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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be fi'med at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis 6 des taux de rMuction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est fi\vn6 6 partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 % t t 4 f • ►TV ^ $ t^ I \\ (-■' •I . THE Modern Gazetteer: O R, A ' SHORT VIEW O F T H E SEVERAL NATIONS O F T H E WORLD. Abfolutely neccflary for rendering the Public News, and other Historical OccurrenceSj intelligible and entertaining. c O N T A I. An Introduftion to Geography ; with 'Dirc^iioM for the Ufe of the Terreftrial Globe. U. The Sitaation and Extent of all the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Province*, and chief Towns, in !EuROPE, Asia, ArticA and America: Alfo, a Defcription of the moll conliderable Seas, I N I N C, Lakes, Rivers and Mourtains, all rang'd in Alphabetical Order. III. The Produce, Manufa£l'jre!i, Trade, Conftitution, foices. He- venues, and Religion, of the fe- veral Countrirs. IV. The Genealogies and Families of the Emperors, Kings, an4 Princes, now reigning. By Mr. S A L M O N, AUTHOR of Modern History. The Third Edition, with Additions. LONDON: Printed for S. and E. 6a t lard, I. Knapton, S.Birt, D. Brownjt, C. Hitch and L. Hawxs, J. Hone; .s, A. Millar* J. and J. Rj. VXN0T9M) Tt Lo^GMA^', and M. CoorcR, M occ LVl. « -fs.^^-* — n*- .*. «• -1 /,■ u VI !^ '■■♦ill •V:. 11 t ■ ■» 3»' V V? * ' '»• . 1, -'* ■'-101 :ii''> fl:Mff /.' V"-^^*'^^^'^' ^^'^ '^^^ *'^'^ <^ - mult /)JW hrn^ flto ilj^'-iljtjriOTl^oi'vf >;., :;hr^ -mini llL .;l -•'n*^* ^r*'"^ - - "•-:•<) «)M \r i H! '•// ' ^^^jQ UNIVCRSITV OF WAiLRlOO • •' 'i , »' f VVAILRLUO, Ui\iAR.O, C.\;NADA PREFACE. -i I t ■>u^ THIS Work is defigned to give a fhort, but comprehenfive view of the world. Some attempts have already been made, 'tis true, to fetde the fitiiation of the chief towns in the feveral quarters of the world ; but the fituation of the refpedtive counrries and provinces in which they lie, has gene- rally been omitted j nor has the conftitution of the government, the forces, the produce, or the religion of the feveral countries been mentioned in any abftrad^ of this kind j which defeds are fupplied in the prefent undertak- ing ; and the firft meridian, which was for- merly placed at the Canary Iflands, is here fixed at London, the metropolis of thefe kingdoms, agreeable to Moll's modern maps, the moft corredt that are extant : The longi- tude Mo is reckoned both eaft and weft from the fiift meridian, whereby the trouble of running many thoufand miles round the globe, to the eaftward, to find places that lie but a little to the weft ward of us, is faved. And in the beginning of the work is an intro- dudion to the ftudy of geography, with di- reftions for the ufe of the Tencftrial Globe. A 2 The I I I* I \ ^ PREFACE. Th€ genealogies of the feveral Kings and Princes now reigning, with an account of their prefent farailies, are added alfo ; and where any kingdom or people have changed their mafters of late years, and become fub- je - it A N I NTRODU CTION t* V ' *^ '■ ' t. V T O 'u: J «! GEOGRAPHY. J.. ; I ';f7 r, I f THE Terreflrial Globe, confifting of earth and water, refts upon nothing, but appears equally furrounded by T/je Globe, the heavens on ever}' part; dnd is re- .; '• '' prefented by the artificial Globe, which {hews what proportion of the furface is water, and what is land, and the fituation of the feveral nations which inhabit it. On the artificial globe are defcribed the following circles: i. The Equator, and ^he cir- cles parallel to it. 2. The Firft Meri- The Circles up- dian, and the reft of the Meridional on it. Lines, ufually 2 v in number.* 3. The Zodiac, includiiig the Ecliptic. 4. The Horizon. 5. T'he two Tropics 6. The Arctic and Antar«:t!C circles. And a line is fuppofed to pafs through the center of the Globe, called its Axis, round which it moves every 24 hours ; the ends or extremities of which Axis are called the Poles of the earth. - ., . . ., _. . . For though the Terreftrial Globe is ufually treated of, according to appearances, as if the fun, moon, and ftars rofe every day in the eaft, and fet in the v/eft, it is generally known that the earth turns round upon its cwn axis, from weft to eaft, every 24 hours, which occafiorui thofe appearances. "A3 1 he '*-'i- I N T R O D U C T I O N. The Equator divides the Globe into two equal part;?, -.or Hemifphercs, the one north, and the Equator* other fouth ; on \A^hich circle are mark- ed the degrees of longitude from the firft Meridian, eitler eaft or weft, ?'.l. li . ;- The Parallel Lines are fo called from their running .V -•' parallel to the Equator, of which there P1 INTRODUCTION/ The Zodiac is that circlewhich cuts • ■ ' the Equator obliquely, and is divided Zodiac, into 12 figns, through which the fun is I'uppofed to pafs within the (pace of Annual moiicn 12 months, or 365 days, 6 hours (but of the Jim. in reality it is the earth that moves round the fun ;) and in the Zodiac are the conftellations which give name to the Signs. The Ecliptic is a line paffing through the middle of Ecliptic, the Zodiac, and fhews the fun's, or *• V • rather the earth's orbit, or circle, in whic|i it move?* - The Horizon divides the Globe into '*k) ; i) .. ' the upper and lower Heraifpheies, ter- Horizon, i - • w. * J-- /A ^■:\: Diinating our views every way at fea, or upon an extenfive plane, forming the upper and lower Hemifphere, the one vifible, and the other hidden from us i and the plane of this or any other circle defcribed on the Terreftrial Globe, m^y be continued or extended till it marks a circle on the concave fphere of the heavens ; the Rrft is called the plane of the Senfible Horizon, which feems to touch the furface of the earth ; the other is called the Rational Hori^on^ fuppoied parallel to . the former^ and to be extended to the heavens. The place where any one ftands, is the Center of hisr Horizon and Hemifphere, and. the Poles of his Horia^n are the fame as two imaginary points in the heavens, called the Zenith and Zenith and Na-*^ Nadir ; the Zenith being the vertical dir, point directly over his head; and the Nadir that point of the heavens under his feet, diame- trically oppofite to the Zenith, . -r.K.M-jJ:^ f; . v! ' ,t The Tropics defcribe the utmoil li- mits of the Sun's courfe ; the Tnopic of Tropics. . . t \ Cancer encompailing the Globe, 23 f degrees north of the Equator ; and the Tropic of Capri* cof n 23 I degrees fouth of the Equator. The Polar Circles are drawn 23 f degrees diitance from each Pole, The Globe alfo is divided into five Zones, viz. one Torrid Zone, two Fri- gid Zones, and two Temperate Zones« The PoUir Circles^ ZoneSn M INTRODUCTION. T^orrid Zone. i Frigid Xones, Temperate Zone, The Torrid Zone, is that fpace which lies between the two Tropics, fo denominated from the exceflive heat of the climate. "I he two Frigid Zones lie within the Ar6tic and Antarctic circles. The northern temperate Zone lies betv/een the Tropic of Cancer and the Ar6tic Circle ; and the foiithern Tem- perate Zone betweeen the Tropic of Capricorn and the AntariStic circle. The Elevation of the Pole is che height of the Pole above the Horizon, and is always equal Elevation of to the latitude of the place. For ex- the Pole, ample: If the fouth of England lie in 50 degrees of north latitude, the North Pole is of courfe elevated 50 degrees above the Horizon there ; for which reafon, the latitude of a place, and the elevation of the pole, are ufed promifcuoufly to ex- prefs the fame thing. The terms ufed in Geography to ex- prefs the different fituation of any peo- ple in refpe6t of the placQ where we are, are thefe three, viz. i. The Perixci. 3. The Antipodes. 1. The Pcriseci are fituate under the fame parallel, but oppofite Meridians. It is midnight with them when it is noon with us ; but the length of days and theiv fea- fons are the fame. Thefe are found by turning the horo- rary index 12 hours, or turning the Globe half round. 2. The Antxci are fituate under ;he fame meridian, but oppofite parallels. Thefe have the feafons oppofite to ours ; it is the middle of winter with them, when it is midfummer with us ; but they have the fame noon-day.' Thefe are found by numbering as many degrees on the ©ppofite fide of the equator as we are on this. Their longeft day is our (horteft, and fo vice Verfa. '^ . " ' 3. The Antipodes lie under oppofite Meridians, and oppofite Parallels. Thefe have different feafons, and dif- ferent days and nights. When it is fummer with us, it is winter with them j and when it is noon with us, it is midjiiglit with them ; and th^ir longeft days are out fliort- tiir Thefe are found by turning the hororary index 12 hours Geographical Terms, 2. The Antaeci. INTRODUCTION.. hours from the given place, or turning the Globe haV*^ round, and then counting as many degrees on the oppo- fitc ffde of the Equator, as the given place is on this. - ' The inhabitants of the earth alfo have different deno- minations, fi'om their (hadows falHng different ways at noon-day, and are called Amphifcii, Afcii, Hetaerofcii or Perifcii. '. . " "' ' ' 1. The Amphifcii inhabit the Torrid Zone, between the two Tropics. Thcfe have their (hadows both north und fouth at noon-day. When the fun is fouth of them, their fliadows are north ; and when the fun is north of them at noon-day, their ihadows are fouth. Thefe arc alfo called Afcii, bccaufe twice every year the fun is ver- tical at noon-day» and then they have no fhadow. 2. The Hetaerc'fcii are thofe who inhabit either of the Temperate Zones, and have their fhadows always one way at noon- day. Thofe m the northern Tempe- rate Zone have their fliadows always north, and thofe in the fouthern Temperate Zone have their fliadows always fouth, at noon- day. 3. The Perifcii are thofe who inhabit that part of the Globe within the Polar Circles. Thefe have their Sha- dows every way while the fun 1$ above their Horizon all the 24 hours, as it is feveral months every year, when, the fun is on that fide of the Equator next them. The Circumference of the Globe is 360 degrees, or 21,600 geographical Circumference miles round, and the diameter 7200 ; of the Globe. but if we compute by Englifh miles, it Diatneter, is about 24,000 miles round, and the diameter about 8000. And when there are 24 Meridi- onal Lines upon the Globe, thefe Lines are i hour, or 15 degrees, afunder. 15 degrees #/* Tbofe who refide 15 degrees eaft of us^ longitude i hour have the fun one hour before us ;, thofe i deg, 4 min. of who live 15 degrees weft of us, have the time, fun an hour after us. The Meridional - ''• Lines, as they approach either Pole, incline nearer ta each other, infomuch that a degree of longitude, that makes 60 geographical miles when meafiured on the Equa- tor, makes but 37 miks whjsn n\eafured in 52 degrees oi latitufje. INT R O D U C T I O N. latitude. However, every degree of longitude is always 4 minutes of time, and 15 degrees of longitude are con- fequently 60 minutes of time, or one hour, whether the diftance of miles between the Meridional Lines are more or lefs J and there are tables which fhew how many miles a degree of longitude makes in every latitude, which may be found alfo by mcafuring the diftances between the Meridional Lines. There arc tables alfo which (hew the different climates, and the length of days in each ; but thefe may be (hewn alfo upon the Glebe, as will appear in the following Geographical Problems : To find the Sun's place in the Ecliptic, Obfjrve the day of the month in the calendar on the Horizon, and oppofite to it you will fiiid the fign and degree in which the Sun is. The hour being given in any place^ to find what hour it is • , ■ in any other part of the world, Ref^ify the Globe for the given place, and bring it to the Meridian ; then f:': the index at the given hour, iind turn the Globe, and bring the places fuccelTively to the Meridian, and the index will ihew the hour at the place required. Thus, when it is 4 o'clock at London, it will be 5 at Naples, 6 at Conftantinople and Peterfburg, 10 at Bengali, 11 at Batavia, and near 12 at night at Ptrkin ; 12 at rroon at Barbadoes, and 1 1 in the morning at Port- Royal in Jamaica. , ^ The day of the month being given ^ to find the places on the Globe where the Sun is in the Zenith that day, Obferve the Sun's place in the Ecliptic, and bring it to the Meridian ; then mark the degree over it, and turn- ing the Globe round, all the places which pafs under that degree will have the Suri in the Zeiiith that day. The hour being given at one place ^ to find at what place the Sun is in the Zenith at that hour. The Sun*s place in the Ecliptic being brought to the Meridian, and the degree over it marked, bring the given • - plrcc i4 'I I I I s alwavs are con- ?ther the ire more ny miles ich may een the hew the :h ; but i appear on the gn and '//r // is ig It to ir, and to the place be 5 10 at rkiji ; l*()rt- in thi 17g It turn* jnder }'• e the the ;ivcn >lrcc , W TROD U-C T I O R * place to the Meridian, and fettlng the index to the given hour, turn the Globe till the index come to the upper 12, and the place of the earth which ftands under the obferved degree in the Meridian, has the Sun at that moment in the Zenith. The day and hour being given to find the places where the Sun is then rifmg^ fettingy or in the Meridian. Find the place where the Sun is vej-tical at the given hour, re three ^^^,^^ ^y,. divifions, viz. I. The empire of China, £^^^^ ^ Chinefian Tartary, and the Oriental r"^^^ Iflinds on the eaft. ' . ■''^ * II. India, Uft)ec Tartary, Calmuc Tartary, and Siberia in the middle. III. Perfi^, Arabia, Aftracan, and Circaflian Tartary, and Turky in Afia on the weft.* The whole being 4800 miles in length from eaft to weft, and 4300 in breadth from north to fouth. Africa is a peninfula join'd by the ^r- narrow ifthmus of Suez to Afia, and ,/, •* lituate between 37 north, and 35 de- grees fouth latitude, and between 18 weft, and 51 eaft longitude, being 4320 miles in length from north to fouth, and 4200 miles in breadth from eaft to- weft. Africa is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, which feparates it from Europe, on the north, by the ifthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Eaft rn Oce^n, which ciivides it from Afia, on the eaft ; by the Southern Ocean on the fouth ; and by the Atlantic or Weftern Ocean, which feparates it from America, on the weft. Africa is thrown into ten grand divi- fions. I. Egypt. II. Abyfllnia, or the Grand diii' upper Ethiopia, and Nubia. III. The /tons, coaft of Anian and Zanguebar. IV. Monoemugi, Monomotopa, and CafFraria, fomctlmes called the Lower Ethiopia. V. Congo, Angola, and Guinea. VI. Nigritia or Negroland. VII. Zaara or the defart. VIll, Biledulgerid, the ancient Numidia. IX, 'i'he empire of Morocco. And, X. 1 he coaft of Barbary on the Mediterranean, comprehending the coun- tries of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. America is fituate between 80 north, j ^ . and s8 fouth latitude, and bstwcen 2c -^'p^^'^'P* and 145 degrees of weft longitude, bounded by the lands about the pole on the north ; by the Atlantic Ocean, which feparates it from Europe and Africa on the eaftj by another vaft Ocean on the fouth ; and by the Pacific Ocean, ulually called the Sjuth S?a, '- a whi^h / I. \ ' Spanijh domi- nions* INTRODUCTION. which divides it from Afia on the weft, being 8250 miles Jong from north to fouth, and fcarce 3000 miles broad in any place, and in fome not 100 miles broad. y-r J J-' The beft part of America is at pre- /- tent under the dommion or tour iiuro- ■^ * pean Princes, viz. Of the Kings of Spain, Portugal, Great -Britain, and France. The Spanifh dominions comprehend, I. Old Mexico. 2. New Mexico. 3. Florida. 4. Terra Firma. 5. Peru. 6. Chili. 7. Patagonia, or the Terra Magellanica. 8. Para- gua and La Plata, 9. The Amazons country. And, 10. The Spanifh iflands ; of which the moft confiderable are Cuba, Hifpaniola, Porto- Rico, and Trinidad. n-, J. II. The fecond crand divifion of containing that large maritime country of Brazil, extending from the river Amazon under the Equator, to the river La-plata, which lies in 35 degrees of fouth latitude, being upwards of 3000 miles in length from north to fouth, but fcarce 200 miles wide. T> • -/T J • III. The third grand divifion of -' America is fubject to Great-Bnta'n, and lies along the eaftern coaft of North America, from 30 to 51 degrees of north lati- tude, comprehending, i. Georgia. 2. South Carolina. 3. North Carolina. 4. Virginia. 5. Maryland. 6. Pcn- fylvania. 7. The two Jerfeys. 8. New York. 9. New England. 10. New Scotland, and New Britain. 1 1. The iflands belonging to Britain, viz. Jamaica, Barbadoes, St, Chriilophers, Newfoundland, &c. and laftly, Hudfon's Bay, or Britifli Canada, which lies north of the reft, and at fome diftance, being fcparated from them by French Canada. IV", The French claim the fourth grand divifion of America, which, ac- cording to their maps, extends from the Gulph of Mexico to the north of Canada, i. e. from 28 to 52 degrees of north latitude, being 1500 miles ia length from north to fouth, and make their extent from caft to weft very litdc lefs, for their maps lay them down between French domi* ntons. •t 250 miles broad ia is at pre- )ur Euro- K.ings of iprehend, :xico. 3. Peru. 6. 8. Para- And, 10. arable are vifion of Portugal, 2 country mder the 5 degrees in length • vifion of Britain, coa{t of rth lati- Jarolina. 6. Pcn- 9. New 1 1. The does, St. -ludfon's \\e relt, lem by fourth ich, ac- ds from e. from miles in :nt from m down )etwccn 1 INTRODUCTION. between the Britifh dominions, on the eaft, and New Mexico on the weft, comprehending moft part of Florida and Canada ; to which countries they have given the names ofLouifiana, and New France. The iflands of Caen, and feme countries on the adjacent continent of South Ame- rica, which lie near the Equinoaial, alfo are fubje6t to France, as is part of the ifland of Hifpaniola, Martinico, Guadaloupe, and feveral more of the Caribbee iflands. The Dutch are poflelled of Surinam on the coaft of Guiana or Caribiana in Dutch, South America, of fome of the Caribbee Illands, and others on the north coaft of Terra FIrma ; of which thofc of CurafTow, Aruba, and Bonaire, are the chief J and from hence they carry on a clandcftinc tra-de with the coafts of Spanifti America. Denmark is alfo pofTefl'ed of the ifland Dmes of St. Thomas, one of the Caribbees, I (hall conclude this introduction with a genera] dc- fcription of Old England, our native country, the ftate whereof it concerns us to be acquainted with more thdri that of any other nation. * - . * ENGLAND. The fouthern divifion of the ifland of Great-Britain, is fituate in the Atlantic Ocean, between two degrees , eaft, and fix degrees odd minutes weftcrn longitude, and between 49 degrees, 55 minutes, and 55 degrees, 55 minutes north latitude, being of a triangular figure, bounded by Scotland on the north, the German fei, which feparates it from Germany, and the Netherlands on the eaft, by the Englifh channel, which divides it from France, on the fouth, and by St. George's chan- nel, which feparates it from Ireland, on the weft, being exactly 3C0 geographical miles in length from north to fouth, and 300 in breadth from eaft to weft, in the fouth, but fcarce 100 broad in the north. The air is much warmer here than in the countries under the fame parallel, viz. in the Netherlands and Germany; and generally healthful, unlcfs in the fens and marftiy grounds. ' " ♦•*-/' • - • a 2 There rf ■• INTRODUCTION. , There are very few mountains ; the higheft hills are l» Wales, and in the weft and north of England. The , reft of the country confifts of moderate hills and valleys, woodlands, enclofed pafture -grounds and meadows, ex- , tcnfive corn fields and plains, which feed innumerable flocks of (heep, horfes, and neat cattle. Hok'ernefs in Yorkfhire, and the fenny part of Lin- colnfhire, produce the largeft oxen ; and Yorkfhire, in general, furnifhes us with the fineft breed of horfes for the faddle ; and there are a great many royal forefts, chafes, and parks, which afford variety of deer and other game, in every part of the kingdom. The foil is either clay, gravel, or fand ; the clays produce excellent whe.it and beans ; the gravel and fand, rye, barley, peas, and oats ; and the light lands of late years have been improved and made as valuable as the clays, by fovving them with turnips, clover, cinquefoin, " &c. efpecially in wet years ; but a wet feafon does not agree with the clays : There is ufually a great fcarcity of wheat in fuch years i but then there is plenty of other grain and pafture. The timber growing in England, is oak, afli, elm, beach, and hornbeam. The walnut tree is ufed in cabi- nets and other fine works ; befides which there are poplar, arbeles, fycamore, maple, hazl©, willow, horfe- chefnut, and other trees, which do not come under the denomination of timber, but ferve, however, for fhade, ornament, and inferior ufes. There are large plantations of hops, efpecially in Kent and EfTex : And in other countries there are plantations of flax and hemp ; but in thefe England does not abound. In Kent are extenfivc orchards of apples and cherries. In Devonfhire and Herefordfliire alfo, are vaft quantities of apples, of which excellent cyder is made, fuch as no other counties will produce ; and if the trees are tranf- planted, they degenerate. Moft of the fruits of Europe have been introduced here; but we have fcarce any that are natural to the foil ; and thofe that have been brought from warmer climates have not that delicious flavour they had in their native foil. And as we have introduced foreign fruits, fo we I m ■■■rT"v "^WT^' : N. ft hills are [« gland. The 1 and valleys, leadows, ex- innumerablc part of Lin- forkftiire, in of horfes for •oyal forcfts, ser and other ; the clays i^el and fand, lands of late luable as the , cinquefoin, on does not jreat fcarcity IS plenty of c, a(h, elm, ifed in cabi- there are How, horfe- under the for fhade, ally in Kent plantations not abound. id cherries. ft quantities fuch as no J are tranf- introduccl ural to the m warmer lad in their a fruits, fo wc INTRODUCTION. we have all manner of plants, roots and herbs, that are found in the kitchen-gardens of our neighbour nations. In Eilex andCambridgefhire are large plantations cf fafFron ; and in Bedfordfhire, fields of woad or wad for dying. It has been computed that the arable lands fowii ^ with wheat annually produce thirty- four millions of bufh- els ; and the lands fown with barley produce as much ; and the lands fown with horfe -grain, fuch as peas, beans, oats and vetches, produce as much as both the former. Thofe that have made an eftimate of the nation's in- come, compute, that there are forty millions of acres of land in the kingdom, whereof ten millions are arable, which, at 5 (hillings per acre, yield annually 2,500,000 /. fourteen millions of pafture, meadow, fens, and wood grounds, which, at 10 fhillings per acre, yield 7,000,000/. iixteen millions in forefts, chafes, and heath^, high-ways, common and wafte grounds, which, at 2 fliillings per acre, yield 1,600,000/. and one million of houfes, ex- clufive of lands, which yield 4,000,000/. that our ex- ports and coafting trade produce annually 6,000,000 /. and our manufaflures produce 8,000,000 /. which made the whole national income at that time 29,100,000/. but as this computation was made by Dr. Davenant fifty years ago, we may, confidering the improvements that have been made in lands, the increafe of buildings, and the multiplication of the people, add 4,000,000/. more t^ the national income, and then it amounts to 33, ioo,coo /. The fame gentleman computes, that there were then fix millions of people in England', which, at 5 pound a head, expend 30,000,000/. 3,000,000/. ralfed for the fupporc of the government, and 2,000,000/. more to difcharg-e the intereft of the debt of 75,000,000/. contracted ii^ the late wars ; which makes our cxpcnces to ex.eed tiie national income near 2,000,000/. but as our people arc much increafed finee that ertmiate, fo the interelt of th^ public debts is very much diminifhed, by reducin;r th^ intereft of the public debt to 3, and 3 i- per cent; there-* fore our cxpcnces. poiTihly, do not much exccc t the nii- tional income. Nor did Dr. Daveninit, in hi-j cakura- tions, confider the P liberies, whi.lj arc certainly jv vevy valuable branch of bufinefs, and add coi^ ' I era bly wc Ivh ».tv i'\ INTRODUCTION. wealth of the nation, the' they are not (o confiderable as thole of the Dutch. There are fcarce any lakes in Eng^r nd : Thofe in Cumberland, and fome in Lincolnftiirc and the Ifle of Ely, which have only the appearance of lakes in win- ter, are the chief. The moft confiderable navigable rivers are, i. The Thames, which runs generally from Well to Eaft, on which the cities of London and Ox- ford ftand. This river is navigable for fhips as high as London, which is one of the greateft ports in the world, 2. The Medway, which unites with the Thames near its mouth, and receives the largeft men of war as high as Chatham, where are the fined docks, yards, and ma- gazines of naval {lores in Europe. 3. The Trent, which runs from the S. W. to the N. E. crofs England, dividing it into North and South ^ and being united with feveral other flreams near its mouth, is call'd the Humber, difcharging itfelf into the German ocean, 4. The Severn, rifing in North Wales, and running for the moft part South, falls into the Irifh fea ; on which fland the cities of Worcefter and Glocefter. The heads of thofe great rivers, or of others which full into them, lie fo near together, that it would be very eafy to unite them by canals, and have a commu- nication by water from fea to fea quite through the king- dom, which would be of infinite advantage to trade, land- carriage going deep into the profits of every kind of ma- nufacture, el'pecially the woollen, the manfaclurers be- ing forc'd to fetch their wooU in waggons frequently from the nK)ft diftant parts of the kingdom. There are in England and Wales fifty- two counties, two archbiftioprics, twenty-four bi](hoprics, two uni- vcrfities, twenty-nine cities, if the four bifhoprics of Wales are to be accounted fuch, but thefe are little bet- It.'P than villages at prefent, upwards of eight hundred towns, and near ten thoufand parifhes j in which are about 7,000,000 of people. There are fcarce any ma- nufaflures in Europe which are not brought to great ^crfeilion in England, And as to the woollen manu- i^(^are> it exceeds any thing of that kind in other na- ** -. tions confiderable i : Thofe in iid the Ifle of akes in win- >le navigable merally from ion and Ox- ps as high as n the world, rhames near war as high ds. and ma- . W. to the I and South ^ ms near its tfelf into the and running ; on which thers which would be a commu- ^h the king- rade, land- :ind of ma- 6liircrs be* frequently counties^ two uni- hoprics of 1 little bet- it hundred which are e any ma- t to great en manu- other na- Uoiis INTRODUCTION. tions both in goodnefs and quantity, notwithftandirtg every other ftate has of late years endeavoured to excel in it. The filk manufacture alfo is equal to that of France or any other country : our dyers are very nume- rous, and not exceeded by any other nation, either in the beauty or durablenefs of their colours : and the printers and ftainers of cottons have brought that art to great perfecStion : our printers of books print them as beautifully as the Dutch or any people whatever ; but ftill, books cannot be afforded fo cheap here as in other countries, the workmen there taking lefs wages than they do in England, Our moft eminent engravers and ftatu- aries have been foreigners, but we can now boaft of fome very good ones among the natives : and many of our mechanics excel other nations in their watches, clocks, locks, and edge-tools : their cabinet-work alfo is much admir'd : and the manufacture of glafs is brought to great perfection, viz. coach-glafs, looking-glafs, per- fpeCtives, drinking-glafTes, Sec, The gold-fmiths and filver-fmiths, braziers, carpenters, and upholfters, hat- ters, taylors and flioemakers, do not only furnifh Eng- land with every thing that is wanted of this kind, but vart quantities are exported to foreign countries, as well as to the Britifti plantations. The fkreen and chair- makers contribute to the doming and furnifhing the dwelling-houfe. Our fhip and houfe-»arpenters, mafons, bricklayers and fmiths, are equal to the moft ingenious foreigners, and employ a multitude of hands ; as do the tanners, coach-makers, wheel-wrights and fadlers. The multitudes employ'd in hufbandry contribute ftill more than any other fet of men to the fupporting and enrich- ing the nation. The grazier and farmer do not only feed and cloath the numerous inhabitants, but incredi- ble quantities of corn, as well as woollen manufactures, are exported abeoad, and many thoufand fhips are an- nually victualed and fitted out for diftant voyages, or the defence of the kingdom ; which brings me to confidcr a little more particularly our foreign traffic, which is vaftly great, fome of it carry 'd on by companies, and the relt by private merchants. The Hamburgh merchants were firft incorporated, anno 1296 : thefe export broad-cloth, druggets. INTRODUCTION. druggets, long-ells, ferges, and feveral forts of ftufFs, tobacco, fugar, ginger, Eaft-Indi* goods, tin and lead, which are confum'd in Lower Germany ; from whence they import great quantities of linnen-yarn, kid-fkins, tin-plates, and other articles. ' The Ruflia merchants export coarfe woollen cloths, long-ells, worfted, ftufFs, tin, lead, and tobacco ; and import from Ruflia, hemp, flax, linnen. linnen-yarn, RuHia-leather, tallow, furs, iron, pot-afhes, and naval ftores. The Eaftland company trade to all the countries with- in the Sound, viz. Norway, Sweden, Poland, Livonia, Prufila, Pomerania, and Mecklenburg ; but this trade as well as that to Norway and Denmark, is in a manner laid open. To thefe countries we carry fome of our cloth, and other manufactures ; but fend chiefly ready money for their iron, copper, timber, and naval ftores ; and the Turky merchants export broad cloth, long-ells, tin, lead, iron, fugar, and fome bullion. And they im- port great quantities of raw filk, grogram-yarn, oying- ftufFs, drugs, foap, leather, cotton, fruit, and oil. The Eaft-India company export bullion to a very great value, le^^ cloth, and fome other Englifti manufactures : and impc.c raw and wrought filks, caljicoes, chints, tea. China-ware, cabinets, &c. All the wrought filks and calicoes being exported agais. The African and Guiney merchants purchafe Negroes with the manufactures and produce of England, and tranfport the Negroes to the Britifh plantations in Ame- rica : they bring home alfo gold-duft, ivory, red- wood, Guiney-grain, he. 7 he African company, 'tis faid, never traded for more than 5 or 6000 Negroes annually ; but fince that trade has been laid open, 30,000 and upwards have been pur- chafed in a year. The Canary company export bays, kerfies, ferges, Norwich fturfs, ftockings, hats, fuftians, haberdaftiery wares, tin, hard ware, herrings, pilchards, pipe-ftaves, &c. And they import Canary wines, logwood, hides, indigo, cochineal, and other produce of Spanifh Ame- rica. ■' >" • ■ »^',-'' '■ '^ :._.•_•■«:*... _ ... ,.. . -. ^\ The N. )rts offtufFs, tin and lead, rom whence *n, kid-fkins, >olIen cloths', obacco; and linnen-yarn, J and naval intries with- nd, Livonia, this trade as in a manner fome of our :hiefly feady laval llores ; I, long-ells, nd they im- am, dying- oil. a very great nufadures : chints, tea, t filks and ife Negroes gland, and IS in Ame- red-w^ood, •d for more that trade been pur- ■s, ferges, 3erda{hery pe-ftaves, jd, hides, ifh Ame- INTRODUCTION. The Hudfon's-bay company export woollen goods, haberdafliery wares, knives, hatchets, arms, and other hard ware ; and import great quantities of beaver fkins, and other Ikins and furs. The trade to Italy is carried on by feparate merchants, who export broad cloth, long-ells, bays, druggets, cala- mancoes, camblets, and other fluifs, leather, tin, lead, fifh, pepper, and Eaft-India goods ; and they import raw and wrought filk, wine, foap, olives, oil, anchovies and dyers wares. The balance for thrown filk, to Piedmont only, amounted at one time to 200,000 pounds. The merchants that trade to Spain export broad cloth, druggets, bays, long-ells, calamancoes, and other fluffs, tin, lead, leather, fifh, corn, and haberdafhery wares : and they import wine, oil, fait, and fruits. From this trade, 'tis computed, England did receive a greater ba- lance than from any other : But the French have the greatcft (hare of this trade at prefent. - To France our merchants ufed to export tobacco, horn-plates, tin, lead, flannel, and corn; and they imported from thence wine, brandy, linnen, fine cam- brics, lace, lawn, brocades, velvets, and other rich fillc manufactures ; but thefe lafl: articles are now run in upon us, or brought by the way of Holland, This trade with France is the mofl difadvantageous of any to England ; it were better we had no trade with them ; but fcarcc any thing is liked by the Quality, either to drink or wear, but what is French, To Flanders our merchants export fome ferges, flan- nels, and fluffs, fugar, tobacco, tin, and lead 5 and im- port from thence fine cambrics, lawns, lace, linen, thread, and tapes, to a very great value j fo that the balance is very much againfl us. ' ' ' . i ' t? 1 To Holland we export broad-cloth, druggets, long-clls, (luffs, leather, corn, coals, India and Turky re-exported goods, fugars, tobacco, rice, ginger, pitch, tar, and the produce of our Plantations ; and we import lace. Cam- brics, fine holland, linen, thread, tapes, incles, whale- fins^ madder, argol, toys, clapboard, wainfcot, India- fpices, (viz.) nutmegs, m«ice, cloves, and cinnamon. The To INTRODUCTION. To Ireland the merchants export fine broad-cloth, filk, ribbons, gold and filver lace, cutlery wares, pe'-vter, hops, coals, tobacco, fugar, Eaft-lndia goods, hollands, and whatever they wear almoft, except linnen and coarfe woollen ; and we import from thence woollen and Ihien- . yarn, and wooll in the fleece. And many of their noble- men and gentlemen, refiding in England, moft part of their rents are returned hither, and fpent here. The Irlfii export to Holland, Fraiice, Flanders, Portugal, and the Weft-Indies, great quantities of beef, butter and tallow. From England are exported to the Sugar Iflands, la America, all manner of cloathing, both linen and woollen, and furniture for their houles ; and we take the produce of thofe iflands in return, which, befides fugar, yield gin- ger, indigo, rum, molafles, coffee, and formerly the cacao or chocolate-nut was cultivated in Jamaica. To the Tobacco Plantations, on the continent of America, alfo, are exported all manner of cloathing and furniture, receiving tobacco in return, which is great part of it re-exported. To Carolina, the fame fpecies of gooods are carried as to the Tobacco Plantations ; and we receive from thence vafb quantities of rice and fkins, pitch and tar ; and the country produces fome filk. X^ere are hopes alfo, that we may receive wine from thence, the coun- try producing grapes fpontaneoufly. And the olive-tree thrives here, which, if cultivated, may furnifh us with oil, in another age. Our merchants export all manner of cloathing and furniture to the northern colonies, (viz.) Penfilvania, the Jerfeys, New York, and New England ; which they pay for with logwood, and the produce of Spanifh Ame- rica, with which they carry on a clandeftine trade fre- quently, and fend over hither all the filver they can pick ; up on thofe coafts. ■ \ > ; As to the conftitution of the government : England is .^limited monarchy; the power of making and altering . lavvs, and raiftng taxes, being lodged in the king, lords, .and commons. Anciently, the lords had a great influ- ence on the whole ftjite, and have fometimes brought the crown very low. Afterwards, the commons grew ) N. c broad-cloth, ivares, petvter, >otIj, hollands, men and coarfe Hen and linen- of their noble- » moft part of ;re. Thclrlfii tugal, and the r and tallow, ^ar Iflands, in 1 and woollen, e the produce gar, yield gin- gerly the cacao t continent of cloathing and 'hich is great ^s are carried receive from tch and tar ; re are hopes the coun- le olive-tree ifh us with oathing and Penfilvania, which they )ani(h Ame- trade fre- ey can pick England is nd altering ing, lords, ;reat influ- es brought nons grew up 1 INTRODUCTION.' up to great power, and had no fmall fhare in the direc- tion of the government ; but the crown has fmce found means to engage the other branches of the legiflature fa effectually in its interefts, that it has met with very little oppofition from either of late years. Until the reign of King Charles If. there were.no {landing forces in England, unlefs the gentlemen-pen* fioners, and the yeomen of the guard may be reckoned fuch ; and, in that reign, the reguJar troops did not amount to 4000 men. In the reigns of King William and Queen Anne, the {landing forces, in time of peace, were limited to 7000, or thereabouts. The money raifed annually for the fervicc •\ I. of the' government, in the reign of King (.1,200,000 Charles II. amounted to, in time of peace 3 In the reign of King James II. the annual \ txpence was increafcd to — — — j The annual expence of the prefent go ,000,000 vernment amounts to elent go- | 9,375jOOO and upwards, if the following calculation , be right, viz. The land tax, at 2 J. in the pound, raifes 7 about _ . Jl.OCO.OCO. The malt, about — «— .— — — 0,750,000 Tlie culloms and excife, about — — 6,000,000 Stamp duties, about — — — — 0,125,000 Window tax, hawkers and pedlars, and > other fmall taxes ^ J 1,500,000 ^ Total — 9,375,000 The whole of thefe duties appropriated to pay the in- tcrell of the national debt, the revenue of the king, and royal family, the civil lift, and other demands on the government, (except the land and malt tax.) n Grants for the year 1755. For 12,000 feamen, at 4 /. per man, J /, per month, for 13 months, inclu- [.624)000 ding ordnance for fea fervice an,) :lu-t 5, 00 00 For \ 40>350 INTRODUCTION. For the ordinary of the navy, in- 1 ^ ^q eluding half-pay to fea-officers— J 2«0,2b8 For the fupport of Greenwich ho- 7 ' fpital _ _ _ -\ 10.°°° For buildino:, re-buildino;, and repair i ofhisMajefty'sfhips _ *^_^ 1 00.000 For 18,885 men, for guards and gar- -j ^* rifon in Great Britain, Guernfey, (.628,315 and Jerfey — — — — 3 .^ti l i.t For the garrifons of Gibraltar, Mi- 1 , norca, and the Plantations 1 ^ '^ For two regiments of foot, to be railed in North America For defraying the charges of the officers going over with General C Bradock — — — — 3 For defraying the charges of the ^ hofpitai, eftablilhed for General L Bradock's expedition — — 3 For the reduced officers of the land 1 forces and marines — — — J For defraying the charge for allow-. ance to the officers, ^c. of the two troops of horfe- guards, and regiment of horfe reduced, and to the fuperannuated gentlemen of the four troops of horfe guards — For paying the pcnfions to the wi dows of the reduced officers of the land forces and marines, who died on the eftabliftiment of half- pay, and were married before 25 Dec. 17 16 — — — — For the out penfioncrs of Chelfea 1 college -— •— — — — i For defraying the extraordinary cx- penccs of the land fore other fervices, incurred not provided for by parliament 1 s» d. 1 H 01 00 00 CO CO i 07 11 18 06 15 00 02 06 l?tf»»' >-'» •!* 1,779 ^7 06 47,000 - - *■• ■ ' 3>73S 00 00 09 07 2,562 00 00 ». I inary ex- -| ces, and / in 1754, f imcnt — J 59»79i 60,254 12 01 08. .00 For i. J. d. !8 H 01 00 00 >o CO CO 5 07 11 1. 6 18 ' 06 15 00 8 02 06 m*' •' Uifi ■ ikr^s-^d ii /-A 9 oy 06 fan » ' ' »• 00 00 &■ ' '1 r, •' J S 09 C7 a 00 oa ' ». 12 01 . 08 00 »■' For INTRODUCT For the charge of the office ofi ordnance, for the year 1755 .*- J For defraying the extraordinaries, ^ of ditto, in 1754) not provided C for — — — — —) Subfidies to the Ele£lor of Bavaria To the King of Poland, Elcftor ) of Saxony — — — — ) Sundry fervices for maintaining ) Nova Scotia in 1755 — — J For defraying the expences of Georgia from 24 June, 1754 to 24 June, 1755 Towards difcharging the navy debt For augmenting the forces by fea and land — — — — J For keeping in repair the road "i from Newcaftle to Carlifle — J For building and repairing the > forts in Africa — — — J For building a fort at Annamaboe For a reward to Thomas Stevens, for making cing merica ;i I N. /. f. (/. 119,316 10 CO 32,250 c8 08 20, coo 00 00 32,000 00 03 40,418 07 08 2,957 10 09 70,000 00 00 ,000,000 00 00 6,000 00 CO 10,000 00 CO 6,000 00 00 3,000 00 00 Ways and means for the year 1755. By the land tax, at 2s. in the pound-1,000,000 By the duty on malt, cyder, ^V.- 750,000 By the overplus of the grants for } 1754 — — — — — f By the furplus of the duty on coals, 1 fmce 25 March, 17 19 — — j Ditto on the duty of licences for I retailing fpirituous liquors — J Ditto on the furplus of the funds ) for the lottery of 1 7 14 — ) By lottery — — — — — 1,000,000 Out of the finking fund — «— >j,420)00o 16,494 i9>923 28,201 00 00 19 17 12 19 00 00 00 00 C2 lOj C9 c8 00 00 Debts INTRODUCTION. • i Debts due from the Government to the three great Companies, (viz.) the Bank, the South Sea, and the India Company, anno 1755. • ' ''^^'^ Bank. Capital. 10780000 00 CO Ditto 3! A per cent. an. I ft 14982955 18 04 Ditto 2d Ditto 2716867 18 00 Ditto" 3/. per cent. an. 1726 — icooooo 00 00 Ditto, Ditto Confolidated — 91 37821 05 01 J South Sea Stock. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 3662784 08 06 old an. lit Tub. — — - 9050911 08 07 3353358 14 00 - 62848C8 16 05 31673446 06 05 — 21000CO 00 00 2d Ditto new an. ift Ditto 2d Ditto Ditto 3 /. per cent. an. Eail-India Stock. Ditto 3 1 /. per cent. an. Ditto 3/. Ditto — 3200000 200COOO I 000000 00 00 00 CO 00 00 :r.-r: or /• 7 '942954 15 04i As to the admiuiftration of juftice; this is the bufi- nefs of the courts in Wellminiiler-hall, (viz.) the court of Chancery, the courts of King*s-bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, the courts of the rcfpeitive Corpora- tions, the Sheriffs', and other inferior courts ; the laft rcfort in all civil caufcs being to the Houfe of Peers. But how juft and equitable foever the laws cf England may be, and however impartially adrainiftered by the refpe^tivc courts, fuch is the expencc of coming at ju- {lice, that it is much more prudctvt to lofe a fmall fum^ than to go to law for it. And where a man has a rich adveri'ary to contend with, he will be obliged to fpend vaft fums to come at his right, and perhaps be kept in fufpence many years, be his caufe ever fo juft. The ecclcfiaftical Government is in the archbifliops and biftiops, who adminifter juftice in their re(pc£tive courts in iiatteri relaxing to ecclefiaftical affairs, by 4 their N. ; three great Sea, and the ipital. ' DO 00 CO 55 i« 04 '}'] 18 00 DO 00 00 ii 05 oij J4 08 06 II 08 07 )8 14 00 8 16 05 ^6 06 05 ;o 00 00 >o 00 CO lO CO 00 ^O 00 00 4 15 04i is the bufi- ) the court nmoii Pleas, ve Corpora- s; the iaft "e of Peers, cf England red by the ming at ju- fmall fum, has a rich d to fpend be kept in • archbiQiops ■ reipc£tivc affairs, by their A INTRODUCTION. their chancellors, officials, archdeacons, and other ofH- cers ; and thefe courts alfo take cognizance of all caufes relating to tithes, wills, adminiflrations, and marriagc- contradts. In the court of Chancery, and the Eccle- fiaftical courts, witnelTes are examined on interrogatories, and their depofitions taken in writing, on which the judge founds his decrees ; but in the courts of common Jaw, the witneflcs are examined viva voce, and crofs- cxamined in court, and en their evidence, a jury of twelve fubftantial freeholders, return'd by the fherifF, de- termine every fa6l ; nor can the judges reverfe or alter their verdi(£t, uniefs fome corrupt or indirect practices appear to have been ufed in obtaining it. '..'-+- .Of the Convocation. ^ -^ « ifr Whenever a parliament is called, the king always convokes a national fynod of the clergj"^, to confidtr of the ftate of the church, dlrcfling his writs to the archbifhop of each province, to fummon all bifhopj;, deans, archdeacons, &c. to meet at a certain time and place. And thereupon, the archbifhop of Canterbury directs his mandate to the bifhop of London, as dean provincial, to cite all bifhops, deans, archdeacons, to appear at a certain d.ly, dired^ing him, that one prbdor be fent for each cathedral and collegiate church, and two for the body of the inferior clergy of each diocefc.' The convocation of the clergv of the province of Can- terbury ufually afl'cmble in St. Paul's cathedral, in Lon- doji, and from thence adjourn to the chapter houTc, or Weftmlnder. ■'»- ^" ••- * • ' ' • ■ The upper houfe, in this province, confifts of twenty- two bifhops, of whom the archbifhop is prefident. And the lower houfe confifls of all the deans, archdeacon.^, one pro6lor for every chapter, and two proctors for the clergy of each diocefc ; in all 166. The archbifhop of York may hold a convocation of his clergy at the fame time ; but neither the one nor the other has been fufFcrcd to enter upon bufinefs for many ycar.^, tho' they are always regularly funmioned to mcrt b 2 with 1 1 INTRODUCTION. with every parliament, being looked upon as an eflen* tial part of the conftitution. :o Of the Ecclesiastical Courts. The higheft ccclefiaftical court is that of the Dele- gates ; which cohfifts of commiflioners appointed by his majefty, under the broad feal, to hear appeals from in- ferior courts., /.;^ _ „, , „ . The next court is that or the Arches, to which arc ^ire'fted appeals in ecclefiartical caufes in- the province of Canterbury. Here the judge alone determines the caufe, without a jury : and ail procefs, in this court, runs in the name of the judge. In the court of Audience, the archbifliop avocates a caufe to his own hearing. The Prerogative court takes cognizance of wills, and inttftates eflates. The court of Peculiars takes cognizance of caufes in certain pariflies, exempt from the juvifdidlion of the bi(hop of any diocefe. The bilhop of e\ cry diocefe hath a court held in his cathedral, that takes cognizance of wills, intettates cftates, &CC. where his chancellor is judge ; and where the diocefe is large, he hath commiiTaries in the diftant parts, who fit as judges in the places affigned them j iind thefe are called Confiftory courts, , . , .. .^ ; .,^. ,,. Every archdeacon alfo hath his court, and judges of caufes of an inferior nature within his jurifdidlion, ,.. ^ ; ,i . ,,, Of the Parliament. . .Vr Every Parliament is fummoned by the king's writs to meet, fifty days before they aflcmble ; a writ is di- rcdVed to every particular loru, fpiritual and temporal, commanding him to appear at a certain time and place, to treat and advife of certain weighty affairs relating to church and flate. Writs alfo are fent to the (heriff of every county, to fummon thof« who have a right to vote for rcprefcnta- ^- • ' lives. I. as an efleiK. rs. .1 ' >f the Dele- intecl by his Is from iii- which are le province Tinincs the this court, avocates a ' wills, and )f caufes in :ion of the held in his intettates and where the diftant ned them j judges of ion. )•..-.■» , ',.•■« ng s writs writ is di- temporal, and place, elating to :ounty, to cprefcnta- tives. INTRODUCTION. tives, to e]e6k two knights for each county, two citi- zens for each city, and one or two burgciles for each borough, according to ancient cuftom. Every candidate for a county, in England, ought to be poiTeffed of an eftate of 600I. per annum; and every candidate for a city or corporation, of 300 1. per annum. The lord chancellor, or keeper for the time being, is always fpeaker in the houfe of Peers, but the com- mons ele6t their fpeaker, who mud be approved by the king. No Roman Catholic can fit in cither houfe, nor any member vote 'till he has taken the oaths to tlic government. The twelve judges, and the mafters in chancery, fit in the houfe of 1 eers, but have no vote ; but the judges give their opinions in points of law when it is re- quired ; and the mafters in chancery are ufually em- ployed upon meflages to the commons, and carrying down bills. The commons fend up all meflages and bills by fome of their own members. The lords have the privilege of making proxies to vote for them in their abfence, but the commons have not. The commons only have the power of introducing money bills, in which they will not fufFer the lore's to make any alteration, tho' they may rejcdl the whole. l^hc commons can impeach any peer of the realm, but the lords only can try them for capital offences, elthec upon an indi£tment, or an impeachment, and the u hole houfe are made judges of the offence, tho' the trial be in the intervals of parliament. . . \ , Any member of the commons may move to brln^ in a bill, which, if agreed to, he prepares it with fome of his friends, and prefents it to the houfe, and it being read a firft time, the fpeaker reads an abfhact of the bill, and puts the queftion if it fliall have a fecond reading » und upon the fccond reading, it is ufually committed 10 a committee, or thrown out. When the committee has gone thro' the bill, the chairman makes his report at the fide-bar, residing 41 the alterations made by the committee, wivich arc citlu r b 3 agretd INTRODUCTION. agreed to, or rejetSed by I'fie houfe, as the queftion is put on every one of them ; and the queftion being again put, whether the bill fo amended {hall be engroffed and read a third time, on a farther day, and refolved in the affirmative, the fpeaker at that day puts the queftion, if the bill (hall pafs j which, if agreed to, it is then carried to the lords. -. . ■ There muft be forty members prcfent to eonftltute a houfe of commons, and eight in a committee. If a bill be rejedcd, it can't be brought in again the fame feflions. The members dire(f{: their fpeeches only to the fpeaker, and if any one anlwers, the firft is not allowed to reply the fame day. And if a bill be debated in the houfe, no member can fpeak to it more than once the fi'.me day, unlefs the houfe be turned into a committee, and then every man may fpeak to it as often as he plcafes, if the chairman think proper. The commons give their votes by ay's and no's, and if it be uncertain which is the greater number, the houfe divides. If the queftion be to bring any matter into the houfe, as a bill or petition, then the ay's ga out; but if it relates to any thins; the houfe is already pofTeffed of, the no's go out. li it be in a committee, they change fides ; the ay's taking the right, and the no's the left- hand^f the chair. "-^ ? - » Where the houfes differ about a bill, or any other • matter, a conference is demanded in the painted chani- ! bcr, where a deputation from each houfe meet, the lorda fitting covered at a table, and the commons ftandlng , bare. If they agree, the bill ufually receives the royal kflent ; but the king may reje£l it. A bill for a general pardon, comii>g from the crown, ■ is read but once, in cither houfe j tho* every other bitl is read three times. After an adjournment ';^ either houfe, things continue m the farrve ftate they were in 'till the next meeting, a/id may then be refumed ; but by a prorogation the f:(Brjn is ended, and all bills that did not receive the I royal afTent, are iqIL 'I,. ./* The jftion is put >eiiig again ^rofied and Ived in the ^ueftion, if hen carried onftltute a again the ic fpcaker, d to reply the iioufe, Ti'.me day, and then fes, if J he ■ It, - _ . no's, and nber, the ny matter e ay's go is already )mm.ittec> and the my other d chani- the Jordo (landing he royal crown, • ther bifi :ontinue rieeling, ion the cive the : The " 1 N T R O D U C T I*0 N. The parliament was formerly diflblved by the king's death, but now they (hall continue fitting, or aflemble, if they are not fitting j and continue fo till difmifFed by the fuccefibr. In the houfe of Peers every lord gives his vote (be- ginning with the youngeft) declaring he is Content or not Content. And here all things are carried by a majority, as in the houfe of Commons. Of the Courts of Justice. liiil :ij»li- ■J'J-.uf The court of Chancery, of which the lord chancellor or keeper is the fole judge, is a court of Equity, and exainincs chiefly into frauds, breaches of truft, and fe- cret ufes j and moderates the rigor of the common law in many cafes. The proceedings are by bills, anfwers, and decrees j the witncfles are examined in private, but its decrees can only bind the perfons of the fuitors, and not their lands or goods j fo that if a man chufes to lie in prifon rather than obey a decree of the court of chancery, there is no remedy for it. The lord chancellor hath twelve affiftants, ufually called mafters in chancery ; the firft whereof is the ma- iler of the rolls, fo caHed from his being keeper of the rolls, or records belonging to the court of chancery ; and, in the abfence of the chancellor, he hears caufes at the rolls, and fometimes in the court of chancery ; he hath alfo in his gift the offices of the Six Clerks. The office of the Six Clerks, is to inroll commiflions, pardons, patents, &c. which pafs the great feal, and they are attornies for the fuitors in all cafes depending in this court. And under thefe clerks are fixty more, who difpatch all the bufinefs of that ojRice. And there are two examiners in tiie court of chancery, who examine all witncfles on their oaths, and take their depofi- Ihe court of Chancery iffues out commiffions for charitable ufes, inquiring into fuch frauds and abuics as may have been committed, where eftatcs or money have been given to any charitable uk^ obliging the tiuftecs . , 10 1 1 n » I INTRODUCTIOlsr to perform their truft, according to the intent of the re* fpeilive donors. The Matters in chancery fit on the bench with the Lord Chancellor, three at a time, by turns; and to them are ufually referred matters of account, but never the merits of any caufe. '" ' • ' ■ The court of kin (r's -bench take cognizances of all cri- minal caufes, viz. treafons, felonies, and breaches of the peace, and can examine, rontroul, and correal the judg- ments and proceedings of other courts, not only in pleas of the crown, but in all pleas, real, perfonal, and niix'd, except thofe of the Exchequer ; there are four judges in this court, viz. the lord chief juftice, flyled, lord chief jufticc of England, and lord chief juftice, by way of emi« nence, who is created by patent, as well as the three puifne judges ; they all hold their places for life ; the falary of the chief juftice being 4000 1. per annum, and of each of the other judges 1500I. per annum. This court grants prohibitions to other courts, both ecclefiaftical and civil, when they exceed the bounds of their jurifdiftion. All matters of fa£l, relating either to civil or criminal cauies, are determined here by a jury. '1 he court of Common Pleas takes cognizance only of civil caufes ; and real actions are pleadable nowhere elfe: neither can fines be levied, or recoveries fufFered in any other court. The judges of this court are the lord chief juftice of the Common Pleas, and three otiier judges ; the falary of the chief 2000 1. and of each of the puifne jud;res 1500 1. per annum. They are created by patent for life^ None but fcrjeants at law can plead in thts court ; and the trial of all fa6ts are by a jury. In the court of exchequer are tried aH caufes relating; to the public revenues, as well as thofe of private right between party and party ; and the Exchequer is a court of equity, as well as a court of law ; where fuitors pro- ceed by way of bill and anfwer. The faPary of the lord chief baion is 2000 1. per annum, and the other three barons have a falary of 1500K per annum each, and enjoy their places for life. The • :i K ^t of the re- ich with the ^nd to them Jt never the es of all cri- ^aches of the ■£t the judg- ►nly in pleas and mix'cl, ir Judges in » lord chief ^ay of emi- 5 the three T ll^e ; the nnum, and i. 3urts, both bounds of •«ng either here by a ce only of I'here cl(e : ed in any Jord chief 'c^ges ; the- ne jud;''es t for life, urtj and s relating ate rjrrht s a court tors pro« the lord er three eh, and INTRODUCTION. The counties of England being divided into fix dr- cults, two of the twelve judges are affigned to go each of the circuits twice a year, when they hear and deter- mine all criminal as well as civil caufes, at the affizes held for the refpedtive counties, in fpring and autumn. All fa6ls being tried by u ^ury, as they are in the courts of common law in Weftminfter-hall. Wales, alfo, is divided into circuits, and two judges appointed annually to hear and determine caufes in each. in every city, both civil and criminal caufes are tried in the court of the mayor and aldermen, in trivial mat- ters ; but they determine no capital cafes, nor pleas of land ; and caufes may be removed from thence to the fuperior courts. And in towns that are incorporated,, the magiflri'tes have the like power of holding courts, and determining caufes. •< < ■ • ■■■ -^ - The lords of manors alfo hold courts-leet, and courts- baron, where their tenants are obliged to attend and re- ceive juftice, in fome few cafes : but the bufinefs of courts -leet is chiefly to prefent and punifh nufances ; and at courts -baron, the conveyances, and alienations of the copy- hold tenants are enrolled, and they are admitted to their eftates on a defcent or purchafe. There are alfo Sheriffs-courts, and Hundred-courts, held in all parts of England, where little matters are controverted j but thefe inferior courts are the plague of every neighbourhood, the fuit being managed by little rafcally pettifoggers, who commit more robberies, under the colour of law, than all the highwaymen in England : and what renders thefe oppreflions ftill the more grievous is, that they arc ufually exercifed on the pooreft people, unable to defend them- fclves, who are furprifed into an execution, and their beds taken from under them, where the matter in difpute is but for a trifle. If courts of confcicnce were ereitcd in the country, as in London, for the recovery of fmall debtl^ a great deal of this barbarity might be prevcn^^ed. Several courts of confcicnce have been erected in other parts of the kingdom* by adl of parliament, fmce the former im- preflions of thefe fheets, and other places may have them on application to parliament. ..-.[ •f ♦. 4 V fufllccs INTRODUCTION. Juftlces of peace are appointed in every county, wha have in a great meafure the government of it ; and the only qualification required for that office is an eftate of lool. per annum, no matter w^hether he underftands a fyllable of law, tho' he is intrufted with a power of put- ting great part of the flatute law in execution, in relation to the poor, the highways, vagrants, treafons, felonies, riots, the prefervation of the game, &c. In capital of- fences indeed, they only commit or bind over the offen- der to take his trial at the aflizcs ; but in moft other cafes they determine matters finally at their quaiter-feflions, dpecially in relation to the poor. And indeed the juftices, even out of feffions, have a very great power over the lower fort of people, as to their fettlemenls and removals. A juftice of peace ufually a6\s as arbitrarily in his divifion as any prince in Europe in his territories, and it is in vain for a poor man to oppofc him, however oppreffive or unjuft his proceedings may be ; but never were fuch oppreflions exercifed more frequently than when the power of prefling foldiers was committed to them : If a labouring man was about to marry, he was furely fent for a foldier, to prevent bringing a charge upon the parifh j and ju- ftices, conftables, and other officers, have often fent poor men away froni their families only to gratify their re- ven2;e, or ferve a prefent turn : many of them have been thro"\vn into dungeons, and almoft (lal-ved, before the officers came to take them off their hands ; and fome of them have been found fuch miferable objedts, that neither the fea or land officers would entertain them. As to the office of high conftable, or petty conftable, it confifts chiefly in ferving the juftices warrants and or- ders, and keeping the peace, and apprehending vagabonds ; but they can't detain an offender any longer than they can conveniently have him before a juftice of the peace ♦ The lord lieutenants, and deputy lieutenants, had here- tofore a confiderable power and influence in their re- fpedtive counties ; but fince theincreafe of our ftanding forces, the militia under their command have been feldom muftered or exercifed ; when they are, every eftate of 300 1. per annum^ finds a trooper, and every eftate of j^ol. t' *x •* Dunty, wha It; and the n e(hte of derftands a ver of put- in relation s, felonies, capital of- the offen- other cafes er-feflions, bejuftices, r over the removals, lis divifion Jd it is in oppreilive were fuch the powder labouring a foldier, J and ju- fent poor their re- lave been efore the fome of It neither onflnble, and or- abonds; they can ce ad here- leir re- [landing feldom (Kite of tate of 50 1. r N T .< O P U C T I O N. 50 1. per annum, a . >ot foldi* , and people o( (m. !cr eftates join to funi; out a 1 »rfc or foot fold»\;r. 1 he pay of a horfeitian btUi^ as. od. a y, ant that ' a footman I s. For the providing a;i di\d u inutntiun, the lord lieutenant, and, in his abien e, the t /puty lieu- tenants, are impov^^ered to levy, annually, a Iburth part of each man's proportion of the tax of 70,000!. per month, on the w^hole kingdom. And where the militia are required to march out of their refpeflive counties, they are impowered to levy a month's pay for every foldier, which is to be repaid by the government ; but the month's pay raifed foon after the revolution, when the fleet under admiral Torrington was defeated, and the militia were required to march towards the fea coaft, is not yet re- paid. V, t . ■1- iH ■♦! Ill -II, .'*.# i II!. .L^\ J;!' '-'"jqij ;.i:') ofjfi,? T>> »-'. :;vft^ ;j. I. X ft rrt •ri" y'^ -! o*?- .i:n^ t . ) /!..^ ■■1. -1' ( t- }\\ ' * . -. !t- lA.' f^>V^ 'i Ji-i ' 1:1;. [:A i\'y.'>" ■.)-'-«i' tH v*i-^v. ,5; '^ ■ ■ i: ^.f . •' -fiT.o..^ ABBR£« 'i* fit .?« •^m'^ -iif f . - mti»^'m m ' u ' jmj m ABBREVIATIONS. A Rchb.. bifli." can. cir. ■ •- CO. con. D. dir. E. K. '5t' lat. Ian. Ion. m. min. . ' mar. N. pal. > pr. S. fub. ter. umv. w. -for Archbifliop, bifhop. • canton. ■ circle. county. continent. r duke. — < dukedom, C duchy. diftridt. eaft. J king. Ikii ingdom, — latitude. — landgrave. — longitude. — miles. — minutes. Jmarquifate. margrave. — North. — palatinate. '^ C province. "" I principality, — fouth. — Tubje6l. — territory. — univerfity. — weft. ■■^ I N, B, Where the quarter of the world is not mentioned in the defcription of any place, it is always in Eu- rope. And where the latitude is not fpecined, it is always meant north latitude. THE N S. jp. THE -*«! r-* Modern Gazetteer : O R, A S H O R T VI E W Eft w9 tc. ity« >t mentioned I ways in Eu- >ecined, it is THE OF THE k ^'« A WORLD. . * f ■*- A A r . A B A Ned in I rrn(< by St. A, a river of the Ftench Netherlands, which rifes Picardy, runs N. £. crofs Aitois, and pafling Omers> continues its courfe |N. to Giavelin in Flanders, below Jwhich it falls into the EngliAi channel. %f Aa, a river of Germany, which rifing in the S. of Weftphalia, runs '^. by Munftcr, and fialls into the ^iver Ems. * Aach, E. Jon. 9. lat. 47. 45, a t^ttown of Germany, in the cir. of Sua- ,|bia, fit. ao m. N, W. of Conftance, Tub. to the houfe of Auftria. Aarhuys, a city and country of futland. SeeARHUSEN, Aar, a river of Switzerland, Ivhich vifing in the Alps, runs N. ^y tii2 city of Bern, and afterwards ^y Soloturn, and then turning N. E, falls into the riVer Rhine, againft |Waldfhat, a foreft to\Vn of Suabia. Aar AW, a town of Switzerland, IE. Ion. 8. lat. 47. 20. Hr. on the I river Aar, 30 m. .4, E. of Bern j fub, to the ca». of Bern. Aalburc. SeeAtBTfRc. Abach, E. Ion. 12. lat. 4S. j|9* a t(3wn of Germany, in the circ. of Bavaria, fit. on the rivqr Danube, 5 in. S» W. of Ratifbon. ' - \ Abano^ Ek Ion. to. lat.45. 30* a tuwn of Italy, in the ter. of i'a-. dua, fit. 5 m. S. W. of the city pi Fadua j lub. to Venice. Abbv-bovle, W. Ion. 8. 30. lat, 53. 54. a town of Ireland, irj the CO. of Rofcomnjpn, and or. 6f Connaught, fit. 13 m. K. of Rof- common. Abbeville, E. Ion. 2. lat. 56. 7. a large city of France, in the pr. of Picardy, C\-.. go m. N.- cf I'arijs, and 15 E. of the Britifli cha;;nei, confiderable for its wcollen nunvi- failure, which is faid to equal thhc of any town in England. ABENSt'URG, E. Ion. II. /\6^ latj 48. 40. a town of Germany, in the cir. of Bavaria, fit. on the river Abenfe, near the Danube, 15 m. S. W. of Ratifi)on. Aberdeen, W, Ion, 1.45. h^. B 57. A B A C 57. 12. a city of Scotland, in the CO. of Marr, or Aberdeen, divideJ Into the new and old town, the old town fit. at the mouth of the river Donn, and the new town at the mouth of the river Dee, upon the German ccean, with a good harbour. It was the fee of a bi^. and is flill a vniv. It flands S4 m. N. E. of Edin- burgh, and 58 N. E. of St. Andrews. Aberconwy. See ConwaY| in Wales. . Abjdrbrothock, or Ardbro- thock, W. Ion. 2. zo, ht* 56. 30. a town of Scotland, in the co. of Angus, fit. on the river Tay, 40 m. N. E. of Edinburgh, and 15 N. £. of St. Andrews. AOXJIGAVENNY, W. lon; 3. 32. lat. 51. 50. A town of Mon- mouth/lure, lit. 14 ra. V/. of Mon- mouth. Abcrystwith, W. Ion, 4. 15. lat. 52. 30. A market town of Cardigan/hire in Wales, fit. at the mouth of the river Yilwith, on the Irilli fca, 27 m. N. £. of Cardigan. Abex, a country of Africa, S. of Zgypt, lying along the W. coafl of the Red £ca } fub. to the Turks. AoiNGTON, W. Ion. t. 20. lat. 51. 35. a borough town of Berkshire, it, on the river Thame.*, 55 m. W, iff London, and 5 m. S. of Oxford ; lands une member to parliament, and from hence the noble fami^ of Ber- tie take the title of Earl. Abo, E. Ion. 21. 30. lat. 60. 30. a city of Sweden, capital f>f the pr. •f Finland, fit. at the mouth of the rjvrr Auroioki,on theBothnic gulph, X|o m< N. E. of Stockholm. A B R u z z 0, a province of Naples, in Italy, bounded by the ter. of the P» pe on the N. and W. by the gulph 4)f Venice on the E. and by the Terra tii Lavoro and Molifc on the S. AbyI'OS, £. Ion. 27. 30. lat. 4^. 4 town and cafllc of the Leiler A(U, fit. on the S. entrance of the HclieCpout, now the fouthcrn caftle of the Daidanells. Here the ftrait, which divides AGa from Europe, it 2 m, over* Abyssinia. SecETiironA. Ac AD IE, or new Scotland, en: of the Britifli colonies in N. America, fit. between 63 and 70 degrees of W. Ion. and between 43 and 51 drgrees of N, lat. bounded by the river of St. Lawrence on the N. by the bay of St. Lawrence and the At. Untie ccean on the £. by the bay of Fundi and the feas of Acadie on the S. and by Canada and New Eng. land on the W. the chief town An- napolis. AcAPULCO, W. Ion. 1-2. laf. 17. 30. a port town of N. America, fit. in the pr. of Mexico, on a fine bay of the South Sea, from whence a rich fhip fails annually to Manilla in the Philippine ifiands, near the ccaft of CKina, in Afia, and another returns annually from thence to Aca- pulco, laden with all the. treafures of the Eaft-Indies. It was one of thefe fhips loaden with filver, and bound from Acapuico to Manilla, that Mr, Anfon took, near the Philippine iflands. AccRNO) E. Ion. 15. 40. lat. 40. 5c. a town of Italy, in the K. of Naples, and hither pr. fit. 15 m. £. of Salerno, and 30 S. £. of Na- ples. ActRRA, £. Ion. 15. lat. 41. 5. a city of Naples, in the pr. of La- voro, fit. on the river Patiia, 8 m, N. of Naples } the fee of a bi(h. AcHAiA, now Livadia, a pro- vince of European Turky, anciently a province of Greece, of which A- thcns, now Scttines, was the capital. It is bounded by Thefialy, now Jan- na, en the N. by the Archipelago on the E. by the Mona, from which it is divided by the gulphs of Lepan- to and Engia, on the S. and by Al- bania on the W. AcNAM, a countrj^ in the £. In- dies, in Afia, bounded by the t^r. of Boutan on the N. by China on the £. by the K. of Ava on the S. and ky the pr. of Patan and Jefuat, in Bengal, on the W. the chiel' town Chanvdara. A^HKN, £, Utt 93. 30, lat. 5. JO, C3 ih di< th St N ca I A D A F See Ethtoha. Jew Scotland, on; lies in N. America, Jnd 70 degrees of ween 43 and 51 . bounded by the ;nce on the N. by /rence and the At. he £. by the bay feas of Acadie on ada and New £ng> be chief town An- V, Ion. 1-2. lar, irn of N. America, Mexico, on a fine Sea, from whence inually to Manilla idands, near the ARa, and another om thence tu Aca- all the. treafures of t was one of thefe iilver, and bound Manilla, that Mr. r the Philippine on. 15. 40. lat. Italy, in the K. her pr. (it, 15 m. 30 S. £. of Na< n. 15. lat. 41. 5. the pr. of Lao ivcr Tatria, 8 m, fee of a bifli. Livadia, a pro> Turky, anciently ce, of which A- was the capital, eflaly, now Jan- the Archipelago jna, from which ^ulphs of Lepan- le S. and by Al« tf in the E. In- ed by the t^r. by China on the Ua on the S, atan and Jcfuar, . thechieltov^n 93. 30, lat. 5. JO, '30. a confidcrable port town, the capital of the K. of Achen, and of the ifland of Sumatra, in the E. In- die, in Afia, fit. on the N. part of the ifland, 1000 m. S. E. of Fort Si. (leorgc, in Im'ia, and 450 m. N. W. of the city of Malacca. AcoMAC, a county «f Virginia, In America, bein;' a peninfula, bound- e.l by Maryland on the N. by the Atlantic ocean on the E. and S. and by the bay of Chefepeack on theW. cape Charles, at the entrance of the bay, being the moft fouthcrn pro- , riontory of thi^ county. ACQ^UAPENDENTK, E. lon. 12. f 40. lat. 42. 40. a town of Italy, in 'the Pope's ter, and pr. of Orvietto, fit. 46. m. N. of Rome, and lo m. W. of Orvietto city. The fee of a bi/h. ACQ.U1, E. lon. 8.40. lar, 44. 45. a town of Italy, in the D. of Montferrat, fit. on the river Bormio, 60 m, S. W. of Milan/ and 40 N. W. of Genoa j (ub. to the houfe df A^ftria. ''^ Acs A, W. lon. 2. min, lat. $; tt town of Africa, Cn the ic.„{i af Guiney, where there is ai Britilh fbK and fa£h>ry. ^ ' Acre, or Acra, the anient Pt^- Jemais, £. lon. 36. lat. 33. 3'^«'ia p and 300 S. E. of Belgrade ; it is '8 tniles ih clrcnrwfirence, and fre- quently honoured with the Grand Signior's prefence. ' ^'oLfs, part" of the Weft coaft' of the IcHeir Afia, tficiently fo cal- led. ■■•••' 'li •/ Wi ; Aerscho't, E. lon. 5. Ian jr. 5. a town in the Dutch Netherlands^ in the pr. of Brabint, fir. on the river Demer, 15 m. £. of Mechlin^ and 8 N. of Louvain. ' Aeth, or Ath, E, lon. 3. 40, lat. 50. 45. a Of'Mig little tov^n 111 the Auftrian NLtherl.mds, in the pv, of Hainjult, fit. on the river Dendcr, 11 m. N. W. of Mons, and 23 S. W. of Brudcls. Africa, E. lon. ?. 20, lat. 36, a port town of Tunis, fit, on ihc D 7. coalt "wwwy A G toa/V of Barbary, 70 m. S. of Tu- nis. : ArmcA. See the Introduc- tion-. ^ --.-■• - Agatton, E. liMJ. 5. lat. 8, a . towQ of Africa, fit. near the mouth e name. Agger HUY«., £. Ion. 11. Jaf, 59. 30. a city of Norwavj capital of the j.r. of Ag^frhuys, fv., 30 ui. N. V!. 9f Jriedericklhall j fube toDen- snailc. Aghrim, W. ion. 6. 26. lat. t^. 45. a town of Ireland, in the CO. of Wicklow, and pr. of Leinfter, fit. 13 m. S. W. of Wicklovi^. AciKcouRT, E. Ion. 2. lat. 50. 35, a village of the French Nether- lands, in the co, of Artois, fit, y m. N. of fjcfdin, where Henry V, K. of England, obtained a victory ever the French, anno 141 5> ACMONDtSNAM. StC AmXR- CHAM. AcNABAT, £. Ion. 24. lat. 46. 40. a town of TranGlv.inia, fir. 10 miles N. £. of HermanAat j fob. to the houfe of Audria* AcKA, £. Ion. 79. lat. 26. 20. ■ city of the hither India, in Afia, capit.il of the K. of Agra, or In- donan, fit. on the river Jemma, 300 m. N. E. cf Surat. A leri'e- bea»it!t\j| and populous town, where the M'giil frequently icfidcs, 20 m. in ciicum'rrence. AoRiAi £. lon« 20. ht. 48. a A I fortified town in upper Hungary , fit. on the river Agria, 35 m. N. E. of Buda. The fee of a biflx, fub. to the houfe of Audria. Agveperse, E. Ion. 3. to. lat. 45, 55. a town of France, in the pr. of Lyonois, and ter. of the lower Auvernc, 15 m. N. of Clermont. Aguilar, W. Ion. 2. 25. lat. 42, 50, a city of Spain, in the pr. of Navarre, 24 m. W. of Eftella. Ahuys, E. Ion. 14. lat. 56. a port town of Sw^eden, in the pr. of Gothland, and ttr. of Schonen, 15 m. S. of Chriflianftat. AjAzzo, E. Ion. 9. lat. 41.40. a port town of the Ifiand of Corfica, in the Mediterranean, fit. 160 m, S. of Genoa. The fee of a bifli. Jub. to the ftate of Genoa. AjAzzo, E. Ion, 37. lat. 37. a port town of the lefler Afia, in the pr. of Caramania, anciently Cilicia, lit. on the coaft of the Mediterra- nean, 30 m. N. of Antioch, and 50 m. W. of Aleppo, whbie the . city of IfTus anciently flood, near which Alexander fought the ad bat- tle wi.h.Dafc|uo, AicwsTAT, E, Ion. 11, lat, 48. 50, a oi«ty of Germany, inlhe cir, of FrantoRia, fit. on the river Alt- mul, 14 m.- N. W. of IngolftW, and 12 WT. N. of NdWbUrg ; fub, to its bifhop, ^'t** r>r ■ AiroiLLOK, or Eguilloh, E. Ion. 12. min. lat. 44. 15. a town of France, in the pr, of Guienne, fit. at the conflUience of the rivers Garonne and Lot, iz m. N.W'. of Agen, and 50fln. S. £, of Bourdeaux. Ailssbury, W. Ion. 40 mint lat, 51. 40. the CO. town of BucicIeMrbUrg j Tub, to or Eguilio'n, E, 44. 15. a town pr. of Guiennr, ice of the rivers li m. N.W. of E. of Bourdeaux. V^. Jon, 40 min, town of Buck?, Thames, 44 m. fends 2 members c noble family of Je of carl from 4. 40. Iat, 55. Scotland, in the ^yle, fit. at the Aire, near the Ic, 65 m. S. W. i AiR%, W. longt 20 min. Iat. 43* / o» a city of France, in the pr. of ' ,afcony, fit. on the river Adour, 65 m* S. of Bourdeaux, and 35 m. E. of Dax. The fee of a bifliop. Aire, E. Ion. 2.30. Iat. 50,40, a fortified town of Artois^ in the French Netherlands, fit. on the ri- ver Lis, 25 m. W. of Lifle, and 30 m. S. E. of Calais. Ai s N E, or Aife, a river of France, which rifes on the frontiers of Lor- rain, near Clermont, runs W, by SoiHbns, in the Ifle of France, and fills iro the river Oyfe, a little be« Jo r' t city.- Ai.., E. Jon. 5. 25. Iat. 43. 30. a great city of France, capital of Provence, fit. 16 m. N. of Mar- feilles, and 360 S. E. of Paris. Aix, E. Ion. 6. Iat. 45. 50. a lown of Savoy, fit, on the lake Bourget, 8 m, N, of Chamberry j fub. to the K, of Sardinia* Aix la chafelle, or Aken, E. Ion. 5. 50. Iat.. <;o. 45. a city of Gerfnany, in the D. of JulierSy fit. in a bottom, cncompafTed with hills, i3 m, N. £. of the city of Liege, and 30 m. W, of Cologn, an imperial city, or fovercign ftate, large and- populous, much reforted to by foreigners as well as Germans, on arcount of its hot baths. The emperor Charlemain intended to have made it the capital of his empire, and was buried here. AtADULiA, a pr, of Afiatic Turky, being the moft eafterly di- tifion of the lefiTcr Afia, compre- hending the ancient Cappadocia and Armenia minor, Alais, E. Ion. 4. Iat. 44. 6. a town of France, in the pr, of Lan- euedoc, fit. on the river Gorolon, at the foot of the Cevcntics, 30 m, N. of Montpelier, and ^o N. W. of Avignon. ALATcn,inands of Sweden, fif. be- tween. 18 and 20 degrees of E. Jon. and between 59 and 61 degrees of N. l.it. in the Baltic fea, at The en- trance of .'he Bcthnic E''lph, the chitf town TiJtctp, Alava, a ter. of Spain, bcin; the S. E. divjfion of the pr. of Bif- cay, Alauta, a river of Tranfilva- nia, which rifing in the N. £. of that pr. runs S. and forms part ol^ the boundary between Chrif^endom and Turky, and continuing its courfa further S. through Walachia, dif- charges itfelf into the river Danube, almoll oppofite to Nicopolis. Alatamaha, a large river oS N, America, which rifing in the Apalachian mountains, runs S. £. through the pr. of Georgia,, and fall» into the Atlantic ocean, below the new town of Frederica, Alb Ay £, Ion. 8. Iat. 44. 50. a town of Italy, in the pr. of Pied - mont,. and D. of Montferrat, fit. on the river Tanaro, 22 m. E. o£ Turin. The fee of a bifh. fub. to the K. of Sardinia. Alba Julia, or Stul Werflen* burg, E. long. 18. 25. Jat, 47. 25. a city of lower Hungary, fit. near the Platen fea, 3-,5 m. S» W. of Bu- da and lOO S, E. of Vienna. The burying place of the ancient kings of Hungary} fub. to the houfe of A.i- ftria. Albania or Broidalbain, a co. of Scotland in the fhirc of Perth, fit . on the N.W, part of the Grampian mountains. The title of duice of Albania or Albany, was firft confer- red on lord Darnly, who married Mary queen of Scots. Albania, or Arnaut, a pr. of Turky, fit. on the E. fide of tha gulph of Venice, bounded by Dal- matia andServixon the N. and by Epirus on the S. Albano, E. Ion. 13. Iat. 41.45. a town of Italy, in St. Peter's pa- trimony, fit. 12 m. S. E. of Rome j. fub, to the Pope J famous for it% excellent wine, and beautiful pro* fpcrtf, Albany, St. W, Ion. 20 mlr. Iat. 5r« 40, a boron^h town of lieit- fordihire, fit. 20 ni. N, W. of Lon* don, and la S, W. of Utrtfuid ; the lATgefi towu in ihc C9. and cn» * B 3 gf. A L A L •f the beft markets for wheat in England j fends 2 members to par- liament, and gives the title of D. to the noble family of Deavfclerc. Albany, a Britift fortrefs, fit; •n the S.W, of Hudfon's-bay, in 87 deg. of W, Ion. and 53 deg. K. Jit. A L B A N Y, a town of N. America, in the pr. of New York, fit, on Hudfon's river, 150 m. N.