IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 ^^ Ui w I4i 122 1.1 l.-^KS IL25 iu - «" iii& 1.6 inic Sciences Coiporatioii 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^^. '4^ I CIHM Microfiche Series vi\/lonographs) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical ly^icroreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques nt bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. 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CROKB,— THIS vtffel anil carjo have been condemned as Amrricas property, and the claim of the mafter and tlie owne-.s of the Liver- pool Packet has btca rejtffted. It now remains for ihe court to decide to whom they of right belong. Three Allegatio.is have been jrivcn in, one on the behalf of h>s Maj» (ly, another for Sir John Cjape Sherbrooke, Litutenatit Go- vernor of th's Province, an;l a third by the Agents to the Receiver General of DroitB. Upon tlicfe Allegations two diflinA quellions arife. The firft i?, whchir his Majefty is intitltd to this prize in nght cf his crown and royal prerogative, or as a droit and peiquifitc of Admi-ahy. If th'3 p;i.ie fhonld be decreed to be a droit of Admiralty, th^n arifcs th" other qntftion, who is in iticd to receive and to have the cii>'.ody of it, on behalf of his M.jefty. Ill b-)th c:if'.-3 the projici ty woiiiil u'timate center in the King, but it is important to d. termii'C /.-/ nvhkh c^ptaty. Bccwnfe his rights jure corona and the droits of Admiralty, are perfcdly diftindt, thty rert upon different foundations, and tiavtl through diftcrcnt roads. The Kinj^, who is originally the owner of all property lakin in war, has granted cert.iin portions «.>f it to tlic Lord High Admiral, and whieli he now refervcs agtvin to himfelf upon appoiut- ing commiRioners to execute the office. With refpecl to thofe per- quifites, his Majefty now (lands preciR-Iy in the place of the Lord High Admiral. Tlie King's title upon thefc d.ftercnt grounds is kept as feparate as if the rights were veiled in different peifons. In tlie High Court cf Admiralty, ai,d in the Courts of Appeal, upon every occalion where they app^-ar, they are fct up in oppofition to each other, and are contended h>r by the rcfp-dive officers of the Crown \ and they are aUvaya moll attentively dilcriminated in the lle^iiiuna of thoff Tribunals, Whatever there'bre may accideiitly —4— be the confrquence to other parlies, it is incumbent upon tliii Court to deci Ic the queftion, according to law. To d < othcrwife would be a breach of i«9 duty, and the violation of a folemn oath j and au err.ir, in this refpcfl, would be as much an objeA of appeal B« any other grievance. The droits, or rights, of the Lord High Admiral were granted by h.j patent, and cllaMiflicd by prefcription, but they were accu- rately defined by the ordera in council in tlie year 1666. Ths pre- fent fhip and carijo are claimed under the fecond article of thofc orders. "That all enem'-js fliijjs and goods c.ifualiy met at fea, and •* feized by any vcfTt-l not co nmiffi )nated, do belong to the Lord ^igh Admiral." Three things arc here required, that the Ihip and jfooda fli*ll belong to the enemy, that thy (hall be cafually met at fea, and that the y fluill be fciz-.d by a viflll not commifii )iiSted. If thefe three fa£ls are proved by eviden-e this ihip and cargo mud be condemned to his Mf.jdly as droits of Admiralty. War was declaitd up )n the ijth of Odober, and this capture was made upon the 1 7th of that month. It was taken not in port ^ut ypon the high feas. Under whatever title therefore this feizure was made, the fliip and cargo were at the tims of feizurc enemies property. The two firft reqwifites are therefore clearly proved, and the only q^»ftion which can be raift.d as refpedls the other part of the Article, that the feizure mult be made by a non commifltoned vcflll.. This cafe, in another point of view, has already undergone an examination, and has been decided upon by the court, fo far as re- fpefts the title of the ca;>tor to the prize. But that decifion reftcd upon different grouids and by no means precludes the prefent qntll- ion. '}C\^c lubjtdt of enquiry there, was whether this was fu^h a y,9flcl aa is included within the words of his Majefty's proclamation for didrihution ; the prefent queftion is whether ic is fo commifilantd as to ouft the Lord High Admiral of Ljs droits. If this vcflel WIS entirely without a commifllon, if fl« had no tJommilTnn agaiud the United States, or her commiiri..n was not graiitetJ ky a competent authority flie is equally u non-commiffioned ytlTc!. This vefTel had a letter of marque againft France hut it is a de- cided point, that notwiciiftanding fuch commiflion without a letter- of m^rqu- againd tfn; United States, fhe was, as to American cap- lure?, a noi)-comni(Iioned vefll'l. It is Haunted that no warrant had been transmitted from the Lords of the Admiralty, by tlie authority of bis Majelly s com- mini >n M >der the great feal, to iiTue letters of tn.irque agaiull the United States ; thou!»h Aicb warrant has fincc been fcut. But \t has been allcdged on behalf of big Majelly that this vef- ' (el was cqmmi^i^ned, by the Prince Regent's order iit council of the 3\il J,a,ly 1812,. pr by fln jpftiumpnt under the feal of thi? Province, M. ivhic-li has been prodoccd, andhais date the 20»h Aiijvnft iRia, either under the authority of the Prince Rtri»tiu'K order hefmc nn n- tioned, or of the general powers veiled in the Lieutenant Goveruor of the Province by his ronimiiTi"n as Lieutenant Governor, and C >m- Itjander in Chijf, and Vice Adriial, and his Maji-fty's inllniitious whiv.li .'iccompaiiy thctn. The qu.Iti'in th; r Fore, refolves itfcif into f;>ur points. lU Whctiier the vill'cl became a con.miflioned Hiip by the ortfer in coutull iilone. 2d VVlieiher (he was commiflioncd by the tnjltumenl granted, upon the fiippofition that it ned (hip ? It is a viffcl authorized I.y an txpicfs con-milTion emanating frmn a competent authority, di^ed^ed to itp rninr/..;inJer to exenife hJliiU'ia againil a particiiliir cimiitiy, or confin I'g it to private (hips as it >» defcribed in the Prince Regent's order for diftri' u'ion, inch a vifTel ash^s a coinmi(Tion of letters oF marque and rcpri'/al. But iheo'dcr ia not defigiied for tht txercife of holtilities it ib only to detain and bring into port. It is of the iiatue of a pn.vTDnal Embat)i;o, H'ld vas fo confiicred by the Prinee, v.x tl^e fuhreqncnt order of the i3-h OAobcr. An authority for any other purp;)ft than to taki- as prize, !3 foreign to the qiv ftior, it muft be a comirinioti to tnk< jure btUi. Neither could a velfrl be ti^id by this order to be cominifll >njd. It was a general order, and no pavtioular eommifiiin was in faftif- fiicd under it, or directed to be if'.'ued, 2 If the co'nmilTMn from ihc G ivcrn^)r was Fmjp ' :d merely upon tliis Older it could have no furtlier authority, l :: ^:ould l»e I'jbJEtt to no other coniirii(S'on than rhf order iift'F, a .d there- fore could have no furlhc'r cff-A in co-ninifil uiing the v^lT-I. 3 It wai* argued that this inftrument was not a Utter of mar- que, or warlike comm (Ti/vn, but a m<:re authority to mnkc a peacea- ble feiznrc, fomething in the nature of an Lvn')argo, and which w.is a rneafure which every Govci'or of a Piovmce, as of common rifrht hud full power to have vccourll" to wh.-never ovcafijn required. But an Embargo is of a very ditferent natun?. It is a temporary de- tention of vefTcls 'within the ports of a country, and conftquently u'ithi', the operation of the municipal !aw3, and power of the country. To feize tlie vtflel and g ods of the fubjrfts of another countiy, upon the h'.gh ftas, whatever may be the ultimate ohjeft of it, is prima facie an hoftile a£l, aid though merely provifional, can flow only from the fame powers which can declare war, and order general reprtzals. 4 Thii inftrument in its form is a letter of marque and repri- !fal. The operative part tif it is ccuehtd in the iatne words. •' I " ',"y '^;^''*"^r\''^S""^"»'«^.'""'.''n«r to the IT. State,, or the fuhi.a,' t.n«,an can Sc made b.iwtc, tl.u inilrum.... anl a la erof m ra ,e «.«, to .tb po^ns, a kI tLe authority n.cx.T. v to iiH ^ i^ A .^ * 'i-'i /I 1 p property may de- UDon 'wl,irh'"" "'r '^'^'=.^'"''/<^''»«'^'othl«. that thr onV p^ound pi,? *''7"^^^'-^«;"' «"th.ntasof his Exc«lL.ncy tie Lic-uieoa..t 1 ue upon ihco. ; and iWir examination is nercfTiiy to the drcffn.i .>! he prcfe.t c: fc. With the ^^reated r.v.re.ce ther.Wo t' e i cl, S r l' ;''^""""P"«it. I mud f„ll,w wh.re my duty which r LI "V^^l' TTl' 't'"' "'"^ '^' ^^'-^^ "'"' '^^^-"'« ftia^ft .r r''-'f? ^»'«''tHthe fr.vd.ni of tru.h, the S ir d in : b!" ■? '"'^^'""'^ '^'g^l principle., and the accuracy re- «l"iua in »jiid:c ai enqmiv. ' To co..fi.;er tlu- g,uv a! nature of thefe commifTions, rart ,f -V '\^'''''i^'''r-' "f/'"; foverei;.. only to determine what !*:\'!:^t J^""^'';- °' P"-^^ f-"« «f the na.c -(hall be employed iu fo'c . ;5;e 1 r' ' ";•■'" ^'r^f'^ ''*■ ''^••^ '"^^^•^^•'^•"' «"J there, o c are calle iv.njr « fii,ps, a„d ihufe which are grafted to perforis v7^7 vcfi.Os auhci:- own exp.nrc, nnd arc rcin>bu;fed ry aftar M J.fty, f.om whof. free grant ai,n. rheyca. he intitled to it. The 1. 1 cr a, to Kha^ca,,//,iui;,,, are .s nnioh p,d,!i vcfll-ls as the former! hSlfi^^l^r" "^" "" '^ '"'"' "'-^ ''"'''^ " indir.a;s thron^?f»f°^''r^''""7''"'%" "'""''y ""•^^'f^'^ "°t promifcuourty ough themed.u n of .ny of his Mij.lly's miniacr. or oiHce-s. l,u^ mi-a through tli-.f^ rffi.-e-s, to whr.m it fccms proptrly to mr,. r- t^u". that «, the Lord High Admiral, or tbc Lo'da ConimifTKwI, laHerof thfi • Rii<) take. I he fiihjcfts " No c!.f. '<»f mnrque, A com- rommit re. ;y may dc- n'y g'-ound vcfl"il mull ; Governor y ilie com. fcuflion rc- l^ic'Uteoaiit he parliiJS, urr, as at le drcifiou ire for t'le lie WDitSy i my duty 1 decoiuiu ruJi, the uracy re- ine what i[)I)ycd iu iljveexpe- paiticutai* ^eA under ivlti h are inJ tlierc- to per foils ya fliarc, •■n by l\ij it. The e form: r, il'y from ifciioufly icera, 'lUt Natal (Ttls, are o ppp' r. iffioners. w«o are itiTcfted wiili hij Bulhority. That fuch Was the eschiflvi pradlicc frcn the carlicil times mi}.'ht be proved hy a rcikrcoce to many ancient documents upon n-cord. Thia branch of the Ro^al PreropratiTe, of con-miflioning private vcffdi, or as h i:i more ufiially called, of ifTiiii g letters of nr.aique and rcpri7.a1»,i» carried into tfftft in ths mod fohmn mannci. Upon an order made in council by the fover*ij,'n in ptrfon.a comniifiian pHflei under the great feal, f) the Commifliariers of the Admiralty, oiuho. rifinj^ them, or ar.y pcrfon by thtm appointed to ilfuc letters of marque. In confcqu^nrc they grant, in En;iland, a fpecial wsrrant for each applicant to the Judj;e of the Hijrh Court of A minhy tu ilTje tiie letter of maiqne, and, in the colonics, ihiy tranfmit a pcnenil v/arrant to the Governor, to aulhorife the Jurljre of the Court ofVite Admiralty to iffue thcfc irftrumcntR, in the fame miiiinerai in Eng- land, anl under the fc.(u;itic9, and with the rej{nUt-ioris prifcrihed. The reafon wliy fo many formalitieo, and precautioriB thonhl be obfcrvcd is obvious. There is no moJe of vvjrfare more liaMe to abufc and to degenerate into a fpeciis of piracy, none which has given more occafion of complaint to neutral nations than tlie emphjyment of privateers. It lias become therefore a part of the lawof naiions, and Jiaa often been introduced 33 an article of convention between many llafe", particularly in fcvcral treaties to which Great-Britain is a party, that .ndequatc fccuviiics fliould be given, and creiy precaution adopt- ed to prevent a rn^fapplicr.tionof the privilege. As this was the ancient, fo it continuts to be the modem prac tice, and at the cmin^enctrntnt of a new war, warrants are fentfrom the admiralty board to the governors cf provii.ccJ ; as has been done fince the breaking out of the prefent hoftiliticd. The regular tranf- miflion of this authority, though not amounting to i\ direft pioof, be- came then a fojplilliy of a concurrent authority clfcwherc, yet cer- tainly carries with it a llronjprefuinption, that without fuch warrant the governor w . . ot poflefied of fuch authority. B^'cnufc, upon the contrary fuppu tion, the warrant would be ufclcfs und nugatory, atid it ik not to be fuppofed that his Majefty's governuicnt would exert iifclf in afts of luperevogation. This prefumption is further ftrenpthencd by the order of the thirteenth of OiSiobcr. The words of this order as to the hof- tllitics to be exercifed againft the United States are as extcnlive as poffible, for ^^n?r«/ reprizals arc granted againll them, yet when it proceeds to dcfignate by what veflel thefe general holblities are to be tfFcfted, it fpecifics on.y his Majclly's fliips, and fuch as /hall be commiflioned by letters cf marque, or othtrwife, by hio Majcfty'a Commifllontrs fclr execuiing the office of Lord High Admiral. No oiher vclTcls, however ccmmiffiored, are authorized to commit hof- tilitifs upon the enemy. And thcfo words are ufed^ not as fceming to introduce any n« w limitation, but rather to refer co a known and Mftial limitation uf the right of tnakinif captures ia war, to a fuppo- fed eftaMi/bed pi'"nnp?f, tJi -8^ twafpeciet of vtfll!, „„|y. jf,, '*:/i;i/«? /imi/alion it wou'd be c„n,.| i«ltwa,„rani,ril7 confined to tJ liofe mffi.n vtflVU fuhfiHed introduced ai /J w^-w rj/?, /V7/«» "nv where bnt i„ the Admir.!,/ ^f" riiy to com. it wai whether , t would To r' „ ' Z; p ' '"/'t "l'^"f '''^ "^^^ ''""'^ - pr.vioufly granted ; f.r by , [ Jrde tfe p'.' """p*'""^'' '"^ »>"" •nakewhe declaration of War h ,t he fr, ?" ■'^T"' ""' °"»7 ^^^«.ch it fl,a!l be carried on. It frL^r""]''' 7'^ ^''^^'^ ^7 •re deduced, without thi, order. «/,fl^;^;;;7^^^ " ';'- «'■"' botj W'ththe ord r. /-c^v. cnn txtrrifc ,b "V . r"'"'"'-'^'' I»oniIiiit,, fcl. , Independent of tl>e ^ ^ t^l^Zl""'] '"" ^t"^' ''^ -'"- tl.c o^der. only thofe two ci.fle, o v il^^e/i""'''; ^'^ ^'^'"^ °^ But >n exammatfon of the Gov. n ' n °);i^''^- >-'lII think rtdu.c .hcfcn.ef,.m?r ^^'''"'" '"''''' tf^fn^f^lve.. clearly that no fuch pnweVis': Jed ' r 9 \ ' T'^^'^'y' ""^ "'-^ No doubt can be ente-.rn.ri: ^l" "^f""'*"' ^-1 -jm>„ under sJ:cT::L\zit^^^^^ the exercife of ,!n,oft a../b,anch o li „;;, ^^'''^^'^ -'''^ "^^'^'^ «'"1 •on.s mny arife upon any of his Mn' Z'- '^'''"^-''' ^"' l^'^^- power he has granted. A„ i » . •* ^ /""'miflio„«, as to what '';;eathce„c,Si,y;j;anfo" a ?f '^V^''^^ ^"'"^ °f'- 'o ally ot the higher bra Khe, JftrcanKr r"^*"""^^' '^^''^' n^oftexKcfswordatoihatcfr.a. '^"naferrcd without the The firft commffi n whih 't rt,..ii Admiral as a,,f,areraly moiAnAT'"'"' '»'''« ^f'^'^ ^ .«to the nature and fliiiory o Se Hf •'"^. '° "^^"'^^ " ""'« of the Lord High Admiral -fi.^, "'^''^' =« ^"'"ed from that uaderftood. ^ " ' '^"^ " "PPe-irs not to have been well Mr Selden,* that the office of WdhLbr- 'r^.' '"'^ Particularly W ralhtr than mliuary dutirand^ h JT' °"^ "^">^ «="'»P"'«J ' wa. not fo much the ccil^m d\ ^ ^ell'l'^ ^"-"'f ^ "^^J^^ ^^ « rf^W, but for guarding thefea aLainft •' ^'"^ '"'J^'^"' per mare pcfonn. and the proteftio^n of commfrce //^'/^^ '"' "'''" '""'^^ he ame power at A-a as other mSra'tetlf? '"^^ 'r"'"' ''«*'""g ufual ilde was that of e.jlodes marfsfTnTth}" "P°? *"''' Their anguage of parliame.u n> be a^po^ ted ufo^Tb T' ^^'^ '" '^^ «" fend.og of the fcas againft all pXnt for , ./ p"^'"^' ^"^'^'"-^ ^c ! «-"handi2e fafely to come and p Js o u of K f^'^'^'^o^rtc of mer. inrrulh-d with /«^^.^ ^, / „, ^^^ "^^ "f the f,^ » ^p,, For th,a purpofc they had a gen^r 1 M A f'^^"^^'',^'' '''' '«'-'• andcnm.naJ, upon the fcas.^" nc^di " t- ' "^ ^'^'J i..t.tlcd to various droits, rights and pi, rVer'^'T?' '"'%''''' pr\Ciag therefore Vh "t the !lnlT^ / ^ ""!.''"" 'V- It ii not fur- or,gin.i .uthority, .nd are of a ? o,tu n7r I'm'^ ^""\^'' Enghnd, with iSdvJi ^ 'P'"""""'"'^ *'^ »hcfc officers in thaf the;; : :. ZclZ\Z\T?r '''"'^'- ' 'pr-'*-'^ the court, of vice Li Xn^ilf^"^ *':'="•'* delegated t« ki. deputy. They ^ere b^; \f "^ m 'u"^"* '"''" "^^ '""^'"'If "'• Suifite. of the adira and h ; Ji a "f 'JS '^'^' ^^^''' ""^ P"' prizes -nd other ;i,;L:dpopr;ih'"' '^^•^'" '^^^^^'^^ didlion. Thisofnceinre^3? ^' ^ n-"™*" *'"'»•" l'" J^^rif- blcd that of a ^t^-ff o^^ 1 aic? orpf r • Th"^ '° 'T "^""' tant from a very em-aent m,fn c r v I ^''*''* '» » '<"«'^ <'>^' of 'hcdmiraltyV Se r" ta^v of Sr T ^'~\'"I •^?''''"' «''« "'^^ ^"'1^-= pretty much the nature of ^..-.tfi^^ f^Uk» the 2d,which flicw* It i. ad.lrefTcd "o IX^V'"!: '' ",?* '" ''"''' o^f^Tvantia. f«tn. that a falvage calc of f d'r 7^ ' f i' ' ,^- " ^'" '"''"'>'''• '' near the coalt.had Keen brn.^.f'^-'"^'"'' '^"^ ''»•"« "fu.liy Terr anre.f.nal|e Jva^ Ium "r ^i"*, "" ^Tl'^ ''"^ ^^-"'^ the payment ofii-.-tKinT n 'f ' r '^ /^' ''"'' '** ^= ^'^''^ ^«'- oftheunrrafonabSinll^r/'n'^''''"'^^^ '»" '"^""^ Warmth, a. lo the cafe ST'T- ^^''""P''^'* himfelf with great proceed, to faj" Ha. f,lou^f.,ri^^^^^^ "^^ the Vice admiral he «Mercha..t1 to yoJr fcSeat 1 ul" "^ ^'"r ''^'"'"' ^"'"'^^ ^^^^ "a jufticeof peace on lanTlrnhK^^^ ""'"' ^''''* '''" »° '"^r ^^at ;Vfc«ral pm'"f ,^ i"y t ci*: i: Zfe^r^'" -P'<')"«entln the ^* peace, and men's Danical.rnrn I' '^'^^ "rprefcrvinp ,he public «^F<"-'lp£« tea JiK-ky bit,' — 10*-- I Vice tdmirali in JBtli/MJ "'• lay out th "m^r^V^^r/Z "' «^^^' ,%"••« '" their couotry/SJd rroprr f;ri':;e'^ tl\^ o?r„ii.^;'j^;^^^^ -^ -thought ■^d. cor„niffion<-j., to grant TtUr^ (5 « r «'^'' '^d :n.r.Urt^c '^ h. . tfi . .„„. cou/encr;^ . , T !^?; "' ^'^^ »i'-»' to them. «t'«^.'cini;ra» .u^hor v n4"'^ «^ai the original branch .f t.mc c.uf .. oife:", ' , d s: r.i ^^-ff-"^--*-^" .-^ -v., ,„d Trr f". »*rec]t, nnd othr, f.rfdt ' « ' '°/"*l"'" '«;<> t''e ufages of the and other cfuahies an. rt ST^ V'"'^' "'''■''"' J' k'"°". '»«»"» • flnsle claufc which confer, Z* rill "" ?'"'''' *^"'*"' ^^' "« In England the offi! e hL^^ 7 "'!?i P°"" ^ha^^'er. have been for n,anyVrfre.vr!ih" *:'*° ,'^'f"'"^» "<> vice a.'miral, b«n performed V / he hi^.h/n ^' 'PP'^'""^'^'^"'^ 'hw funfiion. hav' the colonieB, patem of ifc .d " f '"^'"^"''r ""^ «* o^^r.. I„ bythe.eneraieaaK4 ; ofcmfru'ofv?' "i '^"'f'" ^"^""'''^ "ght..„ which they rehte haviK? 'u^r'''^' «"">yonhe aboHfted, and other ZZ ^ ""• °^^"^'^^' "" »>«'« ^ee. adopted t'o the oiXnT ^T;L'°"rr ^°: "^*» «"•' l*-^"" the enforcement of .I'v Ii;!^^^ ""^'^* ''"'= ^"° ^''^P^^ for to thf"p.refo[°cV.'^rnr„;'/hf '"^^^ •i^*"'^'''' ^•^'^ -^p^* . itmuare mherTnrS^^ "ti?ffi%T,lfr^''^'- -^^ the ejipreft words of the nJtJ! vl u , / .<^°"=y«"^-. toiffion)/«,;J^r.,";^'7j;*77''' (^y wh,chl undcHtand to com- tecrs IP particular net L 1 • , . *"h refpca to or va- ?«^ ••Imirali in Mn^hnJ their couotry, ufcd the kings fubj«a., »ho were appointed tdcd the peace, the entj it wai thought and maritime pow- rh Admiral, or t'le c admiral to theai. prccifeJy the fame » confiof-d t* tkc original branch %{ * (^ommiflioa now 1 ail evil and mari. the ufages of the ''on, j- tfoo, lagonj aa»cei,tofineaiid and wateri} to f dutiei, but not 'er whatever, no vice a'mirali cil- funftiona ha»e its olficcra. In to be granted ta fticc fuperceded lty» mnnyot the '> or have bees life, and better to adopted for ' ^ith refpeft tert of marque, eyed to it by admt'ral, or at r of this aature. repair, fit, fur. cHland to com. SioHifan *ither efpeA to priva- no commiftonA ordi are autho< ettslv laid down "••■j- Tiatths f virlute offuii^ ai himfeifius •o fwvrer virtute officii to commiflion (liip's, neither can theV'cefd mir^t, who derives hit authority from him. No fiich power hat been given him by facial eoiDmiflion from hit majeAy, (ince it if ao| eoQtained in hit patent, or other inilrymenti. I ihaU proceed now to c'l Ader whether this it a cem- Il>iiljbne4 veflel under hit Excel'ency't commiflion zi Lie Ue lant Qo* , Vfrnor, and his majefty't ia(lru£lions which acooifipnny them. It "nay I think previoiifly be obferved, that a letter of in;irque being an authority which extends to the whole rcean, and caabies the veflel to make captures all over the world, d.'>eB not fccii ▼cry naturally to be c< nsprehended in the powrrs of a Govcrmr, Vhofe commifllon it express y ceniiiied to a particular province, and the maritime parts thereof. Next, that a letter of marque is a naW commifllon and fonftitutett the veiTdto which it is gtanted a (hip of war. It feemt improbable therefore that no fuch power {hi)uirl be given in the naval commiilijn of vice admiral, and yet thould be contained in the civil and militiiiy conv " )n. That ni> fuch il«ii«.*ng power exifts in any fubje6l in Great Bri- tain, noteTen in the lord high adtviral with whofe ofBce it is mu^ ^onneAed, without a fpecial. occafional, and temporary cummiflio.i under the great feal, and this being a power not Hcceflary for the de- fence of a province, it it not probable that (o high a powsr (hoyild be permanently, and perpetuly conferred. In examining the inftrumentt thcmfelves it muft be remembered that in la«r all commifllons are (Iri^li juris, and cannot bs extended beyond thtir plain, and exprefs words. The firft claufe relied upon, gives a pawer of arming and em- ploying all perfons^ to march, or t« ennbark thtm, ftr the rejlfi'tng gnJ mfitkflanJing •/ alt enemiet, firatet, and rttels, both at fea and land, and fuch enemies, pirates, rebels, if there (hall be occafion, to purfiie and profecute in ©r out of the limi:t of tht province. Thit is evidently the power of raifmg and employing the militia for the defence of the province, either upon the land or the fra, Tke next claufe refere evidently to the former, which having au- thorixed the execution ef martial law •;< land, this proceeds to give the fame power, at/eai in cafe of any embarkation under the former claufe. The preamble Hates «• that foi-afmuqh as divers niutiniet and difprdert may happen by pcrfons (hipped and employed at fea, evidently referring to tne former claufe, to the end that they may be better governed and ordered, his majcfty grants the power to con- ftitue and appoint captains, and other officers,, and to grant to fuch eaptaint cornmilfiont to execute the law martial. No doubt under thit con»miffi«n veff:lt may be fitted out far tit itfnce of the province, and captains and other ofGioeit commiffioutd ' to command them. It hat been fo done vyhenever the ftate of af- fain required it, There are many commifliont pf thit ualure remain* w^in tlie feci V"-". fm. and uk7"' Z™'!; * """ffioi. to 2 • '7?"'' •••'«- -ode o";.x^k; 4;t', '" «'^»'^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^"^^ p- P'wy modem writer. ^^JH^'"y "^ which hj. V ?"""y. a • , Amongft the e«.„r iS?''"''*'-- * " '°° ^^- of the ProvL* 7l /? •'' '^ *^'^ta'-y Power. »', r either expr sS t '^""*8 ^f '«f"' of aTarai •" ^"^ *^'*^ ^^^^"« L"« of .n^aTquT anV*™''- "'i ^^ '^"'"'i' of heft*! ""^ '? ''^ ^"""B. Britain. Unlcf, Jji'/P""' «>•* -di knowo in th"'?'""^-. ^'»- C'^eiy meafiire of defcnr. T' "^"^ ''"« they cxte?^ f u *^*""* under their fpirit and i^f' '*''' '^*-'™ « little to hi " ^"^^y«nd H;. M • /I ?^ 'ntention, at unH,-,- .k • °* comprehended ieA ,"• ^ "■^"'^ »» new power* T^ ^"^""o"" «fer to the com ' '• "lanneTof i^;a 'tL ' '''* ^^'^ '^^^g^'.ra.d ^^^ PTy'.' ""d vemor tWcfof/ir^SSf "" '" ^= P'«' ta o„''s%"'fc''^ F-«^:3i:;rrt ''V^ ?^^?-- Great Britain " n . ? ^'^'"'"•ffi'Jns and inftrT.A- «"vern C..I >u.l,.,i„. "'" '«"'• « ■»",-= and rvriz,u:^,i°°,P°«^' |)eeo mide, both in the «ffi '~^M'^« ■Admiralty, and of the pf "cf "'^R'R■'^"r pf th. Court of Vic. Wilder a great Tarictv of r- """"X ««K«n place, jn a fcn« .f « ' .c'»rlr d™.„„„. f„„ ,h, rt.S"')' ''"PP'ntd. .ad which i°i„ Ihonl, of ,ht Cvcrtor. Bm Vi. 1 /• ""I"' '"'''«' br th. >u. " i'd,mion of the ■-11, J?', f ."'■ '"'' <«" Pkaf«l br h" " »nd f„ forth." I hdi,,, ,?«' '"' f"''J'ai to (it o„t pri.atK,7 . .wiw .•„ ,h, KoS .'t'xr,i "° ?r","' V- Ad^ri^' ^ondshad been given, and fh.. * ™^' ^^^ '^"C" fpecifv th/i- f.omhi.Majeft,? "' ««'» ^^•^y «^cr. acco«pai.,ed by f«ftX„. Ihefe ifTued therefore uud^r =. r • i from the King. *'"'^" » fp«I^I comm^qd ,nd authority !jar,ucSffueVin'th7mo/rS^ '1 ?776, near 60 letter, of Admirahy'Court, tmCrLRj"^ "^'^^ ^/ ^''^ J»'%e of the Vice -nor. and it i, [.pT:^licJ ^J'T '"'" ^'^ ^'<="^-"nt K! ;HeGreat t?2?-^ JJ:„;:;;^||,A^^^^^^ , co..iflio„ under them ,0 the Governor of thi. ^^^T C "'^ T'"^'*"' ^""^ f^"* by rjceiTcd frorn the fecrctary of ?»;/. • r"'^f*l"e"c? of a letter Wentworth upwards of co^.^yfS. ' '" u"" ^™^ "^ S'> J«h« Up.nafpeciara£horitvgiv „ by haf.f.f l""* ^^^^ -ere found/d ^cDukecfPordaJ/tLl! .« ^'•ijcftj' wfli confiderhim, and 4IJ -^u— f other. eonceroe.I, ai hari.ig a jaU claim to the King', (hare of ill «ruch»cflc!.and propatK which I.e may make pnzck of.being firft'con^ «dcmwa.. lawful ,,nzc to his M Jclty, and that the G-wcrnor had «'receiTtd hiaMajefty'.com.nand. to encourage all his Maicfty'j fub- yta»hj eirery n^ans in ihcir power t» diarcf. and anaoy the trade •• of th« enemy.*' * Itjs «nnectffary toconflder whether thefe certil^cate. were r«a] eommiflion., or merely the promife of a releale of hi» Majefty', (tare of fuch prl^^3 as they rhoi.ld capture, and which in law beloufe-ed tn hisM-ijc'ty as being taken by non-commiffiooed Ycff.ls, whiob u cer. teinly all which their form irapHe.. But it is more matenal to the prefcnt qa.ftion, that before this letter wa« tranfmitted from tha Secretary of biate, n^^ fuch inftrumenta were iffued, and therefore that they were granted, whatever wa. their nature, oreffca, not under the authority of the Governors commiffiins, or ftanaing inftruaior. tut under a fpeaal aythority given by his Majefty. They furnifh tluritorc no precedent whatever that the Governor had iffued letters ot ma«,ue upon the authority of his two commiffi«B8, and ftandinc initroaions, but ihcy furnilh a proof that without fuch fpecial au- thority, the Governor did not think himfelf authorized to ilfuc tneni Tke praaice and ufage therefore has been conformable to the conftrnaion which I have put upon thofe commiffions and inftrua- 1008, and It IS clear that to iffue letters of marque without warrant from the Admiralty, or a fpecwl authority from his Majcfty, i« without precedent. The date of this comm ffion is a very material in- grcdientiu effeaing its validity : it was iiTued on the 20tti Auguft, before the order for repriaalson the 13th Oct. Whatever may be ihe power vetted io the Governor as to grantit.g letters of marqge, and repnzal, they mull be limited vo the time of w»r, both f om their ▼ery nature, and from the words of the commiffi )n and inftruaion.. To declare war is the exclufive prerogative of his Majcfty ; orl ders for rcprizals and ihc ifluing of letters of marque has been fubfti- tuted m modem praaice for the more fjlemn denunciation of war. Whatever may have been the condua and provocations of another ration, till bis Majelly thi-iks proper to declare war the ftate of peace iVUfublilh. Lord Ci)icf Juitice Hale is decifive. That u m ttme of HojVilUy^ 'when war It proclaimed by the King againjl a V,Tu ^''''"' '"' ^*'*'' 'i'''"> ^"'d this on'y renders them enemies.* Till the order then for reprizilsupon the 13th Oa.>ber, though the United States had declared war, the relation, of amity was not brok-n with refpea to Brit^n^ fubjeas ; this is implied in the Paiice Regeru's order, in which ic is declared, that though the Unued States had declared war, and had iffued letters of marque, he bad forcborn previoufly to the ij'h of Oaober, to direa lettei.of auarque and repriwl to be iffued againft them. So that this, com. •liargrcve'siawtraStp. 145. PUjt o/the Gr»iwn. i^e. '• (hnre of^t^ I>')vernor had VIajefty»4 fub. no J the trade ites were real [ajefty'i fl-.are T beloiij^ed ta which i« cer. latenal to the Lted from the herefare ihat % not Udder J inftruAioni They furnifh ifTued ietteri and (landing ch fpecial au< ized to iiFue rmable to the land inftru6t' :hout warrant is Majefty, i« f material in« loth Auguft, er nnay be the marqvie, and ith f'oin tlieir d inftrudlioni,. Majcfty ; or- a$ been fubfli' iation of war. ms o.r another ir the ftate of fife. T^ai is iing agaitifl a hem enemies,* ober, thoug}\ >f a^ity was mplied in the though the >f marquef he re£t letteiaof It thia, com. them which k,. ? '"* =»"'i»l'" h*. for ihdr i> no pin of •■ m ffljo. of »., "'""rft KJiiiiawn, ■• not to .rant com. « am rihhr?"" «P"«I' ag-i-d any P.inceor Stat, ta " 3." • '""' ''"''» "'""«' without o.r fpwialcon," ^ Coo,i',ld;",„'cLf''„'l'r'"; r''? "* P'>"J'»>'-«fi™ation.f would be ,vi,!.„.. ,„d i, „o:id"l*,t- to^'anSV?." lt£ - and i!.:i.'7%''''*'"'''' that in urgent nec(ffitiei» or for feme ereat Sonewhfcha±?;^^?.'° '^I'T''"^^ -^' "« not wnfrequfn J fiabU^n n r K '^'""''^ ^y '"'*' ""'^ «'•''<=*' «« not only juftl But tie C■'or>H♦^""* the approb«ionoftheSovLi.^^ tak. ^/Ihl ''" S""'""' "'** ''^•^^^ i ^«^« thought it my diity to fearX? nH^^h ^°"V'"*" iu bearing., after the «oft SWr^ mTin^^U^ •!,™°*"'l"'"'^*''"*'"«'^ ""^--ding to the^b^ Tf ForiTtotatr"V I«'«of°pi-o«thatthi« ifarumcnt; pur. Forung to be 4 letter .f marque, and having iffued bcfoir »h« oVder thit Pmvioce, which have h.^ i! ^ . i • ^.'?"*"»'" Governor of priyelhcLordHighAS X^bln T^/Tr'*.'^^^^^ «' »« ^«- the vtffd callcd^heLk e'jo?a?iT^ ^^ '^^^^^^^^ have thii property delfverS /nfri °- ''""* '^'"l"" " "Sl'^ to the other part es arc i-niitlv S.m.^l h j V7 '^^^^ Shcrbrooke, and Captain GenerairOc^^^nU^:^^^^^^^^ the fcveral c.mmiffion- of forth in the AlLatbn Th. ?^ ' '"*l^Y'" '^'^'"'■^'. « f« authorized to recofer feW^^^^^^^^^^^^ " Officers and Ageats duly With rtWft J .u T • ''■"*^'*" General of Droits.* .ire,,^:^ ;;5:L:^^ : ^'C A^r °if • ^'^^-^ -?» ^"- an exprefa power in iheir oat-n Vn^^L V *''i"o" S'^'^*^' »»?, Ihe Admifahjr. The Rec'Sver P^T.™ h«=/-^rd8 Commiffioner, oi pointed by the cll:ffirnm If .h? ^^ °- ?''°'" " ''^^^^'^"= »?' po^'cr grafted to themrarh/ia d UfteT;^^^ "'''''^'"'^ '" '^^ fuch ports and place. .J he ftalf f5 d necefTarv "^^1""'' '^"*' ^ "" thority therefore of the GovJrnrir JS f ^ «''* ?°*^" "*^ '»»* .ficnti is derived from thVCLS ''' '''''•"""' *^' '^"^ own limk/ Yee "h" X, iri"fl-'''«' '! .'^' ^" '^''"''"'•» *Sfe af)fsB(t$x B. —17- nmiilioiif, »^ Governor of would con- ^I» an to ic- ire condemn its and Per. it. There n t right to ' part of his Brooke, and "rd Br«b«. e former in' nminioiid of !al, as fct igtats duly Its and per- • Jm refls in- rjintcd, by ilTioners ot ikewife ap- ing to the gents at all vtr and aiu f, or their nmlflion of ver of re- ♦ Droits,'' gi of the lich might icable, is ng clafled ue«, fiiic«, profits of :n, or arc ■t tht Vici whcth- r ^> or Hny Admiral's s ieems fo tfclf, and miflloncrs^ Vice Ad., ral, «t!»^.» the right carrot be doubled, and ih.t by uf.« .t I \ let:'!, \i preptr- O. the other hand fhe riLif J'u^'i'*"" *'•"' ^^^"''«- jqually clear. . The pat„t7o"Se ?!'''* f''"''".'."'^^" «««»•« Droits ftall be received by he vie SZ"'?'"''? *'"*i^' ^^' *^« ipttks afterwards of Vice A^™?r«l "^ *^, *'"" "^PcAJwly. It fa d Commiffioners or any hree o'^ Ij ? °^ A d«j.iralty, a. y.u the gives them the po W nomLtl?^ "n ^S-*" """ *i'P~vc of,andit m'ffion the receiver Jln.fl^! to appomt rece.vers, and in his com- ;; quifi.es o{Az:c^r/:oVz:2:' ^»"= "«*'^' "«^ p- " aUand all manner of riaU. f • i o«mand, recover and reccvc .«J™aion..eS:4?,':.'f„^^^^^^^ War." In th. ▼effels a.e particularly fpeeifiVd. ^ " ^" ^^ non-cmmiinoned the p^m^nhtlord's' cT "-^^ '»"°»";«»''e »o the „ceiver. la « A-d«iraira doThT^sfSlT °;?'\"f"^'^^^ ^^'^ " ^h* Vice •* fore the Comm°ffiL"„ TT ^"J '''' '^"' ^"'"» ""*«> o^ be- it i»thrcontained,VoA^;'t ".^ ^'''^ '""^"^o"" to the receiver. Admiral, to giJ Jp tIeraccou„T, 'T«S ^ V^t^''^'-"'"" ""'Vic^ .nL,tideraK\^^rStX^^^^^ Cenel^^teVaVb'a'^'; • t ^j^^ ^^'"'»' '^'^<» »^^ R""^' todemanda ^rcLeXr^ -nd authonty their is n» r..ferv>>;o? 7.T '' / ". P"^°"' whatever, and that of tha o^he RecS IVf'l^'t ^'" A'^'"'™' '" "''"fi°« lo the receiver. "' ''"' *^" ^'^'^ ^'" A'^""'^""" ''^c accountable Both thtn being inveftcd tvith the fame power and h^ tfc^ .»J IZ^ ''".5>?"' ■•"f' "m>ni(li.„s ifc from ,Kc fem, aulhority. tnuit gWc w«^ Thii fa the «re at prerent, ii the Urof are paid lo one, it is impoflible to pay tlicm to the other, wl.ich ih may tl be prt-fuined to have been ihe ea intcntionlof their LurJlhiufr fllould y:cltl the rijrhi to ihe other? 'I he rult of 1 w in fuch cafes is, that of two poWcra both beiilg revoca'lp, and prnccediii)r from the fame authurity, the for- mer fhall be fupcrcrdcd by t(;e latlrr. W.'ichthcfi has the priority in poiat of time? Thii U rot t« be afocrtained by the date of particular commifSjns but from the inftiiuMdn of the offices ihemfelves, or the date of the original ffrft The comnniffian to the receiver, which as to itit form is e*i- dchtly of ancient date, fpcaks of Vice admirals as an office previou*- ly fxitling. Under this rule of decifion between confl fting rightti the perplexities ariOng f.om ap- '« which then ir Lurdihip*- lOv^ers both ityi the for> it U not t« but from tfie original flrft I farm is e^i- Gee previuui* fting lights, eem to have hority (hould 'ice Admiral 'e and is ac« part of liis Lord% of the »er, the Re- d as the fii« > be made to whom he is Biccr comes appointfl ao Hicer having II perfons, ia it ifiuft fu« entnply vith ary power is y's bcneBt. ind fimpler^ )inrcying the method, be- lavc a dirtdt le to the re- ro channels, I the stherf numeration, tenant Go* ttives of the it the court i f.ois ap" perently equal, and conflJAJnff rights. But «1,!.«..»I. r m given in the refp.Ai,e in^ftruVcnt. ab ve ft tef It T f''7' ther a Vice Admiral, a Lieutenant, or Deputv to th* Vi.r IV • i* -0 „y way whatever invcfted with the ^llL^n^pr^e^ofrt *nft y.'" 5."'»""''"o" ofVice Admiral is dircftcd to Sir Georo-.. P.- joft, the Governer and Commander in Chief on J with n?.^ , 'hO> APPENDIX CA.3 Smtraa/rom lit CmmUticn »/ tbcGtvtn^r^G.atral, in fuS?'' your capums and commander, by y.u to be amh?, rlloi ir r"'^'u"'**r°"'''' *°'*^' "">• ™«ft«'' command and F *^ /„/ Ir t" «'''*5f«.'" "fi'ling witl'in our fa.d Province of MfiTn Jin f " tcrntoric, under your goTernmcnt ; and. as oc- ^ .larlc. i "'/' t« march them from onc'placc to another, or to rir nn^'l' 1 V'^u "^'?'"« '"^ withllandingofaHenemi«, pi! rates, andrebr ., both at fca and land and to tranfport fuch forcea to any of our plantations in America if ncceffKy (ball require, for the defcnceofthcf«me,agamftthcinvafions,orattcmpMof.,.yof.urene! ?rL' f" •'i'^""?' P^"''» ""'^ "'''^'•' if ^hcfc (hall be occa. vUc. !i?P, "^ P'°f«C"te w or put of the limit, of our faid Prd. .i!« ? Planmions, or any of them ; and if it /ball fo pic,fc God *rcrct.on; and to execute Martial Uw i„ time of invafion. war. *r me aurd r^'" ^'"^k'' '"'^ ?^ ^"'^^^^^j »"d ^^ ^-*-^ »- General and G'^°'^"-^r^''?'', '!:'"«'• *'''^''' ^'^ ^"^ Capt.in Andfo™ T' »"C»»'efdothor onght of right to belonjf. kvW^n.vL- ^ ." *'7*" ""''"'« '"d diforders may haiHK^ *ll A ^'^^r^ '"*^ employed at fea dunng the time of w,r ,\^ eonttitutc and »ppou,t Captams, Lieutenants. Maft«. «f Shi". -A «acr commander., and Officers, and to grant to fuch Cawaki'.. t.qu«„«nt., M,ftcr. of Ship, and athcr cS^^t^^Cn rarof the r.i^., of oiu late R0..I r j r V**' .**'"'*^ ^«<=°"'* f«I.. »..d force, by ffa'V nd ,0 urr. k'^"'* ^/^'^y'' ^'P'' ^'^f' fender,, who fl.Il b mut'in"^ fS'? 'V^ ^^ "'^ '^ ^' °f' rnlr either « f.a, or Tr " k^^^^^^^ or ,r,y way un- loriei, a. ihc c!,fc fJiall be fo»L» ^'^ • '"^ P'-onnce, and terri. I.W. .»d t.e .id d j,^:,x ;Ee :r ii^SrS^rr «» rantil/comlSotritV^^^^ f?^ I"^mandcr,of.,Ii «« rd.t,on I. Colour, to b. Worn b/allftlprj/J,!',:"""^^' '730. B. fi^rtheiJit^^rtS^^i^^',;:;,'^ -;f . r'-. .,d cttai^ Britain aforefa.d for the time bd;/ '"■ ^ " ■ ^^'"'^^i '"Great wreck of the fcH. BudtVTnd beh.of «„d not otherwife. And whereas we conceive \i Uift and reafonahlc that thofe who have or fl.all truly and failhi iliy account for what they reccire. /hould hnve fuJficicn? difchargc ff.r the fame, our will and plcafurc i., «„d we do thirefore by ihtfc u e. ftnt. give an^ grant fo y.,u «i.r faid Commiffioneri, or any three or moreof yoH.f.,!! pow.r and authority to iffue forth difch.rge.. rclcJ fe., a.d 9««/«, ,/,, upon fuch accounts, forH! dntics, Droit.. an4 prolr.wha.focvcr received, or to be received, by the aforefaid Vic . Admirals or other c.lleaor,, receiver, or any Ccmmifllonas aulho fizcd by the Court of Admiralty." Eslraajrom the Commhsion to the Rccchcr G.-ntral of Dro'itt. tie. aniniT ' ""^'^'V" ''••"'Jh, and other Dr.its. right., du- Sd SiXAZ'^'/r'^'^'i''.'^* been heretofore granted lo former 1-ord Higk AdmM-al.fortheSr own ufe ?nd b.ntf.tT as dutie. ai>D-r. MrA'V!:^?''' "P^-"°f ^°^^ High Admiral. aTb'/f'h recciv.d, in all places where they ftall h;.ppco, in fuch fort as thev formerly were or on^ht to have been tahenVcoiuacd. a dree ivtZ wbea there wa. a Lord High Admiral of England, but for hi. S I our faid Pro. jefly*. only ufe and be1,«If j m6 we h.Wnjr a wr^f,A ..- ^ , the faid - J^ , . ' conititnte and appoint yo« revenues arifen or lo ante. b7a!l or a„?If m "'-T ^'^'"' °^ »*»« •f Admiralty. „„der wh.'; ^UliZS focvt thf a«f h^'^^^^^^' or fliall ot may arifc, in the room of ^" '°^^" ^^e f' "««haye arifen^ .t«« orft.ubcf.i,cd.„jS.°jf'^t: "lati: "■« "" InsttuBions in the Receiver General of DraU, t (I. Direai him to appoint Ajrenti. «'!. Inter aiia, to inform himfclf of anJ demand »11 ftip* and goods cafuallv iti«r »» f»o j r • ^ . *"*' *" enemicg 9th. You are from time to time, as thrr*. n„ii u \requiM all our Vice Idmirali tn nT »««■«? (hall be occafion t« quaint iTs vfrith any abuft;a n^o-Ii-Aa . .• '""'^<'» and to ac- Vice Admirals fir their Offic^is ... ►>.- . l- =°""n'tte« by any oremb...j„„ difpofi^^ ofS g w th^an^fl^ip:^^^^^^ merchandise, or any Admiralty Droits, anj to ta'ket t Tt for the reformation thereof as may bed conduce to he beteri. r ^ •dvanc.ng ,he due right, and benefit, of the Lord Hill'^"'' and you are to acquaint us with any nedtaa ahnf!! ^ *^'""*' ' *nd encroachments chat either have or that voufSl' r^P"**"'' commuted hy any perfon whatever to . e pS J "of Ji'^o'fli* «odperqmfii..oftheLord%hA