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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fllm6s en commen^ant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par ia dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon ie cas: le symbols ^^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmto A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est fiimA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. errata Ito B pelure, on A 1 2 3 1 D 32X 4 5 6 l^l^- j^r ■ u> ' i ' L E T T E n S IRISH EMIGRATION. viitsr I'riii.isiii'.i) IN Till-; iKomv iivii.v advkhtiski! BY EDWARD E. HALE BOSTON: PHILLIPS, SAMPSON & COMPANY. 1 8 f) 2 . • '» f * Tii lier » ] of anr be r till rg6^:i tov firs • ■ Sir mi cla mil vir sel or an th ac bo sh lis pa Bii til be m sr w ar as li b( a Uj43:jj These letters were first published in the Boston Daily Advertiser in Decem- ber, 1851, and January, I85'2. Ill colleciing ihem together, I have made such additions, as the pulilicalion of new dociiinents peraiitied, to the statistics they contained; and 1 have annexed, to the wh(de, some notes and tables which I have thought would be useful in reference. The facts and statistics in these letters, have been collected, from time to time, in the course of tny professional duty, as a minister in a large inland town. Every clergyman will understand me, when 1 say, that from the very first, any efforts to help the poor, bring up the whole question of duty to the stranjjer who is within our pates. Whoever is attempting systematic relief must meet at once the question, whether an undue share of that relief is not claimed by foreigners. I found, also, very early in my experience of such matters, that, under the Statutes of Massachusetts, it is much easier to pro- vide from the generosity of the public for the unfortunate born among our- selves of our own blood, than for those as deserving, who came from abroad, or were born from foreij>n parents. 1 found it very hard, however, to collect the statistics, on which to found any opinion or argument on the questions of duty thus presented. And, therefore, when after some correspondence and cimversation \v\\\i gentlemen acquainted with the subject, I had brought together the facts which are em- bodied in this pamphlet, I felt it a duty to publish them in a form, which should show their bearing on eff'orts for the poor in this community. I pub- lish them now, therefore, with the hope that I may thus save some others the pains wliich it has cost me to collect them; — with the wish that with the light to be gained from such facts as they accumulate, — our legislation may sumo day be im|>roved ; — and with the conviciion that the more widely atten- tion is called lo the details of the Great Emigration, the more extensive will be the feelinsf that it has been too much neglected in this country by govern- ments and public men. With such objects in view, I have sedulously turned aside from the curious speculations as to matters of politics or religion which connect themselves with this Emiaration. I h ive uddressed myself only to the measures which are taken, and ihose which might be taken, to conduct, with as little suffering as possible, this removal of a nation from one hemisphere to another. I can hardly enumerate the difl'erent gentlemen to whose kind assistance I have been indebted in these inquiries. The energetic officers of the Massachusetts and New York Emigrant Commissions, of the Boston Society for Preventing Pnuprrisni, of the Worcester, New York, Philadelpliia, and Baltimore boards of Overseers of the Poor, — with many other persons whom 1 need not name in print, have my hearty acknowledgments for the information they iiave furnislied me. 1 am glad to mention these gentlemen here, because I can thus give weight to the opinion which has called forth this pamphlet. For I believe they all agree in the opinion, of which none can bo better judges than they, that thus far the most of the States have singularly neglected systematic arrangements for the Emigrant. For even the state of New York, whose system is most thorough, sufTirs from the negligence of her neighbors. EDWARD E. HALE. Worcester, Mtmachuaetts, Jan. 30, 1852. lialtimoro need not tion tliey because I )aniplilet. er Ju(li>ca neglecied of JNew :e of her LETTERS ON EMIGRATION. NUMBER 1. tALE. r R E r A R A T I O N S FOR PASSAGE. To the Editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser. SiK, 1 sliall attempt in a series of letters to bring together some notes which I have collected on the emigration from Ireland to America. As far as they go, I am sure the statistics which tiiey contain may be relied upon. The want of general system in the oversight of this immense emigration makes the collec- tion of such notes dilficult. There is, however, in the midst of that want of general system, a great deal of action by local authorities. And by application at a number of ditlerent poiuts, 1 have collected the facts which I ask you to publish in your paper. 1 say nothing, in the outset, of the importance of the subject on which I address you. In the midst of more exciting dis- cussions, and in face of a general indifference, 1 cannot hope that the public, or a large part of it, will soon embrace my own opinion,— that this transfer of immense bodies ot people, from one climate, government and state of society, to anoilicr wholly different, is the most remarkable social phonomennu of our time, — and that which requires most the attent ou of Gov- ernment, and of men of philanthropy. On this l ur.iclion, I will leave the figures to speak, which I shall bring b,: ore you. 1 shall be satisfied, if, when this series of letters is finisliod, I shall have produced a conviction on the minds of iutolligcnt readers, that our State Government has but trifled with the management of its share of the responsibilities of this inmiensc emigration ;— and the national Government wholly overlooked its more important duties, in regard to it. I devote this letter to the emigrant's preparations for a pas- sage from Ireland to America. It seems impossible to begin a step further back, by speakmg of his position at home. I have read every thing I could find on the condition of Ireland. But every thing one reads on p tlint suhjpcl, loaves the matter darker than bel'ore. 1 liavc conversed with Irislimeii and Irishwomen, of various condiiioiis o( hfe, hoping lo draw from thf m such details as miylit tliro^ light on IreliMids social condition, and its causes. 'I'o eiiahle me to draw (hem on', — I have lamiliiirized my.self, as lar as I coidd. with local matters there, — and have kept note, as 1 conUI, of what I conid learn in such conversations, lint it is really almost nothimi. In conversing with himdreds ol emi- grniils of the hiimhler classes, it has breii from one or two only that 1 could get any clear idea of the arrantjcmenis of their lives at home. Tw(t peculiarities of most emigianis foil yoii in such efforts. The lirst is the national pride of the irishman, — thoiifjh he have left Ireland forever. He is resolved that yon shall believe it to be the gem of the sea, r— and will admit noihinfj that should throw a siain upon it The second is the great monotony of his life at home, lie travels little there; when he labors, it is in a most uneventlnl way, — and, apparently, he is very idle most of the time. He therefore has little to toll if he remembered it; but, more than this, he remem- bers very liiile. A year or two of the excitement of America seem to sweep back his Irish life to the indistinctness of a dream. Letters from Ireland are singularly unproductive. Of all tlie letters lo emij.'rants which i have ever seen, 1 do not now remember one, which contained much more than congratula- tions that the reader had arrived in a land of liberty, — and acknowledgments of remittances, or requests for them. There is (pnte an animated correspondence kept up, — considerable in its amoniit, though from the ignoraiKte of the parties, very small in proportion to the large numbers who emigrate. The competition between different lines of packets and dif- ferent shipping houses, has been enough to scatter through the most barl)aroiis parts of Ireland full information as lo the means of passage to America. The most remote villages receive the advertisements of difft^rent lines, just as we find in our most remote villages the inducements which ihe same lines scatter to Irishmen to send out remiltances and passage tickets for their friends. The correspondence from this country carries a great deal of detailed information, and at present it is the principal means of supply for the expenses of the voyage. An emigrant who has succeeded here, sends out for his friends, and sends money enough to bring them. Or, which amounts to the same thing, he buys here passage tickets which he sends to them. It is impossible to tell the amount of sucli remittances, of course, with Land and Enii Hut the Last Report of the llritish shows, that they had precision ration Commissioners, very ® asocrfaitied, iliat in 18')(), as large an amount as .U9i"»7,()OS had boon rcniitiod thus in small sinns. A very considoralilo amotuit must Itave esca|)ed their observation.* The facililies for niaking such remittances increase yearly. 'I'lie avt'rago passage money for nn adult may be called twenty dollars; for a child fifteen. This is the rate at which passage tickets are sold in HoAton, to be sent out to emigrants abiiiit to sail. In Liverpool, the price varies with the accom- modation, cVe. From Liverpool to New York, a tick«u is generally X3.U).s. ; to Unebce, five shillings less. From Lon- don to J\ew York, the rate is £1.10^. ; to Unebec, £1 only. The importance of this business to ship owners will readily be seen. iShips of large accommodations for Ireighting, which carry out our bulky raw produce, and bring back the more condensed manufactures of England, have just the room to spare, which is made into accommodations for these passen- gers. In Mr. Robert U. Minturn's testimony before the '■ Lords' (Jommittei;" .lune Hi), 1848, he says that tlie amounis [laid tor the passage of emigrants go very far towards paying the expense of voyages of ships from AiiiCnca to Lnrope and back. liy far the larger Jiumber of these emigrants collect at Liver- pool therefore, — the large commerce of that port olfering all the facililies for the cheapest |)assage. Of 22\i,()7S who sailed from the United Kingdom to tiie United Slates in 1^5t), 105,828 were from Liverpool, 31,297 were from Irish ports, and 11,448 from Scotch ports. The ease of passage from Ireland to Liverpool carries most of the Irish emigration that way. The English Commissioners suppose that almost all the Liverpool emigration is Irish; certainly much more than nine-tenths of it, Uur own returns at JSew York contirm this supposition. Ve.ssels engaged in this trade, are now subject to a double inspection. In Great Britain they are examined by English Ollicers, that it may be known that they comply with the British statute, — and here, that tliey may comply wiih ours. The experience of the awful sntl'ering of emigrants in 18 J7, when, of 9U,0U0 who embarked for Canada in Bntisli vessels, lo,UOO died on the way, or after arrival, called ihe attention of the English Covernment to the necessity of a more stringent law for passenger vessels. Our laws, amending former statutes, had passed February 22, and March 2, 1847, and no such terrible sutTering took place on American vessels. The English law of March, 1848, covered the ground with care, though it was not yet so stringent as our staiuie. In ihe session ol i^ar- * Some mrnths after this rrport wns irinde, n vrifer in tlie Lor.don Spectiito nffecilng to bo well inlcrmed, esiimnteil tlie rcnjittniiies lor ItOl, ut i:6(j0,ll0 oiily I mention the fact here, as a single illustration of the recklessness as to sttiliktics oV speculntorg on this subject. } H 8 liamrnt of IS 19, after hearing full testimony on tlie snbjpct, from one of our own ship-owners among others, th(!ir present eHVetive law was passed. Addiiions were made to it in IS.")!). That staliite applies to all vessels sailing from Uritlsli ports. 'I'hi'ir previous statute ap|)lied to llritisli vessels only. It is prepared with careful rclerenee to tlie comfort of the emigrant, and to serun; him against fraud. I will take another occasion lo speak of its diMaiis, which are carefidly enlorced hy ollicers at the dilferent sea-ports. 'I'lie LMMicral oversiglit and enforcement of such regulations is [)lacf(i iu the charge of the "Colonial Laud and Immigration ( 'omunssiouers." — a body of gentlemen now cousisluig of Mi'ssrs. T. W. (ylinton Murdoch, (■. Alexander Wood, and Fri'di'ric Iloyors. 'i'iiey also ]iublis!i every spring for wide circulation among those proposiu'j: lo emigrate, a 'Colonization Cir'-ular.-' They report annually to the Colonial Secretary. Tiiere is appointed at every largo porta "(iovernmcnt Emi- gration odlcer," who examines all outward hound vesst^ls l)i'f<»re they sail, — and prosecutes the inaster if he finds cause, for any violation of law. In other ports the inspection is assigned to tiie revenue ollicers. This duty i.-! generally car- ritul out, though vessels sometimes slip through with an undue mnnher of passengers, — or scantily provisioned. In such cases vessels for Canada and the Provinces are reported to tlie jjome authorities, and an investigation follows. Where prosecution is followed hy a fine, one half the tines may be appropriated to the use of persons injured, by the justice who hears the case. Immigrants do not themselves usually make their bargains with the masters or owners of ships, — but are brought together and put onboard by some "passenger broker" with whom lliey have contracted, and who furnishes their stores. Instances of fraud and cruelty on the part of these men sometimes take place, but, on the whole, they are not so many as in so immense a business, one might have feared. The English (jJovernment has taken what pains it could, by a system of licensing, to keep in order the passenger brokers; but the great competition leads to frauds, practiced by their rnmiers, if not by thein. Within the last two years the establishment hy Mr. Sabell, a Cierman gentleman, in Ijiverpool, of a large Emigrant's Home, for Germans, has shown the advantages of such an establishment. A similar one is to be established, it is said, for Roman Catholic Emigrants, under Catholic auspices. The Liverpool Dock Trustees projiose to establish another, under suitable directions. Such establishments are in the hands of government in Hamburg. They receive the emigrant while waning for his passage; and attempt an improvement both in his health and his means, when he fnirly embarks for his iipw home 9 Tlin maiiiicr in whicli ])atipor rmij^raiits are shipped to this couiilrj', rt((iiiros some spccilic staUimoiit. It oiiijlit to be iiii- d<>rsU)ti(l iliiit iIk! Mriti.'-li ^ovcriiinciit, us such, (Iocs not iIim- ^Tiii'ii itscir (lirctMly Willi this piof'diiri!. 'I'lio "('olnnial l.aii'i and l-lini^iiitioii ( /'oiiifiiissiont'is, ' liavesoriit! Miiall IiiimIs wliK'li tlit>y aiiinially approprialu to n.ssisMiig ciinuraiits. liiil these are always applied to emigrants who me goini; to Aus- tralia or its neii'lihorhood. Under the Poor Law Anu-iidiiiciit Act, parishes in Kni^land liave the power to send uway |»an- pers. 1 have seen a return as late as 1SJ7, of tiu! ainonnt to which this is (lone. Uy this return it would seem that, in el»^ven years, they had not ollen availed iheinsclves of this jjower. Most of the emigrants, whom they did send, went lo the colonies in the Sonlh Paeilic. The remainder, almost all went to Canada, and only lifty-sevcn are retnincd as sent to the I'liiled Stales. In IS ir, the Pt»or Law system was extended to Ireland. The Irish Parishes then began the same svsiein. Uiit it is not yet very extensively carried on. There are in all Ireland lOJi " Unions,'' for the relief of the poor. The last 'published re- turns from these, were made in IMay last. Fiom May 1st, 1S.')0, to A[)ril 1, ISJjl, only 53 had sent out any emmranls. The total number sent by them was I7:il ; — a very larue propor- tion of whom went to Cinebec. ^03 only were sent to ports in the United S^tates. In the niontli of Marrh last, twenty-two l)ersous, mostly children, sent directly Irom poor houses, arri- ved at the port of Uo^lon. There does not appear, from the English parliamentary doc- tmients, to be the slightest shame connected wiih such trans- actions. On the other Inxnd they are spoken of as ctediiable to the public s|)irit of the parlies concerned. The only in- stance I have noticed, where ollicers of the (lovernment, other than parish oflicers, acted, as such, in forwarding emigrants, was in July, 1817, when the Conunissioners of Woiid,^ and Forests, sent from IJailykihliiie, Roscommon, dispo>eil, in this way. of a body of " Si|uatlers," who had nestled down on (jiovernmenl Land in that county. The Commissioners state, very coolly, that it was too late in the season to send them to Canada, and therefore they sent them to New York. This shows how little they understand the prime necessity in a humane view, of an arrival here early in the year. Tliey sent ySG of these persons at first, and g ve each man one pound when he landed. The scheme succeeded so well that they afterwards sent 111 more. Large piopri(Mors in Ireland and Scotland, frequently send out their teiuvntry thus. The Marqnis of Normanby, has thus given his name to the immense poor-house in our harbor, f 10 which is very properly known as Normanby palace, A con- sidcrablo proportion of his people liave been in good hcahh aiul coiuJiiion, but there have bt^en one or two disgiacefii'. ex- ceptions. Lord Pahnerston has sent out in former years, lar^e numbers of tenants. So many of them came in misera- ble condition to New IJrunswick and Canada, that the author- ities there made a great outcry, and his agents were obhged to make explanations and excuses, liord Pahnerston himself did not in the least appear in the war of letters which arose. It was as well that he did not. On the 1st of iS'ovembor, IS17, 42i of his people arrived at St. John, "the whole in the most abject state of poverty and destitiUion, with barely sullicient rags to cover their nakedness." This was the otlicial report at New l}runswiek. It was sent to iiOrd Falmerston's agents, who replied with virtuous indignation : — " the state- ments made of ilieir want of cloih'ug will surprise your liOrd- ship very much when we inrorin you that above £101) was laid out with the most rigid economy in procuring for them the most necessary and suitable articles of clothing, such as blankets, shoes and stockings, llannel petticoats, shawls, shifis, gowns, tJcc, for the females, and trowsers, coats, waistcoats, shirts, hats, caps, and wagoners, for the men and boys." It is a simple calculation to see how far this munificent kimdrcd poiDiils would go in such a distribution among four hundied and twenty-two naked and starving cotters, who iiad been waiting all summer for a passage. This was in the famine sunnner, however, when every Irish land-owner nuist have had his hands full. iSor have I any disposition, in speaking of these details of abuse, to imply that the great advantages of the great provi- dential necessity of Irish emigration to America, do not more than counterbalance these and all its other abuses. In closing this article, I will correct a careless statement in the London Spectator, for Oct. I8th, that the llood of emigra- tion is a gradual growth since the peace of 1815. Clradual it is, in the sense that it was then very small and now very large. JJut it received the immense acceleration which gives it now the importance of a national movement, in the famine summers of 1^17-48. As late as 1814, only ()0,r)S4 persons l.'ft Kimland for America: — Canada and the United Slates. In 1845, 90,311. In 181(). l'J.j.078. But in 1847, the number leaped to:>5LS34. In 1848, it was 219,'-i'.t8, and in 1 8."30, scarcely larutr than in I84H. This year it will amount to more than 3l)i).(ii)() persons. Up to 1^48, more than one-third of these emigrants went to Canada. Hut the Canadian emigration has ever since been much smaller. Dec. :-!, 185L 11 No. II. S II I r - H () A 11 u . Vessels with emigrants from Great Britain to the United Siatos, must comply with tiie provisions, botli of tlio British Statute of IS K>, and its amendments of iSijO; and of ours of Feb. 22, and March 2, 1847; and May 17, 1848. Tiie Anicrican Statutes require tiiat the space on deck, unoccupied by stores or goods, (except passengers' baggage,) shall average fourteen square feet for eacli ])asseiiger, — man, woman, or child, — on board, excepting infants not one year old. If, between decks, there is not a space six feet high, the average must be sixteen square feet a passenger; — and if less than five feet liigli, there must be twenty-two square feet a passenger. If an orlop deck be fitted for passengers, they are allowed an average of thirty square feet. For violation of these provisions there is a penalty of a fine of $'A), or ini|)ris- onment for one year, as for misdemeanor. There may not be more than two tiers of berths on any deck: — the decks must be real decks, firmly built with floors, six inches above their timbers. Nor may any berths be smaller than six feet by eighteen inches. These regulations were drawn up, it is imderstood, at the suggestion of gentlemen of great worth, largely interested in tiie direct trade between England and New York. Their ex- perience and philanthropy enabled tiiem to prescribe very proper regulations as to the number of passengers, which were in time to save our vessels from the terrors of the summer pas- sage of 1847, and have done much to give a preference to American emigrant vessels. The general health of passengers ill these vessels has been better than could have been antici- pated. Suffering, in cases where it lias been made public, has more often come from the emigrant's negligence to supply his own stores suliiciently, than from other mismanagement. In a considerable degree this dilTicnlty has been met by our statute of May 17, 1848, and the British statute of 1849. I 12 This last named statute restricts the luimbnr of passengers [rxoliidiiii,' cahiii |)n;«st'iii;ors| to an averaan of one for every two Ions ot" louijiien'd loniiaue. IJiit as it pt rniits two chddreu tiiidcr (ourteiMi to he coiniiod as one passenger — does not re- (iniro children nnder one year to be counted at all, — and is resiricied to einiijiant passengers, — its terms are here not more stringent, in general, tlian our statnte. The regulation for tlio avcraize of >uper(icial room, is tliirty feet on an orlop deck, or other deck helow the second deck, — and twelve feet for any (hn-k ahove. 'I'he ppiiiilty for u larger number is five pounds for each passenger beyond such numher, with which the ves- sel "clears out or proceeds on her voyatie." The act provides also for [iroper boats on board ship, and that no powder, skins, or oiher noxious freight l)c taken. To secure the passengers against tlieir own want of fore- sighi in providing stores, these statutes now require tliat each vessel shall be furnished with provisions, on the following scale for each passenger : Water, Ship bread, Wheat flonr, Oat meal, Rice, Salt pork, Peas and beans, Potatoes, Amer. Act. GO gallons. 15 pounds. 10 lU 10 10 10 35 (1 (I Hriiish Act. r.2i gallons ,50 pounds 20 (( 00 K 40 (( 22i (( Potatoes may be substituted for meal or rice; 5 lbs. for one. The English act requires that these suppHes shall be served out. one twentieth part twice every week; — our act requires that one tenth shall he served every week, with sullicieni fuel for cookmg. The penalty under our act, is a payment of $3 00. to be paid to every person put on sliort allowance for every day of such short allowance. The English act makes owners and masters liable in a tine of £100 for any deliciency. A recent English arrangement recjuires a discipline and arranaemeiit for cooking, jfcc, similar to those in force in the long Australian voyages. iiy the English act, two ounces of tea and half a pound of sugar and of molasses is to be served out twice a week for each pa>seiiger. If more than 100 passenijers embark, the sinp must provide a medical practitioner and a passengers' codk. ii should be understood that the provisions which the shi|) is compelled to take are not intended for the emigranl's sole reliance. He provides otiier stores for himself. 13 for every children Bs iioi re- I, — and is ! not more 1011 for the p deck, or 1 for any /e poiuuls I the ves- t provides Jer, skins, t of fore- that each following Act. lions, inids. a (( u (( iibstitnted IS. for one. be served I requires cient fuel yineiit of uance for ct makes eliciency. )line and ce in the pound of week for bark, the issengers' liich tfie tiiigrani's The violat . s of the important parts of these statutes, are coniparalivLJy lOW. Of the voyaiie itself, it is difllcnlt to cive a very distinct ac- count, unless yon have yourself crossed from Ireland or L^iver- pnol to America in the steerage. ]\o Irisiiman whom I ever met could t(^ll me much about it. Mr. Stephen E. I)e Veru, a fine spM'iled L'ii)glish gentleman, on his way to otiicial duty in (Jaiiada, took sieerage passage in one of the f(!ver stricken emiurant ships of the lalai summer of IS 17. He wrote home a fearful account of its horrors, which had its share, 1 suppose, in procuring the new statutes of ISIS and 1S49 by wliic^h those liorri)rs jvere nmeh abated. '^I'liis paper is the only liill account of a passage in print, and it relates to a time already gone by. A family of settlers, in the cliarge of a shipping agent, are put by him on board the first of the vessels ol his lines which is ready. People sometimes cross and land here without knowing what is the name of the vessel in which ihey come. On board, they meet for the first time with their fellow pas- sengers, constituting a party of all numbers, up to 11 or 1200. If the vessel sails (rom l,iver|)ool, there will be among them all a few(jerinans perhaps, for liiere are arrangements in Lon- don for receiving (jermaii eniigraiits by steam packet and for- warding (hetn; — there will he a few Hnglish fiiinilies from the manufacturing towns, — a few Scotch ; but the great company of those who arc swarming over will be Irish adventurers. The emigrant deck, or decks, extend nearly the whole lenyth of the vessel. Two or more large hatches open into it, which are open whenever the weather permits. The Auht- ican Statute requires that these hatches shall he covered with houses, a provision quite essential in stormy weather. The sides of the vessel aie partitioned into alcoves, wholly opi n toward the hall, so to speak, of the open deck. Each of these is lariic enough to contain, below, the chests of the passeni;ers, — and above a very large berth, — made up of what bedding they will, — which serves for one, two, three, or if there he little children perhaps more together. The law piohihits, as lias been seen, more than two ranges of berths on one deck. In the spaces beneath the open liatches, and aroiuid them, there is light enough for any work, or for reading. Here, — if they are well enough, — coiiiiregate ic^gether, on chests or other seats, the parties of emigrants, — these beina; the drawing-room ])arts of the decks on which they live. On the upper deck, forward, there are parts of the ship where they may walk or sit in the open air. The vessels frequently are as full as the statutes permit. Hi 14 You can easily calculate tlie degree of confinement, from the provisions which ] have quoted. HcCoro tlie emigrant can go on board at Liverpool, lie must he fxaniiiiod by a medical inspector. iNledical men are licensed by the authorities to makt' he requisite examinations, and allowed a fee of one guinia for every hundred jiersons in- spected. Tiiey must certify that the emigrant has no con- tauious disease; and they also examine the ship's medicine chests, to see that they are properly provided. If the emigrant is free from contagious disease, the physician stamps his ticket Aviih a certificate to that eil'ect. "^I'lie passengers go on board ships at the time directed by the passenger broker. Most of the Liverpool ships are at Waterloo Dock. The correspondent of the Morning'- C/iiviiic/c, on the iiiverpool l^ahor and the Liverpool I'oor, gave, a year since, a graphic deseripiion of the scene. Its illustration of Irish eharaclcr is quite the same as one may see on an arrival here. He went down the Mersey in an en)igrant vessel. "There was not," he says, "a wet eye on board; there liad been no fond leave-takings; no llirevvells to England; no pangs at parting. Fossihiy there was no necessity for any. 'J'o lunety-niiie out of a hundred of these emigrants the Old Country had been in all probuhility an unknul mother, a coiuitry of sorrow and distress, associated only with remem- brances of poverty and sud'ering. 1 nuist confess i expected to see something like the expression of a regret that the shores of Lntiland would so soon fade from their view forever, — some- tliiim like melancholy at the thought that they never more were to revisit the shores of Lurope ; but nothing of the kind occurred. All was noise, hurry, and animation. They had made up their minds for a long jouriu>y ; hope was helbre them, and nothing behind them but the remembrance of mis- ery." IJefore the ship leaves the Mersey, a search is made for sfoi/;- (iin/i/s. 'I'hese are persons who have secreted themselves, with the concurrence, perhaps, of |)assengers, m hope of get- tiua: a passage for nothing. The JMitntcziiiiKi once had ten such appear, when she was well at sea, — with a claim on liumaniiy for provisions, of course, — while they had nothing wiih which to pay for their passage. An indii^Miant captain, two years ago, (1 do not know his name,) threatened to tar and feather any he should detect before lie got to sea; and ho was as good as his word wiih one poor creature. IJut. it is said, he has not dared to sail to Liverpool again. 'J'he search is made by calling all the passengers on deck, and sending the proper ollicers below to inspect every cranny w'^ere one of these brave I , from the 1, he must re licensed lions, and )ers()iis ill- 's no con- ! modicino 3 emigrant I liis ticket lirectcd by ips are at C/iroiiic/c, ve, a year stratiun of an arrival lit vessel. tiiere had flaiid ; no / lor any. IS the Old inothor, a h reniem- icpccted to shores of , — soine- n-er more the Uiiid 'hey liad /as before of llllS- for fi//w> iMuselves, )(! ol got- liiid ton claim oil i nothiiii^r t captain, cd to (ar ; and lie it is said, 1 is made le proper esc brave 15 unfortunates may have concealed himself. If one is detected, lie is sent at once on shore. Thou comes the calliiiii; tlio roll. The pnssonizors pass tliroiiah a passage left lor them, as their names are calliil. 'I'lie captain thus sees whom he has on board. Sometimes lit! iiiids a yoiiiii; man of nineteen wiih a child's ticket, 'riure are, of course, many points about his ])eople of which lu; needs to satisfy himself thus early. They are then dismissed to their berths, and the misery of sea-sickncss as the vessel gets to sea. Of course to estimate properly the conveniences or incon- veniences of the passage, you must take the certainty of sea- sickness into account, — and that, too, it must be remembered, is the sickness of people (piite unused to caring for tin niselves. i\Ir, de Vere"s phrase, that "after a week, tht; einii;rant on ship board is a changed being," — so prostrated is he by the inlluences of conliuement, — is probably true, under more fa- vorable circumstances than those he wrote of It is true even of most cabin passengers wliose lirst voyage I ever heard described. Every inducement which interest or statute can bring to hear, rests, under the present legislation, on the captains to bring their living freight over in good health, (jienrrally speaking, in our packets, the men in command nii(lersiand their business, and undertake with real spirit this humane responsibility. It is the general agreement, 1 believe, that the real difficulty in carryiny it out is in the dullness of the poor sea-tossed emigrants themselves. But an ell'ort is made, and generally with success, to have the berths cleaned daily, — to have the decks as well ventilated as possible, and ke[)t clean. I'iVen these provisions require a good deal of sternness on the part of the oflicers who carry them out. A sea- sick person will not hear to reason more than to any other voice, if lie can help It. Besides the ship's rations, the emigrant ought to liavo some stores of his own. Before the late liriti>h statute, this was necessary to a larger amount than now. Cooking places are provided for them, and they organize themselves at ])leasnro into messes, each of which has its coolc, who takes the charge of preparing the meals. Arraiigeinenls more precise than this, are, as I have said, now proposed. The ship's supplies are served out twice a week. For, as two govermneiils regulate the matter, the more severe re(pusitioiis of each must be com- plied with. A (lescrii>iion of the sullering from starvation oil the ship '-Speed," of St. .loliii, which had twelve weeks pas- sage to IN'cw York, in the aiiiimm and winter of 181S. as I received it from some of those who shared them, was one of i II ,; I ' 'I- I' \ lit ' h i the most terrific accounts of lingoring distress. lint it was a vaso which bnloiiiis of course raihor to the general hazards of thi' s(M, than to this piirticiihir eniiuraiion. Aficr all.— the comfort or disciMufort, the Iieahh or the sicic- iiess in a j)articiilar |)assaiie.— doponds upon the weather, — the winds, — the previons condition of the passengers, — and a wiirld of other nninaiiageahle circnmstancos. I have known some of the finest vessels, under careful captains, bring in, after a short run, a sickly and stitfcring Ireight of passengers, on the same d.iy when a heavy hudt, carelessly arrayed ship, with a conunaiider unused to the trade, came in with a good hill of heahli. The reason for such dilfeieiice, is soineiimes that the passengers of the lirst have been at sea in another ship, and liave put back, — so as to sail already exhausted: — or they have het'u lou<^ waiting passage at the port they sailed from, or for some other reason, were not in good condition for the i(\striction and other hardships of the voyage. Tlie provision for tl(Mained passengers, humane enough in its intention, of the Miitish passauf! aiU, a, 1 10 persons sailed Iniiii (ileal IJiiiani, diiect to Calilornia. In liSjO, lliere wcro Ci'.il who Hindis that passaue. I would call your attention especially, in the above tables, to tlie yiadiial decrease of enuuration to the I'rovinces, coin- j) ircd uitli the increast' to the United Slates. The arrivals in Alassaolniseils this year are 10I*.» less than in the same period last year. I IS."} alien steerage passeiiijers have sailed from Moston. on llieir return, since the year began. Of the ■.i7,(l.')G who arrived, ll)^? have been here hefore. In IS IT, (he terri- ble fainiiie year, a part of the famine was on the sea. Tho jxjor pushed forward, and were ftiished forward from Ireland, and. as I have already explained, the snll'iirings in Hritisli vessels, such as only could then trade with the Provinces, was terrihie. Canada, appalled with the iiillnx of siitferinir, passfd a very severe law prescrihine the heaviest "head money" for eniiiiranis yet attempted. These two canses largely partici- )):ii('d with any growing popularity of the United Stales in tnrning the stream to ns. The burden of the law, while it lasted, was really severe on passenger vessels to Canada. — Once tinned, the stream so far sii|)plies itself, by directions hence, thai it proceeds in the way it has begun. Ilmigrdiils passing hy sea from I'rovincft to Province, pay head money at every new transfer of inrisdiction. The head money in the Provinces is now less than in our ports, and it is really cheaper, I believe, to go to the West through Quebec, than through New York; but the colonies cannot draw back the harvest they received in the panic of 1S17. IJefore the year of famine, however, a larae emigration from Canada across the border, and from the Allaniic provinces to our ports went on, as it (h»es still. A recent (yanadian act re- Iniids half the head money to passengers who go at once to the Western Slates hy the Canadian public works. Of 2')!^,- 221 emigrants who landed in Canada and yiew l?rnnswick, beiween \>\') and 1S.")(), more than 73,()(H) proceeded in- stantly to the United States. Of .32,()18 who landed in Canada in IS.IO. 13.723 niok this course at once. In New IJrunswick, in I'-oO, only 1,507 arrived at all; showing a great decrease from former years. We receive head money on all who ar- rive by sea from the Provinces, as if lliey had come direct fioiii lr(!laiid. I have inserted a few memoranda of the emigration from Great Britain to Australasia, (iricluding New Zealand.) This i 21 urns from I the yi'ur oils .Sillied I lie re were ve tulilcs, IICOS, COIIl- [irrivals in imo |)oii. . . |S.-,(). . . ].-):M'.)3. . . IS.Jl. . . l«)S,3Ul). . . Other countries. , (Ki.nsi. . . ()S,l(i4. . Total. IS'.I.ITO 212,7«.)() 2SU,»J()1 ISoO — In Mass. from British ports, 2(),('1~; other ports, 4,058. In Haltimore, in IS.")!), there arrived — Irisli, 2,015 ; (iermans, 3.S~2 ; and only 2S0 of other countries ; the (jerinans prepon- deraliriir; and this in a year of sni'ill («ernian emigration. In New Orleans, the division is nearly equal between Ciermans, French, and Fiiiglish. The Now York arrivals being much the largest; — and ours the next largest; it follows thai the Hrilish emigration is still nearly three-fonrths of the whole. Some attention has been called in the papers to the fact that a considerable number of Irish, more than lO.OUO, have sailed this fall for Ireland, on their return, from New York. I am informed, however, on the highest authority, that this is tiot an extraordinary movement — and that there is not a larger proportion returning than nsnal. They i>o back to see tlieir iVieiids, attend to business, and often to bring out their fam- ilies. As is stated above, while 1,4S5 sailed froiii Boston on their return in the first eleven months of 1851,4,037 arrived here a second time. It will \w seen by the tables above, that the emigration has varied singularly from year to year. As loin; since as 183s, the British emiaraiion fell as low as 4,577 to the colonies, and 14,332 to tlu! United States. The falling ofl' was attributed to the Cr.nadiaii rebellion. On the oiher hand, the Irish lam- iiie of ISIS. raised the British emigration to Nctrtli Anieriea, to 2.")1.S34, from 125,078, the amount in 1810; just doid)liiig it. All the immense emigration of later years, has hardly car- * The falliog oft' was from Germauy. 00 1 'U 11 ■■ riofl it beyniid tliis point, until this ycnr. In 1H1<>, it was y()0,Sir. This y«':ir it will h(! iniirh iihovci :!()0,(l(HI. These calciilutiniis, it will lii> soni, iiicliidt! llit> (Mniuialion to tin; col- onics. I''iv('-sixlhs, ahont, of those I'roni (irciit Hiitain to this coinitry arc Irish. (M'tlio races in the cniiyrution to the Prov- inces, I cannot speak. It has always hi-eii said that the fallini? oil' in 18'I8, was canscd hy the jirospcct ol' a rnhcllioii ni Ireland. A tiuht in Canada kept them away; — hnt the hope of one in Ireland conid not he neiilccied. In (ace of snch changes, a prophecy is Iiazardons. I vcn- tnre however from the position of Ireland herself, the sngi»es- tion, that, wiihont reinarkahle (dianges which we cammt now foresee in the order of allairs, the Irish emigration will not .soon be larf,'er than that of the present year, and prohahly will never he larger, if so lartre. The drain upon Irish population has heen iinnieiise. The census (»f |S.")I, showing a diminn- tion of near 2, ()()<>, 000 in the population of Ireland in ten years, should have been no surprise to persons conversant with her position. The Kinigrant (^Miiniissioners had an- nounced the year before that the Animal emigration had drawn off at least a million more than any previous rates of increase could supply. Meanwhile, the (commissioners of Public works, various private Companies and individuals are developing her re- sources of mines, fisheries, and manufactures. i*roperty is so changing hands as to otier much more encouragement, and better wages to labor. Among the reasons why liiiglish emi- gration to Australia falls otf is (hat i'jiiglishmen can easier emiiirate to the rich "wastes" of Counaught. '^Phe former inhahiiants of these "wastes" are now in America. All these developments of industry must create a demand for labor even there. If they were evenly scattered over Ireland, they would check emigration at once. Hut Ireland is many nations in one. And it is much more natural therefore, to an Irishman from Kerry lo come to America, home of all nations, and go to work in a factory, than it would be to go to (Jounty Down in the north of his own island, and go to work in a factory, even at as good living wages there. Ireland is not so crowded after all, as we, who have seen those starved swarms pouring fronj it, are used to suppose. lis area is 30,400 square miles. Its population, on the lilst of jMarcli last, was ti,"));"),?'.) I. This gives an average of 211 persons to tlie s(jiiaie mile. We in iMassachusetts have 147 lo the stpiare mile. 'Plios'e parts which have sutl'ered most in Ireland, do not come up to the density of our Massachusetts population. Tlie population of the county and city of Cial- 28 1'.), it was )(). TliPso to tilt! Col- tiiltl Id tills ) tlio I'rov- 18 IS, was A tiulil ill ill Ireland us. I vcn- tlio snimos- raiinnt now ill not soon )l)alily will population r u diiiiiiin- ind in ten conversant rs had an- ration had )us rates of ks, various lu; iter rc- >perty is so Miieiit, and n^iisli omi- riin easier riie (briiier [>ri(:a. All eiiiaiid for cr Ireland, is many •Core, to an It nations, to (^'oiinty work in a have seen ,0 suppose, ihc :ilst of ige of '^{14 lave l-iT to d ino^t in ssachnsetis ity of Cial- I i way, is only ninety-one to tho Sfjuaro mile. This was one of the most severly tried regions ni the taniine. Now it can hardly he that any slowness of the laboii is l(» go from pan to part of Ireland shall he snllicieiit to keep tluiu from wages there, whi<;h must coin mk' to rise, if the development of material resources, noliccubit; ever since the famine, and the regular diminution of poor rates cnntinius. 1 may add that the inllucnce of the Catholic Clergy of trcliiiifl is, on the whole, turned against the emigration of their llocks. Such is the statement of high authorities, who say that the reason is. that they dislike tin? necessary loss of power, which tlii> (-'ellic l')xodiis of course hriims irpoii them. In ten years, from ISII to IS.">0 inclusive, the Ihitish emi- gration to America was l,ri;i-i,(((l(l persons. Of this, certainly 1, :{()(), (1(10 was Irish, — a numher which goes far to account lor tli(! failing olf in ilie Irish census of IS.')].* This year moio than l{()(),(l()l) more have come, (iraiiliiic, what 1 consider juohahle, (hut as many will arrive in lSr»;i; it siill seems im- prohabio that mori; than that numher will leave an improving country. And after that the annual ninnher can hardly fail to diminish. It is the Celtic portion which emigrates; — and their relative proportion to the Saxon races in Ireland is now mate- rially reduced by starvation and emigration. For such rea- sons, I am induced to suppose that Irish emigration is now ut its height. It will not fall back very suddenly, I'or those now here, will send out for their friends, and ihey will continue to come. Hut it is not like to rise ever without new aggravating causes, above 3()(),l)()() a year. Those Protestants who do emigrate from Ireland generally go to Upper Canada, I am told. * I'"or tlio convenience of tliosc persons who wisli to carry farther puch cntculnfions on In^li popuUitioii, thu Irish cuiisus ot' 1641 luid that of \bi>l, nre priutetl in uu npiJi'ii- dix A. 24 No. TV. (J r A n A N T I N i: a n d ins r i; c t i o n U 1 TnKEE-FouRTHs at least of the emigrants arriving in tliis country land at the port of \e\v York. On the whole, the arrangcnxMiIs of that Siato and city seem aselUctive and care- ful as any. In giving an acconnt, therefore, of the arrange- nieiiis made for colleeting a revenue from emigrants, and Imspecling their heahh, I shall speak especially of i\e\v York cny, noticing, by the way, any important variations in the ]\las-;achnseils practice. Afier various changes and evasions in lesiislation, resulting from the necessary conflict bet\V(!cn Federal and State powers: tlic (lilfereut seaboard Siaies have at last protected themselves, in the utter negligi'iice of the (ieneral (Government in this matter, by a series of Statutes, based on one general principle, and dillering only in detail. Tiiat principle is this. In theory, by these various Statutes, the owner. !iia.ster or consignee of every vessel arriving with foreign passenyers, tmist i»ive a bond with a large penalty, and with siillicient securities, for each of those passengers, that he shall not, wiiliin a lime lixt'd by the Statute, l)ecomu a )»iil)lic pauper. This bond is (i.xed at such a sum that it would be (luiic impossil>le lor any ship owners to nnderiake .sucli a responsibility for a large number of passcuigers. The Statutes, therefore, all provide that, at their o[)tion, ship own- ers, masters, ».Vc., may co//i/nii/e, if they jjlease, for giving sucii i)ond, by jiaying down a certain sum for each iiealthy ])assen- gcr. i\one of the Slates, I believe, permit commutation for disabled passengers. This commnlation money is known as head money. Practically, it is almost always paid, as much the easier branch of the alternative. The reason why it is not enforced in form, is, that the decision of tlie Supreme Court of the United Slates, delivered in the cases of Snntli v. Turner; and Norris v. city of Hoston, Feb. 7, IS ID, declared such colle(;tion by direct Statute nnconstitntional, as an inter- ference with the federal right of regulating commerce. The 25 ION. ving in tliis e whole, the ivc and caro- the arrange- ligiants, and f iS'cw Yolk ations in the ion, rcsnhing >late [lowers: 1 tlionisol vos, incnt in tiiis Tal principle, ions Stafutcs, firriving with rtze penalty, passt'iiyers, tnte, hcoonie Slim that it to underiaUe iigois. The 11, ship own- giving such iltliy passeii- niiitation for is known as aid, as nuich on why it is the Supreme ()f Smith V. vl9, declared as an intor- rnercc. The sev(M"al Slates, therefore, now compel ship owners lo elect to pay this sum. It is, of conrso charged to each emigrant as a part of the expnnsn of liis p;issa'^e. Ill Massachusetts, tiie head money is ,'~!2. Jn New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware and I\laryland it is i<,l 50. In l*eiin- sylvania it was formerly ■pi'i, hut a practice immediately sprung u\) of landing emigrants in Wihuington, Delaware, where they could he commuted clioaper, and whence they proceeded at once to Philadelphia hy land, while the ships went up the rivor to discharge tlieir cargoes. The emigrant ship as she comes up New York hay makes signal that slio has passengers on board, and opposite the quarantine station, on Staten Island, she lies to. 'J'he Health ollicer of the Commissioners of emigration is stationed here, lie hoards the vessel at once. At this moment it may not he amiss to sav, that the ollicer. Dr. Doaue, is the gentleman who received Kossuth, the most distinguished emigrant lie has "inspected '" this year.* His first business, ordinarily, is to see the Captain, who ouirht to nave ready for him a list of his passengers, with a statement of their condition. The Captains are, of course, desirous to mak(! this report as favorable as possil)le. l)ut the sui)se(|ueiit inspection, though rapid, is complete enough to prevent much danger of deception. The ("aptain is bound to report, within tweniy-four hours of his arrival, to the Mayor of the city, the numlier of his passengers who are citizens, and the number who, being foreigners, have never been bonded, their place of birth, last residenct;, age, name and occupatiun. He shows this ri^poit to the Health ollicer. The oliietjr then (piestions him and the ship's physician as to the healtii of the ])asseiigers, whether any of them an; lunatic, idiot, deaf, dimil), blind or iiilirin, if so whether they are accompanied by relatives who can take care of them; and again with regard to the deaths on the ])assage. All these ])arliculars the (.'ap- taiii is bound to specily in his rejiort to tlie Mayor, and if he fail to specify them correctly, the Commissioners of emigra- tion on the report of their Health IXlieer would prosecute him lor the penalty provided. Such penalties, when recov- ered, are a part of their available I'liiids. While the Health Ollicer obtains the details of the Captain's report, the emigrants are mustered on deck for his personal examination. He then goes below with his men. — examines the emigrant decks, that he may see those who are not wt'll * As ttip sheets pn«s thvnuuh the press the ilentli of tliis piithint niid distiiifruislied ofTicer, who cle<>-rveil timl tiUe hetter than niaiiy who liiive receive.', it in other n'V- viee<. isaiiiinuiieeil. He died ofsliip fever, coiitrncted in tlie duty in which lie has dciiio miieli in the ciiu-n of justice and humanity. His ready courtusy in the dibcharge of his duties will be lonf,' remembered. I I'. Sfi 1,1 lli. i eiinuKli to CO oil deck, — aii'l sfitisf)' liimsnlf tliat no porsons ail' ciniri'Mli'd on ho;\r(l. so far iis siicli an oxaniiiiatioii will saii-l\' liii!). Tliis viMt ( iialili's luiii to observe, in a iiitMsiirc, wluMhcr liie Unitfd Stales slaliite reyardiim: the trcaliiienl of eiiiiLTaiits on Ixiard any vessel has been violated. This stal- uie applies to all vessels arrivitiii liere ; the oxaniinalion made ill l^iiulaiid having been made, of coiirso, with referenee to the provisions of tlie. Miiiilislt laws Any violation of tlic Aiiier- iiMii sf.itnte wonid be re])orird by llio Emigiaiit Commission- ers to the I'liiled States .Aitoniey. This e\-aniination liiiished, he coes on deck, with liis men, t 1 iiis|iect those reportetl as in liealth who are assembled there. Yi'ii know ili.it in some instances tliere have been more than a thousand on a single vessel. The inspection is rai'id indeed. A rope is drawn across the vessel, leaving a passage between tiie Health Oliieer and one of his boatmen, wide enough for one emiiiraiii at a time to pass through. Tliev passipiickly thronsih, from the throng wlier*^ they are assembled, and are counted as they i;o. if the quick eye of the Health ( 'Ilicer detects a blind, deaf, dumb or idnHic person. — or one who has any asjiect of sickness, be stops him, qiiesiions him. — and if he do not pass such qiiesiioning saiisl'aciorily. he is reported. 'I'lie in;. in object of this personal examination, however, with that made below, istoolitain ev deuce that the ship has not brought more than the number of passengers allowed by law. At this same visit the llealih Oliieer and his men distribute amonc the emitirants papers of simple advice, which are pre- pared by the (Commissioners in dillerent laiiijnages. If. now. among those asceriaiiu^d to be sick, there are any siitl'eriiisi under diseases classed as coiilaHions. they are landed at the Unaraiitine Hospit,il. The whole vessel and p.as.sen- gers. of course, are siilijected to the Unaraiitine arrangetnt iits of the l*ori. If there be other sick passengers, nnabie to pro- vider for themselves, the Commissioneis ol emigration are; at once iioiilied of the fact, and on the arrival of ihe vessel at i\ew \'ork, ihese persons are removed to the einiurant hospi- tal at Ward's l>lan(], of which I shall speak bereafier. On the facts presented by tins examination and the (.'apt.ain's report, the arraiiiiements are made for the payment of ihc head money, alluded to above, or for the requisite boiifLs. All pirxins 111 tolerable liealih and condition are '•commntid for," thai is till- he.'id money s|)oken of al'ovi; is paid over to the ant'iorilies. l-'or tlio^e reported as disabled. — as for idiois, insane, deaf, dumb, blind or iiilirm, not mendiers ol emigrat- iiiii lainilies — or lor those who have been paupers abroad, — or from any circumstances are liable to become a public charge, the law of New York docs not permit any "commutation," 27 no prrsnns liiiation will I ii iiitMsiiri', ;ie;iliiic>M of I'liis slat- imtioii MKulo ^riMice to tlic !" the AiMcr- Joiuniission- th his niPii, milled iht'io. I more lliau rapid iiidecd. igo hetwi'iMi oiiiih for one l1. — the security to remain as long as the emigrant shall live. That is, nearly one /ii/nthtd limes as many pavsseiigers were bonded her(^ as likely to be paupers, in proportion to the nntnber received, as in New York ; though there is rcasnii to believe (he average of health in arrivals here better than there. This siriimency at our |)orts has probably no practical ell'ect whatever but to embarrass considerably oiir direct I'oreign trade. It is iindersiood that shipping agents in Liverpool take care lo send to New York, whenever they can. all p tsseiiyirs where they have any reason to ap|)relieud that bonds will be recjnired in IJostou. Arrived in New York they pass the easier examination there, pay their head money, and it' they have any reason whatever to come into New l-lnglaud, they take immediate passage here by the numerous means of con- veyance. Nor will all tlic iuiieiiuily of oiir legishiiion keep them out, thou<:)i the .sialiue of last yenr has. iinpoteinly eiioiiiili. allempiid this. (<"li;ip. 'M'2, IS.')| ] NViih a good many evasions, of wliicli 1 shall have occasion to spe.ik liere- afier, — the expenses of paupers secured by bonds in Aiassai'bn- sclts are collected with care. I have heard complaints maile by ship owners that the bills for the charge of their paiiper.s m m i 28 wcro too liiali. Hut, in few, if any inslancos, liavc paymonts of these bills boiMi siicoessfiilly rcsislrd. In IS")!), .sC), ()(')'.» 'M Avcre eollcctod after .March 'M, when tiic statute of that year came into eircet. It will remain to be seen by tlio re])ort to be made in Jan- nary to oiu' liegislatnre, bow tar the Commissioners apiioinled by the Stalnteof last ."May have succeeded m tlio etfort to keep out invalid or pauper passengers atlen)ptinif to come into the (>iaie by land. That statute provides that the railroad compa- nies who introduce foreigners into the Stale shall be liable for their eliartres if they become paupers within a year of their arrival. The immense ])ractieal, not to say legal dillicullics in enforcing this statute remain to bo observed. 'J'iiis ell'cct is to be observed of our system, however, al- ready: that our own Slate legislation has already, to a consid- erable extent, wounded our own packet lines. While this year, the arrivals in \ew York to l)eceml)er 2, are 01.1177 inoie numerous than in the same period of IS.")!), an inrrcaneoi 21 per cent, — and a proportionate advantage to the transporta- tion interests of the State, and its emigration tax has ensued, — in our port there has been a /'//////xf olf of 1,019 in the same time, nearly four per cent. If it could be sliown that we have thus a hundred paupers less, there would bo some argument for this striuaeiicy, hut that would be hard to do. Aekuowledging the difficulty of the case, the true policy of ]\Iassachusetts seems to !)o indicated by her position. She is a large shipjiiug State, with fnie arrangements for transporting passengers Westward, and with very small territory. She has an opportunity therefore to collect a large amount of head money, with good chance, under natural causes, of scattering far and wide the foreigners who ])ay it. Her true policy seems to be. therefore, not so much to atteu'jit, what her conmiercial ]iositi()n makes impossible, to prevent their arrival li(;re, as to arrange, as I'ar as is in her power, for dispersing them, as fast and as far as their own best interests re(|uire. Instead of this she has arranged and preserved, as I shall show in another jiaper, a complicated system for keeping those of them who are disabled in her own territory. The only provision not embodied in our law, which deserves notice, is an ell'ort to induce emisirants to sail early in the year, in the Urili^h province's, the bead money is raised alter the lir>t of S( |)tember. This is done on the presumption that a larger number of late arrivals will become a public cliarue than of those who come earlv enough to scatter, in the same season to lields of labor. 'I'he presumption is perfectly widl founded. I?iU I suppose it is doubtlul whether tiie addition of F^ 29 i^c ptxynionts i), :s(),U()l> ;{*.) of that year iiadc ill Jail- ers appoiiili'd 'doit to keep )nie into the I road com pa- be liable I'or ^^ear of their il dillieiiliies a dollar or two to tlio price of a passage, caused by tlic increase oC bead money, produces inucli eli'eci in iiidiiciiii? emigrants to sail early. They have every other temptatiou to sail as early as tlicy can. No. V. THE EMKIUANT BOARDS OF >IASSA( III SETTS AM) NEAV YOKK, however, al- , to a coiisid- \Vhile this :, are Ol.OTZ HI uicnas'j of le transporta- las ensued, — ill the same that we have uc argmiieut rue policy of tioii. She is ' transporting rritory. She omit of head of scattering 1 policy seems r coiiiniercial il here, as to them, as fast :1, as I shall keeping those liicli deserves y in the year. ^ed alter the iption that a )nblic charL;e ill the same perfectly well lie addition of The emicrant on arrival is beset by persons whose business it is, for better or worse, to take care of him. 'I'lie m-nss im- posiiions which emiurant rnimers and forwarders practiced in New York, led to tlie most striniiciit legislation in that fSiate, and the Moard of Immigrant (vommissioiiers there, has now very full powers for checking the worst abuses, 'i'he busi- ness, it is said, is followed mostly by foreigners, who have, in their language, a particular facility lor lleeciiig their own countrymen. The Hoard of Emigrant Commissioners in J\[assachnsetts, has only existed since last iMay, when the Siatiite pass-ed cre- ating it: [('hapter 312: approved May, 21, 18;')!. 1 It is a body of very limited powers, consisting of the Andiior, the Super- intendent of Alien Passengers, and one member of the Coun- cil, its business is simply to see that the several town boards of Overseers of the Poor, do not defraud the State in their dealiiiizs with it, on account of Foreign Paupers: — to oversee the introduction of fo.-eigners by Railroad ; and to report such ini|)rovements in pital, in the same year, iJ 111 persons wero treated, whose stay averaged tliirty days each. Hesidrs these, 1()1 Iniiatics wert^ sent by the ('oniniis.>ion to the Hlackwelfs Island liiinatic Asybim. and lUO small pox patients to the small pox establiishment there. Such are the arraiiiiements for the sick in the city of \ew York and its nei|j;hl)orhood. If any of the inierior comities have in charge as paupers, eniiifranis not yet live years in the coiintrv, and iherefore belon>;inL' to the charge of ilie Hoard, their ollicers nolil'y the Hoard of such chartie. If desirable, they arc removed to the Refuse and Hospital at Ward's Island. ( >ilierwise the Hoard pavs the county es'ablishnu'iit the amount of expenses incurred for them. In l^.')(), .3,'Jo7 persons be- came thus charce;ible to this coiiinii>sion. ' The Stale of New York has been fortunate in secnriiiff as tlu! lirst Coinmi^siniicrs under the act eslablishmtr this Hoard, a body ot' men. of whom some ot the active members have c M'taiiily no siipt>riors in business ai)ility, or I may add, in hiijii b Mievoleiice, in our country.* Thi^y dischar^^e their laborious duties witiioiit compensation. The action of the Hoard lias been none the less prompt, however. It is not (inile five years since it was establishcii. — but its leadintj insiiiiitions are al- rea(]y fairly starled, and there is fair prospei't that ihecaleii- laiioiis will not be liisappoiiiied, from which it was inlerieii *Tl.o llcliort nf I'-.VT, tlu' l:i't iiriiitoj, is si^nocl liy (i {', VcrijI.iMck, S:iiiiucl Snii'li. Mnijiir vf Uri'ilJi/ii, A II l.iiwri'iice, iluliiri li Mniiiini. Cvrii- Curtis, (; S Wnoillnill .'.,\^:(ir if Niii: Vurk, .Iiihii E. Di'velin, Aildlpli I!cic!i'\ iM, <;iej;ory Dillon, Win. JIcAnlle. •?^ ! lioad-moncy iii)oiiiitin<; ill t:o, imdfr tlit? to, U'llO Ikivi! lii^ llio period or coiiiimiU'd of tliG l*()or, r its pnrpo.scs I'iiist Hivcr, )iis liospiials, its assisiiuice riiio Hospital, u'lio oil ani- scast's. slaiid, lliat ill •(•iiiMiniiii!;. oil id Giiility-loiii' lat yt'ar. At persons wore 'oinmis.>ioii to DO siiuill pox ! city of \ow erior counties ;' years in the if ilie Hoard, If desiruhle, Sard's Island. It the nnionnt persons be- 1 seciiriiis; as X tills IJoard, leiiiliers have ,' add, III hiiili lieir lahorions lO Hoard has lite (ive years iitioiis are al- lat ihe oalcii- was infened ■■■"/• y' A'c».' Yurk, i 31 that tlio rovontios of the Hoard wotild lie equal In its wants. All oceasional oiithroak of complaint in the .New York papers, shows that they are ea^'erly waiehed. Hut tliey liiivo always been able to justify tlieinselves in face of most sellish and bit- ter criticisms. '^riio iriyaiitic duties of the Hoard, do not ])revciit an erono- iiiy winch recommends itself to its in onr lavish and itieliiciont pauper expenditure. For the Siatoof ,\e\v York, by the a<;eii- ey of this Hoard, in !S'I). took the entire necessary charije of l'.).S:^:;i rinisirant ))aiipers in its institiilioiis for ;j^;:]:il.'.Hl() TiK, and relieved II :!(')S transient applicants, at an expense of .^I7,(i.") lf)l ; a total of :]|;i<)ll persons hir .'s:!l')<.»..')C)I :;'.». This is Mil aviTaL!e of ,>sl().2I for those supported in institiitions: — ii:i(l of .sit). 77 oil the wholi! number. The Staic of .Massa- chusetts in the same year, by its 3211 ditlerent Hoards. ;iiidiii the Insane Asylum, took similar ehari.'e of l:i..")()3cmiLMaiit paupers, at ail expense of .'^:iGS,bj2 17. This is an averagi; of N;il,.";() each. Of tliis immense sum, ,*-};l0o.0S7 96 was paid directly from the Treasury of the State, wliicli lias probably still to dis- charge some considerable demands on the same account. The fact that the charge of the very same class of people should cost so mnch more in onr State than in .\ew York — is accounted for, in an instant, by the fact, that with us, three hundred and twenty town boards, — the Siiperintendent of Aliens and the Government of the liunatic A.sylt;m have cliarun of tli(> expenses, which in Xew York arc under the siip(>rvision of one em^rgetic body. Atld to this the fact that nearly one third of the money which these boards sfieiid is from a Treasury, the State's, — for which they have no respon- sibiliiy ; — and asiaiii, the ingenious temptations which our Statutes contrive, nmler which the several towns keep these ])oor peojile traveling from place to f)lace, at the e,xpens(! of the public : — and a variation of cost, — even as considerable as that which exists. — is accounted for. These fis, howeviM-, suggest another question. Why does lAIassiiclinseits, with a population of only l.OllO.tlOK. in whose borders in seven years past, only 1:^3,8-^(5 persons have arrived from abroad, sustain at the charge of the public, a number of foreimiers more than three-tilths that which the State of New York finds it necessary to sustain with her pop- ulation of 3, (lOl). (UK), — and an arrival in the same time of more tliaii I. (KID. (1(10 persons t'lom beyond the sea? A partial an- swer to this question is in the did'erence between our rlassdi- cation. under our law of setilrmeut, of persons as forciyners, from tliat which iiolds in iSew York. IjuI this answer is only k w li 32 partial. a!ul by no moans moots tlio fact, that whilo, on any calculation of proportion, wo onulil to liavo nlioiit ono-sixtli tlio nninltor of fi»n«iii;n pimpcrs wliicli .New York lias, — wo Iiavo t'linr linios that proporliDM ! 'I'o tlioso (piostions tho full answer is I'oinid in onr l('n:islation anil tlial of tlio other Now I'iimlanil Siatos, to wljicli I shall at another time direct vonr aticniion. Xo. VT. wiir.ui; i'lir, i:mi(ik.\ni's co.- AllSOinU'.N'lS. -SIMM I l,.VI r, VMV. ^1 ,ii 'ill I retnrn to speak of the position of the emigrant on his ar- rival. Wo havo been looking only at tho case of tho .<;ioK' and otherwise, dostilnto. in New \'oik ilieso are cared for by the Suite l}oar, which has been christened '• JiOrd Xornianhy's Palace.-' Mnt tho larso proportion of the omicrants havo boon sent for by tiieir t'riends already here. At tlio very least, they have the address of soiiii' cunntrv'inon who h;ive, anticipated them hiTe. and from whom thoy hope for wolcomo. As yon go on hoard an emigrant ship, yon will bo amused to find how wid(!ly scattered these fellow-pas-;en<:ers will ho in a li'w days. 'riio>o who came well provided, readily lind their way, of ci)nrso, to llio>e several desiinatioiis, and, for a larizc number of tho emigrant f)a.'-seiig(>rs, lliert! is no more need {o make the special provision to insure their passage to their friends, than tor passengers hy a steam packet from Liverpool. IJiit ainoim L!l)t),(ji)i,) in a year, liiore will bo many not ihns pio- viiled for. |}( (h in IJoston and Now "^'ork, therefore, at the ollice of the Siip'rinteiidonce of I'liniL'ration, especial |)rovision is niiulo for tluse also who havo friends in this country, whose address •ley know, while ihoy have not means to reach them. As sor 1 as such persons ap[)ly, a rcijislry of their names and their friends is made, and a letter addressed to the friend in (iiies- tioii informing liini of the facts, and asking for a remittance for the traveling expenses of the emigrant. In Mew York -^ • >•> ;Iii|p, on any init ono-sixtli )rk lias, — \v(i |iirstii>MS tlio I of llid other or tinu'. direct IK TIIK ant on Iiis ar- tlio sick and caivd lor by 1, of which I al antlioriti(^s, the ininuMisc NornKinl)y'.s boon sent for ist. lliey liavo ipaicd them As yiMi CO on to lind how a few days. leir way, of aitro nnniher 'ed to make heir friends, erpnol. IJnt lot thns pro- e olPiCfi of the 1 is iiiadf! for I lose address 1 them. As nes and their lend in (jiies- a remiliance 1 New York n t i tlicro arc so many of tlicse applications thai one clerk is con- stantly em|)love(l in fdling ont the printed circniar letters, an * kee|iiiig tile reLi;islry of these applicants, it is to he nieinioiied, as greatly to the credit of enn^iaiits already al homo here, that answers are rec(;ived to the greater part of these letliMS, — -o that when the emigrant ap|ilies a second time to the ollice, ir is able to forward iiiin, at his friends' expense, to them. The simple form of application is the following, copied from the iS'ow York blank. The Uosion blank is nearly the same: Office of the Commisskintiis of E.miuuatio.n, N,w York, IBS arrived here on the of from , and beingr wiihoiil means to proceed on to yon, rc(iuest nil! 10 int'ornn you thereoC, and lo ask you for llio necessiry aid. Any nion-y you iniysend to my address, at theOiri'e of the f'ommis- sidoers (if I'liMitrrition, will he carefully appropriated, and ilie |)iri fofkMiKUd aecordinir lo dirociions without delay. Gknkiiai. Aisknt. Snbject, then, to the only remaining dangers which resnit from his own dullness, or his ignorance of the laiignage and customs of the country, the emigrant starts for his new home, and takes his chance in it. From this moment, having be(!ii once provided for, we may let him pass from the present in- quiry. The confidence with which, in entire ignorance, emi- grants go forward to their homes, all unknown as those homes are, but by natne, is remarkable. I once traveled from iNow York to I'hiladelpliia with a hundred (jJermaiis, all going to the West, not one of whom understood enough bjiigiish to know what the clerk of the boat meant when he called tor their passage tickets; nor had they any interpreter with them. The daily experience of our large seaport towns shows how thei:e emigrants work their way into employment, who have no special plans when they arrive, or no relatives to provide for tliom. The clanish spirit of the Irish, which has ruined them in one country, and does a great deal to ruin them in another, attracts them at once to persons to whom they have the slightest tie of consanguinity or neighbor- liood. For instance, it is within my own observation, that in tins winter of 18.1l)-5l, fourteen persons, fresh from Ireland, came in on the cabin-ho«pitality of a woman in Worcester, because she was the cousin of one of the party — all of whom had sailed together. I need not allude to the jealousy wiih which they regard persons of other factions than their own, or from distant parts of Ireland. The Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, in Boston, estat)lislies a free intelligence otiice, which is an elfective labor (exchange. In the last year it turnished places to 3,137 per- sons. Contractors and others who employ manual laborers, 5 % 8* ¥ ^ ;n appiv (lircc^Ir to i\Tr. ATimnio, llit* SiiporiiitcndcMit of Alien J*ass('ii;;pr.s. who worlis with tact ami (■iipr!:;\' in at oiicd yi'tling dir those who will i;o to those who will ( inploy thorn. Tins is III! that Can he said ot' any pnblic arraiii-'cnicnt in IJiistoii. Tho New ^'oI•k Coniniissionns izo ralhrr |';trilicr. 'riicy have, oslahlishcil an '• Intclliiicnco (.Mlico and Labor llxcliaiiLM','' wluM'c oinim'aiit applicants iiic supplied not u\\\y Willi iiilurination, hut when n is necessary, with lodymir, hieaki'iist Mild snpper, izratniionsly. Tliese supplies are, of eoiirse, (if the simplest kind. i'ut. it will hi- rcineiid)ered, that till' IJoard having' received tliese peojjle's nioiuy, is in a niea- 5iir(>. res|ionsihIe lor iheni. The system ■works a.s follows: — 'The ollice is a lar^e l)iiildiin;. formerly 1 lielievo a carriatie vepusitory, in ('anal street, .New ^'ork — a ceniral position. It is lu'o stories hi'^h. M'lie la rue halls of the lower stories are arranged with loiinr lied ni)t only ill) Itiduiiiir, plies are, of inhered, that is in a niea- ! Ibllows: — a earnas:e position. It V stories an^ inii! ytiii will iiii:; for soini; )arso. herihs, i)een acciis- "plyiiii? hread ieants. Any fhore. Here, •ep, and here 3SS, he is sent ever, lioro is when a Con- or state, tho waiting, and ri. He takes their enennos in his rc(jn(!st j(> Connanght ) select their nn some han- king work, — ade to him, — its privileges, ler operations m," is, that it lire and shel- idred persons present wniter provide tein- th great dilii- % cnlty. 'J'here are as yet no direct statistics of its otiiciency or Its cost, as it was not estahlislicd till last winter, and has not heeii a year m I'lill operation. Another agency, in connection with tho New York Hoard, has proved sj ellectivc that I descrihe its details helore closing this paper. .Some years since, Mr. .losepli Davis, a farmer of New .ler- soy, engaged in New York some, emigrant (Jermans as work- people on his I'artn. So serviceahle did they prove, that on his visits to New York, his neighhors rreqiieiitly commi^sioiicd Iniii to eiii.M!.'e tor them men or women a.s "help," to siii)ply tin; demand for lahor, so constantly coinj)lained of in the agriciil- tinal districts. 'I'lies(! commissions eventually hecame so e.Mimsivc that Mr. Davis entirely gave np ins I'armiiig hii.siiiess, re-arranged his okl Iniildings, and adapted new ones to the purposes of a J;al)or ilxchange, in the heart of an agricnltnral county. His plan is this : His home, wliero he can now receive at a time moH! than a hmidred persons, is threes or tbiir miles from a railroad station, some thirty miles from Anihoy. He goes to New York to the emigration oUlce, and agrees with a party of new-comers, — perhaps a hnndred at a time, — to find them work on farms. He immediately takes this pariy to his home, their traveling exj)enses to that point heing paid by the com- mission in ?\c.\v York. The emigrant is tiiere away trom the temptations and frauds of a large town or of a stream of travel. There he lives at Mr. Davis's expense till some one hires him. It is not long, as it proves, before ho is hired. iMr. Davis's establishment is well known through the neighboring coiintii's. Farmers in want of help travel even thirty or li)rty miles. J am told, for the convenience of selecting,' such men or women a.s answer their pnrposes. At his estaiilisliment they make their own bargain with those waiting there. Aiul wlien the bargjiin is closed, the empb^yer carries his laborer to his farm, payini? Mr. Davis fonr dollars as his fee in the transaction. 'I'liis fonr dollars, is by agreement deducted from the hibor- (M-"s (irst earnings in Ins new home. Jt detVays Mr. Davis's expenses in this wide sweeping undertaking. And it also ])lays this important part, that each employer feels obliged by his interest to keep the laborer till the four dollars have been repaid which he has advanced for him. However dnll the men or women may be, or niinsed to our ways, it is qnite certain that they will stay on the farms where tli(>y are engaged, till each of them has done fonr dollars' worth of work. This in- snres a fair trial on both sides. If then the employer is dis- satisfied he may send the emigrant back to Mr. Davis. IJiit if 11 J mi i •f'"' ;iG In" ni;,Mi;ts iiiiotluT ill liis pliico, ho advaiitros, of course, four (lolliirs iiiiirc. I iiiii MSMiird tli;i» ihis very .sim|)l« syslom lias raised the, viiliif 1)1' rariiis III Ni'W .liT.scy very iiialerially; lariiis now iiciii^ ll^^^l a^ dairy farms, \vlii(!li could not lie so Uoed I'or- iiK'ily. for waul of woiuaii's labor. 1 do not doubt tbis, as Mr. havis alone has thus introdneed in four years into New .lersi'y. several ihonsand hands. Il»! assured me lliai he never lieiird of but two of these |»ers(>ns in the eoiinly poor-boiises, whom he sent for at once, thai he inii,dit not have the discredit of iiiiro hiciiiij; pmipers into the Sti>t(\ 'I'ho large proportion of those Whom he eiiuages, are women. I cannot but wish, that some enierprisiiii,' and hinnanc man, in any ai;ric;iilliiral ret^ion in New laigland, woiilil altem[il some similar arrangements. This is tho (irst practical sucacsiion I have ventured to niiike in these letters. It is the application of the ucneral ])riiieiple, to which, in this amazing problem of the ''Celtic llxodiis," all action of (jJovernment, or of individuals, is to he applied. The Irishman must bo snrronnded by Americans. Ills children mn.st be Americans. He must not be left in clans in large cities. Better than that it would l)e for him to st;iy in tin; wider space and belter vniiilation of Coimaiight. liv- ery facility must he oll'ered to draw him to those scenes where his labor is wanted, and where ho and his children have fair chance in their new home. 1 have placed at the head of this letter, therefore, tlie motto, "Stimnlaie the Absorbents." Every country village through- out the laud has its opportunities to furnish a happy home to one or more of these exiles. If every village h ul absorbed its share — .so that the 2, (KM), 000 native Irishmen now in this coun- try were equally distributed through it — we should have in Boston some 10.000, instead of the 10,000 who are so crowd- ing eacfi other there, and who.se children die with liie most terrible mortality that the civilized world has ever seen. Hacii country town would have, say eight persons of Irish birth to every hundred of its population, a pro|)oriiou none too large to give to it (hose elements of vivacity and good liumor, which we are promised our iiard-workiug population shall receive, from this emigration of an exhausted race. The gradual extension of Catholic church accommodation facilitaios this absorption by the country at large of the emi- gration. Every benevolent person who adopts an Irisli orplian Irom a poor hon.se, assists it. The impression generally held, that the attachment with which the Irish regard their religion, is an obstacle to it, is undoubtedly well lonnded. But that, obstacle is not insuperable, it is broken over every day. I a? coursi% fi)ur s rniscd ilio larnis now so u»t'(l lor- )iil)t, tins, as irs into New luU li(! never poor-lionses, the (iisciedil ;c pro|U)rliuii innanc man, )nl(l atteni[)t ventured to the liPiieral llio "Cellic; nals, is to bo Americans. > left in claiis • liiiu to stiy anj^lit. I'.v- lliose soenes :liildren have bolievfl it is n coinnioii obsorvnlion amonu; tlui (.'atholii; i)riesis, lliat Ibe Irisli UDilvtnen en'^' lued on lines of railway far distant (roiii ilieir cinirclies ^radnally leave tlieir control. I miii rer- tain that, for the last year or two, the entire "ii;Int" of (he lalior niarket ni our lar^e eilies, has been sucli as to juit an end almost always to iIk? leliisjil W(! were formerly tised to, of Irisli domestics ti< go away Ironi towns wlioro there was Cath- olic worship. I have never seen reason to believe that the mass of tin; Irish ar(! attached to the llotnan Catholic relisjioii as matltr of faith. It is inatter of national pride, and of tlin gallantry of those who livi'd where it has been perseciiled. A Caiholic con-ircLiation lien;, nnder the charf^e ot an llnulish or I'reiuh priot IS almo.st always restless. 'I'licy want an Irish |)nest, lor ilieir inierest in their faith is, tiiat it was their faith in their oppressed lioim;. I say this, by the way, however, simj)ly to show that there seems no iiisn|)erable obstacle to any system, such as we have now so lew attempts for, which should brint; laborers, tVesli on their arrival, dircictly into those as^riciiltnral regions, which, even in New l^ngland, feel so great a want of maniial labor. I'lvery ell'ort for stimulating these absorbenis, that the emi- gration may be more easily distributed, is an advantage to liic emigrant iiiiuself, and to the country wliicli receives hiiu. •e, tlie motto, age throngh- p[)y home to absorbed its in this conn- )nld have in ire so crowd- ith the most seen. Fiacli Irish birlli to e too large to or, which we receive, from comniodation B of the enii- Irisli orplian Mierally held, ilieir religion, d. Unt that, very day. 1 ■'I i 38 No. VII. i:.Mi(ii!ANT iwrrEus. — the law of settlement. i ■ill m 1 dovoto this ]i;iprr to some farllior consideration (if the arraiigeiiienls. in llic several States lor the pnl)hc relief of tliose loreimiers who, from intemperance, indolence or sickness become panpers. * In Uostim, in 1850, tliP not pxppnsp of rclicvinsr panpers, mil incliidiiiji iiiterist tin tliu Alms lldusc Ki^l;^llli!^lllll('n^s, was $104,405 00 (Iftlu: persons relieveil liit per cent, were I'oreiyners. 'i'JKit pnipiirlKin ol' ilie iimuiint iilmve is $7:2, 039 45 In III! MiiMsacJuisetis, tlie rxpeiis^e inelii(!iii!.' iiileresf on Alms House esl-iblislimcnis, was StOTDJO 4'J : excindini,' this, it was $405,703 13 'riiis was exjiended on 95,081 persons, of whom 10,334 were I'nreifjners. The [iroportion of tiic above expense incurred for foreigners is S'J--'-2.135 31 ]".\pf'MS(s for tlie insane, &c., raised tiiis amonnt to S 008,!? 5 'J 17 In tlie city "f New York, the ehaiijf of all foreigners who hnve been in the comnry sinre the act of 1817 devolves. ;is has lieen explaiiu'd, on llit? Ivnifiralion ( 'oniniissioners. Wholly exidn?ivi' ot' tlu'ir expenses, the net expenses of the Governors of till? Alms House for ClianUihle Eslablijhments and I'risons m 1^50, were $380,534 31 Of which fir foreir^n poor was enpended S (i0.5()7 05 'l"he (Nimnnssioners of iMiiiyration m the same time expi'nded $300,501 3!l In I'luladilphia, in the year endiiiu May "Jl, 1^50, the Ciiiar- diaiis of the poor expended, net expense $030,818 70 * I'he New York, Fhdadelphia and Haliiniore re|iorts for 1S51 are not yet published. I therefore lelain iiere the Massachii- .seils fiijures for 1850, that the comparisons made in this [lajier uiav be more exact. From our own .State documents it appears that in 1851 : — In Hosloii the net expenses of relief, not inoludini.; interest of Alms House i'lslablishiiienls was $117,875 Ol the jiersons relieved here nearly 04 per cent, were for- eiijners. That proporiion of the anioniii above is $75,440 ill all Massachusetts the expense iiiehiding interest oncost of cslabli.slimcnts was $181,088 01 Ivxcluding interest It was $405,053 10 This was expended on 07,004 persons, of whom 12,040 were foreiL'uers. Tlie proportion, calculated from those numbers, of the above expense incurred for foreigners is $169,950 00 liesides these, 0li5 lunaiics were maintained at the Slate Asylum at the charge of the Stale Treasury. IS 39 TPLEMKNT. deration nf ilin pul)!ic rt'litf of Mice or sicUncss Of tl'.is amomu $ 125.023 18 was for llie support of tlicir inimi'iise instiliiiion, llie Hlncksley Alms House. In tins cslal)- isliiiieiit ill IHlS-l'J, there were roeeivcd 4,0 '(H forciiiiier.s and 2,2(irt Anu'ricaiis. In IHIO-.^O, ilicie wi^e rrccivud (),717 pcr- Sdiis ; say l.^CJ foroi^iicrs and 2,102 A iiu'ti(!ans. Ill IJaliiniore ("iiv and ("oi.iily Alms Ilimsc, Hl,5 foreisjiiers were refeivod in IH'jO: — and 705 natives. There were i)esides 000 when the year liepan. 'Die Stale of Maryland liavinij no fieiieral pauper law, the smaller eonnties ajjpear to send tlicir pnor (]nite yiMierally to IJaliimore to be snpporled at the e.\- piuise of thai ('ity and (loiiniy. The iiei (diarge to the City in 1850, for these, and out-door expenses was And lo the County S20,!):i-, .10 5,523 03 $20,521 09 ers, , was $104,405 00 $72, 03!) 45 Alms t was $ 405,703 13 2,334 igncrs $222,135 31 §208,852 17 s who ;is has niolly eriiors risoiis S3S0.534 31 S 00.507 05 .ended 8 SOU, 50 1 :iii Ciiiar- $232,618 70 .r 1851 saclui- paper 1 ; — ;rest of re for- cost of were 3 above e Slate 8117,875 $75,440 $481,088 21 $405,053 r..l Those items of expense nssist ns in niakiu'j; out some esti- mate of the iiinriber of foreign naiipers receiving pnl)|ie relief in IS,")0. 'V\n^y are drawn front the few reports of Oliicers of the Poor wliirli iiave been printed. Mailing up the account for tlie number of persons relieved, it stands thus: — Bitston — Foreifrners rrliovcd, Olhrr parts of MassachiiSLlls, Foreiijn pauper Lunatics, M.VSSACllUSKTTS, Ni-ir Yorh Vihj — Foreiiiners relieved by Emigration Commission, lIos|iital and Asyliiii), ]ly Lodijine, forwardinsx, &c., ]iv Hoard of 10 (Joveiiiors, Olh r jiar/s of JSriv Yorl; — Foreijjiiers relieved by iMiiifzratioii Commission, Foreiijners relieved by County oliicers; say Niow Yoinc iST.vTE, Pliilad'Iplna: V,\\y and Districts, [from May '49 to May Forai(rurs — Alms House, Out door relief; sav Ballimnrc ; City and ('ounty — Fii7-(ii;ncrs — Alms House, about Out door relief, about Lunatics, German and Hibernian Societies $2,000 $2.'.)74 $ 192 say 0,144 0,190 109 13.885 14.308 33,038 5,937 10,000 '50] 4,325 24,000 1,150 2.000 12,503 77,228 28,325 3,150 121,200 $ 169,959 20 Deficient as tliese statements are, they give a nearer ap- proach to the number of foreign p;inpers relieved in the Atlan- tic Stales, than you would at lirst suppose. Vhe reports from whicii I iiave compiled them embrace, it is true, only the States of Massachusetts and New York, F/ i' $ i J k 40 and tlio cilies of Haltiinoro and I'liiladolphia. Hut yon will observe, that they thus eiiii)raeo all the Atlantic ])oris which rci-eivo any considerahio nnmher of eiumranis, ami tin! two largest eniiHuerei il Stal.vs. 'rhirttHMi-lilliienlhs of all the (Mui- Lrrants to the country arrive wiihin these liuuts; — and of the lenrunder almost all arrive at New Orleans. On their arrival, it is true, they scatter in diflerent direc- tions. Mnt the custom is hecoming universal an)oui^ the re- lieving oHicers of dilferenl sead)oard Stales, to consider paii- ))(Ms a charge on the State where they landed. Wherever, therefore, it is an economy to do so, the custom now is gen- eral, to pay their passage one stage towards that State. So that in giving these accounts of these States, which are indeed all I can tind in print, I am sure that I give a statement very near the whole amotmt of such relief allorded. For even in Pennsylvania and .Maryland, where no pauper I'ejjorts are j)riiited hul those of I'hiladelphia and Haltimore, the custom prevails in the interior counties of sending the destitute foreiiiners to those cities. These cilies receive all the head money ta.v, and, rightly or wrongly, the comities practi- cally compel them to talce the charge of emigrants. In Mary- land there is no State system for the charge of the poor. The several counties niak'e then* own arranaements. Alleghany comity makes none, but sends its poor direct to llaltiiuoro. lu Pemisylvauia they publish no reports of their proceedings, cxcep iim the city and districts of I'hiladelphia. The total of p(>rsous relieved in ISjO in the places llms indi- cated, is l".il."2i)l). Hut it must lie remembered, that to the larger jiortion of persons included here the relief allorded is but a tritle. 7.^.1M() of the niiintter received only what is called out door ri'lief in the jioor reports; sup|)lies namely of wood, provisions or monev, which are given where needed; the whole family relieved bring then counted among the |)an- j)ers of the town. The avi>ragc amount paitl to each person of ihis class in .New ^ Ork city, by the IJoard of U) (jiovernors, is but .si (Vi, and [irobably tin! average for that class through- out the whole tables, should not be higher than s'i each. The ])f sons in Alms Houses and Hospitals are those whose relief is .nost costly, as their destitution is most complete. The arrangements for I'oreign paupers of the other Atlantic Stales of the North arc wholly dilferent. In New I-jiialaiid every Siaie has its poor-la vv, based on the principle thai each town shall be at the charuv; of those ptior persons who have a •' si'tilcinenl " in it. ll' then one town rfliev(s a person wlio>.(! '• si'tileniMit " is in another town in the same Slate, the town where he belongs must pay the amount, if it have been properly notilied of the fact. The dilferent States, liowever, 41 Jut you will pons whicli mil tin; two ' 111! tlio riiii- — and of the (loroiit dirrc- iiong the ro- ousider pan- Wherever, now is gen- \t State. " So :h are indt'ed atcnieut very ;re no panper id niiitiniore, seiidnm; the •eceive all the nilies practi- s. In Mary- e poor. The Alleghany Jallimorc, In proceedings, ces llnis indi- 1, that to the ef atl'ordod is only what is ies nairiely of here needed ; long the paii- II each person U) Giovernors, :lass ihrongh- fi eacli. The 3 whose relief ne. other Atlantic New Knglaiid iple thai each ms who have >V(s a person \ine State, the it liavo been ites, liowever, ])rovi(lo very dilier(>ntly for those persons, who, like these enn grant ])a:ipcrs, have no "seltleniciit " any where, Alassachnsctts alone, inidertakes in a manner, to snpjiort them from the Treasury of the State, 'I'he anioimt ot this siijipDrl has heen reduced iVom time, to time, and its conditions restricted, hut at present this is its general feature, that any town which supports a panper wiio does no labor at all, may receive I'orly-niue eenis a week for that supjiort, or, if he he a child, tweniy-eiii;Iit ceuls a week, ironi the treasury of the Slate. Funeral expenses of such persons are also [laitl le/ the State. v\nd those wlio are hmaiics. amounting in IS."Jl to 21)5, are supported at the Insane Asylum by the Slate, '^riiis relief is r wliolly impossiljlc for tli(\so lioanls l not gained this setile- ment, thoiiuh they have been born and grown up m the town, do not acquire settlement for themselves. 'I'lie result i><, a |)erpetual enlargement of the class of "State I'aupers." willi all its evil lestiils, — while the whole theory of our |)au|)er systeui was ihat towns who have die benelit of a population shall support it, and the Statt; only meant to as- sume the burden of those who were vagrants, perpetually moving Irom town to town. t for 43 It Ui wholly crt, — III Tact . clircM'l rnc- hcy fmd. tiy 111 lH'l;2llli«ir iiiuifitakcs pxprcl such r (iwii linvii. 11 draw in 111! tato, (Jdvcrii- i^aiiist iiiidiic ■0111 town to its, tlioy may li go to iiiak- wlicro town 1 tlie cast' of by sliip owii- of (Miiiizraiits alr .No. 1, liow illPS. j;i'riicssof tilt! " sinilt'iiiciu" lartio !i class )iie dependent of its I'lihlic ■at stringency red of the for- (Mi of loreiirn It one ill live The law le- I one town of ears' taxes. — ed this si'tile- 111 the town, ass of "State, Ii(>l«! theory of i- benefit nt a mean I to as- ;, perpetually In the present arrangements of our industry, wliero frequent removal from one manufacturing town to another is the fu- % lure, almost necessary., of every enter|)rising workman, it is iiiilced a pily tbat that removal should throw liiin and his laiiiily, ill any case of dcstitnlion, out of the list of ihosi; for wliom [li(> town ho lives in should provide;. A statute, intend- ed mercdy to assume the charge of vagrants, .should not so de- sc ibo tlii'tn as to iiiclnde iialf the working men of the State. In 1H,"5() I made application to the Overseers of the Poor on liehalf of a man who moved into the town in is:>:i. In IS II he removed from it for six montlis. He returned in ISli, and from that time he paid his taxes for eight years, lit; had been naiiiralized in the proper form also. Seventeen years of residence had not given iiim a "settlement," however, be- ^ can.se tliey were not continuous, — nor had tax-paying, nor cit- izenship. Hccould not be relieved therefore asa pauper belong- ing to the town, i may add that the overseers would gladly have relieved him as a State p.mper, and wished to do so, but that, from the time of that relief ho would have been obliged to hive begun a now ten years' probation. The children of this man, — all born in the town, were in like wise a charge to the Slate Treasury. It will he observed that this stringent law does not in the least allect the necessity of supporting the persons who have no "settlement." It only creates in every town of the State a class of persons, most of whom have lived there for years probably, from whom every year come those poor persons who are cinirgeable in part to the Slate 'I'rcasury, in the anouia- loiis and misystematic way I have dt^scribed, instead of the town tr(!asiiry, according to the simple old Saxon arrangoment, which we had from the beginning. No other IVew I'lngland State is nearly so strict. t>, ^lassachusetts requires ten years' residence. ^' Alatiie " live " " i\'ew llampsliire " seven years' poll tax. Vermont " four " residence, (/omiecticut " six " " Rhode Island three years' residence to entitle one to support. To such extent do these States provide more carel'nlly for foreign paupers than does Massachusetts. They give them support, that is, in the town which has been made their home, by a residence of years. Iiiit with us the existence of a class who almost never earn "settlement"' is perpetual trouble and cause of useless expense. The temptation is iniiiHitise to s(!nd them to some other town where tliey have friends, or think a better chance will open to them. Ten thousand dollars a year is a small estimate for !»•" 41 llio aiiiduiit jiaid l>y tlio piiMic to Uov\) snrli porsoiis in motion ; am! It is aliiuist money waslcti. I'or wliilo I'axton is sending a iii;;ii lo linwi'll. l.owoll may 1h'. sciidinL; omi to his cousni in rniliKiirj:, ami l-'ilclibiirLr sciidimj aiiotlicr to Paxtoii. Witli a milder law. -if. lor insiaiiee, eilizeiiship, and three or t'onr years" rosidenec ijiivc a "stttlement," siieh dillieiihies would he miieli reduced, and the whole system he iiKuie more simple, and llieret'ore cdicaper. I know iiow hard it will lie to persiiadi- the Leuislature to interfere witii liie •' Law ol' Sctlleiunil." 1 know it is a stat- ute ol' LM-eal aniiipiity. IJul I do not hesitate to say that, till It is aini'iided. hinnanity and economy nro alike inipossihle. in tiie iit now we liave created a mr-milacturiui,^ interest. Its exigences vacillate. For their purposes we have made move- ment ( as\'. If needeil at Lawrence, '.^(100 masons and linild- vrsciMi lo, t'gishiluit' to v it is ii sl;>t- s;iy tliiit. nil ii|)ossil)U\ ill 'i;ui ])riiict'ly it is so ail- irciiiusl-.iiccs tioii. It was support luiii 'riifio were assaciiusolts. niaii to move lor lift", interest. Its made move- iis and l)uil(l- V t lie re. We 1 this laeility. law, wliieli e esla])lislied ere vinjryants >rii. A tenth seiicc of that s wlierc it is on the towns the worth of r he. And it necessity, he and have eii- jf pauperism, a pauper em- e was of aue. as 1 will now r general pur- M. Uecogiiize it as a principle, that a man who lias resided three ytars in a town, has t'arnod a rlulil, in time of need, to its charities; to support (roin its own treasury, such as iL now gives, j)art from its i>wn, and part from the ^^tate's treas- ury. 'i'heii you may acknowledge, thnt those not penuaneiit res- idents for thiee years in any town, have no claim upon its treasury, l)ut should ho supported wholly from the Slaie's tieasnry. They are now supported jiartly from the town ami partly friin('t suhdivision of (;!iari:e, each ]>arty hears what it ouulit to hear. There is one point gained, that the .system is just. Hilt, mor<' than this, hecause jusi, it heroines simple, and can hi^ siinply adinimstcred, which, with the pres- ent system, is whollv iiii|)ossihle. ruder this aeiieiai classidcaiioii, which is, virtually, that of Xew Y'ork". I will now add some suggestions of detail. To spealc ol' the class, which under this })lan would he wholly a State ch.irge, I have suggested that for jieisons not three years settlt>d in one town, tlu; State should taUe the whole care. Such persons have not aci|uired any claim on particular towns. On tla; State treasury they almost all Iikvc a c/ai//i, for all who landed here have paid two dollars cacii to it, on exact condition that it should care for them in misl'ortmie. Of these, the jarijer portion who hecame cliargeahle would he those who had recently arrived. In 18.")(l, ISIl persons re- lieved in Alassachiiseits had l)een only one year in the Slate. In IS.) I, there were 'JOOll. Of persons desiring relief in any one year, who had heeii here three years, there would he per- haps" 31 Kit). Suppose these wholly the care of tlie State. It could ar- range for the cheap care of those sick amonu them much more economically than the towns to whose e.Npeiises it now con- trihiites. For those near |jo>ton, it has already the buildings which would he needed at Raiiisford Island. Such an ariangeineut for ;]ll(M) persons, would cost, at the rates lor which the Aew YorU commissioners succeed m dis- charging similar duty, .$!i;;i,31l) annually, and v/ith little or no expense ill the preparation of l)uildiiies ol l>."i(l, ot skJ,- Annllier advantage would he, that the Stale lonid arraiiLii! for I'orwardiii:: new eonit rs to di.stani liomes, or sendiiii; llieni li.u'k to their old lioiuvs when necessary ; measines which the towns eaiiiiot tak'e. 'I'he Slate eoiiM also colU'Ct all lorfeils due on lioiids. vliieh in iiiaiiy eases now. are lel"t nneollecieil, the town anihorities not kiiowiin; they are due. AlmIii. the .-euiiiiiL' nt these |ioor |)co|ile ahoiit iiinieeessariK', would he wholly at an end. So iniicli lor the relict" to the Stale's 'rreasniy. There would he this lehel' to its eoiiscicnce. that, when lakiliir two dollars rroni ea(di ol llu'se poor people on his ani>al. its prom- ise to lake care ul' him in need would mean somelhiui,' deli- nili\ It will he nnderstood of course, that this measnrc does not relievo a ]ierson iiot now relieved, of neeessiiy. under onr cinnhrons and coiuplieatcd system. It only simplilies the re- spousd)ility. 'ruiniiii,' to the town tri'asiuies and consciences, it will be observed : — That there will be an end of introihiction of |)anpers from tlie rest of .Now Mncdaud greater than is met by then" out- going! from IMassaclinsetts : That traveliiiiT expt>iises within tlio State is saved: That the accounts will he greatly simpiilied : That no persons need he sup[H)itcd in the l\)or Houses but those well known in iIk; towns: 'I'iiat there is an end to the present temptation to keep fnr- ciii'ii /t'l/z/H/s idle, so that the towns may draw, for them, on the Slate I'reasiiry.* Willi all these saviiiiis eU'ected to the towns, it cannot be doiihted tl'.at their chartres f.>r the paupers not inider the care ot tlie Slate would he lessened also, from those tliey now bear. The State would know what it was doing. The towns would know what they were doing. Under the present inaction of the Fed<'ral (jovernment in this matter. I do not see but it would siiil ho necessary to send to .New 'S'ork or other Siaies, paupers who have tirrived there and paid their head-money there, and to receive from them *A l(iwi) ill tl]p wpstoi'ii piirt of till' Sl:ite, s^imic y.'nrs siiico, futfritod its clMiin lor tweiity-livo (lolliir'< I'roiii tin; StMto tri'.i-ury. for Mipiiurt of lui old woman, lirciui^o it u'lis proved she could ruck a cradle ! Tliu dfci.sion was drmbiless correct undertliu law. ■Mwi iiiiiiiir, wonlil ' nil ( ('(itininiv \>r,{), (it .s-);j,. lonlil ;irr;iiii;(! MMldlllli tliciu res winch tlio liomls, v'liirh ,•11 ;iiiilioritii's ol these [loor ill eiul. Miiy- Tliere 11 l;il ot their sick and ignorant. It liai)pc!iis. iiowever, that by an exaggeration of the let-alone system, really lamentable in its consequences, the iN'alional (Joverumcut, having arranged even its naturalization laws wiih dillieully. lias passed by, almost entirely, all other con- siderations in this in;iiler. There is an auniial return made by the Department of State at Washiiiiitou of the number of males and Icmales who have arrived in the United States from diHeient coiiuiries, in the year einhng on the 30tli of September. Of the defects of this ret urn I spoke in my letter No. ill. Defective as its plan, its execution has never come up even to that. The Supr(>me (Jourt of the United States, Feb 7, IS 19, de- cided ilie emigration laws then existing, of ilie Northern Slates to be unconstitutional.* The (Jovernmcnt thus I'orced on * ri-oiu this (ii'cision liie Clii(,'f Justice, aiul Judfri's Daniel!, N'ttison iiml Woodbury dissented. I have heard it said hv Rentlemen whose opinion Ijas authoiiiy, that tho weidit ol" the court was on one side, though the majority was on the other. .It m 48 .-,1 iiii I lliosc Stntos till' riniiiil-aliniu \v;iy in wliicli tliry now collect tlifir fiiiiaralioii rcvcnm'. ;is dcscnlicd iii my U'ticr No. l\. 'I'ht'.sf two cllorls of iht' .Natioiiiil (iovciiiiiiciit ami tlic law ri"jnl;iiiii'_' s\\\\lily liolicc it lias taixcil ol the lad llial a world of cuiiuraiils is laiidiiiL' in America, wliose I ihi-rs an; now nearly lllil,Ulti) a ycir. 'i'licy show tlio only provision it malios lor tlieir comt'ort on arnval, or lor lor- waiiliiii: llieiii to its (li.staiit \\C>leni lands, wliu li Uicy aic to occujiy and make vahialilc. An eir)rt niidc in is.')!*, to £;ive iVoin the national domain some support to tlic lunatic asylums of llie Slates which are now ovei ilowiiii,', I'rotn the iiece>sity of carina: lor loreiuners who arc insane. — was lost. It owed its death to the iieuli- L'enco of New Iliigland ineiiihi rs, wlios*! States are iremeii- doiisly 1 1.\( (I for the want of such a provision. In iact" ot' this siniiiilar inaiMion of ("onures.s wt- have the fact, that the .Naiio. ' (ioviTiimenl only, inidcr the riiliiiL!; (tf its own courts, lias the rinht to collect a revenue from the arrival of passiMiL'crs. For the revein1e;< received liy the.'^tales are co//////^//-/'/// ;»//'(/ hy shiii-owners, who wish lliu.s to avoid inconvenient ohli nations. And. yet auaiii. no one can fail to ohserve tlie fact to which 1 have alluded, that to the ready transfer of llie cmiL'rani jiop- tilation to the West, the (Jovernmeiit owes all the worili of its Wesleni lands, \vi It will he as readily sccmi, that the ureal advaiitai^o whii'li is, nndoiihtcdly, dt!riv(!d to the conntvy Irotn this ureal emi'jralioii, is an advantaL'c very nneipially distrihnted. The W Cslerii States gain the cream of it. Men and women who are ahle-hodied and have ])ropi'rty, co tliither at once, and .seitlc. The " lame, hiind, deaf, idiotic and Iniialic." as oiir statutes descriho them, are slriiiiied oif hy the. Ilastern States, and reiiiain to till up our alms-hoiises and hospitals. In the last paper (d' this series, wi; have seen, how, under pre^tMit arraimeineiits, New York will send to Philadelphia foreign paupers " hcloiiiiing" there, — that is, who have paid licad money there; at ilie very moment whih; Philadelphia si lids to .New ^'ork those who '• i.iclong"' there. They pass each oilier on the way. And, in this extravai:ant system, notliiiiu; is to prevent siiidi constant waste hy traveling to and Iro, hill ddliciilt informal negotiations hetween Slate ollicers, or some action (jf the IN'ational (jiovernment. As things are, if an Irishman who had landed in Hoston should lose an arm in l'itlst)mg, and become dependent on the I'eimsylvaniu authorities, they would, in all probahilily, send him along, from step to step; — ditlerent local boards preferring ill. ■:l: 4!) imw t'olli'i't r N.). IV. iiiiii tlic law (■XCi'|itinil dt takfii o\ llif it-rica, wliiisi: •y .vllDW till! ;il, or lor I'or- 1 lli.-y aio to oiial (loiiiaiii •s whicli art^ or loriMuiit-rs to the iit'uli- i ;>.rt.! irciiifii- wt! have the tho niUiiii <»1' luo from tht'. hy till! Stales thus to avoid fiict to which iMui'_Maiit 1">1>- u wonh ol Its It, iidvaiita^o Din tins ureal rihnt<(l. 'The woiiieu who at oiu'e, and lalic," as our 'i;\>terii Slates, als. how, under l>hdadel|.hia 'lio have paid Pliil;uh'l|>liia Tiiey pass ;iL'anl sysleiii, .vehiiij; to and State oliicers, led in Boston lendent on the. )l)ahdity, send irds preferring to i^ive liiiii a railroad ticket than lo keo|i liim on then- hands, (ill alter loim snirerinill for liiinaiic Asvlmns, lost last year in (,■ iii^ress. as I said, in con- seijneiice of New laiLiland inat(en(ioii, would have helped that out! inalter. IJiil a general system only will treat the emi- grant humanely and the several States fairly. It is the interest of every section of the coimtry to see that 7 ilt' 50 h h till' .Natidiial (iovcililiM'iil docs liikc llir wliolr caic, and the liuiiiaiK' I'ait' of newly aiiivi'd rniiLiiants ihId ;In hands. 'rii'' \\ fst is Milcri sled, liican'-i' llius mdy can a system l/i- orjaiii/.cd lor the hcticr tianslcr tinllicr di' i|i;ii jaiinr \vlii< li is adnii: in liic Atlaiilic cjiirs. .No W c.-.tirn !:cntli man, well int'oiini'd. tails to say lliat tin y can employ evt'iy man and u'cMiaii. ill Ik allli. wiio can i:ei tiieie. 'I'lu- sea-lHiaiil Slates aie iillelested. lieeanse liiiis the iiailpiT and linspilal (>x|ieiises uhadi Tail so lieavily on tlieiii. coiilil he h ine' I'V a 'joveinmeiii uhicli would havi' |i(i\ver to colleet u ca|iitaiioii t;ix on arrivals laiue enough lo meet them. Ileail money at the rate ol' three (h)nars a pas.seii^er would amply lliei't till- (\|ienses ol" a series ol hospitals lor the sick, and odier iiecessiiies (d' emiuranls not yet fairly esiahlisiied, lliiiiiaiiiiy. I need not say, dem.inds some snidi ariaiiuem' nt ill lien ol' the com plica I ( d iiiterlert'iiccs Ik t werii State and Sl;'te, and town and town, whiidi now compel relieving (dlieers to rei'ard the loreiun pauper as a pest, and i;o so I'ar to didiar him I'rom the sympathy wIik h in .ill other ea.M's misrorlniii! and poverty commaiid. The case is illustrated, hy th<; care, which, in tad. the .Na- tional ( ioveniment takes tor seamen. The duty is just llial which it owes to ilie emiuraiits who are not yet domiciliated. Ill l!ie case of seamen it undertakes to ilischarL'e it. 'V\\o seaman s lahors henetit the whole country. It is. how- ever, impossible that lie shall be beyond the need of occasional rcliri', in s.ckncss or misloriune. The goveinmeiit. iherel'ore, takes a liaclion of his wa^^res to e.^tahlish the I'nnds which shall support hospitals for his sickness and other provisions lor his decline. So the I niicrrant l)en ■li's the whole country. It is, however, impossihli; that he shall be Ijcyoud the need of occasional relief in sickness or nnsfoitniK'. As impossible is it that any small ooimuiinity where he siill'ers shall be expected to hear his eliar^M's, when all tiic lieneljts of enu^ration are reaped by some far-distant reL'ion. It i.s for the government of the nation to take, a tritle from him in his prosjierily with which to sup- port hospitals lor his sieknc-jy and other jirovisioiis for his decline. Hut with this gener.il statc'nient of tin; duty of the nalional ^overiimenl, I leave the only solution which is to be oll'ered of the probliMu, '• I low can government provide with system and humanity, for the emigrant .' '" 1 know that tliis is no j)lace to enter into details with reyard to action, lor which there is no iininedialo prospect. lie, ami llic lands. a s\>t''lii \ii'. Iinr wliuli 1^ III man. uill ry iiKMi aini IS llic paiiiii'i" cm. coiilii lie to Cllllt cI ii licm. ilrliil ,'iiiiM atiiply 111' McU, ami islicd. ai'iam:ions lor iiis ' the iiaiional ! he ollered of h sy>lcni and is no place to cli ihcro is no 51 I invi; iiitciitiomiily p;u->ed over to this point im»ir livlaiid counts her millions of slain. They Ii;ive died of d.'aihs Ml nc tcniiil!" than faille, and the it .si. roiiscions ol tiii'ir la-t (K'lVit, have noniiii'4 f'fi for it but to tli'i; lartlicr y here, —it will be becaiiM' tli'Me Ks a shameless iiicoiisistencv in such iiidill'ereiici;. Ileic in Massachiisetis we wriilie and struiiuh;, really with oik heart, lest wo return one fugitive who can jiossibly be savctl I 53 slatid it) i'(> (lied (if iscioiis ol uiIht yet on wliirli the sea. ic iieedeil the larL'e uitry. ilit^^ lid have ive made inly relief lass wesl- aic lying Ionizer an I tlidse of y a horde here is no ill Saxoii tide of hfe 1, seek Its (S them at race is at er its last r another, der of his- give them l\e of ihi'iu lie spirit 111 iiivcs iVom y. Ilvry e as rt'ally 1 arraiiL'e- iid III iiijht 1 hayoiii'ts tlii'se last ;ik hitlerly caves this lo l,ei!;isla- lesc imdis- hc llCCMUM' ll'O. Ill'li' with oiH Y be savcil to Sonthorti slavery ; but wiieii there; coiik; these ('iigitivi^s iVom " Irish Masiilhvs," as they eall them, we tax them lirst and ne.'lci'i ill, Mil afierwiirds. and jirovule hy statiii(>, and take care, ill I let, to send i)ack to Ireland at iln! [Hililie expense, |ioor ereatiu'i's who are as entirely fiimiives from a griiidiiin; slavery as if their lli^lil had heen north iiisleail of west ; — fiiiiitives. indeed, who eomc in obedienet; to an uiirhaiiuiiig law of human movement, which we eaii no more sweep hack than eoiild .Airs. I'artimrloii sweep haelc the sea. So much lor the luimaiiity of our svstein. Its iii'.poliey is as glarinu;. If this view of the |)iire ( 'ellie r;'ee is curreei, it is. at this moment, useless m the world, exeepi, as Mr. Iliiierson has said, tor the miaiio that is in it. There its value eannol he eoniiu d. Miit for his aelivo purposes the Alnii::lily has done with it. What it may have heen in ilio p;!si lie knows, or what unseen good it has sonulit lie knows. We can only measure it by the lower standard of visililt; exlernal siuv ress. And tiered wo can see this, — that in the epoclis of wriiteu history, the pure race has done nothing [lositive for mankind, ami been iioilim^ hut a monnmeiit of failure. I eannol rec^all any master-work ol art, ol seieiice, of polities, ot' reliLMon, or of letiers which the world owes to it. Sm h me.xpheahle nseless- iiesses as Sloncheiige ; sneli histories as the wretched lends of Irish ('Ineftains: sneh hrilliaiieies as i\b)ore's verses, or as ihe iiiii'oiivinciiiu and iiielleciive! eloquence of the Iri.sli liberals, are, tlii; iVaLiinents which it leaves behind it, — a race wliieh, in lis pun; blooil, has done nothing. It has proved itself excellent to he aliNorhed. It has hium of the greatest value as a race crossed in wiih other races, l-jiiiiland cliielly, and Kraiiee in a measure, and lialy in a Itvss deiiret\ show what eleinenls of greatness it can fnrnish in intermixtiiKi. And lliat is all. 'I'liit iiieijicieiicy of the |)nre Celiic race inrnislu's tin; answer to the ([iiesiion. How niiicli use are tlii; Irish to lis in A lii'a.' The Native American answer is, ••none, at all.' And llie Native .American policy is to keep lliem away. \ profound mistake, 1 helieve, for tin' precise reason that, in tlie jiiire blood they are so iiiedicient as compared with the Sixon and oilier (Jermanic races which receive them, I am willing 10 adopt the .Native American ]ioiiit of view, and to speak with an rs/iril (Itiror/Jti, as one of iho race invaded. if this were a superior race, a race of superior ability coming in on ns, we miirht well complain. If I were a .lap- aiie-e. Willi .lapaiies(! r.sy;/ /'/ r/// co/yy.v, I should liave every rea son lo keei) no races su the J ipaiie.'-e policy am I exclude, as lliev do. idl perun^ in pr.ictical ability, from eoininu in 'I'll won Id ho sure to riso ubuve me and mini; anil eriisli us down. V 51 ; ij 'I'liU'^ tin- iVci' blacks 111 I'altimori', (•(Hiiphim very natur- ally, 1)1" tlic (■iiiii:i'ation tiiillicr ol' tlio ( utiikiiis. 'I'Iio (icr- iiiaiis u'di Ic licltcr ami i'lii'a|M'r tiiaii the liia<'l MipiTiiir executive I'aciiliy ol' llie wliiK; rac<', and the \)oar blacks, wliose ability is in ollii'i" direc- tions, arc crowded out, and have to yo to the wall. Now if v.'e Ainei-icaiis, wiMi; lik'ewisc inlerior in ability ol" such sorts to the Cells, we uiiijht roiii|ilain too. I>iii this is not true. We are here, well oruani/ed, and well trained, masters ol' the .soil, the. very race heliire which they have yielded everywhere he^ides. It niiist be, that when they come m amonu; iis. tliev come to hit iis up. As sure as water and oil each linds its level they will lind thiMrs. So far as they are iiiiM'c hand-workers they miisi sustain the head-workers, or tliosi^ who have any eliMiient of inlellectnal ability. Their iiibu'ioritv as a race comp'ls them to cio to the hottom; and the conse(|ii(MiC(! is thai we are. all of ns, t!ie hi;:her lifted because they are here. This is no liLTiire of speech : it is the exact I'act in ali'airs. The supposition that any part of the world can be loo much crowib'd. is. tluis I'ar, not proved bvanv experience. As Mr. Welister savs, "there ui always room eiiouiih iuuher up.'' \\ hat seem crowded countries, are reall v only eonnines where t!ie \\\\cs of promotion are not well arranged. Take this spe- rilic case of Cellic Ireland aiii] .Massaciiiisi'lts ; the couii'v of ( ia! wav, one of the most suli'eniiu counties of Ireland, has not so dense a population as we have. iiioiiL;h voii add m the pop- iilaiion of the citv of (ialway. The population in .Alassachii- sctis is l"ir to thi> square mile. That of (ialway city and {'oiiiiiy is only *.'l to tin* s(piare mile. ilstimatuiLr the area of the ihrer ("atliolic provinces at 2'i.')'.'A^ s(|uare mia's. the aver- age population of the ('(dlic |iarts of Ireland is not more than !iil!l lo the sijiiare mile, a ratio not so much lariiiu" as to be, in iiself. any explanation ol' ureat social siili'i-riiiL' there. It i-; clear eiiouijh liowev(U'. that there must, in aiiv c(Uiiinu- ni'y. be manual labor. Tiie soil is to i)e tilled and the roads built and repaired. It' it has ui'mc than m< n (Mioniih for this, some can be released to hiijher duties. 'I'Ik; iinmlier so re- leased depends on the (b-iriei! of its civilization. \-\)\- m niere- Iv barbarous coiiimunitics. the labor of a t'amily only k<'e|)s tliat one family alive. 'I'hen there is no surplus for higher occiipatinns. in civilizrd comiinniities one iiaiid-workiiiLr tam- ily can pnxhice much more than it will consiimr of the neces- siiii's ol' life. There are therelore, in proportion, laborcus re- leased lor duties of a hiulier i;rade. This IS all simple and of course. It now, into the ves- sel (d' oil, you ])onr water, tJH! water tloats the oil above itself Do oil its siiilafo. IC into tlio civili/od cominiiiiit^' niiidt; ii|) dI' Ii;iii(l-\V()rk('is, ;uiil woilo'is in IiiylitT i^rades, yoii pour in an infnsion of a pnpnlalion coni|)et('iil ai lirsl only to tint .simplest iiainl-woric, tlicy tak'' tlH>. lowest |)lac(', and lilt iIk; ollieis inlo hiylier places. 'I'liey do \\h\ niainial lal;or. 'I'liey do it most olu'aply, and so tliey jeavi^ liiost^ whom they lind. iVeo to other and more ai^reeahlo walks ol' duty. 'I'lins, practically, at this moment, our simplest drn(Jyt:ry ol' iactory work aiwl It dues not lol ol- I, J I - • -1^ ■ » farm work comos into the, hands of Irishmen, .i .■... ^ m-i h, low that tht^ natives wIk^ nnist otherwise havo perinrnu'd i do nolhini; or starve. They aru simply pnsheii \i[), into fnrc men of factories, snperint(Midcnts of farms, railway auenis, machinists, invi>ntors, teachers, artists, t*v:c. ; flllini,' classes of society, som(> III' whi(di we. conid not els(? have had so well; some of which we conId not have had at all. I say they do not starve; for ihere is, as yet, no limit to tin; conntry's |)ro(lnction ; and hy (n'ery laliorini; man who arrivis, the danger of starvation hecomes less and less. Nm* is there any danirer of a want of employment. Ilinployment nnderonr institntions, is not a lixed (piaiitity; which cannot heeidar^ed. Tliir more men there are, the more emidoyment there is; in oik; walk or anotlii>r. Ot' eonise {\\r. rate of money Avaiies paid does not all'ect the Irans.ictimi ; lor the jilethora of niannal lai)or will keep down the ])rice ol" tl.o \'ccssities of life, so that the money rates ol" wa::es may raoL; -> '.hey clioos(\ The simile o p rainid is p(>r("iH:t here, 1 b(;liev(!. A coin- mimity is a py ■ . ;; with its hase of manual labor, snpport- iiiij; some hi:;her classes of elfort. "I'lie larger the pyramid ; the larger, that is, the population of the commmnly, the higher the position of the ape.x. I'utifnow, yon choose to e.\- cluihf the popidation of manual laborers whitdi at this moment Ibrins yonr basis; yon cannot keep yonr ;ipex where it has been. There must b(^ a basis; tli )iii;h it is not necessary there shonkl be so Iiiuh an apex as there has been. Mxcliide yonr lore imi jxipnlation, and yonr whole fabric sinks. ^'(lU iiiid yon have still men at hard and loathsome labor. 'I'liey are now yi>iir own sons. Voii have lost what you had; the highest rcsnltsof yonr civilization. For every grade desceud- etl when yon niovetl the lowest grade awav. In fact, by every spade blow which forelmi hands have driven, by every chiki which foreiL:ii inodiers in their own homes have reared to this country, is the country richer for the eonimg of the ("oreigner. I5y the worth of every spade blow, by the worth of every child would the conntrybe poorer if it debarred them from tliis priril'jixc^ of doing its meanest 50 1 1 n wovlc, anil ol' tiikiiia its linnli'st Aire, and yot, as that work is tli(> only work' alisoliiicly ni^oossnry. lln^ only work wliidi wci must liavo; as ilieirs is llic only dniy wliidi we cannot do willioiii. iiiio ilicn' |)laci's nnisl sink' (loan tlio>o who arc now in less painliil duly : and \u\ni/iiir |)lai'i's wonid conic those w!io are ni more tlioniihil'id dnty yet. 'I'lic whole oiiraniza- tioii ot' onr society nnist dt>scciid : the whole t'ahric of onr civ- ilizition h(! dct>radt>d. That would he tiie end of yonr (piar- aMlnu\ of your hars and Ixills, of your snccessfu! restrii'tions. \'o!i wonM still have lahorers on tiic rad-road. and canal, and factory. Tluxc you nnist have! Von woidd have pressed into thai service those fit tor belter thing's: and th(> restriction yon have ni;ide is a siirreiidtr of so nnich civilizaiioii. so iiincli wealth, so imicli rclineini'iit. Yoii thoiiu'ht these iiirn wre iLriiorant ditchers and delvers. To yoiir e\ e they were. I'nt ( Ma!.' piiov Mai 59 A P P E N D I X , [A. Pac.i: 2'.]. I I K I S H C K N S U S , 1'110VIN'"K (IF LKINSTKU. (Jarlow, Droghcda Town, Dublin City, Diililiii, K'lldaro, KilUoiiiiy City, Killvciiiiy, Kin::s. 1. 01 iL' ford, Lowtli, .Ale;itli. Uuociis, Wostincat'ii, ^Vex^l)l■d, Ulow, U ICKl 1811. [.^ " 1G.201 MO.UlT 111,188 lu.uri is:].:;i'.t 1 U>,^.")T ll:").!'.)! i^;j,8'is i.-,;5'.>30 I ll.'.^Dtt 1:J(). ! Ki (ittl I. ;! Males, !)03,7 17 Females, l,000,US.l ; \ Males, 811,6-J PlinVINCK OF Ml'NSTKIl. (;i;u'i', Cork City, Cork, Kerry, Limerick Limerick, 'ip|ier;iry. / 1 .) City, Wiiterlord City, NVaierlbrd, Totul. Males, 1,180,190; Fein 2S(),:wi 3'JS .IS.-.UM 2SL():!8 .i;]5.55:5 172,«»71 :>,3ft(i,UU 1851, [March 31.1 ()8. 1 ")T 1().h76 251,8r.U •)C)(j27 2(),~'8;i i;','.).9:m 8;;,.i'.i^< inu,rn' isnjro '.)'.);^87 1 .(■.()7,77 1 ; Females, 8r)t),118. 212,721) ;.>;)1 .").") 208 2llL(il'.> ■i2:^:829 2C),t)('»7 135,S]f. 1.8:51.817 lies, l,'.20y!o71.' I Mak8, 893,491 ; FemalcB, 938,3^0. HellaM. :.-).;!lK Carrickrercu.s Town, '.i.;J7'J < 'avail. " 2l:{l.')S Donoual, ;i'.it). 1 IS Down. ;!('.l.l!l') Fcriiiaiiach, l.")!). ISl ],iiii(loii(leriv, 2'2'i.\T I -AloiKi-liaii," 2(H»..11:> Tyrone, •3\2,\K)6 •,)'.t.))(i(t ^,iss 174.30:5 :;ir 7:s n;").'.t:8 I '.1 1,7 I! lliMlo Total. 2,3SC,.:J73 2.0(11,289. Males, 1,101,7'J7; Females, 1,224,570. j Males, 974,235 Females, 1,030,0,V1 PROVINCE OF COSNAUOHT. (ialway, •122,02:] 21)8. 121» Gal way Town, 17.27.'> 2liC)*.)7 I.oitriin, 1. ').'). 2'.i7 111,808 .Alayo, 3^8, S^7 271.710 Rosconniion, 2.'):],r)91 ir3,7<)8 ►Sligo, ISO.HSG 12S,7C.1I Tnt; 1.118.8.-)9 Males, 707,M2; Females, 711,017. | Males, 41)7,378; (jirand Total Ireland, 8,17;"), 121 :\lalos, l,019,.57r) Females, 4,15.'>,.518 1,011. dm; Females, 514,53!). (),.',!. 5, 7osloii Daily Ailvovtiscr. I attempted to confine niyselt' to tlie lacts wliicli diiTc-lly allect leL'islaiion or chantalile action. Tliere is, however, a cnrioiis ([ncslion as to the ellect to ho produced on National chara'Mer, hy the nitcrnnxtnre of hlood and race jirodnccd hy such large eniiuralion as we see. What I have said in my last letter has heen carefully guarded, so as to refer everywhere to the ahsohitely inivii.nd ('elticrace. Of its value as intermixed, I iiave spoken as hiahly as I could. An anxious question is asked, however, hy men of the old American hlood, whether there is not an over-pre])ondera!icc of the Celtic element coming in upon ns .^ 1 do not profess to answer the question. It rests on the ]M-ior question, how far the origin of the native American hlood is (,'eltic. In what projiortions do the Celtic and CJolhic or (Jcrinanic elements mingle in the Jlnglishman of to-day, and of course iii the American of to-day I Dr. Komhst estimates in IS 11, that tlicre are of piu-e (;e;Mian hlood in England, U»,l)U(»,000 Of mixed hlood, where the Teutonic prevailed in England and the north-east of Ireland. t>,(HJl),U(IU ()f mixed blood, where the Celtic prevailed in England, .Scotland and Ireland, ■1,(K)0,0()() And of pure Celtic, in Scotland, Wales and Ireland, G,()00,()0() IJut Dr. Latham, with more reason, I think, doubts tiie purity of any Germanic blood in England, saying that "a vast amount of Celticism not found in^)ur tongue, very prob- ably exists in our pedigrees." And in another place he .-^ays, that in nine-tenths of the displacements of races made by con- q!iest, the femalehalf of tlie ancestry of the present inhabitant.s must have belonged to the beaten race. I think the iiistory of the Saxon invasions is such as to give color to this idea in the case of Eimland. And I am not sure, but what it could be made out, that the American people, before the recent Irish invasion, showed in their proportion of black-liaired men, of <)2 (lurlc complexion, and otlirr (Vltic siiiiis that as laru'c a irar- tioii as two-thirds ot' its liloud ran, in the (hulc aiirs ol" the past, lit Celtic veins. It' this ho so, — il'the pi-oportinii. two-thiiils ( 'rllic to oiie-thiiil (iothioor (Jernianie. is the jiroporiidii wliirh makes up thai ••pert'eot whole.'" tin"- "trne Aineiiean." which enll^ill('l•s itselt so iniieh liner than either of the iiuncdieiits, tlio reeeiit cniiL-ra- lions t'lirnish a happy roineideiiee wuh the original law. h'or live past years, the arrivals at .New \nyU. which are liirei - t'oiinhs the whole and represent it in kiid exactly, have heeu ." I7.17l> lri>li : 'i''^. l.')^ (iemians: |.':!.'.it'>'.» llnirli.sh and Scotch: 71. o.')'.* others. ,\(iw keep these 71. l!.''.* '•others' Cor condi- ments in the mixtisre. 'riioro f ;,' .Norwegians and l-'rciich. iJelLiiaiis and Spaniards. Swiss and Italians, liaUiiiecd airainsr each other, (and a l'( w Mauyar.v) The l-Iiiiilish. ot' course, ue need not count : hut ol' pure C'(>lts and pure I'lOtwoi-ii Lr.iler ~ : AJullJ. IKVIyr 1 yc.ir. Tol.ils. "i Kec.ijiiCii. - M Toials— ! 43 1' j M ~i;» 7r,)] 271 v!7;!" n^t 317 ;ki;i i-\ iiii 21 73 7:ii 3'^| 33 1 F. M I I-. is :i7 :ii3i;in7i'.i2nr. Mnips i;-:t 21 .VI'.i; •!!■!> |(l^!^•ernulc^'^■.-| 3 I 1239 ll(;2l 4S7' A", 63 I til IIOj UN 217 :-r' KWi :ii7. Total 3170 lales IfWI ..i:i! :ii:n Till' Ilniipration lo tins I'rovince lliicUiatcs v(My imu-Ii during llie last ten ycar.s it lias boon as Ibllows : — Souls. S)iils. ISJi, S.:',;i(l 1S.17, I()'i.')l |s|;!, :!'.i'i ISIS, 1,1 1! ISjl, LM ■.'.».'. 1S|«», LM'.n isi.-,, (),i:!:5 |S.-,(), i..'iir ISlC), UCi.")? is.-,i, :;, 170 ( )f tbc Mtni grants of IS.'il, about oiin-b;ill' pmrcedod to the I'liitod iSlalfs at oiico. llicir pussM^n uioiiny boiuu paid tbrontih, by liifiids rcsidiii;^; tliorc. All the Einiurunls of last .-cas(Mi won^ from Irchuid. Tin; arrivals in Canada during tlu! s(>asou of l**.';!, bavo bci'U returned by Mr. Ibiclnuian in llit; ioll()wiiig (ioiiiparativc tbrni, between i^.'O and IS.'jI, distinguiisiiing their several countries : — IS. ■)(). isr,i. Cabin. Steerage. Cabin. Steerage Mngland, :^03 <»,(•) IS 2Sl <»,.|f|l Ireland, IJKl 17.75."> ICC) 2-^,:!()l Scotland, ^(11) 2.' 70'.) I'^i O.S'.i^ Continent, 851 a 'so I Lower Ports, (> 695 12 1,0<*1 Tot; lis Sl'.l JI,f);i8 0'i5 'lO,C)'ir> Totalin 1S.")0,3;^,'117. Total 1851,41,270. Increase,S.S:i3 Souls. The nunibcr arrived in Canada during the last ten years are as follows : — Souls. Souls. 1812, 4l,:}7.| 1817, 80,-151 isi;j, 21,727 ISIS, 27,939 1811, 21), 11 3 1819, 38,. '191 18-J5, 2.J..S75 1850, 32,117 1840, 32,753 1S51, 41,270 Of the Emigrants landed in Canali Spain of diet is iiK-oncctly' sialcd in the stToiiiI of llu'sr liMlcrs. I dflt'L'Icd tlic error loo hitc tocornct ll ill Us |)l;ii';'. 'I'lir inic rt'tinl.ilinn is the rullinvint!; : — •• In addiiiiiii ll) any prov UNions uhifli the |);issi'net'rs nia\ llicmsi'lvt's hniii:. tin' rtillnwuiir (inanlilics al Irasl ol' |)iuf watrr, and u'liii|i'>oni(! provisions nuist beMipplicd to oacli pas- si'iiL't-r liy tin: master duriiii,' the voyage, iiicliidiiii!: Ui(> time of doteiitiuii at any place: — :> ([iiarts of water daily. 'i 1-2 lbs of bread or biscnit, |nni interior to navy biscnit. | ])or wrclc. 1 lb. wliealli'-n llolir, To be issued a lbs. Oa I meal, *■ in advance, 2 lbs. Rice, and not less ti oz. tea, often than i-'i lb. SiiL'ar, twice a ]-'l lb. ]\b)lasses. week. Fiye lbs. of good potatoes may at tlu^ option of the nia.<.ter be snbsiitiited for one lb of oatmeal or rice, and in ships .sailinu; from 1 .iverpool, or I'roin Irish or Scoich ports, oaimeal may be snbsiitnted in ecpial (piantities for the whole or any part ol" the issnes of rice. The Mmigration ( "oinmissioiiers, uith the aiitliorily of the Secretary of ."^late, mav siibstitnt(^ oilier arti- cles of food. Sec. 2\ and :i."> of Isi Act: and ^^ec. :i of '.iiid Act. s