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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 --'--.*41*«*i!=iSci5- i McGILL UNIVERSITY m: -. I PAPERS iFROM THE DEPARTMENT OF Botany, t^ No. 3. — Peculiar Behaviour oi Chako Blast Furnace at Radnor Forges J^' BY JrTr Donald, M.A Charcoal Impregnated with Slag BY Dp Pf' PENHALLbW. [Repriuted ftom the Guuuliui Record of Science, January and April, 1896.] Montreal, 1896. I! I I II ;|l IIII H II j l I, •' ■' ' ■■'•'■ " KW yT?'g -'.":.y^.Hjj n " Reprinted from the Camidian Ihcoril ofScitm-t, Jan. and April, 1896." Peculiar Behaviour of Charcoal in the Blast FCUXACE AT KaDNOR FoKGES, Que. By J. T. Donald, M.A. In October last the Canada Iron Furnace Company sent the writer a sample of what they termed partly con- sumed cliarcoal, containing '. large percentage of siliceous matter, and which they stated " had been thrown out at the cinder notch of the furnace in large quantities, uncon- sumed, and showing fibres, or threails, of a yellow colour, and similar to mineral wool." It was further stated that " the coal, which was made from oak, and, apparently, basswood and elm, seems unfit for furnace work." A superficial examinatiu.. was sufficient to show that this charcoal was very peculiar indeed. Its unusual weight at once challenged attention ; and a closer inspection showed in the specimen a framework in tlie form of a fibrous mass — not unlike a piece of harsh fibred asbestos. Analysis showed that this fil)rous matter amounted to no less than 41.10 per cent, of the coal. Tlie question now was, to account for this large percentage of mineral niatter. The only explanation I could oH'er was to sug- gest that it might be the result of charring wood that had been partially fossilized, for it was well known that such silicified wood is not uncommon. At the same time this suggestion did not satisfy me ; it did not, I thought, cover the fibrous or rod-like strvicture of the ndneral matter — for I had never seen a similar structure in silici- fied wood. I therefore decided to semi portions of the sample to Prof. Penhallow, of McGill, and Mr. W. F. Ferrier, of the Geological Survey. These gentlemen are authorities in their own departments — the former as a botanist, and the latter as a mineralogist and lithologist. It appeared to me that the question of the origin of the siliceous matter of this coal was one of either botany or mineralogy, and not of chemistry. I'rof. Penhallow, I'mdinr Behavimir of Cliarmal in Mast Fnrnacc. 33 having exainined the speoiniens, reported that " it seems difficult to think that these rods are the result of natural processes of growth." Mr. Ferrier said l>e thought the .siliceous matter had not been present in the original charcoal, but that it was slag that tlie coal had absoibed in the furnace. Then, next, word came from the furnace at IJadnor that siniilar fibrous charcoal had again been expelled from the slag notch, and this whilst" charcoal from a totally different locality was l)eing used in the furnace. The evidence was thus strongly against the view that the siliceous matter was part (k the original coal, and in favour of liv. Ferrier's suggestion. The question was thus again, as it were, thrown back into the sphere of chemistry, and it appeared probable that an analysis of the fibrous matter would settle it. After much care and labour, a quantity of fibre sufficient for analysis— and fiee from the ash naturally present in the charcoal— was obtained. The difficulty of securing a satisfactory .sample lay in tiie fact that the alkali of Uie true ash caused the fibres to fu.se, forming little glassy globules. It was desirable to avoid these, in older that the analysis might show the composition of t);e Hbre itself. Tile analysis of the fibre is stated in column 2 : column 1 is the partial analysis of a sample of lladnor slag made by myself in January, 1.891 :— U) (2) . P.O. p.c. Alumina 13.52 iy.15 Ferrous orcide j 44 gj Manganous oxide 3.43 Traces !'""« 23.89 25.44 Magnesia 7^ 147 Sulpluiric aniiydride 1.52 Traces Silica 54 00 42.I8 Alkalies Phosplioric anhydride, etc., by iliir 2.41 2.2r> 33 34 CaiimUan Record of Science. It is very evident, then, that the Hbrous matter of this chart'Diil is simply absorbed slag. Two questions of inter- est then arise. What were the conditions in the furnace that caused charcoal in large (|iiantitics to absorb and retain the li(iuid slag ? How did it happen that only on two occasions had the production of this slag-saturated coal been observed ? The following particulars regarding the furnace are data that must be taken into consideration in any theory put forth to explain the peculiar behaviour of the char- coal uiuler consideration : — Four 'i\ inch tuyeres are used. The average pressure of blast is about o^ lbs. The average temperature of blast, 900 degrees Fahr. The quantity of air, as a rule, is 2,638 cubic feet, but at times it has run to as high as 2,827 cubic feet to the minute. Cubical contents of furnace, from stock-line down, is 1,264 cubic feet. Charcoal Impregnated with Slag. Bv 1). p. Penuai-low, M.A.Sc. On the 8th of October last I received from Prof. J. T. Donald a .sample of charcoal, together with .some peculiarly fibrous silicious matter, accompanied by the statement that the coal was received from " clients who use charcoal in the production of charcoal iron," and that " when the coal is burned it leaves an asli consisting of long fibres. This material was thrown out at the cinder notch in large quantities unconsumed. The coal was made from oak and apparently bass-wood and elm." Upon suljmitting the coal to examination, it became evident that it was derived from the wood of an elm — probably the common white or American elm (Ulmua i^' 'J^^^&CSai«**»>^^*>si^^ * "i^>ry^.?rt^ j:^ ' ~"- ' jw ssg^'^*'yq'>^c^^