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BV I.RWia I.INDSAV UVCIIR. 1 f" Ml-: Arctic Highland- ers, the most north- ern inhabitants of the j^IoIk'. are not so called because they dwell in the liij;h lands, but iK-cause of the high latitude in which they live. Like all other ICskitno tribes they cling to the coast. Their settlements, a few igloos (stone or ice-huts for winter), or tuples (sealskin tents for summer), are scattered from CajH.* York, 75° .S5 '. to Htah, 78° iS', on the shores of Koulke Fiord. Though these jx'ople s])read over a consid- erable territory, they number only alxjut three hundred souls. Inglefield (lulf might be considered as the center of their settlements, each of which usually contains fnmi two to a dozen families. The.se settlements are more permanent in summer than in winter, for in the sum- mer the ice is continually breaking up .so that the people cannot travel far with the dog sledges, which are their sole means of taking long journeys. They ]M)ssess kayaks, it is true, but these are rude, clumsy, and ill-shaped, as compared with those of the liskiuios in central and southern Greenland. The latter have tight skin coats which fit them so closely about the head and wrists, and are tied so tight about the rim of the kayak — the aperture which the kayaker enters— that no water can possibly get into the boat. But the Highlanders know not of such a garment, and .so only gj out in their kayaks when the .sea is suiooth. In fact, there are but two months in the year, Jidy anl Lij worl<| and have| and covei were! were! tlieyi and on HI ever! they dene tlieii agin the « the amo hav( deiu api>; that T broi 5 4 THE CURIOUS RACE OF ARCTIC HIGHLANDERS. 229 "it of such a "t in their ''• In fact, I the year, 'ossible for -■ boats, for tils the sea ith ice. Hever, the twenty- iiets are inber of sinall pieces of wood and bone, all drawn securely together by means of strings of sealskin rawhide, and shod witli strips of ivory or bone. Living isolated from the :vst of the world, and struggling againsi a harsh and difficult eiiviionment, these ])eople have cleveloi)ed some strange customs and beliefs. When they were first dis- covered by Sir John Hoss, in iKiS, they were much surprised to learn that there were other inhabitants on the glolie, for they knew not even of other lilskimos, and thought thcm.selves the only jK'ople on the face of the earth. This fact, how- ever, did not make them proud or haughty , they were open to conviction on the evi- dence of their senses, and .so modified their ancient belief. This mania of im- agining themselves the oul\' ])eople on the earth is not one that was jK'culiar to the Arctic Ilighlander.s — it exists still among certain civilized people whom I have visitceen known to fol- low up the coast toward Cape Sabine and then to cross over, and there are now two or three Ivskimos living among the Arctic Highlanders who came from the American side. These |)eoi)le are perhaps the oldest race on the face of the globe, and dwell nearer the original habitat of man than any other people. We are told that the earth cooled off at the poles first, thus making jK)ssible jilant and animal life; AN AKCTIC IIK.III.ANDKK " TUPIC." ajo THE CrRlOUS RACE OF ARCTIC HIGHLANDERS. couni theni but they I ized Itl Eski isteii] liar ■K\\ >vith| WATllll.M. HKTt'KN thence those forms of life moved south- ward. It seems fairly well established that the human race originated in the lM)lar rejjious. Tlie jilace 5)re])ared by nature for the first life would naturally Ik' the first habitation of man. The place where plant and animal life first oriji^i- nated would naturally be the cradle of the race. The life zone would work south- ward, but some of the hardier forms of animal and i)lant life woulil adjust them- selves to their environment and still re- main in the polar rej^ions. The polar bear, the arctic fo.v. and the reindeer are nearer the original home of these animals than any other species or variety, altliou>;h they must have utulerj^otie difierentialion in order to keep pace with a chaujiint;: en- vironment. Thus it is a tenable supposition that the ancestors of the race may all be buried under the snow and ice of the arctic regions, and that the man of science will be com])elled to come here tf) dig uj) the missing link. However this may be, the Ivskimos are an iiiter.sely interesting people, and no satisfactory explanation has yet been given for their e.xi.stence in the extreme north. Some m.iintain that the Ivskimos are KKO.M A M'.\l. WVSX the most considerable remnant of that nameless jirehistoric race of fishers and hunters who once clung to the coasts of ICuroiM? until thev were imshed away into the nooks and corners, and to the very verge and edge of the great continents by the successive bands of Arian migra- tions, until they found their way to the uidiospitable northern regions. Some believe that they were forced thither from the coasts, both of Asia ;iiul America, by the migration of Indian ;iud Mongolian tribes ; but it is not improb.d)le that they have lived from time immemorial amid the ice. I'p in these regions we still find stunted growths of the i)iiie, the willow, anil the birch, and of other growths that now attain their full (levelo])ment under mure congenial suns. It ma' )e that like these the Ivskimos have remained in the frozen north, unable to attain any high developnient on account' of their hard and didicult surroundings. ihit certain it isth.-it the Ivskimos have worked out the jirobleiu of existence amid surroundings which would have baffled the efToits of the most civilized people. For the latter are rial amid i-e still ilnd he willow, "Wilis tliat itnt under i: ")e tliat "liimed in tttain an\' t- of tliei'r inins have tnccamid ve baffled '1 pco|)le. o live for he arctic "I*"" the country, as do the Ivskinios, to supply them with food and fuel and raiment, but upon supplies and eKori> or eiilLi>Hi-:N. ordinary meat. After eating a meal of whale skin the appetite seems to be sat- isfied for at least twelve hours. Blub- ber is used for the most part for fuel, either being burned in the lamps in the igloos, to make heat and to melt ii-e. or it is mixed with moss and made ti;, m A'.V. THE CURIOUS RACE OF ARCTIC HIGHLANDERS. 233 n a man and his a.settleiiuntiu.t iia.i will Ir.ule lliitl of aiiotJicr Ieaviiij,r lijs 1,^. away with his "<""■ Hilt tliis Mile lasts only <) I'onpUs nii-et un the on),rii,(,i to lach (itht-r. lo not stem to :>r with whom nuassiiflicient ns are I)ioiij;ht lehold. e seem to have y very (iefiiiite itions. Neither lawmakers, rs. The an>rc- lor, a sort of in, lias some 'i works si)ells and chantinj,' skin the size loctor neither performance lie allow his itter says that eedless to sav I the patient at least an )n. owever, some IS of the most they strictly d lesser ;ni- perty of the tit if a whale the common property of all present. Nevertlieless, in tile tlivision of a narwhal into which an Ivskiino had thrown a liar]>oon, and whicii 1 had shot and killed ahoiit an hour later, I observed that when tlu animal was hntchered, the man who had thrown the harpoon took some of the choice parts for himself, sncli as the jjrcat mass of skin which covered the tail, and the sinew from the back, in addition to his share of the meat. Hut thoiiKli the hunter may have a rij^ht to a larj^er share in the ^fame he has captured, he does not e.xercise this rij^ht should want and famine be around him ; for it is an un- known thinji: ainonjr these people that becoming costumes. The women make up with great skill and taste the beau- tiful white and blue fo.xskins into short trunk trousers, bleiKling the two colors deftly so as to get tlie best effect. .An ICskimo woman with a foxskin jacket and trousers, and .sealskin boots with white bearskin fringes at the to|), not merely for ornamental pniposes, but to keep out the blowing snow, possesses as handsome an>K /.T CAPK %'UKK. of sealskin, sewin^r a seam as fine as any machine could make. Her tliimlite, secured from .some whaling vessel, or, jKWsihly, from one of the I'eary p.irty, was worn on the first finjjer. 'I'he women who were sewinjt had their kamiks off, anil held the skins Ix'twcen the first (the preat) and second toe. It was surprising to .see how deftly they could u.se their toes, it seemed as if they were supplied with a veritahle third hand. One woman was sewiiifj little auk skins toRcther into a K-'iriiifiit which would eventually l)e usei>ti thcin, and with the skins thus iiioistiiicd washcil the children's faces. Water is scarce with them— very Hcarce durin^r ten months of tile year. It JH necessary to hiirti Mnhher in order to melt the ice, tliere l)ein)j no otiier fuel in the cjue and throat are I'fTectjd, iK-cominn sore and swcllinjj Mp. Yet these jieople are not The younjj women, as a r\ile, are rather >»<1 lookinjj and well formed, the women averajje heinn about four feet leu inches in height and the men about five feet four inches. The foimer weinh alK)Ut one hundred anunds and the latter alM>ut one hundred and foity. They are not the short, thick, chubby ) J*-. ««*(• * * « »iirt «. i> tp'w^"^ -a v^ T*«w«-jiv *,>:■■- lis n nilc, nre pll foriiud, the rut four ftct ten Jiiuii iilMMii live jiir wiinh jilKUit "n |x)iin(ls niid I'litd and Anty. tliitk, i'liul)l)y |iill.\ ri-pii-stiitod luv aif linnjjry Kfpy, but liavf (linn tliescfiinc- (Hkv put •••> a It icf i;;|.„) if l>ad; hut with i\vn and sk-t]) Hut at home, take off all (.nisi'lves np itn ready to isliij). lull I)c- 1 extend this They l)elieve njjT the )jreat le Ko-kc) yali oth nood and eeni to liave nt. Perhaps ! THE CURIOUS RACE OF ARCTIC HIGHLANDERS. m it is only those people who are con- scious of committing sin that have such ideas. Their present environment appears to satisfy them entirely, and they make the Ittsl of it. Thev have no lon);in); for another and a lietter world. ■■ The desire of the moth for the star" (Uk'S not trouble them. They sometimes imagine that tiiey see spirits, or the Ko ko yah ; the latter may ap|R'ar in different shajies . id in (liffereiit ways. The sick are under the inflneiue of llu- evil si»irit, and as the anjj^e'kok, or doctor, i.s sup|X)se(l to enjoy intimate relations with the Ko-ko- yah, we have the .secret of his iK)wer over the sick. It is very difficult to Ret an Arctic ni^hlander to speak of the sick or the dead. .\ >jie,il advantage of the community of property which exists anion^jst the Arctic Hifjhlanders is the total absence of litigation and law. There can be no (|iiarrcliii;j about proia-rty which is vested in all alike. Some one has said that his idea of ])aradise was in a state of society where there were nocoiirts t)f justice; well, anions the inhabitants of the frozen north this ideal state of society is to be found. Nor do societies for the suppression of this, and the prevention of that, exist WAIIi \T IMANNIIl. anionpr them. .\s they are kind to both childre'i and animals such societies are not necessary. As they ha\e no mone> nor means of :tC('uniulntin;; wealth, their plan of existence is a combination of socialism ;»iid individual liberty. We may call them savayi'S. because they do not possess the arts and relinei'.ients of modern life, but in the conduct of life it.self they can teach us by mere force of example some useful lessons.