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' 1.

TSakcn priiietpiinr fV«n| i^liliitmen and BneliaBMit

M .;' .

BT THE

REV. WILLIAM FEllRIE. A.M.,

AUrnOR OF THE "life of the KEV. JOnX CAKSTAIBB8,
*'8IOKS OF THE TI.MES," " ItELATION WHICH
PUSEYISM UUAKS TO POPEHT," &C., &C.

SieOND EPITION REVISED.

A. V^ intlA.pAj4T<fEilaburgh.

iONTO:

" OPriCR, 80 KIKO 8TBKBT KAtT.

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' THE CREAM

\ OP

SCOTTISH HISTORY,

BT THB

REV. WILLIAM FERRIE, A.M.,

AUTHOR OF THE ''LIFE OF THE REV. JOHN OARSTAIBBS,"

"SIGNS OF THE TIMES," "RELATION WHICH

PUSEYISM BEARS TO POPERY," &C., &C

SECOND EDITION REVISED.

WITH AN APPENOIX.

Shewing the Eztiaet Peerage of Scotland In 1746, Drawn ap bf

Charles Maoky. then Professor of History and Antiquities

in the College of Edinbargb,

TORONTO:

PRINTED AT THB "OUARDIAN" OFFIOK, 80 KINO STRBBT lAgT.

1864.

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PREFACE,

::; "i ^/vn.-.-*:

;:(Vi • .;

J f,' 'i''!'..(;"t -s

■ **

The first edition of thia fascicnlus was drawn up
after its Author had lectured on Scottish History to an
audience in St. John» New Brunswick, in which he felt
much interest. „ , ; . .;,. , , ,„(

As, however, he suhaequently found that a great part
of Buchanan's History of Scotland (from which he had
principally skimmed) was fabulous, he resolved to give
forth a second edition, skimmed, so far as might be
necessary, from the '' Caledonia" of the most veracious
Georqe Chalmers. •.:> ■^, ■■-•-.v u-.n^---;.-;; vi:i'«;

It is a misfortune that that precious work should be
so scarce, and that the Pictorial History of Scotland
(which is in such thorough accordance with it, and very
much drawn from it,) should be so dear ; as also that
brief Histories of Scotland are in general so meagre in
their details about the annals of that nation before the
times of Macbeth and Malcolm Cabnmore. Inas-
much as this little work is gleaned from the earliest

PREFACE.

authentic records of the kingdom, it is hoped that it
may be acceptable to those whose cravings after full
and authoritative information are somewhat out of har-
monywith their ciroumstancea.

And to such as wish to know not the history of the
nation only, but also that of the distinguished persons
who gave it celebrity, the Extinct Peerage in the
Appendix will be welcome, shewing^ as it does, at a
glance, *' who was who" among the nobility from the
time titles were first given in Scotland down to a period
subsequent to that of which this syllabus treats. i i ,

Professor Maokt is a name so highly set by among
ohronologists, that the statements contained in a private
record kept by him, concerning the deaths, &o., of the
distinguished persons of his times, are held good at law
in the kingdom where they were written. . .

May Scotchmen remember that the privileges they
are distinguished for, in the present day, entail upon
them high responsibilities, and thus take good heed so
to conduct themselves as that their country shall be a
proverb for that only which is good and noble. i r^

Prbscott, Canada West,
May llthf 1864.

n ('♦v

>• ;

I '<

ABSTRACT

■-:'^l ■•fi ■' -': (.' :^--

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'i:''! ?ji r-*! '.■>'i.-<

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

;(■. r*;'' ■!■■{« i^l!

' Before Buchanan wrote his History, the most oui>
rageous fables were believed in connection with Scotland.
He had the sagacity to see through and discard many of
these, but not them all ; and it is believed, that without
intending it, he has handed down to posterity a list of
forty kings of Scotland that never had any existence.
He opens with the reign of a Fergus, who he notices
ruled about the time of Alexander the Great (some
three hundred years before our Saviour's birth.) But
the indefatigable and scrupulously accurate Chalmers,
in his most veracious " Caledonia," has clearly shewn
that the first authentic king of Scots in Scotland was
Fergus, the son of Ere, who did not reign till the year
of our Lord 503. This sovereign is evidently the same
with Buchanan's Fergus II, for the reigns given by

G SCOTTISH iiiflTonY.

Buchanan, after that of Fergus II, nearly coincide with
those given by Chalmers after that of Fergus, son of
Ero.

Buchanan, it must be remembered, does not vouch
for the truth of the fir&t part of his history; he is
careful at the beginning of his 4th Book to tell us that
what he gives is especially what constant tradition and
many criteria confirm.

He speaks of the Picts as of a people who came to
Scotland from Germany, by way of Ireland, and of the
Scots as of a people who had migrated Arom Ireland
before their arrival ; and after telling us that Plots and
Scots, though for a time friendly, at last quarreled, (the
Scots occupying the Highlands and the Picts the Low-
lands,) he sets over them as king, Fergus, the son of
Fearohard, at the date above noticed. ,,, ^v;,.; /..j.f

The investigations of Chalmers, however, have set
aside this version of matters altogether, and anybody
who has the privilege of possessing his writings, will be
convinced that his assertions are borne out by evidence
the most clear and satisfactory. For the entertainment
of the curious, we append to this volume Buchanan's
view of matters, so far as it is at all interesting. But
leaving him now, and referring our readers for our facts
concerning events prior to the reign of Kenneth the

_4l;-..

prOTTISn HT^TOnV. J

Sireond, o^iefly to Chalmers* Caledonia, we proceed tb
notice that the Romans, who had invaded Britain under
Julius Cesar, shortly before our Saviour's birth, wholly
withdrew from it A.D. 446. ' ,.--.. ^

Towards the close of the first century, their great
general, Agricola, had penetrated into Scotland, and
subdued part of it ; and after his death, SoUius Utbicus
had carried his conquests to the Moray Firth; but
after, it was found more troublesome to retain dominion
over the subdued Caledonians than suited the condition
of the Roman Empire, a great wall was built between
the Firths of Forth and Clyde, shutting off the tribes
to the north of these rivers, who were henceforth left
to roam unmolested. .-,..: . . ^^
i Mi When the Romans first arrived in Scotland, it was
divided into twenty-one tribes, each of which had its
own territory, and all of which were of Celtic origin.
The wall which was afterwards built, divided the sixteen
lying to the north from the five which lay to the south,
and thus formed two provinces or kingdoms of the same
race and lineage. The kingdom of the sixteen tribes
was distinguished as Piotavia, and its people called
Caledonians or Picts. The people of the five tribes to
the south were (although equally Picts with the othersA
called Romanized Britons ; these last, during the stay of

8 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

their foreign masters, were spoken of at Home as inhabi-
tants of the Province of Valentiaj for Valentia was a name
given to the district they peopled— -(5corta«d south of
the waU)^in honor of the Roman Emperor Valens,

When, however, the Romans left Britain altogether,
this province of Valentia became a distinct kingdom*
and had for name Strath-Clyd or Cumbria. Its capital
(now Dumbarton) was called Alclyd at the first.

The Picts, it is said by Skene, in his history, were
divided into the Upper and Lower Picts ; that is, we
presume, the Picts of the Highlands, and the Picts of
the Lowlands; so far, however, as we have observed,
Chalmers does not notice this distinction.

The Picts were of the same family with the Caledonians
and Strath-Clyd Britons, the whole of Great Britain and
Ireland having been originally peopled by the same
race ; viz., the Celts from Europe. The first time the
name Picts was ever given to the inhabitants of Scot-
land was when some Roman orator made use of the
phrase " the Caledonians and other Picts," which clearly
shews that at Rome all the Caledonians were accounted
Picts. The story, therefore, about the Picts, that they
were a separate people who left Germany, and having
been refused permission to settle in Ireland, came to
Scotland, is doubtless a mere piece of romance—^Cbal-

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

mers utterly discards it. He imagines that the Caledo-
nians to the north of the: wall came to be termed Pidts
because they were, in comparision of the five tribes,
(who were enclosed between the two walls*) '* exposed,"
and Peithi in the Celtic language is a word which signi-
fies " exposed," — and probably the Romans finding them
Peithi, called them Picti, on account of the paintings
on their bodies.

As yet the name Scotland had nothing whatever to
do with Caledonia — that name originally belonged to
Ireland. The Romans knew Scotland first as an island,
which every body knows Scotland is not.

Towards the close of the fifth and beginning of the
sixth century, however, steps were taken by the inhab-
itants of a part of Ulster, which resulted centuries
afterwards, in giving the name Scotland to all North
Britain. Cormac being king of Ireland, his relative
Caibre-Raida, was sent to quell disturbances in Ulster.
This general not being very faithful to his sovereign,
took possession of thirty miles of that Province, and
formed it into a distinct kingdom, which was called after
him, Dalraida (Dal, signifying a part; and Dalraida,

* One to the south of Talentia having been constructed
by the Emperor Soverus. It ran between the river Tyne
and Solway Firth.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

Baida's part.) Sometime thereafter, viz., A.D. 503,
three of the sons of Ere, (one of the kings of Dalraida,)
crossed the Irish sea and took possession of Cantyre, in
Argyllshire. The eldest, whose name was Loam, got
the district still known by the name Lorn, to the north
of Argyllshire; the youngest, Angus, ruled in the
Island of Isla ; and to the second, Fergus, who survived
both of the others, fell the authority of king of Scots
in Albyn.* He was the first king of Scots in North
Britain, that is to say, the first king of those Irish, who,
bringing their country's name as well as arms with
them, were the first persons ever known in North Britain
by the name of Scots. This Fergus L, of authentic
history, is most probably the Fergus 11. of Buchanan,
as we have already observed. It is only here that the
fable which that learned author, no doubt, unwittingly
chronicles as facts, begin to present some appearance of
truth.

Besides the three kingdoms of Picts, Strath-Clyd
Britons and Scoto-Irish, of Argyllshire, there was at
this time a fourth in Scotland called the kingdom of
Saxonia, or Northurabria, and sometimes also the king-

* The old name of Scotland, given, it is thought, because
of the whiteness of its snow-capped mountains.

SCO' ^H HISTORY. H

dom of the Lotbians. It was for a length of time one
of the kingdoms of the English Heptarchy, but extend-
ing into Scotland and embracing the three Lothians»
Berwickshire, Teviotdale, and contiguous lands, it must
be treated of by the Scottish historian. William of
Malmesbury is very full in his accounts of its history, as
also is George Chalmers. It was founded by the Angles»
a branch of the great Gothic family. They first touched
British soil A.D. 449, but it was not till 547 that Ida
founded the kingdom of Northumbria. This empire
extended from the Humber to the Forth and Avon, and
from the German Ocean to those '' hills that send their
kindred streams to the east."* It continued a separate
kingdom till subdued by Egbert, who allowed, it as a
part of England, to be governed by its own Earls.
Afterwards, one of these ceded to Malcolm 11. the whole
of 'liat portion of it that lay within Scotland of the
present day. It is maintained by some, that this part
of Northumbria was given up to Malcolm I. and lost
by Malcolm II., though afterwards recovered by that
monarch. Whatever truth there may be in this version
of matters, it is the case, at all events, that since Mal-
colm the Second's day the kingdom of the Lothians, so

• Chalracr's.

600TTli9H mBTORT.

far as it lay within North Britain, has belonged to the
British orown. And let Scotchmen boast of the anti-
quity of Scotland as a separate kingdom, as they may,
it was not till the date of this cession of the Lothians
that there was but one man reigning over all Scotland.
Malcom the Second was the first king of all Scotland,

In order to do justice to the history of North Britain,
up to the date of the death of Malcolm II., it is evident
the annals of no less than five distinct kingdoms must
be recorded: the kingdoms, viz., of Kctavia, Strath-Clyd»
the Scoto-Irish, and the Lothians ; nor would even such
fulness thoroughly exhaust the subject, for there was
a fifth division of the country (though not a kingdom)
occupied by the Cruithne from Ulster, a people who
came over in the eighth century, and as successfully
invaded the Mull of Galloway, as the Scoto-Irish had
previously and long before taken possession of the Mull
of Cantyre. This people, though subject to the Scoto-
Irish king, had, nevertheless, lords of their own to
govern them, until finally deprived of this privilege in
the days of Fergus, their last lord, and during the reign
of Malcolm IV.

Just as England was at one time a Heptarehy, Soot-
land was at one time a Tetrarchy, or rather a Hexarchy^
if the Oruithnc (latterly styled the wild Scots of Gallo-

m^^m

SCOTTISH HIBTORT.

reign

way) be considered a distinct colony, and if Skene's
idea of a division between the Lowland and Highland
Picts be correct.

Let us then, before going on with the history of
Scotland as a whole (which only begins during the reign
of Malcolm II.,) consider separately and in succession »
the history of the Picts, the Strath-Clyd Britons, the
Scoto-Irish, the Goths of Sazonia or Northumbria, and
the Cruithne of Galloway ; and —

I. The Picts.

Their kingdom was an autonomy from A.D. 446 to
A.D. 843. Chalmers has clearly proved that the Picts
were the Aborogines of Scotland, and the same race
with its other inhabitants when the Bomans ruled. He
(as has been already stated) thinks they were called
Peithi, because of their being exposed, which word the
Romans probably Latinized hy Pictu He has also
given us a very accurate list of their kings, which we
here insert for the quick instruction of all who may feel
interested in such matters.

Their
Series.

Their Names and FilialiBt.

Tbeir Their Their
▲cceMiou. Relgna, Deaths,

▲.D. TiAis. A.O.

1. Drnst, the son of Erp 461

2. Talorc, the son of Aniel 461 4 466

3. Necton Morbec, the son of Erp ... 455 26 480

i
hi
I*

14 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

4. Drest Gurthimmoch 480

, 5. GalananElelich 510

6. Dadrest 622

7. Drest, the son of Girom 523

Drest, the son of Wdrest, with the

former 524

Drest, the son of Girom, alone ... 529

8. Gartnach, the son of Girom 534

9. Gealtraim, the son of Girom 541

10. Talorc, the son of Muirchalaich... 542

11. Drest, the son of Munait 553

12. Galam, with Aleph 554

Galam, with Bridei 555

13. Bridei, the son of Mailcon 556

14. Gartnaich, the son of Domlech ... 586

15. Nectu, the nephew of Verb 597

16. Cineoch, the son of Luthrim 617

17. Garnard, the son of Wid 636

18. Bridei, the son of Wid 640

19. Talorc, their brother 645

20. Talorcain, the son of Erfret 657

21. Gartnait, the son of Donnel 6*^1

22. Drest, his brother 667

23. Bridei, the son of Bili 674

24 Taran, the son of Entifidich 695

25. Bridei, the son of Dereli 999

26. Neshton, the son of Dereli 710

27. Drest and Elpin 725

28. Ungus, the son of Urquis 730

29. Bridei, the son of Urquis 761

30. Ciniod, the son of Wrede.ch 763

31. Elpin, the son of Beridei 775

32. Drest, the son of Talorgan 779

510

622

623

624

529

634

641

542

653

554

556

656

686

697

617

637

640

645

657

661

667

674

695

699

710

725

730

761

763

775

779

784

nan

yet

have

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tissu

that

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orB

was

Dunr

thum

And

defea

SCOTTISH HISTORT.

83. Talorgan, the son of Ungus 784

34. Canaul, the son of Tarla 786

35. Costantin, the son of Urguis 791

36. Ungus (Hungus), the son of Urguis 821

37. Brest, the son of Constantin, and

Talorgan, the son of Withoil 833

38. Uen, the son of Ungus 836

39. Wrad, the son of Bargoil 839

40. Bred 842

786

791

821

833

836

839

842

843

After giving this table, Chalmers remarks, "the
names of these kings are undoubtedly Cambro-British,*
yet it is not easy to get their true appellations, which
have been perverted by ignorance;" and he further
notices, that the history of the Piots is little more than a
tissue of domestic strife and foreign war. Bede notices
that their king Bridei was converted to Christianity hy
Columba, A.D. 565. This was Bridei, son of Maileon,
or Bridei the First. In the days of Bridei the Third
was fought the famous battle of Dun Nechtan (now
Dunnichen), in which Egfrid, the Saxon king of Nor-
thumberland, was most signally routed by that monarch.
And we find that Bridei the Fourth, A.D. 699, again
defeated the Northumbrians, even when fighting under

* t. e. Welsh.

I 'it

16 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

the conduct of their celebrated leader, Berht. The
tide of battle turning, however, A.D. 750, this Bridei
was defeated and slain by the Saxons in Mananfield.

The landing of the Yikingr or pirate kinga of Soan-
danavia among the Plots, so reduced them as to prepare
the ^ay for their complete defeat and conquest by the
Scoto-Irish in 843. In one of the battles which they
had with these invaders, the Picts lost both their king
Uen and his brother Bran ; they never recovered *
strength enough after this onset to be able to oppose
their other enemies, so Kenneth III., son of Alpin, (and
hence called Kenneth McAlpin) had no great difficulty
in bringing them under the Scottish sway, in the said
year. From that period (84i3) Scots and Picts have
been one nation, governed by Princes of the Scoto-Irish
race. Skene insists that Kenneth only subdued the low
country Picts ; and that too with the assistance of the
Highland Picts ; and that these last remained indepen*
dent, having their own chiefs, even after the subjection
of their lowland kinsmen. Be this as it may, the king-
dom of the Picts, or of Caledonia, was now brought to
an end; and, as Picts, the inhabitants of Scotland,
after the close of the 10th century, ceased to be knovm.
The capitol city of the Picts was Abernethy, in Fife,
where to this day there stands one of those singular

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

round towers, which remain the lonely, desolate, and
inexplicable memoranda of long-gone aboriginal rule.
■" We now come to consider the history of — •' ):*s.-i'<^
II. The Strath-Cltd Britons, ' '' ■
Whose kingdom was also called Cambria. The Stratb-
Oiyd Britons inhabited the space shut in between
the two Roman walls, and consisted of five out of the
21 tribes whom the Eomans found in North Briton on
their landing. This kingdom, according to Chalmers,
included Lidsdale, Teviotdale, Strath-Clyd, the middle
and lowest parts of Stirlingshire, and the greatest
part of Dumbartonshire. The metropolis was Dum-
barton, called in those days Al Clyd, and afterwards,
by the Scoto-Irish, Dun Briton, which signifies the
fortress of the Britons. The first king of Cumbria,
after the Romans left it, was Caw, or Cawn. Driven
from his kingdom, he, at the end of the fifth century
went to Wales, and was suoceedfed by his son, Huail.
This last was compelled, by Arthur, who was then
Pendragon, (or Dictator,) to flee to Anglesey, where he
was killed. Arthur succeeded him and became so much
distinguished that, as Chalmers notices, from him, or
the Arthur of romance, Scotland has many of its
places named. He was a valorous man, and ruled
from A.D. 508 till killed at the battle of Camlan, A.D.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

Ira

542. Marken, who suooeeded him, is famous for the
opposition ho gave to Kentigern, the founder of the
Glasgow Episcopate. He was succeeded by Rydderick,
who, A.D. 577, defeated the Scoto-Irish king, Aidan
at Ardoryth ; but afterwards allied with him, and, in
co-operation with him, defeated the Saxons at Fith-
anlia, or Stanenmore, Westmoreland. Owen, who,
after a contest, succeeded Kydderick, slew Aidan ; and
ho is the last king of the Strath-Clyd Britons, whom
Chalmers names. His kingdom outlived that of the
Picts, but was sadly harassed, as we shall by and by
see, by the Northumbrians and the Cruithne of Gallo-
way. The southern part of this kingdom was wrenched
by William the Conqueror from Malcolm Caenmore, and
was given by him to Banulph Meschines, to bo held by
the tenure of the sword. Eanulph gave many parcels
of that territory to his warlike followers as feudal lords.
Thus was the Cumbrian toiritory taken fVom the
Saxon kingdom, which had been surrendered to Mal-
colm II by the last of its kings. The two counties of
Westmoreland and Cumberland, as a separate kingdom,
were called Reged.

After Edgar's death, A.D. 1107, David, youngest
8on of Malcolm, became Prince of the Cumbrian region,
which lay to the north of a certain dividing line, but

SCOTTISn HISTORY.

not of Cumberland, which belonged to R4nulph Mesoh.
ines. But, A.D. 1136-9, King David got this also
from Stephen of England, bj his arms and negotiations

tos;ether.

>. mM^'

(1 . >.\1 r il-

We are now arrived at a consideration of
'■' ' III. The Scoto-Irish Kingdom,

Begun by the Dalraid Irish, from Ulster, and which
eventually absorbed all the rest.

' We have already noticed that this kingdom was
founded by Fergus, son of Ere, and his brothers, and
that Fergus was the first sole sovereign in Argyllshire.
' - A very valuable table of names and dates concern-
ing the kings and reigns of this kingdom is given in
Chalmers' Caledonia, from which the following is made :

Their
tSeries.

Their Names,

Daten of ReignB.
A.O. A.D.

1. Fergus, brother of Loarn, and son

ofErc

2. Domangert, son of Fergus

3. Gomgal, son of Domangert

4. Gauran, son of Domangert..

5. Conal, son of Comgal

6. Aidan, son of Gauran

7. Eocha'bui, son of Aidan

8 Kenuethcear, son of Eocha'bui

9. Ferehar, 1st son of Eogan, and 6th

in descent from Loam

from 603 to 606
" 506 to 521
" 612 to 535
" 535 to 557
" 557 to 571
" 571 to 605
" 605 to 621
" 621 3 mo's
„'•>' '■' ' , "' •

" 621 to 637

20 SCOTTISH niSTORT.

10. Donalbreao, BonofEocha'bni from 637 to I

11 & 12. Conal II., and (12th) Dungal began

with him " 642 to 662

13. Donadduin, son of Oonal II '< 6B2 to 665

14. Maolduln, son of Conal II « 666 to 681

16. Fcrcha Fada, grandson of Fer-

char 1st " 681 to 102

16. Eocharmeval, son of Domangert... " 702 to 705

17. Ainbheolach, son of Fercherfada « 705 to 706
18&19. Selraoh, son of Fercherfada and

Dunchabeg " 706 to 729

20. Eocha III, sonof Eocharineval.... " 720 to 733

21. Muredaoh, son of Ainbheelach " 733 to 736

22. Eogan, sonof Muredach « 736 to 739

23. Aodh Fin, son of Eocha III " 739 to 769

24. Fergus II, son of Aodh «< 769 to 772

25. Salvach II., son of Eogan " 772 to 796

26. Eocha Ammiene, sonof Aodh Fin " 786 to 826

27. Dungal, son of Selvach II " 826 to 833

28. Alpin, son of Eocha Ammiene " 833 to 836

29. Kenneth III., son of Alpin, who

conquered the Picts, 843 " 83G till 843

over the Scots alone.
After Fergus and his son Domangert, and Doman-

gert's two sons, Congal and Gauran, had reigned, the
succession devolved sometimes on the posterity of Con-
gal and sometimes on that of Gauran ; and even the
descendants of Loarn, Fergus' brother, came in occa-
sionally for a succession. The fact is there were
family feuds of a most violent and determined char-
acter among the descendants of Ere, a tendency to

SCOTTISH HISTOnT. ||

divide, as Ohalmora once and again notices, being the
oharacteristic of the Celtic race. Oauran was slain
fighting against the Picts. His nephew, Gongal's 8on»
who succeeded him, had a troubled reign, on account
of civil broils. At his death hb son Dunoha had to
contend for the throne with Aidan, the son of Gauran,
and was killed in battle at Loro, in Gant;yr. Oolumba>
the famous Donegal monk, who had emigrated to lona^
was at this time in high repute with the Scoto-Irish,
and supported the victor, Aidan. This heroic kin^
twice as an ally of the Strath-Clyd Britons, defeated
the Saxons, viz., at Fethenlia, and Leithreidth, losing
two of his own sons on the field. A third son, named
Domangert, he lost in another contest with them^
whereat he was routed ; as he was a second time also>
most signally, by the Saxons^ under Ethelfrid, in Rox-
burghshire. Aidan died A.D. 606, aged 80 years, and
after having reigned 3&« H« is the most distinguished
of all the sovereigns of his race. His son and grandson
successively swayed the sceptre after him, and both
fought bravely with the Irish ; the latter, vix.. Ken*
nethcear, perished in battle.

It was now that the race of Loam stood out for their
term of empire, and Ferohar, one of that race, reigned
for 16 years. On his death, A. D. 637, the race of

lit': ..

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

: 11^

il;

Gauran again ruled, in the person of Donaldbteao<
After defeats, both from the Irish and the Picts, at
Moyrath and Glenmorrison, this prince was slain by a
ruler of Strath-Clyd. The succession then fell to, or
was re-usurped by the race of Congal, in the person of
Gonal II«, who was succeeded by his two sons, one
after the other- their names were Donaldwin and
Maolduin. The race of Loam, profiting by the con-
tentions of the two families of the race of Fergus, again
prevailed ; but Fereharfada was succeeded by the race
of Fergus, in the person of Eocharineval, who was a son
of the assassinated Domangert, son of Maolduin. This
feeble prince, whose principal experience was defeat at
the hands of the Strath-CIyd Britons, was succeeded
by Ainbheealaoh-inhaith, a prince of the race of Loam.
Dethroned by his brother Selvach, he, after an exile in
Ireland of twelve years, returned to Scotland, and tried
to retake the throne of Argyllshire ; unhappily, how-
ever, he perished in battle, A. D. 719, " among the
mountains of Loam." The victorious Selvach had part
of his dominions taken from him by z. rival of the race
of Congal, named Dunchabed, whose successor, Eocha,
kept up the division of the empire with equal success.
Selvach was confined to the family district of Lorn, but
on his death Eocha became king of this part of the
empire also.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

9naldbreao<
e Picts, at
i slain by a
1 fell to> or
e person of
) sonS) one
Idwin and
)y the con-
rgus, again
by the race
.0 was a son
lain. This
as defeat at

succeeded
e of Loam.

an exile in
d> and tried
}pily, how-
among the
sh had part
of the race
3or, Eocha,
[lal success.
TLorn, but
part of tho

The race of Loam again succeeded in the person of
Muredach, but, on this occasion, peacefully. Muredach
fell at, or after, the battle of Cunie Coirbre, which he
waged against Ungus, king of the Picts, who had very
justly punished the abduction of his niece, Forai (by
Pungal, the son of Selvaoh) by wasting Lorn with fire
and sword. Eogan, his son, succeeded and fought
against the Picts. He was followed by Aodhfin, the son
of Eocha, who succeeded Selvach. He was of the race
of Gauran, and assumed the soyereignty, and, being a
great warrior, gave battle to the Picts at their capitoj
of Abemethy (or Fortevoit). He died A. D. 769.
His son Eocha, (who is called Achains by Buchanan,)
was the third king after him. Of the other two there
is nothing to record. Eocha married Urgusia, the
daughter of Urguis and sister of two Pictish kings ;
and, after his death, although the race of Loam furnish-
ed an immediate successor to him, yet his son Alpin
reigning, the blood of both Scoto-Irish and Picts for
the first time flowed in the veins of an Argyllshire
sovereign. Alpin perished in battle, it is believed,
fighting against the men of Galloway, and was succeeded
in 836 by his famous son Kenneth McAlpin, who,
in 843, defeating the Picts entirely, united the crowns
of Argyle and Caledonia, and became monarch of all

SCOTTISH niSTOBY.

Scotland, except Galloway, Strath-Clyd, and the

Lothians. .■;.;;■;-■;•,..: ■ •':.■■:•—'-..; ■^Jj-'i' '••■n'

We come now to treat of — ■' ; . :• s

IV. NORTHUMBBIA, SAXONIA, OR THE LOTHIANS,

The Angles, Chalmers tells ns, were the first tribe of
Goths that ever came to Britain, and they made their
appearance first A. D. 449. . * >

Ida, (who, we are told,* was a descendant of Belog,
son of Woden,) who first contrived the Northumberland
monarchy, invaded Britain A.D. 547, when Talorg was
ruling among the Picts, and Gauran among the Scoto-
Irish, and Rydderich in Strath-Clyd. Ida extended
the Northumbrian monarchy from the Humber to the
Forth, but was killed by Owen A.D. 559.

He was succeeded by ^Ua or Alia, in whose day it
was that the captive youths from Northumbria, ex-
hibited for sale at Rome, elicited the celebrated remark
of the Pope. He was, according to William of Malmes-
bury, succeeded by Ida's son Ethelric, who reigned
five years. Chalmers, however, mentions Bthelfred,
who was son of Ethelrjc and son-in-law of Alia, (having
married his daughter Acca,) as his successor. This
Ethelfred defeated the Scoto-Irish king, Aidan, A.D.
603, but in A.D. 617 fell a sacrifice to civil discord, his

"William of Malmesbury,

fioomsH HieroBT^

and the

iOTHIANB.

rst tribe of
made their

r. ...

; of Belog,
umberland

ralorg was

the Seoto-

\ extended

uber to the

1086 day it
mbria, ex-
;ed remark
)f Malmes-
10 reigned
Ethelfred,
a, (having
sor. This
idan, A.D.
iscord, his

Boeptre being assumed by Edwin, son of Alia, by whom,
though his brother-in-law, he was not only opposed, but
slain% This Edwin became by far the most potent of
the Northumbrian kings. He was a terror to British,
English, Scots, and Picts, alike. It was from him
that the capitol of Scotland Edinburgh, derived its
name, and he is noticed in history as Edwin the Great.
Having taken for his wife* Ethelburga, daughter of
King of Kent, by Bertha, a daughter of the
Royal House of France, he is saidf to have been con«
verted, with most of his subjects, from Paganism to
the Christian faith by means of Polybius, a priest,
whom she brought with her. The conversion, however,
must have been merely a devout imagination, for so
soon as he was killed, the Northumbrians apostatized
to their former infidelity. Killed whilst contending
against Cadwalla, King of the Britons, and Penda
King of the Mercians, he was succeeded A.D. 634 by
Oswald in part of his dominions, the remainder, called
Bernicia, was ruled by Eanfrid, son df Ethelfrid.
Oswold and Eanfrid were brothers, (being both sons of
Ethelfrid and Acca,) so without much difficulty the

• The Queens of England before the Conquest,
t Chalmers' Caledoaia.

' >.

16 fCOTTISH BIST0R7.

former succeeded the latter, and thus re-united the
kingdom, after having destroyed Oadwalla, who had
filain hoth Eanfrid and Osric, and usurped the govern-
ment of Northumbria. Killed, however, whilst fighting
against Penda, King of the Mercians, he was succeeded,
A.D. 643, by Oswi or Oswy, (for there is authority
for both spellings of this name,) his brother, a valorous
man, who chastised the Scoto-Irish^ overran Prelavia,
gave to perdition Penda, King of the Mercians, and
became supreme over those that ruled Mercia. Oswy's
wife was Ethelburga*s daughter, by Edwin the Great.
Her name was Enfleda, and her life is given by Mrs.
Hall. At his death he was succeeded by his son
Egfrid, A.D. 671. " At this Epoch," says Chalmers,
" the Northumbrian kings appear to have pushed their
conquests and established their power from sea to sea ;
and the city of Carlisle was emphatically theirs till it
was given by Egfrid to Cutbbert, A.D. 685." Egfrid
is supposed to have vanquished the Picts, and to have
assailed the Irish, A. D. 684, in an expedition com-
manded by Berht. In A.D. 685 he marched against
the Picts, but at Dun XTechtan (Dunnichan) he was
defeated by Bridei, and slain. He was buried in lona.
" So complete was his overthrow that his government
shrunk to the south of the Tweed ; the Soots were

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

lited the
who had
3 govern -
t fighting
acceededy
authority
i valorous
Prelavia,
iians, and
. Oswy's
bhe Great,
n by Mrs.
J his son
Chalmers,
shed their
sea to sea ;
eirs till it
Egfrid
nd to have
ition corn-
ed against
,n) he was
id in lona.
[overnment
3oots were

Si'

freed from the terror of his name ; the Strath-Clyd
Britons resumed their ancient rights, and the limits of
the Northumbrian kingdom never regained their former
extent, nor did the power of the Northumbrian rulers
ever regain its recent ascendency, though the Angles
remained within their appropriate territory without
distinctly acknowledging perhaps any particular sover-
eign."* Sprung of such a brave father as Oswy, and
such a renowned warrior as Edwin the Great, it would
appear he was too much a lover of the battle-field for his
country's good. Mercia became lost to Northumbria
under his reign. His father, after killing Penda, its king,
had allowed that man's son to govern it because of his
being married to his daughter. On the death of this
second Penda, he himself had assumed the government
— but only to govern for some three years. Egfred
was succeeded by the learned Alfrid, a natural son of
his father Oswy, and this prince was succeeded by his
young son Osrid, who came to the throne when but 8
years old, to be killed after a reign of 11 years, through
the hostility of his friends. Osrid was succeeded, A.D.
716, by Kenrid, his servant, who was, two years after,
killed, and Osric succeeded. He was another of Osrid's

* Chalmers' Caledonia.

SCOTTISH BI8TOBV.

enemieS) and was also killed, after reigning, like him»
eleven years. Geolwulf, seventh in descent from Ida,
next came to the throne A.D. 729, and, being a con*-
temporary of Bede, the Historian, was offered, by that
author, his history for correction. Abdicating and
becoming a monk, Geolwulf was succeeded by his
cousin Eadbert A. D. 758. Eadbert carried the
Saxon arms into Kyle and Cunningham, and sacked
Al Clyd, (Dumbarton,) the capital city of the Cum-
brians. He, too, preferring a cowl to a crown, was
succeeded by Osulf, his son, who only reigned one year*
and, beiig slain, was succeeded by Ethel wald, (who is
by some called Moll.) Ethelwald was a usurper, and^
being expelled by Alcred, after having reigned from
A.D. 759 to A.D. 765, was succeeded by his victor.
He in turn, after reigning for nino years and part of a
tenth, was compelled by his countrymen to retire,
supplanted by Ethel red, the son of Ethelwald. Ethel-
red, after reigning five years, had to make way for a
time before other candidates for the throne. Alfrid
was the first of these, who, after a reign of 11 years,
was assassinated. Osred, nephew of this last, and son
of Alcred, was the next, but he enjoyed the throne for
only one year« for, at the expiration of that time,
Ethelred returning, he was put to death. Ethelred is

:a»

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

ke bim»
om Ida*
g a con*
by that
ing and
by his
tied the
d saoked
le Cum-
wn, was
one year*
, (who is
per, and>
led from
is victor,
part of a
to retire*
Ethel-
way for a
Alfrid
11 years*
;, and son
hrone for
hat time,
thelred is

sometimes also called Ethelbert. He was murdered
just four years after having consented to the murder of
Osred, the 21st sovereign, whom he might have saved.
His death happened A. D. 794. After his death
anarchy ensued, and distracted the kingdom for thirty
three years. Chalmers says, ''Northumberland was
thenceforth governed by Earls, who tried to rule a dis-
tracted people, under the sovereign authority of the Eng-
kings."* And William of Malmesbury thus writes:
After his murder, '' no one durst ascend the throne."
The last editor of his works, however, remark?, " this
is not quite correct," and mentions the names of Osbald
and Earlduff as respectively his successors. The
Danes now seized the country, but thirty-three years after
Ethelred's death, Egbert made Northumberland a Prov-
ince of England, leaving it to be governed by its own
Earls. Finally, in the days of Malcolm II., the then Earl
of Northumberland was obliged, as has been previously
noticed, to cede to that Scottish monarch all the terri-
tory of the kingdom of Northumbria, presently in-
cluded in North Britain, viz., the three Lothians, Ber-
wickshire, Teviotdale, &c.

Chalmers is of opinion that as in the Teutonic

* Chalmers' Caledonia, vol. 1, p. 157.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

language, Lotting, Lothing,* Lodding, signifies a
special jurisdiction on the marches ; it must be from
this word that the name Lothians was given to the
kingdom of Northumbria, so far as it was Scotch.

Cumbria proper was wrested from Malcolm III.,
(Caenraore) by William the Conqueror, as we have
already seen ; but David, youngest son of Malcolm,
finally recovered all by his regulations and arms
together.

V. The Oruithne, or Wild Scots of Galloway,

Came over from Ulster in the 8th century, on the fall
of the Northumbrian King, and settled in Galloway,
which those kings had ravaged. They acquiesced in
the rule of the Argyllshire kings, under Lords of their
own ; their last was Fergus, as we have already seen ;
for Malcolm lY.'s reign terminated this imperiuni in
imperio.

Kenneth IL (MacAlpin) having, as we have noticed,
deprived the Picts of all power any more to disturb
the peace of this people, there came a new enemy to
Scotland, in the days of Constantino II., in the Danes,
who it is said were invited by the Picts, and who,

* Chalmers' Caledonia, page 259.

Im III.,

we have
Malcolm,
ad arms

LLOWAY,

n the fall
xalloway,
iesced in
\ of their
idy seen ;
erium in

3 noticed,
) disturb
jnemy to
le Banes,
and who.

-■I

•OOTTIBH HISTOBT, 81

contending M'ith Constantino, defeated him, near Crail,
in Fifeshire, and afterwards killed him in a cave there,
which has been shown to the writer of these histori-
cal notices as the place of the slaughter of that monarch.
Constantine's remains were afterwards buried in lona.
The Danes having taken possession of Dublin, assailed
Scotland, both from the east and the west, and in the
reign of one of Kenneth's immediate successors, actually
took possession of the capital of the Strath-Olyd king-
dom, viz.: Alclyd, (Dumbarton.) They were the death
of other two Scottish kings also, viz. : Donald TV., son
of the king who was murdered near Crail ; and Indulf,
son of Constantino III. Donald lY., it seems, after
having slain the leader of the Danes, fell in battle
himself.

This Donald lY. had not been his father*s immediate
Buccitissor. Aodh, (or Hugh,) Constantine's brother, had
succeeded him, as also one Grigg, a usurper, absurdly
designated by the monks of his time, because of his
munificence to them, "Gregory the Great," who had
rebelled against Hugh. The people, however, having
deposed Grig, Donald at last filled his father's throne ;
to meet, as we have already seen, with something like
his father's fate. Constantino III., Donald's son, who
succeeded him ; was also annoyed with these northern

33 tOOTTIBR HIBTORT.

pirates. They attacked Dunkeld in his day» (A.D.
903,) and contrived to sustain more than one defeat
before being effectually suppressed. A victory, however,
which Constantine achieved against them at Tinmore
gave the kingdom deliverance from their violence for a
season.

Scotland was next troubled in his reign by an inva-
sion from Athelstan» of England. Various reasons
are assigned for this outburst, but it is evident tL4>
real reason can scarcely now be discovered. So it was»
however, that, defeated at a place called Brunanburgh,^
(A.D. 937) Constantine abdicated and became Abbot
of the Culdees, at St. Andrews.

Ho was succeeded by Malcolm I., son of D-^nald IT., to
whom Cumberland and Westmoreland were ceded by
Edmund the Elder, of England, who had conquered them.
Formerly these counties had been a distinct kingdom,
under the name of Bcged.f Edmund, however, had ter-
minated that kingdom by defeating Dunmail, its last
British sovereign. Having been assassinated, Malcolm
I. was succeeded by Indulf, son of Constantine III.,
who, like Constantine II. and Donald lY., (as has

• Taylor's History of Scotland, Vol. I., page 34.
t lb., page 34.

■3i

V (A.D.
e defeat
lowever,
rinmore
]ce for a

an inva-
reasocs
lent itiii
it wa8»
iburgh,*
B Abbot

I IV., to

eded by
dthem.
ingdom,
had ter-
its last
yfaloolm
ne III.,
(as has

lOOTTISp HISTORY. It

»lready been noticed,) was killed in fighting against
the Danes. His troops, however, were successful in
the end ; their victory was gained in Banflfshire, A.D.
961, At what is called the battle of the Bauds.

The next two kings were Dutf, son of Malcolm I.,
and Gulen, son of Indulf. The first had to contend
with the second for the crown, and only gained it for
four years and a half; for in the year A.D. 965, he
was both defeated and assassinated.

Culen, who succeeded, was slain, A.D. 970, by the
Britons of Strath-Clyd, in revenge for an indecent out
rage which he had perpetrated on the daughter of their
king.

Kenneth III., son of Malcolm I., next ascended the
throne, A.D. 970, a prince whose reign is memorable
on account of his having defeated Dunwallon, the last
sovereign of the Strath-Clyd Britons, and added the
kingdom of Cumbria to that of the Plots and Scots.
By him the Danes also were signally defeated at Lun-
carty, near Perth, and a new arrangement was made
as to succession to the crown. In order to insure his
son Malcolm succeeding him he had the law which
authorised the eldest male among the king's nearest
relatives to succeed him, and styled him Tanist, (or
nearest heir to the throne) set aside, and secretly

•4

■COTTIBH HIBTORT.

poisoned Malcolm, the son of his elder brother, DulF,
who was Tanist, before he died, (hat he might not
interpose hostilities after his decease. Trouble, how-
ever, afterwards arose, in the succession which Kenneth
had not anticipated, but which the Lord evidently
ordered to teach men that treachery and cruelty are not
the things, but rather the very opposite by which to
establish dynasties. Treachery and cruelty were
the occasion ultimately of death to himself. Having,
after quelling an insurrection in the Mearns, wan-
tonly caused the son of the chief of that province
to be put to death, he was, some time afterwards,
cajoled by Fenella, the mother of the boy, to pay
her a visit at Fettercairn, her castle, and there
assassinated, as might have been expected. Fen-
ella's triumph, though complete, was short ; for ** imme-
mediately after the commission of the murder, she fled
down a valley still called Ilrath Fenella, to a place in the
Parish of Fordun, where she was overtaken and put to
death. This event took place A.D. 994; after Kenneth
had reigned twenty-four years.*

Before Malcolm could make his way to the throne,
Gonstantine, the son of Culen, had reigned, as Con-

• Taylor's History of Scotland, Vol. 1, pago 36.

ler, Duff,
light not
bio, how-
Kenneth
evidently
y are not
which to
Ity were
Having,
ns, wan-
province
terwards,
, to pay
nd there
d. Fen-
r ** imme-
', she fled
ice in the
id put to
Kenneth

e throne,
as Con-

36.

■I

■COTTIBH HISTORY. 85

stantine IV., for a few months, and his conqueror, Ken^
neth IV., son of Duflf and younger brother of the
Tanist, Malcolm, whom Malcolm II. had murdered,
had also mounted the throne. Indeed it was only after
the battle of Monivaird, at which he defeated and slew
Kenneth, that Malcolm saw his way clear to the suc-
cession. Malcolm II., however, succeeded Kenneth
IV., and reigned with great ecldt for thirty years. He
beat the Danes in two gceat battles, one near Mortlaok
and the other at Aberlemno, and compelled them, on
their sustaining a third defeat, at the hand of one of his
Meormors, in ^the Parish of Cruden, to enter into an
agreement to withdraw and attack the kingdom no
more. Thus were those Danish Norsemen completely
baulked in their attempts to serve Scotland as they had
done both Dublin and England. Their annoying
invasions of ^Scotland were made from A.D. 866 to
A.D. 1014,* and had thus lasted nearly a century and
a half. Malcolm, before any of these battles, had given
his second daughter, Dovadu, to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney*
one of these Danish Vikings; but this did not prevent
that Chief's opposing him, nor does the treaty that
Malcolm made with his enemies seem to have prevented
the Eirldora of Orkney from being held by the

• Taylor's History of Scotland, Vol. 1, p. 37.

SCOTTIflH HIBTOBr.

!■: ,1

despendafits of Sigurd for various generations. That
Earldom was enjoyed by his son, his grand-son, and his
great-grand-Bon, and was carried by the daughter and
heiress of this last, by marriage, into that of Madoch,
Earl of Athol, with whose female representative in the
third generation it passed into the family of the Earls
of Strathern, and finally rested with the St. Glairs,
Earls of Orkney. Sigurd's father had been Earl of
Orkney before him ; and this person was a brother of
Uie famous RoUo the Dane, son of Bogenwald, Jarl of
Maere, in Norway, who took Normandy from France,
and was forefather of William the Conqueror. The
Earls of Maere had a relationship to the royal houses of
Trondheim, Sweden, Holmgard and Berick, and seem to
have had even more than royal ambition in their veins.
After settling matters with the Danes, Malcolm II.
ihad to contend with* Uchtred, Earl of Northumber-
land. It is said he was defeated by him at Wark, on
the Tweed, but that Uchtred, immediately after the
battle, being assassinated by the Danes, the Lothians
were ceded by his brother Eadulf Cudel to Malcolm,
to induce him to abstain from further invasion. This
arrangement constituted the representative of Fergus,

Vii':

* Taylor's History, Vol. 1, pa^e 37.

■I

SCOTTISH BISTORT. m

the first of the Scoto-Irish sovereigns of Argylshire,
king of all Scotland, and the first, (unless Wallingfrid's
idea that the Lothians were first ceded to Maleolm 1st
he true) that could ever legitimately call himself hy
that name. It was effected A. D. 1020. From this
Uchtred descended, through his daughter Algetha, Gos-
patrick, the first Earl of Danhar and March, whose
descendant, in the days of Bruce, was one of the
aspirants to the Scottish throne, heing " grand-daughter*
of King Kenneth IV., surnamed the Grim, who was slain
fighting against King Malcolm." This King Kenneth
had heen a son of Duff and a younger brother of the
prince Malcolm, who, as Tanist, had heen murdered.
Some time after a dispute, which he had subsequently to
the cession of the Lothians, with Canute king of J^ng-
land, which was amicably settled, Malcolm died, and was
buried in lona. The date of his death was A.D. 1033.
Having left no son, he was succeeded by his grandson,
Duncan. Duncan was the eon of his daughter Bethoc,
and the only child he had besides Dovada, whom he
had given to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney. The story of
McBetb, as given by Shakespere, from Holingshed, is
well known, but is altogether erroneous. On this point

* Taylor'B History of Scotland, vol. 1, page 38.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

Sir John B. Burke, in his Visitations, under the head-
ing Glamis Castle, thus writes, " In his immortal tra-
gedy, Shakespere has entirely failed in giving an
historical view of the circumstances. Had he done so
be would have invested his principal characters with
tenfold interest. MacBeth was Maormor of Boss, son
of Finligh, a great noble who had been slain in battle
by Malcolm II. A.D. 1020. Gruach was heiress of the
elder line of Celtic sovereigns, and her grandfather had
been murdered by Malcolm II., the head of a younger
line. He jealously pursued her, and he burnt her
father-in-law, Maolbride, the Mormor of Moray, and her
husband, with fifty of their clan, within her castle, in
the year 1032. The lady Gruach fled with Lulach,
her infant son, to the protection of MacBeth, who was
her husband's cousin, and who ruled the neighbouring
province of Ross. In the meantime the aged tyrant
died, as seems probable, in the older castle of Glamis,
leaving two daughters his co-heiresses, the one wife of
Crinan, Abbott of Dunkeld, and the other wife of Sigurd,
the Scandinavian Earl of Orkney. Both of theso
princesses had issue, and their descendants are of course
joint heirs of the royal Celtic race. The inheritance of
Malcolm's crown fell to Duncan, the son of his daughter
who had married Crinan, the Abbot. Meanwhile, the

lill t'
I,

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

the head>
ortal tra-
^iving an
e done so
ters with
Ross, son

in battle
•ess of the
ather had
I younger
)urnt her
jT, and her

castle, in
1 Lulach,
. who was
;hbouring
ed tyrant
f Glamis,
tie wife of
of Sigurd,

of theso

of course
ritance of
i daughter
wb'Ie, the

:,e'

injured Gruach was nursing vengeance. She had mar-
ried her protector, MacBetb, and the policy of the
young king invested him with the additional Maormor-
ship of Moray, which had belonged to his uncle Mol-
bride, in the hope of making him his friend. But
Lady MacBeth was implacable, and, before Duncan
had reigned six years she had avenged upon him all
the wrongs which his grandfather had heaped upon her
and her house. Duncan was a young man at the time
of his death, in 1039. His father, Crinan, the Abbot
of Dunkeld, attempted, unsuccessfully, to maintain
the cause of his family. MacBeth was all-powerful,
and reigned gloriously from A. D 1039 to A.D. 1056,
when he in his turn was slain by the son of Duncan,
then grown to man's estate, and aided by the Saxons.
Yet even after MacBeth's death, his wife's son, Lulaoh,
reigned for six months, and, according to our idea of
succession, he was much better entitled to the crown
than the posterity of Duncan, who now reign ; because
he was of the older branch of the great Celtic Royal
House." - ■■ ■-' ' ^»-'- '• - '•■ ■■''■■'■■

Malcolm Caenmore, who slew MacBeth, had been
brought up in England, and hence imbibed a great love
for the Saxons and a spirit to help them in their hour
of trial at the hands of the Conqueror. Accordingly,

SCOTTIBH HISTORY.

Scotland swarmed with Eoglisb fugitives in hisda^,
and the best of places were thrown open to them.
Among those who fled to Scotland at this time were
Margaret and her brother Edgar Atheling. Margaret,
who ultimately became sole heiress of the Saxon kingf
landed at Queen's Ferry, which derived its name from
that circumstance, she becoming shortly thereafter the
wife of Malcolm III. It is understood that by thif
prince the title of Earl was created in Scotland, and»
up to this time, second names, or surnames, do not
seem to have been used. His love for, and introduction
of, Eaglish people and customs, led to many changep
in Scotland as regarded the customs and usages of the
people. A groundless demand on the part of William
Bufus, that Malcolm should do him homage, so
incensed that high spirited king that he raised an
army and entered Northumberland, devastating all
around him. This was the step that led to his
untimely death ; for, while besieging Alnwick Castle, in
Northumberland, he was unexpectedly assailed and
slain by a Northumbrian Earl named Robert Mowbray.
His affectionate Queen did not long survive him ; his-
torians tell a great deal of her piety. She seems to
have been a devoted Papist^ which of course was the
acme of excellence in those dark ages.

.ft-

J4,

fiCOTTISH HISTOBf .

n his da^,
to them,
time were
Margaret,
ixon kingf
lame from
'eafter the
tat by thi§>
bland, and,
)s, do not
troductiou
ly changep
ges of the
f William
>mage, so
raised an
bating all
I to his
Castle, in
liled and
Mowbray.

Although Malcolm left eight children, of whom six
were sons, he was succeeded uy his brother, Donald
Bane, who had entered into an arrangement with the
King of Norway that, if he should help him to seize
the Scottish crown, he should succeed him as Lord of
the Isles. This infamous agreement terminated as
Donald wished, but, after reigning but a few months, he
was driven from power by Duncan, natural son of
Malcolm, with the aid of the Normans and English ;
and, although on the assassination of Duncan, which
very shortly thereafter occurred, he returned j yet, after
reigning other two years, he was defeated by Edgar
Atheling, with his nephew (^Malcolm's son Edgar,) who
put out his eyes, " Donald Bane* died at Borcabie, in
Forfarshire, and with him terminated the line of the
Scottish kings." This happened A.D. 1097. Hence-
forth Saxon as well as Celtic blood flows in the veins of
the Scottish Royal family.

John Cummyn claimed the throne several genera-
tions after .Donald's death, as the descendant of his
daughter, Bethoc, (or Beatrice.) He was her great
great grandson through her daughter Hexild, who had

• Taylor's History of Scotland, vol, 1, page 44.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

i.5t

married his great grandfather, Richard Cummyn. —
Richard's son was William, who was father of another
Richard, whose son William was John's father.

Four of Malcolm's sons in succession, (the first of
whom was illegitimate,) succeeded Donald ; their
names were Duncan, Edgar, Alexander, and David ;
none, however, but the fourth, viz., David, had children.
This David was a much beloved and excellent prince,
and enlarged the dominions of the Scottish kings by
marrying a daughter of the Earl of Northumberland,
who was also a great-grandson of William the Con-
queror, by whom he obtained Northumberland and
Huntingdon as a dowry. For these two last places he
had of course to do homage to the king of England,
just as the king of England had to do homage to the
king of !b'rance for the property he owned in Franco.
David's doing homage for these two provinces has made
some assert that the kings of Scotland wer^ but vassals
of the king of England. But David did not do
homage either for Scotland, or as the king of Scotland ;
he only did homage for part of England, and that as
the husband of a subject of England's king.

King David had a son named Henry who gave the
most brilliant promise of being an excellent monarch,
but it pleased the Lord to remove him from among

'"m

it"

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

ummyn. —
of another
ir.

the first of
Id ; their
d David ;
i children,
int prince,
i kicgs by
imberland,

the Con-
rlaud and

places he

England,
ige to the
n France.

has made
)ut vassals
1 not do
Scotland ;
d that as

gave the

monarch,
m among

■■#

men before his father's death. In these circumstances,
David, when he found his own end draw near, divided
hig property, so as to give his eldest grand-child by
Henry the right of succession ; the next, Northumber-
land ; and the third, Huntingdon. Consequently
when he died, Henry's children were known as Mal-
colm the Fourth, William, Earl of Northumberland,
and David, Earl of Huntingdon.

Malcolm IV. was a very weak and effeminate king^
and allowed Henry of England to dupe his brother
out of Northumberland and to make himself do hom-
age for the throne of Scotland. He allowed him also
to take him over to France to appear as an enemy of
the king of that country, who was the hereditary ally
of the Scots. All these things had a tendency to make
Malcolm's subjects weary of his government, but all
attempts at rebellion were quashed, and Malcolm ruled
during all his days. Somerlid the Thane of Argyle
gave much disturbance at this time, for having married
the daughter of the king of Mann, he aspired to be a
king himself; but Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, defeated
the unruly Thane, and made him ultimately keep
within the bounds of propriety. From this Somerlid,
some of the noble families of the present day in Scot-

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

land derive descent, if the leaves of the peerage are to
be depended on.

Malcolm's successor was his brother William, for
Malcolm had a professedly relij^ious dread of matri-
mony, (though he had illigitiraate issue) and never
married. William is best known under the designa-
tion William the Lion, which designation was most
probably given to him on account of his wearing the
figure of a lion rampant upon his shield, which is to
this day the escutcheon of the Scottish kings. William
fought with Henry, the king of England, in order to
recover Northumberland. In an engagement entered
on at Alnwick with this view, be was taken prisoner,
and his own dominions invaded by his captor; for
Henry deemed the juncture favourable to his designs
upon Cumberland. The army of Henry, however,
was beat by Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, the same Earl
who had both quelled Somerlid and quieted the rebel-
lions against Malcolm. This man was married to the
King's sister, but, suspecting her of infidelity, he mur-
dered her. This led to his being disgraced by William,
notwithstanding his suppressing a rebellion in Gallo-
way ; but his future victory over Donald Bane so
filled the nation with admiration of him that he was
fully re-established in the king's favour. William was

BCOTTtBtt HtBTORY.

restored to the Soots on specip^ onditions; as, for
example, the surrender of certain of their castles.
These, however, were afterwards given back by th^
generous Coour-de-Lion', and the king, in consequence,
sent a detachment from Scotland, headed by his brother
David, Earl of Huntingdon, to aid Richard's enterprise
against the Saracens. William had a son drowned,
owing to an inundation of the river Tay, which also
destroyed the town of Berth, through which it flowed.
William caused another town to be built in place of
Berth, and changed its name to Perth.

Alexander, son of William, succeeded him, A.D. 1214,
and, being a brave Prince, fought with King John, of
England, and beat him even to Eichmond * he ought to
have followed him farther, but John had agreed with the
Pope to do homage to that Bishop as a vassal. John
being poisoned, Alexander married his daughter, who
shortly afterwards died childless, whilst on a pilgrimage
to Canterbury with the Queen of England. Alexander
susbequently married a daughter of Ingelram de Couce,
in France, A. D. 1239, and by her had his son Alex-
ander, who succeeded him. During this reign a quar-
rel raged between the Bissets and Patrick of Galloway,
Earl of Athol, on account of a fire which consumed
the Inn of the latter, when the King was staying in it

49 BCOTTtSH BISTORT.

at Haddington. Bisset had to retire to Ireland, where,
(says Buchanan, translated by Aikman,) " he left a
noble family of his name." It was during Alexander's
reign that a second Somerlid, the son of the former,
stirred up new disturbances. This rebel was subdued
by Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March, and obtained a
pardon. Alexander II. died, aged 50, A.D. 1249, in
the thirty-fifth year of his reign.

Alexander III.,

His son, thus becamo king whilst only eight years
old, and, being an only son, was married in his
nonage to Margaret^ daughter of Henry of Eng-
land, and sister of Edward I. He was indebted
to Henry for making his nobles agree with him, but,
as we shall afterwards see, this marriage was pro-
ductive of fearful troubles to Scotland. It was on
the occasion of his returning with his wife from
England, that Walter Cummin, Earl of Monteath,
governor of Edinburgh castle, would not allow him
to reside there. Monteath, however, was obliged
to surrender the fortress to Patrick Dunbar. The
Cummins of Buchan, as well as those of Monteath,
and beside these the Earls of Atholl and Marr, all
gave him much trouble, but peace was restored,
owing to Walter Cummin's death, which was occa-

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

fiioned by poison, said to have been administered
to him by his own wife. This woman was an
Englishwoman.

In 1263, Haco, king of Norway, laid claim to the
Islands of Arran Bute, and the two Cumbrays, all
situated in the Firth of Clyde, but was defeated with
the loss of 16,000 men at the battle of Largs, in
which the Scots only lost 5,000. Not satisfied with
this defeat, as a decision of who should possess the
Scottish Isles, Magnus, son of Haco, next tried to
invade Scotland, but, finding that the Scots had
taken the Tale of Mann, he compromised the matter
by agreeing that Alexander's daughter should marry
his son Eric, called also Hangon. Alexander III.
weakly conceded much to the Romish priests,
because they were troublesome ; as if a fire might be
extinguished by being well supplied with fuel. He
was alarmed, however, because of the proceedings of
Thomas A. Becket in England. He lost, much
about one time, his two sons, David and Alexander,
and his daughter, Eric's wife, whereupon he married
a second time. But, happening to be riding within
a year after this, at Kinghorn, about the year 1286,
his horse fell with him over a high cliff, which occa-
sioned his death. The place where he fell is close to

n .ix

III

48 BCOTTISH HIBTORY.

the rails, and may be seen by the traveller through
Fife, shortly after he leaves Burntisland, on his
right hand as he passes the first heights to his left.

The death of Alexander was the occasion of great
difficulties to Scotland, moro particularly as it was
soon followed by that of his grand-daughter Mar-
garet, the maiden of Norway, his only legitimate
descendant. The offspring of his grand-uncle David,
Earl of Huntingdon, brother of Malcolm IV., and of
William the Lion, bein^ numerous, it was a difficult
thing to determine which of these should be declared
King in his room. The Earl, besides a son who
died without issue, had had three daughters, Mar^
garet, Isabel, and Ada, each of whom had posterity.
Margaret, the eldest, had married Allan of Galloway,
and had borne to him two daughters, the eldest of
whom, Divorgel, had married John Baliol, and the
eecond (Majory) John Cummyn. Balliol by Divor-
gel, had had a son John, who, naturally enough,
claimed to be accounted nearest heir to the throne,
but, as he was only a great-grandson of David, Earl
of Huntingdon, it was thought by many that Robert
Bruce, who was son of David's second daughter,
Isabel, was a nearer representative, though not de-
scended of a first-born child. There can be no doubt

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

that Balliol had the best title to the sac^ession, as
the law now decides such questions, but laws were
not then as they are now. Oomjn (or Cummyn, or
Cummin) also claimed the throne, as the heir of line and
representative of King Donald Bane, who had died
without male issue In this state of matters the ques-
tion was referred to Edward I. of England to settle ;
and he, unding Balliol the softest, as well, perhaps, as

the nearest heir of line, gave decision iu his favour.
Balliol consequently reigned for several years. Soft

as he was, however, he was not the man to stomach
every affront, and, having beon summoned by Ed-
ward, when in London, to plead his cause before
him (as though he, Edward, were his sovereign,)
against Earl MacDuff, of Fife, who had appealed to
Edward under distressing circumstances, he, imme-
diately on his return to Scotland, refused to main-
tain his allegiance to England, and entered into
alliance with France. This brought Edward's
army to the north, as might have been expected,
and to the siege successively, of such castles as
Berwick and Dunbar, which lay most in tho way.
These being taken, and the King's army advanced
even to Forfarshire, Balliol felt it to be his interest

to surrender himself to Edward, who carried him

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

priaoa«r to England, and ultimatelj sent him to
France. '

It was now that William Wallace came forth from
his obscurity, as one zealous for his country's rightSr
and achieved such victories and performed such
exploits, as it is unlikely will ever be forgotten. He
was beat, however, at the battle of Falkirk, owing
principally to the jealousy of the nobility, who
scorned to be commanded by a commoner} conse^
quently he withdrew himself from prominent action^
still retaining his indomitable patriotism. Edward,
owing to this victory, overran Scotland, and got all
the people of distinction to own allegiance to him,
but Wallace only. Bruce, after this battle, having
been insulted by the English, one of whom said of
him, as he sat down to dinner with blood upon his
hands, " Bo you see that Scotchman eating his own
blood?" left the English rankf^, and, in concert with
John Comyn, (commonly called the Red Comyn)
grandson of David, Earl of Huntingdon, concerted a
plan for their mutual advantage. Comyn, how-
ever, (being Bruce' s friend only in appearance,) took
advantage of Bruce's being in London, after this,
to apprise the King of England that he was against
hioi. Obtaining timely notice of which, Bruce,

SCOTTISH HISTORY. &X

on a horse with the shoes nailed upon its hoofs the
wrong way, proceeded through the snow with utmost
haste to Scotland. There, having intercepted fur-
ther treacherous despatches of Oummyn, he went to
Dumfries and confronted his kinsman within the
walls of one of its churches. The result was, Oum^
myn disowned all participation in the treachery, and
denied his own writing, itoc, which so exasperated
Bruce that he stahbed him in the church. It is
noticed by historians that, at this time, Bruce had
two friends, Lindsay and Kirkpatrick, who, seeing
him coming out of church to mount his hors e, and
looking very pale, asked him what was the matter
Bruce replied, '* I doubt I have killed the Red
Comyn." " Can you let such a thing remain a
doubtful matter," said Kirkpatrick, " I'll mak
siccar," and, so speaking, he went into the church
and saw that Cummyn was completely slain. It is
from this man that the Kirkpatricks of Closeburn
are descended, whose motto is, "I'll mak siccar,"
in commemoration of this event ; and from him also
derived descent, Eugenie, the present Empress of
France.

It was now that Wallace was betrayed by Sir
John Monteath, his own particular friend» and car-

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

r- i

ried to England, where he was first crowned, in
derision, in Westminster Hall, and then quartered,
August 23, 1305. Bruce, finding that it now pre-
eminently devolved on him to assert the rights of
his country, vainly strove, in many ways, to make
head against the enemy. After Iiiq coronation, at
Scone, by the Countess of Buchan, 29ti. "^'^arch,
1306, his exploits are most romantic. After l.. ^y
hardships, having been instigated by the example of
a spider, which, when lying one day in an humble
shelier, he observed make a seventh effort to swing
itself over a beam on the ceiling, after having failed
in its efforts to do so six times ; he rnustered an
army capable of sustaining the assaults of any adver-
sary, and at Bannockburn gained a memorable and
complete victory over King Edward the Second.
Edward fled to Dunbar Castle, in which there then
resided Patrick Dunbar, Earl of Dunbar and March,
who had married an aunt of Bruce, but who, being
himself descended from King William the Lion,
claimed the throne as well as Bruce. By Dunbar he
was kindly received, and sent off in a skiff, which
bore him safely to his own dominions.

Having thus cleared Scotland of the foe, Bruce
next carried war against the English into Ireland.

SCOTTISH HISTORY. 63

There his brother Edward was declared king, and
triumphed again and again over his opponents.
Finally, however, he was slain at the battle of Dun-
dalk, which terminated the Scottish progress.

Whilst Robert was in Ireland the English again
attempted to invade Scotland, but Douglas, with
20,000 horse entering England, gave them enough
to do to keep their own northern provinces.

Eobert Bruce married first a daughter of Donald,
Earl of Marr, but by her had only one daughter,
namtd ' '"•ji>ry, who married Walter, the Lord High
Stewarv ^ i Scotland. By his second marriage with
the Earl of Ulster's daughter, Robert had a son,
David. It was resolved by the king that on his
death, David should succeed him, and failing issue
of David, that the throne should revert to Marjory's
son.

In order, it is supposed, that the good Sir James
Douglas, who had proved so valiant and faithful
a follower, and had consequently gained great ascen-
dency over the public mind, might be out of the
way shortly after his death, Robert got him to prom-
ise to carry his heart to the Holy Land in a casket,
there to bear it to battle against the Saracens. Sir
James felt this commission a great honour, and, con-

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

I !

Bequently, on the death of his friend, left Britain
with his heart to proceed to Palastine. But finding
the Saracens from Africa, commonly called Moors,
had invaded Spain, he landed on that continent, and
died fighting moat valiantly against them. It is
said that, finding he must he slain, he threw Brace's
heart hefore him, and, rushing to regain it, fell in the
midst of his enemies. The heart of Bruce was after-
wards hrought home by one Lockhard. who changed
his name t Lockhart ; and we find the motto of the
Lockhart's to this day, "corda serrata fero," (J carry
locked hearts.) Robert died June 7th, 1329, and was
buried in Dunfermline, in 1329, having reigned
twenty-three years. A story is told of his once
having offended his nobles by asking them to pro-
duce their patents of nobility, and of his ordering
Lord Brechin and certain others to be executed for
daring in answer merely to exhibit their swords.

David II.

The reign of David II., who s'^cceeded his father^
Robert Bruce, was exceedingly disturbed ; Edward
Balliol, son of John, having resolved to set up his
claims to the kingdom. David being a minor, Ran-
dolph, (Brace's nephew) was regent, and ruled most

SCOTTISH mSTOBT.

justly, but was poisoned by a monk, who had ac-
quainted Edward of England that his (Randolph's)
death would soon happen. This occurred when
David was ten years old. The Earl of Marr, nephew
of Robert Bruce, was made next regent ; but, on the
same day that he was elected, Edward Balliol
arrived in the Firth of Forth with his fleet, (21st
July.) It was one Lawrence Twine, who had been
punished for licentiousness in Scotland, and had, in
consequence fled to France, where Balliol was, that
induced him to come over. Balliol landed at King-
horn, and was supported by David Cummin, (for-
merly Earl of AthoU, also by Mowbray, Beaumont,
and English auxiliaries, under Talbot. Near King-
born, Alexander Seaton gave him battle, but was
defeated. His next engagement was at Dupplin,
where he defeated Marr, supported by Randolph,
Earl of Moray; Bruce, Earl of Carrick; Murdoch,
Earl of Monteith, and Alexander Frazer. 3,000
Scots were here slain, among whom were Alexander,
the chief of the Lindsays, with eighty of his name ; all
the Hays that were then bom ; as also Randolph,
Bruce, and Monteith. MacDuff too was taken
prisoner, and forced to defend Perth for his captors.
In these circumstances the Scots next appointed Sir

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

Andrew Moray, of Bothwell, (Robert Brace's sister's
son) regent, shortly after which they re-took Perth,
and, sending MacDafiP to Kildrummie castle, engaged
f\nd beat Balliol at Moffat. Archibald Douglas, bro-
ther of the Brace's friend, fought for them at this
battle, as also William Douglas, the knight of
Liddesdale, John, son of Thomas Randolph, and
Simon Frazer. Here Mawbray, Walter Cummin,
and Richard Kirkby, fell on the side of Balliol ; this
engagement happened A.D. 1332. Balliol was next
assailed by Moray and defeated at Roxburgh ; but
Edward now coming to his assistance, the scales were
again turned in favour of the invader. A frightful
story of treachery is told in connection with Edward
III.'s proceedings at Berwick Castle, which was gal-
lantly defended by Sir A. Seton. The governor had
given his two sons as hostages in pledge of surrender-
ing the Castle if he did not get help before a certain
day, but Edward, hearing that Douglas was march-
ing to the relief of the Castle, brought out Sir Alex-
ander's sons, and threatened to put them to death
if the Castle was not surrendered at once. Sir
Alexander, sustained by his wife's brave counsel,
refused to surrender, and the base king accordingly
despatched his children. This done, the treacherous

SCOTTISH BISTORT.

man proceeded to engage the Douglas at Hallidon
Hill, and, having altogether defeated him, returned to
Berwick, which now surrendered to him, after which he^
one by one, took all the castles in Scotland, except four.
At the battle of Hallidon Hill there fell no less than
14,000 Scots, amon^ <viio. were Douglas 1. rd .,ifj
three of King Eobert II. 's uncles ; Hugh, Earl of
Boss, (whose daughter Robert II. married,) Kenneth
Sutherland, Bruce, Earl of Carrick, and three bro-
thers of the name of Frazer. Lochleven was one of
the Castles that would not surrender to the Balliol
party. A seige was therefore contrived against it.
But the enemy having dammed up the river Leven,
which flows from the Loch, (in which on an island
the Castle stands,) with a view to inundate or sub-
merge the Castle ; Sir Henry Douglas, the defender,
took them by surprise, boring their embankment,
and causing the waters of the lake to give them a
salutation which altogether damped their zeal.

Having obtained such successes in Scotland, Edward

III. carried Balliol to England, and left David Cum-

min in command of Scotland. Scotland had seldom or

never been more thoroughly reduced ; but as there had

appeared a Wallace at one part of its adverse history,

and a Bruce at another, so now Sir Colin Campbell,
cl

M' SCOTTISH HISTORY.

anoester of the present noble family of Argyll, was
found an instrament in the hand of Providence, onoe
more to rally his countrymen and drive out the Eaglish.
Associated with Robert Stuart, Campbell seized
Dunoon Castle, and by and bye Cummin was both
routed and taken prisoner. Cummin now professed to
side with Bruce's party, and so was very lightly dealt
with ; but, Edward returning, he reverted again to his
old master. Bandolph, with Patrick, Earl of March,
and Douglas, of Liddesdale, now attacked the Flemings
in the service of the enemy, and put them to rout.
Perth was retaken by Edward, but that prince was
compelled to retire from Scotland for want of provisions
for his army. Cummin was now beat by Patrick,
Earl of March, Sir Andrew Moray and Douglas,
(called the black knight of Liddesdale,) near Kil-
drummie; whereupon Moray was made Regent. It
was at this time that Black Agnes, daughter of the
great Randolph, Bruce's friend, defended her Castle
of Dunbar so valiantly against MoDtague, (as Sir Wal-
ter Scott relates in his Tales of a grandfather.) In
1342 the English only had Berwick in all Scotland.

That year David was restored to his country, after
an absence of nine years. One of his first acts was to
reward the gallant Sir Alexander Ramsay with Teviot-

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

dale; this, however, was so offensive to the black
knight of Liddesdale that he shortly afterwards slew
Bamsay. David was a brave prince, and exhibited his
valor by going again and again into England with
armies. But at the battle of Durham, being taken
prisoner, he was kept in captivity eleven years. A
great part of Scotland once more fell into the hands of
the English. But the Earls of Angus and March
recovered it, and finally Balliol sold his interest in the
succession to the throne, to King Edward, for 5,000
marks and a pension of £2,000 a year. The English
now tried by force to obtain Scotland for their King,
but failed. David was ransomed at the time we have
stated, but did not achieve anything splendid, after-
wards. The principal thing told of him, after his
restoration, was that he tried to get his nobles to
appoint King Edward his heir. This, however, to
their honour be it told, they would not do on any
account. David died, aged 47 years, after a reign
of 39.

BOBEBT II.

He was succeeded by his nephew, or rather step-
nephew, Bobert Stuart, son of Marjory, only child of
the great Robert Bruce by his first wife, (a daughter

I =

60 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

of the Earl of Marr.) Marjory had married the eighth
Lord High Steward of Scotland, (Walter,) and, conse-
quently, her son's name was Steward, or Stuart.
Robert, therefore, has been properly called the first of
the Stuarts.

Bobert was usually victorious on the field, but never
appearing there, except by deputy, has been suspected
of cowardice. It was with him and the King of
England, as it was with Asa and Baasha in the days
of old, there was war between them all the days of
their life. Hence his reign is principally remarkable
for battles won by the Douglasses and Earls of Moray
against the Southrons. The most distinguished en-
gagement of this reign is that celebrated in the well-
known ballad '' Chevy Chase." This battle was fought
at Otterburne, in Northumberlandshire, between Doug-
las and Hotspur, the former having only 5,000 men,
and the latter 10,000. The incident that led to it was
a tilting match that the two leaders had had farther
south, in which Douglas had unhorsed Hotspur and
borne off his spear, declaring that he would carry it to
Scotland. Hotspur said that be should never do so.
Douglas, however, bore it as far f.s Otterburne, and not
finding Hotspur advancing, waited a few days to see if
he would dare to follow him. In due time Hotspur

SOOTTlSn* HISTORT.

appeared, and the battle began and raged with unabated
fury all night, it being a night of full moon. " A dead
Douglas won the field;" for it was found, after the
English were routed, that the leader of the Soots had
fallen. To compensate for the loss of Douglas, the two
Percies were taken prisoners, one of them being
wounded. This battle was fought 21st July, 1388. It
was from a natural son of this great Douglas that the
family of the Marquis of Queensberry descended.

Robert the Second was twice married, first to Eliza-
beth Mure, daughter of Sir Adam Mure, of Eowallan,
by whom, prior to his marriage, it is asserted, he had
had the family which she bore him. He secondly married
a daughter of Hugh, Earl of Boss, who, we saw, fell in
battle when Edward Balliol was contending for the
kingdom. Robert's children, by Elizabeth Mure, were
John, who afterwards suoeeeded him, (chauging his
name to Robert;) Robert, who became Duke of
Albany, and, (by marrying the Countess of Monteith,)
Earl Monteith ; Alexander, who was created Earl of
Buchan, and is famous under the sobriquet of the
Wolf of Badenoch ; Mary, who married John Dunbar,
Earl of Moray, son of George, Earl of March and
Moray; Jane, Lady Lyon, afterwards Lady Sandi-
lands; and Elizabeth, Lady Hay of ErroU. By his

(SCOTTISH IllSTOnY.

second wife he had two sons, Walter, Earl of Atholl, of
whose awful end we shall hereafter read ; and David,
Earl of Strathearn, whose posterity were deeply impli-
cated in the tragedy of Atholl. The Wolf of Badenoch
is famous for having destroyed the Cathedral of Elgin,
and burnt the town of Forres, .on account of rage
against the Bishop of Moray, who had somehow given
him offence. The king becoming superannuated, the
Earl of Fife was appointed Kegent. Robert II. died,
aged 74, 19th April, 1390, in Dundonald Castle.

RORERT III.

As wo before remarked, the eldest son of Robert II.
was named John, but conceiving the name Robert to
be more fortunate, he assumed it, and is therefore
usually designated Robert III. Shortly after his suc-
cession, a son of his brother the Wolf of Badenoch,
disturbed his peace. The nobles generally were
troublesome in this reign, and the Clans of Chattan
and Key, or Cameron, particularly so. To settle the
implacable hatred of these two clans, the king ap-
pointed thirty men of each to fight before him on the
Nortli Inch of Perth, which accordingly they did,
Henry Wynd a Perthshire saddler making up the
number of the Clan Cameron to its proper amount.

fiCOTTtSH HI8T0BT. 61

After most fiendish fighting the Oamerons had only
one man left, who was quite unharmed, whilst the
Clan Chattan had ten men all wounded. In this
dilemma the surviving Cameron leapt into the Tay
and swam across, none of the other combatants being
able ♦o pursue him. Henry Wynd's adventure has
led to the saying, ''becomes in for his 'ain hr .d as
Henry Wynd fought." Henry escaped wholly unhurt.

An act of injustice on the part of the king to
George, Earl of March, led to a bloody civil war.
The king had engaged to let his own eldest son David
marry George's daughter, and had taken the dowry
offered by the Earl for that end ; but afterwards pre-
ferring the daughter of Archibald, Earl Douglas, and
refusing to give back the dowry, Lord March rebelled
against the king and joined the English, and with the
Percy caused much mischief. The king of England
himself came to March's aid, and at the battle of Hom.
ildon, Douglas, and the Earls of Fife, Mf^'u'j, and
Angus, were taken prisoners. This battle happened
A. D., 1401. Percy would have invaJod Scotland
at this time had he not bern recalled by English civil
war.

It was the great grief of king Robert III. that his
son David was a most worthless and licentious young

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

M' ' ■ !

man. Not knowing how to restrain him aright himself,
Eobert coaimitted him to the care of his own brother
Robert, Duke of Albany. This nobleman was very
cruel, and perhaps thinking that if David were out of
the way, his own family might have a fair prospect of
ascending the throne, he threw David into a dungeon
at Falkland Palace, (where he resided,) that he might
be destroyed by hunger. In these circumstances,
David was preserved alive, but only for a very few
days, by the devotion of two females, who brought him
what nourishment might be conveyed through a chink
in his prison wall. One of them it is said supplied
him with food from her own breast through a reed.
This slender nourishment could be of little avail, and
accordingly David was found starved to death after
having devoured part of his own members.

When the king heard of the death of his son, he was
filled with anguish, and having only another child,
resolved to send him to France that he might be out
of the way of horrid relations. James was accordingly
shipped for the Palace of the king of France ; but, poor
lad, he never got that length, for his vessel being
stranded on the shores of England, whose king was
a friend of the Earl of March, he was taken prisoner
and sent to London. The n-^ws of this sad disaster

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

6ft

is said to have occasioned king Robert's death, for
the king expired shortly afterwards, A. D. April 4,
1406, of a broken heart, having reigned fifteen years.

On the occasion of his death, (his only son being a
prisoner in England,) Robert, Duke of Albany, was
made a governor of the kingdom, shortly after which
Donald of the Isles contended for Ross, which in right
of his wife he was entitled to. This caused the battle
of Harland to be fought, at which there was a fearful
slaughter of the great and noble.

When Robert died his son Murdoch succeeded him,
not only as Duke of Albany, but governor of Scot-
land. Murdochs sons, like their cousin David, were
young men of excessively depraved habits, so much so
that their father instead of conniving at king James'
imprisonment, said to them in despair of ruling them
himself, that be would bring them a governor that
they all would obey. And being as good as his word
he bargained successfully for the King's restoration in
the year A. D. 1423.

James I.

The English had educated James highly, thereby
making some amends for their having imprisoned him.
Whatever he had learned, however, he does not seem

il;

Slit'
Tit.,

SCOTTISH raSTORT.

to have acquired the blessing of a grateful heart, for^
soon after his return to Scotland, he caused his uncle
Murdoch, (who had got him restored,) with both of his
sons, and the Earl of Lennox, his father-in-law, to be
put to death. This was a sweeping measure, but it
tended ultimately to the King's own murder, for his
step-uncle, the Earl of Atholl, conceiving that now
there was almost none but James between him and the
throne, conspired with others, as will be seen, to des-
patch him too. How marked is the overruling Pro-
vidence of God ! James' father who had tampered
with the feelings of Lord March's daughter, died ulti-
mately himself of a broken heart ; and Robert Duke of
Albany, who had starved his nephew, had his own sons and
grandsons put to death by that nephew's brother.
James also, as we shall see, was murdered almost in
consequence of his slaughter of these relations. James
was very severe on riotous nobility. He took from
the son of the Earl of March who had rebelled, the
estate which had been conferred on him afresh after
forfeiture, by the Duke of Albany; and one Mac-
Donald, who had caused a widow to be shod like a
horse, with iron shoes nailed on her feet, he ordered
to be led three days around the city similarly shod
and then executed. Besides tliis he hanged twelve of

SCOTTISH HISTOKY.

the associates of this horrible man. His severities
with the nobles did not end with those who were not
his relations ; he took the title of Strathearn away
from the grandson of his own uncle, when the young
man was in England, as a hostj^e for his own restora-
tion, because, (he said,)the patent of nobility hr.d been
only granted to heirs male. This young man's name
was Meliss Graham. He had an uncle Robert, who
tried to get redress, but was denied all and outlawed
to the bargain. Robert therefore, conspired with the
Earl of AthoU to assassinate the King. No doubt
they had more than one reason for. hating him. Meliss
Graham and the Earl of Atholl had descended from
Robert II. by his second marriage, and that after wed-
lock, whereas Robert III., James' father, had been by
the first marriage, and was born before wedlock. Robert
Graham therefore would doubtless have preferred being
governed by Atholl to being governed by James, and
Atholl to be a kin^i: rather than a subject.

The king was made aware that enemies desired to
murder him, and had consequently disbanded his army
and gone into a monastery, at Perth. It was there
the deed was done. A servant of the king, (John by
name,) had been brought into the plot of the conspira-
tors, and served them much by removing the bolt of

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

the king^s chamber door on the day intended for bis
murder. When the time had come appointed by the
ruffians, they forced their way into the room where the
King was without much difficulty, although a lady of
the house of Douglass ran her arm through the staples,
which had previously contained the bolt, to prevent
their ingress. Her arm was soon broken by the pres-
sure from without. James had hidden himself in a
concealed passage before the^. entered, but on their
returning to his room a second time he was discovered.
lie could not escape through the concealed pathway,
having but a day or two before the night in question
ordered it to be closed, as his ball ran into it when he
played at tennis. The murder was very horribly per-
formed, the assassins not being affected by the brave
conduct of the Queen, who threw herself between
them and her husband. But if James perished misera-
bly, still more so did Atholl and Robert Graham, for
the populace were so infuriated by the loss of their
king, that they swung Atholl up and down from a high
scaffold by the neck, without allowing him to be
strangled, and then crowned him with a red hot crown,
having on it the" words, " King of Traitors," afterwards
they disembowled him, throwing his bowels and ulti-
mately his heart into a fire before his eyes. Kobert

BCOTTISa mSTORT.

Graham was driven through the city with his hands
nailed to a scaffold, whilst men with hot rods were
every now and then piercing his flesh. Sir W. Scott
notices that moreover a rhyme was got up as a male-
diction on this man, which reads as follows :

" Bobert Graham who slew our king,
God give him shame.

It is interesting to notice that this Graham was of
the same house that afterwards gave hirth at different
periods to James Graham, the warlike Montrose ; James
Graham, the bloody Claverhouse ; and James Graham,
the preser\t baronet of Netherby, who was such a cause
of grief to the people of God in Scotland at the memor-
able era of the disruption. As, however, we ought to
do justice to every house, it is fair to state that the
same family had given to Scotland before King James*
reign, the gallant Graeme, whose memory is so intimately
connected with the assault of the Roman wall. This
house is now represented by the Duke of Montrose.
James was murdered on the 20th of February, A.D.

1436.

James IT.

James II. being left a minor, the management of the
kingdom fell into the hands Livingston and Grichton,
the first of whom was appointed Regent, and the

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

- Si

Lit ■::

,>,

second Chancellor. Lord Douglas, however, was the
most powerful nobleman, and held these two almost in
contempt. This greaUy embarrassed and annoyed
them, and made them more than once act together
when they would have rather opposed each other, for
they harboured no mutual feeling so strongly as jealousy.
At one time when they were openly at variance the
king was stolen from Crichton in rather an amusing
way. Crichton had him under his care in Edinburgh
Castle, whilst his mother, the Queen Dowager, resided
with her friend Livingston at Stirling Castle. The
Queen being naturally anxious to have James with her,
proposed a visit to Crichton, and came apparently witb
no design but that of seeing her son and paying a
flying visit to the Chancellor. Having, however, in-
structed James how to act^his part, and told Crichton she
would have to leave one morning early, in order to
return to Stirling, she departed long before the castle
was to any extent astir, (Crichton's servants helping
her with her luggage, among which was a large box,)
on her way to Leith. There she quickly embarked and
proceeded on her voyage up the Firth of Forth ; and it
would appear she had proceeded too far on her way to be
pursued before Crichton had discovered that the king
was missing. James had been safely stowed away by

•'4

-:i

BC0TTI8H HISTOKY.

his mother in a large hox which we have noticed, and
with her in course of time landed at Stirling Castle.

The king was, when older, recovered by Criohton,
who lay in wait for him with a body of men in the
woods near Stirling, which he, yery frequently, with
but few attendants, was in the habit of hunting in.
Livingston now felt himself outdone, and having pre-
viously thrown the Queen Dowager, with her second
husband, (James Stuart, of Lome,) into confinement,
was glad to make overtures of friendship to the Chan-
cellor. These two men, having from policy become
friends, next turned their arts against William VL, Earl
of Douglas, Duke of Tourane, a young man still vainer
than his father, and possessed of such power as was too
great for any regent to endure. Having asked him to
pay them a visit ai Edinburgh Castle, which he very
simply did, they put a bull's head down at the table
before him, a well-known sign that death was intended.
Young Douglas started at the sight and rose from his
chair, but being immediately seized and canned to the
Castle court, he was there dispatched in the most
treacherous manner ; his brother and a friend were slain
along with him, the king all the while shedding tears.
Douglas' successor in course of time got Livings tone im-
prisoned and his son James executed. But this was a

scornss history.

11^

i: ■ i

l.':}f

■I

severer reign for the Douglasses than for their oppon>
ents, for James being enraged at a league which another
DQuglas had entered into by oath with Crawford and
Boss, (two of the most powerful Earls of the kingdom,)
enacted over again the treachery at which he had wept
in former years. For asking Douglas to Stirling Castle
in the most friendly way, and entertaining him there like
a prince, he stabbed him before the t:me for retiring to
rest had come, because he would not promise to break
his league with Ross and Crawford. The king is said
to have used these words whilst striking his dagger into
his guest's breast, "If thou wilt not break it, I will."

This was a fearful deed to do under any circumstance,
but particularly after having promised safe passage.

Eight years after this the king himself as suddenly
and unexpectedly, and through the instrumentality of
what he too had had only ground for expecti rig protec-
tion from, was summoned before his God. Having
taken the Castle of Koxburgh from the English, and
resolved on demolishing it, he was superintending the
artillery engaged in directing cannon against it. In
these circumstances it so happened that one of the can-
nons burst, and a fragment striking the king alone, laid
him instantly dead. The night of Douglas* pleasure
could not have been more completely turned into pain

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

to him than the period of James' victory into a period
of humiliation. His death is not without its moral in
the eyes of those who see that there is a God that reign-
eth over the kingdoms of men. It happened on the 3rd
of April, A. D. 1460.

James IIL

James II. was succeeded by his son James, the
youngest survivor of twins, who was declared king
when only seven years old. He had two brother^,
John and Alexander, and two sisters. In this reign
lived James Kennedy, Archbishop of St. Andrews,
whom Buchanan extols to the acme for his prudence
and munificence. He on account alike of his position,
prudence, and near relationship to the royal family,
had for a time the principal influence in Scotland, but
James allowing himself to bo led away from his friends
by the Boyds of Kilmarnock, and to be guided by their
counsel, they, for a considerable time, were paramount.
James was a timid, suspicious, superstitious, cruel, and
avaricious young man, and had a remarkable taste for
low society. Although the Boyds had been very kind
to him, and he had given one of them his sister in mar-
riage, creating him also Earl of Arran, he allowed their
enemies, and at the very time that the Earl was at the

BCOTTISH HISTOlir.

ii*i

Court of Penraark, bringing borne his Queen, so to
alienute bis afifections from them, tbat he suffered
the Earl's father to be executed, and necessitated the
Earl's dying in exile. Moreover, before his death,
James took bis wife from him and gave her in mar-
riage to Sir James Hamilton, of Cadzow, ancestor of
tbe Dukes of Hamilton, who obtained at the same time
the forfeited title of tbe Earl of Arran. James, after
this, allowing some one by silly stories to make him be-
lieve bis own brothers would ruin him, put John (Earl
of Marr) to death by opening a vein, and would prob-
ably have dispatched Alexander in a similar fashion,
had he not, by letting himself over the wall of Edin-
burgh Castle by ropes, escaped with his servant to a ves-
sel in the roadstead, which bore him to his castle of
Dunbar, from which be took ship to a foreign land.

Becoming now enamoured of a stone mason named
Cochrane, a singer, and other two low people, and not
only making them, instead of bis nobles, bis counsel-
lors; creating moreover Cochrane Earl of Mar in room
of his brother, the king so offended his nobility that at
a secret meeting tbe Earl of Angus acted "Bell the
Cat," and gave advice for the assassination of Cochrane,
which was epeedily and zealousy acted on. Still incen-
sing his nobles, they proceeded to raise an army against

SCOTTISH HISTOnr.

Tft

himself, and met his forces near Stirling, at a place
called Torwood. The king being alarmed at their ap-
pearance, and affected to see his own flag flying in
their ranks, intimating that his son was with thorn,
turned his horse's head from the battle field ..od spurred
him on at full speed. Not knowing the metal of his
charger, which was a splendid brute, (presented to him
by Lord Crawford,) it ran away with him, and starting
at a pitcher which a frightened woman had dropped on
the roadside to get out of its way, the king was thrown,
and falling heavily, thought himself almost killed. He
was carried into a cottage, and having mentioned that
he was the king and deiaired to be confessed, a man
was brought to him, who after hearing bis confession,
slew him and carried off his body, nobody could tell
whither. This man was probably no priest, but an en-
emy who had followed him from the battle flcld when
he fled. He died aged 34 years, A.D. 1488.

James IV.

The King was succeeded by his son James, who at
the time was but a stripling. He was the very reverse
of his father as regards bravery and chivalrousness of
spirit. Early in his reign the extraordinary naval ex-
ploits of Sir Andrew Wood of Largo occurred, which

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

deeply wounded the feelings of the king of England ;
for with two ships Sir Andrew at one time took five of
Henry's off Dunbar, and at another beat Admiral Ball
with three picked ships which Henry had despatched
especially for Sir Andrew's benefit. Sir Andrew and
Ball engaged each other off the Isle of May and fought
till dark, then began again in the morning, and kept at
it until the ships drifted on the banks of Tay, where
the larger English vessels were stranded. It has been
noticed that the English historians say nothing of Sir
Andrew. Silence is sometimes more emphatic than
speech.

James IV. married a daughter (Margaret) of Henry
YII. of England, and had the gayest nuptials that can
well be fancied. Ho received with her, however, only
y^lO,000, to be paid in three instalments. The chief
Tftat of importance in James' reign was the battle of
'J'lodden Field, in which he with the flower of the
Scottish nobility fell a sacrifice to his indomitable de-
termination to invade England. The battle is com-
memorated in Scotland by that most touching melody,
« The flowers of the forest." The fate of the king's
body after death was singular. Having been in life
excommunicated, nobody would bury him, but his
body was embalmed and carried to England, where it

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

;land ;
five of
tl Ball
Ettched
w and
fought
kept at
, where
as heen
; of Sir
io than

' Henry
,hat can
er, only
chief
)atUe of
of the
ible de-
ls com-
melody,
e king's
I in life
but his
here it

lay for years, tossed about as so much lumber in a
monastery in Surrey. There one day having been
noticed and cut by some workmen employed about the
monastery, its head was removed and taken home by
the Queen's master glazier, on account of the sweet
smell proceeding from the spices wherewith it was em-
balmed. It wad noticed of this king that he wore a
girdle of iron around his lions by way of doing pen-
ance for appearing amongst the rebel nobles against
his father at Torwood. The battle of Flodden Field
happened A. D. 1513.

James V.

The new King was not two years old when his father
was killed. His mother, Margaret Tudor, was there-
fore made regent, according to his father's will,
which invested her with the regency so long as she
did not marry a second time. She was the first woman
that ever ruled Scotland, but did so only for a year,
having married Archibald, Earl of Angus, to whom
she afterwards bore the famous Lady Margaret Doug-
las. We noticed that about the time James III. put
his brother, the Earl of Mar to death, he would prob-
ably have treated his only remaining brother, Alex-
ander Earl of Albany, in the same way, had not that

'•I;

! I

■i ii !

( !

S !

78 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

nobleman made his escape from Edinburgh Castle.
The Earl remained in France an exile for many years,
and there had by a second marriage, a son who succeed-
ed him, at^ Earl of Albany. This young man was the
person whom the Scots chose as their regent on the oc-
casion of the queen's becoming the C'^nntess of Angus.
Albany landed in Scotland on the 25th of May,
1515. He was Earl of March, as well as Duke of Al-
bany. Shortly after his arrival the Earl of Hume was
put to death, having caused great disturbance because
of ill-usage which he got from Albany, at the instance
of an Abbot named Hepburn, whom he had kept from
obtaining the Archbishopao of St. Andrews. Albany
soon returned to France and remained there five
years. During his absence Scotland was filled with
commotion. Hamilton, Earl of Arran, hated Douglas,
as also did James Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews ;
hence Beaton summoned his friends to attack Angus
when he happened to be in Edinburgh unprotected.
But Angus with eighty friends " cleared the causeway,"
and Arran's son with Eglington's brother were killed
in the affray. On Albany's return, in 1521, he ban-
ished Angus; and, to help France against England,
tried to get the Scots to carry war into that kingdom ;
b"t his nobles refusing to follow, he sotn after returned
to France.

%r,

SCOTTISH niSTORT. 75»

About tins time anotiicr battle occurred at the
Isle of May, ia which the English ships beat the
French. The Earl of Surrey now overran the south
of Scotland, but soon afterwards withdrew, Albany
landed a third time in Scotland, and this time brought
with him 50 sail and 3,000 foot soldiers, &c. ; but as
the Scots still refused to fight against England, he a
third time returned to France. Scotland now became
filled with anarchy ; in the midst of which (Albany,
yet absent,) James V. was proclaimed king, James
restored the Earl of Angus to his country. This step,
however, was not pleasing to his mother, who had
conceived as much dislike to her husband as ever she
had entertained fondness. Angus, Lennox, and Colin,
Earl of Argyll, were now virtually at the head of
affairs, along with their friend, James Beaton. Argyll,
however, soon withdrew from the party, and Lennox,
too, felt alienated from the Earl of Angus. Lennox
was James' favorite, but Angus had greater power
than he, and carried James to the house of the Arch-
bishop of St. Andrews.

In 1526 Angus and Lennox became enemies, and
Hamilton and Angus friends. Lennox conceiving the
king to be as a captive in the hands of the Douglasses,
fought with them the battle of Avon, (the river Avon,)

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

1 1

ill

•■Vi

to make him free; but there was unhappily both de-
feated and slain. Being a nephew of Arran, Lennox
it is said was lamented by him, alihough he had been
a supporter of Angus. The Douglasses soon after
took and dismantled the Castle of the Archbishop of
St. Andrews, (James Beaton,) Lennox's friend, and
the Archbishop had to skulk from place to place for
his life.

James Hamilton, (natural son of Lord Arran,) was
stabbed at this time under the arch of the gate of
Holyrood House, after which his murderer was put to
death with most awful tortures.

The Eeformation was in this reign preached in
Scotland by Patrick Hamilton, a nephew both of the
Puke of Albsny and the Earl of Arran. This man
being hated by Beaton, who was a very near connec-
tion of Arran, that monster caused him to be burnt to
death in St. Andrews. Hamilton died, summoning one
Campbell, a monk, who had accused him (after admit-
ting to him that his doctrines were correct,) to meet
him at the judgment seat of Christ. His words so
aflfected Campbell that he shortly afterwards died mad,
never having been able to c?ase thinking of them.
This happened in 1528.

James being weary of the supervision of the Douglasses,

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

made his escape one day from Frankland Palace, where
they kept Court, to Stirling Castle, where his nobles
soon assembled round him. Angus marched in that
direction afterwards, but declined fighting. James
afterwards removing to Edinburgh, outlawed, forfeited
and confiscated the Douglasses of Angus; but they
having the strong castle of Tantallon, defied him for a
number of years, and ultimately formed a truce with
him.

James was invited by Henry VIII. to meet him at
York, Henry being in the hope that if he spoke to
James of the costs of Popery, he would succeed better
in getting him to understand its balefulness than he
could by writing. James at first accepted the invita-
tion, but allowing himself to be persuaded by the
priests, (who knew full well how certainly i^icy would
be humbled and drawn out of power, should James be
taught to see with Henry's spectacles) declined going.
This so exasperated Henry that he raised an army for
the invasion of Scotland. To give battle to the English,
James could find no army ; for thoug!! he had one, it
preferred falling into the enemies hands to fighting
under the guidance of one Oliver Sinclair ('an upstart)
for the protection of the interests of a king who was
most terrible to his nobility. The consequence was,

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

James hearing that Oliver was defeated and taken, and
that his nobles would not fight, became quite moody
and hypochondriac, and died of a broken heart after a
short time. He had been twice married, but his first
wife lived only a little while after marriage, and left no
posterity behind her. His second wife was Mary of
Guise, who survived him ; she had borne him two sons
that had been taken away about the same time by death,
fulfilling the fears that had been awakened in their
father by a dream that he had had to the efiect that a
man, named James Hamilton, whom he had caused to
be quartered, appeared to him, and cut oflF first his right
arm and then his left. Just seven days before the
king's death, his queen had given birth to the princess
Mary, to the unutterable disappointment of James, who
had hoped for a son. His last words were these, *' It
cam wi' a lass and it'll gang wi' a lass," alluding no
doubt to the circumstance that the Stuart dynasty had
been inaugurated by the marriage of Walter, the eighth
Lord High Steward, with Marjory Bruce, daughter of
king Robert I. His words could not help being pro-
phetical, but were less so perhaps, than in alr^ost any
other circumstances they could have been, for though
Mary the princess had to marry, she formed a second
marriage that did not require her to change her name.

SCOTTISH HISTORY. 88

(that of Darnley being Stuart as well as her own ) and
it happened therefore that James VI. was a Stuart as
well as James the V., and or the same house, too : for
whilst James the Fifth had sprung nf Walter, the eighth
Lord High Steward, the Earls of Lennox had descended
of Alexander, the sixth Lord High Steward. Miss
Strickland facetiously notices that there is a double
meaning in James' saying, for in a sense it was true
that the dynasty was going with '' alas as well as with
a lass," and may have also come with the same. Cer-
tain it was, that when James uttered his prognostication
he was in the very depths of sorrow. James had been
a very handsome, strong, tall man, also talented and
capable of enduring great fatigue, and he was thought
just in his decisions ; but many were in his reign put
to death for being Protestants, and he seems to have
listened v logout pain to the suggestions of the priests,
that he should enrich himself by extirpating heretics
and appropriating their estates. It was by promising
him riches through such arts that they hoped to dis-
suade him from meeting with Henry at York, and as
they succeeded, perhaps this temptation may not have
been without its weight. He was in some things bui
a poor booby, as may be proved by his handing a book
that Henry VIII. had sent him, with special care to

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

read oonoerning the abominations of the Papacy, to
some Romish Ecclesiastio that was beside him, before
reading it ; and putting away from him all desire to
see it again, on the cunning knave's congratulating
him that he had been led to take his first step, seeing
the book was heretical. His death occurred December
14th, A. D. 1543.

Mary Queen op Scots.

At the beginning of the next reign, Cardinal Beaton
exhibited a forged Will of the kiug declaring him
Begent, but the pious [impious] fraud being detected,
the Earl of Arran was appointed. This was James
Hamilton, grandson of that Sir James who had married
the divorced wife of Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran, and
with her obtained his title for his son. The Earl was
therefore a grandson to a princess of the blood royal.
Moreover, bis own mother being Janet Beaton, sister of
James Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews, he was
cousin-germai' )f Cstdinal David Beaton, so famed for
first, his duplicity, secondly, V.z brutality, and thirdly,
his dreadful end. Aa the Cardinal could not become
^rst man manifestly, he did all he could to make him-
self so t;i><wa%, doing every thing fair and unfair to
get those nobles to commit perjury who had pledged

SCOTTISn HISTORY. t6

themselves to Henry VIII. \yhen his prisoners, after
the battle of Flodden Field, to use their influence at
home to secure the hand of the infant Mary for his son.
Beaton tried to persuade them not to return to their
captivity, though the death of the hostages they had
left behind them should be the consequence. By quoting
the Council of Constance, vhich " ordained all oompactb,
contracts, promises, and oaths, made to heretics, to be
broken," he set the religious scruples of the ignorant at
rest, and none but Gilbert, Earl of Cassilis, (Buchanan's
pupil,) played the man. He however redeemed his
pledge and hostages, too, by going back, which filled
Henry VIII. with so much admiration, he gave him
his liberty to the bargain.

The regent Arran at first favoured the Reformation,
but on the arrival of the Earl of Lennox from France,
who claimed to be a nearer heir to the throne than
Arran, on the ground that Arran's father, in order to
marry Janet Beaton, had without just cause divorced
his first wife, he sided with the Papists, and became
apostate, Cardinal Beaton showing him that if indeed
he should get the Romish Church put down, then he
would be accounted but a bastard, for it was the author-
ity of that church alone that had screened his father's
conduct from its true deserts.

'^%^

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

It is well that in the inscrutable wisdom of God,
Mary was thus, and by other arrangements kept from
being married to Henry's son ; for had she married
Edward, then most probably Scotland still would have
been but a half reformed country ; but marrying as she
did, a scion of one of the most thoroughly popish houses
in the world, she learned to sport her own opinions so
openly and allow her friends to carry things to such ex-
bess, that the Scots became thoroughly awake to the
tyrany of Antichrist, and shook oif the yoke of spiritual
bondage, as even Henry VIII. had never done.

It was whilst she was an infant that George Wishart
was burnt by order of Cardinal Beaton, before his (the
Cardinal's) castle windows, in St. Andrews. That
godly youth had given no occasion for anything but
admiration of his piety and pureness, ye', ^as he under
the guns of the tremendous castle tied to a stake, and
with gunpowder bags affixed to his body consumed to
ashes, amidst the rejoicings of the Scottish priesthood.
The Cardinal himself, that he might have the fiendish
satisfaction of feasting on torture, sat in state at the
window right above the castle gate in the midst of his
associates, his *' windows and battlements covered with
tapestry and silk hangings." Well might the martyr
anticipate that no good end would wind up the history

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

of snoh a man^ and predict as ho did when he first felt
scorched by the flames, that " he who now so proudly
looks down upon me from his high place, will within a
few days be as ignominiously thrown over, as he now
arrogantly reclines."* They who know the secret of
the Lord and believe in his unchangeableness, may at
times speak with singular certainty as to events yet in
the future. The martyr's prophecy, at all events was
fulfilled ; for notwithstanding that the Cardinal to
secure friends against emergencies, which ho found
were arising in a brave nation out of his proceedings,
gave his daughter (a Cardinal's ! the daughter of a
man sworn to celibacy ! and that was never married I)
openly and with great pomp to the Earl of Crawford's
son, yet a scion of the house of Rothes, (himself a de-
cendant of the royal family of another age,) Norman
Leslie with a few associates having secretly entered the
castle court early one morning, when none were up but
the porter, proceeded to the trembling tyrant's chamber,
and finding he had concealed himself in the chimney
there, tore him down to dispatch him. It is said the
Cardinal cried out, '* fye, fye, I am a priest, all's gone ;"
but Leslie and his friends had the good sense to know

* Buchanan.

i^f;^

88 SCOTTISH nisTORT.

that if their conduct was not blameable otherwise, it
was none the more either blameable or dangerous that it
was ridding the earth of one, who, under the mask of a
protector of piety, was seeking to extirpate it, and in
the character of a person that scorned all earthly dignities,
was virtaally holding the reins of government over all
the Scottish nation, and that, too, by arts which an
honest man would have disdained to use.

As it has been supposed that Leslie was moved by
private quarrel to act the part he did, the matter of the
Cardinal's removal in accordance with Wishart's pro-
phecy, must be viewed rs a most striking Providence.
Shortly i»fter this siege of the castle, John Knox arrived
in it, a«id by his preaching produced the most tremend-
ous S'jnsation in the minds of those who heard him.
Feailessly setting forth both the policy of the Romish
chur<jh and the truth of God, he paved the way for
that general rising of the populace for the removal of
the cathedrals and the paraphanalia of Popery which
was such a speedy precursor of its utter fall.

The Earl of Arran, by the recommendation of the
French King, the arts of the Queen mother, and the
offer of the Dukedom of the Chalelherault in France,
was induced to resign the regency of the Queen mother,
greatly to the vexation of his friends. Mary, when but

fiCOTTISH 11I8T0KY.

Biz years old, was sent to France, and was thcro edu-
cated to a very high degree. She waa, whilst still very
young, married to the Dauphin of France, and her
uncles, the Loraines, had the highest hopes from this
union. It was, however, unproduotivf^ ^ the expected
results. The Dauphin died very 6' . and Mary was
left a widow without a child. So p >ted, she was
prevailed on to go to Scotland, whi re aue wa ^ received
favorably, and for a time conducted herself so as not to
give severe offence to the nation, which had by this
time, by God's blessing on Knox's preaching and the
efforts of the friends of the congregation, been thorough-
ly reformed. Soon, however, she began to attend mass
openly and to arouse the feelings of the nation against
her. But one of her most fatal steps was falling in love
with a low born musician named Rizzio, who, notwith-
standing personal deformity, had the adroitness so to
secure her regard that to please him she married Darn-
ley, a very soft youth, whom Rizzio no doubt expected
to make a cuckold, and there is some reason to fear suc-
ceeded in making one. The Queen's intimacy with
Kizzio having been discovered one night by Darnley
himself, he by the advice of the Earls of Crawford and
Morton, along with his friend Patrick Iluthven, clothed
in armour, came upon Kizzio as he was playing or sing-

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SCOTTISH HISTORY.

; ^

ing before the Queen, and, carrying him out of the
room, dispatched him.

It is said that Thackeray was lately hissed for having
asserted before a public audience that Mary was impli-
cated in the consequent murder of Darnley, but many
people will only believe what they choose and not what
authentic history declares. Whether guilty or not,
however, so it was, that about a year after Eizzio's
slaughter, king Henry (Darnley) was strangled, and his
house blown up the same night with gunpowder, in
Edinburgh, the shock being beard over the whole town.
Mary shortly afterwards married Bothwell, the man
whom the nation charged with the guilt of this offenoe»
and so irritated the nation's sense both of humanity and
propriety, that a party- was raised against her strong
enough to induce her to surrender. This done, she
was conveyed a prisoner to Lochleven Castle, where she
was prevailed on much against her will to sign docu-
ments resigning the throne in favor of her son, and
appointing her brother, Murray, Regent. Her resi-
dence in Lochleven Castle, however, was not destined
to be so long as her opponents wished, for she managed,
by the help of a relative of her keeper, to escape from it
one night and to flee to Niddrie, the Castle of the Setons,
near Kirkliston, (a Castle visible from the Glasgow and

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

it of the

3r having

ras impli-

but many

not what

r or not,

Kizzio's

\, and his

(wder, in

lole town.

the man

s offence,

anity and

er strong

lone, she

srhere she

»n docu-

son, and

ler resi-

destined

nanaged,

B from it

B Setons,

3gow and

Edinburgh Railway,) where her friends soon rallied
around and escorted her to Hamilton. Having in a
few days gathered forces enough as she thought to
encounter her enemies, her army endeavoured to take
Dumbarton, but was defeated at Langside. This was
a terrible dispeller of her hopes, and she seeing the
battle from a neighboring height was so filled with
consternation that she directed her horse's head to the
south, and never stopped till she had reached Dundren-
nan Castle. From this she shortly aftewards passed
into England, hoping for defence from Queen Elizabeth.
But here she made a great mistake. Elizabeth could
not forget that her own legitimacy being questionable,
Mary as next heir to the English throne had dared in
better days to challenge it, and that the Princes of
Lorraine, her uncles, had used every art (though
in vain) to induce the Scots to invade England on the
North, whilst the king of France invading it on the
South, should aim at setting his daughter-in-law on
Queen Elizabeth's throne. Elizabeth therefore had no
good will to Mary, but professing to be interested in
her safety in order to get her into her power, she recom-
mended her t'^ flee to Carlisle Castle for protection.
This done, Mary immediately, virtually, became her
prisoner, and to prison, too, she was by and bye sent.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

) 1

i I

.i,:ii

For one oonspiraoy after another breaking out against
Elizabeth in England, after Mary's flight into that king-
dom, the people began to think as Elizabeth wished,
that Mary was accessory to them. Probably she was
to some of them, but there seems little ground for the
suspicion that she was implicated in the Babington
one, on account of which she was ultimately beheaded
on the 8th of February, 1587. The mother of James
VI. was thus cut oflF in the forty fourth year of her age,
and nineteen years after her first seeking refuge in
England.

James at first seemed resolved to carry war into Eng-
land in consequence of his mother's death ; but finding
no hope of success, and expecting to succeed Elizabeth
in the course of nature, he felt it his interest to keep
quiet.

Mary was handsome, highly talented, and exceed-
ingly accomplished, and there is no saying what she
might have been had she been reared in the fear of
God and an understanding of t '.criptures; but born
as she was maternally of the bloody house of Guise,
and that at the very season when Papacy was most
rampant in Scotland, and having as her uncle Cardinal
Lorraine, a Romish Ecclesiastic of most consummate
talent and amazing influence; connected too as she

iOOTTlSH aiBTUBV.

at against
that king-
;h wished,
y she was
ttd for the
Babington
J beheaded
r of James
of her age,
; refuge in

,r into Eng-
but finding
Elizabeth
est to keep

nd exceed-
what she
^he fear of
I; but born
of Guise,
was most
le Cardinal
insummate
loo as she

was through Arran with James Beaton who burnt
Hamilton, and David Beaton who burnt Wishart, and
being herself first married to a papist, she had almost
every possible moral disadvantage; henoe should her
orities be lenient whilst they are faithful. How
strange that just when popery was bearing down on
Scotland with unexampled influence it was on the
very verge of being entirely uprooted from that nation.
Surely the cry of the blood of the martyrs was never
raised in vain.

James VI.

This pedantic monarch succeeded his mother when
very young. He was the son of Darnley, who himself
had been a son of Lennox by Lady Margaret Douglas,
daughter of the widow of James IV. by the Earl of
Angus her second husband. In him, therefore, the
two great houses of Douglas and Lennox were repre-
sented on the Scottish throne. James was early re-
moved, by a window, from the castle of Edinburgh, to
be out of the reach of Bothwell, who, it was supposed,
would endeavour to destroy him on the first opportunity,
that he might not be in the way of what issue might
attend his own marriage with the Queen.

He was a pupil of the great Buchanan, and had a
peculiar fancy for composition. Though a great scholar,

■i

■*" ■;■:!<

;1 ;t'^

y.i'.

)

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

he was a man of small mind, and attained no respect
either at home or abroad for his policy. The most
interesting incident in his early history is that of the
Gowrie conspiracy, which had nearly ended in his
assassination. Going out one day to hunt from the
palace of Frankland, he met a brother of the Earl of
Gowrie who told him he had caught a man with a bag
of gold, of the most suspicious appearance, whom he
had made prisoner, and wished the king to go at once
to Perth and try. James would not until the chase
was ended ; but then turning hia horse's head in the
direction of the fair city, entered it with but few at-
tendants, conducted by his friend. The Earl of
Gowrie came forth to meet him, and apologized for
being wholly unprepared, but gave him as comfortable a
repast as a hungry man required. After dinner, his
brother (Alexander Ruthven,) proposed to the king to
go up stairs and see the prisoner, and led the way,
ushering the king into his study, where he saw only a
man armed and holding a drawn sword. Euthyen now
put his poignard to the king's breast and charged him
with unkindness to his father ; after which, leaving
him for a time, he returned again with a rope to tie
his hands. The king resisted, and throwing Buthven,
contrived to get to the open window of the apartment,

Sh)

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

from which, as Ruthven's arm was roucd his neok, he
hollowed out treason and murder as loud as he could.
His attendants heard him, and bursting into the room,
both Gowrie and his brother were killed, and James re-
turning to Frankland in the evening on horseback as
he had entered it. No satisfactory explanation has
yet been given of this conspiracy, and it is needless
to notice the many unsatisfactory ones that have been
advanced.

James rendered himself particularly obnoxious to his
countrymen by his attempts to make them worship
after the Episcopalian fashion, but these were princi-
pally made after he became king of England.

To the throne of that kingdom he, as descendant of
Margaret Tudor, succeeded on the death of Queen
Elizabeth which took place March 24»th, A.D. 1603,
and was welcomed into England with particular re-
joicings, both by Protestants and by Papists j by Pro-
testants, because he was a Protestant himself, by Papists,
because being the son of Mary, they hoped he would be
a bad Protestant.

It was on the ground of Scotland's having given a
king to England, that the Lord Provost and Magistrates
of Edinburgh, on the occasion of the funeral of the
Duke of Wellington, claimed right of precedence oyer

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

! i

BB'I

the Mayor and Aldermon of the Oity of Dublin. They
seem to have forgotten that in the first place, however,
Ireland may he said to have given a king to Scotland.
It is a remarkable circumstance that Scotland, which
the English kings vainly sought so long to govern,
Bhould have finally sent a king to govern England ;
and it is a more surprising incident still, that in James,
England got back the Eoyal representative of those
ancient Saxon kings that had so long ruled England,
before Dane or Norman had turned its first invaders
from their seats. Malcolm III. having married the
heiress of the Saxon king's, either a Balliol or James
was their representative ; but James was at all events
as much iheir representative as he was Malcolm's. It
is difficult to show that Balliol has any representatives
now alive. Victoria, therefore, is now one of the nearest
representatives of these kings. In James also, as a
descendant of Edward the IV., there ran the blood of
Boderic O'Connor, last king of all Ireland, no family
being a nearer representative of that great monarch
than James', except, perhaps, the Duke of Norfolk's.

Having thus traced the authentic history of Scotland
from its beginning till the time of its becoming the his-
tory of the United Kingdom, we have accomplished all
the task we at first proposed.

APPENDIX, No. 1.

Extinct PBERAaB op Scotland in 1746.

Abernethy, (Lord) in the reign of Alex. ii. first be-
tween 1214 and 1249; extinct in the reign of k.
Robert Bruce ; left three daughters, the first married
to John Stuart, Earl of Angus, the second to David
Lindsay, of Crawford, the third to And. Lesly of Rothes.

Albany, (Dukes of) five have been created.

Robert Stuart, third son of k. Robert ii. 1399, ob.
3rd. Sept., 1420. His son Murdoch forfeited the title,
being beheaded 19th May, 1425. Alexander, son to k.
James ii. created 1452, extinct by the death of his son
John, 1536, without issue. Henry Lord Darnley, a
few days before his marriage with Q. Mary, Charles,
second son of k. James vi. 1601; which extinguished
at his brother Prince Henry's death, 1612. James,
brother to k. Charles ii., Slst Dec, 1660, extinguished
at the death of k. Charles ii.

Angus, (Earl of) created by Malcolm iii., the last
Earl of that family forfdted for adhering to the inr

A -rs

'! i

M~.

[ ill

98 SCOTTISH HISTORT.

terest of the Balliols. Stuart, nephew to the Lord
High Steward of Scotland was created Earl of Angus
at the ooronatioQ of k. JDavid ii. Margaret, sister of
Thomas the last Earl of that family, married William
the first Earl of Douglas, to whom she was second wife,
and by him had a son. Sir George Douglas first Earl
of Angus of the Douglasses. Thomas died 1377.
. Annandale, (Murray Earl of) was first created Vis*
count of Annan, then Earl of Annandale by k. James
Ti. 13th March, 1624*, was formerly Laird of Cock-
pool : became extinct by the death of the second Earl,
28th Dec, 1658.

Athole, (Earl of) in the reign of Malcolm iy.., first
between 1153 and 1165. The last Earl who was con-
stituted Ctovernor of Scotland by Edward Balliol,
being killed at the battle of Kilblain, 1335, fighting
lor Balliol ^ the peerage extinguished.

Athole, (Earl of) 2nd, was John Campbell, son of
Sir Neil Campbell of Lochow, by Lady Mary Bruce
bis wife, sister to k. Robert Bruce. He was created
Earl of Athole by k. David ii., but dying without issue
the title extinguished by his death.

Athole, (Earl of) 3rd, was Walter Stuart, son of
k. Robert ii. by Lady Eupham Ross, which title be
afterwards forfeited for the murder of k. James i.

-h I

^ii

SCOTTISH HISTORY. 99

Athole, (Earl of) 4th» was John Stuart, uterine
brother of k. James ii.,.by whom he was created Earl
ofAthole. This family possessed the honours during
five sucoeesive Earls of the name of John, and John
5th dying without male issue, 1594, the honour be-
came extinct. N. B. He had married Mary Ruthven,
daughter of William, Earl of Gowrie.

Athole, (Earl of) 5th, was James Stuart Lord In*
nermeath, who had married a daughter of John 5th
and last Earl of the former family, was created Earl
ofAthole 1596, but dying without issue in 1605 the
honors became again extinct.

Athole, (Earl of) 6th, was William, 2nd 'Earl of
Tillibardine, who, marrying Dorothea the eldest daugh-
ter of John 5th, Earl of Athole, succeeded to the title,
dignity, and precedency of Athole. He afterwards
resigned the title of Earl of Tillibardine, which k.
Ghas. i. conferred on his brother Sir Pat. Murray,
31st of Jan., 1628, and his son James, Earl of Tilli-
bardine, dying without issue, the estate and honor of
Tillibardine devolved on John, Marquis of Athole.

Ashtown of Forfar, (Ashtown Lord) created 8th Nov.,
1628, an English family, which honors still subsisted
when Crawford's Peerage was published, as he alledges.

100

SCOTTISH HISTOllY.

i!!!

:U-

Arran, (Thos. Boyd Earl of) created by k. James iii.
upon his marrying Lady Mary» that king's eldest sis-
ter. He was son of Lord Boyd, but both father and
son were forfeited soon after this marriage.

BelhaveO) (Sir Robert Douglas of Spot, created
viscount of) 1633, 24th June. Died without issue
14th Jan., 1639, which extinguished that title.

Bothwell, (Murray Lord of )was very ancient. The
last Lord dying without male issue, left a daughter,
married to Archd. Douglass, Lord of Galloway, there-
after Earl of Douglass. Crawford makes Murray of
Abercairney representative of this family of Bothwell.

Bothvell, (John Bamsay of Baimain, Earl of)created
by James iii., was slain with the king at the field of
Stirling, on the lltb of June, 1488.

Bothwell, (Pat. Hepburn, Lord Hailes, created Earl
of) 1488. His great grandson was James, Earl of
Bothwell, created Duke of Orkney by Q. Mary.
He died in Denmark, 1577.

Bothwell, (Francis Stuart, Earl of) was created by
k. James vi. He was son of John, Prior of Coling.
ham, a natural son of k. James v. This Earl was
forfeited for treason, 1593.

Breobin, (Lord of) was descended from a natural
son of David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother to k. Wil-

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

101

Ham the Lion. This family made a considerable
figure in the reigns of Alexander ii. and iii. David,
Lord of Brechin, married a sister of k. Robert Bruce.
Uis son David was one of the Barons who wrote the
famous letter to the Pope, 1320, but in 1321, being
in a conspiracy to deliver Berwick to the English, he
was executed for high treason,

Brechin, (Barclay Lord of) Sir David Barclay mar-
ried Margaret, sister to the last Lord Brechin, and in
right of his wife became heir to him. Of this mar-
riage was a son, David, the last Lord Brechin, who
was murdered by William Douglas of Liddesdale,
1348, and a daughter married to Fleming of Biggar,
whose only daughter was married to Wm. Maule of
Panmure, ancestor to the Earl of Panmure.

Buohan, (Cumin Earl of) obtained that Peerage
in right of his wife, daughter of Fergus, Earl of
Buchan, in the reign of Alex. ii. John Oummin,
Earl of Buohan, Constable of Scotland, the last Earl
of this family, was forfeited by k. Robert Bruce for
being in the English interest.

Buchan, (E\v\ of) 2nd, was Alex. Stuart, fourth son
of k. Robert ii., created 1374, he dying 1394*, the
honors became extinct till 1419.

Buohan, (Earl of) 3rd was John Stuart, son of

■ ill

■(V

■ !

> r

ii i

, I

l^^

102

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

Robert D. of Albany, Governor of Scotland, who in
1419 was created Earl of Bucban by bis fatber. Tbis
Earl commanded the 7,000 Scots auxiliaries, sent to
the assistance of Chas. vi. of France against the Eng-
lish, and was killed at the Castle of Yernouil, 6th
Aug., 1424. His only daughter was married to
Lord Seton.

Buchan, (Earl of) 4th was James Stuart, 2nd son
of Sir James Stuart (sirnamed the black knight of
Lorn,) by Queen Jean, widow of k. James i. This
James, uterine brother of k. James ii., was created
Earl of Buchan by k. James iii., 1469. The male
heirs of this family, in the direct line, failing, 1551,
Robert Douglas, brother to the Earl of Morton, mar-
ried the heiress, and in her right became Earl of
Buchan ; and his heirs,male, again failing, 1601, James
Erskine, son of the Earl of Mar, married Mary the
heiress, and so became Earl of Buchan. This line
failing in William, Earl of Buchan, who died 1695, he
was succeeded by David L. Cardross, his nearest heir
male. N.6. James Stewart, who was created Earl
of Buchan, 1469, had a second son, who was ancestor
to the present Earl of Traquair.

Cumin, John, Lord of Badenoch, Walter Cumin,
Earl of Montieth, William Cumin, first Earl of Buchan,

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

lOS

were brothers, in the 12tli century, vide Crawford,
page 30.

Caithness, (Barl of) in the reign of k. William, was
one Harold, who for rebellion was forfeited, 1187.

Caithness, [Earl of J 2nd, was Mangus, son of Gili-
bred. Earl of Angus, who was created Earl of Caith-
ness by Alex, ii., 1222. This title expired in a
daughter married to the Sari of Ross, in the reign
of k. David ii.

Caithness, (Earl of) 3rd, was David Stuart, son to
k. Robert ii. by Eupham Ross, who was created Earl
of Caithness, 1370. He dying without male issue, it
devolved on his youngest brother, Walter, Earl of
Athole, by whose forfeiture, 1437, it came to the
Crown.

Caithness, (Earl of) 4ith, was George Crichton, of
Cairns, Lord High Admiral of Scotland, created Earl
of Caithness, 1452; but he dying, 1455, leaving only
a daughter, the honor extinguished.

Caithness, (Earl of^ 5th, was William Sinclair, Earl
of Orkney, Chancellor in the reign of k. James ii.,
created Earl of Caithness, 1456.

Carlyle, (Lord) John Carlyle of Torthorold, des-
cended from Sir Wm. Carlyle, who married a sister
of k. Robert Bruce, was created Lord Carlyle by k.

:iiR

:I -

1 ->'

-1 ;

104 8G0TTISH HISTORT.

James iii., 1473. The last heir, male, of this family
dying about the year 1580, Sir James Douglas of
Parkhead, who married the grand daughter and heiress
of the last Lord Carlyle, acquired the title : but his
son dying without issue, 1638, the title became extinct
in the family of Queensberrie, which had acquired the
estate.

Carriek, (Earl of) Dunean of Galloway, was created
1185. The male issue of this family failing, Robert
Bruce, Lord of Annandale, and father of k. Robert
Bruce, married the heiress about the year 1273, and
in her right became Earl of Carrick. King Robert
Bruce afterwards gave this title to his brother Edward,
who being slain at the battle of Dundalk, 1318, two
natural sons of his successively obtained the title.
Soon after it returned to the Crown.

Carrick, (Earl of) about 1632-3. k. Chas. i. con-
ferred this title on John Stuart, Lord Eincliven^ second
son of Robert Stuart, Earl of Orkney, who was a natural
son of k. James v. But he died not long after without
male issue.

Crichton (Lord) son of Sir Wm. Criohton, who was
Chancellor in the younger years of k. James, ii. This
family was forfeited for rebellion against k. James iii.,
but afterwards restored to the barony of Frendraught

■fggg

bvJOTTISH HISTOBT. 105

in the north. And Sir James Grichton, of Frendraught,
was created Frendraught, Visct. of 1642.

Crawford, (Lord)in the reign of k. Alex. ii. David
de Lindseay, ancestor of the Earl of Crawford, married
the heiress of this £a,mily. . . ; .;/; ^i;;*! J *<U I'iih .«|:

Denniston, (Lord) the last Lord dying without male
issae in the beginning of k. Robert iii., his estate went
to two daughters, co-heirs, one married to Sir Wm.
Cunningham, of Kilmaurs, ancestor to the Earl of Glen-
cairn, the other to Maxwell of Calderwood. ^ ^

Dingwall, (Keith Lord) created before the year 1584.
He died soon after the year 1589, without issue.

Dingwall, (Preston Lord) created 1607 ; by marrying
the daughter of the Earl of Desmond in Ireland he
obtained the dignity, which extinguished at his death
in 1622. James, Duke of Ormond, marrying his
daughter, and sole heir, became Lord Dingwall. He
was grandfather of the late Duke. . .. - j

Dirleton, (Maxwell Earl of) created 1646. The
first and last who had this title was Sir James Maxwell
of Innerweck.

Dumfermline, (Seton Earl) created first Lord Urqu-
hart, 1591, then Chancellor, 1604, and Earl of Dum-
fermline, 3rd March, 1605. His grandson was forfeited

by the Parliament, 1690. ;. , ,

§.

106

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

1-s

h r

Danbar, (Home Earl of) created 3rd March, 1605.
The year before, he had been created a Peer of England
by the title of Lord Hume of Berwick. He was Lord
High Treasurer of Scotland and Knight of the Garter.
He died 1611, leaving two daughters.

Dundee, (Scrimgeour Earl of) created first Yisoount
of Duddap, 1641. His son was created Earl of Dundee
in 1661, but dying 1668 without issue, this Peerage
became extinct.

Dundee, (Graham Viscount of) created 12th Nov.,
1688, killed at Killicrankie, 27th July, 1689. His
successor was outlawed 1690,

Dunkeld, (Galloway Lord) created 1645, was son of
Mr. Pat. Galloway, Minister of Edinburgh. The third
Lord Dunkeld, grandson of the first, had a command in
the battla of Killicrankie, for which he was forfeited.

Down, (Stuart Lord) vide. Lord St. Colme,

Eythen, (King Lord) created 2eth March, 1642. He
had been a Lieut. Gen. under Gustavus Adolphus, king
of Sweden. Died 1667.

Ersdine, (Lord) in the reign of k. James i., became
Earl of Marr, 1565, his claim of succession to Gratny,
Earl of Marr, being ratified by Parliament.

lorth, (Ruthven Earl of) had been a Lieut. Gen.
under Gustavus Adolphus; was created first Lord

wacB

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

107

king

Gen.
Lord

Ruthven of Ettriok, 1639, then Earl of Fortb, 27ih
March, 1642. This honor became extinct by his death,
1651. He had, 1645, been created £arl of Brentford
in England. .-.j- i,- •]]•:':' ''■:..':m '.^/.,T- ^^{,^^••r'*?

Frendraught, (Visct. of) 20th Aug. 1642. His
Bucoessor Lewis foHowing k. James yii. to France and
Ireland, this title extinguished. He died without issue
in Feb., 1698. - v ;. ^ v • -^ - m. ,; /

Fyfe, (M'DuflF Thane, afterwards Earl of) created
by k. Malcolm Canmore, 1057. The last Earl being
killed at the battle of Durham, 1346, the honor and
privileges of the family devolved to his daughter, who
having no issue, though twice married, resigned the
honor to Robert, Earl of Monteith, her brother-in-law*
afterwards Duke of Albany. '

Galloway, (Lord of) was Fergus de Galweya, in the
reign of Malcolm iii. His grandson BoUand, married
the dauffliter and heir of Richard Morvil, Constable of
Scotland, whereby that dignity was transferred to his
family. His son Alan married the eldest daughter of
David, Earl of Huntington, brother to k. William and
Dornagilla, daughter of this marriage, married John
Balliol, founder of Balliol College, and father of John
BalUol competitor for the crown. Afterwards k. Robert
Bruce gave the Lordship of Galloway to his brother

198

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

I. ■ 1.

11 ^
il,

Il l-

I'! !,'

Edward, and after his death to Sir Archibald Douglas,
who was slain in the battle of Haljdonhill, 22nd Jnly,
1333, leaving issue by his wife, daughter of John
Cummin, Lord Badenoch, William, Lord of Galloway,
afterwards Earl of Douglas. ' ' . .

Gowrie, (Ruthven Earl of.) This family was Lord
Barons from the reign of k. James iii. till 23rd August,
1581, that William Lord Buthven was created Earl of
Gowrie. This title became extinct 1600. The first
Lord Ruthven was created 11th January, 1487. So
Malcolm's MSS., p. 379. '- ■■' t

Holy-rood-house, (Bothwel Lord) created 20th
Dec, 1601. His son dying unmarried, 1635, the hon-
our extinguished, though by the patent published in
Crawford's Peerage^ Glencross seems to have a tolerable
good claim to this Peerage.

Harries, (Harries Lord) created by k. James iv.
The last heir male of this family dying 1543, Sir John
Maxwell, a younger son of Lord Maxwell, who had mar-
ried one of his three daughters and co-heirs, came to in-
herit the honour of Lord Harries. His successor after-
wards succeeded to the dignity of Lord Maxwell, which
being an older Peerage, that of Harries became extinct.

Irvine, (Earl of) was James Campbell^ brother to
the Marquis of Argyle. He was first created Lord

SCOTTISH BISTORT. Vl^

Kintyre by James \\„ 1622 ; then Earl of Irvine by
Charles i., 28th March, 1642. But leaving no son, the
honour became extinct sometime before the restoration
of Charles ii. ■._;•- . '-.rnv .--. ■,.:(,• ,•*:=■■.,, fii«»j: fjiiaw

Isles, (M'Donald Lord of the.) This family is said
to be descended from Somerled, Thane of Argyle, in the
reign of Malcolm iy. In the reign of k. James i. the
Lord of the Isles became Earl of Ross, and very power-
ful and troublesome. At last Donald Lord of the Isles
dying unmarried about 1535, k. James v. assumed the
Lordship of the Isles into his own hands. They had
formerly lost the Earldom of Boss by forfeiture, for
rebellion, 1475 or 1476. . . u '•

Lindsay, (Earl of) John, Lord Lindsay of Byres,
was created Earl of Lindsay, 1633, and succeeded
afterwards by an entail to the Earl of Crawford, which
was ratified by Act of Parliament, 1661.

Lindsay of Byres, (Lord) in the reign of k. James ii.
to 1633. . . r

Lennox, (Earl of) created by k. William. His des-
cendent, Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, is one of the Scots no-
bility who wrote the letter to the Pope. In the
following century the Earl of Lennox was forfeited for
high treason in the reign of James i., and executed at
Stirling with his son-in-law, Murdoch, Duke of Albany,

110 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

23rd May, 1426, leaving three daughters, one married
to Murdooh Duke of Albany ; a second to Stuart Lord
J)arn\j ; a third to Monteith, of Busky, a daughter of
which marriage was afterwards Lady GleneagleSi who
in the reign of James iii. had a long dispute with Lord
Darnly about the superiority of the Earldom of Len-
nox, which at last was amicably composed ; and John
Lord Darnly, (whose ancestors had been great Barons
before the reign of k. Robert Bruce,) came to be cre-
ated Earl of Lennox, 1483. They were advanced to
Duk^ of Lennox in 1580. <i -.■ ;_ :• n . • r

Lorn and Innermeath, (Stuart Lord) Sir Robert
Stuart, of Innermeath, dying 1386, left issue John of
Innermeath and Lorn, and Robert, ancestor of Rossylh.
John married a daughter of Robert Duke of Albany.
He had Robert Lord Lorn, his successor, and Sir James,
called the Black Knight of Lorn. Robert was one of
the hostages for the ransom of k. James i. His son
John Lord Lorn, dying without male issue, 1469, the
Earl of Argyle who had married his eldest daughter ob-
tained the Lordship of Lorn ; but Walter Stuart, near-
est heir male of the last Lord Lorn got the title of Lord
Innermeath from k. James iii. From this Walter in a
direct line was John Lord Innermeath, who was created
Earl of Athole, 6th March, 1596, upon the demise of

SCOTTISH HI8T0BT. Ill

John fifth of that line, Earl of Althole. James, his son,
married Mary, second daughter of the said John 5th,
Earl of Athole ; but having no issue he resigned the
Earldom of Athole, in favour of the Marquis of Tilli-
bardine and Dorothea Stuart Marchioness of Tillibar-
dine, his sister-in-law, on the 17th October, 1612.
Vide Tillibardine.

Lyle, (Lord) raised to the Peerage by k. James ii.
sometime between 1445 and ]458. His son Robert
Lord Lyle, was Justice General by south the River of
Forth in the reign of k. James iv. The last Lord Lyie
seems to have died not long after k. James v., during
the infancy of Queen Mary.

Mar, (Mar Earl of.) The Earldom of Mar in this
family is deduced from Gratnaoh Earl of Mar. 1114,
the 7th year of k. Alexander i. King Robert Bruce
married Isabel, iiister to a successor of his, called like-
wise Gratney Earl of Mar, and this Gratney married a
sister of k. Robert Bruce. The Earl of Mar dying
without issue, 1379, his estate and honour devolved to
the Countess of Douglas, his sister, who conveyed
the honour of Mar to her son James, Earl of Douglas,
who was slain at the battle of Otterburn, 1388, with-
out issue. Upon which his sister. Lady Isabel Doug-
las was heir of Mar. She conveyed the Earldom of

li ^

IT 11

113 SCOTTISH HISTORY.

Mar to her husband, Alexander Stuart, eldest son of
Alexander, Earl of Buchan, brother to k. Robert iii.,
1404. He commanded at the battle of Harlaw» 1411,
against Donald, Earl of Boss, where he made a great
slaughter of the Higlanders. After the death of his
first lady, he married the Countess of Holland. Upon
his death, 1436, a competition arose about the Earldom
of Mar, betwixt the king and Robert Lord Erskine,
whose mother was said to be nearest heir to Gratney,
Earl of Mar, but it was decided in favor of the king.
Queen Mary, in 1562, created her natural brother,
James Prior of St. Andrews, Earl of Mar, but in 1565
she made him Earl of Murray, and restored John Lord
Erskine, to be Earl of Mar, by way of justice.

March, (Dunbar Earl of.) This family was first
designed Earl of Dunbar by k. David i., 1130. Patrick
Earl of Dunbar, who died 1232, left .two sons, viz :
Patrick, Earl of Dunbar who died in an expedition to
the Holy Land, 1248, and William, who assuming a
sirname from his patrimonial lands of Home, in Ber-
wickshire, was ancestor of the Earl of Home. Patrick,
son of the last Earl is designed Earl of March and
Dunbar. His son Patrick, Earl of March, in 1291, was
one of the competitors for the crown with Balliol, and
another Patrick Earl of March, marrying the daughter

SCOTTISH HISTORY. 118

of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Murray, sister and heir
of John, Earl of Murray, beoame Earl of Murray in
right of his wife. His son George, Earl of March and
of Murray, was warden of the Marches in the reign of
k. Hobertii. But under Robert iii. he revolted to the
English, for which he was forfeited, but afterwards
restored by the Duke of Albany, Governor. He died
1416, leaving George his son and heir, and another son
John, Earl of Murray. This George, Earl of March,
was 1434, at the instance of k. James i., forfeited by
Parliament for his father's former rebellion, and the
Earldom of March was annexed to the Crown. The
next

March, (Earl of) was Alexander Duke of Albany,
who in 1478 was by his brother, king James iii., created
Earl of March, but he afterwards forfeited it by his
rebellion. So it was again united to the Crown till k.
James vi. 1579, created

March, (Earl of) Robert Stuart, his grand-uncle
being younger brother of Matthew Earl of Lennox,
this king's grandfather. This Robert had been Bishop
of Caithness, and embracing the Reformation, got the
Priory of St. Andrews from the Crown. In 1576 the
honour of Earl of Lennox devolved on him by the
death of Charles Earl of Lennox, his nephew; but

lt>Ji

114

BCOmsn HISTORY.

V !

haying uo male issue he resigned it to his great nephew,
Esme, Lord D'Aubigny, and in place thereof, was
made Earl of March, 1579. He died 29th March,
1586. From that time the title of Earl of March lay
dormant, 111 years to 1697.

M'Donald, (Lord) was ^neas M'Donald of Glen-
garry, who for his great attachment to k. Charles i.
and ii. was created Lord M'Donald, the 20th Sept.,
1660. His dying without any issue in 1680, the hon*
our became extinct, and his estate devolved to M'Don-
ald of Glengarry, his heir male. '

Melfort, ("Viscount of) John Drummond, second son
to Earl of Perth. He was Secretary of State to k.
James ii.; created Viscount 20th April, 1685, and
Earl, the 12th August, 1686 ; was forfeited by Act of
Parliament 2nd July, 1695, without affecting his chil-
dren by Sophia Lundin.

Methven, (Stuart Lord) was the younger son of
Lord Evandale. He married the Queen mother of
k. James v. She got him made a Peer, 1528. There
was no child of this marriage but one who died an infant
This Peerage failed 1572, by the death of Henry second,
Lord Methven, who was killed at Broughton by the
shot of a cannon bullet from the castle of Edinburgh,

SCOTTISH HTSTOlir.

115

leaving no issuo. His mother was a daughter of the
Earl ot Atholo.

Monteth, (Earl of. ) In the beginning of the reign
k. David i., Murdoch was Earl of Monteith ; and Gil-
christ, in the reign of Malcolm iv., by whose heir female,
the Earldom came to Sir Walter Coming, who in right
of his wife was Earl Menteth, and he dying without
male issue. Sir Walter Stuart who married his daughter
became Earl of Menteth. His successor was Alexander,
Earl of Menteth, and his second son was Sir ^hn Men-
teth, who betrayed Wallace to Edward i. oFEngland.
This Earldom by several successions came afterwards
to an heiress who was married to Lord Hobert Stuart,
second son of k. ftobert ii., who thereupon was Earl
Menteth, thereafter Duke of Albany and by the for-
feiture of his son, Duke Murdoch, 1424, the Earldom of
Menteth was annexed to the Crown.

Middleton, (Earl of) created 1 st. Oct., 1660. He died
at Tangiers, 1673. His son was first Secretary of State
for Scotland ; then for England. He followed k. James
into France, and not returning in due time was forfeited
by Act of Parliament, 1695. Died 28th July, 1719, in
France.

Monypenny, (Lord) a son of the family of Pitmiln,
was created Lord Monypenny 1st May, 1450, by k.

116

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

James ii. The peerage failed in his son Alex. Lord
Monypenny, probably about 1500.

Mordington, (Lord) Sir James Douglas, second son
to Wni., Earl of Angus, having married the only daugh-
ter and heir of Lawrence Lord Oliphant, was by k.
Charles i., created Lord Mordington, with the preced-
ency of the peerage of Oiiphant.

Murray, (Earl of) in the reign of k. David i. was one
Angus who raised a rebellion in the northern quarters,
1130, which ended in his ruin.

Murray, «(Randolph Earl of, ) ^Thomas Eandolph,
nephew to k. Robert Bruce, got his title from his uncle,
1321. His son John was slain at the battle of Durham,
1346, leaving no issue, so his estate aq4 title devolved to
his sister the Countess of March, whose second son,
John Dunbar, was created Earl of Murray, by k.
Robert ii., 1373. He married Marjory, this king's
daughter. The 3rd Earl of Murray from this John had
a daughter married to Archd. Douglas, son to the Earl of
Douglas, who in right of his wife was Earl of Murray,
but being concerned with his brother the Earl of
Douglas in his rebellion in the reign of James ii., he
was forfeited with him, 1455.

Murray, (Stuart Earl of.) James Stuart, natural
sou of k. James iv., was by that Prince created Earl of

BCOTTtsa HtSTORT. Itt

Murray, 20th June, 1501, but he dying 12th June,l 544,
this title extinguished. Next Queen Mary gave it to
the Earl of Huntly, 1548, but recalled it some years
after, and in 1562 conferred the Earldom on James
Prior, of St. Andrews, her natural brother. - ^

Newburgh, (Barret Lord) an English gentleman, was
created by k. Charles i., 17th Oct., 1627, but dying
without male issue, the peerage extinguished.

Newburgh, (Livingston Viscount of) was created
13th Sept., 1647 ; and afterwards Earl of Newburgh,
31st Dec, 1660. This family settled in En^and. His
son, the 2nd Earl of Newburgh, died about 1694, with-
out male issue.

Ochiltree, (Stuart Lord) was first created Lord
Evandale, 1456-9, by k. James ii. He was grandchild
of Murdoch Duke of Albany, and Chancellor of Scot-
land during 18 years under k. James iii. His nephew,
the 2nd Lord Evandale, had three sons, Andrew his
successor, Henry Lord Methven, and Sir James Stuart,
of Beith, ancestor to the present Earl of Murray, on the
paternal line. Andrew, the 3rd Lord, 1534, exchanged
the Lordship of Evandale with Sir James Hamilton, of
Fiunart, for the barony of Ochiltree, and the exchange
of the title from Evandale to Ochiltree was ratified by
act of Parliament, by the Earl of Arran, Regent, 1543.

1 < !

11 i

118 SCOTTISH HISTOKY.

Ho died 1548, leaving issue Andrew his successor,
called the good Lord Ochiltree, and several daughters,
one of which was married to James Knox the Reformer.
The last Lord Orchiltree died aged about 16, at the
University of Edinburgh, l2th Feb., 1675, so this
family expired.

Orkney, (Sinclair Earl) of was created by Hacho,
king of Norway, 1379, which was ratified by k. Robert:!.
He married Florentina, daughter to the king of Denmark,
but by his second wife, daughter of Holyburton, Lord
Dirleton, he had Henry his heir. William, 3rd Earl of
Orkney, who was Chancellor in the reign of k. James ii.,
got from that Prince the Earldom of Caithness, after
which he designated himself Comes Orkadie et Cath>
anioe, but afterwards, 1471, the Earldom of Orkney
was annexed to the Crown. This Earl had by his first
marriage Wm. Sinclair of Ravenshaugh, ancestor of the
Lord St. Clair, and a daughter Catherine, married to
Alex.) Duke of Albany. By his second wife he had
William, in whose favor he resigned the Earldom of
Caithness, Sir Oliver St. Clair of Roslin, and other two
sons, and three daughters married.

Orkney, (Duke of.) Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell,
was created Duke by Queen Mary before her marriage
with him. He was soon after forfeited.

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

119

SSSOl*)

hters,
irmer.
,t the
) this

SacbOt
ibertii.
nmark,
I, Lord
Earl of
kmes ii.)
8, after
t Cath-
Orkney
" lis first
Ir of tbe
ried to
he had
idom of
her two

fothwell,
larriage

Orkney, (Stuart Earl of.) Sir Robert Stuart of
Strathdon, Prior of Holyrood house, natural son of k.
James v., was created Earl of Orkney by k. James \i.,
28tb October, 1581. His eon Patrick, second Earl of
Orknej ot this family was forfeited for treason and
aggressions, and beheaded at Edinburgh, 6th February,
1614, whereby tbe title was suppressed. This Patrick
had a younger brother, Lord Kinelavin, who was
created Earl of Garrick by k. Charles i., 1632, but
having no issue male, the title extinguished at his
death.

Pitenweem, (Lord Stuart) created by k. James vi.
1609, was a brother of the house of Glastoun in Air-
shire. He dying without issue male, that peerage ex-
tinguished at his beath.

Ross, (Earl ofj in the reign of Alex, ii., was one
Ferqubard. William, one of his successors, married
Matilda, sister to k. Robert Bruce. The Earl of
Ross, grandson of this marriage, had a younger
brother, of whom the Rosses of Balnagown are
descended, and a sister, Eupham, married to k.
Robert ii. This last Earl having no sons, his
daughter Eupham succeeded. She married Sir
Walter Lesly and had issue by him: Sir Alex.
Lesly and Eupham, married to Donald, Lord of

i'l

120

fiCOTTISH HISTORY.

the Isles. Sir Alex. Lesly succeeded to his mother
as the Earl of Boss. He married a daughter of
Bobert, Duke of Albany, hy whom he had only a
daughter, Eupham, who being deformed retired to
a] monastery, and resigned the Earldom of Boss in
favour of her uncle, Alexander, Earl of Buchan, son
to Bobert, Duke of Albany. But Donald, Lord of
the Isles, quarrelling, this destination as being done
in prejudice to his wife, occasioned the battle of
Harlaw, 1411. Some time after, Alexander, Lord
of the Isles, got the Earldom of Boss, which he
and his son successively enjoyed until the year
1476, when it was annexed to the Crown for the
rebellion of John, Lord of the Isles, and last Earl
of Boss.

Bothsay, (Duke of.) David Prince of Scotland,
eldest son of k. Bobert iii., was the first who ob-
tained this title, 1399. He was afterwards starved
to death in Falkland, 1401. Since that time the
king's eldest son is born Duke of Bothsay, Earl
of Carrick, and Lord of Renfrew.
\ Saltoun, (Abernethy Lord.) This family was
early ranked among the Peers, and in that quality
flourished in the male line until 1669, when Alex-
ander, Lord Abernethy of Saltoun, dying without

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

121

other
er of
nly a
ed to
)8S in
ii» son .
ord of
I done
ttle of
, Lord
icli te
e year
for the
it Earl

otland)
vho oh-
tarved
me the
Earl

ly was
quality
Alex-
without

issne, the honour devolved to his nephew by his
sister, Sir Alexander Eraser of Philorth, great
grandfisither to the present Lord Saltoun.

Somerville, (Lord.) This Peerage, revived of late,
had been neglected ever since 1618, that the last
Lord Somerville died.

St. Colme, (Stuart Lord.) Sir James Stewart of
Beith, a younger brother of the Lord Ochiltree, and
Captain of the Castle of Down in 1534, dying 154*7,
left issue James and Henry, of whom came the
Stuarts of Burtray, in Orkney. James was made
Commend'i^tor of St. Colme, in 1543. He afterwards
embracing the Protestant religion, k. James vi.
erected his Abbacy of St. Colme to himself in a
temporal Lordship, and created him a Peer by the
title of Lord Down, 1581. His eldest son, James,
became Earl of Murray by marrying the daughter
and heir of James, Earl of Murray, Regent, and
the title of Lord Down went into that family. Lord
Down, the father, dying 20th July, 1590, was suc-
ceeded in the estate of St. Colme by Henry his
second son, who was by k. James vi. created a Peer
by the title of Lord St. Colme, 1611, and he dying
12th July, 1612, left a son James, Lord St. Colme,
upon whose demise the honor expired, and the
estate went to the Earl of Murray.

[ i

122

SCOTTISH HIBTORT.

Strathern, (Earl of) is one of the most ancient
dignities we can instruct. Created by Malcolm
Oanmore. The family continued to the reign of k.
Bobert Bruce, when Joanna, daughter and heiress
of Malise, Earl of Strathern, was forfeited for a
conspiracy with the English to depose k. Bobert.
The Earldom of Strathern being thus vested in the
Crown, k, David ii., 1343, bestowed it upon Sir
Maurice Murray, of Drumshargard, ancestor of
Abercairny. He being slain at the battle of Dur-
ham, 17th October, 1346, and leaving no issue,
the Earldom returned again to the Crown.

Strathern, (Stuart E.) was Bobert, Lord High
Stuart of Scotland, created Earl of Strathern by his
uncle k. David ii., upon whose demise he succeeded
to the Crown, 1371. This k. Bobert ii. erected this
Earldom into a County Palatine, in favour of
David Stuart, his eldest son by Eupham ^Boss.
He left a daughter married to Patrick Graham, son
of Lord Graham. Their son, Malise Graham, was
Earl of Strathern. But k. James i. recovered that
Earldom from him, and in lieu thereof created him
Earl of Monteith, 1428.

Tarras, (Walter Scott, Earl of) created Earl for
his own lifetime by k. Charles ii., 4th September,

ent

olm
f k.
Lress

or a
)l3ert.
nthe
1 Sir
or of

Dur-

issue,

Higb

by Ws
iceeded

led this
our of
'KosB.

[am, son
nn, was
•ed that
Lted him

lEarl for
)tember,

SCOTTISH HISTOBT. 123

1660. He was of the Scots of Hardeui and mar-
ried Lady Mary Scot, eldest daughter of Francis,
Earl of Buccleugh. .; i ,; -. ^ ;.|

Teviot, (Rutherford Earl of.) Lieut. General
Rutherford was first created Lord Rutherford, 19th
Jan., 1661, then Earl of Teviot, 2nd Feb., 1663,
which title expired at his death, 3rd May, 1664,
leaving no male issue. But the title of Lord Ruther-
ford devolved to his heir, Sir Thomas Rutherford,
of Hunthill.

Teviot, (Spencer, Viscount of.) Robert, Lord
Spencer, eldest son of Robert, Earl of Sunderland,
was created Viscount of Teviot by k. James vii.,
1686, but he dying unmarried before his father,
the title became extinct.

Tillibardin, (Earl of.) Sir John Murray, of TiUi-
bardin, was first created Lord Murray, of Tillibardin,
25th April, 1604, then Earl of Tillibardin, 10th
July, 1606. His successor, William, Earl of Tilli-
bardin, married Dorothea Stuart, eldest daughter
of John, the fifth and last Earl of Athole, by whom
he had John, who succeeded to the title, dignity,
and precedency of Athole. His son, John, was
created Marquis of Athole, 1676, and died 1703.
William, the second Earl of Tillibardin, succeeding

124

SCOTTIBH HISTORT.

1-1

iiy

to the dignity of Athole, did, 1626, resign the
title of Earl of Tillibardin, which k. Charles i.
conferred on his brother, Sir Patrick Mnrray, Slst
Jan., 1628; and James, Earl of Tillibardin, son
of this Patrick, dying without issue, his estate and
honour devolved upon John, Marquis of Athole.
N.B. — ^The late Duke of Athole was, in his father's
lifetime, created Earl of Tillibardin by k. William,
27th July, 1697. — Vide. Lorn and Innermeath.

•'> .?'

APPENDIX, No. 2.

A Succinct View of Buchanan's History, up to the

TIMB OF EeNNBTH IL, 80 FAB AS IS AT ALL
INTBRBSTINO.

In ancient times the Island of Great Britain was
inhabited by three distinct races of men. Towards the
South, the Britons occupied it ; and it is generally be-
lieved that they originally came from France, then
called Gaul. Towards the North it was inhabited by
tb« Picts from Germany, and by the Scots, a colony
latterly from Ireland, but originally from Spain.

Ireland in tbose days was what she still is, a greatly
over peopled country, and this being the case it must
have been pleasant to her to get an outlet for her
surplus population so near as Scotland. Consequently

when her inhabitants began first to swarm off they
settled in the Hebrides or Western Isles. It was
while they were in this condition that the colony from
Germany, called Picts, were shipwrecked on her shores,

126

8COTTI8H HISTORY.

is:

and advised by her countrymen rather to go to Soot-
land than think of remaining where there was evidently
no room for them. The Picts gladly received this
counsel and settled in the Lowlands of Scotland, being
addicted to agricultural pursuits. By and bye the Scots
in Ireland had so increased that they felt it necessary
to migrate in great numbers towards the East, and
having landed on this occasion on the mainland of Scot-
land instead of the Isles, were kindly received by the
Picts, as might have been expected. Thus the Pict£>
and Scots were settled very near to each other, in North
Britain ; but their tastes being different, the Scots oc-
cupied the hills that they might feed their flocks and
hunt to advantage, while the Picts dwell 'n the low-
lands that they might cultivate the soil. For a con-
siderable time they agreed admirably. As, however,
the best of friends are apt, upon becoming more familiar
with each other, to become more careless of their be-
haviour and less studious not to give o£fence, wars in
course of time broke out between them, and the Scots
finding that their enemies had obtained help from the
Britons in the South, thought it high time that they
should choose for themselves a king to lead them forth
to battle. This then they did about 300 years before
the Christian era, and history informs us that the

tl
hi
hi

U£

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

127

oon-
vever,
miliar
be-
ars in

Scots
■m the

t they
forth

before

at the

person they thus made choice of was Fergus, eoa of
Ferchard, who is more commonly known by the des-
ignation of Fergus the First.

Fergus seems to have reigned well in comparison of
the great majority of his successors. We find that he
occupied the throne for twenty five years ; after which
he was drowned off Carrickfergus (which takes its name
from this circumstance) as he was returning from Ire-
land victorious over some in that country who had
rebelled against his authority.

As the sons of Fergus were minors when he died, a
law was passed by the Scots to the effect, that when any
king should die without leaving a child of adult years,
the next of kin to the king should reign in his stead
during life, after which the government should revert
to the former king's posterity. This law was acted on
for upwards of 1200 years ; but Kenneth III. got it
set aside in favor of his own family at that period ; with
what success we shall by and bye see.

Several of the kings who first succeeded Fergus
seem to have conducted themselves well ; but Nothalus,
the sixth of them, was a haughty tyrant, and so provoked
his subjects that Donald of Galloway's retainers slew
him. The history of Scotland almost invariably tells
us indirectly, that a violent death awaits the tyrant,

128

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

especially if he be a king. The next King to Nothalus
was his nephew Rathenis, sometimes called Reuda,
whom Donald of Galloway appointed to the throne.
But as the Scots were jealous of their rights, and pre-
ferred choosing their own king to allowing oven their
deliverer from a tyrant to do this for them, they rebelled
against Beuda, and thus became divided into two parts.
Reauda's part was called Balriad Scots, (Baal signifies
a part, and the whole word, Eeuda*s part,) and this
division was hemmed up for a time in Argyleshire,
although it ultimately obtained the ascendency.

We pass over many of Reuda's successes without
notice, nothing very remarkable having been achieved
by them.

It was in the reign of Donald, the twenty-seventh of
their kings, that the Scots were for the first time govern-
ed by a Christian. Fergus and all his successors had
been Pagans, but from the time of Donald, usually, the
king was a Christian. It was not, however, until other
twenty kings had ruled and passed away that a Roman
Catholic king ruled the Scots. The Christianity which
was first taught their kings, was not a caricature Chris-
tianity, but the Christianity of the Gospel.

The first usurper who ever ruled the Scots was Natho-
loouS) the thirtieth of their kings. This man who was

BCOTTlSn niBTORT.

lit

alus

ida,

one.

pre-

their

elled

3aTt8.

nifies
i ibis
jsbire,

ithout
shieved

mtb of
lofovern-
(TB bad
Lily, tbe
111 otber
\oman
\fbicb
Cbris-

Natbo-
Iwbo vras

originally but a nobleman had been severely outraged
by the king Athirous. Athireus had debauched his
daughter, and then beaten her with rods and delivered
her over for the vilest of purposes to those who were
around him. Fired with ruge on this account, Nutho-
locus rose against the king, who seeing he could make
no headway against his enemy on account of the hatred
which even his own domestics had against him, destroyed
himself. Natholocus then mounted tbe throne ; but he
was a horrid tyrant, and not being contented with order-
ing all the sons of the last king to be put to death,
caused his principle nobles also to be treacherously
strangled. One of his own household killed him as he
was trying to raise an army to protect himself against
his subjects, who, too, bad many of them risen against
him.

Tyranny is particularly hateful when it is evidenced
by one who has been brought into notii5« by the suifer-
ings which he himself has endured at its hand. And
whilst the conduct of Athireus to Natholocus' daughter
cannot but rouse the indignation of all virtuous minds,
the cruelty of Natholocus himself on the other hand
makes us feel anything but the same eir.otion when read-
ing of his assassination.

The next usurper was Donald of the Isles, a powerful

ISO

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

nobleman who had lordship under the King over the
Hebrides, in part or in whole. The Isles were always
under the government of the Scottish kings (although
the noble family that owned them was exceedingly
powerful) until the days of Donald Bane, the brother
of Malcolm IIT., of whom we will speak presently. But
Donald Bane desirous to succeed his brother Malcolm,
made a present of the Isles to the king of Norway, on
condition that he would make him king of Scotland.
In the days of Alexander III., however, the king of
Norway was defeated at the battle of Largs, and the
government of the Scottish Isles came again to the king
of Scots as at the first.

The Lords of the Isles were always very powerful,
and that so early in the history of Scotland that one of
them, viz., Donald the Islander, as we have already
noticed, actually made himself the thirty-third sovereign
of Scotland. These Lords of the Islands are now
represented by Lord MacDonald, whose name is Mac-
Donald, to iudicate his descent from the Donalds who
so long lorded it in the Hebrides.

The Itelander after a time was killed by Crathilinthus,
of the blood royal, who succeeded him and reigned
peacefully for a season. In his reign, however, a war
arose between the Picts and Scots about a trifling mat-

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

131

rerful,

3ne of

ready

reign

now

Mac-
who

[nthus,
signed
a war
mat-

ter, which Buchanan fully notices. It would appear
that whilst the king was hunting near the boundaries
of the Picts, and on the Grampion mountains, he enter-
tained all his fellow huntsmen from among the Picts
most magnificently. But the Picts having stolen a
favourite dog of his, and killed the keeper of his hounds
in a scuffle which arose in consequence of the theft, Scots
and Picts rushed to arms against each other, and several
battles occasioning much bloodshed were the result.
How often do the most friendly actions of men lead to
unexpected quarrels ! Behold, too, how great a fire a

small spark may kindle. It was very unkind in the
Picts to return the king's hospitality with an act of

mean and base ingratitude, still, the Scottish king might
have afforded to forgive such a trifling injury, and should
have done so rather than involve his nation in most
deplorable hostilities. War with the Romans calling
for the united action of both Scots and Picts, they were
reconciled to each other by one Carausius after a time,
and together gave their common eneniy so much to do,
that Maximenius, who commanded the Roman legions,
had personally to visit Scotland. After a time, how-
ever, the Scots and Picts disagreed again, and the former
having preferred another king to Romastus, the heir
of Crathilinthus, who was a relation of the king of the

l! !

182

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

y^m

Picts, they took arms against each other. The Romans,
too, finding it was vain to contend with both Soots and
Piots allied, helped on the strife between them, and bri-
bed the Picts with a promise of all Scotland to come to
their- side. Thus strengthened they assailed the Scots
with novel success. The Scots under these circumstan-
ces fought with desperation, so that any advantage
gained over them was dearly paid for. We find how-
ever, that in process of time they lost their king Eugen-
ius on the battle field and were all but completely des-
troyed or dispersed. Among the fugitives were Eth-
odius, brotlier of Eugenius, along with his son Erthus,
and his nephew Fergus. These fled to Norway and re^
raained there in the expectation that time would bring
with it a change in their circumstances.

Here terminates, in our opinion, the first portion of
Scottish History. We now enter upon the second, viz :
from Fergus to Kenneth II.

Fergus being full grown and very fond of a military
life was invited back to Scotland by ambssadors from
both Picts and Scot?, the two nations having again been
brought to think that it more became them to combine
against the common foe, than to allow the Romans by
means of double dealing to get the in to destroy each
other. The Romans, too, were now in a condition to be

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

133

pitary
from
been
ibine
[nsby
each
to bo

effectually attacked, domestic discord having called their
legions from Scotland to other provinces of the empire
nearer Kome.

On arriving in Scotland, Fergus found exiles from all
quarters returning to put themselves under his com-
mand, and even Danes, ready to lend him succor.
Maximenius was now sent into Scotland to command
for Rome, and several bloody battles were fought, in
one of which Fergus him self was killed. In the days
of Fergus* son Eu genius, however, the Romans were
soundly beaten, and the gallant Graeme broke through
that wall which had been built by them across the
island, both as a menace and a defence.

When the war with the Romans had terminated, it
next broke out between the allied Picts and Scots and
the British ; and these last being beaten, it next occur-
red between the allies themselves : and the result was,
as shall be most fully noticed, that in the reign of Ken-
neth II., the sixty seventh king of Scotland, the Picts
were not only completely subdued, but nearly extirpated
out of the Island.

To return, however, to Eugenius, son of Fergus II.
It was in his reign that Saint Patrick lived, who was
to this day so great a name in Ireland, and who did for
that country, if its history may be credited, such mar-

184

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

ffit.ii

?i!

■ I

vellous things. Saint Patrick was a Scotohman, and
was born near Dumbarton. He was not a Papist, but
a Christian who knew nothing of Popish ceremonies.
The Irish generally account him a native of their own
Island, but Buchanan and other veritable historians
make no question of his having been a Scotchman. In
the reign of Eugenlus, also, the Pelagian heresy made a
noise. It is a heresy somewhat akin to what in our day
is called Morisoniani»m, but still more fraught with error.

It was in the reign of Kennatellus, the seventh king
after Eugenius, that Columba died. He was an Irish-
man, but did great things for Scotland ; he was pre-
ceptor to one of the Scottish kings, and a saint greatly
admired for his piety and learning ; he founded the Col-
lege or Monastery of lona, an Island of Scotland, of
which Dr. Johnson has written somewhat as follows : —
" That man's spirit is little to be envied whose patriot*
ism would not grow warmer on the plains of Marathon,
and whose piety would not be kindled amidst the ruins
of lona." It may here be mentioned that after this pe-
riod, if not before it, lona became the burying-place of
the kings of Scotland ; also, that now was the time
when Saint Augustine was sent to Britain by the
Church of Rome to teach the ceremonies of anti-chris-
tian worship.

It was in the reign of Achaius, the sixty-third king
of Scotland, that a treaty was first entered into between

SCOTTISH HISTORY.

185

,riot-
then,
ruins
IS pe-
ice of

time
the

chris-

king
Itween

the Scots and French. The French were then under
the Government of Charlemagne, one of the greatest of
their kings. The Scots and French were ever after>
wards allies ; nor does it appear that they were other
than hearty friends till close to the time when Scotland
was to hecome part of the same king^s dominions with
England. It answered the French kings very well to he
ahlo to incite the Scots to attack England, when the
English were making war upon France, and it as greatly
accommodated the Scots to have an ally that could
attack England on the South, when its kings were hent
on subduing them. On account of the mutual advan-
tages flowing from it, the treaty of alliance between the
Scots and French was perhaps the best kept treaty
that was ever made between two nations.

We now come again to the period of the final diflfer-
ence between the Picts and Scots. War broke out be-
tween them, because of the right, both by law and blood,
which Alpin king of Scots had to the Pictish throne,
as next heir of its former sovereigns. Alpin had to
fight hard for victory over his enemies, and lost his life
in seeking after it ; but in the days of Kenneth II., (his
son,) the Picts were entirely routed, and the authority
of the king of Scots established over all Scotland.

The stratagem which Kenneth fell upon to incite his
nobles to engage the Picts was a singular one. Find-
ing them averse to war, though his father had been

136

SCOTTISH HISTOBT.

killed by the Plots, and burning with desire to take
revenge on those who had not only slain his father, but
out off his head and stuck it on a pole ; he assembled
his nobles to a feast, and after entertaining them most
sumptuously, preparing a hall for them to sleep in on
beads of heather, he sent a person clothed in the skins
of fish which had been dried in the wind, to c>tand at
midnight among them, and suddenly through a tube to
counsel them to arise and fight. The unearthly sound
of this man's voice having caused the half drunk and
drowsy nobles to rub their eyes and look about them,
it may be imagined how much they were amazed on
perceiving that the garment of the speaker seemed to
glow with fire; they felt as thoLgh a messenger from
some other world had been sent among them, and as
the speaker contrived suddenly to escape by a concealed
passage, they continued this persuasion, until meeting
the king in the morning they were confirmed in it for
ever, by his telling them that he too had had a singular
dream which thoroughly accorded with their vision.
To it then these nobles went and fought the Picts,
until as I have before intimated, the Scottish flag
floated over every castle of the Picts, and that race
which had so loug been powerful was almost exter-
minated in Scotland.

(The above, as baa already been noticed, was mistaken by Bnehanan for
authentic history. It has no vouchers. Cbalmers' version is thoroughly
vouched.^

i.'^'.