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Ruttan, C.E. ^ WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, 80th October, IWW. McIntyre Bros., Printers, Winnipeq. Winnipeg, Ist Oct, 1896. The Chairman and Committee on Fire, Water and Light of the City Council of Winnipeg : — ' Gentlemen, I have the honor to submit the following report upon the water supply and also a system of water works for the City of Winnipeg. ' Two sources of supply have been examined : .,. ., 1. The Assiniboine River. . 2. Artesian Wells. i - - A number of analyses of these waters have been made by Dr. W. A. B. Hutton, Prof, of Chemistry, Manitoba College and Dr. G. P. Girdwood of McGill College Medical Faculty, Montreal. An analysis and report on the interpretation of the analyses of Artesian well waters has been made by Dr. T. M. Drown of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemist of the Mass. State Board of Health. Analysis alone is not conclusive as to the quality of the water. In addition to analysis the sources of supply, the character of the watershed, the kind of soil from which the water is obtained or through which it flows, the vegetation on the watershed, the population and manufactures by which the water may be aft'ected, must be known, in order to make it possible to determine whether the water is suitable for use or pot, ASSINIBOINE RIVER. A number of analyses are given in the attached table from, the report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health for 1891, of waters which are known to be uncontaminated by sewage ; by comparing these with the analyses of the Assiniboine water it will be seen that they are in some of their constituents very similar, though, as stated in the report and by Dr. Hutton, these waters would, according to European practice, be classed as polluted. The Mass. State Board of Health has gone very fully into an examination of streams with a view to determining the amount of sewage coutaminadon caused by population on yfP' bed. The following is a statement of the result of the ex- aminations : " From an average of observation of 15 streams it is found "that it requires 21 persons per square mile to increase the "chlorine by .01 per 100.000. The foregoing results are based " on an average of a year or more. In summer when the flow is "small the population corresponding to .01 excess of chlorine is " much smaller." The average of several observations on streams being 7 persons per square mile. As .01 of chlorine above the normal is merely an indication of very slight contam- ination, and as the population on the watershed of the Assiniboine and Lake Manitoba does not exceed one twentieth of tlie minimum above given it may be stated with certainty that the Assiniboine supply is not contaminated by sewage. In Massa- chusetts the watersheds are comparatively steep, the streu ns rapid, the valleys and hillsides often rocky, so that surface contamination such as sewage is at once carried into the beds of streams. In Manitoba on the contrary the watersheds are very flat and the .soils chieHy are im^jervious clay — much of the sew- age deposited on the watershed will therefoi-e never reach the streams. On the other hand the evaporation on the Assiniboine watershed, owing to the open character o£ the country and the constant winds, is excessive, and the summer flow of the river considering the extent of the drainage area is very small, being after a series of extremely dry seasons only about .015 of a cubic foot per square mile of drainage area ; the drainage area being 58,000 square miles. If it is assumed that it requires a population of 10 per square mile to increase the chlorine by .01 per 100.000 an even- ly distributed population of 1.200.000 might be placed on the Assiniboine watershed, before any serious contamination of the water could occur. , ,i * ; From an examination of the analyses of water known to be uncontaminated by sewage it will be seen that the free and albuminoid ammonias approximate those of the Assiniboine, and all indications are that the ammonias in the Assiniboine water are derived from the same sources as those in the waters referred to, viz, dissolved from grasses, leaves and roots, etc. Referring to one of the above waters the report says: " Experiments made with this water and others of the same " general character show that this dissolved nitrogenous matter " will remain constant in composition for many months without " the development of free ammonia or other indications of decay." Though it is believed that the Assiniboine water is of this character it has not yet been determined by analysis extending over long periods. The solid matter in the Assiniboine, 50 grains per gallon is very high (being however only 60 per cent of that of the well water) and the hardness of the water 24 degrees is also very high. The soliils and the hardnes-s may be very materially reduced by a suitable system of softening and filtration. In order to indicate what may be done by such a system the following analysis of water before and after filtering (from Mr. Mathew's description of the Southampton Water Works, Vol. 108, Trans- actions Inst. C. E.) is given. PARTS PER 100.000. Total solid matter 31 Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia Nitrooren as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen , Chlorine Well Water. 31.69 Softened Water. 14.07 . 024 021 .012 013 .005 004 .305 381 .381 397 1.6 l.G The capacity of the Southampton softening works is 3,000,000 per day. The cost of the works was about $50,000, and the cost of treatment is about | per cent per 1,000 gallons. i I ARTESIAN WELLS. A map is submitted herewith, shewing the location and other particulars of a number of wells in the City. * The wells are as a rule 5 inches in diameter cased with wrought iron pipe. The casing extends from above the surface of the ground to the bottom of the well or in cases where the well is bored into the rock, the casing stops at the rock. Most of the wells obtain their supply from the drift forma- tion on top of the rock or from sand and gravel beds lying between the surface clay and the limestone. * Map may be seen in City Engineer's Office. A sketch illustrating the probable sources of supply of the underground waters from Lake Manitoba is attached. The rock surface underlying Winnipeg is generally from 50 to 100 feet below the surface of the ground. The surface elevation of the water in each well is given in blue on the plan and indicates closely the slope of the water table and shows why flowing wells can be obtained in some por- tions of the City and not in others. , , The probable cause of the sudden dip of the water table towards the rivers is that the water finds outlets in the river beds and banks. Strong springs of this wa*-or have been found in pier foundations on the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. The natural flow of some of the wells has been observed on the higher portion of the water table and may be taken at about 30,000 gals, per well per day. Detailed statements of the pumping tests of the wells it the corner of Mulligan Street and Nellie Ave., and Pacific Ave. and Nena Street are attached to this report. The quantity obtained from the Mulligan Street well was 50 gals, per minute or 72,000 gals, per day. The effect of pumping this well on the surface level of the water table was observed. When pumping the maximum quan- tity, the surface of the water at A, B and C was lowered from 2 to 3 feet and at D from 3 to 3| feet. The natural flow of this well is 22 gals, per minute. The quantity of water obtained from the well at the inter- section of Pacific Ave. and Nena Street was in round figures 10 gals, per minute, the natural flow being from 2 to 3 gals, per minute. The level of the water in neighboring wells was not effected by pumping this well. In this connection the following particulars of the well sunk by the Canadian Pacific Railway at their shops here, which have been kindly furnished by Mr. Whyte, are of value. * J $ The diameter of the well is 16 feet, the depth 28 feet with 4 holes each 5 inches in diameter bored 35 feet further, total depth being 63 feet. The .water at rest stands 6 feet below the surface, when pumping the water is 14 feet from the surface. The well yields 150.000 gals, per day or 37,500 gals, per each 5 in hole. From the information obtained there appears to be no prac- tical difficulty in the way of obtaining a suflBcient supply for City use from this source. A combined system of reservoir well and tube wells would probably be the best to adopt, in collecting the water for pumping. The cost of a collecting system suitable for the City estim- ating the yield of each tube well at 30.000 gals, per day would be approximately $25,000. This is exclusive of pumping machinery, softening plant, buildings, mains, etc. It is estimated that from this plant the yield would be 3,000,000 gals, per day without lowering the surface of the water at the wells more than 10 feet. Larger draughts could be made for short times in case of fire, etc. In order to be safe from possible pollution and to take ad- vantage of the greatest available head, the collecting system should be located in the western portion of the City, not less than about 2 miles from the rivers. In order to guard against pollution of the wells by future settlement, the quantity of land reserved for the wells should be such that there would be no danger of the supply being contam- inated by cess pits or refuse of any kind. Probably 160 acres should be the least quantity reserved. COMPARISON OF WELL AND RIVER WATERS. Neither of the sources of supply now under consideration being contaminated by sewage and it being clear that the Ass- iniboine may be used for many years before there will be any danger of contamination the water which in other respects is of the more healthy character, and most useful for domestic and manufacturing purposes, should be chosen. From Dr. Brown's report it will be seen that the well water is not considered objectionable from n sanitary standpoint. In comparing the sources of supply, viz. — the Assiniboine River and Artesian Wells, the examinations and analyses show : 1st.— QUALITY. > Neither of the waters is of the best, nor is either considered seriously objectionable from a sanitary standpoint. 2nd.— QUANTITY, (pehmaxance of suppi.y.) The Assiniboine River is much more than sufficient for all purposes. The Artesian Well supply is no doubt permanent, and sufficient in quantity. Some of the wells now supply from 20,000 to 30,000 gallons per day from natural flow. 3rd.— FILTERING AND SOFTENING. Both waters can be very much improved by a filtering and softening process. In the case of the Assiniboine water careful filtration is absolutely necessary during the spring and summer months. When filtered and softened the waters will be practically equal in quality. ; 4th.— LIABILITY TO CONTAMINATION. As settlement increases on the Assiniboine, unless most stringent regulations to prevent it are carried out, there will no doubt be a certain liability to contamination of the water. It is not thought that the well waters are at all liable to contamin- ation and if proper precautions are taKcn to reserve a sufficient 10 quantity of land about the wells to prevent close settlement there would never be any danger of contamination. It is therefore possible to prevent either water being con- taminated. The Water Works situation in Winnipeg may be summed up as follows : The City is now supplied by a Company under a charter, giving it a monopoly which will expire on 23rd Dec, 1900, or about four years from the present time. The quantity of water supplied by the Company is less than one-half of the requirements of the City. The pressure under which the water is delivered is insuf- ficient for direct fire protection. The mains, about 28 miles, are not of sufficient capacity for fire protection purposes, and are not of sufficient extent for domestic supply. Some of the mains, probably about five miles, are of doubtful strength for fire pressure. The source of supply, the Assiniboine river, while uncon- taminated by sewage at present, and while there is no cause for alarm on this account, may in the future become unfit for drinking purposes, and at present (during high water) it requ'res a careful and thorough filtration, which, from want of necessarj'^ plant, it does not receive. In order to remove the sediment from the Assiniboine water very extensive filtering plant and settling basin will be necessary. There appear to be three courses open to the Council. First. To arrange with the present (Company for an extension and increase in strength of their mains, the erection of hydrants and increased water pressure for fire protection, also for an efficient system of filtration, or a change in the source of supply. 11 % Second. To construct a new system which will be ready for the supply of water by time the Company's monopoly ex- pires. The particulars of such a system are given in Appendix 1. Third. A combination of the above courses by incorpor- ating with the new system such portions of the present system as may prove to be satisfactory and suitable for the purpose. In considering what course to adopt the following facts should be borne in mind. While a water works system could be constructed in one year it would for many reasons be desirable to distriljute the work and expenditure over three seasons. This would leave only o\e season in which to do the preliminary work, decide upon details, prepare plans, etc. While it would be very satisfactory for the City to own a completel)' new system, the present Company have a large atnount of capital invested which should be utilized as far as possible without impairing the efficiency of the new system. I would recommend for the consideration of the Council, therefore, the following mode of proceeding. To acquire by arbitration or diiect purchase the Works of the present Company. To extend the mains to about 40 miles, reinforcing and replacing the old mains where necessary. To arrange the new distributing system so that wells can be used as a source of supply. In the meantime to arrange for the proper filtration of the Assiniboine water. I have the honor to be. Your obedient servant, H. N. RUTTAN, City Engineer. 12 APPENDIX 1. Cost of a New System of Water Works. Winnipeg, Gth May, 1895. The Chairman and Committee, Gentlemen: — '' In accordance with your instructions I beg- to submit the following report on a system of water works for the City of Winnipeg, intended to utilize the underground water supply. The system is arranged to ultimately supply a population of 100,000 on the district covered by the mains. The pipe system as shown on the accompanying plan covers about 85 miles. It is estimated that about 40 miles of mains are required for the present population. It is proposed to provide 2 pumping plant? of 4,000,000 gals, capacity per day each. This plant would furnish a domestic, manufacturing and sanitary supply for a population of 40,000 in addition to n tire protection supply of 10 hose streams of 27o gals, per minute each or a larger number of smaller streams. The following is a general description of the proposed works : The characteristics of the underground water supply have been fully discussed in former reports dated 20th September, 1892, and 2Gth October, 1894. Fifty wells are to be bored at such di.>.tances apart as may bo found from test wells to be des 'able. The wells are to be I 13 f connected by suitable piping with a receiving reservoir of 4,000,000 gals, capacity. The supply pipes from the wells will also be connected with the pumps. From the receiving reservoir the water for domestic con- sumption will be conveyed to the softening reservoir, and from the latter will be pumped into the mains. The details of the softening plant cannot be determined without expert chemical advice. For the purpose of this report the cost has been placed at that of similar works?elsewhere. It is proposed that the softening plant at present should have a capacity of 2,000,000 gals per day. By the use of meters on the domestic services it is expected that the water consumption will be reduced from the usually estimated 90 gals, per head, at times of maximum draught, to ()0 gals per head. In the proposed works a larger supply has been provided for fire protection than has been usual. The domestic service has also been provided for a minimum population of 40,000 in mains and puniping plant. The most approved practice of us'ng no mains less than six inches in diameter has been adopted. Should the City acquire the mains of the Water Works Company moat of them could be used in connection with the proposed system. In the following estimate the cost of the distribution system has boon given for populations of I'^O.OOO and 40,000. The cost of pumping and softening plant, etc., i.as been given for a popu- ation of 40,000. Your Obedient Servant, H. N. KUTTAN, City Engineer. 14 ESTIMATED COST. For Population of 100,000. For Population of 40,000. Pipe Cost Total Total Size. Length. Feet. PEU Foot. 100,000 40,000 18 ins. 4,750 $ 5 00 $23,750 00 16 n 6,060 4 25 25,755 00 14 M 12.530 3 50 43,855 00 12 ., 31,260 2 60 81,276 00 10 .. 50,640 2 00 101,280 00 8 .. 60,855 1 70 103,453 50 6 M 281,720 1 30 366,236 00 85 miles $745,605 50 $360,000 Valves. Number. Cost Each. 18 ins. 3 100 00 300 00 16 M 4 75 00 300 00 14 M 13 60 00 780 00 12 .. 20 50 00 1,000 00 10 .. 36 40 00 1,440 00 8 .. 56 30 00 1,680 00 6 .. 464 20 00 9,280 00 14,780 00 6,800 Hydrants. 8 ins. 368 130 00 47,840 00 6 M 235 100 00 23,500 00 ( "^ 71,340 00 27,000 Services 16,000 20 00 300,000 00 1,131,725 50 60,000 $453,800 15 Brought Forward Pumping Engines, Boilers, etc Softening Plant Wells and Connections Reservoir Buildings Land Allow for connection from end of sys tern as shown on plan to pumphouse Engineering, Interest, Contingencies . . $453,800 40,000 50,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 16,000 8,000 47,200 $650,000 16 APPENDIX 2. Mineral Gonstituents & Remarks re Winnipeg Waters. [DR. HUTTON.J 'O'' WELL WATERS. The acids and bases contained in the different well waters correspond and are as follows : Acii / Carbonic. , 1 Suli)huric. /Calcium. Mg. So. 4 18.1 1 1 Sodium. Ca. Co. 3 15.1 ''' Nitric. ^Hydrochloric. Bases • Magnesium. Na. CI. 28.2 Silicon. Si. 0.2 1.96 • Grains per Gal ^Aluminium. A1.2 0.3 1.83 So. 3 16 34 '• Mg. 0. 6.02 In all cases two half gallon bottles of water were taken from each source and complete analysis made from each bottle. There was no charring or blackening on ignition of the residue from any of the well waters. The high percentage of chlorine appearing in the well waters is undoubtedly due to mineral rather than organic contamination. The percentage of free and saline Annnonia is not uncom- mon in deep wells, and is of little significance. The low percentage of Albuminoid Ammonia would indicate that whatever organic impurities may have been present at the source of the well waters have been sufficiently oxydized and and filtered out to render it quite safe. The serious objection of " Hardness " and excessive quantity of dissolve! solids might in part bo overcome by a suitable softening and filtering process. The Diarrha'a frequently complained of l)y people when they first commence to use the water, is explained by the pn - 17 sence of Sulphate of Magnesia, (Epsom Salts). Beyond the temporary inconvenience it is harmless. ASSINIBOINE RIVER WATERS. Assiniboine Water Contains ^Calcium. Sodium. 15ases ) Magnesium. j Silica, I Alumina. ^Iron, (trace) /( Carbonic. Sulphuric. Hydrochloric. Nitric. Acids On gently igniting the residue from the river water there was blackening, indicating Organic impurity. The excessive amount of Albuminoid Ammonia, with com- paratively small quantit}' of Chlorine and free Ammonia, is indicative of vegetable contamination and, according to English and European standards, absolutely condemns the water in its natural state for drinking purposes. Softening and proper filtration would effect a great inprove- ment, and by a suitable process the water might be rendered fit for use. (Signed), W. A. B. BUTTON. n 18 APPENDIX 3. DR. BROWN'S REPORT. At your request I have examined carefully the results you sent me of the chemical analy:ies of the waters from the Winni- peg artesian wells in connection with your description of the topographical and geological features of the region. I have also made chemical analysis of a sample of water of one of the artes- ian wells, and of a sample from the Assiniboiue River. With regard to the free ammonia and chlorine reported in the analyses made in Winnipeg and Montreal, I will say that it is highly impi'obable that they have any connection with recent surface pollution. Free ammonia is very frequently found in , deep artesian well waters ; its origin is not always known, but in most cases it is clearly to be referred to nitrogenous matter geologically so remote, that it has no sanitary significance. Should the free ammonia prove to be permanently charac- teristic of the well waters there seems to me little question from the geological structure of the region that its origin must be referred to the rocks and not to the surface contamination. The sample of water from these wells which I received on October 10th, contained no free ammonia. I do not know how to explain this result, in view of the fact that all the samples you have had analyzed contained from 0.013 to 0.022 part of free ammonia .per 100,000, unless it is assumed that the water underwent some change during the week of transportation from Winnipeg. Whether the water in the wells themselves is under- going a change of composition can only be determined by further analy.sis. The high content of chlorine is clearly refer- able to salt deposits in tl ; rocks. You mention in your letter of September 19th that there are strong .salt springs near lake Manitoba and possibly there may be salt deposits nearer the 19 wells. If the free ammonia and chlorine had their origin in surface pollution of the nature of sewage there would be a larger amount of nitrates in the water. In the sample you sent me the nitrogen in the form of the nitrates was only 0.0700 part per 100,000, an amount which is quite insignificant in compari- son with the chlorine. It will be loticed also that there is practically no nitrogen in the form of nitrites. From your letter I infer that you think it possible there iray be contamination of the well waters by decomposing veget- able matter existing in surface waters which communicate with the wells. 1 have not the advantage of a knowledge of the region from personal inspection but from the data submitted to me it appears that the gathering ground of the water which supplies these wells is so far distant that the possibility of any organic contamination reaching the wells is very remote. Moreover the analyses show that the amount of organic matter remaining in the water as indicated by the albuminoid ammonia and oxygen consumed is very small. The large amount of mineral matter in the waters and their decided hardness are of course objectionable. The hardness could be in great part removed by some of the well known pro- cesses of softening the water and the aperient character of the water would be at the same time lessened. There are many water supplies in our western country in calcareous and mag- nesian regions with as high mineral contents as the Winnipeg wells and they are, I believe, only productive of temporary in- convenience to those unaccustomed to theii use. I do not know that hard water of this character has any injurious eft'ect on the system. (Signed) T. M. DROWN. Chemist Mass. State Board of Health. 20 >< O z u D. Q. < H a >^ < u, • •luiad o ^ 1 •diuax qa •Flox s'S .H S3 ■ 0/1 c-o 1§^ Oxy consu an K^ a c [/5 ^ S)^ 2 ac Ss- Hi5 - u g iza" O •r "U . Bio-E 2:2 Hen s." '^ as u H u < K < X J < u 'J) > X fc tn U 05 t3 c c M* 00 00 1- t^ t- t- 00 oc t>. i^ t^ ^ 'm si .■ .' M S c v« .^ a >; : oi • SI -2 £ M 0^ c £ -o . c ; c ^.2 CS ■w ■ ^ • c« C B B •« B i2 c ^ rt E 2.S rt yi nl 1/ •"-> 1> lU 31 (U < B rt bjO o a. 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