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 i>- 
 
 
 Pkiflbers, laas & ^tciini Fitters, 
 
 , I AND SILVER PLATERS. 
 
 31 fljtel db |*Oiaf««lK||i^ANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ^^^'^^^(iwfllll^ PcRilants, Bracke^8, Eecr Pumps, Globe 
 Va!ve€Gcks, Waiter <vuage8) Compression Cocks, 
 
 AMD ALIi KIKDS OF 
 
 & GASFITTERS COODS. 
 
 AGENTS FOR CANADA FOR 
 
 's System ef Heating Buildings 
 by Steam. 
 
 -A-O-EIsTTS I'OPt 
 
 HARftISO?J'S EUROPEAN KITGHEMR 
 
 A COMPLETE COOKING APPARATUS. 
 
 Corner of Craig & St. Peter Streets, 
 
 fCIlil., €«€KBiai & 
 
 \i 
 
Boiler, Brickwork and Regulating Attachments. 
 
DESCRIPTIOiN OF 
 
 (^diHtB patent Bimi ^eating apparatus. 
 
 ') 
 
 Thk engravings accompanying this pamphlet represent 
 the different parts of the apparatus, which we can modify 
 and adapt to the taste and requirements of our customers. 
 
 THE BOILER. 
 
 The engraving on the opposite page represents the 
 Boiler and brickwork, with the regulating fixtures 
 attached. The boiler is made of wrought-iron and cast- 
 iron combined ; is of cylindrical form, placed upright in 
 the cellar or some lower room, and varying in size and 
 capacity according to the amount of heating surface it is 
 required to furnish with steam. The lower part of the 
 boiler forms the fire-pot, and a sheet of water surrounds 
 the fire on every hand. A twelve-inch brick wall forms 
 the ash-pit and foundation of the boiler ; an eight-inch 
 wall encloses it, and a four-inch flue encircles between, 
 so that nearly all the heat is absorbed in the making of 
 steam. The whole occupies but little room, (about one 
 half that of an ordinary hot-air furnace,) and forms a 
 compact masonry of brickwork and iron of the most per- 
 manent and fire-proof character. 
 
6 
 
 A very small quantity of water is all that is reriuirod 
 for t'lo boiicr at first, and a supply is kept up by tlio 
 Water Regulator A fo lung as the Service-pipe B is far- 
 nishfcd with w atov. 
 
 THE PIPES. 
 C C are common wrought-iron steam-pipes for conduct- 
 ing the steam from the boiler to the radiators. In private 
 dwellings they are generally concealed within the wall 
 and beneath the floor, the same as gas pipes, and arc in- 
 variably placed on an angle inclining towards the boiler, 
 so that all water resulting from the condensation of steam 
 in the radiators may run back through the same pipe to 
 the boiler, again to be generated into steam. By this 
 arrangement of heating the same water over and over 
 again, it will be seen that a very small addition will keep 
 the supply good. 
 
 THE REGULATING ATTACHMENTS. 
 Tube i? is a Hydrostatic Column, connecting with the 
 bottom of the boiler— being, in eflfect, a part of the boiler 
 itself— and is always open to the external air. It bears 
 the same relation to the boiler that the tea-kettle spout 
 does to the tea-kettle, and renders it equally as safe from 
 explosion or collapse. Before steam is generated, the 
 water in the tube and boiler is on a level ; but when the 
 fire is kindled, and more steam generated than is required 
 to fill the proper space, and radiators open to receive it, 
 a pressure is created upon the surface of the water in the 
 boiler, and this counterbalancing column rises. When 
 the steam accumulates to the pressure of one pound to 
 the square inch, the column will stand twenty-six inches 
 above the level of the Avater in the boiler, according to 
 a well-known law of nature. This simple process is era- 
 ployed to regulate the draft to the fire, as well as the 
 accumulation and pressure of steam. To this column are 
 attached three bowls, F, F, G, with elastic heads, con- 
 necting witli lovers— as seen in the engraving. Into the 
 
ii 
 
 I 
 
 
 M 
 
 first, Fj tlio wator flows at a given pressure (say ono half 
 pound,) and closes the draft to the fire by the ash-pit and 
 draft-door, M. Tiiis exclusion of air, with the radiator in 
 operation at the same time, will prevent the rising of the 
 column. But should the radiator not be open to use the 
 steam, or tlio draft-door bo accidentally held open, the 
 column of water will continue to rise, until, at the pvess- 
 nre of one or two pounds, as the case may be, it flows 
 into the second bowl Fy and lifts the lever attached to 
 the feed-door L, which opens and reverses the draft, 
 causing it to pass over the tire, instead of underneath and 
 through it. This reversal of the draft has the effect to 
 deaden the fire at once, and stop the generation of steam. 
 A slight additional pressure forces the water of the col- 
 umn into the third bowl <7, and lifts the lever attached 
 to the escape valve II, which allows all excess of steam 
 above that pressure to pass freely off through the waste 
 pipe /. Any further accumulation of steam and increase 
 of pressure is utterly impossible. 
 
 " The glass tube J^ represented in the cut, is not a neces- 
 sary appendage to the apparatus, and may be dispensed 
 with ; but it is connected to show the variation in the 
 pressure of the steam, the condition of the fire, and the 
 beautiful phenomenon of the oscillation of the water in 
 
 the tube. 
 
 The small glass tube K, on the Water Regulator, is a 
 gauge to indicate at all times the exact height of the 
 water in the boiler. The draw-off valve Ni^ used when 
 the boiler is to be emptied of water and sediment. 
 
 THE RADIATORS. 
 
 The engraving on page 8 represents the single Eadia- 
 tor or heater, with its appropriate valves and attachments. 
 This, for common use, is located on the side of the room 
 to be warmed, projecting about two inches, occupying 
 but little space, and the best pieces of furniture can be 
 placed nearly in contact with it without the least injury. 
 
n;. 
 
 10 
 
 The radiators can he suited to almost an >^ndles3 variety 
 of adaptions. Clusters oi tliem of any desired dimension 
 may be Lid within an ornamental fretwork of iron, with 
 a handsome marble top, (see pages 17 and 25,) or as a 
 marble mantel, (see page 33,) or some elegant article of 
 furniture. A number of them may be enclosed within a 
 chamber in the cellar or some lower apartment, and from 
 thence the heated air may be driven up through registers 
 into the room, the same as from a hot-air furnace. This 
 latter mods of conducting heated air into rooms we do 
 not advi'se, as it is attended with rr-any serious objections, 
 which, however, are not peculiar to this appaiatus. It is 
 a philosophical fact, that air heated by steam is better 
 calculated to flow upwards, and distribute itself in an 
 apartment, than that heated by hot-air or hot-water fur- 
 naces. 
 
 The radiators are made of two plates of Bloom iron, of 
 the best American manufacture. Tlie iron is, of necessity, 
 of the finest and most flexible texture, to withstand the 
 trying process of doubling to form the st^am-tight joints. 
 The front plaLe of the radiators is stamped with conical 
 depressions of about three eighths of an inch in depth, 
 two and one-half inches in width, and three and one-half 
 inches from centre to centre. The back plate is plain, 
 and the two are riveted closely together, with c <pper riv- 
 ets, at each point of indention, and the edges of the two 
 plates are twice doubled, or double-seamed, over a leaded 
 packing-coi d, and hammered hard down to a smooth bead 
 of pbout one-fourth, of an inch in wicV.h. This concave 
 surface gives strength to the radiators, and adds much to 
 their radiating power. The entire thickness of the radia- 
 tors is about one-half o^ an inch. The size and number 
 vary according to the space to be warmed, the position 
 in which they are placed, &c., &c. The radiators may 
 be painted almost any desired color, and ornamented to 
 suit the different tastes and fancies. Where they are 
 concepled behind screens, the only paint they require is 
 
 
11 
 
 merely to protect the external surface ; but wlien tliey 
 preput up singly, we generally paint or grain tl'.era to 
 correspond with the wood-work or furniture of t:ie rooms 
 in which they are located. On one of the lower corners 
 of the radiators is a valve to open when ateam is to be 
 admitted, and closed when steam is to be excluded. An 
 ail -key is placed on the opposite upper corner to regulate 
 the amount of steam to be admitted. No steam will 
 enter any part of the radiator until that part is emptied 
 of air. By closing this air-key when any desired portion 
 of the radiator is heated, the other portion will remain 
 inoperative and cold. 
 
 ITS PERFECT SELF-REGULATING, OR AUTOMATIC 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 The fire being kindled and the day's supply of coal put 
 on, no further attention is necessary. Steam will, in a 
 few moments enter all the open radiators, and instantly 
 impart its heat to the space exposed to its influence ; the 
 fire -will then burn, and the coal be consumed owZy w 
 propmiion to the amount of heat required. For as the 
 amount of heat obtained from the radiator depends upon 
 the condensation of steam therein— as explained in another 
 part of this book— and as the condensation depends 
 entirely upon the temperature of the atmosphere in which 
 they are placed— Me atraospliere is itself t/w agent to 
 open and close the draft to the fire. Thus, when the 
 atmosphere is at a low temperature, and the apartment 
 cold, the condensation in the radiator is rapid, a great 
 amount of heat is thrown out, the steam used fast, the 
 pressure taken from the boiler, the draft door opened— 
 as before explained— and the consumption of fuel in- 
 creased. But as the temperature of the atmosphere is 
 raised, and the space grows warm, the condensation of 
 steam in the radiator diminishes, less heat is thrown off, 
 less steam used, the pressure increased, the regulating 
 column raised, the draft closed, and the fire deadened 
 
12 
 
 to the requirements of the steam. Or, if the steam be 
 shnt off from any one radiator, just in that proportion 
 will the draft he closed, and the consumption of fuel he 
 saved. 
 
 This feature of Self-Regulation in Mr. Gold's system, 
 being a matter of economy, as well as of comfort and safe- 
 ty, is not to be found in any other heating apparatus of 
 the present age. In fact, none other that we have been 
 able to discover, is at all self-regulating. The closing of 
 the register to exclude the heat of the hot-air furnace 
 from the room, does not, as is well known, deaden the 
 fire in the least, but rather increases it than otherwise. 
 
 ITS SAFETY FROM FIRE. 
 
 A simple glance at the position of the boiler and fire 
 in Gold's Heater will convince any one of its perfect 
 safety. The fire is on all sides enclosed within a fourteen 
 inch partition, including the water sheet around it, two 
 inches; flue, four inches; and brick wall, eight inches. 
 The heat is so perfectly consumed by traversing the 
 boiler, that the temperature of the smoke-pipe does not 
 exceed that of the steam (212°), which is a degree of 
 safety as well as economy, hardly to be equalled. The 
 only external openings to the fire are through the feed- 
 spout and ash-mouth, both of which are of iron, substan- 
 tially built'into the brick-work, and with a pitch inclin- 
 ing inwards, thus preventing the liability of coals falling 
 
 out. 
 
 According to recent reports of the Fire-Marshal, two- 
 thirds of the fires in New York City are traceable to the 
 use of Hot-air Furnaces; and the evil is increasing to 
 such an alarming extent, that the fire insukance com- 
 panies HAVE BEEN COMPELLED TO INCREASE THE RATES OF 
 
 INSURANCE WHERE THEY ARE USED, and to ofier a premium 
 on safer modes of heating. To this end, the authorized 
 agents of the companies have carefully examined our 
 apparatus, and have pronounced it the most free from 
 
13 
 
 danger of firo of any raethod of lieating buildings now in 
 use ; and thr new york companies have decided to make 
 
 A DEDUCTION OF TEN PER CENT. ON ALL RISKS WHERE TIHS 
 MODE OF HEATING IS ADOPTED. 
 
 The following letter, in relation to this subject, has been 
 kindly furnished us by the Secretary of the koard of fire 
 INSURANCE COMPANIES, wliicli Board comprises all, or 
 nearly all, the fire insurance companies of the city of 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 NEW YORK BOxVRD OF FIIIE TN^SURANOE COMPANIES. 
 
 New York, Oct. 12<A, 1858. 
 
 Gentlemen :— In accordance with your request, I would state that the 
 Fire Insurance Companies of this city malce a deduction of 10 per cent, on 
 the premiums on all risks where your mode of heating is adopted. 
 
 The Board adopted a rule to that effect, in consideration of the greater 
 safety as regards the happening of fire, and deem your apparatus (Gold's 
 Patent) much safer than the usual modes of heating. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 W. F. UNDERHILL. 
 
 ITS DURABILITY. 
 
 In point of durability, it is believed that this apparatus 
 will be found remarkably free from objection. The 
 boiler is built as substantially as any other steam boiler, 
 and with careful usage must last almost indefinitely. 
 Even limestone water used in it can do no harm, since 
 the same bulk of water is used over and over again with- 
 out sensible addition being required. Tlie radiators and 
 conducting pipes being of iron, might be regarded as 
 liable to rapid oxidization. Such is, however, proved by 
 experience not to be the case. The oldest operators in 
 steam-pipe affirm that they never rust internally. The 
 nature of steam is to prevent corrosion. Tlie radiators 
 are externally protected b}'^ paint put on at a high tempera- 
 ture. When not in use they are closed air-tight, and all 
 perfectly dry on the inside. After four years' use, one 
 of them being cut open, was found to bo quite as clean 
 and free from dust as when it was made. 
 
u 
 
 The following letter from an eminent authority, should 
 be taken as positive evidence on this point. Mr. Mills 
 has the honor of being the first to adopt, on a large scale, 
 
 this plan of warming: 
 
 New Haven, Oct. \st, looB. 
 
 Gents :-You have the liberty to use my letter to whlcli you refer; 
 thougU I have the impression that this method of heating is no longer an 
 experiment, but a fixed fact, satisfactory to all ."lio ^'^ 'JJ^fJ " f ^^ 
 doubt still seems to be hanging to the mind «/ \f«^ ^^ "^^ ^f J'^/,^:; *° 
 ^it: whether the radiators will not rust out. lu the early part of he win- 
 ter of 1857, 1 had the satisfaction of examining mine, and know that they 
 were free from rust, and as sound as when first put up. Mmc, it should be 
 observed, were among the first put into use, and had then served me three 
 
 ^'^^^^' Yours, respectfully, 
 
 LEWIS M. MILLS. 
 
 VENTILATION. 
 Too much importance cannot be attached to this de- 
 partment, in the architectural and domestic arrangement 
 of buildings. The common plan of constructing chim- 
 neys, with^flaes opening through the fire-place into the 
 rooms, is an excellent provision for ordinary dwelhng- 
 houses; and the occasionally opening and shutting of 
 doors, with the unavoidable ingress of air through the 
 crevices of windows, amply supply ventilation where 
 there is no unusual perversion of the atmosphere. But 
 for the purpose of ventilation, merely, we would recom- 
 mend that the flues or vents be made of tin, thus avoid- 
 ing the expense of chimneys, which only disfigure the in- 
 terior of a house and take up valuable room. By this 
 arrangement, whore Gold's plan of warming is adopted, 
 but one chimney is needed, even in the largest building. 
 The atmosphere in the room being evenly rarified, by 
 coming in contact with surface never sufiiciently heated 
 to char the innumerable minute particles of dust always 
 floating therein, and rendered impure only by respiration, 
 is constantly but imperceptably being carried oif, while 
 a sufficient supply of fresh air is continually entering. 
 It has been found that a gradual change is thus eff'ected 
 in the atmosphere of the whole house. 
 
15 
 
 Gold's apparatus does not profess to be, of itself, a ven- 
 tilating machine, althongli it admits of the moat thorough 
 ventilation. We must be pardoned for asserting in this 
 connection, without entering into the proof, that the 
 various appliances for heating, so much in vogue at the 
 present time, not only do not produce jyi^oper ventilation, 
 but they actually do not permit of it, although the term 
 " ventilation" is conspicuously aflBxed as a redeeming 
 appendage, to each yearly revision of the old system. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 The construction of the boiler is such as to insure a 
 very perfect combustion of the fuel without forming clink- 
 er, or leaving unburnt portions of coal. The conducting 
 pipes, when exposed in damp cellars, or where the heat 
 from them would be lost, are generally w^ound with felt, 
 or some hair or woollen substance that is a non-conductor 
 of heat. 
 
 The heat from the radiators is of the mildest and most 
 agreeable character ; it produces no such effect of giddi- 
 ness, dryness, or of oppression about the head, as is 
 attributed to stove and furnace heat ; and as the air never 
 comes in contact with any surface warmer than 200 °, no 
 odor of burnt particles is perceived in the apartments. 
 It is radiant heat which is given off from them ; hence 
 the limbs and feet, feeling its genial influence equally at 
 the same time, are free from the unpleasant coldness so 
 often complained of in furnace heat, where, as elsewhere 
 explained, the effect of radiant heat is almost entirely lost. 
 
 The uniform distrihutiou of heat effected by this 
 means of warming, is another very noticeable advantage 
 in its favor. It is entirely unaffected by wind, and, for 
 a simple and obvious reason, is more efficient and rapid 
 in its operation in very cold weather than in more mod- 
 erate temperatures, because the more li ^:<idly the conden- 
 sation takes place, the more heat is evolved, and this 
 happens when the atmosphere is of a low temperature. 
 
16 
 
 Having given a full descripton of this new method of 
 heating; and spoken briefly of its prominent advantageB, 
 wo will omit noticing the various modifications to which 
 it is peculiarly susceptible, and submit to all interested 
 in the subject, whether this apparatus docs not supply 
 the want so long felt in tiie community, of some exceed- 
 ingly simple and economical mode of using steam for 
 warming purposes. 
 
 It is adapted as well to old houses as to new, and can 
 be put in with very little inconvenience to the occupants. 
 We cannot furnish the apparatus at i^ first cost less than 
 some other methods of heating, though we do claiin a 
 very decided superiority, in this particular, over any other 
 steam or hot-water arrangement. 
 
 The Proprietors would respectfully urge upon those 
 who intend to adopt this mode of warming, the necessity 
 of giving in their orders at once, as Spring and Summer 
 are by far the most favorable seasons for the erection of 
 the apparatus. We have already as many ordered for the 
 fall as that limited time will permit us to fulfil ; and we 
 hope that all who are disposed to give our new system a 
 trial, will confer with us without delay. The apparatus 
 is put up complete, in the most substantial and workman- 
 like manner, and wabkakted to give satisfaction. 
 
 Subjoined are a few of the many recommendations 
 which we have at our disposal, and we ask for them a 
 candid perusal. It may be well to state here, that the 
 parties who have kindly, freely, and obligingly given us 
 these testimonials, are not interested in the invention, 
 either directly or indirectly, to the amount of a farthing, 
 they have bought the apparatus and paid the full price 
 for "it ; and further than the one they arc using, have no 
 interest whatever in its success. 
 
of 
 
LETTERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 New Youk, September 1st, 1858. 
 
 Hills & Bkston : 
 
 Gents: — After having msido use of one of your new Steam Heat- 
 ing Apparatus for two years, and after having carefuljy watched its 
 operations, it is witli great pleasure that I comply witli your request, 
 and bear njy testimony in its favor. From its self-regulating power, 
 it requires less attention and consumes less fuel than any stove or 
 furnace, giving out the same amount of heat, that I have ever known. 
 The heat produced is exceedingly agreeable, having the softness of 
 inild summer air, free from dust and dryness, and the escape of gases. 
 The heating by steam, which can be so regulated as by your process, 
 must be highly important to those who have sensitive lungs, and to 
 young children. My attention was drawn to the value of heating 
 by steam by the eflect upon a lady whoso lungs were extremely deli- 
 cate, and who had for the past twelve years, during the winter 
 months repeated colds, which were followed by hemorrhages from 
 the lungs, though every precaution was taken to prevent them, by 
 contin'ng herself to the house, heating the entries with a furnace, 
 and the rooms with Cannel coal in au open grate, regulated by a 
 thermometer ; yet the variableness and severity of our winter cli- 
 mate would reach her, and i)roduco these dreaded attacks. She 
 removed, three years ago, to a hotel heated by steam exclushcli/, 
 from which time to the present, she has not had a single attack of 
 hemorrhage, though two of the past three winters have been unusu- 
 ally severe. This result was, no doubt, owing to the peculiar char- 
 acter of the heat generated by steam. I regretted that steam heat 
 was not within the reach of all, for as then used, it was on a large 
 scale, requiring the attention of an engineer. I have now learned 
 and found that you have so completely domesticated steam, that it 
 can safely be left to take care of itself. 
 
 Yours respectfully. 
 
 EDWARD BAYARD, M. D., 
 
 No. 6 West Fourteenth street. 
 
'i i' 
 
 20 
 
 BiiooKr.TN, September 25th, 1858. 
 Iln.i.s tSi IJenton: 
 
 Gexts: — Witli a comparatively slifjlit examination of your Stoani 
 Iloatirij^ Al)l)ftratu3, I was »o well satistioil, that I was induced last 
 autumn to order one put up in my house, with radiators in every 
 room ; and I am pleased to he ahle to state that my anticipations 
 respecting it, have been fully realized. 
 
 The attendance on the fire in less onerous than on that of a com- 
 mon furnace ; no special skill or experience being required, as is 
 usually the case with steam boilers. 
 
 It regulates the draft perfectly, preventing a greater consumption 
 of fuel than is just sufficient to produce the required head of steam ; 
 closing the draft when above, and re-opening it again when below 
 that point, and this without any attendance whatever. No adjust- 
 ment can well bo perceived more perfect, and the same remark will 
 apply to the machinery by which the boiler is regularly supplied 
 witli the exact quantity of water, which is very small. Both arrange- 
 ments are quite remarkable for their beautiful simplicity. In all 
 respects, it is perfectly safe. 
 
 The economy in fuel, as compared with a hot-air furnace, I judge 
 to be very considerable ; greater in a severely cold than in a mild 
 winter. 
 
 In healthfulness, comfort, convenience, cleanliness, and pleasur- 
 able feelings, the beat from the Steam Radiator surpasses, incom- 
 parably, that of any hot-air furnace whatever. To persons subject 
 to pulmonary aflPections it is invaluable. 
 
 The improvement you have recently made, by which the radiators 
 are all filled, and when full the escape of the steam is prevented, with- 
 out the attention heretofore required, is very valuable, contributing 
 almost the only desideratum to enable cr«e to say, " It is nearly per- 
 fect." 
 
 I have been thus minute, because, among modern house improve- 
 ments, I can hardly conceive one more conducive to health and 
 comfort, than your Low Pressure Steam Heater. 
 
 I am, respectfully, yours, 
 
 E. W. DUNHAM, 
 
 No. 65 Weat Warren street. 
 
 New York, October 4th, 1858. 
 Hills & Benton : 
 
 It affords me pleasure to give my good opinion of Gold's Low 
 Pressure Steam Heating Apparatus. I have used it in my house 
 
21 
 
 for two years with great satisfnctioii. It is tlio most lioaltliy, cojii- 
 fortablo, luul econoiiiical way of heating a liouse. The nir is soft 
 and agreeable as that of sumuier, and adapted to delicate and foebio 
 constitutions, as well as others ; and I can recommend it to those 
 troubled with iiulinonary diseases, rather than to go South. 
 
 I have used the Ilot-air Furnaces, which will give a suftioiout 
 amount of lieat, but the air is not liealthy, and the more delicate and 
 confined the person, tiie more deleterious to their liealtli, 
 
 I have been for a long time (thirty years) engaged in the Medical 
 Profession, and can speak from my own observation, of the necessity 
 of a pnro, healthy atmosphere, as of the first importance. "Who can 
 tliink and study with a dizzy head and a parched throat? Ask the 
 scholar, the churchman, the physician! Yes! ask the pale-faced 
 mother what can relieve her depression? Ask the committees upon 
 heating our public buildings, if they understand the jirinciples uf 
 health, thought, and economy ! or must a few educated men spend 
 their lives in advising what science and philosophy have developed, 
 and never feel that a grateful community can appreciate it ? Look 
 at the names of the scientific men who have recommended this appa- 
 ratus, and can our own committees say they have examined this 
 subject as guardians of health, happiness and interest, in neglecting 
 this most comfortable and healthy luxury ? 
 
 • LEVI FOLSOM, M. D., 
 
 I No. 124 West Twenty-eighth street. 
 
 New Haven, October Gth, 1858. 
 
 Hills & Benton : 
 
 Gents : — I have used in my dwelling-house here, for four winters 
 past, Gold's Steam Heater, and with much satisfaction to all the 
 members of my family. During the very severe weather of 1856-'57, 
 Ave found no difficulty in keeping our house comfortably warm 
 with this, and this alone, as our sole dependence for heat. It requires 
 less care in the management of the fire than any furnace I have had 
 any personal experience of, and it consumes very much less fuel than 
 any other heating apparatus with which T am acquainted, which is 
 capable of warming so much space. My house is not very large, 
 38x38, with two wings and a back building, all of which (say 40,000 
 to 45,000 cubic feet) is abundantly heated by this apparatus. I 
 burned last winter (in about seven months and a half) fourteen tons, 
 of 2,000 lbs., of anthracite coal — say, about 120 lbs. per day of 
 twenty-four hours. To heat the same space equally well, with other 
 
22 
 
 I 
 
 means, T know wouM itMiniiv more coal. I wus ronnerlj uiiiiblo to 
 hoat, witli any upimrutus employed i>y uif, llio whole of tliis Hpiioo, 
 and to lioiil a pnit of it retiuirod tlio Haniu fuel bunied in a furnace 
 and in several stoves and open Rrates. 'I'liis winter, owing to my 
 having had sot a greatly improved l)oiler, I shall pr()l)ably consuino 
 loss fuel. My former boiler was one of the earliest (!«)nstructcd for 
 this use, and was always too small to do its duty with the best econo- 
 my. In tho most sovoro -wealhor the consumption was 200 lbs. per 
 day ; in n\ild weather, less than 100. I am able, by steam, to heat 
 parts of my house which could not bo h<.'atod by any furnace, viz., 
 a back building sixty feet fromtiio lire, and nearly on tlio same level. 
 Combined with a good system (.f ventilation, 1 consider this tho 
 perfection of an artili(!ial temperature. The prime cost of this system 
 is certainly an objection to its general introduction in many cases 
 where it would bo desirable. Hut all who can allbrd the prime cost 
 will, I am sure, soon fool convinced of its essential economy, comfort, 
 and safety. Steanj, in some form of ai.i)aratus, is sure to take tho 
 placo of most other means of warming housoj and public! buildings. 
 Great objections, both from fear of cxi)losion and of fire, exist, and 
 justly, against high steam distributed in small pipes. These dangers 
 are avoided in tho case of Gold's Apparatus. Tins apparatus uses 
 only low steam, one to hco pounds per inch, and at that pressure no 
 danger can bo exporionccd, cither from fire or explosion ; and tho 
 very construction of tho api)aratus is such, that a higher pros^iuro is 
 impossible. Torfoctly regulating its own supply of air and water, 
 it needs only to feed itself with fuel to be independent of human aid. 
 It is superior to all hot-air furnaces in not over-heating and burn- 
 ing the air, in absence of dust and c.irt, in ease of its management, 
 and safety from fire, as well as in economy of fuel. To tho hot-water 
 opparatus it is superior in activity, and less cost; and in giving an 
 omple supply of kadiant heat in tho apartments, is very greatly 
 superior to both, and supplies, in fact, the place of an open tire. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 B. SILLIMAN, J«. 
 
 i 
 
 'if 
 
 HiLi.B & Ukston : 
 
 I take pleasure to *!i> 
 Heating Apparatus, tlui'. 
 
 New Haven, October ist, 1858. 
 
 Jilt my experience in tho use of Gold's 
 ;h t'.iu past four winters, is highly satisfac- 
 
 tory. The area Lonted exceeds 47,000 cubic feet. (The basement 
 
t8 
 
 liiiH ft (lli»ing-room iitul liiill ; tho first ntory Iihh tlvo nxmis; tiie 
 Hecond, eiglit; nnd tlio tliinl, nine — oiicli story liaviug il« respective 
 hall.) Tho most remote radiator is elovnted about 85 feet nbovo the 
 i)oilor, whicli is as readily filled as any of tho intermediate oiioh. My 
 flro was managed Ity a lud of fourteen, most ol tho time, at otlior 
 times by myself. 1 weighed tlio eoul for three weeks in succession^ 
 and the avorngo cimsumption was 84 pounds per diem. During this 
 time I burned tlio siftings, which aro included in tho above weight. 
 Through the winter it averaged about 100 lbs. a day. There was no 
 lack of heat during the severest weather, nor was there ditticulty m 
 excluding it in miluer weather. The heat furnished by tho Appa- 
 ratus glvi'/- ontirn sati-iiuction to all my family, and a large number 
 offriendf, bcsiiles tho inciuisitivo. I consider a decided advantage 
 gained in tlio purity of the air heated, and in exemption from gas, 
 ashe!) and smoke. Tho often repeated inquiries, " Is there no danger 
 of explosion or of tiro?" "Will it not need frequent repairs?" &c., as 
 far as my experience goes, must bo answered in the negative, and I 
 think all similar use elsewhere strengthens this opinion. 
 
 LEWIS M. MILLS. 
 
 New Haven, Conn., October 12th, 1858. 
 UiLLS «fe Benton : 
 
 Gents: — In reply to your brief note asking my " experience in 
 heating with Gold's Steam Heater," I would say, my sales-rooms 
 are some 16 by 90 feet, my work-room 20 by 86 feet, having some 
 16 windows, a largo part of which open to tho North and West. I 
 formerly attempted to warm the same with furnace and stoves, and 
 managed by burning some 10 to 12 tons of coal, to get along com- 
 ortably, excepting in very cold weather, when my clerks found it 
 absolutely necessary to huddle around registers instead of being at 
 their counters, while workmen in my work-room often accomplished 
 loss than t\\ o-thirds as much work as they would have done had 
 tlicir rooms been evenly and thoroughly warmed. Since the fall of 
 1855, I have used Gold's Heater, burning from 7 to 8 tons of coal 
 l)cr year only ; my premises are evenly and thoroughly warmed in 
 the coldest weather. In very severe weather, customers frequently 
 remark: "IIow comfortable you are here." "Your store is the 
 warmest place I have found to-day." "IIow very pleasant the 
 lieat is." In a word, I liked my first year's experience (or experi- 
 ment) so well, I placed another Heater (No. 8) in my house two 
 
 2 
 
24 
 
 years ago last fall, which has given entire satisfaction ; and now to 
 answer your question, would quote the language of a friend who has 
 tested the apparatus for the past four y^ars: ''I consider Gold's Steam 
 Heating Apparatus, for heating purposes, one of the greatest improve- 
 ments of the age. Where Jcnown, it needs no recommendation, as it 
 recommends itself'' 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 T. B. CARPENTER, 
 
 97 Chapel street. 
 
 r^ 
 
 Clinton At., Beooki.tn, July 12, 1859. 
 
 Hills &, Benton : 
 
 Deab Sirs:— Ha\ing been requested to give you the result of my 
 experience with Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus, I very cheerfully 
 bear testimony to the satisfaction imparted by last winter's trial of 
 it at my house. 
 
 As compared with a Hot-air Fu.-nace, the temperature produced is 
 of a much more even and unvarying grade, and its self-regulating 
 prirciple reduces the labor of taking care of it simply to putting on 
 the fuel and taking out the ashes twice or three times in the course 
 of twenty-four hours. The direct radiant heat is a very pleasant 
 feature, and its influence is almost as cheerful as that of a fire in an 
 open grate. 
 
 It would be doing your Apparatus injustice to omit to mention 
 the freedom wo experience from dust and gas, wiiich I have found 
 it impossible to prevent being introduced into the house, when using 
 the best arranged Hot-air Furnaces. With steam, I filnd no difficulty 
 in warming my dining-room, situated in a rear building, and into 
 which I had not been able to succeed in carrying hot-air. 
 
 There are various other points in which I consiuer this method of 
 warming superior to all others that have come under my observation, 
 but as most persons who think of using it, will satisfy themselves by 
 personal inquiry, of its advantages, I will not extend my remarks 
 further on the subject. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 F. A. PLAIT. 
 
27 
 STATEMENT OF JONATHAN KNIGHT, M. I)., 
 
 PBOFKSSOB OF SUBOEBT IN TALE OOLLEOB. 
 
 I have examined, with some care, Gold's Steam Heating Appara 
 tns, in reference to its influence upon the health of those who em 
 ploy it. That method of warming apartments is the most healthftil 
 which, while it produces the proper temperature most uniformly, 
 adds nothing to the air and takes nothing from it, so that it remains 
 in its natural condition. This is most happily accomplished by this 
 Apparatus. 
 
 Uniformity of temperature is readily preserved by the ease which 
 a greater or less amount of heat can be almost instantly communi 
 cated to the air of the whole or any part of a house which is pro- 
 vided with it, and this without any unpleasant current of hot or cold 
 air. 
 
 In all the ordinary modes of warming buildings by furnaces or 
 stoves of every kind, the air is liable to become impure bj the addi- 
 tion to it of dust, smoke, and gases of various kinds. This cannot 
 be entirely obviated, and is often greatly increased by the imperfect 
 contrivance of the furnaces, and especially by portions of them be- 
 coming impaired by gradual decay. So also, the heated air becomes 
 impure by its contact with the iron of the furnaces and stoves, raised 
 to a high temperature. The particles of vegetable and animal matter 
 always present in the air are burnt, and the products of the combus- 
 tion are mixed with the air, which at the same time is deprived of 
 tlie moisture which belongs to it in its natural state, and which is 
 essential to easy and healthful respiration. 
 
 All these sources of impurity in the air of apartments warmed by 
 this Apparatus are entirely avoided. The air is simply warmed 
 wliile nothing foreign is added to it. It is at the same time warmed 
 by contact witli the heaters, at a temperature but little below that 
 of boiling water ; too low to burn the particles of matter which may 
 be in it, or to deprive it of its moisture, in such a degree as to render 
 it unfit for respiration. 
 
 In warming roonis by this Apparatus, all that is necessary to pre- 
 serve the air in a state of absolute purity is to prevent its contami- 
 nation by the products of respiration, and of whatever means are 
 used to produce artificial light. In the common apartments of 
 dwelling-houses, the frequent opening of doors and windows which 
 necessarily takes place, will usually suffice, and if more is required, 
 an open fire-place or flue communicating with the chimney will be 
 an abundant means of ventilation. In other apartments, such as 
 scliool and looture-rooras, more efficient means of ventilation will be 
 
2S 
 
 reanired There arc no more required in this than in any other 
 Jde in common use of warming such rooms. The same means arc 
 necessary, and are equally efficient in them all. 
 
 For reasons such as the above, and which might he easily mu ti- 
 nlied I have no hesitation in expressing the confident opmion that 
 [his ipparatuB will he a more liealthful method of warming houses 
 
 than any other now in use. 
 
 J. KNIGHT, M. D. 
 
 FROM THE HON. JAMES F. BABOOOK. 
 
 EDITOR OF THE NEW HAVEN PAIXADITIM. 
 
 We are often asked personally, and by letter, how we are pleased 
 y^'l the operation of Gold's Patent Steam Heateb, which was put 
 Tntour dwelling-house early last fall. We reply to these many 
 nquir's, that we regard the apparatus as one of the very greatest 
 nventiois of the present age. It has been throughly tested by 
 ™Iny persons, and we believe is imiversally commended as possess- 
 Tng allZ qualities claimed for it; besides some that w.-e no 
 thought of until they were developed in the process of using it. We 
 BhouSnow as soon think of giving up the use of friction matches 
 Ind going back to the old tinder-box, as to return to the use of hot- 
 "r '"naces-for with steam you have no burnt atmosphere to 
 breathe You are not dependent upon the power or course of the 
 Jnd for increasing a volume of warm air sufficiently to pervade 
 Thoroughly the space to be heated. You are not sitting or s eepmg 
 ter a volcano, o' amass of fire which ma, ignite your building; or 
 ifTt does not io that, certainly does consume from two to three 
 times as much coal as is necessary to heat the same amount of space. 
 You are not having, and cannot have a tumigation of sulphur oi im- 
 pure air from g.as, that finds its way through the .vaq^ed and halt- 
 Llted furnace flues into all your rooms. You are not having cold, 
 from a great variation of temperature, and the more variable f om 
 tanding over a hot-air register at one moment, and sitting by a door 
 or window at the next,-and cold feet are among the tlungs un- 
 known and unspoken of where the steam apparatus is used. 
 
 We are not aware that any member of our family had a cold 
 daring the whole of last winter, which, as we believe was a fact 
 without precedent; and the only ice that was made in the building 
 was a Blight covering of the tank in the attic on one of the coldest 
 
29 
 
 nights of the winter, when the steam had gone down ; for we prefer 
 not to sleep in a warm room. 
 
 We cannot state the exact amonut of fuel consumed, as it was 
 mixed with that used for kitchen range, which was the only other 
 fire we had in the house ; but wo suppose the amount was between 
 seven and eight tons — possibly nine tons. The same space we are 
 confident will be more thoroughly heated next winter with one or 
 two tons less, in consequence of some few improvements which have 
 been made in tlie Apparatus. With the above specified amount of 
 fuel, we warmed a dining-room of 15 by 18 feet size ; four rooms 
 above it, one of them 15 by 22 feet; and five chambers, besides an 
 upper and lower hall. 
 
 This is our experience. We give our account of it cheerfully, and 
 Avith a great deal of satisfaction, and we believe it is substantially 
 the experience of all, or nearly all, who have used the apparatus. It 
 cost much more than a furnace in the beginning ; but it will pay for 
 itself in a few seasons, especially in large hotises, which require large 
 furnaces, grates, «fec., for warming. 
 
 The Steam Heater is free from every kind of danger, as it will feed 
 itself with water ; open and shut its draft doors, let off its surplus 
 steam, should any accumulate; and cannot do any damage in the 
 way of bursting, because its steam can escape in one or two ways 
 more easily, without putting itself to all the trouble of a "smash up." 
 An intelligent boy of ten years of age can manage it. 
 
 The radiators, into which the steam is conducted through small 
 iron pipes, are very ornamental as now finished — much more so than 
 an ordinary grate. We should perhaps state here, that we have not 
 a dollar's interest in the invention, and that its success or failure, 
 beyond the one we are using, is of no pecuniary concern to us. Wo 
 have bought and paid for it, and would pay the same amount over 
 again, rather than part with it. 
 
 [From OuAuLRS Ives, Eaq., Attorney and Counaellor at Law, New Haven, Conn.] 
 
 New Haven, February 23, 1860. 
 
 Messrs. Hirxs & Uknton : 
 
 Gentlemen: — I very cheerfully, at your request, give you the 
 result of my experience in regard to Gold's Steam Heater. It is duo 
 as a matter of justice to you, and as a good citizen, I owe it also to 
 the public. I have had your heater in my house between fiva 
 and six years. I consider it a necessary of life — as much so as a full 
 supply of pure water. I would no more exchange it for a hot-air 
 
30 
 
 I 
 
 furnace than I would the luxury of a gooc] well for puddle-water. 
 Th" air of a house warmed by a Gold's Heater, is so uniform, pleas- 
 ant and healthy, and vastly superior to the air which has been burnt 
 in a hot-air furnace. It is so entirely free from dust, gas or other 
 noxious or disagreeable substances, that for health and comfort, it 
 Btande unrivaled, so far as I know. I am erecting upon Fair Haven 
 Heights, in the suburbs of New Haven, a new house, and have just 
 completed a contract with you for oue of your Heaters. I am to pay 
 yon three times as much for the now heater as t paid for the old, as 
 I shall require a much larger heater, but as you have made great 
 improvements in your apparatus during the last five years, and as my 
 old apparatus was put up at a price below what it could be afforded, 
 I do not object to your present charge. It would be more satisfac- 
 tory if the cost was less, but in a matter of so much importance to 
 my family, I have felt that your heater was indispensable and must 
 be had at any price. The seven or eight hundred dollars which 
 I might save in first cost, by one or two hot-air furnaces, I should 
 soon pay out in doctor's bills, and lose many times over in health and 
 Bubstantial comfort ; such, at least, is my belief. 
 
 Perhaps, I should add that I have found your apparatus so auto- 
 matic or self-regulating, that I have left the cook in charge of it Avith 
 the same confidence that I have entrusted to her the boiler and 
 water-back of the range. I never look at the apparatus in the cellar 
 more than two or three times in the course of the wiuter, and when 
 I make an examination I find it all right. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 CHARLES IVES. 
 
 Tkot, N. Y., October 5, 1858. 
 
 Hills & Benton : 
 
 Gents:— My new store, 50 feet front, 130 feet deep, and four 
 stories high, has been thoroughly and satisfactorily warmed through 
 the past two winters by Gold's Patent Low Pressure Steam Heating 
 Apparatus. 
 
 I consider this an invaluable heater for Dry Goods Houses^ being 
 entirely free from the dry and dusty air so invariably arising from 
 Hot-air Furnaces and Stoves. 
 
 The heat is of a mild and most agreeable character. The appara- 
 tus is self-regulating, safe, simple, and easily managed. 
 
 Yours, &c., 
 
 G. V. S. QUAOKENBUSH. 
 
81 
 
 156 Montague Plaob, } 
 BuooKLYN, February 23, 1860. J 
 MseBRB. Hills & Benton : 
 
 Gentlkmsn: — The steam heating apparatus placet! in my house 
 laBt Bummer, has been in steady use during tlie past -winter. So far 
 as the capacity to heat a dwelling, the perfect control over the dis- 
 tribution of heat, and the quality and hedtlifulness of it are con- 
 cerned, I consider this method far in advance of any furnace hitherto 
 in use. 
 
 With reference to its economy, my experience during the -winter 
 thus far, would lead me to conclude that t-wo tons of coal per month 
 are requisite to keep the house warm. With the same consumption 
 in furnaces, (two of which I had previously tried,) my house was 
 never heated to my satisfaction. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 DANIEL AYRES. 
 
 Brooklyn, February 24, 1860. 
 Mesbrs. Hills & Benton : 
 
 Gentlemen : — Having had your apparatus in use in my house for 
 the last five years, I am prepared to speak in the most positive terms 
 in its favor. 
 
 I have had my house thoroughly warmed with it for the last five 
 years, and during the whole time I have had an abundance of heat 
 in the coldest weather, and in mild weather I havo had no difliculty 
 in regulating the heat to suit my wants and comfort; and the whole 
 has been accomplished with a much smaller quantity of fuel than I 
 ever before used with any other apparatus, and my house more 
 thoroughly warmed. 
 
 The heat is of the most delightful kind — mild, efficient and easily 
 distributed throughout the whole liouse. I consider the apparatus 
 perfectly safe from fire or other accident, and is so easily managed 
 as to give me no trouble or care. Tlie longer I use it the more 
 highly I prize it. I would not do without it, or exchange it for any 
 other mode of heating now in use. 
 
 I consider your plan of heating private dwelhngs and public build- 
 ings a public benefaction, and have no doubt but that, if the people 
 were thoroughly acquainted with its real merits, it would be the only 
 apparatus used in all good dwellings or public institutions, and I 
 really desire to see the day when your apparatus shall be introduced 
 into our public schools, (as I have no doubt it will be,) when our 
 
sa 
 
 |i 
 
 children not having to breathe a burnt and noxious atmosphere filled 
 with dust and gas, can enjoy the comfort of an evenly and well 
 warmed study-room, and be more healthy, vigorous and better 
 scholars, and not be subject to loss of life or limb from the so 
 often repeated accidental firing of the building from the hot-air 
 fm-nace now in so common use. 
 
 I am entirely satisfied with my apparatus, and find it all that it is 
 represented to be. Although mine was the first put up in the State 
 and before many of the improvements were applied which you now 
 have in use, making it more desirable. Five years ago we 
 buUt three houses-in the one occupied by myself we put your appa- 
 ratus, and in the other two we put hot-air furnaces. At the end ot 
 one year it cost us one hundred and fifty dollars each, to repair the 
 houses in which the hot-air furnaces was used, while the one occu- 
 pied by mo needed no repairs; my house was well warmed, 
 the other two were quite uncomfortable in cold weather, so much 
 so that the water-pipes froze up and burst, doing much damage both 
 
 to walls and furniture. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 R. T. WILDE. 
 
 Bmooklyn, February 25, 1860. 
 
 Messrs. IIiij.s & Bkston : 
 
 Your note requesting my experience and opinion as to the quali- 
 ties of your heater can be briefly answered. 
 
 My house has not before been comfortably warmed in severely 
 cold weather, because of its unusual width, although provided with 
 a first class hot-air furnace of very large size. 
 
 With your heater, which was put in last autumn, I have been sup- 
 plied with heat in a manner as convenient and efficient as that with 
 which the Gas-works furnish me with light-that is, I have it wJien 
 it is wanted, If Aere it is wanted, and to the degree desired. My 
 rooms are not overheated on mild days, nor am I driven to the occu- 
 pancy of two or three rooms, because of the incapacity of my furnace, 
 
 on very cold days. _ 
 
 Annoyance from coal-gas escaping through hot-air pipes, or the 
 
 .till worse smell from a dry evaporating pan, or quantities of dust 
 
 from the street by a large cold-air tube, is no longer experienced. 
 The atmosphere of my rooms is almost as pleasant as when 
 
 warmed by the sun, and gives no peculiar impression of having been 
 
 heated by fire or hot iron. 
 Beyond all these advantages, however, I regard the immunity from 
 
33 
 
 danger by fire as tlie most valuable. It was tliia which first led mo 
 to select your heater, and I have had no reason to regret the choice. 
 
 My consnmption of fuel is u little loss than formerlv, but the nnm- 
 ber of rooms comfortably warmed is much greater. 
 
 I regard it also, as no slight advantage that this ai)paratU3'can bo 
 managed i)erfectly well by ordinary servants, of whom nothing is 
 required but to put on the coal and reinove the ashes, the consump- 
 tion of fuel being perfectly controlled by the use or disuse of the 
 Radiators. 
 
 There is none of the noise which attends the use of steam at high 
 temperatures, and danger from explo.sion or collapse is impossible. 
 
 So far as my observation extends, it is the best mode of warming 
 dwellings now in use, and with a system of ventilation with which 
 it may be readily combined, seems to bo absolutely perfect. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 0. L. MITCHELL, M. D. 
 
 FROM PROF. E. E. SALISBURY, 
 
 TALK COLLEGE, NEW HAVEN. 
 
 The subscriber, having used in his house in this city, for several 
 months past, a Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus, with Hills' improve- 
 ments, is happy to express his entire satisfaction with it. "When 
 once Avcll put up and adjusted, it seems not liable to get out of order, 
 and is easily managed, and perfectly eflficient for any degree of cold, 
 if there be enough of radiating surface provided. With i)ropor at- 
 tention to ventilation, the atmosphere produced is like that of a mild 
 summer's day, free from dust and all other impurities, exceedingly 
 agreeable, and, as I know from personal experience in my own house 
 particularly suitable for a conservatory. The fixtures attached to 
 the radiators distribute the heat very conveniently, wherever it is 
 wanted, and regulate the activity of the fire according to the amount 
 of heat required. The screens Avith marble tops, used to enclose 
 clusters of radiators, form convenient and not inelec:r-.at wall-tables. 
 I cannot say that the actual consumption of coal is less with 
 this than with other warming apparatus, though T am decidedly of 
 opinion that it is more efficient than any hot-air furnace consuming 
 the same amount of coal. It was substituted, in ray bouse, for two 
 hot-air fnrnaces and one hot-water apparatus, and more than supplies 
 their place. 
 
 EDWARD E. SALISBURY. 
 Few Ha.ve:t, February 27, 18C0. 
 
34 
 
 I'll 
 
 tthe ro.o.ln« letter .o. n-« M. Tow««o. E... President of the C.t, Ba.in.. B.a., 
 
 New Daven, Conn ;J 
 
 Phosi'Kot IIiix, E^st H*;;'«'^' "^fH 
 New lUvKN, February 28, 180U. ) 
 
 Mkssi{». Hills & Bknton : 
 
 Gkxtlkmen -.-With great ploaHuro I give you the --1^;'" ;^y;^; 
 pcrience in regard to " Gold's Stea.n IIeater,'Mvh.ch ^^on.A^^^^ 
 th« "Eureka" (tbuud «t last) for heating houses. \ou are well 
 Ire tv strong n.y prejudices were against your -od- hoa^^ 
 houses, until I was forced to confess tl-t yours and no o^^^^^^^ 
 the best; I had considerable experience with hot-au ^^"""^^Ml 
 had I believe, the best that were ever made, but with them alU 
 rev^kner hat comfort, real comfort was until I experienced the 
 gnl summer-like heat which your apparatus diilMsed in am a o^^^^^ 
 L entire length, breadth and height ^J;-^ ^^^.^ ^^^ 
 aware that our residence IS on one ot the 1'' "^ ™ necessarily 
 citv of New Haven, the Harbor and Long Island Sound, "^ces aniy 
 
 7ZLI . t„e «..t appe.rauce of f,o. had I'- ^ ^ f ^ 
 
 watcr-M ». It f"( "^ ;'"f J^ I ,„„,e n.cnbers of my family 
 
 '""e::^ m! ; J^M .-^ael,;, &c., but .1th your Steam 
 
 wlea Ih those had feeling, vhleh hot-air farnace, «'"«•» «-» 
 ihem A. I mentioned hefo,e, I was at first very much opposed to 
 
35 
 
 your mode of heating, Ist, because I wns told I must get an engineer 
 to 'tend it, or I would bo blown up, that it wu» a very intricate and 
 difflcnlt thing to nianngo; 2d, that it could not bo made tight, 
 but that it would bo leaking all over the house; 8d, that it made 
 constantly, such a horrible noise ; 4th, that I would bo suffocated 
 as there was no ventilation, and a hundred other stories Avero told 
 mo, all of which I liave found to bo false. In answer to the first I 
 would say I have not been blown up, and I am n(»t comi)elled to hire 
 an engineer, neither am I obliged to look after it even myself, as it 
 taJcM tare ofit?elf; all the attention it requires is — the servant made 
 a fire in the fii'l and has at intervals thrown on coals and raked down 
 the ashes. Your admirable self-regulator attached to it is a perfect 
 success. 2d, We find no trouble from leaks. 3d, It is not making 
 constantly a horrible noiso. 4th, We are not suflfocated, but have 
 all the ventilation that one could wish, as this apparatus permits us 
 to have the inside doors of the house open, which gives a free cir- 
 culation of delightful, soft, warm air throughout the entire house, 
 perfectly free from gases and du«t, and such a thing as cool gas we 
 neter have. I like it so much that if I were to build another house, 
 and the best hot-air furnace ever made were offered me gratis, I 
 would not accept of it, but would bo willing to pay almost any price 
 for your heater rather than not to liavo it. We all know how much 
 healthier it is to sleep in a cold room, and how pleasant to dress on 
 a cold winter morning in a warm room ; with your heater, we can 
 do both, viz: just before retiring, if you want it very coM, turn off 
 the heat, then throAV up your window a few minutes and you have 
 a cold room ; say fifteen laii'utes before you wish to dress turn on 
 the b'<at, and in less time than it takes to write, you have a delight- 
 ful, warm room, the atmosphere of which is very like a June morn- 
 ing. In conclusion, I would say I consider Gold's Steam Heater, 
 with L. M. Hills' improvements attached and put up by Messrs. Hills 
 & Benton, as •perfect. I cannot see how any person can be content 
 without one. I believe that for health, comfort and economy it 
 stands unsurpassed. I am well aware that the first cost is consider- 
 able more than a common hot-air furnace, but in a term of years I 
 believe it to be the cheapest. Judging from the cliaracter of your 
 work, and the excellent materials which you use, I do not see how 
 you can furnish them at any less price, where any one wishes a 
 large and thoroughly heated house ; but for any one who wants 
 four to six rooms heated, I should think your Portable Furnace and 
 Heater, upon the same plan, only of less capacity, would be the thing 
 08 it costs so much less, the price being within the province of any one 
 (who can build a house) to have. I give you my experience cheer- 
 
86 
 
 fully fin.l with much plc.im.ro, aiul would ftdd that I hnve .eon mnny 
 who have, and aro using your hoator«, and I have never seen the 
 lirst porsou who disliked them. 
 
 Very rcspcctftilly yours, 
 
 JAMES M. T0WN8END. 
 
 CliiBKNWicii, Conn. 
 
 MK99W8. Htu.8 k Benton : 
 
 (Jents — Agreablo to your roqnost, it gives mo pleasure to state my 
 cxperienco in the use of Gold's Stoarn Heating Apparatus in warming 
 my dwelling; I would say in a word, it is an entire sncccns. I con- 
 sider it one of tho grand improvements of the age, and needs only 
 to U Inorm to le generally adopted. AVhen I erected my dwe mg 
 some three years since, I confess it required a good degree of fa.th to 
 erect a costly house minus chimney grates, &e., but being convinced 
 they wereentirly useless, if your Heater was what it was represented 
 to be, T proceeded accordingly and am happy to say, (after throe win- 
 tor.' use) the heater has fully answered all it proposed to do m every 
 narticular, not the least thing having been out of order during the 
 whole time, and it would require much space to enumerate all the ad- 
 vantages it combines. In a word, I cannot see where any improve- 
 ment could be made or desired. I will mention only one or two of 
 its many advantages, and in regard to fuel, I find when houses the 
 size of mine) are warmed by hot-air furnaces reqmnng U to 16 tons 
 of coal my house is warmed and made comfortable with a most agree- 
 able temperature all through with 8 tons of coal a year, and wi h 
 comparatively little attention and perfectly free from all dust or smell. 
 T have often run the fire 2 and 3 weeks without rebuilding it. 
 Very respectfully and truly yours. 
 
 A. E. MATHER. 
 
 [Prom ReT. J. Trumbi'll Baokcs, of Schenectady, N. Y.] 
 
 ScuKNEOTADY, 29th Ecbrimry, 1800. 
 
 Messrs. nnx8,fe Benton: 
 
 The Steam Heater more than meets my expectation, although 
 , J bocle convinced of its preferableness after much inqmry and 
 experience in regard to other modes of heating. It promises to be 
 reconomical a it is convenient and healthful. I infer from my 
 
37 
 
 triul thus fur tliroiijxU tho wlutor, iLnt 15 rooin.t, hoiiio of them the 
 largest Hizo, iind two hulls can bohottte<l witii about ton ton» of coal; 
 and my phmt room, which la much cximsed, has boon kept nboyo 
 60'', when tlio uir outHido wus moro tlian 20" below zero. 
 
 Hy hot-uir furnnccH and other necessary uidrt, all this could bo 
 heated with not less than 24 tons of coal, then not so effectively and 
 agreeably. Deduct then, tho cost of other apparatus, and my con- 
 clusion is that tho Steam Heater, (its first price notwithstundin-) 
 must moro tlmn save tho interest of tho investment. 
 
 Yours, i&c, 
 
 J. TliUMliULL liACKUS. 
 
 11 ILLS &, Benton : 
 
 Gents:— I um very much pleased with your Steam Heating Appa- 
 ratus, and most willingly add my testimony to that of others who 
 have tried it, as to its superiority. 
 
 It is tho most perfect heating arrangement I have ever seen, and 
 docs all that can bo expected from it. Wo have no dnst nor ga-s 
 from it, as from hot-air furnaces, but it is perfectly clean— the lieat 
 created by it is delightful— very evenly distributed— under perfect 
 contri.l, and during the coldest weather this winter, my house has 
 been thoroughly warmed from basement to attic. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JOHN W. MASON. 
 
 120 nick* street, Brooklyn. 
 
 Fkbruauy 29, iSCO. 
 
 Extract from the Message of Governor B. Magoffin to tho Legisla- 
 ture of Kentucky, December, 1850. In speaking of tho Deaf and 
 Dumb Asylum, at Danville, Ky., ho says: 
 
 "The house is heated in part by steam, by Gold's Heater- a suc- 
 cessful, economical, and most comfortable mode of warming it. 
 The one half of the house is wanned by one fire, which consumes 
 only a cord of wood per day, and which, if the apparatus Avas ex- 
 tended, would heat the whole building." 
 
 lie then asks for an anpropriaiion of $2,500 to finish putting in 
 Heating Apparatus upon Gold's Plan. 
 
8S 
 
 Bbookltit, March 1, 1860. 
 
 MK89R8. Hills &BESTON: 
 
 GEKT3— During the past fall and winter, I have used Golds 
 Low Pressure Steam Heater," for .vanning my honse, and take great 
 pleasure in recon.nending it as an excellent heating apparatus 
 
 I have paid particular attention to its operations and I find r.mt t 
 reouires much less care than an ordinary furnace, on account o its 
 Xgulating power. The air is agreeable, pleasant and healthy, 
 a^id entirely Le from dust or gas. Considering the space warmed, 
 IconuZtlon of fuel is much less than is required for a hot-air 
 urnlce I^ short I consider it the very best apparatus for warming 
 dwelling-houses or other buildings, that I have ever seen, and the 
 longer I use it the more satisfaction I experience in its use. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 N. SOUTHWICK; 
 
 122 Hick* street. 
 
 
 Messus. Hills & Bknton : 
 
 Gentlemen :-Having for the last six months used one of your 
 heaters in my house, I deem it but just to say to you that I am 
 peSy satisfied with its operation, and I am of the opinion tha 
 
 no other mode of heating, now in -^^^^^'' 'ZT.^"^ llZt 
 economy of fuel, for safety and cleanliness, and think, taking it 
 together, it stands without a rival as a good, reliable heater. 
 
 Pwespectfully yours, 
 
 GEO. P. SMITH. 
 
 Olevela-nd, Ohio, March, 1860. 
 
 FoKT Hamilton, L. I., March 3, 1860. 
 
 Messrs. Hills & Benton: 
 
 Gentlemen :-In answer to your enquiry in relation to my experi- 
 ence with your Steam Heating Apparatus, it gives me pleasure to say 
 that I have found it all that I anticipated, or that you recommended it 
 to be We have had all the heat we could desire in the coldest ot 
 weather, and in mild weather it is readily adapted to just our wants. 
 We find the heat mild, yet efficient ; giving a sensation of a mild sum- 
 It heat, entirely free from dust, gas or noise. We feel a perfect 
 
39 
 
 freedom from danger from fire or other accidents not to be realized in 
 the use of any other heating apparatus. In economy of fuel it is all 
 that you represented, and yet our house has been more thorougly 
 warmed than we have ever had it before. The self-regulation a°nd 
 ease of management, makes your apparatus especially desirable, as it 
 can be efficiently managed by anybody of ordinary intelligence.'and I 
 have no doubt but when your apparatus shall become more generally 
 known, it will be considered an essential part of every good house. 
 With assurance of my entire satisfaction with the heating apparatus, 
 believe me. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 RICHARD R. BENNETT. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 E. W. Dunham, Esq., 35 West Warren street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 F. A. Piatt, Esq., Clinton avenue, , . . . " 
 
 R. T. Wild, Esq., 106 State street, " 
 
 Dr. C. L. Mitchell, 77 Montague street, *' 
 
 Dr. Daniel Ayres, 156 Montague street, tt 
 
 Dr. T. L. Smith, 118 Joralemon street, " 
 
 Dr. T. C. Durant, 17 Strong Place, »' 
 
 Nathan South wick, 122 Hicks street, " 
 
 J. W. Mason, 120 Hicks street, « 
 
 II. Messenger, 42 Willow street, u 
 
 Richard Field, 109 Willow street, u 
 
 J. H. Cunningham, New York avenue, u 
 
 Wm. Evans, Schemerhorn street, ii 
 
 Thos. L. McElrath, Bay Ridge, Long Island. 
 
 Richard R. Bennett, Fort Hamilton, u 
 
 Brown & Brothers, Bankers, 49 Wall street, New York. 
 
 Atwood & Co., Bankers, 104 Broadway, ... " 
 
 Corn Exchange Bank, 13 William street, 'i 
 
 Phoenix Bank, 45 Wall street, u 
 
 Bowery Savings Bank, 130 Bowery, i» 
 
 Great Western Insurance Co., 33 Pine street, " 
 
 Continental Insurance Co., 16 Wall street, «» 
 
lE 
 
 40 
 
 Kew Amsterdam Insurance Co., 14 Wall street, .... New York. 
 
 Columbiau Marine Insurance Co., U Wall street, ... 
 
 Arctic Insurance Co., 1 6 Wall street, 
 
 Orient Mutual Insurance Co., 2 and 4 Merchants Lx. 
 
 Homestead Insurance Co., 18G Nassau street, . . . . 
 
 Ward School, No. 10, 13th street, 7th av., 0th Ward, 
 
 R. T. Wild, Esq., 251 Broadway, ^^ 
 
 St. Vincent's Hospital, 11th street near 7th avenue, 
 
 Bowen, Holmes & Co., 320 and 322 Broadway, ... 
 
 Eno, Roberts & Rhodes, 324 Broadway, 
 
 Patton & Co., 341 Broadway, -■•■ 
 
 Edward T. Riley, 11th street, cor. University Place, 
 
 B. Steward, 150 Fifth avenue, ^^ 
 
 Dr. Edward Bayard, 6 West Fourteentli street, 
 
 John Gray, 6 West Thirty-second street, ••••••••;■ 
 
 J P Rogers, G Phelps Place, East Thirtieth street, . 
 J. B. Devoe, cor. First avenue and Eleventh street, . 
 
 J B. Smith, 85 West Eighteenth street, ^^ 
 
 Felix Steinhart, 279 East Fourteenth street, 
 
 ^ . „,.., . Staten Island. 
 
 Rev. J. Lewis, Clifton, 
 
 -r, -ir 1 ^. , . . Westchester Co. 
 
 Everitt Clapp, Esq., \ onkei^, ^^ 
 
 J. T. Warring, Yonkers,. ^^ 
 
 Cyrus Townsend, Peekskill, 
 
 Newburgh. 
 
 Dr. C. Dunham, 
 
 , -, „ ... Poughkeepsie. 
 Dr. C. H.McLellen, " ,/ 
 
 Joseph Bartlett, 
 
 „, , „ 1, 1 „, Schenectady. 
 
 Rev. J. Trumbull Backuh, 
 
 Prof. B. Sillinuui, Jr., Yale College, New Haven, . . . Connecticut. 
 Prof. E. E. Salisbury, " '^'^ • • ' ^^ 
 Prof. F. Sliophard, " .,. t " " 
 Wells Southworth, Esq., President City tire Insur- 
 ance Company, New Haven, 
 
 James M. Townsend, City Savings Bank, New Haven, 
 
 Philemon Iloadley, New Haven, 
 
 Willis Peck, New Haven, „ " ' " l V " " 
 
 Charles Ives, Esq., Attorney and Counsellor at Law, 
 
 New Haven, ^^ 
 
 Wm. A. Ives, New Haven, 
 
 Riley Blakeslee, New Haven, •^- • 
 
 James F. Babcock, Esq., Editor New Haven Pal- 
 ladium, New Haven, 
 
 r'U 
 
41 
 
 R. F. Lyon, New Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 T. B. Carpenter, New Haven, " 
 
 Stafford Building, New Haven, " 
 
 Seymour Bradley, New Haven, " 
 
 Dr. Phillips, Water Cure, New Haven, " 
 
 Amos Munson, New Haven, " 
 
 Eockville Bank, Rockville, " 
 
 Geo. Kellogg, Jr., Rockville, " 
 
 A. E. Mather, Greenwich, 'i- 
 
 Thos. Barrows, Jr., Rockville, « 
 
 Samuel Russell, Esq., Middletown, '^ 
 
 Daniel Russell, Esq., Portland, "■ 
 
 0. H. Carter, Esq., Waterbury, *»■ 
 
 J. D. Alvord, East Bridgeport, " 
 
 N. A. Baldwin, Milford, " 
 
 W. H. Dayton, North Orange, New Jersey, 
 
 Court House, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 George P. Smith, Cleveland, «* 
 
 James Pannell, Cleveland, <■<■ 
 
 George A. Stanley, Cleveland, " 
 
 William Case, Cleveland, " 
 
 Nelson Munroe, Cleveland, « 
 
 Geological Museum, (Sir William Logan, Peer,) 
 
 Montreal, Canada East. 
 
 Harrison Stevens, Montreal, " 
 
 Joseph McKay, Montreal, " 
 
 T. M. Bryson, Montreal, " 
 
 Lewis Renaud, Montreal, " 
 
 Eliiha Lane, Montreal, " 
 
 8 
 

 2! 
 
 3 
 
, THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OP 
 
 AETIFICIAL WARMING, 
 
 iND OF TUB 
 
 SYSTEM OF MR. GOLD, IN PARTICULAR, 
 
 WITH 
 
 L. M. HILLS' IMPROVEMENTS, 
 
 BY B. SILLIMAN, JR., M. A., M. D., 
 
 riiOFESSOU OF GENERAL AND APPLIED CriEMISTRT, IN YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT. 
 
 How Heat is Distributed—From an open fire, or 
 stove in an apartment, heat is distributed in two ways : 
 1st, by radiation, or the direct emission of lieat in rays, 
 as the heat of the sun is distrPaited ; and 2dly by conduc- 
 tion or immediate contact of tlie air of the apartment with 
 the heated surfaces of fuel or of iron. The distinction 
 between these two modes of communicating heat is funda- 
 mental and important to be borne in mind, when weigh- 
 ing the claims of various modes of artiiicial heating. 
 
 In all open fires radiation is almost the only soul-ce of 
 any practical value, for tlie distribution of heat. The 
 draught in these eases carries ofl:* nearly all the heat com- 
 municated by actual contact of air with the ignited fuel. 
 In anthracite coal and charcoal, the amount of heat 
 sent out in rays to the surrounding air, is nearly or quite 
 
44 
 
 i 
 
 equal to that communicated by contact ; ^vllile from wood 
 it has been ascertained by experiment to bo only about 
 one-fourth part of the whole amount of heat set free in 
 combustion. Hence the disadvantage, in point of econo- 
 my of fuel, of the old methods of heating, compared with 
 the modern, while in respect to perfectness of ventilation, 
 most of the more potent forms of modern apparatus are 
 decidedly inferior to the open fire. Without radiant 
 heat from some source, no apartment is properly warmed. 
 Hot-Air Furnaces give no Radiant Heat.— In the 
 hot-air furnace, so much used, the effect of radiant heat 
 is lost. The extended surfaces of hot cast-iron commimi- 
 cate heat to the air, in its passage through the hot cham- 
 ber, chiefly by immediate contact of the air with the 
 heated iron surfaces. 
 
 The radiant heat given out from these hot surfaces of 
 iron is absorbed by the enclosing walls of the hot-air 
 chamber, and partly lost, and partly returned by second- 
 ary radiation to the first source, the air in its passage 
 through the chamber to the apartments being heated 
 only by direct contact with all these heated surfaces. 
 
 Why Hot-Air Furnaces Injure the Air.— They do 
 80 chiefly in three ways, viz : 
 
 Ist, By burning the minute particles of organic mat- 
 ter always present in the air, viz : dust, filaments of vege- 
 table substances, &c., &c., and which coming in contact 
 with the highly heated iron surfaces in the hot air cham- 
 ber, are burnt, producing a disagreeable odor and an 
 unwholesome atmosphere in the apartments. 
 
 2d, By unduly increasing the capacity of the air for 
 moisture : the efi^ects of this evil are seen in the dete- 
 rioration of wood-work and furniture, and are felt in 
 the brittleness of the finger-nails, the dryness of the skin, 
 producing an intolerable itching, and an oppressive sense 
 of fulness about the head. These evils are very imper- 
 fectly obviated by the evaporation of water in the cham- 
 
45 
 
 ber of tlio furnace, a practice wliich also introduces now 
 evils, withe ut fully reraedjin,'^ the old. 
 
 3d, By the leakage of sulphurous and other irrespir- 
 ablo and noxious gases from the joinings of the flues, 
 when these are cooled below a certain pretty elevated 
 point. This is a principal source of annoyance and inju- 
 ry in the use of hot-air furnaces, and one which rapidly 
 increases Av'ith their age. Continuous contractions and 
 expansions will loosen the best joinings, in the several 
 parts of the iron work, while the warping effect of con- 
 tinued heat on cast iron is well known. 
 
 The loss of heat in the use of the best constructed furna- 
 ces, is always very considerable, and any attempt toecon- 
 omize it by extending the iron surfaces of the smoke flues, 
 beyond a certain limited point, is checked by the leakage 
 here noticed, which becomes intolerable if the iron flues 
 are unduly extended. 
 
 Why Heated Air cannot supply the want of 
 Radiant Heat.— It is notorious that an apartment 
 warmed by an open fire, is comfortable when at a lower 
 temperature by the thermometer than in case of an apart- 
 ment warmed by heated air. Experience has shown that 
 it is needful, in order to secure an equal feeling of 
 comfort, to keep the air of apartments heated by hot- 
 air furnaces, from 5 degrees to 8 degrees hotter than is 
 needed, in case of radiant heat, (from whatever source) 
 forming the whole or part of the heat given to the apart- 
 ments. Thus, rooms warmed to 65 or G8 degrees by 
 Gold's Heater, are generally considered warm enough, 
 even by people of sedentary habits; while 72 to 80 de- 
 grees is the average temperature demanded by those 
 who uses hot-air furnaces. The difference is like being 
 in the sunshine and in the shade. The cause is found in 
 the total absence of all rays of heat from the heated at- 
 mosphere blown through the registej-s of a hot-air furnace. 
 An apartment warmed only by heated air blown through 
 
46 
 
 it is like a warm air bath. In 8ucU an apartment the 
 human body is hotter (98°) than any other source of heat 
 there present, and is constantly cooling by its own radia- 
 tion ; while in presence of an open fire or of radiant heat 
 from steam, the body receives direct rays of heat from a 
 Bonrce hotter than itself. Hence, with radiant heat, a 
 lower temperature in the surrounding air, is consistent 
 with greater comfort. 
 
 This point is far from being appreciated, even by 
 persons well acquainted with scientific principles, and 
 their application ; but the more it is considered, the more 
 obviously true and important it appears in its application 
 to artificial warming. 
 
 The same objections hold (in the absence of rays ot 
 heat) to the distribution of the heat from steam, when the 
 attempt is made, as is sometimes done, to apply this agent 
 solely to the heating of air in an air-chamber to be sub- 
 sequently distributed by flues as in the common hot air 
 furnace. Such an arrangement may he an important 
 anxiliain/ in a good system of ventilation, hut can never 
 supply the loant of direct radiant heat in the apartments 
 to he ivarmed. 
 
 Notwithstanding the frequent adoption of the hot air sys- 
 tem for warming dwellings wherever anthracite coal can 
 be obtained, it is generally felt by those who have had ex- 
 perience in the use of hot-air furnaces, that the objections 
 just enumerated have great force. We have daily oppor- 
 tunities to note the existence and increase of this convic- 
 tion, in the eagerness manifested at every hand to know 
 the merits of the present system of heating by steam. 
 
 EFFICIENCY OF STEAM HEAT. 
 
 Earlier Plans of using Steam.— Since the distin- 
 guished chemist Dr.' Joseph Black, of Edinburgh, in 
 
47 
 
 n- 
 
 1/C4, first discovered and explained the laws of heat in 
 their apph-cation to Steam, it lias been well known that 
 steam was the moat econotnical and efficient agent that 
 could he employed for the rapid and easy transmission 
 and distribution of heat. Several plans for the employ- 
 ment ol M(jh steam for warming buldings have been 
 proposed, and one (its circulation in small wrou^ht-iron 
 tubes) has been for a long time in use, to a limited"oxtent, 
 m domestic economy, and much more largely in public 
 buildings. Without pausing to consider in detail the 
 reasons why all plans for heating by high Bteam have 
 been only partially successful, and not often adoped in do- 
 meatic use, it is sufficient to say that they have been very 
 costly, often noisy {and always liable to the noise resulting 
 Irom a vacuum in presence of water in small tubes), and 
 that the high pressure required always involves the sense, 
 and indeed, the reality, of danger, both from fire and 
 exp osion. Indeed, such an apparatus as has been before 
 used for this purpose, requiring a pressure from twenty 
 to one hundred pounds per square inch, demands an en- 
 gmcer to look after it, and is, of course, expensive to 
 maintain, and not economical of fuel. These and other 
 difficulties the Inventor of the present system believes he 
 has entirely overcome ; and he presents his apparatus to 
 the critical consideration of practical and scientific men 
 with the conviction that a candid examination of its 
 peculiarities will satisfy them that it will aroompHsh all 
 that he claims for it. 
 
 As many intelligent persons have never had occasion 
 to consider the laws of heat in relation to steam, and the 
 reason why this subtle agent is, when used at low pres- 
 sures, at once the safest, most manageable, and most econo- 
 mical mode of distributing heat, it is proposed here to 
 consider these laws and reason very briefly, and in the 
 plainest manner possible. 
 
 % 
 
 1^ 
 
 m 
 
i 
 
 48 
 
 GENERAL PRFNOIPLES ON • wniOII GOLD'S SYSTEM 
 DEPENDS FOR SPECIAL VALUE. 
 
 Peculiar Power of Water and Steam to Store up 
 Heat.— It 13 a fact, made known by experiment, that the 
 quantity of heat which various substances can absorb in 
 the same time from sources of equal intensity, is very vari- 
 ous, and consequently, that in cooling from a given tem- 
 perature, different kinds of matter give out very different 
 
 quantities of heat. 
 
 Now, with respect to air and water, it has been proved 
 by accurate trial, by eminent observers, that in cooling 
 fi^m 212° to 32°, water liberates 3.74 times as ranch 
 heat as the same weigJit of air will do, and consequently 
 will raise the temperature of 3.74 times as much air to 
 the same degree. This peculiarity in different substances 
 is described by the terms 82)ecijic heat, or cajpacity ior 
 heat. Thus the power of water to store away heat in 
 itself in a way insensible to the thermometer, and to give 
 it out again on cooling, is nearly four times as great as 
 that of air, and hence the heat which is required by a 
 given weight of air, to raise it to a certain temperature, 
 can be stored away in a much less weight of water, 
 being, as it were, accumulated or condensed in it. 
 
 The Heat in Steam— When steam is made the means 
 of communicating heat, this advantage is much more 
 sensible than it is in the case of water. This important 
 fact is thus explained :— On passing into the state of vapor, 
 water absorbs nearly six times as much heat as is required 
 to raise it from 32° to 212°. This increase of heat would 
 render a solid body red hot by day-light, and still the 
 steam produced by it has only 212° of sensible heat. 
 This quantity of heat is 20^ times as much as an equal 
 weight of air can contain, and is consequently capable of 
 heating to the same point 20^ times its own weight of air. 
 But the instant the steam is condensed, by re-conversion 
 into water, this enormous quantity of heat (essential to 
 
 ll 
 
49 
 
 its condition as steam) is llbcmtcil, and becomes available 
 to heat the surronndinijf air, both by riuliation and con- 
 duction, or by iminediati' contact. Ilcnco it is plain why 
 Btoam is so prodii^'ionsly energetic as an a^^ent for the 
 rapid transportation of heat, and its Hatb and rai)id deliv- 
 ery at the points wliero it is wanted, losing on the 
 way to its destination, only such portions as the radia- 
 tion from the pipes permit. When it is important to 
 redeem this loss by the i)ipes in transit, they are so 
 packed in non-conducting substjinces as to reduce the loss 
 to a very moderate part of the sum total. 
 
 A few figures will make the heating power of steam 
 more evident. A pound of steam at 212°, sets free, l)y 
 its return to the state of water, (condensation,) sufficient 
 heat to raise the temperature of 5 J- pounds of water from 
 32° to 212°. This cpiantity of heat will raise twenty 
 times as much air to 212° (3.746 x 6.5), or it will raise 
 103 lbs. of air from 32° to 08". Since a cubic foot of air 
 weighs only 0.037 lbs., it follows that a pound of steam at 
 212°, by condensation to water, sets free heat enough to 
 raise 2,533 cubic feet of air from 32° to 68°. Water is 
 770 times heavier than air. At 32°, 24.6 cubic feet of 
 air weigh 1 pound. At 2i2' steam weighs 0.622, where 
 air weighs 1, and 100 cubic inches of steam weigh nearly 
 15 grains. 
 
 Why the Heat of Steam Is called Latent Heat.— 
 
 The thermometer indicates only 212 degrees of heat in 
 steam at the atmospheric pressure, and still it is in full 
 proof that the steam has really al)Sorbed five and a half 
 times as much heat in becoming a vapor, as the water 
 from which it arose, absorbs in passing from 32° to 212°. 
 That the steam really retains this prodigious quantity of 
 heat, (essential to its condition as a vapor) wo see from 
 the facts above stated. But it is stored away, so to speak, 
 in the steam in a perfectly hidden and insensible man- 
 ner, and hence it has been very significantly called latent 
 
I'l 
 
 oO 
 
 heat of steam. But it bejomos sensible heat again when 
 the steam is ro-eonvertcd into water. A careful consid- 
 eration of the operation of this beautiful law will render 
 clear the fact, so mysterious otherwise, that a compara- 
 tively small radiating surface heated by steam should 
 prove sufficient to heat a large volume of air without at 
 any time passing itself the limit of 212°. 
 
 Experimental Proof of the amount of Heat latent 
 in Steam. — "If we place a known quantity of water over 
 a steady source of heat, we shall see the thermometer indi- 
 cating each moment a higher temperature, until, at 212°, 
 the fluid boils; after which the thermometer indicates no 
 further change, but remains steady at the same point un- 
 til all the water is boiled away. Let us suppose that, at 
 the commencement of the experiment, the temperature 
 of the water was G2°, and that it boiled in six minutes 
 after it was lirst exposed to the heat : then tlie quantity 
 of heat which entered into it each minute was 25°, be- 
 cause 212°, the boiling point, less 62°, leaves 150° of heat 
 accumulated in six minutes, or 25° each minute. Now, 
 if the source of heat continue uniform, we shall find that 
 in forty minutes all the water will be boiled away ; and 
 hence there must have passed into the water, to convert 
 it into steam, 25° x 40 = 1000°. One thousand degrees of 
 heat, therefore, have been absorbed in the process, and 
 this constitutes the latent heat of steam. So much heat, 
 indeed was imparted to the water, that if it had been a 
 fixed solid, it would, as already stated, have been heated 
 to redness ; and yet the steam from it, and tlie fluid itself, 
 had during the whole time a temperature of only 212°." 
 
 Application of these Principles to the Practice of 
 Warming.— It is, therefore, a matter of easy and accurate 
 calculation, what effect may be produced from the con- 
 densation of a given volume of steam in radiators of iron, 
 or what amount of such condensation will be required to 
 warm a given bulk of air to a certain temperature. 
 
 l 
 
61 
 
 But in practice tliero is always a loss of effect due to a 
 variety of causes, and the actual results are never as high 
 as the conditions of the laws set forth would require. 
 
 It is commonly stated as the result of experience in the 
 use of the old form of steam heating apparatus, (viz :— 
 coils of small pipes,) that to heat buildings by steam, every 
 2,000 cubic feet of space to be heated to 75° requires 1 
 cubic foot of boiler capacity, and that every square foot 
 of radiating surface on the pipes will heat 200 cubic feet 
 of air to the degree named. Much depends, however, 
 for the amount of boiler capacity, as well as on the con- 
 struction of the boiler. Experience leads us to the con- 
 viction that such a boiler as is figured in this pamphlet, 
 will accomplish more work than would be implied in 
 the numbers just quoted, with no increased consumption 
 of fuel. The material of which the radiators are made, 
 and the nature of the surface, has also much to do 
 with rapidity of condensation, and consequently with 
 the efficiency of the apparatus. It has been determined 
 that at 59° F. one square foot of cast-iron horizontal 
 surface in pipes will condense 0.234 lbs. vapor, of bright 
 copper 0.184, and of blackened copper tube 0.213. A 
 vertical position of the tubes somewhat increases this 
 amount of condensation. American sheet-iron (^. e. iron 
 not smooth and polished like Russia iron) is believed to 
 be nearly equal in condensing power to^ cast-iron, which 
 is well known to have the highest radiating power of any 
 substance in use. American sheet. 'ron is, therefore, the 
 material which both theory and practice recommend as 
 the best for constructing the Radiators in Gold's low 
 pressure Steam Heater. 
 
 EC0>70MY OF FUEL IN HEATING BY STEAM. 
 
 Heating power of Anthracite.— The means univer- 
 sally resorted to for testing the relative value of differ- 
 
1^1 
 
 ent fuels, is to ascertain their respective powers of 
 evaporating water in a well-constructed steam-boiler. 
 Anthracite coal (Lehigh) is regarded as the most effi- 
 cient fuel that can be employed for this purpose, and 
 it is perhaps a high average of the various experiments 
 made by Johnson, Hayes and others, on this subject to 
 state the quantity of water which can be evaporated by 
 the complete combustion of one pound of anthracite at 
 tm pounds, producing, of course, ten pounds of steam 
 (equal in bulk at 212° to 596.7 cubic feet of vapor,) and 
 capable of raising 1,030 lbs. of air to the temperature 
 of 68°. But 1,030 lbs. of air are equal to more than 
 25,000 cubic feet; and we may therefore say that the 
 complete combustion of 1 lb. of anthracite in a well- 
 constructed boiler, is capable of raising 25,000 cubic feet 
 of air from 32° to 68°. A result beyond comparison more 
 economical than can be reached by any other mode of 
 using fuel, and one to which a reasonably close approach 
 can be made in actual practice by the proper use of 
 steam. Count Eumford's experiments proved that one 
 part of Carbon in burning raised 78 parts of water from 
 32^—212°. Prof. W. R. Johnson, in his experiments on 
 the heating power of coals, determined that about 86 per 
 cent, of the total heating power of good anthracite were 
 expended in evaporating water, while about lA per cent, 
 of the total was lost in the products of combustion. Of 
 the total heating power, by calculation, about 26 per 
 cent, were lost in practice, as deduced from the experi- 
 mental effects stated in his tables. 
 
 It is a fact of the greatest importance to be understood 
 with respect to the economy of fuel and the proper use of 
 steam apparatus, that there is no manner of advantage 
 gained by using steam under ;pressnre, (or high steam,) 
 as a source of heat. As the pressure under which steam 
 is generated increases, so does the latent heat of the 
 vapor diminish and its sensible heat increase. 
 
 t 
 
63 
 
 
 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF HIGH AND LOW STEAM. 
 
 Constant ratio of Sensible and Latent Heat.— 
 
 Experiment has proved that at all temperatures and 
 l)ressures, steam contains the same absolute quantity of 
 heat. The latent and sensible heat of steam taken to- 
 gether give always the same sum, and while, as is well 
 known, the sensible heat of steam may be carried by high 
 pressures to any desired degree, even so high as to fire 
 tow or shavings, as was shown by Jacob Perkins, with 
 his Condensor; still, this was done at the expense of the 
 latent heat. The latent and sensible heat of steam to- 
 gether, amount in round numbers to 1,184 degrees above 
 the freezing point of water. Thus, a certain weight of 
 steam at 212° when condensed into water at 32° gives out 
 
 Sensible heat, jso® 
 
 Latent heat, .... j 000° 
 
 1,180® 
 
 And the same weight of steam heated to 400°, will, 
 when condensed to water at 32°, give out 
 
 Sensible heat, sgg 
 
 Latent heat, 8i2' 
 
 1,180° 
 
 But while the absolute quantity of heat in the two 
 cases is unaltered, the attendant circumstances are most 
 seriously influenced as respects safety from explosion and 
 iire. 
 
 Steam at 212° exercises only one atmosphere of pres- 
 sure, '/. e. a boiler filled with steam at that temperature ; 
 is under no more pressure than if filled with common air 
 ofthe usual tension, while at 400° the pressure is equal 
 to sixteen atmospheres or 240 lbs. to the inch. But tak- 
 ing a more common pressure for high ateam, say 75 to 
 
54 
 
 100 lbs. pressure, we still find a temperature of SOS'' 
 to 330°, sufficient to cliar wood in no long time and to 
 endanger buildings as well from fire, as in tlie risk of 
 
 explosion. 
 
 In tlio following table are given the temperatures, cor- 
 responding to pressures from one atmosphere to twenty 
 atniosplieres. 
 
 
 „- 
 
 — - 
 
 HEAT IS DKORBBS. 
 FAHRENHEIT. J 
 
 1 
 
 PRESSURE. 
 ITMOSPUKRB. LBS. 
 
 1 
 
 HKAT IS DEQRBKS.! 
 KAHUEINHKIT. J 
 
 212° 
 
 PRBSSURB. 
 ITM03P1IERE. 1.I1S- 
 
 1 
 
 15 I 
 
 1 
 
 308° 
 
 5 
 
 75 
 
 220° 
 
 
 
 17.7 
 
 820° 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 230° 
 
 
 
 21.5 1 
 
 1 
 
 332° 
 
 7 
 
 105 
 
 240° 
 
 
 
 25.8 ' 
 
 342° 
 
 8 
 
 120 
 
 250° 
 
 ^ 
 
 30.9 
 
 351° 
 
 9 
 
 135 
 
 200° 
 
 i 
 
 3G.1 
 
 359° 
 
 10 
 
 150 
 
 275° 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 393° 
 
 i 15 
 
 i 
 
 225 
 
 294° 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 418° 
 
 j 20 
 
 300 
 
 It is manifest from what has been said, that every 
 motive of safety, economy and efficiency favors the use of 
 low pressure over high pressure steam for warmmg 
 buildings. 
 
 i 
 
 ^> 
 
 FREEDOM OV GOLD'S SYSTEM FROM DANGER FROM FIRE. 
 
 The advantages of using steam at a low pressure are 
 not merely its economy, but even more still, safety from 
 danger of fire. It is well known that high steam will 
 speedily char all sorts of combustible materials. Thus 
 the felt coverings used to protect steam pipes conveying 
 hi-h steam are soon destroyed ; and numerous cases have 
 
i 
 
 56 
 
 ^^ood.,.ork w.tl, stea.n pipes carrying high steam No 
 
 Gold's system is q„it„ free from the risk whieh has vcrv 
 P.-oper y, lee, the Insurance Companies to affix hi I,"^ 
 rates of ,us,„.a„c6 npon hnildings heated by hiijh steam 
 Indeed „o mode no,v i„ nse is so free from a 1 danger frtn 
 ft as tins. The hot-air flues of the eomu.on hoU r C 
 nace have destroyed many valuable buildings 
 
 THE RADIATORS. 
 Why Sheet-Iron is preferred for Badlators.-As 
 
 he question is often asked ,vhy s„™«ok is selected 
 to the material of the R.iD,ATons ™ Gold's Heaiee 
 jt .s well to state distinctly the fact, (in addition to X; 
 
 « /« 5^^ „y aU meiahfo,. tMs purpose. Its radia- 
 
 nug power (which IS the same as its absorbing powers 
 
 !s greater than that of any other metal. Thus of all sub- 
 
 s ances known, smoke or lampblack possesses the greatest 
 
 ad,a mg or em.ssivc power of heat, and is therefore se- 
 
 ca n 100, Us reflcetmg power being 0. The following 
 able wdl show the relative value iu this respect of some 
 ot Uie more common metals. 
 
 Names. 
 „ Radiating and absorbing power. 
 
 Niioke— blackened surface, j^^ 
 
 Cast Iron, polLslied, ' ^ ^ 
 
 Wrouglit Iron, polished, 23 
 
 Zinc, polished, 
 
 Steel, polished, ' 
 
 Tin, polished, " " J 
 
 I>rass, dull, ... 
 
 ' ' li 
 
 Brass, polished, 
 
 Copper, varnished, 14 
 
 Copper, hammered, ^ 
 
 Silver, polislied, ., 
 
 • O 
 
50 
 
 As the lladiators in Gold's Apparatus are enameled with 
 a black or dark surface, their emissive power is certainly 
 doubled as compared with polished iron, showing the very 
 great superiority of iron over all other metals, for the pur- 
 pose of radiating heat. The only substances possessing a 
 higher radiating power than sheet iron, are glass and 
 writing paper, neither of which it is proposed to adopt. 
 The experience of five or six years, summer and win- 
 ter, has shown no deterioration in these radiators frorn 
 rust; when in use they cannot rust, because there is 
 nothing in the vapor of pure water at a high temper- 
 ature to rust them, and being closed vessels they cannot 
 rust in summer. The heavy japanned surface protects 
 the exterior completely from all atmospheric changes. 
 The rapid destruction of iron in stove-pipes arises from 
 the acid vapors given off in combustion, aided by the 
 high temperature to which they are subject. In summer 
 stove-pipes perish more rapidly than when in use, be- 
 cause the salts contained in the dust and soot attract 
 moisture from the air, and lining the inner surfaces with 
 a concentrated saline and acid solution, soon destroy the 
 pipe. Both of these causes of injury are wanting in 
 Gold's Apparatus ; and the manufacturers can most con- 
 fidently and truthfully assure the public that they may 
 place the fullest reliance upon the efficiency and durabili- 
 ty of the Radiators now used. 
 
 Mil 
 ( 
 
 tor 
 in 
 
 le 
 ar 
 ar 
 
 ai 
 
 8' 
 
 V 
 
 t 
 
67 
 
 Montreal, April 5, i860. 
 
 Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 
 Gentlemen, • • „ „„ t*si.imonv to the satisfac- 
 
 "" I have much pleasure ^^ S'^'^S "^J *t S y^ ^'" ^^''- 
 
 irentle and suinmer-hke heat, and go^.^r"'"& ' attention than 
 
 r„at3."etuor.'l.e i-i«3^«--f.« fro™ ,«.e 
 
 It U a neat and convenient "PP"''''"'.' Pf '"'Xr systems. 
 J«,a„d.becoia,;raUs.sepa«^^^^ 
 
 I U,i„k the amount »' " '^Xrvasses allthe old systems o 
 £igra:a^;::l«:'rejrds comfoH. economy, and 
 t,a. Neatest of B,e..^, HeaJ,.,. ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^_^^^^^^^ 
 
 St. Francois Xavier Street. l. J. A. PAPINEAU. 
 
 Montreal, I2th January, I860. 
 Messrs Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 
 Gents, . . ^ „«npptin2 the working of your 
 
 In answer to your enquiries ^e«P«^ "^ -^^ ^^ greatsalis- 
 u Gold's Steam Heater" I can ^^^^^^^^'Jf.^f; heated f it is very 
 faction; my house is very P»««;^J balers being self-regulating 
 limple in its arrangements ^"^ ^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ in fuel, and 
 
 requires butl.ttle ""f^^^-^J^'^^Cn experience I can recommend 
 ' ^'^"K^t^tm He^^r" fnd Ted'conf.aent'that it must soon be very 
 
 GEO. HAGAH. 
 Montreal, Jan. 12,1860. 
 
 Messrs Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 
 Dear Sirs, , . -r , g used in heating my 
 
 At your request, I may say that 1 have^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^.^^ 
 
 dwelling house, for the last ^^S^jo^ !„ producing ample gen- 
 Apparatus", which has g'7" "^f^fj^^^^^^^^^^^ f[ee irom all danger ol 
 ia heat, and in being, as I be)"^;«< P^^^^^^^^^^^ ^, a valuable one 
 
 fire; and on the who el co-^^^^^^^^^^ There is also 
 
 for the purpose of heatmg public or pi n 
 
58 
 
 economy in fuel, in ray opinion, of fully one-third over heating 
 throuffh the aid of hot air. i;»*i,. 
 
 In conclusion I will say that with the exception of some little 
 trouble I have had with leakage where the pipe connects w.th the 
 radiator, that the apparatus has given me entire satisfaction. 
 
 I remain, 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 H. STEPHEN S- 
 
 Montreal, 11th Jan. 1860. 
 Messrs Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 Gentlemen, 
 The apparatus for warming buildings known as " Gold's Pa- 
 tent " which I have in my dwelling house, 1 find to give satisiaction, 
 excepting a short period in which the draft board m chimney under 
 smoke pipe had fallen down ; but on being replaced the difficulty 
 disappeared, and have uow no trouble in heatmg the house tho- 
 rougUy ; and although my experience of the merits of the system 
 extends inly a few moaths, I have confidence m the principle, as 
 well as Flexure iu the immunity from Stove Pipes smoke, Jabor and 
 risk from fire ; and, in my opinion, from accident, which I thmk 
 could only occur from (if at all possible) ^^^ilf«> f 8 e«t. I may 
 also state that among its best features is the healthful and umform 
 
 quality of the heat, 
 
 ' ' Yours truly, 
 
 T. M. BRYSON. 
 
 Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 
 ^Tn atwer to your enquiry as to how I am satisfied with your 
 « Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus," I am happy to be able to tes- 
 tify to its perfect efficiency in producing an agreeable healthy at- 
 mosDhere such as 1 have never experienced in houses heated either 
 Wstoves or hot air furnaces. Its chief advantages appear to me 
 to consist in the simplicity of its management, cleanliness, and free- 
 dom from dust or smoke, facility of ma.ntammg an even tempera- 
 tur^ n both slight and severe cold, (with a proportional consump- 
 L of fuel) and perfect safety in working. The most essential 
 
 em towards ensuring the above appears to be a thoroughly good 
 Sit for the furnace; but with that, and a good system of 
 vent§ainiu the different parts of a building I consider it the 
 S mode of artificial heat for this country that has hitherto come 
 
 under my notice. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 FRED. LAWFORD, 
 1, Ottawa Place, Montreal. Architect. 
 
59 
 
 I have much pleasure in confirming the foregoing statements in 
 reference to the steam-heating apparatus, having bad similar expe- 
 rience and found it perfectly satisfactory. 
 
 CHAS. A. LOW, 
 2 Ottawa Plaee, Montreal. 
 To Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 
 Montreal, January 11, 1860. 
 Messrs. Mitchell Cockburn & Co. 
 Dear Sirs, 
 
 I have had " Gold's Patent Steam Heating Apparatus," put 
 lip by you in use since 1st November last, and have no hesitation in 
 slating that it has worked admirably, and given perfect satisfacton. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 D. R. WOOD. 
 
 Montreal, 5th Dec. 1859. 
 Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 From my experience in the Steam Heater you have put into 
 my house, I am confident it is the best system of heating buildings 
 tliat has corae within my knowledge, and must be especially prized 
 where there are children or invalids, imparting that salubricy of 
 atmosphere which must be highly beneficial to those whose voca- 
 tion obliges them to be much confined to house ; it is easy to man- 
 age, and does not consume much fuel for the amount of heat it 
 
 radiates. 
 
 L. RENAUD. 
 
 To the Honorable John Rose, Commissioner Board of Works. 
 
 Gold's Steam Apparatus in the New Building of the 
 URSULINE CONVENT. 
 
 Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. are at present applying to 
 me for a recommendation of " Gold's Steam Heating Apparatus," 
 as we are using it since November last in one of our Buildings, 
 which is 83 x 53 feet, and three stories high. 
 
 In strict justice T do consider the whole system as a great im- 
 improvement, entirely safe from fire, and economical. 
 
 The Religious Ladies of the Convent complained of cold in the 
 severe weather we have had lately ; but, in my opinion, the cause 
 most likely came from a want of experience on the part of the nuns 
 in the proper way of keeping up a sufficient fire. 
 
 Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. have done the work with 
 great care in my opinion, and although they were bound to give us 
 but a sufficif itt naantity of radiating surface, still T am under theim- 
 nression th..t we have one fourth more than required. 
 
 GEO. L. LEMOINE, Ptre. 
 Ursulines of Quebec, } Chaplain. 
 
 Jan. 16, I860. 
 
60 
 
 Montreal, 12th Jan. ISfiO. 
 Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Cq. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 In answer to your letter respecting the " Gold's Steam Heat- 
 er," which you have placed in my house, J have pleuf^ure in s;iyihg. 
 that I consider it has all those essential qualities (hat are claimed 
 for it. It is automatic in its working, and it radiates an even tem- 
 perature throughout the building ; it is free from all dust, nshes, and 
 gasses, is quick in its operation, and makes or reduces the steam 
 accordino; to the atmosphere ; it is altogether free /rom the acci- 
 dent of hre, and being low pressure I consider it impossible to ex- 
 plode. The atmosphere is healthful and invigorating, surpassing 
 everything I am acquainted with; it burns less coal thanlhehotair 
 or high pressure systems ; it should be introduced into our schools, 
 churcfhes, public and private buiiliiigs. 
 
 B. BREWSTER, jr. 
 
 Montreal, April iGth, I860. 
 Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Haying fully tested " Gold's Patent Heating Apparatus," 1 
 am convinced it is the safest and most economical way of heatin"" 
 either public or private buildings. I use the hot air Apparatus at 
 my store, consequently I have experience in the diffierent modes of 
 heating, and have no hesitation in saying that " Gold's Patent" is 
 tar superior to any other that has come under my observation. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 ' ' BENJAMIN LYMAN. 
 
 P.S. — I used about five tons of Coal during the first winter, 
 about the quantity that I used in my hall stove the winter previous. 
 
 E. L. 
 
 Montreal, 30th April, 18(10. 
 Messrs. Mitchell, Cockburn & Co. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 The " Gold's Steam Heater" which you built in my dwelling 
 house has answered all my expectations, as giving out a soft and 
 genial atmosphere, safe from fire or explosion ; and it being auto- 
 matic in its regulating attachments, requires very little attention. 
 I have not experienced gases, cold drafts, ashes or many other an- 
 noyances inseparable from the wood or coal stoves, or the hot air 
 apparatus. 
 
 NORTON B. CORSE. 
 
 tV 
 
s. 
 
 \ 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Gold's Stealn Heater buijt for the fpUpwing 
 Gentlemen by Mitchell, Cqckburn & Co. 
 
 Geological Museum, Sir Wm. Logaii. . .>.Y. .. . •■'Montrey;: , 
 
 Harrison ^Stephens, Esq «*••• 
 
 Joseph McKdjr, Esq .k*. . . • .-• • • • • » •■^' • .^ '*''" 
 
 T. M. Bryson, Esq 
 
 Hon. Louis Renaud, Esq. . .* 'm ••^^*- 
 
 L. J. A. Papiiieau, Esq "^ 
 
 C. A. Low, Esq ** 
 
 Fred. Lawford Esq •*"»• " 
 
 N. B. Corse, Esq 
 
 Benjamin Brewster, jr '» 
 
 Edmonstone, All in & Co. . . .• 
 
 Benjamin Lym-T., Esq 
 
 J . Bouthi lier, Esq • 
 
 D. Russ Wood, Lsq. 
 
 George Hagar, Esq 
 
 Peter Uobertson, Esq 
 
 Savings Bank, Place D'Armes 
 
 Ontario Bank, do do 
 
 Liverpool and London Insurance Company " 
 
 Mrs. J. E. Mills " 
 
 H. Lionais, Esq 
 
 Alexander Walker, Esq -^^^ 
 
 Robert Wood, Esq *. .- ^ ' ' ■** 
 
 Hon. L. H. Holton - " 
 
 Ashley Hibbard, Esq " 
 
 Uisu'ine Convent, Rev. G. L. LeMoine Quebec. 
 
 Victoria Hotel, W. H. Morrill, Esq Ottawa City. 
 
 X^ 
 
n 
 
 "t^^i.^^^ X-a-i^ 
 
 
 >; 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 .^ ^'^- 
 
 -«-^ 
 
 9^. 
 
o 
 
 2^«»^ *-«- 
 
 ^. 
 
hi 
 
 GOLD'S PATENT LOW PRESSURE 
 
 SELF REGULATING 
 
 STEAM HEATING APPARATUS, 
 
 FOR WARMING 
 
 Private Residences, iStores, Churches, Hospitals, 
 Public Buildings, Greenhouses,Graperies, ^c.^e. 
 
 HARRISON'S PATENT EFTCEBNEE 
 
 '1 
 
 OR, 
 
 Adapted to the wantb of Private Families, Res- 
 ta^iiratita ?Mid Hotels. 
 
 riiSC^JA'S '■^' 
 
 
 And do more work than any othei' range before the 
 
 public. 
 
 MITCHELL, COCKBUM & €o. 
 
 K\