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 CoUecUorv 
 
SPKECH 
 
 HON. LEWIS CASS, OF MICHIGAN, 
 
 . * . ■ ' ' ' ' 
 
 IV nr.pi.v TO ■ ^ 
 
 MR. BENTON, OF MISSOURI, 
 
 WITH 8()MK ADDITIONS. * " , ' ' 
 
 DKLIVERP.n 
 IM TUK .SENATK OK TIIK UNITED STATES, THURSDAY, APRIL 2, 1846. 
 
 Mr. As!ii.EY said that lio wna ycstcrtlny enti- 
 tled to ilip floor; but had yielded to the Senator 
 from Missouri, [Mr. Mevtov,] who .spoke at siidi 
 loni^lh n.s to prcr.ludp him (Mr. A.) from iiddre.ss- 
 in^; llir Senate. Tlir .Senator iVfun Mii'hiiran (Mr. 
 ('ass) wax now in lii.*!seat, iind as he wan on paroh', 
 it wn.H lo l>e Huppo.sed he wa.s drsirou.s of respond- 
 ing to tiic .Senator from .Mi.ssouri. He (Mr. A.) 
 therefore very willin^'ly a;;ain waived his right, 
 and irave way to the Senator from Mieliigan. 
 
 Mr. CAS.S then rose and said: 
 
 Mr. I'residenI: I am much obliged to my friend 
 from Arkan.sn.s, [Mr. Ashley,] for his kindness in 
 yiehlinsj to me the floor upon this oeension. He i» 
 right in supposing it is necessary, from tlie position 
 in wiiich the )uinoral>lu Senator from Mi.'--soiu-i, by 
 liis remarks of yesterday, ptaeed mr. Before, how- 
 ever, p'-oreeding further, I nuist return my thaid\s 
 ui my friend from Incharm, (Mr. Havnegan,] for 
 vviiat he said of me, and for nie, while I was absent. 
 ! nm still more obliged lo him, however, for t, i sake 
 of the connnon obieet whieh he and I, and olhers 
 of <is, have in view, tlian even for my own sake. I 
 lenni, and I learn it witl)o\it any surprise, that his 
 vindiention wa.s nuialerly and eloquent. I ean well 
 believe it, sir, from the many proofs, which he lias 
 y:iven us during the session or his fiowers of orato- 
 ry, and especially from the positions he has taken 
 and stipported in the Oregon rontroversy. 
 
 Mr. President, I have come here this morning 
 (o set myself free. Twice in my life I have been 
 captured by enemies — once fisrhting against Hritish 
 pretensions in war, and again fighimg against Hrit- 
 ish pretensions in peace. My country redeemed 
 mc in the former cano — I come to redeem myself in 
 ihe latter. I say enemies, but 1 trust the term is 
 only metuphoric^illy tipi)lii'able. There is notliini^ 
 in llie former relations uctweon the hontu'able Sen- 
 ator from Missouri and myself, nothiiiu; in our pre- ' 
 sent ]iosition, which should make us enemies. On 
 the contrary, a long personal friendship has exist- 
 
 ed between us, which I did not suppo.se was sun- 
 dered. If, however, it is otherwise, I must bi;ur it 
 as ) may. 1 have borne greater calamities than 
 even the hostility of thi; honoraide gentleman from 
 Missouri. 
 
 I came here, .lir, as I said before, lo redeem my- 
 self'; and I mean lo do it: to d" it by correcting a 
 misapprehension, — by speakii\g the truth. 
 
 ••He i- till- freeiiinn, wlinin llic tnrtli MiHken free: 
 All else are slave s lieside."' 
 
 I will not speak in the triumphant tone, which 
 pervadc.i ihc speech of the honoralile Senator from 
 Missouri. It is not my hs'.bit. " Let not him that 
 girdelh on his luirness, boast himself, as he that 
 putteth it o.''" " Let no man boast till the victory 
 IS won. Aoii est "cially, let him not boast while 
 his adversary is a' sent. What the Senator said 
 presents subjects i .lough for animadversion, but 
 the maimer i:> viiii he said it was still more im- 
 accepUible. 1 am ignorant of any circumstances, 
 in our relative situations, which could justify it; 
 still, I repeat, that 1 mean to vindicate myself, and 
 that, too, to the entire satisfaction of every man 
 within the sound of my voice. 
 
 Mr. IIavnegav. Kvcry impartial man. 
 
 Mr. CASS. No, Mr. IVesidrnt; 1 will net - 
 cept the riualifiration sugu;esied by my friend froui 
 Indiana. If my vindication i.s not .satisfactory to 
 every man, partial or impartial, I will agree to be 
 lied to the chariot wheels of the honorable Senator 
 from Missouri, and to fight the battles of 49; aild 
 I hardly know two more severe punishments, tliat 
 could be inllicted upon me. 
 
 The honorable Senator says that I came here 
 the other day to make a studied speech on the sub- 
 ject of Oreijon. I did so, sir; and he overrates his 
 own power.'), and underriitcs the mental nuahties 
 of the numbers of this body, who comes here to 
 irive. his opinions iij>on a great national subject 
 without due preparation. I shall not cotnmit ihnt 
 fillv; and I have too much re^nrd f'^r the intelli- 
 
 
2 
 
 Crnoc nnd cxpcrirncc of the honoriiblr Srnntor to 
 believe llmt hv would. 1 presume that liiHtlioui;iitN 
 are fully prennri'd upon every priive toiiir, on which 
 he pieseiilM liin views to this l)ody. I'ut, however 
 it may have been before, 1 have not had much lime 
 for preparation now, for I wms not in my scat yes- 
 terday when the honorable Senator made his at- 
 tack; and of course I rould not know, except from 
 rumor, what he said till this mornin£j. 
 
 Now, sir, what is the sulijecl in controversy be 
 tween the honorable Senator and myself? f Ic says 
 that I am committed, by niy^own divlaralion, to ^o 
 for 49, if it is shown thi't commissioners were a[i- 
 pointed under the treaty of Utrecht to eslabli.Nli 
 that pandlel as a bomult ry. This assertion is the 
 whole foundation of his arjijumenl, upon wliicii the 
 whole sujicrstructure rests. If the one talis:, the 
 other fulls with it. Now, .sir, I not only never 
 said 80, but the idea never oc<'.urred to me; I never 
 thou};lit of it. And ilie honorable gentleman has 
 wholly misunflerstood me, either through my fault 
 or his own. 
 
 He has erected a fortification ft)r mr, and battered 
 it down with his own cunnon. I choose to be shut 
 up in my own defensive works only- If ihesc ;ire 
 carried by sie;^e or by storm, then t will surrender. 
 But let mc be my own eniriiieer. 
 
 My position was this, sir. Many of the m<-m- 
 ben upon this floor contend that the parallel of 4!P 
 is the northern boundary of our chinn in Oicfion. 
 Some directly so; and others, because it was as- 
 Runied to Ijc such by our Government in the early 
 period of our controversy on this subject with F.ns;- 
 iaml. To us, therefore, who believe that our clnini 
 in Oregon goes to 54" 40', it was essential to show- 
 there was an error on this subj<!ct; thai the treaty 
 of Utrecht never extended to die country west of 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Mr. Grecnhow, in his work onOrepon, had ex- 
 amined this question, and had endeavored to show 
 that no commi.«!ioners, under the treaty of Utrecht, 
 had ever established any boundary between the 
 French and EiiRlish possessions on this continent. 
 So far aa respects the general proposition, it is a 
 mere question of historical authenticity, not having 
 the slightest practical bearing upon our title to Ore- 
 gon. Because, before our title to Oregon could be 
 affected, it must \>c shown, that that line, if estab- 
 lished at all, must extend west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tain.^. 
 
 Mr. Grecnhow, in his work, enters into the 
 question, and I referred to his book as one entitled 
 to talent, industry, and caution; and I requested 
 gentlemen, who had doubts on this subject to turn 
 to that work, and 1 thought they would satisfy 
 themselves, that no such hue hiui been established. 
 I did not vouch for the facts or conclusions, I 
 never examined the genera! subject in its extent. 
 1 iHated, however, that the result of his discuHsion 
 upon my mind was, that such a line had not lieeii 
 run. 1 am still under that impression, sir, and 
 nothing that was said yesterday ha.s shaken its 
 BtrengUi. Still, I donotlmld myself ut all respon- 
 sible for Mr. Grecnhow 's ac.(ura<'y. I shoidd in- 
 vestigate the subject wilh far mo. e care lluin 1 have 
 done, if 1 were to be held responsible lor deduc- 
 tions resting upitn any other man's as.^eriions. 
 
 The Senator from Missouri says he comes here 
 not to settle a point, which can at all influence the 
 
 action of this body, or have the slightest efTmiluiioit 
 i|-,e termiiuition of our controversy wilh Kngland. 
 lie Hays he " makes no application of this tact," 
 referring to his proof that the parallel of 41) was 
 established sumewlirrt! by the treaty of Utrecht, 
 lie says: " 1 draw noargunietit from it. I do noi 
 'apply it to theouestion of title. I am not argu- 
 ' ing title, and will not ihi it; but I am vindicaiine 
 'history, assailed in a viuil point by the book 
 ' which has been quoted and endorsed. I am vin 
 ' dicating the intelligence of the American Senate, 
 'expo.scd to conteni|il in the eyes of Kurope, l)y a 
 'supposed ignorance of a treaty which is one of 
 ' the great political landmarks in Europe and 
 ' America," Arc. 
 
 The Senator will pardon me for saying that this 
 seems to me very much of a tempest in a tecpot. 
 What do( s lie juofess to vindicate before the Senate 
 of the I'nilcd States .' Not the rights of the coim- 
 try, but the alle;;ed truth of an historic^il fact, mis- 
 repre.s( nted by Mr. (,<icenhow,and vouched for, iis 
 the Senator thinks, by me. Now, sir, it scf-ms to 
 me, that this solemn trial, before such a court an 
 this, is hardly justifuil by the nature of the a<'cn- 
 salioii. Mere is an histornal error. Be it so. No- 
 body contends that it afH els our interests or our 
 honor in the remolesl di'i;ree; no more so than the 
 parentage of llomulus and Uemus. This is not a 
 lecture room. We are neitluT professors nor stu- 
 dents, aisembleu hcic to discuss the truth or false- 
 hood of historical statements, which have no rela- 
 liim to our duties. And it seems to mo, also, that 
 Kurope will know little, and care less, rc3pe<;ting 
 this grnre controversy, now sub jtidice, before this 
 high tribunal. 1 doubt if its fame reaches there. 
 I rather imagine, that, in that quarter of the globe, 
 there are other, if not graver, subjects to («guge the 
 attention of both Governments and people, than 
 historic diuibl.s, involviii!.' Mr. Greenhow's accu- 
 racy and my credulity. 
 
 S^till.sir, iLs this ipiestion is thus brought before 
 us, I shall proceed to give a brief synopsis of it, 
 and leave honorable Senators to judge for them- 
 selves. The Senator from Missouri na.1 brought 
 forward three princiiial facts, to jirove that the par- 
 allel of 49 was establ'shed by eommiasioners under 
 the treaty of Utrecht. The first is a despatch from 
 Mr. Madison to Mr. Monroe; the second, a state- 
 ment submitted by Mr. Monroe to Lord Harrow- 
 by; the third — I put thet5i together, for the honor- 
 able gentleman has joined them — Posrtlethwayt'b 
 Dictionary and D'Anville's maps. 
 
 Before proceeding further, air, 1 Iwg to remark, 
 that the honorable Sen.-^tor, in f(uitc a taunting tone, 
 contruKLs my investigation of this matter with his 
 own. He goes to the fountain-head, the authentic 
 docimients, and tlicrr finds the truth; while I go t« 
 the turbid stream, and am thence " led astray, "and 
 thus have wandered into the enemy's camp, and 
 have become a pri.soner. And what are those (it»- 
 //icn/tc documents which the honorable Senator has 
 .sought and found, and pored over with the midnight 
 lamp, to educe the truth? Why, Postlethwayt's 
 Commercial Oiciionnry, eont.ainlng a map! Tliif 
 is all, literally all !-- -a work long sincf- rt;ferred to 
 I by Mr. Greeiiliow in his book, and examined by 
 j him. 
 
 Now, sir, the first reflection which strikes a man 
 is thib-, that if Oiia line were thua cHktbliHhed,tlie 
 
f (Tcct iipnr 
 li Kn^laiid. 
 niiis flirt," 
 ■1 of 4!) WHS 
 of Ulrcchl. 
 I. I (III not 
 in not Hr};ii- 
 
 vindirAtinc 
 y tlic booK 
 I nm vin- 
 icivii SciiHir, 
 l(ir())ic, \>y a 
 rli is onn of 
 Kuro])c and 
 
 in:; thiit l)ii» 
 in (I tcjipnt. 
 11' tilt! Senate 
 of tho conn- 
 vn\ fact, inis- 
 uclied for, ns 
 •, it Hcinia to 
 li a court as 
 of the, accu- 
 se it so. No- 
 •resls or our 
 
 so limn iUt 
 This is not a 
 isors nor slu- 
 inith or fnlsp- 
 hnvc no rcla- 
 fjic, also, that 
 HS, rcapciilinp 
 e, before this 
 caches there, 
 •of the Rlobc, 
 
 1 to (juf^uge the 
 people, than 
 
 nhow's accu- 
 
 roup;ht before 
 /nopsis of It, 
 ilgc for thcm- 
 . has brought 
 c that the par- 
 jsioners under 
 dcspatcl) from 
 pcond, a state- 
 Lord Harrow- 
 for the hoiior- 
 'ostlethwayt'b 
 
 MJg to remark, 
 I taunting tone, 
 fiotter with hia 
 , the authentic 
 ; while I KO t» 
 d astray, "and 
 y 's c^mp, and 
 ,t are those «»- 
 lie Senator has 
 th the midnight 
 Postlethwayl's 
 a map 
 
 8 
 
 ThiH 
 Dce rt'ferrod tf> 
 I examined by 
 
 h strikes a man 
 BBtabliiihed,the 
 
 firoof of it might have been p;ot forty yearn npo 
 from the archives of I'ari.s or London. Thai would 
 1)0 pdoitive and undeniiible evidence, and all short 
 of It la iricoiicluhive, and such as no tribunal of 
 justice would receive hh final. 
 
 licliiie any inuii nssumes the existence of such a 
 lire as a barrier to his coiintry'M claims he i>U!:;lit 
 to prove II, not by loose dctliictions from loose his- 
 torical noiices, but by an authentic copy of the act 
 of the ((iiiiuussioners. 
 
 Ibit what .siiyx Mr. Madison.' The honorable 
 Senator IVoin Missouri say.><, " the fact of coinmis- 
 saries haviiiL'' acted, wasa.ssumed for certuiii." 'I'lie 
 laiit';iiM};e of Mr. Madison reads far otherwise to 
 me. As I stated iIk; oilier day, be speak.s doubt- 
 fully upon the sui)ject; and I repeat the nfiserlioii, 
 liotwitlistjiiuiiin; the eoiitinry averiiieiil of iIk; Sen- 
 ator fVoiii Missouri. "77icrci.s rtnson to believe," 
 .siiid Mr. Madison to Monroe, " that the boundaiv 
 between Ij<iuiHi.'iiia and the Uritish territories iimiii 
 of it was uciiially fixed by commissaries appointed 
 under 'he treaty of Utrecht." 
 ' lie then adds, that be sends a paper, eontainiii? 
 the authority respeclinfr this alleired d."cision; but 
 be adds cauliously : "Bui ynu will perceive lUe lu;- 
 ' cessity cfrerurnng lo the proceedings of the cnmmis- 
 ' saries as the nource of (lulhcniic iiijhrmatinn. These 
 ' are not within our reach her<!, and it must be left 
 • lo your own rese.uchcs and judi^nient to deler- 
 ' mine the propiir use to lie made of them." if 
 this i.s certJMiity, I should like to know what uncer- 
 tainty is. The hononiMe .Senator re;;iets, that I 
 had not looked into the <iri::;inal documents, instead 
 ofd(!peiidiin;(niGreenlio\v,and thus liecoming "his 
 dupe and his victim" — not very courteous words 
 these, by tb' -by — anil tliulif I had done so, I would 
 not have said that Mr. Monroe had not added any- 
 tliiuK to Mr. Madison's stateinem, and had Icl'l the 
 "piestion as doubtful as he had found it. " In point 
 of f,icl,"say.s the .Seiiaior, "Mr. Mmiioe added the I 
 ' particulam, of which Mr. Madison declared his i^'- | 
 ' norance — added the be<;inniiii:,thecourscs and the ! 
 ' eiuliii;; of the line, and slated liie whole with the I 
 ' precision of a man, who had taken his information 1 
 ' iVoiu the i)roceedin!;s of the commissioners." i 
 
 This is to mc a stransjo view of the matter, sir. 1 
 I cannot find that Mr. Madison refers to any par | 
 tictddrs. He certainly does not use the word. It 
 is the aulheiiticily of the notice, (inclosed by him, 
 which he desires Mr. Monroe to ascertain. What 
 ihe particulfiys were, contained in the notice, we do 
 not know, as the p.iper it'^elf cannot be found. 
 'I'hal notice, as I shall show, or rather (jieenhow 
 iias shown, there is every reason to believe, was 
 iin exiiact from Dou^'las's History of America. 
 
 !'• fore I proceeil lo eKamine these nurticxUars, I 
 may be allowed lo remark, that Mr. MadLson 
 doubted with [irecisely the .same facts, which we 
 have befori^ un — the map ond book referred to by 
 the honin-able Kcnileman. And lo this day, not 
 ■ me single circuinstanco has been added, which 
 <-ould remove those doubts. Where, then, that 
 illustrious man ft^lt uncertainty, I may be (icrmit- 
 ted to feel a (greater de^jrue of it, in consequence 
 of ihe direct and circumstantial evidence since dis- 
 covered, leadiiif; to the presumption, that no such 
 line was esUiblislied. Hut I repeal, sir, thai in 
 this iiivesti;;^atioii 1 do not profess to come to any 
 absolute cuuclusion. Il is a subject, on which men 
 
 may differ. The result of my examination im- 
 prei-.^es nie with the conviction, that no such lino 
 was established. Mr. Monroe presented a memoir 
 to Lord Harrowby, the Secretary of Stiite, and 1 
 will now c|uot<' from the <;( nllrnian's sjieech that 
 part of it, upon which he dwells, as showing " the 
 ' l'e!,'imiin(r, courses, and end of the line, Ac, with 
 ' lUc precision of a man, who hail taken his iiifor- 
 ' maiion frmn tlu^ pro(eedin<;s of the ccnnmissa- 
 ' ries." I will (]uote, also, the statement of Dou<;- 
 las, the histmian of North America; and no doubl 
 can exist on the mind of any man, that Mr. Mon- 
 r'lr resorted to that aiiiboiiiy for hi.s statement, 
 and not lo the original archives: 
 
 lleiiu'l.'iK nays, |niac 7: "By 
 till' trciilv. liinvi'Ver, tlic(':in- 
 ;iila, iir ('rciuli linr, witli llie 
 lliiiiKciii Itjy ('c>iii|uiay nt° 
 (■'rem llrilaiii, ua'* ase'Ttain- 
 ed Irem u < crii'iji in'ninotilorif 
 Ujton the fitltiutii orrtin in 
 ."ih" ;til' o/" norlli liilUiule, in 
 run ^'tut/iwvyt to Luke Sfis- 
 <i»«t)i ; lo he roiitiniird •itill 
 sniith'fest fti the "ty/A Wrurrc, 
 and ftotii thcucf due weU in- 
 ilijh'iUcty/^ 
 
 " Coiiiini^'siiries were ac- 
 <'iir<liii!{ly ap|Miiiitc(l liy eaili 
 I'liwiT, will) fXi'ciiUil tlie 
 sii|iiilali'iiis or llic treaty in 
 i>lalili;<liiiii; llic liiMuiiliiiio 
 |ir<i|Mis('il liyil." '•'I'ticy IWcil 
 tilt- iKirtlicin liDiindar) of 
 ('iin.'iila itiid liiiiiiNiaiia liy a 
 line iM'^iiiniiis III tlie JtlUinlir, 
 tit n rnpr or fnfiinotitdn/iH .'>H** 
 .'I )' nojM Litilwlf; Iheiicr smi'h. 
 irpsliriinUii li thr l^ike Mislii- 
 t-in; tlinire, f'tirlhtf soiitU" tst^ 
 t > the i titiidr 0/ t'J' norM li:.m 
 tkvtuju'itnr, aiidiilons, th'.l liti£ 
 itul'\tlmlcly." 
 
 Now, sir, the honorable Senator from Missouri 
 says that Mr. Monroi- miL'^t have tjikeii hi.s infor- 
 Illation frmn the proceedings ot* the eommissari(^s. 
 No man can doiil)t but that Mr. Monroe <|uoted 
 from Douglas's book. Tne langiinrre is so nearly 
 identical as to render such a coincidence impossi- 
 ble, if it were accidental. 
 
 The suggeslidii that Mr. Monroe went to the 
 andiives to procure the partinilars, of which " Mr. 
 Ma'lisoii had decl.ired his ifiiorance," bul of which 
 ileclaration 1 cannot liiul a trace, ."eems to me very 
 exlr.iordinary, when we advert to Mr. Monroe s 
 report. The proceedings in such a case as this, es- 
 lalilishing a boundary between two great nations, 
 ex lending over so largo a portionof the surface of the 
 globe, were nevcT recorded in the language of Mr. 
 .Monroe. Who were the commissioners.' Where 
 (lid they sit.' What was the dale of iheir dction ? 
 Where was the confirmation of their award by 
 their Governmr'iils.' What, in fact, were the points 
 indicated ? " Beginning in the Atlantic, at a capo 
 or promontory in BS"^ HO' north latitude !" A cape 
 or promontory not named, but to be ascertained by 
 its latitude ! And it the latitude were not correctly 
 slated, what then? Sup|)ose where that parallel 
 struck the Allan lie, there was no cape or promon- 
 tory ? And Would any commissioners assume such 
 an iibsolute knowledge of the topography of a re- 
 mote and barren coast, ns to make that fact tho 
 liasis of their whole action ! Valid, if il were so; 
 invalid, if it were not. 
 
 Hut this loo.'se language is not confined to the 
 place of coinnieiice.meiit. After leaving this " cape 
 or ])romonlin'y," this term incoi^nila, the line is to 
 run southwrslwariUij lo iMkc .Mi.slissin, an indefinite 
 course, as will be seen, and not rendere'l definite 
 by indicating what part of ihe lake ii vas lo 
 strike. 
 
 No rea.xonable doubl can exist, but thai as Mr. 
 Monroe employed ihe language of Dougla.s, he 
 took the slatement from that historian. 
 
 Mr. Monroe, however, presented the fact to 
 
4 
 
 f.oid IlniTowby, nixl it wiia not contradicted by 
 
 him, s(i (ill- MM wt" know. 
 
 Friiiii tills ii('i;aii\c circumNlnnrp tlir f,'riitl('mi\ii 
 from Missdiiii (liaws till' iiil])oi-|iilil rorirluKioti, lluit 
 tlip tact liHisi liavc \>rv.u no, I sluili not enter into 
 Uiis nia'Icr, as it is mil itl all in)|i(irtant. 
 
 Mr. Moiiror' slali-d ii tint, lliat liad orriirrcd, if 
 it oci'urri'd at all, a ccnlury liclorc. It liad in re- 
 niily litile, if any, bearing' upon llie Hulijcct lif wns 
 nr^iii!:, wliidi wnH tlir ri^rht of tiic United Slates 
 III " |)(>.><se.vs liic l( rritiiry I .'ili}; lietween llie lakes 
 nnd tlic Missi.-i.sijiiii, smitli of the parullel of tlie 
 49lh def;rec oflaliiudc." 
 
 It was til tiie treaty of 17KJ, that he vns refcr- 
 rinj;, and tii Miieliell s ini>|', liy whieli it was fnrni- 
 ed. tie adverl.s tii the tri;ily "f Ulrcclit liy sayin;:^ 
 lliat " liy runnini; due west i'rnni the imrlliwe.'slern 
 point of tlic Lake of tiic Womls to liie iMis.si.ssippi, 
 iiccordin'5 to the treaty (if 17K), it must have l)een 
 intended, acrordinij in tiie lij:;hls hefiire them, to 
 take the iiarallel of tlie 41ltli decree of latitude, as 
 et<tul>lii<hcd under tiu' treniy of Uireelit." 
 
 Now, sir, it miyht well he tiiat Lord Uarrowhy 
 never considired it neci ssary to look into tins 
 allejced fad, as ii liad no real liearini; <in the suli- 
 jeel, hrnip: alluded In nil rely as liivinir reasons, 
 which may have inllut need tlie e(inimis.-^ioner.-^ in 
 fixing the lioundaries of 17811. 
 
 Most certainly iiis silence, under surh eirenni- 
 stanees, furnishes no solid proof— scaiedy, I may 
 say, n light pit suinplion — in favor of this parallel 
 of'4!)0. 
 
 The. next proof of the rstalilishinent of this line 
 given liy the Senator was J'o.sllelhwayt'.-! Commer- 
 cial Dictioiuiry, with DWiiville's map. 'I'liere is 
 no qiiotaiion i'roin the dictionary, and the mutter, 
 therefore, rests on the map alone. 
 
 The Senator then jioinltd out the line estalilished 
 und( r the treaty of Utrecht, and read the aeeount 
 of it as given in a nole on the upper lefi-hand corner 
 of the map. 'I'he dcscrii>tion was in these words: 
 " The lint thai purls h'nurli CmuiilH friin llntii<li 
 ' Canada it'fl,s sitllcil hij commissar'us afkr the pi ace af 
 ' UtrcchI, makhiK a roio-'f J'lmn Davis's Inlil, on Ihi 
 ' .lllantie sea, (hirn to the 4!(//i iletrrre, throvifh the 
 ' I.ake,%ltibh, In the A'orthirrst Ocean, Ihcrrfurf Mr. 
 ' D\'lnrille's dotted Hue east of James's Huyisjii!se." 
 The Seiiiilor then states that this majiwas "niiule 
 by D'Anville, the great I'"reiich geoj:raplier of his 
 age, and dedicated to the Duke of Orleans," Ac, 
 &c.; and he add.s, it is the "antlienlie French lebti- 
 nioiiy in favor of the line of Utrecht." 
 
 IS'ow, sir, it is not a little curious, that thi.s map, 
 thus aulhorilatively pronounced to lie authenlic, is 
 upon the very face of it staled to be false in one 
 important [larlicular. What, then, liec,<imes of the 
 correctness of the assertion of the honorable Sen- 
 ator, and of the cerlainty of this testimony? 
 
 If wrong in rme respect, it may be so in others, 
 and at any rate our faith in its pretensions is en- 
 tirely shaken. J'ut I do not understand by whom 
 this note was written: evidently not by D'Anville, 
 for it impugns his own work. We have not, there- 
 fore, D Anville's autiionly for this line, as being 
 established under the liealy of Utrecht, lie marks 
 the line upon his map, but whence his authority 
 for it is Ictl to eonieclure.* 
 
 * Siieli were tlin renultji KiigRCitetl to me at the iriiiinciit, 
 naturally ariuiiig from tJie eircuiiiKUuicvd. TaKiiig tlie luaji 
 
 One other point, sir. The JiononiMe Senator 
 Btatrw, that in an altenipted negolialion with the 
 l?ritish (iovernineiil, during Mr. .lellerHon'.H Ad- 
 ministration, two articles were proposed — one by 
 till' Amiriean commissioners, and one, by the IJrit- 
 ish — for the eHlablishment of ii boundary belwecii 
 our country and Canada, from the norlhweslerri 
 |ioiiil of the Lake of the Woods. The articles are 
 substantially the fame, but wilh the ditlLTcnco 
 which an examination of lliem will show. 
 
 The American pnjri pro\i(led: 
 
 "'I'hat a line drawn due north orsoutb (as the case 
 ' may require') from the norlliweslern )ioiiit of the 
 ' Lake of'thc Woods, until it shall inteised the 4!)ll> 
 ' parallel of north lalitude,and wilh the said paral- 
 ' lei shall be the southern boundary of liiw Majesty '» 
 ' territories, and the norlliern boundary of the saiil 
 ' territories of the United Slates." 
 
 The Urilish /irejf/, after |iro\ iding for the running 
 of a line ninth or south, as might be, from the norlh- 
 weslerii ]ioinl of the Lake of the Woods to the 
 parallel of 4I)'\ prinides that the "said parallel 
 'shall be the dividing line belwei II his M:ijesty'.s 
 ' territories and those of the United Slates to the 
 ' westward of the said lake, as far as their respect- 
 ' ive territories exieiid in liiat <|iiartcr; nnd ihal the 
 ' s.iiil line shall to ihiit exont form the southern 
 ' boundarv of his Majesly's said lerrilones, and 
 ' the northern boundary of the said lerrilories of 
 ' the Unilcd Slates."' 
 
 [•'.acli of these projds cinilains the same proviso, 
 "That nolhing in tlie p.ri sent artii Ic shall be ron- 
 ' strueil lo extend to the iiorlhwesl coast of Ainer- 
 ' ica, or lo the terriloriis belonging lo, or claimed 
 • by, either parly on Ihe. coiiliiient of America west 
 ' oi' the Sloiiy Mountains.'' 
 
 The Senalor exclaimed triimipliaiitly , " 1 lere is 
 conciirrence in the procei diiig.s of liininiissaries 
 under the treaty of Utrecht." " Here is submis- 
 sion to that treaty on the part of the liritish," Ac. 
 
 In the first ph'.ee, sir, allow me to remark thai 
 this was a mere jirej(/,!ind that no treaty was made 
 
 Iciiic l)"AiivillcV, lis I mill' r-!ii' III the hoiiniiililr .-^ricilor friim 
 MissDiiii hi stiiti', I ciiiilil mil riMnpicliriiil In uliiiiii it wiin 
 iliM'ii'ilili'il; lis surely llie I'niiili Ki'iiuiiipliii wiiililiinl Imve 
 !iii|iii!!iii'il his lUMi vviirk. I'Vciiu the rvl-tiiici' n: iiii iic 
 kniiuli'ilui il rrriir, I lii'iliii' il Ihe emielii inii tliiil tiie inip 
 vvns mil eiilillcil tu lie eiin iilereil '• iis the aiilheiilie I'reiicli 
 tes'iiiiciny In liiviir iif the |reiit> of lllrcelil." 
 
 What, liiiwi'ver, I iliil mil iimli'istniiil ili"ii. I iiiiilerstiiml 
 miw. Ill eiiiiversiiliiiii ivilli Ciiliiiiel ItemiMi siiiei, he hiut 
 inrni'iiieil II " lliiil Ihis ma|i is imt itie iiiiiiiiiiil huiK oI H'Aii 
 villc, Imt uii ICiiijIisli eitiiiiiii (it It, hy Duliini. wiili altera 
 tintiM. 
 
 This fnel, ol" roiirse, (leslrnys the entire value of the 
 map as aiitlieiilie lesliimiiiy. ISiiMiiii, in the iiliove note, 
 iloes lint slate that the parallel of '111' as a iKiimilaiy \\at> 
 marked upon D'Aiiville's map. This I'.iiflisli cihlion 
 was piihli hell in l,<imh>ii in I7.VJ, in •iralhi i^ni'TorrJ 
 hi John lid',n. Mr. (Iieenliow, who has e\aiiiiiieil li'.An 
 villi's miuiiial work, slahs, in an ailiele piihliheil in llic 
 l.'nidii, Apiil :i, lM(i, that neiiher llie j.;rjlrl «/■ '111" ,;v ,j 
 />oii?/t/i(n/liet«eeii Canaila anil the llmlsiin's Hay lerritciries, 
 nor Hint other livr piutshi", thnwih tlirsinnc jtorlion oj the con- 
 tinent, is t} f-e t-jutui on Ike ret. I iiu'p at /)\^ticille. 
 
 lie stall s that the Frcin h l'. oy..;plii r iipiiii hi.s iiiiip ear 
 lieil the hiiniiilar\ i I' the Fieiieli and l!rili-h pii-sessiiins to 
 llio ilivi>liii!> land hetvveen llie w at'i sol' llie oeean ami tlio.JC 
 (if the lllke^ anil iil' lie Mississi|ipi ; ({iviin to l''raii< e the 
 wliiili; cmiiitry uesi of tin niiiiiiiiains, inelmlie!,' that situ- 
 ated upiin till' Alah una and its triliiitaries. lie mivs Itiltiiii 
 imprarat upmi this liniiiiilary, hy carryinc the llrilish liiii! to 
 the lilih parallel ; null ilsii. ilieii whai lu'eiiines ol' this '-au 
 tlieiitic I'Veneh lestiminiy. in liiviir of Ihe line of I'lrei ht- 
 thiit line iipiiii whiel'i the Keiiulnr fioin Mieliiguii liusHtokeil 
 Uie rcvcfhul of hU Oregon piLsitiun.'" 
 
 on ihe wilijei 
 iNow, what 
 aceidenlal co 
 further inf|ui 
 lliat this line 
 of Utrecht, 
 other eonvei 
 upon this a; 
 and their du 
 lisheil a cent 
 a useless an( 
 blindly and 
 17lri. lint, 
 Mr. Jeflt rsoi 
 rejected it. 
 Madison to 
 July :«l, IMO 
 " 'i'he mill 
 ' one which I 
 
 ■ agreed to) i 
 ' by you to tl 
 ' to b>' wishe 
 ' Mitililatuin, 
 'omitted. '] 
 ' :'y, and can 
 
 ■ sue inliinal 
 '• ' the I'aeific 
 
 I ' claims may 
 [ ' is iiiipolilie 
 
 I' slrenglheii' 
 ■ which it is 
 ( ' to (M'iie b 
 i Now, sir, 
 j fend Spain, 
 j which expri 
 Mountains, i 
 j ino.st jealous 
 [ lerferiiig wit 
 j Scualor snp' 
 I the proviso, 
 I lis and I'Jigli 
 j would excite 
 c.\pressly ih( 
 HI langenieni 
 I American tii 
 i lo form a tie 
 wilhotit ri gii 
 lo me, lliat 
 I'iiiglisb title 
 as the I'acitic 
 that I'owir 
 I.elwei n her ; 
 :;ive iill'i ncr i 
 Uon Spani.sli 
 The honor 
 of iMr. .Il lien 
 An abler or a 
 III hi.'^Uiry. 
 nu n, and ri d 
 ing Ills brigh 
 a name in |i 
 more n vered 
 iiiire piilriol 
 honorable 8c 
 pnjit of Mr. 
 proves iiiilliii 
 1. It was I 
 S. It was 
 wc uciiuired 
 
on thr pnlijrrt till i:lovfn y^nrHIlflrr^vnr(ls, ill |K|H. I ,1. It wn.s furmfil under the iinprrHsinn, novr 
 ?^inv, wliiii i« iiiPHiil liy "( onciirrrnci" luirc? If nIhiwii Ik lii' nil ( rrniit'ous (iri«!, ihiii ilic fi.inillil of 
 
 iircidi'iitiil roiiiciilciirc, liic luiittcr is nut worlliy nf i 
 riiillin- iiKjiiii y. lint if I'V '•iMiiirinn'mc" i.s incaiil ' 
 iliMt tlii.s liiKt \va.s acluitlly i'mIuIiIImIii'iI liy llir treaty 
 lit' Utrerlit, anil iIiuh IiiiiiIiii^ on the iiiniiiN, no 
 otiier eoiivenlion wad nei'tsMary. liolii nation.s, 
 ii|ioii tliis ii.ssuni)ition, iniiHionk tlicir own n^'iiis 
 ami their iliilieH. 'I'lle liouiiilarv had lieeii eHlah- 
 
 411^ hail Imiii estal)li«lietl, iinih r the treaty of 
 Ij'tieehl, IIS llie northern lioniiilary of [.ouiHiuim, 
 exleniiinu to the I'oeky Mountains. 
 
 Mill at'ti r all, our ri'.,'his remiiin an ihey were; 
 II I III the o|ii a ions of sill' li allien mi hoiie.si nieniiH Mr. 
 JeHir.'ion, Mr. MadiNon, anil Mr. Monroe, wliul- 
 ever those o|iiiiions may liiue lieen, thon^'h entillod 
 
 liHlieil a eenlnry litfore, and they wen; rarryiiiK "" \ lo very i,'rave eoiisiileralion, htill leavi; tin; Uovi rn- 
 I n u.sili'Hs and liarreii iieKoliatioii, wliieii was ihu.s I nu'iit perleilly Tree and iineiiiliarra.-istil by " l»'ojft 
 lilindly anil unmeeNsarily rijiened into a irealy in | |irn|ioMi'd liy them, lull fnially ahaniloned. 'rhi>ii'.;h, 
 ITIri. IJiit, sir, the Sinalor |iriiee,(ds to a.sk what : upon the insniniitioii timt llif; norllirrii 
 
 .Mr. Jen(r.soii did with ihi.s ;iro/((, and adds, that In 
 re|eeU:d it. Ami why, sir .' I'lie leller from Mr. 
 Nladisnii to Me.ssrs. Monroe and I'inkm y, dattd 
 July .'JO, 1M)7, suites; 
 
 ■' 'J'lie modiliealion of the fifth article (noted a.'- 
 ' oiiu w'liii'h the Iirilish eoniinisNioners would have 
 •agreed to) may lie admitted iiiea.se that |iro|)o.sed 
 ' hy you tolheni In; not uttainalile. Itiit it is iniii'h 
 ' to lie wi.shed and pressed, tlioimh not made an 
 ' nlliiiiatum, thai the frroviso to hoih should lie 
 ' omitted. This is, in no view whatever, in ci ssa- 
 ' :y , and can have little. oilier eU'ert than as an otlVn- 
 
 ■ sue intimalioii lo Spain ihal our c hiims e\ti lid to I incut of this |iarallil of 4iP iimler the Irealy of 
 ' ihe I'aeific oeeaii. llowevir reasuimlile such lllreehi .' I will refer hen to a |ioriiou of an arti- 
 ' ilainis may he, eoiii|iarid with llio.se of oiIk IS, il I lie imlili.slied in liie Uiiion, l"eliru<iry ^l, 1H4G, 
 ' IS im|)olilie, es|ieciiilly at the |iie.s(iit moment, to and wriinii liy Mr. tireenhow : 
 • slieii:;llieiiS|.aiiish jealoiisu s of till riiileil .Slates, i ''On the oilier Imnil, Mitcln ll's larire map of 
 ' which it is prolialilyan olijei i with (in at 13iitaui , ' America, piiMislail in 17.")."), under the palriina';o 
 
 poll me a>iHuniptioii iiiui inn noriiirrii lioiindury 
 of Louisi.vna was fixed liy eoinniissaries under 
 ihr |.nralli I of 4'.P, 1 caiiliol iindersland why the 
 parlies niijolialed at all; and ihoiitrh I sec no evi- 
 denrp, that llie line proposed wa.s inleiidi d as thii 
 reroirnition of an Kniilish title we.si of the Koeky 
 Mouiilnins, to the: exi Insion of .Spain, lint the eon- 
 Irarv; vet I have such an abidiiii; eonfidetiee in 
 eacli of those slatcsiiien, that 1 am fully sali.sficd 
 the appall III fails within their reach justified their 
 course, wliiitevcr that was intended lo he. 
 
 Hill, sir, what are the circiinistaiices which ren- 
 (kr doiililOil— I iniirht say discredit— the eslalilisli- 
 
 • to ixcile by llic i lailse III ipaslioii." 
 
 Now, sir, Mr. ,li ircison's objci t was not to of- ! 
 lend .Sp;ini, and llu lefore he njccls a pnmso, > 
 which expres.sly liniiis our claim to the Rocky 
 .Vtountiiiiis, ill orili r not to iXciic tin jealousy of a 
 most jealous nation, by even the appearance of m- 
 lerfcriiii; with her ri;;iits; and vet the hoiior.ible , 
 .Sciialoi supposes that this veiy Ireatv, willioiit 
 die proviso, was lo run to the Pacific, daimin;^ for 
 us and llnsland the whole eouiilry. And which 
 Would excite the jealoii.-!y of .Spain most- To say ' 
 expressly the .\liicrican Cioverilineul will make no i 
 HI raiii;eineiit willi that of i'',ii<riaial for pnsliin:^ the ; 
 Aineriean title west of the Kocky Moiiiil;iins, or 
 to form a treat",' a< tuallv larryiiii!; this claim there 
 without ri L'aril to .Spanish ri ' 's.' Il is obvious 
 lo nie, lliat Mr. Jeli'er.-^on diil not believe in the ' 
 Kiiiflish lilli' west of the Rocky Moil mains a.>-: (ar 
 uslhe Pacific: and, llierclore, ni.iKin.ra Irealy with 
 llial Power lor the eslablishiiK nt ol' a bouiiih.iy , 
 I.el Weill her and the ImhIkI .Stales would not jusily , 
 :;ive olli nee to .Sp;im, as it would not c;ill in i|uis- 
 Uon .Spanish riyhus. 
 
 Till honorabh i^enlleinan has not said one woid , 
 of Mr. .It III Tsoii, in which I do iioi heartily concur. 
 An iibli loi- a |iuri;r slalesiiiaii is rarely tube foiiiid ; 
 111 history. Time, whii li tries the fame of all i 
 nun, and ndncis ilie fime of nlo,^t men, is render- : 
 in^ his brii;hli:r ;ii:d brii,diler; and we li;ive scarcely • 
 •I name in history — certainly bin one — whi'h is : 
 iiiorc ri veied by the Ameriean people, ;is that of a , 
 iiiire palriol and a eonsiimiiiatc stall .smaii. The | 
 hoiuiialile .Sinalor will please to reco'li el, lh.it this i 
 IJTijil of Mr. .Teli'erson, under any riiviim.'jtuiues, 
 proves liotliiiiK, beeiiiiso — 
 
 1. It was never ejirricd iiiti) elfei'l ; 
 
 ;}. It was before the I''l(irida tieaty, by which 
 wc aeipiired the Spaiiitih tiller 
 
 'of the Colonial Itcpartmciil of (ire;il Ihilain, 
 ' whic.h was consuln (I ami .idoplcd as aulhority by 
 'the IJiiitsh anil Amernan PIcnipolealiaries in 
 
 • riirukilinu' 'he liinils of the IJniti d Suites, in the 
 
 • treaty of 1 7K}, presents a line drawn aloiii; the 
 ' hi^hiaiuls se]iaratui^ the waters nowinK into 1 lud- 
 ' son's l!,iy from iho.se of the St. Law n me and 
 ■ the lakes, as the ' bouiidiiry of Hudson's Ray by 
 ' the irealy of I Mrecht;' and' the same lim iippears 
 
 • on the map of .Vnierica, in Hniollelt's History of 
 ' Mntrland. published m I7(itl; on that of Remiett, 
 'in 17711: on that of l''adeii in 1777; and on some 
 ' other maps of thai time. 
 
 " III contradiction of all these opinio, is. no line 
 ' of separation whatsoever between the Hudson's 
 ' Ray lirrilories and the French possessions, is lo 
 ' be found on the laru'e and biautifnl mapof Amer- 
 
 • ica. by Poppli , pubhsliMl in I7.'ts, (^also under the 
 ' |ialrona';e of the (.'oloiiial l)i|iartniont,) and bcar- 
 ' 111-: thecertifirale of Dr. Halliy toils correciiiess; 
 ' iio"i- on any map in the Alias of Maxwell and 
 '.Scnex. published in 17-Jl; in Royi r'.s l*iililic;d 
 'Slate. 17-il; in the History of Hudson's Ray by 
 ' Dobbs. Ihe (jovirii'ir >if iliai 1 rriiory, 1744; in 
 ' ihe Hisloire de hi Nouvelle France, by Cliarlc- 
 ' voiv. 1744; in the. System of lJeoi:.rt|)hy,^ by 
 ' P.owi II. 1747; in the American Traveller, 17f)D; 
 ' III the Amencaa Alias, by JelVrics, |77r^; m thii 
 ' I lisiory of the French Doniimoiis in America, by 
 '.bdViis, 17(111: nor in tin; Map of America, from 
 ' the miiierials by (iovernor Powual, in 1794; nor 
 ' is there any alinsion to such a line in the works 
 ' to which these maps are attached, or in any 
 ' other work or map of reputation published du- 
 ' riiii; the lust century, save ihose above men- 
 ' lioned. 
 
 " None of the works nbove-mentioncd are nu- 
 ' thoritits oil the subject, proceeding, as they tdl do, 
 
6 
 
 ' from prrpniiR mironnrrlcil \\\{h llir irnnR-iPtintii <>f 
 ' iIk; nircclil I rcMty, 1111(1 )ii)KHrnMinu;ri(ili(;ll< r tuciiiiH, 
 ' Hd fur :is known, (if iiifdniiHlion icNMcctiii^' tliciii 
 'limn (iiIk r |i((i|il(", ilify, indeed, (inly kIhiw ilial 
 ' llic liiiiiiidai y WHS nii[i|iosi.'d iiy s(irnt; |ierHrin.s In 
 ' have, locn k) Kftlicd lit llic time when th(.'y wen; 
 ' vrilleti. 
 
 ' triROtinffr, l)iit (iNo (if their Hrpiirnliiin without ef- 
 ' feclini; imy (if (lie (ilijeclH |ir(i|iriHC(|, the folldwiiUf 
 ' ii,i(<sai;e a|i|(arN in llie Ilislnire. d(! la Niaivelle 
 ' I'Vaiii'c, liy ('liarlev(ii\ : ' {■"raiic(! timk no |>arl in 
 ' liiin dispute, iliilwecn the liriiiNli and IndiuiiH in 
 ' Ndva Scwiti.i, in IT'.ti,) Ml (irder inav.iid iiivini,' the 
 ' Hiiy;hlesl picK \t fur iiilirrw(iliii^' the i^nod iinder- 
 
 " Of thr works, whii h may he (■nnsidercd nn nil- ; ' .^laIl(linlr lielween the twn nalioiiH, wlii'li had lieer 
 ' lli(itili(.>', lli(fnihiwiii;,',('('iii|iririin^', it is helieved, 
 
 'all in whi'li a recdrd or iiotir(; (if such a liuiNac. 
 ' lion, if it had taken place, !«li(inld he foniid, are 
 ' entirely silent wiih re;:ard to any decisidii or 
 ' (ilher aft of Cdniniissaries app(iiiit:'ii under the 
 ' treaty of I'irechi, to settle the Inn: of sepnratidii 
 ' hetwern the iludsnn liay lerritiiricH and tin; 
 ' P'rench piissessidiis. viz: liie rdllectidiis nf 'I'rea- 
 ' ties hy Dunidnl, Hoyer, Martens, Jeiikiiisiin, 
 
 • Herstlcl, and others; A''tes, M('mdiies, iXc.iCori- 
 •rcrnant la I'aix d'Utrecht, I71(), and Actcs, Ni'- 
 'pocialidiis, Ac, depuis la I'liix d'lJlrecht, n^f), 
 ' two Vdlumiiidus works, ronlainintr, it may he 
 ' Hupposed, every puhlic, doconiint, and notice of 
 'every act oonnecled with the neicotiatioii of tlie 
 ' treaty of ITlrcclit, and the eons(;(|uenl procccdinyjs; 
 
 • Colleclion des Edits, Orddiinances, Ac, eoncern- 
 ' ant le Canada, Cineliec, 18()U, upparetitly a coin- 
 ' plet(! nsseml)laj;c (if all iho most iniportant puhlic 
 'documents relative to (lanadaand the fur trade; 
 ' Menioires des ('oinmissaires Kranqais et Anglais, 
 ' sur les Possessions des deux Couronius en Anu''- 
 ' ri(pie, 17r)4 to 1757, which could not have thus 
 ' omitted to notice this settlement of houndaries, if 
 ' it had taken place; the Histoire de la Diplonia- 
 ' tic PraiK^iise, l)v Flassan, IHll, iind th(! llistdire 
 ' des Tiaitis dc I'aix, hy Koch and Schoell, ]H\1. 
 'To these authorities may he added, as (finally 
 'silent on the suliject, the 1 lislories of Kn::laiid by 
 'Tindall, Smollett, Uelsham, lliif^hcs, Mnhon, 
 ' Wade, the I'arlianientary History, and the Pic- 
 
 • torial History; the Histories of Krance, hy Sis- 
 ' mondi, AiKiueiil, and Lacrotelle; Lord .lolin Piiis- 
 ' sell's Ad'airs of Kurope since the Pence of Ulreeiil; 
 
 • the I listories of, and Memoirs on, Louisiana, liv 
 ' Dumonl, Dupraix, Vcr<;enneR, and Marhois; the 
 ' political works of Swift, Holin^hroke, and Vol- 
 ' taire: and many other works relatin-j; to the liis- 
 ' tory of the period at which this settlement of the 
 ' northern limit of Louisiutm in said to huvc been 
 
 • made. 
 
 ' re.'iored with so much dilUmlly ; even the ne^ou 
 'alions helween the two ( '(lurts fur the selllinicnt 
 ' of hound. uics cdised, allliouL;li comniiHsaries hud 
 ' heen M|ii'diiilc(l on hoih sides, fur llial ohject, 
 ' -;ince 171!).' Anderson, in his History of < 'orn- 
 'nierce,aiid Macphersdii, in his Annals of ( 'dm- 
 ' merce, Iwuli positively deny that any lioiindariet 
 ' were settled under tin- trtaiy of Utrecht." 
 
 In addition to the facts .ihdve stated, I will add 
 aitdther stiiirl paragraph, w hicli was handed to mo 
 hy my friend [Mr. Ha\'vi.hn| since 1 emnc here 
 l()-(lay. 1 liav(! not had lime to advert to the ori- 
 nal, hill I prcNume it is cdrrect. 
 
 " III l)e Mofras'shook, iheotlicial exposition hy 
 'the I-'rcnch (iovermnent of the ;;rduiids of the 
 ' Knu'Iish claims to the Oregon territ iry, and ilB 
 ' own former iireten.iions to thtit region, it i» naid, 
 ' vol. ii. p. 158: 
 
 " ' It was aL'reed, at the peace ()f I7i;<, and Ity 
 ' the Irenly of Utrecht, that cdmiiiissi.niers should 
 ' meet to trace with precision, to the north and the 
 ' west, the liinits hetweeii the Hudson " ly conn- 
 ' try and New France, iind to the south, iiie hdiind- 
 'aries hetwdii that province and the I'lii^jlish pos- 
 'sessions. Nevertheless, there does not exist in 
 ' any written rcord, nor in any maps or charts, n 
 'sinijle document showing that these frdiilK rs ever 
 'were defmilivelv estaMi-hed. And, in 17^"i, all 
 
 ildiieil. 
 
 ' proceediii'^'S (in this suliject !iad licen aliaiMldiKMl 
 ' accordin;.' to Father f'liarlevdix, ih it not the least 
 ' pretext niiu'ht he <:iv< n to viohile the ;,'di)(l iinder- 
 'slandin;:, which il had hecii found so dillicult to 
 ' cslalilish hetween the two ciuwiis (if l''raiice and 
 'Kn-hind. The archives of the oflice df Foreign 
 ' Alfairs cdiilain no chart dr memoir iclatinn to the 
 'treaty of Utrecht, resardin;; these iVoiitiers, nor 
 ' do those (if the Detiarimenl of Marine; and thiiR 
 ' the assertion of f 'harievoix is fully susiained.' 
 
 "The refercnci; is to Charlcvdix's .New l''ranre. 
 ' vol. iv. p. 124, and the top df the pai;c."* 
 
 Now, sir, I shall luirsue this invesli;,'ati(ni no fur- 
 
 " This is nil nefjntive evidence, indeed; hut it is i t}\rr. I have already dliserved that, win ther thin 
 ' the only evidence of which the ease iidniils, and I line was eslahjished or not east cif tin; llocky 
 'is erpiivalent to a positive contradiction of the j Moiinlains, is not of th«- sli'.;lilest importance. 'I'he 
 'supposition that any settlement of boundaries lie- ' position that I occupied in my s|iecch, and that I 
 ' twecn the Hudson Hay territory and the Fr(nicli ' occupy iiov.', is this: It is cdnieiidcd in the Senate, 
 'possessions was made under the treaty of Utrecht; ! mid out of it, that the [larallel df 41)is our iiortli(;rn 
 
 • as such n transaction could not have escaped no- j boundary in the territory of Orci^on, and that it 
 •tieciniill, or indeed in any, of the works men- — ' 
 
 • tioned in the precedinj paragraph, if it had taken I * Tlic liil'.(iwim> is the niii.irk of Katlicr Clmrlevniv, r« 
 
 • place, and especially if it had been so notorious I lerred iiuiIkivc: 
 
 -as the knowledge of it by those who asserted it i .n;!iri;c.:;';^i";iir;j,;;;,^;:;;!:;r'fn(,K'";o 
 
 ' would seem to indicate. It will be said that there 
 ' must have been some foundation for the assertion; 
 ' and possibly such a line may have been proposed, 
 ' and made the subject of discussion between the 
 ' two GovernnienlK in 1718, an a part of it was, a 
 ' hundred years after, between one of them and the 
 ' United States. That eoinniissarics were a|ipoint- 
 
 ' ed to settle boundaries, under the treaty of Utrecht, 
 
 ' is most probable; and, in proof not only of their ' (Jruut weiglit is iiuo t(j Jiis auiiajrity.'' 
 
 nfonmc 
 imti;-' lictwci'ii till' i;ii'_'li-li mill the lii'lii\ii'<.) " sd a." n(il 
 til Eivc tlK^ lea-t jirrtrtt tii liiiak the t'luiil iiiiil'Ttandinc, 
 wiiicli it liad cii>t s(i iiiiicli Ki c-ilalili-li, lietwecn tin" two 
 (/'rdwii-'. 'riiiMH'K'itiatidiis iK'tivecii llic two cdiirls fur lti« 
 cstiililii-liinciil iit'lidiiiiilarii's ceased; allhdiii.'li coiiiini-i»ion 
 crs Imd II 'ca a|i|idiiiteil iin lintli -iidcH ever siiiec the year 
 irilt." 
 
 'I'liis wax vvritti'ii in 17-i:t. Tlii; nnlliiir wan the well 
 kiidwii Iravi !|iT sent (Hit liy the rreiicli (Jivcriiiiiciit Im 
 pldri! and deserilic lli'ir p(wsc>'' idiis in North Aiiierica; a 
 lank which he (^xi'i-iitiNl with erpial JuJ^iiiuiil and uecur;icy. 
 
oil wittiniil rf- 
 , llir (ollowitUf 
 \>: III Niilivi'lle 
 Kik III) jiiirl ill 
 itiiil liiiliaiiM III 
 vmil ^iviiii; the 
 ic ijood iimlrr- 
 klii'li liiiil i>''»'r 
 iiii l\\v in'^iili- 
 till' si'Ulrnicnl 
 iinlH.'<.'ii'irM lind 
 
 r lli.ll iilijcrt, 
 
 Ntm V lit' <''itn- 
 niiiils lift '(im- 
 ,iiv lMiiiiiil:iriri 
 
 iHvhi." 
 
 iti'il, 1 will R(!<l 
 < liMiiilcil to ino 
 •(• I iMiiir lirrc 
 crl to llic ori- 
 
 I cxiiKsition Ity 
 jroiiiiilt (iT thf 
 ■ril iiy, anil iln J 
 ^ioii, il I'S haul, 
 
 r 17i;{, iinil by 
 ■<siiiiii'rs mIioiiIiI 
 I' iioi'tli and the 
 son " ly I'oiin- 
 lltll, liir liotllld- 
 ic l'",n;?lis|i poK- 
 •s Mill exist ill 
 ijis or cliarlH, n 
 I' fi-onli" IS «!vcr 
 1(1, ill l7Mi>. all 
 'I'll almiidoiKMl, 
 it not till' liuHi 
 f" i;oo(l mulrr- 
 
 SO (lillll'llll to 
 
 if l''iiuii(', and 
 ri- oT [•'oroi;;r: 
 relating lo llie 
 
 iVontii'iN, n<ir 
 riiK", and tliiiR 
 
 sustuiniMl.' 
 s New [''ranrr, 
 pa-r."* 
 ti:,'alion no fur- 
 , win tliiT this 
 if llio Rocky 
 loilanic. Th'' 
 
 ■li, and tluit I 
 
 ill t!i(" S('nat<', 
 s (iiir nortlii:rn 
 in, and that it 
 
 •r Cliiirlmiiiv, re 
 
 ^pi'iiltiiisufponv' 
 iniw.) " so a." not 
 il iiiiil' rtiiniliiii:, 
 Il twiTMi till! two 
 vvii ciiiirlH lor llifi 
 iiirh <'niiiiiii-i»ion 
 
 r siiici! the year 
 
 ir will* tlin wi'll 
 'nrrniii>'lit to n- 
 iiirtii AniiTira: a 
 L'Mi and uccurucy. 
 
 wiw nSHiimrd nn mirli liy our OovrmmPiit in tlir 
 "iirly I""' "f 'II" "KMiiovcrsy, and so niaiiitiiinid 
 for Moinc ycnrn; and tlinl wc arc, llinrforc, roi clii- 
 dcd airainst tin; HH^'^rlntll of any ntlirr lioundiiry. 
 Now, Kir, my oliiti-t wan to show, that no niiidi lini' i 
 wa.icvfr cuialilirtht'd liy iIir liraty of I'lrrrlit m ! 
 liif ( »ri u'oii niiinlry , and that wn wcrr, tlii-rrforc, j 
 I'm: to iii'!;<' our |iicirnsiiinN, without regard to this | 
 iiati'itn'iii, or lo llir ofii of our Oovcrniiiint, round- 
 ed iijioii an ci't'oiirous inijircHMion, that tlir liiii' of 
 'J'.l"ilid rxlrnd to thr Pacifir ofrnn. 'I'lim iH what 
 I undcrlook lo di.s|irovc, and nolhini; hut this. 
 And I will now iim': the lionoraMr. Mninior from i 
 Mi.isoiiri if he liclicvcs that llitr |iiiralli'l of 4!) wiin 
 cvrr cHtalilislird liy conuiiissarns undi r thr trraly 
 of lllirrlil, as a lioundaiy wist of Ihi- llorky 
 MounlaiiiH^ I will wail for the honorable {rriitic- 
 nian's r(|ilv. ! 
 
 1 1 lire i\lr. Cash puuHtd forn nhorl limf, hut Mr. 
 IJkntom not ariHwcrin;;, ho i-onliniicd. | 
 
 W) III llir lioiioraliii: (^riitlciiiau dots not iiriRwrr i 
 me. If he hi'lnvid the line run tlnTc, I am sure \ 
 he V, mid say so; lor, if it did run tin it, wc are for- 
 ever foiTclo.sed fiimi liny claiiii iiiider itie Louis- i 
 iaiia In aly, and the force of tlip lionoraMc fjeiitle- ; 
 man'.s atlm k upon nie would he i;rrally streni;th- \ 
 eiieil. ;\s lie does not answer, I sIimII lake it for ' 
 f^rantt d that he helievi-s no su> li line was e^er 
 esIiiMi-'lied there. And if llii; fart is so, my oli- 
 jert is answered, and we are relievi d from the etn- 
 lininissnieiils arising; out of the iipealeil assertions 
 that till' hue of 4'.P is our iiortherii hoiindary in ' 
 the lirniory of Oregon. I will now nail to the 
 hoiioralile Senalor what I said the oilier day on 
 llii.i .sulijeet, and \w will iicrceive how nincli helms 
 riiis'i|iprelieiiiled ine, anil that all my allu.<iioii to the 
 jiarallel of 4!!'^ east of the lloeky \loiinlaiiis was a 
 mere ineidental topic, liHvin; no hearint; upon my 
 actual |iosiiion. VVhnt ] iliu say is this: "The 
 ' tnaiy of lliiecht never refers lo the parallel of 4!P, 
 ' and I In; houndaries it proposed to eslahlish were 
 ' those lictweeii the French ami Kii;;lish colonies, 
 
 * incliidiiii; the Hudson Hay Comiiany in Canada. 
 ' The charier of the Hudson Hay (ompaiiyt;ranteil 
 ' to the proprietors nil the ' lands, eounlries, and 
 ' teriiories,' upon the viaters discharging thcniselvrH 
 ' into 1 liidson's Uay. 
 
 "Ai ihe dale of the treaty of Utrecht, which was 
 'in 171H, Great Ilriuiin claimed nothiii!: west of 
 'those 'lands, countries, and territories,' and of 
 ' coiiise there was nothing to divide hetwcen France 
 'and Kn;:laml west of thut line. Aijain, in 1713, 
 ' the northwestern coast wiw almo.st n Irrra incng- 
 ' nltii, a lilank upon the map of the world. Kn^- 
 ' land then iwiilicr knew a foot of il, nor claimed a 
 
 * fool oi It. Hy adverting to the letter of Me."isrH. 
 ' Gallatin and lliish, communicating an account 
 ' of their interview with Mes.srs. Goulhurn and 
 ' llohiiison, ISriiish commis.Hioners, dated Octuher 
 'S2l)th, 1818, and to the letter of Mr. Pakcnham lo 
 'Mr. iJuclianan, dated September 12th, 1844, it 
 ' will be seen, that the cominelicenient of the ISrit- 
 ' ish claim is eflectively limited lo the discoveries 
 'of ("aptniii (Jook in 1778. How, then, could a 
 ' boundary have lieen established fifty years bc- 
 ' fore, in a region where no Kiii^lishinaii had ever 
 ' peiK traled, and to which Eii;;laiid had never as- 
 ' scried a nrolension ? And y<!l the a.«isuinption that 
 ' ihu purullcl of 4'J degrees was calublishcd by the 
 
 ' treaty of Utrecht n« n line brlwfcn I'rancc, nml 
 ' Miii^lnnd, in those unknown reu'ionn, necessarily 
 ' involves thnnn inconsisteni coiicIuhioiih. Hut be- 
 ' sides, if l'ji:;l»iid,asaparly to the treaty of Utrecht, 
 ' rstalilished this line, riiiiiiiii<,Mo the Western ocean i 
 ' as llio nnrlhern boundary of Louisiana, what iioh- 
 ' Hilile claim has she now soiilli of that line ^ I'ho 
 ' very fact of her exislini; prelfiisioiiH, however tin- 
 ' founded these may be, shows that she considrril 
 ' herself no parly to such a line of division. Il 
 ' shows, in fuel, that no line was run, for if it had 
 ' lieeii, the evnleiiee of il would be in llie ICnglish 
 'archives, and, in truth, would he known to tho 
 ' world without contradiction.'' This is what I said; 
 and thi.i was followed by the synopsis of my viewn 
 upon the subject, which I read, and which I will 
 read aijaiii: 
 
 1. 1 1 is not shown tliai any line was established 
 on the p.iralli.l of 4!1 to the Pacific ocean. 
 
 '-J. 'I'iie coiiiilry on the northwestern coast was 
 then unknown, ami I believe unclaimed: or, at any 
 rate, no rircuinstunccs had arisen to call in ipiestion 
 any claim to it. 
 
 .3. The I'ritish nejoiiators in 181R, and their 
 Minister here in 1844, fixed iiiion the voyai^e of 
 Captain Cimk, in 1778, as the commencement of 
 the lbiii.''h title in what is now calhd Ore;;oii. 
 
 4. The treaty of IJlrec.ht nrovides for the estab- 
 lislinunt of a line between the I-'rench and ISritish 
 colonies, incliidin;^ the Ilndson IJay (-'oinpany. 
 The Ibitish held nolhini; west of the company's 
 possessions, which, by llie charier, included only 
 the " lands, counlrirs, and IriTitorim," on ihc waters 
 runninu' into Hudson's I5ay. 
 
 T). If iMi^'land est.iblishaJl Ibis line to the Pacific 
 ocean, she can have no claim south of it; and this 
 kind of arijumetit, mlliominem, becomes conchisivc. 
 I And let me add, lliat 1 owe this aiKument to my 
 friend from Missouri, [Mr. At( iiisdn,] to whoso 
 remarks upon ()ri;:oii the Senate listened with 
 pleasure and with jirofit some days since. 
 
 (i. How could France and Kii!;laiidcl:iim the coun- 
 try to the Pacific, so as to divide it belweeii them 
 in 17i;i, wlien,as late as 17'.)0, the British Govern- 
 ; meiil, by the Noolka conveiilion, expressly recog- 
 i nised the Sjianish title to that country, and claimed 
 i only llie wo of it for its own subjects, in common 
 with those of Spain. 
 
 lam now, sir, broiisht to the annunciation, which 
 
 I I made, and which the honorable Senator has so 
 
 1 slran;;ely misunderstood. What I said was this— ^ 
 
 1 I wilfrcpeat it in the very words I used tipoii the 
 
 I former orra.sion: " I now ask, sir, what right has 
 
 ■ ' any American statesman, or what rii;ht has any 
 
 '• ' IJritish suitcsnian, to contend that ourclaim, what- 
 
 ' ever it may be, is not just as good north of this 
 
 ' line Its it is south of it? When this question is 
 
 ' answered to my satisfaction, I , for one, will consent 
 
 ' to stop there. Hut until then, I am among those 
 
 ' who mean to mai^.' ;" A-e can, to the Russian 
 
 ' boundary." . . 
 
 This, sir, is my position. IIow dificrent it is 
 
 from the position assigned to me by tlie honorable 
 
 Senator, t need not say. I trust 1 have redeemed 
 
 myself, and that I can airain cuter into the contest, 
 
 u free man, battling for the full rights of his coun • 
 
 try <:ven to .')4° 40'. 
 
 There is one point to which 1 beg leave to ad- 
 vert. The honorable Senator has given mc a foir 
 
8 
 
 hit, nnH I nwnnl hini tin- rrrditdu^ to rt. In my 
 rriniirkx llir odicr diiy, .illiltlin;,' in llir i (t'lcl lliiil 
 iniprn|irr pcrnonH, " nllllinll^', iiml riivniHiH, fiiiil ( 
 nuHirr'HNi.s," IiikI pnuliirril ii|iiin tlic ili Miiiii''.H of 
 tiiiliiiiis l)y the iXtiTisi' of all iiiJiiikhim imIIik ih-c, I ' 
 iiiIvi'I'IkI to the furl of tlic iill'riii'f talo'll liy VIim, 
 MiihIi on ill liiivim; n riip of ii'ii (i|ij|| ii|ioi) liir silk 
 ^'owii, 'I'll! inrldciil I 11 niiiiilii|-rd, nl:d its iiilln- 
 iiicc 1 iiiiic'miIpi 11(1, liiil I llioirMil It hud liicn ex- 
 crtfd to |irodii(T n war, w licri-i.s llir lioiioriililr Sen- | 
 utiir liiis I'oiTi'ciid nil', mid Ims slmwii iliMt it wits i 
 I'veTicd to |irodiiri' |ic,iif. It ji n Ion;; ii,,,,, ,,j,„.,. I 
 I havt; lookiil iMlo ilic I'lii^li^li liisiory. i |iri'Miiiic i 
 the hotioralilc ^'niili'iniui from Missniiri rcfriwhtd 
 hw rpcollei'iioii laHti'V(;nin''. 
 
 a 
 
 Mr. HF.NTdN. I havf not lookrd m it for forty 
 
 yriirn. 
 
 Mr. CASS. Tiif lionorrililp srnlloiiiaii'ii nifrti 
 ory i.M ilicii ImI'it limit iniiii;. I will ri'inark, hriw- 
 cvir, that tlir inridriit, rvcii iim it liapprtird, m i| 
 lilrtlr.'ltivr of llir <;i'll)'r(ll poKltioli I UHNiiiiud, Ik 
 I'auNc tin: fiivorili! of (.iiiri'ii Aiiiii! would iih soon 
 liavi' liroiiirlil iilioiu n war mm ii pcarr, hid ih.. 
 lortiH'r, iiiHirad of the liitiir, liri'ii iiici'SMiiry to (>ri 
 iililr liir i'> v( lU Iht Hph'cii upon ihc DucIicnh of 
 Miull)oroiii;ii. I rcpiiil, the corrr-lion wan ii ("nr 
 hit, and the iiiiuiikt rlitircly uiiolijcctioriHlilt:. I 
 hIiiiII trslil'y my iK'kllowh'dl^iliriit liy pulling llic 
 lUct rii;ht ill my primed »)K;i'ch. 
 
<>k«'(| nl it for forty 
 
 ;rnllriiiaii'»i mrm 
 will remark, hriw- 
 t lwi|iprni'(), IK il 
 
 in I IIHNIIIID'll, h( 
 
 in would iiM Miioii 
 I |i('Mrr, h'ul 111.. 
 I iirci'SMiiry 111 ei\ 
 
 I till' Dlll'llCNH (if 
 
 •r'lion WiiH II Tiir 
 iiiliji'i'tiiiruililu. I 
 t liy [Hitting the