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At tho solic Nova Scotia, where there ai name of our IV Instructor,'''' tc TOR"— devot Education.' vocate improv Lower Provin aspect — moral not assume it principle is int for its general And beiievii elementary or to the best ot ( irom the publi that the day established in ( one University Island — where taught ; and rv equal to that oi Agricultur our space ; bel ricultural inter w^ ^i» liM^ dl^li^lK FOR NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. EDITED BY - - - - ALEXANDER MTJNRO, Bay Verte, New-Brunswick. All Communications to be addressed to the Editor, post paid. TERMS.— 3s. Od. per annunio Single copies 4d. To Clnbi, see Cover. Vol. 3. .1ANUARY, 1860. No. I. '*THE INSTRUCTOR." At the solicitation of some of our friends and patrons, especially in Nova Scotia, where the number of our subscribers are increasing, and where there are no Parish School organizations, wo have changed the name of our Magazine, from the *^Parish School Advocate and Family Instructor,'''' to the more comprehensive cognomen— "THE INSTRUC- TOR" — devoted to Education, Agriculture, and General Intelligence. Education. — Under this department we intend, as heretofore, to ad- vocate improvement in the educational laws and systems inhering in the Lower Provinces ; and the advancement of education in its three«fold aspect — moral, intellectual, and physical. Believing that education will not assume its proper position in the social scale, until the assessment principle is introduced ; we, therefore, shall continue to be the advocate for its general adoption. And believing, also, that separate institutions of Education, whether elementary or collegiate, ore detrimental to its best interests, we shall, to the best ot our humble ability, plead for the abolition of all grants from the public funds of the country to such institutions ; and hope that the day is not tar distant when a thorough university will be established in each of the Lower Provinces, or what would be far better, one University for Nova Scotia, Nev/ Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island — where every department of knowledge could be cultivated and taught ; and '.vhere the youth of our country could obtain an education equal to that of any other country in the world. Agriculture. — To this subject also we intend to devote a portion of our space ; believing, that second only to our educational stands our ag- ricultural interests. Wo shall attempt to point out the fallacies of our *■-' m%mifl-i->;-%Ai> fcia*. .-■• |»*»' >■ THE INSTRUCTOR. present systems of tilling ti:e soil, the best moans of improvement nnd the best sections of the provinces for agriculturul operations. ' TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS AND PATRONS. We take this opportunity of thanking our Patrons for past favors, an^ hope to merit a continuation of support. In addition to matters of an educational and agricultural nature we intend to devote a portion of our space to MisceUanous Jntelli'yence and otherwise render The Instructor a useful family periodicaL ' ' It will be observed that we have added several pages of reading mat- ter to this volume, without increasing the price ; making The Instruc TOR the cheapest, and we hope the most instructive periodical published m the lower provinces. TERMS. The Instrttctor will be issued on the first of every monlh, and con- tains nearly twenty pages of closely printed reading matter per month • and only costs the small sum of three shillings and nine pence per annum- and to clubs of five, fifteen shillings; and toclubs often, thirtyshil.' LINOS, with one additional copy to the geiter up of the club. AGENTS. W« publish the names of a namberof gentlemen, who have consented to act as Agents for The Instructor; and who will forward to us at Bay Verte, and at our exponas, any monies that may be paid to ihem the receipt of which will be acknowledged. ' TO CLUBS. Those who are getting up clubs will please forward the names of Sub- scribers, and monies, at as early a date as possibre— when conies will be dispatched without delay. , ■ I Through circumstances, over which we had no control, the issue of 1 he Parish bchool Advocate" was not continued throughout the latter part of the past year. But we have made arrangements to have The Instructor regularly issued m future at the beginning of each Month. We send the numbers to ormer subscribers; and are enabled, through a personal agency, to add^veral hundreds of new subscribers to our former list. ' ^-W A3 TO TBRMs.~-See Second Page of Cover. THE INSTRUCTEU. Anoientj Literature, and Elementary Instruction. No. 1. we .-;■! We purpose reviewing the state ef Ancient, Literature, and Elementary In- struction, from the beginning of the antideluvian period ; and to the intellec- tual enquirer, whose object it is co mark the operations of mind and the progresK of knowledge — this subject is one of deep interest. From the many blanks presented by the pages of early history, we shall be necessarily brief ; in truth, many of the periods into which history has dividea the world, presents little more than a banon and dreary waste, BO far as the extension of elementary knowledge among the mass of mankind WOB concerned. The Scriptures, the only authentic history of the antideluvian period is si- lent rcspectiing literature and scholastic attainments ; and from all the testimony we can gather, it is not probable that there was any written language during this period of the world. But this age is none the less characteristic of great events. It was at the beginning of this ever-memorable era that God oonvcried with our first parents, probably in the Hebrew tongue,— hence the introduc- tion of language ; it Avas at this period , that Adam gave names t j the animal creation ; and it was by the channel of an oral language also, that the ser- pent infused the first taint of sin in the bosom of man. No sooner did God breathe the breath of life into man, the noblest of all his wondrous works, than by the same supernatural agency the power of utterance was given to the first of our race — the power to hold converse with his fellow man and with his God. During this period, man's great Ion • gevity, and in all probabilty strong and vivid intellectual a,bility, was favorable to such a state of social and intellectual existence ; having no written language, all transactions and commands coald be minutely handed down and acted upon to the time of the Deluge, which occur- red in the 1656th year of the world. Speaking of the knowledge of the anti- deluvians, Gaugc-t says that "all deeds at that time wore verbal, and were au- thenticated and ascertained by being made in presence of all the people." The nest period under our proposed arrangement is from the Deluge down to the birth of Christ ; and hero agaux the sources of knowledge are still meagre, and we think, do not afl'ord all the evidence connected with the march of intellectual improvement of that age. But, as in the previous age, this period is charaoterialic of great events ; it was during the early part of this period that Moses was cammanded *,o ascend the mount, and there to receive the law; "the tables, we are told, were the work of God, and the writing was the vrriting of God, graven ur^onthe tables ;" it was soon after this period that Moses was commanded to write the laws in a book — to write a copy of the law for future kings— to record the laws that they might be read, etc. "Wo have no doubt but that it was during the typical forty days — the time spent on the Mount, that Moses was taught the use, probably the perfect use of alphabetical writing, and that too, by the Creator of the Universe. Thus it would appear that oral and written language were miraculously in- troduced, — the former in the garden and the latter on the mount ; the introduc- tion of the former accompanied the fall of man ; tlie latter was introduced, ac- companied by lightnings, thunderings, flame and smoke ; both were introduced under the most momentous circumstan- ces ever recorded. Leaving this part of our subject to be treated upon by those better acquainted with philogical science than we profess to be, — we pass on to trace the progress of Alphabetical writing through the mists, in which all things ancient are so deeply enveloped. That alphabetical writing was thus early introduced is beyond dispute, but as to what portion of the human family became the recipients of this, in the first place, hoaven-born gift, it is impossible to say. Tlie only educational Institu- tions Tiientioned in the early part of sacred history, arc the "Schools of the Prophets," where the "sons of the pro- phets" were educated, so as to be able to conduct the civil and religious ser- JX.,UJ THE INSTRUCTOR. vices of the nation. Were it not that the sjstera of worship urdor the Jewish economy wag more of a ceremonial than of a preceptive nature— consisted more of an appeal to the senses than to the understanding, we should be inclined to believe, in the absence of direct testi- mony to the contrary; that the mass of the Hebrew nation, during the ITieo- cracy, would be able to read and write. The laws wer« read and expounded, and the ceremonials prepared in presence of all the people— so that, probably, all were made to understand them by means of oral teaching. Judea may therefore be considered the birth-place of learning ; and from hence, in consequence of the universality of her language; her central position among the nations ; the learning of her pro- phets, her poets, and her historians; education extended its boundaries to the surrounding countries. It is doubt- ful whether the Pagan nations possessed any knowledge of alphabetical v riting, previous to the days of Solomon, Avhose reign was peace, and whose court was the moot enlightened that ever existed. One thing, however, is certain— that hicroglyphical writing M-as introduced among the Egyptians probably through the I'hinecians and Caldoansatan early age ; and learning of various kinds was also introduced as their intercourse in- creased with the Jewish people. Josephus, the Jewish historian and orator— born A. D. 37— informs us that ihe Jewish nation did "not encourage those that learn the languages of many nations, * * because they look upon this sort of accomplishment as common, not only to all sorts cf free men, but to as many of the servants as please to learn them." Speaki^?g in the same con- nection.of those who were fuUyacquaint- with Jewish laws, and become "able to interpret their meaning;" he says— "there have yet hardly been so many as two or three that have succeeded therein, who were immediately well rewarded for their pains." The same authorfurther informs us— that the Greeks and Athenians, who pretend to be aborigines, had no public records of their early national transac- tions; and "as to the Arcadiau^, * * it was still later before they got their letters and learned them, and that with difficulty." Our historian informs us that the Jews paid great attention to the educa- tion of their children, and were also particular in keeping a true record of the transactions of their nation ; wi;ile the Pagan nations, who entrusted all their public affairs to the care of the priests, were for a long time without having made any record of the transac- tions of their countries ; and when they did so, they were not always particular as to truth— hence the difficulty of com- piling a correct history. The idea that Jorephus intends to convey as to the education of the Jewish children proba- bly is— that they were particular in hav - ing them instructed orally in the rites and ceremonies of the temple worship ; for frequent reference is made to the reading of the law, etc., in the presence of the people ; but no mention is made of their reading for themselves. Why it pleased the Almighty to have instruetion conveyed to the mass of the Jewish peo- ple, in an oral manner for so many ages, it is not for us to determine. The mass of society among the hea- then nations must have boen in a deplor- able state of ignorance. We are inform- ed that in that "exceeding great City Nineveh, the Capital of the Assyrian Empire, which was three days journev" — or sixty miles in circumference— the'ro were "more than six score thousand persons that could not discern between their right hand and their left hand." During the palmy days of the Chal- dean, Venetian, and Egyptian dynas- ties, the study of aitronomj% and the distribution of the heavenly bodies into constellations, and time into periods- was studied by the Chaldean Magi— under the cognoman of Judicial Astrolo- gy ; and every object of study was mixed up with the most fabulous and untena- ble doctrines imaginable, and the whole made to portend the will of the Gods. The term philosoji/iy Avas applied in- discriminately to every object of human knowledge, whether physical, moral or intellectual, And the feiv who possess- ed learning were designated wise men. In descending the stream of time we find the different nations Avho have in different ages divided among themselves as a hind of inhoiitanco, the vast conti- nent of Asia, were the Chinese, the In- dians, the Tartars, the Arabs, and the '■-.|v^I'i'i^.t>V"1'WS«r.SSiiiSU*E4*P,:-fi,i-.ij|l..t .■'^ THE INSTRUCTOR. ' " ^ "»~ > ~ i *' i ~Tr~ ii - > - ■ -> - t j^f ve in elves onti- e In- l the Persians— who probably were Included in the ancient Assyrian Empire. Which of those subdivisions, China or India, is the oldest, it iy difficult to determine!; fcut that all of these nations, along with the other nations of antiquity, did cul- tivate literature at some period of their existence is beyona dispute. China— Much has been said of the an- tiquity, literature, and complicated lan- guage of China; but with what degree of truth it is difficult at this distant day to determine. Little is known of this country previous to the reign of Confu- cius, their first king, who lived six cen- turies previous to the christian era ; and little is known of his reign beyond the composition of their religious code, which is asaribed to him. The mind of the mass of the people appears to have been grossly ignorant of elementary in- struction. Indin~on the other |hand, claims to have made some proficiency in the kin- ared sciences oi arithmetic, algebra, ge- ometry, and astronomy— and also in navigation and geography. renia and ^IraSm.— The early history of these nations seemes to be enveloped in obscurity; that from the traces of ci- y^"2*tion, and some ancient manuscripts ♦?** "*^^ b<*Pn discovered, it is asserted that they must have possessed a know- ledge ef some of the sciences which were cultivated by their national neighbors— but to what extent ii unknown. ^9i/p( and Venetia have been claimed as the birthplace of learning among the heathen nations; the origination and cultivation of astronomy, land survey- ing, and hence geometry, along with several departments of useful knowl- edge have been attributed to them ; a knowledge of these sciences have been conveyed to other nations. A knowledge of astronomy formed an important part of the education of the ancients ; the study of this subject, along with some of the other occult sci- encts, seemed to suit the state of society which followed. '1 he lofty and sublime nature of astronomical science only tend- ed to fill the mind of the ignorant with niore fabulous and irrational ideas, both of religion and science. The destruction of the Alexandrian Library has deprived the world of much valuable information, concerning orien- tal literature. Durmg the fabulous and succeeding times ol Grecian history, there arose a number of men, eminent for schnlastia attainments, who exetcised « kmdof intellectual despotism over the \mder. standings antl opinions of the vulgar; their proverbial sayings were handed down from age to age with a sort of re- ligious veneration; their commands were obeyed, and after their death di- vine honors were in some instances paid to their memory. Through the great number of wise men and philosophical sects which arose in Greece, numerous schools of philosophy were established throughout the land, which eventually extended to and spread over the Roman empire and the greater part of the civilized world. Thales, the chief of the seven muses of Greece— bom 640 years before Christ —originated the Ionic schools ; and Py- thagerus originated the Italic sect. These sects, multiplied in number until they formed seventeen prominent bodies, each headed by some eminent philosopher. The subjects principally tsught were physical science, logic, metaphysics and ethics. To these sects the world is ia- debted for many of the best works on mathematical and other sciences. The system of communicating instruction in the schools of Greece appeai-s to have been oral. Socrates adopted the inter- rogative mode of communicating infor- mation. But as the Grecian empire began to decay, and the Roman empire become divided, these schools lost their former worth, and ultimately in the lapse of time, through political and social chan- ges,evcr common to the heathen nations, the mass of society sunk deeper and deeper into ignorance and barbarism. The result of our findings, so far as we have been able to discover truth is, that the number who could read and write during the first two ages of the world v/ere very few — the mass remain- ing in ignorance — and those few who possessed a knoAvledge of alphabetical writing were generally employed in an official capacity, and wore looked upon by the uncultivated mass as so many oracles. Although tho nations of antiquity were distinguished for the magnitude of their cities, their massive walls, elevat- THE 1N8TKUCT0K. ed towers, spacious and niugniiicont templea and palaces, and othfir vast •workaofart— works moro vast than any of tho present day ; still tlie people were sunk in tho deepest depths of barbaric ignorance. This lesson teaches us that to make proper and substantiul advaucos is, to educate tho mass of Kociety — extend the bounduiies of knowl-dgo— elovata the social and moral (.oudition of thupoopla — uiukiaig the Bible the babcwork of the ■ft liolc HupListiuctuie ; then, and thc« alone, will a nuliun bccomo truly great and prosperoub. The Christian Missionary tho boat Teacher. Among the various claase^ of Teach- ers abroad in tho earth— bad,andf;ood, b«tter and beat— none, we arc satisfii'd, comes up to the standard of real useful- ness like the Christian Misaiouary. It is those who have attended iluavon's Normal aud Training College, that make the best instructors of our race : it is those who go forth with the liible in hand, and with minds richly stored •with the truths which it contauis that make the best aud most auuccsbful teach- ers ; in a word, it is those who follu>.v closest in tho foct-B^cps of Him who taught as never man taught, that mak c the best instructors. It is on entering tho land of supersti- tion, ignorance, and groas idolatory — the land which moral degradation has marked out, as it were, for itself, that the honorable vocation of teaching be- comes in the hand of the niissiouaxy teacher doubly honorable. Here, the first lessons given, have for their object the abohtion of worshiping "gods ma- ny," ''gods unknown;" aud the necessity of worshipping tho one living and true God through a Redeemer— the best edu- cation that can be i^iven. The Missionary Toachor may bo sC; down as the pioneer of civilization. O.i entering heathen lauds, he liisc leanis the language, custom^, and habits of the heathen ; then imparts mental culture, combining it at the same time with n-o- lal cultivation. He not only teaohes the alphabet of civilization, and the best means of rendering the resources of the country of his adoption most subservient to their interests, but he frequently has to teach tho heathen tho alphabet of their own language. And Avhat-ib still worse, the language may be without an alphabet, as is frequently the case, — for alphabetical writing being the first step ill the ladder of civilization is un- known in many heatliou countries. In further proticcution of the civilizing pro- ces:!, after having prepared an alphabet, books, and a (grammar, education and the erection of achoo 1 houses, in con- nection with places of worship, assumes a prominent place in tl a league against tho Ilashamites, be- , cause they would not give up their re* lative Mohammed to their fury, engag- ing to have no communion with them, and to contract no marriages with their families, and to make this covenant more solemn, they reduced it to writing, and placed the document in the Caaba. Thus the great tribe of the Korish be- came divided. At the end of three years from this disruption Mohammed told his uncle Abutaleb that God had showed his disapprobation of the league of the Korish against them, by sending a worm ■3-^' - ii »«r»«w*'nimi iiiiiii» .IB .1 THE INSTRUCTOR. to cat out every word of the instrument —•except the namr of Cod. Of this ac- cident MoliJitmncd, doubtloBs, hud some private inform ution. ^ His undo at onco made known to tho Korish wliat tlio proiilict had told him, aiiO oflbred, if it proved false on oxumi- nation, to deliver up Mohumnied to tlieir will. ISut on tho other hand, that if it p.-oved true, ho insisted tliat the league should be declurcd null um) void. They agreed to tliis propoyid; iiud on cxami- natum it was found, as lh(> ]n'(i}>hot had announced, and the loajruc was; annulled. A ishort time after fh;s his frreat friend nnd palron Abut;;vni>l. died. ( )tie adver- sity never comes a'onc—for three (hiys after his nohle uncle's death he lost his other ino,',t faitliful tnd devotcul friend, namely : his v/ife Cadiga. To coinnie- morate ihcae events, lie called tliiy period tho year of monrninf*;. Is'otwithstandini,' tJie.se bcreavei.icnts lie continued to preach in public to the lul-rims that came from a distaneo to (ho holy Shrine, and made (unne converts. Tho princi- pal of these wore some nu'u Iroin the city of Yathrcl— afteiwards called Me- dina. T)u-3e men, wlicn they returned home, (old thu .story of the propliot and tlienew faith to th(.ir kinsmen, and re- commended it.^ adoption. Tiiey applied to Mohan.med for a toachor to instruct them in the new doctrine, which request was at once granted. This proved after- wards to be the dawning of the prophet's day of success. Wc have now reached the twelfth year of his mission. In this year he ■aado some converts among the principal men of Mecca ; and atill further, to ad- vance his cause he fabricated his famous night journey to heaven— which is both too absurd and tedious to relate here. Suffice to .say that the evident absurdity of It, but for the strong asseverations of Abubekir, would have ruined his cause altogeiher. On the thirteenth and last year of his mission his cause preapcrcd at Medina exceedingly. In this year ho made a convert of one of his powerful uncles, »nd administered the oath of allegiance to seventy-three proselites of Medina, Who engaged to protect and defend him, as they would their wives and children. In answer to their question "If wo be •lain, in thy cause, what shall bo our r«- I'aradise ! So ward?" IIo replied, they tcok the oath, The success of tlie prophet's n(;w re- ligion at Medina alarmed the infidels at M l)iifilc pur.suli;. they ilod o an unfro- (iuinted, and all bat unknown cave in the mountain:.;, horr.e distance from Mec- ca. At tlio tin;.,,, thiit Mahoiniiied made Jus e.-^cape to gain time and deceive tlie coM.spuators, lie left A)i, his cousin, wiappedmhi.s green cloak, and lyin- upon his bed. I ho conspirators watch"', ed arouml his house during the night, and lookmg in, r-aw a., thoy supixised thepiopiiet, wrapped in his mantle, resting unconscious of danger They waited, exi)ecting him to rise and como forth in the morning, when they would at once execute thoir bloody commis- ■sion. To their great disappointment they found they were deceived ; and as they had no commission to kill Ali they let him go un.wolestcd. The .search now commenced in earnest for the fugitive ^Irophct; and, at one time a party of his onemie.'s reached tho mouth of the cave wliere he was secreted ; but a pid- geon'a nest, which they found there, so deceiyed them that they did not explore It. Mahommed and Abubekir lay hid in the cave for three days ; on the fourth, when they supposed the pursuit would have stopped, they took a bye-road along the coast of the Red Sea to Me- dina. But tkey were pursued and over- taken by a select body of horsemen, led by a your a' Arab named Soraka, tho prophet's greatest enemy. "VVhpn AKiiUnl..:- _. iv_ » exclaimed— O Prophet of God, behold 10 THE INSTRUCTOR. our peisecutors, and we arc but two. — •'Fear not, God is witkus, said Mahora- med." His courage and prcscrce of mind saved him from capture and death; for wheeling the camel, upon winch he rode in a moment, he shouted Soraka in a tremendous voice. Soraka'H horse startled, either by the iaoise or at the camel Avheeling in his path, ^tumbled and fell and threw his rider, stunning him with the fall. Soraka's supersti- tion triumphed over his courage — he was converted by the accident, which he doubtless believed was a prodigy, and asked the Prophet's pardon, which was readily, and you may be sure thankfully granted. Mahommed met no further in- terruption in his journey until he reach- ed the precincts of the city of Me%:na. I'his event is the great epoch in Ma- hommedan chronology. It is denomin- ated the Hogira or flight ; it occuncd in the year A. D. 022. Thus we are brought to tho fourth period of the Prophet's history; to wit the Hegira. He was met at a whort dis- tance from liledina by five liundred of the inhabitants, who hailed him with joy as their Prophet and King. Mounted upon a camel, shaded by a canopy of palm leaves, with a turbnn unfolded as a standard, and surrounded by the bra- vest of his followers, he made his public entry into the city. His first act in Me- dina was to build a magazine. Next he consummated his marriage with Aysha, the daughter of the ftithful Abubekir, a girl of niae years of age. His next act was a master-stroke of policy — to wit, the institution of the Armed Fraternity. By the laws of this association a refuge from Mecca was coupled with ar. auxi- liary of Medina, as brothers in arms — This kept peace among his followers, who otherwise Avould liavc not only ruined Islamism but themselves, with their disputes about pre-eminence. The leaders of the French revolution, who were disciplen of Savery, and of oourKO true Mussulmans (as Avas the first IJonapano) copied Mahonmied in this, and ■\\ eio but too succe -&ful. Thus, from a fugitive, Muhonimed hecamci a ^lonarch. He combined in hi;i own per- son the civil and religious power ; he was le^^der of his arii y, judgo of his pteo- nle. and pastor of his floLk. Mahommed being now trmly established iu power. gave his subjects the first prohibitory liquor law, by legal enactment upon re- cord, and a real stringent one it was. We are almost tempted to think in vjew of thi8 fact, that Neal Dow must have partly copied Mahommed's in- stitute, and called it •' The Maine Li- quor Law." We wish he had given the whole of the Mahommed.in statute uhabridged, and then we would have had not only a prohibitory liquor law but also a law against card playing and gaming of every kiHd. Moham- Tiied was, perhaps, the greatest total abstinance man that ever lived. He has made more total abstinance men than any other ; nay, more than all others, ten thousand times told. This was the best thing about him. Ii would have been well for Christian rulers had they followed his example in this respect. It is impossible in a short Ipcture to give onyrhinp J'ke a detailed account of Mahommed's wars during the last ten years of his life j that is, from his settiement at Medina . Suffice it to say, that historians reck- on twenty seven expeditions, which he personally commanded, nine of which were regular pitched baltlrs, in- dependent of others conducted by his generals. Thus, in "a few yeai-s by the success of his arms, notwithstand- ing he sometimes came off with the worst, he considerably raised his cre- dit and power." In the seventh year of the Hegira he besieged a colony of Arab Jews, who owned n town and strong castle in one of the Oasts of the desert, and took the place after being several limoa repulsed. After the capture of the !own nnl castle he took up his qr."ri ters at the h( use of Haretb.one of ihe 'chief of the irhnbitants. Zind, Ha- reth'a daughter, while piep ring a meal for the conqueror, to be reveng* ed upoh him for the death of her bro- ther, inserted a qnnntity pf poison in a shoulder of mutton, whicii she serv- ed up at the tnble. Bather, a compan-"^ ion dt JV!f>homnicd who had pai taken,' freely, was seized with gonvulsions', and died on ibe spot, ilahummed THE INSTRUCTOR. II spit out what he had in liis month, crvin;r, '"this ."hecii (ells rne she v/as priisonei;." Though he thus escaped instant doath, the poison had fatally entered iiis sysunn. Soon after this liis general defeated ih Syria an army of Groeks, one hun- dred thousand strong.', and took groat spoil. Flushed with success, with two thousand veteran warriors he marched to the City of Mecca. The inhabitants surrendered and saved their lives by becoming his disciples. He entered their sacred Caaba, and broke their ' idols to the nun.ber of three hundred or above ; thus he ended idol worship among the Arahs. The poison was beginning to operate slowly but surely. He made the "pilgrimage of valcdic- tion" to Mecca, accompanied by 114,« 000 proselites. All Arabia had now yielded to his power. Other couiitiies were either yielding to his arms or ambassadors. But his life was fast drawing to a close— his dreams ot glo- ry cannot last; acute pain in the head and violent fever, gave warning of his epproiiching end. Having ounnnoned his fifteen wivfs to his prosence, and addressed them, he directed that Ayo- sha should nurse him in his sickness. He w;is removed to her npartment. — He said tho veiaq of his heart were breaking of the poisoned food he cat at Chnibar. On the eleventh day of his sickness he died with his head on Ayesha's lap ; this occurred in the eleventh year of the Hegira, and the sixiy-third of his age— A. D. 632. In this rapid sketch of Mahomoied's lifo w- have been obiiaed to veil iiis fihamcluland unbridled sensuality, he- cause v:q could not expose it without otfenc;; to the decencies of christian life.^ lie was emphatically " bad man. Whilf the wretched victims of his power were sacrificed to his crucliv or policy, a still severer fate awaited "the female captive, who was compelled to Hubmit to tiiO base and inordinate de- sires nf a barbarian conqueror, and was forced mto those anti.i whicii wqvs staint 1 with the recent s'auohtfir of a laver— a brotlier or a parent. Ambi- tion and lust divided the empire of hw In conclusion, allow me to correct, the vulgar error about his burial.-- AUer his body hnd been enbalmed with aromatirs, it was dressed in white robes, and buried benerth the chnm- her where he died. The story which the Latin writers soem to hive bor- rowed from Pliny's description of a temple at Alexandria, describes his coffin of iron suspended by the power of contending loadstone at Mecca.— 1 hough this hi'.: boon generally re- ceived as the truth, yet there is really no foundation for this nation, since it IS well known that he was buried at Medina and not at Mecca, and that coffins are not used by the Arabs. Thus lived— thus died— a.;d thus was buried the founder of the saracenic empire and tiie Moslem faith. But his influence did noc di.),it still lives. The winds of twelve and a half ccntuties have not yet cleared away from the world that dismal smoke of the bottom- less pit, generated by him in the cava ofHira. Recently the black clouds of this noxious vaijnrhnve settled down upon the Ar«hifi of the New World- I rucan the desert of America, Salt Lake City, the head quarters of Mor- manism in tl,e United States, whose apostle and founder, Joe Smith, was neither more nor I'ssthan the slavish Yankon Copyist ot'Mahommed,in ev- ery thing, even to poliga:.iy. When the dark sinnkcof Mohommednn delu- sion settled down tipon the East, the star of Bethlehem, !,ke the star of the empire, travelled West But oh! how cheering the thought that we arc war^ ranted by revelation to hope that the ^ light of truth shall yet shine from thi) West upon the distant East, that the crescent shrill wain out before the doc- tr:i,e.s af the Cn.ss of our Mighty Re- deemer ; and I hat soon the remotest/ trioes of the desert shall hear the voice -, of the christian Missionary snyin"- ' "Land -^f Isi.mael, free and hold, '. Land of waste from tiie days of old ; La-id whose wonciers are riot toid — * I come to thee. la THE INSTRUCTOR. Press no moro to Meccu'a ehrine, 800k no riffhrcoiiHiiess of thine; Take the jualice that is mine — I come to thee. Tidinffs Messed to theo I bring, Tidiugs blesspd uloiid J sing — Of the Heavon anointed King ; Of his cross and mighty love, Wiiich the soul with power can move, And to heaven conduct above — I cov'e to thee. You who dwell in wilderness, With the Q,ueen of Sh«ba raise, Highest notes of holy praise ; And with Seba at tlie gato Of his temple ready wait. To udore his heavenly state — 1 come to thee. Thou from misery ehalt be free, Then. "Araby, the blessed," shall be, And God's glory full shall see — I come to tboe The Year that is Past. The ancient and cmco renowned dy- nasties of the world havopuescd away as a dream tliat is told, and EigiUecsn Hundred and Fifty-nine j ears of the present era have been numbered with the past ; the pages of history are re- plete with the sayings and doings — lessons, solemn, and many of them awful, are left on record for us of the present to study. What is the present era, but the produet of the pasi. ? and what is the present century, but the product of the past ? and what was 1859, but the pro- duct of 1858 ? and what is all history, bvit the grey-haired fathers of the past teaching ti:e children of the present, and leaving their tfriohings unmistak- ably written on the sands of time ? nnd what is that present, but the inexperi- enced of to-day, learning from thnir predecebsors the experionoe of yester- day P the past has left a powerful posthumous influence. The ooaseloss waves of lime are sweeping among the traces of despotism, ignorance, and superstition, and bringing to light the hidden beauties of brighter day, which SO long lay veiled in the mists of darkness. What wonders, what new revelations does a year unfold? — When we read the pages of current history, we once m a while, at the ex- piration of every year at least, stop and enquire what peouliari'ciea have been written upon the dial-plate of the "tCw year mat im pasi. s tt c aoosu -^v Stand ag it were betwoen two great opoclis in tue midst of one dispensa- tion. When wo look hack to the time when gross darkness covered the world, it appenra to be but as yester- tprday; in fact the spots of earth, whose inhabitants are brought under the power of civilizatioL, are but very limited compared to the whole. But the most hopeful feature in the case is "the spirit of enquiry ia abroad;" the nations of the earth are beginning to enquire — beginning to read. Arts, sciences, literature, and the disemina- tion of useful knowledge are promi- nent features of the age. The Bible — "the book of books," is finding its way through the influence it leaves beiiind it into iho interior of the dark places ot the earth ; consequently, li- berty of conscience — lib«riy to read — liberty of the press — and the diffu-* sion of light and knowledge are the culminating points. In 1858 India was the spot to which the public mind was directed j in 1869 Italy and the Iialian8,the all-absorbing topic. During the struggle, which was commenced and ended during the last year, nearly one hundred thousand human lives have been sacrificed in Italy I still the Italians are not free. But the way is ope v i up-— despotisau are falling: knowl. .^ : is spread mg; the Italians are acting for themselvoi. Sardinia's king surrounded by thoie witnesses fer the truth the Waldenses, Umm mlaaJ *l>a .•alia* nf r>Avi\ HTIll roli- ssnc Ljav^« wmv ^-^*"— -*- — -- — — — — gioui liberty , and it is obvioua that ^ •■—■'*'" ■ '"iitT V i- i i'- t -Mmf a THE INSTRU(JTOR. 13 down- trodden Italy will in a short time take Its sinnd (i» a great n&tion among thfl nations of the earth. » And while others have been sum- moned from the'r homos in vaat bo- dies, to entrago in bloody conflict, we of the British North American Pro- tinces have been permitted in the Pro- ridence of God, to continue in the en- joyment of freedoRi, and to pursue amid the pleasures and comforts which OUT country affords, peace ahd proepe- nty. The soil of the Lower Provinces kit, in every department of agricul« ture, again produced its (|Uota towards the sustnntatien of man and beast. — The labors of the husbaodman have been most abundantly rewarded. — Commerce and manufacturies are re- coveringf from the great prostration into which they have been thrown. Education and the spread of knowl. Qdgt have been making alow but stea- dy progress in the maritime provincof. Kailwnys and Telegraph lines have bei"g extenr'od ; and the dovelopmt^nt of the latent resources of the country have been taking place. So that every thing in these provinces apparently tend to improvement. And for thesej nnd the unnumbered other blessings which have been poured upon us, in- dividually and collectively, we should ever keep in mind thnt wo owe the ho- mage of gratitude to Him from whom these meicies flow. And as to the commencing year, 1860, who can tell whni will bo its leading characteristics ? Whether the •word, a common pioneer to civil- ization will again be unsheothed; or whether the attention of the world will be directed to the development of its resources — wiiether their mind, natter, or both, is hid from us in the future ? '{■•••:■ Multum in Parvo. "Electric Telkgeaph. — Fifteen years ago there was not an Electric Telegraph line in the world — now, there are upwards of eighty thousand tniles. Crime. — [n England there are four murders committed to every million of the inhabitants; Balirumi, 18; S'^r- dinia, 20; France, 31; Austria. 36; Lombardy, 45; Tuscany, 56; Bavn- ria, 68 ; Sicily, 90; Papal States, 113 ; and Naples, 174. A GuEAX Canal. — The Spanish government has sanctioned the cen- atruction of a Canal, to run from Bill- bo, in the Bay of Biscay, thence to tho Cantabian Mountains and the Valley of the Ebro, by Saragossa and Eetella to Alfsquea Bay in Catalonia — Medi- terranean. Tho length will be 285 miles, 340 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. The distance from Northern Europe to the Mediterranean will be shortened by over one thousand miles. An Eng- lish nan is the contractor. nnL- \r ^i ?r ; then a Minister ; now a D. D., a. Professor, a dean of the Chopel Royal, and one nf the leaders of the Church of Scotland?; ho has been tht meansof raising £340,000, for the endowment scheme of his Church. Cure for Spraiws. — If the ankle is sprained for instance, let the feet be held with the thumbs meeting on the swollen part; che hands of the nper« ator having been previously greased, are pressed successivelv with increased lUIKK uu luv iiijuicu auu yatiuui pctci 14 THE INSTEUCrCft. for about fifteen minut's. The appli- cation repeatfid several times will, it is sail! in the Paris liosi)iiai8,enabl«the patient to walk when other means leil. Origin ok Uavonets —The bi-yo- net w.is invented in Bayenne in Fiance, ID 1651, and employed in 1G70. Demise in Royal Faauliks Dur- ing (he year IS^l), the King of Naples the King of Sweden, tht. (iueen of rortugal, an Austrian Archduke, a Princess of VVurtenburg, the Princeds of LsichttuBtein, a Tuscan Arcb- duchess, and some others connected to Royal families hare passed from earth. United States Seaboard consists of 6,821 miles on the Ailaulic coast ; 3,- 467 miles on the Gulf eoast j 2,^81 iniUs on the Pacific— making the total 12,069 miles. The London Times says, that 100,- 000 persons have lost their livea in the Italian wars cf 1850. Bible Society — The British and Foreign Bible Soci-ty circulated in 1858 1,602,187 coj^ies of the Scrip- turea ; the expenditure dnrmjj the year was £153,177. This society has, dur- ing the lifty-tour years of its existence, circulated 33,1)83,946 copies of the Sariptures, and expended £4,646,276. M. About, a Frenchman, who has written a workou Italy, it is said, wiUi the express sanction of the Emperor of France ; of the States of the Pope he says : they "hare a strange mixture of character, with no education, not even in the alphabet ; they are creatures chiefly of emotion aod instinct." And ••It seemed to me that the activity and prosperity of the subjects of the Pope were in exact proportion to the square of the distance which separated them irom Rome." ' Religious Press of Nov\ Scotia. —Christian Messenger, Baptist, start- fd 23 years ?,^eingasmall quantity of sugar, wiiich renders the meat sweeter and more wholesome." The Doom of the World.— Tho Iforlh IJritish Jiiviero, discuuruing on the doom of the world, has the follow- ing remarks : — "What this change is we dare not even conjecture ; but we see in the heavens themselves some traces of destructive elements and some indications of their annihilalive power. TLo fragmei'ts of broken planets, tiie descent of meteoric stones upon our globe, the whirling comets wielding their loose Liaterial at the solar sur- face^ the volcanic eruptions in our own aatclitte, the appcarA.ice of new star;?, and the disappearance of others, are all foreshadows of tnat impeading convulsion to which the world is doom- ed. Thus placed on a planet which is to be burnt up, and under heavens which are to pass away ; thus residing, as it were, on the cemeteries and dwelling upon mausoleum of former worlds, let us learn the lessons of hu* oaility and wisdom, if we have not al- ready becti taught in tho school of re- relation. " RECKun's FOR Testing Eggs.— Thorc is no difficulty whatever in test- ing eifgs ; they nro mostly cxaminnd -by a candle. Another way to f»Il good eggs is to put them in a pail of water, and if they art! good they will lay on their sides, always ; if bad.thej will stand on their small end, the large end always uppermost, unless they have been shaken considerably, when they will stand either end up. 'rhere- foro, a bad egg can be told by the way it rests in water — always end up, ne- ver on its side. Any efjg that lies flat IS good to eat, and can be depended upon. An ordinary mode is to take them into a room moderately dark, and hold them between the eye and a candle or lamp. If the egg be good — that is, if the albumen is still unaffcc* ted — a light will shine through a red- dish glow ; while, if affected, it will be opaque or dark. — Springfield Bepubli' can. Science of Milking Cows.— It is a matter of great importance that ths milk should all be drawn from the cow's udder. Careful cxperimenta made in England show, according to a report recently published, that "the quantity of cream obtained from tht last dr/twn cup from most cews, ex* ceeds that of the first in a proportion of twelve to one." Thus a puison who earcles«ly leaves but a teacup full of milk undrawn, loses in reality about as much cream as would be afforded by four or six pints at the beginning ; and loses, too, that part of thu cream which gives the richness and liigh fla- vor to the butter. Vabietv in Cbeation. — There are 06,000 species of plants exhibited in the Museum of Natural History in Parit'. The whole number of species in earth and sea cannot be less than four or five hundred thousand. These are of all sizes, from the inviiiblo forests in a bit of mouldincss, to the towering trees of Malabar, fifty feet in circumference, and the banyans whoa* shoots cover a circumference of five '«t_. ^in&t#5-vi;;i4,.i^, .? i»-^wy^.y^^v-»?»7i\-s tfl THE INSTRUCTOR. acres. l<>.ch of thesn has a compli- cated synetn of vgssoIs for the circu- lation of its jiiicef. Some trees Imve leaver narrow find nfiort. ; others — \s the laliport of Ceylon — have leaves no largothat one of ihom can phelter fif- teen or t'.T«nty men. Some exuvinta their lenves annually, as a whole robfl, leaving the treo imdo, its bare »t?m towerJnjT alof: and its brnnches sprendinnr themfwlves uncovered in t«ft sky ; whila the loaves of others drop off one by one, new ones con- stantly growiog in place of the dis- membered oncH, and the tree retain* ing itd perpetual verdure. Th«ro hav« actually been ascortninod, in the iini- timl kingdom, about 60,000 species of liviuff creatures. There are 000 spe- cies of mHmalia — ihoso that euckla their young— tlio most of which ar» quadrupeds. Of birds tliore 4,000 fipeciesj of fishes 3,000; of reptiles, 700 ; and of insects 44,000 species. — Bcaides thePe there are 3,000 npeciei of fchell-fiih, and not lesa than eighty or one hundred thousand species of aniraalcuire invisble to the naked eye. The Choice of a Path in Life—or, what shall I be ? A CHAPTER Toil Otne SOPfS, I " Hurrah f exclsTmed Ow«n, "this is the first New Year's Day I hare felt really joyful for oiany a year, be- cause the firit of January has ssemsd n warnmg that tho holidays would soon be over. Now wo hnro no more achoa! — no more faj^jjing in Lalin and Greek ! . Come, Edmund, why do you Hot join my »hoiit of triumph ? Yoti look as grnve as if you mt^ditated an- dflrtakinjr all tho cares of the nation!" h« added, laughing, as he fixed his eyes upon tho thoughcfut counteitance of his cousin. " I have always been very liajipy af iehool," replied Edmund, "I liiie my Bshoolfollows, and we all loved our ffood tutor, so that heaving such friends s not altogether joy to me. Besides" —and he paused. " Besides whiit?" rejoined Owen; ••let us have it all nut." "Well, and besides," continued Ed- mund, "it seems to Ae rather a serious matter, to step out of boyhood into youth." •♦Oh!" answered Owen, "I shall reckon myself quite a maa now, I as- sure you." "fn what respect?" inquired Ed- mund, drily. ♦' In the first place, then, you krow we shnll not be plagued with uny more IfSsoDii; nor shall we be forced to ob«y our tutor's orders, or keep school rules, but may do as wo please nil day, and go where wo choose. In short, wo are independent now !" " I should be sadly at o Itiss if I wevo independent y«t," rejoined Edmund. "But are you rot. going into any busi- ness or profession, Owen.'" "Time enough for that, when I bavo had a year or two of relaxation, after studying so hard. I liope to get a lit- tle travelling before I buck!e-to to» riches." "That will not do for me," said Ed- mund. "I must buckle-to at once, in good earnest, for a livelihood, and need not n»^pire to riches ; moreover, I have heard my father and tutor both say that lads would not ffency work a hardship if they did not get a taste for dissipation betw«en leaving school and fixing in life. Owen opened his eyes wido at this speech, fr.rthe cousins had been edu- cated, both at home and at school, un- der very different auspices. ••Pray, what shall you be then ?" be asked. "That is the very question that per- plexes me," answered Edmund; ••and fills my thoughts continually." - " Well, pray fix on something gejA tlemanly, and do not do anything that will spoil yoar hands." ■■mr ■-.^ ./> t^.. ,„-.,,. -,.,■„. ...^-Hi gt-Vit 1 ffll l ll 'V I'HE INSTRUCTOR. ii -to to» ; per- "If I can be an lionoumhle character nnd rnnintairi ir.vfl-.-lf honrstly by my own exortions, I bhull not trnnble my- self about white Ivinds and gentlfl- nuinly notions, Owen, I assure you. These two lads were about tho name nge, and, in accordance with an an- nual cuBtom, wore visiting, with a larto family party, at their grandfa- ther's mansion. Just as Owen had ut- tered his last remark, the prayer-bell wngf, and their venerable relative en- tered wilh tho usual salutations of the nww year. Their own response was chastened by the conviction that he eould net survive to witness many more such anniversaries, and that each returning period might be the last of their family gatherings round his •heerful fire side. Ha might have heard some part of our friends' con- versation, but he made no allusion to the cireumstonce, save that, in his morning supplications at the domestic altar, he prayod most, fervently that "the God of their fathers would bless the lads now standing on the thresh- old of active life, with guidance as to their future course on earth.ond crown its close with an abundant entrance into sterna! life." "Mr. M complained of difficulty in speaking to younp people upon re- iiffiouB fiuhjccts, yet they perpetually folt how warmly ha was interested iu their welfare; and many of his grand- children regarded him as tiieir most confidential and indulgent friend, a title which he richly merited and se- dulously turned to their advantage After breakfast he distributed the cus- tomary New Year's Gifts to all ex- cept Owen and Edmund, whom he in- vited into his study to receive the neat •ubstantial watches which he always preflented to thope who had just quitted the routine of school. « "This is an important era to you, my dear lads," he remarked, as he contemplated the delijiht with which they examined the bright little moni- tors, which they deemed a great addi- tion to their dignity. "You read of spoehsof tinae m history, efedtieai junctures in th« career of borons, o jroiden opportunities' in every indivi- dual 8 hfe, and nil thrBt- unite in the oxpiTience of to-dnj ! Having com- pleted one brief period of prepavaiory discipline and study, you have arrived at a point where many ways meet, or rather, where many paths branch off; and need direction as to the one you should choose for your onward course. Havo vou thought at all what you should be f " "Oh, yes!" replied Owen. "I mean to be a gentleman; that haa been decided long ago." A smile lurked for a moment in Mt? Jf o'8 eye, as he turned towards Jidmund iritli tho query, "And you, la your choice made?" "I must be a worker, sir," answer- ed Edmund, "and suppose I shall fol- low my father's profession, and try to cure, or at least to alleviate, my neiirh- bora' sufferings." "Well, that is a very honorable, useful, and influential post, Edmun^ though involving much self-denial, much patient study, and much perso- veriPg activity ; and I trust you will be blessed and made a blessing to thousands in your day and genera- tion." " r "I had thought of the law, or en- gineering, or mercantile pursuits," continued Edmund, "but I felt afraid of the temptations I might encounter there." "There ig no sphere free from temp- tations, my boy; and some fancy the medical student is more exposed to scepticism, infidelity, and dissipation than most others ; but there is O^e, Edmund, able and willing to shield all who seek his protection. While pro- servin* your own integrity, he may enable your steady consistency to at- tract your associates to the servioe of the same Master." "And so. Owen,'" pursued Mr. " . turning to hia other grandson, "your design is to be a gentleman ?" " Yes, sir, I hate work, and shall hare a handsome income when I an) of age J BO I think it will be a good w THE INSTUUC'IOR. H plan to make tho mo3t of ray youth, untl all clas- podseHses en ; "you acter, but to travel, n." i)inan,y9a h the lan- ns uf the lurance of entleman. painting!, -they are ind know- , a gentk- nt — theie ' compun- lic cannot iis his an- equanina> e theatre, TO his era anity, his unity. la «itimatea nduct, and >e the lait ler point." istly supe« at I ever iren. ve thought coursei to youldsure- [)gs to that ,1 begin to ly thought mon error, h lariiented )lc do not we flutter childhood, issing tno- ng into the [ess ardour, nes of eter- i again, aad «t!"iria€?c«s "I am Biiro that cannot bo your case, ilir," interposed Edmund, with uii af- fectionate smile. "You have nlwuya been bimy and uacful over since I ca \ remember." •• You remember but a very sumll portion of my three-score years and ten, my boy, and I will aotnow detail the many events which sadden my memory, and induce the heartfelt prayer that you may be tauefht eo to ftumber your days, that each shall add lessons of wisdom and works of accep- tance in the sight of our holy Judge ; not that by any works of righteousness we can merit His favor, but that wo may thus prove how much we lere Him who nrst loved us and eave llim- ■elf for us." * Mr. M paused, but the boys perceived he had more to eay, and their attention being more fully rous- ed, they begged him to precced. "VVe have spoken of your profession for this life, my dear grandsons, but Jrour decision for eternity is of infinitc- y greater importance." *'0f course," said Owen, "I should not think of noglceting public wor- ship, omitting to read the Bible, aud when I am a little older and settled in life, I ahull think what more I can do." ••Would not wisdom stigfjcut that you should first seek the salvation of your soul, Owen. Life it frnil, and many n healthy youth hns been cut off suddenly by accident or disease, just as the most promising prospects were opening before him. Others have been arrested by the veiling of the mental faoultios ; insanity has abridg- ed the day of prace; but when once you have planted your foot firmly on the Rock of Ages, and have been ad- mitted into the Church of the living God, it is highly necessary, that you should become transformed into a liv- ing epistle of his Spirit, that may be known and read of all men. In these days (if latitudinorian theories, and multifarious 'phases of faith,' yonng people should be well grounded in the ♦sound doctnnee,' so strangely insisted upon by the Apostia Paul. Cling first then to the Word of Truth, which is able to guard you in that 'path which shmoih more and moie unto the per- fect day.'"— i?ni(Vi Mothcva' Jou.nal. Koviews. NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. — BY ACEXANDER MONRO. - The following flattering review of thif work is from the European Tints: " The object of Mr. Monro in this elaborate work is to convey to the world on both sides of the Atlantic a knowletige of the resources of the I^ower Provinc es of British North Ame- rica. These minor dependoncieB of the British crown, however vast, was in extent, fertile in resources, and hope- ful in their future, are m danger of being overshadowed by their more powerful neighbors, the Canadas. In fact "British America" and "Canada" are, in our common estinmtion, almost convertible terms. When either is sounded in our ears our thoug-lits un- ooaiciously travel to the banks of the St. Liwreace ; forgetting that even Canada, large ns it. is in comparison with Great Britain, is itself a mere section of the vast domain that "calls us lord" on the Western Continent.— Few, we believe, are aware of the fact stated by Mr. Monro, "that British America includes a laiger area than that under the government of tho United States!" According to Judge Haliburton British North America is a country about one quarter larger than all Europe, and Canacla alone is as large as England, France, and Prusr sia put together. Leaving, therefore, the larger pro- vinces, which have already afforded so luUsy psus nmnlftiTrvinnt 20 THE INSTRUCTOR. Monro confinei his nttentlnn to what are rnllod tlio "lower provinci'H,'' con- aisliii^ of New iJruiuwick, Novix Hcn- tia, aiitl I'riiico Edwiird (■loud. To show the exUut of Ihu intiuiry inati* tilted by Mr. Monro inlo iho condition and attributes of thuHO provinctis it miglit Hufiioe to quote from hiu title- pugo that the work prufesiOti to detail "their hintoryi civil divisiuiiti, gtogrn- phy, and prodtictiunn; with Ai.atisticd uf the Rovoral counties ; affording viowt of th« resourcotnud QapabililioN of tho provincos, and .luandoJ tocon- Toy uKoful informntior, as Well to their iuhuhitants, as to cmi(;ranta, stran- Ifors, and travil. , and for tho use of schools." This, it will be admitted* ia a pretty wide field, and a rather comprehensive programme; but,wheu we state that tho work extends to nearly 400 octaTO pnges, it will be al- lowed that tho author hoa amply ful- filled its conditions. Mr. Monro ib the author of a previouH treatiHe on tbeort-tical and piaoiidil laud Hurvey- ing, ai:d his antecedents, therefore, quniify him for tho kind of rtsenrch required for a work of this description. The voluinp, indeed, contains tho most minute particulars, under the heads above enumerated, respecting these countries which the most curious in- quirer could desire to know; whether it were hid objecit to trade with the country, or to settle in it, oc simply to gratify a general thirst for informa- tion. In each of these respects our author literally exhausts the subject, and leaves nothing whatever for the future statist except to dig in the mine lio i ns here l"id open, o* to record the f changes wUich tho lapse of time may produce. These, indeed, it is im- possible to predict. The progress of these countries has already been so extraordinary, their boundaries are so vast, and their resources so exhaust- less, that to trace their future career would baffle the foresight of any pro- phet who was not endowed with tke gift of inspiration. In the meantime the object of Mr. Monro's work is to aid this derslopmeiit and stimulate tbiH profroig by disclouinjf to tht world the capabtlitio!< and sdvuntagea of thenc infant ooloiuei ; and thus to draw within their borders ond lui'jrest in their prosperily tho hearts and hands of those who are capable nf'cul- tivatiuR tho soil, extending the fl^hey* ies, increasing thu trade, and consoli- dating the liberties of those outlying bulwurkH ot tho Hritish crown. The exports from these and other infant colonies, of oourao, consist of the rudti productions of the soil, or tho DO lets valuable treasuros of the deep. The character of these cannot groatly be varied, within any definite puriod of time, because they are fur niiihcd liy the hand of nature rather than by tho art of man. Truo, eren these may be greatly modified, in the course of time, by human ingenuity and the reqiiirnments of commerce. But tho (juaulity of the natural produo- tiona of u vountry may be indefi- nitely iMdtirgcd by the incroase of iti population, and the ever ^rrovving demands of Uh trade. A certain pro- portion must always exist between tho exports and 'mports of any country which hopes to enjoy a fair share o^ material proapcrity. Tho " balance ot trade" is as important an element ill commercial greatness as "the bal- ance of power" in the political- rela- tions of stales. * # # # We con- sider it a val'inblo contribution to the Block of our information rospecting these important proviaees of the Brit* ish empire, whose ultimate import- ance no man can estimate, but which in the meantime are m some danger of being altogethtT overlooked. Mr. Monro has dono for Now Brunnwick and its lesser neighbors what was done byj- Mr. Montgomery Martin niany years ago for more extensive legions of our colonial empire. He has col- lected and arranged data valuable ttt the statesman, the merchant, the emi« grant, and tke philosopher; and the realization of his hopes in the adequate peopling and cultivation of these fair provinces will materially contribute to the prosperity and happiness ef a con- m '«!fi.«»*»»4-.v., %'.,^; -ui, ■■■■II THE INSTKUCTOR. 91 If? to tht idvuntH^i^eii rid thua to nd mtyrest iionrta and Ablcofcul- thu fli«bey- 1(1 console le outlying (wn. and other coni^iAt of he aoil, or ros of the Bse c&nnot ny definite ey iro fur uro rather Fruo, eren Hed, in tha enuity and irce. But I protlijo- be indefi- icruAHC ot sr ^.'rowing irtain pro- Jlween tha y country ir Bhfire o^ " balance m eleraeiitl I "the bal- iticalrela- We con- lion to the rospectinif t the Brit- le import- but which me danger iked. Mr. Brunswick itwua done trtin niany ve le^ioni [e has col- raluable ttt I, the emi- ; and tht e adequate these fair ntribute to a of a con- eldorabin j)ortion of the human race. That ihia is no Utopian dream rrmy bu inferred from the follow in;; dcHciip- tion of the olomentH of prosperity ox- iflting in tho pruvinoea hh j^ivon by the author:— "A healthy oliinuto: an ox. collont Boil for agrictilturul puruoaea; inexhauBtible toresta of valuable tim- ber, accuaNible by an oxtenaivo ae». board, and by navigable rivurdj im- nienac mineral roHourcoe, and un un- paralloled coast and river fiahery." Wo say nothing ot the atyle or liter- ary merits of th« author. A work whoso chief object is the accuracy ot ila BlutisticH is not of couiec qiiito ao entcrtftininij ua a roniuuce, or "tho last new Doem" — as poomsun'd t,,be. Mi. Monro has bestowed more paina upon Ills facts than ijiu oriiaiitents. — This ronderH hid work lean nhowy but more valuable than it nii^jhl otherwij-o have hocii. Liko the Vv-oumi of Mcr- «:ntio, it is not so wide a« a church- door nor so deep au a woll, but— "it •ill do," The typography is creditable to tho Nova Bcotian preas, and ia addition to a ;,'oographicul map of the co'intry thfire ibtt snpplenientnry one showing the roads, railroads, and mineruls. BeWn Weekly MeHumjcr buya : — " iNKW Brunswick;' WITH a Brief OUTLlMCOFNoVAScOTIAANDPniNCK Edwaud's IsLAM), — By Alexuiicicr Mouro, E.-q. In this g'oodly volume, extcndirii,' to neurly 400 pages, and which wu havo received from Ualilax (N.S.), the reader is proscnteu with a copious account of the history, civil divisions, geography, and productions of tha above named portions of Brit- uh North America. Tho work is evi- deritly the production of one who has had a passion for hie object, and who, by an almost incredible amount of in- dustry, has eollected together, and ar- ranged in a most lucid manner, a large muHs ef f'icu on ovory subject calcu- latt'd to throw jiylu upon tlio paat history, the present condition, and the future prospecta ot one of the most uripiirtuni and valuablo poriions of our iinmuiiHO colonial onipirf. The apaoo at (UK command will not allow un to ontor into a detailed account, of ilm coniontH of this v ^lumu; but wo can honestly assure those of our roadors who wiah to becomo acquainted with tha resources of the provinces above named, end which, though, coinpnrn- tively Hpcaking, dost- to our very door)<, ore u terra incofrnila to J'jig- libhmon pfonorally, thit thf.-y cannot consult any book, so full of informa- tion, and tlioriiujhly truatwoitby, a» the ouH now bci'ore un. Had tho na- turi! (if the ciitimte of thoan ,(rovinci'H, their aijricultural capabi'iiiioa, their in- exhaustible forests, tliftir mineral wualth, nod their unpaiallelet! coast and rivor Hsherics, boon blotter known, wo should not, year nl'tor year, have seun the lido oi oniii;rai,ion flowing alinoit exclusively towards Ausiralia', or even the Far West ; but muitiiudes of our countrymen, who havo oil her perished at the gold diggin<,'w, or are wending tlioir way home I'rom the eo- callf'd land of freedom, slia'.tored in health ar;d ruined in pocket, would liuvt; beon living in con.!urt and com- parative wealth, in our North Ameri- can colonies, helping to lay der^p, un- der the yEgis ot their falhorland, the foundations of an empire that promises to perpetuate to the remotest ages the greatness and glory of England, with- out Its faults and weaknesses." The edition of the above work ia nearly disposed of. A few copioa are for aalc at W. L. Avery's and Messrs. Barnes' Book Stores, St. John, N. B. Education in Newfoundland, Tho following briof outline ef tho 2%e Journal of Education, etc., Nora .ftate of £ducatien in this Island, is Scotia : — ««QdwiHe4 fiuui ih« vorreapoudence of The population Ot Newfoundlaad, HgMKMjtfWlH 29 THE INSf Rffc^OR. accordin,!? to the consna of 1R")7, 18 119,304;' of thnsc 6;},."i a-e Frotcs- taiits, and 53,;J00 Rdmaii Catholics. — Tha legiylativo tyrant for fulucalional ptirpoiics in 1858, was £13,175 stor- lingr, aio;->untiiig tc £1(5, 1(58 currency — a mniiiiiceno amn. Tho ediicafional instructions are divided into three classes — Klomontary and Commercial Schools, four Academies, and (ivo Con- vent Schoola ; the two loriiier classes of Schools receive of this grant £10,- 525 ; the four Academies £1700 ; £750 for the training of teachers ; and .£200 for repairs of Solioolbouiies, etc. The .Separate School system exists on ihia Island ; of the £10,525 sterling, the Protestants receive £5,012 16s. ; the Catholics £l,i)12 4s. The £2Q0 granted for the Ropaus of IIoucch, is ciso divided between these two bodies. Each detioinination has a separate Board of Education, who superintend the expenditure of tlie School fund, in proportion to the population of ihe re- sj)ectivo districts. "Tims local Boards expejid the money voted liy tlie Legis- lature, in accordance with the provis- ions oi" the Educational Act;" each Boprd makes i's own bye-laws, etc., subject to the approval of the Govern- ment. Tho iiihabitatits are required loj)uy, by way of fee^, towards tiie support of the Elementary ^Schools : — For each child learning the alphabet, etc., Two Shillings and Six Pence per annum, currency; loarninj^ to write and cy- pher, Five Shillings; and for learning other branches, seven shilliug-5 and six pence per annum. There are U'.o In- spectors, one Protestant and one Ca- tholic, who submit separate reports to the Legishiturf>. The Protestant Inspector reports the total number of Protestant s sc hools, exceplinjj Academies, to be 131 — at- tended by 0,.'521 pupils, of whom 2,!';j4 can roiid the Scriptures. Of ih.se schools 98 are controlled and support- ed directly by the Hoards; and 3.'J are denominaiion il, receivintj a portion of the [itihlic irrant, fjut arc nor, under the direct io3\ of the Boards. The sa- laries of the 98 teachers is £06 lOa. each ; of the 8l» each receive £28, with additional support from their respec- tive denominations. The average cost per pupil is £1 Is, currency. Pnpds have to supply their own school books, From the Inspectors report there appears to be £1,.''10 of the school lund unaccounted for ; and the ox- pjuditures made, "owing to the want of proper superintendence, and the tareless way in which business is transacted," is not satisfactory; — the Board is composed of men quite inca- pable of doing an intentional wrong. The Catholic Inspector reported in 1858 91 schoola, attended by 4,522 children ; in addition to those are five Convent .schools, aided by the educa- tional fund, not under the control of Ihe Inspector, attended by 1148 pupils — nial:ing a total of 5,070 pupils; of those IBll are able to read. Each teacher gets a salary of £2'J 10s. The live Convent schools receive £548 cur- rency. The average cost of eduoaiing each pupil in tho elementary schools is £1 2s. 2d. In the expenditure ot the £5783 currency, entrusted to the Catholic Boards, there appears to bo £1(3.'j8 unaccounted for; thus, between the two Boards, Protestant and (."atho- lic, there is £2,948 w"Sted. "It is cleai',"' says our authority, "there is need of some improved su- peivision in this matter. Tiie Educa- tion Act requires each Botrd to fur- nish a detailed ftatenient annually of their expenditure; but very few of the Bonrds comply with this. The others totally disregard It ; and thus this Ifrge absorption from the Educa- tional grant is unknown or d'sregard- ed.'" The toUowinof tabular form will show more clearly the state of the matter ; — I'ROTEST.iNT. Population, .... . 03,905 ■School Grant, . • £5,712 Number of Schools, . . j.']1 Pupils, . ... 0,52 i Ablu to read, , . . 2,934 Average salary of teachers, £40 lO's.- ■dimmmJStiSmmmm •MMI THE INSTRUCTOR. 23 Teea paid per school, Ualanco unacconnind for, CATHOLTC. Population, . . . ^3,009 School Grant, . „ , jC.j,012 Number ofScbools, . , ni Pup'ih, . . , . r,,G',d A-blo to road, . . . 1,8 1 1. AveraiTo salary oftonchers, £10 lOs- Fees paid per school, . £1 Sa. Balance unaccounted for, oCI,G"?8 Tlie Legislature approprinted iCT50 sterling, per annum, for tno purpose ot training'Teacliei's ; but none avail themselves of it, in consequence of the erratl amount of salaries received for te.ichiiig ; and thero is no Normal School on the Island. So that the state of elementary education in Nevr/bund- land is by no means flattering; and '•looking to the future, 't is deeply to be regrelf ed ihacno brighter view presents itsplf Jt is now contemplated to subdi- vide the Protestant grant bcf.rcen Epis- copalians, Wesleyans, and other Pro- teatanta. A bill for this purpose was introduced last session — was read a first timr— and met witli no opposition; and next "f:ar it will nrobably be the law of the_ land. The eni>ct of it will be that Episcopalians and Wesleyans will have _ Seperate Schools ; their children will no longer receive con- tamination froiti one another, by sit- tin;/ on the same form. The Episco- palians numbrr 42,(;38— Wesleyans, 20,144— other Protestant denomina- iio:is 1,213. The Protestruit Educa- tional Grant will bo subdivided into thivo shares, proportioned to these numbers. The consequence will be that the number ot schools in the dif- ferent eet'.lomen'ts will be augmented, and, as a r.ocessary result, the sfilarlee of teachers lowered, an,l the poor edu- cation already attainable, it is to be feared, will be dcteriomied. Jealous- ies, rivalries and denominational dif- forences will be increased and embit- tered;— the Protestant denominations, educated apiirt trem one another will be more alienated and less capable of united action ; and there will be no counteractive to Sectarianism. The progress that has hitherto been made in education will be checked ; and mo- ney ffill be handed over to each deno- mination to be expended very much as they please. Teachers will be pmc- tically under dominion of their respec- tive clergy. All the evils that have arisen from division will be inveterut- cd. In settlements where one school would be f^uilicient, and where one teacher might have a respec'able in- come, there will be three poorly qna- hficd teachers -m wretched pittarJces* Thus, if abuses have resulted fx-oin division hifherto, the increase of that division will mi'ltiply and perpetuate the evil." Vlthough the pre(;cding statements dot^s not show by anv means a H^nter- ing state of educational mntters ia Newfoundland, according to the largo expenditure of money by the L'^ ■ isia- ture, still, on the whole, though the insl'-uetion for the want of properly trained teachers, cannot bo equal to that imparted by the teachers of ele- mentary schools in the Lower Provin- ces ; the number of pupils at school, in proportion to population, is »-ot far behind that of New Brunswick or Ne- va Scotia. New Biuntwick setulij one-ninth nearly ; Nova Scotia oiie- nin'hj and Nettfoundland a fraction over one-tenth of their population to School. I FEMALE SEMINARY. PRINCIPALS, BoAUU AND Washing (white dresses excepted), witli in.stniclloii in Reading, Writ- ing, Aritluuetic, Use of the (J lobes, Auoiciit ami J\li)dern Oeogrvphy, Ancient and Modern History, Grammar, and Uhetoric, Natural and Mental Philosopliy, As- tronomy, liotony and English Composiiion — £30 per Academical Year. Piano or Spanish Quitar,....Tlu\e liossous per week, £2 per quarter, or half term. Siugin^^ Five J^eshons per Week, IDs. '• " ID K, A.•^7^I2^T a-. Pencil or Crayon, live i„-^siHis [)er week, £1 per quarter, or half term. OolorcdCrayon, l''ive Lessons per week, £1 10s. '• " Water Colored Drawin"' ? rpi,,.„ i ,, , , i .m m\ .. .. (Landscape) \" ' •'■''i'^^ Lessons per week, £1 10s. •♦ •• jPx=iE2sroia:- Five Lessons per wccU £1 Ujs. per quarter, or half term. XT-A.ILI-A^3Sr. Tliree liCssons per week, Ill lOs. [ler (luartcr, orhalf term. Instruction ia,also fijivcn in the foliowinu;- branches, viz—Oriental Painliiii^, Wax Flowers, Feather Flowers, Fancy Wool VVork, Chenille Flowers, Ornamental Hair Work, i<;c. r)ill> payable quarterly in advance. There are two Terms per year. Tho Winter Term commcncoa 5th January, and riids olst May. The Summer Term be^jins 1st Ausjust and ends 21th December. 'I.'he intermeuiato Quarters or Half Terms commence L'ith Ocl:ober and 2()th March. Pu\nlf- will also be received at any ti\ue, and charged only irom date of entrance. The French Department is under t'u; care of Madame Eugenie Jeanpert, recently from Paris, who teaches on the OllenJorfi' system, and alao gives lessons in Music. Daily conversation in French is insisted ou. Fi\e other ladies are employed in the English Department, Muaic, Drawing, Paint- net, Italian, i?otany, &.c. .\ » pains will be spared to promote the health of the Boarders by proper exercise and those young ladies whose parents wish them to ride, are allowed the use of a quiet saddle horse. Each young lady is required to brinp; with her one pair of shoots, one pair of pil- low slips, six towels, and four table nanKins, marked with her name ; andpapils re- maining in the Seminary during the vacations, will be charged Twelve Shillings and six pence per week for Board and Washiutj. There are six Pianos in the Establishment, and Pupils boarding in the vicinity win be charged Five Shillings per Quarter for the use of an instrument to practice. Any Books or Stationery which may be required, can be supplied by Mr. llatch- ord, at Halifax prices. The Seminary is situated within a few minutes walk of four different places of public worship, and near to the Telegraph Station and Post Ofhce. Three months notice required, under ordinary circumstance?, before the removal of pupil. Amuehst, 1860. C. E. RATCHFOED. EEFERENCES.— The lord Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Hon. Judge Stewart, C. B., Thomas A. S. De Wolfe, Esq., Halifax; Rev. George Townsend, A. M., Rev. Alexander Clark, D. D., Amherst ; Rev. Charles Tuppcr, D. D., Aylesford ; HeT. Charles Elliott, A. B., A. P. Ross, Esq., Pictou ; Harry King, Esq., D. C. L., Wlnd- ior : Rev. John Frances ; Rev. E^ B. Demillj A. M»» John McGrsth Esq. St. Joha Hon. John R. Partelow, Fredericton. V «^:^tmt^.-lv-t(mitm^.H£»M RY. mTES. in Reading, Writ- iphy, Ancient and I Pliilosopliy, Aa- l Year. rtcr, or half torui. r, or half term. it <> alf term. itlf term. i\ Painliii!^, Wax Oraauicntal Hair 5th January, and f' 21th Dcofimbcr. r and 2!)th March, ie of entrance. Jcanpert, recently lessons in Music. c, Drawing, Faint- y ptopor exercise awed the use of a ts, one pair of pil- nc ; andpapils ro- (felve Shillings and ng in the vicinity ument to practice. ed by Mr. Hatch- different places of fore the removal of RATCHFOED. Judge Stewart, C. send, A. M., Rev. , Aylesford ; Hev, q., D.C. L.,Wmd- th W.«n .«if -Tnhi. a?"'**'JI.'' '• ~"d «ei.^asRr tsi$. I: 'ft , •; ' * ' f^.'ttl i';'^VM^'" St. m^kkm,^'^*. imp mm.^ Cfive »oni«f» i« war it«a»e. r«« I int^ » .i # i'Wii r'^ii'i »''*M ^" >i «* *' *''' ^M H ! „i) i ilWi>«ai i lMltx»."' ,^, „„ iiriliij ji'ilf iiimwi iiMiiiwiM m