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 6 
 
P(i)PPW««B¥l«««PBipBP!SPir' 
 
 wm^^~^ m piWPBiPflpppp^wwpiiqipp 
 
Fruit Culture 
 
 In the 
 
 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 
 
 APPLYING MOHE PARTICULAHLY TO 
 
 THK EASTERN PORTION THEREOF 
 
 — BY — 
 
 
 "" "'"' ' ""s =s risss,- '»-'"- 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 PRINTED BY CHARLETpRANCOn r A .. 
 
 EXTRA rnnv ~ -•- »^ 
 
 EXTRA C OPY 
 
 For original see: 
 
 OB 
 634 
 M833 
 1892-96 
 
 Cult 
 
 ^t 'juorge 
 
 ure des fruits d 
 
 mce de Quebec 
 
 a 
 
^»W»t,»y.- T)W.»«>^;^.jj., A,jlil||IM^^|a»ra 
 
FRUIT CULTURE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 PROVINCE OP QUEBEC 
 
 those engaged in rural P«rsui^ ras To 1 '^^^^^^^^^ '^^ *^ P'^- '^^f- 
 
 f<Jw brief directions, which »«; induce 80^ n«!iT''^' ^ manner as may be, a 
 all to bring their efforte to a suc^e sfuTLrthr- ,' . "^''^^ *^'" ^''' «-*3^' -'^d 
 financially, but contributing to treVomLr wea th h' V'^"""^ '^^'^ ^^'^'l'*-" 
 the latent resources so richfy aboundir in tho U h"^.'-''"? " ''^ development of 
 to cultivate to its utmost capacit/of ^Lrcut. " *'"^' '"'^ ^'^^ P-"«g« 
 
 Thb Ajpple. 
 
 of H.S beneficent provisions is the apple N^lf^ 'T"'"'' """^ °«' *^« '«^^ 
 fruits, we may certainly call it their Oul"~fo ,!k f ^""^"°*' *^« g*>ddess of 
 more choice in some refpects t k n^ tvl J.I T^ '*'^"" '"^^ '^^ ««°«'dered 
 
 As an article of food or for d^mes "c^use Zl f " ''''""*' "°°' ^'« «« '^^^^'^J- 
 among grains, or potatoes among ataL'^^^^^^^^^ «t'l« --^ f-ite as wheat 
 every household. ^ ^ '*'"*'' ^"^ is looked upon as a necessity in 
 
 p.-ope.l7c„oWa„„„. „„,^ wholes J I rl 7 Tett? *°™^"^ ""^ °'' 
 If therefor, , hey keep u, supplied with food .„!^ ^ Preservers of h,alth. 
 
 service i. the family eoooom'/ Com ^roHnt Ir tr*' ""^ ""»">eof great 
 are always in demand. Immense oCanUK?^ '^'^ "" »" ™e»" Pl»ee, for they 
 U. remark that Oanadiarf t n':^rder:^7"'«'°''"»'ly.««'li.i»gmtifyi:^ 
 ■narketa considered of e„p„,,or quality in the European 
 
 -par.ofm.ny,ho.t„«stherroTt:TeX::::^^^^ 
 
UU JjjgjJ.IJ 
 
 ' 
 
 varieties suitable to their locality, and adopted proper methods of culture. But unfor- 
 tunately there has been a draw-back to this progressive movement caused by lack of 
 the most rudimentary knowledge of the subject, and by taking the advice of men as to 
 the most suitable kinds for their purpose, who, in the first place, are not lualified to 
 give it, and in the second have but one object in view, namely, — the sale of such 
 varieties as they are instructed to offer. Thus thousands of dollars, are uselessly 
 expended every year, to the discouragement of would be cultivators of fruit and the 
 injury of the nurseryman's legitimate business. It is therefore presumed that a 
 little practical information may prevent this folish expenditure of the farmer's 
 hardly enough earned money, whertus a careful study and practice of the right 
 system of fruit-culture might increase rather than diminish his resources. None 
 need be discouraged who have land on which apple trees may be planted, if they 
 will study carefully and follow faithfully these few, simple rules, and instead of 
 suffering disappointment and loss, will experience great satisfaction and ultimate 
 gain. 
 
 Selection of Varieties. 
 
 To plant a great number of sorts is not advisable except to indulge the fancy of 
 those who can well afford to test them. Experiments of this kind are too costly, 
 and before the results can be ascertained it is too long, for the man of small means, 
 and to such these pageS are chiefly addressed. 
 
 It is better therefore to select only such varieties as you have at least reasonable 
 hopes will succeed, and as some are suited in a peculiar manner to certain localities, 
 it would be wise to consult your neighbours, who have been successful ; study tho 
 report's of the nearest fruit grower's association, or take the advise of some one 
 whose word is to be relied on or whose position places him above suspicion. As to 
 certain sorts thriving best in certain localities, it is a remarkable but well established 
 fact that the Fameuse attains to no such perfection anywhere as on the Island of 
 Montreal, and in the vicinity of Beloeil Mountain. The Duchess of Oldenburg has 
 proved to be the most hardy and useful of all the autumn apples. Growing in localities 
 where others have not thriven, in many places where a dozen or more kinds have 
 been planted, the •' Duchess " is the only one left, and that is growing vigorously 
 and bearing abundantly every year. The fruit is very handsome and beautifully 
 coloured, and the quality good either for cooking or eating. No one need be afraid 
 of planting this variety. Wealthy is another fine and very hardy apple, it is also an 
 abundant bearer of beautiful fruit, and is excellent both in appearance and quality 
 which is in condition for use from November to January. Tho Peach apple of 
 Montreal is quite hardy, a vigorous grower, and a prolific bearer ; tho fruit ripens 
 early and is good for home use but is not a good market variety as the skin is so 
 tender that it shows the slightest bruise. Yellow transparent is proving hardy, bears 
 fruit of a beautiful transparent yellow and of excellent flavor ; it is the earliest of all 
 the apples, being ripe iq th& middle of August in some localities. Alexander is one 
 of tho largest apples, it is pretty hardy but not fully so in Bome places ; the flesh is 
 
 rather ( 
 rence is 
 
 Fa) 
 well in 1 
 would tl 
 Winter, 
 bearer, t 
 perhaps 
 It is rath 
 Vermont 
 Htroaked 
 Mcintosh 
 more hai 
 very fine 
 hardy. 
 
 Gidei 
 the fruit h 
 apple — it 
 
 Golde 
 many plac 
 neverthele 
 River is o 
 pleasant fl 
 February. 
 
 Nursei 
 most hard J 
 the best aut 
 their ability 
 
 Duchess c 
 Canada j-e 
 Magog re( 
 Peach of ] 
 Scotts Wii 
 
 Grideon 
 
 Wealthy... 
 Wolfe Riv( 
 Yellow tra; 
 Alexander. 
 Powawkee. 
 Golden Rus 
 
Winter, » Yermon. Lt; ^ h X i. * 1° j?' f r""'™ *'""«"■ ««'» 
 bearer, fti. i, .he favourite ™a2t 1 ^rr 1° r ' v ^'•°'"" ""'' »'^'^ 
 perhaps the best authority wo have o» to T™!. ,^, I "^^^^POH, Vermont, 
 It i» rather acid b„t of g„«l ° aZa ,dL„ "^ ,, ? '" ""' ^''■•"'«™ <">"°"7 
 
 Vermont variety of grefrlY; To^^atr* I'Thf " '" """' " "°°*- 
 .t,-eaked with red, of a p,ea„„t flavor, .M^T'^ J^J f "' ^ '''""' ^'"'°" 
 Mclntoskrei i, another hardy Canadia'n var et; rCb „Tth pZ '", ''""'■- 
 more hardy in many plaoM, eea«,n from IfoveD,br.„lKT,'"' '"''«'"■''"<' 
 very^ane winter variety, eoior dar. .. ^n^ a'nd ilXC tIT^^ 
 
 appl^.t i. ..ia to he hardy a, an Oai. ; itis in ^.iroT^urjLtVr'"' 
 
 .any7a::sr.:::ttn;:i:::i:f.'rr-*"'''-'-^^^ 
 
 nevertheiee. a very valnaVleTar t7anTL;l\72fT '"''"'"'"'• "»'" '' 
 *»er is one of the most sbowv of "he h3. , i '"« '"°'™'' '^<"/» 
 .e^W : tree a v.„ro/s ^^ l^'rirer,™ ^a-^^ 
 
 »ost!::^c;r:strri:y^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 the best authorities and my own obserrtinn! 1 I ^'''' '"^''^^ °^ *^*^"'« ^''^"^ 
 thoir ability to withstand fho cold ' '" '' '''"' ^^ *h«- <l--»Hty, and of 
 
 Duchess of Oldenburff... „ ^'^'''°'' 
 
 Canadared ^ September and October. 
 
 Magog red streak.! November to February. 
 
 Peach of Montreal December to Mareb. 
 
 Scotts Winter ^"^"'*- 
 
 Gideon *" * ^^^ "nt'l June. 
 
 Wealthy October to December. 
 
 Wolfe River.....!.. ' I^ecember to February. 
 
 Yellow transparent January and February. 
 
 Alexander August 
 
 Powawkee October to December. 
 
 Golden Russet ("in^i/i January to May. 
 
 Januarj/ to June or July. 
 
 'I 4 ill, I ■ 
 
 ■.: $. 
 
 \ 
 
 i ■( 
 
i » a i ip»n i W fa»P» 
 
 These, purohaaers cannot do thnoh wrong in bti3n'ng to plant in districts where 
 apple culture is rendered difficult by climatic influence, and they will give fruit at 
 all seasons of the year. 
 
 The Crabs are all perfectly hardy, and many of them most abundant bearers. The 
 trees are very ornamental when in bloom or yhon covore<l with their richly colored 
 fruit. Many of the varieties deserve a place if for these qualities only, but the fruit 
 also makes excellent preserves. The best, piost prolific, and most hardy is the 
 Transcendant. 
 
 Hyslop as hardy as the Transcendant bears regularly and abundantly a good 
 cooking apple keeping well until March and in this respect transcending the Trans- 
 cendant. 
 
 Whitney — A crab of good size and excellent quality sweet and tender — reoom- 
 mendod by the late lamented Chas Gibb, Esq. The culture of crabs should be encou- 
 raged as they well thr've in eomo places where apples will not. 
 
 There are two new Crabs before the public — the Excelsior — raised from the seed 
 of the Wealthy which it is said to ressemble, and the Martha raised from the seed of 
 the Duchess of Oldenburg. The fruit is most beautiful in appearance, first rate for 
 all culinary purposes and said to be fair to eat. These two are regarded as very 
 valuable — not yet tested here. j 
 
 Sklkotion of Trees op Suitable Size and Age. 
 
 Trees neither too large nor too small are the best ; if too large there is much 
 greater risk in transplanting, and especially if they have been growing too long in 
 the same place, because they will most likely have formed tap roots which must be 
 severed in the removal of the trees, by which great danger of their dying in the 
 process will be caused. "When trees too large are transplanted they are more likely to 
 be disturbed by the action of the wind before they become firmly rooted in the 
 ground and will require staking .which is best avoided, and will not be necessary if 
 trees of the proper size are chosen. It is also a mistake to suppose that if large ones 
 are planted, they will yield a crop much sooner than those of a more moderate 
 growth. Neither is it well to plant trees in their permanent places too small, they 
 are then much better under the care of the nurserymen, for when thus planted in 
 isolated places, they are more liable to accidents than trees of a proper size not 
 having the necessary vigour to withstand any rough usage. 
 
 Trees 6 to 6 feet high, four years old from the grafts (which should be at the 
 ground) sound, stocky, and robust, having had proper care and attention in the 
 nursery as to transplanting, pruning, and formation of the plant with regard to its 
 future growth, and with good fibrous roots which they will have if transplanting 
 has been duly attended to, should be chosen. Young trees should not be forced into 
 too rapid growth by manure or very rich soil ; a tree which has developed slowly is 
 much more likely to do well when finally transplanted than one whose shoots are 
 too long and too delicate. The roots are the most important parts, if these are well 
 
 ftirnishec 
 have had 
 new root 
 the ago a 
 his busini 
 (the roots 
 
 A gr( 
 
 which tre 
 
 that the g 
 
 than this, 
 
 attention ^ 
 
 sible for tl 
 
 the nurser 
 
 exposed to 
 
 and new o; 
 
 warded by 
 
 small amoi 
 
 to him by ( 
 
 Applee 
 
 mapple, is i 
 
 ferous trees 
 
 quence on a 
 
 saturated w 
 
 Theas] 
 
 North and : 
 
 North wind 
 
 much as pos 
 
 trees in a ff( 
 
 sudden thaw 
 
 the part affe 
 
 would be mc 
 
 is to bo pref( 
 
 to select a pi 
 
 fault for agri 
 
 roots, or grai 
 
 trees. 
 
 Clay Ian 
 
ne» ,o„e» have "be Cedtlrr " ^k" " '"°'* '""'■"" °''" "^'"8. ^O""-" 
 
 DiOGiNo, Packing and Djiliverin3. 
 
 whiot re:\;::tr:z°:J:s':"''"''°''°^' "''"" '''""'°'"' -""»■• '" 
 
 that the good» are SC«li „!!,>■' ""Z '°°^"'' "■ "•"'" "'«"'"' 8'""-''"'»e 
 than thie »o„l. °ot tr^ '" ^T" °°"''"'""- T" "'^ ""i"" «> warrant ih.m fljrther 
 
 aueatlon were ^ t tirZ' h"erhrre;^hrha'r hT:"' "■" '"° •°"' 
 Bible for the manner in wh.Vh fK«„ . . ' °® however is reapon- 
 
 the n...r,a„, .:;:;:ttt^r::iirer::r,'^^^^^^^ 
 
 exposed to the action of the atmosDhere for if f kIk' . . *" ™*^ °°* ''^ 
 
 and new ones must be found rtake th^r nlace A n '°''°' ''^ ^'^'^ ^^^ '^^'^^^^^^ 
 warded by the quickest route andt is beu^^^^^^^^^^^ fh ""7 ''"' ''°"'' '« ^°'- 
 small amount extra for express than til K f u P"''^"""' '''°''''* «^«" P^^ '^ 
 
 to him by delivery alntrwirhl ^ . """ '^^"'^ ^" ^^'^^^'^ °^ d«»vered 
 
 y Buvery agents, without any protection to the roots. 
 
 Seleotino the Site for Orchard. 
 
 n^apptt^r^^^^^^^^ r^f r-^- >oam, the home of the 
 
 fe.ous t.es thrive 'on,y, Sl I "bu^^^^^^^^^^ '''T -^- 
 
 North wind is usually the coldest, thereforeTt sll b t'Z ^^^^^^ 
 much as possible, while the early rays of the sun fv2 ii. ^ ! I . ^^^ *'^^' "^ 
 trees in a frozen condition is destructT^ fl T ^ ' '*'* '^'"'"^ "PO" ^^^ 
 
 sudden thawing of a frost b 4 limb l^t .T * ' '"'"' ^""^^P'^' *^«' ^^e too 
 
 the part affected were not ex^o J tl sndH T/ .' *"'"' "^^'°' ^°"'^ ^^ ««-^^ ^'^ 
 would be moregrad al if not ex^^^^^^^^ ''"' the thawing of the trees 
 
 is to bo prefered if the s^ope Lra Ijl h'"!. ''^' f* ^'^ '■'''"^- ^'^ping land 
 toselect a piece of land for an orchaT l^K ^ ''"' J' " " *"° ^'•«^"«'»* ^'^^'-^- 
 fault for agriculturarpurles iniad f l^T '^"" "'" *"'^ «' ^^ ««-« 
 roots, or grass. Such larirmorf ^^^^ f **'' ^*^''"' ^"^ «'-0P« «f ««reals, 
 
 trees. "^ '" '""'" ^'^^'^ *« P^od»«« l^i"dly growing and fruitful 
 
 Clay lands well underdrained and sheltered,.notwithstanding all that is said to the 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 
 f 
 
 i/ 1 '.■ i 
 
 If 
 
 1" 
 
 ' f 
 
w 
 
 contrary are possible for apple eultiire. I know that the objection urged is that on 
 8U( h lands the now growth is too quickly made therefoio too succulent to bear the 
 severity of the cold. But it is also a well known fact that the oldest and most produc- 
 tive fruit trees in Groat Britain grow on the clay lands. Many apple trees thore, arc 
 centuries old and are still bearing abundantly. [ do not see why the difficulty could 
 not be overcome, at least, in well sheltered sites by taking out a small quantity of 
 the clay where each tree is to be planted and adding a lighter compost of rotten 
 manure and sods to give it a start. I would not advise a large hole to be made be- 
 cause if this were done it wouM form a pit in which water would remain, not being 
 able to find a vert through tJft heavier clay by which it was surrounded and the 
 roots would be destroyed by it as they would on undrained land. It cannot be too 
 frequently urged that no condition is so inimical to the surcossful cultuie of apples 
 especially in a cold climate as that where the roots are saturated with stagnant 
 water. On clay lands a rather different system of pruning might be necessaiy to 
 ultimate success, namely the removal of the most succulent branches so as to enable 
 the less vigorous ones to become ripe and hardy. This could be best done by the 
 summer method of pruning recommended in the appendix because the removal of 
 the too vigorous growths at thisKcason would give the smaller ones a better chance 
 to ripen and would therefore render them more likely to withstand the effects of 
 intense cold. T have no doubt but that more difflfeulty might be experienced to make 
 an orchard on heavy clay land but I believe that after the trees were once well esta- 
 blished they would yield more abundantly and fruit of finer quality than on that of 
 a less retentive nature. In planting trees on such lands it would no doubt be well 
 to have the surface immediately surrounding the tree higher than the level of the 
 land, intervening as by this means, heavy rains would not soak the roots continually 
 and the soil could be kept cool and friable by mulching with half rotten manure. 
 
 1 do not wish to convey the idea that I recommend the selection of heavy clay 
 lands onjWhich to establish an orchard but, if the aspect were good, the situation 
 not too low a one and the proper means adopted I do not see why it should not 
 be a success. 
 
 Preparation of the land. 
 
 The land for an orchard of large proportions should bo well ploughed and culti- 
 vated before the trees are planted, but if this is not convenient rather than lose a 
 whole season, holes may be dug for their reception 20 to 30 feetapart, in lines in all 
 directions, these holes must be three feet in diameter and not less than two feet 
 deep ; it is of the utmost importance that they should be large enough to contain 
 the roots when spread on and not in a bent or cramped position, the earth at the 
 bottom of each should be well loosened with a digging fork or pick, the top spit of 
 the soil having been taken out and kept seperate for the purpose, should be put back 
 into the hole and left in a slightly convex shape, and on this little mound the tree 
 is to be planted. 
 
 No tree can orosper if planted so close to each other as to prevent their making 
 
 a healthy 
 Ko small 1 
 way of pr 
 f i-oes fror 
 to work a 
 insure sue 
 doing is \i 
 
 Time 
 
 the sumrai 
 
 circumstai 
 
 any new r 
 
 any hold 
 
 winter, an 
 
 (here is no 
 
 of Buccess. 
 
 the ground 
 
 will then f 
 
 their grow 
 
 advantage 
 
 be prepare 
 
 planting ca 
 
 This metho 
 
 to save the 
 
 Methoi 
 part of the 
 sharp knife 
 allowed to i 
 and surely, 
 line observ< 
 in the prec( 
 c 11 late freelj 
 which unifo 
 
 Trees si 
 ill position, 
 firmly about 
 lixcept it be 
 round the tr( 
 of half-deca; 
 The eari 
 
9 
 
 a healthy short jointed or consolidat-Hl trt< , h nrietu^ 
 
 m ™all thai ^Uy c„„„„. b„ proper y si;, Cl 'V "° "T'*' '"'^ '""" 
 way of p,ooo«ii„g, eilhor in .irtin J.Tr .Ho „,■ vo r oT ?' """"'' '''"""'' " 
 .™. fro. ,0.0 .. cheap jack ■■ beoa'^To; .ILT^'t^^r" "Y""' 
 (o work a, ,0 their planting, i„.e.pective of what i, Zb. „7Z ''; °Tr T 
 .n.nre auccoe. will certainly end in failnre and dLaprntlenT'^ Wh.^''"'" 1 
 do,ng „ worth doing we,, " i» „n axio™ that applie^Lp:™; i^ ,JJZ. " '"'"'" 
 
 Planting. 
 
 Time to plant :-In countries where the fall is long and winter does nnf ft.lln^ 
 the summer so quickly, early in the autumn is the be^st tim to ptn but h^7tr 
 cu-eumstances are different, the autumn is usually so short that th'ere ^ no thne f ^ 
 any new roots to be made before tho cold weather sets in nn,l MT \T 
 
 uny hold upon the soil are likely to be Z^rbed bt tH„ r 7T' '^'"'"^ 
 Winter, and the risk of failure is '^here^; t2i;^nte?s d^^^^^^^^^ 
 .here ,s no doubt but that early spring planting can be done with great re rtainT 
 of success. It may be a good plan to obtain the trees iu the fall and LT^ 
 t^he ^.und by the roots at an angle of 45 degrees, JeH:;!'^': ^r.^T.- 
 will then form young roots which if carefully preserved will .rn„f7 , ^ 
 their growth when planted in the spring, tL wTlf I so hi n T "^ T 'f *^ 
 advantage of the earliest fine weather^an'be 11.7 o pt t them thrH^f " *'f 
 be prepared in the fall so that they will be Tadv and f hT \l "'^^* 
 planting can be quickly performed, an' i.por:::n;:irti 1 1 ^^^^^ 
 
 ":::r::;:rr:::ir^ ''-'-''- ^•o.-o«..y great car^:x 
 
 MefMdofplanting.~AU trees should by systematically plante<l. First every 
 part of the damaged or mutilated ends of the roots should be cut ofi'smoothlv wTth 
 sharp knife, as it is from these that the new fibres start, and Tf t e Zd^rar 
 allowed to remam they decay and prevent these fibres from growing out a uicklv 
 and surely. The tree should now be put in the centre of the hole and the si S 
 me observed mall directions, the trees in one row being set at angles with t"!se 
 ull / r ;f T 'f " '"• "^^'^ '''-'' "'^^^ '■^^^ f-- «- light'and air to ch! 
 
 Trees should be planted the same depth as they stood in the nursery well held 
 ■n position, the soil sprinkled gently and worked among the roots, and SeT sttl d 
 fa-mly about them, 'except the surface soil which must be left loose No manu^ 
 oxcept ,t be very rotten should be placed in contact with the roots, but the Turfa e 
 and the tree but not touching the stem, should be covered with a good coat g 
 of half-decayed dung from tho stable, to the depth of several inches. ^ 
 
 The earth should be highest near the stem, this will give the moistu,-e from this 
 
 hi 
 
 
 •r- 
 
 ■ 'If 
 
 
 
 jH, 
 
 1 SI 1 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 .1 
 
 u 
 
10 
 
 manure a chance to Boak down to the roots, which it should be remembered, are not 
 near to the stem bat perhaps a foot or two away from it. 
 
 Watering the tree when planted is aot advisable but if a puddle of clay about 
 the thickness of cream were made and the roots dipped in it, and then shaken to 
 give the fibres a chance to spread again before planting, the elFect would bo good ; 
 some nurserymen adopt this method before shipping their trees, and they always 
 arrive in splendid condition. 
 
 Should the weather be very dry continuous watering will do no good, the mulch- 
 ing will be sufficient to keep the i oots moist, and occasional rain will have washed 
 enough of this moisture to nourish them through the season, it will also exclude the 
 hot sun so that the surface will not be baked and oecome hard. 
 
 In case of the land being very poo . , light, or gravelly, a couple of wheel-barrow 
 loads of thoroughly decayed raanurf* mixed with good garden soil, rotten sods or 
 road side paring -. should be put in the hole, and, if sandy, a large flat stone should 
 be placed under the roots which will cause them to spread instead of striking down 
 wards into the loose sand in which they would perish. During the spring the trees 
 should bo looked over occasionally n-^d if rooked about by the wind, should bo 
 trodden and settled firmly in their places. 
 
 CaBE and CoiiTIVATION. 
 
 Too many people seem to buppose that when trees aie once planted, they will take 
 care of themselves, this is a fatal mistake. In the first place they must bw kept clear 
 of weeds, and the land about them well tilled for some time. Some farmers object 
 to making an orchard because they think they cannot spare the land, whereas, a 
 Well-tended orchai-d will be the most profitable part of the farm. A careful plough- 
 man with an orchard or garden plough need not injure the trees, and the more the 
 land is manured and worked on the surface the better it will be for them. A crop 
 of roots can be taken off annually for the first seven or eight years, and afterwards 
 a fair crop of hay. Three feet round each tree (he soil should be kept loose and 
 clean and top dressed with manure. 
 
 Every 3 or 4 years a trench abodt two feet wide and two to three feet deep may 
 be dug, say four feet from the stem, the first year, and a little further away each 
 time the operation is performed. AH roots found in it should be cut away and the 
 trench filltd in with a good compost of rotten manure and fresh earth or sods cut 
 from an old pasture and chopped up fine, especially is this advisable whei-o the land 
 is poor because numerous young fibres will push into the fresh compost and acting 
 as feeders, will cause the production of more abundent crops of finer fruit. 
 
 Trees of the varieties thut> planted and cared for cannot fail in a few years to yield 
 s.ntisfactory and highly remunerative returns in ail oidinary seasons. It is true that 
 we have some difficulties as to climate to contend with but these may be overcome 
 in a great men sure by care ar?d attention well directed and faithfully carried into 
 effect. 
 
11 
 
 "WiNTEK Management. 
 
 Young trees that are in danger of being broken by the snow, should h^ve their 
 iops tied together by means of very soft rope or hay bands and where necessary 
 fastened to a stout stake, or what is still better stakes of sufficient length should bo 
 placed firmly in the ground triangularly, then fastened together at the top over the 
 young tree, this will make a fi-ame ori which a cap of straw or spruce branches may 
 be tied which will keep the snow from breaking the tree and will be an effectual, if 
 a little more expensive way of preserving it. It must be remembered that eternal 
 vigilance is the price of sucoess, and if we expect it in the culture of apples we must 
 not neglect details nor be afraid of a little trouble A bank of chips from a saw mill 
 yard placed round trees in the fall will have the effect of keeping the earth frozen 
 longer tban on the fiat surface in the spring, and thus the flow of sap being retai-ded, 
 the growth will not commence so early and the danger from injury bj the very cold 
 nights and warm days of early spring will be lessoned if not avoided. It is while 
 the tree is full of sap that cold is mosi destructive, therefore if we can retai-d its 
 flow until the danger of spring frost is over, we achieve our end— the preservation 
 of the tree from death by intense cold which is the worst enemy we have to contend 
 with here. Some recommend a board to be placed on the Bast and South side of a 
 tree to present the too sudden thawing or scorching the bark and with good effect. 
 
 Pruning. 
 
 To promote a due balance of growth, and to admit the air and light necessary to 
 the healthy development of a tree, and the producing of its fruit in abundance and 
 perfection, pruning is of the utmost importance and should be carefully attended to 
 every year with the object of producing largo, well proportioned, and prolific trees, 
 in as short a time as possible. While whole volumes may and have been written on 
 pruning, the rudimentary principles are simple and easily understood. It should bo 
 commenced with the growth of the tree ; first trimmed to the height desired for the 
 formation of the future head, then the shoots bo trimmed as to make the growth 
 well balanced and proportioned, this will usually have been done by the nurseryman 
 before the tree is sent to the purchasers. When planted the shoots should beshortenH 
 back proportionately with the roots and any superfluous ones removed, the nex. 
 year all suckers which grow from the roots or on the branches should be removed, 
 all branches which cross each other taken away, leaving such as will produce a well 
 shaped head. The trees should be ,i;one through every year, because if neglected 
 in this respect and the branches to be cut away allowed to grow too large, it will 
 bo more injurious to remove them. 
 
 In the building up oi- formation of a tree which is expected to be large, handsome, 
 and fruitful, we should ever boar in mind that overcrowding of the branches is the 
 gi-eatest evil, and that a thorough, determined and courageous use of the pruning 
 knife \a absolutely essential. All cuts should be made smoothly, and close to the 
 
 U-mi 
 
 ] . 
 
 'If- 
 
12 
 
 m 
 
 II 
 
 branch from which the shoot is severed, so as not to leave a spur which will rot and 
 communicate its decay to the body of the tree. 
 
 The proper time for pruning has been frequently discussed, and a good deal of 
 diiference of opinion expressed, but experience gained by prHotice proves that the 
 time when the sap is in the best condition to effect the healing process is the best time, 
 and this will be in the early summer ; the wounds in the bark made at this season 
 heal with surprising rapidity. If the pruning is done late in the fall or in the 
 winter, as some advise, there will be no healing of the out by natural causes, and the 
 cold will injure the wounded part. If trees are pruned too early in the spring the 
 sap will run out to the injury of their growth, it therefore seoms common sense that 
 when there are not these difficulties to contend with and the wound will heal the 
 quickest, (which scientific enquiry and practice prove is in the first part of the 
 summer), is the right and only time at which pruning should be done. (See'appendix 
 season for pruning.) The habit of growth must be taken into consideration, the most 
 vigorous growers require the most continuous and careful pruning, and the less strong 
 growing kinds require only that the shoots should be systematically thinned. 
 
 Study of the subject in the light of sound judgment and intelligence with practice 
 will render the art of pruning full of interest. A great deal may be accomplished 
 and time ^ aved by watching the growth of young trees and pinching olf shoots that 
 v^ouldgrow in the wrong place. 
 
 Insects and other Enemies. 
 
 In damp places or seasons, orchards are liable to become infested with moss or 
 other lichens which wo may call vegetable parasites, and the trees soon become 
 barren and sickly, unless some remedial means be adopted to destroy the pests ; this 
 may be effected by s'^raping the trees (not too deeply) ; and giving them a coating of 
 wash made with fresh lime, and soot or wood ashes, this will render the trees 
 unsightly for a time but will effectually destroy the moss, and will kill insects that 
 may be located in embryo in forks of the branches or cracks of the bark, and render 
 the trees distasteful to them for several years. Borers are troublesome insects, the 
 larvas of which are developed into little worm-like creatures which eat their way 
 into the wood. 
 
 There are a number of species of borers which attack different kinds of wood, 
 and some of them the hardest and dryest furniture. The apple borer does a good deal 
 of injury to orchards, and it requires care and watchfulness to prevent his ravages. 
 He bores his hole an inch or two below the surface of the earth, which should 
 therefore be scraped away from round the stem of the tree occasionally, and if any 
 borers are at work they will be discovered by the dust they leave, which is like that 
 produced by the use of a gimlet, the hole they make is small and must bo looked for 
 carefully, and when found, a piece of wire must be inserted to destroy the insect 
 before much damage is done. Coal ashes placed immediately round the stem help 
 to prevent the incursion of the inbects ; and some paint the stem with coal tar for 
 
 the sam 
 
 is the sa 
 
 The 
 
 ing near 
 
 apple ; i 
 
 vough pi 
 
 half a gi 
 
 Catorpill 
 
 all the le 
 
 oil, and ] 
 
 which th 
 
 apple for 
 
 adding 1 
 
 This 
 
 which atl 
 
 «kin in d( 
 
 means of 
 
 free from 
 
 not spray 
 
 The 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 or in 
 
 table spec 
 
 or 11 
 
 6 lbs. unsl 
 
 Topi 
 
 bottom, th 
 
 also dissol 
 
 settle and 
 
 use it freol 
 
 Canker wc 
 
 the noighh 
 
 Its habits i 
 
 deposit the 
 
 work of de 
 
 look as if £ 
 
 cession the 
 
 appear, the 
 
 trunk, say 
 
 coal oil, by 
 
13 
 
 S., 
 
 uZzr::;: '"* '"^ '^^^ ^ ^'^^^ '^^^-^-^ ^- ''-- -^ ^-^-^ the. pr^puy 
 
 The apple Aphis or plant louse is a member of a very numerous femily infest- 
 
 Zr; •• "'n f/T '"' *""• ^^^ -°«"^ ^P^- ^« the en m; of the 
 
 Zh'I T K '' '^'"""'*" "'«'*' ^' ^^ °« -"«« but is u> be found in 
 
 Oa eri^^, ri ?. ' ^' "'" '' ""'"' '^" P^'^^^*^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ destroy this. 
 
 an th! r K . . "'''' " *'' '"" '^''y '" *b« «"^°^-- -"d would soon ea 
 al the leaves but they are easily destroyed by means of a oloth saturated with coal 
 
 0.1, and placed at the end of a pole of sufficient length to reach them b. mans of 
 
 atoTef^rwK^H ^-°'^'r- "^'^ ^^'''" '^^^^ '' another insect peciirtothe 
 apple for which spraying the trees is recommended with coal oil emulsion made by 
 adding 1 quart of coal oil to 50 gallons of soap suds. ^ 
 
 Apple scab. 
 
 whio?'.?'r!rT^'""^ '^" ^'"'* unmarquetable is caused by a minute fungus 
 which attacks the fru.t as soon as it in formed, and spreads 'over the surface of the 
 
 mllf'7 i"^ '"''"• ^P^"^'"«' ''''' ^^^" ^b« ^'^'^'^^ -^ falling, by 
 
 means of a force pump, has proved to be a remedy. Trees sprayed on one side were 
 
 free from the disease and produced fair and clear fruit while on the side which was 
 
 not sprayed the fruit was scabby. 
 
 The following mixture were use of all which were effectual 
 
 4 oz. Carbonate of copper, 1 quart Ammonia water to 25 gallons of water • 
 
 iahl«T"'7n".^"r*',f'^''- C^^t.onate of copper, 1 quart Ammonia watei; one 
 table spoonfuU to 1 gallon of water, 
 
 . .K '''' ^ Ib.Hypophosphate of soda to 10 gallons of water, and what is yet cheaper 
 5 lbs. unslacked l.me, and 1 oz. flour sulphur to 10 gallons of water 
 
 To prepare the later take a barrel and make a hole in it 8 or 9 inches from the 
 bottom, then place in the lumps of lime and sulphur, the lime while slackeing will 
 also dissolve the sulphur, then add the water in the proportion indicated, allow it to 
 settle and draw off the liquid, by means of a spiggot or tap, which will be quite clear 
 use It freely, this IS an excellent receipt for the preventing of mildew in all cases 
 Canker worm, played sad havoc with trees in the United States some years ago • in 
 he neighbourhood of Boston, Mass.,-80me tine old orchards were entirely dest^ed 
 ts habits are curious : the female insects uscend the trees in the early sprint to 
 deposit their ogg, and as soon as those are hatched the young grubs commence their 
 work of destruction and eat or canker the leaves in a short time so that the trees 
 look as ,f fire had passed through them, and this being done several years in suc- 
 cession tne trees being deprived of their lungs, die. Should these dreadfull pests 
 api)ear, the trees may be protected by tacking pieces of tarred paper round the 
 trunk say two feet fVom thegi-ound and keeping this continually covered with crude 
 coal oil, by this moans the worms are prevented from ascending the ti-ees 
 
 ^11 I 
 
 ^i 
 
 lA 
 
•ip>'.««p««llMWi 
 
 14 
 
 ! i 
 
 Mce are other enemies wft' which the orohardist has to contend, and may prove 
 very desti-uotive during the wiutar by eating the bark either at the surface of the 
 ground or at the snow line doing the tree much injury and if they succeed in comple- 
 tely gii-dling the stem, killing it entirely ; to prevent this, tramp the snow firmly 
 round the stem of the tree, every time there is a fresh fall, or tie tarred paper round 
 the stem as high as the snow lies, which paper of course must be reipoved in the 
 spring. The above are some of the chief enemies, we have to contend with in the 
 culture of the apple and to neglect to be vigilant in their destruction is to endanger 
 not only the crop but the trees. 
 
 Codlin moth. Tent-caterpillar and othei insects can bo kept down by coal oil 
 emulsions described further on. 
 
 Fbnoinq and Protkotion from Injury by Cattlb, &o. 
 
 It too frequently occurs that farmers are not particular enough about the fences 
 round their gardens or orchards or the protection from outside accidents to young 
 trees, this is the height of folly, because cattle are sure to brousa round them and 
 break off and destroy -them, therefore fence securely ; surely this need not deter 
 farmers from planting trees where fencing materials are so easily procured 
 
 In very exposed situations, wind-brakes of spruce or some rapid growing ever- 
 green trees should be planted on the North, 'East and West sides of the orchard 
 to form a shelter. And three thorned acasia (Robinia triacanthos) hedges, would be 
 excellent for protection and defend against depredators, its formidable thorns ren- 
 dering such hedges almost impregnable. 
 
 Grafting. 
 
 The grafting of young trees is more especially the nurseryman's business, who 
 root graft very successfully millions in the winter when other work is scarce, the 
 stocks and scions having been previously prepared, some have grafted on pieces of 
 the roots only but trees grafted on whole roots are greatly to be preferred, It is 
 well that every one who grows trees should know the process, because he might have 
 some choice sorts he wanted to increase the numbtr of, or some useless ones he 
 might desire to regraft. 
 
 The Scions or grafts should be cut some time before they are required, but kept ^ 
 fresh by their ends being inserted in sand and kept in a cool place; the object of this 
 is to keep them in a dormant state and thus the season of grafting is prolonged. In 
 spring when the buds on the trees begin to swell, is the time to commence grafting, 
 and it may be continued until they are in leaf so long as the scions are not growing. 
 There are several methods of grafting. I will describe the most useful : " the cleft " 
 " the saddle " and " the whip or tongue. " Split or cleft grafting is performed by 
 cutting off the stock to be grafted, close to the ground then splitting it, and when 
 the scion or graft is cut wedge shape, inserting it in the split or cleft. Saddle graft- 
 ing is the exact opposite of this : in this method the stock is cut like a wedge and the 
 
 scion spli 
 
 grafting, 
 
 to oorresj 
 
 one is fitt 
 
 same size 
 
 or other c 
 
 the bark i 
 
 best, beoai 
 
 tive to tl 
 
 Grafting i 
 
 position it 
 
 matting oj 
 
 moisture. ! 
 
 article to e 
 
 portions : 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 This can b( 
 
 it must be ; 
 
 to prevent 
 
 Cover! 
 
 and should 
 
 all be lost. 
 
 The lai 
 
 Split g 
 
 amateur be< 
 
 proved wori 
 
 engrafted oi 
 
 propose to ^ 
 
 others to asi 
 
 this with a ] 
 
 this slit driv 
 
 side for the 
 
 leaving the 1 
 
 two grafts 1 
 
 grafts being 
 
 allowed to s 
 
 tying, then 
 
 prevent the ^ 
 
 should be rt 
 
 securely fust 
 
16 
 
 scum 8ph and placed on it like the saddle on a horse. In " whip tongue or splice " 
 giaftmg, the scion and stock are both cut xn a sloping manner Jnearly ^ 211 
 to correspond with each other, a tongue i. then made^in each a" the llrof th 
 one as fitted ,nto the slit of the other. The nearer the stock and the sctnTe of he 
 
 riro^s:^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ih. K 1 u T ° ^^'^^ '^'''^^ '"^ •'o^tac* with each other as it is in 
 
 the bark where the union is formed. In many respects the latter meJdis the 
 
 m. t "g or Baph,« ; then graftiug waz m„,t be applied so a« to ezoll .11 r^d 
 
 poring: ' ■^" °°° " "^' "■"'-"'" "Sethe.. to the foUowtog pro- 
 
 4 oz Lai*d. 
 
 4 '' Bees wax. 
 
 1 lb Eosin. 
 This can be run into cakes of convenient size and allowed to cool, but when aoDlied 
 :;rtruZ:tr:"^'^ '- .a.eUpHa„t;the h.d«™.ttX1 
 .nd ?rTi°f *?' ^'*^' "^''^ ""^^ '' "^^^ *^* ^«^«' important part of the operation 
 
 iiibet:; '^'^^'"^^ ^"^' ^^^^''^^ ^^*^«- -«'°^- ^«ft-itthe laC!::,! 
 
 The land where young trees are grafted must be kept entirely free from weeds 
 Spht grattuig ,s applied to trees of larger growth, and is more usefdlVhe 
 
 eZTftZVlT'r ^ ''' "'^ ^^"'"'''' ^^^^^ ^««^- ™'^«'^ «^^li«r when they are 
 engrafted ou the branches of old trees. The method is to cut off the branchlvou 
 pi-opose to graft in such places as you think will make the tree unrflm an^ lefve 
 others to assist in drawing the sap, cut the part sawn, smoothly, thenTake a j t L 
 his with a hatchet^ chisel, or grafting tool made for tie purpos^e'; into The mwi f 
 
 f • .^ /? ^' '°'''*'^- ^^''' *^"'' ^^' g^'^ft like a wedge on one side 
 
 grafts being fixed in their proper position, the wedge is taken out and the sides 
 allowed to spring together which will bo sufficient to hold them in Tee withou 
 tying, then cover with wax as before and tie a piece of cloth overCwIole to 
 pi-event the wax being melted by the hot sun. When the grafte have taken the wax 
 Bhould be removed and a stake tied firmly to t". imb^nd to il The new 3! 
 Bccurely fastened to prevent the possibility of its being broken off to S 
 
 I If? I 
 
 
!• 
 
 16 
 
 i I! 
 
 is very liable ; all suckera which come out of the branches below the graft should be 
 cut away and the branches which were left and not grafted removed. 
 
 Budding is not so much prdoticod for apples as for pears, plums and cherries. 
 This is performed only in summer when the bark will easily separate from the 
 wood ; it should be done as near to the ground as possible. In the first place with a 
 very shai-p knife, make a cut cross-wise of the stem which is destined to receive the 
 bud, but not all round it, and only just through the bark, then another cut downwards, 
 from about the centre of the transver^i cut (T) thus j now cut a single eye or bud 
 from the sort you desire to propagate, which eye will be found at the foot of the 
 leafstalk, the leaf may be cut off but its footstalk allowed to remain with the bark, 
 about an inch and a half long containing the bud ; what wood may i-emain in the 
 bark should be carefully cut with the point of the knife so as not to injure the 
 embiyo bud. The ivory handle of the budding knife must now be used to open the 
 bark of the stock where the cut is, and then the piece oi bark containing the bud 
 inserted in the opening thus made, between the baik and the wood. This being 
 accomplished the bud must be tied in with some soft material above and below the 
 new bud as far as the cut extends. In this case no wax will be required but the tie« 
 should be put on firmly and neatly. After a week or two, these must be examined to 
 see if the bandages are cutting into the bark and if so they must be loosened or taken 
 off entirely. If the buds have taken, they wil^ remain without any further attention 
 except keeping them free from weeds until the spring following, when the stock 
 must be cut off immediately above the bud, all suckers below removed, and as the 
 young tree grows, all side shoots must be rubbed off to increase its upward growth 
 and so on until it is high enough to form the head. 
 
 Thinning the Fruit. 
 
 It is not advisable to allow young trees to bear too much fruit the first new 
 years, and therefore part of it should be taken off; afterwaixls if the fruit is very 
 thick, and fine fruit is desired, it must be thinned out, the most promising specimens 
 being left to mature. 
 
 Gathering and Keeping the Fruit. 
 
 ' The early varieties must be handled very delicately, picked entirely by hand 
 and laid gently in baskets, if for market, the largest and fairest should be chosen, 
 and not removed out of the b£sket, they are deposited in until exposed for sale ' 
 their bloom and freshness renders them attractive to purchasers, and should therefore 
 be preserved with gi-eat care. 
 
 For home use they should be gathered with equal care and put in a cool place 
 in single layers, their season can thus be very much prolonged. The later varieties 
 should be allowed to remain on the trees until they have attained their full size and 
 color, then carefully hand picked and stored for future use ; all spotted, bruised 
 or ill shaped ones being taken out. Apples to keep well should be placed in a 
 
 temperai 
 arrange 
 can be n 
 quantity 
 an equal 
 
 iNon< 
 
 purpose, ; 
 
 barrels g 
 
 carelessly 
 
 bottom, n 
 
 barrel a b 
 
 important 
 
 condemne 
 
 choice fru 
 
 screw prcj 
 
 hoops put 
 
 which the 
 
 to this par 
 
 fruit it coi 
 
 It is a 
 
 fully are tli 
 
 in barrells. 
 
 Mr Shep] 
 
 tion of a bo 
 
 means he h 
 
 with the bli 
 
 tant moveno 
 
 good prices 
 
 mers as labl 
 
 Few p( 
 
 (•ommercial 
 
 by the suppi 
 
 any that cai 
 
 will always 
 
 not plentiful 
 
 Having 
 and commer 
 means and t] 
 
IT 
 
 qoantity to have a fruit room nZ , ' ^ ""^ "'' """"h" ^M • good 
 
 « ., Jdeg.ee of X^rreZ:^^^^™'^ ""°' °°"'^ '^ ve„tilatod,"a„d 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 b.n-e« great eautioL 3 btlt /Jr^ Irr '" ^""'"^ "■°°" '» *« 
 carelessly packed. A layer of frait of n^f "^u " """'y »P»il«xl by being 
 
 bottom, nose downwa.dr.L tie t k p't ^ .7, ""''' '° "'"-'^ *"' » *» 
 barrel a blow or gemly.h.kiagul,tt'hfl^it:"^rr°" "'"' ""•" «'™« "» 
 important matter, because a ^okage 1 wWohtJ f "« "''»lf°"°«««'», » ™T 
 condemned at once by the buyers wir7l^K . "^ ^ '*' '"■'■'™' '• 
 
 choice fi^it should be placed r hi 1T, . °' " '""' '""• '"'°*'"' '"y" "f 
 screw press used to prli °into ite b^I 1?" <'.7'-''»':l». *e head put on and a 
 hoo^ put on. The succe s ; M re onheslinmeltr" / '"""'^ °°"''' ""^ "■» 
 which the packing is done mucTf™ if K 1 ''''°''"'^'' *''''«'''■'« •"i'b 
 
 U> this particular. The br-;irouIdr h Tf 'T '"" "" ™"' "f '"'»"«°» 
 fruit it contains. " '"' """"^'^ ""* '"» »«»"> ""I quality of the 
 
 fuiiyte tio'irrraraurnrir''^ rr° ™'"™'^ "- -»"— ^■ 
 
 in barrelK '"°'°''' '"^"*"» "'"'''' ■' « almost impossible to ship 
 
 tlorofat^tfl'^ercntrtidr. r °™"" '"' ^'«-"^ "^ '--^op. 
 meanshchassuccood:" in sTdingtm^rrrTn 'T """ ^""^ "^ «^' 
 With the bloom on just as they wL pS 'fl™ thTtLe "t"' *"-' '" ^"«'""'' 
 tant movement because it will 8eonv« « mn. i .^ ^'^ "" "^ ™<'^- "nP'>r- 
 
 good prices. Their bcaut^iuTrircoZ '1:7::^::' f "n*"' 
 
 mere as (able ornament, no less than their dcliciousl^ut * "^^ "' ""^ 
 
 .-•omm:r:iaTSX'cVthi'oVTetn° "'t'"' '"'^ °' "-PP'» -oP or the 
 by .be supply, Ld as can^l';X are Zh'Z°-^°T " " "° "™»-''«'' 
 auythat can bo grown there and ma^v ^,1, u"" """'' "PP^ara^oo than 
 
 will always be a^demand and ^1^ in """^ '"'""■'°'' '" '""'"''• 'k"™ 
 
 »ot plentiful. «pec.ally m some seasons when the crop them is 
 
 Synopsis. 
 
 "Having shown that apples are the most stanU nf .wi f -. • 
 and commercial point of view I can ^^.S "'"*'" ''^'^^"«'«»"'*«^y. 
 
 ^^ and .0 opUunity to eizrerrrtZTi': ^j:^^ :: 
 
 ! Ill 
 
 i ^ (j 
 
 I I 
 
 iir 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 1.19 ' 
 
 .i 
 
 li^ 
 
 J J 
 
wmmmmimfmfimmmmmm 
 
 18 
 
 Kii 
 
 I feel quite certain that if the few simple and plain directions given herein were 
 faithfully adhered to, no failure need be feared. Th^se I will recapitulate briefly. 
 
 1. Be careful to select only such varieties as will be likely to suit your locality. 
 
 2. Plant trees of the proper age and quality. 
 
 3. Purchase only of reliable persons who know their business and have a 
 reputation at slake. 
 
 4. Be careful not to allow the roots to be exposed too long in the process 
 of removal. 
 
 5. Select a proper site as to aspect and quality of the land. 
 
 6. Have your land thoroughly drained, well prepared and holes dug suflSciently 
 large as to receive the roots without crowding. 
 
 7. Plant the trees with care and at such distances as that the light and air can 
 have free access to them. 
 
 8. Attend faithfully to all the details of their after culture. Keeping free from 
 weeds, manuring and destroying insects and other enemies. 
 
 9. Prune regularly at the right season with judgment and forethought. 
 
 10. Protect by strong well made fences. 
 
 11. Harvest and store your fruit with care and attention. 
 
 12. And you will eventually profit by, and enjoy an ample return for the 
 intelligence and labour you have brought to bear upon the raising of apples. 
 
 Sages all agree that the wealth or prosperity of a country is in the land, and it 
 is to the honor of our present administration that everything is being done to 
 encourage the agriculturist to a profitable prosecution of his all-important calling. It 
 is therefore his duty as it will be his advantage to study how to make the land as 
 productive as possible of all the good things, the AUwise dispenser of blessings has 
 
 bestowed to reward 
 which is the applb. 
 
 the skill and labour of the human race, not the least of 
 
 Feabs. 
 
 The pear is less hardy than the apple and cannot be grown successfully to any 
 extent in this section, there are only four varieties which give any return at all. 
 namely : — " Clapp's Favorite," Eastern Belle, Flemish Beauty and Indian Queen, of 
 these, Flemish Beauty is the most hardy, but as the;e is no profit in growing pears 
 here, I would not advise making the attempt. 
 
 Some new russian pears and cherries are now being tested in the hope they may 
 suit the climate. 
 
 Chebbieb. 
 
 Sandy or gravelly soil is the most suitable for the cherry, but it must be dry. It 
 is doubtful whether cherries can be planted with much certainty of success here, 
 notwithstanding the fact that L'Islet grows them with some measure thereof Inhere 
 are two classes divided thus " Hearts and Bigarraus," and Dukes and Morellos. The 
 Morellos are small in growth but are the most hardy. Of the Bigarreau class the 
 
 most ha 
 
 is a new 
 
 climate. 
 
 mond " ) 
 
 latitude. 
 
 test of a 
 
 being a f 
 
 The' 
 
 dantly ev 
 
 from suci 
 
 grow well 
 
 old orchai 
 
 variety se 
 
 class, and 
 
 east of Qu 
 
 tion of th< 
 
 Thisi 
 
 as the resu 
 
 This ( 
 
 neighbour! 
 
 plums, the 
 
 yielded a gi 
 
 knot " has 
 
 substrata ol 
 
 The gi 
 
 which they 
 
 which attach 
 
 most practic 
 
 some moasui 
 
 prevented h 
 
 cutting off ir 
 
 The " ci 
 
 kept quite fr 
 
 its first stage 
 
 should be spr 
 
 smart blow o 
 
 should be gat 
 
 will still be 
 
 Plums and cl 
 
 apples, as to I 
 
19 
 
 most hardy are the " Blarlr w«„u u t^ ========= 
 
 Is a new variety raised i?^^^ ^7^:^ '^ " -^ the Windsor ; the L.tter 
 climate. In the Duke and MoreTo'crass the ir^^^ ,'"' '"'" ''^^'^ *« ^^^^ «"'• 
 mond " and Montmorency large acid L flavnThM^^ *" '*'"' "■^' " ^^^'^^'^h- 
 latitude. There has also been I Then^ ilT.H V ' T"' '"'*^'« ''^'^ f^^" O"^' 
 test of a Minnesota Winter and therrj^^',^^^^^ f "" "'^'^'^ '^"^ «^-d the 
 being a f™it of fine flavor and alttu/rof the m' ■■ "^ '' '' '"^'^-'^^ ^ 
 
 The " Cerise de Prance " rthe olff k ^ "" '''*'^"' °^' '^^ ««'d. 
 dantlyeverywhereonthebanE of e St?, ^"^^^^ f^- -^ P-duces abun- 
 from suckers in the same ground fo"^^^^^^^^^^ ^"/, ^^/^^^ ^"' "'''''^^'' 
 grow well, produce young, aad are lessTabrfrl ^' ^^^ '" ""^ «°'^ *»»« t'^^ 
 
 old orchards where they have rhauld t , T '°' ^^'^"^ ^°«^ *^^° ^° *•>« 
 
 variety seems to be identical wL the fiat l^ ""T ''' "" ^^^'■*^«- ^his 
 class, and should be bettor disT latd ^ ' T"'' ! ^^"^^^ '' *^« ^-«"o 
 east of Quebec, but succeed tola aZ we,I ill ? ''' ^'«'^"""^' "'"'^^ ^^'- 
 tion of the Province. ^ "" """« P'^««« '" the more westerly por- 
 
 This information is from IWr n • 
 a. the result of his long Lxperieni ^^"''' ^^' S^^^^onsly supplied me with it 
 
 Plums. 
 
 This delicious and useful fruit used to k» 
 neighbourhood of Quebec. The Island of oI„ «'"7/«'-^ successfully in the 
 plums, the north bank of the S Wen^^^^^^^ 
 
 yielded a good revenue to the fLt b„ l^nrT f , '"' P'"" ""^'^^'-^^ -'^-'^ 
 knot " has swept them all awa7 P ir del t . °^ ^ ^ ''' ''''*«« •^«"«'* " black 
 substrate of lime-stone so muTthe betrer ^^ " ''"°^ ^'^^ ^°"' ^"^ ^^ ^'^^ a 
 
 ^^^^^:::^;ni:^,^^ ?..--« ^^^^ -o diseases to 
 
 Which attacks the branch'es and^f llJS fruTt t11 L'el" « " ''' '''"'- ^' 
 most practical and scientific authors on f i u '^^ ^''- ^"'''"y' ^ne of the 
 
 prevented by thorough oallivation of the land .15? ^ "f <>^pe™„oe that it can he 
 oaUing Off ta„«,iately, a„y hrancht :hr:h ^ra^X « "" '"" °"°'""^ ""^ 
 
 .ta tot stage of formation, that nlltn Ll'bl' ""'r^ ""'" "" ""« '' '» 
 .hould he spread under eaih tree ezle^L" If ^""l ''"° "■'"PI^'' "S. » «heet 
 smart Mow or two to shake It In ^f * ■«&■•"« its hranehes, the tree given a 
 
 .ho,„d he gathered T^VlTy^'' rZl^' I'^T: *°" '"'^ ^"™ A 
 
 .pp-.....,..sncoessjro:^^;::,rh:r::r 
 
 ii»N 
 
 ii 
 
 if ,1 
 
 :ti- i 
 
 If 
 
 h Ei 
 
20 
 
 the first few years, from 160 or 1*70 trees should be planted to the acre or abont 
 16 feet apart. 
 
 The Orleans red and white are the favourites where Black Knot has not 
 destroyed them, the Lombard and some other foreign varieties and even the 
 Greengage do well in some localities. Mooers Arctic is a hardy, robust, prolific and 
 desirable variety. 
 
 In view of the fact that plums are a most profitable crop, it is to be hoped that 
 their cultivation will not be abandoned because of failures. Since writing the above 
 I am informed that Mr. Dupuis of Village des Aulnais and the farmers in L' Islet 
 have discovered grubs or maggots in the Black Knots on plu&is and cherry trees and, 
 if the cause of the disease be found, the remedy is within our reach, and it appetirs 
 to me to consist in destroying the files or beetles which lay their eggs on the 
 braDohes by means of spraying in the spring as in apple scab, and, as Mr. Dupuis 
 suggests, by removing the knotty branches before the grub has escaped, curculio 
 has also been effectually destroyed by spraying. 
 
 M. Dupuis has also kindly favoured me wilh the following which I have the 
 pleasure to add to these remarks feeling that we h.»ve no better authority on the 
 successful culture of this important fruit. He says : 
 
 " The best plum orchards of the districts of Montmagny and Kamouraska are 
 " on sandy soils. They are most profitable, nearly every farmer has his plum 
 " orchard. In average years the net profit per acre is about $100. The Blue 
 " Damson Beine Claude (Yellow) and some of the larger foreign varieties have given 
 " a still larger return. The area of plum orchards has greatly increased in the 
 " above districts and the black knot is decreasing by cutting and burning the 
 " knot in July." 
 
 Eevd Mr. Paradis reported in 1818 : '■ Severe cold, the curculio, and the black 
 " knot are the ennemies of the plum. The winter frost we could not combat ; the 
 " black knot did not give us much ti-ouble, it attacked principally trees suffered to 
 " grow in grass on rank herbage. I am inclined to yield the prize to the Corse's 
 '' Nota Bene, regular in bearing, prolific, and of excellent quality. " Long scarlet " was 
 " the hai'diest but not so productive as Nota Bene and much inferior in flavoui". 
 " Corse's Admiral was also a magnificent plum, but not equal in fiavor to Nota Bene 
 
 " I also tried, the following : 
 
 " Bleckers gage, this and the Lombard were next to the Nota Bene in produc- 
 " tiveness. 
 
 " Goes Golden drop very handsome and valuable for its lateness. 
 
 " Green gage a slow growing sort, most delicious but only got fruit from bran- 
 '* ches which the snow had covered. 
 
 " Imperial gage, ranked amongst our best. 
 
 " Lombard, very profitable sort thrives best on their own vooi&. 
 
 " Beim Claude, a most delicious sort, 
 
 " Sharp's Emperor synonym Victoria, fruited well, very large and good. 
 
 Thisi 
 
 By sowin; 
 
 and better 
 
 best stock 
 
 are insert" 
 
 that plums 
 
 that no sp 
 
 cratoegus i 
 
 natural ore 
 
 thought it 
 
 lately that 
 
 These it 
 however be( 
 north as 40 
 valuable acq 
 
 In the 
 important ir 
 ripen their f 
 a beautiful oi 
 arbor it is us 
 
 Notwithf 
 the country t 
 ;tttention and 
 other cities of 
 
 They deli 
 six feet apart 
 
21 
 
 ■ Washington, ono of the best but did not bear heavily 
 ^^ I'ilowgage, one of the most profitable, a fine bearer." 
 
 mrly Orleans, one of the most delicious and the very best nfth. ^ 
 ;; Za^renees favourite, a.ong the best we tried, it bole^avir ' 
 
 Icfcworth Imperatrice, gave great satisfaction : very hardv anH .„i m . . 
 locally, got the best price in the market for this w efy a^^d^n llot '" *'' 
 
 orwhth fe;iLThi7t:r "^ "^ ^"-^^^ "^-^-^ - '^--- --« 
 
 Thb aED OH Wild Plum. 
 
 and better ^rietiesofarariyLoarMllh ^ J' u"' '™ «™"°' "<"'. 
 best stocks on „hich to Jlft Th. 1^ ? produeed; they would also be the 
 
 are inserted neTv he Lt^^ I altfo IZ I'"*'' "'^'"'"y " ""> S"*' 
 that plnms are hart «t iCftedonthr.tr 1 .'T "^'^ '"' "" f™"" 
 «at no species wi„ J^V^Zl:! ^Z:^^^ 'ZZtTT"^ 
 
 Pbaohes, Nectarines and Apricots. 
 
 north a. 40. of latitude and .ay tuTonfo^hfhaTh r» T' 0^77^'" 
 valuable acquisition. ^ ' " ^° *' ^<*"'d be a 
 
 Native American Grapes. 
 In the United States the cultivation of hardy ffranes ha« h«n 
 important industry. In upper Canada and even in thf vTo litv of ^7' f ?^ 
 ripen their fruit fairlv wflll hnf n.o, a u , " '"® ^'°'°"y o^ J*fontreal tiiey 
 
 a Lntifn, orn. J^n^Jits ghiyltttt^^^^^^ T "" ^^O' "^ 
 
 arbor it is useless to plant them. ' "' °'' *° '^"""■^ »' «° 
 
 Easpberries. 
 .-.ttention aLTor;,!: tho harJ^ini'';^"'?/"™"" "" -" "<""> 
 
 other Cities ofth. p;„,i.e hat: ^dr. r;:«::r'"°" °''' <'"»'°" -'' 
 
 They delight in large mellow soil, well cultivated and manared P1.„, • 
 ... feet apart and fourfeet in row, out away all but four orflm !".!'. °4°" 
 
 - ■.•«vu plant. 
 
 i'l 
 
 1 ^11 
 
 M '1 . ;■ 
 
 ' S ?' '■ 1 
 
 S J,.; 1^ 
 
 III 
 
 f 
 
22 
 
 Im mediately after the fruit is gathered, all the old canea must be removed so as to 
 throw the vigour of growth, in the after part of the summer, into the new onnes 
 which are to bear next year, clear away all weeds and top dress with half rotten 
 manure; before winter sots in but not until after the wood is well ripened, bend the 
 canes down in the rows so that they will meet, and fasten together, then cover them 
 with earth which will effectually protect them for the winter, great care is required 
 in bending them so that the canes are not broken short off. 
 
 The most hardy, best flavoured, and prolific varieties are the following : 
 
 Cuthbert or Queen of the Market, red, of excellent quality and considered by 
 Downing and Barry (the two leading authorities on American fruit) the best. 
 
 Brickie's Orange is a most delicioualy flavored dark yellow fVuit, but is now 
 superseded by Golden Queen, which for hardiness, vigour of growth, size, richnoss of 
 colour (creamy yellow) and, above all, for flavor has no equal. 
 
 Gregg is a " black cap " variety and the best of its class, the fruit of these are 
 black and very fine in flavor and appearance, it is very hardy, having stood a cold of 
 22° below zero unprotected ; there are a number of other varieties but these are 
 selected as being the most worthy of care and culture. 
 
 Strawberribs. 
 
 These are the Queens of small fruits and are the greatest favourites with all 
 classes. The commercial importance of the strawberry crop is greater than many 
 people think. In some places they are grown by hundreds of acres, and throughout 
 the world their culture gives employment to thousands. They grow to perfection 
 in all moderate climates, and are more at home in the frigid than in the torrid zone. 
 They prefer rich heavy land, but will grow in almost any soil that is well enriched 
 and cultivated. 
 
 The land on which strawberries are to be planted should be in the best possible 
 condition to yield any kind of a crop, perfectly and entirely free from weeds, espe- 
 cially couch grass, which it is almost impossible to eradicate after the plants are 
 grown. May or August are the best months to phint ; the rows should be not loss 
 than two feet apart, and the plants one foot apart in the rows ; none but young 
 runners of last season should bo used, because older plants will be almost sure to 
 fail. Plants which have boon rooted in pots are the most likely to do well. The 
 plants should bo dipped in a puddle of clay or mud about the thickness of ere - i. 
 and planted before this has had time to dry ; thry should b(\ planted with a trowol, 
 as accurately as possible as to straight lines and distance, and firmly settled 
 their places by pressure. The surface of the soil about them should be hoed fre- 
 quently so that not a weed will grow ; the keeping of strawberry beds free from 
 these is the most important part of strawberry culture, and if for want of the most 
 vigilant attention they are evoi- allowed to get vhe upper hand, the bed is ruined 
 forever, and nothing can be don':-; L i o make a new one. In the fall a slight pro- 
 tection of light manure or leavs-;:- v.. fc '^- placed on the bed, not too thick or else 
 
 the rem 
 
 them, « 
 
 would b 
 
 be remo 
 
 for tram 
 
 short gr 
 
 placed a 
 
 them by 
 
 will bo h 
 
 the time 
 
 flavourec 
 
 the weat 
 
 Afte 
 
 the rows 
 
 by haviij 
 
 orcp of tl 
 
 Inal 
 
 be plante( 
 
 fection of 
 
 no doubt i 
 
 the purpoi 
 
 Some 
 
 the flower 
 
 planted to^ 
 
 Thev 
 
 Sharpless,- 
 
 passed for 
 
 profitable 
 
 be practise! 
 
 The di: 
 especially t 
 disease : — 
 
 m 
 
 Sn 
 
 Inc 
 
 Industr 
 
 proof variet; 
 
 Goose be 
 
 some good n 
 
would be bo..,,. „i.b„„.T„; ': ri ° 7, r, '"""'m "" "■•■" ■"' "'■"'<"■ "••y 
 
 bo r,„.„vod, Iho wood. mHmykZiot^MZ "^ ° """'"'"« "■" """" 
 
 .bort gnm („„. bay for ,,,„( ,, , „ „,„7Lti ' * ° """"' " 
 
 placed abont the pU„„ ^ „ " ' f„ f!!,'/ .*" 8'™ » """P »f '«!-) ".«. be 
 
 them by heavy ™L. A jrwlL/wlr^H"' '''""'" *'"''^"""'^^ 
 
 will bo highly be„o«ci.l ^an^hlrlVTt ™''""™"''lletho frmt i, ^ttml 
 
 the .ime f. need, „„„Hrrae'r and , T '°'""^ ' "■'» "'" ''»«' ">» fruit a! 
 
 .be weather ^ «n.,™ard°y™ i ado!^ l",T*'l °° I" •'°™''''' " ""' '""'O". if 
 Afte,- tl,„ r,...-. • V^, """P**" with admirable effect 
 
 .horl?j;j ; :r.t~irbTh'"'''v\^'*»°'-*=«--""wee^ 
 
 by ha,i ,t- .heir roo Jr„torfere7w1b aL ' ''T"° '"™''k<»"'" «ro injured 
 
 otvp of .ho flues, ftuit, ■ "'' '•"'""■'' '" ^ «™l7 »'«bl.hed U, give a 
 
 feciou of .hoir birl°s.l si TT " """'' "'""""' """» «' "" P'r- 
 no doub. i. e.u boTre'^cX if t'.l""? '° "» ■"°""' <" *"8"'. "" 
 the purpose and are well rooLd ble .t 2Z ^°"°* '"""™ "" """'^ '"' 
 
 .he flt^l^dtlTZ,-'^!":'' °"''' '""' "'""'^ ""'■"« *« <•-"»<"««- in 
 ,.l.n.ed to^etberrnVrrwm'bepZre? ""' '"' '''" °"-""' ■ '"^ --' "" 
 
 ^^^^'Sy't'nt cfu ::i„r :""'"° '- "" '^'-^'^ '- <*-■»" ^» '^" 
 bop™c.ued,b«„.„ithou.tiirer.:::rrd:x::e:ru 
 
 GrOOSEBFBBIBS. 
 
 espelVire"E:i.::HXl^Th'l;: •" *'" ^^^^^^^ -^ Hab.eto.iMew, 
 disease :-- ^ ''' ^^' ^''""^'"^ ««>•*« '^'"o, however, free from this 
 
 Towning, greenish white ; 
 Houghton's Seedling, pale red ; 
 Smith's Iniproved, green ; 
 Industry, large, dark ro.i, hairy 
 
 P J™":^' " """"^ """ " '»'^ "'8"^ -'-eO « « iarge and fine .ildew 
 
 »4^t:reXt/u".:rTh;cMfi'er'' ::'• •":: *°""' -»'«'>«.' ^la, 
 
 y wintei, which ,f left on the surface until after the crop U 
 
 ill 
 
 r 
 
mm 
 
 24 
 
 secured, will have the effect, not only of fertilizing but keeping the earth moist and 
 cool. The bushes should be planted about five feet apart in lines all ways and thinned 
 out by pruning every spring or in the month of August. To prevent them being 
 injured by snow they should be tied together on the approach of winter. 
 
 For domestic use they are very serviceable and are greatly in demand in our 
 
 markets at a good price. 
 
 CUBBANTS 
 
 Will grow in any common soil, but produce finer fruit the more it is enriched 
 by manure and kept loose and cleun ; the remarks applied to grooseberries will also 
 apply to currants. 
 
 The most useful sorts are : 
 
 Black Naples. Black Champion very large and prolific. 
 La Vareaiilaise, large red, sweet. 
 
 Bed Dutch, a good old sort. " Pays prolific," the finest red veryprolifie in 
 large clusters of fruit. 
 
 White Grape, white, very sweet. 
 
 Blackbbbbies. 
 
 These require about the same culture as t^e raspberries, but the plants should 
 be placed further apart say 1 to 8 feet, the old wood will have to be removed as in 
 the raspberry, but the young wood should be topped when about 5 feet high to make 
 it form late-al shoots upon which the fruit will be borne. 
 The best and most hardy kinds are : 
 Bangor, a native of Maine ; 
 Kittatinny, very large; 
 Lawton, " 
 
 The fruit of the blackberry is very delicious, ami possess medicinal qualities 
 highly prized in some urinary diseases. 
 
 The Dwarf Juneberry 
 
 A new fruit lately introduced from Alaska is described as being very useful and 
 desirable. As it comes from so cold a country, it is no doubt quite hardy. The 
 Japanese wine berry is anothei- fine fruit, recently introduced from Japan. It belon^rs 
 to the raspberry family but is said to be more hardy. The fruit is borne in large 
 clusters commencing to ripen in July and continues to bear throughout the summer. 
 The flavour is sprightly a little acid and of a sweetness peculiar to itself. The plant 
 is said to be free from all insect ravages. If that is so, this quality alone would add 
 to its value. A tree currant •' The Grandall " is also advertised. The tree grows 
 seven or eight feet high, the fruit is black but does not possess the flavor of the 
 black currant and is very largo. I mention these to set my readers enquiring as to 
 novelties which are continually appearing— and to induce them to take an interest 
 
 in the i 
 extent,, 
 then no 
 well ke( 
 
 An 
 preseiTe 
 ground i 
 the part 
 blished a 
 demand 
 
 Mya 
 
 Whe 
 
 Province 
 
 mercial s 
 
 being ove 
 
 world. I] 
 
 would noi 
 
 export, 20 
 
 annual co 
 
 address th; 
 
 "Theimp( 
 
 " the quali 
 
 " Canadian 
 
 " imported 
 
 This i 
 
 grow fruit. 
 
 ^o proudly 
 
 doterminat 
 
 bility of it 
 
 turies at go 
 
 to pay for ii 
 
 at remuner 
 
 in beauty, c 
 
 after most c 
 
 It has I 
 
 much injuri 
 

 26 
 
 in the matter and while I wnnin /.« *• ^^l ' 
 
 then notice beoaose .iey may th„, l<«l"t " „ °' ™" "••""Moated/iuit esMp, 
 we.: .eep np . ..J, J, ^ tCre?^;:[lroTr enCr 
 
 Bhdbabb. n 
 
 An excellent plant which takes the place of fmit .«oi, 
 prese™, and wine, and is much more uC than f ? ""''' excellent pies, 
 
 ground well mixed with rich manuT andl / '"^' '* "^"^^ ^« P^*"<^ <>« 
 the part eaten, manured liberally e^Vvta.n'^TK"'; ,f '^''^' '''' «*^'^' ^'^^^'^ " 
 bli8hedayearortwo,theywillLe aLr J , ^""' ^^«" the roots are este- 
 demand for it in all tie ma7kels^ '^""''^* '''*'^'"'^' ^^^''^ >« «« increasing 
 
 Myatt's Linneaus is superior in quality to all known variotiec. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 mercial speculation eertainl; tlL^t^^^^^^^ ^' -* - a com- 
 
 being over stocked seeing that Canadian fmitht u- T °^''" °^ *^« '"^^'^ets 
 world. If the supply infrea.es he dlJd w lU J ' " '^'''^*^"^" '"^ *^^ ^'^ 
 would not have believed that so lar^a qalt tv of "'7'" '''''''' '^'^ P««P^« 
 export, 200,000 barrels, from the Anapol s va 1 y ll P o'f 71 . "^ '""'"'^ ''' 
 annual convention of the Ensilage Association Tn f , ^'^''^^t^"" ** tbe first 
 address that Mr. John Dyke the Canad an r? "*'"' ^"""^^ ^^^t^^i i« his 
 
 "The imports this season^lVl, har^^i^eZ^^^^ ^T '' ^^^^''P^^'' --*« •• 
 " the quality has been excellent and there is ZZo^r'^'r' '^'^^^ '''''''" ^-' 
 " Canadian fruit of this quality !nd lonH P'^f.'f ^ '^^ 'i'^'t to the demand for 
 " imported into England." "^ '''^'*''"' ^^^°^ ^^^^^^^ «"Perior to any other 
 
 This ie glorious news for our orchardiRtw nn^ .u i^ 
 grow fruit. We have only to keen un th« 1 ^ ^ ^ encourage every one to 
 
 - proudly attained, by th mo cLof^l . , "'?«^"-'«« *« which we have 
 dotermination to ship none but A 1 Lti 7 W ^^ ^^^'^^t'-- The most rigid 
 bility of its arriving i., poc^'condit.o and '" T'\^''^'' - ^^ defy the pofsi- 
 turies at good prices^ JohTsul w l^r^^^ ™;f «* ^ — d for cen- 
 to pay for it. Even in years of.n-Jl T . ^^^ '^''"''^ ^^^''^^ ^'^d is willin.. 
 
 - remunerative pn" e'sT^o^r; ^ raut L^lr 'T^ ^^^--^^-le 
 -n beauty, color, flavour and keeping quail esIdV, ^'t "^ T"^ ^'^^ ^"^^^^'^ 
 after most Of the European grown^r^itTcoru^ "'^'"■' '"^"^« '^ ^^-^ 
 
 it has been suggested that even if fruit ^olk ,.hn"„ 
 
 V-i 
 
 •I' . 
 
 ]§ '1 
 
 f 
 
 ■■ 11 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
imummtm 
 
 2e 
 
 use, find it so wholesome and desirable that il well become a necessity in his house- 
 hold econoi|jy, and he will be content to pay a more renumerative price in succeed- 
 ing years. Thus a cheap year will be a good means of advertising and popularising 
 the consumption of fruit to the advantage of the orchardist and no less to the con- 
 sumer who will find it taking the place of the sweet-meats, rich pies, and cakes which 
 are so injurious, while it, if properly used, is so wholesome. 
 
 So much for the commercial aspect of the subject in its relation to the producers 
 and consumers who dwell in cities, and now as to those who enjoy the opportunity 
 to cultivate their own for family use. The man who has these opportunities and 
 neglects them looses the means which Providence has placed at his disposal to econo- 
 mise his resources and add to the comfort of his fiuuily, and is consequently repre- 
 hensible in a great degree. By making a proper selection he may have apples 
 almost the year round, he can have plums, cherries and the small fruits fresh and 
 delicious in their various seasons and pi-eserved for winter use. A great many farmer 
 say : Oh I cannot be bothered with fruit, I can buy it cheaper than I can grow it 
 &c.— All this is sheer nonesense and too frequently means laziness or want of atten- 
 tion to details in the management of his household affairs. 
 
 .A little study of the subject and a little extra painstaking would soon convince 
 any sensible man that the culture of fruit on a larger or smaller scale would be no 
 small factor in his successful career and would, conduce to his comfori welfare, and 
 happiness as a means of recreation as well as profit, and he and his family would 
 enjoy the fruits of their labor and skill far more than if it was purchased on the 
 market. 
 
 A method by which these highly desirable results might he brought abouU 
 would be the establishment of Horticultural Societies in every county, or district of 
 the Province. It is by means of such societies that fruit culture has been brought 
 to its present standing. By means of their Exhibitions the public learns to take an 
 interest in the science and it is made popular to those not engaged in it (a most desi- 
 rable object to be gained). But an Agricultural or Horticultural Society, fails of its 
 • main object if it depends upon its annual Exhibition alone and does not hold frequent 
 meetings of its members for discussions, interchange of ideas, communication as to 
 various operations and the result of experiments, and the exhibition of specimens, 
 for comment and approval amongst its members in their season. 
 
 One of the best managed Horticultural societies in the worid is the Massachv- 
 sots and they hold such a meeting every Saturday in the spring, summer and 
 autumn, read papers prepared by savants in the profession, discues current topics of 
 interest and award certificates to novelties or specimens of superior merit, all of 
 which are placed on record and form reports of the most valuable nature either for 
 present instruction or future reference. A society in each county is not enough ; there 
 should be one in every parish. In England and some other countries such is the 
 case, and horticultiire is made the part of the education of the young by the distri- 
 bution of plants amoungst the school children in the spring and awarding prizes to 
 
2r 
 
 obser^ed a.on,. the ^^^^^ut^'JlTofZ^^^^ - ^e 
 
 of the more important associations, the mtevZTaU^.^Tv"'^'"""'''^'''^''^' 
 farmer laborer or artisan with his familv wnn. . ^'"^^ ^''^^ *"^ ^^e lowly 
 
 of fruits and flowers, to know hetr nil v. """ '"' ^^^^^^^^ *^« ^^^^t"- 
 
 which they thrive and many otl'rtieX'wr^^^^^^^^ Peculiarities, the soil in 
 
 sure to the thoughtful, and profit to reT t"^^^ be « constant source of plea- 
 acquired wUl prfvent'him C betg e^^^^^^ 
 otherwise impose upon him by sdlinTtiriL .? ^^ *^' P'^'^'^ ^^« ^«"Jd 
 
 To encourage all which ^1?^'^.?^''' '"''^^^'^^^ *« ^'^ '««^%- 
 tical economy, and it is ptcd hr'lf "°^^'"\--' ^ theperfection':,f poU- 
 
 than by subsidising societr^hich are oln'Vr I'" '^ '^"'^ -r. effectually 
 The true patriot will see this and Z . T " ^'' ^"^^^^^^tion and assistance 
 
 funds expended so as to bo^ aid hLt kT" 7 T '"' "'"^"^*^ '' ^^^ ^^e public 
 thereby exciting him to e a good citirof'^ '"' ^^^^^ 
 is cast. ^ '"*'^" •'^ *^« commonwealth in which his lot 
 
 >^jyi iTor ™:r ir;cir r" '° '''^"' =**■ "■« '-p^ed 
 
 cultural and Pomologieal SocictiotXrK T "' *" ""' Agrioultural, Horti- 
 
 m fact w« may ventL ^^h\^::,^ITT-"" """^ ™' "'W^ -»"»! 
 ridie, which have hoen gmnZ ZTa^t^T" 'T'^""''-^" ""y "'^'^ '"b^ 
 without which „„ fiai,4» and ^Xt wL d" W hel Z^J^^'^" 
 
 It 18 gratifying to remark- the. „r,fi • ""'' '^^^bttle use. 
 
 sioner Mr'Loui^B?aubi:X'a: -^^7^^^^^^ <^o-i«- 
 
 agricultural department in their e.ideavo,nt"fn .' ^^''l' ^"^ *h« whole staff of the 
 
 farmer and orchardists. Let us st 02^.1 Tl ""'"' ^"'^^*^^^« ^"^^^^^^ «- 
 
 Hooms to have turned and is sottW n our f '^"^^^^^'^'^ ^^ ^uit. The tide however 
 interest and pay more attent^ to a rtterThlchr-r,,"'^^^'"''^ ^^^^" ^op- 
 position in life be what it will and thus!!, )\ ''^ ^'"^ '""'"''"'^ "^' '«* ^^^ 
 n^ost bonoficient results in t Ig^^^^^^^^^ 
 the glory, of the world. ^ ^''''* Dommion, last growing to be 
 
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29 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Season fok Tree Pbcning. 
 
 The theories with ree&rri tn +w 
 
 studied and oxpl.i„«i b/abU ISioZT",' ",1'' °/ ""«'■'<»■""" have be» 
 
 to insure .h. We ie.l4 coldTtroflZ ^ >«t method, toperfo^it 
 
 pr«ni„;'r„rb: dtr™" - "^ '-""» '» -' ---ed .o .be ,eaao„ at wbi„b 
 
 done .he ebeapl .„d .he mo,trnvenieol ^°" " ""° ""' " """ '"'" " «•» >» 
 
 a.:r,oTt:trhi"t;e^:t;r:Tbr '"^ ""-o^ »'■»-'"« — »«'. 
 
 is ad.i..ed tha. Ce ';™ ; IrL^rr^"'"* '- °-°"'»'- P"^'-"- " 
 dangerone, and have a tendenev „ tad '» f T' '"'''"° *"" »^™» *°»'« "■« 
 
 win.e.. .. .he day. are .<x. ITa d ^Z t ^ "° 'l"^ ""'' ""■°''' " 1° *» 
 too free a Bow of sap." ^ "'' '" "» V^S there is danger of 
 
 wuht°j:;*::,';:r„zn:?.r'-^ *'°"°'' ''^^ "'''-™ "«' '■"«'^- 
 
 they will no. bo .„ffl„ie„.,y de" oped to T^'!?" '" '" ' ''"''"' "">"''''"' "»»»- 
 is performed at .be proper timl ""^S"" ''^'«"' '<•*« "Juration 
 
 offh::x:r;rh':;:ta:::f:r^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 and damages .hu, eaused w*„ldT.b; It' 1. "^ ^.':! "" ™"" "' «•"'«»»«, 
 from ite being imma.erial a» when tre Zr'K "* ' '" °"'''-" °-"=»- ^° '"^ 
 
 "Xr3r.::,fsbt£^^^^^ ^::^- " '^ "' '^^ 
 *'X::br:s;:rf''''"^-" 
 
 tha. he 4rirL^"r.;:~42:: ^^J"-- .he pa^l. i. p„par^ ^ 
 n. ee^ry .o a speedy and eo Jp,e..e Z^^^^ZZJ Po»sib.e-W.ali.y being 
 
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80 
 
 to produce the new tissue required to cover and heal the cut which may have been 
 made. It is a well established fact that sap has a double action mounting from the 
 roots through every ramification of the tree, to the leaves, in a thin liquid, where it 
 18 elaborated, and these having absorbed and decomposed the carbonic acid, the sap 
 descends again in a changed condition and is deposited year after year in the 
 succesBivo concentric layers which form the bulk of the tree. 
 
 If that be so the sap cannot be said to descend to *he roots, but to have been 
 used up in Its progress thereto, to fabricate the body ot the tree. Now while this 
 process IS in progress it is easy to understand that important amputations are the 
 least likely to cause decay, because the material required to heal them will be 
 produced at once. 
 
 The practical results obtained by actual experiments fully maintain the 
 correctness of this theory. 
 
 A number of fruit and ornamental trees pruned in the first week in July, 1889 
 were partly healed of their wounds in ten days, and by the middle of August cut^ 
 two to three inches in diameter were completely covered with new bark Now if 
 these trees had been pruned in the autumn, after the elaborated sap had performed 
 Its annual functions the wound could not have been healed and would have been 
 affected by cold, and decay, instead of growth, would have had the first chance-the 
 trees being dormant would have no latent force to repel this decay, which always 
 commences immediately after all severing o^ parts when unduly exposed to cold 
 whether in plants or animals. 
 
 If the pruning were done at the proper time, any application (even coal tar 
 which 18 no doubt the least injurious to vegetation) to prevent decay, would be 
 avoided, as m the course of the natural development of the tree, the protective 
 covering of the wound would be formed, and all applications are more likely 
 to impede than to accelerate the new formation of bark. 
 
 In studying the mechanism of a tree the above facts as to the use it makes of the 
 aliments with which nature has provided it wherewith to perpetuate its growth are 
 easily observable, and are infallible guides as to th&tseason of its annual development 
 when any artificial changes in its formation or character may be effected surely and 
 safely, a matter of even greater importance than the manner of producing such change. 
 
 GBOKGE MOORE. 
 
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