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IMaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diegrams Illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimto A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* A partir de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut en Ims, en prenant ie nombre d'images nteessalre. Les diagrammes suivants Jliustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 I 6 *'? PRACTICAL GUIDE TO A RIGHT UKDERSTANDINO OF THB PREFIXES AND AFFIXES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. IN TWO PARTS. (FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS.) #«MW»»^^W»»^H»»»WW* R\ K. €. dEGIiilfi. :: aUEBEC: .— PRiNTEU BY WIIXIAM NEILSON, NO. 19, MOUNTAIN STRERT. . 'v,^-^ 1811. # PROVINCE OF CANADA, District of Quebec. PROTHONOTARY'S OFFICE, The 2Uh day of November^ 1841. Be it remembered that on the tnrenty-fourth day of November, in the year of our Lord Christ, one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, Robert C Geggie, of the City of Quebec, Teacher, hath deposited the Title of a Work, which Title is in the words following', that is to say: " A practical " Guide to a ri^ht understanding of the Pre6xes and AflQxes in the Engrlish " Langfuage. In two parts — (for the use of Schools.) By R. C. Geggie." Entered according^ to the Act of the Provincial Lejrislature, intituled, " An Act for the protection of Copy Rights-" By PKRRAULT & BURROUGHS, Prothonotary of Her Majesty's Court of JKing'a Bench for the District of Quebec. In Affix prop< may in its that t its pa Foi the y( ther u cation was fi more « that pupil guage or baci omnip^ thoug] ginal Iti; guagej from chang( placin Affix] The of opir ment t accoun PttEFACG. fir, 1841. iber, in the le, Robert Title of a A practical he English jEGGIE." intituled, GHS, 't of Kmg'a In bringing before the Public a work on the Prefixes and Affixes of the English Language, the Compiler considers it proper to state for the information of those into whose hands it may come, that he utterly disclaims all pretensions to originality in its composition ; at the same time, however, he is convinced that the general reader will find upon examination something in its pages that is new to him. For a very long period it was thought both by Instructors of the young and otherj, that the study of Etymology was altoge- ther unnecessary for those who only received an English edu- cation — and it is not yet twenty years since public attention was first directed to it: but its vast importance is becoming more and more apparent every day. Experience has proved " that without any parade of Latin, it is quite easy to teach a pupil in any rank of life, that the syllable cortt in his own lan- guage, very frequently signifies together ; that re, signifies again or back ; ex, out ; pre, before : and that omni, in such words as omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous, signifies all; though the pupil all the while may remain ignorant of the ori- ginal form of the word or its inflexion omnis, omnis, omne.** It is also well known to those acquainted with the dead lan- guages that a great number of our English words are derived from roots in those languages, and also that great and various changes in the meanings of those words are produced by the placing of certain particles which have been called Prefixes^ Affixes, or Suffixes, either before or after them. The Compiler has confined himself solely to these, as he is of opinion, that a correct knowlegde of them, is of infinite mo- ment to the English Scholar ; especially, when it is taken into account, that there are between sixty and and seventy thousand words ill the English Language either formed, changed or modified by them. The work is chiefly Intended for children, and may be used in Schools as a Spelling Book ; but though it is designed for such the Compiler flatters himself that it may be also found of considerable service to some of riper years who have finished) as it is commonly termed, their education: for it must be con- fessed that there are many, who, though they may have received a tolerably good English Education are entirely ignorant of this part of English Grammar. The Compiler in conclusion would observe — " that he has omitted nothing to render this work as complete as all the helps he could come at, and other circumstances would admit of*" — He has endeavoured to make it as accurate as possible, but with all his care he doubts not many defects and inaccuracies will be found in it; and should such be the case, he earnestly requests those who are engaged in the laborious, but honorable work of teaching, to point them out to him, in order that they may be supplied and rectified. The authorities he has consulted are the Dictionaries of Ainsworth, Bailey, Johnson and Webster ; Wood's Etymologi- cal Guide; Booth's English Grammar, and Town's Analysis; and in no instance has he given his own definition of any of th« words adduced as illustrations, as he considers << their authority superior to his own." at fici QuEB£C, 29th November, 1841. I A-v A-b A-l) A-bl Ab- anged or ^' be used igned for ) found of i finished) 5t be con- e received ant of this at he has L the helps imit of-"— J, but with ;ies will be ly requests de work of ,ey may be ionaries of Etymologi- s Analysis; any of th« ir authority PART FIRST. OF PREFIXES. SECTION I. Question — What is a Prefix ? Answer — A Prefix is a letter, syllable, or syllaoles, placed at the beginning of words, which varies or modifies their signi- fication, as A in a-bed in bed. Question.— What does a, at the beginning of words mean ? Answer. — It means at, on or in and from. A also takes the form oiab and ahs. EXAMPLES. A-HUNTING, A-BOARD, A-FIELD, A-VERT, AB-ERRATION, ABS-TAIN, A-foot, on foot A-bed, in bed A-move, to take away from A-void, to escape from A-bove, higher in place A-volation, the act of flying from A-bide, to stay in a place A-bound, to have in great plenty A-bridge, to restrain from Ab-errance, a wandering from At hunting On board In the field To turn /row The act of wandering/row To hold from Ab-breviate, to take from or cut short Ab-alienate, to transfer to another per- son , ,^ Ab-gregate, to send out from the flock Ab-intestate, • Inheriting from a person who died without a will Abs-cind, to cut away from Abs-cond, to flee from a place Abs-terse, to cleanse from Abs-tract, to take from A-shore, on shore f ( G M i Q. What does ad mean ? A. uid means to. Adf also takes the following forms a, ac, af^ ag^ al, an, ap, OTf as and at. EXAMPLES. A-GREE) AD-VERT, AC-CEDE, AF-FLICT, AO-GRAVATE, AL-LURE, AN-NEX, AP-PERTAIN, AR-ROGATE, AS-CRIBE, AT-TAIN, A-stringent, binding to A-gainst, contrary to Ad-diet, to give to, or apply to Ad-dress, to speak or write to Ad-here, to stick to Ad-duce, to draw to Ad-join, to join to Ad-jacent, lying close to Ac-cess, a passage to a place or person Ac-celerate, to add swiftness to Ac-eept, to take to Ac-cumulate, to add to To consent to To turn to To come near to To put to pain To give weight to To draw to To join to To belong to To lay claim to To attribute to, properly to write to To hold to Ac-quire, to attain to Ac-quaint, to give notice to Ac-quiesce, to consent to Af-fix, to add to or subjoin Af-fect, to aspire to Af-front, to provoke to Af-firm, to assert confidently Af-ford, to yield to or grant Af-franchise, to give freedom to Ag-glomerate, to gather together Ag-glutinate, to join or unite to Ag-grandize, to prefer or advance to Ag-gregate, L: Ac-curse, to devote to misery Ag-grieve, to cause grief to, or hurt to Al-low, to pay to Al-ly, to unite to Al-ienate, to transfer to Al-location, the act of placing to An-nounce, to publish to An-nihiiate, to reduce to nothing Ap-peal, to transfer to Ap-pear, to be visible to Ap-pend, to hang to Ap-plaud, to give praise to Ap-point, to ordain to Ap-pose, to put questions to Ap-proach, to draw near to Ap-proximate, to come near to to join together Ar-rive, to do to come to Ar-rest, to put a stop to As-sent, to agree to As-pire, to pretend to As-semble, to call together As-sign, to make over to As-stipulate, to agree to At-tend, to listen to, or wait on At-tribute, to impute to At-test, to certify to At-tinge, to touch softly At-tempt, to endeavour, or to f lure to At-tach, to lay hold on At-tack, to fall to At-tract, to draw to Q. What do am, ambi, and amphi mean ? A. Round and both. Am before a vowel, takes the letter b. EXAMPLES. AMBI-ENT, AMBI-DEXTER, AMPHI-THEATRE, Going round One who uses both hands alike A round Theatre s Am-plificate, to spread round Am-bition, a love of power — literally to ^o about Am-bitude, encompassing round Am-biguous, having a doubtful meaning Am-bifarious, having a double meaning Am-putate, to cut off a limb Amphi-bious, applied to animals that can live both on land and in water Q. What does ante mean ? A. It means before. Sometimes it takes the form of arUi. Q. What does anti mean ? A. Anti means opposite or against, EXAMPLES. Amphi-bology, an obscure speech that has a double meaning Am-bulator, that which has the power of walking round Amphi-logy, equivocation or ambiguity Amphi-scii, those people who dwell in places where their sha- dows fall both ways p.t different times of the year To go before To take before The act of taking before Opposite to Christ Anti-contagious against contagion Anti -monarchical Against kiigly govern- ment Anti-ministerial, against the administration Anti-podes, those inhabitants of the earth who have their feet directly opposite to ours ANTE- CEDE, ANTI-CIPATE, ANTI-CIPATION, ANTI-CHRIST, Ante-ambulate, to walk before Ante-cessor a goer before Ante-diluvian, before the flood Ante-rior, before the former Ante-meridian, before noon or mid-day Ante-mundane, before the world This Prefix also drops its final letter when it comes before a vowel. Ant-agonist, one who struggles against Ant-arctic, south as being opposite to arctic or north 9 that has g e power 1 nbiguity dwell in leir sha- ways p,t f the year I arUi. e >n r govern- linistration its of the e their feet ite to ours les before a ig opposite orth Ant-agonize, Ant-apoplectic, to oppose good against apoplexy Q. What does apo^ at the beginning of words mean ? A. Apo means /rom. EXAMPLES. APOSTLE, One sent from God Apo-gee, Apo-strophe, that part, either of the sun literally to turn away or any of the planets from — a digression which is farthest from the Apo-stacy, earth a falling away from the Apo-graphon, true religion a copy written from ano- Apo-statize, ther to depart from the true Apo-stolical, religion, deriving authority from Apo-state, the Apostles one who departs from the Apo-thecary, true faith one that prepares and sells all manner of medicines Q. What does be mean ? A. It means all over, entirely, make, about, before, excessively or redundant. Be has sometimes the eifect of changing nouns into verbs, and it also converts neuter verbs into active ones. EXAMPLES. To daub To daub all over , A familiar companion BE-FRiEND, To be kind to SPEAK, To talk To order beforehand Be -saint, SMEAR, BE-SMEAR, FRIEND, BE-FRIEND, SPEAK, BE-SPEAK, ': Be -sprinkle, to sprinkle all over ; Be-spatter, I to cover all over with dirt Be-paint, to paint all over I Be-powder, I to cover all over with pow- I der I Be-praise, to praise excessively to make excessively holy Be-hold, to look upon Be-girt, to gird about Be-guile, to deceive Be-token, to signify 10 ft Be-stride, to step over Be-troth, to give or receive a pro- mise of marriage, Be-fall, to come to pass Be-griulge, to envy • Be-lay, to way lay Be-moan, to make moan or lament Be-grime, to make excessively dirty Be-foul, to make excessively foul SECTION II. !« I? 111 Q. What does bene mean ? A. Good, well. Q. What does male or mal mean. A. Bad, evil. EXAMPLES. .ait if! 11 ; BENE-DICTION, MALE-DICTION, Be.'e-factor, a person who does a kind deed Bene-faction, a charitable gift Bene-fit, to do good, or receive profit Bene-fice, a church living Beneficial, that yields benefit Bene-volence, kind wishing Bene-volent, wishing well Be-nign, or be-nignant, kind, courteous Mali-son, a curse Blessing, (literally, speaking well) Cursing (literally, speaking evil) Male-factor, a criminal, literally an evil doer Mal-e-volent, bearing ill will Mal-treat, to abuse Mal-apert, impudently forward Mal-apropos, little to the purpose Mal-versation, a misdemeanor Mal-administration, bad management Mal-content, discontented Mal-practice misbehaviour Mal-ice, ill will 11 )r lament ively dirty ively foul y, speaking , speaking literally an 11 (rward )urpose )r h lent Mal-icious, full of ill will I Mal-ign,^ V to wish ill Mal-ignant, bearing ill will, or hurtful Q. What do bij bis and binus mean ? A. Twice and by Twos, EXAMPLES. BI-SECT, BI-ENNIAL, Bi-cornous, having two horns [ Bi-corporal, having two bodies U- dental, having two teeth f^Bi-farious, two fold fBi-furcated, two forked Bi-gamy, I the crime of having two I wives t^Bi-valve, having two valves or shut- ■' ters To divide into two equal parts Belonging to two years Bi-nary, double Bi-nocular, having two eyes Bi-partite, divided into two parts Bi-ped, an animal having two feet Bis-cuit, bread made to be carried to sea; literally, bread twice baked Bil-lion, a million of millions Bi-cipitous, having two heads Q. What does circum mean ? A. It means round. Sometimes m is omitted. EXAMPLES. NAVIGATE, NAVIGATION, CIRCUM-NAVIGATE, CIRCUM-NAVIGATION, CIRCUIT, Circum-ambulate, i to walk round Circum-duct, to nullify, (literally, to lead round) Circum-flex, bended round I To sail The act of sailing To sail round The act of sailing round Going round Circum-fluent, flowing round Circum-scribe, to enclose in certain limits, (literally, to write round) I'2 tl'i^ CI rcura-f US-ion, the act of spreading round Circum-gyrat-ion, the act of turning round Circum-jacent, lying round about Circum-mured, wailed round , Cireum-loeution, a circuit or compass of words Circum-polar, round the pole Circum-spect-ion, cautious (literally, the act of looking round) Circum-vent, to come round or deceive Circum-volve, to roll round Circu-lar, round Circu-late, to carry round Circum-vagrant, wandering round Circu-itous, round about Q. What does cis mean? A, It means on this side, Q. What does trans mean ? A. It means beyond, across, over, through and sometimes change of place. This prefix sometimes drops the final letter, and at other times it drops the two last letters. Q. What does ultra, ulterior and ultimus mean ? A. Beyond, further and last. EXAMPLES. CIS-ALPINE, TRANS-ALPINE, TRANS-MIGRATE, TRANS-MIGRATION, ULTRA-MUNDANE, TRAN-SCEND, TRA-DUCE, Trans-act, to manage Trans-cribe, to write out or copy Tran-scendent, excellent Trans-fer, On this side the Alps Situated beyond the Alps To pass from one country or body to another The act of passing from one body to another Beyond the World To surpass or go beyond To calumniate, Trans-plant, to remove and plant in a new place Tra-verse, to cross Tra-jec-tion, the act of conveying over | to move from one place to Ultra-marine, another beyond the sea 13 Trans lly, the act und) or deceive >ll round ind d sometimes and at other Alps the Alps le country or !r ing from one er rid I beyond ind plant in a 30uveying over sea marine, over the Ultra-montane, sea Trans-form, Ult b^vond the mountains . vehement tory Ultra-radical, a vehement radical Ul-terior, on the farther side, or lying beyond Ul-timate, final or last to change from one shape to another Trans-atlantic, across the atlantic ocean Trans-port, to carry over to another place Trans-late, to convey or interpret in Ul-timatum, another language a last proposal Trans->mute, Ul-timately, to change one substance iinally into another Ul-timity. Trans-pose, the last stage to put out of place Q. What does extra mean ? A. Without, beyond. EXTHA-VASATED, Extra-ordinary, beyond the common me- thod or order Extra-vagant, going beyond just limits, wasteful Extra -vagate, to wander beyond proper bounds Extra-parochial, without the limits of a parish EXAMPLES. Forced out of the proper vessels Extra-regular, not comprehended within a rule Extra-mundane, beyond the bounds of the world Extra-mission, the act of emitting, or sending outwards Extra-judicial, done out of the course of law Q. What does con signify? A. It means together, with, joined with, in connexion with. Con also takes the form of cog, col, com, cor, and it also drops the final letter in a number of words. EXAMPLES. A sharer or partaker One who is joined in partner- ship PARTNER, CO-PARTNER, MINGLE, To mix 14 K- COM-MINGLE, COL-LECT, COL-LECTION, CON-CUR, COR-RADE) Corn-press, to squeeze together Com-mune to discourse together Corn-pact, to clap close together Corn-pare, to examine one thing with another Com-pose, to put together Con-cord, to agree together Col-lapse, to fall together Col-ligate, to bind together Col-locate, to place together in order Col-lision, the act of striking two bodies together Cor-rect, to punish or amend Cor-respond, to answer to one another Cor-roborate, to confirm Cor-relate, to have a reciprocal rela- tion Cor-rode, to wear away gradually Cor-rupt, to deprave Co-alesce, to grow together Co-agulate, to run together or thicken To mix together To gather together The act of gathering together To agree with To scrape or hoard together Con-corporate, to mingle together in one body Con-dole, to lament with others Con-flict, to fight with Con-found, to huddle together Con-gregate, to assemble together Con-join, to unite with the same thing Co-habit, to live together as man and wife Co-here, to stick together Co-incide, to concur Co-exist, to exist together Co-extend, to extend to the same time Co-eternal, equally eternal with ano- uier Co-eval, of the same age with ano- ther Co-erce, to restrain by force C(^-nate, born together Cog-nominal, having the same name Co-agitate, to move together I i D< De i 15 SECTION 111. together gether ler in one others lier ether the same er as man er ler le same time iX with ano- ^e with ano- ' force r jae name ither Q. What does de mean ? A. Zhumt from or off, negation, privation or opposition a.ard ship her by the ears on i Q. What does j^r or fore signify ? A. For or fore is used to mark priority of time, and means fore^ or hefwehand^ and sometimes^r«^. EXAMPLES. To see beforehand Fore-warn, to warn before, to admo- nish Fore-think, to think beforehand FORE-SEE, )r fence; to put Fore-bode, )y spitting on a _ *« hnow beforehand, d upright Fore-close, . to shut up beforehand ^» 20 Fore-doom, to determine beforehand Fore-go, to go before, Fore-know, to know beforehand Fore-run, to run before Fore-stall, to buy up or before Fore-rank, the first or leading rank Fore-say, to say beforehand Fore-most, first in place Fore-tell, to tell beforehand, to pro- phecy, Fore-east, contrivance beforehand Fore-judge, to judge beforehand, Fore-foot, one of the feet before Fore-notice, information given before- hand Fore-think, to think or contrive be- forehand Fore-taste, tasting beforehand Fore-show, to show beforehand, to foretell For-raer, mentioned before another. SECTION IV. |In-i |ln-<3 fm-i Xm-p Im-p Im- Im. 1 t Im-p( t Il-lun t< Il-legj n U-legi tl Q. What does in mean at the beginning of words. A. When prefixed to an adjective or an adverb, it signifies -""ludi not. Prefixed to a verb it signifies iw, into, to and on. It also » denotes intensity; and it converts nouns into verbs. j^ In also takes the following forms in composition : tV, tm, ir Il-Iustj and ig. EXAMPLES. ! IN-DECENT, IN-CLUDE, IN-CREASE, IN-FLAME, IL-LITERATE, IM-PROPER, IR-RATIONAL, IG-NORANT, In-fold, to fold in In-hale, to breathe in Not becoming To shut in To grow more and more "'' u To put into a passion o» enrage |ntro- Not learned tfl Not proper I'^tro-i Not reasonable jm t Not skilled ™ In-8tigate, J"*'«- to urge on I ^ ", In-duce, ^"^M to draw in ^ "« 21 )eforehand )rehand, et before jiven before - contrive be- rehand eforehand, to )efore another. >rds. jrb, it signifies ,nd on. It also )S. tion : «7, w», w In-active^ not active In-docile, not capable of being in- structed Im-mortal, not subject to death Im-pure, not clean, Im-proper, not fit or not proper Im-plant, to plant in Im-pose, to lay on as a burden or penalty Im-port, to carry into Il'luminate, to throw light upon 4l-legal, not according to law Il-legible that cannot be read U-lude, to play upon or jeer In-secure, not safe Il-Iustrate, to make clear and evident Ir-reclaimable, not to be reclaimed Ir-regular, not regular, or disorderly Ir-removeable, not to be changed Ir-reversible, that cannot be repealed Ir-ritate, to provoke to anger Ir-ruption, the act of breaking into by force Ig-noble, not deserving honor, or worthless Ig-nipotent, powerful in fire, Ig-nite, to set on fire Ig-nominy, a lessening of one's repu- tation, or disgrace, Ig-noramus, a vain iininstructed fellow Jg-noscible, that may be pardoned, or capable of pardon and more assion or enrage INTRO-DUCE, |ntro-gression, M the act of going within Intro-mit, ;,, to send within, or allow to enter Intro-spect, to look narrowly into Intro-sumption, Q. What does intro mean ? A. It means within or in, EXAMPLES. To lead within. Intro-version, the act of turning inwards Intro-suction, the act of sucking in Intro-venient, coming within Intro-vert, to turn inwards the act of taking in nou- Intro-susception, rishroent a receiving internally D •)•■) Q. What does mis signify ? A. Bad, wrong or t7/. EXAMPLES. MIS-FOBTUNE, Mis-behave, to behave ill Mis-carry, to carry wrong Mis-calculate, to reckon wrong Mis-construe, to put an ill meaning upon Mis-chief, to injure or hurt Mis-apply, to apply to wrong pur- poses, Mis-time, not to time right Mis-trust, to suspect or to doubt Mis-understand, to misconceive Mis-use, to treat improperly III luck or calamity Mis-cite, to quote wrong Mis-lay, to lay in a wrong place Mis-name, to call by a wrong name Mis-order, to conduct ill Mis-spend, to spend ill, or to waste Mis-proportion, to join without due pro- portion Mis-rule, bad government, or con- fusion Mis-say, to say ill or wrong Mis-state, to state wrong Mis-take, to conceive wrong, not to judge right Q. What does ne mean at the beginning of words ? A. It means not EXAMPLES. , Non- Non- Non- t iNon- iNon- i Non- NE-FANDOUS, NE-GLECT, Ne-cessitate, not to leave free, to make necessary or compel Ne-cessary, not free, needful Not to be spoken of or men- tioned Not to take care of, to disregard Ne-farious, not worthy to live, wicked Ne-gative, not to grant or reject v. 23 1 Q. What does non mean ? i A. TlOt, ■> This word is employed as a negative prefix, as in the fol- | . lowing : i EXAMPLES. 1 mity i ■ NON-SENSE, Words witliout connected 1 1 meaning ; f Non-compliance, Non-pareil, neglect of compliance that has no equal, an ap- ng place Non-contagious, ple, a printer's letter of not contagious, or infect- a small size ong name ing Non-plus, Non-conformist, to puzzle • a person who does not Non-residence, e conform to the worship of an established Church an absence from some r to waste charge, or an estate * f Non-descript, ! that has not yet been Non-resistance, ut due pro- passive obedience Non-solution, described } Non-entity, a failure in or want of mt, or con- a want of being, or not solution « having being Non-sparing, Non-juror, cruel, unfeeling rrong one who refuses to swear allegiance n' g ' Q. What does muUus or multi mean ? y ^rong, not to A. ilfucA or many. - EXAMPLES. j Is? J MULTI-TUDE, The being many; a great num- i ber 1 Multi-farious, Multi-tudinous, 1 of many sorts matiifold Multi-form, Multi-valve, 1 of or men- i of many shapes or forms an animal with a shell of < Multi-florous, many valves f, to disregard 1 bearing many flowers Mult-ocular, f C7 ^ Multi-generous, having many eyes, or full | "^ having many kinds of eyes live, wicked , Mult-angular, Multi-loquous, i having many angles having much talk % or reject Multi-lateral, Multi-nominal, i . having many sides having many names 1 . »*" i i ■'1 24 Multi-partite, Multi-ply, divided into many parts to increase or grow in Multi-pede, number an insect having many Multi-plicity, feet much variety Multi-pie, Multi-potent, containing several times able to do much Q. What does ob mean ? A. It means over, against, opposite, before, in or on, in the wap, out. This prefix also takes the form of oc, of, op, os, it also sometimes drops the final letter. EXAMPLES. Clear, (literally meeting one in the way) To come into mind, or happen To displease (literally to strike against) To place, or to take a stand against Outward or vain sh0w brai^- ging To pass by or over Oc-cupy, to fill or take up a space Oc-clude, to shut up or against Oc-cupant, one who takes possession Of-fer, to present, or tender, (li- terally to bring before) Of-fensive, displeasing, also fit to at- tack an enemy Of-fuscate., to make dark or cloudy Op-posite, that is over against against, to stop up, or Op-press, hinder to lie heavy upon, to over- Ob-vert, burden to turn back or against OB-VIOUS, OC-CUR, OF-FEND, OP-POSE, OS-TENTATION, 0-MIT, Ob-ligation, something binding on a person. Ob-duce, to draw over Ob-errate, to wander up and down Ob-ject, to urga s'vainst, or make an objection Ob-locate, to let out, to hire Ob-scure, hard to be understood Ob-struct, literally to build up Out- 25 or grow 111 Op-pugn, to fight against ch )r OHf in the , oSf it also meeting one id, or happen rally to strike take a stand shtfw brai^> r i up a space r against s possession ir tender, (li- ring before) also fit to at- !my s or cloudy igainst upon, to over- Op-pugner, the person who fights against SECTION V. Q. What do omnis and omni mean ? A. all, every. EXAMPLES. OMNI-SCIENT, OMNI-POTENT, Omni-present, everywhere Omni-vorous, devouring all things Omni-farious, of all varieties of kinds Knowing all things All-powerful, almighty Omni-fic, all-creating, doing all things Omni-genous, consisting of all kinds Omni-ferous, Omnium, all-bearing the aggregate of a certain Omni-scious, proportion of stocks in all-knowing the funds Omni-bus, a carriage for the convey- ance of passengers Q. What does out mean ? A. Out generally signifies beyondt or more than another, but it sometimes betokens exclusion, or something external* - OUT-ACT, Out-balance, R£-DESTINE, PRF.-DESTINATION, Pre-cede, to go before Bre-judge, to pass sentence before- hand Pre-elect, to choose before Pre-engage, to employ beforehand Pre-establish, to settle before Pre-monish, to warn before Pre-nominate, to appoint, or name before To appoint beforehand ' The act of appointing before- hand Pre-contract, to bargain beforehand Pre-caution, to warn beforehand Pre- cession, the act of going before Pre-sage, to foreknow, Pre-sension, perception beforehand Pre-occupy, to occupy before Pre-meditate, to think beforehand Q. What do preter and pro mean, when prefixed to words? ^'^A. Preter signifies beyond^ past, more, before. * :JFro signifies for, fore, forth, forward and out. EXAMPLES. i 1^ NATURAL, , PRETER-NATURAL^ ii.^ -*» PRO-NOUN, :.!'.v. PRO-JECT, PRO-JECTl'ON,». ;, ; , , PRO-ORBSSy PRO-GRESSIONy . ,1 -u'-^ ■> PRO-VOKE, ,.:^ Preter-imperfect, " „ the tense not perfectly past , JCTeter-ite, passed over Preter-mission, letting a thing pass Rreter-mit, • to leave undone ^ Preter-lapsed, passed and gone Belonging to nature Beyond the order of mature, extraordinary A word used for a noun To throw out The act of throwing out To go forward The act of going forward To call forth anger Preter-legal, contrary to law Pro-tract, to di-aw out Pro-ruption, the act of bursting out ■Pro-ceed, to go forward, Pro-pel, to push forward 30 Pro-tuberant, standing out Pro-trude, to thrust forward Preter-perfect, th^t Is absolutely past Preter-pluperfect, more than perfectly past Pro-long, to lengthen out Pro-duce, to bring forth, Pro-mote, to advance (literally to move forward) Pro-tend, to hold out Pro-turberate, to swell before Pro-spec-tive, a looking forward, Pro-logue, spoken before Q. What does post mean ? A. Post signifies after. rOST-DILUVIAN, EXAMPLES. After the flood Post-meridian, Pos-terior, that comes after, or latter after mid day Pos-terity, Post-pone, those that shall be born in to place after, to put off after ages, offspring Post-script, Post-date, written after to date later than the just Post-liminy, time the return of one from Pos-tern, exile a small back gate Post-riduan, Post-existence, done the next day after future or after existence Post-ventional, Fost-humous, that is to come after works published after a Pos-teriority, person's death the state of being after, or behind , , Q, What does /7Mr mean? ' ' A. It meansy&r, in order to. It also retains its original pour in some words. EXAMPLES. PUR-PORT, POUR-TRAY, To intend, (literally to carry for) To describe by painting tc Re-sui a 31 literally to d) re ward, ;r, to put o£f r of one from >xt day after >me after being after, or s original pour Pur*pose, Pur-suant, ^1 to design, (literally to according to place for) Pur-sue, Pur-suit, to run after the act of following in Pur-vey, order to catch one to provide for Pur-suivant, Pur-Ileus, a state messenger who fol- the fore places; environs lows for, &c. or outskirts of any en- closure SECTION VI. Q. What does re mean ? A. Re means backi agairif return, Sometimes d is added to it for the sake of sound. EXAMPLES. .,^ RE-VERT, .'.iM- RE-DOLENT, Re-vive, to live again Re-inspect, **'?* to look into again Re-plant, to plant again ^e-pei, to drive back Re-people to stock with people again Re-vise, To return back Smelling again Re-suscitate, to raise again Re-verberate, to strike back Re-vert, to return again Re-voiution, a change of government, or a rolling back ;rally to carry painting Re-polish, to polish again Re-press, to keep back Re-print, to print again Re-produce, to produce again Re-store, to bring back Re-strain, i to keep back ' Re-surrection, a return from the grave to look over again Re-commence, to begin again Re-deem, to purchase back Red-dition, the act of giving again Red-integrate, to restore back, or make new again Re-donation, the act of giving back that which was taken away ii' /■ X 3-2 Q. What does retro mean? A. With respect to place it means backf /ronti or backward, and with regard to time, it denotes a period that is past. RETRO-GRADE, Retro-spect, a view of things past Retro-cede, to go backward Retro-gression, the act of going backward Retro-verted, turned backward Retro-action, action backward EXAMPLES. To go backward Retro-duction, the act of leading back Retro-pulsive, driving back Retro-cession, the act of going, or ceding back Retro-spective, looking backwards Q. What does se mean ? A. Se means apart, away,fromi aside, off. EXAMPLES. SE-CEOE, To go apart, or withdraw froir, fellowship Se-position, the act of setting aside, oi apart Se-posite, to put apart Se-quester, to set apart Se-quel, a succeeding part Se-clude, to shut apart from others Se-duce, to mislead or deprave Se-gregate, to put apart Se-junction, the act of putting apart Se-dition, the act of going away from Se-ver, lawful authority; insur- to part by violence rection Se-crete, Se-parate, to hide, or separate to set apart Se-cern, to separate finer grosser matter Q. What do semi and demi mean ? A. They mean a half, from 33 EXAMPLES. or backward, : past. sading back k Ding, or ceding ckwards t withdraw froE setting aside, ot rt rt ng part violence r separate ite finer from natter SEMI-CIRCLE, DEMI-GOD, Semi-circumference, half the circumference Semi-colon, a stop or point in a sen- tence, half a colon Semi-combust, half burned Semi-conspicuous, half, or partly visible Sc.ni-form, half formed, imperfect Semi-globular, of the form of half a globe Demi-culverin, a small cannon Demi-quaver, |r a note in music, half a " quaver Q. What does sub signify ? ■ A. Sub signifies below, under, after, from under, or upward, in a moderate degree. Sub takes also the forms of sue, suf, sug, sum, sup, sus, EXAMPLES. suB-TERRANEAN, Under the earth Sub-acid, Sub-limate, sour in a moderate degree to raise by the force of ^ub-altern, chemical fire subordinate, one acting Sub-lime, Half a circle Half human, half divine Semi-lunar, resembling in form a half moon Semi-marine, half marine Semi-vowel, a consonant with an im- perfect sound, having only half the sound of a vowel Semi-pellucid, half clean Demi-brigade, a half brigade Demi-lance, a light or small lance Demi-man, half a man under another ';Bub-celestial, » placed under the heavens ©ub-jacent, "I lying under 6ub-ject, to put under Sub -jugate, to bring under dominion by force to raise on high Sub-lunar, situated under the moon Sub-merge, to put uuder water Suc-cernate, to sift as meal (literally to sift under) Suc-cour, to help (literally to run up) 31 f Suc-cumb, Sum-mit, to fall down, or under the top of any thing Suc-ceed, Sup-plant, to follow after to undermine Suc-cedaneous, Sup-plicate, coming after or in the to make humble request, room of another (literally to bend down Suc-cessive, wards) that succeeds or follows Sup-port, after another to bear up Suf-fer, Sup-ply, to undergo to make up what is want- Suf-flate, ing to blow up Sup-press, ^^ Suf-fricate, to keep under i to rub off or under Sup-purate, | Suf-fumigate, to run with matter | to smoke underneath Sup-putation, J Suf-fice, a easting up W to be enough (literally to Su-preme, make up) the highest or chief Sus-citate, Sus-pend, to raise up, or quicken to hang up or under Sus-surate, Sus-cipient, to speak low capable of receiving, un- Sum-mon, dertaking to cite, (literally to give Sus>tain, one private notice) to uphold Q. "What does syn mean ? A. Syn means with, together with. This prefix assumes the following forms sy, syl, sym. EXAMPLES. 8YN-TAX, SYS-TEM, SYL-LABLE, SYM-PATHY, A number of things or words classed together An orderly collection of things together ; method Several letters taken together to make one sound Feeling together, compassion Syn-agogue, Syn-axis, a place set apart foi the a gathering together Jewish worship, (literally Syn-od, to gather together) an ecclesiastical assembly 1 Supei o, t Supei $uperl SuperJ H Super] 'JT'TH 86 thing ble request, bend down hat is want- latter r chief r under sceiving, un- Syn-onymous, of the same name or sig- nification Syn-opsis, a short view of things to- gether, abridgment iByn-thesis, a joining together jSys-tematical, metliodical, in form of a system Sys-tematize, to reduce to a regular system Syl-labus, an abstract, the heads of a discourse Syl-logism, an argument of three pro- positions Syl-logize, to reason by syllogism Sym-bol, an emblem of something Sym-metry, adaptation of parts to each other Sym-pathise, to agree or be affected with ^ Q. What do super and supra mean ? A. Above, beyond, up, upon or over and above. Super sometimes takes the form of sur. EXAMPLES. sym. ngs or words ther 3tion of things ethod aken together ; sound ', compassion together Btical assembly SUPER-SCRIBE, SUPER-SCRIPTION, SUR-MOUNT, SUPRA-MUNDANE, Super-human, above what is human Sur-charge, to over load ^ Super-add, r, to add over and above Super-abound, to be over and above ■ 3uper-erogate, to do more than is re* To write above The act, or state of writing above To overcome Above the world ' Super-struct, . to build upon any thing Super-vise, to over see . i j Super-natural, being above the powers of nature Supra -vulgar, above the vulgar Supra-lapsary, antecedent to the fall of man quired duper-indnce. to bring in over and above Supra-foliaceous, Super-intend, growing above a leaf to over see Sur-name, Super-lunar, to name over and above placed above the moon m Siir-plus, that which is over and above Sur-render, to deliver up Sur-tout, a coat worn over all tiie rest of the dress Sur-vey, to look about on all sides; to measure land Super-lativc, implying the highest de- gree Q. What does un mean? A. Un denotes negation or privation. UN-ABLE, Un-curable, that may not be healed LJn-cured, was not cured Un-consolable EXAMPLES. Not able that may not be comforted Un-delighted, Uii-deceive, to set free from the in- fluence of a fallacy Un deck, to deprive of ornaments Un-cloudy, free from clouds Un-close, to open Un-comely, ,. , . not comely i ^ ,. ; Un-common, not frequent Un-compelled, ' free from compulsion Un-concern, freedom frora^ anxiety ' : Un-cTown, to deprive of a crown Un-throne, to fall down from the throne not pleased Un-discernible, invisible, not to be dis- cerned Un-dress to divest of clotbes . Un-fix, to loosen •• ' ■'■>':■. Un-foreseen, * ' not known before it hap- pened J Un-frequent to eease to £req«>ent; to leave Un-glue, to loose anything glued together Un-tangle, to loose from intricacy {^"Before a word already negative, such as unloose, this pre- fix has very little effect. inpul Q. . .JA. Q. . -A. Q. A. Q. A. A. <€iicef Q. «f^A. 'i]Mliimit iQ. guage A. Oie Ai QONJI ;r; on all sides ; ind highest de- From the in- , fallacy * ornaments it to be dis- clotheg before it htip- freq^vent; to y thing glued X. intricacy loose, this pre- LETTERS, SYLLABLES AND WORDS. Question. What is a letter ? Answer. A ktter is a mark, or more properly speaking a l^iaraeter presented to the eye, to be spuken, or sounded with |he voice. Q. How many letters are there in the English Alphabet? A. Twenty-six. Q. Into how many classes have letters been divided? A. Into two, namely : voicels and consonants. Q. What is a vowel ? A. A vowel is a letter that makes a simple, full and perfect lound of itself, as a, o. ,f, Q. How many vowels are there ? A. Five, namely — a, c, i, o, u — w and y are also used as voiwels; but they are consonants when they begin words or syllables. Q. What is a consonant ? A. A consonant is a letter which requires to be joined to a vowel to produce a complete sound. Q. Repeat the consonants ? A. B, c, d, f, g, h, k, j\ I, m, w, p, q, r, «, t, v, ar, z. jQ, What is a syllable ? -A. A syllable is a letter or letters pronounced by a single impulse of the voice. Q. What do letters form ? , I A. Syllables. Q. What do «y^/aWcs form? iA. Words. Q. What do words form ? A. Sentences. Q. Into how many classes have words h< en divided ? A. Into two: namely, primitive and derivative. Q. When is a word said to be in its primitive state ? A. When it is used in its orisfi orm, and cannot be re- •iSnced to a simple word in the lan^ \^ as life, gold, grace. Q. When is a word said to be i. s derivative state? •\%A. When it is formed, taken or drawn from an original or *q^mitive word — as lifeless, golden, graceful. j^Q. How many kinds of words are there in the English lan- guage ? A. Nine: namely, the Article, the Noun, the Pronoun, Jtlie Adjective, the Verb, the Adverb, the Preposition, the r^JllON J UNCTION and the Interjection. 38 Q. What is a noun ? A. A noun is the name of any person, place or thing. What- ever can be seen, heard, felt or understood, is a noun ; as James, Quebec, paper. Q. What is an adjective ? A. An adjective is a word joined to a noun to express its quality; as a good man, or a bad horse: good expresses the quality of man; and bad expresses the quality of horse. Q. What is a verb ? A. A verb is merely the name of an action or state of being ; or a verb is a word that expresses all the actions or movements performed by animate or inanimate things ; as, I love^ he hates, men dance, horses run. Q. What is an adverb ? A. An adverb is a word which expresses some quality or circumstance of a verb, an adjective, or of another adverb; as, the boy reads correctly. Anne is a very good girl. James writes very neatly. Correctly, very good, and very neatly are adverbs. GENERAL RULES FOR SPELLING PRIMITIVE AND DERIVATIVE WORDS. ■ ( :1 i! Rule, I. Words ending with e silent, on assuming an additional syllable beginning with a vowel, omit the e; as force, force*, forcm^', foTc-eth, fovc-ible — deceive, deceiv-er, deceiv-eth, deceiv- itig, deceiv-a6/e. Exceptions — At^e added to words ending in ce or ge, retains the e, as peace, peace-able, change, change-a6/e. II. Words ending in silent e, assuming an additional syllable beginning with a consonant, retain the e; as use, use-Jiil, use- less; advance, advance-i«^, advance-wew^ — profane, profan-cr, profane-iw^, profane-we**, profane-/^. Exceptions — Due, du-ly, argue, argu-mcw^, awe, aw-ftd, true, tru'ly III. Words ending with // generally drop one /, before ness, less, ly, full; as full, M-ness ; skill, skil-/M/, &c. IV. Words ending with any double letter, with the excep- tion of /, on assuming an additional syllable retain the letter double ; as stiff, stiff-/y, stiff-«cs5; still, still-wcss, success, sue- cess-fill. V. Monosyllables ending in a single consonant, preceded b; a single vowel, or with two vowels, if the first is u, or w, or assuming an additional syllable beginning with a vowel, doublf tff^m 39 ing. What- ni as James, ) express its jxpresses the orse. tate of being ; or movements ove^ he hates, le quality or jr adverb; as, James writes are adverbs. DERIVATIVE ^ an additional force, force*, \vi-eth, deceiv- > or ge, retains itional syllable }, v&e-fuli use- me, profan-cr, re, SiW'ful, true, ; /, before ness, mth the excep- etain the lette: fs, success, sue- ,nt, preceded bj ; is M, or w, or a vowel, doubli the final consonant — as big, hig-ger, hig-gest, ship, uhi^-per, »h:p ping, ship-ped. VI. Monosyllables ending in a single consonant, and pre- ceded by more than one vowel, except the vowel before the last one is u, or tv, do not doiib'e the final consonant on assuming an additional syllable beginning with a vowel ; as broad, broad- er, broad-es^; read, read-cr, read-m^; sleep-er, sleep-m^, sleep-y. VII. Words of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, or by two vowels, if the first is u, or w, and having the accent on the last syllable, dou- ble the final consonant on assuming an additional syllable, beginning with a vowel ; as defer, defer-m^, defer-re^A, defer- red; begin, begin-wer, begin-niw^, hegln-neth. I VIII. Words of more than one syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by more than one vowel, except the vowel before the last is u, or w, on assuming an additional syllable beginning with a vowel, do not double the final consonant ; as reveal, reveal-ing, reveal-eth, ike. IX. Words of more than one syllable, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, and not accented on the last syllable do not double the final consonant on assuming an additional syllable beginning with a vowel ; as, differ, differ- ing, differ-erf, differ-cwcc; deliver, deliyer-eth, deliver-iw^, deliver- ance, &c. Words in I and p, are generally formed with the last / and p doubled; as, travel, travel-ler, travel-ling; worship, worship-per, worship-ped. X. When the letter y terminates a primitive word, or occurs in any of the derivative forms, and in either case, another letter or affix is added, y is commonly changed into i, except before ing; as, study, studee«, studied, studieth, studym^, studd'ous. In some cases y is changed into e, as duty, dute-OM«. XI. Words ending in y, preceded by a vowel, on assuming an additional syllable, do not change the y; as joy, joy-Jul, joy-less. Lay, pay, say, and some others are exceptions to this Rule. XII. When d, t or s precedes e final in such words as admit Hon, or sion, e is dropped and the affix is ion, as invade, inva- fton ; or s final, take ion. XIII. Words ending in fy chnging y into i take cation ; as specify, specifi-ca^zon, gratify, gratifi-ca^iow — there are, however, exceptions to this rule, such as stupify, atupe-faciion ; putrefy, putre-faction, &c., &c. 40 :■% XIV. Many words in ate, drop te before ble; as, estimate, estima-2>^e ; agitate, agita-6/e. The same class of words, not admitting ble commonly take cy ; as accurate, accura-cy, adequate, adequa-cy. XV. Words which take ize or iscj as an affix, commonly add ation; as civil, civil-ize or civil-i'.9e; civiliz-a^iw* or civilisa-a<«ow. Some words take ation without ize or ise ; such as, sense, %QTi9-ation ; exalt, ex2i\t-ation. XVI. Words ending in er or re, preceded by a consonant, on assuming an additional syllable beginning with a or o, omit thee; as centre, centra/; nenter, neutra/. XVII. Compound words generally retain all the simple words of which they are composed ; as Fore-tell, under-sell, mill- dam, &c., &c. Exceptions — Al-mighty, hand-ful, ful-fil, al-ways, al-so. >,* 11 ''V' *"* 'fi .*i* s, estimate, ily take cy ; nmonly add vWissL-ation. \i as, sense, 1 consonant, 2 or 0, omit imple words r-sell, mill- , al-so. PART SECOND OF AFFIXES. Question. What is an Affix ? Answer. An Affi^ '^^ ^ letter, syllable, or word, appended or gnnexed to the end of a primitive word, which not only adds force to, but also changes or modifies its signification ; as, faith, then faithful. SECTION I. Q. What does able mean when affixed to a word ? A. Able means that may or can be, fit or worthy to be, capable of being, liable to be, or capacity. This affix also takes the form of ible and ble. All the Primitive words to which this affix is appended are converted by it into adjectives. EXAMPLES. ''^ VITRIFY, To convert into glass / VITRIFI -ABLE, That may or can be converted 'i'^ into glass Eat-able, Punish-able, that can be eaten worthy or capable of pu- Attain-able, nishment that may be attained Avail-able, jX>ameut-able, that may or can be turned that may or can be sor- to profit rowed or mourned for Vulner-able, jCensur-able, that may be wounded fit or worthy to be cen- Warrant-able, ^ sured jDesir-able, that can be justified Determin-able, ^% that may be desired Credit-able, that may be determined, or ordered that may be believed Explica-ble, Af^^iiii-able, that may be explained .-*»' l\K\i may be attacked or set upon 42 r H Repair-able, that may or can be re- paired Laud-able, that may be praised Forei-ble, that may be compelled Audi-ble, that may or can be heard Legi-ble, that may be read Refrangi-ble, that may or can be re- fracted Visi-ble, that may be seen Percepti-ble, that may be perceived Reversi-ble, that may be repealed Fusi-ble, capable of being melted Fundi-ble, capable of being poured out Q, "What does ac at the end of words mean? A. Ac means belonging to, affected with, or possessed with, Q. What does ic mean? A. Ic means belonging to, pertaining to, relating to, or like. EXAMPLES. 4 ■ ','1 i ELEGI'AC, ACADEM-IC, J^Ammoni-ac, « ^ belonging to Ammony V ^ Hypochondri-ac, affected with the spleen, or melancholy Mani-ac, affected with madness Demoni-ac, possessed with a demon Ili-ac, belonging to the lower bowels AUegor-ic, pertaining to an allegory Apologet-ic, belonging to an apology, or excuse Angel- ic, Ofy belonging to an angel Belonging to an elegy. Belonging to an academy. Magnet-ic, belonging to the magnet, or affected with the power of attraction Prophet-ic, belonging to a prophet Dogmat-ic, positive; imposing his own opinion Pedant-ic, like a paltry schoolmaster Alphabet-ic, belonging to the alphabet Panegyr-ic, belonging to an eulogy, or praise Diabol-ic, possessed with the quali- yj^] ties of the devil Crui 43 can be re- een erceived epealed ling melted g poured out ised with, tOf or like. 3legy, icademy. the magnet, ith the power > a prophet posing his own f schoolmaster 3 the alphabet to an eulogy, irith the quali- devil Jesuit-ic, belonging to the Jesuits Polem-ic, belonging to controversy Algebra-ic, pertaining to Algebra Metal-lie, pertaining to, or consist- ing of metal Frigorif-ic, causing, or producing cold Gas-trie, belonging to the stomach : Galvan-ic, pertaining to galvanism Iceland-ic, pertaining to Iceland Elec-tric, that attracts like Amber ; or any substance in which electricity can be excited by rubbing, and which will not transmit the fluid Paralyt-ic, affected with or having the palsy Domes-tic, belonging to the house Mechan-ic, belonging to the mechan- ics Patholo-gic, peitaining to the nature of diseases Q. "What does aceous signify when applied to words ? A. Aceous means, of the nature of, possessing, resembling, pertaining to. Q. What do ous and ose mean ? A. Full of, possessing, addicted to, of the nature of, composed qf, like, pertaining to* EXAMPLES. HERB-ACEOUS, FI-BROUS, VER-BOSE, Belonging to herbs Composed of fibres Full of words Test-aceous, Tuf-aceons, consisting of shells, having pertaining to, or like tufa hard entire shells, as an Foli-aceous, oyster Crust-aceous, possessing or having soft shells in several pieces, ^ as a lobster Cori-aceous, like leather Viol-aceous, resembling, or like violets possessing leaves Cucurbit-aceous, pertaining to, or like a gourd Cret-aceous, of the nature of cha/k, or abounding with cha.ic Cylindra-ceous, like a cylinder 44 Scoi'i-aceous, pertaining to, or like dross Faba-eeoiis, liaving the nature of a bean Ceta-eeous, of, or belonging to the whale kind, Witi-eose, full of nettles Schis-tose, of the nature of slate Venen-ose, full of poison Vepre-cose. full of brambles Ven-tose, full of wind, or addicted to bragging Verru-cose, full of warts Rigor-ous, full of severity Murder-ous, addicted to murder 'Danger-ous, full of danger Slander-ous, addicted to slander, or full of evil speaking Hazard-ous, full of hazard, dangerous Ruin-ous, composed of ruins Scrupu-lous, full of scruples, cautious Timor-ous, full of fear, bashful Traitor-ous, belonging to a traitor, like a traitor ^ Virtu "Ous, , endowed with, or inclined to virtue •*• Unctu-oiis, of the nature of oil Abstemi-ous, addicted to temperance, sober Ambiti-ous, full of ambition, greedy of honor Assidu-ous, full of diligence Compendi-ous, pertaining to shortness, very brief Contagi-ous, of the nature of infection, or apt to infect Delici-ous, pertaining to sweetness, or pleasant to the taste Errone-ous, full of errors Precari-ous, full of uncertainty, Rapaci-ous, seizing by violence, full of greediness Spontane-ous, acting of its own accord, free Voluptu-ous, addicted to carnal pleasure Fallaci-ous, full of deceit, or producing a mistake Harmoni-ous, full of harmony Impetu-ous, full of fierceness or fury Ingeni-ous, possessed of genius Licenti-ous, addicted to lewdness Notori-ous, publicly known, manifest Opprobri-ous, full of disgrace, or re- proachful f %' 45 temperance, n. greedy of ;e ) shortness, of infection, ?ct ;weetness, or he taste iinty, lence, full of own accord, rnal pleasure or producing ess or fury renius !wdness wn, manifest race, or re- Terraque-ou8, consisting of land and wa- ter M Vexati-ou8, that which causes trouble or grief Venom-ous, full of poison I Q. What does acy or cy mean at the end of words ? A. jict/y or cy signifies a qaality, powers or tendency. It is very often the termination of nouns which correspond to adjec- tives in atCi and in this case it signifies a quality. Sometimes it has the same effect with ation ; and it also denotes an office^ state, or condition. EXAMPLES. OBSTI-NACY, CONSPIR-ACY, MAGISTRA-CY, LUNA-CY, Adequa-cy, the state of being ade- quate, fit, or proper Advoca-cy, s^i The act of introducing, or pleading Accura-cy, the state of being exact, or accurate Aristocra-cy, that form of government iji' where the supreme power is lodged in the Nobles ji and Peers Delica-cy, the quality of being dainty or pleasant to the taste The quality of being contuma- cious, or stubborn An agreement of men to do any thing unlawful ; or a general tendency of many causes to one event The office, or stato of a Magis- trate A kind or state of madness that is influenced by the moon Democra-cy, a form of government, in which the supreme power is lodged in the body of the people Degener-acy, the being in a degenerate state or condition Confeder-acy, the act or stp . of being united or combined to- gether for mutual sup- port Cur-acy, the office or employment of a curate Contuma-cy, the quality of being stub- born or perverse Hi 46 f\ Celiba-cy, the state uf persons un- married Ecsta-cy, a state of excesidve joy or rapture Effemina-cy, admission of the qualities oi a woman ; softness Effica-cy, ability or power to effect Intima-cy, a state of close familiarity or friendship Intrica-cy, the state of being entan* gled, or perplexed Inaccura-cy, the state of being defec- tive; want of exactness Inveter-acy, the state of any thing bad continuing long lUegitima-cy, the state of being basely born (Jbdura-cy, the quality or state of being hard in heart, or wicked Profliga-cy, the state or quality of be- ing profligate Papacy, the office or dignity of u Pope Priva-cy, the state of being secret Lega-cy, a bequest, or thing left by will Suprem-acy, the state of being highest in power or place :.^ SECTION II. Q. What is the meaning of age when appended to words ? A. Age generally expresses things, not persons ; and denotes a state or condition: that by which an object is attained; hire, price, or payment ; also an art, practice or act: it also gives a collective signification to nouns. EXAMPLES. VASSAL, VASSAL-AGE, CAR-RIAGE, POUND-AGE, PARSON, PARSON-AGE, A slave or mean servant The state of a vassal That in which any thing is carried Payment rated by the weight of the commodity The Priest of a Parish, or Mi- nister The mansion or dwelling-house of a Parson ■f 1 *n e'lng basely or state of in heart, or ualitv of be- » e dignity of a eing secret thing left by }eing highest place TIL-LAOE, FOLI-AGE, The act or practice of plough- injjf ed to words? and denotes tained ; hire, \ also gives a servant isai my thing is y the weight odity 'arish, or Mi- welling-house Lug-gage, a heavy weight or bur- den Pack-age, a large pack or bale; charge made for packing Pas-sage, a journey by water ; the place through which one goes; a clause or sen- tence in a book Plu-mage, the feathers of a bird, or a bunch of feathers Post-age, money paid for the carri- age of letters ^um-mage, * a close active search for things Sal-vage, a reward for saving wreck- ; ed goods Steer-age, the act of steering; part of a ship Voy-age, the act of travelling by sea Heri-tage, an inheritance Hermit-age, the cell or habitation of a hermit Patron-age, the state or condition of one who receives sup- port or protection Vil-lage, a small collection of houses Leaves of trees; or tufts of leaves Vin-tage, the produce of ^'i'es, or the time of gathering grapes Pilot-age, money paid to a pilot for his services Pil-iage, spoil gotten in war, or by violence Embas-sage, a public message, or the person entrusted with any solemn message Pastur-age, land kept to be grazed Bond-age, the state or condition of a slave Vicin-age, people in a neighbour- hood, or a place adjoin- ing Dot-age, stupidness through age ; imbecility of mind Fruit-age, all manner of fruit Broker-age, the hire or reward of a broker; also the business or trade of a broker Pont-age, a toll or tax for repairing bridges Port -age, the price paid for carrying any thing Villain-age, the state of a villain ; base servitude . 4S i i i 1 Q. What does al mean ? A. Al at the end of words means pertaining to, resembling, or like, relating to, belonging to, partaking of. The primitives are nouns, and al converts them into adjectives. EXAMPLES. ANGEL, ANUELIC-AL, Parent-al, pertaining to a father Dent-al, belonging to the teeth Re-gal, belonging to royalty Roy-al, belonging to a king Methodic-al, A celestial spirit, or a messen- ger Belonging to or partaking of the nature of Angels Grammati-cal, belonging or relating to grammar Harmoni-cal, belonging to harmony ; musical Tyranni-cal resembling, or like a ty- rant belonging to, or agreeable Sacerdo-tal, to method pertaining to a priest Men-tal, of or belonging to the mind Spi-ral, resembling a screw Cubi-cal, resembling or like a cube Sensu-al, Flo-ral, pertaining to, or belong- ing to a flower Celesti-al, pertaining to heaven Magistcri-al, relating to, or belonging to a master pleasing to the senses, or Mater-nal, belonging to the senses _ resembling a mother Rhetori-cal, pertaining to rhetoric Corpor-al, relating to the body Frater-nal, relating to a brother Metri-cal, pertaining to a measure Ration-al, partaking of reason Q. What does an mean ? A. An being a termination both of adjectives and of nouns, signifies in the former, pertaining to, resembling or alike, be- longing to, relating to ; and in the latter (nouns) one who has some connexion with; as in the following: 49 EXAMPLES. \mbling^ or adjectives. a messen- rtaking of ingels relating to harmony ; like a ty- priest or belong- r eaven belonging other other measure Eison 1 of nouns, ' alike, be- le who has ARMINI-AN, A follower or disciple of Armi- nius SYL-VAN;, Belonging to the woods Antiqnari-an, Hymene-an, relating to antiquity, pertaining or beloning to Arithmetici-an, marriage one who is skilled in arith- Metropoli-taii, metic belonging to a metropolis Antitrinitari-an, 6arbari-an, one who denies the doc- trine of the Trinity Arti-san, one who is a professor of an art Aureli-an, like or belonging to the aurelia Burglari-an, one who is guilty of bur- r 1 /^-'^ Caledoni-an, a native of Scotland, CoUegi-an, one who is a member of a college Politici-an, one who is versed in po- litics Hyperbore-an, coming from the north Suburb-an, belonging to a savage state ; a man uncivilized Suifra-gan, a bishop under some me- tropolitan, Colosse-an, resembling, or like a giant Comedi-an, a player or actor of comic parts Christi-an, one who is a follower, or disciple of Christ Academici-an, a student at, or member of an academy Cyclopi-an, relating to the Cyclops Censori-an, belonging to a censor Elysi-an, exceedingly delightful belonging to the suburbs, Europe-an or an inhabitant of the belonging to Europe suburbs Adamante-an, belonging to adamant; ex- tremely hard Predestinari-an, one who holds the doc- trine of predestination Guardi-an, Geometrici-an, one who is skilled in geo- metry Grammari-an, one who teaches grammar Antediluvi-an, one who lived before the flood one that has the care of an Qiiar-tan, orphan happening every fourth day 50 •i I Quotidi-an, Millenari-ai», happening every day one who expects tlie mil Latitudinari-an, lennium one who allows himself Ruffi-an, great liberties in religi- a desperate villain, a rob ous matters Valetudinari-an, one of a sickly constitu- tion Histori-an, one who writes history Antemeridi-an, relating to the forenoon ber Nectare-an, belonging to nectar, sweet Musici-an, one skilled in music Optici-an, one skilled in the science of optics Q. What do ance or ence ; amy or ency ; nee, or ney, mean ? A. The being, or doing ; that which; the act of or state. The primitives are adjectives and verbs, and are converted into nouns by the addition of ance or cwce ; ancy, or ency, as in the following : EXAMPLES. DISTURB, DISTURB-ANCE, Purvey-ance, the act of procuring pro- visions Putres-cence, the state of rotting AUow-ance, the act of allowing or per- mitting, maintenance Toler-ance, the act or power of endu- ring Excel-lence, To disquiet or hinder The being hindered or inter- rupted Dependen-cy, the state of being subject j that which is not princi- pal Desis-tance, the act of desisting Extra vagan-cy, the act of going beyond prescribed limits Hinder-ance, that which stops, hinders or obstructs the state of excelling in Importu-nacy, any thing ; or that in the act of importuning which one excels Transnar-ency, the power of transmitting light Contriv-ance, the act of contriving ; a scheme Lactes-cence, a tendency to produce milk or juice Latitan-cy, the state of lying con- cealed .M ts the mil- ain, a rob- ictar, sweet nusic the science ?y, mean ? state. 2 converted ency, as in er d or inter- ing subject; not princi- sting ing beyond nits >ps, hinders ortuning to produce lying con- Miscre-aney, the state of adhering to a false religion : wicked- nevis Multipres-ence, the power of being present in more places than one at the same time Nesci-ency, the state of not knowing Occupan-cy, the act of taking posses- sion Precipi-tance, the being in great haste, or hurry Conniv-ance, the act of passing by the faults of others without punishment; a winking at Transcend-ency, that which surpasses or excels Consider-ance, the act of considering or deliberating Deliver-ance, the act of delivering a thing to another Depen-dance, the state of hanging down from a supporter Evi-dcnee, the state of being evident Feculen-cy, the quality or state of abounding with lees or sediment Ferven-cy, the state of being hot, ardent, warm in zeal Imperti-nency, in an impudent or intru- sive manner Insignifi-cancy, in an unmeaning or unim- portant manner Tend-ance, the act of waiting upon Corpu-lence, the state of being bulky or fleshy Vigil-ancy, the state of being watch- ful, or forbearance of sleep Vicegeren-cy, the office or state of one possessed of deputed power Preponder-ance, being of greater impor- tance, or an outweighing Q. "What do ant and entf or nt mean ? A. When ant and ent or nt, are the terminations of nouns, they mean the person who or thing which ; but when they ter- minate adjectives, they have generally the same elSFect as the participle ing. The first column is nouns, and the second adjectives. 1 1 :1i EXAMPLES. DISPUTE, DISPU-TANT, A contest or controversy, One engaged in controversy 52 1 1 I Combat-ant, one that fights with ano- ther Inhahit-antv ono that lives or resides in a phiee Presi-dent, a person who is phiccii over others Attenil-ant, one tliat attends; one that is juvsent at any thinij Mendi-eant, one of sone begging- fra- ternity Visi-tant, a person who goes to see another Insur-gent, a person who rises np in rebellion In sol-vent, one who has not estiite to j\iy his debts l\as-^uu, one who lives by rural Liboiir Terma-sT'UU, a brawling turbulent wo- n-.an Stu-*^ent, a per«on who is ni'jci given :o Kvks Op'fV'^'.urt, a IV rs.^:"". who orjvises ar.(>- tier i'a v^l*purA*.ion tVr.sk^.ar.T, & ".t-Mt'T whi^-'r. o-Arr.c: r»e sOiineliv! by itsselt 'i'en-ant, one who holds of another Adju-tant, an officer whose duty is to assist the major Adjectives. Differ-ent, not the same; of many contrary qualities Inte-grant, making a part of a whole Corrn-gant, having the power of con- tracting into wrinkles Transpa-rent, that which mav be seen through Turbu-lent, producing commotion ; raising agitation Extrava-gant, going beyond jxist limits; wasteful Contin-gent, falliuir out bv chance Subse-+pent, immediately following, or coming after Sol-vent, having xhe power to cause dissolution Imnii-nent, at band : hanc^ing over ccr heads ; ready to come upon us "r-cvczd due proper tioa F.iru-'.cn:, e~cc-ierl-g 'izi. or ] — ,^,.^^._.' * r^'^ik^ rjfc* n.> se: -jr^X« •• € ^OTm i I :-5 1 tv. r.A * » s- •■I 53 Appar-ent, Petu-lant, that plainly appears the being saucyy or per^ Arro-gant, verse, that arrogates, or assumes Deter-gent, too much, proud having the power of cleans- Inso-lent, jng contemptuous of others, EfFul-gent, haughty, bold possessing the power of shininor SECTION III. Q. What does ar mean at the end of words? A. When ar is the termination of adjectives, it means be- longing or pertaining to, having or possessing : but when it is I the termination of nouns it means the person who, or thing which. The words in the first column are adjectives, and those in the second are nouns. EXAMPLES. ANGLE, ANGU-LAR, Adjectives, Nodu-lar, pertaining to or in the form of a nodule or irre- gular lump Multiiocu-lar, having many cells for seeds Monocu-lar, having but one eye Popu-Iar, belonging to, or suitable to the common people Jocu-lar, given to jesting, merry, or used in jest Lu-nar, A corner, or point where two lines meet. Belonging to, or having angles or corners Nouns, Ped-lar, one who travels to sell goods Beg-gar, a person who lives by beg- ging Mul-lar, a stone or stick for grind- ing colours Li-ar, a person who utters false- hoods Mor-tar, a vessel, or that in which things are pounded ; a cement used in building belonging or pertaining to Schol-ar, the moon one who learns of a master H f I :1 54 6,* ?V Adjeetives. Muscu-lar, belonging or like to mus- cles Tubu-lar, resembling a pipe or trunk Regu-lar, according to rule Tabu-lar, formed in tables, squares, or plates Simi-Iar, Nouns. Bur-glar, one guilty of house-break- ing by night Bur-sar, the treasurer of a college Gram-mar, the art or science of speak- ingf and writing any lan- guage correctly, also a book containing the rules of that art having one part like ano- Calen-dar, ther, resembling an almanack, a register of Auricu-lar, the year of, or spoken in the ear Famil-iar, Articu-lar, one who is intimately ac- of, or belonging to articles quainted with another or joints Exem-plar, Secu-lar, an example to be imitated belonging to this world, Col-lar, or life a ring of metal put round Ocu-lar, the neck known by, or depending on the eye Oracu-lar, b-jlonging to, or uttering oracles Q. What does ard mean ? A. Ard means, addicted to. EXAMPLES. DAST-ARD, Drunk-ard, one addicted to drinking Slug-gard, one addicted to sloth, lazi- ness or idleness (yow-ard, one that hath no courage Literally, one timorous by na- ture ; a faint hearted fellow Buz-zard, one that hath no sense, an ignorant fool; also a spe- cies of hawk Nig-gard, one addicted to covetous- ness, a griping person, or miser Dot-ard, one foolishly fond ■l i 55 se-break- . college of speak- any lan- r, also a the rules jgister of ately ac- nother imitated ut round s by na- jd fellow ense, an 30 a spe- Bvetous- persooy Q. What does arp mean ? A. Ary is a termination both of adjectives and nouns, and denotes in the former case, pertaining to, according to^ after the manner off resembling or like ; in the latter case a person or thing in some way connected with; or the place where. In some verbal nouns it means the person who is the object of an action. EXAMPLES. PARLIAMENT, PARLIAMEN-TARY, VISION, VISION-ARY, CONFECTION, CONFECTION-ARY, The chief or highest assembly of all others, and of the greatest authority in England Pertaining or belonging to Par- liament A supernatural appearance, sight One whose imagination is dis- turbed by pretended vi- sions and revelations A sv *><^nieat, a mixture The ^ , .e where sweetmeats r.re jinade or sold The first column is adjectives, and the second nouns, Culi-nary, Merce-nary, pertaining to the kitchen a person retained or ser- Ordi-iiary, vingfor pay after the usual or common Mission-ary, manner one sent to propagate re- Sanguin-ary, Hgion pertaining to blood, cruel Secreta-ry, Custom-ary, one who writes for ano- after a common or ordina- ther in business Statu-ary, ry manner Plane-tary, pertaining to planets Mili-tary, pertaining to a soldier, soldierly Subsidi-ary, any thing given in the manner of assistance, or aid one who carves images, or the art of carving images Pension-ary, one who has or lives on a pension Nota-ry, one who protests bills, or draws contracts if I lit m. !;il 56 ':* 1 1- ■ fi i^ or living depending Adjectives, Prelimi-nary, after the manner of an introduction, previous Elemen-tary, having only one principle, or belonging to elements Imagin-ary, belonging to, or existing in the imagination Pecuni-ary, pertaining to money Pulmon-ary, pertaining to the lungs Discretion-ary, in an unlimited manner, unrestrained Eleemosy-nary, belonging to. upon aim's ; upon charity Neces-sary, in an unavoidable manner, needful Alimen-tary, of or belonging to nour- ishment Capilla-ry, resembling or like hair Num-mary, belonging to, or contain- ing money Numer-ary, belonging to a certain number Mille-nary, consisting of a thousand Legend-ary, pertaining to a legend Precaution-ary, consisting in previous cau- tion Volun-tary, acting by choice, or in a free manner Nouns. Noctu-ary, an account of what passes by night Mortu-ary, a gift left by a person at his death, to a church, &c. Emis-sary, one sent out on private messages, a secret agent Lega-tary, one who has a legacy left Deposi-tary, one with whom any thing is lodged in trust Incendi-ary, one who sets any thing on fire for malice or rob- bery; one who inflames faction Libra-ry, the place where a large collection of books is kept, or a large collec- tion of books Infir-mary, a place where infirm or sick people are lodged Penitentia-ry, the place where penance is enjoined, or one who does penance Diction-ary, a book wherein all the words of any language is contained and ex- plained Glos-sary, a dictionary for explaining old and obscure words Vocabu-lary, a little dictionary or col- lection of words 57 Tutela-ry, having the charge or guar- dianship of any person or thing Stan-nary, relating to a tin work Asi-nary, belonging to an ass Api-ary, a place where bees are kept Avi-ary, a place for keeping birds in Sanctu-ary, a holy place, a refuge for criminals Q. What does ate signify? A. Ate being a common termination of verbs, signifies in active verbs, to make, and in neuter verbs to become. Ate is also a termination of adjectives and ^\g\\i^^s possessing the quality of, having. EXAMPLES. AGGRA-VATE, ACCU-RATE, To make heavy, to make any thing worse Possessing the quality of cor- rectness The first column is verbs and the second adjectives. Abbrevi-ate, to make short, to cut short Acidu-late, to make S".ur, to titige with acids in a slight de- gree Acceler-ate, to make quick, to hasten Annihi-late, to make into nothing Appropri-ate, Collegi-ate, possessing the qualities of or having a college, in or like a college Consider -ate, possessing the quality of thoughtfulness, or pru- dent Legiti-mate, possessing the quality of lawfulness to make over, or consign Lacini-ate, to some particular use, or having irregular incisions, or notched round the edges Medi-ate, acting as a mean, or that which is in the middle Moder-ate, possessing the quality of soberness person Capaci-tate, to make able, to qualify Centupli-cate, to make a hundred fold Coagu-late, to make what was thin thick n |: y '')', If" ? If I;i' jl: It' '■: Coiisoli-date, to make hard, to become one body Faeili-tate, to make easy, Regener-ate, to make anew, to renew Degener-ate, to become of a lower or baser kind Inveter-ate, to become obstinate Invigor-ate, to make strong, or ani- mate Lacer-ate, to tear in pieces Legis-Iate, to make or pass laws, to enact Modu-late, to make or form sounds to a key or note Necessi-tate, to make necessary, not to leave free Nobili-tate, to make noble Obvi-ate. to meet in the way, to pre- vent Obfus-cate, to make dark or cloudy Partici-pate, to become a partaker with another, or have a share Perfo-rate, to make or pierce into holes Varie-gate, to make of different co- lours, to diversify .[J: Multipli-cate, consisting of more than one Odo-rate, having a strong scent Opi-ate, possessing the quality of causing sleep Ordi-nate, possessing the quality of order, or regularity, me- thodical Peduncu'late, possessing the quality of growing on footstalks Perfoli-ate, having the base of the leaf surrounding the stem Undu-iate, possessing the quality or property of rising and Jailing like a wave Fortu-nate, the being successful, or lucky Proxi-mate, possessing the quality of nearness Temper-ate, possessing the quality of sobriety or moderation Conju-gate, possessing the quality of springing from one ori- ginal, having leaflets in pairs Expatri-ate, withdrawn from one's country Obsti-nate, possessing the quality of stubbornness or firmness Umbel-late, possessing the quality, or containing an umbel lore than scent [uality of (uality of rity, me- uality of stalks f the leaf stem uality or ling and ive ssful, or jality of lality of deration lality of one oii- iflets in ones lality of irmness ility, or ibel 59 Q. What is the meaning of cule or cle ? A. Cule or cle, is a diminutive affix, and has several meanings, such as small, little, short, thin, Sj-c. EXAMPLES. ANiMAL-cuLE, A Small or little animal scarce- ly discoverable by the naked eye PARTi-CLE, Any small part of a greater substance; a word Canti-cle, Mac-ule, a short spiritual song a small spot or stain Recepta-cle, Ossi-cle, ^ any place whether large or a small bone small, to receive things Pus-tule, m a small swelling, a pinple Ridi-cule, low wit of that spcies which provokes lau^ter Sched-ule, a small scroll; a littl in- ventory Vehi-cle, that in which any thig is carried m Ventri-cle, any small cavity in an animal's body, particu- larly those of the heart Cicatri-cle, a little mark, as in vege- table seed Chroni-cle, a short register or history of events in order of time Mana-cles, Arti-cle, small chains or fettei for a small part of a discourse; the hands part of speech, a single Mus-cle, clause or item a thin fleshy fibre, awell Binna-cle, known shell fish a small box on the deck Arbus-cle, of a vessel to cover the any little shrub compasses and lights Auri-cle, Pinna-cle, the external ear, a prt of a high spiring point, a the heart turret or elevation above Barna-cle, the rest of the building; a small shell fish that figuratively, eminence or grows upon ships otini- height ber that lies in the ea Shac-kle, Pelli-cle, a small chain, fetter or ring, for putting on the hands and legs of male- factor? ia prison a little skin, film oifrag- ment of a membran m\ 'il: (■■|| no -1 ,.r , ()l)sta-cle, Pric-kle, any small obstruction or a small sharp pointed hindrance thing like a brier or Panni-cle, thorn a l«)ose spike of grass, or Iladi-cle, small beard on which that small part of the seed seeds hang ; a little cloth of a plant which becomes or rag its root Isi-clc, or Ici-cle, Ileti-cle, a drop of water frozen, or a small net a shoot of ice hanging Taberna-cle, down a small temporary place Nod-lie, of worship, or place to i small lump, or u little dwell in bag i^. "What does dom signify ? A.Dom signifies power ^ tloniinion, titles or quality; states condaon or possession of any kind. w: EXAMPLES. DUKE, The highest title of honor in England, or one of the highest order of nobility DUKE-DOM, The possessions or title of a Duke Pope-dom, the dominions or power of the pope Earl-dom, the possessions or title of an Earl Martyr-dom, the death, honor, &e., of one who suffers as a martyr Thral-dom, a state of servitude or bondage; a state of trou- ble he r^ -istian religion is Prince-dom, Irr ^d the possessions or title of a prince Free-lom, le state or condition of being free Kingdom, a country under the do- ninion of a king "Wis-om, tb power of judging ightly, or the know- edge of high things Christn-dom, te collective body of Dhristians ; or all the na- lons of the world where 61 SECTION IV. Q. What does ee mean ? A. ee denotes the person who is the object of an action, and hence is opposed to er or or, which denotes the agent. This affixy however, may be explained by, the person on whom, to whom. EXAMPLES. MORTGAGE, MORTGA-GEE, Appel-lee, the defendant in appeal ; he which appealed Endor-see, the person to whom a note is assigned by endorse- ment Draw-ee, one on whom a bill is drawn Consign-ee, one to whom any thing is consigned Nomin-ee, one named, appointed or designated by another person to fill some office, or place Cogni-see, or conni-see, a person to whom a fine is acknowledged Absen-tee, one who is absent from his station, country or em- ployment A pledge of real estate put into the hands of a creditor The person to whom any thing is pledged, or mortgaged, or one who takes a mort- gage Les-see, the person to whom a lease is granted Debt-ee, one to whom a debt is due; a creditor Covenan-tee, one who enters into a cO" venant Vouch-ee, a person vouched for Don-ee, a person to whom lands, or any other property is given Assign- ee, he to whom any thing is assigned or appointed Paten-tee, one to whom the king has granted his letters pa- tent Refu-gee, a person who flies or is driven from his home or country !■ •i >d4 *. 1 St I (jr primate goody racter of a mployment e invested authority, Friend-ship, the state of minds united by mutual benevolence Scholar-ship, the possession of learning; exhibition or maintenance of a Scliolar Partner-ship, the slida or condition of two vr more ioiiied in the sam trade Lady-ship, the usual title of address to a lady Ward-ship, the office or employment of a guardj or state of being un^kr ward Court-ship,. ' the act of soliciting favors, or the making of love to a woman Workman-ship, the employment of a work- man, or the skill of a worker; the art of work- ing Proctor-ship, the office or dignity of a proctor Prior-sliip, the state or office of a prior Prelate-ship, the state, dignity, or offico of a prelate Governor-ship, the office of a governor Gentle-ship, the carriage of a gentle- man Lieutenant-ship, the rank or office of a lieu- tenant Censor-ship, the office of a censor, or the time in which the office of censor is borne Q. What do tics, or ics ; tic, or ic, mean at the end of words ? A. The science or art which treats of, or the doctrine of. EXAMPLES. MECHAN-ICS, Hydraul-ics, the science which treats of the motions of fluids and of vessels to convey them Mathema-tics, the science of numbtj and measure Hydrostat-ics, the science of weighing fluids The science or laws of force, or of machinery to apply force Pneumat-ics, the doctrine of the air, or elastic fluids in general Harmon-ics, the science which treats of the doctrine or laws of sounds Tech-nics, the doctrine of arts and sciences ill' I. m 74 Accous-tics, tlje science or theory of sound Arithmet-ic, the art, science or act of computation by numbers Pyrotech-nics, the art of making fire works Diacous-tics, the science which explains the properties of re- fracted sounds Dialec-tics, the art of good reasoning, logic Diop- tries, the science of refracted vision Numismat-ic;>, the sciciice which treats of coins Op-tics, the science, doctrine or laws of vision Eth-ics, the doctrine of morals Poli-tics, the science or art which treats of government Phys-ics, the doctrine of the specu- lative knowledge of all natural bodies, and of their proper natures, con- stitutions, powers and operations Magnet-ics, the principles or science of magnetism Metaphys-ics, the doctrine or science which treat of the gene- ral affection o of immate- rial beings Sta-tics, the science or art of weigh- ing bodies Gnomon-ics, the art or science of dial- PI -"^ Pho-nics, the science of sounds Catop-trics, the science of reflected vision Sciop-trics, the science of exhibiting images through a hole in a darkened room Tac-tics, the art of ranging in or- der of battle Q. What does He mean ? A. lie means apU or easy to he, or that may he; like or reseni' bling, relating or belonging to, capable of, made of, Sfc, This affix drops the final e in some words. EXAMPLES. FRAGILE, Easily broken, weak Fu-sile, Due-tile, that may be, or capable of easy to be drawn out into being melted length Sc Fi Vc 75 or- sem- [nto Indo-cile, Infan-tile, not easy to be instructed relating to a child ; like a A-gile, child in an active or nimble Fa-cile, manner easily done with little Ser-vile, labour, or easily per- in a mean or dependent suaded manner Do-cile, Fu-tile, apt to be talkative, desti- tute of excelleace Versa- tile, that may be turned round, changeable Ster-il, not fruitful or productive Ex-ile, easily instructed Se-nile, relating to old age Sub-tile, not dense or gross, deli- cate ; apt to be cunning Mercan-tile, relating to trade and com- merce not full; not powerful; Hos-tile, slender like an enemy, or suitable Gen-tile, to an enemy belonging or relating to a Projec-tile, heathen Compac-tile, that may be easily com- pacted Expan-isle, capable of expanding Fic-tile, made of earth, earthen Puer-ile, boyish, or like a boy Fos-sil, easily propelled forward Feb-rile, relating or belonging to a fever Contrac-tile, easy to be contracted, or able to contract itself Exten-sile, capable of being extended Flex-ile, easily bent, pliant that which is or may be Text-ile, dug out of the earth that may be woven, or plaited Q. What do ton, sion, ssiorif tion, ation, cation, ition and iation mean at the end of words ? A. These affixes commonly mean, the act of, or state of be- ing. Also, they sometimes mean the result of an act, or that which. The primitives are verbs, and are cooverted into nouns by ton, ^c. EXAMPLES. VINDICATE, To justify or clear ill 7C I II VINDICA-TION, EVADE, EVA-SION, SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIP-TION, DEGRADE, DEGRADA-TION, DEIFY, DEIFI-CATION, OPPOSE, OPPOSI-TION, Allevia-tion, the act of making light Alimenta-tion, the quality of nourishing, or that which nourishes Annumera-tion, the act of adding to a for- mer number Convul-sion, the state of being in an irregular and violent mo- tion Allega-tion, the act of tying together Anima-tion, the act of enlivening, that which animates, or the state of being enlivened Disper-sion, the act of scattering, or spreading; or the state of being scattered Contu-sion, the act of beating or bruis- ing, or the state of be ng beaten or bruised Tlie act of justifying, or that which clears To escape or shift off The act of escaping, or a shift- ing off To sign or set one's hand to a writing The act of signing or setting one's hand to the bottom of a writing To lessen, to disgrace The act or state of being dis- graced To make a god of The act of deifying or making a god To act against} to resist Ihe act of opposing, or that which hinders or stops Conver-sion, the state of being changed from one condition to another, or the act of be- 'ng changed Decussa-tion, the act of crossing, or the state of being crossed at unequal angles Dedecora-tionj the act of disgracing Disrup-tion, the act of breaking asun- der : a breach Revoca-tion, the act of repealing or re- voking Proclama-tion, the act of making public by authority, or a decla- ration of a ruler's will openly published among the people 77 Quulifi-eation, that which inukcs any per- son or thing iit for any thing Pur-gation, the act of cleansing or pu- rifying ; the act of clear- ing from imputation of guilt Rui-nation, the state of being ruined or destroyed Refor-mation, the act of reforming, or changing from worse to better Conglnti-nation, the act of uniting wound- ed bodies together Kxpres-sion, the act of pressing out; the act or power of re- presenting any thing Seces-sion, the act of departing or withdrawing Convic-tion, the act of convicting, or the state of being proved Dedica-tion, the act of dedicating to any being or purpose Deflec-tion, the act of turning aside Devolu-tion, the act of rolling down Inscrip*tion, that which is written or engraven over any thing, such as, titles, name, or character Inflama-tion, the act of setting on flame, the st'ite of being in flame Significa-tion, the act of making known by signs Appli-cation, the act of applying, close study Confla-tion, the act of blowing many instruments together Conge-lation, the state of being con- gealed or solid Transgres-sion, the act of going beyond just bounds; the act of violating or breaking a law Profes-sion, the act of declaring one's self of any party or opin- ion ; known employment Posses-sion, the state of owning or having in one's own hands or power Succes-sioui that which follows one another, the power or right of coming to the inheritance of ancestors Q. What does ish signify when it terminates words. A. When ish is added to a word which is already an adjec- tive, it signifies, somewhatf in a slight degree, or like. When it is added to nouns which it converts into adjectives, it means L 78 ■ ! belonging tOi in some degree liket somewhat like, or like. It is also sometimes the termination of verbs which are derived from Latin supines terminating in itum, or French verbs in ir. The first examples of primitives are adjectives, the second nouns, and ish converts them all into adjectives, the third are verbs which end in ish. EXAMPLES. Of the colour of night or want of colour Somewhat black A male child, a yonng lad Like a boy, or belonging to a young lad To complete, to perfect J. Faint-isb, rather faint or low, ready to faint Coarse-ish, somewhat rough or coarse in a slight degree hard or Sour-ish, solid rather sour, or somewhat Wild-ish, sour in a slight degree wild, or Oblong-ish, savage somewhat longer than Brown-ish, broad inclined to a brown colour, Pale-ish, redish somewhat pale, wanting Red-ish, fresh colour somewhat red, inclining to Sick-ish, BLACK, BLACK-ISH, BOY, BOY- ISH, FIN-I8H, A, Mild-ish, somewhat mild or gentle Soft-ish, in a slight degree soft Hard-ish, redness Gray-ish, somewhat gray Blue-ish, inclined to blueness, ra ther blue White-ish, somewhat white or tend- ing to white Gay-ish, somewhat gay, merry or fine somewhat sick, languid Tick-lish, easily tickled, somewhat critical Tight-ish, somewhat tight or neat Up-pish, somewhat proud, lofty or high Yellow-ish, tending' or approaching to to yellow 70 N. iV. Sot-tisli, Monk-ish, like a I f aiiUard, or given pertaining to or rcscui- to liquor bling monks Sheep-ish, Pet-tish, somewhat like a sheep, somewhat fretful, peevish bashful Pol-ish, Dwarf-ish, pertaining to Poland somewhat like a dwarf, or Eng-lish, a very little man belonging to England Bear-ish, Span-ish, resembling a bear, or like belonging to Spain a bear Mule-ish, like a mule, sullen or stub- born V. Per-ish, to go to ruin or decay Po-lish, to make smooth Van-ish, to pass or go away, to dis- appear Swed-ishj pertaining to Sweden Scot-tish, pertaining to Scotland, or the Scots V. Van-quish, to conquer, or subdue Var-nish, to cover with something Ban-ish, to drive or force awav Q. What does ism signify when placed at the end of primi- tive words ? A. Ism fs used to denote any thing peculiarly belonging to a particular persojii thing or class, or it means the state, doctrine, or principles of, the profession or practice of, and peculiar to, EXAMPLES. PATRIOT, PATRIOT-JSM, Pedant- ism, the profession or practice of a pedant Pelagian-ism, the doctrines of Pelagius Arminian-ism, A lover of his country The principles of a patriot the doctrines or principles of Arminius Favorit-ism, the practice or disposition to aid friends to the pre- judice of others having equal claims 80 .V' 11 'r . If 1| f Fanati-cism, the state of religious frenzy Calvin-ism, the doctrines or principles of Calvin Hero-ism, the qualities of a hero Evange-lism, the practice of promulga- ting the Gospel Epicu-rism, the principles or doctrines of Epicurus Criti-cism, the act or art of judging accurately Hebra-ism, an ediom of the Hebrew language Angli-cism, a mode of speech peculiar to the English Athe-ism, the principles of those who do not believe in a God Boy-ism, peculiar to a boy Christian-ism, the profession or princi- ples of the Christian religion Despo-tism, a state of absolute power Ventrilo-quism, the art or practice of speaking so that the voice appears to come from a distant part of the room Euphem-ism, the practice of setting forth one's own praise Galvan-ism, the name given to effects resembling electricity, produced by metallic substances and acids Idiot-ism, state of idiocy; peculiarity of expression Jesuit-ism, the principles of the Jes- uits, artifice, deceit Magnet-ism, the power of attraction, or the power of the load- stone Nazarit-ism, the doctrines and practice of the Nazarites Petal-ism, an ancient practice in Sy- racuse when any person was banished his sen- tence was written by votes on leaves Puritan-ism, the opinions or principles of the Puritans Republican-ism, attachment to the system of republican govern- ment Socinian-isra, the doctrines held by So- cinus Theosoph-ism, the principles of those who pretend to the doc- trine of illumination Gre-cism, a form of speech peculiar to the Greeks Heathen-ism, the state of being igno- rant of a true God Jacj Jucn Mai Par f^o ;o effects ectricity, metallic acids ^culiarity the Jes- lit iction, or he load- practice je in Sy- ^ person !iis sen- ten by rinciples I system govern- 1 by So- f those ;he doc- )n leculiar igno- Jacobit-ism, the principles of a Jaco- bite Juda-ism, the practice and principles of the Jews Material-ism, the doctrines of Mate- rialists Panthe-ism, the principles of the Pan- theists who considered Pharisa-ism, the principles or practice of the Pharisees Quaker-ism, the system or manners of quakers Sabbat-ism, the practice of keeping the Sabbath Somnarabu-lism, the act or practice of walk- ing in sleep the universe to be God, Tantal-ism, and its parts as his mem- the punishment of Tanta- bers lus Universal-ism, the belief in the doctrine that all men will be saved Q. What does ise or ize mean at the end of Words ? A. Ise or ize means to make, to become, to do. The primitives are tiouQS or adjectives, and ise or »e, converts them into verbs. EXAMPLES. EQUAL, One who is of the same rank and age EQUAL-iZE, To make like another, even, or become equal Brut;;l-ize, 10 become or grow brutal, or savage Christian-ize, to make christian to make an apology, to Disautho-rise, plead in favor to make of no credit or Ap-prize, authority, or to deprive to make acquainted of authority Legal-ize, Astrolo-gize, to make lawful to practice astrology Autho-rize, Cauter-ize, to make anything legal, to to burn with the cautery to give an authority to lOgo-tize, any person to talk much of one's self Familiar-ize, to make easy by habitude Aggrand-ize, to make great Apolo-gize, !s:> rt Enden-izc, Solem-nize, to make free to make solemn, Eter-nize, .Tournal-ize, to make endless, perpetU' to make or put an entry ate into a journal Fertil-ize, Material-ize, to make fruit-ful or plen- to reduce to a state of mat- teous ter Idol-ize, Gorman-dize, to do worship as to a to become a greedy eater, Deity, or to do worship or to feed ravenously to an image Herbal-ize, General-ize, to gather herbs, to study to make or render general, botany common Pulver-ize, Galvan-ize, to make fine to affect with the galvanic Neutral-ize, iluid to make or render neuter Harmon-ize, Magna-tize, to make musical, to ad- to become magnetic or just communicate magnetism Herbor-ize, Sensual-ize, to make search for plants to make sensual or pleas- Signal-ize, ing to the senses, to to make a sign, or eminent make carnal Partial -ize, to make partial Q. What does ist mean? A. Zs^ means owe skilled in; a disciple or follower. EXAMPLES. BOTANY, IJOTAN-IST, Agricultu-risi, one skilled in the art of cultivation Anato-mist, one who studies the struc- ture of animals by means of dissection The knowledge or description of plants One skilled in plants and herbs Bap-tist, one who holds to baptism by immersion Evange-list, a writer or preacher of the gospel Ath Ju- Cal Ma S3 an entry te of mat- idy eater, lously to study ;r neuter letic or agnetism or pleas- nses, to tr. cription ts and )aptism ;her of Athe-ist, one who denies the hciug of a god, Ju-rist, one who treats of, or skil- led in matters of law Calvin-ist, a disciple of or follower of Calviu the reformer Material-ist, a person who denies spi- ritual substances Sensual-ist, one devoted to sensual pleasures Canon-ist, Somnambu-llst, a person who walks in his sleep 8yinme-trist, one very studious or ob> servant of proportion Thom-ist, a follower and disciple of Thomas Aquina» Zooto-mist, one who dissects brute beasts Machin-ist, a constructor of engines or machines, one who plans or contrives a professor or doctor of Manner-ist, canon law one who has a particular Algebra-ist, manner a person skilled in algebra Nonconform-ist, Apolo-gist, one who does not conform one who oflFers an apology to the worship of an Satir-ist, established Church one who writes or utters Organ-ist, satires a person who plays on an Latin-ist, organ one skilled in latin Pharmacopo-list, Mamon-ist, one who sells medicines one who dotes on riches Monopo-list, one who engrosses a cuid- modity or trade Occu-list, one who cures distem- pered eyes Panthe-ist, one who believes in pan- theism Plural-ist, Religion-ist, a person bigoted to any religion Chem-ist, • one skilled or versed in chemistry The-ist, one who believes in a God Vio-list, one who plays on the viol or violin he who holds more livings Zoolo-gist, than one one skilled in the know- ledge of animals I] 84 u ,i (v^ WJiat does He mean ? A. Ite signifies one connected with, attacked to, or the object of; an inhabitant of, a follower of one who. EXAMPLES. BEDLAM, UEDLAM-ITE, A place where mad persons are confined An inhabitant of a mad house, or a person that is mad or distracted Favor-ite, Pit-tite, one who is particularly a follower of Mr. Pitt loved Carmel-ite, Nazar-ite, an inhabitant of Mount one of the sect amongst Carmel, orakindof beg- the Jews who professed ging friar an extraordinary purity Cosmopo-lite, of life and devotion a citizen of the world Para-site, Satel-ite, one who flatters great a small planet revolving men; a plant growing about a larger, a follower on another or dependant Perqui-site, Fox-ite, so«anething gained by a a follower of Mr. Fox place or o^ce over and Ancho-rite, above the settled wages a hermit or monk, that Jaco-bite, leads a solitary life in a a partisan or follower of desert for the sake of de- king James the second Areopa-gite, a member of the court of Athens Hypo-crite, _ . one who dRsseml^es in re- #gion or morality votion Ace-tite, a neutral salt formed by acetous acid with any base not saturated Q. What does ine signify when appended to an original word !^ A. Inc signifies of or htUmpM i9^ pertaining to^ like or re- semblintf, made of. object 85 EXAMPLES. ADAMANT, ADAMAN-TINE, Al-pine, pertaining to the Alps, or to high mountains Ma-rine, belonging to the sea Ca-nine, having the properties of a Ce-drine. A very hard stone, a diamond Made of, or like adamant, hard Mascu-line, male, not female, resem- bling man Serpen-tine, resembling a serpent, winding like a serpent Pis-cme, belonging to fish Amaran-thine, consisting of amaranths Coral-line, made of or like coral Femi-nine, belonging to the female Apal-line, like O'^ " aining to apal Sacchar-ine, like or pertaining to sugar Aqui-line, of or belonging to the ce- dar tree Petal-ine, pertaining to or b eing on a petal Amethys-tine, resembling an amethyst Fe-line, pertaining to a cat Sa-line, consisting of, like or con- stituting salt Vulp-ine, belong 'ng to a fox, crafty Passer-ine, like or belonging to spar- rows Metal-ine, consisting of metal, im- pregnated with metal Amygdal-ine, pertaining to almonds Al-vme, belonging to the intestinal Crystal-line, resembling an eagle, when applied to the nose, hooked Salaman-drine, like a salamander, fiery San-guine, full of or like blood Ursu-line, denoting an order of nuns Sibyl-line, pertaining to the sibyls or ancient prophetesses canal Lc^-nine, belonging to a lion Myr-rhine, belonging to myrrh, made of the myrrliine stone Alka-line, having the qualities of alkftli resembling crystal, trans- parent Vac-cine, denoting the cow-pox, per- taining to a cow Vultur-ine, relating to vultures, very rapacious II !f' M 8G I y Resu'pine, having the face upwards Ultra-marine, that comes or is brought from beyond the sea Floren-tine, belonging to Florence in Italy Ur-sine, pertaining to a bear Can-crine, having the qualities of a crab Sapphir-ine, made of or resembling sapphire Q. What does ive mean ? A. Ive is sometimes the termination of adjectives derived from verbs and nouns, and sometimes of nouns derived also from vevbs. In the former case ii means having the power or tendency; that haa the quality; what — in the latter in denotes sometimes the agent, and at "^aei times the object, EX TPLES. OPPRESS, OPPRES-SIVE, Opera-tive, having the power of acting Expen-sive, having a tendency to ex- travagance or expense Adhe-sive, that has the power of sticking Calefac-tive, that which hath a ten- dency to make any thing Abster-sive, To injure Having the power to injure, cruel Offen-sive, having the power to of- fend cr what offends Explo-sive, having the power of driv- ing out with noise and violence Instruc-tivc, having a tendency to con- vey knowledge hot Decep-tive, having the power of de- ceiving Excep-tive including an exception Compul-sive, having the power to com- pel Abstrac-tive, having the power or qual- ity of abstracting that has the quality of cleansing Cohe-sive,, that has the power of sticking together Declara-tive, having the power of making a declaration Estima-tive, having the power of com- paring and adjusting the preference 87 Cliylifac-tive, having the power of mak- ing chyle Anima-tive, that has the power of giving life Expres-sive, hz'x ing the power of utter- ance or representation Substantives, Incen-tive, that which kindles or pro- vokes Cap-tive, Voca-tive, tiie case of nouns used in calling Cicatri-sive, having the qualities pro- per to induce a cicatrice Defec-tive, ^ full of faults, faulty Diffu-[< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^la la ■tt iiii 122 '^ m 12.0 I.I 6" Fhoiographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WIBSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (716)«72-4S03 ;\ 4^ 92 i il Care-ful-ly, in a careful manner Faithful-ly, in a faithful or honest manner Sweet-ly, in a pleasant manner Becoming--ly, in a becoming manner, fit Deli^htful-Iy, in a delightful or charm> Sober-ly, - '[ ; in a sober manner ' Knavish-ly, in a knavish or dishonest manner Mournful-ly, in a sorrowful manner Beast-ly, like a beast Grave-ly, in a sober manner ' ing manner, with delight Neighbour-ly, Smart-ly, as becomes a neighbour after a smart manner Wise-ly, Proud-ly, in a wise or prudent man- in a proud manner . ner ' '*"• • ■ '■*■ )■ 'J Q. What does like mean at the end of words ? "^ A, Like means becoming, resembling, having resemblance, or like. All those words that end with this a£Sx, were formerly seperate words. For example, man like and God like, have become manlike, and Godlike, these again have been contracted into 7»an/^ and ^0(//y. EXAMPLES. ttev; MAN, MAN-LIKE, A human being Becoming a man, brave Worm-like, like or resembling a worm, spiral Soldier-like, . . 1> > becoming or resembling a soldier . ^ , .^ j in a wise or judicious Star-like, manner like a star, pointed, bright Giant-like, like a giant .,i < War-like, disposed to, or fit for war Dis-like, " ' ' " ^-f want of affection Foolish-like, in a foolish or impudent manner God-like, resembling or becoming a God Lamb-like, like a lamb Wise-like, Prince-like, like or becoming a prince Gentleman-like becoming a man of birth Woman-like, becoming a woman, not girlish dishonest anner er '.r , ghbour ent man- ITo-like, Goddess-like, not like, improbable becoming or like a god- Workman-like, dess, charming, beautiful like a workman, good. Sister-like, proper becoming or like a sister Q. What does ment mean ? A. This affiz is derived from the French, and is the ter- mination chiefly of verbal nouns, to which it is not easy to give any uniform meaning, but it often signifies the act of or ttaU of being. It sometimes also means the result of an act, or that which. . ' ' EXAMPLES. ' . emblance, formerly ikef have ontracted r,/. 70 ; a worm, lembling 1} bright for war npudent INGRAFT, INGRAFT-MENT, Nourish-ment, that which nourishes Abate-ment, the state or act of abating, or that which is abated ; the sum or quantity taken away by the act of abat- ing Banish-ment, the act of sending or ex- pelling from one*s own country by authority ; the being banished Advance-ment, the state of being prefer- red or exalted to some new honor or rank Amuse-ment, that which amuses; also ^^ the making of vain pro- mises to gain time M N To insert a cion of one tree in another The act of ingrafting or that which was ingrafted Krcite-men^ the motive by which one is excited or stirred up, or the act of stirring up Achieve-men^ the performance of an ac- tion, deed or exploit AUure-ment, th{>t which tempts or al- lures by some promised good Consign-ment, a deed to make things over; goods or things consigned to any one Atone-ment, the act of making satisiac* tion, or expiating by sa-^ orifice, or that which pro» duces reconciliation 94 V Treat-ment, the manner of using, good or bad usage Abase-ment, . ;j*i . the state of being brought low Infringe-ment, the act of breaking or vio- lating laws or contracts ; that which destroys or hinders Commence-ment, the act of beginning or the time when any uiing first began Judge-ment, the power of discerning the relation between one term or one proposition and another ; the right or power of passing judg- ment; the act of exer- cising judicature, &c. Disburse-ment, the act of disbursing or '' laying out money Enfranchise-ment, the act of enfranchising or making free Extinguish-ment, the act of extinguishing, quenching or putting out Impedi-ment, that which hinders, s ^ > or obstructs; also an im- perfection or defect in one's speech juish-ment, the state of growing fee- ble or pining away under sorrow ; softness of mien Measure-ment, the act of measuring Nutri-ment, that which nourishes, such as food Firma-ment, that space which is ex- panded or arched over us > in the Heavens, the sky Pave-ment, a highway or street laid with brick or flat stones ; a stone floor Prefer-ment, the state of being prefer- red, a place of honor or profit Refine-ment, the act of purifying again or the state of being pu- rified Resign-ment, the act of resigning; sub- mission Sacra-ment, any ceremony which pro- duces an obligation such as an oatli, the Lord's supper, baptism Sedi-ment, that which settles at the bottom of liquids Settle-men t, the act of settling ; or the state of being settled ; the act of giving posses- sion by legal sanction Tene-ment, that which is held by a tenant Embellishrment, that which embellishes, adorns or beautifies Command-ment, the act of giving orders to, or directmg to be, or the orders that come, and directions that are given Indorse-ment, the act of writing on the back, or the name written 05 ich is ex- iled over us ns, the sky street laid 3at stones ; ing prefer- honor or ying again being pu- ning; sub- which pro- ation such ;iie Lord's m les at the ds 'gr ; or the r settled; Dg posses- metion eld by a ibellishes, ifies orders to, be, or the )me, and are given g on the le written Govern -ment, Ravish-ment, a general system of polity the act of ravishing, also for regulating a state or rapture or transport of society, the state of be- joy I ing directed or controled Reinstate-ment, Lavish-ment, the act of restoring to the the act of spending pro- former state or condition fusely, or the act of Testa-ment, manner of waslmg Move-men t, the act or moving Frag-ment, ft part broken off from the whole, an imperfect piece Parlia-ment, the chief assembly and council of the English nation met together to make or alter laws Punish«ment, that correction or pain which is inflicted for a crime Prejudg-meiit, the act of judging before- hand, anything that is a the last will of a person concerning the disposal of his estate after his death; a covenant Tourna-ment, , „• " • a mock encounter where armed perspns on horse- back run against one another with spears or lances Vouchsafe-ment, that which grants or per- mits anything to be done, or the act of condescend- ing, or granting Vest-ment, that which a person wears to cover the body, such as clothing, &c. rule or example to future Tranship-ment, times the act of transferring from ; -- 1 . ' ,! one ship to another Q. "What does mowy signify ? ; ;:/:'. A. Mony is a termination of nouns, and has various meanings, which are not easily expressed, but it often means a quality or state. '. ^; i^ What does some mean? . ' ■ A. Some is a termination of adjectives, and means /m//, occasioning or causing ; somewhat or in a slight degree. EXAMPLES. A state of holiness, appearance of holiness Full of molestation; occ^ion- ing or causing trouble or perplexity SANCTI-MONY, TROUBLE-SOME, i I 96 I' ["f** Testi-mony, evidence given by a wit- ness Parsi-mony, the quality of being saving or thrifty Acri-mony, the quality of being sharp or tart, or that quality in bodies by which they corrode, destroy or dis- solve others Patri-mony, an estate coming by inher- itance Ali-mony, that maintenance that is given to a wife when she is separated from her husband Har-mony, that quality which has a just adaptation of one part to another ; the qua- lity of a just proportion of sound Matri-mony, the state of wedlock or marriage ; the contract of man and wife Scam-mony, a purging resinous gum brought from the coast of Barbary Agri-mony, the plant liver-wort Game-some, full of sport or merriment Quarrel-some, inclined to brawls, some- what choleric Loath-some, causing satiety or fastidi- ousness Tire -some, occasioning or causing in a slight degree weariness or fatigue Frolic*8ome, full of pranks or tricks Toil-some, full of toil, occasioning or causing toil or labour Venture-some, full of daring or boldness, without fear Weari-some, causing or occasioning weariness or &tigue Whole-some, causing or conducing to health, happines or virtue Burden-some, grievous to be born Blithe-some, full of mirth or joy Adventure-some, full of hazard or daring Delight-some, somewhat pleasing Irk-some, in a slight degree tedious Hand-some, full of beauty, grace or elegance Q. What does ness mean at the end of words ? A. Ness is a termination generally added to adjectives to eonvert them into substantives, and signifies a state of being or qualitj/qf. 97 EXAMPLES. iwls) some- or fastidi- • • causing in i weariness r tricks tsioning or labour ' boldness, zcasioning atigue lucing to i or virtue orn oy daring 3 tedious grace or stives to ' being or CLEAN, CLEAN-NESS, GOOD, GOOD-NESS, Damp-ness, the state of being wet or moist Assured-ness, the state of being assured or made certain Attentive-ness, the state of being careful or attentive Bald-ness, the state of being without hair Beggarli-ness, the state of being very poor or mean Blameless-ness, the state of being innocent or harmless Blind-ness, the state of being desti- tute of sight Chalki-ness, the state of being chalky Complete-ness, the state of being perfect or complete Dry-ness, the state of being dry or without moisture Distracted-ness, the state of being distrac- ted, madness Even-ness, the state of being even or uniform Floweri-ness, the state of abounding in flowers Free from dirt or filth The state of being free from dirt Having desirable qualities The quality of being good, kind, benevolent, &c., &c. Foggi-ness, the state of being dark or misty Gloomi-ness, ' the state of being obscure, melancholy Hoarse-ness, the state of being hoarse, : or having the voice rough as with a cold Incomplete-ness, the being in a state of im- perfection Natural-ness, the being in a natural state Old-ness, the being in an old state Attractive-ness, the quality of being at- tractive or alluring Fit-ness, the quality of being suita- ble or fit Awful-ness, the quality of striking with awe or terror Pure-ness, the quality of being clear, pure or genuine Bad-ness, the quality of being cor- rupt or not good Graceful-ness, the quality of being ele- gant, or beautiful, with dignity II 1 I3()ld-ness, Basc-ness, the quality of being brave, the quality of being vile daring or impudent or base Mellow-ness, Horrid-ness, ' ' the quality of being soft, the quality of being hide- ripe or mellow ^ ous or dreadful Pert-ness, the quaUty of being lively or brisk Note — The same syllable (wfi««,) is allso used (from nese or 7ieesef Sax. a nose, or from the Latin nasus,) as the termination of places possessing headlands or promontories, as in Shear-ness, Fi/e-ness, Inver-nesSf Caith-ness. Q. "What does or or tor at the end of primitive words mean ? A. Or, or tor, always denotes the agent, and may be explain- ed by one who or the person who, that ivhich. The primitives are verbs, and or converts them into nouns. Or is also the termination of adjectives in the comparative degree which have been introduced into the English language from the Latin. EXAMPLES. COL-LECT, COLLEC-TOn, JUNI-OR, To gather together, or get One who collects or gathers together One younger than another Ac -tor, he that acts or performs anything Admoni-tor, the person who admonishes Ambassa-dor, Demonstra-tor, one vho proves ; one who teaches Dicta-tor, one invested with absolute authority a person sent in a public Crea-tor, manner from one sove- the being who bestows reign power to another existence or creates Cap -tor, Ambassa-dor, he that takes a prisoner one sent on a public mes- Oredit-or, sage he to whom a debt is owed; Enac-tor, he that gives credit one that forms decrees or establishes laws \ 99 \ Fornica-tor, ' . one who commits lewd- .ness ^_^. ^ ,.,.j , . _ , _ Gladia-tor, one who fights for prizes Illumina-tor, one who gives light Interroga-tor, one who asks questions Malefa6>tor, one who has oflended a- gainst the law; a criminal Negocia>tor, one employed to treat with others Numera>tor, he that numbers ; or that number which serves as a common measure to others » - » Benefac-tor, one who confers a benefit or favor Calcula-tor, one who calculates or com- putes Calumnia-tor, one who forges accusa- tions; a slanderer Coagula-tort that which causes coagu- lation Declama-tor, ... one who declaims or makes speeches with intent to move the passions Denuncia-tor, one that proclaims any threat i. • Eleva-tor, one that raises or lifts up Elucida-tor, one who explains or clears Fac-tor, one who acts as an agent for another; a substitute Genera-tor, the power which begets, causes, Hic. Gover-nor, one who is invested with supreme authority in the state , , Impropi'ia-tor, one who has the posses- sion of the lands of the church Modera-tor, one who restrains, rules or presides Narra-tor, one who tells or relates Nomemcla-tor, one who calls things or ' .- persons by their proper names Observa-tor, one who observes or re- marks Opera-torj one that performs any act of the hand Seni-or, V older than another Mi-nor, inconsiderable, or of small account, or small in num- ber Ma-jor, greater in number, quan- tity or extent; greater in dignity UiY , 100 What do ory^ aory^ lory and atory mean when used as affixes? A. They mean having the power oft of the nature qfj belonging or relating to, containing, that which and the place where. The primitiTM are veibs and nouns, and orjf, ^c, oonverU them into nouni and adjectivea. TO ADJUTE, ADJU-TOR, ADJU-TORY, TO DEPOSITS, DEPOSI-TORY, EXAMPLES. To help A helper, or one who kelps That which helps To lay in a place The place where anything is placed I N. Conserva-tory, a place where any thing is kept Depil-atory, means used to take away hair Dispensa-tory, the Directory for making medicines Interroga-tory, an interrogation or exa- mination Judica-tory, a court, or distribution of justice Labor-atory, a place for chemical ope- rations or manufacturing warlike apparatus, &c. Observa-tory, a place where astronomi- cal observations are taken Cita-tory, having the form or power of citing Offer -tory, that which is offered, or the act of offering Precep-tory, a place where instruction is given Propeti-atory, the mercy seat in the temple Purgfa-tory, a place of purgation after death Reposi-tory, a place where anything is safely laid up Reserva-tory, a place where anything is kept Supple-tory, what serves to fill up de- ficiencies Fumi-tory, a genus of plants Adj. Confabula->tory, relating to conversation 101 Confirm-atory, that which confirms or strengthens Declain>atory, of or belonging to decla- mation Declin-atory, tending to shun, avoiding, Depul-sory, Excusa-tory, pleading or making an ex- cuse Expia-tory, capable of expiating or atoning for Fulmina*tory, relating to thunder, thun- dering that which puts away or Gratula-tory, removes expressing joy or pleasure Depura-torv, Horta-tory, that which cleanses, purl- belonging to exhortation fies or frees lUu-sory, Deroga-tory, tending to deceit or fraud that which degrades or Impreca-tory, lessens the value of .. relating to imprecation, Elu-sory, cursing tending to elude, evade Jura-tory, or deceive giving or relating to an Exaggera-tory, oath containing exaggeration Q. What does ry mean as an affix ? A. Ry means in general having connexion with* It expresses also a quality ; a state or condition ; an act or behaviouTt an act or employment ; the articles in which one deals ; the place where anything is, or done. It also sometimes ''gives the force of a collective noun, and in this case it is applicable to both persons and things. EXAMPLES. BIGOT, A blind zealot, or one unduly devoted to a party BIGOT-RY, The quality of a blind zealot ; the practice or tenet of a bigot SLAVE, One deprived of freedom SLAVE-BY, The state or condition of a slave OUTLAW,. One excluded the benefit of the law OUTLAW- BY, The act of excluding from the benefit or protection of the ' - ; " law '" . Hi 202 MAftON, 1 ■ MASON-nV, OROCER» OROCE-RY, BREW, BRBW-ERY| GENTRY, Adulte-ry, the act of violating the bed of a married' person Ances-try, a series of ancestors or of those from whom persons are descended Archdeacon-ry, the office or jurisdiction of an Archdeacon Arche-ry, the act of shooting with the bow Baptiste-ry the place for baptising at Barte-ry, the act or practice of ex- changing commodities Batte-ry, the act of battering or the instruments used with which a town is battered Buffoone-ry, the practice of a buffoon Carpen-try, the trade of a carpenter Cemetc-ry, < a place where the dead are reposited One who builds walls of stone, or one who is a member of the society of Free-ma- sons The employment or perfor- mance of a mason or tlie science of Freemasons One who deals in teas, sugars, spirits, &c. The articles in which a grocer deals or sells To makti liquors The place where liquors are made Persons of a state above the vulgar Drape-ry, the trade of making cloth, the dress of a picture or a statue Ey-ry, the place where birds of prey build their nests Farrie-ry, the art of shoeing or cu- ring horses Husband-ry, the art of tilling and im- proving land Idola>try, the worship of an idol or creature Joine-ry, the art of joining wood together Knighterrant-ry, the acts or behaviour of wandering knights LAun-dry, the place where clothes are washed or ironed in Millin-ery, the articles that are sold by a milliner 103 s of stone, 1 member Free-ma- r perfor- on or the masons Ui sugars, > a grocer quors are ibove the ing cloth, •icture or birds of r nests ig or cu- and im- n idol or ig wood viour of its clothes roned in are sold Nurse-ry, the place where children are kept Pedle-ry, small wares sold by ped- lars Penu-ry, the state of poverty or great want Quar-vy, the place where stones are dug Rccove-ry, the state of being restored from sickness Refine-ry, Spice-ry, the commodity or reposi- tory of spices Tenant-ry, tenants in general Thieve-ry, the practice or art of steal- Usu-ry, money paid for the use of money; interest; the prac- tice of taking interest Vest-ry, a room adjoining to a Church, where parish mec^ngs are held the place and apparatus Vin-try, of refining the place where wine is Sculle-ry, sold a place to wash and keep YeomAn-ry, things in the collective body of Soldie-ry, yeoman a body of soldiers > Q. What is the meaning of ih at the end of words ? A. Th is the termination of nouns derived from adjectives or verbs, and denotes the thing, and not the person^ and may be explained by the act of being; the state of being, or the being. EXAMPLES. TRUE, Not false; pure from the crime of falsehood Truth, The contrary to falsehood or the being true BirM, the act of being born Breads, the state of being broad LengM, the state of being long Gir^, a band by which the sad- dle is fixed upon the .. horse ; or the compass made by a string DepM, the state of being deep Streng^^ the state of being strong or vigorous; power of the body ^Loidh, the space of 28 days, be- ing the time from one change of the moon to another 104 I Desithf the state of the dead, or the state of being with- out life Growthf the act or state of growing Ear/A, the globe on which we live, or (derived from eaff to plow,)the act of turning up the ground in tillage Warm^A, the being warm or a gen- tle or moderate heat Wealth, the state of having great possessions or riches Youth, the state and condition of young people, or their persons Width, the state of being wide Wrath, the being in a rage or fury Worth, the being of value, or a quality of excellence or virtue Afterma^A, the second crop of grass mown in autumn Mirth, the state of being merry Dearth, a state of great scarcity or want '.'>f provisions ^ , Health, the state of being sound of body Q. What does ftMfe mean ? , ,. , A. Tude is a termination by which adjectives, and sometimes verbs are converted into substantives, and may be explained by the state of being. ^ .. EXAMPLES. MULTI-TUDE, Ampli-tude, the state of being large or great Atti-tude, the posture or action in which a statue op painted figure is placed Consue-tude, a state acquired by custom or habit Simili-tude, the state of being like or a resemblance The state of being many or more than one Servi-tude, the state of being in bon- dage or slavery Soli-tude, the state of being alone, or a lonely life Magni-tude, the state of being great Lati-tude, the state of being broad or wide Grati-tude, the state of being thankful 105 Ing wide fe or fury ue, or a Hence or of grass in •.I J merry «rcity or ns \g sound metimes ained by nany or in bon- ' alone, great f broad hankful Solici*tude, the state of being anxious of mind Sancti-tude, the state of being holy, good or saintly Disue-tude, the state of being out of use Recti-tude, the state of being upright Quie-tude, the state of being at rest Pleni-tudc, the state of being full or complete Alti-tude, the state of being high or height of place Longi-tude, the length of anything that is measurable Vicissi-tude, the succeeding of one thing after another Q. "What does ti/ denote when appended to primitive words ? A. Ty is a termination by which adjectives are converted into nouns, and means the state or condition; the quality or capacity ; that which — the power^ fit or worthy of being. SAFE, SAFE-TY, EXAMPLES. Free from danger state c " dan&rer The state of being free from Abili-ty, the power to do anything Abstrusi-ty, that which is hidden, dif- ficult or abstruse Absurdi-ty, • the quality of being ab- surd or that which is absurd Acceptabili-ty, the quality of being ac- ceptable Bestiali-ty, the quality of beasts Brutali-ty, the quality of being sa- vage or brutal ^ Calami-ty, the state of being in mis- ery or the cause of ' misery Capaci-ty, the power of containing ; the force or power of the mind Coeqnali-ty, the state of being equal Depu-ty, a person who transacts bu- siness for another Duri-ty, a state of hardness, or be- ing cruel Elastici-ty, the power, spring or force in bodies by which they endeavour to restore themselves Exigui-ty, the state of being small or little 106 Fallibili-ty, the state of being liable to be deceived Garruli-ty, the quality of talking too much Humidi-ty, the state or condition of being moist or damp Inseparabili-ty, the quality of being inse- parable Insolubili'ty, the quality of not being dissoluable Juvenili-ty, the state of being young Legal i-ty, the state of being agreea- ble to the law Malleabili-ty, the quality of bearing to be hammered out Necessi-ty, the state of thing that needs must be Optimi-ty, the state of being best Ponderosi-ty, the quality of being he{tvy or weighty Responsibili-ty, the state of being obliged or qualified to answer Sapidi-ty, the power of stimulating the palate ^ Tangibili-ty, the quality of being per- ceived by the touch Q. What does ure, at the end of words mean ? A. Ture or Ure is the termination of nouns derived chiefly from verbs, and has various meanings. Sometimes it denotes the thing made or done ; sometimes tlie act ; sometimes that by, through, or with which the thing is done ; sometimes qucUity or condition. EXAMPLES. DISCLOSE, DISCLO-SURE, < Crea-ture, a being created, or any thing created Depar-ture, the act of going away Pos-ture, the position of the body, or the state of affairs Pas-ture, the act of feeding, or the ground on which cattle Teed To reveal or discover The act of revealing any se- cret or the bringing any secret into view Garni-ture, that with which a person is ornamented Ves-ture, that raiment with which a person is clothed Forfei-ture, the act of forfeiting or the thing forfeited Discomfi-ture, the act of being defeated or overthrown A c I V 107 Agricu) re, Fumi-ture, the art of husbandry, or those things which are improvement of land placed in a house for use Manufac-ture, or ornament \ anything that is made by Tempera-ture, art or by the hand the quality of the air as to Legisla-ture, heat or cold, or a consti- the power that makes laws tution, state or medium Lec*ture Rxpo-sure, a discourse pronounced upon any subject, or the act or practice of reading Ver-dure, the act of laying anything open to public view, or the state of being ex- posed the quality, of being Uorticul-ture, green, like the leaves of the art of gardening trees, herbs, &c. Liga-ture, that by which anything is bound or tied Q. What does ward signify ? A. Ward signifies towards, or in the directiou of. EXAMPLES. Haven, HeAVEN'WARD, Back-ward, towards the back, (but metaphorically it points to the past in respect to time Out-ward, The habitation of the blessed Towards the habitation of the blessed Fore-ward, litera!ly in the direction of che forepart or face; metaphorically it points to the future in respect to time. to the outer parts; or to- In-ward» wards the outside on the inside or towards the internal parts Up-ward, towards a higher place; also — more, spoken of quantity or time Down-wards, towards the centre or from a higher distance to a lower Q. What does wise signify? A. Wise signifies the manner of being or acting. Wise now seldom appears except in composition; but in old writings it was generally used* " The birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise," refers us to the circumstances and manner ;. 108 of his birth. As an Affix wise forms a number of adverbs, each stating that something is done in the manner described by the word to which the termination is joined. EXAMPLES. LIKE-WISE, In a like manner Other-wise, Any-wise, in another manner in any manner Slant -wise, Arch-wise, in a sloping manner or in the manner or form of direction an arch In this usage wise does not differ from way; the way in which the thing is done, being all that we understand by the manner. Q. What does y signify at the end of words ? A. When y is the termination of words that are nouns it signifies the being, the act or state, the art, Sfc. Also containing. EXAMPLES. * ANARCHY, The being without rule, every one acting in the manner most agreeable to him- . , " self Centu-ry, Hypocri-sy, containing an hundred the act or art of dissem- years bling or of counterfeiting Blasphem-y, goodness^ or holiness the act of cursing and Bastard-y, . swearing the being a bastard Villain-y, Litur-gy, i a state of wickedness or a form of common or pub- baseness blic prayers .; Perfi-dy, , the quality of being per- fidious, or false to trust THE END^ ft dverbs, ibed by brm of way in )y the luns it lining. every tanner > him- issem- Peiting ess rpub- r per- trust