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i>-

Pkiflbers, laas & ^tciini Fitters,

, I AND SILVER PLATERS.

31 fljtel db |*Oiaf««lK||i^ANUFACTURERS OF

^^^'^^^(iwfllll^ PcRilants, Bracke^8, Eecr Pumps, Globe
Va!ve€Gcks, Waiter <vuage8) Compression Cocks,

AMD ALIi KIKDS OF

& GASFITTERS COODS.

AGENTS FOR CANADA FOR

's System ef Heating Buildings
by Steam.

-A-O-EIsTTS I'OPt

HARftISO?J'S EUROPEAN KITGHEMR

A COMPLETE COOKING APPARATUS.

Corner of Craig & St. Peter Streets,

fCIlil., €«€KBiai &

Boiler, Brickwork and Regulating Attachments.

DESCRIPTIOiN OF

(^diHtB patent Bimi ^eating apparatus.

Thk engravings accompanying this pamphlet represent
the different parts of the apparatus, which we can modify
and adapt to the taste and requirements of our customers.

THE BOILER.

The engraving on the opposite page represents the
Boiler and brickwork, with the regulating fixtures
attached. The boiler is made of wrought-iron and cast-
iron combined ; is of cylindrical form, placed upright in
the cellar or some lower room, and varying in size and
capacity according to the amount of heating surface it is
required to furnish with steam. The lower part of the
boiler forms the fire-pot, and a sheet of water surrounds
the fire on every hand. A twelve-inch brick wall forms
the ash-pit and foundation of the boiler ; an eight-inch
wall encloses it, and a four-inch flue encircles between,
so that nearly all the heat is absorbed in the making of
steam. The whole occupies but little room, (about one
half that of an ordinary hot-air furnace,) and forms a
compact masonry of brickwork and iron of the most per-
manent and fire-proof character.

A very small quantity of water is all that is reriuirod
for t'lo boiicr at first, and a supply is kept up by tlio
Water Regulator A fo lung as the Service-pipe B is far-
nishfcd with w atov.

THE PIPES.
C C are common wrought-iron steam-pipes for conduct-
ing the steam from the boiler to the radiators. In private
dwellings they are generally concealed within the wall
and beneath the floor, the same as gas pipes, and arc in-
variably placed on an angle inclining towards the boiler,
so that all water resulting from the condensation of steam
in the radiators may run back through the same pipe to
the boiler, again to be generated into steam. By this
arrangement of heating the same water over and over
again, it will be seen that a very small addition will keep
the supply good.

THE REGULATING ATTACHMENTS.
Tube i? is a Hydrostatic Column, connecting with the
bottom of the boiler— being, in eflfect, a part of the boiler
itself— and is always open to the external air. It bears
the same relation to the boiler that the tea-kettle spout
does to the tea-kettle, and renders it equally as safe from
explosion or collapse. Before steam is generated, the
water in the tube and boiler is on a level ; but when the
fire is kindled, and more steam generated than is required
to fill the proper space, and radiators open to receive it,
a pressure is created upon the surface of the water in the
boiler, and this counterbalancing column rises. When
the steam accumulates to the pressure of one pound to
the square inch, the column will stand twenty-six inches
above the level of the Avater in the boiler, according to
a well-known law of nature. This simple process is era-
ployed to regulate the draft to the fire, as well as the
accumulation and pressure of steam. To this column are
attached three bowls, F, F, G, with elastic heads, con-
necting witli lovers— as seen in the engraving. Into the

first, Fj tlio wator flows at a given pressure (say ono half
pound,) and closes the draft to the fire by the ash-pit and
draft-door, M. Tiiis exclusion of air, with the radiator in
operation at the same time, will prevent the rising of the
column. But should the radiator not be open to use the
steam, or tlio draft-door bo accidentally held open, the
column of water will continue to rise, until, at the pvess-
nre of one or two pounds, as the case may be, it flows
into the second bowl Fy and lifts the lever attached to
the feed-door L, which opens and reverses the draft,
causing it to pass over the tire, instead of underneath and
through it. This reversal of the draft has the effect to
deaden the fire at once, and stop the generation of steam.
A slight additional pressure forces the water of the col-
umn into the third bowl <7, and lifts the lever attached
to the escape valve II, which allows all excess of steam
above that pressure to pass freely off through the waste
pipe /. Any further accumulation of steam and increase
of pressure is utterly impossible.

" The glass tube J^ represented in the cut, is not a neces-
sary appendage to the apparatus, and may be dispensed
with ; but it is connected to show the variation in the
pressure of the steam, the condition of the fire, and the
beautiful phenomenon of the oscillation of the water in

the tube.

The small glass tube K, on the Water Regulator, is a
gauge to indicate at all times the exact height of the
water in the boiler. The draw-off valve Ni^ used when
the boiler is to be emptied of water and sediment.

THE RADIATORS.

The engraving on page 8 represents the single Eadia-
tor or heater, with its appropriate valves and attachments.
This, for common use, is located on the side of the room
to be warmed, projecting about two inches, occupying
but little space, and the best pieces of furniture can be
placed nearly in contact with it without the least injury.

n;.

The radiators can he suited to almost an >^ndles3 variety
of adaptions. Clusters oi tliem of any desired dimension
may be Lid within an ornamental fretwork of iron, with
a handsome marble top, (see pages 17 and 25,) or as a
marble mantel, (see page 33,) or some elegant article of
furniture. A number of them may be enclosed within a
chamber in the cellar or some lower apartment, and from
thence the heated air may be driven up through registers
into the room, the same as from a hot-air furnace. This
latter mods of conducting heated air into rooms we do
not advi'se, as it is attended with rr-any serious objections,
which, however, are not peculiar to this appaiatus. It is
a philosophical fact, that air heated by steam is better
calculated to flow upwards, and distribute itself in an
apartment, than that heated by hot-air or hot-water fur-
naces.

The radiators are made of two plates of Bloom iron, of
the best American manufacture. Tlie iron is, of necessity,
of the finest and most flexible texture, to withstand the
trying process of doubling to form the st^am-tight joints.
The front plaLe of the radiators is stamped with conical
depressions of about three eighths of an inch in depth,
two and one-half inches in width, and three and one-half
inches from centre to centre. The back plate is plain,
and the two are riveted closely together, with c <pper riv-
ets, at each point of indention, and the edges of the two
plates are twice doubled, or double-seamed, over a leaded
packing-coi d, and hammered hard down to a smooth bead
of pbout one-fourth, of an inch in wicV.h. This concave
surface gives strength to the radiators, and adds much to
their radiating power. The entire thickness of the radia-
tors is about one-half o^ an inch. The size and number
vary according to the space to be warmed, the position
in which they are placed, &c., &c. The radiators may
be painted almost any desired color, and ornamented to
suit the different tastes and fancies. Where they are
concepled behind screens, the only paint they require is

merely to protect the external surface ; but wlien tliey
preput up singly, we generally paint or grain tl'.era to
correspond with the wood-work or furniture of t:ie rooms
in which they are located. On one of the lower corners
of the radiators is a valve to open when ateam is to be
admitted, and closed when steam is to be excluded. An
ail -key is placed on the opposite upper corner to regulate
the amount of steam to be admitted. No steam will
enter any part of the radiator until that part is emptied
of air. By closing this air-key when any desired portion
of the radiator is heated, the other portion will remain
inoperative and cold.

ITS PERFECT SELF-REGULATING, OR AUTOMATIC
CHARACTER.

The fire being kindled and the day's supply of coal put
on, no further attention is necessary. Steam will, in a
few moments enter all the open radiators, and instantly
impart its heat to the space exposed to its influence ; the
fire -will then burn, and the coal be consumed owZy w
propmiion to the amount of heat required. For as the
amount of heat obtained from the radiator depends upon
the condensation of steam therein— as explained in another
part of this book— and as the condensation depends
entirely upon the temperature of the atmosphere in which
they are placed— Me atraospliere is itself t/w agent to
open and close the draft to the fire. Thus, when the
atmosphere is at a low temperature, and the apartment
cold, the condensation in the radiator is rapid, a great
amount of heat is thrown out, the steam used fast, the
pressure taken from the boiler, the draft door opened—
as before explained— and the consumption of fuel in-
creased. But as the temperature of the atmosphere is
raised, and the space grows warm, the condensation of
steam in the radiator diminishes, less heat is thrown off,
less steam used, the pressure increased, the regulating
column raised, the draft closed, and the fire deadened

to the requirements of the steam. Or, if the steam be
shnt off from any one radiator, just in that proportion
will the draft he closed, and the consumption of fuel he
saved.

This feature of Self-Regulation in Mr. Gold's system,
being a matter of economy, as well as of comfort and safe-
ty, is not to be found in any other heating apparatus of
the present age. In fact, none other that we have been
able to discover, is at all self-regulating. The closing of
the register to exclude the heat of the hot-air furnace
from the room, does not, as is well known, deaden the
fire in the least, but rather increases it than otherwise.

ITS SAFETY FROM FIRE.

A simple glance at the position of the boiler and fire
in Gold's Heater will convince any one of its perfect
safety. The fire is on all sides enclosed within a fourteen
inch partition, including the water sheet around it, two
inches; flue, four inches; and brick wall, eight inches.
The heat is so perfectly consumed by traversing the
boiler, that the temperature of the smoke-pipe does not
exceed that of the steam (212°), which is a degree of
safety as well as economy, hardly to be equalled. The
only external openings to the fire are through the feed-
spout and ash-mouth, both of which are of iron, substan-
tially built'into the brick-work, and with a pitch inclin-
ing inwards, thus preventing the liability of coals falling

out.

According to recent reports of the Fire-Marshal, two-
thirds of the fires in New York City are traceable to the
use of Hot-air Furnaces; and the evil is increasing to
such an alarming extent, that the fire insukance com-
panies HAVE BEEN COMPELLED TO INCREASE THE RATES OF

INSURANCE WHERE THEY ARE USED, and to ofier a premium
on safer modes of heating. To this end, the authorized
agents of the companies have carefully examined our
apparatus, and have pronounced it the most free from

danger of firo of any raethod of lieating buildings now in
use ; and thr new york companies have decided to make

A DEDUCTION OF TEN PER CENT. ON ALL RISKS WHERE TIHS
MODE OF HEATING IS ADOPTED.

The following letter, in relation to this subject, has been
kindly furnished us by the Secretary of the koard of fire
INSURANCE COMPANIES, wliicli Board comprises all, or
nearly all, the fire insurance companies of the city of

NEW YORK :

NEW YORK BOxVRD OF FIIIE TN^SURANOE COMPANIES.

New York, Oct. 12<A, 1858.

Gentlemen :— In accordance with your request, I would state that the
Fire Insurance Companies of this city malce a deduction of 10 per cent, on
the premiums on all risks where your mode of heating is adopted.

The Board adopted a rule to that effect, in consideration of the greater
safety as regards the happening of fire, and deem your apparatus (Gold's
Patent) much safer than the usual modes of heating.

Respectfully yours,

W. F. UNDERHILL.

ITS DURABILITY.

In point of durability, it is believed that this apparatus
will be found remarkably free from objection. The
boiler is built as substantially as any other steam boiler,
and with careful usage must last almost indefinitely.
Even limestone water used in it can do no harm, since
the same bulk of water is used over and over again with-
out sensible addition being required. Tlie radiators and
conducting pipes being of iron, might be regarded as
liable to rapid oxidization. Such is, however, proved by
experience not to be the case. The oldest operators in
steam-pipe affirm that they never rust internally. The
nature of steam is to prevent corrosion. Tlie radiators
are externally protected b}'^ paint put on at a high tempera-
ture. When not in use they are closed air-tight, and all
perfectly dry on the inside. After four years' use, one
of them being cut open, was found to bo quite as clean
and free from dust as when it was made.

The following letter from an eminent authority, should
be taken as positive evidence on this point. Mr. Mills
has the honor of being the first to adopt, on a large scale,

this plan of warming:

New Haven, Oct. \st, looB.

Gents :-You have the liberty to use my letter to whlcli you refer;
thougU I have the impression that this method of heating is no longer an
experiment, but a fixed fact, satisfactory to all ."lio ^'^ 'JJ^fJ " f ^^
doubt still seems to be hanging to the mind «/ \f«^ ^^ "^^ ^f J'^/,^:; *°
^it: whether the radiators will not rust out. lu the early part of he win-
ter of 1857, 1 had the satisfaction of examining mine, and know that they
were free from rust, and as sound as when first put up. Mmc, it should be
observed, were among the first put into use, and had then served me three

^'^^^^' Yours, respectfully,

LEWIS M. MILLS.

VENTILATION.
Too much importance cannot be attached to this de-
partment, in the architectural and domestic arrangement
of buildings. The common plan of constructing chim-
neys, with^flaes opening through the fire-place into the
rooms, is an excellent provision for ordinary dwelhng-
houses; and the occasionally opening and shutting of
doors, with the unavoidable ingress of air through the
crevices of windows, amply supply ventilation where
there is no unusual perversion of the atmosphere. But
for the purpose of ventilation, merely, we would recom-
mend that the flues or vents be made of tin, thus avoid-
ing the expense of chimneys, which only disfigure the in-
terior of a house and take up valuable room. By this
arrangement, whore Gold's plan of warming is adopted,
but one chimney is needed, even in the largest building.
The atmosphere in the room being evenly rarified, by
coming in contact with surface never sufiiciently heated
to char the innumerable minute particles of dust always
floating therein, and rendered impure only by respiration,
is constantly but imperceptably being carried oif, while
a sufficient supply of fresh air is continually entering.
It has been found that a gradual change is thus eff'ected
in the atmosphere of the whole house.

Gold's apparatus does not profess to be, of itself, a ven-
tilating machine, althongli it admits of the moat thorough
ventilation. We must be pardoned for asserting in this
connection, without entering into the proof, that the
various appliances for heating, so much in vogue at the
present time, not only do not produce jyi^oper ventilation,
but they actually do not permit of it, although the term
" ventilation" is conspicuously aflBxed as a redeeming
appendage, to each yearly revision of the old system.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The construction of the boiler is such as to insure a
very perfect combustion of the fuel without forming clink-
er, or leaving unburnt portions of coal. The conducting
pipes, when exposed in damp cellars, or where the heat
from them would be lost, are generally w^ound with felt,
or some hair or woollen substance that is a non-conductor
of heat.

The heat from the radiators is of the mildest and most
agreeable character ; it produces no such effect of giddi-
ness, dryness, or of oppression about the head, as is
attributed to stove and furnace heat ; and as the air never
comes in contact with any surface warmer than 200 °, no
odor of burnt particles is perceived in the apartments.
It is radiant heat which is given off from them ; hence
the limbs and feet, feeling its genial influence equally at
the same time, are free from the unpleasant coldness so
often complained of in furnace heat, where, as elsewhere
explained, the effect of radiant heat is almost entirely lost.

The uniform distrihutiou of heat effected by this
means of warming, is another very noticeable advantage
in its favor. It is entirely unaffected by wind, and, for
a simple and obvious reason, is more efficient and rapid
in its operation in very cold weather than in more mod-
erate temperatures, because the more li ^:<idly the conden-
sation takes place, the more heat is evolved, and this
happens when the atmosphere is of a low temperature.

Having given a full descripton of this new method of
heating; and spoken briefly of its prominent advantageB,
wo will omit noticing the various modifications to which
it is peculiarly susceptible, and submit to all interested
in the subject, whether this apparatus docs not supply
the want so long felt in tiie community, of some exceed-
ingly simple and economical mode of using steam for
warming purposes.

It is adapted as well to old houses as to new, and can
be put in with very little inconvenience to the occupants.
We cannot furnish the apparatus at i^ first cost less than
some other methods of heating, though we do claiin a
very decided superiority, in this particular, over any other
steam or hot-water arrangement.

The Proprietors would respectfully urge upon those
who intend to adopt this mode of warming, the necessity
of giving in their orders at once, as Spring and Summer
are by far the most favorable seasons for the erection of
the apparatus. We have already as many ordered for the
fall as that limited time will permit us to fulfil ; and we
hope that all who are disposed to give our new system a
trial, will confer with us without delay. The apparatus
is put up complete, in the most substantial and workman-
like manner, and wabkakted to give satisfaction.

Subjoined are a few of the many recommendations
which we have at our disposal, and we ask for them a
candid perusal. It may be well to state here, that the
parties who have kindly, freely, and obligingly given us
these testimonials, are not interested in the invention,
either directly or indirectly, to the amount of a farthing,
they have bought the apparatus and paid the full price
for "it ; and further than the one they arc using, have no
interest whatever in its success.

LETTERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

New Youk, September 1st, 1858.

Hills & Bkston :

Gents: — After having msido use of one of your new Steam Heat-
ing Apparatus for two years, and after having carefuljy watched its
operations, it is witli great pleasure that I comply witli your request,
and bear njy testimony in its favor. From its self-regulating power,
it requires less attention and consumes less fuel than any stove or
furnace, giving out the same amount of heat, that I have ever known.
The heat produced is exceedingly agreeable, having the softness of
inild summer air, free from dust and dryness, and the escape of gases.
The heating by steam, which can be so regulated as by your process,
must be highly important to those who have sensitive lungs, and to
young children. My attention was drawn to the value of heating
by steam by the eflect upon a lady whoso lungs were extremely deli-
cate, and who had for the past twelve years, during the winter
months repeated colds, which were followed by hemorrhages from
the lungs, though every precaution was taken to prevent them, by
contin'ng herself to the house, heating the entries with a furnace,
and the rooms with Cannel coal in au open grate, regulated by a
thermometer ; yet the variableness and severity of our winter cli-
mate would reach her, and i)roduco these dreaded attacks. She
removed, three years ago, to a hotel heated by steam exclushcli/,
from which time to the present, she has not had a single attack of
hemorrhage, though two of the past three winters have been unusu-
ally severe. This result was, no doubt, owing to the peculiar char-
acter of the heat generated by steam. I regretted that steam heat
was not within the reach of all, for as then used, it was on a large
scale, requiring the attention of an engineer. I have now learned
and found that you have so completely domesticated steam, that it
can safely be left to take care of itself.

Yours respectfully.

EDWARD BAYARD, M. D.,

No. 6 West Fourteenth street.

'i i'

BiiooKr.TN, September 25th, 1858.
Iln.i.s tSi IJenton:

Gexts: — Witli a comparatively slifjlit examination of your Stoani
Iloatirij^ Al)l)ftratu3, I was »o well satistioil, that I was induced last
autumn to order one put up in my house, with radiators in every
room ; and I am pleased to he ahle to state that my anticipations
respecting it, have been fully realized.

The attendance on the fire in less onerous than on that of a com-
mon furnace ; no special skill or experience being required, as is
usually the case with steam boilers.

It regulates the draft perfectly, preventing a greater consumption
of fuel than is just sufficient to produce the required head of steam ;
closing the draft when above, and re-opening it again when below
that point, and this without any attendance whatever. No adjust-
ment can well bo perceived more perfect, and the same remark will
apply to the machinery by which the boiler is regularly supplied
witli the exact quantity of water, which is very small. Both arrange-
ments are quite remarkable for their beautiful simplicity. In all
respects, it is perfectly safe.

The economy in fuel, as compared with a hot-air furnace, I judge
to be very considerable ; greater in a severely cold than in a mild
winter.

In healthfulness, comfort, convenience, cleanliness, and pleasur-
able feelings, the beat from the Steam Radiator surpasses, incom-
parably, that of any hot-air furnace whatever. To persons subject
to pulmonary aflPections it is invaluable.

The improvement you have recently made, by which the radiators
are all filled, and when full the escape of the steam is prevented, with-
out the attention heretofore required, is very valuable, contributing
almost the only desideratum to enable cr«e to say, " It is nearly per-
fect."

I have been thus minute, because, among modern house improve-
ments, I can hardly conceive one more conducive to health and
comfort, than your Low Pressure Steam Heater.

I am, respectfully, yours,

E. W. DUNHAM,

No. 65 Weat Warren street.

New York, October 4th, 1858.
Hills & Benton :

It affords me pleasure to give my good opinion of Gold's Low
Pressure Steam Heating Apparatus. I have used it in my house

for two years with great satisfnctioii. It is tlio most lioaltliy, cojii-
fortablo, luul econoiiiical way of heating a liouse. The nir is soft
and agreeable as that of sumuier, and adapted to delicate and foebio
constitutions, as well as others ; and I can recommend it to those
troubled with iiulinonary diseases, rather than to go South.

I have used the Ilot-air Furnaces, which will give a suftioiout
amount of lieat, but the air is not liealthy, and the more delicate and
confined the person, tiie more deleterious to their liealtli,

I have been for a long time (thirty years) engaged in the Medical
Profession, and can speak from my own observation, of the necessity
of a pnro, healthy atmosphere, as of the first importance. "Who can
tliink and study with a dizzy head and a parched throat? Ask the
scholar, the churchman, the physician! Yes! ask the pale-faced
mother what can relieve her depression? Ask the committees upon
heating our public buildings, if they understand the jirinciples uf
health, thought, and economy ! or must a few educated men spend
their lives in advising what science and philosophy have developed,
and never feel that a grateful community can appreciate it ? Look
at the names of the scientific men who have recommended this appa-
ratus, and can our own committees say they have examined this
subject as guardians of health, happiness and interest, in neglecting
this most comfortable and healthy luxury ?

• LEVI FOLSOM, M. D.,

I No. 124 West Twenty-eighth street.

New Haven, October Gth, 1858.

Hills & Benton :

Gents : — I have used in my dwelling-house here, for four winters
past, Gold's Steam Heater, and with much satisfaction to all the
members of my family. During the very severe weather of 1856-'57,
Ave found no difficulty in keeping our house comfortably warm
with this, and this alone, as our sole dependence for heat. It requires
less care in the management of the fire than any furnace I have had
any personal experience of, and it consumes very much less fuel than
any other heating apparatus with which T am acquainted, which is
capable of warming so much space. My house is not very large,
38x38, with two wings and a back building, all of which (say 40,000
to 45,000 cubic feet) is abundantly heated by this apparatus. I
burned last winter (in about seven months and a half) fourteen tons,
of 2,000 lbs., of anthracite coal — say, about 120 lbs. per day of
twenty-four hours. To heat the same space equally well, with other

means, T know wouM itMiniiv more coal. I wus ronnerlj uiiiiblo to
hoat, witli any upimrutus employed i>y uif, llio whole of tliis Hpiioo,
and to lioiil a pnit of it retiuirod tlio Haniu fuel bunied in a furnace
and in several stoves and open Rrates. 'I'liis winter, owing to my
having had sot a greatly improved l)oiler, I shall pr()l)ably consuino
loss fuel. My former boiler was one of the earliest (!«)nstructcd for
this use, and was always too small to do its duty with the best econo-
my. In tho most sovoro -wealhor the consumption was 200 lbs. per
day ; in n\ild weather, less than 100. I am able, by steam, to heat
parts of my house which could not bo h<.'atod by any furnace, viz.,
a back building sixty feet fromtiio lire, and nearly on tlio same level.
Combined with a good system (.f ventilation, 1 consider this tho
perfection of an artili(!ial temperature. The prime cost of this system
is certainly an objection to its general introduction in many cases
where it would bo desirable. Hut all who can allbrd the prime cost
will, I am sure, soon fool convinced of its essential economy, comfort,
and safety. Steanj, in some form of ai.i)aratus, is sure to take tho
placo of most other means of warming housoj and public! buildings.
Great objections, both from fear of cxi)losion and of fire, exist, and
justly, against high steam distributed in small pipes. These dangers
are avoided in tho case of Gold's Apparatus. Tins apparatus uses
only low steam, one to hco pounds per inch, and at that pressure no
danger can bo exporionccd, cither from fire or explosion ; and tho
very construction of tho api)aratus is such, that a higher pros^iuro is
impossible. Torfoctly regulating its own supply of air and water,
it needs only to feed itself with fuel to be independent of human aid.
It is superior to all hot-air furnaces in not over-heating and burn-
ing the air, in absence of dust and c.irt, in ease of its management,
and safety from fire, as well as in economy of fuel. To tho hot-water
opparatus it is superior in activity, and less cost; and in giving an
omple supply of kadiant heat in tho apartments, is very greatly
superior to both, and supplies, in fact, the place of an open tire.

Yours respectfully,

B. SILLIMAN, J«.

'if

HiLi.B & Ukston :

I take pleasure to *!i>
Heating Apparatus, tlui'.

New Haven, October ist, 1858.

Jilt my experience in tho use of Gold's
;h t'.iu past four winters, is highly satisfac-

tory. The area Lonted exceeds 47,000 cubic feet. (The basement

liiiH ft (lli»ing-room iitul liiill ; tho first ntory Iihh tlvo nxmis; tiie
Hecond, eiglit; nnd tlio tliinl, nine — oiicli story liaviug il« respective
hall.) Tho most remote radiator is elovnted about 85 feet nbovo the
i)oilor, whicli is as readily filled as any of tho intermediate oiioh. My
flro was managed Ity a lud of fourteen, most ol tho time, at otlior
times by myself. 1 weighed tlio eoul for three weeks in succession^
and the avorngo cimsumption was 84 pounds per diem. During this
time I burned tlio siftings, which aro included in tho above weight.
Through the winter it averaged about 100 lbs. a day. There was no
lack of heat during the severest weather, nor was there ditticulty m
excluding it in miluer weather. The heat furnished by tho Appa-
ratus glvi'/- ontirn sati-iiuction to all my family, and a large number
offriendf, bcsiiles tho inciuisitivo. I consider a decided advantage
gained in tlio purity of the air heated, and in exemption from gas,
ashe!) and smoke. Tho often repeated inquiries, " Is there no danger
of explosion or of tiro?" "Will it not need frequent repairs?" &c., as
far as my experience goes, must bo answered in the negative, and I
think all similar use elsewhere strengthens this opinion.

LEWIS M. MILLS.

New Haven, Conn., October 12th, 1858.
UiLLS «fe Benton :

Gents: — In reply to your brief note asking my " experience in
heating with Gold's Steam Heater," I would say, my sales-rooms
are some 16 by 90 feet, my work-room 20 by 86 feet, having some
16 windows, a largo part of which open to tho North and West. I
formerly attempted to warm the same with furnace and stoves, and
managed by burning some 10 to 12 tons of coal, to get along com-
ortably, excepting in very cold weather, when my clerks found it
absolutely necessary to huddle around registers instead of being at
their counters, while workmen in my work-room often accomplished
loss than t\\ o-thirds as much work as they would have done had
tlicir rooms been evenly and thoroughly warmed. Since the fall of
1855, I have used Gold's Heater, burning from 7 to 8 tons of coal
l)cr year only ; my premises are evenly and thoroughly warmed in
the coldest weather. In very severe weather, customers frequently
remark: "IIow comfortable you are here." "Your store is the
warmest place I have found to-day." "IIow very pleasant the
lieat is." In a word, I liked my first year's experience (or experi-
ment) so well, I placed another Heater (No. 8) in my house two

years ago last fall, which has given entire satisfaction ; and now to
answer your question, would quote the language of a friend who has
tested the apparatus for the past four y^ars: ''I consider Gold's Steam
Heating Apparatus, for heating purposes, one of the greatest improve-
ments of the age. Where Jcnown, it needs no recommendation, as it
recommends itself''

Yours respectfully,

T. B. CARPENTER,

97 Chapel street.

Clinton At., Beooki.tn, July 12, 1859.

Hills &, Benton :

Deab Sirs:— Ha\ing been requested to give you the result of my
experience with Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus, I very cheerfully
bear testimony to the satisfaction imparted by last winter's trial of
it at my house.

As compared with a Hot-air Fu.-nace, the temperature produced is
of a much more even and unvarying grade, and its self-regulating
prirciple reduces the labor of taking care of it simply to putting on
the fuel and taking out the ashes twice or three times in the course
of twenty-four hours. The direct radiant heat is a very pleasant
feature, and its influence is almost as cheerful as that of a fire in an
open grate.

It would be doing your Apparatus injustice to omit to mention
the freedom wo experience from dust and gas, wiiich I have found
it impossible to prevent being introduced into the house, when using
the best arranged Hot-air Furnaces. With steam, I filnd no difficulty
in warming my dining-room, situated in a rear building, and into
which I had not been able to succeed in carrying hot-air.

There are various other points in which I consiuer this method of
warming superior to all others that have come under my observation,
but as most persons who think of using it, will satisfy themselves by
personal inquiry, of its advantages, I will not extend my remarks
further on the subject.

Yours respectfully,

F. A. PLAIT.

27
STATEMENT OF JONATHAN KNIGHT, M. I).,

PBOFKSSOB OF SUBOEBT IN TALE OOLLEOB.

I have examined, with some care, Gold's Steam Heating Appara
tns, in reference to its influence upon the health of those who em
ploy it. That method of warming apartments is the most healthftil
which, while it produces the proper temperature most uniformly,
adds nothing to the air and takes nothing from it, so that it remains
in its natural condition. This is most happily accomplished by this
Apparatus.

Uniformity of temperature is readily preserved by the ease which
a greater or less amount of heat can be almost instantly communi
cated to the air of the whole or any part of a house which is pro-
vided with it, and this without any unpleasant current of hot or cold
air.

In all the ordinary modes of warming buildings by furnaces or
stoves of every kind, the air is liable to become impure bj the addi-
tion to it of dust, smoke, and gases of various kinds. This cannot
be entirely obviated, and is often greatly increased by the imperfect
contrivance of the furnaces, and especially by portions of them be-
coming impaired by gradual decay. So also, the heated air becomes
impure by its contact with the iron of the furnaces and stoves, raised
to a high temperature. The particles of vegetable and animal matter
always present in the air are burnt, and the products of the combus-
tion are mixed with the air, which at the same time is deprived of
tlie moisture which belongs to it in its natural state, and which is
essential to easy and healthful respiration.

All these sources of impurity in the air of apartments warmed by
this Apparatus are entirely avoided. The air is simply warmed
wliile nothing foreign is added to it. It is at the same time warmed
by contact witli the heaters, at a temperature but little below that
of boiling water ; too low to burn the particles of matter which may
be in it, or to deprive it of its moisture, in such a degree as to render
it unfit for respiration.

In warming roonis by this Apparatus, all that is necessary to pre-
serve the air in a state of absolute purity is to prevent its contami-
nation by the products of respiration, and of whatever means are
used to produce artificial light. In the common apartments of
dwelling-houses, the frequent opening of doors and windows which
necessarily takes place, will usually suffice, and if more is required,
an open fire-place or flue communicating with the chimney will be
an abundant means of ventilation. In other apartments, such as
scliool and looture-rooras, more efficient means of ventilation will be

reanired There arc no more required in this than in any other
Jde in common use of warming such rooms. The same means arc
necessary, and are equally efficient in them all.

For reasons such as the above, and which might he easily mu ti-
nlied I have no hesitation in expressing the confident opmion that
[his ipparatuB will he a more liealthful method of warming houses

than any other now in use.

J. KNIGHT, M. D.

FROM THE HON. JAMES F. BABOOOK.

EDITOR OF THE NEW HAVEN PAIXADITIM.

We are often asked personally, and by letter, how we are pleased
y^'l the operation of Gold's Patent Steam Heateb, which was put
Tntour dwelling-house early last fall. We reply to these many
nquir's, that we regard the apparatus as one of the very greatest
nventiois of the present age. It has been throughly tested by
™Iny persons, and we believe is imiversally commended as possess-
Tng allZ qualities claimed for it; besides some that w.-e no
thought of until they were developed in the process of using it. We
BhouSnow as soon think of giving up the use of friction matches
Ind going back to the old tinder-box, as to return to the use of hot-
"r '"naces-for with steam you have no burnt atmosphere to
breathe You are not dependent upon the power or course of the
Jnd for increasing a volume of warm air sufficiently to pervade
Thoroughly the space to be heated. You are not sitting or s eepmg
ter a volcano, o' amass of fire which ma, ignite your building; or
ifTt does not io that, certainly does consume from two to three
times as much coal as is necessary to heat the same amount of space.
You are not having, and cannot have a tumigation of sulphur oi im-
pure air from g.as, that finds its way through the .vaq^ed and halt-
Llted furnace flues into all your rooms. You are not having cold,
from a great variation of temperature, and the more variable f om
tanding over a hot-air register at one moment, and sitting by a door
or window at the next,-and cold feet are among the tlungs un-
known and unspoken of where the steam apparatus is used.

We are not aware that any member of our family had a cold
daring the whole of last winter, which, as we believe was a fact
without precedent; and the only ice that was made in the building
was a Blight covering of the tank in the attic on one of the coldest

nights of the winter, when the steam had gone down ; for we prefer
not to sleep in a warm room.

We cannot state the exact amonut of fuel consumed, as it was
mixed with that used for kitchen range, which was the only other
fire we had in the house ; but wo suppose the amount was between
seven and eight tons — possibly nine tons. The same space we are
confident will be more thoroughly heated next winter with one or
two tons less, in consequence of some few improvements which have
been made in tlie Apparatus. With the above specified amount of
fuel, we warmed a dining-room of 15 by 18 feet size ; four rooms
above it, one of them 15 by 22 feet; and five chambers, besides an
upper and lower hall.

This is our experience. We give our account of it cheerfully, and
Avith a great deal of satisfaction, and we believe it is substantially
the experience of all, or nearly all, who have used the apparatus. It
cost much more than a furnace in the beginning ; but it will pay for
itself in a few seasons, especially in large hotises, which require large
furnaces, grates, «fec., for warming.

The Steam Heater is free from every kind of danger, as it will feed
itself with water ; open and shut its draft doors, let off its surplus
steam, should any accumulate; and cannot do any damage in the
way of bursting, because its steam can escape in one or two ways
more easily, without putting itself to all the trouble of a "smash up."
An intelligent boy of ten years of age can manage it.

The radiators, into which the steam is conducted through small
iron pipes, are very ornamental as now finished — much more so than
an ordinary grate. We should perhaps state here, that we have not
a dollar's interest in the invention, and that its success or failure,
beyond the one we are using, is of no pecuniary concern to us. Wo
have bought and paid for it, and would pay the same amount over
again, rather than part with it.

[From OuAuLRS Ives, Eaq., Attorney and Counaellor at Law, New Haven, Conn.]

New Haven, February 23, 1860.

Messrs. Hirxs & Uknton :

Gentlemen: — I very cheerfully, at your request, give you the
result of my experience in regard to Gold's Steam Heater. It is duo
as a matter of justice to you, and as a good citizen, I owe it also to
the public. I have had your heater in my house between fiva
and six years. I consider it a necessary of life — as much so as a full
supply of pure water. I would no more exchange it for a hot-air

furnace than I would the luxury of a gooc] well for puddle-water.
Th" air of a house warmed by a Gold's Heater, is so uniform, pleas-
ant and healthy, and vastly superior to the air which has been burnt
in a hot-air furnace. It is so entirely free from dust, gas or other
noxious or disagreeable substances, that for health and comfort, it
Btande unrivaled, so far as I know. I am erecting upon Fair Haven
Heights, in the suburbs of New Haven, a new house, and have just
completed a contract with you for oue of your Heaters. I am to pay
yon three times as much for the now heater as t paid for the old, as
I shall require a much larger heater, but as you have made great
improvements in your apparatus during the last five years, and as my
old apparatus was put up at a price below what it could be afforded,
I do not object to your present charge. It would be more satisfac-
tory if the cost was less, but in a matter of so much importance to
my family, I have felt that your heater was indispensable and must
be had at any price. The seven or eight hundred dollars which
I might save in first cost, by one or two hot-air furnaces, I should
soon pay out in doctor's bills, and lose many times over in health and
Bubstantial comfort ; such, at least, is my belief.

Perhaps, I should add that I have found your apparatus so auto-
matic or self-regulating, that I have left the cook in charge of it Avith
the same confidence that I have entrusted to her the boiler and
water-back of the range. I never look at the apparatus in the cellar
more than two or three times in the course of the wiuter, and when
I make an examination I find it all right.

Yours truly,

CHARLES IVES.

Tkot, N. Y., October 5, 1858.

Hills & Benton :

Gents:— My new store, 50 feet front, 130 feet deep, and four
stories high, has been thoroughly and satisfactorily warmed through
the past two winters by Gold's Patent Low Pressure Steam Heating
Apparatus.

I consider this an invaluable heater for Dry Goods Houses^ being
entirely free from the dry and dusty air so invariably arising from
Hot-air Furnaces and Stoves.

The heat is of a mild and most agreeable character. The appara-
tus is self-regulating, safe, simple, and easily managed.

Yours, &c.,

G. V. S. QUAOKENBUSH.

156 Montague Plaob, }
BuooKLYN, February 23, 1860. J
MseBRB. Hills & Benton :

Gentlkmsn: — The steam heating apparatus placet! in my house
laBt Bummer, has been in steady use during tlie past -winter. So far
as the capacity to heat a dwelling, the perfect control over the dis-
tribution of heat, and the quality and hedtlifulness of it are con-
cerned, I consider this method far in advance of any furnace hitherto
in use.

With reference to its economy, my experience during the -winter
thus far, would lead me to conclude that t-wo tons of coal per month
are requisite to keep the house warm. With the same consumption
in furnaces, (two of which I had previously tried,) my house was
never heated to my satisfaction.

Yours, very respectfully,

DANIEL AYRES.

Brooklyn, February 24, 1860.
Mesbrs. Hills & Benton :

Gentlemen : — Having had your apparatus in use in my house for
the last five years, I am prepared to speak in the most positive terms
in its favor.

I have had my house thoroughly warmed with it for the last five
years, and during the whole time I have had an abundance of heat
in the coldest weather, and in mild weather I havo had no difliculty
in regulating the heat to suit my wants and comfort; and the whole
has been accomplished with a much smaller quantity of fuel than I
ever before used with any other apparatus, and my house more
thoroughly warmed.

The heat is of the most delightful kind — mild, efficient and easily
distributed throughout the whole liouse. I consider the apparatus
perfectly safe from fire or other accident, and is so easily managed
as to give me no trouble or care. Tlie longer I use it the more
highly I prize it. I would not do without it, or exchange it for any
other mode of heating now in use.

I consider your plan of heating private dwelhngs and public build-
ings a public benefaction, and have no doubt but that, if the people
were thoroughly acquainted with its real merits, it would be the only
apparatus used in all good dwellings or public institutions, and I
really desire to see the day when your apparatus shall be introduced
into our public schools, (as I have no doubt it will be,) when our

children not having to breathe a burnt and noxious atmosphere filled
with dust and gas, can enjoy the comfort of an evenly and well
warmed study-room, and be more healthy, vigorous and better
scholars, and not be subject to loss of life or limb from the so
often repeated accidental firing of the building from the hot-air
fm-nace now in so common use.

I am entirely satisfied with my apparatus, and find it all that it is
represented to be. Although mine was the first put up in the State
and before many of the improvements were applied which you now
have in use, making it more desirable. Five years ago we
buUt three houses-in the one occupied by myself we put your appa-
ratus, and in the other two we put hot-air furnaces. At the end ot
one year it cost us one hundred and fifty dollars each, to repair the
houses in which the hot-air furnaces was used, while the one occu-
pied by mo needed no repairs; my house was well warmed,
the other two were quite uncomfortable in cold weather, so much
so that the water-pipes froze up and burst, doing much damage both

to walls and furniture.

Yours truly,

R. T. WILDE.

Bmooklyn, February 25, 1860.

Messrs. IIiij.s & Bkston :

Your note requesting my experience and opinion as to the quali-
ties of your heater can be briefly answered.

My house has not before been comfortably warmed in severely
cold weather, because of its unusual width, although provided with
a first class hot-air furnace of very large size.

With your heater, which was put in last autumn, I have been sup-
plied with heat in a manner as convenient and efficient as that with
which the Gas-works furnish me with light-that is, I have it wJien
it is wanted, If Aere it is wanted, and to the degree desired. My
rooms are not overheated on mild days, nor am I driven to the occu-
pancy of two or three rooms, because of the incapacity of my furnace,

on very cold days. _

Annoyance from coal-gas escaping through hot-air pipes, or the

.till worse smell from a dry evaporating pan, or quantities of dust

from the street by a large cold-air tube, is no longer experienced.
The atmosphere of my rooms is almost as pleasant as when

warmed by the sun, and gives no peculiar impression of having been

heated by fire or hot iron.
Beyond all these advantages, however, I regard the immunity from

danger by fire as tlie most valuable. It was tliia which first led mo
to select your heater, and I have had no reason to regret the choice.

My consnmption of fuel is u little loss than formerlv, but the nnm-
ber of rooms comfortably warmed is much greater.

I regard it also, as no slight advantage that this ai)paratU3'can bo
managed i)erfectly well by ordinary servants, of whom nothing is
required but to put on the coal and reinove the ashes, the consump-
tion of fuel being perfectly controlled by the use or disuse of the
Radiators.

There is none of the noise which attends the use of steam at high
temperatures, and danger from explo.sion or collapse is impossible.

So far as my observation extends, it is the best mode of warming
dwellings now in use, and with a system of ventilation with which
it may be readily combined, seems to bo absolutely perfect.

Respectfully yours,

0. L. MITCHELL, M. D.

FROM PROF. E. E. SALISBURY,

TALK COLLEGE, NEW HAVEN.

The subscriber, having used in his house in this city, for several
months past, a Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus, with Hills' improve-
ments, is happy to express his entire satisfaction with it. "When
once Avcll put up and adjusted, it seems not liable to get out of order,
and is easily managed, and perfectly eflficient for any degree of cold,
if there be enough of radiating surface provided. With i)ropor at-
tention to ventilation, the atmosphere produced is like that of a mild
summer's day, free from dust and all other impurities, exceedingly
agreeable, and, as I know from personal experience in my own house
particularly suitable for a conservatory. The fixtures attached to
the radiators distribute the heat very conveniently, wherever it is
wanted, and regulate the activity of the fire according to the amount
of heat required. The screens Avith marble tops, used to enclose
clusters of radiators, form convenient and not inelec:r-.at wall-tables.
I cannot say that the actual consumption of coal is less with
this than with other warming apparatus, though T am decidedly of
opinion that it is more efficient than any hot-air furnace consuming
the same amount of coal. It was substituted, in ray bouse, for two
hot-air fnrnaces and one hot-water apparatus, and more than supplies
their place.

EDWARD E. SALISBURY.
Few Ha.ve:t, February 27, 18C0.

I'll

tthe ro.o.ln« letter .o. n-« M. Tow««o. E... President of the C.t, Ba.in.. B.a.,

New Daven, Conn ;J

Phosi'Kot IIiix, E^st H*;;'«'^' "^fH
New lUvKN, February 28, 180U. )

Mkssi{». Hills & Bknton :

Gkxtlkmen -.-With great ploaHuro I give you the --1^;'" ;^y;^;
pcrience in regard to " Gold's Stea.n IIeater,'Mvh.ch ^^on.A^^^^
th« "Eureka" (tbuud «t last) for heating houses. \ou are well
Ire tv strong n.y prejudices were against your -od- hoa^^
houses, until I was forced to confess tl-t yours and no o^^^^^^^
the best; I had considerable experience with hot-au ^^"""^^Ml
had I believe, the best that were ever made, but with them alU
rev^kner hat comfort, real comfort was until I experienced the
gnl summer-like heat which your apparatus diilMsed in am a o^^^^^
L entire length, breadth and height ^J;-^ ^^^.^ ^^^
aware that our residence IS on one ot the 1'' "^ ™ necessarily
citv of New Haven, the Harbor and Long Island Sound, "^ces aniy

7ZLI . t„e «..t appe.rauce of f,o. had I'- ^ ^ f ^

watcr-M ». It f"( "^ ;'"f J^ I ,„„,e n.cnbers of my family

'""e::^ m! ; J^M .-^ael,;, &c., but .1th your Steam

wlea Ih those had feeling, vhleh hot-air farnace, «'"«•» «-»
ihem A. I mentioned hefo,e, I was at first very much opposed to

your mode of heating, Ist, because I wns told I must get an engineer
to 'tend it, or I would bo blown up, that it wu» a very intricate and
difflcnlt thing to nianngo; 2d, that it could not bo made tight,
but that it would bo leaking all over the house; 8d, that it made
constantly, such a horrible noise ; 4th, that I would bo suffocated
as there was no ventilation, and a hundred other stories Avero told
mo, all of which I liave found to bo false. In answer to the first I
would say I have not been blown up, and I am n(»t comi)elled to hire
an engineer, neither am I obliged to look after it even myself, as it
taJcM tare ofit?elf; all the attention it requires is — the servant made
a fire in the fii'l and has at intervals thrown on coals and raked down
the ashes. Your admirable self-regulator attached to it is a perfect
success. 2d, We find no trouble from leaks. 3d, It is not making
constantly a horrible noiso. 4th, We are not suflfocated, but have
all the ventilation that one could wish, as this apparatus permits us
to have the inside doors of the house open, which gives a free cir-
culation of delightful, soft, warm air throughout the entire house,
perfectly free from gases and du«t, and such a thing as cool gas we
neter have. I like it so much that if I were to build another house,
and the best hot-air furnace ever made were offered me gratis, I
would not accept of it, but would bo willing to pay almost any price
for your heater rather than not to liavo it. We all know how much
healthier it is to sleep in a cold room, and how pleasant to dress on
a cold winter morning in a warm room ; with your heater, we can
do both, viz: just before retiring, if you want it very coM, turn off
the heat, then throAV up your window a few minutes and you have
a cold room ; say fifteen laii'utes before you wish to dress turn on
the b'<at, and in less time than it takes to write, you have a delight-
ful, warm room, the atmosphere of which is very like a June morn-
ing. In conclusion, I would say I consider Gold's Steam Heater,
with L. M. Hills' improvements attached and put up by Messrs. Hills
& Benton, as •perfect. I cannot see how any person can be content
without one. I believe that for health, comfort and economy it
stands unsurpassed. I am well aware that the first cost is consider-
able more than a common hot-air furnace, but in a term of years I
believe it to be the cheapest. Judging from the cliaracter of your
work, and the excellent materials which you use, I do not see how
you can furnish them at any less price, where any one wishes a
large and thoroughly heated house ; but for any one who wants
four to six rooms heated, I should think your Portable Furnace and
Heater, upon the same plan, only of less capacity, would be the thing
08 it costs so much less, the price being within the province of any one
(who can build a house) to have. I give you my experience cheer-

fully fin.l with much plc.im.ro, aiul would ftdd that I hnve .eon mnny
who have, and aro using your hoator«, and I have never seen the
lirst porsou who disliked them.

Very rcspcctftilly yours,

JAMES M. T0WN8END.

CliiBKNWicii, Conn.

MK99W8. Htu.8 k Benton :

(Jents — Agreablo to your roqnost, it gives mo pleasure to state my
cxperienco in the use of Gold's Stoarn Heating Apparatus in warming
my dwelling; I would say in a word, it is an entire sncccns. I con-
sider it one of tho grand improvements of the age, and needs only
to U Inorm to le generally adopted. AVhen I erected my dwe mg
some three years since, I confess it required a good degree of fa.th to
erect a costly house minus chimney grates, &e., but being convinced
they wereentirly useless, if your Heater was what it was represented
to be, T proceeded accordingly and am happy to say, (after throe win-
tor.' use) the heater has fully answered all it proposed to do m every
narticular, not the least thing having been out of order during the
whole time, and it would require much space to enumerate all the ad-
vantages it combines. In a word, I cannot see where any improve-
ment could be made or desired. I will mention only one or two of
its many advantages, and in regard to fuel, I find when houses the
size of mine) are warmed by hot-air furnaces reqmnng U to 16 tons
of coal my house is warmed and made comfortable with a most agree-
able temperature all through with 8 tons of coal a year, and wi h
comparatively little attention and perfectly free from all dust or smell.
T have often run the fire 2 and 3 weeks without rebuilding it.
Very respectfully and truly yours.

A. E. MATHER.

[Prom ReT. J. Trumbi'll Baokcs, of Schenectady, N. Y.]

ScuKNEOTADY, 29th Ecbrimry, 1800.

Messrs. nnx8,fe Benton:

The Steam Heater more than meets my expectation, although
, J bocle convinced of its preferableness after much inqmry and
experience in regard to other modes of heating. It promises to be
reconomical a it is convenient and healthful. I infer from my

triul thus fur tliroiijxU tho wlutor, iLnt 15 rooin.t, hoiiio of them the
largest Hizo, iind two hulls can bohottte<l witii about ton ton» of coal;
and my phmt room, which la much cximsed, has boon kept nboyo
60'', when tlio uir outHido wus moro tlian 20" below zero.

Hy hot-uir furnnccH and other necessary uidrt, all this could bo
heated with not less than 24 tons of coal, then not so effectively and
agreeably. Deduct then, tho cost of other apparatus, and my con-
clusion is that tho Steam Heater, (its first price notwithstundin-)
must moro tlmn save tho interest of tho investment.

Yours, i&c,

J. TliUMliULL liACKUS.

11 ILLS &, Benton :

Gents:— I um very much pleased with your Steam Heating Appa-
ratus, and most willingly add my testimony to that of others who
have tried it, as to its superiority.

It is tho most perfect heating arrangement I have ever seen, and
docs all that can bo expected from it. Wo have no dnst nor ga-s
from it, as from hot-air furnaces, but it is perfectly clean— the lieat
created by it is delightful— very evenly distributed— under perfect
contri.l, and during the coldest weather this winter, my house has
been thoroughly warmed from basement to attic.

Yours truly,

JOHN W. MASON.

120 nick* street, Brooklyn.

Fkbruauy 29, iSCO.

Extract from the Message of Governor B. Magoffin to tho Legisla-
ture of Kentucky, December, 1850. In speaking of tho Deaf and
Dumb Asylum, at Danville, Ky., ho says:

"The house is heated in part by steam, by Gold's Heater- a suc-
cessful, economical, and most comfortable mode of warming it.
The one half of the house is wanned by one fire, which consumes
only a cord of wood per day, and which, if the apparatus Avas ex-
tended, would heat the whole building."

lie then asks for an anpropriaiion of $2,500 to finish putting in
Heating Apparatus upon Gold's Plan.

Bbookltit, March 1, 1860.

MK89R8. Hills &BESTON:

GEKT3— During the past fall and winter, I have used Golds
Low Pressure Steam Heater," for .vanning my honse, and take great
pleasure in recon.nending it as an excellent heating apparatus

I have paid particular attention to its operations and I find r.mt t
reouires much less care than an ordinary furnace, on account o its
Xgulating power. The air is agreeable, pleasant and healthy,
a^id entirely Le from dust or gas. Considering the space warmed,
IconuZtlon of fuel is much less than is required for a hot-air
urnlce I^ short I consider it the very best apparatus for warming
dwelling-houses or other buildings, that I have ever seen, and the
longer I use it the more satisfaction I experience in its use.

Respectfully yours,

N. SOUTHWICK;

122 Hick* street.

Messus. Hills & Bknton :

Gentlemen :-Having for the last six months used one of your
heaters in my house, I deem it but just to say to you that I am
peSy satisfied with its operation, and I am of the opinion tha

no other mode of heating, now in -^^^^^'' 'ZT.^"^ llZt
economy of fuel, for safety and cleanliness, and think, taking it
together, it stands without a rival as a good, reliable heater.

Pwespectfully yours,

GEO. P. SMITH.

Olevela-nd, Ohio, March, 1860.

FoKT Hamilton, L. I., March 3, 1860.

Messrs. Hills & Benton:

Gentlemen :-In answer to your enquiry in relation to my experi-
ence with your Steam Heating Apparatus, it gives me pleasure to say
that I have found it all that I anticipated, or that you recommended it
to be We have had all the heat we could desire in the coldest ot
weather, and in mild weather it is readily adapted to just our wants.
We find the heat mild, yet efficient ; giving a sensation of a mild sum-
It heat, entirely free from dust, gas or noise. We feel a perfect

freedom from danger from fire or other accidents not to be realized in
the use of any other heating apparatus. In economy of fuel it is all
that you represented, and yet our house has been more thorougly
warmed than we have ever had it before. The self-regulation a°nd
ease of management, makes your apparatus especially desirable, as it
can be efficiently managed by anybody of ordinary intelligence.'and I
have no doubt but when your apparatus shall become more generally
known, it will be considered an essential part of every good house.
With assurance of my entire satisfaction with the heating apparatus,
believe me.

Yours truly,

RICHARD R. BENNETT.

REFERENCES.

E. W. Dunham, Esq., 35 West Warren street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

F. A. Piatt, Esq., Clinton avenue, , . . . "

R. T. Wild, Esq., 106 State street, "

Dr. C. L. Mitchell, 77 Montague street, *'

Dr. Daniel Ayres, 156 Montague street, tt

Dr. T. L. Smith, 118 Joralemon street, "

Dr. T. C. Durant, 17 Strong Place, »'

Nathan South wick, 122 Hicks street, "

J. W. Mason, 120 Hicks street, «

II. Messenger, 42 Willow street, u

Richard Field, 109 Willow street, u

J. H. Cunningham, New York avenue, u

Wm. Evans, Schemerhorn street, ii

Thos. L. McElrath, Bay Ridge, Long Island.

Richard R. Bennett, Fort Hamilton, u

Brown & Brothers, Bankers, 49 Wall street, New York.

Atwood & Co., Bankers, 104 Broadway, ... "

Corn Exchange Bank, 13 William street, 'i

Phoenix Bank, 45 Wall street, u

Bowery Savings Bank, 130 Bowery, i»

Great Western Insurance Co., 33 Pine street, "

Continental Insurance Co., 16 Wall street, «»

Kew Amsterdam Insurance Co., 14 Wall street, .... New York.

Columbiau Marine Insurance Co., U Wall street, ...

Arctic Insurance Co., 1 6 Wall street,

Orient Mutual Insurance Co., 2 and 4 Merchants Lx.

Homestead Insurance Co., 18G Nassau street, . . . .

Ward School, No. 10, 13th street, 7th av., 0th Ward,

R. T. Wild, Esq., 251 Broadway, ^^

St. Vincent's Hospital, 11th street near 7th avenue,

Bowen, Holmes & Co., 320 and 322 Broadway, ...

Eno, Roberts & Rhodes, 324 Broadway,

Patton & Co., 341 Broadway, -■•■

Edward T. Riley, 11th street, cor. University Place,

B. Steward, 150 Fifth avenue, ^^

Dr. Edward Bayard, 6 West Fourteentli street,

John Gray, 6 West Thirty-second street, ••••••••;■

J P Rogers, G Phelps Place, East Thirtieth street, .
J. B. Devoe, cor. First avenue and Eleventh street, .

J B. Smith, 85 West Eighteenth street, ^^

Felix Steinhart, 279 East Fourteenth street,

^ . „,.., . Staten Island.

Rev. J. Lewis, Clifton,

-r, -ir 1 ^. , . . Westchester Co.

Everitt Clapp, Esq., \ onkei^, ^^

J. T. Warring, Yonkers,. ^^

Cyrus Townsend, Peekskill,

Newburgh.

Dr. C. Dunham,

, -, „ ... Poughkeepsie.
Dr. C. H.McLellen, " ,/

Joseph Bartlett,

„, , „ 1, 1 „, Schenectady.

Rev. J. Trumbull Backuh,

Prof. B. Sillinuui, Jr., Yale College, New Haven, . . . Connecticut.
Prof. E. E. Salisbury, " '^'^ • • ' ^^
Prof. F. Sliophard, " .,. t " "
Wells Southworth, Esq., President City tire Insur-
ance Company, New Haven,

James M. Townsend, City Savings Bank, New Haven,

Philemon Iloadley, New Haven,

Willis Peck, New Haven, „ " ' " l V " "

Charles Ives, Esq., Attorney and Counsellor at Law,

New Haven, ^^

Wm. A. Ives, New Haven,

Riley Blakeslee, New Haven, •^- •

James F. Babcock, Esq., Editor New Haven Pal-
ladium, New Haven,

r'U

R. F. Lyon, New Haven, Connecticut.

T. B. Carpenter, New Haven, "

Stafford Building, New Haven, "

Seymour Bradley, New Haven, "

Dr. Phillips, Water Cure, New Haven, "

Amos Munson, New Haven, "

Eockville Bank, Rockville, "

Geo. Kellogg, Jr., Rockville, "

A. E. Mather, Greenwich, 'i-

Thos. Barrows, Jr., Rockville, «

Samuel Russell, Esq., Middletown, '^

Daniel Russell, Esq., Portland, "■

0. H. Carter, Esq., Waterbury, *»■

J. D. Alvord, East Bridgeport, "

N. A. Baldwin, Milford, "

W. H. Dayton, North Orange, New Jersey,

Court House, Cleveland, Ohio.

George P. Smith, Cleveland, «*

James Pannell, Cleveland, <■<■

George A. Stanley, Cleveland, "

William Case, Cleveland, "

Nelson Munroe, Cleveland, «

Geological Museum, (Sir William Logan, Peer,)

Montreal, Canada East.

Harrison Stevens, Montreal, "

Joseph McKay, Montreal, "

T. M. Bryson, Montreal, "

Lewis Renaud, Montreal, "

Eliiha Lane, Montreal, "

, THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OP

AETIFICIAL WARMING,

iND OF TUB

SYSTEM OF MR. GOLD, IN PARTICULAR,

WITH

L. M. HILLS' IMPROVEMENTS,

BY B. SILLIMAN, JR., M. A., M. D.,

riiOFESSOU OF GENERAL AND APPLIED CriEMISTRT, IN YALE COLLEGE.

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT.

How Heat is Distributed—From an open fire, or
stove in an apartment, heat is distributed in two ways :
1st, by radiation, or the direct emission of lieat in rays,
as the heat of the sun is distrPaited ; and 2dly by conduc-
tion or immediate contact of tlie air of the apartment with
the heated surfaces of fuel or of iron. The distinction
between these two modes of communicating heat is funda-
mental and important to be borne in mind, when weigh-
ing the claims of various modes of artiiicial heating.

In all open fires radiation is almost the only soul-ce of
any practical value, for tlie distribution of heat. The
draught in these eases carries ofl:* nearly all the heat com-
municated by actual contact of air with the ignited fuel.
In anthracite coal and charcoal, the amount of heat
sent out in rays to the surrounding air, is nearly or quite

equal to that communicated by contact ; ^vllile from wood
it has been ascertained by experiment to bo only about
one-fourth part of the whole amount of heat set free in
combustion. Hence the disadvantage, in point of econo-
my of fuel, of the old methods of heating, compared with
the modern, while in respect to perfectness of ventilation,
most of the more potent forms of modern apparatus are
decidedly inferior to the open fire. Without radiant
heat from some source, no apartment is properly warmed.
Hot-Air Furnaces give no Radiant Heat.— In the
hot-air furnace, so much used, the effect of radiant heat
is lost. The extended surfaces of hot cast-iron commimi-
cate heat to the air, in its passage through the hot cham-
ber, chiefly by immediate contact of the air with the
heated iron surfaces.

The radiant heat given out from these hot surfaces of
iron is absorbed by the enclosing walls of the hot-air
chamber, and partly lost, and partly returned by second-
ary radiation to the first source, the air in its passage
through the chamber to the apartments being heated
only by direct contact with all these heated surfaces.

Why Hot-Air Furnaces Injure the Air.— They do
80 chiefly in three ways, viz :

Ist, By burning the minute particles of organic mat-
ter always present in the air, viz : dust, filaments of vege-
table substances, &c., &c., and which coming in contact
with the highly heated iron surfaces in the hot air cham-
ber, are burnt, producing a disagreeable odor and an
unwholesome atmosphere in the apartments.

2d, By unduly increasing the capacity of the air for
moisture : the efi^ects of this evil are seen in the dete-
rioration of wood-work and furniture, and are felt in
the brittleness of the finger-nails, the dryness of the skin,
producing an intolerable itching, and an oppressive sense
of fulness about the head. These evils are very imper-
fectly obviated by the evaporation of water in the cham-

ber of tlio furnace, a practice wliich also introduces now
evils, withe ut fully reraedjin,'^ the old.

3d, By the leakage of sulphurous and other irrespir-
ablo and noxious gases from the joinings of the flues,
when these are cooled below a certain pretty elevated
point. This is a principal source of annoyance and inju-
ry in the use of hot-air furnaces, and one which rapidly
increases Av'ith their age. Continuous contractions and
expansions will loosen the best joinings, in the several
parts of the iron work, while the warping effect of con-
tinued heat on cast iron is well known.

The loss of heat in the use of the best constructed furna-
ces, is always very considerable, and any attempt toecon-
omize it by extending the iron surfaces of the smoke flues,
beyond a certain limited point, is checked by the leakage
here noticed, which becomes intolerable if the iron flues
are unduly extended.

Why Heated Air cannot supply the want of
Radiant Heat.— It is notorious that an apartment
warmed by an open fire, is comfortable when at a lower
temperature by the thermometer than in case of an apart-
ment warmed by heated air. Experience has shown that
it is needful, in order to secure an equal feeling of
comfort, to keep the air of apartments heated by hot-
air furnaces, from 5 degrees to 8 degrees hotter than is
needed, in case of radiant heat, (from whatever source)
forming the whole or part of the heat given to the apart-
ments. Thus, rooms warmed to 65 or G8 degrees by
Gold's Heater, are generally considered warm enough,
even by people of sedentary habits; while 72 to 80 de-
grees is the average temperature demanded by those
who uses hot-air furnaces. The difference is like being
in the sunshine and in the shade. The cause is found in
the total absence of all rays of heat from the heated at-
mosphere blown through the registej-s of a hot-air furnace.
An apartment warmed only by heated air blown through

it is like a warm air bath. In 8ucU an apartment the
human body is hotter (98°) than any other source of heat
there present, and is constantly cooling by its own radia-
tion ; while in presence of an open fire or of radiant heat
from steam, the body receives direct rays of heat from a
Bonrce hotter than itself. Hence, with radiant heat, a
lower temperature in the surrounding air, is consistent
with greater comfort.

This point is far from being appreciated, even by
persons well acquainted with scientific principles, and
their application ; but the more it is considered, the more
obviously true and important it appears in its application
to artificial warming.

The same objections hold (in the absence of rays ot
heat) to the distribution of the heat from steam, when the
attempt is made, as is sometimes done, to apply this agent
solely to the heating of air in an air-chamber to be sub-
sequently distributed by flues as in the common hot air
furnace. Such an arrangement may he an important
anxiliain/ in a good system of ventilation, hut can never
supply the loant of direct radiant heat in the apartments
to he ivarmed.

Notwithstanding the frequent adoption of the hot air sys-
tem for warming dwellings wherever anthracite coal can
be obtained, it is generally felt by those who have had ex-
perience in the use of hot-air furnaces, that the objections
just enumerated have great force. We have daily oppor-
tunities to note the existence and increase of this convic-
tion, in the eagerness manifested at every hand to know
the merits of the present system of heating by steam.

EFFICIENCY OF STEAM HEAT.

Earlier Plans of using Steam.— Since the distin-
guished chemist Dr.' Joseph Black, of Edinburgh, in

1/C4, first discovered and explained the laws of heat in
their apph-cation to Steam, it lias been well known that
steam was the moat econotnical and efficient agent that
could he employed for the rapid and easy transmission
and distribution of heat. Several plans for the employ-
ment ol M(jh steam for warming buldings have been
proposed, and one (its circulation in small wrou^ht-iron
tubes) has been for a long time in use, to a limited"oxtent,
m domestic economy, and much more largely in public
buildings. Without pausing to consider in detail the
reasons why all plans for heating by high Bteam have
been only partially successful, and not often adoped in do-
meatic use, it is sufficient to say that they have been very
costly, often noisy {and always liable to the noise resulting
Irom a vacuum in presence of water in small tubes), and
that the high pressure required always involves the sense,
and indeed, the reality, of danger, both from fire and
exp osion. Indeed, such an apparatus as has been before
used for this purpose, requiring a pressure from twenty
to one hundred pounds per square inch, demands an en-
gmcer to look after it, and is, of course, expensive to
maintain, and not economical of fuel. These and other
difficulties the Inventor of the present system believes he
has entirely overcome ; and he presents his apparatus to
the critical consideration of practical and scientific men
with the conviction that a candid examination of its
peculiarities will satisfy them that it will aroompHsh all
that he claims for it.

As many intelligent persons have never had occasion
to consider the laws of heat in relation to steam, and the
reason why this subtle agent is, when used at low pres-
sures, at once the safest, most manageable, and most econo-
mical mode of distributing heat, it is proposed here to
consider these laws and reason very briefly, and in the
plainest manner possible.

GENERAL PRFNOIPLES ON • wniOII GOLD'S SYSTEM
DEPENDS FOR SPECIAL VALUE.

Peculiar Power of Water and Steam to Store up
Heat.— It 13 a fact, made known by experiment, that the
quantity of heat which various substances can absorb in
the same time from sources of equal intensity, is very vari-
ous, and consequently, that in cooling from a given tem-
perature, different kinds of matter give out very different

quantities of heat.

Now, with respect to air and water, it has been proved
by accurate trial, by eminent observers, that in cooling
fi^m 212° to 32°, water liberates 3.74 times as ranch
heat as the same weigJit of air will do, and consequently
will raise the temperature of 3.74 times as much air to
the same degree. This peculiarity in different substances
is described by the terms 82)ecijic heat, or cajpacity ior
heat. Thus the power of water to store away heat in
itself in a way insensible to the thermometer, and to give
it out again on cooling, is nearly four times as great as
that of air, and hence the heat which is required by a
given weight of air, to raise it to a certain temperature,
can be stored away in a much less weight of water,
being, as it were, accumulated or condensed in it.

The Heat in Steam— When steam is made the means
of communicating heat, this advantage is much more
sensible than it is in the case of water. This important
fact is thus explained :— On passing into the state of vapor,
water absorbs nearly six times as much heat as is required
to raise it from 32° to 212°. This increase of heat would
render a solid body red hot by day-light, and still the
steam produced by it has only 212° of sensible heat.
This quantity of heat is 20^ times as much as an equal
weight of air can contain, and is consequently capable of
heating to the same point 20^ times its own weight of air.
But the instant the steam is condensed, by re-conversion
into water, this enormous quantity of heat (essential to

its condition as steam) is llbcmtcil, and becomes available
to heat the surronndinijf air, both by riuliation and con-
duction, or by iminediati' contact. Ilcnco it is plain why
Btoam is so prodii^'ionsly energetic as an a^^ent for the
rapid transportation of heat, and its Hatb and rai)id deliv-
ery at the points wliero it is wanted, losing on the
way to its destination, only such portions as the radia-
tion from the pipes permit. When it is important to
redeem this loss by the i)ipes in transit, they are so
packed in non-conducting substjinces as to reduce the loss
to a very moderate part of the sum total.

A few figures will make the heating power of steam
more evident. A pound of steam at 212°, sets free, l)y
its return to the state of water, (condensation,) sufficient
heat to raise the temperature of 5 J- pounds of water from
32° to 212°. This cpiantity of heat will raise twenty
times as much air to 212° (3.746 x 6.5), or it will raise
103 lbs. of air from 32° to 08". Since a cubic foot of air
weighs only 0.037 lbs., it follows that a pound of steam at
212°, by condensation to water, sets free heat enough to
raise 2,533 cubic feet of air from 32° to 68°. Water is
770 times heavier than air. At 32°, 24.6 cubic feet of
air weigh 1 pound. At 2i2' steam weighs 0.622, where
air weighs 1, and 100 cubic inches of steam weigh nearly
15 grains.

Why the Heat of Steam Is called Latent Heat.—

The thermometer indicates only 212 degrees of heat in
steam at the atmospheric pressure, and still it is in full
proof that the steam has really al)Sorbed five and a half
times as much heat in becoming a vapor, as the water
from which it arose, absorbs in passing from 32° to 212°.
That the steam really retains this prodigious quantity of
heat, (essential to its condition as a vapor) wo see from
the facts above stated. But it is stored away, so to speak,
in the steam in a perfectly hidden and insensible man-
ner, and hence it has been very significantly called latent

I'l

heat of steam. But it bejomos sensible heat again when
the steam is ro-eonvertcd into water. A careful consid-
eration of the operation of this beautiful law will render
clear the fact, so mysterious otherwise, that a compara-
tively small radiating surface heated by steam should
prove sufficient to heat a large volume of air without at
any time passing itself the limit of 212°.

Experimental Proof of the amount of Heat latent
in Steam. — "If we place a known quantity of water over
a steady source of heat, we shall see the thermometer indi-
cating each moment a higher temperature, until, at 212°,
the fluid boils; after which the thermometer indicates no
further change, but remains steady at the same point un-
til all the water is boiled away. Let us suppose that, at
the commencement of the experiment, the temperature
of the water was G2°, and that it boiled in six minutes
after it was lirst exposed to the heat : then tlie quantity
of heat which entered into it each minute was 25°, be-
cause 212°, the boiling point, less 62°, leaves 150° of heat
accumulated in six minutes, or 25° each minute. Now,
if the source of heat continue uniform, we shall find that
in forty minutes all the water will be boiled away ; and
hence there must have passed into the water, to convert
it into steam, 25° x 40 = 1000°. One thousand degrees of
heat, therefore, have been absorbed in the process, and
this constitutes the latent heat of steam. So much heat,
indeed was imparted to the water, that if it had been a
fixed solid, it would, as already stated, have been heated
to redness ; and yet the steam from it, and tlie fluid itself,
had during the whole time a temperature of only 212°."

Application of these Principles to the Practice of
Warming.— It is, therefore, a matter of easy and accurate
calculation, what effect may be produced from the con-
densation of a given volume of steam in radiators of iron,
or what amount of such condensation will be required to
warm a given bulk of air to a certain temperature.

But in practice tliero is always a loss of effect due to a
variety of causes, and the actual results are never as high
as the conditions of the laws set forth would require.

It is commonly stated as the result of experience in the
use of the old form of steam heating apparatus, (viz :—
coils of small pipes,) that to heat buildings by steam, every
2,000 cubic feet of space to be heated to 75° requires 1
cubic foot of boiler capacity, and that every square foot
of radiating surface on the pipes will heat 200 cubic feet
of air to the degree named. Much depends, however,
for the amount of boiler capacity, as well as on the con-
struction of the boiler. Experience leads us to the con-
viction that such a boiler as is figured in this pamphlet,
will accomplish more work than would be implied in
the numbers just quoted, with no increased consumption
of fuel. The material of which the radiators are made,
and the nature of the surface, has also much to do
with rapidity of condensation, and consequently with
the efficiency of the apparatus. It has been determined
that at 59° F. one square foot of cast-iron horizontal
surface in pipes will condense 0.234 lbs. vapor, of bright
copper 0.184, and of blackened copper tube 0.213. A
vertical position of the tubes somewhat increases this
amount of condensation. American sheet-iron (^. e. iron
not smooth and polished like Russia iron) is believed to
be nearly equal in condensing power to^ cast-iron, which
is well known to have the highest radiating power of any
substance in use. American sheet. 'ron is, therefore, the
material which both theory and practice recommend as
the best for constructing the Radiators in Gold's low
pressure Steam Heater.

EC0>70MY OF FUEL IN HEATING BY STEAM.

Heating power of Anthracite.— The means univer-
sally resorted to for testing the relative value of differ-

1^1

ent fuels, is to ascertain their respective powers of
evaporating water in a well-constructed steam-boiler.
Anthracite coal (Lehigh) is regarded as the most effi-
cient fuel that can be employed for this purpose, and
it is perhaps a high average of the various experiments
made by Johnson, Hayes and others, on this subject to
state the quantity of water which can be evaporated by
the complete combustion of one pound of anthracite at
tm pounds, producing, of course, ten pounds of steam
(equal in bulk at 212° to 596.7 cubic feet of vapor,) and
capable of raising 1,030 lbs. of air to the temperature
of 68°. But 1,030 lbs. of air are equal to more than
25,000 cubic feet; and we may therefore say that the
complete combustion of 1 lb. of anthracite in a well-
constructed boiler, is capable of raising 25,000 cubic feet
of air from 32° to 68°. A result beyond comparison more
economical than can be reached by any other mode of
using fuel, and one to which a reasonably close approach
can be made in actual practice by the proper use of
steam. Count Eumford's experiments proved that one
part of Carbon in burning raised 78 parts of water from
32^—212°. Prof. W. R. Johnson, in his experiments on
the heating power of coals, determined that about 86 per
cent, of the total heating power of good anthracite were
expended in evaporating water, while about lA per cent,
of the total was lost in the products of combustion. Of
the total heating power, by calculation, about 26 per
cent, were lost in practice, as deduced from the experi-
mental effects stated in his tables.

It is a fact of the greatest importance to be understood
with respect to the economy of fuel and the proper use of
steam apparatus, that there is no manner of advantage
gained by using steam under ;pressnre, (or high steam,)
as a source of heat. As the pressure under which steam
is generated increases, so does the latent heat of the
vapor diminish and its sensible heat increase.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF HIGH AND LOW STEAM.

Constant ratio of Sensible and Latent Heat.—

Experiment has proved that at all temperatures and
l)ressures, steam contains the same absolute quantity of
heat. The latent and sensible heat of steam taken to-
gether give always the same sum, and while, as is well
known, the sensible heat of steam may be carried by high
pressures to any desired degree, even so high as to fire
tow or shavings, as was shown by Jacob Perkins, with
his Condensor; still, this was done at the expense of the
latent heat. The latent and sensible heat of steam to-
gether, amount in round numbers to 1,184 degrees above
the freezing point of water. Thus, a certain weight of
steam at 212° when condensed into water at 32° gives out

Sensible heat, jso®

Latent heat, .... j 000°

1,180®

And the same weight of steam heated to 400°, will,
when condensed to water at 32°, give out

Sensible heat, sgg

Latent heat, 8i2'

1,180°

But while the absolute quantity of heat in the two
cases is unaltered, the attendant circumstances are most
seriously influenced as respects safety from explosion and
iire.

Steam at 212° exercises only one atmosphere of pres-
sure, '/. e. a boiler filled with steam at that temperature ;
is under no more pressure than if filled with common air
ofthe usual tension, while at 400° the pressure is equal
to sixteen atmospheres or 240 lbs. to the inch. But tak-
ing a more common pressure for high ateam, say 75 to

100 lbs. pressure, we still find a temperature of SOS''
to 330°, sufficient to cliar wood in no long time and to
endanger buildings as well from fire, as in tlie risk of

explosion.

In tlio following table are given the temperatures, cor-
responding to pressures from one atmosphere to twenty
atniosplieres.

„-

— -

HEAT IS DKORBBS.
FAHRENHEIT. J

PRESSURE.
ITMOSPUKRB. LBS.

HKAT IS DEQRBKS.!
KAHUEINHKIT. J

212°

PRBSSURB.
ITM03P1IERE. 1.I1S-

15 I

308°

220°

17.7

820°

230°

21.5 1

332°

105

240°

25.8 '

342°

120

250°

30.9

351°

135

200°

3G.1

359°

150

275°

393°

i 15

225

294°

418°

j 20

300

It is manifest from what has been said, that every
motive of safety, economy and efficiency favors the use of
low pressure over high pressure steam for warmmg
buildings.

FREEDOM OV GOLD'S SYSTEM FROM DANGER FROM FIRE.

The advantages of using steam at a low pressure are
not merely its economy, but even more still, safety from
danger of fire. It is well known that high steam will
speedily char all sorts of combustible materials. Thus
the felt coverings used to protect steam pipes conveying
hi-h steam are soon destroyed ; and numerous cases have

^^ood.,.ork w.tl, stea.n pipes carrying high steam No

Gold's system is q„it„ free from the risk whieh has vcrv
P.-oper y, lee, the Insurance Companies to affix hi I,"^
rates of ,us,„.a„c6 npon hnildings heated by hiijh steam
Indeed „o mode no,v i„ nse is so free from a 1 danger frtn
ft as tins. The hot-air flues of the eomu.on hoU r C
nace have destroyed many valuable buildings

THE RADIATORS.
Why Sheet-Iron is preferred for Badlators.-As

he question is often asked ,vhy s„™«ok is selected
to the material of the R.iD,ATons ™ Gold's Heaiee
jt .s well to state distinctly the fact, (in addition to X;

« /« 5^^ „y aU meiahfo,. tMs purpose. Its radia-

nug power (which IS the same as its absorbing powers

!s greater than that of any other metal. Thus of all sub-

s ances known, smoke or lampblack possesses the greatest

ad,a mg or em.ssivc power of heat, and is therefore se-

ca n 100, Us reflcetmg power being 0. The following
able wdl show the relative value iu this respect of some
ot Uie more common metals.

Names.
„ Radiating and absorbing power.

Niioke— blackened surface, j^^

Cast Iron, polLslied, ' ^ ^

Wrouglit Iron, polished, 23

Zinc, polished,

Steel, polished, '

Tin, polished, " " J

I>rass, dull, ...

' ' li

Brass, polished,

Copper, varnished, 14

Copper, hammered, ^

Silver, polislied, .,

• O

As the lladiators in Gold's Apparatus are enameled with
a black or dark surface, their emissive power is certainly
doubled as compared with polished iron, showing the very
great superiority of iron over all other metals, for the pur-
pose of radiating heat. The only substances possessing a
higher radiating power than sheet iron, are glass and
writing paper, neither of which it is proposed to adopt.
The experience of five or six years, summer and win-
ter, has shown no deterioration in these radiators frorn
rust; when in use they cannot rust, because there is
nothing in the vapor of pure water at a high temper-
ature to rust them, and being closed vessels they cannot
rust in summer. The heavy japanned surface protects
the exterior completely from all atmospheric changes.
The rapid destruction of iron in stove-pipes arises from
the acid vapors given off in combustion, aided by the
high temperature to which they are subject. In summer
stove-pipes perish more rapidly than when in use, be-
cause the salts contained in the dust and soot attract
moisture from the air, and lining the inner surfaces with
a concentrated saline and acid solution, soon destroy the
pipe. Both of these causes of injury are wanting in
Gold's Apparatus ; and the manufacturers can most con-
fidently and truthfully assure the public that they may
place the fullest reliance upon the efficiency and durabili-
ty of the Radiators now used.

Mil
(

tor
in

le
ar
ar

Montreal, April 5, i860.

Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.

Gentlemen, • • „ „„ t*si.imonv to the satisfac-

"" I have much pleasure ^^ S'^'^S "^J *t S y^ ^'" ^^''-

irentle and suinmer-hke heat, and go^.^r"'"& ' attention than

r„at3."etuor.'l.e i-i«3^«--f.« fro™ ,«.e

It U a neat and convenient "PP"''''"'.' Pf '"'Xr systems.
J«,a„d.becoia,;raUs.sepa«^^^^

I U,i„k the amount »' " '^Xrvasses allthe old systems o
£igra:a^;::l«:'rejrds comfoH. economy, and
t,a. Neatest of B,e..^, HeaJ,.,. ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^_^^^^^^^

St. Francois Xavier Street. l. J. A. PAPINEAU.

Montreal, I2th January, I860.
Messrs Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.

Gents, . . ^ „«npptin2 the working of your

In answer to your enquiries ^e«P«^ "^ -^^ ^^ greatsalis-
u Gold's Steam Heater" I can ^^^^^^^^'Jf.^f; heated f it is very
faction; my house is very P»««;^J balers being self-regulating
limple in its arrangements ^"^ ^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ in fuel, and

requires butl.ttle ""f^^^-^J^'^^Cn experience I can recommend
' ^'^"K^t^tm He^^r" fnd Ted'conf.aent'that it must soon be very

GEO. HAGAH.
Montreal, Jan. 12,1860.

Messrs Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.

Dear Sirs, , . -r , g used in heating my

At your request, I may say that 1 have^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^.^^

dwelling house, for the last ^^S^jo^ !„ producing ample gen-
Apparatus", which has g'7" "^f^fj^^^^^^^^^^^ f[ee irom all danger ol
ia heat, and in being, as I be)"^;«< P^^^^^^^^^^^ ^, a valuable one

fire; and on the who el co-^^^^^^^^^^ There is also

for the purpose of heatmg public or pi n

economy in fuel, in ray opinion, of fully one-third over heating
throuffh the aid of hot air. i;»*i,.

In conclusion I will say that with the exception of some little
trouble I have had with leakage where the pipe connects w.th the
radiator, that the apparatus has given me entire satisfaction.

I remain,
Your obedient servant,

H. STEPHEN S-

Montreal, 11th Jan. 1860.
Messrs Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.
Gentlemen,
The apparatus for warming buildings known as " Gold's Pa-
tent " which I have in my dwelling house, 1 find to give satisiaction,
excepting a short period in which the draft board m chimney under
smoke pipe had fallen down ; but on being replaced the difficulty
disappeared, and have uow no trouble in heatmg the house tho-
rougUy ; and although my experience of the merits of the system
extends inly a few moaths, I have confidence m the principle, as
well as Flexure iu the immunity from Stove Pipes smoke, Jabor and
risk from fire ; and, in my opinion, from accident, which I thmk
could only occur from (if at all possible) ^^^ilf«> f 8 e«t. I may
also state that among its best features is the healthful and umform

quality of the heat,

' ' Yours truly,

T. M. BRYSON.

Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.

^Tn atwer to your enquiry as to how I am satisfied with your
« Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus," I am happy to be able to tes-
tify to its perfect efficiency in producing an agreeable healthy at-
mosDhere such as 1 have never experienced in houses heated either
Wstoves or hot air furnaces. Its chief advantages appear to me
to consist in the simplicity of its management, cleanliness, and free-
dom from dust or smoke, facility of ma.ntammg an even tempera-
tur^ n both slight and severe cold, (with a proportional consump-
L of fuel) and perfect safety in working. The most essential

em towards ensuring the above appears to be a thoroughly good
Sit for the furnace; but with that, and a good system of
vent§ainiu the different parts of a building I consider it the
S mode of artificial heat for this country that has hitherto come

under my notice.

Yours respectfully,

FRED. LAWFORD,
1, Ottawa Place, Montreal. Architect.

I have much pleasure in confirming the foregoing statements in
reference to the steam-heating apparatus, having bad similar expe-
rience and found it perfectly satisfactory.

CHAS. A. LOW,
2 Ottawa Plaee, Montreal.
To Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.

Montreal, January 11, 1860.
Messrs. Mitchell Cockburn & Co.
Dear Sirs,

I have had " Gold's Patent Steam Heating Apparatus," put
lip by you in use since 1st November last, and have no hesitation in
slating that it has worked admirably, and given perfect satisfacton.

Yours truly,

D. R. WOOD.

Montreal, 5th Dec. 1859.
Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.
Gentlemen,

From my experience in the Steam Heater you have put into
my house, I am confident it is the best system of heating buildings
tliat has corae within my knowledge, and must be especially prized
where there are children or invalids, imparting that salubricy of
atmosphere which must be highly beneficial to those whose voca-
tion obliges them to be much confined to house ; it is easy to man-
age, and does not consume much fuel for the amount of heat it

radiates.

L. RENAUD.

To the Honorable John Rose, Commissioner Board of Works.

Gold's Steam Apparatus in the New Building of the
URSULINE CONVENT.

Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. are at present applying to
me for a recommendation of " Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus,"
as we are using it since November last in one of our Buildings,
which is 83 x 53 feet, and three stories high.

In strict justice T do consider the whole system as a great im-
improvement, entirely safe from fire, and economical.

The Religious Ladies of the Convent complained of cold in the
severe weather we have had lately ; but, in my opinion, the cause
most likely came from a want of experience on the part of the nuns
in the proper way of keeping up a sufficient fire.

Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. have done the work with
great care in my opinion, and although they were bound to give us
but a sufficif itt naantity of radiating surface, still T am under theim-
nression th..t we have one fourth more than required.

GEO. L. LEMOINE, Ptre.
Ursulines of Quebec, } Chaplain.

Jan. 16, I860.

Montreal, 12th Jan. ISfiO.
Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Cq.
Gentlemen,

In answer to your letter respecting the " Gold's Steam Heat-
er," which you have placed in my house, J have pleuf^ure in s;iyihg.
that I consider it has all those essential qualities (hat are claimed
for it. It is automatic in its working, and it radiates an even tem-
perature throughout the building ; it is free from all dust, nshes, and
gasses, is quick in its operation, and makes or reduces the steam
accordino; to the atmosphere ; it is altogether free /rom the acci-
dent of hre, and being low pressure I consider it impossible to ex-
plode. The atmosphere is healthful and invigorating, surpassing
everything I am acquainted with; it burns less coal thanlhehotair
or high pressure systems ; it should be introduced into our schools,
churcfhes, public and private buiiliiigs.

B. BREWSTER, jr.

Montreal, April iGth, I860.
Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.
Gentlemen,

Haying fully tested " Gold's Patent Heating Apparatus," 1
am convinced it is the safest and most economical way of heatin""
either public or private buildings. I use the hot air Apparatus at
my store, consequently I have experience in the diffierent modes of
heating, and have no hesitation in saying that " Gold's Patent" is
tar superior to any other that has come under my observation.

Yours truly,
' ' BENJAMIN LYMAN.

P.S. — I used about five tons of Coal during the first winter,
about the quantity that I used in my hall stove the winter previous.

E. L.

Montreal, 30th April, 18(10.
Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co.
Gentlemen,

The " Gold's Steam Heater" which you built in my dwelling
house has answered all my expectations, as giving out a soft and
genial atmosphere, safe from fire or explosion ; and it being auto-
matic in its regulating attachments, requires very little attention.
I have not experienced gases, cold drafts, ashes or many other an-
noyances inseparable from the wood or coal stoves, or the hot air
apparatus.

NORTON B. CORSE.

REFERENCES.

Gold's Stealn Heater buijt for the fpUpwing
Gentlemen by Mitchell, Cqckburn & Co.

Geological Museum, Sir Wm. Logaii. . .>.Y. .. . •■'Montrey;: ,

Harrison ^Stephens, Esq «*•••

Joseph McKdjr, Esq .k*. . . • .-• • • • • » •■^' • .^ '*''"

T. M. Bryson, Esq

Hon. Louis Renaud, Esq. . .* 'm ••^^*-

L. J. A. Papiiieau, Esq "^

C. A. Low, Esq **

Fred. Lawford Esq •*"»• "

N. B. Corse, Esq

Benjamin Brewster, jr '»

Edmonstone, All in & Co. . . .•

Benjamin Lym-T., Esq

J . Bouthi lier, Esq •

D. Russ Wood, Lsq.

George Hagar, Esq

Peter Uobertson, Esq

Savings Bank, Place D'Armes

Ontario Bank, do do

Liverpool and London Insurance Company "

Mrs. J. E. Mills "

H. Lionais, Esq

Alexander Walker, Esq -^^^

Robert Wood, Esq *. .- ^ ' ' ■**

Hon. L. H. Holton - "

Ashley Hibbard, Esq "

Uisu'ine Convent, Rev. G. L. LeMoine Quebec.

Victoria Hotel, W. H. Morrill, Esq Ottawa City.

"t^^i.^^^ X-a-i^

.^ ^'^-

-«-^

9^.

2^«»^ *-«-

GOLD'S PATENT LOW PRESSURE

SELF REGULATING

STEAM HEATING APPARATUS,

FOR WARMING

Private Residences, iStores, Churches, Hospitals,
Public Buildings, Greenhouses,Graperies, ^c.^e.

HARRISON'S PATENT EFTCEBNEE

OR,

Adapted to the wantb of Private Families, Res-
ta^iiratita ?Mid Hotels.

riiSC^JA'S '■^'

And do more work than any othei' range before the

public.

MITCHELL, COCKBUM & €o.