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'W ?1 f <* aL-''" ' 1. 1 U 1 TSakcn priiietpiinr fV«n| i^liliitmen and BneliaBMit M .;' . I' BT THE REV. WILLIAM FEllRIE. A.M., AUrnOR OF THE "life of the KEV. JOnX CAKSTAIBB8, *'8IOKS OF THE TI.MES," " ItELATION WHICH PUSEYISM UUAKS TO POPEHT," &C., &C. SieOND EPITION REVISED. A. V^ intlA.pAj4T,."■' ' /" » A '"# ,.*^,, ^ -jyiji.-'i -P ^ '.i.!" h i.Mi ; r.'i' PREFACE, ::; "i ^/vn.-.-*: ;:(Vi • .; J f,' 'i''!'..(;"t -s ■ ** The first edition of thia fascicnlus was drawn up after its Author had lectured on Scottish History to an audience in St. John» New Brunswick, in which he felt much interest. „ , ; . .;,. , , ,„( As, however, he suhaequently found that a great part of Buchanan's History of Scotland (from which he had principally skimmed) was fabulous, he resolved to give forth a second edition, skimmed, so far as might be necessary, from the '' Caledonia" of the most veracious Georqe Chalmers. •.:> ■^, ■■-•-.v u-.n^---;.-;; vi:i'«; It is a misfortune that that precious work should be so scarce, and that the Pictorial History of Scotland (which is in such thorough accordance with it, and very much drawn from it,) should be so dear ; as also that brief Histories of Scotland are in general so meagre in their details about the annals of that nation before the times of Macbeth and Malcolm Cabnmore. Inas- much as this little work is gleaned from the earliest IV PREFACE. authentic records of the kingdom, it is hoped that it may be acceptable to those whose cravings after full and authoritative information are somewhat out of har- monywith their ciroumstancea. And to such as wish to know not the history of the nation only, but also that of the distinguished persons who gave it celebrity, the Extinct Peerage in the Appendix will be welcome, shewing^ as it does, at a glance, *' who was who" among the nobility from the time titles were first given in Scotland down to a period subsequent to that of which this syllabus treats. i i , Professor Maokt is a name so highly set by among ohronologists, that the statements contained in a private record kept by him, concerning the deaths, &o., of the distinguished persons of his times, are held good at law in the kingdom where they were written. . . May Scotchmen remember that the privileges they are distinguished for, in the present day, entail upon them high responsibilities, and thus take good heed so to conduct themselves as that their country shall be a proverb for that only which is good and noble. i r^ i Prbscott, Canada West, May llthf 1864. n ('♦v >• ; I '< ABSTRACT '1 ■-:'^l ■•fi ■' -': (.' :^-- OV '..<;' , ) r.'.^..,.:' ...•••» ;'. ' ". * 'i:''! ?ji r-*! '.■>'i.-< SCOTTISH HISTORY. ;(■. r*;'' ■!■■{« i^l! ' Before Buchanan wrote his History, the most oui> rageous fables were believed in connection with Scotland. He had the sagacity to see through and discard many of these, but not them all ; and it is believed, that without intending it, he has handed down to posterity a list of forty kings of Scotland that never had any existence. He opens with the reign of a Fergus, who he notices ruled about the time of Alexander the Great (some three hundred years before our Saviour's birth.) But the indefatigable and scrupulously accurate Chalmers, in his most veracious " Caledonia," has clearly shewn that the first authentic king of Scots in Scotland was Fergus, the son of Ere, who did not reign till the year of our Lord 503. This sovereign is evidently the same with Buchanan's Fergus II, for the reigns given by G SCOTTISH iiiflTonY. Buchanan, after that of Fergus II, nearly coincide with those given by Chalmers after that of Fergus, son of Ero. Buchanan, it must be remembered, does not vouch for the truth of the fir&t part of his history; he is careful at the beginning of his 4th Book to tell us that what he gives is especially what constant tradition and many criteria confirm. He speaks of the Picts as of a people who came to Scotland from Germany, by way of Ireland, and of the Scots as of a people who had migrated Arom Ireland before their arrival ; and after telling us that Plots and Scots, though for a time friendly, at last quarreled, (the Scots occupying the Highlands and the Picts the Low- lands,) he sets over them as king, Fergus, the son of Fearohard, at the date above noticed. ,,, ^v;,.; /..j.f The investigations of Chalmers, however, have set aside this version of matters altogether, and anybody who has the privilege of possessing his writings, will be convinced that his assertions are borne out by evidence the most clear and satisfactory. For the entertainment of the curious, we append to this volume Buchanan's view of matters, so far as it is at all interesting. But leaving him now, and referring our readers for our facts concerning events prior to the reign of Kenneth the _4l;-.. prOTTISn HT^TOnV. J Sireond, o^iefly to Chalmers* Caledonia, we proceed tb notice that the Romans, who had invaded Britain under Julius Cesar, shortly before our Saviour's birth, wholly withdrew from it A.D. 446. ' ,.--.. ^ Towards the close of the first century, their great general, Agricola, had penetrated into Scotland, and subdued part of it ; and after his death, SoUius Utbicus had carried his conquests to the Moray Firth; but after, it was found more troublesome to retain dominion over the subdued Caledonians than suited the condition of the Roman Empire, a great wall was built between the Firths of Forth and Clyde, shutting off the tribes to the north of these rivers, who were henceforth left to roam unmolested. .-,..: . . ^^ i Mi When the Romans first arrived in Scotland, it was divided into twenty-one tribes, each of which had its own territory, and all of which were of Celtic origin. The wall which was afterwards built, divided the sixteen lying to the north from the five which lay to the south, and thus formed two provinces or kingdoms of the same race and lineage. The kingdom of the sixteen tribes was distinguished as Piotavia, and its people called Caledonians or Picts. The people of the five tribes to the south were (although equally Picts with the othersA called Romanized Britons ; these last, during the stay of 8 SCOTTISH HISTORY. their foreign masters, were spoken of at Home as inhabi- tants of the Province of Valentiaj for Valentia was a name given to the district they peopled— -(5corta«d south of the waU)^in honor of the Roman Emperor Valens, When, however, the Romans left Britain altogether, this province of Valentia became a distinct kingdom* and had for name Strath-Clyd or Cumbria. Its capital (now Dumbarton) was called Alclyd at the first. The Picts, it is said by Skene, in his history, were divided into the Upper and Lower Picts ; that is, we presume, the Picts of the Highlands, and the Picts of the Lowlands; so far, however, as we have observed, Chalmers does not notice this distinction. The Picts were of the same family with the Caledonians and Strath-Clyd Britons, the whole of Great Britain and Ireland having been originally peopled by the same race ; viz., the Celts from Europe. The first time the name Picts was ever given to the inhabitants of Scot- land was when some Roman orator made use of the phrase " the Caledonians and other Picts," which clearly shews that at Rome all the Caledonians were accounted Picts. The story, therefore, about the Picts, that they were a separate people who left Germany, and having been refused permission to settle in Ireland, came to Scotland, is doubtless a mere piece of romance—^Cbal- SCOTTISH HISTORY. 9 mers utterly discards it. He imagines that the Caledo- nians to the north of the: wall came to be termed Pidts because they were, in comparision of the five tribes, (who were enclosed between the two walls*) '* exposed," and Peithi in the Celtic language is a word which signi- fies " exposed," — and probably the Romans finding them Peithi, called them Picti, on account of the paintings on their bodies. As yet the name Scotland had nothing whatever to do with Caledonia — that name originally belonged to Ireland. The Romans knew Scotland first as an island, which every body knows Scotland is not. Towards the close of the fifth and beginning of the sixth century, however, steps were taken by the inhab- itants of a part of Ulster, which resulted centuries afterwards, in giving the name Scotland to all North Britain. Cormac being king of Ireland, his relative Caibre-Raida, was sent to quell disturbances in Ulster. This general not being very faithful to his sovereign, took possession of thirty miles of that Province, and formed it into a distinct kingdom, which was called after him, Dalraida (Dal, signifying a part; and Dalraida, * One to the south of Talentia having been constructed by the Emperor Soverus. It ran between the river Tyne and Solway Firth. Al 10 SCOTTISH HISTORY. Baida's part.) Sometime thereafter, viz., A.D. 503, three of the sons of Ere, (one of the kings of Dalraida,) crossed the Irish sea and took possession of Cantyre, in Argyllshire. The eldest, whose name was Loam, got the district still known by the name Lorn, to the north of Argyllshire; the youngest, Angus, ruled in the Island of Isla ; and to the second, Fergus, who survived both of the others, fell the authority of king of Scots in Albyn.* He was the first king of Scots in North Britain, that is to say, the first king of those Irish, who, bringing their country's name as well as arms with them, were the first persons ever known in North Britain by the name of Scots. This Fergus L, of authentic history, is most probably the Fergus 11. of Buchanan, as we have already observed. It is only here that the fable which that learned author, no doubt, unwittingly chronicles as facts, begin to present some appearance of truth. Besides the three kingdoms of Picts, Strath-Clyd Britons and Scoto-Irish, of Argyllshire, there was at this time a fourth in Scotland called the kingdom of Saxonia, or Northurabria, and sometimes also the king- ' * The old name of Scotland, given, it is thought, because of the whiteness of its snow-capped mountains. SCO' ^H HISTORY. H dom of the Lotbians. It was for a length of time one of the kingdoms of the English Heptarchy, but extend- ing into Scotland and embracing the three Lothians» Berwickshire, Teviotdale, and contiguous lands, it must be treated of by the Scottish historian. William of Malmesbury is very full in his accounts of its history, as also is George Chalmers. It was founded by the Angles» a branch of the great Gothic family. They first touched British soil A.D. 449, but it was not till 547 that Ida founded the kingdom of Northumbria. This empire extended from the Humber to the Forth and Avon, and from the German Ocean to those '' hills that send their kindred streams to the east."* It continued a separate kingdom till subdued by Egbert, who allowed, it as a part of England, to be governed by its own Earls. Afterwards, one of these ceded to Malcolm 11. the whole of 'liat portion of it that lay within Scotland of the present day. It is maintained by some, that this part of Northumbria was given up to Malcolm I. and lost by Malcolm II., though afterwards recovered by that monarch. Whatever truth there may be in this version of matters, it is the case, at all events, that since Mal- colm the Second's day the kingdom of the Lothians, so • Chalracr's. u 600TTli9H mBTORT. far as it lay within North Britain, has belonged to the British orown. And let Scotchmen boast of the anti- quity of Scotland as a separate kingdom, as they may, it was not till the date of this cession of the Lothians that there was but one man reigning over all Scotland. Malcom the Second was the first king of all Scotland, In order to do justice to the history of North Britain, up to the date of the death of Malcolm II., it is evident the annals of no less than five distinct kingdoms must be recorded: the kingdoms, viz., of Kctavia, Strath-Clyd» the Scoto-Irish, and the Lothians ; nor would even such fulness thoroughly exhaust the subject, for there was a fifth division of the country (though not a kingdom) occupied by the Cruithne from Ulster, a people who came over in the eighth century, and as successfully invaded the Mull of Galloway, as the Scoto-Irish had previously and long before taken possession of the Mull of Cantyre. This people, though subject to the Scoto- Irish king, had, nevertheless, lords of their own to govern them, until finally deprived of this privilege in the days of Fergus, their last lord, and during the reign of Malcolm IV. Just as England was at one time a Heptarehy, Soot- land was at one time a Tetrarchy, or rather a Hexarchy^ if the Oruithnc (latterly styled the wild Scots of Gallo- m^^m SCOTTISH HIBTORT. 13 reign way) be considered a distinct colony, and if Skene's idea of a division between the Lowland and Highland Picts be correct. Let us then, before going on with the history of Scotland as a whole (which only begins during the reign of Malcolm II.,) consider separately and in succession » the history of the Picts, the Strath-Clyd Britons, the Scoto-Irish, the Goths of Sazonia or Northumbria, and the Cruithne of Galloway ; and — I. The Picts. Their kingdom was an autonomy from A.D. 446 to A.D. 843. Chalmers has clearly proved that the Picts were the Aborogines of Scotland, and the same race with its other inhabitants when the Bomans ruled. He (as has been already stated) thinks they were called Peithi, because of their being exposed, which word the Romans probably Latinized hy Pictu He has also given us a very accurate list of their kings, which we here insert for the quick instruction of all who may feel interested in such matters. Their Series. Their Names and FilialiBt. Tbeir Their Their ▲cceMiou. Relgna, Deaths, ▲.D. TiAis. A.O. 1. Drnst, the son of Erp 461 2. Talorc, the son of Aniel 461 4 466 3. Necton Morbec, the son of Erp ... 455 26 480 i hi I* t 14 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 4. Drest Gurthimmoch 480 , 5. GalananElelich 510 6. Dadrest 622 7. Drest, the son of Girom 523 Drest, the son of Wdrest, with the former 524 Drest, the son of Girom, alone ... 529 8. Gartnach, the son of Girom 534 9. Gealtraim, the son of Girom 541 10. Talorc, the son of Muirchalaich... 542 11. Drest, the son of Munait 553 12. Galam, with Aleph 554 Galam, with Bridei 555 13. Bridei, the son of Mailcon 556 14. Gartnaich, the son of Domlech ... 586 15. Nectu, the nephew of Verb 597 16. Cineoch, the son of Luthrim 617 17. Garnard, the son of Wid 636 18. Bridei, the son of Wid 640 19. Talorc, their brother 645 20. Talorcain, the son of Erfret 657 21. Gartnait, the son of Donnel 6*^1 22. Drest, his brother 667 23. Bridei, the son of Bili 674 24 Taran, the son of Entifidich 695 25. Bridei, the son of Dereli 999 26. Neshton, the son of Dereli 710 27. Drest and Elpin 725 28. Ungus, the son of Urquis 730 29. Bridei, the son of Urquis 761 30. Ciniod, the son of Wrede.ch 763 31. Elpin, the son of Beridei 775 32. Drest, the son of Talorgan 779 30 510 12 622 1 623 1 624 6 529 5 634 7 641 1 542 11 653 1 554 1 556 1 656 30 686 11 697 20 617 19 637 4 640 6 645 12 657 4 661 6J 667 7 674 21 695 4 699 11 710 15 725 6 730 31 761 2 763 12 775 31 779 5 784 I nan yet have notk tissu that Coll] orB was Dunr thum And defea SCOTTISH HISTORT. 83. Talorgan, the son of Ungus 784 34. Canaul, the son of Tarla 786 35. Costantin, the son of Urguis 791 36. Ungus (Hungus), the son of Urguis 821 37. Brest, the son of Constantin, and Talorgan, the son of Withoil 833 38. Uen, the son of Ungus 836 39. Wrad, the son of Bargoil 839 40. Bred 842 15 2i 786 6 791 30 821 12 833 t 3 836 3 839 3 842 1 843 After giving this table, Chalmers remarks, "the names of these kings are undoubtedly Cambro-British,* yet it is not easy to get their true appellations, which have been perverted by ignorance;" and he further notices, that the history of the Piots is little more than a tissue of domestic strife and foreign war. Bede notices that their king Bridei was converted to Christianity hy Columba, A.D. 565. This was Bridei, son of Maileon, or Bridei the First. In the days of Bridei the Third was fought the famous battle of Dun Nechtan (now Dunnichen), in which Egfrid, the Saxon king of Nor- thumberland, was most signally routed by that monarch. And we find that Bridei the Fourth, A.D. 699, again defeated the Northumbrians, even when fighting under * t. e. Welsh. 3 I 'it I 16 SCOTTISH HISTORY. the conduct of their celebrated leader, Berht. The tide of battle turning, however, A.D. 750, this Bridei was defeated and slain by the Saxons in Mananfield. The landing of the Yikingr or pirate kinga of Soan- danavia among the Plots, so reduced them as to prepare the ^ay for their complete defeat and conquest by the Scoto-Irish in 843. In one of the battles which they had with these invaders, the Picts lost both their king Uen and his brother Bran ; they never recovered * strength enough after this onset to be able to oppose their other enemies, so Kenneth III., son of Alpin, (and hence called Kenneth McAlpin) had no great difficulty in bringing them under the Scottish sway, in the said year. From that period (84i3) Scots and Picts have been one nation, governed by Princes of the Scoto-Irish race. Skene insists that Kenneth only subdued the low country Picts ; and that too with the assistance of the Highland Picts ; and that these last remained indepen* dent, having their own chiefs, even after the subjection of their lowland kinsmen. Be this as it may, the king- dom of the Picts, or of Caledonia, was now brought to an end; and, as Picts, the inhabitants of Scotland, after the close of the 10th century, ceased to be knovm. The capitol city of the Picts was Abernethy, in Fife, where to this day there stands one of those singular SCOTTISH HISTORY. 17 round towers, which remain the lonely, desolate, and inexplicable memoranda of long-gone aboriginal rule. ■" We now come to consider the history of — •' ):*s.-i'<^ II. The Strath-Cltd Britons, ' '' ■ Whose kingdom was also called Cambria. The Stratb- Oiyd Britons inhabited the space shut in between the two Roman walls, and consisted of five out of the 21 tribes whom the Eomans found in North Briton on their landing. This kingdom, according to Chalmers, included Lidsdale, Teviotdale, Strath-Clyd, the middle and lowest parts of Stirlingshire, and the greatest part of Dumbartonshire. The metropolis was Dum- barton, called in those days Al Clyd, and afterwards, by the Scoto-Irish, Dun Briton, which signifies the fortress of the Britons. The first king of Cumbria, after the Romans left it, was Caw, or Cawn. Driven from his kingdom, he, at the end of the fifth century went to Wales, and was suoceedfed by his son, Huail. This last was compelled, by Arthur, who was then Pendragon, (or Dictator,) to flee to Anglesey, where he was killed. Arthur succeeded him and became so much distinguished that, as Chalmers notices, from him, or the Arthur of romance, Scotland has many of its places named. He was a valorous man, and ruled from A.D. 508 till killed at the battle of Camlan, A.D. 18 SCOTTISH HISTORY. Ira 542. Marken, who suooeeded him, is famous for the opposition ho gave to Kentigern, the founder of the Glasgow Episcopate. He was succeeded by Rydderick, who, A.D. 577, defeated the Scoto-Irish king, Aidan at Ardoryth ; but afterwards allied with him, and, in co-operation with him, defeated the Saxons at Fith- anlia, or Stanenmore, Westmoreland. Owen, who, after a contest, succeeded Kydderick, slew Aidan ; and ho is the last king of the Strath-Clyd Britons, whom Chalmers names. His kingdom outlived that of the Picts, but was sadly harassed, as we shall by and by see, by the Northumbrians and the Cruithne of Gallo- way. The southern part of this kingdom was wrenched by William the Conqueror from Malcolm Caenmore, and was given by him to Banulph Meschines, to bo held by the tenure of the sword. Eanulph gave many parcels of that territory to his warlike followers as feudal lords. Thus was the Cumbrian toiritory taken fVom the Saxon kingdom, which had been surrendered to Mal- colm II by the last of its kings. The two counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, as a separate kingdom, were called Reged. After Edgar's death, A.D. 1107, David, youngest 8on of Malcolm, became Prince of the Cumbrian region, which lay to the north of a certain dividing line, but SCOTTISn HISTORY. 19 not of Cumberland, which belonged to R4nulph Mesoh. ines. But, A.D. 1136-9, King David got this also from Stephen of England, bj his arms and negotiations tos;ether. r; >. mM^' (1 . >.\1 r il- We are now arrived at a consideration of '■' ' III. The Scoto-Irish Kingdom, Begun by the Dalraid Irish, from Ulster, and which eventually absorbed all the rest. ' We have already noticed that this kingdom was founded by Fergus, son of Ere, and his brothers, and that Fergus was the first sole sovereign in Argyllshire. ' - A very valuable table of names and dates concern- ing the kings and reigns of this kingdom is given in Chalmers' Caledonia, from which the following is made : Their tSeries. Their Names, Daten of ReignB. A.O. A.D. 1. Fergus, brother of Loarn, and son ofErc 2. Domangert, son of Fergus 3. Gomgal, son of Domangert 4. Gauran, son of Domangert.. 5. Conal, son of Comgal 6. Aidan, son of Gauran 7. Eocha'bui, son of Aidan 8 Kenuethcear, son of Eocha'bui 9. Ferehar, 1st son of Eogan, and 6th in descent from Loam from 603 to 606 " 506 to 521 " 612 to 535 " 535 to 557 " 557 to 571 " 571 to 605 " 605 to 621 " 621 3 mo's „'•>' '■' ' , "' • " 621 to 637 20 SCOTTISH niSTORT. 10. Donalbreao, BonofEocha'bni from 637 to I 11 & 12. Conal II., and (12th) Dungal began with him " 642 to 662 13. Donadduin, son of Oonal II '< 6B2 to 665 14. Maolduln, son of Conal II « 666 to 681 16. Fcrcha Fada, grandson of Fer- char 1st " 681 to 102 16. Eocharmeval, son of Domangert... " 702 to 705 17. Ainbheolach, son of Fercherfada « 705 to 706 18&19. Selraoh, son of Fercherfada and Dunchabeg " 706 to 729 20. Eocha III, sonof Eocharineval.... " 720 to 733 21. Muredaoh, son of Ainbheelach " 733 to 736 22. Eogan, sonof Muredach « 736 to 739 23. Aodh Fin, son of Eocha III " 739 to 769 24. Fergus II, son of Aodh «< 769 to 772 25. Salvach II., son of Eogan " 772 to 796 26. Eocha Ammiene, sonof Aodh Fin " 786 to 826 27. Dungal, son of Selvach II " 826 to 833 28. Alpin, son of Eocha Ammiene " 833 to 836 29. Kenneth III., son of Alpin, who conquered the Picts, 843 " 83G till 843 over the Scots alone. After Fergus and his son Domangert, and Doman- gert's two sons, Congal and Gauran, had reigned, the succession devolved sometimes on the posterity of Con- gal and sometimes on that of Gauran ; and even the descendants of Loarn, Fergus' brother, came in occa- sionally for a succession. The fact is there were family feuds of a most violent and determined char- acter among the descendants of Ere, a tendency to SCOTTISH HISTOnT. || divide, as Ohalmora once and again notices, being the oharacteristic of the Celtic race. Oauran was slain fighting against the Picts. His nephew, Gongal's 8on» who succeeded him, had a troubled reign, on account of civil broils. At his death hb son Dunoha had to contend for the throne with Aidan, the son of Gauran, and was killed in battle at Loro, in Gant;yr. Oolumba> the famous Donegal monk, who had emigrated to lona^ was at this time in high repute with the Scoto-Irish, and supported the victor, Aidan. This heroic kin^ twice as an ally of the Strath-Clyd Britons, defeated the Saxons, viz., at Fethenlia, and Leithreidth, losing two of his own sons on the field. A third son, named Domangert, he lost in another contest with them^ whereat he was routed ; as he was a second time also> most signally, by the Saxons^ under Ethelfrid, in Rox- burghshire. Aidan died A.D. 606, aged 80 years, and after having reigned 3&« H« is the most distinguished of all the sovereigns of his race. His son and grandson successively swayed the sceptre after him, and both fought bravely with the Irish ; the latter, vix.. Ken* nethcear, perished in battle. It was now that the race of Loam stood out for their term of empire, and Ferohar, one of that race, reigned for 16 years. On his death, A. D. 637, the race of lit': .. 22 SCOTTISH HISTORY. : 11^ il; 4 a? Gauran again ruled, in the person of Donaldbteao< After defeats, both from the Irish and the Picts, at Moyrath and Glenmorrison, this prince was slain by a ruler of Strath-Clyd. The succession then fell to, or was re-usurped by the race of Congal, in the person of Gonal II«, who was succeeded by his two sons, one after the other- their names were Donaldwin and Maolduin. The race of Loam, profiting by the con- tentions of the two families of the race of Fergus, again prevailed ; but Fereharfada was succeeded by the race of Fergus, in the person of Eocharineval, who was a son of the assassinated Domangert, son of Maolduin. This feeble prince, whose principal experience was defeat at the hands of the Strath-CIyd Britons, was succeeded by Ainbheealaoh-inhaith, a prince of the race of Loam. Dethroned by his brother Selvach, he, after an exile in Ireland of twelve years, returned to Scotland, and tried to retake the throne of Argyllshire ; unhappily, how- ever, he perished in battle, A. D. 719, " among the mountains of Loam." The victorious Selvach had part of his dominions taken from him by z. rival of the race of Congal, named Dunchabed, whose successor, Eocha, kept up the division of the empire with equal success. Selvach was confined to the family district of Lorn, but on his death Eocha became king of this part of the empire also. SCOTTISH HISTORY. 23 9naldbreao< e Picts, at i slain by a 1 fell to> or e person of ) sonS) one Idwin and )y the con- rgus, again by the race .0 was a son lain. This as defeat at succeeded e of Loam. an exile in d> and tried }pily, how- among the sh had part of the race 3or, Eocha, [lal success. TLorn, but part of tho The race of Loam again succeeded in the person of Muredach, but, on this occasion, peacefully. Muredach fell at, or after, the battle of Cunie Coirbre, which he waged against Ungus, king of the Picts, who had very justly punished the abduction of his niece, Forai (by Pungal, the son of Selvaoh) by wasting Lorn with fire and sword. Eogan, his son, succeeded and fought against the Picts. He was followed by Aodhfin, the son of Eocha, who succeeded Selvach. He was of the race of Gauran, and assumed the soyereignty, and, being a great warrior, gave battle to the Picts at their capitoj of Abemethy (or Fortevoit). He died A. D. 769. His son Eocha, (who is called Achains by Buchanan,) was the third king after him. Of the other two there is nothing to record. Eocha married Urgusia, the daughter of Urguis and sister of two Pictish kings ; and, after his death, although the race of Loam furnish- ed an immediate successor to him, yet his son Alpin reigning, the blood of both Scoto-Irish and Picts for the first time flowed in the veins of an Argyllshire sovereign. Alpin perished in battle, it is believed, fighting against the men of Galloway, and was succeeded in 836 by his famous son Kenneth McAlpin, who, in 843, defeating the Picts entirely, united the crowns of Argyle and Caledonia, and became monarch of all 24 SCOTTISH niSTOBY. I Scotland, except Galloway, Strath-Clyd, and the Lothians. .■;.;;■;-■;•,..: ■ •':.■■:•—'-..; ■^Jj-'i' '••■n' We come now to treat of — ■' ; . :• s IV. NORTHUMBBIA, SAXONIA, OR THE LOTHIANS, The Angles, Chalmers tells ns, were the first tribe of Goths that ever came to Britain, and they made their appearance first A. D. 449. . * > Ida, (who, we are told,* was a descendant of Belog, son of Woden,) who first contrived the Northumberland monarchy, invaded Britain A.D. 547, when Talorg was ruling among the Picts, and Gauran among the Scoto- Irish, and Rydderich in Strath-Clyd. Ida extended the Northumbrian monarchy from the Humber to the Forth, but was killed by Owen A.D. 559. He was succeeded by ^Ua or Alia, in whose day it was that the captive youths from Northumbria, ex- hibited for sale at Rome, elicited the celebrated remark of the Pope. He was, according to William of Malmes- bury, succeeded by Ida's son Ethelric, who reigned five years. Chalmers, however, mentions Bthelfred, who was son of Ethelrjc and son-in-law of Alia, (having married his daughter Acca,) as his successor. This Ethelfred defeated the Scoto-Irish king, Aidan, A.D. 603, but in A.D. 617 fell a sacrifice to civil discord, his "William of Malmesbury, fioomsH HieroBT^ 25 and the iOTHIANB. rst tribe of made their r. ... ; of Belog, umberland ralorg was the Seoto- \ extended uber to the 1086 day it mbria, ex- ;ed remark )f Malmes- 10 reigned Ethelfred, a, (having sor. This idan, A.D. iscord, his Boeptre being assumed by Edwin, son of Alia, by whom, though his brother-in-law, he was not only opposed, but slain% This Edwin became by far the most potent of the Northumbrian kings. He was a terror to British, English, Scots, and Picts, alike. It was from him that the capitol of Scotland Edinburgh, derived its name, and he is noticed in history as Edwin the Great. Having taken for his wife* Ethelburga, daughter of King of Kent, by Bertha, a daughter of the Royal House of France, he is saidf to have been con« verted, with most of his subjects, from Paganism to the Christian faith by means of Polybius, a priest, whom she brought with her. The conversion, however, must have been merely a devout imagination, for so soon as he was killed, the Northumbrians apostatized to their former infidelity. Killed whilst contending against Cadwalla, King of the Britons, and Penda King of the Mercians, he was succeeded A.D. 634 by Oswald in part of his dominions, the remainder, called Bernicia, was ruled by Eanfrid, son df Ethelfrid. Oswold and Eanfrid were brothers, (being both sons of Ethelfrid and Acca,) so without much difficulty the • The Queens of England before the Conquest, t Chalmers' Caledoaia. ' >. 16 fCOTTISH BIST0R7. former succeeded the latter, and thus re-united the kingdom, after having destroyed Oadwalla, who had filain hoth Eanfrid and Osric, and usurped the govern- ment of Northumbria. Killed, however, whilst fighting against Penda, King of the Mercians, he was succeeded, A.D. 643, by Oswi or Oswy, (for there is authority for both spellings of this name,) his brother, a valorous man, who chastised the Scoto-Irish^ overran Prelavia, gave to perdition Penda, King of the Mercians, and became supreme over those that ruled Mercia. Oswy's wife was Ethelburga*s daughter, by Edwin the Great. Her name was Enfleda, and her life is given by Mrs. Hall. At his death he was succeeded by his son Egfrid, A.D. 671. " At this Epoch," says Chalmers, " the Northumbrian kings appear to have pushed their conquests and established their power from sea to sea ; and the city of Carlisle was emphatically theirs till it was given by Egfrid to Cutbbert, A.D. 685." Egfrid is supposed to have vanquished the Picts, and to have assailed the Irish, A. D. 684, in an expedition com- manded by Berht. In A.D. 685 he marched against the Picts, but at Dun XTechtan (Dunnichan) he was defeated by Bridei, and slain. He was buried in lona. " So complete was his overthrow that his government shrunk to the south of the Tweed ; the Soots were SCOTTISH HISTORY. 27 lited the who had 3 govern - t fighting acceededy authority i valorous Prelavia, iians, and . Oswy's bhe Great, n by Mrs. J his son Chalmers, shed their sea to sea ; eirs till it Egfrid nd to have ition corn- ed against ,n) he was id in lona. [overnment 3oots were Si' freed from the terror of his name ; the Strath-Clyd Britons resumed their ancient rights, and the limits of the Northumbrian kingdom never regained their former extent, nor did the power of the Northumbrian rulers ever regain its recent ascendency, though the Angles remained within their appropriate territory without distinctly acknowledging perhaps any particular sover- eign."* Sprung of such a brave father as Oswy, and such a renowned warrior as Edwin the Great, it would appear he was too much a lover of the battle-field for his country's good. Mercia became lost to Northumbria under his reign. His father, after killing Penda, its king, had allowed that man's son to govern it because of his being married to his daughter. On the death of this second Penda, he himself had assumed the government — but only to govern for some three years. Egfred was succeeded by the learned Alfrid, a natural son of his father Oswy, and this prince was succeeded by his young son Osrid, who came to the throne when but 8 years old, to be killed after a reign of 11 years, through the hostility of his friends. Osrid was succeeded, A.D. 716, by Kenrid, his servant, who was, two years after, killed, and Osric succeeded. He was another of Osrid's * Chalmers' Caledonia. 88 SCOTTISH BI8TOBV. ?v enemieS) and was also killed, after reigning, like him» eleven years. Geolwulf, seventh in descent from Ida, next came to the throne A.D. 729, and, being a con*- temporary of Bede, the Historian, was offered, by that author, his history for correction. Abdicating and becoming a monk, Geolwulf was succeeded by his cousin Eadbert A. D. 758. Eadbert carried the Saxon arms into Kyle and Cunningham, and sacked Al Clyd, (Dumbarton,) the capital city of the Cum- brians. He, too, preferring a cowl to a crown, was succeeded by Osulf, his son, who only reigned one year* and, beiig slain, was succeeded by Ethel wald, (who is by some called Moll.) Ethelwald was a usurper, and^ being expelled by Alcred, after having reigned from A.D. 759 to A.D. 765, was succeeded by his victor. He in turn, after reigning for nino years and part of a tenth, was compelled by his countrymen to retire, supplanted by Ethel red, the son of Ethelwald. Ethel- red, after reigning five years, had to make way for a time before other candidates for the throne. Alfrid was the first of these, who, after a reign of 11 years, was assassinated. Osred, nephew of this last, and son of Alcred, was the next, but he enjoyed the throne for only one year« for, at the expiration of that time, Ethelred returning, he was put to death. Ethelred is :a» Pi SCOTTISH HISTORY. 29 ke bim» om Ida* g a con* by that ing and by his tied the d saoked le Cum- wn, was one year* , (who is per, and> led from is victor, part of a to retire* Ethel- way for a Alfrid 11 years* ;, and son hrone for hat time, thelred is sometimes also called Ethelbert. He was murdered just four years after having consented to the murder of Osred, the 21st sovereign, whom he might have saved. His death happened A. D. 794. After his death anarchy ensued, and distracted the kingdom for thirty three years. Chalmers says, ''Northumberland was thenceforth governed by Earls, who tried to rule a dis- tracted people, under the sovereign authority of the Eng- kings."* And William of Malmesbury thus writes: After his murder, '' no one durst ascend the throne." The last editor of his works, however, remark?, " this is not quite correct," and mentions the names of Osbald and Earlduff as respectively his successors. The Danes now seized the country, but thirty-three years after Ethelred's death, Egbert made Northumberland a Prov- ince of England, leaving it to be governed by its own Earls. Finally, in the days of Malcolm II., the then Earl of Northumberland was obliged, as has been previously noticed, to cede to that Scottish monarch all the terri- tory of the kingdom of Northumbria, presently in- cluded in North Britain, viz., the three Lothians, Ber- wickshire, Teviotdale, &c. Chalmers is of opinion that as in the Teutonic * Chalmers' Caledonia, vol. 1, p. 157. 80 SCOTTISH HISTORY. language, Lotting, Lothing,* Lodding, signifies a special jurisdiction on the marches ; it must be from this word that the name Lothians was given to the kingdom of Northumbria, so far as it was Scotch. Cumbria proper was wrested from Malcolm III., (Caenraore) by William the Conqueror, as we have already seen ; but David, youngest son of Malcolm, finally recovered all by his regulations and arms together. V. The Oruithne, or Wild Scots of Galloway, Came over from Ulster in the 8th century, on the fall of the Northumbrian King, and settled in Galloway, which those kings had ravaged. They acquiesced in the rule of the Argyllshire kings, under Lords of their own ; their last was Fergus, as we have already seen ; for Malcolm lY.'s reign terminated this imperiuni in imperio. Kenneth IL (MacAlpin) having, as we have noticed, deprived the Picts of all power any more to disturb the peace of this people, there came a new enemy to Scotland, in the days of Constantino II., in the Danes, who it is said were invited by the Picts, and who, * Chalmers' Caledonia, page 259. ¥ Mi Im III., we have Malcolm, ad arms LLOWAY, n the fall xalloway, iesced in \ of their idy seen ; erium in 3 noticed, ) disturb jnemy to le Banes, and who. -■I •OOTTIBH HISTOBT, 81 contending M'ith Constantino, defeated him, near Crail, in Fifeshire, and afterwards killed him in a cave there, which has been shown to the writer of these histori- cal notices as the place of the slaughter of that monarch. Constantine's remains were afterwards buried in lona. The Danes having taken possession of Dublin, assailed Scotland, both from the east and the west, and in the reign of one of Kenneth's immediate successors, actually took possession of the capital of the Strath-Olyd king- dom, viz.: Alclyd, (Dumbarton.) They were the death of other two Scottish kings also, viz. : Donald TV., son of the king who was murdered near Crail ; and Indulf, son of Constantino III. Donald lY., it seems, after having slain the leader of the Danes, fell in battle himself. This Donald lY. had not been his father*s immediate Buccitissor. Aodh, (or Hugh,) Constantine's brother, had succeeded him, as also one Grigg, a usurper, absurdly designated by the monks of his time, because of his munificence to them, "Gregory the Great," who had rebelled against Hugh. The people, however, having deposed Grig, Donald at last filled his father's throne ; to meet, as we have already seen, with something like his father's fate. Constantino III., Donald's son, who succeeded him ; was also annoyed with these northern 33 tOOTTIBR HIBTORT. pirates. They attacked Dunkeld in his day» (A.D. 903,) and contrived to sustain more than one defeat before being effectually suppressed. A victory, however, which Constantine achieved against them at Tinmore gave the kingdom deliverance from their violence for a season. Scotland was next troubled in his reign by an inva- sion from Athelstan» of England. Various reasons are assigned for this outburst, but it is evident tL4> real reason can scarcely now be discovered. So it was» however, that, defeated at a place called Brunanburgh,^ (A.D. 937) Constantine abdicated and became Abbot of the Culdees, at St. Andrews. Ho was succeeded by Malcolm I., son of D-^nald IT., to whom Cumberland and Westmoreland were ceded by Edmund the Elder, of England, who had conquered them. Formerly these counties had been a distinct kingdom, under the name of Bcged.f Edmund, however, had ter- minated that kingdom by defeating Dunmail, its last British sovereign. Having been assassinated, Malcolm I. was succeeded by Indulf, son of Constantine III., who, like Constantine II. and Donald lY., (as has • Taylor's History of Scotland, Vol. I., page 34. t lb., page 34. ■3i V (A.D. e defeat lowever, rinmore ]ce for a an inva- reasocs lent itiii it wa8» iburgh,* B Abbot I IV., to eded by dthem. ingdom, had ter- its last yfaloolm ne III., (as has 4. lOOTTISp HISTORY. It »lready been noticed,) was killed in fighting against the Danes. His troops, however, were successful in the end ; their victory was gained in Banflfshire, A.D. 961, At what is called the battle of the Bauds. The next two kings were Dutf, son of Malcolm I., and Gulen, son of Indulf. The first had to contend with the second for the crown, and only gained it for four years and a half; for in the year A.D. 965, he was both defeated and assassinated. Culen, who succeeded, was slain, A.D. 970, by the Britons of Strath-Clyd, in revenge for an indecent out rage which he had perpetrated on the daughter of their king. Kenneth III., son of Malcolm I., next ascended the throne, A.D. 970, a prince whose reign is memorable on account of his having defeated Dunwallon, the last sovereign of the Strath-Clyd Britons, and added the kingdom of Cumbria to that of the Plots and Scots. By him the Danes also were signally defeated at Lun- carty, near Perth, and a new arrangement was made as to succession to the crown. In order to insure his son Malcolm succeeding him he had the law which authorised the eldest male among the king's nearest relatives to succeed him, and styled him Tanist, (or nearest heir to the throne) set aside, and secretly Bl •4 ■COTTIBH HIBTORT. poisoned Malcolm, the son of his elder brother, DulF, who was Tanist, before he died, (hat he might not interpose hostilities after his decease. Trouble, how- ever, afterwards arose, in the succession which Kenneth had not anticipated, but which the Lord evidently ordered to teach men that treachery and cruelty are not the things, but rather the very opposite by which to establish dynasties. Treachery and cruelty were the occasion ultimately of death to himself. Having, after quelling an insurrection in the Mearns, wan- tonly caused the son of the chief of that province to be put to death, he was, some time afterwards, cajoled by Fenella, the mother of the boy, to pay her a visit at Fettercairn, her castle, and there assassinated, as might have been expected. Fen- ella's triumph, though complete, was short ; for ** imme- mediately after the commission of the murder, she fled down a valley still called Ilrath Fenella, to a place in the Parish of Fordun, where she was overtaken and put to death. This event took place A.D. 994; after Kenneth had reigned twenty-four years.* Before Malcolm could make his way to the throne, Gonstantine, the son of Culen, had reigned, as Con- • Taylor's History of Scotland, Vol. 1, pago 36. ler, Duff, light not bio, how- Kenneth evidently y are not which to Ity were Having, ns, wan- province terwards, , to pay nd there d. Fen- r ** imme- ', she fled ice in the id put to Kenneth e throne, as Con- 36. ■I ■COTTIBH HISTORY. 85 stantine IV., for a few months, and his conqueror, Ken^ neth IV., son of Duflf and younger brother of the Tanist, Malcolm, whom Malcolm II. had murdered, had also mounted the throne. Indeed it was only after the battle of Monivaird, at which he defeated and slew Kenneth, that Malcolm saw his way clear to the suc- cession. Malcolm II., however, succeeded Kenneth IV., and reigned with great ecldt for thirty years. He beat the Danes in two gceat battles, one near Mortlaok and the other at Aberlemno, and compelled them, on their sustaining a third defeat, at the hand of one of his Meormors, in ^the Parish of Cruden, to enter into an agreement to withdraw and attack the kingdom no more. Thus were those Danish Norsemen completely baulked in their attempts to serve Scotland as they had done both Dublin and England. Their annoying invasions of ^Scotland were made from A.D. 866 to A.D. 1014,* and had thus lasted nearly a century and a half. Malcolm, before any of these battles, had given his second daughter, Dovadu, to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney* one of these Danish Vikings; but this did not prevent that Chief's opposing him, nor does the treaty that Malcolm made with his enemies seem to have prevented the Eirldora of Orkney from being held by the • Taylor's History of Scotland, Vol. 1, p. 37. 86 SCOTTIflH HIBTOBr. P n' !■: ,1 despendafits of Sigurd for various generations. That Earldom was enjoyed by his son, his grand-son, and his great-grand-Bon, and was carried by the daughter and heiress of this last, by marriage, into that of Madoch, Earl of Athol, with whose female representative in the third generation it passed into the family of the Earls of Strathern, and finally rested with the St. Glairs, Earls of Orkney. Sigurd's father had been Earl of Orkney before him ; and this person was a brother of Uie famous RoUo the Dane, son of Bogenwald, Jarl of Maere, in Norway, who took Normandy from France, and was forefather of William the Conqueror. The Earls of Maere had a relationship to the royal houses of Trondheim, Sweden, Holmgard and Berick, and seem to have had even more than royal ambition in their veins. After settling matters with the Danes, Malcolm II. ihad to contend with* Uchtred, Earl of Northumber- land. It is said he was defeated by him at Wark, on the Tweed, but that Uchtred, immediately after the battle, being assassinated by the Danes, the Lothians were ceded by his brother Eadulf Cudel to Malcolm, to induce him to abstain from further invasion. This arrangement constituted the representative of Fergus, "? 1? Vii': * Taylor's History, Vol. 1, pa^e 37. ■I SCOTTISH BISTORT. m the first of the Scoto-Irish sovereigns of Argylshire, king of all Scotland, and the first, (unless Wallingfrid's idea that the Lothians were first ceded to Maleolm 1st he true) that could ever legitimately call himself hy that name. It was effected A. D. 1020. From this Uchtred descended, through his daughter Algetha, Gos- patrick, the first Earl of Danhar and March, whose descendant, in the days of Bruce, was one of the aspirants to the Scottish throne, heing " grand-daughter* of King Kenneth IV., surnamed the Grim, who was slain fighting against King Malcolm." This King Kenneth had heen a son of Duff and a younger brother of the prince Malcolm, who, as Tanist, had heen murdered. Some time after a dispute, which he had subsequently to the cession of the Lothians, with Canute king of J^ng- land, which was amicably settled, Malcolm died, and was buried in lona. The date of his death was A.D. 1033. Having left no son, he was succeeded by his grandson, Duncan. Duncan was the eon of his daughter Bethoc, and the only child he had besides Dovada, whom he had given to Sigurd, Earl of Orkney. The story of McBetb, as given by Shakespere, from Holingshed, is well known, but is altogether erroneous. On this point * Taylor'B History of Scotland, vol. 1, page 38. SCOTTISH HISTORY. ? Sir John B. Burke, in his Visitations, under the head- ing Glamis Castle, thus writes, " In his immortal tra- gedy, Shakespere has entirely failed in giving an historical view of the circumstances. Had he done so be would have invested his principal characters with tenfold interest. MacBeth was Maormor of Boss, son of Finligh, a great noble who had been slain in battle by Malcolm II. A.D. 1020. Gruach was heiress of the elder line of Celtic sovereigns, and her grandfather had been murdered by Malcolm II., the head of a younger line. He jealously pursued her, and he burnt her father-in-law, Maolbride, the Mormor of Moray, and her husband, with fifty of their clan, within her castle, in the year 1032. The lady Gruach fled with Lulach, her infant son, to the protection of MacBeth, who was her husband's cousin, and who ruled the neighbouring province of Ross. In the meantime the aged tyrant died, as seems probable, in the older castle of Glamis, leaving two daughters his co-heiresses, the one wife of Crinan, Abbott of Dunkeld, and the other wife of Sigurd, the Scandinavian Earl of Orkney. Both of theso princesses had issue, and their descendants are of course joint heirs of the royal Celtic race. The inheritance of Malcolm's crown fell to Duncan, the son of his daughter who had married Crinan, the Abbot. Meanwhile, the 4 t V I lill t' I, SCOTTISH HISTORY. 89 the head> ortal tra- ^iving an e done so ters with Ross, son in battle •ess of the ather had I younger )urnt her jT, and her castle, in 1 Lulach, . who was ;hbouring ed tyrant f Glamis, tie wife of of Sigurd, of theso of course ritance of i daughter wb'Ie, the I 'r V f :,e' injured Gruach was nursing vengeance. She had mar- ried her protector, MacBetb, and the policy of the young king invested him with the additional Maormor- ship of Moray, which had belonged to his uncle Mol- bride, in the hope of making him his friend. But Lady MacBeth was implacable, and, before Duncan had reigned six years she had avenged upon him all the wrongs which his grandfather had heaped upon her and her house. Duncan was a young man at the time of his death, in 1039. His father, Crinan, the Abbot of Dunkeld, attempted, unsuccessfully, to maintain the cause of his family. MacBeth was all-powerful, and reigned gloriously from A. D 1039 to A.D. 1056, when he in his turn was slain by the son of Duncan, then grown to man's estate, and aided by the Saxons. Yet even after MacBeth's death, his wife's son, Lulaoh, reigned for six months, and, according to our idea of succession, he was much better entitled to the crown than the posterity of Duncan, who now reign ; because he was of the older branch of the great Celtic Royal House." - ■■ ■-' ' ^»-'- '• - '•■ ■■''■■'■■ Malcolm Caenmore, who slew MacBeth, had been brought up in England, and hence imbibed a great love for the Saxons and a spirit to help them in their hour of trial at the hands of the Conqueror. Accordingly, 40 SCOTTIBH HISTORY. Scotland swarmed with Eoglisb fugitives in hisda^, and the best of places were thrown open to them. Among those who fled to Scotland at this time were Margaret and her brother Edgar Atheling. Margaret, who ultimately became sole heiress of the Saxon kingf landed at Queen's Ferry, which derived its name from that circumstance, she becoming shortly thereafter the wife of Malcolm III. It is understood that by thif prince the title of Earl was created in Scotland, and» up to this time, second names, or surnames, do not seem to have been used. His love for, and introduction of, Eaglish people and customs, led to many changep in Scotland as regarded the customs and usages of the people. A groundless demand on the part of William Bufus, that Malcolm should do him homage, so incensed that high spirited king that he raised an army and entered Northumberland, devastating all around him. This was the step that led to his untimely death ; for, while besieging Alnwick Castle, in Northumberland, he was unexpectedly assailed and slain by a Northumbrian Earl named Robert Mowbray. His affectionate Queen did not long survive him ; his- torians tell a great deal of her piety. She seems to have been a devoted Papist^ which of course was the acme of excellence in those dark ages. .ft- J4, fiCOTTISH HISTOBf . 41 n his da^, to them, time were Margaret, ixon kingf lame from 'eafter the tat by thi§> bland, and, )s, do not troductiou ly changep ges of the f William >mage, so raised an bating all I to his Castle, in liled and Mowbray. Although Malcolm left eight children, of whom six were sons, he was succeeded uy his brother, Donald Bane, who had entered into an arrangement with the King of Norway that, if he should help him to seize the Scottish crown, he should succeed him as Lord of the Isles. This infamous agreement terminated as Donald wished, but, after reigning but a few months, he was driven from power by Duncan, natural son of Malcolm, with the aid of the Normans and English ; and, although on the assassination of Duncan, which very shortly thereafter occurred, he returned j yet, after reigning other two years, he was defeated by Edgar Atheling, with his nephew (^Malcolm's son Edgar,) who put out his eyes, " Donald Bane* died at Borcabie, in Forfarshire, and with him terminated the line of the Scottish kings." This happened A.D. 1097. Hence- forth Saxon as well as Celtic blood flows in the veins of the Scottish Royal family. John Cummyn claimed the throne several genera- tions after .Donald's death, as the descendant of his daughter, Bethoc, (or Beatrice.) He was her great great grandson through her daughter Hexild, who had • Taylor's History of Scotland, vol, 1, page 44. 4d SCOTTISH HISTORY. i.5t ^\ married his great grandfather, Richard Cummyn. — Richard's son was William, who was father of another Richard, whose son William was John's father. Four of Malcolm's sons in succession, (the first of whom was illegitimate,) succeeded Donald ; their names were Duncan, Edgar, Alexander, and David ; none, however, but the fourth, viz., David, had children. This David was a much beloved and excellent prince, and enlarged the dominions of the Scottish kings by marrying a daughter of the Earl of Northumberland, who was also a great-grandson of William the Con- queror, by whom he obtained Northumberland and Huntingdon as a dowry. For these two last places he had of course to do homage to the king of England, just as the king of England had to do homage to the king of !b'rance for the property he owned in Franco. David's doing homage for these two provinces has made some assert that the kings of Scotland wer^ but vassals of the king of England. But David did not do homage either for Scotland, or as the king of Scotland ; he only did homage for part of England, and that as the husband of a subject of England's king. King David had a son named Henry who gave the most brilliant promise of being an excellent monarch, but it pleased the Lord to remove him from among t h '"m it" M SCOTTISH HISTORY. 48 ummyn. — of another ir. the first of Id ; their d David ; i children, int prince, i kicgs by imberland, the Con- rlaud and places he England, ige to the n France. has made )ut vassals 1 not do Scotland ; d that as gave the monarch, m among ■■# men before his father's death. In these circumstances, David, when he found his own end draw near, divided hig property, so as to give his eldest grand-child by Henry the right of succession ; the next, Northumber- land ; and the third, Huntingdon. Consequently when he died, Henry's children were known as Mal- colm the Fourth, William, Earl of Northumberland, and David, Earl of Huntingdon. Malcolm IV. was a very weak and effeminate king^ and allowed Henry of England to dupe his brother out of Northumberland and to make himself do hom- age for the throne of Scotland. He allowed him also to take him over to France to appear as an enemy of the king of that country, who was the hereditary ally of the Scots. All these things had a tendency to make Malcolm's subjects weary of his government, but all attempts at rebellion were quashed, and Malcolm ruled during all his days. Somerlid the Thane of Argyle gave much disturbance at this time, for having married the daughter of the king of Mann, he aspired to be a king himself; but Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, defeated the unruly Thane, and made him ultimately keep within the bounds of propriety. From this Somerlid, some of the noble families of the present day in Scot- 44 SCOTTISH HISTORY. land derive descent, if the leaves of the peerage are to be depended on. Malcolm's successor was his brother William, for Malcolm had a professedly relij^ious dread of matri- mony, (though he had illigitiraate issue) and never married. William is best known under the designa- tion William the Lion, which designation was most probably given to him on account of his wearing the figure of a lion rampant upon his shield, which is to this day the escutcheon of the Scottish kings. William fought with Henry, the king of England, in order to recover Northumberland. In an engagement entered on at Alnwick with this view, be was taken prisoner, and his own dominions invaded by his captor; for Henry deemed the juncture favourable to his designs upon Cumberland. The army of Henry, however, was beat by Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, the same Earl who had both quelled Somerlid and quieted the rebel- lions against Malcolm. This man was married to the King's sister, but, suspecting her of infidelity, he mur- dered her. This led to his being disgraced by William, notwithstanding his suppressing a rebellion in Gallo- way ; but his future victory over Donald Bane so filled the nation with admiration of him that he was fully re-established in the king's favour. William was ;l BCOTTtBtt HtBTORY. a restored to the Soots on specip^ onditions; as, for example, the surrender of certain of their castles. These, however, were afterwards given back by th^ generous Coour-de-Lion', and the king, in consequence, sent a detachment from Scotland, headed by his brother David, Earl of Huntingdon, to aid Richard's enterprise against the Saracens. William had a son drowned, owing to an inundation of the river Tay, which also destroyed the town of Berth, through which it flowed. William caused another town to be built in place of Berth, and changed its name to Perth. Alexander, son of William, succeeded him, A.D. 1214, and, being a brave Prince, fought with King John, of England, and beat him even to Eichmond * he ought to have followed him farther, but John had agreed with the Pope to do homage to that Bishop as a vassal. John being poisoned, Alexander married his daughter, who shortly afterwards died childless, whilst on a pilgrimage to Canterbury with the Queen of England. Alexander susbequently married a daughter of Ingelram de Couce, in France, A. D. 1239, and by her had his son Alex- ander, who succeeded him. During this reign a quar- rel raged between the Bissets and Patrick of Galloway, Earl of Athol, on account of a fire which consumed the Inn of the latter, when the King was staying in it 49 BCOTTtSH BISTORT. at Haddington. Bisset had to retire to Ireland, where, (says Buchanan, translated by Aikman,) " he left a noble family of his name." It was during Alexander's reign that a second Somerlid, the son of the former, stirred up new disturbances. This rebel was subdued by Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March, and obtained a pardon. Alexander II. died, aged 50, A.D. 1249, in the thirty-fifth year of his reign. Alexander III., His son, thus becamo king whilst only eight years old, and, being an only son, was married in his nonage to Margaret^ daughter of Henry of Eng- land, and sister of Edward I. He was indebted to Henry for making his nobles agree with him, but, as we shall afterwards see, this marriage was pro- ductive of fearful troubles to Scotland. It was on the occasion of his returning with his wife from England, that Walter Cummin, Earl of Monteath, governor of Edinburgh castle, would not allow him to reside there. Monteath, however, was obliged to surrender the fortress to Patrick Dunbar. The Cummins of Buchan, as well as those of Monteath, and beside these the Earls of Atholl and Marr, all gave him much trouble, but peace was restored, owing to Walter Cummin's death, which was occa- SCOTTISH HISTORY. 47 fiioned by poison, said to have been administered to him by his own wife. This woman was an Englishwoman. In 1263, Haco, king of Norway, laid claim to the Islands of Arran Bute, and the two Cumbrays, all situated in the Firth of Clyde, but was defeated with the loss of 16,000 men at the battle of Largs, in which the Scots only lost 5,000. Not satisfied with this defeat, as a decision of who should possess the Scottish Isles, Magnus, son of Haco, next tried to invade Scotland, but, finding that the Scots had taken the Tale of Mann, he compromised the matter by agreeing that Alexander's daughter should marry his son Eric, called also Hangon. Alexander III. weakly conceded much to the Romish priests, because they were troublesome ; as if a fire might be extinguished by being well supplied with fuel. He was alarmed, however, because of the proceedings of Thomas A. Becket in England. He lost, much about one time, his two sons, David and Alexander, and his daughter, Eric's wife, whereupon he married a second time. But, happening to be riding within a year after this, at Kinghorn, about the year 1286, his horse fell with him over a high cliff, which occa- sioned his death. The place where he fell is close to n .ix III 48 BCOTTISH HIBTORY. the rails, and may be seen by the traveller through Fife, shortly after he leaves Burntisland, on his right hand as he passes the first heights to his left. The death of Alexander was the occasion of great difficulties to Scotland, moro particularly as it was soon followed by that of his grand-daughter Mar- garet, the maiden of Norway, his only legitimate descendant. The offspring of his grand-uncle David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother of Malcolm IV., and of William the Lion, bein^ numerous, it was a difficult thing to determine which of these should be declared King in his room. The Earl, besides a son who died without issue, had had three daughters, Mar^ garet, Isabel, and Ada, each of whom had posterity. Margaret, the eldest, had married Allan of Galloway, and had borne to him two daughters, the eldest of whom, Divorgel, had married John Baliol, and the eecond (Majory) John Cummyn. Balliol by Divor- gel, had had a son John, who, naturally enough, claimed to be accounted nearest heir to the throne, but, as he was only a great-grandson of David, Earl of Huntingdon, it was thought by many that Robert Bruce, who was son of David's second daughter, Isabel, was a nearer representative, though not de- scended of a first-born child. There can be no doubt SCOTTISH HISTOBT. 49 that Balliol had the best title to the sac^ession, as the law now decides such questions, but laws were not then as they are now. Oomjn (or Cummyn, or Cummin) also claimed the throne, as the heir of line and representative of King Donald Bane, who had died without male issue In this state of matters the ques- tion was referred to Edward I. of England to settle ; and he, unding Balliol the softest, as well, perhaps, as the nearest heir of line, gave decision iu his favour. Balliol consequently reigned for several years. Soft as he was, however, he was not the man to stomach every affront, and, having beon summoned by Ed- ward, when in London, to plead his cause before him (as though he, Edward, were his sovereign,) against Earl MacDuff, of Fife, who had appealed to Edward under distressing circumstances, he, imme- diately on his return to Scotland, refused to main- tain his allegiance to England, and entered into alliance with France. This brought Edward's army to the north, as might have been expected, and to the siege successively, of such castles as Berwick and Dunbar, which lay most in tho way. These being taken, and the King's army advanced even to Forfarshire, Balliol felt it to be his interest to surrender himself to Edward, who carried him 50 SCOTTISH HISTORY. m priaoa«r to England, and ultimatelj sent him to France. ' It was now that William Wallace came forth from his obscurity, as one zealous for his country's rightSr and achieved such victories and performed such exploits, as it is unlikely will ever be forgotten. He was beat, however, at the battle of Falkirk, owing principally to the jealousy of the nobility, who scorned to be commanded by a commoner} conse^ quently he withdrew himself from prominent action^ still retaining his indomitable patriotism. Edward, owing to this victory, overran Scotland, and got all the people of distinction to own allegiance to him, but Wallace only. Bruce, after this battle, having been insulted by the English, one of whom said of him, as he sat down to dinner with blood upon his hands, " Bo you see that Scotchman eating his own blood?" left the English rankf^, and, in concert with John Comyn, (commonly called the Red Comyn) grandson of David, Earl of Huntingdon, concerted a plan for their mutual advantage. Comyn, how- ever, (being Bruce' s friend only in appearance,) took advantage of Bruce's being in London, after this, to apprise the King of England that he was against hioi. Obtaining timely notice of which, Bruce, SCOTTISH HISTORY. &X on a horse with the shoes nailed upon its hoofs the wrong way, proceeded through the snow with utmost haste to Scotland. There, having intercepted fur- ther treacherous despatches of Oummyn, he went to Dumfries and confronted his kinsman within the walls of one of its churches. The result was, Oum^ myn disowned all participation in the treachery, and denied his own writing, itoc, which so exasperated Bruce that he stahbed him in the church. It is noticed by historians that, at this time, Bruce had two friends, Lindsay and Kirkpatrick, who, seeing him coming out of church to mount his hors e, and looking very pale, asked him what was the matter Bruce replied, '* I doubt I have killed the Red Comyn." " Can you let such a thing remain a doubtful matter," said Kirkpatrick, " I'll mak siccar," and, so speaking, he went into the church and saw that Cummyn was completely slain. It is from this man that the Kirkpatricks of Closeburn are descended, whose motto is, "I'll mak siccar," in commemoration of this event ; and from him also derived descent, Eugenie, the present Empress of France. It was now that Wallace was betrayed by Sir John Monteath, his own particular friend» and car- M 52 SCOTTISH HISTOBT. r- i ried to England, where he was first crowned, in derision, in Westminster Hall, and then quartered, August 23, 1305. Bruce, finding that it now pre- eminently devolved on him to assert the rights of his country, vainly strove, in many ways, to make head against the enemy. After Iiiq coronation, at Scone, by the Countess of Buchan, 29ti. "^'^arch, 1306, his exploits are most romantic. After l.. ^y hardships, having been instigated by the example of a spider, which, when lying one day in an humble shelier, he observed make a seventh effort to swing itself over a beam on the ceiling, after having failed in its efforts to do so six times ; he rnustered an army capable of sustaining the assaults of any adver- sary, and at Bannockburn gained a memorable and complete victory over King Edward the Second. Edward fled to Dunbar Castle, in which there then resided Patrick Dunbar, Earl of Dunbar and March, who had married an aunt of Bruce, but who, being himself descended from King William the Lion, claimed the throne as well as Bruce. By Dunbar he was kindly received, and sent off in a skiff, which bore him safely to his own dominions. Having thus cleared Scotland of the foe, Bruce next carried war against the English into Ireland. SCOTTISH HISTORY. 63 There his brother Edward was declared king, and triumphed again and again over his opponents. Finally, however, he was slain at the battle of Dun- dalk, which terminated the Scottish progress. Whilst Robert was in Ireland the English again attempted to invade Scotland, but Douglas, with 20,000 horse entering England, gave them enough to do to keep their own northern provinces. Eobert Bruce married first a daughter of Donald, Earl of Marr, but by her had only one daughter, namtd ' '"•ji>ry, who married Walter, the Lord High Stewarv ^ i Scotland. By his second marriage with the Earl of Ulster's daughter, Robert had a son, David. It was resolved by the king that on his death, David should succeed him, and failing issue of David, that the throne should revert to Marjory's son. In order, it is supposed, that the good Sir James Douglas, who had proved so valiant and faithful a follower, and had consequently gained great ascen- dency over the public mind, might be out of the way shortly after his death, Robert got him to prom- ise to carry his heart to the Holy Land in a casket, there to bear it to battle against the Saracens. Sir James felt this commission a great honour, and, con- 64 SCOTTISH HISTORY. I ! m- Bequently, on the death of his friend, left Britain with his heart to proceed to Palastine. But finding the Saracens from Africa, commonly called Moors, had invaded Spain, he landed on that continent, and died fighting moat valiantly against them. It is said that, finding he must he slain, he threw Brace's heart hefore him, and, rushing to regain it, fell in the midst of his enemies. The heart of Bruce was after- wards hrought home by one Lockhard. who changed his name t Lockhart ; and we find the motto of the Lockhart's to this day, "corda serrata fero," (J carry locked hearts.) Robert died June 7th, 1329, and was buried in Dunfermline, in 1329, having reigned twenty-three years. A story is told of his once having offended his nobles by asking them to pro- duce their patents of nobility, and of his ordering Lord Brechin and certain others to be executed for daring in answer merely to exhibit their swords. David II. The reign of David II., who s'^cceeded his father^ Robert Bruce, was exceedingly disturbed ; Edward Balliol, son of John, having resolved to set up his claims to the kingdom. David being a minor, Ran- dolph, (Brace's nephew) was regent, and ruled most SCOTTISH mSTOBT. 55 justly, but was poisoned by a monk, who had ac- quainted Edward of England that his (Randolph's) death would soon happen. This occurred when David was ten years old. The Earl of Marr, nephew of Robert Bruce, was made next regent ; but, on the same day that he was elected, Edward Balliol arrived in the Firth of Forth with his fleet, (21st July.) It was one Lawrence Twine, who had been punished for licentiousness in Scotland, and had, in consequence fled to France, where Balliol was, that induced him to come over. Balliol landed at King- horn, and was supported by David Cummin, (for- merly Earl of AthoU, also by Mowbray, Beaumont, and English auxiliaries, under Talbot. Near King- born, Alexander Seaton gave him battle, but was defeated. His next engagement was at Dupplin, where he defeated Marr, supported by Randolph, Earl of Moray; Bruce, Earl of Carrick; Murdoch, Earl of Monteith, and Alexander Frazer. 3,000 Scots were here slain, among whom were Alexander, the chief of the Lindsays, with eighty of his name ; all the Hays that were then bom ; as also Randolph, Bruce, and Monteith. MacDuff too was taken prisoner, and forced to defend Perth for his captors. In these circumstances the Scots next appointed Sir 56 SCOTTISH HISTORY. Andrew Moray, of Bothwell, (Robert Brace's sister's son) regent, shortly after which they re-took Perth, and, sending MacDafiP to Kildrummie castle, engaged f\nd beat Balliol at Moffat. Archibald Douglas, bro- ther of the Brace's friend, fought for them at this battle, as also William Douglas, the knight of Liddesdale, John, son of Thomas Randolph, and Simon Frazer. Here Mawbray, Walter Cummin, and Richard Kirkby, fell on the side of Balliol ; this engagement happened A.D. 1332. Balliol was next assailed by Moray and defeated at Roxburgh ; but Edward now coming to his assistance, the scales were again turned in favour of the invader. A frightful story of treachery is told in connection with Edward III.'s proceedings at Berwick Castle, which was gal- lantly defended by Sir A. Seton. The governor had given his two sons as hostages in pledge of surrender- ing the Castle if he did not get help before a certain day, but Edward, hearing that Douglas was march- ing to the relief of the Castle, brought out Sir Alex- ander's sons, and threatened to put them to death if the Castle was not surrendered at once. Sir Alexander, sustained by his wife's brave counsel, refused to surrender, and the base king accordingly despatched his children. This done, the treacherous SCOTTISH BISTORT. 6T man proceeded to engage the Douglas at Hallidon Hill, and, having altogether defeated him, returned to Berwick, which now surrendered to him, after which he^ one by one, took all the castles in Scotland, except four. At the battle of Hallidon Hill there fell no less than 14,000 Scots, amon^