,^.. ■■>"-•/ -■■ IMAGE EVALU HON TEST TARGET (MT-3) di> // is ^ / ,\ % 1.1 ■4] ; ^^HM ifl- ii4 ^^ S id& HO ^P ■. \ ;.||j8 l^iU. 11.6 ■ 1.6 % *■ "f / 'i^ Vf.. — " r> ■pcMiDes «*j*, CarporatiaD V. ^ ^'^ ^-^> ^. ■■<^t % ■■/ \ 29 WBT MAM STRUT NX 14SM ■73-4S01 >- -. *%^: -7 ^. . :%. , CIHM Microfiche Series (iMonographs) / -V-v \ ■H ^ ICMH Collectioi^ de microfiches (monograpliies) ^,-r^- ..•-./ f / Canadian Instituta for Hiatorical Microraproductions / inatitut Canadian da microraproductions hiatoriquaa Technical «nd Bibliographic Notat / Notas tachhiquas at bibliographiqiias Tha Instituta ha* attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturat of (his copy whieft may ba bibliographically uniqua, mrhich may §k»r any of tha imagat in tha rap^uction, or which may significantly changa tlia usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. '9' Coiourad covers/ Couvartura da coulaur SCovars damagad/ Couvartura ^ndommagia iT'lnstitut a microflimi la maillaur Ixamptaira qu'il hii a MpossiMatiasa procurer. Las ditails da bar aMamplaira^|iu%ont paut-itra uiiiquas du point da vua bibliograpliiqua, qui pauvant nMxNf iar rfha imaga - raproduit*. ou qui pauvant tiiitiga* una modification dans la mMioda normala da filmaga sont indiqufts ci-dassous. ■> ' ■• , ■ : - :^r ^ □ Coiourad pajias/ * Pagas da coqlaur v |)r~i Pagas damaged/ *"* ' rages enoommagees □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ . ,. Couverture restaurte et/ou pelliculle t P Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque D D Coloured maps/ Cartas gtegraphiquas en couleur. Coiourad ink (i.a. other than blue or Mack)/ Encre da couleur (i.e. autre que Meue ou noire) r~l| Coloured platas and/or illustrations/ LjlJ Planches et/eu illustrations an couleur ■m- □ Pagas restored and/or laminated/ Pagas restauries at/ou pellicultes Pages discokMirad. stained oir foxed/ Pages dkolortes, tachatto ou piqules Pages detached/ Pages dttaieKftes 0Shovvthrough/ Transpareiate □ Qualify of 4irint varies/ Quality inigala de I'impression □ Bound with other material/ ReM avac d'autres documents □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue ic D Ti0ht binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrtte p^t causer de I'ombre ou da la distorsion le long de la marge intiriaure □ Blank leaves added during restoration may appeer within tha text. Whenever possible. th«M have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pagM blanches ajouttes tors d'une restauration apparaissant dans le texte, mais. lorsque cela *tait possible, ces pagas n'ont pasMfilmtes. D Additional comments:/ Commenuires supplimentaires: This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio d^^lciV fiiilmv/ Ca document est filmi eu taux da rMuction Indiqui c^dessous. ^ox ux / nx n Includes index(as)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tlte provient: r~~1 Title page of issue/ D D Page da titre de la livraison Caption of issue/ Titre da dipart de la livraison % Masthead/ '^ Ginarique (piriodiques) de la livraison EI J22iL =^L JQJL 12X UX 20X 24X 28X ' y 32 X ,/ • Thf copy filnrad h«r» ha* bMn rtproduetd th«hks to th« e*n«ro«ity of : , Library of the National , Archival of Canada _ . «. ■■..•■ ■.■■■■..."'■ ■ _ . ■■ Tho imogM oppoaring hara ara tha baat quality p'oiaibia- conaidariiig tha condition and iagibility of tha original copy and In kaaping with thf - filming contract apacif icationa." "^ 7 -■■'V/'VV-'' ■ ^-.'"-'■■' :.":■, •> Original coplaa in printad papar eovara ara filmad baginning with tfM front cover and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or Hluatratad impraa- alon. or tha back covar whan appropriate. M^W othar original coplaa ara filmad baginning on tha , f Irat paga with a printad or llliMltratad impraa- alon. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or Hluatratad Impraaalon. . . ..-'if Tha laat racordad frama on aach microfiche ahall contain tlia aymbol •"»> (maaning "CON- TINUED"!, or tha aymbol ▼ (maaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. '•'■%.' ■.■■■■:!«■■■'■-■ Mapi. plataa. eharta. ate., may be filmed at^ different reduction ratioa. Those too lerge to 'be entirely 'included in one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hend comer, left to ' right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustreta the method: «■> ....--7. -^ L'exemplaira film* f ut reproduit grlce A la g«n^roait4 da:f^ • / ^ * La btbliothiqut det Archival^ /~ natitonalM duXtanada Las images sutvarttas ont AtA raproduitat avac.la plus grand soin. compta tanii da ia condition at • de la nettet* de l'exemplaira film*, at mn conformity avec lea contortions du contrat da filmage. ' Lfa axemiplelrea origlnaux tfoht ia icouvertura an papier eet ImprimAe aont-filmAa en commancant par la premier plot et en terminent soit par ia. darni!lre.pege<^ui comporte une empreinta . d'Impreeaion oii dilluatration. ioit par la second fitat. aeion le caa. Toua Ids autfoa axemplairas origlnaux aont fUmdf1ancomman9ent per ia' " premiere pegequrcomporte une empreinta . dimpraeaioh ou d'illuatration et en terminent per la damlAre pege qui comporte une telle empreinte. ' - ■ 'i ■ * ■ ' . ' ■ t ' , '• ■ 1 ' - Un dee aymbplea auivants apperettra sur la ./ : damlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la aymbole «^ aignifia "A SUIVRE", le aymboia ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartaa. planches, tebleeux. etc.. peuvent Atre fllmis A des taux de rAduction diffArants. - Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atra reproduit en un aeul clichA. 11 eat filmA A ROrtir de I'angle supArleur gauche, de geuche A droita. et do liaut an baa, en prenant la nombre * d'inligea nAcassaire. Les diegremmes suivants IIMlPant la thAthoda. TO • 1 • • 3 W:. ^^ V-*- V* ii W-' tl «3' ()- V ■^ 41. * ■ . ■>'■(■■ ■' • ■ ■ . ''' ■. v«pf ' 'f»i '•;? -t ^u'*- "^h^ry^ Gr (^ \ If" it S*4> is^-. THE CITQMEI^ER >» H^HfMa|lm*|||i|||H|,m An InstnimeiA for set^ o^t Slope-SUkes and oomimtuw the cubic contents of Earthwofl^ oa RAilroiuis, r««.iff ^^ ^ a newly invoited syttem, fMtented, and lately ttfoui^t to the notice o/Jie Engineering: profenioa»V / Vf. E.^Soare, Civil Engineen V » ' The Citometer has been subjected to the most severe tests in comparative tri^s against the methods hitherto in use for per- forming th« work for which it is designed, and the result shows it capable of dbing /Aree week^ u>ork in one day. It is mpch more accurate,, the removal of all lieed for calculation reducing the chance of error to a minimum. The time saved %y the new •J«tem is enormous, and Ihe Instrument itself is so handy ^^o Wty, so simple to ^operate, and so accurate in its working, that the certainty of its completely superceding ^he level aiwf rod in cross-sectioning, && will be established directly it becomes known. This Instrument, in the hands of o^ Engineer and an assistant, has shown its capability of accomplishing as much work in one hour as would be performed by the old system in twenty- three hours. . It enables the Engineer to arrive at the amount of work to be executed, while in the field— doing away with all need for calculation, and for plotting, in the ^^v^r—'-^t-^T----- ■" ■", ■• '*'■'' The amount of chopping necessary for cross-sectioning^ith ^ in bush land is reduced so as to dispense ^ith the services o? at> ^east 3 men per party, while this class of work cah be done by it in le^ than one-fortieth the time now required. ^ It » much more reliable than the old, complicatecf'style. It can be used in all weathers, aild in lights where the level would be useless, and the Engineer cah wear his mitts in winter —no small boon, and its working is at all times under his imme- diate notice. • V ii \- =-j / A ^ fV-. For measuring up pdttiy finished work it will be found'to jjaVe much time-^sing it as in obtaining data- for ordinary plowing of cross-sections, as already described. ■ The iapnexed lithograph, fig. -i, will, with the following description, show the Citonietcr and its working. 1 f A is a staff or rod about 6 ft. high, graduated on one side ; B. is a sliding frame with an ann which cafi be set at any angle to the rod, so as to correspond with that desired for the slojje of the cutting or embankment JB. is so arranged that it can l>e raised or lowered to any position on the rod — and held there'/ The rod can be held perfectly Vertical, by means of, a plumb-bob. C. is a tape-line, the end of. which is pasjsed through, an eye at one end of the arm and hung on a hoo]^^ Jhe other, near the rod It will be seen that in plotting a cross-section the length tof , this tape, in a diirect line from the rod, through the eye, to its point of contact with the ground, will, give the position of that point as the height of B. upon A. is already known. _ If any intermediate spot, such as D. has to be plotted, let the tape be held at*thatspot andlltl^ slidejowered tiU the tai)e is in line, and note ' ^ tile height of t^e slide and the length of the tape.^^ . In this w^y leve|is can be taken at numerous points, as F., G., ■ in an iiicreflibly short time. To show the accuracy with which the spot E. can, be ascer- t!ained, it ii^U be found that by holding the tape even one quarter , of an inchXi^i^x from the rod the tape will catch thie upper side of the eye,>s it will theV and embankments,^ no calculation is necessary as under ti^e old style with the level. — Vide^ig.2. ' ' In |ul cases the centre levels have to be' iTin, and in the '^ ope^on^bQ(ut to %e described the grades must have been deter- mine and the cuts and fills recorded, .either in the notes, or on the p^file or centre stakes. * v Le^ A. B. be th^ .cross-8ecti|»iL at a spot wrhere a cutting has to be ma4^ wlllose 6id^ shftlt bf|i)etween C. D. E. F., and whose ■^\ 4^* •y 111 I V n *T "1^*"'~" ^b \ T" Ik^ ,«< ' , — ,— u. *( ■«4»i«- 3 ,Wh&,t( li^- idfifciiiii jK^W unp' ' ^^Brj^^niiyuXti^D^ bM, Bl it^aS? ly '*w^ t/i •■» « ^^^' ';"*^«*' ' 4 ri'i^it^ Gl^ljt^ . "t1 "' '' W^£"r'i'^^'p:'0i£ ■ *srt:lri f ■ \ ~r it ■"^■^ ■JL± 1 \jP* • "■i/ . h.' -^ ,/ ^k-Uf J- . tf •4— ""IV '' 1*^ ^^^ • . •p -' r» ^ S :* ' .1 ' %# » ^aHKi. ■ 1, 5 IC J....- -■ rfrr' ^'•m,'-.L'>s. m^m'-- Wx -■J •\W M I' ^-^' .\' ;^^: V m 1;^:... ■^r •■i^~. S>k- n-'- ■■•*- m I. u% » ff » f Oi tyn- If w \ • / \ , f,*. # ■1' -> *' <-" \-^ 111 . « « \ \ ^ A.. 1 1 \ ' / > ' m * .■'If n "'*!. k V base (sub-grafle or formation level) shall be, say 18 feet wide between D, anji E. It is required to find the sectional area of C D. E. F. and where the slope-stakes C. and F. will stand. The depth of. cutting at G. (ground level) down to H. (sub-grade or formation level) is to be, say 9 feet* Now, whatever may be the width D. E. add one-third such width toG. H., {T/tis is for slopes \}4 horizontal to 1 perperidicular^ which will reach J., and the sum will then represent ''heigHt of rods:' The sliding frame (B., fig. I ) can be set as high as 5 feet, therefore three such heights "will equal G. J. im, f^'fi'l^ittir * :-75r/*H^ '^^^ . So, first set th< «3ki to 5 feet and hold it in- such a position that the tap#stretched (as in fig. i) wiU strike the ground SXG. (fig. 2); now the arm is set at the angfe desired for the slopes C. I), and E. R, viz': 1 54 - 1, therefore the slope of the tape is parallel to E. F. Now, hold the tape at K. and move the rod— with slide still 5 feet high thereon— towards B. till the tape is again in line; move the rod towards B. till the tape is in ■'line and strikes at L. The foot of the rod will then be on F.— the positioft for the slope-stake. And because the sum of the rods , has been shown to equal G. J., and the tapes* have been shoWio be parallel to E. F., all the rods vertical^and the angle of the tapes and rods equal to the angle desired for the slopes, therefore the sum of the tai)es must be equal to J. F. As the tapes are stretched their lengths must be noted in a fidld4x>ok, and the sum of the rods will always = cut (or fill)-f yi road-bed Now, as the area of triangles here shown as D. J. E. will vary according tO the width ■ D. E., a set of tables will accpmpany each Instrument, and these tables are so prepared" as to suit road-beds of all widths by deducting from' the product of the areas, as G. J. F., on a given segment of line, the areas, as D. J. E., multiplied by the number of places at which cross-sections hiave been made and areas 'found.-. . ..' ■;.<:; ■ ■^■^" •"■■-■■■ ■■;^'^ ' '■■■' '-■■ In setting out an embankment the rod, and not the^tape, has to be held at the centre-stake — otherwise the ojjeration is like that for a cutting. " , (Fig. 3. (—For Ro(k Excavatutns an arm is provided with the Citometer. Thb arm has a stiding scale by which ^ can be lengthened to the half-width of the road-bed. It has ^Ipo^a bubye "If: 'i' i -llf^' ^ ■*f-.,:.-^- \a \'-. ^ . n^ its junction with the rod, and it can be raised or fc and the rod. The position jbf the end of this" arm on the rod when so leveUed will give the\fference in ground-level ^J,Z then to be multiphed by the half-width of the road-M. This proceed as m fig. 2. with the small arm of the rod set at an angie o^ say I to 4-the usual slope of rock-cutting faces. G. H B wil contain the product of h3^,^G.b. The use of the arm wiU be seen to save much work which would otherwise result fi-n^e ^^th^ a below K. caused by the acuteness of » Ki ^°I™"^ ?' ^^"^"'"^ *^onal areas, and by which the ^ tables above referred to are computed K ■ - , T\ » Tap^r^"' - ■;-— ir-;:— -;^-— ~^"-- .7:7::^ , .; "--- . & -Sine of angle formed by face of slope and a vertical Une ttoxa centre line of cut or fill to J.— OHERTy, Solicitor, ^, " - ' Ottawa, Ontario, ' . - t* Canada. ■f ,' ,. '? . ^ i *f. »■«%.. -^. v )r low-, 'e-stake he rod etween ng has This H. B. t angle H. B. le arm result less of h the 'V' l1 line -: \ lerty, .^ IroacI ^ 0, So Vf ^/9£S C/r9M£ r£^ ■/ '■^ \ /7s,S. Mpi