer tho' made without his Knowledge 42 1, 422 For the Drawer, has no Rcdrela againll an Indorfer AcceCaries to Piracy, who they are made Principals Accidents on board Ships to be accounted for by the Mailer Account of the famous Silk Engine at Dirty Accounts in the Bank of Rulitniam, how kept Aihim, its Trade AkraM, or Acron, iis Trade Ail of "Trade and Navigatiun 4; to 48 AAion may be brought againll the Acceptor of a Bill in Eyiglanit, without Protcll AfUuns for Ulury, hr.w mult be pleaded of Debt, may be brought for Money a- warded AJ>«t its Trade Adjullmcnt of a Lof;, made and promifcd, on a Policy by an Inlurer, oblipes him 281 Admirals may arrell Shipi for tlie King's Service Admiralty not tj determine Things done in Havens 141 & ?:,(. Its Jurifdiflion trvcr Ships taken jy Privateers 206 1 43+ 43'^ 417 418 419 420 ditto Admiralty, may b« appealed (0 from a Unlcnce •• broad P.)g« toi) Its firll F.OaUtfhmeni, nnd by > horn 14; muil try Dea'h, lit. done on Im ard Shipt in Kiven, bnt nntiu lUms urihc Sea 246 no Court o* Record diuo May ilcttrmine, when the Common Law can't ditto Mat try, in Matters of Freight, Scanten's WagiM, Wc ditto May try (.'ales of C'ontrafts, IJ<. for mak- ing Ships, and Sea Dauiaget ditto What other ConiraAs it may decide ditto May judge of Goods fpoiled on Ship- board dittOi 247 May caufe a Pond to be riado diiio When to award F.xecutiou ditto At/riaiiti Sia, the firll fettlement of the rtuiliam there 7 Advancemenit of Money, on what Things the Ilaiik will inake them 360 Advices, how to be given the Bank for Payment of Bills , ditto tholi: drawn on by Commlllion mull give 430 Afrka't I'rade wiih (Iriui Jlriium 619 & Icq. with £j;v/i/ 720 lis General Trade 72a & l<:q. A/rican \l\c3, their Trade 736 Company, its Origtaal, Progrefs and De- crcafe 619 to 62; New Company 62' Settlement of Account, between New and Old 628 & fcq. AgJt, its antient Trada 6 Agents, their Employ ^1 Agents for Proprietors of Money in theBank nf An:Jii'a»m, how moll be appointed 3;;, 326 Agio, in the Bank ai Amjitrd-m, how vaiics 312 to 326 How is occafloned 22j to 326 In tlie Bank of Rtilirilim, how regulated Agios, M I'tnict, how calculated Atn, it-. Produfls and TrafTick Aguvairnn, it. Commerce Al>riii(i.ihl, its Trade Aiding the Efcape of a confined Piralr, how punithed Aigue-Mo'ti, iu antient Trade Airjhne, its Produfts Aiifpt, and AtexanJrilla, their Trade 7 1 2 y-7 700 7<'> 737 828 ':4 it 7' 3 422 231 232 85 572 I 327 729 450 36+ 3'^7 743 ', 282 2+6 AUxanJir ihi Grial dellroys 'Tyrt t, Altxandria, of ERypt. a Place of great Trade 4 Inferior only to Rent \n Giandeur, and Number of Inhabitants ; Its great Revenue u Rcme ditto Its Decay, alter bc:ng conquered by the SaractHi ditto Its prefcnt Trade 717 Aytri, Tfi/io/i and '/"(.///V ellablifhed by Pirates 21; Its Trade and Produfts 723 Alien, its Definition 314 How deprived of having Lands here ditto What Puichales may make ditto Can't bring Anions for Lund:, Tenement!, 1 tSc. ditto What may obtain by Trade ditto What Anions ' May bring ditto May nut be on h |ary, He, ditto May not be a Member of Parliament, nor vote lor one 3 1 f How to l)C deprived of unlawful Purchafei ditto At w hat Ai;e may trade here ditto F.ncrny, when may maintain Debt here ditto Int'aiiis cwnot be .Viei cliani.-, or i acbrt here ditto I Alien, ■^»«5,B»S4e.5!KtPW^- T N m iiJ: w I. •'{ ■ •> ■M ■ Alien, Dtfctnt, whtn nuy, ind may not, Inherit /llUntei, fom« "llnl L««guei, lie, 144 AUowMiCM u> "■"'""P" "<""'''>'■' '^''"'* S"0^ {^1 For difcovcMni B«nkrup(> KHr j 1 Amjitrium, fuppofcd to malce more Infurancei than any other Place iHc) lis Ordinance* about Infunncci, li<. 189 In jo; Andtritii, iti Trade 751 ^«{t/ii, ill Commerce ■ 739*731 7)6 Ani'ra, iti Trade 7 1 J A»ftii% or Ftrfar, iti Produfli c8] yy«/», iu Commerce and Produdi 677 Amiiti, iti ancient Trade b Afliitftit, ill I'rade Kii Antrim, ill Trade 5H8 Aftitil, iti ProduAi M48 Appeals about l'ri/.ci, to whom mult lie midi ]}7 To whom, from abcnience of ihc AJmirttiy a47. a-t" Aratitt, ill TiaJe and Ptoduaa 74a Iti ancient Commerce io Jit Naiivri fuppofed to have been thefii.'^ Navigator! ditto Situation of the Country ditto Application to Maritime AfTain ai great Trade and Riches 11 bome Produiti imputed to it, not of its Growth ditto Robbed of ilicir Trade by the Ptrtagnt/t ,'• Uifcovcry of the Route 10 yWjfl, by the Catn/CtcJ Hc/'f 13 The Eafineli of their Voyage 10 Ini/ia ac- counted for 14 Their Ccmmrrce enriched the neighbouring Nationi, and above all JtJ.ra jj, iTi Arai.li, iti Tradf 770 Arad, its Piodudls H45 Arbitiamcnt, its Derivation and Definition jori Its Incidenti ditto Not 10 be referred ditto Arbitration), an Ati for cllablifhing them ditto Arbitration Bond, its Form 301; In Exchanges, 'ts Definition 46; Simple, how wrouyht ditto Conij'ound, ditto, with Tallies 4^9 to 485 Arbitrators, iheir Definition, anJ Derivation 107 Their Aw.-ud decifive ditto What Rcciprocalitiei, they may appoint 308 Not to award againit a Chancery Dccice ditto May not take an oath of Witnelfcs and Arbiters, their Difi'urcnce Aijaigil, its Trade Arthiftto/ic, ill Commerce 711 5 Ard'ti, its Trade Ar^llijhirt, its Produfls, Ui. .Una, its Trade and Pioduds Ar'.t', celebrated in Antiquity for itt Experience in Navig.iiio.n. < "V ■ 6 Armtn:«, Its 'Trade 748 ii 7.,<) Arrival at a Port does not free the Infurcti on a Ship 217 Articles between a (.aptaiu of a Privateer and his Crew J ; i Befi^re Matri,ige, their Validity in Cafe of L'.,n':ruptcy 5165.- 517 of Comiiiijrcc betucen Creal-Briiain and I'mluj^al 6 1 2 & 6 1 3 of the In/ururi^e Company a: Ctnta 702 & feii. AmnJel Harbour, an Aci tor it 154 A/tm, or Axem, its Trade 7(19 A/ia in Trade 74 1 308 «;& fcq. 7 = 1 58 f «0J E X. A/I.iiiit IHei, their Trade and PrnduAi fige f%i U (,„ AOigncci of Hankrupti, how chof* ,^', Iheir Power j^, ,„ '♦,, What Notice mull give before make ■ Di- »idcnd 541 A ui Their Uutv '' \\\ Dying in Debt by Bond, what Rccoveriet "*^"^ . J*5*J46 Removing ikem Jjhq In F>4i Ihut up It gives no negoeiable Bills Ii> Hours for writing in of Ktii/rrJ.im, when tllabliihcj It daily regulates tSe Agio on iis Calh lis other Kegulaiions liiic that oi .imjlmlam ol tinmiur^h its Suieties Oi.ly Citizens to have an Account in it Staled Hours for wiiting in 'The Time of iu (liutting up What Species ilie I!" , "■• kept in, f f. of I'lirii, tvhcn clUi. cl Its various Alterations | . - • ;VOui iiaagina ditto ditto 321 ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto 31; .■!»'' 327 ditto ditto ditto ditto diito ditto 328 I N '«• 7«J * f«|. ukt.DI- " 54' A j4, (ctuvcriti 545* Mh iJitlD hive from . "5 5S5*55« 751 ll{6 R46 •K »1" 659fcft(5(j P" 310 303 10 be piid n hit own rk ilt rro> ■iflion ttilto 3"" (IlltO liitia dilto 3i« pcrlbnil ilitto 3'J& jij 79J 7S« 7+> 2>9& 220 761 7»(, 75* Oi, no ditlu litori 121 Mafttr of ditto ditto whom 81; Si 81(1 5S1 ;94&fcq. ditto ditto 3i« ditto to eikblifli- (fc. iisagina- dilto dilto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto dilto ditto 328 ly Fundi, Ciovernmtil, lad Uup^fton I'iC* )ilio 34 ^ Dtnk uf iCof/mV, ill InDiiiiboa 34c III llilli .iifiKiuUe 346 ll BMy nut dml i« (iuodi, bul my in lilli nl I'.ichiin^f dilto 347 J4« ditto ditto X. «f proving of their Mti It iRiiy iiuIli I'linbcliM iit Landi, lit III MciiiImii iiol dilqualilied to fit in Par litmeni III i'xilulivf CharMr III btoik fxnnpi from Taxei Diilo a ^rlimai, noi a rral EA4M Until whin bought or lolj, how tu be regif- tiTcd ditto The l-'iir(;in;{ or Krafin({ iti Common Scil, llilli, Nmri, tif.'. injd* l-elony ditto III Meinbcri itui tu b« adjudged Bankiupti liy rcalnii iif their SloiLi, nor (hull llicy he luhjetl to any rorci)>n Attjchmcnl 34lt Iti tkbii never tti eicced ill capiul >Sio<.lc ditto Jii hrrvjnti enibetzling any Note, (J<. Iliall lulfcr I)c4ih 3 {6 Tin; Method of opening an AccombI wiih it 3,1; Ofp.iying in, or duwuiD Muiieyon ii| with llir l-urm of a Draughl ditto The Form of u W riM'Utf ditto It rcinvrri HilU fur tliof* who kwp Cafli with it 360 Alio payi Hilli for them ditto II dilcuiiiii] HilN ditio It will iiJmit of any Depofil from Its Cuf- iiiinrn ditto No peiliinal Attendance required for any I ranfitlion with it ditto Will advance Money on govermMDt Sccu- ritin, Uc. ditto III Management, and the Salarici of int. (iovernor, (ifi, with their Qualificaiioni Compared witb ih* Foreign Unci, tjt. ditto ii feq. Bank, tt AmIltrJam, for Lmm on Goodi, iti Inlli- tulio'.i 36} It! KeguUtion!, and whit Sumi it will ad- vancr ditto In what other Pirli, fudi Banki are ella- blilhcd 366 Baiikeri, the Nature of their Calling among the /{•/■•loi 361 Ditto in HellatJ, FrmiK*, Ue. ditto The Dcfcripiion of one in fi*(/, iti'I'rade Bay of CamfKh, iti Trade Buy of />.,/«:«,?«, ill Trade 7«) ''V 804 ditto Beacons and Lighthoulei, not to be built without Warrant "O? Biarn, in Commerce, (j/r. 68; BtMiJii.'ii,, ill Trade and Produils 67S << ^7^ Bnl/trii/iirt, iti HroduAi 570 Utitttuir, ill Trade 704 Bell Metal, Uc. not to be exported 51 Bmarii, or Banarcui, \\\ Trade 77^ Henc&t of Clergy, not to be allowed 10 AAon of Trrafon, Robbery, t^r. on the Sea 2>') Bnial, its Trade 768 k fn\. Bfi-'i Coall, its Tradt 7*9 Btrgm, its Trade III Birtjtiri, its ProduAl (70 Birmulai, Trade of OSJ Btrni, ill PtoduAi and Trade 84; Rirry, its Trade and Produfli 67' Bivtrliy Brii, and HhJi River, llie AA ikbout thciii IJU, Btnvulijhirt, its PioduAi Bimnt, its Trade B lafaiam, ill Trade Bills of Dnttomrv, their Form Bills of Ep'.ry, inwards, their Form, how procured a. the Cullomhoulc Outwards, their Form Bills of lixchange, on /'<«(. 414 Ihe Number of Pcrfons, nu'.ing an T.<- change and how dillinguilhcd 41;. 41'' The Difference between the real and ima- ginary Species of any Country The different Oliligatinns of Drawers, F.n- dorlers. Acceptors, or Holders of them, under all Circumllancei, and whclher hy CommiiTion, or for their own Accounts 417 .Vfcq. Of Conditional Ones 435 & le.|. Prajtrma Ones 437 * 438 When lolt, or midaid, what mull be done 440^:441 When without Date, or in fome Parti not legible H" When the Word* and Figures differ 4^2 When the Name of the Pcilbn to whom payable is ulicrcd, f r. 4 1 1 When the Direilion is forgot ditio Their Nature payable at I'aiis dittj i Uq. Some Cafes tried on Inland Ones ForiJ;cry ofone made Felony Ot Vhc ditierent Dates and Time< for which they are drawn, and when Payments arc due Their different I'finces 447, Days of Cirace at lucral PUccs 10 U 181 II4S 7bt 118 380 4" 416 444 447 4(6 450 44« At ■•%'i "HinmMMM^ N D X. } a '1 ■ ii:,4fe At Tm/V/, not pivable by Endorrement Fa^e 450 Not dilcharged, if the Drawer failed before due, in llafy, and formerly in Piriu^al ditto Some Trials which decided thii Particular in Pirtugal ditto Bills, their Payment difputcd at Lighcrn in Silver 4; 1 1 heir various Forms in different Languages, ditto le fcq. When made payable to two, kow mult be accepted 4(3 In Fraiief, their different Sort! dilto Uiance made 30 Days 454 Regulation about Accepunce at Lycm 455 Bills of hees to a Solicitor in Bankruptcy, by whom fettled J48 Bills of Health, their Nature and Form 237, 241, 242 Bill of Lading, its Form 116 Bills, penal and fmclc, fur Payment of Money 410 ^//(//M^rtr, its Trade 757 ^ijf> .S,'a, its Trade 7i5&feq. b, nlcs mull not be in Policies of Inlurance 266 Body and Tackle of Ships may be feventhelghihs infiired at Amfttrilam 503 & 304 Bonds their Definition 406 How arc to be mai'- ditto 1'heir Condition ir.ull be to do a 7 hing lawful 407 Made by Infants, how voidable ditto By a Ftmt Co'viri, may plead her Coverture ditto Dependent on fonie other Deed, is void, if the Deed becomes To ditto To indemnify any one from a legal Profe- cution is void ditto Given to a Sheri6f, as a Reward, void ditto Their Conditions mull be polGble ditto Not limiting Time of Payment, the Money bcvomrs due prefently ditto Not mentioning a Place for Performance of Condition, obliges the Obligor to feek the Obligee, if m EtglanJ, to tender the Money ' ditto For Payment of Money, may be performed by giving any other Thing in Satisfa^lon 408 The Acceptance of a new, will not difcharge the old one, as one Bond cannot be given in Satisfadion for mother, lie. ditto Of 20 Years lUndin;;, {iff. Ihall be deemed paid ditto Made payable at feveral Days, cannot be fued tiil all the Days are pall ditto Where feveral are bound, they may be fued (eparately or together, i^c ditto Given by a drunken Man is binding ditto Do not bind an Heir, except expreisly nam- ed, iic. ditto To fave harmlefs, how the Defendant mull plead 409 Without Date, or with a falfc one, are good, if fcaled and delivered, tho' it is not deliver >.'d, 'tis not good, tho' figned and i'caled ditto Tho' contain filfe Lalin, or falfe Englijh, may be good, if^c. ditto Their Form 409 Si 410 When are not voided by ufurious Agreements 363 To an Mien Enemy become the King's 314 r.cci, its Prodi ''j 581 IScrrro, itr Trade and Produc'*i 790 Borrower", may be witnefles againft Ufurers 31 ; Bottomry, its Definition, orwtiatiiis 116 Js fonictimes on the Ship, and fomctimcs on the Boi rower 1 1 7 May nut be engaged in, by a MaOcr ofa Ship, at the Place ot his Owner s Ri:li. dcnce ditto Made on Ships by their Mailers, and after- wards Jillroycd, is Felony ditto 'J"o the Eajlliidiii, to be on the Ship, or Goods only, He. ditto On a fictitious Suppofition ditto 'J he Form ofa Bill 118 Utiuthitra, or liml-ara, its Trade 7J0 Bounty, to be p:iiii, to Pi ivatecrs 209 & 2 1 1 Bou.ity on Exports, how to be applied for 385 licurdiaux, its ancient Tr.ule Biurador, its Trade 845 Boiilan, its trade 760 hiuien, its Pfodufb 792 Brattfitii; iu Cuftomlioule Hge 836 Brimrn, iu Trade g|r i?n/a;i», itt Trade and ProdoAt 680 BriJfcri Harbour, the A£l about it 146 Briiijb Covcimars, Confuli, and Mmdiants abroad to provide for Sailors in DUlreft 94 The AQs for their Relief in Ptr/n/*/, at C«- tliK, PtrlSl. Mary't, KuMtfhTn 107 Briiijh SubjeAs not to be concerned in any foreign £a//-W>a Company 6]slc6)6 Brtciitt, its Trade 757 Brokerage paid at AmJItrJam on Infurance 301 Broken, what they are 4;$ 1'heir Duty and Appellation ditto The Number at Amjiirtlam ^57 Their FunAion ditto 1'heir Dues in Im/n, AmfltrtUm, and fe- veral other Placet 4s3 Bruti, its Trade 84$ Bulk ngbamfitirt, its Product* $70 Buimi Ayrii, its Trade 804 Buratii, its Trade 837 ^vr»«^, its Trade and ProduOj 681 Burlingion, its Port, the A£li about il 141 ^arrcuy/oiiM^ Harbour, the A A abo ul it 169 Bht/u, iu Trade and ProduOi 749 73" 7S« 75» 7»J 726 80S ditto 700 ditto 76J 7J4 757 77* a S7« 810, 811 648 ic 649 763 739 721 »47 CAhinitt, its Trale CttM, o- Jaioul, its Trade Lahimirt, its Trade and Produfii Cafraria, its Commerce Cairt, its Trade Cailhnr/:, its Produfb Calabria, it] Trade Ca-M, iu Trade deilroyed Calculation for fiillt, when the Stile diffisrt A curious one about Wools of the Agios at yiHiti Calendar, Difference betwcca the JnlitH and Crt goriati Calicut, its Trade Calmiueh, their Trade Camtayt, its Trade and ProduAs Camiiya, its Trade and Product CamiHJgr/birt, its ProdufU CaiiM/a, its Trade conquered by the Englifi Cananer, It Trado Canary Iflands, their Commerce, (ifc, CaMia, iu Trad? Candles or Fire, not permitted in the Tarmtulh Har bour Outea, the forei'gnT.-ade carried on from thence by the Chitufi 7 76 & tq- Canlmy, iu Commerce 726 Cat/a. its Trade 76J Capi-Briln, its Trade 81} reduc'd by the Englijh 648 Cape Ji Trtii Ptinitj, its Trade 728 Cape Jet yirdlRei, their Trade and Produfls 738 & 739 Capers and Privateers, their Definition 204 Cafta, or Caja, its Trade 7 1 5 Captives, in Prize-lhips not to be abufed 249 Caracta Coalt, its Tnde 804 Cargo, to be inj-'e good by the Mailer ofa Ship 82 Not to be deemed a Wreck, if a Man, Cat, or Dog, clcape alive out of the Ship 97, 131 Cariiiei Iflands, their 'frade 65] Carmen, when may ufe two Horles ^o) Mull not ride, nor drive a Trot ditto When their Carts are empty Complaints mull be made agaioA them ditto Not rel'ufe to loaa 40 1 What I ime tliey come to Wharf, (Jc, ditto What Weight are to carry 403 Their Rates 394, 391; CartliMa, to whom firll granted 640 Its Trade with Urtat-Brilaiii, He. ditto Ca<-fi.hi, its Trade 75 1 Carts in Lmitn mull be numbcied 402 'I heir Si:e ditto Loadcn, and empty, which Way (hall pafs into, and out of, 7 bimiiflreet 394 When empty, their Sunds and Number 404 Not '■IfUm: } INDEX. 79'. 4 803 7?o 753 744 7'7 362 5' 307, 308 811 768 ngz 79 « 727 66 38+ 386 369 784 812 674 308 760 467 7S» '37 Carmtn, Not to wa!t with their Loading above half an Hour Page 403 further Regulationi about 393 — 40] Carlbogi, a Colony from lyrt 4 Cai litigmiam, their great Trade and Itnprovement of Navigation 4^5 The Populoufiicfi of their City 4 I'hcir nigh Feats in Arms, and De- llruAion by the Rmtumi Carlbtgna, it!i 1'rade and ProduAs Cajihgar, cr Liltli Btucharit, its Products and Tradt Ct/fim Sia, its Produfls CaJJin, its Trade Caftamtcli, its Trad>: Cafualties, that excufe illegal Interell Cattle, Sheep, Swii.e, fjt. prohibited Importation to England Caufes which Arbitrators muft not determine Coynnr, its Trade Caximhaxar, its Hioduce and Trade Ciltliti, its Trade and I'rodurts Oram, its Trade and Produfls Ctraiiqiit, the Culloms paid there Certiiicates for InJIj Wool, how made For foreign Goods exported For the I'rice of Com exported Granted to fanlirupts, from what Debts free them 499 & feq, Of Surplufage of Culloms, by whom made, and iis Form CtyloM, its Trade and I'rodufts Chamkli, its I'rade Champagne, its Produfts Chancery, when relieves againft the Award of Ar- bitrators Ckainl, or Chan/, its Produi5)s and Trade Chara^ers ufed in working Arbitrations Cbarajfm, its Products Charges for unlading a Ship to prevent its Lofs, mull come into a general Average Charity for Seamen (and their Widows) difab!cd, fie. in the Merchant's Service, the Aft 99 i- Tcq Committees thereof when to meet 101 Contributors of ;o/. thereunto, may be Go- vernors ditto Charterparty, its Derivation and Nature io3 Different Cafes about them IC9 & feq. Its ufual Form 1 1 4 Ditto, whereby Part of the Ship's Owners freight the other Shares 1 1 ; ChiriUn, Its Produfts 788 Chtjh:rt, its Produfts 571 Chii hiri, or Chiriri, its Trade 743 Chilac, its Produfts 8og China, its Produfts and Triffick 774 tc feq. Chiiptra, its Trade 769 Chora/an, its Produfts and Trade 753 Chriftenings not to be infured 263 ChriJIana, its Produfts 828 Chrijiian/um/, ditto ditto Chrijlianfitnii ditto ditto CiMou, its Trade 789 Cities in G'r«(-A7>rf 572 Coalls of Ajnik, from Cape Vtrd to Cape Sierra Litna their Trade 725 From Cape Sierra Una, to the River of /Irt/rej, their Trade 727 Of Barhary, their Commerce 728 & feq. Of Upanifl} Ameri:a in the A'»r/A and Stuih Srai, their Trade 802 & feq. 0( CcrmaiM, their Trade 764 & feq. 0[ Pi/chene, their Trade 764 Of liUiii, ih -ir Trade, IJc. 760 OfA/nti, from the Capt c/Gcoil Hipe, to the I'.ntr.inccofthe ReiJ-Sea, their Trade 732 & feq. Of Ciold, iSi. tiifir Trade 729 Cixljiii, its Trade 764 Cochineal, by wlioni, and with what Ships may be impnrtcd ^i CkIiiii Cl:.i.a, iis 'Tr:iile an^I Piodufl* 773 Cockets received on the Payment ofCultoms Page 3I j Their Indorfement before given to the Searcher ditto Their Form ditto Cmr, James, his great Trade 1 ) Great Riches and Buildings I4 Coffee, what mull be done in America, previout to its Shipping ^o Penalties for any found on Shipboard, ex- cept has been exported frbm (irrai Briinin 7 1 Coins of all Countries, (fide the Contents at the Beginning) 874 5c fe<(> CoMe/ler Harbour, the Ad about it ig; ColodUs of Rhtdet, its Size and Value 19; Commanders of Privateers, their Inftruftioni from the King 117 Have Power to feize the Enemy ditto Mult commit no Hollility within the Har- bours of Princej in Amitjr ditto Where mull bring their Prizes in z 1 8 What Witnclfes mull produce ditto Mull not break Bulk before Judgment ditto Mull not aft any Thing againll Treaties ditto What Goods are prohibited Sale tig Obliged to fuccour any Ship in Diftrefs be- longing to us, or Allies ditto MuH give in an Account of the Ship's Tonnage. Guns, Men, t^c. ditto Mult correfpond with the Admiralty ditto What Colours may wear 220 Penalties on violating thefe Inftrnftioni ditto What Sureties mull be given ditto Form of the Hail 220&2ZI Additionallnllruftions 2ZI Their Articles with their Crew 221 le feq. Their Commiflion, its Form 2 16 CcmmenJt, its Commerce 728 Commerce, its Antiquity and Original 1 Its natural Tendency to render State* flnurilhing 2 Of the 7>nVi», from Monfieur //«// 3 Of the Cartiaginiaai 4 Of the Egyptiam ditto Of the Roman) ^ | Of the Gauli ' 6 Its Re-eltabli(hment in the Weft ditto OUhe Venetians 7 Of the Genceji 9 Of the Hanjiaiick Towns 9 Cf ihe Dutch ditto Of the Mufccvitei 1 1 Of 'Jamei Coeu*" I J Of !• c Houfe of Medici) 14 Of the French ditto Of the Englijh 18 Of the Spania'-d) ^ 19 Of the Arabians, by Dr. Garcin 20 What it includes 565 Where is carried on by Barter ditto Not unworthy the Attention of the moil illullrious Perfons ditto Its State under the A/iatick, Grecian and /?iima« Monarchies 566 Carried on by the Pi/an), Gentt/e, and yenelian) ditto By the Portuguefe ditto By the Englip, French, Danes, and Hamttrgber) ditto By all the Nationi of Europe to Ame- rica ditto Its Divifion ditto TheGeniusofthe£«^/^adaptedto it 567 How it went on augmenting in Eng- land, under diiferent Reigns ditto With an Enemy forbid, after the War is proclaimed 237 CommilTion of Bankruptcy is not for the Benefit of the Petitioners only 492 Fraudulently fued out for the Bankrupt's fake will not difcharge him from Cullo- dy 493. 49+ Can only iflue. upon the Affidavit of a Creditor or Creditors, &c. 491 Is not a Matter difcretionary, but to b« granted de Jure ditto When may be renewed after a Sufer Sed.a) ditto Com* -».i; ■.,:;>•» I • , ' ."" ■ WJ^. ' T I N D Sr:'*' m ' n4' P»g« 4?'. 493. 504' 509. isf CoiDiiuilioners of Baakrupccy, their Power 49» Their Qgtiilication 451, 49a How arc to make the Sale of Landa 50Z By whom are paid $48 Commillioni for trying Pirates, to whom muli be di- rected 131 CommiiEons granted to Captains of Eajl- In Jia Ships for taking Pirates, in EnJI.ht/uj Grantable ir y Subjct^s in Jmirita, to fpare the Enen aoii to 209 CommiifiQliers for ^ing Pirates in w^aur/'ra 231 Of Appeals about Hriaes, who they are 337 Of Insurances, and their Secretary at Amftir- iam, neither to infure or be infutcd 297 Tho* by a future Ordinance, they may be in- fured 299 Their Duty and Power 297, 300 They are 10 determine Average 299 What Caulea they are to lay before the Echevins 300 When may condemn the Payment of Pre- miums tor noo Appearance 30; Comparifon of fi>me Coins 462 Between fine Gold and Silver 463 Compound Arbitrations, how wrought 484, 485 Concealing Bankrupts Effects, the Penalties 547, ;4S Cengt, its I'rade 7304:731 ComJIaKtimfle, iu Trade 714 Confuls, their Choice 259 Some do not trade ditto Their Duty and CJualification ditto Their Incomes ditto 60 Their Patents in En^///^ and /.a/i« 260, 261 The Places of their Appointment 261 Are not publick Miniilers ditto But fubjeft to the Laws where they refide ditto Contraband Goods, what they are 205 LontraA, its Derivation 405 Conuadis, not voided by Miftakes in drawing the Writings 363 Originally ufurious, cannot be exempted from the Danger of the Statute ditto Ufurious, their Nature and Difference ditto Their Difference in a Day's being limited for Payment and not 40; Mull be certain, perfc£ti and comp'.cat ditto Conditional 406 For Goods may be made by word of Mouth as well as VVritinp ditto Not to be perform'cfin a Year, muH bs in Writing 404 »47 '33 '3 + 136 ditto Triable in the Admiralty Contribution, in Marine Cafes, its Signincation What Goods are rateable to it How ordered, when any Goods petiih in a Lighter, ^V. Its different Cafes, when Goods are taken by Pirates How to be made lor a Ship taken and reclaimed by its Crew ditlo Convoys, thtir Duty 23; Days pubiitkly appointed for their Depar- ture =36 Madcrs mull be careful to obfervc the Commodore's Orders ditto Demands of a Reward, or Ncgleit of the Merchants Ships, punilhabic ditto On Ships iiifured to the Enjt-lndiii is good, if taken in the IJovvns 2iq Copartners Bankrujiii, Cafes therein 532 C^.pei, its Produfts 846 (';;//«<», its ProJufls 805 Copies of liifurancc at Anfltrdam are orJercJ to be kept 2^4 Ctrra. its Trade and ProduAi 78;, 78 3 Cark, its Tra'le 587 Corn ptrmitted Kxportation and Importation, iinJcr fivcral Rcilriflions 38 to 40 CorH-wall, its Trade 571 Corporations, of the Rcyal-Exihanfr, tnid Loidin, AITurance, with the Afls of their ( hariers 2' ^ .^ fii], Corftiani, the Projiodtions made thtui by ilicir King Thiedtrt 706 Co ^V 701 Joint and fcparate. of Pam.ert Bankrupt, how mull be paid jji Not obliged to rtfund Money raceived of a Bankrupt in Trade, before the Bank- ruptcy was known Of Bankrupts fweaiing falfeiy, the Penal- ties they incur Refiding abroad, how are to give Power for figning the Bankrupt's Certificate its Definition Crimaii or Crimalia, iti Trade Cridixtrs, their DefTnition and Duty CumMamd, its Products '^umian, its Trade Culloms cannot be laid on Merchandize by the King's fole Power 166 What they imply ^tto At Nirway, how are to be paid 818 Cufitm-Hcu/e Officers in Loidn, liot to hinder the Merchants making Entries in their Turn 371 The Time of their Attendance ditto Their Feet 388 i feq Cuflomers, UV. not to have Ships ^, Cujlumt Farva, when firfi granted .gg Cy^rw, its Trade £,, Czar ofMo/cryj, his gre« Regard to Trade 1 1 t 1 z DAmages, done at Sea, where triable 2^7 To perifhable Goods, mull be li^rne by the infurcd 267 ii 268 And Lo&s from which, the lufurers at Amfttrdam tit exempt 29^ ie 257 And DeaytofEafi-liidiaSbipa infurcd at Amfltrdam to be repaired by the In- . ^ '"'?'«» 299 ^- 3'-n Daman, its Tr.ue -j^ /)aiu> trading Companies, their Commerce 852, 8ii DaMxid, its Trade 8u Dirbyjhirc, its Produfts .7, Daufhiny, its Trade and Produfls bSi Days of Grace, in Bills of Kxchangc, what tlicv.nre 440 Debcntuics for Goods exported by Lerlificate, bow to bo got •«• Their Form mtti Ditto for exporting Corn j ■> j Debts for making Ships, to be uicd by the Adnii- "''y 242 Debt, or Mint F.xchanges, what they are a\\ Debis due to the Crown, when are preferred to others 5,, jt j,. Of one Partner, when are binding to othcrv 5.. Paid by a liaakiupt, are recovtiable by the Aflignees 538&53.J Debtors before Bankruptcy may prefer one Creditor to another Decan, its Irade 404 3f>3 4(;c.V-4gi 7&0 Declaration, which the Commiflioners make againfl the Bankrupt Declarulions, for Ufury mu(l include Corruption What to be made by the Accipiant of a Bill, when the PoireiTor is liankrpt Deeds of Settlement by Women, before Marriage, unknown to the Hufband, aievoul Dte River ai Cheiitr, the Adl concerning it Dcl'raudert in Iniurante at Atrfiadam to be exem- plarily punifhed Delays in prciuring Acceptance to B;lli of Fx- chanpe, their Lonfcqucnce 41S&411J Dcmorrage, what it is no Denization, its Detivation and Mciniiig 31 j Oeirizri, its Definition ji^ I Their 43- ?"3 1 w =94 •fc«t' 1 405 363 528 543 368 465 3+9 Dtnixin, ihcir Privilege! Page 3*0 Dfdmar/, its Trade 816 Denomination of Bankeri, when was Gift given in EngtanH J62 Dcpofits whicli tlie Banic aJmiti without giving Re- ceipts 360 Whereon the Banlc will advance Money ditto Dtrhy/tirt, its Produili 571 Defccnts of Aliens, their Nature and Kinds 316 Or Devifes after Bankruptcy, which may be fold ;07 Deviation, difchargcs a Policy, only from that Time 167 Infurers not obliged to return the Pre- miums after it ditto Dtvtnfljiri, Ilsprodufls 57Z Dift'crence between a Charterparty figned by the Mtller alone, and one figned by him and the Owners 113 Of Wrecks 1 30 Of Prizes 236 &• i37 Of Infuranccs ao; Of C'ontrafls, when Payment is limited and when not Of Ufurious Contrafts Of a Bankrupt's Crtditors, and theii Power to claim Made in franct between a Bankruptcy and Failure Dircftions for proceeding after a Ship is reported at Lendon Dircdlions for working fimpic Arbitrations Ditto for compound ones 469 to 485 Dircilors of the Bank oS England, their Number, Attendance, Salary, and how are chofen ^60 Their Qualification ditt» Cannot be chafe of the B»fi-IniRa Com- pany and vt* 223 Ditto in Frmcb 224 Ofa Commiflion gran'ed to Ea^-InJia Cap- tains for taking Pirates 23^ Of Bills of Health 241 & 242 Ofa Policy of Infurancc for a Voyage 287 & 288 Ditto for a Life 288 & 289 Ditto at AmftirJam for Liberty 304 tJf an Award 31 2 A; 313 Of an Umpirage, when the Arbitrators did (11) z 709 130 3'7 ditto ,3>8 567 5» 3:+ "4 '■? 116 not determine Of Ditto of one Pcrfon alone Ofa Submiflion loan Arbitration Ofa general Releafe from an Award Of an Order to the Bank Calhicrs for Pay mcnt of Money Ofa Write Ofl^, at the Bank Ofa Bill of Entry inwards Of a Certificate of a SurpUifage paid Cuftoms, and by whom ii made Ofa Bill of Entry outwards Ofa Receipt for a liclunture paid Of a Sufierance for exporting Corn Of Sufferance lor landing Apparel ditto V*- ditto ditto ditto in 378 386 373«'374 375 37(> '8 ' . . Of fingle and penal BilU for the Payment of Money 410&411 Ofa Protcrt againft a I!ill of Exchange 4 1 1 Of Fetters of Credit 4,(cj Of B.ils of Exchange 450 & Icq. Of the Cominilfioncrs Declaration againft the Bankrupt 494 Of a Warrant for feizing a Bankrupt's EfTcfts ditto Of the Summons for a Bankrupt's Appear- ance 49J Frit^ons, ho.v ordered in the Bank of AnjUrdam 324 Of Hamburgh 3 27 Fran.i. its Trade with Gr/flZ-BriVaiii 591 &■ feq. its {,eneral Trade 1 5 & 572, 672, 687 & feq. Reflections on the Growth of it, and of iti Manufactures iS Franiht Ctmit, its Trade and ProduCU 681 Fraudulent Bankrupts, who are fo F iJmciJbaJd, its I rade FridintkJIad, its Tri Ifl ditto Free Bench, what I- u.ue it is 511 Freedom, in rhe Af-ka,: Cum|)any, how, and on what Tii'f/if.i)btained '125 Freight, IIS •a«i»;i N D E X. Freight, what it is Page io8 It due for Good J laden after brealtinffOround, altho' the Merchant flionld determine to unload chcm log Sr i lo Due to a Ship difubled, how the Mailer may «A ditto To a Ship failing after the I ime agreed on, cither arriving laic, or meeting Lofs ditto To be paid only on a Ship's Return, wai difcharged, tho' Ihe was not loaded Home 1 1 1 Agreed for a Ship to load at another Port, and on her Arrival there, nothing h put aboard her, is yet due ditto Agreed for by the Ion, (hall be agreed for accordingly ditto For lading of Cattle is recoverable, both on Pcad and Living ditto Though if at fo much/rr Head, then 'tis only paid on thofe that are alive ditto If not previoufly agreed in either of the above Manners, than to be paid both for Dead and Living ditto To be recovered according to Cullom, foi Goods fei.t on board, gtmrally ditto To be paid by the Freighter, tho' (he be de- tained for his fliipping unlawful Goods ditto Agreed for Out and Home, none due 'till the Voyage be performed ditto Preferred before any other Debt: 1 1 z Is due on a Ship taken and rctalcen, pro- vided (he afterwards proceed on her Voyage ditto To be paid for Wines, though th Save leaked in the Voyage, provided tuc Maf- ter be not in Fault ditto y^oreeil f°f ^y «l'e Month is due, if ilie leading be laved, tho' the Ship perilh af- ter palling the Downs ditto To be tritii by the Admiralty ^6 Ffijui, its anuent Trade 6 frinchflanJcn,MTtiAe 685 Goo Is lent to the Sfaniji Wefi-hJiei 69 1 American Trade 8 1 & feq. Pilots, their Qualification and Duty 1 24 frtnth, driven from all their African Settlements 724 [iilaurg, its I'rodutts 848 Tiicnd's Ships known by our Men of War, to be allilled liy them 249 ^25° /k/bco. its Trade 816 GAGE Marks to be put on Ballad Lighters 1 2 1 Ualio, it.i I'roduils 826 iiulUom, &c. taken to lie tried in Qriat-Hrilain log Gamrim, or Gambroiin, its ProduAs and Trade 745 Gault, their Commerce 6 Geloio, its Trade and Produfts 792 General Courts for relieving Seamen difabled. We. in the Merchant's Service, when to be held 101 General P.cleafe from an Award, its Form 314 Cencroi Trade of England Of U'a/tt Of Scollan J Of hilanJ Of Franct Of Spain Of Pcrlugal Of Iiafy Of A/riii Of Afia Of America Of Holland Of Dtnmari and titfuiaf Ccncral Truces, what they are Ccnnia, its Ucfcription and I'rade Cinerji, their Commerce Rivals to the f/neliiini, in it Their Wars with ditto, and the Lofs of the Battle of Cl/iozza Cftrgia in Amenta, its Trade In A/iu, ditto Gezfsn, its Trade Gifts and Bargains not under a Commiffion of Bank- ruptcy 501 & 506 Clam, noted for its Gieen Cheefeand Slates 847 (ilouitflcrjhire, its Produtls ^73 Cnaffn, iXi'tliii 728 566 & (eq. 579 & 580 ;8o & feq. 586 & feq. 672 & feq. 690 k feq. 696 & feq. 6>;9 &: leq. 724 & feq. 741 & feq. 6j9, 800, 812 8l2 81C 244 849 8 & 701 8 ,9 649 748 744 Oca, its Trade Page 761 Uoalcrs, their Penalty for a Bankrupt's Efcap: $49 CleliimJa, its Trade 767 Gold or Silver Bullion, Foreign Coin or |ewcls, pormittc'l Exportation 36 & 37 Gold Coin, K4 Par between Icndms and Amjlerdam 459 Its Par between francl and Helland ditto Its Par between Lijttn and Am/In Jam 460 Gold and .Silver compared 462 & fei). Goods fcizable after clearing a Ship 54 From the Plantations mull firll be landed in England, before they arc landed m Ireland 56 What Sorts may be imported into Iri.'iwd diicflly from America J7 Sold by a Mailer of a Ship under Neccflity, the Confequencc bg, 90 May be thiown rbonrdin a Storm 106 & 107 Delivered tu a Mailer of a Ship, may not be attached ditto Whofe Freight was agreed, though no' de- livered aboard, the ConTeque ce io3 Partly Hole in a Voyage, the whole Freight not due 1 1 1 Found on any Perfon, la'ten or (loh from a Ship in Dillrefs, (hall be delivered to the Owner 132 Thrown ovcrbo.ird in a Storm, how to be valued before a Contribution 13; In Neceffity may be call out of a Ferry- boat 1 36 Thrown ovcrlxiard after others have been clandellinely taken iu, (l.jll be paid for by the Mailer 137 Lod by Piracy, or Tempeft at Sea, and they afterwards come alhore, the Owner (hall have them, if he can prove his Pro- perty 2j8 Pirated from Foreigners, and fold here in a Market Overt, Ihall convey a Property ditto Of Pirates, and not piratical Goods, become a Prize to the Captor 23; Spoiled on Shipboard to be made good by a Contribution of the Sailors 246 Not to be taken out of a Prize till Condem- nation 248 Infured as belonging to an Ally, when ap- pertain to an tnemy, void 267 In Holland, carried by Land, to be infured only nine-tenths of their Value 294 Which mud be named in Policies of Infu- rai.ce at Amjlerdam 294 & 295 Thrown overboard, to be brought into grofs Averages at Amjlerdam 300 Whereon no Drawback is allowed 369 Mull not L-e landed before the Duties are fatisfied 371 From the Britijh Plantations allowed one fifth at the Cujiom-Houft of Linden for Tare 373 That may be fliipped and landed between Limehou/e and U\'jinii>ijler 383 Chargeable with Culloms, exported with others that are free, mull have two Cockets 384 Found in a Carkrupt's Hands arc fuppofcd to be his, and (hall pals to his Creditors accordingly 507 Of a Bankrupt when may not be fold by the Commiffioners 508 Of a Bankrupt not to be removed 'till his Kent be paid 531 Mortgaged or pledged after Bankruptcy, are overreached by ihe CommiHion 538 Prohibited ImporiatiiT.i in Denmark 826 U S17 Governors in America tu afiill againll Pirates 231 Of Ancona abuled the I'enctian Coilful 262 Of the Royal Exchange and London Af- furancc, the Tiiie of li'tir Continuance 263 May be Members of I'arlia..,. n, but not belong to DP' h O, tiers 264 Of the Bank, i.icir Atttiidanc.ia.ia Salary 360 Their Qualification 361 CounoHg-Api, its Trade and ProJuils 794 Granfon, its Trade 847 Grants for Wreck, what they include 130 Made to Privateers 204 Of Rent at an undervalue, when arc ufurlous 364 Of Annuity lor any Sum not ufurious ditto Gratuit/f h w . ..^if > — >. i|ii < (iM |i| n ( m ■* \ ) t f 'r m t/^' 'mrrr N E X. P * ^tmi :\ f. CratiiiMi accepted hy a Lender ii not ururioiM Pag* 364 Crtai Suuharii, iti ThiiRck and ProduAi 7{0 C/-M Brilaiii, Tuppoftd by Tome the greateft Ifland in the World {69 lu former Namei, Situation and Di- menfions ditto Iti Namber of Pxrifhea and Cities ditto {70 Great FraAicni, in Calculuijni, Imw may be avoided 461, 46a Great A&/, its Trade 817 Home Trade of Ureal Brilain %^9^ '^l- Hclttnieii, good IVlechanicks 733 Hours, for Nvritirg into the Bank of AmJIirJam 32; For doing Uufinefs in the Bank of Hamburgh 327 HuJ/sn'i Bay Company, when procured their Charter 640 Their Itadc ditto Hull River and Bp^irity Dtck, the Aft about them 1 80 Hunlitigienpnri, its Prod ucU 573 Hulbands of Ships defined 367 When have a Right »o Tenancy 510 Mtmt; it> Trade and ProduAa Jamil, iu Trade Trade of 'iparm and Jmvatm, their Trado '0va, iu Trade and Produaa ItiUuU, itsTrada Jtrkin, its Trade Jtriflmu, iu Trade Jtrfiyi, their Trade Jtjp), iu Trade and ProduAs Jii/am, a Wreck, its Definition Jewels, Gold or Silver Bullion, or FoivSgn Coin, permitted ExporutioD " 36^37 Jtv/i encouraged to fettle at Napln yob ic ■'oj Not permitted, by their ta>-8, to uke Ufury ' from one another 1^5 //trirMw Harbour, its Aft i-j Iu Lighthoufe, when to be ufed, and what paid towards it Jitta Illegal Intereft may be taken, when both ;/ and the Principal are hazarded ImpedimcnU to the Heirdom of Aliens by Defcent To a Bankrupt's having an Allowance out of his Ellate Imports from Framci to Lndm in a Year Importers of i!ie Manufaflurcs of Ptrfi,,, Via Muf- iwy, what Oath ihev mull take 658 Impofts on Goods at the Cullam houfe of Cailix. - _ . , eci & feq. Impreffing mto his Majefty'i Service, whom it reaches 99 Imprifonmcnt decreed inthe'iavy not to exceed two Years jcx 3' + 260 760 640 3'l>: from their own Nature, not liable for Damage ditto Made for another, may be fued for and re- covered by him that made it zCg At AmJIirdam, how, and when may differ from the Law 289 When commence and ttrminate 290 Inlu- INDEX. »9» 293 196 »')4 ditto 305 306 hrannM on what Occafioni become void Pan, 100, igz May be made for Goodi loft, if uie AC- hired knew not of it On Goodi deuined by Foreignerit when may be abandoned On Goods embargoed, how the Aflured muft proceed Mot to be made to the full Value on Goodi carried by Land Before whom muft be made On what Things may not be made 294 $c 304 When may be invalidated by the Aflured 29; On Bottomry, when valid 304 In Frunci are nude for Foieigneti in Time of War Are not permitted there on Life, Waget, Frovifion, Ammunition, or Materials, only on Ship and Goods, and on thefe no more than nine-tenths of their real Value ' 'ot paic there, in three months after due, bear an Intereft ditto In what Time are to be paid, when Ships are not heard of ditto Infurers on Goods not freed by the Ship's Arri- val at her Port 267 Not to return the Premium, in Cafe of De- viation ditto Not liable for Ships taken on a neutral Coafl, and carried into a neutral Port 268 Not releafed by an intended Deviation only ditto Paid for a Ship, fent as a Flag of Truce, yet taken by the Enemy ditto Paid the whole for a Ship that had been de- fertcd, and was afterwards brought into Harbour, cho' Tuppofed unferviceable Paid for Goods taken in a neutral Ship, and exprelTed in the Bills of Lading to be tor neutral Account Of a Privateer for a Month, that was da' magcd by the Enemy, and could not be refitted, during that Term, were ac- quitted On Fmih Ships in the late War, paid for them On a Privateer, Intereft, or no Intereft, which was taken and re-taken, be j the I whole Lofs On a Ship from lemloit to Gibraltar, war- ranted to depart with Convoy, taken near Spiihiad, in the Way to her Convoy, fuf- fcred a '.utal Lofs On a Slnp, at Intereft or no Intereft, that V as taken and ranfomed, were obliged to pay an entire Lofs On a Ship, at Intereft, or no Intereft, which was taicen, re-taken, and fold, to pay Salvage, were freed On a Voyage, as the laft, which the Ship, by Damage from a Storm, could not per- form, paid the Lois Of a Ship and Cargo, which were taken and ranfomed for more than they fold for, paid an entire Lofs Of a Privateer, for two Months Intereft or no Intereft, that was uken, re-taken, and Salvage forgiven, paid the total Lofs Of a Ship at and from Lijhtn, which was dcferted by her Crew, and laid there till rotten, paid the Lofs ditto Underwrote a Ship for a Voyage, in which ftie took a Prize ; and returmng to con- voy it (forced thereto by the Crew) was taken, tho' the Prize got fafc, paid the Lofs On a Ship to depart with Convoy from one of the two Places mentioned in the Poli- cy ; but as none was expeAed the'e, the Captain failed to another, where he was aflured of meeting one, and accordingly failed out to join one that came ofi^ the Port; however he was taken, and the Lofs paid On a Ship from La Vera Crux, to Ltndoit, at Intereft or no Intereft, which was feized 2C9 270 271 272 »73 277 279 279 281 283 284 285 by the Sfaiiiarili, after a Ceflaiion of Arms, paid the Infurance Page 28^ Infurers are obliged for no more than 98 fir Cint. 289 At Amfltriam, when muft return half pir Cm. of the Premium 29; Muft paruke all alike of the Ppifit and Lofs of an Adventure ditto What Time is given them to pay after the Infured have abandoned 296 What Averages, Damages and Lilies they are there exempted from ditto In Frantt, what muft have, when Voyages are altered 306 Infurance Oflices, when eftabliOied at Pan •, Slact- ielr and Naflii, and with whst Funds 30; Company at G«ii«a, their A tides 702 & fiq. Inftired may claim after Infurers are L krupt 52S Interlineation and Rafure, when mikes a Bond void 409 Interefts, which center not in Bankrupts jz8 Inventors of Bills of Exchange, who were fuppofed to be 4'3 limirni/i, its Trade 583 Joint and feparate Creditors of Partners Bankruptcy, out of what Eftatei are to be paid 532 Joint-Trader Balilu'upt, does not affi:^ the Eftate of his Partner 5JJ Jointures in FruHct, how are afleAed by the Huf- band's Bankruptcy $;2 IrelanJ, its Counties $84 Its Trade 589 & feq. Iron imported from Amrica, Duty free 80, 81, 8z Ifle of France, its ProduAs and Trade 67* Of Si. Tbmui, its Trade and ProdnAs 834 IBet of jtfia, their Commerce, Wr. 741 & feq. OSBamla, their I'rade 794 & 795 Of Capi di Vtrd, their Trade 738 & 739 Of Cuta, its Trade 801 Of Japan, or yaftn, ditto 798 & feq. Of Molucca, their Trade 791 & feq. OfOrHitfyandStetlanJ, ditto 581 Of 5/. 7(?/i», their Trade 810 Of Thievei ot Ladronti, their Trade 797 I/pahan, its ProduAs and Traflick 746 Ifliie of an Entlijh Woman feized of Lands (hall inherit, tho' the Father was an Alien Dittos, when are Aliens llaly'i Trade with Grtat-Britain 614 What Goods it furnilhetb for the Spawp i'7 ditto 286 WiJI-lndiit 695 Its Trade with Portugal 697 Its general Trade 699 ic feq. Italian Banks of Charity, what they ate 366 Juda, its Commerce JuJda, or Ziddtn, its Trade Judges, iic. in his Majcfty's Dominions abroad, their Duty about Ships taken How appointed for trying Pirates, i^e. Judgments fullered as a Security in ufurious CoU' trails, how may be avoided Of Creditors after an AA of Bankruptcy, may be avoided Ivyry Coaft, its Trade JurifdiAion, the Admiralties limited by whom Marine, its Oflicers 247, 24S Of Marine Court-Martial, how far it extends Juries, how to be made up, when one Party of the Caufe is an Alien Jutland, its Trade K. KENT, itsProdufts Keys, at London, where Goods are not to be Clipped or landed 381 Thofe which are lawful, and the Time for working thereon ditto Jf/'^, or A'///a, its Trade 716 Kineardin, its Produfts 583 King RicharJ II. limited the JurifdiAion of the Admiralty 246 King, to have Bonds due by an Alien Enemy 314 To have 'he Goods of an out-lawed Bank- rupt 509 King David, his immenfe Riches 4$ Kingdom of the Jalafu * 277 ^/»rc/;, its Produfts 583 729 74+ 208 229 363 53 « 240 252 3"» 8i6 574 I 10 y Kirmant, N D E X. w ''• y ■ [% ,. ;l,: 4' r' i%'- m. mi. Hkt'^ r it., Kirmtm, if Trtdt Krtiiru, it* Trad* P«gt 716& 717 819 T ACmutfiin, Its Trad* M J Ukni, it! Trade TUmfi, itiTride IsMt/lrf, it> Trade Itm^ Port. iU AA lamitijhirt, ill Produih Ludi, how >re to be fold by the Commiflioiten of Bankrupt! Land Forces of Eniltuul, with what Butler and Cheefe are fupplird Land Waiters, what Copies are to malce In their Booici, before Bobki are to be delivered iMnri, iu PtoduOi ImitUnil, its Trade Laiif{/iaiJ, its Trade VJniiimui, i' ' Trade aiid Produfti iMflall, its Trade LangiuJti i, its Trade to; 8i6 719 7>7 16; 574 5°7 576 Large Ships, when firll built In £«j/4«i ttt JrinU-i, Its Trade Lm/m) u Produf' Laws ol . up' • . ,; jftirJof Lawi to ' • ;^'- . •■ • his Majcrty's Fleet Leagues. 'H (■'•.. . •they are An . fii'inhti J*.- >nfive Leafes at an "-.',', . .-n are ufurioui .bankrupts Ho' the Bond was 373 5«3 816 Say 67,5 81; 632 &6sj 6-J 807 645 5>9 247 & leq. M3 »44 364 709 '93 574 564 807 8o3 198 '99 202 »'5 ditto »43 446 447 55° 55' Legacy is with., •: AQ at. Legal Intereil only taken, is ufurious Lttlnrii, its Trade Liiih, Harbour Liittftir/hire, its ProduAs Lenders of Money, .ccepting a Gratuity, ar« not thereby Ufurcrs ttom (in Amirica) it> Trade tr/pa'/»t its Trade I,eKeri of Marque and RepriCd, what they are The requUiie Circumllances for obtaining them Their Form 200, 201, The Method of procuring them Letters of Attorney made by Seamen, mall be made revocable Leturs of £ife Conduft to be enrolled .< Chan eery Letters from a Merchant to his Wife, Wr. to accept Bills of Exchange, is not a proper Power Letters of Credit, their DilTercnce, and what they are Their Form Letters of Refpite, in Fra^tr, defined, and how pro- cured ■ In what Calcs are denied Deprive the Grantees, for the prefent, of Honour, and public Polb ditto livMi Trade 711 & fcq. Licences, grantable to Landmen, to protcA them for two Years from the Prefs 1 Lighthoufc, its Definition 194 The firll built by Piolomy Pbiladtlfhui ditto Lighthoufes and Beacons to be cre^d by War- rant That at llftrJctmbi, when to be ufed The CololTus o( RhoJu, a famous one, its Defcription Several others abroad, as the Tower of Ccrtlcii, the Phare of Miffiiia, at Gi- tna, Barcilena, (Je. And ours at Home, on Sciilj, the EdJyfieae, Cojkili, PwlUmd, DuMgiHr/i, Feri- laidi, Siirriti, &c. 195 k fcq. ligtr, its Trade 77' Lima, its Trade 806 i 807 Limrick, its Trade sS8 Limited Time, for paying and protefting Bills in Dtnmark Limits of the Port of LaitJen 1 39, Limits of the Turhy Company's Trade Limofin, it> Trade and Produ^ Ltnitlnjhiri, its ProduOs Liuliiignu, its Produds Linlziourg, ils ProduOs Lift of the liccnfed Ports of Englam/, with tiieir De- pendencies 138 — I |0 '97 'S^ '95 449 I 140 616 676 574 583 845 Liiilt Btiiilarli, or C^^ilrtr, iu Trade and ProdiiAs Liil/t Cumray t.i|>hihoufe ^^ Uiili Mtluc. a \i\ti, their Trad* ' Livonia, its Trade g,, ^ Livtr^tii Harbour, its Art Loading mull be (hipped within the Time fpecified by Charter-party Loadftone's Viituc, when difcovered Litutie, its I'rade UmiarJ, have the Invention of the Bank, Book- keeping and Kjcchanges attributed to ihcm 7 & LnJcm Aflurance, when incorporated Lanl/tr, ill Tiadc and I'rodufls Lord Chancellor cannot rccal a Certificate grhnted a Bankrupt Lord High Admiral may appoint Vice Admirals to adjudge Marine Cafes LtrraiH, in Tiade and Produfls LoCsofan Inland Bill of Exchange, its Confcquence Lofs by our Trade with Frunit 569, 59 1 & Utifim gh, or Caft-Briiin, its Trade Uwfiani, or M'j/:j/iffi, it, 1 rado Luitd, its 'I'rade Luua, its Trade Liictrnr, Iti I rade LytKi, celebrated for the grcatnefs of ils ancieat and modern Trade LjiHHiii, its 'I'rade and Produrti 75<» '97 7')» feq. '44 109 41 7J« 4'4 -<•% 79+ 499 »47 OK5 411 feq. 813 810 ♦•f 847 6 «7J M. MACAO, its Trade iMuiaJfar, ils Trade and ProduAs Madagof" the Court of imon Sailors 86 ii 24- m Shiii and nnd iciti^ia ^7 ps, but may 88 Contra^ of ditto I N D X. 96 »3» 107 >'3 «<7 "9 "5 138 "39 225 231 236 162 Maftcri may not impawrn their Shipt for thair own Dcbli Page 90 Muft contraA with their Mariocn before fet m Carrying about 1; Quni muft not flrilce to Piratei without fighting 97, To anfwer for the Banrtry "'' their Sailort Having let out the whole Ship muA not receive any other Goodi than the Freighter'! Cannot bring an AAion againll the Praighters if the Ship did not arrive at the Port agreed Not getting their Lading agreed for out and Home, how to proceed When they may take up Money on Bot- tomry How mult ac'\ at Lnuhn, in Regard of Bal- laft May take two Piloli in Htlland Muft reward People helping to favc the Ship 134 Their Duty in Diftrefi 137 Muft notoverlade their Ships ditto After an EjeAion of fome Goodi fliouKI not deliver the Remainder 'till a Contri- bution is fettled 1 u Day for Goods thrown overboard, when this has been occafioned by taking in ot lers contrary to Agreement ditto May detain the Cargo till a Contribution is fettled for Malts cut away, tic. Pledged for the Ranfom of a Ship taken by Pirates, when to be redeemed May not refufe bringing their Sailors Home, What may pay the Sailors whilft beyond Sea Muft obey tneir Coiwoys On Arrival at any Port where there is a Conful, they fliould wait on him and ac- quaint him with what may have happen- ed extraordinary in the Voyage How are to proceed in paying the Cuftoms in Norway Mafullfatnam. its Trade and ProduAs Mate's Receipt for Goods, when muft be given up to the M after Mcafum, both applicative and r,.'^eptive with their Variety and Correlpondency with one another, (yidt the Contents at the Beginning) 856 & feq. Melinia, its Trade and Produfti 735 Members of a Port, their Deftnition 138 Of Parliament may belong to the Bank, Rtyal Exikangi, and LonJon Afluranccs 263, j46&J;o Merchandize proper for Iiah 7 1 o To be laden and unladen at any certain Ports only in the Day time 36 Merchant, its Derivation, and his Chara£ter 29 The Antiquity and Honourablenefi of the Employ ditto Privileges granted to it in Franu ditto No DiTparagement to Nobility 30 Many Kings and Princes exercifing the Fnnflion ditto What Qualilications he ought to make him- felf Mailer of 30 & 32 Maxims propofed for the Managemen; of his Aftairs 32 to 35 Regard always paid him by the Common Law 35 Not obliged to fue at Common Law ditto Subj^ to the Laws of the Country, where Refident ditto Not reftrained from departing the Kingdom without Licence 36 Have Liberty to tranfport Irtm, Armour, He. ditto Adulterating Wine, are puniihable ditto Importing T'obaccos have an Allowance ditto His F.ffcSs in Partncrftiip Ihall not go to the Survivor ditto Need no: provide againft Survivorfliip ditto Accounts between them, how ftated ditto An Aftion may lie againft one, though more obliged ditto To caU him AUih Saniruft, is aAionable ditto Merchant, obliged to pay a Bill according io A)>ret- ment, though due on a day unknown in our Law Pnge 37 Not compellable to come with his Ship into any Part of EhiLkJ againft his Will diitq When may plead the Sutute of Limitation, and when not ditto Prohlbiti'd the Importation of fundry Goods from feveral Parts 37, }g Feme Sole in Le»du,, trading without her Huftjand, fhall unfwer for her own Af- fairs 37 ReftriAions on exporting Beer, Ur. 39 Ditto, concerning the Importation of Corn 3S, )9 Lofing Goods at Sea, Cuftom paid, Ihall on Proof have Liberty to ihip a hke Qjian- tity, Duty free 40 May tranlpori Gunpowder when the Price cloes not exceed c /. ftr Barrel ditto In his Entries at the Cu/ltm-litufi fhall be difpatchrd in his Turn 382 May Dreak Bulk in any Port, and pay Duties for no more ih.m he enters and lands ditto Not anlwerablc for a Piracy done by hia Ship 229 St 1^0 Merchant Strangers (by Magna Charia) have Li- berty to come into, depart or remain here 35 Any Abufe olTcred them puniihable ditto Shall not be impleaded for another's Debt }6 Six Months allowed to wi'hdraw their Ef- fefts, in Cafe of a Difference with their Prince ditto Obliged 10 fell their Merchandize at the Port where th'- '-xid in Grafs ditto Made De- ' oay alike Cuftoms as be- Mtfihiil, it) Method, r' fore Aliens, ' whi a Bills of Exchange are loft, 'it- 440 & 44( r -'ocuring a Letter of Marque 2 1 ; IT" . ^ a Cafti Account in the Bank 359 1 ../o I great Fraflioos in Calculation 460, 461 To calculate (he Price of Foreign Wool 464 For working fimple Arbitrations 46$ Compound, ditto 469 & 48; Middl'ftx, its Trade 574 Mid-Ltihiaii, or EdinbHrgh, its Trade )8s Milan, its Trade 709 Mil/ord Haven loL Mindan, , its Trade 79$ Mhihtad Harbour, the Ad about it 14s Mingrilia, its TrafHck 748 Minuiu, its Trade yb% MiJfiJpfpi, its Trade and ProduAs 81 1 Miftake, of a Sum in a ContraA, its ESeAi 40; in Writings don't make void a fair Agreement 363 In Bills of Exchange, how are to be decided 444 M'cba, iti Trade and ProduAs 74a MtJtna, its Trade 709 Molla, JtsProduAs Sag ilf>/ii»a Iflei, their Trade 791 & feq. Money of a Bankrupt in the Sheriff's Hands is not aflignable by the Commiflioners joS Overpaid on Ufury, by one becoming after- wards Bankrupt, fliall be refunded 509 Its firft Species and Ufe j6j Lent on Bottomry muft be only on Ship and Carep 1 1 7 To be lent on Bottomry by no other Com- pany or Corporation than the XtyaJ Ex- tbangt and London Affurances 263 On Bottomry, to or from the f^-yvoVif, fhall be on the Ship only 264 May be brought into Court by any one fucd in an Adion of Debt on a Policy of an In- furance ditta Paid the Affured on a fuppofed Lofs, may be recovered if no Lofs happened 267 Lent on Bottomry and infured muft be paid, both by the fnfurer and Borrower ditto Given i la CroJJi at Amfitrdam, how to be infured 304 Money % :ir N D X. I' I' 445 575 '75 8.3 847 846 507 53« 735 829 793 >' 794 «47 678 849 816 iiouy, |!v«n by 1 Debler for 1 Sum lent hii Crt- ditnr ii not ufurioui l>ag« ]6] Lent for ■ Time , atii, anil ihencerorwwiJ II an eatrannlinary Interalt, ii not ufurioui diilu Advancrd on I^itcri of Credit, of whom ii recoverable Mftnttjkiri, ill I'roduAi tdnumntj^, iti Commerce, (^r. Unintmo, iti I'rade and ProduAa til'»tn*i, its Trade Mtrti, iuTradk Mtrgii, ill Port Mortgage! of a Bankrupt, how far they are in the Lommiffioncri Power Mortgaging or felling Land is over-reached by llank ruptcy Mc/amiiftt, its Trade and ProdufU Mi/i, ill Produdi Mtlir, iti Trade and Produfli MmJui, ill ProduQi Mtulim, 'ti Trade and Produili Mulhuyfin, ill Product Mtni Sam/it, its Trade Municip.^i 1 aws of a Country, in Cafes of Defceni are more to be regarded than Proximity of Blood 3 1 ; Att/ovy, ill 1 ratlc with MlanJ ityii 814 Mutiny not to be concealed in the Fleet 249 N. N/iIRN, its Produiti {84 Names borrowed and feigned, how to be ufed in frt ftn.1 Exchanges 437 & 438 Kaifafutt, a Duiih Sc ilemcnt in Japait 799 f'aniri, its antlent TraUe 6 tlaplrs, in 'I'ladc 706 Kartomit, famous in Anii<^ui y for in Trade, be- fore the River 4liult delcrted its Pore { Narva, its Trade Jjj Natural-born Subjefls may inherit, iho' fprung from Aliens 314 Namralizatioi',, what it is 377 Mull be by Ad of Parliament 319 Several Atls about it 31710310 ATitfiuY'/, the lower, its CommcTca 68 j Navigation, o{ Ss.'omon's Fleet 2; The A£l concerning it 4; to 48 Navy, iti Laws 24K&fe4. From fvhence is fupplied wi:h Butter and ChecCe 576 Negociators of Bills of Kxchance by Procuration, oblige ihcir Principals in their TranfaAioni, though they (hcmlclves remain free 415 Kcirti, its Trade and ProduAs 794 Ntu/chaiil, its Trade and l''iirs 849 Ntiv EnglanJ, iti Trade 644 tifyufiundlanJ, its Trade 656 fine Havin Harbour, its Afl 1 5 1 New Stile and Uld, at what Places they are ob- fervcd 450 AViw Ysrk, its Trade 643 Nitaragua, its Trade 809 A'm^'s Ark, fuppofed a Pattern for the firll Ships 44 None mud moled thofe who arc aiding a Ship in Diftrers 133 Nor promote her Lofs ditto Ncrfalk, its Prodiifts NermanJy, its 'I'rade and PrOuuAl Sarlhamflmjhirt, its Produfls Norlbumberlaiid, its Produfli h'trway, its Trade with (Srul-Iirilaim Its Trade with Htl/aHJ Its General Tiade Note of Hand, its Form Notei of Bankers arc not Calh till receivca 679 ditto 6;8 8i3&8i4 826 k feq. 4" 444 Notice to be given by the Afllgnees of Bankrupts, bf^fore making a Dividend 542 & 543 NittiHgkamJbire, its Produfls ? 7 ; Ntva Stelia, our Title to it 646 Cirant of it to Sir ff. Alixanilir ditto Part granted afterwards to Sir DaviJ Kirt, who fold it to the /■««/> King ditto At Sir W. A/exanJir did his to a Frini Nobleman, who afterwards re-fold it • to Sir TUmai Templt, from whofe Heir, Samuil tt'aluo, Efqt of Ntiu England, bought it, and fold an un- divided Moiety to the Author 647 AW* Sfiim, 111 ProduAi and Importanct »» tha Crown of (>')<«/. />ri/«ia Pact 646 SmnrH/, ill Trade n,^ Number, of Perfons reauifite to make an Kxchango 416 Of Parilhes and Ciiiei 'm(Jrimi.ttiiuit> s^t,n Of Counties in Hitgltnit »n4 Ifah diim Njtii, ill ProduAi g^5 O. OATH, to be taken by the Court "br lryin« Piraiei " " ,,0 By a Marine Court Martial before Trial 1(3 Of a Creditor before the Coinmiflioncri of Bankruptcy ..^ To be taken by the Importcfi of Goods from Ptr/ia Obligeei in bottomry Bondi may claim aAer the Obligeri are Bankrupli Ooligrr (in Ufury) may aver againd the Condition of the Bond Offences, done in Privateers to be punilhcJ as thofe in Ships of War Committed at Sea and in our Haveni, where triable Done in Harbours that exclude the Crimi- nals from (icncfit of Clergy Againll fafe Condufls, how nunilhed Ofticei, of Infurance, when ellabliflied at Pari/, StttiMm and Maf/ii, and with what Fundi Not to be held by Aliens For giving an Alien's Lands to the King under what Seal they mull be Uot after Bankruptcy may be difpofcd of Olliceri, of Excifc may fcarch Ships And Sailors m.iy not defrri their Ships In the Navy not to behave unbecomingly Of the Kayi at ijn^w, and thofe in the Country, the Times of their Attendance For fearching Ships at Oravift»d, not to de tain above three Tides Oiitya, its 7'rade OUtniurgb, its Trade Old Stile and New, in what Placet each is ob- ferved 0/wr, iu Trade Ofhir (where Sclomeii'i Fleet went to) fuppofed to be Sumatra or M, ,'acca 659 528 366 218 3°? 3'4 ditto 507 5» 231 252 382 ditto H09 8'7 761 *7 35'» 586 677 846 768 ditto Order to the Calhte i of the Bank of i'»^/«W for Payment of M' ney, its Form Ortiuy, its Produ/.s Ortiani, Its Prod idli Ormm City an ' Ifle, their Trade Omh, its Pr.t Ougli, its Trade Owners of Shipi, who they are flay break their Partnerfliip at Pleafure Are liable for the A^ioni of the Mailers they employ May fue the Matters for the Damage! they do ditto Their Cafes with the Maftirs about Repairs Not anfwerable for the Barrelry of Mailers What they mull do for Seamen wounded in their Service, and to the Widows of the Slain Oxftrdjhiri, its Prod uds 49 8? P. PAIT A, or Piura, its Trade Panama, its Trade Panartucm, its trade Patjfartuvan, its Trade Par, of Monies, its Definition Ditto 808 789 ditto 4rg ditto Of Gold Coin between Lrnim and Amjlir- dam ^;9 Ditto of Silver Money ditto Of Gold Coin between Franti and HcllanJ ditto Ditto of the Silver Money 460 Of Gold Coin between Lifitn and Amfttr- Jam ditto In its Calculation to void the great Frac- tions 460 & 461 Pardon for all Felony docs not include Piracy 231 Parillies in Grtai-Bniiim, their Number 569 Pariih Boys, how to be put to Sea 92 When Apprentices at Sea, not to be prels'd till 1 8 ditto Ptrilh I N D X. I'«ilh Doyj not to p«y lo CrrHHilti till ihit Agr P»g« ni !ihi|i< ditto At what Age they may b« bouiul ditto P.trM''. lu I ndo 710 fan 0* a Hill of Exchange not aflignabU 44; Virtner, Nunltrgpl, wKit inay be rctovi'ttd of him jjj liiiltbiril III anoihcr, a Bankrupt, what it uliliged to piiy ditto Mil iJcbli, whrn bind th« others ditto Partnerniipi, in a Ship inuy be broke ut Plearuu 48 Not to Mcecd 6 ia th< Uaiiking Way 3411 & 356 ParfflUihaut, iti AA 14] Party not to be a Judge in hiiownCaufe by the Award of Afbitraiori 307 faflVi ihiir countcrl'ciiiiig or crafing nadc he- lony 53 Patent for a Confiil, Eng/i/h and Frmth af)o & HH Puyiriu, fanwjuj forK.ippee, Wr. H47 Paymcnii. ul' large I'liriljalea nnd Billi of Exchange at k'lniit, ir.urt be in Bank jjo At Amiliriam that mull be made in Bank yn Ul Uilli of i xchaiiKei how to be calcu- lated when .Milct ififter 449 To one Partner it Payment to all 1; t i fiati, or ^'ar^»riiii Idr, III 1 rade Ho-! ISUIts, mfxi-tiJuli, III ProduAi 5K4 Pigt, in I'r.ili' 770 Penal Bill tor Payment of Money, in Form 410 Penalty, fur Noii payment of a piincipal Debt, not Ulury 363 Of concealing Bankrupt'' F.ITeilii and of C'rcQicors lAcaring falfely 546 U C47 Of uidawful 'I'r,ide lo AjtHa 6».' Lilto 10 the f.iip-liJm 634 to 6 ^6 Oil Go.lcis for a Bankrupt'i Efcapa ; 4H I'csplc, flrickcn or poifi.ned in one Place, and dying ii) ai Dlhcr, where triable Eotn in the Rrmjb Plantationi, or on ihe Brili/h Seas, are Subjefli of ExilanJ Born aboard Simib-Sia C'lmpany'i Ships, are natural Subjeels ftrcht, it> Trade and FroduAs Ptrnatu, iu Pradf Pcifoiwl Demand miill be made for the performing an Award Attendance not required for TraofltiUoni at the Baidc of imltml tfirlh, itiProduAi P^cherit Cot&i, their Trade fiitr Alixoviiin, Czar of Mif/iny, hi« great Care in forming; hit Subjects to Trade ■ I His Endeavours to make himfcif Maimer of the Ptijl^n SHk Trade 837 ttii'fifgt, iti Exports and Imports Pelitionen not to have the Benefit of a Commiflion of Bankruptcy folcly Pillan, it» Trade '3' 3'4 3.8 677 «3b }<» 3^10 584 764 85tl Petty Avera|ei what It is Piirniciani fuppotcd the firll Mariners 49.1 757 13a 4) Phiitffiiai, and Maniliai, their Trade and Products 706 & 797 PitatiUi, its Produ£li and Trade 673 J( b;4 fiWoKn/, its Trade 710 Pilchards, abundant on the Ctrnl/i Coatt 571 Pilots, their various Denominations and Oelinition izz , from Dmtf, Dtai, and the Ille of Ihaiul, their Examination and Admittance ditto ^Their Pay and Number ditto For what Utfences their Wairantt may be recalled In Fiamt, their Qualification and Duty . j In HillanJ, ditto .:At Aariiur, ditto '2J ditto 8;o Piracy, when Felony What it includes 217 On the Briiijb 'Doainioni, where mull be tried 3l<): 231 Pirates, or Sea Rovera, their Definition 225 Moil in Amirica ditto Eftablidied at Altiiri, 7iiftlj and Tunii ditto Robbing in a Harbour not Piracy, but a Robbery 233 When to be executed witbout Trial 229 P>Jca, in Trade 809 riaLC^f Abode, and not Nativity, fubjeAta Man 203 Places, to which the Kmlijt ftnd Confuli Page 161 Whkk obCirve the New and O'd Stilt 4(0 la /rWW«y, from whence Wool U to be Ihlpped 64 Plantation Debts not difcharged to a Bankrupt by the Altowance of his Certitcat* hei« PUJkrw, Its Trade P1I1H, its Trade and Product ftUnJ'i Trade with Grt ,i- llrtltin Pobcy, of Infurance, its Eiymology Againft Kellraint of Princes, what It In' eludes Not avoided by an intended DeviatJon On a Cargo, in Korm 187 k i8> On a Life, its Form a88 k 289 At AmJIirilam, iti Particulars 189 k feq. In Fr„iie/, where mull be made their Cod- I** 676 lis a6i ■tents, i^c Ptmtrax'o, its Trade PaKJiihini, its Trade I'mU Harbour Porm, />• a///, or PirtH, its Trade I'trrnirii. ill Trade /'«l/^rll/>./, its Traile I'jrl, its Definition Out of tlie Jurirdlftion of the Admiralty Poller's Rates f'>r Landing, Cr, uf Uoudi Hirii BiUq, its Tiade I'liiiCaval/; its Trade Ptrt Rich, its 'I'rade I'oriugtl, its ' radc with Clrtat-Brtlaiit I 'itlii, with IrtlatJ Ditto, with FraMrl Ditto, wiih / Vn/rr Its gi.nrral Trade Its Aft irat Company's Trmd« Its A-niritnii Trade 30; k feq. 766 764 848 829 146 80a tO] 80a £10 & fitq. 67. 689 700 (96 k feq. 698 8li rolTeflion of a Ship, without a jull Title, In Con frqiicnce ,q PoITclibr, of a Bill of Rxchnngc, how mull a mit its Difcbarge by a third Pcifoo /.fm Proteft djita Of an cndorfed, accepted, and protafted Bill, net JH. harg. d/u/ra Proted, on whom hath, and when may demand Rediefs 41} Of a Bill pr:itelled, ftom whom mall feek Redrefs jj» Of a prolefled Bill, and '-'ati'fafllon llfo re- ,.' fufed by the Drawer, may fue elthM hint ' or the Acceptiu- ditto Of divers Bills remitted him fbr the AcCoaht of fundiies, how mull be latisfied if tbfy ore prnielled jji Failing, if he endorfe it, and it be accepted, the Aaeptant mull pay 43J How mull proceed, when the Drawer, Ac- ceptant, and Endorfcri all fail 43 j Of a conditional Cill found for its Compli- ance, with what he muft comply 437 Of a conditional Bill, how may be compel* led to follow the Agreement of the Ac- ceptant ditto Of bills without Date, how mud proceed 441 Poflibilitic' in Bankruptcies defined J17 Poll Entries for the SurpluDij^e of Cuftoms, how muft be made 3^8 & 369 Not admitted for Goods paying Duty by ' Tale 369 Nor allowed for thcife paying Duty by Mea- fu-e 370 Peuh- ^y, its Trade 794 Ptuln-HI'QH, its Tradtf oitto Poundage, what ilia, and when granted 367 & 368 Power, of Marriage Bonds in Bankruptcy 316 Of the AlTignees of Bankrupts 54* Preference, In honouring a protelled Bill, to whom be given May be given a Creditor bclbre the Debtor is Bankrupt Premium paid a Creditor for Money lent his Debtor is not Ufury For diivering a Bankrupt's EfTeAs For Admillion into the Rujpa^ Company, what it is I 10 Z »: I 'ipf? I N I 10 i^; in Prtraiuti for iht Uwr/.> rUauiioiu Fig* )l, (9 Prtv4>i, ill Trid* 7 1 7 Prif jo{ Tbtir L'ofliraAt with iht Marintri ditto MuA |iv( Hond not to break TKatin, Tub- fifting with ih« Crown ditto iig li lao Not to uf* their C'apiiirti 111 ao; Mull not cnmmit any Spoil or Deprtdt- lion on the Shipi ol FrienJi or Ncatciit tfr. Mult not bring away any Servant!, {Si. from Amiritt without Leave In what Manner may be infured One waa infured for a **onih, and wat da- nagcd by the Kncmy, and the '1 ime of refitting exceeded the Munih, not a tutal Lob Infured Intercft, or no Intrreft, lit. wat taken and retaken, yet the Infurcri bora ihe Lofi Infured on ihofe Tcrmi wai taken, retaken and the Salvage forgiven 1 jutlged a total Lofi iM}\i<>4 Farther Rrgiilitioni of 1 1 j Privilege), allowed the PoirrlTnr of a Biii when both the Drawer and Acceptor fail 4 1 1 Of a Dowry ;io Prix* Goedi, Ihip'd in Ammim pay the fame Dutiri here, ai the Produce of our I'laniaiinni ;8 Taken by a Ptivatetr, in Sight »f another Privateer, boiii Oiall tbare equally 106 Their difteieni »orti >jA&i37 Pi«eef< ofilie Woollen Manufadure, from iti Cora- mencemcnt to iti Confumpiion 618 & Irq. Pnxlamalioni for Peace and Wiir, how performed 244 PreduAi, of our Plantaliuni to be carried to liie Brilijk Dominioni only J4 Of ihtSfimifi and Ptrmgm/i Poircflioni in Eiir$ft or Amiritm mighlbc infured not' withAuiding the ACi Profanenefi punjihable in the Navv Prt/trms Exchanges, what thev include ProUbitiwu agaiiitt a Suit in lae Adminlty, when granted^ 80, 81, 81, 8t 2C6 a64 '7' »73 164 »49 438 Protuoited Goodi not to be infured a66 Promidiiry NoUt, when hear rnlerel) by TndorfcmenI ^1 1 1 heir Font} ditto Property, of ■ PhM, when i> divcRcd by taking 27410176 Of a perfonal Chattel, how it altered by an Award 3 1 1 ProteQwni and. PalTporti, their Definition 241 Frotefti, aeainft Billi of Exchange, when tnay be made ^ 1 1 Their Form ditto When are to be notified ditto Don't free the Acceptors 417 Againft BilU on the Fain of Ljmj, when to be made <^t Ditto, on the Fain of Framftrl ditto Ditto, on LrifxUk and Uaumhurt 44] May be made for the Remainder, when Part of a Bill it paid 444 Mult be made fW BItli accepted, payable at a longer Time ihan fpecificd 44 ; Prtvnee, ill Trade and ProduAs 6lla Provol) Martial in the Fleet, hu Duty and Obliga- tion 2JI Proximity of Blood fubmiti to the Municipal Law, of a Place in Regard of Defceni ] 1 4 Pru^a, iu Trade 83^ & feq. PitUmiii, had Efjfl for their Shait of AUxmdir the Greai'i Dominioni 4 Their great Care of Trade, and the Hon- riOiing Condition they raifed Ali*a»irit to by It 4 & 5 Philadttfhui built the firll Lighthoufe 19; Punilhment for Bankrupti not anfwering tb( Com- miffionert Interrngatoriei 497 Purchafcf, that Aliens may make 3 1 4 & 3 1 j After Bankruptcy, fubjeA to the Commif- fion ;02 That are not fubjefl to the Commiflioa 506 '"■ X. OUallficalInn, and Duty ofa Cnnnil P||, ,.. Ditto of the Cjovernor, Deputy, and DlreAari of Ihe Rank .g . lor Adniiitance into ik^ 7«ri/y Company 6i e Rcquifile for Naturaliiaiion 31^, 31a Quarantine, to be prrformcd at .S'/, lltTnd* Pi(t liq Kufiii, Piuh, 'I'ltr, Ui. nol 10 b* mtlted aboinl * bhip bctwfcn Uii^tt-Bri^ii (sd UmivitM R>ii, ill PrwliXli kf/HUn, ill 'I'ltJc and ProduAl HmtHftk, ill Produfli RnyilKxihingc InCurinc* whx/««i 6;R HmUitiljJIiiri, ic« I'ruduiU 576 8. SAPE-ConduUi, their Nalurt I low mull he filled up Thtir Power Sailing, lAer the Time agreed, In Confequence Siiilori, in the Suatr True, what Money may be advantcd 10 ihtm »4» »4} ditto 110 7$ May fue for their Wagei in the Court of Admiralty, but not Malleri II k 247 Mud pay (td. f4r Month (o Gruimiiih Hof- pital gi Their Willi not to b« made on the fame Paper, lit. with Lctlen of Attorney ditto Who are exempt from Paying to tirttn'wltk Hofpiwl 9] Mull nol abfenl ihemfclvci from the Ship they belong 10 9^ Their Wuei 10 be paid In ]0 Dayi after the Ship'i iTniry at the Cullom-houfe ditto Mull noi refule Kighling againll Piratei g8 In the EaftUJi* bervi- :, not to pay to the Fund fur ihofe in other Merchant Service 10; Drunk, hutting one another, the Confc- quence 107 Mull have their Wagei though the Ship b« fciz'd for Debt ditto Wagei nol to be brought into an Average, if a Ship be dei.iincd oy Order of State In our Sugiir I rade not to be impreflcd Letteri oi' Miorney mull be made revokable Mull not ilci'ett Saimtngt, ill Trade and ProduAi Si. Dtmingi, or Hij}aniila, its Trade &l ll/lina, its Tra>lr and froduili Si, "John Ji VUmm, its I rade 5i. Call, ill Trade Salary of the Governor! and DireAori of the Bank of Engltutl Sale of I^L.Is, how to be made by the Commif- fioncri of Bankrupt! 5• Eajllmlia Company 6]8, 6)9 When were firll made in Ntvi-iaglatJ 6m Which may be iniule before Bankruptcy (oo Separate ones not fubjetl to the Engage- menis of a Hulband 5 1 1 ShtllaaJ, ill Prnduai }i6 Ship, it! Klymoloty 44 Suppofed to be copied from Ntah't Ark, and • reafonable Account given of in Original dilCO Its various Forms in Building 4( 111 joint Owners are Tenants in common 4I Repairfl, when remains the Cune, and when nol 49, {o Iri Furniture, does not include the Ballaft or Boat {O When it may become a Drodand j 1 Mull not belong to a Cullomer ditto How it mull be feized, when forfeited ditta I^den with I'ullomakle (ioods, not to hover on the Coalli of Eng/and or Irtlamd 61 tl 6a MuH be fearched for Uncuilomed Goodi in our HIaniaiioni, as well as her* j6 Mull be rrgillcr'd before going to our Planta- tions, and when new nameif {7, 69, 76 Mult have one full Set of S^ iiijh » ili 61 Hypothecated for Ncceirarii.., in Confe- quence 84 u gg Repaired, lit. in the Thamv, ii not liable, but the Owner! May not be moored, or laid up in Si. Strvimr'i Dock, Wf. Not able to perform a Voyage agreed on, tbe Confequcnte Which are obliged in H$l/anJ to take Piloti, and what mul\ pay them 1 a^ ic faq, That don't pay to iriiitj Harbour In Cafwattr Harbour, of whom mull take Batlall What mull pay for lying above a Month in Tarmtuii Harbour That are excepted from paying in Sith GrM/ //;//«/» 659 \\'\l\\ipam 691 With rrami 690 With Ihllani 81 J & 814 Its general Trade 840 With Portugal ditto The EaJI- Indie: 842 TAble* for calculating Arfaiiration> Page ^69 & feq. TaJn/ttt, its Trade a^l Tagtl, its 1 rade _gs Tuntr, its Trade »j^ Tare, what it is ,.J Afcertained, when may be altered at the Cuf- toni-houfe ^^^ An Alphabetical Account of it 37^ & (ga. From the Biitijk Plantations | Part ii allowed for it Tarjhii, (where Schmtn'a Fleet went to) fuppofed to be (ju-ZMrau 378 *7 770 406 Tariari of Nagai. their Trade 'luoaitttfui, its Trade Tenants in common of a Ship Tnafiirin, its Trade Tender of Money, the fame as Payment Ditto, favcs the Forfeiture of a Bond Tintra, its I'rade, We. 7J7 4 ^jg Ti'iitiit, its Trade ■jnt Tirra Fiima, its Trade and Produftj gij Thrown Silk of 'luihy, Ptrjla, Wc. not to be im- ported 6, g, Tid,r, its Trade ^,-T Tt„hery, its Trade '** Time, allowed to export by Certificate Allowed for Ihipping and landing Goods on the Keys of Landm Limited for taking out aCommillion of Bank- ruptcy' Ditto, tor the Bankrupts to furrender Ditto, frr Trial of Prizes Title of Aciniiral, to whom lirtt given local, it! Tr.'de Ttma^o, its Trade Tomfioi, its 'I'rade Tonnage, what it is, and when granted Unjhtrg, its Trade Torrabaya, its Trade T..u\ Value of Goods, may not be icfiaed at Am- Jltrildm Tcuhaiti, its Trade Toulon, in .ir.cient Trade Icur.iint, its 1 rade and Produfts I'lade and Narigatior. Aft ,jj tc feq. Iradeof the f«^/./,'-, when K?gan to flourilh 567 Trade between Grmt-Brituia and Fraiti Ditto and Hc.lanJ Ditto and Germawf Ditto and Si-cin Ditto and Poriugal Ditto and Italy Ditto and Turkey Ditto and Jfriik Ditto and the EaJI-Inam Ditto and ^me,iia Ditto and Ruffia, DeimarH, tfcruaf, SweJtn, 76J 37« 381 49s 497 312 *4S 749 810 367 829 78S 289 789 6 677 dim 610 !'« 619 64a Poland, and Pn^Jia Ditto and the /ia/lrian Netherlandi Ditto Ireland and Seatlani Ditto and Eajlland Ditto Holland nidi FlanJtri U'mo and SpMn Of the Levum, and Coaft of Barhan Of jffrick Of .if., Of the Spani/h Amtrican Coafti Of French Amerua Of Ponugurjr America Of Holland Of Hivitxerland and Geneva rranfaftinns at the Bank, do not require iPerfonal Attendance jSo rrsnfports from England, what confift of j68 I'reaiics ol Commerce between Greai-Brilain and •V"'" 604 & feq. Ditto between the Crownt of England and Denmark gig Trial un.lcr a ffCondCommiflion of Bankruptcy 538 & ftq. I'rini;/ lloule at Deft/ord, what it is 197 Trijioii, lunii, ,.nd -llgien, cllabUihed by Pirates 22J frrii Hiv'eiej, itl Trade gio rruccs and Leagues, their Definition nf Trutfdijtim and Uttniteim, its Trade 8t8 TruUeee 6j8, 659 6(9 669 ditto 669 7u 7*4 74« 802 tc feq. 810 81X ditto 84J 8i> 788 764 tuf- "' ditto I4 & feq. Vd , 378 llo »7 755 809 48 770 406 |37 & 738 794 8.$ im- 63,64 794 76} 37« on ^-^'^ 49» 497 31a 810 «J7 8*9 788 an- 4J & feq. m INDEX. ^ dito 610 V* !'* 619 630 64a wfJtn, 6j8, 659 6i9 66| ditto 669 «7t 711 724 8o2 & feq. 81a Six ditto Tfonal 360 568 • and 604 5c leq. i and SiS 538 & feq. '97 :cs J2J 810 Ti uftccs, to Marria;;c Bonds, cannot come i.. as Cre- ditors to prove ihc lionj JJcht, in Cafe the HullanU is iiankrnpt in the Wile's Life • I'ane 5 1 6 For cRablifliing a Colony in Cctrgia, the I'ow fnixilh, its Trade and Produfls 'fiaijuin, its J'raJe and I'roduils Turin, its Tr.iilc Turirftan, its Trailc Turicy, its Trade with Crfai-l^riutin Company, their Charter New r\t\ in Kclaiion to it Tula trill, it. Trade Tyriani, their Lojnmercc 'I'he fuppol'ed Inventors of Naval Trade 'I'hcir Glory and I'owcr Their City de;lro)eJ by Ntluchadnczxiir And re-cltablillied on a neighbouring 111 649 & 6^0 80S 773 710 753 61; ditto 616 764 3 ditto ditto ditto il ditto Afier.vardi delboyed by AUxaiu.er the Great, and their Coaimercc removed to Alixaitdria 4 V. VAlpara'fo, its Trade Value, of the Cohjfu, o( Rhodes Of Goods fliippcd at Amjlerdiim, not to be infured 289 Received, cxprcrtld in a Bill of Ex- change, its l^ft'edts 444 faimei, xnBrctagnc, its ancient Trade 6 k'alulca, its Trade 809 y,/illiani, their firll Settlement, and Commerce 7 Their great Kiches and I'ower ditto The great Blow given them by the Treaty of Cambray S The famous V'iitory obtained over their Rivals the (Jcnot/c at the Battle of C/j/szza ditto Their Conful at Jacsita abufed by the Go- vernor 262 Their general Trade (99 fera Cruz, or S/, 'Jnhn de Vthua, its Trade 803 Verbal I'romife to accept a Bill for a third Perfon, iti Power 430 yevay, its Trade S46 I'irginia, its Trade with Grcat-Briiain 641 Umpirage, its Definition jo; When to be made ditto When is void 30S Where Arbitrators do not agree, its Form 3 1 2 Of one Perfon, its Form 313 Uncles of Aliens to inheiit before Fathers 3 1 4 Vmlerwald, its Trade 847 Unfortunate, in Trade, what Treatment mull ex- pert 48O U.'.ion oi' the two Companies trading to the EuJI. India 634 & 635 Unlawful Intcrell may be taken when the Princi- pal, and it, are hazarded 365 Unlawful Trade, to riirif)', its Fines 616 to Afnta, ditto 620 to the Eaft-lnd:rt 634 Voyage to be altered by Danger only 1 1 2 Urgeni, its Trade 753 V'-i, its Produfls 847 l.'fancc from Ai!» Sailors nuill not be infured 294 ll'ii/e.', its I'rodudls and Louniics 579 '^' S^^ War and Peace, how proclaimed 246 U'lirdvttui, or H'ariitiits, its Trade 829 Warrant, to export Corn, its Form 386 Given by the Commilliuncrs to fcizc tl.c Bankrupt's Fft'cils lf\tr'tvicl','h:re, its I'rodiiiils //'(,/, to Flarbour, \U hi\ ll'iiU'/orJ, its Trade ll'atirfii, its Commerce l/VimcurA Harbour, iis Afl Weather, to be well retarded by MaHcrs of Ships belbre ihey begin a \ oyage !;, 86 Weights, their V r.iiety and t orrefpondence. (I'ide the Contents at the beginning) 851 S; feq. If'ifiKoriLi.'J, its Produiis J77 ll'f/lrd, its Trade 587 Whalebone, or Fins, foreign cut, prohibited Im- portation W'hatib and Keys at LciiJan, where Goods may not be fliippcd, tic. I'hofe ih.it arc lawful, and the Times al- lotted for working thereon What makes a Msn a Bankrupt iri.'ii/y Harbour, its At\ ll'hiitl.airii Harbour, its Aft Who may be deemed Pirates A Bankrupt Widows Deed, of Settlement, when void Wife, who is not dowab'e Title to her free Bench Her Fcrtunc in Franti, how afFtfted by her Ilulhand's Failure If'iglouii, its Produfls Wills, in Favour of a Bankrupt's Wife Ifil'J/.Irt, its ProduCis Wines leaking in a Voyage, does not occafion a I (lis of Freight, if it has rot been by the Mailer's Fault H'injlanlfy the firll Builder of EddyJIoiie Lighthoufe t[ inuril'oii, its Trade Wool, Sheep, of the Brilijh Produce not to be ex- ported 67 & 6S H'crci/liijhire, its Produfl 5^8 Word corruptive mull be in Declarations of Ufury, Wreck and Lading difeo^ered by the Sailors, how to be difpolcd of Its Ftymology and Difference M hen falls to the King Kot to pay Cullonis By whom may be fei/ed Write oft' at the Bank, its Form 67 381 ditto 483 Hi 232 &23} 487 &483 S'3 510 ditto i5t> S8J S«4 577 '95 844 366 9' 130 '3' ditto ditto 359 YAmcuih Harbour, its A£l Yorkjhire, its Produfls 'Vopnt'cr Brother, being a Denizen, before the elder, ii an A'icn Yiien in, its Trade lliall inherit 146 578 3>; ZOff.iiC.ut, its Trade Zu^, its Produflj '/.unci, its Trade Zuixaeh, its Fain II A '/. 84$ 847 843 & 844 1)44