IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // .<< fe 1.0 I.I III 1.8 1.25 j.4 14 ^ 6" - - ► "■^ <% /, ^ ^ <$s ^;^ Ph()t()gni|)hic Sciences Coqxrdtion 73 WtST MAIN STRUT WIBSKR N Y I4it0 ( ;i6) 177 4}01 ■^ <^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked belovw. 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Laa diagrammaa suivints illustrant la mAthodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 !■■*■■ ^mi^ttft^ « NEWrOUNDLAiXD LOYAL TO ITS MOTHER ENGLAND AND f ITS POSITION AND BESOUROES nr AUGUSTUS 0. BAYLY OK trr. AOoo.«Ti^B'• collror, cantkrbvrt, and bonatiita, RBWrOONDLAND GILBERT Si KIVIN&TON LimiltH BT. JOHN'S UOUSK. OLERKEKWCLL ROAD, £.0. y Iv^ii OA^'-^'' NEWFOUNDLAND. . ( Pkriiats no country has suffered more from an im- perfect or prejudiced recognition of its attributes tlian Newfoundland, "Britain's oldost colony." It would bo a grateful task were I, a native, able to remove, if possible, somo at least of tbo many false impressions wliicli havo gathered around it. It is, I know, jestingly said that the words " cod, fog, dog," co-npriso the average Englishman's know- ledge of Newfoundland. It is iiideed not unfair to say that somo peoi>lo havo expressed to mo their surprise that a Newfoundlander '* so muck ro- semblcd an Englislnnan," and havo asked me if I had "much difficulty in acquiring English," and "what language" wo usually speak iu Newfound- land I Before drawing attention to tiio jdiysical features of the island, t would ask you to feel thoroughly assured of the loyally of all Newfovnidlaiuler.s to the Queen and tho British Crown. They steadily refuse to rccog>ii?o all external interference, and it is this loyalty which is giving importance to tho T)ositif»n the islftud is now holding in respect to tho i^ench claims regarding its " rights," and iudeed A 2 4 ownership, wliicb, if not at present realized by the Motlicr Country in Iho niultitudo of its duties and eng..jcmcnts, will assm'cdly be intensified, and compel atten*^ion on lier in some possibly unexpected manner and fiino. It is an island, as is England, as was Greece, '* distinguished, " as Thirlwall writes in regard to tho last, "among European countries by the same character -which distinguishes Europe itself from tlio otiicr continents, tho great range of its coasts compared with tho extent of its surface," a peculiarity which Schlego] also recognizes as an important condition of political and commercial j)0wer. Italy havl this advantage, and it is, and has been, one of tho greatest in the local condition of England. A maritime population is synonymous with the strength and bravery of tho people of the sea. Ilonce tho resolution and loyalty with which the Newfoundlander- is determined to assert his rights as against the claims of tho French. He will not hear of such a thing as ** French rights." "Treaty prii'ileges" ho may admit, but with no inconsidornblo reluctance, so long as they are strictly limited to what has been agreed to by France and England, and the recognition of the ownership of tlio island by England. Ncwfoimd- land, although liritain may not liave sufficiently valued its colony, is certainly i)art of her posses- sions, and of course can in no sense and to no extent be a possession of France at tho same time. England will soon learn that its inhabitants are bent on maintaining their position as un independent •i 4 I f Britisli colony. Canada lias tried tc bring New- foundland into licr cnibraco, and failed. The United States also would rcjoico at the idea of obtaining control over the key to North America, but tho islanders cling with a Spartan-like fidelity to tho parent " tight little island," and favour no alliance "with another power ; and it woidd bo a disastrous day which would cause them to regard ICngland in any sense but ** home." Their loyal object is to secure Newfoundland for tho ]3ritish Crown, and it remains to bo seen whether colonial loyaUy must succumb to foreign invasion, which the course being taken by the Trenchman is in effect. To Newfound- landers nothing can bo more ridiculous than tho suggestion to buy out *• rights " which do not exist. Tlio situation of the island, tho nearest point of America to Europe, its advantiiges as a naval nursery, and its natural strength of position mako it a prize to bo coveted by any world power, and especially important to England, by whom it would ahnost seem to have been purposely neglected by somo strange cause as yot hidden from the ken of politicians. For in truth as a British possession it has had a most unfortunate history, which to tho historian rather aggravates the present difliculty. It will appear, ou examining the annals of tho country, that Newfoundland has been most unjustly treated from tho very beginning of its existence as a fishing station even to the present time. It will bo thereby seen how monopoly depressed, and mor- ciianL princes muuo blrouuoua cuOits to Kccp r»o.y- ^ . 1 .. i i i : i t fountllaml ami its advantages to tlicrasolvcs. Fish- ing captains wcro compelled to givo bonds of 1001. to bring back to England all sncli persons as they took out, and " all plantations iii Newfoundland were to be discouraged;" but yet, in spite of these stringent regulations, and strange reports of the climate, and false impressions of the sterility of the soil, a fishing population of ten thousand had settled there in 1785. " Even so late as 1797 we find the naval governor for the time being sharply rebuking a sheriff for having during his absence l>crmittod a resident to erect a fence, and or-'lcring certain sheds for the shelter of the inhabitants to be removed, and prohibiting others to erect chim- iieys to their sheds, or even light fii'es in thcra of any kind." At the comracncement of this nine- teenth century cultivation of the soil was held under such restrictions as almost to be prohibited, and of course it was to the interest of the fishing monopolists to preserve the unsavoury statute of William TIL, which regarded the island as the property of these merchivnts, as well also as that of George III., the tenor of which was "to keep alive the principle of a ship fishery carried on from England." Large sums of money were expended byUio British Government to promote the settle- ment of the Canadian provinces, but no help was afTordcd to Xcwfoundhind. It is a matter of debate whether the difference in the benefits derived from tho island by Franco and England respectively,^ is not one merely of degree. Biuco iho year 1317. i when an attempt TN'as actually made to transport tho princip'^l part of the then 70,000 inhabitants to . the neighbouring provinces, a constitution has been crrantcd to Newfoundland, and the progress of tho country since that time has been encouraguig. Yet year after year tho French aro nink.ng new encroachments on us. They hamper the market of our staple industry by paying considerable bounties on all fish caught in our waters by their fishermen, and recently, in tho matter of lobster canning, churn territorial rights which no treaty can establish. Our youth aro discouraged and disappointed, and steamers from our shores aro carrylug tho flower of Newfoundland to a country which no longer show* tho British flng, and absolutely nothing is done to check tho exodus. I havo just received a lettei ^vh^ch speaks of seventeen young men leaving a Kottlcmcntvith a population of about fo.ir thousand, tl.is next spring, either to make or to lose their fortunc-H in the States. They are all Iho sons of hardy fisl.crmen, who have at last come to realuo that 200.000 people cannot bo supported by tlio ^vcahh of the seas as easily as 10.000 could be a century past. At last, however, the Knglish people l;avo had their interest aroused, and by means of tho fiicndly Knglish press, our island is being known as it desorvc-8 by thoso who will thus learn to valuo it, rnd by its means knowledge of the truth i3 spread- ing, before which tho words of a leader in llio IIouso nf Hommons on the appointment of a Bishop to Now- foundkud uot vcr^ many years since, tUat ho - uuricu I 8 himself for life in the frort and fog of Newfoundlund," is in a fair way of being launched out of the chronicles. There can bo no doubt that a winter in Newfoundland, especially if lived in a wooden house, is not one of the most enjoyable things the imagination may present; and there can bo no doubt that a missionary's life in Newfoundland is one of extreme hardship and peril, a life many nobly undertake, and as nobly perform ; but yel it is undeniable that the island, its climate, and its soil have been mistaken, if not misrepresented, and although the very earliest of England's colonies, it hatj not met with the support and favour so important a possession demands of the Mother Country. Perhaps the hour is at hand when Eng- land will discover this to her cost, and when Franco may have added the interference she is now trying to enforce to other perplexities she may bo prepar- ing for a country whom it may some day find con- venient under her own didiculties to oppose in arms. And having made tlieso assertions, it is a more pleasant course to endeavour to remove some of the i^M]oi«ances v'ucli we have ventured to say exist. And firstly the universal fog, which is really rather a myth. i)ou])tless fogs do accumulate on the coasts, and are a very serious liindrance to shipping. They prevail chielly in i^Iay, ime, and July, when the season is opening, and when our coast waters are teeming with icebergs. This is common know- ,igu, iJul Liiua it luiiHO uu ruiiirmuoruu luut iiio fogs ure generated on the banks of Newfoundland, I* ^ ■wliicli nro vast submarine plateaux from 80 to 200 miles distant from the island. Even with an '* inshore " wind they seldom approach nearer than a mile to tlio shore, and while the coasts are completely shrouded by the fogs, up the country, inland, the sun is shining b.-ightly. Occasionally the fog can be seen somo miles out hanging like a great black pall over the sea. It is this the passing sailor looks upon, yet not tbrough to the sun- lighted coast beyond. I have no hesitation in saying that the island is not at all incapacitated by the fogs. To the mariner, Nova 8cotia (which shares th'j fogs ef[ually with Newfouiudand) is much more difficult of approach, owing to tho dangerous shoals which lie oil' it at a considcrablo distance, " which prevent vessels running during fo"-3 for a harbour with tho same coT^.Tulenco that they do on this coast." ' "\Vo accept it ** on tho other side " ns a fact tliat it was for tho advan- tage of ti\e niercliant princes — the mono]»olists — to magnify tho difficulties and to multiply the fogs so that they miglit with nu)rc facility and less opposi- tion preserve the inland to tlicmselvis ; and tlie.so have been kept up and largely augmented by travellers to America, who jiass over'the " banks," but never really see Newfounuhuid. It is a fact that on the west, north, and north-tast coasts of tho ihland fogs are almost unknown. During my stay in Knglund of over two year?, I noro fofTS than, it was mv ' " iliklur/ uf ^uwloumllaml," 1'. li. Tugc. 10 lot to meet with in " Terra Nova " (and I certainly have heard more complaiuts about the Anglican visitors 1), although my residence was on ono of the arms of a bay on the cast coast. Westerly winds prevail during tlirec-fourths of the year, and thcso cariy the fogs directly away from us across tho Atlantic, and tho British isles got tho benefit o£ their moisture. lu winter there is very littlo cvtin hovering on tho banks, owing to the strength of. the Arctic current, which reaches much further south than in summer. Thus it will readily bo sccK from the nature of these facts that a mystifica- tion, or, if you please, a mythification haa prevailed in regard to the universal fog of Newfoundland. Wo have cleared away the fog, and opened an undisturbed view of our island, which is really surprisicgly beautiful and picturesque. An I'^igli.sh gentleman who lives in the midst of Eu'dish oaks and beeches told mo that he was much surprised and anuuicd at the first exclamation which a young Newfoundlander made on coming to ; vI.siL him one autumn,— •' AVhy all this reminds mo of Newfoundland 1 " And it is remarkable that tho fust impressions of the navigators and others who visited tho country were correct, and are thus summarized by tho wnter in Purchas' Pilgrimages, who says — " It is with-in-land a goodley country, naturally beautified with roses bo wen \/ith pease, planted with _. . _>^ A • A r^♦ i./^r.TOic/» rlivergificd both for pleaswroaud profit, and now tho report gocth that 11 I 4 our Englisli imtion doc there plant and fixo a settled habitation" — say 1j83. In slir.pc an irregular triangle, its coast is deeply indented Avith numerous bays and inlets, while massive and lofty lines of cliffs everywhere round its seaboard constitute Newfoundland a forniidablo natural fortress, and in a special sense " the key to an important position," one to bo taken and lield by who knows who, and what, and when. Tho harbours of Newfoundland represent some of tho finest in the world. That of Trinity alone has been estimated to be capable of sheltering any number of shij)S one nation could supply at one lime. From both a military and naval, as wtll as from an artisiic point of view, the sizo and beauty of tho three great arms of Trinity are exceptionally remark- able. Heart's Content — whcrois the terminus of tho i\tlantic cable — is a i)ort for beauty ajid security rarely surp.'isHcd. liut it is unnecessary to instanco individual places, where so much of interest is to be found. The island has several rivers. Tho estuaries of nost of them are on tho oast coast, caused by the fact that Iho land rises much higher on the western side, while hero and there alontr Iho coast •' landwashes " with their intermingling sand and cobbles lend a great and pleasing variety to tho coast scenery. The southern coast is very mr^'h broken also, but hero tho great feature is eceu of the groups of islets of every form and sizo, " from hugo heaps of naked rocks, whoso scored sidus tcaui with bcubird.s. % I ]2 to low banks of the brightest green, where the grasses are intermixed \nt\i a profusion of wild flowers." The Burgeo group are 300 in number, but only a few of them arc inhabited. A mis- sionary resides on one of the larger islands, and does tho greater part of his work in a boat, which work I am told iuclude.i services with sermon at fivo different places each Sunday — no easy task in somo seasons. Tho west coast (and hero, as well as with regard to tho south coast, I am indebted to others) is more rcgvdar. Two rivers of importance flow into tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, ono of which, tho' liumber, is navigable for fifteen miles, and will accommodate vessels of the largest size. The Bay of Islands must bo placed, from all accounts, in the tirst rank of Newfoundland scenery. ITcro Wo havo great perpendicular cliffs rising abruptly from tho deep waters ; further on, lesser liills rich in their covering of bircli, spruce, fir, and poi^lnr trees, overtopped in the bacKground by forests of lofty pines strong in the freshness of a virgin soil. Circumstances have led to neglect of tho interior of tho island, which is as yet imperfectly known. Government surveyors are now at work from ^lay till October in every year, and the reports of tho country they send in admit only of ono construc- tion, viz. that it is fitted to sustain a largo mining, lumbering, and agricultural population. It appears tliut the iBl-vnd is a complete network of rivers, the banka of which are clothed with pines, eprucf, fir, 13 I birch, and pnj)]nr, v.liirli it inn}- be liojicd in tlio not distant fiilun? will .'ifford employment to thou>and3 ill lumbering ami sliip-building. To this time, how- ever, this neglected area, full of promise, is a mere solitude without a hunian inhabitant. The early settlers, and in fact nearly all immigrants to Xow- foundland, were fishermen, or had interest in tho fishinrr industry, and so have never left tho sea coast. The character of the island stamped that of its inhabitants so long as they clung to the seaboard, and first-raic sailors and fishermen are tho result. That Newfoundland is a barren roek, and possesses an unfertile soil, is an impression whol.y erroneous. It is unfortunate that all tho earlier attempts at agriculture were made in the peninsula of Avaloii, which ha]>pens to be .vithout exception the least favourable section of tho Avhole island for such pur- poses. Good arable ];ind can be obtained at this time at a nominal cost all over the island. A settler's grant of ITiO acres can be attained on ccr- tni:: conditions for the fee charged by the surveyor, and anv amov.nt in addition at the rate of only half a crown an acre. "Within tho last few years a very considerable bonus has been offered to tho tiller of tho soil, who is i)rotected and encouraged in many wavs by tho Government of the colony. Very littlo land is under cultivation, but fjuite enough to prove conclusively that the soil can yield rich and abun- dant crops in great variety.' It has long since been 1 !« v.--.-.-<.-.::;-.:nf».r.d tho. Ol'.losfc liritisli Colony/' By .JosopK Ilnlton (in«l tbo Kov. M, Ilarvcy. I t 14 pointed uut that the most ludcpcndont and pros- pcrou.s of tlio working classes v.vo those wlio have turned tlieir attention to farming. The majority of our people, however cxcelLiit as fishermen, aro certainly not farmer.*', and it is my strong conviction that if Newfoundland is to become an agricultural country, an entirely new stock must mako it so. The railway which commenced in 1881 is oj)cnin'<- up the country, and a second line is projected to run westward from St. John's, which may yot become the route boiwcen tho Old and Now Worlds by Cape Breton. Tho opportunity for emigrant farmers is great, for men of energy possessed of a moderate capital, and willing to try their fortunes in " tho new land." Of courso some capital is necessary, as in the most favoured districts of Canada or sunny Australia. It is indeed strange that this impei'ial colony, vith a population of 2i)0,0()0, with land of lis own capable of cultivation, should bo entirely dependent on Canada and the United States for tiio bread consumed ]»y its inhabitants. Yet this is the. case, ami j»(Mh;ips I'Jngland may take warning, and cousidiT the changes whi(;h coMie over nations jioliticallv and (•tiu-rwise. And 1 speciall}' desire to draw altentiuh l»» ihe lisL of the commoner vegeta- bles yi.'arly imjH)rti;i tin' west coast a ro of such rciJutcel ricliucs,") as (o l>o almost j)rovcibial on tlic casl aiul niori' cxposid sivle, wlicrc) it is com- monly rcpoi'icU that tl.o faruKTs ol Coilroy ivfu.-o lo I iKso manure " because it makes llic weeiN i^row." Asa stock-iMi>i;i;^ country Xewfountlland woultl cci'taii.ly succeed. Luxuriant ^T.isses aiiounland, with a])Uiidai:ce of walei'. Of tliis probable feature of tae XeAfnundlaad of tlie future one can sjn-ak with jioltive certainty, and it nmst b»' admitted witli )i;t di-ci>-ijn by any oins wlio has bci n furl uiiate » noi;;^li ti) \i.^itthe *'('ut- ])orts." j\s sotm as the cold winter iir>< ]»a-.-ed jiiid the snow disaj)[icafs, both cattle and liorses are '* turned out " into llie woods to faiti'ii, and I'emain in tlie nei;^dil)Ourhood of the settlements to which tli:y beioiiLC till the aut nmn, n lien tin y ret urn to tiieii' owners in [trbne condition. 'L'be limited area covt'redby tbe-e cattle in siimnn r, and llieir ini- iM'ovcd condiiinii a few M.()nili' la!'r, f' I'ms amnb; },'r(»und for the hojie that cult h -ranchin;^ in tiie i.^lanil will in time prove equally sucei's.^fnl witli the m< re advanced sla,L,'o of the indu-try " .i httlo furiler west." Shrep-rai.^in^^ in et riain h'CalitU'H will, wo (h)nbt not, prove eminently succes ful, if sin pluM-iis \viii come over anil try on the millions of iicros available for such purposes. .f t\. ■J » will only say that cmiuoat geologists assert that it 16 is a mine of mineral wealth. Extensive copper- mining operations at Little Bay and Hall's Bay are gradu; jringing Newfoundland to the first rank of co|)pcr-producing countries.' Gold and silver have been discovered, and lead in large quantities. V.aluablo coal-beds lie along tlic line of the projected railway, and it may bo hoped that in a few years the necessity of procuring coal from Sydney may bo obviated. The railway to which wo have alluded will natu- rally lead to the development of Newfoundland and her industries. Of the first railway begun in 1881, llaroour Grace is the furthest point reached at present (a distunco of hardly 100 miles from St. John's). Tlie original proposal was to construct a line in a northerly direction to the centre of tho mining districts in Hall's Bay, tho length of which would be about 310 miles, and tho Government of tho colony contracted with an American syndicaM to do tho work. Tho company failed to fulfil its engagements, and tho matter has been referred to tho law courts, where tho case is still pending. 'I'hcre were political reasons why it was not thought ad/isable to place the work under Government con- trol ; but since that timo tho G-.ernment has con- Btructcd a lino from l^.rbour Grace .1 unction west- ward to Pluccntia. It is now beyond question that a progressive railway policy is tho only safe course for tiro Legislature, and wo have reason to beliovo .♦uro quoted in Harvpy'ii Newfoundland, I'i' ProfcBKor Stewart*! 410. 420. mh that the Initiative steps have been taki'n in this di- rection. It can hanlly be supposed tliat Ncwfound- loMfl, nnv more tlian tlio now ivvcalotl centre of Africa, wilier can make dofinito advanco woi'thy of tlio times we live In and the area to be -worked, until the conntry is dtivelopci by the railway system. A conntry wliich \ri one-sixth larger than Ireland, the neaivst \)()\ut of tlie Xew World to tho Old, endowed with a soil nnieh al)ove the average, wiih mineral deposits v.hich Professor .Stewart, an American mining expert, describes as " practically inexhanstil)le," with extensive tracts of forest lands* (in I'onavista Ihiy alone reckoned at lOuO sipiaro miiesj, with grazing lands of excellent ouality — all ■within a week's steaming of the TNlother Country — offers advantages which cannot be too lilghly esti- mated, and to which I have no object in drawing attention but ilic welfare of oiiri.sland home, and tho benclit (»f immigrants. A word hero will be usefid to justify the appella- tiu.i of " The Sportsman's Paradise" to Xewfound- laml. Of late years enthusiastic sportsmen havo drawn attention to this interesting feature. Tho ♦ |"iMii» :\rr. Mmi.\y'H iii>.'il ff llio sm v-'V of I<'r I.nk<' : — " t'j.Mii llir S.\\'. arm, aii'l al v.ui.dis part-; "f llm lake, ^^rovr^ of j,iii( may be soni wl.cir llio avcrago t;irtli of tlio tnrs i.^ not much if aiiytliiiiK l*^'S'< '•''^'^ "'"'' ^''•'•^' '"^'"^ wIct.- many imlividual Ircus ^Yill roaoli to rlcv n, twdvo. niul cvpu fourliwn {rot. On ftl>out Mi.> aero of Hurfacc I mcasuri'.l fiflocn or twenty trees, tlie .liamo- ti i-rt of whitli vaiioil from two iiii«l a half to four ami a half f..ct ; :-.!•.:! thns'.!. moroovfr. worn KtriiiLjht. tall. nr.I WMin engrossing and rcmuuorativc sport. 1 • 11) Tlio polar h.'ar fiv.iucutly ]r.\y< us a visit on the Arctic icc-Ho.s in winter; iiuini,'.si.ortsinau will be so fortunato as to full in \vilh the l)oar or wolf, thou^^h both lliuso arc now scarce . The interior al)Ouu«is iu vast herds of cariboo, coniiuonly calleil " deer." A fuU- rri-own shi^ is a ihio jrcatuvc, .standin;,' as hi^di as a liorsc, and wei-hini,' at tluiCH over six hnndrea l.ounds. TraveUers across the i.^laiuUeU us they are comparatively tame and easy of r.pproaeh. Tiio licrds -an-'c from lifleiMito one hundred and fifty in number. rtarmi;,'an {L. of the islaiul aboiuid in great variety. In snunner " tho liarn'U inland" is clothed with wild llnwers which for beauty, elegance, variety, and (piantity will compare with tho-c of any country. Acres of them may be met. \vi;]i all ovr tho eonnlrv. A book oii this subject iias b'-en rcct-ntly publisluMl ])y a clergyman in Xewfoundlaiul, which •is iuii Oi mleresl, auii .>iU;iUii in- :-,iiiUieii iij i,-o-i..;:iic--. - • desirous to know what the island can do in honour 1. 2 ' fN I 20 of Floi-n. It sliouUl also 1)C mcntluiioa llmt the country is by no mc.ins lackin- in licrry-bcaring pl.-vnts, and duis also ou'os much to Pomona. TUo bost Unown arc I'.o whortlo-bcrry (the grapes ot tlio oU Icolandio lagas), the bako apple, tlio squash berry, tbo pari ridge berry an,l c,-anberry, together ^vitll -roat nuantitics of wihl strawberry and rasp- berrvrnnd ihe delicate capiUaire. All theso are ,nade into preserves, and form another o£ New ound- • land's undeveloped sources of produce and eon- Totirat-alideaof the climate wo cannot ao better than follow '•-»- f ^^^^ " ; Jl is the imi.ress.on of many of ua iNevv. that our climate is except.onal J J"^ naturally bo expected from the characiur of ho ^, 1.. fairly ascertained and the un.vcrsal feg ,,ca dissipated. A medical n,anuow^—^^^^^^ Jfewfoundland wntcs to n-.o thu> .- iNCT 'o f, rcco.ni.,ed as a particularly healthy cl.mate. The chan-^es of teu.peraturo avo generally so i du ns° not to affect the system mjur.ously I hLl in delicate health have iu.proved consuk " ' c ^. fr» a brief accovmb un"^^ " this as a P'-'^ff;;;, l^";„j .„.,, 3orvo as a sort of ^^ ill aot be out of place, ana j \ 21 antidote to talcs of ice, and the liorrors of icebergs and snch like lio;,'ics of I'Listcrn l;irtli. Lot u3 lio^'in uith what may scciu reasonable -winter. Tho snow may bo'rin to fall in October, bnt as the 1 gronnd is rarely frozen in that month, its stay is of ' t-hort duration, and it is extremely prob:d)lo that j nothing but lii;lit falls ocpur till well into Dccemlx.T. i Tiicre is the natu? il uncertainty about its fall, and it would be nnsafe to [j^o beyond a mere general state- t : but of late years it has been rather tiio miMi e.\C(i)tion t liaii o ■I th >tluT Chri^ mat w u ise hiel tol lave ai tl iiii; but I we are as a rule nuicii eh avcisc to. January is a modrrate month, with usually ])lenty of .'-kaling and ssleigli-driving to coui- ])enpate in soniedegrcx- for an occasional " bile" of iVost. ]'\briu»ry and March are our wor-t months, and f^enerally bring i»]eiity of fro.-t, snow, and ice. It is a matter of no liltl'' ditTjcuhyat times to imagine that any amount of clothing can keej) tlie cohl out, and the line snow has a peculiar a|ititud(' for finding its Way into our wooi ii n ]i OU.-CS. The salt water in tho bavsis iVo/cn, and with tin; northerly gides como the "-leat ice-tloes whieli comiihlely lock our ceast.^. 1 iir «la\s am 1 d; lys, tdl th e eye gets weary < if if, noihiiig but tins ;^reat Held uf >nn\\ -white lee, iu)t (•\en a droj» of water, can be seen far out, over tho Atiaiitic, it is u wonderlul sight, and never tol t"(ir"otten when t»uee .se<'n. '1 iiis ma^s of L,ditleri O sn<»w and ice is wvy )0 U'T suhd, ami eui it' soiiu t irne-i a I 1 :... :.i. r . .« , ,.f .••• ifKjl r^\> aiivi Dn '_•• ' •'" fS^ n I • ♦ \ I ■ kJid moderate cunifurl, while the iid.abitauls wi'.h oo liorsc and do^ druw \o^s of wood from tho bays across the ice to tlieir liomos, to servo as fuel during the busy fishing months of summer. Usually " haul- inf" wood is done on land froiii distances of four to O ten miies, but such an op])ortunity as the ico offers ought not to be and is not dLSpiseil. In March tho men go out on tho ice armed witli gaff, ropo and knife to liunt the seal. The fact tliat a change of wind may carry tlie ice olT again into tho open sea, makes seal-hunting from the shore somewhat dangerous. Immediately a change is noticed by those on shore, the ringing of the church bell warns all the hunters that they nmst make for shoio with- out delay. Some have ni gone very far, and find 110 dilliculty in making a safo return , others more venturesome, who have wandered far away, not un- fre«iuently lind on nearing land that their escape is cut olT, and I hey must wait patit-ntly till their Bturdy h(Mu st countrymen can launch a skiff and rescue them. However, a very vivid recollection is present to mo of a crew out on the ice all night. They had secured good "tows" of seals, which very maicrially alVccted their homeward journey, :nid uhcn they i eared the shore, as evening was closing in. it was to find they were too hite, the ico had l.roken «.1T, an.l all nm.t make up their nunds to u night of exposure or even worse. Watchfircs were" kept going all the laght along tho coast to ftssuro them that every effort was being n.ado to __._^t. iV..,-.^. Kt.* It •-'-'-••? I'-oL till d;u break that tlioy couU UUkou oH the ico much exhausted, but liJ fi.i-tuiint.'lv n"t a 'Tcat du\] tlic rvorso for their trvinu' «'vp*.ri»i.<"o. 'i'liL' s.al t'oiMTV is also i.ro^ccntcd in steamers :iinl V. ^^. Is si.('cl;il!y I'ui!' for llu- ].urpos.', and it is the sl:iiii,'htci-orseal-,l»yihc.sohliii'.> in ihL-niuubcrs '.vo have all ivad of Avhich has rai.-rd a sncor at tho liunianlty of tho |)rocccding, and the wasto of tho carcase is f^enci'ally the groniid of another ohjection lo the indu.stiy. IJut snch sentiments go to tlic root of all slan^diter for man's service, and really are not snbject to .snch treatment by rational folk. JI e, lu.wever, whoAvonld shmlder at thc"i'ilihd cry" of tlicyouni,' seal, should Iti all f.iirness rem 'mljci* the hark and _l,m-o\v1 of the " old do-iiooil," who is not paiticnlar wli: t jiart of a man his teetli come iu contact with, proviiled he gels a lirm hold! The (kstr\ielii>n vi sneli nnmlirrs of seals as we havo Iciii ria ]*nl an ilhi.^tralion of thai muvcrsal law (■f sairilKO (.n which our very existence depends, ami ;lie mecssity man feels (jf keejiing himself alive, and with such comforts as ho can secm'O. It is a mn..t, in4M»rlant industry, snhject, however, to much lliietuation, and the fishery for this season has bcc^ ^car in order, or it may bo building a skiff, in vhich litter he excels. On tho S.W. corner of the . i.land the cod-fishery is prosecuted dunng tho ^vhole winter when tho ice w.U allow. It is trymg work, but fish are plentiful there in winter, and in winter only. When caught tho cod is cleaned, s-dted and then allowed to remain till spring, when it, is dried and cured. On somo parts of the coast the horring-fishery is carried on in winter by means of Ion- trenches cut in the ice. through which tho nets .^-e lowered i.Ue the water. This is quite an industry, and might be largely increased, as w.ll bo gathered from the fact tka the avu-nge cntd^^^^^^ LlWoflshuuls alone is from OU.UOO to .00(0 ^ZJ laroe nuu.bers of which are exported to CWJ and the UnUedSt.es, and sold at .4 to.. ^%!:;;;:';etsinwl.enApnlhasopened. The snow "'? . "it . m- t r of extreme difiieulty to keep ^,,a nuikes It a matter o^^ ^^ ^^^ _^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ „ ^^ ^ J •2.> i I ! 1 iliiration, for l)y thr 1-1 of ,M;iy in ordlnaiy seasons (he CMtcriJi'lsinf,' gaiilfiicr has liis potatoes, &c., in • the _u:rouiul, and nature s|»rinL,'S into life and beauty. At lliis time ihc " cud-bait " :\\)\h ar>, first tlio her- riiiLT, and shortly afterwards the caplin. The caplin {'innllohis riUosi's) is about seven inches in length, bein^ the smallest of the salmon family, and ncarl;: related to the smelt. Its advent iS hailed with dc,li;^dit by all, fir^tly as being a bait of which the cod is particnlai'ly fond, and whoso I'eturn to shallow waters the caphn is i>rivileged to herahl, and secondly as being anot !ier of the many dolicaeles with which onr waters are replete. l''or six weeks or more they remain on the coast, coming in at times in such mvriads as to extend aloiM*- tho beach '* high ;inu {\ry' 'or some hundreds of yards, ■ and arc seeu''ed in cast nets by the lisherman, or it nuiy be (.'ind it is no uncommon sight) by his wife and children. lV»»m morning till ni;iht the beach is a .-erne of great activity. Hundreds of men, UdUH-n, and ehildicn are busied in securing and can'\ii''' awav tu their homes load after load of ila .-e ll>]i, but cau-ing noaj»pai"ent t thtniselves up"h«)re.s. Abundant as eaplin arc, howevei', in Xewfouudland, tluir u.-e is aliut>.>-t enlirelv local, bein;j oidv Ibund elseu lierc in Iceland. Xo doubt future years will reveal some furtlu-r use fnr it, and it is not iijo early to take >*t-»,>,! Thu capliu do not leavu us till well into tho - 26 - '6X.c~plij industry. ror the laF.t five r.'-u vith the s-uid, ana that failing, he still looks forv;ard to a fruitful return in autumn. Besi'ies tne work connected v. ith the fishery, the prosperous I mF-n v;ili h- ve --.is little g-r^ en to devote his sp' re moment rule , more encour^;gir.g ook ^nd line. The b^lmy , the pro^-uce oi vjnicri is, ^^.s a th^n r.xF 1- .-'Urs 'with ths ys f^nr the cool n.-hts of ^ liewf ounol-^nd summer ^r« all th-^t can be desired for gardening purposes. Our sumn;ers are exceptional, and ^he only drawbi^ck to outport life is perhaps one i^hich :;ewfound- If^^nd sh'^res >.ith ^.11 new anc unegricultural Gantries, vi- . the difficulty of securing frcsh rae-^t. The man v.-ho owns a few he^d of live stock argues with cunnmg logic th-t his be^st will prob'bly bring in twice ^^- much if killed in autumn, ^^nd often compels one to take shelter in the "poor settler's clause" of our game laws, and to depena more or less UDon his gun I nutumn or "fall" is fortunately the prince of our seasons. It begins, if nne can stoop to the iron 27 L limlt-i of a »1a;i\ .-ilioiit tlic diI'mIIo of September, ;um1 is .1 (Irv, I.lmIiIiv, ar.i] cMJwvaUlo time. The I'. -iHTiiiiin is luiiiLriii;^' tin- liarv«v-t of tlic .-'-as to liis iiv.Tchaiit, and wliat uiili tlio ni'.iuljcr of carts ami tlio iiuiubcr of {ici'ple '.'iiijjaLrcil iqiou tliem, the streets, or perhap . belter, roa]\ its way south in lloeks of ti.ou-ai.ds. l"lyiii^' out of tin- l»;iv<, tiny como e!n-e in ali.n;,'' tlu* coast and j>a-t the rocky jiionii'nliiiie-, \\hii<.' many a ;^Min:iir js concealetl iu his " i,M/.e." * This is coM but attnictivo sport, and wh.n the I'eturn ioui'jiev ol' these Iiirds is aecomoli.-hed in carlv siirimr, the ooi.ortunirv is 6ci/ctl ai^ain ^^ilh avitlily. The "bull bird," a » " G.ui-,'' a slii Iter Luilt ii]i i-'":^lily of ot.iuc^ - 28 - plump lioule se? olrd s^-^ort both xci autumn , Plso afforasjcrnRiderable I T,--y .6 few ords r ,-u" the anaers themselves. The "Beothicks" (blieved or "men 1 to ce the In^.i^^n n compare "Innults" of the Eskimo - ,, terra), the aborl^lr:-! Inh^Dlte-tc oi ■>ie v; found - .a-vc entirely (I think i v.'ith ; hlch ^n equivalent our icl'^nc: ■^ "i isapps written vnitin-^ ri <-i v» -» . J Accounts of m-y bo rrfely "-id) unem nave been only yet ■-y various v;rlt9rr, but '-e ? 'or romethir:'- more s-ticf--t yet ocen pro:?uc9d re: no*. popul-tion is CO Itlc elGmont ct v:lth in ::ev;roun'^l'^n'i tory th-^n icmr.c Indi'^ns Devonshiro cnj Cornv;-, posed of an intermixed oaxon ■ , clerivcd largely from i-x, T.Hu in part from ' Xdi ;iz zc ". "« ous xney arc rather over Ihc no, har^y, cner::otlc aver-^.-re O Vl-3 1 r» J people very hospitable -nc of deep reli-iou3 sensibilit d industrl- d very faithful, chivalry and m J I ^•nd in ivos in every sense or th n^y courage '-orthy represent- whlch they sor e nobie r'ces rom i.u.' X am acippy to be f^^ie t i«-e - touchi-- inci-^or.t, iiiustr-tive of •3ir '^tt'^'chmcnt to one of f^cir rlnni cicr^^men, ^-'n^ v.'ishe;^ ^omc clxtecn milt of -'.'inter. Cn t- o visit ^ i:^t''nt in the nn^ry sick woman ver- eptrt y preceding iiis intended x; travelling on foot "uch & c bo^ond a pos::ibility . Howe fishermen volunteered to tr porsoo o- tne "r-cKets- (sno'-.'-cho*- v;hole iist-ncc both v-ys, an.- tne "iCfc "Iraost ever, sever-^l e?id R ro-d for the ) ;ne 2;) duty by this means was successfully acconi- plishcd. I have always been struck with tho readiness with wliich the fishermen come forward to "'ive n both lumber, time, and labour free of ciiarge, when a church is being built, and how in many other ways they show their appreciation of tho labours and services of tho iiolders of the Great Commission. Tho people are most orderly and law-abiding, and ifc is my firm belief that their stand in tho presen*. fishery dispute has arisen from a sense of real injiistico done to thorn in dcforonco to tho French claims. Can it reasonably be supposed that a high- spirited and courageous people, such as they are, will submit to an imperative order to rcruovc their fishing-nttfl from certain parts of their own waters because tho French wish to fi-h there, oven though the order comes from a British ship of war? Yet s!:''h i^ tho case. Timo after time Jt hn[ipens, and iimw ilio •• eoiicurrenb rights" of (ho FriMich in ti '.'.i:ii w;ifor.s have extend. d (o the exclusive use tf :...i!l> li:i!fiho i'lai.d. /;d is it too much to < vj ' t !■..,! liir.'l.iiid V, il! -ij.ji.^it .\ ('wfouii'lIaJid in lh;s nil! !« r, ;n .-•!■'• i!;d Au-i i .I'.ia in (h<' ca^i' of tiie -\. \\ l!.b;iil. -r \\'h< n tl.<' ni"»-t Cunservativo p:(p' r i'l \o \ f-Miii-llaiid i-aii write, '•Loyally to ua O v**! ccjnirsnt cf the mOnt on owners of or Igncr'" li:i?,--;lne t !:e-'-roundl Home Gove Vivendi , feelings elin~ v;hlch. har. ag'^inst ur we h'^ve bean _ ste'-^^lly been ti^iis French infrlnge- ri^hts and ::'rivile:':es as he land, and no more serious error ^cc coui'"' ■^osr:lt:?iy har'^en th'^n to hat the present set Ion of the anders in remonstrating with the rnment in respect of the modus is other than the climax of these st -"-ingthened by the growth of ye^^rs. The history of the colony is not such as an i::n^';lishraan c^^n look back on w .th pleasujre, From the very fir^t impediments hindered it from making any definite advance, and it must not for an instant be supported that the spirit which brought about those deplorable statutes to v.h.ch we h?=ve referred is completely extinguished. The s-me spirit which withheld capital c^nd hindered the development of our island in the pe^t, is oS much alivci as ever to keep -ac to ^reserve a fishi.ng population to the disadvantage of the natur-:i resources our isl^-tnd undoubtedly possesses, i^ven a railway policy will find its opposers in certain quar'^rs. With such facts then before; us, is it oo much to hope that someohiti^- will be done -J-' responsiule parties to caecK the great exc s of our population, and to uncourage thts development Tf the reso-^ces of the island, and to remove in s jme degree the strange pressure or stagnation .'.hich seems so long to have brooded over one of the most favoured countries of the i,ew .vorld ? lO!tDO.» : rmSTiii HT ciLiiLhr amp »him.i'>5. iiviirn, (IT. joiim'« nui'i, n I hkixti 1 1, njto ho [yo