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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 DURI^ OP T PR1 ■ ] ♦-^^^^»^***-^ "^A^ 'i^^il 1 V O Y A.G E ROUND THE WORLD, PERFOKMED DURING THE YEARS 1790, 1791, AND 1792, m '»■ . • BY ETIENNE MARCHAND. ^■■/•^■^ I PRECEDED BY A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION, AND 3lUu«trateti bg ■ n I 1 • t a • •I 1 • • I ■ • ' 1 » * • , ■» . /7 ... . ,. . n , , , I I 1^. Passag ca to chan( with quefii ofth Jome minei Sand Arch Occu furs juji refpe and H. Baldwin and Son, Prmten, Now Bridge-itreet, London. Dbpai Chi •. / • • * . • • •» • 4 t , • • . ■ « • 1 • ■•-«•. "l" • • • • » • . •• • .*- •• * • • • • . 1 • . ♦ • • • •, • • • • . .• •• • .'. ■^i . • • J, ! ■ * * 1 " ; -/■'." ") CONTENTS '^ ^^ : ' ' ,- OP '■"■'' ' THE SECOND VOLUME. ■\ s? ' CHAPTER VII. ''"' " PAGE Passage from the North- weft Coafi (/Ameri- ca to the Sandwich Idands,— 'Captain Mar- ':^ chand^rw/w«/ of the Peninfula 512 Of the two Groups of fmall iflands which form the Paffages of Clements' Straits i the poft- \^ tion of the one in regard to the other ^ and of the iflands between them, — Of the known chads in this part 514 Pofttion of the lies de la Reconnoiflancc (Shoal- water ^tf«^// and of the Shoals fituated to the fouthward of the Straits. ., . , 53 S Cy the different Tracks of fhips marked on the , chart 545 Sailing DiREcnoNSy and Nautical Re- ^, Marks for the Navigation of the Straits. ■;; I, General Remarks on making the landy in i ■ ; coming to the Straits from the north- wardi and on the Navigation in Gaf- ^ ■• . par'j Strait, or the Weft Paflagc 551 i ^ / I . General I CONTENTS. 3& PAOB 2. Breakers to the northward of the Northern Coajl ofQzncz 556 3 . Breakers to the north by weft o/G afpar I/land and of the Warren HaftingsV Shoal. . 557 4. Gafpar ^and and the Rock to the weftivard y - of that Ifland 561 5. Tree Ifland, the Rochcr-Navirc of the French 562 6. Pajfage between Caspar Ifland and Tree j5^(«»//(Rocher-Navirc) 565 7. The Mountain ferving as a land-mark on Banca, {called by the Malays Tanjong Brckat) 567 t. Eaft Point of Banca 569 9. Middle or Paflage I/landt fometimes called : Lonjg Ifland (by the Malays Pulo-Lcat) 570 10. Peninfula of Scl 572 . 11. South coaft of Banca 577 1 2. Irregularity of the foundings to the fouth- ward of the Straits 580 13. 0/ Clements' Straw or the Eaft PalTage, ' ,• ■ in coming from the fouthwardy or in ' coming from the northward 582 1 4. The Strait between Banca and Billiton to ■ be preferred to the Strait £/" Banca.. 588 » - N. B. The fupplement to this Analysis is ^:- V to be found at the end of this volume, page (>!']. - ■. "'- ^;' • * ^ ^* 4 • Vlllth I ; i ■■ ■ '\ '■ Xii CONTENTS. ' PACE Vlllth Run, From the IJle ^Reunion to the Ipnd of St. Helena 591 Note LXIII ib. .. LXIV 593 ^ LXV ib. ,. LXVI 595 LXVII 596 LXVIII , . 597 LXIX 598 :, LXX 599 LXXI 60J LXXII ib. LXXIII. 601 Lxxm ib. Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the Vlllth Run ' 605 IXth and Last Run. From the IJland of Sr. Helena to the Strait of Gibraltar and to Toulon 608 Note LXXV ib. LXXVI 612 LXXVII 614 Lxxviir 616 LXXIX 618 LXXX 620 Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the lafi Run , 622 Table of the effea of the Currents on the Courfe and il CONTENTS. xiii PAGE ttnd Rate of failing of the SoLiDEy according to the obfervations of Latitude and Longitude^ made on board the Ship in the courfe of her Voyage Round the World, in 1790, 1791, and 1792 624 Additions to the Refults of the Obfervations for the Latitude and Longitude, For the Ana^yfts of the general Chart of the two Straits fttuated between the Jfland of Banca and that of Billicon 627 For Clements' Strait 640 Remarks on the courfe to beheld on cominf out of the S-TRAirSy when bound to thefouthward, after pajing the parallel of the South-east Point of Banca 644 Remarks on Gafpar'j Strait 647 Note for the Straits to the' Eoji of Banca ... 655 Journal of the Route of the Ship Solide, during her Voyage round the IVorld, in ij^o, 17 9 1 and 1792 , I :.Vji I •# ERRATUM; Page i6, Note +, for Plate F. read Plate VI. '■m VOYAGE ROUND THE tFORLD, DURING THE YEARS 1790, I791, and 1792. CHAPTER Vir. Passa6e from the N6rth*wcft Coaft of America te the Sandwich IJlandSf-^C^aptain Marchanc. provides himfelf with tefrejhments there,i»itbout anchoring. — Inquiries concerning the quejiiony To whom belongs the firji difcovery of thefe ijlands ?-^ The perpendicular height of fome of the mountains of thefe ijlands determined by approximation. — Run from the Sandwich Jflands to Macao, through the Archipelago of /i&tf Mary- Anne Ijlands. — Occur- rences at Macao.— T/>f introduSiion of furs into China, by the fouthern portSy had juji been pro^ bibited. — General confiderations refpe5ling the pre- fent ft ate of the fur-trade, and what may be expeSied from it in future. T HE run from the coalll of America to the Sa^ndwich Iflands^ is equally deftitute of in- tereft and variety: Captain March am d and Cap- tain Cmanal ttiitde it their conftant bufinefs to VOL. II. B afcertain \u Hi! a MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. [Sept. l/gti afcertain by frequent oblcrvations of the moon's diftance from the fun, and by the daily obfcrva- tion of the meridian altitude of this latter luminary, what was the gradual progrefs of the fhip in lon- gitude and latitude ; and by this ferics of obierva- tions, they were confident of making a more direft Gourfc, and of precifely hitting the iflands which it was intended to make. In this run, as well as in all thofe which had preceded it, they never negleded to determine the variation of the mag- netic needle, as frequently as the weather would allow, either by azimuths, or by eafterly or wefterly amplitudes. The refults of their different obfer- vations are to be found in the Notes that accom- pany this narrative, and in the Journal of riiE- RouTEf which prcfents the data of the calcula- tion*. ■ * ' I Ihall content myfelf with mentioning two re- marks, which might give rife to a prefumption of the cxiftence of fome iflands that have not yet been perceived, or rather met with again. In the night between the 14th and 15th, there was taken with the hand, a fmall land-h'irdf fpent with fatigue, which had fettled on one of the yards. The latitude of the Ihip, at this period, was 40° 15', and her longitude, correfting it by the obfervations made five days after, muft have • See, towards the end of this Volume, Notes XLV to LI, %iid the Journal. of the Route at the datei of the obfervations of which the Notes prefent the calculation and the refults. been i-i Sept. 1791.] MARCrtAND*S VOYAdE* a been about 133' 45'. The neareft known lands, thofe which lie to the northward of Cape Men- docino, wpre diftant from the Ihip about a hun- dred and twenty leagues to the eaftward. This diftance of a hundred and twenty leagues is very confidcrable for a fmall land-bird, unlcfs it was of the fpecies of thofe which, as is related of fwal- lows, although belonging to the land, contrive to reft themfelves on the water, when the length of the paflage exceeds the ftrcngth of their wings. However, it would not be aftoniftiing that, in lati- tudes hitherto little frequented, there fhould exift fome fmall iflands which, not being placed within reach of the tracks that have been followed by the known navigators of thcfe latter times, might not have been perceived j yet fuch iflands might have afforded a retreat to thefe little birds which, being granivorous, or living on terreftrial infcfts, could not fubfift on the water, and are obliged to go and feek their food on the land. It might happen too that the Spaniards, in their ancient cxpediLions, had difcovcred in thefe latitudes, fomc iflands with which they muft have been acquainted before other nations j but it is probable that we fliall have no knowledge of the exiftencc of any, and that we ftiall not afcertain where they arc fituated, till chance fliall have led fome navigators, of a nation more communicative than that which made the firft difcovcries, to find them again. ji 2 The \' 'i I ': I (I ! !:' 4 marchand's voyage. [Sept. 1791. The fcquel of the Solids's voyage furniflieg us with a fccond remark of the fame kind. On the 1 8th of September, in the afternoon, the fliip had reached the latitude of 32° 30' north, and the longitude of about 139" weft : this pofition compared to that of the two neareft lands, placed her three hundred and feventy leagues from the Sandwich Iflands, and three hundred and thirty from Drake's New Albion. It was at this diftance from known lands, that a fmall land- bird, of the fpecies of the canary, was fcen to alight on one of the (hip's yards. It could not be Cuppofed that fo fmall a bird could have come even from the neareft known land, that is to fay, that it could have made, all at one flight, a paftage of three hundred and thirty marine leagues : it was therefore prefuraed that, in the north-eaft quarter, whence the wind blew, there exifts fomc iftand, ftill unknown to modern navigators, to which this little bird belonged. I have looked whether fome ancient navigator might not indicate to us in this latitude, fome folicary ifland that had not yet been found again : I fee on the Manilla galleon's chart, conftruded. from the private memoirs of the Spaniards, which Commodore Anson fcized upon, in 1743, whea he took pofleflion of that fhip, and which he has fince publifhed in the account of* his voyage round the world ; I fay, I fee a fmall ifland under the name of Isla de los Paxaros (I^and of Birds), flcuated Sept. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 3 fituated in about 26® 30' north latitude, and 22** 30' to the weftward of San Joseph in California, or about 134° 30' weft from Paris*. This pofi- tion is Icfs to the northward by 6°, and 4° 30' Icfs to the weftward, than that of the fliip which, con- fequcntly, was one hundred and forty- three leagues to the north-weft by north of this point. A fmall bird could not have maintained its flight towards the north-weft, in fo long a paflage, with the wind at north-eaft : which rriuft lead us to conclude that, if the Ifland of Los Paxaros cxifts, as we may believe, and if the little bird came from it, this ifland is not properly laid down on the chart of the galleon. The general chart of Captain Cook's third voyage, places it in the latitude of 26° 30', like that of the galleon, and in the longitude of 137° 20' ; I know not on what authority. This fituation would bring it nearer to that of the Solide, which would be at no greater diftance than one hundred and twenty-three leagues and a half to the north 13 or 14° weft of itf. The paffagc will, no doubt, B 3 appear • According to tlie obfervations of the Abbe Chappey in 1769, San Jo/eph is 1 12° 2*30" weft from Paris (Voyage en Californ'ie, Paris, Jomhertt 1 772, 410. page 85 to 88.) + In preferving to iitt latitude of the Ifland of Los Paxaros the latitude affigned to it by the galleon's chart, fome geogra. phical calculations had led me to place it in longitude 1 39° 40', on the charts which were conftrufted in 1785, and added to the inftruftions given to La Perou/e to direft him in his voyage round i'l 6 MARCH AN d'S VOYAGE. [Sept. J79I. appear ftill too long for a Canary -hir(}, cfpccially when it is not wafted by a favourable wind which fupports its flight, but, on the contrary, has to ilruggle againft a ftrong refiftance. All that it is allowable to conclude from this difcuflion, is, that it is very probable that the Spaniards have formerly fcen an ifland in a lati-. tude which is not very remote from the fituation occupied by the Solide on the afternoon of the 1 8th of September i and that this ifland muft have been diftinguifhed by the multiplicity of its birds, fince the navigator, who difcovered it, impofed on it the name of Isla de los Paxaros : but, at prefent, what is the true pofition of this ifland ? This is a problem which I leave to be folved by navigators who, in the fequel, may frequent thefe feas: I could only point out to them the poflibility of a difcovery. We muft, however, here recall to mind the ftory of the golden tooth* i might it not really happen that this little bird, whofe qnexpcdted appearance leads the geogra-^ pher into diflertations, was nothing more than a canary that had, perhaps, belonged to a fliip paf- liJ round the world. If we give this pofition to the ifland, the Solidey on the i8th of September, was dil^ant frpm it one hun. dred and fifteen leagues to the north j° weft. • After feme of the greateft naturalifts and philofophers in Europe had been long employed in endeavouring to account for the exiftence of a golden tooth in a living fubjedl, they at length difcovered, with wonderful fagacity, that the tooth was 9 falfe one. — Tranjlator'i Note» fing; Sept. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 7 fing by, from which it might have made its cfcape ? On the 2ift of September, our voyagers began to fee tropic-birds and qiiebranta-huejfos or giant- petrels*. On the jrd of 0£lober, at half pad rvvo o'clock in the afternoon, the longitude of the fliip, de- duced from a mean between two fets of lunar pbfervations, was 155° 17*30", and the latitude obferved at noon, and reduced to the period of the obfervations for the longitude, was 19" 13' 30" north : according to this pofition, the eaft point of O-Whvhee, the largeft and the moft eaftern of the Sandwich Iflands, mufl: have borne well by north, at the didance of thirty fix leagues ; and Captain Marchand might promife himfelf to have fight of it the next day in the courfe of the forenoon. He navigated during the night with the precau- tions required by the fearch of land, without grant- ing to the refult of the agronomical obfervations, a degree of precifion above that which is admitted by the method employed for determining the lon- gitude, and allowing fomething for the uncertainty which always remains refpeding the eftimate of the portion of the way that a navigator is obliged to introduce into the calculation, from the time of his laft obfervation till he gets fight of the land* • Prcctttar'ta g'tgoHtea. Latham.— rrtf;i/7«i/ar, ' B 4 .The I Ml marciiand's voyage, ,* {Ofl. »79i, The next day, the 4th, at ten o'clock in the morning, O-Whybee was difcovcred as Captain Marchand had cxpcftcd : it bore from weft by north to north-weft by weft j and he crowded fail in that dircftion. At four o'clock in the afternoon, the Ship was, exadtly under the meridian of the moft eaftcrn point of the illand, which, according to the obfer- vations made on board the Resolution and the Discovery, in Captain Cook's third voyage*, is fituatcd in 157° 10' 15" well from Paris: the longi- tude of the (hip deduced from the obfervations of the preceding day, was 157" 1': thus, the error on making the land was only 9 minutes, or fome- what lefs than three leagues j and it is to be ob- fcrved that thcfe 9 minutes of error may belong to the portion of the way that our navigators were obliged totftimate, from noon of the 3rd, to which j^jthe lunar obfervation had been reduced, to the time of taking the bearing of the caft point of the Ifland of O-WHVHEEf. As for the longitude by account at the time of making the land, fuch as it was deduced from the dead reckoning from the Solihe's point of de- parture off Berkley Sound, it vas found to be • Th original aflronam'teal Ob/ervat'ions made in the tourfe »f a Voyage to the Inorthern Pacijic Ocean, isfc, Bj W. Bayly. London t 1782.410. page 350. + See Nott LI, in ** Oft, 1791.3 MAJICHANO'S veyACE. g in error T 31' 45" or twenty-nine leagues r.beadi but thii error would have been greaui by thirty- fix minutes, or eleven league^ di^d one third, if the fum of the errors ajifrn had not balanced part of the fum of (he errors made in a contrary dircc"* tion *. In thp morning of the 5th, the Idand of O-Whvhee, being free from the clouds which, ;he day before, covered a part of it, fhewed itfclf plainly; Mowna-Roa and Mowna-Kaa, two pdod remarkable mountains, fituated in the interior of the ifland, the former and the higlicft, towards (he fouth, the latter, towards the north-eall quarter, were diftin(5kly feen : but no fnow was perceived on any of the moft elevated points that prefentcd themfelves to the view. This remark docs not accord with what Captain King fays in Cook's third voyage, that the fummits of thefe moun- tains are conjiantly buried in /now f : it appears thac he was wrong to infer their habitual and condant Hate, from that in which he faw them in the month of March, that is to fay, at the beginning of the fpringi it is certain that the French who faw , them not till the beginning of the autumn, per- ceived no fnow on any part of them. But, doubt- lefs, in the latitude of 1 9" north, the fummer funs muft produce a change, in the interval from the month of March to the month of Oftober. • S«e Note LI. + Vol. Ill, page 103. When 10 marchand's voyage. [Oft. 1791. i When the mountains, difengaged from clouds, were diftinftly difccrned from the Solide, fhc was at the diftance of five leagues from the fouth-eaft coaft. In this fituation, Mowna-Roa fliews itfelf in a manner particularly remarkable, becaufc its fummit, which extends on an eaft and weft line, forms a lengthened platform, in the fhapc of a long dining-table j and from this flat fummit, its sides ftretch by a gentle declivity till they meet the fca- Ihore. At eleven o'clock,, the (hip doubled the fouth fide of O-Whyhee. ' Towards noon. Captain March and (hortencd fail, in order to wait for a canoe that was fteering for the (hip : in it were three iflanders j but they had only fome fifli, which was, much to their fatis- faftion, paid for with a nail. ' ' The Sandwich Iflands are too well known by the voyages of Cook, Portlock, Dixon, Me ares, Douglas, and other Englilh navigators who have frequented themj and La Pe'rouse's journal will add too many details to thofe which we already poflefs, for me to think it necefl!ary to dwell on what concerns their foil and inhabitants : the Ifland of O-Whyhee, in particular, has acquired a de- plorable celebrity j it bears a fpot of blood which ages will not efface*. - • " t • It is well known that Captain Cook was maffacrcd in this ifland, . - - Thcie I ' Theie OR. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 11 Thefe iflands may be confidered as a large cam- vanjaryy placed on the route of the fhips which crofs the Great Ocean between the parts of Asia and America fituated to the northward of the line. Several of the navigators who have made them of late years, have, through the me- dium of canoes, without landing, and while under fail, procured the refrefliments, and even the water and wood, with which they wilhed to be fupplied. The danger incurred, a few years ago, by an Eng- lifh captain, who, through a concerted piece of treachery, had like to have loft there both his crew and his veiTel, ought to render circumfpcd: thofe that may be induced to prefent themfelves with ftrength which would not be fufficient for awing the natives or repelling an attack. We can only recommend the Europeans who frequent the Great Ocean, not to anchor at thefe iflands, but to receive from the canoes, thofe provifions which the iflanders will always be eager to bring to them on board. The health of the crews has every thing to lofe, if they go on fhore j and the natives have nothing to gain, for the prefervation of their race, by a too immediate communication with the feamen of civilized nations. Captain Marc hand formed the prudent refolu- tion of making all his purchafes under fail, and confined himftlf to trading with the Ifland of O-Whyhee alone, which was fufficient for all hi» )v;^nts, Thence he procured hogs, a fmall quan- tity 12 MARCHAND's VOYAGS. [0£l. 1791, iSi ■ tity of poultry (fowls were fcarce and dear), co- coa-nuts, plantains, fweet potatoes, yams, fugar- canes, and the other fruits and productions natural to thefe iflands. It muft have been an agreeable furprife, to fee that, with the indigenous produc- tions, were mixed pumpkins and water-melons, fruits of a fpccies which, not belonging to the foil of the Sandwich Iflands, muft have come from the feeds.fown by the Englifli or by La Pe'- Rous£. More prudent, or lefs improvident than the inhabitants of the iflands fituated fouth of the line, thofe of the iflands north of it have been fenfible of what utility it would be to them to multiply this new mean of fubfiftence : and the Europeans, in making to the Sandwich Iflands this ufeful prefent have, by an aft of beneficence, ierved their own intereft for the future. It was remarked that the canoes which came from 0-Whyhee to traffic with the fliip, never failed to bring women intermingled with the hogs, and offered them, conjointly with the filthy animal, among the rcfreftiments which the natives pro- pofed to the ftrangersj however, the Solide's crew were prudent enough to content themfelvcs with the eatables. Surgeon Roblet obferves that the hogs ap- peared to him to be of two fpecies: the moft numerous and the fmalleft is that defcribed by Captain Cook, and by Captain Kino, who con- tinued his narrative; the only one, no doubt, with 3 ■< ' which 061. i79»'] marchand's voyage. >3 which they were acquainted : the other, lefs com- mon, is of a large lize; and the French obferver is inclined to think that this is the former fpecies, impi-ovcd by a mixture with fome European hogs. Without wifhing precifely to combat this opinion, I (hall only fay that it feems to me by no means probable that the Europeans have ever thought of depofiting hogs on iflands where they have found them fo numerous, and where they did not arrive till after long voyages which, doubtlefs, had not allowed them to make any favings out of their provifions. The fame obferver endeavours to de- ttroy an opinion which the Englifh voyagers appear to have eftabliihed, that the hogs of the Sandwich Iflands cannot live on fhipboard, and that, in order not to lofe them, it is neceflary to make hafte to kill and fait them* : on this fubjefb, he relates that, out of fifty of thefe animals which were kept alive on board of the Solide, not one rcfufcd to take nourifliment : and thofe which were nOC killed till after having been fevcral days at fca, had * Captain King has mod minutely defcribed the particular method which Captain Cooi firll put in pradice to fuccocd in falting pork in the countries lituated between the tropics, where putrefaction makes its apj^>earance fo quickly, that vain would be the attempt to fait down provifions in employing only the ordinary procefs. Captain Portlotk and Captain Mearet have likcwife explained the methods which they themfelvcs have praftifed with fuccefs ; thefe differ little from that of Captain Coe/t.— «(See Coak's Third Voyage^ Vol. III. pages ii and 12— » Partlatk's Voyage, pages 88 to gq-—Mtarei's ^ojajes, page 277.) « bjr i«.;^;»Wf' »4 marchand's voVace. fO£l. 1791. by no means wafted away, and appeared to be in full as good condition as when they had been taken on board. Iron is almoft the only article which the natives chofe to accept in exchange for their provifions. They fet a great value on large fpikes ; but it is difficult to paint the tranfports of their joy, when, in the room of three or four nails, a large joiner's plane was given them as the price of one of their largeft hogs: they muft already know for how many ufes this tool can be employed. The paflion of thefe people for iron is of no recent date j for it appears that on the firft vifit which they received from the Europeans in 1778, they were already acquainted with the utility of this metal ; and they expreffed the greateft eagcr- nefs to acquire it. It might thence be conje<5lured that the hazards of navigation, the (hipwreck of fome veflel coming from America and run afhorc on their iflands, gave them in more ancient times a knowledge of iron ; and that, having experi- enced, by ufe, the fuperiority of this metal to hard ftones, the fragments of fhells, bones of animals, &c. for making tools and weapons, it is, of all European merchandife, become that which muft have moft excited their wiflies. Surgeon Roblet remarked, however, that, among a rather confi- dcrable number of iflanders who came to traffic on board of the Solide, and with whom our voyagers kept up a communication in their canoes, they law Oft. »79»'] marchand's voyage. «5 faw not in the hands of any one of them, a finglc weapon, or implement made of iron. It would be a matter of curiofity to know for what ufc and how they employ thofe large fpikes, thofe pieces of bar or Iheet iron which they fcek after with fuch avidity. It is not probable that they have already found out the manner of fadiioning thefe ; and although the firft Englifli Ihips that vifited them may poffibly have given them fome idea of the labours of the forge, this fimple notion falls far fhort of the employment of the means i a man is not a fmith from having feen fmith*s work ex- ecuted. If, in the fcquel, European navigators Ihould continue to perceive no weapon, no im- plement of iron in the pofleflion of the natives who come on fliipboard, would it be too bold a conjedure to fuppofe that the chiefs or Earees of each ifland, who appear to exercife the greateft authority, make it their bufinefs, either through policy, or through an effedt of their cupidity, to get all the iron from the hands of the iflanders, and form of it, as it were, hoards j as we fee the Princes of Asia bury the precious metals which commerce with Europeans annually introduces into their country ? Before we quit the Sandwich Iflands, I fliall take the liberty of making a digreflion refpeding the period of their difcovery by the Europeans. Thofe who have read no other account than that of Cook's third voyage mull believe that this difco- 7 very -•^ ass H MARCrtAND*S VOYAGE, [Oft. t^^it very incontcftably belongs to that celebrated na- vigator } but it can be proved that it belongs more anciently to the Spaniards, as well as feveral othef difcovcries in the Great Ocean, which ignorance or policy had fuffered to be loil, and which the intereft and activity of the navigators of our days have led them to bring to light again. I fhall not adduce as one of the titles of the Spaniards to the firft difcovery of the Sandwich inands, that in 1568, Mendana difcovered in the latitude of 1 9^ 20' north, and 1 50° weft from the meridian of Paris, according to the Spanilh charts, an ifland by them named San Francisco*, fitu- ated in the parallel of thefe iflandsj to this, the obfcurity of ancient narratives would juftly be objedled j befides, the knowledge of an ifland in the fame latitude as the group of the Sandwich Iflands, proves not the knowledge of that very group J and it might thence merely be concluded that, in the parallel of thofe iflands, more to the eaftward or more to the wefl:ward, there cxift fomc other iflands. But 1 examine the Spanifli chart of the Manilla galleon-f j there I fee in the parallel of the Sand- wich Iflands, about 18° to the eaftward of * Heches de Don Garcia de Mendo^a, i^c. Por el. Dr. Suaret de Figueroat p. i^^.-^Herrem. Defcfip. de las Ind'ias Occ'td. chap. 27. — Lopes Vaz and others, + See the two groups drawn on one plan an ^ oa t.ie fame fcale. Plate V. Mendana*? » ■' Ocl. »79t-3 marchand's voyage. «; Mkndana's Ifland of San Francisco, a group compofed of four principal iflands, and of fome others of fmaller extent : the moft fouthern is alfo the largeft : the middle of this ifland is in the latitude of about 19° 20' i it is called La Mesa : to the north-weft of this, are feen two fomewhat confiderabie iflands, grouped with four others much fmaller : the fix together are defignated by the colkdive word of Los Monjes* (the Monks) : from the middle of La Mesa to the middle of the group, we may reckon about forty leagues. Let us at prefent examine the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands : for it is well known that thefc iflands form two difl:in6l groups ; the Wefiern gr6up which was explored by Cook in January 1778, in his run from the Society Ifles to the NORTH-WEST coaft of AMERICA, and the Eafiern group of which he had no knowledge till his return from that coaft in the month of November fol- io wmg. The eaftern group is, like that of La Mesa of the Spaniards, compofed of four principal iflands and of a few others of lefs extent : the fouthern- moft ifland, O-Whyhee, is alfo the largeft : the iNDANA ? ♦ On the copy of this map, publlihed by Commodore Anfm we read lot Mojos, in lieu of los Monjes ; this is a miilake ; D. Tomas Lopez, on his Mapa de America 1772* writes Los Monjes, and it is well known that this denomination of Los Monjes (the Monks) is not rare on Spaniih Maps for defi^nating fmall illunds afTcrabled in a group, VOL. ir. c mo^ i' i8 MAnCIlAND's VOYAOE. [Of\. 1791. k.r moft remarkable part of tliis inand, the high moun- tain oFRoA, is, like the micklle of La Mesa of the Spaniards, fituatcd nearly in the latitude of 1 9" 20': to the north-weft of O-Whyhee, as well as to the north-weft of La Mesa, are two fomewhat confiderable iflands, grouped with three other fmaller iflands; only, the fmall iQands are not here three in number -, and we reckon four in the Spanilh group: from the middle of O-Whyhee to the middle of its group, as well as from the middle of La Mesa to the middle of tlie group to which it belongs, we reckon forty leagues : in ftiort, both groups alike occupy from two to three degrees in latitude, and upwards of three degrees in longitude. Thus, it is fecn that, to defcribe the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, I have had only to repeat what I had faid in defcribing the group of La Mesa : the fame latitude, the fame bearing of the iflands with refped to each other, the fame number, the fame difpofition, the fame total ex- tent: it is not pofllble to unite more charadteriftics of identity. ^ To thefe geographical, and, unqueftionably, fufficient proofs, I fliall add another which is not without fomc weight; but which, however, I fliould have offered as a probability rather than as a proof, were it not fupported by the former. Firft, I obferve that the principal ifland of the group on the Spanifli chart is called La Mesa, % ' .. . , » in Oft. 179>'] MARCHAND's VOYAGE. >9 in Englifli the Table. I obferve, in the fccond place, that this name of Table is an appellative name which navigators are accuftomed to employ for the purpofe of dcfignating a mountain whofc fummit is flat : every one has heard of the Table- mountain, of the Cape of Good Hope; on the coaft of Spain, in the Mediterranean, we find Orlando's Table, &c. Thus, it cannot be doubted that the Spaniards were determined to impofc on their ifland the name of La Mesa, bccaufe it was remarkable from fome great moun- tain terminated by a platform, by a Table. But the Ifland of O-Whyhee which anfwers, in one group, to the Ifland of La Mesa in the other, is alike remarkable, as has been feen, from a great moun- tain whofe flat fummit reprefents a long table j the natives call it Mown a-Roa, from the generic name Mown A (mountain) and from the word Roa, extended, or of a^reat extent. May not this fimi- litude of the two mountains, in a particularity, in a figure which is not very frequently met with, be admitted as a frefli proof of the identity of the two ^groups? I am not difpofed to believe that it is meant to confider the galleon's chart as not being authentic, and deferving of no confidence j for it is well known that this chart was intrufl:ed only to the captain of the fl}ip, and it was on this chart, that, with his pilot, he regulated his courfci und, undoubt- "%^ 'i'l'l' . ill. l^i I' '.' I Us .« SO MARCHANd's VOYAGE. [0£l. 179I. ,« cdly, it will not be fuppofcd that the Spaniards there placed imaginary iflands, cfpecialiy when we fee thefe iflands dcfignated by ftgnijicative names : thofe who know the jealous uncafmels of the government of Spain in regard to her poficfllons in America, and her ancient difcovcrlirs in the GuEAT Ocean, will rather be incHned to believe that they have never allowed that all the lands which her navigators have difcovered fliould be laid down on tlieir charts. Thefe lands would there be improperly placed, no doubt, efpecially in lorif'itudei but at leaft it would be known that they exift : and more (kilful navigators would one day contrive to find them again, and bring us ac- quainted "with them. To the proofs which I have given of the identity of the Sandwich Iflands and of the group of La Mesa, will be oppofcd : ift. That Cook faw no ifland, twenty- five leagues to the north-eafl: of O-Whvhee, which can reprefent to us La Desgraciada, an ifland fituated on the galleon's chart, at that diftance and in that bearing, in regard to La Mesa ; 2nd. That Cook difcovered to the wefl:-north- > weil, and at the diflance of twenty-five leagues from the wcfternmofl:of the eaftern group of the Sand- wich Iflands, a fecond ^roup, compofed of two iflands and two iflots j and that the Spanifli chart does not indicate this group. To 4;; ; ri'ii! 21 Oft. 179*0 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. To the firft objeftion I anfwcr, that, if La DisGRACiADA was not perceived by Captaia Cook, it is not a proof that it does not exift. When this navigator, in coming from the fouth- ward, fell in with the weftern group of the Sand- wich Iflands, he did not even perceive the eaftern group ; ftill lefs could he have feen an ifland fitu- ated twenty-five leagues to the north- eaft of the latter: and when, ten months after, in returning from the northward, he looked for the group which he had vifited the preceding year, he met with the eaftern group about the middle of its extent from north- weft to fouth-eaft:; he then failed very clofely round the Ifland of O-Whymee; and it is not very aftonifliing that he fhould not have feen an ifland which, to judge of it from the name that has been impofed on it by the Spaniards, La Desgraciadia, the ifland unfavoured by Nature, the mtferable ifland, may be a land of no great appearance, and even a low ifland. If the reader caft his eye on the planifphere publiflied by Arrowsmith in 1794, and on which are marked the tracks of all the navigators in the vicinity of the Sandwich Iflands j he will fee no one that docs not pafs too far from La Desgraciada for this ifland to have poflibly been perceived from the ftiips which have fteered thefe tracks. But I (hall add that it is not proved that La Desgraciada was dif- covcrcd by the fame navigator who difcovered La C 3 MESAi ■*v I! iii marchand's voyage. [Oft. 1791. Mesa ; and he who met with the former, could not place it according to his difTcrence of longi- tude in regard to a group which he did not fee, which perhaps he did not even know of, but in the abfolute longitude that he afllgned to it ac- cording to his dead reckoning, fince he had quitted the coaft of America; and the galleon's chart muft have placed it according to this abfolute longitude : now, in this cafe, it might probably happen that there was a great error in the longi- tude of La Desgraciada, and that this ifland which, on the galleon's chart, is feen to differ in longitude, in regard to La Mesa, only a degree towards the eaft, might differ from it, on the globe, feveral degrees in the fame dircftion, and perhaps even in a contrary one. As much may be faid of an ifland, called Ulva, which, in the galleon's chart, is laid down in the parallel of 23° north, half a degree to the eaflward of the meridian of La Desgraciada. It is a principle which muft be admitted, that when two iflands have not been difcovered by the fame navigator, and in the fame voyage, in pafTing from the one to the other, we can depend only on the latitude alTigned to each ifland, that is to fay, depend on it within half a degree ; but that, in this cafe, their abfolute lon- gitude is fo uncertain that we cannot, if we wifh to find them again, difpenfe with getting into their rcfpedive parallel, two or three hundred leagues , ^flern /: oft. 179I-] MARCH AN I>'S VOYAf.P. H aftcrn of the place where the chart fixes their pofition, and thrn navigating on this parallel till we fuccced in me« ring with the iflancl*. To the fccond objct!!Vion I anfwer, that the Spaniards who faw the group of La Mesa, the caftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, may very poflibly not have fcen the two iflands and the two iflots which form the wertern group ; by the fame reafon that Cook, (which might appear more extraordinary,) when he faw for the firft time the wcftern group, did not perceive the eaftern group, although fome of the iflands which compofe it can be fcen at the diftance of forty or fifty leagues; by the fame reafon again, that this navigator faw not, thirty leagues to the north-weft of his weftern group, Bird Ifland and Montagu Iflandf, which, fubfequently to his laft voyage, fome Englifli navi- gators have difcovered : and if, as may be prc- fumed, the Sandwich Iflands are only the fum- mits of a chain of fubaqucous mountains, it might fo happen that this chain might extend farther to the north-weft, and form other iflands, * Here we are fpcaking only of the difcovcrics of the ancient navigators who determined the longitudes nearly by chance ; for the moderns can employ, for fixing the pofitions of the lands which they difcover, means that give to thofe who know how to employ fimdar ones, the aflurance of finding with facility the places where they wi(h to touch. + Thcfc are laid dowji on the General Chart of the World, and on the Planifphere, publiihed by Arrcnv/mlthf the former in 1790, the latter in 1794, C4 beyond in.,'' MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Oft. 179I. beyond thofe which thefe recent navigators have difcovcred. • ^ ■ ' ■ " It feems to me then that the objedions which, in order to do away, or at leaft: to weaken the idea of the identity of the ealtern group of the Sand- wich Iflands, and of that which the galleon's chart places in the fame latitude, in the fame number of iflands, occupying the fame fpace, and difpofed in the fame manner, fhouki be fupported, on the one hand, on Captain Cook's not having perceived La DesgraciadAj on the other, on the Spaniards not having had a knowledge of the weftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, it feems to me, I fay, that thefe objeftions are eftabliflied on arguments which cannot bear a difcuflion. Perhaps it will be objedled to me, as a lafl refource, that the two groups difi'er too much in longitude, for it to be pofllble to take them for one and the fame groups and, in fad, O-Whyhee, taken at its middle, is, according to the obferva- tions of the Englifli, 158° N.efl; from Paris, and La Mesa, on the galleon's chart, is 24° well from the meridian of San Joseph in California f, and, confequendy, 136° weft from that of Paris. But this difi^erencc of 22° is far from being a proof againft the identity of the two groups : who + The longitude of San Jofephy according to the obfervations of the Abbe Chappey is 112° ^' 30" welt from the meridian of l^aris. (Sec Vojage en Californle, page 85 to 88.) docs 0£l. i79»'] marchand's voyage. *5 does not know that, when the queftion relates to the ancient difcoveries in the Great Ocean, we look only to the latitude which cannot be affcfted by a very great error j to the whole, and the general difpofition of the two groups that we are com- paring; to the number, to the diftances and to the refpedive bearings of the iflands which compofc them ; in fhort, to a union of remarkable par- ticularities, which is not to be found the fame in two different groups. The famous Solomon Iflands, difcovered by Mendana in 1567, partly found again by Bougainville in 1768, in a greater part ftill by Surville, in 1769*, vifited twice, latterly, by DENXRECASTEAuxf, and whofe geographical * See the De'couiertes des Fran^ait dam h Sud-eji ie la Kowvelle Guitice, — Paris, Impr. Roy ale, 410, 1790, page 85 to 100, 199 to 231. + France has not, hitherto, been able to gather the fruits of the voyage which Dentrecajleaux undertook in order to go in fearch of La Pe'rou/e's frigates : but this harveft is ftill entire ; and, no doubt, thofe in whofe pcfl'eflion it has remained, will be fenfible of how much importance it is to the utility of the fciences in general, and to that of navigation and geography in particular, that the difcoveries which he made in the courfe of a long expedition, and all the labour of his co- operators, (hould not be loft to a nation which bore the expenfe of it, and to Europe, which ought to (hare the benefit. Dentrtcajieaux, already fatigued by long and uninterrupted fervices, carried with him the germ, perhaps indeftrudible, of that fatal difjrder which is with difficulty avoided by thofe whofe conftitution has for a length of time been afTefted by long voyages, rapidly repeated, and without a neccflary interval of so MARCIIANd's VOYAGE. [00. l/f)!. geographical pofition is irrevocably fixed, occu- pied, for upwards of two centuries, on various hydrographical charts, pofitions in longitude, the extremes of which differed a thoufand marine leagues, or about fifty degrees. Quiros's Tierra Austral del Espiritu Santo, feen and ex- plored for the firft time in 1606, by the Spanilh navigator of that name, and found again In 1769, by Bougainville, long remained attached to New Holland, of which it was prefumed that It muft form a part : at this day, it has retired five i«,i , ■;:il.ii: ■Ivil ef repofe: he could not withftand frelh attacks, the violence ol which was neceilarily increafed by a voyage of two years under the torrid zone. He funk, and carried with him the ffncere regret of all thofe fubjeft to his authority, which he always found- means to maintain without ever fuffcring its weight to be felt. His virtues rendered him dear to his frieiKi.'!, and refpcclcd by every one who knew him, as- his ta- lents, his courage, and his experience in his profeflion, and in the details of adminiftration, rendered him ufeful to his coun- try. The excefs of his zeal fliortcned hh days ; but, before he terminated a career which he had fo honourably filled, he had at leaft the fatisfaftion of having brought the dangerous expedition, with which he was intruftcd, to fuch a point, that whai re- mitintrd to be done might be confidered in the light of an ordinary voyage. The reader, undoubtedly, will not diHipprove of Friendfliip having, by the way, llrewn ar few Rowers over the grave of a man, whofe memory claims from his countrj-men, and from navigators of all countries, a tribute of gratitude which tliey will be eager to pay him, as foon as circumftances (hall have allowed his labours to be refcued from oblivion, and Eitrofe (hail be informed of what he has done, and what defcrved. hundred .' '1'. OR. 1791O marchand's V0TAGE4 if hundred leagues to the eaftward of that vafl: coun- try. When a newly-difcovcrcd group prefents feveral inconteftable charafleriftics of identity with another, which we know to have been feen in former times, let us beware of faying that it is not the fame group, from the fole reafon that it was found in a longitude different from that which the firft dijcoverer had indicated only from the erroneous diftance at which he fuppofed it to be from the continent of America, whence he ^had been difpatched. And fuch has been the fate of part of the infulated difcoveries of the Spaniards : daring adventurers, bold in trying fortune and chances, lucky in their courfe, igr.orant in tracing it, fatisfied, in Ihort, with having difcovered half of the globe, they have left to others the tafk of finding again what they themfelvcs fecmed to have forgotten. In depriving Captain Cook of the barren honour of the firft difcovery of the Sandwich Iflands, I deprive him not of the fmalleft portion of that fame which he has fo juftly acquired ; I will even fay that it is adding, if poflible, to his merit ; for merit confifts in finding what we look for, in having combined the means that might lead to the difcovery j and to difcover what we were not looking for, is the merit of chance, which ought not juftly to be afTigned to the ftiare of the navi- gator whom chance has favoured j it is a borrowed mciiti MARCHAN»'S VOYAGE. [0£i. 1791. Ill ) if li !i ;, jiicritj and Captain Cook, To rich in his own difcoveries, ought to borrow nothing, as he can have nothing to envy in the adventurers to whom wc are, before his time, indebted for the Ihapelefs . knowledge of the globe. If difcovcries immor- talize thofe who have made them, they alfo immortalize thofe who have brought them to per- fcftion. Lieutenant Roberts, who conftruifted the ge- neral chart of the third voyage of the Englifh navigator, on which are traced his three Voyages round the World, and towards both poles, has preferved the group of La Mesa of the galleon's chart, and placed it, taken at its middle, 19° eaft from 0-Whvhee and on the parallel of that ifland : it Ihould fecm that, in thus prefcrving the group difcovered by the Spaniards, he was de- firous that no one fhould dare to conteft with the Englifh the firft difcovery ofthe Sandwich Iflands. But Arrowsmith, both on his General Chart of 1790, and on his Planifpherc of 1794, facrificing, no doubt, national vanity to evidence, has done juflice to th's double adoption. As far back as 1786, La Pe'rouse who, with a view of afcer- taining whether there exifted any iflands to the eaft ward of the Sandwich group, had made a point of running, in their parallel, three hundred leagues from eaft to weft, neither perceived, over this whole fpace, any detached ifland, nor faw any fign % Oft. 179»0 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. n fign of land ; though from the afpeft of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, and its /i Tom AS*. This ifland, fituated to tlie eaftward of Roca-Partida, and which bears no name on the galleon's chart, might be chat which the modern charts dcfignate by the name of La Nublada. • Sec Ramujio. Delle Nav'tgationl e Viaggi, ii^c, Fefietiaf Giuuti. 1563. Vol, I. fol. 375, verfd, 4 We -a^'"- .II!' lilil; fm marciiand's voyage. [0£l. 1791. We are not juftified in fiippofing that La Nublada, or Gaetano's San Tomas, are one and the fame ifland, fince the Spanifh navigator difcovered them fuccefllvely, in the fame voyage, in (landing from the eaftward to the weftward, and impofed on them different names. Hitherto, neither Roca-Partida nor San Tomas, or La Nublada, have been found again; but let us not be in a hurry to efface them from our charts : let us not forget that the Solomon Iflands had thence difappeared, fince fomc geo- graphers, fupporting themfelves on the opinion of the learned Alexander Dalrymple, had fup- pofed that thefe iflands muft be the eaft part of New Guinea : and at this day, the archipelago of the Solomon Iflands occupies its particular place on the globe, over an extent of two hun- dred leagues^ forty leagues to the fouth-eaft of that New Guinea, with which it was wiflied to be confounded*. Let us fuffer all the iflands to fubfift which the Spaniards have pointed out to us on their charts or in their narratives, till wc have well afcertained their identity with others j let us preferve them, were it only as beacons^ which attradt the attention of the navigator, and engage him to make refearches. ^ . . :U * See the Dc'courtrtes des Fraufais dans It Sud-efl de la Nowvelle Guine'e, page 4 to ig — 85 to 154 — 201 to 231 — The voyage of Dentrecajieaux has confirmed what was there faid •f thcfc iflands, " t " " " t^« marchand's voyage. [0£l. 1791. i 'F 1 the fame time, the mountain of the I (land of MowEE bearing north-caft 2 or 3" eaft, and that of Mowna-Roa of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, eaft by north 2 or f caft : he reckoned that the ihip was then at the diftance of thhty-fix leagues from both of them. At half pad five o'clock in the afternoon, he ftill perceived very diftindly the fummit of Mowna-Roa, bearing eaft 2° 30' north, although he was forty- fix leagues diftant from the weft coaft of the ifland, and, confequently, about fifty leagues from the fummit of the moun- tain. Ky with this diftancc of fifty leagues, and regard being had to the depreflion of the horizon and the efFeft of terreftrial refradion, it be wifhed to feek by calculation, what muft be the height of the fummit of Mowna-Roa, in order to be perceived at the diftance of fifty leagues, it will be found that it is 2598 toifes, and thence it will be con- cluded that, next to Chimbora^o in Peru whofe height is 3220 toifes, Mowna-Roa is the higheft mountain on the globe: for PrNCHiNCHA which occupied the fecond place, is but 2434 toifes j Mount Blanc which occupied the third, 2391 ; and the Peak of Teyde or Teneriffe, which occupied the fourth, 1905 toifes only, according to the trigonometrical and barometrical calcula- tions of BoRDA*. Mowna-Roa is therefore loftier • Set Note II, than Oft. »79i-] marchand's voyage. 83 than the Peak of Teneriffe, by 694 toifes } and this refult would feem to confirm that given by Captain Kino in the third volume of Cook's laft voyage : he fays that ** this mountain muft be at " jeaft 16,020 feet high, which exceeds the height " of the Pico DE Tevde or Peak of Teneriffe, ** by 724 feet, according to Dr. Heberden's " computation, or 3680 Englifh feet or 3452 " French feet, according to that of the Chevalier ♦< de BoRDA,*" which gives 575^ toifes lefs j this differs, in dcfeft, only 1 9^ toifes, from the height that I have deduced from the data furnifhed me by Captain Chanal's journal. But Captain King obtained his refult by a method different from that which I employed to arrive at mine : he took for the bafis of his calculation, according to the principle adopted by La Condamine for mcafuring the heights of the Andes or Cordilleras, the elevation of the line at which the fnpw remains all the year on the high mountains between the tropics. This method was not applicable to the mountains of the Sand- wich Iflands, fince it has been feen that, in the mpnth of Odtpbcr, there exifted no fnow on any part of thefe iflands. I therefore confider it as the effc6t of chance that King's refult and mine agree, within a trifling difference. I obferve that King, ftill following the principle which he • CWf third Voyage, Vol. III. pages 103 and 104. VOL. II. D adopted^ Iljl. J !■ - ^ 34 ' marciiand's voyaok. [Oa. 1791. adopted, adds that the height of Mowna-Roa muft be much greater than that which he afTigns to it; for, fays he, " in infular fituations, the " efFedts of the warm fea- air muft neceflarily *< remove the line of fnow, in equal latitudes, to " a greater height than where the atmofphere is " chilled on all fides by an immenfc tradt of per- " petual fnow." The principle is true, and the application of it would be juft, if it had for its objedl iflands -where the fnow fliould laft the whole year; but it cannot be admitted with refpedl to thofe where the fnow docs not refift the fummcr funs *. . . Wii W\'' * * In not adopting the confequence which Captain Kitig has drawn from the principle on which he refts for deciding that the height o( Moivaa-Roa ma& be much greater than that which he determines, and which is, within a trifling difference, the fame as that I have deduced from the diflance at which its flat fummit was very clearly diftinguiihed from the SoliJe, I am far from pronouncing that the height of the mountain does not exceed the 2598 toifes given me by calculation; for Captain Chanal related to me verbally that, on the loth at fun-rife, feveral perfons belonging to the fliip were convinced that they ftill perceived the Table of Monxina-Roa in a line with the horizon ; r.iid, at this period, according to the run which had been made during the night, tlie Sol'tde muft have Been fifty- three leagues diftant from it at Icaft ; which would give to the mountain upwards of 2700 toifes in elevation above the level of the fea. Captain Chanal had not thought it neceflary to infert this obfervation in his journal, becaufe he had not been able to fee with his own eyes ; but he told me that, on other occafions, he had difcovcred that feveral of the people had a fight which extended much farther than his. The Oft. »79t'] marchand's voyage. zs The fame obferver eftimatcs, according to his method, the height of Mown a-Kaa, (the northern mountain of the Ifland of O-Whyhee) at half a mile or 475 toifcsj and he adds, that this com- putation muft be too low, for the fame reafon that he has given for fuppofing too fmall the eftimation which he has made of Mowna-Roa. Captain Chanal's journal affords us no dalum for deter- mining the elevation of Mowna-Ka a, but Surgeon RoBLET thinks that the , eftimation which Captain Kino fuppofes to be too low, is, on the contrary, very much exaggerated. In order to find the height of the mountain of MowEE, the fecond ifland of the eaftern group, we fliall calculate according to the diflance of thirty-fix leagues, cftimated by the eye, at which it was perceived on the morning of the 9th j and it will be found that its fummit is 1346 toifcs high : this height is between that of Mount St. GoTHARD, 143 1, and that of the convent on the Great St. Bernard, 1241 toifes. The Ifland of Atooi, the wefternmoft of the weftern group, is alfo very lofty j for, on the loth, at noon, it bore north-north- weft 3 or 4° north J and, according to the latitude of the Ihip obferved at the fame inftant, and compared with the known latitude of the ifland, the diftance from the fliip to Atooi muft have been thirty leagues : the height of the mountain is therefore 121 6 toifes. 1 I • « »■' • r f ■», » * • • • 80 marchand's voyage. [Oft. 1791. v-:i ^^m In the interval from noon on the 9th to noon on the loth, the ihip had experienced the eflfeft of a violent current, which had carried her 29 minutes, or nine leagues and two thirds to the northward, as was afcertained by comparing the difference of the latitudes obfcrved on the 9th and 10th, with the difference deduced from the dead reckoning during the fame twenty-four hours. Captain Marchand had conflantly fleered wcft-north- wefl f 45' north, allowing for the variation j the wind had blown very faintly and unfleadily from the fouthward during the firft five hours j in the night, it had been calm ; and, from two o'clock in the morning till noon on the loth, the wind had flood in the north-eafl quarter, very faint and ba/Hing: the fhip had made very little way through the water : it may therefore be fuppofed that, as fhe was abreafl of all the channels that feparatc both the two groups, and the iflands of which they are compofed, the rapid current which, no doubt, thefc channels occafion, had adled with all its velocity and ftrength againfl the fhip whofc route croffed its direction ; and, by caufing her to drift bodily to the northward, although her ap- parent route was wefl- north- weft, it had carried her ten leagues in twenty-four in the former dircftion. On the nth, at break of day, no land was ta be fcen. '• • • • • • Th« , • • • . • . »' • f •• < '. ,\ •' ■ Oft. 1791.] marchand's voyaci. 3^ The runacrofs the Great Ocean with regular and fteady winds, prcfents only a monotonous fcries of remarks relative to the velocity and the direftion of the currents, and their influence on the (hip's courfe: I have thought it my duty to throw them into the notes ; and I invite the nau- tical reader to confult them *. Captain Marchand's intention had at firft been to ftecr between the twentieth and twenty- firft parallel north, and to follow this diredion as far as China. This track, little frequented, and which afforded the hope of fome Uifcovery, is, undoubtedly the moft direft, and may, at the firft glance, appear the fhorteft; but he was juftly ap- prehenfive, (and the calmi which he had recently met with ftrengthened this apprehcnfion) of find- ing only faint and variable breezes, if he perfifted in keeping on the border of the trade-winds j he therefore determined to penetrate farther into the region which they occupy, and he kept between the thirteenth and fourteenth degree of north lati- tude, crowding fail, till, on the and of November, he had reached the longitude of 148° 14' eaft from the meridian of Paris f. He then ftood again a little to the northward, and got nearly \nto the latitude of 15°, which is the parallel of Tinian, one of the iflands that compofc the Mary-Anne ♦*^f NotesLII toLV. t See Note LVI. and the Jturnal of the Rwt* at the date of the 2nd of November. D 3 Archipelago, ! ! -i i I I" » '< 8$ MARC hand's voyage. [0£l. 1791. Archipelago, which he purpofed to make. In order to crofs it between this ifland and that of Savpan. : This longitude of 148° 14' on the 2nd, was the mean refult of four fets of diftances from the moon to the fun, obferved at half pad two o'clock in the afternoon, by Captain Marchand and Captain Chanal, and reduced to noon. ' In allowing for the Ihip's progrefs by account towards the weft, in the interval from the 2nd to the jd, it was computed that at noon of the latter day, llie had reached the longitude of 146° 7' eaft from Paris, at the fame time that fhc was in 15° 6' north latitude. The obfervations of Captain Wall is on board the Dolphin, in 1767, place the Ifland of Tinian, in 14/ 35'45"*i thus, at noon, theSoLiDEmuft have been at no more than 2° 31' 15" co the caft- ward of this ifland j and at fun-fet. Captain Marchand reckoned that he was only at the diftance of thirty-fix leagues from it. He regulated his fail fo as to difcover the ifland the next morning, and fufficiently early for him to hope to crofs the archipelago during the day : but all night there was tempeftuous weather, with rain and fqualls. It was not till three o'clock in the afternoon that he got fight of the ifland j and, in eftimating * See AJironomical Ohfervat'iom made in the Voyages for making Di/cozeries in the Southern Hemi/phere. By W. Wales, London, 1788. 4to. Introduction, page X. his Nov. i/gi'] marchand's voyage. 39 his diftance from it by the eye, he judged it per- fedly conformable to the refult of the obferva- tions which had been made on the preceding days. •' . ' At three quarters pad five, the mean refult of two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, com- bined with that of four other fets obferved on the 2nd, gave 143° 38' for the eaft longitude of the fliip, which places the caftern extremity of Tinian* according to the bearing that was taken of it at the fame inftant and its cftimated diftance, in 143° 22'' i^ ^^ htcn feen that the obfervations of Wallis placed it in 143° 35' 45": thus the obfer- vations made on board the Dolphin and thofe made on board the Solide agree in their refults, and this agreement may be confidered as the proof of a fufficient accuracy in this determination*. Captain Thomas Gilbert places Tinian in 146° eaft from Greenwich, or 143^39' 45" ^^ft from Paris! J but he does not mention on what obfetvations he has founded the pofition which he affigns to it: Dixon gives it only 143° 10' J. As for the latitude of Tinian, Captain Mar- CHAND was not enabled to obferve it immediately; but Gilbert has concluded from his obfervations, * See Note LVII. + Voyage from Netv South Wales to Canton in the year 1788. By Thomas Gilberty commander of the Charlotte, London^ 1789. 4to. page 63. % Dixe/t's Fojage, page 284. D4 that ^ marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. m ■'. $k m that the middle of the ifland is fituated in 1 5". Captain Wall is fixed the point of the roid where he was at anchor, and which is lefs northerly than the middle of the ifland, at 14° 55', and the watering-place which is not far diftant from the fouth-weft point, at 14° 59'*. Dixon places the ifland, in general, in i5°t« All thefe pofitions agree with each other. This is not the cafe with the latitude which Cortimodore Anson had afllgned to this ifland: he places it in 15° S't*. but although, at the period when the obfervation was made, Hadley's qua- drant had for ten years been in u(e in the Englifli navy, and although it was undoubtedly employed on board Anson's fliip, I do not think that any regard ought to be paid to this determination ; and the middle of the ifland may be fixed in 15° north. This difference between the latitudes dctcrmirtetl by Anson, and thofe obfirved by recent naviga* tors, is again to be found nearly the fan^c in regard to Say pan. The Commodore's journal places this ifland, without any other indication than its name, in 15° 22': we are jullified in believing that this latitude applies to the Peak, the moft remarkable part of the ifland i and, in this cafe. • Haivie/'worth' s Compllatten, + Dixo/t's Voyage, page 284. Vol. I. page 500. X A V»yage rtund the World in the years 1)40-41-42-43 and 44. By George An/on, Compiled by Richard IValter, Tho I ;;th Edition. London. 410. 1767. page 308. ,i it Nov. T7<)1.] MARCIIAND*S VOYAGE. 4» It it would differ by 9 minutes from that given by the obfervations made on board the Solide, ac- cording to which this mountain muft be fituated in 15° 13': but if the former determination was applied to the northern point of Saypan, it dif- fered only by 2 or 3 minutes from the refult of the later obfervations, which, as will be fcen, place this point in 1 5° 1 9 or 20'. At fix o'clock in the evening, the Solide was at the opening of the paffage, through which a Ihip rriay crofs this archipelago between this ifland and that f f Tinian ; but it would not have been prudent »: ri'er it at the moment when the day was on . » ^"oint of clofing, and Captain Mar- ch and determined to {land to the offing during the night. He had reafon to congratulate himfelf on the refolution that he had taken ; for he met with frequent pufFs of wind, and fome very hard fqualls, which might have occafioned him embar- raflinent and uneafmefs, had the fliip been engaged among lands, and there obliged to alter her courfe according to the changes of the wind. On the 5th, at the firft dawn of day, he again ftood in for the land. At three quarters paft fix, the paflTage between the iflands bore weft-fouth-weft €* weft, diftant about fix leagues : and although Captain Mar- ch and carried a prefs of fail, the fliip drifted to the northward fo confiderably, that he had no hopes of being able to clear the paffage with the 7 wind 4* MARCIIANb's VOYAGE. [NoV. I79I. wind which blew from the fouth-fouth-eaft and fouth by eaft. At half paft feven o'clock, he bore up north-weft by weft in order to pafs to the northward of Saypan. He ranged along the north-eaft coaft of this ifland at the diftance of about two leagues. At three quarters paft eight, its north-eaft point, which is the moft northern extremity, bore weft 2° fouth, dftant two leagues : no land was perceived to the northward. Before ten o'clock, was difcovered, on the weft coaft of the ifland, an iflot which bore fouth-weft 6° weft in one with the north point of Saypan. At noon, this point bore fouth-eaft by fouth i ° fouth, and at a diftance of about four leagues j the weft ex- tremity of the ifland, fouth by eaft i or 2° fouth ; and the iflot, fouth by eaft 6° fouth. The latitude obferved at the fame inftant was 15° 30' J and thence the northern point of Saypan was found to be in 15° 19 or 20'. The peak of this ifland is fituated, nearly, in latitude 15° 13', and in about 143° 30' eaft longitude. In comparing the latitude obferved at noon, with that which refulted from the dead reckoning during the preceding twenty-four hours, it was difcovered, that, in this interval of time, the cur- rents had carried the fliip 17 minutes, or five leagues and two thirds, to the northward*. • See the Journal of the Route at the date of the 5th of Kovembcr. 6 Ships i^i:» MARCHANp's VOYAGE. 43 Ships which crofs the Archipelago of the Mary- Anne Iflands are accuftomed to pafs between Saypan and Tinian, or to the foiithward of the latter ifland : thefe two paflages are the moft frequented, becaufe they are the beft known. Circumftances, as has been feen, forced the Solide to pafs to the northward of Saypan j and Captain Chanal thinks, from the remarks which he was enabled to make, that, in all cafes, this laft-men- tioned paflage would deferve to be preferred to the other two, when it is hot intended to touch at Tinian. He faw no ifland, no flioal, to the north- ward of the northern part of Saypan : the charts, indeed, indicate, under the name of Farellon, a ledge or (hoal, fituated in the latitude of i6°, under the very meridian of the ifland -, but it is there placed at the diftancc of twelve leagues from its northern Doint. Off the north -eafl: coaft, and the north point, are a few breakers j but they flicw themfelves, and do not extend a mile into the offing. A fliip may double the ifland to the north- ward, and range along its coaft with fafety, leaving* between the land and her, a diftance of one or two leagues. The Ifland of Saypan, uninhabited like that of Tinian, feems not, rs far as a jut gment can be formed from coafting its north fide, to afford the fame refrefliments to fliips that fliould touch there : only, among the trees with which the north-eaft coaft m marchakd's voyage. [Nov. 1791. ■ 'i« coaft is covered, arc diftinguifhcd a great quantity of cocoa-palms. Commodore Anson, who has given us a view ; of the north-weft coaft of the ifland, fays that it prefents not a Icfs agreeable afpefb than that of TlNIAN^ In .1765, Commodore Byron caufed the liland of Saypan to be vificed j and this is the only defcription of any length that we have of it : the nation which pofleires it, without occupying it, is not in the habic of defcribing its poflefTions. Ac- cording to him, Saypan is confiderably larger than Tin IAN, and, in his opinion, has a much pleafanter appearance. But this fentiment is pecu- liar to Byron i and voyagers, in general, agree in giving Tinian the preference to Saypan^ both in regard to extent and beauty: the Spaniards have denominated it Bu en a- Vista by way of ex- cellence. The Tamar (the fhip which Byron fcnt to examine the Ifland of Saypan, while he himfelf lay at Tinian), anchored, he fays, " to leeward of it, in about ten fathoms water, with much the fame kind of ground (hard fand and coral rock) as he had in the road of Tinian. Her people landed upon a fine fandy beach which is fix or feven miles long, and walked up into the woods, where they faw many trees which were very fit for topmafls. They faw no fowls, nor any tracks of cattle; but of hogs and guana- coes Nov. i79»'] marchand's voyage. 45 cocs* there was plenty. They found no frefh water near the beach, but faw a large pond inland, which they did not examine. They fawlarge heaps of pearl oyfter-fhells thrown up together, and other figns of people having been there not long before : pof- fibly the Spaniards," adds he, " may go thither at fome fcafons of the year, and carry on a pearl- fifhery : they alfo faw many of thofe fquare pyra- midal pillars which are to be found at Tiki an. • The Guanaco or Huanacu is the wUd animal that takes the name of Llama, when it is in a ftate of domefticity •• Thi» quadruped originally came from the high mountains of South Americay and is very common in it'eruy where it perfor/ns the fame functions as the pack-horfe in Europe, and the camel in Africa. The flelh of the young guanacoes is good eating. It is aftonifhing that this animal (hould be found on the Illand of Say pan; it certainly is not indigenous there; and it muft be fuppofed that the Spaniards have tranfported it thither from Peru, in order to try to propagate the breed. Hitherto, Byrm is the only one who has fecn any of the fpccies in the Maty^ Anne Iflands ; at leaft no other voyager makes mention of it ; nor is it fpoken of in any defcription of the Ifland of Tinian ; but if the Spaniards wilhcd to try to naturalize it in the Kiary. Anne Iflands, they muft have preferred making a trial on SayfoHt the lands of which, more elevated than thoie of T$»ia», muft bs better fuited to the guanaco. ti • This fpecJet wfrmMss the Ohma Sn 'many particulars of Its eiternp{ form) but thefe aiimab nevfr intermix, either in the; wilder domtllicated ftate : befides this, the Camt!ut huanacui wants the prbtttberance on the hntfi, peculiar to ^\t Com^hisglifma s, it hasnfaunciion the back, which the forawr aniai)! has notj and its hind legs are liiiewif- confclerably ihcrcer in pr pur. aon ; whence Jtir gnit V. a kiad gf boundinj or hobbliig.— 'IVar^'/j.'Dr, \ and -■%'■ w™ marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. and which are particularly defcribed in the account of Lord Anson's voyage *." Captain Portlock, who has given us a view of Say PAN, fays that, although he coafted it within the diftancc of half a mile, he could not obferve on it an animal of any kind f. At the firft fight of the Iflands of Tinian and Saypan, and efpecially at the afpeft of the former. Captain March and might have been tempted to land on it : the fcafon was favourable for his an- choring there; and he might hope to procure fome of the rcfrefhments which a long navigation under the torrid zone occafions to be fo ardently wiflied for by men overwhelmed by the excefs of a conftant heat, and for a long time paft con- demned to privations. But thefe privations and the fatigues of the fea had not impaired the good health which his (hip's company had enjoyed during the whole voyage ; and the intereft of the expedi- tion and of the owners required that he Ihould know how to facrifice a few tranfitory enjoyments to the inappreciable advantage of getting the ftart, if pofllble, in the markets of CniiVA, of the fhips of other nations which, like the Solide, were to bring thither furs from the north-west coaft of America. The crew murmured not in the leaft at a decifion, the motives of which were known • Haiukepworth' s Compilation, Vol. I. page I2I. • + Portlock' i Voyage y pge 317. to Nov. 179*] MARCHAND's VOYAGE. 47 to them; they even abftained from manifefting any regret, that they might not add to that which their commander felt for others, much more than for himfclf. While the Solide is making the beft of her way towards the continent of Asia, let us fix our eyes for a moment on the Ifland of Tinian, with- out giving ourfelves up to a particular infpedion of the other iflands that compofc the long Archi- pelago of Los Ladrones (the Thieves), to which it belongs, and which form a chain of two hun- dred leagues under the hundred and forty-fourth meridian eaft from Paris, between the eleventh and the twenty-firft parallel North. Magellan, who difcovered this archipelago in 1 52 1, impofed on it the name of Islas de los Ladrones i becaufe the inhabitants of thefe iflands, who had no idea of the exclufive right of property, fraternally appropriated to themfelves, on board his fliip, every thing that came in their way : bur, at this rate, that name might be generic and com- mon to all the iflands of the Great Ocean. In the fequel, the Ladrone Iflands received the name of IsLAS DE LAS Velas, from the great number of failing-craft which came from thefe iflands to meet fliips, when they prefented themfelves there for the purpofe of anchoring. Laftly, towards the middle of the feventeenlh century, they changed their new name for that of the Mary- Anne Iflands, ' if ' ■ i \^- marchand's voyage. [Mov; 1791. Iflands, in honour of Mary-Anne of Austria, wife of Philip IV. In 1564, or, according to fomc hiftorians, in 1565, Andreas Miguel Lopes Legaspi took poflcfllon of thefe iflands in the name of the crown of Spain i but he made a Ihort ftay there, becaufe he neither found the conveniences that he could defire for a fettlement, nor the riches that could gratify his cupidity. He employed, to more ad- vantage, the forces which he commanded, in the conqueft of Las Philippinas, the iflands named the Archipel^o of San Lazaro* by Magellan* who difcovered them in continuing his route towards the eaft, after having croiTed his archi- pelago of Los Ladrones. It is well known that it was in one of thefe iflands that Magellan, ». .Portugucfe by birth f, then employed in the fcr- vice of Spain, loft his life, in wifliing to favour, by the help of his arms, the projeds of conquefl: of the fovereign of one of thefe iflands, at war with the fovereign of a neighbouring ifland, both • This name was given them becaufe Magellan made the dif. covery of them, and landed on them on the Saturday that pre- ceded PaffioH-^xxTn/diixY, a day which the Spaniards keep as a feftivsrl in honour of St. I^aufgrus. + The rsal name of this celebrated Pormguefe navigator, employed in the fervice of S/aln when he difcovered the ftrait which bears his name, h Fernando Je Magalhaens, of which .the Spaniards who wiQied to naturalize him as a Spsniard, made Hernando Macallanes, and of which the French who wiAv always to tranilate and who often burlefque proper names, have contrived to make Magellan, of Nov. 179* •] MARCHANd's VOYAGE. ^ of whom were one day to pafs, together with their country, under the domination of another fovc- reif^n who, at the dillance of fix thoufand leagues, . and without concerning hinifclf about them, was to add their iflands to his vaft domains. The im- portance of the Philippines had required that the Spaniards fhould make it their bufinefs to get poflefllon of them, before they thought of the Mary-Anne Iflands: after having terminated the conqueft of the forqier, they formed there various fettlements ; and particularly that of Ma- nilla, in the Ifland of Luconia, with which New Spain, fubdued by the arms, or rather by the genius of Cortes, forty- five years before, opened and maintained habitual communications. The Iflands of Los Ladrones remained forgot- ten (and it were to be wifhed for the fake of their inhabitants that they had always been fo !) till the zeal of a celebrated Jefuit, Santivores, intercfted the devotion of Queen Mary-Anne of Austria, regent during the minority of her fon Charles II. and excited her to caufe the Gopfel to be carried into thefe iflands, which Magellan had found means to annex to the fbarc of Spain, by difco- vering a new route, that eluded that ridiculous line of demarcation by which a pope pretended to cut the earth in two, in order to divide between two fovercigns of Europe the exclufive poflefllon of all the new countries that fliould be difcovered in the two Worlds. yoL. II. E In f* ao MARCHANP^S VOYAGE. [NoV. J/gl. B'i In 1688, the Spaniards prefentcd thcmrelvc* at the Mary-Anne Iflands, with the crofs in one hand, and the fword in the other; and with thefe two weapons, which lent each other mutual aid, their pretended right to the poflcflion of thefc iflands could not fail to be acknowledged. They had no difficulty in making themfelves maftcrs of GuAHAN or GuAHAM, (and Guam by corruption) the principal of thefe iilands, and the moft fouthern of the archipelago •; and, by degrees, they fub- dued all the others. Our knowledge of theMARV-ANNE Iflands was derived only from the Spanifli hiftoriansf, and this knowledge was very imperferfedt i fome of them loft nothing by not being better known; but TiNiAN defervcd to be particularly defcribed, be- caufe the ufurpcrs of the archipelago not having cftabliflied themfelves there, and this ifland being recommerdabie on account of its fertility, it might afford valuable refources to (hips crofTing the Great Ocean between the tropics, from eaft to weft. * This archipelago is compofed of nine principal iilands : Gitahaity the mofl confiderable and the moll fouthern, is fituated in latitude 13'^ at its footh point ; hut to the Southward of this ifland, alfo lie feveral iflots and rocks, the laft of which extends no lower than the eleventh parallel North, + Ant, de Herreray Decad. 3, Lib. 7. et k%.—4rgenfola Con- ftifia (ft las ijlas Malucasy Lib i. - Gonzales de 0 17431 "''^ i744> Book ill. Chap. II. B a gcrating v. •. > V p ,'' I 5» marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. gerating a little the excellence of this land of pro- mife, at lead there can be no doubt of the ocular hiftorian having reported, with exadlnefs, fi6ls con- cerning which, had his narrative been unfaithful, five hundred witnefles, alfo ocular, might have contradidted him : and the comparifon of what TiNiAN was in Anson's time, with what it is at this day, prefents one of thofe aftonifhing con- trails which the philofopher cannot fee with indif- ference, and without tracing back the effed to its caufe. , Commodore Anson, who gives to this ifland twelve miles in length by fix in breadth, found it uninhabited at the period when he put in there (1742); but aifiduous culture, regular planta- tions, fruit-trees in great number and variety, monuments ftill ftanding and difpofed in fymmc- trical order, the labour of man (hewing itfelf every where to aid or cmbellifti Nature j all things an- nounced that, at a period which muft not have been remote, a numerous population had covered a land that prefentcd to the human race fo many means of fubfiftence, fo much facility for multi- plying their fpecics. Tin i an, in faft, in a more happy time, had been very populous, in propor- tion to its extent, and for the honour of its new matters, we would wifli to refufe our belief to the motive which has completed its ruin. Anson learnt from a Spanifh ferjeant and fomc Indians, 6 whom • , Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. M whom he had made prifoners in z proa *y of which his boat took poffeffion on going on fhore, that, fifty years before, the Ifland of Tinian reckoned upwards of thirty thoufand inhabitants ; and that, at that time, an epidemical diforder having carried off the greater part of the inhabitants of the Mary-Anne Iflands, the barbarous policy of the iifurpers turned over to the Ifland of Gu ah an, where they were fettled, all the Indians whom the mortality had fpared in, Tinian : it unmercifully tore from a land, covered with the bones of their fathers, brothers, wives, children, and friends, un- fortunate beings who had the mortification to fur- vive their extind families ; it condemned them to ♦ A Praa^ which Europeans call alfo a fly'mg.proa, is a fmall failing-veffel, remarkable for its r'^oniftiing lightnefs, and the prodigious velocity of its movement, which that of no other veflel can equal, and which is aiTerted to be frequently twenty miles an hour. The ingenious conftrudlion of the proa muft giv^ a great idea of the intelligence and induftry of the ancient in- habitants of the Mary-Anne Iflands, who are the inventors of it. We find, indeed, in feveral of the iflands of the great archipelago oi Afia and on parts of that continent, fome veflels which bear a faint refemblance to the proa; but we know of none that can be compar;:d to it for the fimplicity of its con- ftrudUon, the fwiftnefs of its failing, the celerity with which it is managed, and the readinefs of its evolutions ; and it may be jullly faid, that the proa is the prototype that has ferved for other craft of the feas oX Afioy which are only the imperfetfl copy of the mod perfeft model. A very minute defcription of a proa of the Mary. Anne Iflands, with aii the plans reduced to a com. mon fcale, which can make known its dimenfions, ftrufture, and rigging, is to be feen in An/on't voyage. Book III, Chap. V, mm liilj IIJ B 3 water, # '« 8% mauchavd's voyacj. [Nc\r. 1791. IJ ii !vi!i iiV i'- water, with the fweat of their brow, a foreign foiU But cupidity was difappointed in its calculations ; and thefe deplorable relics of Tinian, with their eyes inceffantly fixed on their native ftiore, died in defpair. Was it then refcrved for a nation of Europe, for a civilized nation, to be the fcourgc of the two Worlds ? In the New, they exterminate the human fpccies, in order to tear, from the bowels of the earth, metals, the objedb of all their wilhes, which Nature had wifely buried ! And in the parts of the Old World, which remotencfs has not been able to conceal from their yoke, they degrade the human fpecics to fuch a degree, as to drive men from domain to domain, as the far- mer pens up his cattle on lands which he wiihes to manure ! The defpair of the inhabitants of Tinian will appear natural to every man who loves his country: and what a country is Tinian, if, in fadl, Richard Walter has given us a faithful piflure of this ifland ! It is he himlelf who is going to (peak : I will not weaken his defci iption : I merely rcfcrve to myfelf the liberty of extrading and abridging, without confining myfelf always to an uninter- rupted tranfcript; butllhall not take thcliberty of making any change that can affect th« rclcm- blance. " The foil of the Ifiand of Tinian,'* fays Walter, " is every where dry and healthy, and being withal fomewhat Hindy, it is theieby the Icfs - • difpofcd KoV. 179 >•] MAftdrtAND'S VOYAGfc. H dilpofed to a rank and over-luxiiriant vt'jctadoni and hence the meadows and the bo:ron of the woods arc much neater and fmoothcr than is cuf- tomai*/ in hot climates. The land rofe in gentle flopes from the very beach where we watered, to the middle of the ifland, though the general courfe of its afcent was often interrupted by vallies of an eafy defcent, many of which wind irregularly through the country. Thefe vallies and the gra- dual fwcllings of the ground, which their different combinations gave rife to, were moft beautifully diverfified by the mutual encroachments of woods and lawns, which coifted each other, and traverfed the ifland in large tradts. The woods confifted of tall and well-fpread trees, the gredtcr part of them, celebrated either for their afpcft, or theit fruit : while the lawns were ufually of a confider- able breadth, their turf quite clean and uniform, it being compofed of a very fine trefoil, which was intermixed with a variety of flowers. The woods too wefe in many places open and free from all buflies and underwood, fo that they ter- minated on the lawns with a well-defined outline, where neither flirubs nor weeds were to be feenj but the ncatncfs of the adjacent turf was frc-. qilently extended to a confiderable diftance, under the hollow fliade formed by the trees. Henc* orofc a great number of the moft elegant and enter- taining profpefts, according to the different blend*- i9gs of thefc woods and lawns, and their various s 4 ' inter* fill ■56 marciiand's VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. interfeftions with each other, as they fpread them- felves differently through the vallies, and over the flopes and declivities in which the place abounded. ** Nor were the allurements of Tinian confined to the excellency of its landfcapes only j fince the fortunate animals which, during the greateft part of the year (except, indeed, when the Spaniards come and difturb their folitudc for the purpofe of fupplying Guahan with provifions) are the folc lords of this happy foil, partake, in fome meafure, of the romantic caft of the ifland, and are no fmall addition to its wonderful fcenery : for the cattle, of which it is not uncommon to fee herds of fome thoufards feeding together in a large meadow, are certainly the mod remarkable in the world i as they are all of them milk-white, except their ears, which are generally brown or black. And though there are no inhabitants here, yet the clamour and frequent parading of domeftic poul- try, which range the woods in great numbers, perpetually excite the idea of the neighbourhood of farms and villages, and greatly contribute to the cheerfulnefs and beauty of the place." " The cattle on Tinian," continues Walter, " wc computed were at leaft ten thoufand * j we had * This number is very confiderablc for an ifland which, according to the aefiount, is not more- than four leagues in length by two leagues in breadth; for, fiippofing, which* is not the cafe, that it had the figure of a prallelcigram''(and this is that of ,,1: :-, MARCF Iand' S VOYAGE. ^7 Nov. 1791 •] had no difficulty in getting near them, for they were not at all ihy of us. Our firft method of killing them was (hooting them ; but, at laft, when, by accidents to be hereafter recited, we were ob'iged to hufl3and our ammunition, our men ran them^ down with cafe. Their flelh was ex- tremely well-tailed, and was believed by us to be much more cafily digeftcd than any we had ever met with. The fowls too were exceedingly good, and were likewife run down with little trouble j for they could fcarcc fly farther than a hundred yards at a flight, and even that fatigued them to fuch a degree, that they could not readily rife again ; fo that, aided by the opcnnefs of the woods, wc could at all times furnifli ourfclves with whatever number we wanted, " Befides the cattle and the poultry, we found here abundance of wild hogs : thefe were mold excellent food i but as they were a very fierce ani- of the greateft furface), its fuperficics would yet he only eight leagues fquare; but its figure i& that of a very elongated cllipfis, which is reduced almoft to nothing at the two extremities of as great axis : and if wc deduft from its furface, that of the two great pieces of water which occupy the middle of the ifland, anJ the raoft elevated parts of the woody hills, on which it is not probable that the herds fliould graze, we may reduce the furface of the ground, on whicli the cattle found their food, to four fquare leagues at mofl : each league would then have fed tivo thoufand five hundred oxen ! ought not alfo fome rcdudion to l;c iniide in the thirty thoujnnd inhabitants that the Spaniard^ Aippofcd this ifland to coniain before its depopulation ? rr.al. 'iim ■'m KlARCHANfl's vSyAGX. fNov. 17911. mal, we were obliged either to fhoot them, or to hunt them with lar^e dogs, which we found uport the place at our landing, and which belonged to the detachment that was then upon the ifland amaffing provifions for the garrifon of Guahan. As thefe dogs had been purpofely trained to the killing of the wild hogs, they followed us very readily, and hunted for us ; but though they were a large, bold breed, the hogs fought with fo much fury, that they frequently deftroyed them j whertce we by degrees loft the greateft part of them. " This place was not only extremely grateful to us from the plenty and excellence of its frelh provifions, but was as much, perhaps, to be ad- mired on account of its fruits and vegetable pro- duftions, which were moft fortunately adapted to the cure of the fea-fcurvy, the difeafe which had fo terribly reduced us. For in the woods there were inconceivable quantities of cocoa-nuts, with the cabbages growing on the fame tree : there were, befides, guavoes, limes, fweet and four oranges, and a kind of fruit peculiar to thefe iflands, called by the Indians Rhymay, but by us the bread-fruity for it was conftantly eaten by us during our ftay upon the ifland inftead of bread, and fo univerfally preferred to it, that no lhip'3 bread was expended during that whole interval *. Bcfidcs the fruits already * At the time when Walter wrote, the bread-fruit tree and its fruit were little known j but the voyngers of thefe latter , - , tini9i Nov. 179*0 M AUCH AMD's VaVACl. |f already enumerated, there were many other vege- tables extremely conducive to the cure of the ma- lady we had long laboured under, fuch as water- melons, dandelion, creeping purflain, mint, fcurvy* grafs, and forrel j all which, together with the frefli meats of the place, we devoured with great cagerncfs, prompted thereto by the ftrong incli- nation which, in fcorbutic diforders. Nature never fails of exciting for thofe powerful fpeeifics. «* It will eafily be conceived from what hath been already faid, that our cheer upon this ifland was in fome degree luxurious ; but I have not yet recited all the varieties of providon which we here indulged in. Indeed, we thought it prudent totally to abftain from HHi, the few we caught at our firft arrival having furfeitcd thofe who eat of them J but confidcring how much we had been inured to that fpccies of food, we did not regard this circumftaoce as a difadvantage, cfpecially as the defeft was fo amply fupplied by the beef, pork, and fowls already mentioned, and by great plenty of wild fowl J for it is to be remembered, that, near the centre of the ifland there were two con- times have defcribed it fo well, that I difpenfe with tranf. cribing the defcription given of it by Anfon'i hiflorian. How- ever, it might fo happen, that in reading this defcription, a iiaturalift might perceive fome difference between the bread-fruit tree of Tiuiant and that which is a produftion common to all the iHands of the Great Ocean iltuated between the tropics. fiderablc i ■;ri 60 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. fidcrablc pieces of frcfli water, which abounded with duck, teal, and curlew: not to mention the whiftling-plover, which we found there in pro- digious plenty. " Having briefly recounted the conveniences of this place, the excellence and quantity of its fruits and provifions, the neatnefs of its lawns, the ftate- linefe, freflincfs, and fragrance of its woods, the happy inequality of its furface, and the variety and elegance of the views it afforded, I muft now obferve that all thefe advantages were greatly en- hanced by the healthinefs of the climate, by the almoft conftant breezes which prevail there, and by the frequent fhowers which fell ; for thefe, in- ftead of the heavy, continued rains which, in fome countries, render great part of the year fo un- pleafing, were ufually of very fliort and almoft momentary duration. Hence they were extremely grateful and refreihing; and were, perhaps, one caufe of the falubrity of the air, and of the ex- traordinary influence it was obferved to have i upon us, increafing and invigorating our appetites and digeftion. " After giving thefe large encomiums to this ifland, in which, however, I conceive, I have not done it jufticej it is neceffary I Ihould fpeak of thofe circumftances in which it is defcdive, whether in point of beauty or utility. And firft, with re- fpeft to its water, I muft own, that, before I had fcen this foot, I did not conceive that the abfence Of lov. »79i-] marchand's voyage. 6i )f running water, of which it is entirely dcilitute, :ould have been fo well replaced by any other neans, as it is in this ifland j fince, though there lare no ftreams, yet the water of the wells and Ifprings, which are to be met with every where [near the furface, is extremely good ; and in the Imidft of the ifland there are two or three con- fiderable pieces of excellent water, the turf of whofe banks was as clean, as even, and as regularly difpofed, as if they had been bafons purpofely made for the decoration of the place. It muft, however, be confeffed, that with regard to the I beauty of the] prdfpe6ls, the want of rills and ftreams is a very great defedt, not to be compen- fated either by large pieces of ftanding water, or by the neighbourhood of the fea, though that, from the fmallnefs of the ifland, generally makes a part of every extenfivc landfcape. " As to the refidencc upon the ifland, the prin- cipal inconvenience attending it is the vaft num- bers of muflcitoes, and various other fpecies of flies, together with an infe6t called a tick i this, though principally attached to the cattle, would yet frequently faflien upon our limbs and bodies, and, if not perceived and removed in time, would bury its head under the flcin, and raife a painful inflammation. We found here too centipedes and* fcorpions, which we fuppofed were venomous, though none of us ever received any injury from them. " But H MARCHAND's VOYAGK. [NoV. 1791, " But the mott important and formidable ex- ception to this place remains dill to be told. This is the inconvenience of the road, and the little fccurity there is, in fomc feafons, for a (hip at anchor The only proper anchoring- place for Ihips of burden is at the fourh-weft end of the ifland -, the peak of Saypan, fecn over the northern part of Saypan, and bearing north-north-eaft half caft, is a direftion for readily finding it j the an- choring place is then eight miles diftant. Here the Centurion anchored in twenty-two fathoms water, about a mile and a half from the (horc, oppofite to a fandy bay. The bottom of this road is full of fharp- pointed coral rocka, which, during four months of the year, that is, from the middle of June to the middle of Offohr, render it a very unfafe anchorage. This is the feafon of the weftern mooToons, when, near the full and change of the moon, but more particularly at the change, the wind is ufually variable all round the compafs, and feldom fails to blow with fuch fury, that the ftouteft cables are not to be confided in. What adds to the danger at thcle times, is the cxccffive rapidity of the tide of flood which ftts to the fouth- eaft, between this ifland and that of Ac ui can, a fmall iflot near the fouthern extremity of Tinian, which, in the galleon's chart, is reprelented only by a dot. This tide runs at firfl: with a vaft head and overfall of water, occafioning fuch a hollow and overgrown fea^ as is fcarcely to be conceived i ' ■ - ib Nov. rygt.'] marghand's voyagi. h {o that wc were under the dreadful apprchcnfion of being pooped by it, though we were in a fixty gun Ihip. In the remaining eight months of tho year, that is, from the middle of OSiober to the middle of Jun(, there is a conftant fcafon of fet- tled weather; when, if the cables are but well armed, there is fcarcely any danger of their being even rubbed i To that during all that interval, it is as fecure a road as could be wiflied for. I Ihall only add, that the anchoring bank is very Ihelving, and ftrctches along the fouth-weft end of the ifland, and is entirely free from (hoalsj except a reef of rocks which is vifible, and lies about half a mile from the fliorc, affording a narrow paflTage into a fmall fandy bay, which is the only place where boats can poffibly land*." Such was the Ifland of Timian, when Commo- dore Anson quitted it towards the end of the month of Odober J 742. The only fault that could then be found with it, was, that it afforded no harbours, no roadftead where Ihips could anchor in fafetyj and it feems that Nature, who had bellowed every thing on the land of this favoured ifland, was determined to refufe every thing to the fca that wafhes its coaft : for it has been fcen that the fi(h there is not good, and the anchorage is no better. Twice had the Centurion her cables cut by the fharp coral rocks, with which ♦ Jnfitt'i Ve^asfi Book III, Chap. II. 'V the face of every thing has been changed. Commodore Bv^ron put into Tinian on the 51ft of July 1765, and anchored in the fame road, lituated near the foiith-weft point, which Commodore Anson had occupied twenty-one years and a half before. Impatient to contemn plate thofe ravilhing fccncS, thofe^aft meadows enamelled with flowers where herds of cattle of a dazzling whitenefs feed at liberty} impatient to breathe, wltl^ a pure air, that delicious per- voL, II. F fume 66 marciiand's voyage. [Nov. t^gii fume exhaled by the odoriferous produdlions of the earth, " as foon as the fliip was fcciircd," fays the Commodore j " I went on Ihore to fix upon a place where tents might be eredled for the fick. We found fevcral huts which had been left by the Spaniards the year before } for this year none of them had as yet been at the place, nor ' was it probable that they would come for fonie months, the fun being almoft vertical, and tiic rainy feafon fet in. After I had fixed upon a fpot . for the tents," continues the Commodore, ** fix or fcven of us endeavoured to pufli through the woods, that we might come at the beautiful lawns and meadows of wliicli there is fo luxuriant a dcfcription in the account of Lord A mson's Voyage, and, if pofllble, kill fome cattle. The trees ftood fo thick, and the place was fo overgrown with underwood, that we cduld not fee three yards before us ; we therefore were obliged to keep continually hallooing to each other, to prevent our being feparatcly loft in this tracklefs wilder* nefs. As the weather was inlolerably hot, we had nothing on befides our fiiocs, except our lliirti and trowfers, and thefe were, in a very (hort time> corn all to rags by the bullies and brambles : at Jaft, however, -.vitii Incredible difficulty and labour we got through ;. but, to our great furprife and difappointment, we found the country very differ- ent from the account we had read of it: the Jawns were entirely overgrown with a Ilubborn -, 'i ... . kind Nov. i7^i'2 marciiand's voyage. 07 kind of reed or brufli, in many places higher than our heads, and no where lower than our middles, whiph continually entangled our legs^ and cut us I'ke whipcord. During this march we were alfo covered with flies from head to fboc j and, whenever we offered to fpeak, we were fure of having a mouthful, many of which never failed to get down our throats. After we had walked About three or four miles, we got fight of a bull> which we killed, and, a little before nightj we got back to the beach, as wet as if we had been dipt in water, and fo fatigued that we were fcarcely able to (land. We immediately fent out a party 10 fetch the bull, and found thaf> during our excurfioHj fome tents had been got up, and the fick brought on fliorc. " The next day our people were employed in fetting up more tents, getting the warer-cafks on (hore, and clearing the well at which they were to be filled. This v.ell I imagined to be the fame that the Centurion watered at; but it was the worft that we had met with during the voyage, for the watcx was not only biaekifn, but full of worms. The road alfo where the fiiips lay was a dangerous fituation at this fcafon • for the bottom k hard fand and large coral rocks, and the anchor having no hold in the fand, is in perpetual danger of being cut to pieces by the Coral; to prevent which as much as pofTiblc, I rounded the cables, and buoyed them up with ' ^ • F 2 empty if'S^ h -if m jliJfUtiiir.tiiii )> I i-iJ' iTi P ' I'LL . (80 MARCH AN d'S VOYAGE. [NoV. lygt. empty water-cafks. Another precaution alfo was taught me by experience j for at firft I moored, but finding the cables much damaged I refolved to lie fingle for the future, that by veering away or heaving in, as we Ihould have more or lefs wind, we might always keep them from being flack, and confequently from rubbing j and this expedient fucceeded to my wifh. At the full and change of the moon, a prodigious fwell tumbles in, fo that I never faw (hips at anchor roll fo much as ovirs did while we lay here ; and it once drove in from the weftward with fuch violence, and broke fo high upon the reef that I was obliged to put to fea for a vreek j for, if our cable had parted in the night, and the wind had been upon the fhore, which fomctimcs happens for two or three days together, the ihip muft inevitably have been loft upon the rocks. " I foon found that the ifland produced limes, four oranges, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, guavas, and paupaws* in great abundance j but we found no water-melons, fcurvy-grafs, or forrel. " Notwithftanding the fatigue and diftrefs cnat we had endured, and the various climates we had pafled through, neither of the (hips (theDoLPHiv * It appears that the fweet orange was no longer to be found in the ifland, in Byron's time, for he does not fpcak of it; but he found there the papaw, of which no mention is made in Anfon'^ narrative; have the Spaniards conveyed ihither the papaw- t:ce? , > ' . ; and Nov, 179»'] MxVRCIIAND 3 VOVAGE $9 and the Tamar), had yet loft a fingle man fince their failing from England; but, wh\lc we lay here, two died of fevers, adifeafe with which many were feized, though we all recovered very faft from the fcurvy. I am, indeed, of opinion that this is one of the moft unhealthy fpots in the world, af leaft during the fcafon in which we were here. The rains w€rc violent, and almoft inceflant, and the heat was fo great as to threaten us with fuffo- cation. " Befides.the inconvenience which we fuffcred from the weather, we were inceflantly tormentecj by the flies in the day, and by the mulkicoes in the night. The ifland ^Ifo Avarms with cen^- tlpcdes and fcorpions, and a large black ant, fcarcely inferior to either in the malignity of its bite. Bcfides thefe, there were venomous infeds without number, altogether unknown to us, by which many of us fuffcred fo fevcrely that we were afraid to lie down in our beds ; nor were thofe on board in a much l^etter fituaiion than thofe on fhore, for great numbers of thefe creatures being carried into the fliip wiih the wood, they took polfcflion of every birth, and left the poor feamen no place of reft either below or upon the deck. " As foon as we were fettled in our new ha- bitations, I fcnt out parties to difcovcr the haunts of the cattle, fome of which were found, but at a great diftance from the tents, and the beafts • F 3 were i mm 1 1. -M^-* " L.Mlf 7d i\ fl ' I' m „.»CHAS«-» VOVAO.. [Nov. .79- ■' , u , ;, v,« very diffiwU to get » ^„. fo fty th« « ^;! Jf ^ „i„ ,.,,ich, when (hot at them. S<>m« °f ^^ J^ w„efentoutto .W>t haunts Had ^- £>; ;t'a„d nights before urn them, »_eteabfcnre^^^J^ bullock l.d been they couk. - -cceea a ^^ ^^^^^ '•*^^^^''''"::;e;ti:T»Xtotheten^^ andlawnsash vejuftb. n ^ and ftu„k fo St was general M ot V .^ ^^^ ^^^_^^ ^^^ as to be unfit for "^ • .''°' j„„„ ,,« carcafs, the fatigue of the ..en mbrnsrn do ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ chmate and he . ^^^^„^_ ,,. fevers w.ch aid hm p. ^^^_^^^ procured on eafier term ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ of bird,,and heywe««' y ,^ ,„d fuch ■''^etertotl-t: that, within an hour Xrrr.»ed.itwasasgre^^^^^^^ for '""^ '-"! '^T-hefc creatures are very fierce, mand abounds. IMie f, f^quently and fome of them (0 large *a-c^cq ^^^^ ^'^••e''^' '"°, ^'bTt 'black belonging to without much difficulty bu ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ '^^ ''^"TZuri them alive, which that wc took great num ^^^^_ S^:;:rir^a number of the. on board as fea-ftofcs- „j,j Nov. J 79*] MARCHANd's VOVAGE. 7» ** In the mean time," adds the Commodore, «' wc were very defirous of procuring fome beef in an eatable ftate, with lefs riik and labour; and Mr. Gore, one of our mates, at lad difco- vered a pkafint fpot upon the north-weft part of the iflaiid, where cattle were in great plenty, and whence they might be brought to the tents by fea. To this place therefore I difpatched a party, with a tent for their accommodation, and fent the boats every day to fetch what they fliould kill j fometimes, however, there broke fuch a fea upon the rocks that it was impofliblc to approach them, and the Tamar's boat unhappily loft three of her beft men in attempting it. Wc were now, upon the whole, pretty well fupplied with provilions, efpecially as we baked frcfli bread every day for the fick } and the fatigue of our people being lefs, there were fewer ill with the fever : but feveral of them were fo much difordered by eating of a very fine looking fifh which we caught here, that their recovery was for a long time doubtful. The author of the account of Lord Anson's voyage fays that the people on board the Centurion thought it prudent to abftain from filh, as the few which they caught on their firft arrival furfeited thofe who cat of them. But not attending fuffi- cicntly to this caution, ind too haftily taking the word Jurfeit in its literal and common acceptation, we imagined that rhofc who tafted the fifh when Lord Anson firft came hither, were made fick by F 4 merely lift, t n MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [NoV. 1791. merely eating too much; whereas, if that had been the cafe, there would have been no reafon for totally abflaining afterwards, but only eating temperately. We, however, bought our know- ledge by experience, which we might have had cheaper; for, though all our people who tafted this fifh, eat fparingly, they were all foon after- wards dangeroufly ill. u>i ■ vf - ** Befides the fruit that has been mentioned already, this ifland produces cotton and indigo in abundance, and would certainly be of great value if it was fituated in the West Indies *." ' Such was the ftate in which the Ifland of Tinian prefcnted itfelf to Commodore Byron, during the ilay that he made there in 1765, from the 31ft of July to the iftof Oftober. Captain Wallis, who vifited it in the month of September 1767, draws of it a pifturc neither more flattering, nor better calculated for retracing to us the charms of the Tinian defcribed by Com- modore Anson. He fays, however, that <* the hunters, whom he had fcnt out on the day of his arrival, brought in a fine young bull of near four hundred weight: and that in this place he got beef, pork, poultry, papaw-app! 's, breaJ-fruit, limes, oranges, and every refrcflirr .t that is mcn- ^ tioned in the account of Lord Anson's voyage j * See Hawh/weni's Cmplatitu, Vol. I» p. 116 and| following. t ".'"". " ' • ■ "" hut Uov, i79»'3 marchand's voyage. n but that flefli nieat could be fcarccly kept fweet one day. There had been many cocoa-nut trees near the landing-place," continues he j " but they had been all waftefuUy cut down for the fruit, and none being grown up in their Head, we were forced to go three miles into the country before a fingle nut could be procured. The hunters alfo fuffered confiderable fatigue -, for they were frequently obliged tp go ten or twelve miles through on« continued thicket, and the cattle were fo wild that it was very diiHcult to come near them -, fo that I was obliged to relieve one party by another} and it being reported that cattle were more plenty at the North end of the ifland, but that the hunters being quite cxhaufted with fatigue, when they got thither, were not able to kill them, much lefs to bring them down, I fentMr, Gore, with fourteen men, to cftablilh themfelves in that part of the ifland, and ordered that a boat Ihould go every morning, at day-break, for what they ihould kill*.'* In addition to the refrclhments before-men- tioned, Captain Wallis obtained an ample ftock of limes, which he appropriated to the wants of his people. Captain Portlock, who, on the 4th of Gdbober, jySy, croffed the Archipelago of the Maky- Anne * JHaivke/tuerth's Cemj>ilatio/:% Chapter XI. page 279, Vol. I. fTaWs's Voyage, Iflands U !fi 'te'w m . « m mm ■'f h'l'lill'li','.*" I; ll'il'i 11 H § jM If m marchand's voyage. [Nov.. 1791, Iflands between Tinian and Saypan, fays that, in the plains of the former, he obfcrved a number of white animals grazing, which he fuppofcd to be the white cattle that, in Lord Anson's Voy- age, are faid to be fo common there; but he reconnoitred the ifland only «l a diftance, and could not judge of its prefent state *. Captain Gilbert, commanding the fhip Char- lOTTE, paffed the beginning of the month of Auguft 1788, at the anchorage of Tinianj he would have been well pleafed to find there the terreftrial paradife reprefented in Anson's voyage j but he found only the wild country of which Byron has drawn 'js fo hideous a pidlure: his account is as as follows: " From the obfervations I was able to make, during my (hort ftay at this ifland, the defcription given by Captain Wallis feems to correfpond the nearefl with the prefent Hate of it. The ground was overgrown with underwood, and the cattle did not appear to be by far fo plenty as defcribcd in Anson's voyage. The well, at which Lord Anson watered, was dry j and as for the numerous fprings there fpoken of, few of them fell in my way. The nearefl water to the landing-place lay too far off for me to receive any benefit from it, in the prefent debilita- ted flate of the fhip's company. Among the trees I obfcrved great numbers of the cotton-tree, in, * Port lock's f'v'tS'f P' 3*7* 4 m \i Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 79 full bloom; and fell in with a village, the huts of which appeared to have been for fome time de- ferred. However, the little time I was there, I ot)t great abundance of cocoa-nuts, cabbages, bread-fruit, wild hogs, fowls, &c. &c. I faw large herds of white cattle, but was not able to manage any of them, except a few of their calves *.'' Like Commodore Anson, Captain Gilbert experienced the danger of the roadftead : the Charlotte, and the Scarborough which an- cjiorcd there near her, were forced, in a gale of wind, to cut their cables, and put to feaf. . - . iw I obferve * Vvyttgt from New South Wales to Cauton, in the year 1788. 5y Thomas Gilbert. London, 1789. pages 66 and 67. + In recapitulating what is reported of the road and an. chorage in the different journals, to which we refer the reader for farther particulars, it appears : That, on the izd of September, 1742, the Centurion parted two c4>lcs and was driven to fca, dragging with her a third anchor, which (he had let go on the edge of the bank ; and that fhe could not regain the road till the i ith of Oftober. That, on the 14th of Odobcr, being but the third day after her arrival, a fudden gale of wind, brought home her anchor, forced her off the bank, and drove her to fea a fecond time ; and (he was five days before (he could return to her anchorage. That, in the beginning of Auguft, 1 768, the wcfterly fwcll forced Byron to get under way ; and that he could not take up the anchorage again for a week. That, on the 8th of Auguft, 1788, the Charlotte and the Scarborough were forced to cut their cables, and put to fea. But Attjou affirms that, during eight months of the year, that is, from the middle of October to the middle of June, there is '- ' a conftan '11 u •1 I PI, IV il if •'i;i '4 1 il '' ill II ■" 1 '■i M 11 '•'"iBi m 76 MARCHAND'a VOVAGP. [NoV, J 79 1, I obfervc that, among the large trees rvliich Gilbert saw at Tiniajv, he cliftinguiflied a great number of cotton-trees, and that they were in full bloffom: wc have fcen that in 1765, Byron had already found there the cotton-tree, together with the indigo-tree. It cannot be doubted that this ifland would have been very fertile, and that jt would have been very eafy to naturalize there the ufcful produdions of both Indies, if the right of conqucft had fubjcded it to other , matters than the Spaniards: but the latter, incapable of cultivating, with their own hands, every part of the earth of which they have declared them- fclves the proprietors, have too frequently, Dy a policy no lefs inhuman than contrary to their true intcrefls, deftroyed or difperfed, the real pro- prietors, the original cultivators, who alone can compcnfate for the infufficiency of the cou- qiierors. Captain Sever, commanding the Ship Ladv Penrhvn, touched at Tinian, in the month of September 1788. J-Ic confirms all that Com- modoic Byron and Captain Wallis have reported of the pre lent fituation of this ifland j but although a conftant feafoii of fettled weather, and that, provided the cables be but well armed, or buoyed up, there is little danger of their being rubbed ; in (horf, during thefe eight months, the road on the fouth-weft end of the ifland of Jiuiaa is, he adds, m fecurc » roa4 as could be wilhed for. ho Nov. 1791.) marohand's voyage. 'ff he landed there at the fame time of the year as the latter, he found the fcafon very backward ; moft of the fruits were not arrived at their point ofmaturity: however, he procured two Dxtfn, 4 wild hog, and a dozen of fowls *. When we have read the two defcriptlons of TiNiAN, which both, no doubt, equally merit our confidence, from the well-founded opinion of the veracity of the voyagers by whom they were written, we cannot avoid being (truck with Afto- nilhment, on examining the ravages which tinie, whofe hand is not always flow, has been able to commit in an interval that does not amount to the fourth of a century. Behold Tinf/n in 1742, divided between fmiling plains and floping hills, crowned with woods whofe tall trees giOwing in rows, at regular diftances, and cleared of barren and obftrudting flirubs, leave to the air a free cir- culation, which permits it to purify itfelf in its courfe ; behold it decked out with all the gifrs of the creation, which the colouring of the painter has, if you pleafc, embellifhed, but the features of which he has given ; and return to Tiniam in 1765 : you will fee withered ruflies, melancholy heaths, and prickly brambles, occupy in its plains, now become waftes, the places which were covered by verdant trefoil, falutary herbs, ufeful plants. • See The Voyage of Covenior Pkllip to Botany Bay, &c, LondoHy 1789. 4to. page 2^5. and ■ m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 l;i|2j8 |25 ^ lU |2.2 M 1 L25 III U ,i6 - ; < 6" ► a> '/ Hiotograpliic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMET WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14S80 (716)872-4503 *^ M %^'^<^ ^ 9% iAa.rchand*s voVAcl!. [Nov. i/gi. Nov. and bdbriftrous flowers : feelc on thofe lawns the numerous herds which conditutcd their ornament and richnefs, and on ^rtrhich a fecundified land laviihed food ever-reviving : at this day, a hideous^ briftling, impaflable bur repels them, and denies them fubfiftence : attempt to penetrate into thefe woods i thick briars, ftubborn and ftrong grafs prohibit you from entering themj parafitical lianes*y intertwined and intermingled, ftretch their tendrils from one tree to another, and intercept all communication) a foil, on wiuch the down of the enamelled mofs extended into the very heart of the clumps, is now only the impure afylunl of centipedes, fcorpions, and all the venomous infefts which live and generate their poifon in the rubblih of vegetation i there no longer remains * Lianes, winding like ivy, run up the large trees whick they meet with; and, there are fome which, after having reached the talleft branches, throw out tendrils which fall again prependicularly, bury themfelves in the ground, there take M^ root, and rife again, afcending and defcending alternately* Other filaments borne obliquely by the wind, or by fome accident, frequently faften on the neighbouring trees, and form either an impenetrable foreft, or a confufion of cords hanging in every diredlion, which prefent to the \ eye the fame afpeft as the running rigging of a (hip. There are lta»tt as thick ai the arm ; fome, by dint of dafping the tree which they embrace^ finilh by choking it. Sometimes it happens that the tree dries while (landing, rots, aftd entirely decays, and that there remain only the fpirals of the liane, which form a fort of twifted . column, infnlated and perforated, ^>vhif}i art Would find much di(Bculty in imitating." f'Sec Bamart's Di&* dt H'0% Nat. at the word Llani.J . ' ' - of tf th< occaf] its gn dange has be Thi each { iblne voyagi contral depofii philofc bbfcuri to aid Nature market have fc ihehas **M «* of *' whol " cmi " by ** carel *' thin/ " banc " the « the Nov. Ij'pt'l NtAWlHAND^S VOYAiJE. 9§ bf the former Tinian any of the charms which, occafioned to be overlooked the importunity of its gnats, the noxious quality of its fifhes, and the dangers of its roadftead : the fourth of a century has been fufficient for cfTcdling all thefe changes !' This contraft of two pifturcs fo different from each other, that, in comparing them, we have fotne difficulty in perfuading ourfelves that the voyagers meant to delineate the fame iflani -, this contraft, I fay, leads us back to the obfervation, depofited in his immortal work by the fublime philofopher,. whofc bold genius, iravcrfmg the bbfcurity of time, and hovering^bver fpace in order to aid creation, would have divined Nature, had Nature chofen to be divined, and who has at leaft: marked out to us the track, which fhe might have followed, if it be not, in fad, the track which ihe has f'Jlowed. ' " Man," fays Buffon; <* matter of the domain ** of the earth, has changed and renewed its *« whole furface, and at all times has fhared the empire with Nature. However, he reigns only by right of conqueftj he enjoys rather than poflellcs i he preferves only by unremitting care : if that ceafe,every thing languilhes, every thing changes, every thing returns under the " hand of Nature; fhe rcfumes her rights, effaces <* the works of Man, and leaves him nothing but the regret of having loft, through his own negli- (C « It u <4 £t €€ •• ' ^ARCHAND^S VOYAGE. fNoV. 1/01* I I f' negligence^ what his anceftors had conquered by *' their labours*.'* This digrefllon has made us loie light of the Solids; it is time to rejoin her, that we may fol^ low her in her route to Macao. ' After having crofTed the archipelago of the MAkY-ANNB Idands, Captain Marchand fteered between weft-north- weft and weft by north, in order to rhake the fouth point of the Iflaad <^ Formosa. The obfervations for the longitude made on the i6th of November in the morning, placed^'the ihip, afc noon on !hat day, in 122° 6^ eaft from Paris; and her obferved latitude was 21* 34' norths This pofition aflTorded Captain Marchand the hope that, 6n the fbllowing day, he would get fight of the land. It appeared, in faA, the next morning at half paft feven o'clock, and he diftiit^ guifhed the Idarids of Botel Tabaoo XiMAf, dtukttd at tht diftance of aboutfive leagues from the fouth poitit of Formosa, and on the lame parallel: the large ifland is a high land which may be perceived, in clear weather, eighteen or twenty leagues. At half paft nine o'clock, the largeft of ihefc iflarids bore from weft half north to weft by noifth, and the fm^l ifland, weft half fouthj di^ tant about twelve leagues. ♦ H!J. Nat. I" Vug it la Natitre» f Accdrding to AUxanier DaltympUf ^ ac^ordifig to oth(in> Battel or Botttlt Tabaco Xima, or Taiago Ximai and Tabaco-Jimat according to D'/iiwille. 1 At Nov. 179*0 MARCHANd's VOYAGE. 8l At half paft five o'clock in the afternoon, at the moment when the eaftern extremes of both the BoTEL Iflands bore, in one with each other, north by weft, was perceived to the weft by north the fouth point of the Ifland of Formosa. This' part of the ifland prcfents a land of a remarkable height, which is to be perceived at the diftance of twenty or even twenty-two leagues. On the ^8th, at noon, the Solide had left this point to the eaft-north-eaft half north, at the diftance of about four leagues and a half, and was ftanding on for Macao. Captain Chanal, according to the obfervations of Captain Marchand, and his own, combined with various bearings taken of the land, has endea- voured to fix the geographical pofitions, both ab- folute and relative, c^ the Botel Iflands, of the fouth point of Formosa, and of Vele-Rete, a very dangerous flioal, lying in the track of fliips coming from the Great Ocean to the northward of the Bashee Iflands. As the pofitions given by Captain Chanal do not all agree with thofe which have been employed by Alexander Dal- RYMPLE, in his Charf of the China Sea^ publiflied in 177 1 ; by La Pe'rouse, in the journal of his voyage and in his chart; by George Robertson, in his large Chart of the China Sea, which appeared in 1791, and in his Table of Pofitions, which makes part of the Memoir that accompanies the chart and ferves as a foundation for iti I have thought it VOL. II. c incum- B$ marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. I ..::.. incumbent on me to report them as given by each, to the end that navigators who may have an oppor- tunity of making obfcrvations in fight of the fame points, may the more cafily verify the different pofitions, and decide which merit the preference. According to the obfervations and the bearings taken on board of the Solide in fight of the land : The great Ifland of Botel Tabago-Xima, at its fouth-eaft point, is fituatcd in 22° 3' north lati- tude, and 1 1 9° 34 eafl longitude *. This ifland is fufficiently elevated to be perceived, in clear weather, at the diftance of fifteen leagues : it may be four or five leagues in circumference. The fires which were feen blazing during the night left no doubt of its being inhabited, at leafl in a tem- porary manner, by fifhermen, if, however, it have not inhabitants who make it their connant refi- dence. 22 • According to Dalrymple's Chart 8* 15' from Macao which is fitu- ated (Note LX) in 1 1 1° 1 5' According t3 the obfervations of La Peronfe According to Chanaly the middle of the ifland, 22° 4' and 1 19" 53' j and io taking away ; minute from the latitude, and adding 1 min. to the longitude, in order to reduce them to the fouth-eaft point of the ifland . , According to G. Rtbtrtfon, in hii Table of Pc^tions 22 Lat. t H 6 50 Long. o / " 119 30 00 21 57 00 .. 119 32 00 22 J 00 .. 11^ 34 00 6 GO ,. 119 21 4f Nov. Bt men liberi LaP that t well f very 1 the fp; The fouth 21° 57 what ]( ever I leagues The four or I fhores The may bt • On tl to Da/ry» according! + Accord in 8* 21 According diflered the gr chart, ward .1 Accordini But, Nov. !79i«] marchand's voyage. 83 But, in order not to fulTtr the opinion of fea- men to waver, I think I may venture to take the liberty of here anticipating on the publication of La Pe'rouse's voyage, for the piirpofc of ailding that the ifland is inhabited, that it even appears well peopled, fince La Pe'rouse, on approaching very near to it, dlftinguiflied three villages within the fpacc of a league. The fmall ifland of the fame name lies to the fouth by eaft of the great one*j its latitude is 21° 57', and its longitude 119° 36' f. It is fomc^ what Icfs elevated than the great ifland, but how- ever fufficiently fo to be feen ten or twelve leagues. The pafl^age between thele two iflands may be four or five miles in width : the channel and both fliores appeared equally free from rocks or flioals. j The fouth-wcft point of the Ifland of Formosa may be placed in latitude 21° 54, according to * On th£ parallel of the middle of the great ifland, according to Daltymple's chart, and on the parallel of its fouth-eaft point, according to that of La Pcroufe, Lat. + According X6 Daltympte^s Chart, e ' in 8* 22' eaft from Macao 22 According to La Peroufct f'om his difllerence of meridian in regard to the great ifland, taken on his chart, 5 min. more to the' eaft- ward 21 57 00 According to Cbanal (as above) . . 21 57 00 liOng. 7 03 .. 119 27 00 C 2 119 37 00 119 16 00 4- that 84 marcmand's Voyage. [Nov. 1791. i that of the (hip obfcrved on the i8ch at noon, in 21° 48^ and according to the bearingj which placed this point 6 minutes more to the northward than the Hiip : its longitude is about 118° 40' *. The Vele-Rete fhoal lies to the fouth 4 or 5® weft of the fouth point of Formosa, towards the latitude of 21° 45', and longitude of 118° 39' f. Thcfe rocks are even with the water's edge, and cannot be perceived at more than two leagues' diftance. A fhip muft borrow on the point of the Ifland of Formosa, which is fafe, clofer than on n i * According to DahympU't chart 7° 19' to the eailward of Macao According to that of La Ptroufet 5 min. more to the northward, and 52 min. lefs to the eaftward than the fouth.eaft point of the Great Boiel According to C banal (as abore). . Robert/on' t Memoir (in his Table of Portions} f According to Dalrymple*t chart 7° 2 1' zo" to the eaft of Macao. . According to that of La Pi'rou/ey 3 min. kfs to the northward, and 40 min. Ie(« to the eaft ward than the fouth.«aft point of the Great Botel According to Chanal (as above) . . According to Rohtrtfon Lat. Long. / »/ e » // 2* 2 30 .. 118 34 00 22 a 00 «i 54 00 118 40 00 118 40 00 22 6 00 .. 118 49 4; 21 48 00 .. 118 36 39 21 49 CO 21 45 00 21 45 00 118 $2 00 118 39 00 «»» 47 45 the # Nov. 1 791'] MAllCHANb*S VOYAGE. «5 the (hoal, to which it is prudent to give a good birth*. On the 1 8th of November, in fight of the fouth-weft point of the Idand of Formosa, I ftop the calculation of the Solide's run from the Sand* wicH Iflands to Macao. In deducing the longitude of this point from that of the fouth-eaft point of the Great Botel Tabago-Xima, which is determined by the ob- fervations of La Pe'rouse, we find that the former mud be ii8°4o'} and according to the bearing taken at noon of the iSth, the Ihip was, with re- fpcft to the fouth-weft point of Formosa, 12| minutes lefs to the eaftward than the point : her longitude muft therefore have been 1 1 8° 27' 40". * G, Robert/oH in his Memoir of a Chart of the China Sea, page $it gives an extraA from the Journal of the Rojia/ Captain t which prefents a few details refpecUng the VeU-Rete Shoal. - <* On the 23d of OAober 1762, at 9 A. M. faw the kock '< ViU-Rete bearing weft by north ; at noon, it bore north %\ ** leagues : it feems environed with rocks, extending a mile or « two round it, on which the fea breaks very high : I judge its « diftance from the fouth part of Formo/a to be ^ or 6 leagues ; ** and, appearing very fmall, it is not to be feen above 3 or 4 " leagues in dear weather. When this rock bore north.weft by ** north, we perceived the water difcolo^red ; but in half an '5 hour it changed its hue to a fea-colour. " Latitude obferved 21° 3B' north, 1 «« Ditto of the rock 21* 45! north." Since FeIe.Rete"u in latitude 21° 45', nearly foutb of the fouth point of Formofot and fince this point lies in about 22", the width of the p^flage between the ifland and the (hoa} muft be 15 miles or 5 leagues. o 3 But 86 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791, But on the 1 6th at noon, the longitude of the SoLiDE deduced from the obfcrvations was 122" 6'; and, from the i6th to the i"8th, the progrefs by account towards the weft had been f 43" : thus her longirude on the i8th was ii8'*32'. It is fcen that it differs from the true only by 4 minutes, or about a league and a quarter ♦ : and the dif- ference might have been more confiderablc, with- out our navigators being juftified in imputing it to the obfcrvations of the i6th, fince they were obliged to employ the dead reckoning for the forty-eight hours elapfed between the i6th and the J 8th. If, at prefent, we wifli to find the error of the reckoning on the whole of the run, we have only to compare the difference of longitude indicated by the dead reckoning between the point of de- parture on the 7th of Oftober and the point ar- rived at on the TJth of November, with the true difference deduced from the obfervations which have fixed the pofition of thcfc two extreme points. The true difference of longitude is 83° j'fi the • Sff Note LVIII. + Longitude of the point of departure in fight of O-Whybeet on the 7th of Oftober, 158° 29' lue/l' — Longitude of the point arrived at in fight of the fouth-weft point of the Ifland of Formo/at on the i8th of November (as above) \t%'' t%' eaft. Difference of longitude 83' 3'. (See the Journal of the Route at the 7th of OAobcr and at the i8th of November, and Note LVIIL) difference Nov. «79»"] marchamd's voyage. 87 difFerencc given by the dead reckoning is 76° 44' ♦. The latter is therefore fmaller than the former by 6" lo'j which, on the parallel of the point arrived at, anfwer to a little more than one hundred and feventeen leagues. If we divide this fum of the partial errors of the reckoning, by the number of days of the run, that is to fay, by 4if, we (hall have for the mean error in twenty-four hours, 8 A miles: and the quantity of this error confirms a remark which we have reafon to make in reading the journals of navigators; this is, that in crofling the Great Ocean between the tropics, the general current of the waters, from eaft to weft, carries fliips to the weftward by an imperceptible movement which may be eftimated at eight or nine miles, or about three leagues a day. But this movement, which efcapes the uncertain methods of the pilot, cannot cfcape the obfcrvations of the aftronomer. On lofing fight of the Ifland of Formosa, the SoLiDE directed her courfe for Macao. On the 20th, land was difcovered at half pad fix o'clock in the morning ; it bore north- weft { but the mift did not yet allow of its being diftin^- guifhed; Captain Marchand ftood on to ap- proach it. The fog not having cleared up, he * Longitude of the point of departure 158° 99' tutft^ — Longi. tude of the point arrived at, by account, 124° 4.7' eaft. Dif. ference of longitude, by account, 76" 44'. . {See the Journal of th< Routtt and Note LVIII.) 04 was 8B marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. m was compelled to "pafs the night in making (here boards. The next morning, at half paft fevcn o'clock, he difcerncd Pedra Branca (the White Rock) to the weft by fouth 3° foiith : he fteered fo as to pafs to the fouthward of it } and at half paft nine, it bore diredly north, diftant two mile^. Pedra Branca is a fmall white rock, high, and fteep, fituated eighteen leagues to the caft-north- ea(i of the Grand Lema, the moft caftern and the moft confiderable of the group which bears that name *, and lies to the eaftward of the nume- rous iflands that form the roads of Macao, and the mouth of the river of Canton. Pedra Branca may be perceived at four or five leagues* dirtancc. The fea was covered with fifliing-boats. Cap- tain Mar CHAN D fired a gun as a fignal for a pilot acquainted with the coaft; and it was not Jong before an officious Chinefe, but we cannot fay a * According to G. Robert/on (page 1 2 of his Memoir of a Chart of the China Sea) the latitude of Pedra Branca, from a good obfervation, is 22° 20' 00'' north; and its longitude from GreeHivieh 1 15° 8' deduced from Macao, or 1 15° 14' oo", if we place Macao, as I have done (Note LX) in 113° 35' 15". Robertfon adds that its longitude was confirmed by nine fets of aftronomical obfervations (objefts eaft and weft of the moon,) made by Captain W. Frafer; whofe mean of the whole places it in iij" 4' eaft. If we choofe to take a mean between thefe two determinations, we ftiall have 1 15" 9' 00" eaft from GreentuUh, rri 12" 48' 4j" eaft from Paris: Robertfon has adopted n 5" 8 '00" from the meridian of Greeniaich. difm- Nov* 1791'] MARClfAN0*8 VOYACI. 89 difm- difintcrcftcd one, made his appearance. The weather being rather bad, he was not afraid of rating his fervices at too high a price: he dt* manded 70 dollars, and required that the fum /hould be paid him beforehand : as he neither un- derftood French, Englifh, nor Portuguefe, and as Captain Marc hand neither had the means nor the time to difpute about the fum, he paid it, and put the SoLiDE binder his diredVion, with the con- fidence that the blind man has in his guide. The wind blew from north-north-eaft to north j and, agreeably to the indication of the pilot, the ihip was brought clofe to the wind in order to keep the coaft aboard. At half pafl: one o'clock in the afternoon, Pedr a Branca bore eaft-north-eaft half north, diftant about four leagues j and, a little time after, was out of fight. Captain Marchand regulated his courfe by the Chart of part of the coaft of China, ^c. publifhed by Alexander Dalrymple, a copy of which is to be found in D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, 2nd edition. No. 53. The weather was overcaft and midy: at half paft< Bve o'dock in the afternoon, the pilot pro- pofcd to come to for the nighjt} and the anchor was let go in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of foft mudi litde Single Ifland bearing north-cad half ead, and Toneang Ifland north-eaft by north, at the diftance of two or three leagues from thefe iilandsj the Grand Lema fouth-wed. On 90 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791, On the 22nd, in the morning, Captain Mar. CHAND got under way with a frefli breeze at north-nor;h-eaft, and fteered wcft-fouth-weft, in order to range along the fouth coaft of Poo- Toy, and pafs to the northward of the Grand Lema. The (hip had run eighteen miles to the weft fcuth- weft half fouth : Ling-ting Ifland bore weft by fouth, and the Ifland of Poo-Toy, from north- north-weft to north-north-eaft, at the diftance of half a mile, when he hauled his wind to fteer for the Peak of Lan-Tao, and pafs to windward of Ling-Ting. But the wind came round to the north-north- weft, at the fame time blowing ftrong: as it was no longer pofnble to weather the north fide of this laft- mentioned ifland, the pilot bore up in order to pafs it to the fouthward. Captain Chanal remarks, that to the north- ward of Lino-Ting, arc feen two flioals, even v'ith the water's edge, which are not laid down on Dalrymplb's chart: the diftance from the moft northern of thefe flioals to the ifland is rather more than a mile. At half paft noon, the Solide was to the (buth- ward of Ling-Ting } Captain March and hugged the wind, leaving on the larboard hand, to leeward, the Sa-Moan Iflands and thofc of Tsow, and fleering for Chi -Chow Ifland, in order to double it to the fouthward : the wind blew ftrpng from the northward. Quite J^OV. I79t«] MARCHAND'S voyage. gf Quite clofe to the Sa-Moan and Tsow IflandS| are fcen fonie fmall iflots, which are not laid down on the chart ; but they are not dangerous. In the mean time, the wind continued to fcant more and more : and, although the Ihip carried all the fail that circumflances would allow, no hopes were entertained of her being able to weather fomc (hoals, fituated to the northward of the Chook-* Chow Iflands^ which the chart has not indicated. Captain Mar en and determined to anchor under Chi-Chow Ifland, where he came to, at a quarter pafl: three o'clock, in thirteen fathoms, over a muddy bottom ; the Peak of that ifland bearing north- north -eaft half eaft, one mile from its fouth> weft coaft } the moft eaftern of the Chook-Chow Iflands fouth-fouth-weft half fouth ; and the peak pf the Ifland Lan-Tao north by eaft. Chi-Chow conflfts of two fmall iflands clofe to each other; although, on the chart, thefe two iflands are reprefented as one only. On the 23d, the wind blew with too much vio- lence, from north to north-north-eaft, for the SoLiDE to get under way : this day was fpent at anchor, and the {hip was thus detained, till the morning of the 25th, by an alternate contrariety of wind or tide. The latitude of the anchorage was obfcrved on the 24th, at noon, in 22° 3' 30" north: which places the fouth coaft of the ifland in 22° 4 or $« MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. [NoV. I791. or 5' *. It was high water at eleven o'clock in the morning, at the diftance of two days from the new moon : the flood fet to the weft-north-wcft ; and the ebb, to the eaftward. On the 25th, at fix o'clock in the morning, the weather at length permitted Captain Marchand to get under way : the wind was moderate, and the firfl: of the flood was favourable to the courfe : he made a ihort fl:rctch to the eaftward j and, on putting about again, the fhip looked up for the road of Macao. He ranged along the Ifland of Laf-Sam-Mee, which he doubled to the fouthward ; thence, he fteered for that of Chuc-Tuan, which he paflfed, leaving it on the ftarboard hand at a very fmall diftance : at the moment when it bore north, Laf-Sam-Mee bore eaft-north-caft, and Potoe (Tailow-Chow on the Englifti chart) weft-fouth- weft. With the wind which had veered to the northward, blowing frefli, he pafled between the fmall Iflands Tai-Lock and Sy-Lock : the channel that they leave between them is narrow, and its middle is obftrufted by a fmall rock, which is above watei'j but the pilot, by figns, gave our • I obferve that, on D'Aprh' chart, N" 53, and on that of Dalrjmplf, of which it is a copy, the latitude of the fouth coaft of Chi-Chtnu Ifland is 22° and about thtrteeH minutes, that is, 8 or 9 minutes more northerly than that given by the obferva- tion on bo^rd the Solide; but on thefe fame charts, Macao 1% placed in 22'' 18', tliat is, ^l minutes too much to the north, ward. naviga« Nov. 179**] M ARCH AN d'S VOYAGE.. 93 navigators to undcrftand that there cxifts no hidden danger, and that a fliip may, with fafcty, make free, with both iflands and the rock in the middle. The SoLFDE, in faft, pafTed very clofe to Sy-Lock -» to the eaftward of this ifland, is feen a fmall rocky iflot, near which were found five fathoms water ; and this is the fmalleft depth that was met with between the iflands : near Sy-Lock, the foundings were eight fathoms. After Captain Marchand had paffed the iflands, he continued to hug the wind in order to fetch the anchorage of Macao, for which he was fleering j he was obliged to make a board to the eaftward j and, at half paft eleven o'clock, he dropped anchor in five fathonis and a half water, over a bottom of foft mud } the town of Macao bearing weft-north- weft half weft, diftant two leagues ; the eaft point of the fouth peak of Montanha (Mountain) Ifland fouth-weft by fouth; Ling-Ting Ifland north- north-eaft half eaft; and the peak of Lan-Tao eaft north-eaft half north. In this pofition, the latitude which was obferved on this fame day at, noon, was 22" 11' north. The anchors came home in this firft birth, with a frcfti wind from north to north-north-eaft. Two days after. Captain Marchand took another an- chorage more to the northward, in fix fathoms, with the fame bottom as that of the former. The town of Macao then bore west 8° fouth, at the dlftance of two leagues. As 94 Marchand's Voyage. [fiovi i-f^i^ As the Sol IDE had failed round the world in taking her route by the weft, (he had loft a day when (he arrived at Macao, and Captain Mar- CHAND was obliged to change the computation of time J the day after his arrival, in lieu of reckon- ing Saturday the 26th of November, as he ought to have done in following the calculation of the Ihip from the period of her departure from Mar- seilles, he fubftradted that day from the calendar, and reckoned Sunday the 27th. The news that Captain Marc hand learnt at Macao difconcerted all the fpeculations which the owners of the Solide had in view in the expedi- tion of their (hip to the north-west coaft of America } and a failure, in the Rrft inftance, muft have had an influence on every farther operation which depended on the fale that would have taken place in China. He was informed, on his arrival, that the Chinefe government had, under' feverc penalties, juft prohibited all introdudion of furs into the fouthern parts of the empire, and parti- cularly that of otter-flcins. The rigour of this prohibition was pretty generally attributed to fome ftipulation made in favour of the Ruftians, in the new treaty of commerce between the Emperor of China and the Emprefs of Russia, a treaty that muft neceftarily have originated from the diiputes which had occurred latterly between thcfc two powers, and which were known to have been ter- minated to the fatisfa(5lion of both ; b^ic fome per- 3 fons Nov. i79»'] marcmand's voyage. 95 fons who thought thcmfclves more clearfighted or better informed, conceived that the prohibition was to be imputed folely to the avarice and cupidity of the Mandarins. From whatever caufe it arofe, the prohibition fubfifted in all its force, and it even appeared impoflible to be evaded. Already aSpanilh fhip, which had come from Manilla with three hundred otter-fkins, had been, from the impoflibility that was experienced of dealing with the Chinefe traders, forced to depofit her cargo in a ftorehoufe, on which the fenate, felf- denominated Portuguefe, but adting only at the voice or through the impulfe of a Mandarin, were obliged to caufe the feals to be affixed : an Englifh Ihip, likewife laden with furs, had, by going up to Wham-Poa or Wam-Pu, attempted to elude the vigilance of the cufloms j but not having been able to procure the fale of a fingle ikin, her com- mander refolved to carry his whole cargo to Eng- land : a Portuguefe brig and another Englifh vef- fel were expefted from the coall of America with cargoes of the fame kind, and it was fuppofed chat a French lliip which was to have been difpatched from Port 1'Orient, fince the Solide had failed from France, might have the fame dcftination, and arrive at Macao in the next feafon. This union of unfavourable circumftances left little itope of trading with advantage, even in cafe that the pro- hibition (hould happen to be taken off during the Solide's flay at Maca^o; for the great competi- tion ^ „A.CH*»»'s vovAC [Nov. .79.- IV „f«flirilv have lowered the t::^r;::rLxtJ.o.a,e.a.r, "'^^pm.. however hef.e he jc „f«er from *' ;°3qj,,«o-Tchho»-Fo»). Baux, fettled at CANTCMUVt. „„„ „ whom he, had wrmen m ord r to p f-'\'"^TH:thadl at Macao: the every thmg that he n ^ ^j '"^"'''"'"Ut of ejro^^iaon. the inutiUty furs, on account "L'^'P ^^ere the Ihip. of going up "Y;;;„!bk burden, would be ^though not of a confder ^^^^ ^^^^^^ '"""I ?!» Ox I"fand dollars. A tax fo to no lefs than fix tn ^^.^. enormouswasoccaGon d by th J^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ of foreign trades *'*"'; half the number „ckoned in *« P°" f J^f ^^^^^ .^ere .he pre- "f *'P' *" 11 rM-darin coUeftor. being ceding year, and d« M ^^^^^^ ^^ f'l::e'rejrtm. whatever may have the empire, an eq ^ ^^ been ^^^^:'^'''' ^^'t^ ^roiuc. .0 a par fimple method of brmg-ng « P ^ j.^. „ith his obligation. '««l'«"''7Ji,les or triples. of„nderingitmud,g.«c.^ at his pkafure, and accoramg , ^^ ^ . ^^on U'tobeleviedonmipsth^jch-^^^^^^ The Cbinefe government, whatever ^^^ Nov. 179*.!] MARCHAND's VOYAGfe. ^7 may have been pafled by fcveral writers on the wifdom of its adminiftration. Teems to be ftill igno- rant that the augmentation of duties does not prd- mote the increafe of the produce ; and that, moft frequently, a quite contrary cfFedb muft thence follow. From the certain information which Captain Marchakd had juft received, he relinquifhed every idea of a fale, even by having recourfe fo the channel of fmuggling, the only one that re- mained open to him, and he refolved to put to fea as foon as poflible, in order to proceed to the I(le of France ; where, according to the inftrudions of his owners, money would be trdnfmitted to hirh for a further commercial operation. The correfpondents of the houfe of Baux had annexed to their anfwer, a memorandum of the prices at which furs had fold the preceding year : it was there feen that the price of otter-fkins of the firft quality had not rifen to more than fifteen dollars. In comparing thcfe prices with thofe of former years, which we learn from the detail given of them by the Editor of Dixon's Journal*, there appears a confiderable decreafe in the profits with which the Europeans flattered themfelvcs from this new branch of cortimerce : in 1786, Captain Hanna had fold fkins of this defcription at the rate of fixty dollars ; in 1787, they had fallen to • Dixon's Vey/tgf, page 316 and following. VOL. II. H fifty, 98 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. tiftyi but, in 1788, Captain Meares made them rife to fcvcnty, and fome even to ninety-one ; though in the fame year, and fliortly after, thofc of Captains Portlock and Dixon experienced a confiderable decreafcv the markets of China were already abundantly fupplied, and there was felt the inevitable efFed of too large a (lock : the fkins, exported latterly, greatly exceeding the pro- portion of the wants forefeen, the new and the old wcie reciprocally depreciated. But the tafte of the Chinefe for furs is fo decided, fo general, and this nation is fo wedded to its habits, that it may be prefumed, that, if the pro- hibition be not fpeedily taken off, the aftivity of the venders and the eagernefs of the purchafers, feconded by the cupidity of a Mandarin, will find means to evade the law, as has happened with re- iped to the introduction of opium ; and, the ave- nues being then open to fmuggling, the prices will rife or fall alternately, in proportion to the difficulties, more or Icfs great, which this illicit traffic may meet with. Captain Marchand, during his (lay at Macao, had frequent occafions of experiencing the injudicc and oppreffionof the Chinefe government, of which there is no voyager who does not loudly complain, if he has made ever fo (hort a (lay in the only port of China, the accefs to which is open to foreigners. Obliged to apply to a Comprador^ or Chinefe bro- ker, for the purchafe of their provifions, which they Nov. i79i-] marchand's VoYAtife* ^ they arc not permitted to procure for thcmfelves, they pay for every article double its value. The Portuguefe government of Macao is in a ftate of debafement which can be compared only to the in- folence, the avidity, and the knavery of a Man- darin. There it is that are to be feen the conque- rors of India, the fuccelTors of the great Albu- querque, in the dependence, and, in a manner^ under the ferula of a Chinefc cuftom-houfc officer, who, with the title of Hoppo, cxercifes a fol-t of defpotic fovcreigntyj every moment, makes the rulers of Asia kifs the iron rod by which they are oppreHed; and feems to revenge this part of the world, for the tyranny of the firft Europeans that the ocean threw on its fhores. I ^ould deem it fuperfluous to enter into any detail refpeding the government, the manners, the cuftoms, and the arts of the Chinefe : there is no voyager, no miflionary, who has not, on this fub- jeft, filled whole volumes; and, probably, there is not one who has not faid too much good or too much ill of thefe various matters. We (houid im- bibe an opinion undoubtedly too unfavourable of them, if we were willing to judge of the empire and its two hundred millions of inhabitants, from the report of ijavigators, who all, from Commo- dore Anson, have improved the one on the other, iri, order to paint by new touches, always more hideous, the diihooefty of the Chinefe government, H 2 which. w Wm f\ iffl t\ M 'l ■ wm^wC B 100 MAnCHAND's VOYACR. [NoV. I79I. which, according to their accounts, can be equalled only by that of the individuals to whom, fays the philofophic hiftorian of the two Indies, there no longer remains that fhame common to all knaves, who choofe to be {o, but who do not fuffcr people to tell them of it*. But navigators abfolutely infifl; that we fhould judge of all China, by the city of Canton, the only one of which they can get a glimpfe, and into which they are not allowed to penetrate but with formalities that would render null the talents of the obferver the moft clear- fighted, and the moft habituated to form, by a rapid glance, a judgment of men and things. In reading what they fay of China, we recall to mind, in fpitc of ourfclves, that well-known anecdote of a traveller, who having, in an inn, had an altercation with the miftrefs of the houfe, that was red-haired and ill-tempered, noted down in his common-place book, that all the women of the country were ill-tempered and red-haired. How can Europe ever fix its opinion rcfpedling an immenfe empire, alike ihut againft ftranger$ who have not the liberty of entering it, and againft the natives who have not that of coming out of it ? Perhaps, in order to fuccecd in forming an idea that would come near the truth, we muft • Raynal, Hiftoire Philo/ophique ft Politique det Etahl'tjftmtnt tt in Commerce dei Europe'em dam fei deux lades wait, Nov. 1791'] marchand's voyaci. !•« wait, as Raynal fays, till permifTion be given to difinterefted and judicious men, deeply vcrfed in the language, both as to writing and fpeaking ir, to make a long ftay at the court oFPekin, to vifit the provinces, to inhabit the country- places^ and converfe freely with the Chinefe of all ranks*. The enumeration of every thing that would be neceflary for bringing us acquainted with China, naturally leads us to pronounce, that we fhall never know it otherwife than as we lately knew the infide of a convent, from having been admitted fome- times into the parlour. During the Solide's flay in Macao road, three Englilh EaA-Indiamen pafled by without (lopping, and continued their route in order to proceed to Europe. Captain March and availed himfelf of this opportunity of writing to his owners, and of addreflmg to them the particular chart of the Iles de la Revolution which he had difcovcrcd, on the 2 2d of June 17 91, to the north- weft of the group of Las Marquesas de Mendoc;a. Wc are certain that this chart reached France, and that the houfe of 3a ux lai^ it at the feet of the national Aflembly upwards of four months and a half before the Solide's return; for, on the 17th of April 1792, the chart was prefented to that aflembly, wiiich decreed that honourable men- * Raynal, Hiftolre PhUo/ophlque tt l?ol\ttque des Etabli£emeM$ et du Commerce des Europeeus dam let deux Indet. w 3 tion fM marciiand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. tion (hould be made of it in the verbal-procefs of that day*. About the fame time, arrived in the road an American brig, an officer belonging to which came to beg Captain Marchand's pcrmiflion for the ibrgeon of the Solide to go on board of this veffel, in order to give his advice to the captain who was ill. Captain Chanal, being diredled to repair thither with Surgeon Rob let, for the pur- pofc of offering to tUc American captain every afliftaiice in the French captain's power, had an opportunity of learning the objcd and the fuccefs of this veflel's voyage. She had failed, fifteen months before, from New England. In the beginning of May 1791, fhe ii * Captain Chanal has procured, from |he Archives of the Republic, an extrafl from this verbal procefs, which \ tranfcribc from the original that he put into my hands. Archives of the French Republic. " ExtraH from the verbal-proce/t of the National Ajjembly^ ef the \lth of April 1792, 4/A year of Liberty, " A Member prefents to the AfTembly a chart of feveral " iflands, newly difcovered in the Indian feas by the Sieur f< Marchand, of Marfeilles, commander of the ihip Solide, dif> *' patched to the^South Sea, by MeiTrs. J. and D. Baux, (hip- " owners ; he moves that hor)ourable mention (hould be made of •• this offer. The propofition is decreed. *' Collated and found conformable to the Original depojited " in the Archives of the French Republic, by me. Keeper of '* the Archives ; in luitnefs nuhereef I have Jigned and caufed " to he fiffixed the feal of the faid Archives. Paris, fifth *' Ventefe,jear five of the French Republic one and indivifible," Signed /0 the Original, Camvs. had Nov. »79t-] marciiand's voyage* 103 had put intn the Bay of La Madrh de Pfos in the Ifland of Santa CHRi/rtNA of tUt Mar- ^ESAS DB Mendo^a; but hcr boats had hot been fcnt on (hore, and fhc had received on board wood and water, which thfi natives had brought in their canoes. On quitting this bay, and (landing to the north -weft, the American Captain had dif- covcrcd a group of nhie idands on which he had impofed nanncsj but he had not ftoppcd there, and had not even detached a boat to examine them clofely and vifit them : he had contented himfeif with having a view of them, and had not thought himfeif bound to deviate from his route for the purpofe of acquiring a more particular knowledge of them. From the latitude which the American captain gave to the iflands which he had feenj from their relative pofitions with refpeft to each other, and to the Mar mj^- 104 majichand's voyage. [Nov, 1791. m ft ft Mr V: I cannot entirely adopt the opinion of Captain Chanal : I am perfuaded, as he is, that the group of the American is the fame as that of the French captain j but I think that he has not rightly underftood the captain of the brig, and that, when he faid that his group is compofcd of nine iflands, he meant that the group of the Marquesas DE Mendo^a of which till now five iflands only, LaMaDALENA,SaN PEDROjSANfTA ChRISTIANA, La Dominica, and Hood's Ifland, have been reconnoitred, is compofed of mne^ by the addi- tion of the /c/^r new iflands which he has difcovered to the north-wefl: of the former Marquesas j and on what follows I grourd my opinion : If the reader call his eye on the large planif- pl)ere which the Englifli geographer Arrowsmith publiflied in 1794, he will fee to the north-weft of the Mend 05 A Iflands, a new group fituated withTefped to thofe iflands, as is, in regard to them, the Revolution grotjp : both occupy about a degree and three-fourths in latitude; both are compofed of four principal iflands -and of a few iflots or rocks : and if we did not read Englifli names in the place of French names, we might fuppofe that Arrowsmith has had a knowledge of the group of the Revolution Iflands, dif- covered by Captain Marchand, and which he has inferted in his plnnifphere, from fome plan where thefe iflands were not regularly placed, but merely fcattered at hazard. In comparing the group Nov. i79»-3 marchand's voyage. J05 group delineated by the Englifh geographer with that of which Captain Chanal has conftrufted the chart, and in carrying the eye, in this com- parifon, along both groups from fouth-caft to north-,- wcft, it is feen that the fmall ifland, called Rlou's Ifland by the Englifh, is the little Ile Plate of the French j that Trevennen's Ifland of the for- mer is Ile March and of the latter; that Sir Henry Martin's Ifland, the largeft of Arrow- smith's group, is Ile Baux, the largeft of Mar- , chand's groupi that the two rocks called Her- gest's Rocks by the Englifh, are the rocks called Les^Deux Fr^res by the French i ^and that, in fliort, the two moft northern iflands, which lie north-caft and fouth-weft, with refpeft to each other, under the fingle name of Robert's Islands, are Ile Masse and Ile Chanal, which have be- tween them the fame bearing as the former, and whofe diftance is the fame on the two charts. It therefore appears to me proved, that if, as we muft fuppofe, the new group which is fecn on Arrowsmith's planifphere, to the north-weft of the Marquesas de Mendo^a, is that which the American captain difcovered, this group is com- pofed of a number of iflands equal to that of the Revolution Iflands; and that if this Captain has faid that the group which he faw is compofed of nine iflands, he meant to fpeak of the whole archi- pelago of the Marquesas, of which the/o«r new iflands (that we reckon for five) are only an inte- gral Ki 106 MAftCHAKD's VOYACfE". [No\r. 1I791. gral part, which, added to the five old iflands, dif- covercd by Mend ana, and found again by Cap- tain Cook, form, in faft, that archipelago com, pofed of /^« iflands ♦, which the hydrographer of the iflands of the Great Ocean, Tupia, had delineated on his chart, before any modern navi- gator had explored the portion of that archipelago formerly difcovered byMENDANA. The fcale of Arrowsmith's planifphere is too fmall for us to be able to take, with any degree of precifion, the latitude of each of the new iflands in particular, as well as their relative differences of longitude, and to compare them afterwards with • It appears that the American Captain has not reckoned in the number of his iflands the fmall ifland called, by the £nglifh R'lou'i Ifland (our lie Plate); and the new group is thus compofed, according to him, of only /o/cr iflands (the four prin- cipal iflands of thofe reconnoitred by MarchandJ, which, with tne five MrWoftf Iflunds, compofe his whole group of ffiW iflands that wc carry to ten, reckoning our lie Plate for one. The following note is taken from the Additions to Vol. I, of the original 410 edition. — Tratijlator. '• Thus I reafoned," fays M. Fleurieu, " before I had read an account of the complete furvey which Lieutenant Hergeft made, in 1792, of the group (Ituatcd to the north-weft of the Marqrtefas de Mendo^a ; but it may be feen, in the Additions to the Voyage, that, without reckoning our little He Plate for any thing but an iflot or a rock, the twrth-uofji group is, in faft, compofed of ten iflands, as I had ftippofcd, becaufe Cap- tain Marchand, from the route which he followed in fight of thcfc iflands, could not perceive one of them, fituatcd 7 leagues to the eallward of his He BanXf .and which was called Riou's Ifland by Lieutenant Hergrjl," thofe Nov. i79i'l marchand's voyage. . ^Hi^ thofe which are afligncd to them by the obfer- vations made and bearings taken by Captains Mar- CHAND and Chanal; but, admitting that there are differences rather confiderable in the latitudes, in the longitudes, and, confequently, in the bear- ino-s and diftances, thefe differences do not dc- ftroy the proofs of the identity of the groups : for it is well known that the American captain had, as it were, only a glimpfe of his, in pafling, and could, at moft, but give a (ketch of it ; whereas Captain Marchand, by numerous obfervations and bearings, has afcertained, on the one hand, the latitudes and the relative licuations of the iflands which compofe the Revolution group; on the other, their pofition with refpedt to the group of the Marquesas; and as Captain Chanal has conftruded a chart of it with the authorities of which his journal has made us acquainted. Captain Marchand, undoubtedly, cannot af- pire to the honour of priority j but he has not, on that account, like the American captain who anticipated him, the lefs pretenfion to the honour of the difcovery ; for he could not know, in the month of June 1791, while he was navigating in the Great Ocean, that a month before, another navigator, fl-anding the fame courfe with himfclf, had made the fame difcovery. Wc muft, however, grant to the French Captain an additional merit, that of having made known to us the ' natives of the new iflands, and of having fixed the geogra- 3 phical m t i Ilk i«8 MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. [N()V. I79I. phical pofitions of this group with an exaftncfs fufficient for the fafcty of navigation. I muft not omit that the American Captain mentioned to Captain Chanal, that, during his navigation in fight of the new iflands, he conftantly perceived, to leeward, an appearance of land, the form, the diftance, and the pofition of which had , not varied all the time that he was abreaft of thefc iflands. This remark, conformable in all points to that which was made on board of the Solide, in the fame track of fea, and in the fame fituation, Icems to afford nearly the certainty that, to Ice- ward of this new group, there cxilt other lands ftill unknown. Captain Chanal, in his converfation with the captain of the American brig, picked up a few other particulars of his voyage, which will not appear foreign to that of Captain March and. This veflel had traded for the fifteen hundred furs which Ihe brought to Canton, partly on the coaft of America, to the fouthward of Queen Charlotte's Iflands, partly along the weft coaft of thofe iflands j but ftie had proceeded no farther to the northward than Cloak Bay, and had em- ployed only forty days in carrying on her trade. Her voyage prefents no difcovery in that quarter. During the ftay which, on his return from the north-west coaft, the American Captain had made at Atooi, \ht moft northern and the largeft of the weft group of the Sandwich Iflands, he had Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. log had received on board his veffel two failors, who, two years before, had been carried off from an En- glifh brig by the natives of the ifland, and were obliged to employ no fmall (hare of cunning to cffeft their efcape. Thefe two men reported that they had been well treated -, but they affirmed that they had been convinced with their own eyes, that thofe iflanders are cannibals, and eat their pri' foners. I know not what degree of confidence ought to be granted to the tcftimony of thefe two failors; but, it appears, on the other hand, that Captain Cook, Lieutenant King, Surgeon Ander- son, and feveral of the officers belonging to the Resolution and the Discovery, who had made it their particular bufinefs to inquire whether the natives of the Sandwich iflands ought to be ac- cufed of cannibalifm, were never able to obtain the certainty of the h6t j and if they have not been willing to pronounce the negative, at lead they do not fufFer it to be doubted, that they were flrongly inclined to repel this horrible accufation. I leave others to judge whether the tcftimony of two (ailors, however pofitive it may appear, be fufficient for deciding a qucftion, which obfervers, no lefs intelligent than enlightened, and particularly bent on inquiries which might fix their opinion on this point, have not fucceeded in clearing up. Have thefe failors feen diftinftly ? Have they faith- fully reported what they favv ? Have they not wifhed to make a fort of merit, have they not thought to f'k\ no MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. [NoV. I791, give thcmfclves a degree of confideration and im- portance, in announcing themfclves as men wno had cfcaped the tooth of cannibals ? They may, bcfides, probably have been deceived by appear- ances : for it is well known, that the cuftom of the natives of the Sandwich Iflands is to cut in pieces the bodies of their dead enemies, which they have been able to feize on, to burn their flefli, and to preferve their bones as trophies, which are to perpetuate the memory of their exploits. Thus it was that they dealt with the body of the unfortunate Cook. When Captains Clerice and Gore, Lieutenant King, and the other companions of that heroic navigator, claimed the remains of their Hector, and had obtained that they fhould be rcftored to them, thefe remains were wrapped up in a large quantity of fine new cloth, and co- vered with a fpotted cloak of black and white feathers*. " We found in the bundle," fays King, " both the hands of Captain Cook entire, which ** were well known from a remarkable fear on " one of them, that divided the thumb from the " fore-finger, the whole length of the metacarpal '^ bone; the (kull, but with the fcnlp feparated " from it, and the bones that form r.he face want- " ing; the fcalp, with the hair upon it cut fliort, " and the ears adhering to it ; the; hrr.^s of both armsj with the (kin of the fore -arms hanging c< • Caek't tiiri Voyage, Vol , III, page 79. »5 to winter on the coafl: : an officer of this (hip and fomc of her people had fallen viftims to the fury of the favages, in a harbour fituated to the fouth- ward of Nootka Sound. He likcwife learnt that the brig which had been perceived to the eaft- ward of Cox's Channel, was an American, and that he had left on the coaft, another brig and a fchooner of the fame nation. Thcfc three laft- mcntioned veflcls were to come this year to Chik a, and intended to return to the north-west coafl: of America i they had left there a boat, which, during the winter, was to be employed in colledting, for the following year, the quantity of (kins nc- ceffary for forming their cargoes. The fchooner, in her way to the coaft, had anchored at O-Why- hee: the natives had killed two of her people; and the veffel had been forced to cut her cables and make fail, for fear the natives, too ftrong iti number, and become too cnterprifing, Ihould fuc- ceed in getting her into their poffeffion. Thefc different accounts fufficicntly (hew that the Americans of the United States, whofe na- vigation and commerce are daily acquiring frefti extenfion, have feized with ardour, and without being difcouragcd by the diftance, the new fup- port which the peltry of the north-west coaft of America offers to their fpeculations, to their in- duftry, and to their want of enriching themfelves in order to pay the public debt : to the nations of Europe, they arc become formidable compe- I 2 titorsi ,,-• 11« marciiand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. titers i anil their adivity is by no means inferior to that of the Englifli. It is well known too that the Spaniards, under ilie name of the Philip- pine Company, are endeavouring to rival both; and even the Portuguefe of Macao, roufcd from their lethargic languor by the fcducing allurement of the enormous profits that the firft operations have yielded, have attempted to engage in the new career which had jull been opened to cupidity. Thus, Europe, Asia, and North- east America, by a fimultaneous movement, have dircftcd their Ihips towards the north-west coafts of the New World, and vied with each other in multiplying, without principles as well as without pfudcnce, their bold fpeculations. But the fur-trade has limits fixed by nature and by rcafon : fpeculations ought, on the one hand, to be combined with the population of a country far from favourable to the multiplication of men, and with the time neceflary for the reproduftion of the animals againd which they make war, and for whofe fkins trade is waiting ; on the other hand, with the annual confumption that may be made of thefe furs, when the introduftion of them is free, by the people of that empire of Asia, to which the total produce of the trade of America is configned. Before the voyages of our time had made known the part of the north-west coaft, comprifed be- tween the fiftieth and fixtieth parallel north, Rus- sia MARCH AN d's VOYAGE, >>7 Nov. 1791 •] siA had already reatcd this trade; and It fcemcd likely to be to lier a fort of cxclufivc property, which her geographical pofition might infurc. The Englilh carried to St. Petersburg, as they ftill carry thither at this day, their ptltry from Canada and Hudson's Bay : thence, taking the road of the interior, partly by land, partly by the lakes and rivers, and augmented on the route, by the addition of the furs furniflied from Siberia, and by thofe which the navigation of the Ruffians has procured them, fincc they have difcovered the Archipelago of the Ku riles, that of the Aleutian Idands, and the continent of America above the fixtieth parallel, all thcfe furs affembled arrived, after a paffage of fcveral months, at the frontier town of Kiatchta*, the mart of the Ruffians} and traffic was open with Maimats- cHiNf, the town, or the market of the Chinefe, which is feparated from the former only by the rivulet * Kiatchta it fituated a little to the northward of the fiftieth parallel ; and it is an error of the prefs which places it in the latitude of thirty-five degrees, in the elliir.iible work of IVlll'iam Cexe, entitled Account tf the Riiffimn DiJco>verit% betwueen Afia and Amer'tca. London, 1.80.410. page 21 z. + " The frontier town of Chittay" fays Coxe^ page 214 of the work quoted in the preceding note, " is called by the " Chinefe and Mougols, Maimat/chin, which fignifics fortreft of ^^ commerce \" but the Chinefe have another emporium, that of Zuruchaita, alike fituated on the frontier of Siieria, on the weftern branch of the river Argion, 11° 40' more to the eaft- ward, and about a degree lefs to the northward than Kiatchta. I 3 " Formerly ttt marchand's voyace. [Nov. 1791. rivulet of Kiatchta. From Maimatschin the furs reached Pekin, and thence were diftributcd throughout the whole empire. It is cafy to con- ceive that the new introduftion of furs by fea and the fouthern ports of China, by calling the Engiifti, the Americans, the French, the Spaniards, and the Portuguefe to a fhare of this trade, by occafioning them to enter into competition and rivality with the Ruffians, muft make the mcrchan- dife that is the objedt of it, fall to prices which no longer hold out a fufRcient profit to excite and maintain the adlivity of frefli fpeculations. It may therefore be forcfccn, that the maritime nations will do each other a mutual prejudice, by crowding too much to the markets of China; at the fame time that they will reciprocally injure one another in their purchafes, by a too great refort to the north-west coaft of America, Doubtlefs, they have already perceived that, if they are defirous of preferving this valuable branch of trade, and of prevenring it from drying up in their hands, they mull not require from it more fruit than it can yield without being exhaufted, $.et them haften then, if yet it jse time, let them i: Vi " Formerly the commerce carried on at Zuruchaita was confi- " derable ; but at prefent \t is fo trifling that it hardly deferves «' to be mentioned; almoft the whole traffic between Ruffia and « China is confined to Kiatchta," {Ruffian Di/covmes, by W, Coxet page 244. and 24;.} h^ftcn Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 419 hiirtcn trt relax and arrange their hitherto diforderly operations, in order to regulate their extent by the quantity of furs which it is pofTible to draw annually without drying up their fource, and by the pre- fumable proportion of the vents that may be open to the general produce of the trade. The intercft of corhmerce and that of the fciences are here blended; and we muft with that a condudb far from rational and difappointed hopes, may never force the Europeans to interrupt that interefting fqcccf- fion of voyages into the Great Ocean, which, by multiplying, in every diredion, the tracks of our fhips, muft indubitably, and in the courfc of a few years, perfed; the defcription of the parts of the globe little known, and obtain a frelh in- creafe to the ftock of our knowledge. . «4 CHAP- marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. 'r V ' CHAPTER VIII. Departure from MacsLO.-r-Pq/pige of the China Sea. — ReSfification of. the Chart of that Sea. — The Solide paffes through Gafpar's Strait between the IJlands of Banca and B ill i ton. — New Plan of the two Straits which prefent themfehes between . ihefe iJlands.—Thefe Straits preferable to that of Banca. — Navigation from Gafpar's Strait to the Ifle of France. — Arrival at Port du Nord-Oueft (Fort North -weft) in this lajl -mentioned ijland, ^—TranfaSlions there. «HE Solide fet fail from Macao Road for the Ille of France, on the 6th of December, at half pad ten o'clock in the evening, and diredled her coiirfe fo as to ftrike foundings on the Mac- clesfield Bank, fituated towards the latitude of J5° 45' north, in the middle of the China Sea. On the 8th, at eight o^clock in the morning, foundings were ftruck on it, in fixty-five fathoms, the bottom broken fhclls, mixed with fmall black and white gravel. Two hours before, no ground could be reached with aline of eighty fathc-ms. Having afcertaincu the firuation of the fliip by thf-fe f lundings, which Captain March and could noc rioubc to belong to one of the limits of the bu.'ik, ne Iteercd fouth-weft in order to get fight c^ Pulo-Sapata, Imall iflands fituated towards . ^:! ' the Dec. 179*0 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. t9| the tenth parallel north, about the diftance of forty- two leagues from the fouth-eaft point of the king- dom of Camboja. On the 1 1 th, a little time after noon, the fea, which till then had been rough, fell all on a fud- den J and it was not without great furprife that, at forty minutes paft four in the afternoon, he per- ceived to the weft by fouth, at the diftance of about five leagues efti mated by the eye, an ifland in a fituation where, by the courfe which the (hip had fteered, none ought to be met with. According to the latitude of 1 1*' 14', which had been obferved at noon, and the run which the (hip had made fince that moment, the land that was in (ight could be only the iflands called the Two Brothers, fituated on Alexander Dalrymple's Chart of the China Sea, at the diftance of eleven leagues weft by north 3® weft from the moft eaftern of the Pulo-Sapata. Although the land that was perceived could be no other than the Two Brothers, yet there remained fomc uncertainty in this refpedj becau(c on the fuppofition that it was the Two Brothers, the fhip ought to have pa(rtd fo near to the moft fouthern iflands of thofe wl.ich compo(e the Paracels, that it would have been impo(rible for our navigators not to have fecn them, and yet not one of them had been perceived. On confuking the Tabic of geographical pofitions in- ferted in the CoMwiJfance dcs Tcm^s, (French ephe- meris. ^h:^ ' t22 marchand's VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. mcrls, or nautictvl almanac), which gives the lon- gitude of Pi;LO-SAPATy\, as it was determined by the obfervation^ made in Cook's ti>ird voyage, Captain March and thought he difcovered that this ifland is placed, on Dalrvmple's chart, about I® too far to the weftward : and as the Two Brothers muft have been laid down there from their bearing and diftance in regard to Puxo- Sapata, he judged that the error of their pofition mull be the fame as that of the pofition of thefe latter iflands. From the moment that he had perceived the Two Brothers, he ft^ered fouth- weft and fouth-weft by fouth j and at fix o'clock, they bore from weft 26° north to weft 45* north. He then ftood on to get fight of the largeft of the group of the Pulo-Sapata j and about mid- night, by the help of the moon, he difcovered it to the fouth-weft by weft. This ifland is fmall and barren, but high land ; and its form, which is that of 2l JhoBi as its name indicates*, admits not of miftaking it and confounding it with another iOandf: in clear weather, it may be fccn ten or eleven leagues from the deck of a merchant- ihip. He ftecred fo as to round it at a fuitable * Zttpato and Capato, (hoe, in Spanifli and in Portugude. + <« When Pulo'Sapata bears north," fays George Robert/on.^ *' it is extremely curious in appearance, and looks as if it were ** going to fall to the right ; both fides in that point of view *' ftand a great way off their centre." (See Memoir of a Chart tf the China Sea, &c. London, 1791, 4tOtpage6). diftance; Dec. 17S*'] mahchand's voya&e. ««9 diftancej aftd at three quarters paft midnight, it bore diredly weft, diftant four or five miles. This remark of Captain Chanal has appeared to me to defcrve to t>e examined with attention, becaufe it points out two corredions to be made : the one in the Chart ef the China Sea by Alexander Dalrymple, a copy of which is to be found in the fecond edition of the Neptune Oriental of D'Apres DE Mannevilette, and on which all the French navigators regulate their courfein the China Seas the other on the General Chart of the Worlds by Lieutenant Roberts, which accompanies the ac*- count of Captain Cook's third voyage. The error in Dalrymple's chart lies in the longitude of Pulo-Sapata, reverts on that of the Two Brothers, and is owing to the difference of meridian, on this chart, between Pulo-Sapata and Macao being too great by 50 minutes of a degree*. The error in the chart of Cook's third voyage conflfts in its placing the Two Bro- thers to the north about ^o°eaJl of Polo-Sapata,; whereas, by the route which the Solide followed, in pairing from the former iflands to the latter, the Two Brothers muft be fituated to the north about 22° weft of Pulo-Sapata, nearly in the pofition in which they are feen on Dalrymple's chartf . I refer the reader to the Notes which are to be found at the end of this narrative, for • Note LX. f Note LXI. the It: i«4 marchanb's voyage. [Dec. 1791. the detail of the combinations, calculations, and trigonometrical operations, by which 'I have en- deavoured to determine the quantity of this error. The excellent Memoir which G. Robertson pub- liflied in 1791, for the elucidation of his capital Chart of the China Sea^ has been very ufeful to me for the firft of the corrections to be made ; and if my refuits differ fometimes from his, I am not the lefs indebted to him for a great number of data^ with which his inquiries have furniflied me, but which have not always led me to the fame con- fequences that he thought he might draw from them. The difcuflion in which I was involved by the combination of thefe various data, has put me in the way of treating of the pofition of fome points of the China Sea, which it was important to fix with the precifion neceffary for leffening the perils of navigation, in a fea where the currents which mafter Ihips, leave a great uncertainty ref- pefting their direction and velocity, and where iflots, fand- banks, and dangers of all forts prcfcnt themfelves every moment. Captain Marchand took his departure from Pulo-Sapata, which he fuppofcd ought to be placed in the latitude and longitude deduced from the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage j and he diredled his courfe to the fouth-weft, in order to make Pulo-Timoan. He had the firft view of it to the fouth-fouth- weft, on the i^that fix o'clock in the morning, at Dec. 1791'] marchand's voyage. ^ ^s^a^. at the moment when the foundings were thirty- eight fathoms, over a bottom of rather hard mud j and at eight o'clock, Pulo-Timoan bore fouth- fouth-weft, and Pulo-Pissang fouth half-weft. This latter ifland is the largeft of a group fituated near the Malay coaft, between the parallels of 2 and 3® north, and compofed of the Iflands or Puloj Varela, Aor, TiMOAN, PissANo and TiNGi : PissANC is .a high land, which may be difcerned at the diftance of twenty or twenty- one leagues. Clouds did not admit of obferving the meridian ahit'ide of the fun j but at three quarters paft two o'clock, PuLO-AoR (orPuLO-LAOR, accord- ing to D'Anville*) was feen at the diftance of four leagues and a half, bearing fouth-fouth-weft. The eaft part of this little group prefcnts very high land, forming two hills, which lie in regard to each other fouth-eaft and north-weft, the moft eafterly of which is the higheft. Its geographical pofition was determined by the obfcrvations made in Cook's third voyage, which fix its latitude at 1° 42" north, and its longitude at 102° 19' 45" eaft from Paris f: on deducing the pofition of the ftiip * And accorc^ing to the natives of the Ifland PtUaJFawear, I Lat. i f "°'^!"S *° f «•? • • ^ 40 00 J j^^^„ ^o ^,. oo"N, t According to Bayly . . 2 44 oo 3 Eaft from Paris. J 7 According to ATw^ 102 16 45 ") Mean 102° ig' 45 °"^' S According to Bajlj loz 22 45 3 ^a^ f^m Paris. fS^ MARCHANli's VOYAGE. [Dcc Ijgi. Ihrp from the bearing of Pulo-Aor, wc find that her latitude muft have been 2° 56', and her longi- tilde, 101° 16' i but the dead reckoning from the laft bearing of Pulo-Sapat a, on the i ith at three- quarters paft midnight, gave 3" 17' for the lati- tude, and 103" 19' for the longitude i and thence it was concluded that, in the interval from the nth to the 15th, the currents had carried the fhip 21 minutes to the fouihward, and ^2 minutes to the weftward. I muft apprize French navigators that the fitu- ation of Pulo-Aor, on the chart No. 49 of D'Apres' Neptune Orientale (fecond edition) is not conformable to the refults of the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage : if thcfe be admitted, the latitude which on the chart is only 2° 30', muft be increafed about 1 2 minutes j and on the general chart. No. 9 of this Colledion, where the latitude is the fame as on the particular chart. No. 49, the longitude, which is only 102°, muft be carried to 102° 20'*. When See Original Aflronamical Oh/ervations made in a Voyage i9 the Northern Pacific Ocean, &c. page 351. — See alfo Note LX. at the end of this narrative. ' * In making this criticifm on D'Aprh* two charts which I have defignated, I ought not to negled to inform the reader that George Robert/on, a» well aa the French hydrographer, employs on his great chart of the China Sea, the latitude of 2° 30 , and that it is the fame on A/exander Diflrymple'i chart. Moft affuredl/, Rohertfm wa« unacqw^qted with th^ obferva- tionj Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. i>>7 When the Solide had doubled Pulo-Aor, flic fteered fouth-fouth-eaft in order to pafs without , the Dt)OGER's Banks, which arc faid to be dan- gerous, and die pofition of which is ftill uncer- tain*. On the 17th, about nine o'clock in the morning, land was perceived to the fbuth-fouth-wcft. It was fuppofed, according to the calculation made of tions of Ctok's voyage, which are confiderably prior to the pub- lication of his chart, but later than that of Dalrymple'% chart, and yet he has not employed their refult : nor has he explained him- felf in regard to tlie motive that may have determined hLm not to make ufeof it ; but merely fays, (page 9- of his Memoir) that the latitude of Pulo-Aor or Pulo-Auro is between 2° 29' and 2* 30 'north. (See Note LX.) * 1 tranfcribe what G. Robtrtfon fays of the Doagrr's Ranis, in the Memoir which he publifhed in 1791, for die elucidation of his chart of the China Sea, page ^4. «« The Dogger's Banks certainly exift, and are very danger- " ous : they are placed on the chart, in their true fituation, « and from the following correfponding accounts : I took Mr. " D'JpnV diftance ffom Pulo-Panjang (folio. No. 49'"' of the '• Neptune Oriental, 2nd edit.) allowing my own longitude of " that illand, which places them in o** 40' north, and longitude " 105° 26' eaft : (or 103° 5' 45" eaft from Parii) to confirm " which the Ganges faw the ihoals: her latitude of them is '* 0° 37' north, 105° 29' eaft from Greenwich ; fo that I have *« little doubt of their being nearly right." I obferve that G. Robertfon (page 34 of his Memoir) has pla- ced, by a chronometer, the longitude of Pulo-Panjang from that which he has given to Pulo-Aor : and as the latter, according to my calculations, is more eafterly by 2 minutes than that adopted by Robert/on, that of the Dooger's Banks muit be likevvife increafed by 2 minutes, {See Note LX.) out M..CHAND-S VOVAOE. [D=C. .79.- L- ^„ft he a fmall ifland with- out a name which D ArR t ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^ plaqcs a league and a halt t j^^^„^,p eaft Poi^of^r^'Vfre^ft n order to double nV'^atbursltandrainprefent,, Ae fmall ifland, "" '4 ^^^^^ , concealed .t f^ ^'^ JJ' f.^^oms v,ater, over pad ten, he founded m tycnty . bottom of ^"l^^^^Zi reckoning, the fitu- In deducmg, ^Y '^e dea ,.^„d "'°%°''';*Torrvat"n°madeinCoo.-svoy according to the oDicrv (he was 4 north 3ge. it »as found that, at n"™' ^l^ f^^^ ,„„. rf the equinoaial line, and m .03 ^"^'\ n'dock in the afternoon, land was At three o clock m .^ ^^ again difcerned to the weft Jfo«.^^^_^._^^^^ ^-■'^^•'r'TJ'S -rather faint from the morning, i »e wmu weather over- ,eft.north.weft and n-h-Mh^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ , caft. and ^^^^^^^^^^iZ hauled the «ind through the St-t of B^K ., ^^ ^^^ ^,_^^^^^ .„ ,0 make Pulo-Tava. But f^^^,, *e afternoon >-/-;;- ^^^^ '^"eVmined ,0 fouth-fouth-weft. He im ^^ o, anchor in order « -"f^Jff bottom of came to in nineteen fathoms, over mud and fand „v1nck in the morning, The next day, at Gx o clo k , ^^^ he difcovered that the land feen ^^^^ Dec. 179 i-] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. 10 the northern coaft of the Idand of Banca, which extended from fouth a few degrees caft to fouth- fouth-weft, diftant fevcn leagues. He continued to perceive the fame ifland which had been fcen the day before, and it bore north-weft 2" weft ; but near this ifland, and to the north-weft by weft, was fcen another of a flat fliape, and larger than the former j it was reckoned that the diftance from the fliip to thefc two iflands might be five or fix leagues. According to thefe bearings, it could not be doubted that the currents had fct at a very con- fiderable rate to thtfoutb-eaji : and this cfFeft docs not agree with what is to be found in the failing dircftions of D'Apres, who fays that, in this fca, the currents fet ftrongly to the Jouth-weft, It is clearly proved that the (hip had been carried to the fouthward and eafiward\ for the point of Banc A which bore fouth a few degrees caft, was certainly Point Pes ant, the moft northern of the ifland, which there was foon an opportunity of verifying ; and it is evident jthat the two iflands which lay to windward, and which, the day before, had been taken for the fmall ifland fituated to the caftward of the eaft point of Lingen Ifland, be- caufe, according to the dead reckoning, the fliip was fuppofed to be much more to the northward than flie was in reality, it is evident, I fay, that thefe were the Rigaitdiere Iflands. Captain Chanal obferves that, according to their fituar VOL. II. K tion $'i« MARCIIAND's VOYAGh. [DCC. 1791. I tion on the chart of the Neptune Orientale (fccoml edition, No. 49, 2nd of the fupplcmcnt), and ac- cording to that of the (hip, Pulo-Toty, which, however, was not perceived, ought to have been feen at the fame time : this might Induce the fup- pofition that the laft-mentioncd ifland is not rightly laid down on the chart with refpeft to the Rig au- di ere Iflands, and that it mufl: be much nearer to them : it is even prefumablc that, of the two iflands which were in fight, the one was Pitlo- ToTY, and the other, the higher of the Rig au- di ere Iflands, if, in fadl, there be two of thefe; for, althougli D'Apres has laid down two iflands on his chart, the denomination which he gives them of Ile Rig audi ere, would fcem to indicate one ifland only : perhaps too the fecond is but a little iflot which cannot be perceived far off. Be this as it may, of the two iflands which were per- ceived from the Solide, at the fame time that the northern coaft of Banc a was in fight, the one bore north by weft, and the other, north-north- wcfl: half north from Point Pesant (Tong Ma- cooDA,) at the diftancc of about thirteen leagues from this point *. Captain * The remarks made by Captain Chanal, who navigated by D'Aprh' chart, and cc.'ld not be acquainted with that which George Robert/on did not puLlilh till 1791, leads us to conceive that the French chart is defedive in this part ; and we are con. firmed in this opinion if we caft our eyes on the Englifh chart, which is con(lru6led from the various obfervations made on board the Dec. i/9»'] marciiand's voyage. »3« Captain Marchand weighed anchor at half pad fcven o'clock in the morning, and with a breeze the Eaft India company's (hips that trade to China, On this are fecn two iflands, the former, under the name of Pulo-Toty to the ea(l( the latter, to the well, under the name of Decant both fituated at the dillance of fourteen leagues from the caflera cttremity of Point Pe/ant of Banca. The bearings dilFer, as is feen, about a point from thofe which were taken on board rhe SoliJe, and the didance is the fame, within a mile : bur Point Pe/ant is not a mathematical point ; and, according to the part that was fet of it, if it lie more to the eaftward or more to the weftwarJ, the bearings of the iflands which are determined from it muft experience a change: the diftance mud be left afet'led by it ; and, indeed, that which was eftimated on board the Solide, and that given by Rebert/vn'i chart, differ from each other but a league. On D'Aprh' chart, Pult-Toty (lands alone, at fourteen leagues' diftance, to the north by weft of tlie eaftcrn part of Point Pe/ant ; and nothing there indicates the Ifland of Docant which the Englilh chart places three leagues to the weft. fouth.weft of Toty ; but to the north and the north by eaft of the latter, at fix or feven leagues' diftance, D'Aprh places two other iflands, Rigaudiht and Saint Pierret which are not to be found on Rtbert/on't chart ; and thefe two iflands are placed, in regard to each other, on the French chart, at the bearings and at the diftance which the Englilh chart has given to foty and Docan. We are fully juftified in believing that, if we judge by the names given to the Iflands Rigaudiere and Saint Pierre^ their pofition has been fixed according to the track of feme French fl\ip that had a miftake in her reckoning. Robert/ jh's chart appears to me to merit the preference to that of D'Apres, becaufe it prefents two routes, indicated by two fets of < I have thought that it would be of fonic utility to the officers in our navy and mcrchant-fervicc, %o trace minutely the track which the Soli de followed in pafllng through Caspar's Strait i to report the obferv^tions of latitude which were made in the paHage, and to indicate the principal bearings that were tajcen from Dec. »79»'] marchand's voyage. »37 from the places where, in order to ftop tide, the fhip was forced to come to an anchor. Thefe details will be comprehended more eafily, if the reader will follow them with the chart before him*. On the 20th, at half pad feven o'clock in the evening, the Solide got under way from the fecond anchorage which (he had been obliged to take up in fight of the northern coaft of Banca ; and Captain March and could not but congratu- late himfelf on having quitted it ; for it was difco- ycred, when the anchor was weighed, that the cable was (Iranded near the clinch; and it was judged that if the ihip had remained longer expofed to the violence of the pitching which flie had experienced during the night, the cable would ine- vitably have parted, and occafioned the lofs of a Second anchor. On the 21 ft, at three quarters pad fix in the evening. Captain March and anchored to the north- weft of the entrance of Caspar's Strait, in fourteen fathoms, over a bottom of mud, gravel, and broken (hells, after having pa(red between four breakers fituated to the north- weft and north by weft of the eaft coaft of the Ifland of Banca ; the fartheft is fifteen leagues diftant from this point, and the neareft, twelve. Point Brisee (Tono Hyott) of the fame ifland, fttuated between Point • See the CI)Brts, Nos. VII and VIII. Pesant J 38 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. .n\(l Pesant (Tong Macooda) and the East Point, bore, from the anchorage> weft-fouth-wcft, four or five leagues' diftance. On the 2 2d, the fhip was under fail at fifty minutes pad feven in the morning, and (leered fouth-fouth-eafl half eaflj the foundings were con^ ftantly fourteen fathoms, with a bottom of fand and gravel, mixed with broken Ihells. At forty minutes paft nine o'clock, a fmall idand, furrounded by breakers, and fituated more to the offing than three others, lying all together on a line, to the eaft and eaft by fouth of Point Brisee, bore weft-fouth-weil. From that moment. Captain Marchand fleered fouth-eaft by fouth i and the lead indicated from thirteen to fourteen fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom as that which had been found in the morning. - At eleven o'clock, Caspar Ifland, which is fituated nearly under the fame meridian as Miodlk Ifland, and eight or nine leagues north of its north point, was perceived from the maft-head ; it bore eaft 6° fouth. A quarter of an hour after, the extremities of a remarkable mountain on the Ifland .of Banca, ferving as a leading mark for its East point, which lies to the eaft 9 or io° north, and at about the diftance of feven leagues from this mountain, bore from fouth 13" weft to fouth 42'' weft. Ac noon, the east point of Banca bore fouth 43' "ft, Dec. J79*'] marchand's voyage. 139 43"' eaft, and the middle of Caspar Ifland, direftljr eaft: in this (ituation, the latitude ob> fcrved was 2° 21'i and, allowing for the action of the currents, it was eftimated that the longitude of the Ihip might be 104° 12'j which would carry that of Caspar Ifland, the diftance from which was reckoned twenty-eight or twenty-nine miles, to 104° 40'* Captain Marchand (leered eaft-fouth-eaft half call : the lead continued to indicate twelve, four- teen, and fixteen fathoms water, till one o'clock in the afternoon when it fliewed twenty fathoms^ over a bottom of fand and gravel : he be.ran to perceive the firft of the iflots of Rocher-Navire (Tree Island) fituated between the east point of Banca and Caspar Ifland. At three quarters pad two, another of the iflots of Tree-Island, the fouthern iflot, bore, one line with the fouth point of Caspar Ifland eafl: 23° north : a chain of rocks was difcovered be- tween this fecond iflot and the firft. At the fame time, a fmall iflot was difcovered to the fouth- ward of the east point of Banca. Captain Marchand fteered fouth-eaft half fouth till three o'clock : from half paft one, he had car- ried with him twenty and twenty- one fathoms water, with the fame kind of bottom as in the preceding foundings. At three o'clock, the east point of Banca bore fouth $f wcftj Caspar Ifland, north 53" cafti f^O marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. cad; and the firft-mentioned iflot between that ifland and t^e east point of the great iiland, north 39" call. He then ftccred fouth by eaft, in order to get up with the peninfula of S;el*, which, with the fouth- weil point of Middle Ifland, forms the narrowcft part of the Wist Passage. Till four o'clock, the foundings were ftill twenty-two, twenty-three, and twenty-four fathoms. He then difcovered the peninfula of Sel, and the iflands which are iituated in the eaft part of the firait. The EAST point of Banca bore north 71° weft; the NORTH-EAST extremity of the peninfula of Sel, fouth 32° weft. It was perceived that the currents carried the fhip to the eaftward of her courfe j and, in order to counterbalance their effeA, and draw more in with the peninfula of Sel, by entering the paiTage, Captain Marchano fteered fouth by we(V. At a quarter paft four, the lead announced that the water was fhoaling; there were no more than eighteen and feventeen fathoms ; but it kept at this depth, and the bottom was conftantly gravel and ihells. . ^ Several charts or plans hare deiignated as an ifland the land which, on Gasfar's Plan, bears the denomination of the lU de Sel: it is at this day admitted that it is only a peninfula, con. neAed with the Ifland of Banca by a flip of land fb low as not to be always perceived from the diftance at which the reef, that terminates this land to the eaftward, requires that fliipa Ihould keep from ft. As Dec. i79»-] marchand's voyage. >4» As the currents fct rapidly to the fouth-fouth- caft, at five o'clock, Captain March and (leered fouth-f«uth-weft half fouth : the foundings Mere feventcen fathoms, with the ftmc kind of bottom, till fix o'clock, when the east point of Banca bore north if 30' weftj Caspar Ifland, north 17® eafti the moft eaftern of the fmall iflands fituated to the northward of the peninfula of Sel, fouth ii" weft; the norh-east point of the pe- ninfula, fouth 77° 30' weft, and its south-east point, fouth 15° weft. The SoLiDE was then beginning to enter the paflfage between Middle Ifland and the peninfula «f Sel : Captain Marchand fteered fouth half caft, under eafy fail, till forty minutes after fix, when he came to an anchor in feventeen fathoms water, over a bottom of fand and fine gravel, mixed with broken (hells. During the night, the wind varied from north- weft to weft-north-wcft, the currents fct to the fouth-fouth-eaft, and then to the fouth, at the rate of a mile and a half or two miles an hour. From the anchorage, the hummock on the east point of Banca bore north 21° weft; Caspar. Ifland, north 13** 30' eaftj the peninfula of Sel, from fouth 22" weft to weft 1° fouth; the fouth- weft extremity of Middle Ifland fouth 84° eafti and four fmall iflands which were perceived to the fouth-eaft and fouth-fputh-eaft of this laft-men- 3 tioncd 'n^SK 'tnl msmm ilwal ')m s IkIhIIi mm 'mM !■ )!wl!i fjff «4« MARCH AND's voyage. [Dcc. I791. 1 tioned ifland, from fouth 76* caft to fouth 56* eafl;. , The SoLiDE was under fail at three-quarters paft fix in the morning, and (leered fouth half eaftj but, a little time after, fhe bore up fouth- caft by fouth, and then dire6led her courfe fouth- fouth-eafl half-fouth. On the eaft coaft of the peninfula of Sel, were diftinguifhed fome breakers which appear to run a mile into the offing, and to extend as far as the fouth point of this peninfula. The depth of water kept increafing from feventeen to twenty fathoms, with a bottom of fand and gravel. At twenty-two minutes paft feven, all the lands in fight were fct by the compafs, in order that their bearings might be laid down on the plan. The SOUTH-EAST extremity of the peninfula of Sel then bore fouth 54* weil. Captain Mar- CHAND fteered fouth^ and the foundings increafed from twenty to twenty-four fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. He perceived more and more the fouth part of the Ifland of Banca, and was on the point of being clear of the Strait. He crofled fome ftrong ripplings of currents, which, at a diftance, might have been taken for chains of breakers. At twenty minutes pad eight. Middle Ifland bore from north 1 1° 30' eaft to north 2^° caft ; and the middle of the moft caftern of the iflands fituated Dec. 179 »•] marchand's voyage. M3 fituatcd to the northward of the peninPjla of Sel, in one with the north-east poinc of the latter, bore north 34° 3^' weft. From this point, Captain Marc hand ftcered fouth half weft : the water gradually fhoalcd from twenty-four to twenty fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. At fcven minutes paft nine o'clock, the iflots, feven in number, which lie to the fouth-eaft and fouth-eaft by eaft of Middle Ifland, were partly ihut in, the one by the other, in the diredlion of north 43° eafti and the south-east point of the pcninfula of Sel bore north 53° 30' weft. Till three quarters paft nine. Captain Mar- cHAND fteered fouth-fouth-weft half fouth, and the foundings were regular from twenty to feven- teen fathoms. At this period, the extremities of the eaftern coaft of the peninfula of Sel bore from north 13° 30' weft to north 44° 30' weft. The Sol IDE was then clear of the ftrait, and Captain March and hauled his wind, at the fame time carrying a prefs of fail on the ftarboard tack. At half paft ten o'clock, the (hip fell all at once from fevcnteen fathoms into nine, with a bottom of fand and gravel : this fudden diminution of the depth of water obliged Captain March and to navigate with precaution *. he conftantly kept the lead going ; it indicated the fame foundings, vary- ing only from eight fathoms to nine, till half paft J eleven M4 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [DfiC. l/g^ eleven o'clock, and from ten fathoms to eleven, till noon. Ac this lad- mentioned period, no other lands were perceived than thofe to the fouthward of the Ifland of Banca, which extended from north-weft half weft to north north- weft half north. The ob- fcrvation of the fun's meridian altitude gave 3** 30' fouth latitude j and, in allowing for the effcA of the currents, which, according to the rcfult of the dead reckoning compared with that of the obfer- vation, had carried the (hip 25 minutes to the fouthward, in twenty-four hours, and which was alfo reckoned to have carried her 1 1 minutes to the eaftward, it was concluded that the longitude mufl: be 104° 28'. The detail of Captain Marchand's navigation in Gaspar's Strait, fuch as I have juft reprefentcd it, as it were, hour by hour, would be a fiiffi- cient guide, by which navigators who Ihould wifh to get out of the China Sea by this paiTage, might direft their courfe with fafety ; but, in order to render more ufeful the remarks that were made on board the Solide, Captain Chanal, aflfociat- ing his nautical knowledge with the talents and zeal of the Engineer Le Bruk, who had embarked in the fhip, for the purpofe -of going from Macao to the Ifle of France, carefully conftruAed a plan of Gaspar's Strait j he fubjefted it, on the one hand, to the latitude that was obferved on the 22d in the parallel of Caspar Ifland, the principal leading Dec. J79**] M ARCH AN D*« VOYAGE. ' I45 leading mark of the two paflagcs for (hips coming from the northward, and that which was obfcrvcd on the 23d on coming out of the Strait, the (hip being clear of all land j and on the other hand, to numerous bearings that were taken in the dif- ferent fituations, under fail or at anchor : !x has accurately laid down on the plan all thf found- ings that were taken, from the moft norti:rrii point of the Ifland of Banc a to the parallel of its fouth coaft { and each founding has been placrd at the point of that track which the bearbgist have determined*. Captain Chanal was not able to extf&id his work beyond Caspar's pa(rage i and, in order to complete his chart, he copied from that of D'Ap^v in the EAST pa(rage between Middlb Ifland and the Ifland of BiLLiTONi but he took care to give notice that ht was very far from vouching for the correAnefs of this borrowed part j and rhis notice was the better timed, as the eaftern part of the chart publi(hed by D'Apres as unwarranted, i<» defective in every point, and as the wed part is fcarcely more correal: : moft a(ruredly there would be lefs danger for a (hip to attempt the pai^age * I have conceived that- it was delefs :o tiViTcribe all :he bearings which were taken on board Ij I £o0/,V(r, from the time that (he was within fight of tha novtii point ef Batiea till after (be came cot oi the Strait ; I We laid down thofe only which ;4>peared to me ufefiil for fixing the xdadve pofitions of the prin- cipal pouta. VOL. II. from I4« » vigators, which have not been tranfl^- ed into our language, and with whofe names even our navigators were not acqi^nted : their obfervations ire valuable, and deferved to be coUe^ed ; to thefe I have added thofe of our Captains Dordelin and Cbanal, and I have formed of the whole a regular work, the ground of which does not belong to me, and of which I have only arranged the parts, in order to connect them together by comparing the reports of the different navigators, ftrengthening them the one by the other when they agree, andoppofing them to each other when they are at variance. This work may, with French Teamen, fupply the place of a great number of foreign journals which would aflS)rd them, befides, only ufelefs repetitions. I fhall have accompliOied my objeA, if, in prefenting to them the Straits Between Banca and Biiiiton as preferable to the Strait of Banca as well for (hips returning from China as for thofe going thither, I have fumifhed them with the information ne- ceflary fiir navigating there with fafety, by dire^ing their coutfe according to the tracks of the experienced navigatoit who have opened the way* L 2 when ( I 148 MARCHANd's VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791, when the queftion is to examine their produftions, it is becaufe it may be feared that their weighty authority will too cafily accredit errors. I have already faid that D'Apres, in publifh- ing the Plan of Gaspar's Paflage, fuch as it had been commiinicated to him, judged that it was prudent to diffuade navigators from entangling themfelves between the Iflands of Banc a and BiLLiTONj and he thought it incumbent on him to advifc them to continue to take their route through the Strait of Banca ; but the experiment of the SoLiDE, and previoufly that of the Tritok, the Provence, and the Sagittaire under the command of Dordelin, that of the Englifh (hips, the Macclesfield, the Suhvan, the Hawke, the PoNSBORNE, the Warrem Hastings, the Carnatic, the Vansittart, the Glatton, and her fleet under the orders of John Clements, &c. niud difpel for ever the fears that were maintained, and with reafon, by the impofing authority of a learned navigator, who, from a long acquaintance with the feas of Asia, and great labours, executed with fuccefa, for improving the hydrography and facilitating the navigation of them, had acquired the right of fpeaking as a mafter, and of caufing himfelf to be heard with attention. No doubt, his opinion would have changed, and he would have been eager to amend his decifion, had he been acquainted with tracks which have been followed only fubfequently to his work and his death : he would Dec. i79i-} MARCHAN d'S VOYAGE. 149 would have judged that a paflagc or a ftraight line and very fhort, like that of Caspar, in which, throughout, if the wind be not favourable to the courfe, or if it be wiflicd to pafs the night at anchor, a fliip may come to in a good depth of water, and on a good bottom, defcrves every preference to a long and winding paflage, fuch as that of Banca, the entrance of which, incoming from China, it is difficult to reach with the winds neceffary for engaging in it j in which the different direftions of the lands require different winds for paffing from one branch to another -, and which prefents, on leaving it, fhoals and over-falls that obflru6t navigation and multiply its dangers. Clements' PalTage, the moft eaftern of the two ftraits that are comprifcd between the Iflands of Banca and Billiton, affords, in many refpeds, the fame advantages as that of Caspar, through which Captain Marchako pafTed; but fbips coming from the wcflward, will prefer the latter of the two ftraits } and thofe coming from the - eaftward will alfo prefer it, if the wind allow of their fo doing j for Clements' Strait, in the nar- roweft part, is ftrewn with iflots, banks, and (hoals, which, indeed, are moftly vifible, and near which is found a good bottom fit for anchoring, but which, however, may occafion fome uneafinefs and embarraffmcnt in a confined paflage, where the adlion of the currents is commonly very vio- lent, and where navigators muft experience fuddcn L 3 variiitions »p 15« marchamd's voyage. [Dec. 1791. ▼ariations in their diredion, in proportion as they prefent themfelves at the opening of the numerous channels which the banks and iflots form between them, and according to the time and the fetting of the tides. But Clements' Paffage, obftrufVed as it is, appears to be frequented by the Engjiifh s and this is a flrong reafon for believing that its navi-. gation is not dangerous, fince they have the choice between the two paflfages. I am perfuaded, how- ever, that a navigator who neither has uled the one nor the other, will, on an infpeflion of the chart, give the preference to Gaspar's PafTage : but, unqueftionablv, he will prefer either to the Strait of Banc A, ifj incoming from China, he wifh to arrive more expeditioufly and more fafely in the Strait of Suxpa} or if, coming from Europe, and after having pafTed this lafl-men- tioned ftrait, he wifli to proceed with greater difpatch to the coaft of China whither his trade calls him. On the afternoon of the ajd. Captain Mar- ch and, after having doubled to the fouthward all the lands which form Caspar's and Clements* Straits, and wifhing to make the Ifland of Suma- tra, off the fmall iflands called the Two Bro- thers, direded his courfe towards the Strait of SuNDA, ftanding on clofe to the wind which blew from the north-weft quarter. During the whole day, the foundings were conftantly ten fathoms, at firft a bottom of fine gray fand, then oozy fand; and Dec, i and tl He at calm c current Ont he got diftahce obfcrve< compari was difc day, the or near rcckonco Point Pi at the m '03° 44',, then in tv Captaii and weigi ing. Ha again, he Sgeurs*, tlicy bore icagues. He CO ferved at taken at * There and they afterwards incrcafcd to twelve fathoms. He anchored feveral times in this run, when, a calm coming on, he was apprehenfive that the currents might drive the Ih.ip out of her cpurfe. On the 25th, at half pad twelve o'clock at noon, he got fight of the coaft of Sumatra, at the diftance of fix or /even leagues. The latitude obfcrved at noon, had been 4° 25' fouth j and m comparing it with that by the dead reckoning, it was difcovered, that, fince noon of the preceding day, the currents had carried the (h'tp 1 7 minutes or near fix leagues to the fouthward. It was reckoned that the longitude deduced from that of Point Pis ant on the north fide of Banc a, was, at the moment wjjcn Sumatra was perceived, 103° 44', and the latitude, 4^ 26' i the ihip was then in twelve fathoms water. Captain Marchand pafied the night at anchor* and weighed at half pad fix o'clock the next morn* ing. Half an hour after he had got under fail again, he difcerned the iflands called Lss jPfux ScEuRs*, which he had intended to mak$i an^ they bore fouth-weft at the dilUoceof two or thre« leagues. He concluded from the latitude of 5°V ^^' ferved at noon, and from the bearing that was taken at the fame moment, that X^p S(E9ilS, the * Thefe are the fame iflands that are nanui on the JSngliOk duris the Two Bkothem. L 4 moll *5« marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. moft fouthern of which bore fouth-wcft, diftant one league, are fituated in latitude 5" 6' : the longi- tude of the fhip was then 103° 36'. The middle of thefc two iflands is placed on the chart, No. 47, of D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, in latitude 5**; and their diftance from the coaft of Sumatra, which is feven leagues on this chart, appears to be too confiderable j it is reckoned that it might be re- duced to five. From within fight of Les Deux Sceurs till he made Point St. Nicholas in the Ifiand of Java, at the entrance of the Strait of Sun da, calms and contrary winds obliged Captain March and to anchor repeatedly : it was not till the 31ft;, in the afternoon, that he reached the entrance of the ftrait i but the wind not permitting him to weather the rock fituated in the middle of the paflagc be- tween Middle Ifland and Toga or Hoe's Point in the Ifland of Sumatra, he came to an anchor off PuLO Remow, or Long Ifland, three-quarters of a mile from the land, in thirty fathoms water, over a bottom of gravel and fliells. In this fitua- tion. Middle Ifland bore from fouth-eafl: to fouth-fouth-eaft 4° fouth ; the peak of Cracatoa Ifland, fouth-weft half wcltj the Grand Toque, eaft-fouth-eaft i and the rock in the middle of the paflage, fouth half weft. On the I ft of January i 792, at half paft feven o'clock in the morning, the fliip fet fail for the Jfle of France. For Jan. i79«'] marchand's voyage. 153 For a few days the contrariety of the winds allowed not of her increafing her diftance from the vicinity of the ilrait ; at length, on the afternoon of the 4th, Captain Marchand took his depar- ture from Prince's Illand, lituated to the north- ward of the weft point of Java, at the mouth of the ftrait, and, according to aftronomical obferva- tions, in 6° 36' 15" fouth latitude, and ioa°55' eaft longitude*. On the I ith, at half paft four o'clock in the afternoon, the latitude of the fhip deduced by the dead reckoning from that which had been given by the obfervation of this fame dav at noon, was 11** 37' 10" J and her bngitude deduced, by ac- count, from that of Prince's Ifland, 95*' 14' 15". At that moment, a low land was perceived to the fouth-fouth-eaft, at the diftance of fix leagues. From this bearing, the land in fight mud have been fituated in latitude 11° 54, and longitude 95* 21' 15": it was judged that it could be no other than the largeft of the Iflands of Cocos, that group of fmall iflands thrown at about the diftance of a hundred and fixty-five leagues to the fouth- weft of Flat Point, the moft fouthern of the Ifland of Sumatra ; but, at the fame time, it was con- cluded that there was an error in the diftance efti- * ConnolffaHce dtt Temfs (Ephemeris.) An VIII. dc I'Ere Fran9aife(i8oo.) mated 1^4 marchand's voyage. [Jan. i7yt. mated by the eye, from the fhip to thefc iflands*, and an error in the dead reckoning fincc fhe had quitted Prince's Ifland} for, according to aftro- nomical.obfervations, the large IHand of Cocos is fituated in latitude 1 2" 1 1', and longitude 94° 3'f . The * It might iVo be fuppofed that there was an error in the latitude obferved on board the (hip ; but it is more probable that the diftance from the (hip to thefe iflands had been incorreflly cftimated by the eye, an error which is very comnum. -1- ThiB is the longitude which is to be found in the Co«. mijfance des Tempt of the year VIII. of the French era (1800) and the preceding years : it is there indicated as deduced from lunar obfervations made at fea ; and is prefented as the fituation of the middle of the largeft of the ijlandt. G- Robert/on gives us, refpefting thcfe Iflands of Coeos, a detail which defervcs to be mentioned : it is engraved in Englifli at the twttom of his Chart of the China Sea, Memorandum for fiipt leaving Java Head (the raoft wcftern part of the Ifland of Java) for Europe. " The true fituation of the Kellhig or Cocoj Iflands, detcr- *• mined by an exaft Arnold'^ box-chronometer, in a ftiort run *' from Jenva Himd^ and corroborated by three fets of lunar ob> " fervations, objefls eaft and weft. ** The northemmoft is a fingle low ifland, in latitude 1 1* 50' " fouth, longitude 8" 1' weft of Java Head, or 97° 8' eaft from .« Greento clofe into <* the ihore, which is a beautiful white beach appearing like " fand, bat which I believe is white coral. ' " A reef runs out from the north-weft comer of thefe iflands ** a (hort quarter of a mile, and thejr may be feen in clear wea- ** ther, from an Indiaman's deck, five leagues/* Signed, G. R. (Gtorgt Robtrt/on.J Roiert/oMf in his Table of Pofitions (page 79 of his Memoir) gives the longitude of ^ava Head 105° 9' eaft of Greewwiehi ■ it is only 105° 5' according to the obfervations made in Ceok'a Third Voyage (page 351 of the Original Aftrenomieal Obftrm 'vationiy &c.) : and if we adopt this latter determination, the longitudes of the Cac»t Iflands muft be diminiflied by 4 minutes* N. B. There is an error of the prefs in the ColIedUon of Obfervations, which I have juft quoted. We there read, Javm the mofl eafterly Point of tht Straitt of Sundas read the taojl wefterly P««/, &c. From m 1 i^H pH i&S marchand's voyage. [Jan. 1792. From the Ifland of Cocos, the Solide dircftcd her courfe weft-fouth-wcft, in order to get into the parallel of RoDR I QUE Ifland, from which Cap- tain Marchand wiflied to take a frefti departure before he ftood for the Ifle of France. On the 1 6th, a little before nine o'clock in the morning, in the latitude of 15° 47' 15'' fouth, the mean between the refults of feveral obfervations of diftances of the fun and moon, gave for the longitude of the fhip 85" 1 5' j that which was de- duced, at the fame inftant, from the dead reckon- ing fince the departure from Prince's Ifland, was 86° 45': thus, in the fpace of twelve days, the fum of the errors of the reckoning was a degree 3nd a half, which the fhip had advanced more to the weftward than was fuppofed And as, when Ihe was in light of the Ifland of Cocos, on the I ith, the error in the fame direction was only 1° 1 8^ it might thence be inferred that, from the nth to the 1 6th, the errpr had increafed 1 2 minutes ; but this inference would imply, that we grant to the refult of the lunar obfervations fo great a degree of accuracy that they may be employed with fafety in .correcting fmall errors. What we may folcly conclude, is that, from the 4th, when the fhip took her departure from Prince's Ifland, to the 1 6th, the day of the laft lunar obfervations, flic was conftantly carried to the weftward by the efFc«5l of the currents ; and that the quantity of this un- perccived progrefs was about a degree and a half in Jan. 1792'] marchand's voyage. ij; in the interval of twelve days, or about eight miles in twenty-four hours. On the r9th, at eight o'clock the morning, in 1 8° 37' 20" latitude fouth, the mean refult of four fets of lunar obfervations fixed the longitude of the fliip at 77° 59 j that which was indicated by the dead reckoning, brought forward from the obfervation of the i6th, was 78"^ 17': thus the error in the interval had been 1 8 minutes, or fix miles in twenty-four hours, in the fame dircdion as the preceding ones. Other lunar obfervations, made on the 27th, at eleven o'clock in the morning, in latitude 1 9° 40', « gave 62'' 29' for the longitude; that which was deduced from the dead reckoning, brought forward from the obfervation of the 1 9th, was 6f 2 1' : the errpr of thie reckoning had therefore been, in the fpace of eight days, 52 minutes, or fix miles and a half in twenty-four hours, and ftill in the fame direction, the currents had conftantly fet the fhip to the weftward, or abead of the reckoning. From the refult of the obfervations of that day. Captain March and reckoned, at fix o'clock in the evening, that he could not be more than feven- teen or eighteen leagues from Roorigue Ifland, when it was perceived as far as it could be feen, that is, at the diftance of thirteen or fourteen leagues: thus the error of the fliip's fituacion by account, with relpe£l to her true fituation, was not more than three or four leagues in a run of upwards of »i« MARCH AN D*s VoYAcic. [Jan. 179«, of eight hundred j but it would have been about fifty- Icven leagues ajierrtt that is to fay, he would have met with RoDRicuB Ifland fifty-fcven leagues fooner than was expcftcd, had he employed, for regulating his courfe, only the arbitrary and uncer- tain methods of the dead reckoning : for, in re- capitulating the partial differences, arifing, at va- rious periods, between the refults of the dead reckoning and thofe of the obfervations, we find that the (hip had been carried i^ 40^ or about one hundred and fifty miles ahead of the account, and one hundred and Hxty in adding thereto the fmall error difcovered on making the land. Hence it therefore refults, that the unpcrceived progrefs of the fhip to the weftward, had been (on an average) 7! miles in twenty- four hours. This may be r.ttributed to the cfFeA of the currents, ivhich may have had a conftant diredlion ; but might it not alfo be confidered as the effeft of a general movement of the waters from eaft to weft, which is moft commonly eftimated, in an open fca* between the tropics, at the rate of eight or nine miles ibr each diurnal revolution of the earth ? I have thought it incumbent on me not to throw into the Notes the refult of the obfervations which were made in the run from Macao to Prince's Ifland (Strait of Sunda), and from the Strait to Rodrigub Ifland: it is well known that the currents have a conlidcrable influence in the Indian Jan. i7i)«] marchand's voYACE. tS9 Indian Seas : their dircdlion, which varies accord- ing to the feafons, fometimes in the fame feafon, requires all the attention of the navigator, becaufe their aftion has a material cfteft on the fhip's courfe, and may give rife to fatal errors. In pre- fcnting to fcamen thefe runs with minutenefs, 1 wi(hed to enable them to appreciate the utility of the lunar obfervations for the fafety of navigation and the improvement of hydrography ; the exam- ple here (lands by the fide of the precept ; and if they perfift in rcje<5ling evidence, if they repel light, I fliall not at leaft have to reproach myfclf with not having made it Ihine to their eyes. Captain March and, after having made Ro- DRicuiIfland, dire<5led his courfe towards the lilc of France; and, on the 30th of January, the SoLiDK anchored in the principal port in the illand fituated on the north-west coaft. The run from Prince's Ifland had lafted twenty- fix days, and the mean progrefs of the fliip had been thirty-tive leagues one -third in twenty- four hours. The Ihip had kept the fea for thirteen months and a half j and, with the exception of thirty days fpent at anchor at La Prava, La Madre de Dios,Tchinkitanav, and Macao, fhe had been conftantly under fail. The health of the crew did not appear to be impaired by the fatigues of this long voyage j but, in order to return to the port in Europe from which the (hip had been dif- I patched 1 t6o marchand's voyage. [Jan. 1752. patched, there remained three or four thoufand leagues for her to run, which might occupy four months: the relaxation neceflary for preventing diforders, the repairs to be made to the Ihip, the examination and the renewal of the provifions, the purchafe, the taking on board, and the ftowage of merchandife J in fhort, all the preparatives of a long voyage required that Captain Marcmand ihould fpend two months and a half at the Ifle of France. CHAPTER April i792'3 marchand's voyage. i6t CHAPTER IX. Departure ftom the IJle of France. — The Solide touches at the IJle of Bourbon, now called the IJle of Reunion, in order to load there with coffee. — Run from that ijland to St. Helena. — Stay at this latter ijland. — DireSlions for anchoring in its road. — Various conftderations refpeSfing St. Helena. — Ad- vantages of its fituation^ and of that of Gibraltar ^ to the nation which occupies thofe two rocks. — Naviga- tion from St. Helena to the Strait of Gibraltar. — The Solide returns to Toulon. — On the length of voyages round the Worlds and the means which might fljorten it. — Praifes due to the owners of the fhip^ to the Captain^ and to the officers. — Utility of the new methods for determining atfea the pofttion of the jhip. /^ ^^ T was on the i8th of April that the Solide got under way from Port Nord -quest in the Ifle of Fhance, in order to return to Europe, calling at the Ifle of Bourbon, now denominated the Ifle of Reunion, where ftie was to take in a cargo of coffee. On the 20th, Captain Marchand came to at the anchorage of St. Denis j and, on the evening of the 2 1 ft, he again got under fail, and direfted his courfe to make the coaft of Africa, and double the Cape of Good Hope. VOL. II. M This I mm v mi "^l^r. a6a marchand's voyage. [April 1792. This run, like that which preceded it, prefents, concerning the efFeft of the currents and the errors of the reckoning, fevcralobfervations, which, not- withftanding the little intcrefl: that details of this fort can aJfFord to the generality of readers, have appeared to me to dcfcrve, for the inftru6tion of feamen and the improvement of navigation, to be mentioned at fome length, referving to myfelf to extend, in the Notes, fuch of thefe obfervatiofts as may appear n-rccflary. On the 28 th, the longitude of the ihip deduced from lunar obfervations, and reduced to noon, was, by a mean between four fets, 42° 44' : that which was given by the dead reckoning, deduced from the Ifle of Reunion, whofe geographical pofition is determined by aftronomical obfervations *, was 44" 51': thus, in the fpace of feven days, the Ihip had been carried to the weftward, or ahead of her apparent run, 2° 7', or thirty-eight leagues and a half f . -.J The daily errors in the direftion of the latitude, afcertained by obfervation, were no lefs remarka- ble : from the 24th to the 25th, the (hip had been carried 34 minutes, or eleven leagues and two thirds, to the fouthward ; and during the laft two 4ays, (he had been carried 9 and 1 2 minutes to the northward. * Longitude of Si. Denis $i° 10' o" caft. Connoiffance da Temps. y account or dead reckon- ing, is ftill fubjeft, at the end of the eighteenth century, to fimilar miftakes, we ceafe to be afto- niihed that the geographical pofitions, given, after paflages of feveral months, by the firft navigators of the Grhat Ocean, to iflands of which they made the difcovery, have been fometimes five or fix hundred leagues in error. But ought we not at the fame tinne, through the impulfe of juft gra- titude, to pay a well-merited homage to the arts and fciences, which, by withdrawing us from the empire of arbitrary opinion, have furniihed us with fure means of guarding againft thf dreadful efFefts of an uncertainty, to which the moft fkilful feaman in vain oppofcd his knowledge and long expe- rience. * Tba Reader may convince himfelf of this, by cafttng up the fum o'i the errors ajhm, from the 21H of April to the 12th of May. (See at the end of the Notes, the Table of the tffeit of the currenn^J M4 . The Mmm mi / >/ .j> 1 , imm .11,1. "■«i.4ji,H»); ■ i68 marchand's voyage. [May 1792. The errors in the latitude had, within thefc few days, been no lefs remarkable than thofe in the longitude : the obfervations fhewed that, from the 9th to the nth, the (hip had been carried to the fouthward, i" xi'; and from the nth to the 12th, 32 minutes ; thus in the fpace of three days, the fum of the errors in this direflion was i® 43', or thirty-four leagues one-third. If we combine together the error of the longi- tude, which was forty-nine leagues, during thefe laft days, with that of the latitude, thirty-four leagues one-third, it will be found that, in the (pace of three days, the Ihip, driven out of her apparent courfe by the movement of the waters, was carried fixty leagues to the weft 35" fouth : this is at the rate of twenty marine leagues in twenty-four hours, or upwards of a common league an hour * j while, on the contrary, owing to the natural confequence of the diredion, and the vio- lence of the wind which blew from the weft, vary- ing towards the north, the Ihip, lying to, ought to have been drifted towards the eaft-fouth-caft and fouth-eaft. We are therefore juftified in con- cluding that, but for the refiftance which the di- redion of the wind and waves muft have oppofed to the aftion of the current, the effefl: of the latter would have been ftill greater j and it is, no doubt, to the ftruggle of thefc oppofite powers, that muft * See Note LXVI. be j^fay 179*-] MARCIIAMD's VOYAGE. ^ t6^ be attributed the exceflive agitation of the fca during the gale of wind. We may prefent, in fupport of this conjefture, what Captain Chanal mentions in his journal : that on his return from India in 1789, on board the Tufcan (hip, il Gran Duca di Toscana, he experienced in the fame latitude, an efFeft of the fame current, ftill much more confidcrable than that of twenty leagues a day, fince, in the fpace of twenty-one hours, the (hip was carried thirty-(ive leagues to the fouth-we(t 3° fouth. The current was no longer felt when they had pa(red CapeTALHAOo, fituated to the weft-fouth-weft of Muscle Bay. The Tufcan (hip had failed at the fame diftancc from land, twelve, fifteen, and twenty leagues, at which Captain Marchand had kept. On the 13th, at noon, our navigators were af- fured by the obfervation of the fun's meridian alti- tude, that the efFeft of the current which, on coming out of the Mosambique Strait, ought to fet to the fouthward, had no longer adled on the (hip, fince, being more advanced towards the weft:, (he had been (heltered by the fouthern lands of Africa j for, on comparing the latitude obferved with that which had been deduced from the dead reckoning, it was found that the (hip, very far from having been carried to the fouthward, had, on the contrary, been drifted 17 minutes, or five leagues and two-thirds, to the northwards this Plight be attributed to a (Iropg fwcU from thc^ fouth- 'i:Jt'' ■.{). Iptii 170 marvhand's vpvAca. [May 1792, fouth-wcft, which muft have driven her towards that fide. Some lunar obfcrvations, taken at fifty minutes after ten in the morning of this fame day, had likcwife proved that, in the interval between the 1 2th and tlie ijrii, thp currents had ceafcd to fet to the wellward*; : • . : , / ,- In the night between the 13th and the 14th, the SoLiDE carried away her main- yard, while the watch were employed in cKung up the topfails, in a fquall- that was not fufficienily Jlrong to caufc this accident : it was fuppofed to have been 'fprung during the gale of wind j iiowever, it was expc- ditiouny replaced by a fpare yard. From fcvcrai obfcrvations made on the 15th and iSih, it was concluded tliat at noon on the latter day, the fhip was in longitude 17^47', and latitude 35° 44'. Since the obfcrvations of the 13th and 13th, the differences between the longitude ob- fcrved and that by account, h^d been fo fmall, that it might be imagined that at Jcaft a part, pr per- haps the whole of thefe differences, belonged to the trifling error which an obferver cannot be af- fiired of guarding againft in the obfervatiqn, or to the error which .may ftill be found to affe and.'fifteen leagues to the fouthward of that cape, fleered north-wefti in ordei* to make the- Ifland of St. Helena, where he intended to pafs twenty- four hours, in order to procure fomc rcfrcfhrnenta for his crew; and, in concert with Captain Cha- nal, he employed himfelf in this run in afcer- taining the route of the ihip by the ufe of aftro- nomical obfervations which, in the courfe of the voyage, had conftantly guarded him againft the uncertainties and errors of the dead reckoning. The obfervations o€ the 25th of May gave 4° 4.2' caft longitude, and proved that,, in the fpacs of the laft nine days^ the ihip had been carriedto the weft ward i*' 6", beyond the refuh of the dead reckoningf . Thofe of the 28th fliewed that the error on the fame fide, had been, in three days, 1° 9' J. On the 29th, at noon, the longitude of the ihip,; deduced by the twenty-four hours' dead reckonings from that which had, on the noon of thepreced^*- ♦ See Notes LXVIII and LXIX. t See Note LXX. t See LXXL ing mm :« i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^> ^^ Photographic Sdences Corporation •S5 ^ ^\ ^ % 23 WIST MAIN STRHT WnSTIR.N.Y. USM (716)l72-4503 '^ % c\ \ # V"^^ ;\ ^ ^. '^ 172 marchandIi VOYAGE. [May 1 799. ing day, been given by the obfervarions made ^at fame day, was o* 15' vreft from Paris, and the latitude, obferved at the fame inftant, 20^ 52' fouth. Thence it was concluded that at half paft ten o'clock, in the morning of fche 29th, the So- i^iDB had been under the firft meridian of France, under which fiie had already paffed in the Mbdi- TiRRANEAN, after her departure from^MARSciLLSs, •n the 19th of December 1790: thus, in the fpace of feventeen months and ten days, or only thirteen months and a half, deducting the time paflbd at anchor, at the different anchorages, and the length ef the day at the Ifle of France, the (hip had circumnavigated the globe in the diredion of the diurnal revolution of the ^n, or to exprefs myfelf more corredtly, in the inverfe diredtion to the diur- nal revolution of the earth : and if^ on his arrival at Maqao, Captun Marchano had not added a day to the computation of time, he muft have added it here, in order to agree again m^.the ^te and the calendar of the meridian of Paris. The obfervations for the longitude on the 29th, proved that, in the laft twenty-four hours, the currena had aded feebly in incveafing the ihip's progreis by account towards the weft * ; and thofe Qf the 30th even feemed to indicate a progrefs ftiU finaUer by i minute towards that fide, than wa^ jgivcn by the dead rec)coningf . - * • $tf Note LXXII, t ^tt Nptc LXXIII. Bi|C >tay 179^0 marchand's votao£. 173 But if. the movement of the waters had no longer tSted in the dire£):ion of the longitude, their action occafioned confiderable errors, in the direftion of the latitude : the obfcrvations ihewed that, in the interval of four days, from the 30th of May. to thB's hm frbm the Ifle of RiumON toSti. Helei^Aj v^ithout (hewing^ both with what eX" a6lne(s fhe i^iade th^ laiid on this latter ifliiiid^ and t6 what a dangerous evrttt f)ie would havd been cxpofed, had not the dead redkciling been r^C'> dfied b^ aftronoitiical obfei-vadohs*« The lafl: obfervationa for the lohgicude had beta made on the joih of Majrj and'it^at fi^in this iiked point tiiat Captain MAnoilAfiD fktriA fbr making the land. In applying to the lon^iCttdt determined by chefe obfervatioriS> th^ pfbgrcis^by ftccomit {(Awards the Weft finite that period^ a pro- gre&r which he had retfon to dunk Ai^ciendy extiOi, fince, duKng thefe latter diysi theeufrentt hadeeafed t6 ad^i ^n the ifaiplii tte direAioii of thelotigicudei ^ire ftnd ihat the toftgicdde' df the ihip, in fight df Jamis 'Vowu a^dt, to a mimi, with that which had been fixed for that town byNeViL MAiKiitUt, the aftrbnomer royal of Grbbn* June 1^3 UABCWAND** VOYACEw \f^ GRifisitwicfH. Thia caureiQt prccinon is, no^oubt^ flo cficA of chaincr^ fiocc dptfifi March ai^d waa obligcii to emplox thle dc«d ivckooing tfof.the ial( five days of the pai]age« and fioce thi« c^l^ul^^ioa might be afieSed by fome error, t but lee, us ftif in whit longitude the (hip would h^ve bee(i ftippo^ fed to be ifi in failing only froni within fight of the coaft of Africa,^ on the 9th of May) he had been under tfaeneccflity ofdice^ing h.i$ courlc by the dead reckoning. Onthc 4ch of June, Captain MARcitANO> would have reckoned (hat he had arrived at 3° weft longi- tude, when he had Already reached %° 4' : the error 5° Art ^htcb, in the parallel of St. H^lbha, anfwer to upwards ai Mwut^^ffvUlf kagu9$ ; but i^ uthatviras pofliblr, and Jias oftv^n happened, he had not made ,the toaft of.AriRii;4» bjUt had made a dired run, from the Ifle of Re Onion to St. HfiLBNiL, the ttmtafitntijtitfixftrty-tkrieAvfii the length of a very ordinary ilmHage, Would havf beeii S°35', or upwotds ;9f.«9^ bundted aiidvfixt^f'-JefoM Uagim*, r;fe >r> <:?fiif i:r{jno * •; 'Ij ;•■;: ■ ... In order to naake , the veadtfr fi^nfible w^at fatal ctoiequences might havd enfued from ! an ttiJixiyt r.' rc6lion tfS MAUCflAND's VmAGti [JUne 1792. leftion of 3* 30', made, twenty-five dtys before, ivithin fight of the coaft o( Africa^ it will be fufficient to obferve that, in the perfuafion in ^hich Captain March and muft have been that the fhip was ftill near one hundred kaguts to the caftward of St. Helena, it was pofiible that if, in coming to feek this fmall ifiand, he had not Jtept exa6lly in its paraUel, he would not have perceived it during the night, and that, in the dark, he would have pafied it without fufpe^king it: and it was the more to be feared that he would not be able to keep in a 'given paralkl, as in the latter part of the run, the fhip had been conftantly car- ried to the ilf^thward, and fometimes at a con- fiderable rate in the interval of twenty -four hours, fiefides, it is well known that, is. the paiallelof St. Helena, the winds blow conftantly from the points of the compafs i^ear the eafti and it is well known too that there is no longer a poflibility of getting again to windward of the iflahd, if a ihip has once pafied its mencfiMi : I (hall add thit the fteadinefs of the windi here preients an additional danger; for if, in confequence of an errof' in the longitude, a veflel fhould happen to be hemmed in during the liight on the windward coaft^ of the ifiand, this iron coaft alSbids no other proipeft than that of fliipwreck, without any hopeof fafe^ either for the veflel or for the people. As the road of St. Helena is little fiequented by the French, to whom> however, it may be im- portant June i79a«] marchand's voyage. I77 portanc to be acquainted with it, and as it is fo well known to the Engljih, that^ in the accounts of their voyages, they difpenfe with entering into any detail refpcAing the anchorage, I have thought that it would be ufeful to preferve the remarks which Captain Chanal was enabled to make, as well in regard to the precautions to be taken, as to the cotirfe to be held, by a ihip that intends to anchor in this road ftead. The Ifland of St. Helena is fufficiendy high to be difcefned, in clear weather, at the diftance of twenty leagues. It prefents, at the firft afpeffc, nothing but a heap of fteep rocks, feparated by narrow and deep valiies. The anchorage, as has ; been faid, is fituated on the part of the coaft that faces the north-weft : and as the ifland is placed in the region of the -trade -winds, it is always necef- fary to make the land to the northward of this part, and to fteer for Su car-Loaf Point, the moft northern of this coaft : firft, you muld range very clofe to this points near it, there is no danger to be dreaded i the coaft every where is bold and fafe. On Suoar-Loaf Point is feen a fmall fort, bearing thb infcription, which is a warning to fhips coming into the roadftead : " Send the flnfi hat ajhore'*.** From this point, a boat may be difpatched in order to announce to. .the governor * I have been tdd that this notice u there written in three languagCB, EngUlh, French, and Fortugaefe. YOJ.. II. w the f7« MARCBANb's VOTAGC. [JuHC I79A. the (hip's arrivai. Captain Gman ai. (ays he vis told that if the commander of a veflel negiefted to conform to what is prefcribed in this refpedb, Ifae would be expofed to be fired at by the fort: Captain March and was tinable to comply with thia&rmality tiU after he had anchored in the road^ and yet the fort did not fire. After you have pafled Sugar-Loaf Point, you continue your courfe Under cafy fail, tUl you ait iuriVed at the anchorage. From this fh-ft point, you perceive ilkt 1hip% that may be lying in the road, «ndyoufteerfor' them : if there be none ther^ lirhich is very fel. dbm the cafe, you Ihould fteer fo as to pafs at a Kttle diftance from Mvndin^i Point, n'here is built a fmall ibrc by which ic imty be known. It Is neceflSiry to range dofe along the land, if you do hot wifh to be forced to ply to windward In order to ^each the anchorage : you haVe nothing to fear but the (quails thiit come from the two ▼allies fituated between SvcAti-lx>Ap and Miin- »en's Points t you muft therefore carry 'little fall, ^d ftand by the tcipfail haliards. 'Each of thefe vallies is defended by a b^attery of cannon. .. Jatmss Viiillc^r,, in which Jam is Town is fituated, ^refents itfelf imfnediacely after Mir ki>bn's Poifk. 'As foon as you begin to difcovbr the flag-'ftafT of the governor's houfb, you may let go the anchor ^ ybu Will hH}^ from ten tb CWenty fiithdms Wsitcr, according as yoti hal^e inchoYed'neti^ria'tlr far- ther 6 June >79>'] MAacuANo't vovAAt. ^fg ther irom cbe ibore i but if you «nchor in ^ ^onui bringiqg the flag-ftaff of tjfc governor'f hoOie to boir ibuth-eaft 6 or 7* fouth, you will b^ nearer co the l^diqg-place and to that for AUiing water, It is fu^ient to nK»or with a ftrcAm aadwr which muft be carried to t|^e ^orth-weA by jtfaf coropafs. The j(fa-bceczei, from the ibuch-weJEk (Q t^e noFth-weijt, are here v^ rare : and if they happea to blop;« they i^re always very faint : ouLy^ IB ihis cafe^ yoi^ experience a heavy fweJJ whic^ auicfi a violent iurf on ^or^ It will not, ^o^tedly, be ufekls to Frencii navigafiora to add to theie n^erely nautical 4ifecr tioni various particulars ii^portant to be known^ wfaic;h 4|re neither tpibe found in the dc&r,iptioiw that have been gLveo us of the Ifiand of St^ HiLBNA) by Capt;iin Cooic*, and GsoROts Fo«r sTBJi t> mw in the more ^cient Journals -of W^l<* J.IAM OampibrjIu t,Q whiQim mfuitioie A^iona aiie iodebtdd for the ifirft accounci>of voyages ifirom vhich it is poflible to^qbtain exa& information. Jam« Town iabuikinthe bottom of anarroivr valley, commanded by tiMro lulls. A battery which • ^mul^fmraUCe»ifiIatm. Cmk's Fir/ Vi^a^ VoL m. p^ 794 to 798.->CMi'i Sttmi Vyagt, Vol. II. pige sjo. f Qtwgt ttrfttr, A r^mf/e Rmmd the W$rUt Ac. Vol. 11. pge 157.10 570. X W,J)wi^,AVi(^e Rjoimdth* W*di, ^c V«I. I.,p||e m to 54fc J^vCt ^tioo, 1699. ftro. N 2 occupies i8'o March AN o*s voyage. [June ty^t. toCcupies the whde breath of this valley, drfcndi the approach' to it, and protedbs the anchorage. Some redoubts, towards the fca, and forts ereftcd on the flope of the adjacent hills, add to the de< fence of the place and to the protection of the roadftead. A garrifon of five hundred men is main, tained for the guard and the duty of thefe different works, as well as for the police of the ifland. Landing appears impradlicable under the fire of the batteries in front, the lateral redoubts, dnd the commanding forts. The enemy who (hould intend to attack St. Helen a> can do no more than at* tempt a bombardment, under cover of his fliips of the line. The enterprife would at leaft be hazardous, if not altogether rafh; and the deftruc- tion of the town would not ihvolve the Turrendcr of the ifland j for it is doubtful whether a defcent Could be tfft&cd till afber having rediicf dthe forts that command the valley : and the commanding fituation of thefe forts is fuch, that they have little to dread from the efFeft of the artillery of {hips which could cannonade them only at a dillance, and Bring direfbly up^vards, while the forts would fire on the (hips directly downwards, and make ufe of red-hot balls and iliells, with a moft deci< five advantage. Neither do the other points of the ' north- wefl: coaft,' more than thofe of the Windward and leeward coafts of the ifland, prcfent ai^y faci- lity for a debarkation, and on thofe which appear lefs inacceinble, batteries or redoubts well-ficuated and MARCH AN 0'» V0YAO£. i8i June 1791.1 and commanding the ground, dill add to the diffi- culties, almoft iniurroountable, which nature feems to have taken a delight in multiplying on the whole circumference of the ifland. Within thefc few years, there has been con- ftru^ed, as near as poflible to the,,landing-placej t new fountain, by means of which a (hip com- pletes her water with all the facility and difpatch^ that can be wiflied for on the mofl; extraordinary occafion. The cades are landed and refhipped very eatily by means of a crane, under which the long-boat comes alongfide the quay without dan- ger. For want of a long-boat or launch, a raft or firing of calks may be formed, and towed on (here, and from the ihore on board, by the rmallcft boat. Each veflelpays for the duty of anchorage, five pounds fterling, or twenty dollars, if (he fills more than twenty cafks with water ; three pounds, or twelve dollars, if fhe wants 6n)y that quantity or lefs. Foreign vofTels are not taxed at a higher rate than that which is required even from the ihips belonging to the Englifh Eafl-Jndia company. This company have, in the Ifland of St. He- lena, of which they are proprietors, ftorehoufes fupplied with all the rigging, furniture, fpare fails and malls, that a (hip can (land in need of after a long voyage, or after a gale of wind that has oc- cafioned her fome damages. James Xown is a naval llorehoufe, in the middle of the South At- N 3 LANTIC i8i Mar^HAMd*! VOTAOl. [June ty^. LANtfc OciAM, Open indircriminately ro ftiipi be- longihg to the nation and to foreigneri. The companyi in delivering the articles which they hold in reierve for the wants of navigators, put on them, for their own profit, an increafe of fifty pe^ cent, on the prices of Eutopi. But a (hip that fliould have occafion to heave down or get in new lower mafts, would not And a poflibility of Itiaking good thofe great defeats i however, (he might there procure topmafts. The refources which this ifland prelentt to navi* , gators are not confined to fupplies of naval (lores: the attentions of the company have likewife pro- vided for the means of huflianding for them fuc- cow in point of provifions. An unprecedented drought, which, in 1790 and 17911 Ipreaddelbla- tion through the ifland, has for a time deftroyed partof thefe refources { but when we art acquainted with the laborious activity of the inhabitants who cultivate this rock, and we calculate the intereft of the company, we are perfuaded that this wound will ere long be healed, and perhaps is (b idready. Captain Chanal, who had touched at St. Hilina in 1789, tells us that, at that period, were reck- oned there three thoufand head of oxen, a confi- derable number of flieep, goats, and poultry ; that vegetables of aU forts, and of the beft quality, were to be had there in abundance i that pota. toes were very common, «nd water-civfiTes propa- gated to (uch a degree that tihey were ffM by the fack. JtlOt 179«0 MAKCHANI*! VOYACR. 183 (ick* The i(Uod was enabled to furnifh annually to the Ihipt that put in here Hve or fix hundred 9««n, The examination took place in the month of January of every year j fivie or fix oxen might Ik delivered to each veiTel: and the number wai CJ^rried to ten or twelve for (hips that had Tick on board, or extraordinary wants. But, in order to prevent all abufe, and tpainuin an equal diftribu- tlon, the captains were bound to addrefs their de- mand to the governor ) and tjie latter /egulated the HMHibrr of oxen to be d^liv^r^d to each (hip. Such was the ftate of this colony before 17901 but the two years of cjrought, and the want of fodder anc) grain th^t wju thp confcquence of it, had occafioned the death of a third of the oxen, and deftroyed the greater part of the flieep, goats, ^d poultry. In 1792, therp was as yet granted only one ox in cafe of the moft extreme want 1 and although the Governor, Mr. Brooke, had manifefted to Captain March and the beft difpo- fition for gratifying his requefts j although he had made him the moft obliging and the moft fincere o^rs, gnd h^ loaded him with civilities, pur pf- vigators could obtain only fix ftieep, a few pottr toes, and Tome facks of herbage, but not a finale fowl. 'f herp is nq baxar or public market at St. Hz- LBNA I a ftranger is obliged to apply to ibmie in- habitant in order to procure the proyifions of which he ftands in need, with the exception of N 4 oxen i 184 marchand's VOYAGE. [junc I79t. oxen ; but the price of every article is fixed by a regulation j and the governor takes the ftrifttft " care that ftrangers ^rc neither cheated nor fuffer extortion *. I (hall not undertake to give a minute dcfcription of the Ifland of St. Helena, already known by the • Captain dJanaVi journal gives us the prices of eatables in the month of July, 17^9; it may be ufeful to preferve the memoi'andum of this, becaufe it is to be hoped that after a few years of abundance ihall have repaired the lofle»u>f the ifland, provifions may fall again to the price at which they were ob. tained before the years of drought. An ox, weighed alive, colt four pence half-penny _/??rA"»f the Englifh poutid ; which amounted to 9 fous tournois. Ditto, weighed by quarters, S^nce^eri'tig, the pound, on 2 fous tournois. A goat, fmall and lean, a dollar and a half. /i iheep 2 dollars and a half. Poultry, large and fmall, 18 J&iliings, or $\ dollars the dozen. Water.crefTes and herbage, a dollar the fack. Potatoes, 2 dollars the Englifh hundred cwt. of 105 French poupfls. When Captain Chanal was at St. Helena, in 1789, he learnt that, from the tnonth of January to that of July of this yean eighty ihips of all nations had anchored in the road, and nine were lying there at that very time : all of them had been hf. plied according to their wants, and yet ihe laft comers found every thing that they had occafion for ; poultry only were begin. ning to grow Icarce ; but the quantity neceflary for each of the {hips could yet be procured. When he returned thither 1792, the loflTes which the inhabitants had fuftained, and the fcarcicy of provifiuns united to raife the price of thofe which the iiland could ftill furniih ; and every thing was paid for at double the rate of 1/89 ; a Iheep 4}- dollars, u cwt. of potatoes 2^ dollars. journals Jjne 179a.] marchand's voyage. . ig^ journals of the Englifh navigators : George For- STER has taken particular pains to dcfcribe the nature and the produdlions of the foil ; and Thomas Raynal * has coUedlcd into a fingle pifture the principal paflagcs fcattcrcd in the different works that I have quoted f . I mean only to prefent the ifland under general points of view, and to bring forward a few fafts, a few particulars, fomc of which belong to hiftory, fome to general phyfics, an^ others to politics. Don Joao da Nova G a lego, a Portuguefc Admiral, made the difcovery of St. Helena on the 2ift of May 1502, on the day of the faint of that name. The Dutch, who, in the fequel, con- quered the conqu(;rors of India, made themfelves matters of the fmall fcttlement which the latter had formed on the ifland, whither they had already conveyed goats, hogs, and various kinds of poultry. St. Helena afforded a place for procuring re- fre&ments, a fafe roadflead to (hips coming from Asia, or the eaflern coaft of Africa ; but the putch thought proper to abandon it after Sur- geon Van-Riebeck had, in 1650, induced their East-India company to adopt the plan of a fct- dement much more important, that of the Cape of Good Hope, a fituation which the Portuguefc had negleded, becaufe they were not fenfiblc of * Hiftoire Philo/opbi^ue dtt Deux InJei, Vol. 11. pge 207 to to<). Peliet's 8vo. edition. Geneva, 17 o. f See page 179, Notes *, f, Xi in this Volume. the i96 ■ MAReHANfi's voYAGS. [June 1791. the advantage of ic j a ficuation, on account of which £noland has fince always envied Hoi. LAND, which ftie has at kngth contrived to get jjoflcflion of by furprife, and which the commer- cial nations muft wifli to fee foon return under the domination of the trading company who, at the fouthcrn extremity of Africa, founded an European colony, and one of the moft oonfidera- ble towns of that part of the world. The Englifli eagerly feizcd on the Ifland of St. Helena, which the Dutch abandoned; but the latter could not fee without jealoufy, nor without uneadnrfs, their rivals in commerce occupy a poll; with the utility of which they were acquainted : they endeavoured to take it from them, folely that the former might not poflcfs it; and, in 1672, they fucceeded. But (hortly after, the fame motive that induced the Dutch to wiih to deprive the Englifh of it, induced the latter to make an effort to retake it. Captain MuNotN was intruded with the expedi- tion. He landed in a fmall cove, where it appears that the Dutch had not conceived that a debarka- tion was pra<^icable, for they had neglected to ered there any fort of fortification j and, before the befieged fufpcded that a landing was effe^ed, the Englifli had already reached the fummit of the hills that command the town; and, from thcfe heights, they battered the little fort which foon capitulated an(i furrendercd. Since June i79«-] marchahd's voyaci. t^ Since that period, the pofleflion of England has not been difturbed. The Ifland of St. Hblbn a is ficuated three hun- dred and thirty leagues from Cape Negro* of the Old Continent, and fix hundred leagues from Cape Sant AcosTiNHOf of the New. It appears to be only the calcined fummit of a large infulated mountain, the part of which that (hews icfelf above water muft, according to the dimenflons afligned to it in the journal of Cook's firft voyage, be twelve leagues in length, by fix in breadth j:; and nothing * Weftern coift of 4f'''"'f i" >hoat i6P fouth latitude. f Coaift of Brazil t . in about 8*^ 40' fouth latitude. j; I am very far from vouching for the accuracy of thefe dimen. fioni ; I report them out of refpeft to the name of C«ok, fuch u they are to be fiwnd in Hawke/worti's C«m/iiat!oii, Cook't Firfl f^^t Vol. III. p. 391 i they difier greatly from thofe whicii ieveral chaitt have given to thia ifland. If there be an error, as I think there it, it it far fiom bang proved that the error bdongt to Cttkt whofe exaAneft it known | but we cnmot have the fame confidence in the compiler, who it iireqaently fimnd in firalt. What might induce na to imagine that the dimenfiont giveo in Ctil't journal are gready exaggerated, it that it is there men. tiooed, that, while the Enit0V9Hr lay in Jam$ Tvwm Road, Mr, Batdt ** imfroveJ the time w making the complett tirtmit 9/ tit ** ifiaadf ami vifitimg the m^ remarkable place* mftm it." I ob. ferve that the fliip anchored on the ift of May at noon* and that file iailed again on the 4th, at one o'clock in the altemoon : fup. pofiog that Mr. Bamkt employed, in bit excurfion, the three whole daya, and that, during thefe feventy.two hours, he took 00 reft, thit time will ftill appear infufficient for making the eir. cuit of the St. Helena of Co»k'% journal, and vifiting the re> ^arkable placet upon it j fi)r an ifland that it fuppofed to be tnueltf*- i"i^^ 188 MARCH &ND's voyage. [Junc 1752, nothing announces that it has belonged to a chain of high lands which has been fwallowcd up by the waters ; for, at a very fmall diftance all round the ifland, the fea is unfathomable : and although, for three hundred years paft, the part of the Atlan- tic Ocean where it is fituated, has been ploughed and crofled in every diredion, by Ihips of all the nations that frequent this fea, no other ifland has been met with, on a circumference of two hun- dred and thirty leagues radius of which St. Hj- ttvelve teagues long hy Jix broad, and whofe form differs Httle from that of an oblung fquare, muft be thirty. Jix leaguet /» cir. cumference, without reckoning the finuollties which muft fiill lengthen it. Georgt Forjter, (Vol II. page 570 of his journal) lays that the greateft extent of the iflnnd is nearly eight miiet, and the circuit above tnuenty : thefe dimenlions are fo far from agreeing with thofe afllgned to it by Captain Coak'i journal, that I (hould be almoft tempted to fiippofe that Mr. Forftert who i«. a German, meant German miles of fifteen to a degree ; the eight miles of extent would, in that cafe, anfwer to lot French and Engliih leagues of twenty to a degree ; and the tiventj mi let in circuit, to 26 } leagues. If it were fuppofed that Mr. Forfter had exprefled himfelf in marine miles of 60 to a degree, the length of the ifland would be only 2* leagues: this is that which the charts of the Dutch who, formerly poiTeifed it. Helenot as well as fome French and foreign charts, have given it ; but I think this length too little. Dampier (a Voyage Round the fTorUf Vol. I. p. 544) merely fays that St. Helena is nine ot ten leagues in length : this navi. gator always exprefles himfelf in marine leagues of 20 to a degree : thefe dimenfions would come near to thofe given it by Coek'i journal. Uneijgi''] marchAnd's voyage. 189 LENA would be the centre, that is to fay, on a fpacc of near fourteen hundred leagues in circuit. It may be remarked that foufh of the equinofbial . line, in the Atlantic Ocean, all the iflands are folitaryt fcattered, and placed at too great diftanccs from each other for it to be polTible to fuppofc that they belong to the fame chain j while north of the line, in this very ocean, the iflands are dif- pofed in groups, known by the names of the Capb OE Verd Iflands, the Canary Iflands, and the AZORES or WcRern Iflands. The contrary is feen in the Great Ocean to the weft of America i it \% foutb of the equator that are fituated all thofc archipelagoes of low iflands and high iflands, with the ficuation of which modern voyages have brought us acquainted } and ntrtb of the line, with the exception of the archipelago of the Sandwich Iflands, all the iflands are Jolitary, and thrown at great diftances from each other t it is only at the Mary Anne Iflands, fituated two hundred leagues to the eaftward of the Philippines, the northern part of the great archipelago of Asia, that the iflands begin to form a chain, or to be grouped. To what phyfical caufe is to be attributed this dif- ference between the difpofition of the Iflands of the Atlantic Ocean which fcparates Europe and Africa from America, and that of the Iflands of the Greai^ Ocean which fcparates the latter from Asia? Why, on the one hand, arc the fcatcered iflands, and on the other, the grouped iflands. 190 MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. Q*Ut» Ij^t, iflands, to be found in oppofitlon, in the two Oceans, with refpcA to the equator, idthough iituated on parallels nearly cquidiftant from this circle, and under this fame torrid zone, compre- hended between the two tropics, the region «f the trade-winds throughout all the circumference of the globe P Why, with circumftances that are the fame, do not the fimilar mafles correipond with each other, IC in both hemifpheres, their formation be the efledl: of the fame caufe i If, as it might be prefumed, fome great convulfion of Nature, by finking fome lands under the waters, has brought t^ view others, and has preferred of the former, only a lew fummits, a few pinnacles which indicate the dire^ion of die chains of their mountains, we mull then fuppofe that, in that part of the Atlantic Ocbak £kuated 10 i)[)ortant pofts arc occupied by the fame nation: the one, by affording to its rich fleets from Asia, about the middle of their voyage, a port, a place for procuring refrcfhmcnts, facilitates the immcnfc trade which it carries on with that part of the earth J the other, by giving up to it the gate of the MfiDiTERRANEAN, puts it in a fituation to open or fliut, according .o its interells, the fourccs of the commerce of the Levant to the nations that have not poflefllons on this fea -, to fetter, at its pleafure, the operations of its competitors j and, in cafe of war, to oppofe the junAion of the ene- my's fleets which might be aflTembled partly in the ports of the Levant, partly in thofe of the well coaft of France: at the fame time that, by the maritime forces to which it aflTords a fhel- ter, it prefents an impoflng mafs, ever ready to reprefs the uneafy activity and check the fudden equipments of the Barbary powers, who, not carcfing on any trade themfelves, and not being able to enrich themfelves, but by piracy, are flcil- ful it» creating pretexts for declaring war againft the nations whofe fhip^ are called by trade into the Mediterranean*. The * Some of the Northern powers, in order to maintain peace with the Barbaty States, and fave the expenfe of gining con^ rqys to t^cir (hipping in cafe of war, have, long fince, deter- mined to pay to the regencies on the coaft of Africa and to the King of Morocco, a fubfidy, or rather an annual tribute, which June I79«'] marchand'j voYAca/ i(>7 The rocks of St. Helena and GiT^alta* would lofc all their importance, if, as in pall times, the former were poflcflTcd by the Dutch, gnd the latter re-attached to the kingdom of Spain, from which it was difmembercd by a furprife, prepared by treachery. But what weight they acr quire in the political fcale of Europe, when they are united under the power of a nation the moft entrrprinng, of a nation governed by principles inimical to the profperity of every other j to which, neither mutual convenience, nor the law of nations, nor a refpe^ for property, are obftacles to encroachment and invafion} and which, by force, by artifice, or by corruption, attempts to edabliih itfelf wherever fome apparent benefit calls its commercial fpeculations ! Have we not feen it contrive to confolidate, by treaties, the fettlements which it had ufurped on the Muskito Ihore, and in the Bay of Cam pe achy i and under the idle pretext of the nccefllty of cutting, for its manufa£):ures, the wood that grows on thofe parts of the New Continent, maik the real objeA of its is always the fundamental clanfp of every treaty of peace and friendihip with thofe ftatet ; this is what may be called com- u'lbut'tMg to the jirt. However humiliating this facrifice muft appear, we cannot but approve of the conduA of the nations which have thooght proper to fabmit to it : in faA, in a war I with puates, a trading peq>le has nothing to gain, and every I thing to lofe ; we are forced to purchafe their friendihip in order not to incrcafe their infolence by triumphs, and their power by 3 demands, tg% marchand's voyage. [June 1703. demands, the prcfcrvation, in the centre of the Spanilh poflcflions, of thofe marts for fmuggling, which infure it both the introdudion of its mer- chandife, and the iflue by the fame channel of a part of the rich produce of the mines of Mexico and PoTOsi ? Have we not fcen it ready to run the chances of a war, in order to prcferve the contefted pofleflion, or rather not to make the reftitution of thofe barren iflands, fituated in the latitude of the Magellanic Land, of which it hoped to mcke an emporium of trade in the auftral Icai, and a point of fupport and a refrelhing, place, when-ever it fliould wifh tP carry war to the weft coafts of America ? And when Europe was fcarcely informed that, in the province of SoNORA, at CiNECuiLLA, at CiNALo, and in other regions which extend to the northward of Cali- fornia, the Spaniards had found new mines that furpafs in richnefs all thofe which had hitherto been difcovered in the New World, already this fame nation had dire6tcd its (hips towards the coafts that border on thofe countries j already a fcttlement, which announced itfclf as having no other objedt than a temporary traffic for furs, was! rifing on thofe lands fcarcely known, and threatened Spai.v with a fmuggling trade, the more difficult to check, as a greater diftance muft more cafily conceal from the vigilance of the Viceroy ofj Mexico and his lieutenants, fuch clandeftine opera- j ^ions, which never fail to be promoted by the fub- alcernl e 1792. of the s mer- el of a Mexico ^ to run rvc the ake the I in the which it le auftral frcfhing. y war to Europe ivince of i in other if Cali- ines that hitherto eady this ards the ilready a iving no furs, was ircaicned] difficult) )re cafily |ceroy of! [le ope ra- the fub- alterni June J792'] marchand's voyage. jpp altera fuperintendants 'whom it is not difficult to corrupt by interefting them in the fuccefs of the fraud. Spain has fucccedcd in difconcerting this new projcdt of the Britifh government ; but let us not imagine that it is relinquifhed : we might rather foretcl thai it will be refumed with ardour, and profecuted with perfcverancc, as foon as more favourable circumftanccs can infure its execution *. In ihorr, we fee at this day the fame nation trea- cheroudy avail itfclf of the troubles that agitate a republic not long fince its friend, but which, weary of the yoke of an ally, become its mafter, returns to the liberty to which (he was indebted • The treafjr which Spah concluded with England, after the difpute relative to the fettlement of Nootkot is, properly fpeaking, only a palliative. The imracnfc extent of the Spanilh poffeffions in America, the difficulty which their diftance oppofet to defence, the means of attack which a power entirely mari- time has always at its dlfpofal, no doubt, determined the cabinet of Madrid to accede to propofals of peace. The embarraflraent of the moment allowed not of cafting an attentive look to the dangers of the future: the Spaniards wilhed for peace; they made it. But this treaty which gives the Englifli the liberty of eftablifliing themfclves and of navigating from Cape Mendofino to Nootha Sound, over a length of a hundred and fifty leagues of coaft ; this treaty which goes fo far as to permit them to ap- proach, within the diftance of ten leagues, the coaft fubjedl to the domination of Spain, is for England a ftep towards the ex- ecution of other projefts which are ripening in the bofom of f:lence. Spain is not, perhaps, fuflSciently convinced that, in refpe^ to commerce, the Englifti are lefs formidable as enemies during war, than dangerous as neighbours during peace.] o 4 for 1 I K I !•; » n mM fioo i n i marchand's voyage. [June 1702. for the rank One held among the great powers of Europe, we fee it invade, both the important fettlement of the Cape of Good Hope, and the Idand of Ceylon, ftill more important from its harbour of Trincamalay, the only fafe port, in all feafons, that the Indian feas can afford to Eu- ropean fhips; feize on the valuable idands that produce the fpicesj perhaps, at the time I am now fpcaking, ravage the opulent city of Batavia, if the infalubrityof its climate, formidable to ftran« gers, and conducive to its fafety in thefe circum- fiances, has not protected it from attack and plun. der: and fliortly, no doubt, we (hall fee it, after having expelled the Batavians from the feas of Asia, dircd its Indian fleet and army againft the Philippines, which, in their ordinary ftatc of nakednefs, leave little hope that they can oppofc a long refiftance to an enemy encouraged by the facility of his fucceflTes, and ftrong from the iveaknefs of the means that can be oppofed to him. So many conquefts, added to the immenfe do- mains which England, under the name of her Eaft-India Company, already poirefles on the con- tinent of Asia, compoie for her an ultramarine empire, whofe territorial furface is more than dou- ble that of her three kingdoms in Europe, and thus tranfmit into the hands of her privileged com- pany, all the rich produftions which the eaft of ■ the marchand's voyage. ftei June J792-] the Old Continent barters for the metals of the I^ew World *. I fhall not fpeak of the Ifland of Trinadao, vhich (he has recently acquired by right of con- queft: we muft expert that flic will fct it at a very high price, if ever flic rcfolve to reftore it; becaufe, being fituated at the head and to wind- ward of a part of the coaft which fpreads over an extent of twenty leagues, and joins to the Englifti fctdements in the Bay of Campeachv, th^t ifland will, in her hands, become the emporium of an jmmenfc fmuggling trade, which, introducing itfclf by all the points of that long coaft, will penetrate, through innumerable channels, to the very cen- tre of the Spanifli pofleflions. As for her trade with the Portuguefe colonies, it is well known that flic is not reduced to feek oblique means forfucceeding in it: flic leaves to the fliips belonging to Portugal the care of im- porting to America the produce of the Englifli nianufadtories, and of thence exporting to Eng- land the produce of the mines of Brazil. Thofe who have read hiflory, and have refleft- ed on reading it, cannot be miftaken refpe6ling the plan which Qrxat -Britain has formed, and towards the execution of which, flnce flie has I 4 ■* '.>;* 1 * It i$ proprr to reimrk that* at the time this part of the original work was printed, neither was the conqueft of Egj>/t achieved by the French, nor had the' Englifh made themfelves mailers of Seriitgafatam and the Mx/ire country. — TrmHjUtar. occupied C03 marchand's voyage. [June »792. occupied a place in the annals of Europe, wc fee her inccflantly aiming, fometimes openly and by a rapid courfe, more frequently in the dark and by a winding and imperceptible progrefs. To her, trade is all in allj and this too is the §od to'which (he has always facrificed, to which fte will facrifice every thing, even her very friends and allies: the univerfality of commerce which fhe attributes, and would wifh to appropriate, to herfcifj commerce without participations this is what was, at all times, the objedt of her medita- tions, the regulator of her enterprifes, the aim of her attempts : and the four quarters of the earth are fcarcely adequate to her cupidity and ambition —Europe is witnefs of this! And all Europe, petrified in a manner, by enchantment, does not in a mafs take up arms againft the ufurpation of the commerce of the world! And the Northern Powers leave their ufelefs Ihips moored in their ports 1 They all feem to tremble before that ter- rific giantefs, more impofing than real, who over- hangs the frail and too narrow bale on which ibe (lands } who has none of her great means within herfclfi whofe political exiftence is, in fome meafure, only a prolonged illufion; and whom it will be fufficient to attack in her navy which conftitutes her ftrength, in her trade which conftitutes her wealth, in her Afiatic po(reflions which nourish both, to fee her defcend again to the inferior rank which the confined extend of her European ao3 June 1792.] marchand's voyage. European territory, and the wcakncfs of her popu> lation, have afligned to her by the fide of the great powers that divide the continent. It has been faid poetically, and a thoufand times has it been repeated; but, without a figure, hiftory proves it by the experience of ages, that he trident de Neptune eji ie sceptre du monde. Let all the nations that are called to fhare the em< T)ire of the feas, then awake at lad to their own intereft; let them, in order to break this iron fceptre form a maritime coalition, formidable from its mafs, juft in its pbjed i let them unite their flags and their efforts, in order that the Ocean, which Nature meant to be the property of all, may ceafe for ever to be the domain of one alone, and that, (hortly, we may fee every nauon of the continent participate, in proportion to its territory and population, in the general commerce. In the free commerce of the two Worlds *. But it is time for us to rejoin the Solioe in the road of St. Helena. Captain Marchand ftaid there no longer than was abfolutely neceffary for providing himfelf with water, and procuring fuch refreihments ^s the ifland was in a condition * The fubjedl of the Northern Confederacy having now been fully and publicly difcufled, we fupprefs our obfervations on tho. above palTage, which We fliould, otherwife, have thought it our duty to fubmit to the reader. — Traujiator, to I '. mm- . '} ;>! B04 marchand's voyage. [June 1753, to furnilh to his (hip. He had call anchor on the morning of the 4th of June ; and on the 5th, at half paft ten in the evening, he fct fail for Eu. ROPE. On the 7th, at noon, in latitude 14" 53^, he ftill perceived the ifland to the fouthward ; he muft then have been at the diftance of about twenty-one leagues from it. A paffage acrofs the Atlantic Ocean, from the Ifland of St. Helena, to the Strait of Gibraltar, can prefent no particulars that de- ferve to be mentioned : I fliall confine myfelf to a few remarks relative to navigation. On the !2Qth of June, at four o'clock in the morning, the Solide crofledthe line at the twenty- fifth meridian weft from Paris, At this period. Captain March and began to perceive that the currents fct to the northward, as had J)een experienced, the preceding year, north of the line, in paffing from the Cape d^ Verd Iflands to Cape Horn ; and he expedted that, when he could determine the longitude by aftro- nomical obiervations, he would find that the fame currents fet alfo to the weftward, as had been ii^ like manner experienced in the former paflage. It was not till the lOth of July that he was convinced of it j and he had already got into the latitude of 32° 23' north. In this parallel, four fets of obfervations of diftanccs of the fun and moon, the mean refult of which we reduced to ^oon^ announced that the fhip had reached the longitude jiiy i792'3 marchand's voyage. io^ longitude of 46° 27' weft, that is to fay,' that lince licr departure from the Ifland of St. He- lena, fituatcd in 8* 9', the progrefs towards the weft had been 38° 18': and as it was only 35" 21', according to the dead reckoning, it was thence concluded that, in the interval of thirty-four days and a half, the currents had carried the fhip to the weft ward beyond her apparent progrefs, 2® 57', which may be eftimated at fifty-three leagues that ihc reckoning was ajiern of the fhip's true po- fition. But, at the fame time that the currents had driven the fliip to the weftward, they had alfo driven her to the northward. Their dire<51:iori towards this latter quartei" had not been con(^ant till the (hip had reached the equators they feme- times fet to the fouthward, and particularly be- tween the parallels of 3° and 1° fouth of the line : here they fet towards that fide, fixteen miles in twenty -four hours, for two fuccefllvc days j but, from the equator to the parallel of 32° 23' north, their tendency towards the north was conftant, and their efitft was fomctimes twenty-one, twenty- two, and twenty-eight miles in twenty-four hours j quantities which the real progrefs of the (hip in latitude was in excefs beyond her apparent pro- grefs. The fum of all the errors towards the north, deducting the errors towards the fouth, is one hundred and ninety-eight miles or fixty-fix leagues : and, in combining the fixty-fix leagues with m 2o6 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [July 1792. with the fifty-three leagues of the cxcefs of the real progrefs towards the weft beyond the appa- rent progrefs, it will be found, that, in the interval of thirty -four days and a half, the (hip had been carried in the direftion of north-weft 6° north (which differs little from that which fhe had fol- lowed) eighty-five leagues that muft be added to her apparent run, in order to have her real run. It may be concluded, from a mean term, that the daily increafc of her run owing to the efFcft of the currents, was feven miles four-tenths in twenty- four hours*. Frefh lunar obfervations were, however, made on the 23d, and their mean refult, reduced to noon, placed the Solidb in 34° 32' weft longi- tude: her latitude, at the fame moment, was 41° 42' north. According to this pofition, ihc was one degree and fome minutes to the wefl- ward of the meridian of the Iflands of Corvo and Flores, the moft weftern of the Azores f, and on a parallel more northerly by two degrees than that of thofe iflands. • See Note LXXV. f According to the obfervations made on board the Ifis in 1769 witli a time-keeper : O I II South point of the Ifland of Corvo 33 $z 31 weft. North-weft point of F/ores 33 26 34 South point of ditto 33 32 26 Voyage de /'Ifts a different Partiet du Monde, en 1768 et 1769, jfeur fprotmer let horloges marines de Ferdinand Berthoud. Par//, Imfrtmer'te RojaU, 1 77 J, 410. Vol. I. page 57410576, The July J79*'] marchand's voVage. ao7 The obfcrvations of this day Ihewcd that the currents which, from the 6th of June, the day on which the departure was taken from St. Helena, till the loth of July, had fet to the northward and weftward, had not ceafed to fct to the northward, between the loth and the 23d of July; but that, in the fame interval, they had fet to the caftward j that their compound dirc6lion had been north 32 or 23° caft J and that their cfFe6t on the (hip's run might be eftimatcd at three miles in twenty-four hours *. The obfervations of the 24th confirmed the dircftion of the currents towards the eaftf. Others of the 27th, made at twenty-fix minutes after four in the evening, gave 25° 32' of weft longitude for noon, and the latitude obferved at the fame inftant^ was 41° 13' if. On the 2nd of Auguft, at five o'clock in the morning, our navigators had the firft fight of the land of Europe, in the vicinity of Cape St. Vin- cent ; it extended from north by eaft to fouth bjr welt. The haze did not allow of their diftinguifli- ing even the extremity of the cape j but yet they might conclude that their diftance from the coaft was not more than four leagues. At noon, they had a diftinft view of it, and Cape St. Vincent, "which the obfervations of • See Note LXXVI. t St, Note LXXVIII. + Set Note LXXVII. BORDAj h h- mm ' 808 MARCHAND $ VOYAGE. [July 1 79a. BoRDA> in 1776, have fixed in 37° a' 20" north latitude, and 11° 21' 36" weft longitude*, bore eaft half fouth, at the diftance of two leagues and a halfeftimatcd by the eye. The Solid e's latitude was therefore, at that moment, 37° 3' 5" (it was obferved on board the fhip 37** 2') and her ion- gitude 11° 30' 56". In comparing this pofition with that which would have been given by the dead reckoning, deduced from the obfervations made at fca on the 27th, it will be found that, in the interval of fix days, the movement of th? waters carried the fiiip, beyond her apparent progrefs, i*^ 26', or about fixty-fix miles to the eaftward, at the fame time that it carried her thirty-two miles to the fouthward. On approach- ing the Strait of Gibraltar, Captain M archand cxpeftcd to experience the cflFcdt of an caftcrly current; but the movement of the waters to- wards the fouth has a very different caufe : if we recoiled^ that it was then the beginning of Auguft, perhaps we fliall be inclined to attribute this ac- cidental current towards the fouth, to the melting of the fnow and ice of Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, Norway, &c"f. The fight of Cape St. Vincent having made known the true pofition of the (hip. Captain Mar- * Determinations taken from a manufcript communicated by him. + See Note LXXIX. CHAND Aug- '79'"] marciiand's voyage. 209 chand dircAcd his courfc for the Strait of Gibraltar. On the 4th, at five o'clock in the morning, Cape Spartel on the coaft of Africa bore fouth-eafl:,. at the diftancc of two miles and one-third, efti- mated by the eye. This cape, according to the obfervations of Borda, made in 1776, is fituated in 35° 47' 20" north latitude, and 8° 14' weft longi- tude : the Sol IDE's latitude was therefore 35° 49' and her longitude 8® 16'. If this pofition be com- pared with that indicated by the dead reckoning from the 2nd at noon ; it will be feen that, in the interval of one day and fcventeen hours, the (hip had been carried to the eailward, beyond her ap- parent progrefs towards that fide, 37 minutes, or thirty miles, and, confequently, at the rate of levcnteen miles and a half, or near fix leagues in twenty- four hours*., The current towards the caft runs here with its greated force : confined between the lands of Europe, which, from Cape St. Vincent, ftretch from weft- north- weft to eaft-fouth-eaft, and thofc of Africa, which, from Cape Cantin, extend from fouth-weft to north-eaft, the waters difcharge themfelves into the wide mouth of a fort of funnel, the orifice of which is the Strait of Gibraltar ; and in the Strait itfelf, the current acquires the rapidity of a great ri/er flowing majeftically into TOL. II. • J/*NotcLXXX. P the p ^ •1 |! k w llMMi tiv MARCH AND S VOYAGX. [Aug. 179H. the Mediterranean, and whofe velocity aug. mcms or dimininics, according as the ofcillation of the tides raifcs the waters or lowers them : and, indeed, it is not uncommon for (hips, without being ailifted by the wind, fometimcs even with a wind contrary to the courfc, to be carried, in no great fpacc of time, from the Atlantic Ocean into the McnrTERRANKAN. At fix o'clock in the morning, the Solids entered the Strait with eight other velTels which were ftecr- ing the lame courfe : the currents carried her ra- pidly into the Mediterranean) and at half pad ten, fhe was running up it with a free wind. In ten days, Hie reached the coaft of France; and on the 14th, at half pa(t tive o'clock in the even- ing, ilie came to an anchor in the inner road of TuuLON, and happily ternninated her Voyage ROUND THE WoRLD. The laft run of the Solide, from the Iflc of Reunion to Europe, which is about three thou- fand five hundred leagues, by the log, was made in one hundred and iifceen days, including a day and a half fpcnt at anchor ofF the Ifland of St. Helena : thus, we may reckon that the (hip's mean rate of failing, during this run, was thirty leagues and a half in twenty-four hours. Captain Marchand*s voyage is remarkabk from the (hort fpacc of time which he employed in circumnavigating the globe, direiling his route by Cape Horn, and returning by China. The total Aug* 179"'] MARCHAND't VOYAOB. tit to»l duration of the voyage> or the abfence of the /hip from the ports of Franc i, was twenty tnonths or fix hundred and eight days : but if we deduA from this number the fum of the days em- ployed in his ftay in port at La Prava, La Madrz db Dios, Tchinkitanay* Macao, and at the Ifles of Francb and of Reunion, and at St. Hblbna, amounting together to one hundred and ten j and about ten other days loft, whether off the Rbvolvtion Iflands, in examining them^ oroflTthe Sandwich Iflands, in procuring refrelh- ments there ) whether in lying to, or in ftanding on and off on the coaft of Qubbn Charlottb'b Iflands, while with the long-boat. Captain Chanal was vifiting Cloak Bey, Cox's Channel, and the harbours and coves comprehended between this northern part of the iflands and Rennbl*s Chan- nel ; whether, in fliort, at anchor in the China , Sea, in Caspar's Strait, and in that of Sunoa« to ftop tide, when its dircdtion was contrary to the route which it was intended to hold} there will remain only four hundred and eighty-eight [days, or fixteen months and eight days for the duration of the voyage ; and in this fpace of time, the fhip, according to the log-book, failed four- teen thoufand three hundred and twenty-eight marine leagues j which gives, for the mean day, I twenty-nine leagues four-tenths. lobferve that the (hip was not what feamen |call a prim Jailer : built for refifting the fatigues p 2 of mj ait marchand's voyage. [Aug. 1792. of a long voyage, and ftruggling againft the waves in bad weather, (he was Solioe in reality as well as by name ; but (he poflefTed not the qualities that conftitute a fail-failing (hip ; and her mafts and yards were not in proportion to the body which her fails had to move: and, indeed, in clofcly examining the log-book, we fee but a very fmall number of days in which, with a fair wind, and carrying a prefs of fail, the (hip's run ex- ceeded forty leagues. It is not then to the fwift- nefs of her failing that we mu(t attribute the (hort- nefs of her voyage j but that having always made direft courfes, in order to repair from one place to another, the itinerary length of each run was materially (hortened. We may fuppofe, without (training the calculation, that, under the fame cIn cumftances of weather, a fa(t-failing vc(rcl would have obtained a mean fwiftnefs of thirty-three leagues in twenty-four hours, and that, in the fpace of four hundred and thirty-four days, (he would have run the fame diftance of fourteen thoufand three hundred and twenty- eight leagues, for which the Sol IDE was obliged to ^employ four hundred and eighty eight. It may be remarked that, although Captain! Marchand made, as I have faid, all his runs byj diredt courfes ; although, by means of adronomi- cal obfervations which guarded him againft errors] in the route, he was enabled to fail with fafety from one place to another by the ihorteft line, yctl Aug. »79*'] MARCHANO'S VOYAGI, . 213 yet he was obliged, in order to circumnavigate the globe, whofe circumference at the equator is only feven thoufand two hundred leagues, to tra- vcrfe fourteen thoufand three hundred and twenty- eiffht: that is to fay, that he traverfcd, very nearly, the equivalent of twice the circumference of the earth. When we have made this remark, and we caib our eyes on the map of the world, we fee that, if the labour of man, or one of thofe great convul- lions which have feparated Calpb from Abyla, England from France, and perhaps to the northward, America from Asia> Ihould ever, on the one hand, cleave the illhmus which joins the great peninfula of Africa to the mafs of the Old Continent, on the other, that which of the two Americas makes one continued land, the Voyage round the fVorld would be Ihortened by one half j and the time required for the circumnavigation of , the globe would not exceed feven or eight months; And we fliould be wrong to fuppofe that to open a paffagc by water acrofs both continents, if not to (hipping, at leaft to merchandife, is a work above human power, and the means of which it is given us to difpoie. The unanimous teftimony of the hiftorians of antiquity and that of the Arabic authors permit us not to doubt that there has jexifted a canal, by which the Mediterranean iind the Nile communicated with the Arabian p 3 Gulf W •14 makchand's voyage. [Aug. i^q^, Gulf or Red Si a*. And why fhould not this comnmnication be again opened ? Who can now be • The ancient cdmmunicfttldn of the Mediterrmkian with the Red Sea has frequently been an objedi of inquiry among hiAorians and geographers. We find in the Me'moires de I'Academit des Sciences (of the year 1702, pages 83 and following oU'Hiftoire) that M. Boutier, Conful of FroHce in Egypt) in exattining the difpofition of the Delta at the beginning of this century, xt. marked the end of a canal ifluing from the eaftem branch of the Nile : and this obfervation was feized by the learned GuU. lautne Delifle who judged that this ehd of a canal muft have been that which anciently formed the communication of the Mediterranean and the Nili with the Red Sea. ** As this ancient communication (fays FontenelUf the Hilto. '* rian of the Academy), which M. Deflile eftablifhed foranun. *< qneftionable fadt, is unknown at this day even to fcveral of ** the learned, they were very glad to fee the proofs that he had " of it ; and he gave them fo clear, and taken from places fo '< well known, that all the difficulty is to afcertain why eretj " one has not remarked them ?" We have, perhaps, more reafon at this day than they had in the year 1702, to be very glad to fee tbe/e proof i : there are cir. cumftances which, by a feries of comparifons, give things the tnoft ancient the attraAion and intereft of novelty: we bare a curiofity to know what has been done at another timCf when we are anxious to know what might ftill be done. Dejlile has drawn from the hiftorians of antiquity and the Arabic authors the proofs which he gave to the Academy of j Sciences ; I uke them from the Hiftoty of that Society ; and it will be fufBcient to mention the principal ones. Herodotut (Book II) fays that there was in the plain of Egypt, a canal cut a little above the city of Bmha/Hs, and below a moun. j tain that ran towards Memphit \ that this canal extended very far from well to eaft ; that afterwards it turned off* to the fouth, j and extended to the RedSe^, Acconiin^ to himi this work bcjua Auf. »79*'] MARCMAND's VOYAGE. 215 be made to believe that the Moderns cannot ac- compliih what it was pofliblc for the Ancients to perform? Iiegiin and abandoned by Nechas, fon of P/ammetichus, was re- fumed and completed by Darius fon of Hyftafpes : two gallies could pafs there abreaft. ( P/ammetichut afccnded the throne 670 years before Chrift> and reigned 51; year»: Dariutt 522 yeius before ChriJi.J D'toderm (in the firft tiook of his Bibliotheca) gives a defcrip- tion of the canal, which agrees with that of Herodoitu, from which it differs onfy in his caufing the canal to be left imper. itSt. by Darlutt to whom fome very unilulful engineers repre- fented that the Red Seat being higher than Egj/pt, would inun- date it, and in his caufing it not to be finiflied but by Pttiemy H'dtdelpbut : he adds that the canal could be opened and (hut according as it was neceifary for navigation. C Ptolemy began to reign 285 }'ears before Chrift.) We ihall not here enter into a chronological difcuflion : the canal has ex,iftcd, the twd hifto^ rlans agree on this poim ; but at what time, or under what reign was it £nilhed ? This is rather a matter of tadiHerence as to the queftion on which we are occupied. Straho (ift Book of his Geography) agrees in all points with Piodorut. He Informs us, befides, that at the point ci the gulf which is called the Red Sea, were two cities Herooptiiif and Arfinae, alfo named Cleopatris ; and, fpeaking of the expeditioa made into Arabia by Aiiius Galtut, the firft governor of Egypt for the Romans, he fays that Gallut caufed veHels to be built near an ancient canal branching from the Nile, Elmancinutf an Arabic author (fiook I. Chapter III) fays that, under the Caliph Omar, about the year 635 of the Chriftian Era, a canal was made for the conveyance of corn from Egypt into Arabia ; and it is probable that he did no more than repair the old one, the navigation of which might pofllbly have been abandoned in the decline of the Roman Empire. Put, in the year ijo of the Hegira (735 of the Chtiftian Era) Ahwgiafar Almatizor, the fecond caliph of the Abbaffides, caufed the canal to be ftopped up towards the fea. r 4 «« After ti *-)« li m~ 2l6 marchand's voyage. [Aug. 1792. perform ? Asia may again be approximated to Europe, from which the difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope feems, as it were, to have increafed its diitance : commerce may again open ancient routes, the track of which is not fo effaced that we cannot Hnd it again j its operations may acquire an adivity which they will never obtain while that long circumnavigation of Africa to which they arc fubjeft, fliall be the only prafticable route by which we can maintain commercial communica- ** After this," fays the hiftorian of the Academy, " wc may «* difpenfe with fome authorities which have alfo been mentioned ** by M. DeliJIe. Every one is acquainted with the intention ** which fome princes had had of eftablilhing a communication " between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea; every one *' knows that it was overfet by the chimerical fear of an inun. *♦ dation ; and as if moft readers had been ftruck by the fame ** fear, they have not feen in authors the entire execution of the ** canal, If ever this junftion be renewed, the face of the world ** would be changed ; Ckina and France, for inftance, would ** become neighbours ; and wc (hould lament the deftiny of thofe ** barbarous ages in which Europeans were obliged to make the ** tour of Africa in order to go to AJia," y. y. Oherlinus, who has given a complete Treatife on the junftion-canals of rivers and feas in all ages, mentions and learnedly difcufles every thing that relates to the canal of Ptolemy, and difpels all the doubts which may ever have arifen refpefting the ancient communication from the Mrditerranean and tiie Nile to the Rid Sea (See yitngendarum Marium Flu- pa^es f i^ and 214.J bal; m ,1 fKiA , J m: si6 marchand's voyage. [Aug. i^gj^ BAL ; but, on the infpeflion of the lands which are fituated about thirty leagues to the north-weft of this rocky ifthmus, and on the fuppofition that the coafts of this part of the continent, as well on the eaft fca as on the weft, are difpofcd and fadiioned as the Spanifh charts reprefent them to us, it is not fpeaking at random, perhaps, to fay that if fkilful engineers were at liberty to put in pradicc the means which the ftudy of hydraulics and mechanics afford them, they would contrive to render navigable the river San Juan, the mouth of which is fituated on the eaft coafl: of the Pro- vince of Nicaragua, on the Atlantic Ocean, and which communicates by its fource' with the great lake of that name, >vhtch itfelf communi- cates with the West Sea or the Great Ocean, by the fork of Rio Partido (the divided River) a branch of which appears to have its mouth in the Gulf of Nicaragua, and the other in that of el Papaoayo, which belongs to the great fea*. And • ■ ' ■ >■ ■ It • The projeft of the junAion of the two feas, by tJie river Sga "Juan and the lake of Nicaragua has prefented itfdf at all times to thofe who have caft an obferving eye oti the cbntinent of Amiriea ; and if the Spnifli government have not attempted the execation of it, undoubtedly it is not becaufc they have not { « knowledge of it of a date at old as their poiTeffion of the country. Their attention muft have been roufed anew by the inftruftive I Memoir which a French dtiken, Mmrtin de la Baftide, publiflied in 1 79 1, under the title of Memoir* fur un NoMveau fajfagt it\ la Mtr iu Nord a la Mer du Stid f Paris DidotJ, and in which I he lias like an intelligent man, and with && zeal of conviAion, difcufTcd Aug. 179**] marchand's voYACi. S19 it may even be prefuined that the labours which would be required by the diredlion of a canal, in order to effedl, in this part, the junction of the two oceans that furrouhd the two continents, would not furpafs, would not equal perhaps, thole which our Riqy ET*executed fo (kilfully for crofTing France difcofled the poflibiUty and the advantages of a conHminicatioo between the two oceati:.. The Memoir was not favourably re. celved by the cabinet of Maind^ and this ibight well be ex- ptAed. Every man who takes an intetefti from any motive whatever) in the facility and extenfion of nav^tion and com. merce, muft ofier iq) prayers that the author of the advertife. oent, which precedes the memoir, may have rightly judged when he fays, that " it is impoffiUe that Spam can longer refift « die neceffity of opening a conuminicatioa between the two « feas » and that if her own intereft be not capable of deter- « mining her, the inftances of all nations moft end by com. «< pdluig her to it." Let us accept the augttry ; but let us not wdt for droumnayigating the ^obe, till the projeA be executed* otheiwife we might be condemned never to circumnavigate it at all. * Juftice here deniands from us a candid obfervation. ¥. Anirtoffy was the firft who conceived the idea of the Canal of iMguedkc, which was not only planned by him, but entirely completed under his immediate dircAion. He communicated his plan to Riquetf who prefented it to the great ColbeMf and, as loon as it had received the faii^on of LouU XlVt became the contnfior for all the works of that celebrated undertaking, which he did not live to fee finiihed. However, in this, as in many other inftances of the like nature, RiqittU not cootent with thence deriving every advantage of honours and emolument, gtecdily fnacched from the original pioje^ the meed of fame, fo jttftly taerited by the unremitting labour of thirty long years. Of the truth of thefe fa^s we hayc the fsaak mm befioic us, in 820 marchand's voyage. [Aug- irgs. France by the canal that joins the Mediterra- NEAN to the Atlantic Ocean j nor thofc which the Swedes have undertaken, for eftablifhing an interior communication between Gothenburo and Stockholm, between the Catteo at and the Bal- tic } nor thofe which Peter the Great and his fucccflbrs have partly terminated, partly begun, for making a communication between the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic, and the White Sea : and the expenfe of thefe labours, for ever ufeful, would, no doubt, be inferior to that oc- cafioned by a (ingle war in Europe, which deftroys by the fword a million of its inhabitants, and re- duces a flill greater number to wretchednefs. But it is not Nature that would oppofe the greatefl obftacles to thefe enterprizes calculated to render the age illuftrious, ai)d do honour to the governments to which all nations ihould owe fuch a benefit. The obftacles, in the Old World, are conneiJled with the difficulty, perhaps infurmount- able, of carrying the canal that ihould communi- cate from the Nile to the Red Sea, acrofs thofe unfortunate regions, alternately laid wafte by def- potifm and anarchy, which are placed ^t too great a diftance from the Sublime Porte, for the looks of a Sultan, if ever he look, to be able to reach in a work entitled Hifloire iu Canal du MiJi, recently pablifhed, and obligingly communicated to ui by a friend of the author, General JiidreoJD,-.^-^Tra>i/Iator, them, MARCHAND S VOYAGE. aai Aug. »79»-] them, and for the firmans of his Highncfs to be carried into execution j and in which we fee the numerous chiefs who fliare, if not the property, aticaft the enjoyment of -them, often in rebellion againft the fupreme authority, and always rivals among themfelves, difputing with each other who (hail impofc the heavieft tax on the merchandife which, on the backs of camels, fuccefllvely tra- verfes the different diftrifls that each of the op- prefTors, in his turn, caufes to feel the weight of his avarice and tyranny *. In the New World, a different caufe produces a fimilar effeft : the fufpi- cious policy of the power that poffcffcs exclufively the mines of Mexico and Peru will never allow the commerce of othet nations to open itfclf a road through polTefllons, the knowledge of which it would wifh to conceal from every eye : in thofc countries, the prefence of a ftranger is confldered as a national peril. If political diforder which reigns on the one hand, if uneafy jealoufy which watches on the other, fecm to refufe that our globe fhould be circumnavigated from eafl; to weft ; Nature, on her fide, has not chofen that it fhould be fo from fouth to north, either in the Atlantic Ocean between Greenland and Lapland ; or in the Great Boreal Ocean, between America and Asia by * The reader will readily perceive that the French were not in poffeflion of Egypt when this paflage was written, — TranJIa', ttr. Beerinc's m ^"1 ««• marcmand's voyage. [Aug. 175,. Bebrinc's Scraic. Every one is acquainted with the fruitlefs ateemptSj begun upwards of three ^ hundred years paft, abandoned and refumed at dif- ferent periods, to open, by tiie north- iofl and nmb- wejiy » paflfage whence it was fuppofed (which, however, is problematical, at leaft in regard to the north-eaft fide) that ihips might repair to China and the East Indies by a Ihorter route than that of the Cape of Good Hope or that of Cape Horn : but perpetual ice obftruds the Teas which border on either pole ; and all human in* dullry, all efforts are unavailing againft this ob« fiacle. Let us refolve then to traverfe fourteen or fifteen hundred leagues, in order to fail round- the world, fince it has plcafed the architeft of worlds to give it only feven thoufand two hundred leagues of cir- cumferences we (hall return to the projefi: of fhortening the route, if ever men, Lrought back to the principle of Nature, and confidering them- felves as one great family whofe common habita- tion is our globe, at length confent to a commu- nity of territory, and to a univerfal and perpetual peace ; but the philofopher who ftudies mankind, and meditates on their hiftory, will not expeft that this pleafing dream of the good Abbe de Saint- Pierre can ever be realized. I fhall not conclude this account of Captain Marchand's voyage, without paying to his me- mory the tribute of praife that U due to him, on MARCHAND S VOYACE< 2«3 gn more accounts than one, for his whole condu(5b in the expedicion which he directed as a com- mander, and in which he was ably feconded by the intelligence and talents of Captains Masse and Chanal, by the zeal and aflivity of the reft of his officers, by the good- will, fubordination, and diligence of ail the feamen employed under his orders. Merchants and (hip-owners would have reafon to congratulate themfelves, and might be cafy as to the fuccefs of their undertakings, if the captains to whom they intruft their interefts, ac- quitted themfelves of their employment, like thofe belonging to the Solide, with the vigilance which forcfces dangers without fearing them j the pru- > dence which calculates and prevents accidents^ the experience which knows how to repair them \ and the perfcverance which ends by maftering ob-> Hades : yet, unfortunately, it is but too common to fee unfkilfulnefs and carelefnefs expofe, at once, both the fortune of the employer and the fafety of the crew. The run of three thoufand Bve hundred leagues, which Captain Marchand made, in the fpace of four months, from the Ifle of France to Toulon, without putting into 'any port on the route (for we cannot reckon fuch a ftay of thirty-fix hours at St. Helena), is an example to prefent to our cap- tains, who, for the moft part, would think that they could not repair direftly from India, or the Isle of Francs, to a port in Europe without. 6 touching ««4 MARCHAND's VOYACl. touching at the Cape of Good Hope, where the ' dcfire of procuring a wine in high requcft in France, the agreeablcnefs of the place, the charms of fociety, and the pidure of plenty, de- tain them beyond the time required by the wants of the (hip J without refled>ing that, to ftay in a foreign port, is to pay a voluntary tribute to the nation to which it belongs. I (hall aifo quote to them the firft run of four thoufand three hundred leagues, from Marseilles to the Marquesas de Menoo^a, the duration of which was fix months, and in which the voyage was interrupted only by a ftay of fcventy hours in La Prava Bay, in order to procure water and rcfrelhments. 4 Commanders lefs zealous might object that humanity didlatcs the ncccffity of often putting into port and allowing feamen frequent opportu< nities of repofe ; and that it is unavoidable, in the courfe of long runs, for the crew to efcapc the attacks of the fcurvy, the progrefs of which it is fo difficult to Hop, when it has once found its way into a (hip. I know that, in faft, the ancient na- vigators have had a melancholy experience of this; and that the wilh, fo natural to man, to endeavour to be acquainted with the different parts of the globe which he inhabits, has coft a great nutnber I of its inhabitants their lives ; but I know too that, - when in the age in which vvc live, we fee a fimihir calamity renewed, it can be attributed only to the carelefnefs of the captain who has negleded the! prefer- Mar{:hAnd's voyacI. 895 prelcrvation of his companions of fortune, or to the avarice of the owner who has not fupplied hiit (hip with thofe iinti(corbUtics> at this day fo well known, with thofe efficacious prefctvatives, the ufcof which Do£tor Paingle in Eiit^LAND, and Doftor PoissoNNiER in Fraacb, have Introduced on board fhips, with a fuccefs which tO them has been the moH grateful as well as the moft honour- able reward for their 2eal and rcfearches. It is with thefe aids, that Captain Cook preferved his crews in the longeft runs, and in climates the mod dreaded on account of the excefs of the heat or the fcverity of the cold j it is with thefe fame means, that La Pfi rouse, after two yean of the moll laborious navigation, did not reckon a fingle ficic man on bojrd the two frigates employed in his expedition ♦. • Nothirig had been forgotten that could contri- bute to the well-being of the Solioe's crew, and dfftroy the germ of the diforder per'iliar to fca- faring people : in this refpe^l, juft encomiums and thanks are dutf to the firm of Baux, of Mar- seilles, who, after having conceived the project of the firfl e;cpedition which the trade of Frakce dircAed towards the north-wist coaft of Ame- rica, had employed themfelves with paternal fo- iicitude In providing their ihip with all the prefer- * See Vol. I. paget £9 and jo what hit been iaii con9em!ng the duration of thefe runl. . ' * Vol. n. yativcb $26 marchakd's voyage. vativcs calculated for protedling, from the deftruc- tive fcourge of feamen, thofc valuable men, w'^o, after having bravely defended the flag of their nation againft its enemies, devote themfelves during peace, to th? profefllon more perilous than lucra- tive, of enriching their country by commerce. The benc(6cent views of the houfe of Baux were perfedtly fecondcd by Surgeon Roblet, of whom they had made choice to watch particularly over the. health of the Ihip's company : he joined to all the theoretical dnd practical knowledge of his art, that fentiment of humanity which renders a medical man fkilful in making up for what he has not, in inventing means of relief, in creating re- medies*, and in infuring their* fuccefs by a perfe- vcring ! i! \ I I * I have thought that it would be ufeful for the information 6f the officers of health who devote 'hemfelves to (hare the •fatigues of feamen, to give an account of the treatment which Surgeon Roi/et introduced, and employe^ with the greateft fuc cefs,. for {topping in a ia?.a belonging to, the crew, the progrefs of the fcurvy, which, when the SoUJe quitted the Sandnuicb lilandt, had manifeded itfelf in this individual, with the mod threatening fymptoms, fo much aA to announce a very fpeedy difTolution: already, at the mere approach of land, three of his 'teeth had fuddenly fallen out. The treatment of which he mado ufe and which fucceeded, confifis in the employment of t\it /and- hathf dry and hot. The dry baths were known to the ancients, who employed fand, fait, and millet-feed, Cornelius Ctljut, of the Cornelia family, and phyfician to Amgufiusy has particularly treated of thefe forts of baths [d). In our days, they are known v and {a) Sudot etiam (fays he) dutiui modit eUdliir, ant Jiceo e»l»rtt ant ialmot Jfickt tahr ffi tt artnm ta.l\dm% tt l^couiei^ tt tiliaillf &<■« FeiKirta jkcjm -.- ■ ■ ndittk Iiiarchand's voyage. i27 Vetlng vigilance in obfcrving their effects. He obtained the roward due to his talents^ his a£live folicitude and employed) on the coaft of Africa^ and in the Weft India colonies, for certain diTorders of the negroes, who are buried up to the neck in fand which the fun has ftrongly heated. I ha ire read in a manufcript memoir of Rolling Surgeon.Major of the Boufoki written in 17861 which, no doubt, will be printed at the end of the account of La Pe'rou/e'i voylge, that the Americans who inhabit the north-nuefi coaft, towards the latitude of 58° 40', a|fo employ fand-baths as the moft efficacious cure for the venereal complaint which is common on that coaft. The a^ion of the oblique rays of the fun on the lands of North Amerlcn not being fufficieht to give to the fand the degree of heat neceflary, and procure copious fweats, they heat, by means of artificial. fire) the fand intended for the bath, as well as the pit dug to receive the patient, who, on coming out of the dry bath, waihfts himfelf in the fea or in a neighbouring river. But) till now, we have not heard of this kind of bath having been made ufe of on board (hip, for treating, at fea, the fea men among whom the fcurvy has attained its higheft degree of malignityt Surgeon Robkt wilhing to try the eftbtfl of the dry bath on the fcorbutic patient, nearly given over, as has been already mentiotied, caufed fome fand to be heated in greaat boiler, and mixed with it a quantity of cold fand fufficient for moderating the heat of the former) and rendering it fupportable. The pa- tient was put into this bath) into which he funk to the middle of his thighsk The weather was dry and fine ; and at noon , R:aumur*% thermometer rofe to a; degrees. The patient was left but half an hour in the fand ; his legs were at that time benumbed e{t)ecially the tendons of the extenfors, which Surgeon Robtet attributed to the irkfome pofition that he had kept. He talida (add* he) /nut ml/lium, /al, arena ; ^odliitt eertim eahfadum it in limtum eMJtHum, Sfe. See A. CcrHtlii Ctlji Mtdltlna Ubri t£ii>t tx rtcntf. Lttn Target ttc. Lug. Bit. Luchlmani 1785, 4(0. lib. II. patag. , Q z inai« 22d makcma^d's voyage. folicitmic, and the corfftancy of his attention to the men with whole prciervation he had been intruded. In ntaje hifn lie down, reconiinrndlng to him to keephimfelf Tuf. ficiently covered i^ot to experience the aAion of t^e extetior air. After two honrs' reft, the condition in which he found th^ pa- tient, feemed to border on a miracle; no more fwelHng; no more ftiifnefs, even in the tendons ; the ecchymofes almoft dif. perfed, and become ycllowilh ; the foles of the feet, before very painful, no longer caufing any fenfation ; in (hort, Surgeon Roblet had the fatisfaftion to fee his experiment greatly exceed the hopes which he had conceived from it. A week's fand-baths, rhe fecond of one hour, and the others of two, were fufRcient for effefting th.- moft complete cure : all the fymptoms of fcurvy dif. appeared never to return ; and the man who had been threatened with fuiking, in a few days, under the attacks of the diibrder, enjoyed, during the laft ten months of the expedition, the moft perfcdl health. '• It will be for experience," fays Surgeon Rohlet, "to make " known the advantages which may be- derived from thi« treat. *' ment of fcorbutic difordcrs. Already every thing aiuiounces •• the greateft fiicccfs : and if it nnfwer, in all fubjedls, to my •* expeftation, I fee nothing more eafy and lefs expenfive, than " to provl'.le every fliipwith an iron bathing-tub, with a double " bottom, in which can be introduced, without danger, the fire . " intended for drying and heating the fand, and which can con- •• tain the quantity fufficient forcovcring the legs and even the " loins of the patient. Commandors of fhips will take care, " befides, to fupply themfclves with three or four caflcs i •34 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. fimplificatlon, by the help of which the bufinefs of computation that remains for the Teaman to per- form, after his obfervations for the longitude, be- comes, as it were, only a manual operation, which requires no knowledge of the theories, which nei- ther fubjeds him to a calculation more long nor more difficult than that which he daily impofed on himfelf, to learn by a coarfe approximation the aftual pofition of his fhip, and to attain, by a lame procefs, aft erroneous refult ? In the period at which we are arrived, the arts and fciences have left to the feaman to perform, for the purpofe of regulating his navigation, only what it was not poflibl'e to do beforehand, in order to fave him the labour of it. And the feaman remains infeiifi- ble before the^ produ6tions of genius, of which he was the objed ! And the admiration with which they ought- to infpire him, can neither ex- cite his zeal nor his vanity, nor awaken in him the fcntiment of his iritereft ! And the nicn of fcicncc and the artifls, who have devoted themfelves with equal fuccefs and ardour, to thefe laborious re- fcarchts, arc ftill to expeft the only reward that they had annexed to thei/ labours, the futisfa^tion of feeing that thofe to whom they were confecrated^ ihould hailen to gather the fruits of them I It is time that, in this refped, our humiliation ihould ceafe : the reign of ignorance is long fince paiTed for feamen j it is no longer enough for them to be brave warriors^ intrepid navigators } their 5 , honour, marchand's voyaob» 334 bonour, the national honour impofe on them the obligation of knowing that of which it is no longer pardonable for them to be ignorant.- If it were' rcquifitc for Frenchmen to be (limulated by the Kx^mple of a rival nation^ I ihould fay to our na-^ rigators> that there is not a finglc Englifh captain^ employed in long voyages, who does not at this jiaymake ufc of the new methods for determining the longitude of his (hip; 1 ihould fay to them thao It is with this hclpi that the navigation of our ener 0iics boldly embraces the two hemifpheres ; and (hat every point of the globe at which an Englifh ihip touches, now acquires a determined fituation with refpeft to thfe other points of the earth, which ten centuries of a navigation of routine would never have fjcceeded in fixing. In fpeaking to feamen^ J (hall not add to views of general utility, the par- ticular rtiotiye of their own prefervation j I know too well that, -from principle and habit, they def- pife danger J I know that, in the height of aftorm> when the fea threatens to fwallow them up, at the fight of the fhoal againft which the plank that fcparates them from the briny abyfe may be fplit in pieces, wholly occupied with the fafety of the fhip intruded to their charge, one thought alone of the future can b^ alTociated in their mind with the rapid combinations which require the prefent effort of all their faculties : Htec olim meminijfe juvabtt j they love to prepare for themfelvcs recollcftions, . But let them karn to be fatisBed with the conflidls whiclt y I |u-. 11- m\ p.--* y £36 marchand's voyage. ■'^ which the revolted elements ceafe not to wage witlt the navigator who wilhes to conquer them: let their indifference not make them difdain the helps that arc offered for refcuing them from the dangers which it is poffible to avoid, which it is not glo- rious to brave: what! will not adverfe fortune always referve to herfelf too many for exercifing nobly the courage of our Argonauts, and filling the page of naval hiftory with the account of thofc terrible events, which infure to the fuperior genius who mafters them, the applaufe of the prefcntagc, and a long remembrance in ages to come ? Paris the 20th Germinal, year V, of the French era, (April 9th, 1797.) P, S. CaptainCHANAL's journal, having clofcd on the arrival of the Solide in the harbour of Tout ;.0N^ could not give an account of (he fuccefs of the expedition as a commercial fpeculation ; but fome notes fubfequently communicated to me by the Hrm of Bavx, have made known the final re- fult of the adventure. The plan had been per- fc^lly well conceived ; and if the prohibition iiTued at China, which could not be forefeeni ^^^ ^^^ thwarted it in the oucfet, the (hip (heathed with copper, and copper-faftened, built and equipped, in every reipeft, for keeping the ica for three or four years, without needing any other repairs than thofe which accidents might neceffitate, provided with four complete fuits of fails and four fets of . ^ "gging marckand's V0YAC£. 8|7 jigging, with an immehfe ftock of provifions, and an aflbrtmcnt of articles for trade fofficicnt for a \oncr fcrics of operations *, might, after her firft touching at Macao at the end of eight months, • » The houfe of BaKXt wilhing to be certain that all the works of our manufaAories which they intended to be employed in > traffic with the Americans of the nertb-iu^ coaft, fliould be M^rll.conditioned and of the firft quality, thought that they could do no better than intruft the hoilfe Of GuiUiaud father ind fon, Manufacturers at 5/. Etitnnet trading to Lyont^ and holders of a ftiare in the Solide'% expedition, with the fabrication of all the articles of hard>ware, arms for the favages, tools, and . diftrent implements, which the experience of preceding voyages had indicated as proper to be admitted with moft facility and ad> vantage in the fur-trade. The houfe of GuUiiauJ, in executing this commiflion, exerted all the intelligence of very well-informed ~ and enlightened merchants, and all the zeal with which they nete infpired by the importance of the expedition, the obje^ of which was known to them. But a confiderable demand for halberts and other oftnfive arms, the fabrication of which em- ployed fevenl workshops fcattered through the country, could not but throw an alarm among ignorant, fufpicious, and reftlefs men, whom liberty had juft fuddenly armed, and who thought they faw, in this coUe^ion of arms, counter-revolutionary pre^ parativesand means. It wa« nrt without infinite pains on the part of the houfe of GuUUaud, nor without repeated danger to their perfons, that after fercn o^ eight months oppofition on the one hand, and perfeverance on the other, the municipalities of Lyent, Sf. Cbamont, and Si. Etletme, to whom the objeA and the deftination of the arms were perfeAly known, and who wiihed to fee them difpatched, at length fucceeded in calming the agi« tated minds of thefe men ; and, with the fupport of a corps of tvdvc hundred men which was pafling through St. Chammt, fent off from this commune and dire^ed towards Mar/tilleSf thofe terrible halberts, of the kind ufed by our parifh.beadles, the fight alone of which had fpread alajr^i in the town and its envirom. have Mil n u ^■' m^ 1 B38 MARCHANd's VOVAOt* have cafiiy undertaken) before her return to France, twoi more voyages from China to the coaA: of America : and our navigators would have had the certainty of getting the ftart, at both places, of all the vciTels that might have been difpatched either from Europe, or from the United States, and of having for competitors none but thofe which, failing from the Ports of Asia, might have been engaged in a fimilar fchcme. On her third voyage to Canton, they would have converted into teas, filks, and the other produdlions of Chi. KA, the whole of the produce of her three trips: and it is impoflible to cftimaf to what fum might have amounted the joint proHt of thefe combined operations. Fortune ordained otherwife : the pro- duce of the firft trip not having been able to find vent. Captain March AND gave up all thought of a fecond} every farther operation was ncceflfa- rily flopped } and as a fole and wretched refource, the cargo of furs was brought to France. It was immediately fent to Lyons, where the coiD' mercial concerns of the place, and the favourable fcafon might ptomile no inconGderable advantages in the lale j but it arrived there only a few days before the period when that unfortunate city, torn ,by civil war, experienced all the horrors of along fiege : in the midft of fire and devaftation, the furs belonging to the houfe of Baux were feized } and, | being forgotten under the feals, notwithftanding ! their remonftrances, which were rendered more . . ■ ' urgent MARCHAN DS VOYAGEt 839 urgent by the dangfer of delay, they became a prey to the worms. But the owners of the Solide, no Icfs zealous for the profperity of their country, than difintercfted in their fpeculation, will think themfelvcs indemnified for the lofs of two-thirds of their capital, if the new path which they have opened to French merchants, who, no doubt, will take care to engage in it with prudence, and mea- fure their operations by probabilities, can one day procure an additional outlet for the national in- duftry i and, for the State, a mean of forming, in thofe long voyages which exercife courage and ripen talent. Teamen who join to the intrepidity that braves dangers, the experience that teaches to avoid them. MM ^i;^ u. '■H BKCLISH S4^ marchand's voyage. o o M ^ o c t '•' ^1 o I o -^ O I O o 2 o o ^ 4S .K ^P * « ^ X H 1 I I I «U «U ^U ^U : ^ .'2 •§ IS < ^: o .0 :u "^ '3 I § -? Pq %U . I \u =1 «»o ;5 Bq S ^ a I « » j: P O ll i^i. I MARCHAN d's VOYAGE. »4| & e 8 R 2 H w i o *o 9 I J •3 I I If 1 1 I ^ j^ ■^ «- I Gk/s .3 I <■', i'-f .11 ■ ', ■ •VkIi •■^wJ 844 MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. "S • (A a § s H s ^ a -<^ o ^ g - (ki iz: O 2 N . g S S ^" t3 o ENGLI COC H » H is • fc •H »? s 1 g § ^ O » o CH PR NAL. ?• P< ^ -^ M i s s§ M< o V 04 o u I • 3 fi^ H O {2 Q •J « o o C« SB tn - W H §5 o J I 3 O ^ 5 '^ o '^ ^ O 0^ H I 1 I f 9 O •s marchand's voyage. •45 S /•Id jC • J3 S O O I o H I s ^ I : I •■A ct 3 I 1* I illla^ « 3 ANIMALS, m '4H HI 11 j^^Ml m§l\' 1 |SHi kJ iw^^Vi ^^^M li 84^ MAilCHAND's VOYAGE. I c m .% • o . /O O s Neec Maia •I M i • J3 1 1 :s u .a ^ ^ 3 ^ 1 I « marchand's voyaoi. 247 c c .- w 3 i % « * 9 i ^^ TITLES. i ,;; 1 ■n.iivv;' S4S MARCHAND S VOYAC£. *6 ii i "1 • I u i P6 #C9 • V H E? eu , -< B U P 2' C 3 c ;q u «< Si; *A M M r*A^ - H t • 1 .. ^ •a 2 g CA i IS 1 1 PS J Ochoou I Otho 'aftain Maic Natives, s « • • • i FRENCH I CHANAL Otohou, Otou. . •1* Tayo and Tayc. Q : Si V \,^^, m^ ft _^ ■ r o 3 9 o § i s H 'bi « H 10 M H H ])IARCHAND*S VOYAGE. «49 f NUMERICAL ill •so marchand's voyaoi. s < o is < H R H s —• • 2 'e .« ;5 'W 066060^00 <& Q J i I ^ s § 2 ^ S ^o ^^ H* ^c .J "S o * d 2 2 o ? -g § ■§ -S I I 2 I -^ 6 i o o 8 ^ > 5l 1 1 1 iS O Vi Vi «« «« *9 § •$ li^"! jiarchand's voyagi. Is ^^ *S .2: a M O O • ft '' trji ^^ 11 ■. ', ( || rgltaMMP ffi^^- '.^? 1"' 1 'arof^Ky^ ', *'• &' L^ ifP^SS^SB^nfi'T^ % ^HK; 'j^JiiMiiM-i ^fiHB W- i |. Hii^i WMt 1 1 ' ' -r, * ml «s^ MARCHAND S VOYAGIt* were collcfted feparatelyby Captain Ma rchand and himfclf: the words rcfpcfting which they have agreed (and this is the greater number) bear «o mark j but thofe concerning which they have differed, are written in the two ways in which they heard them j and each word is followed by the initial letter of the name of the obferver: thofe which are marked with a * were collefted by Captain Chanal, and thofe accompanied by ♦*, by Captain Marchand. The vocabulary of Surgeon Roblet is accented jfbr the French pronunciation, and muft be read as if the words were French, but all the H's muft be afpirated. It muft be obfcrved, that the Mendoqans, In Ipeaking, moft commonly place an A or an £, and fometimes, but more rarely, an o, at the begin- ning of a word j frequently too they fupprefs it: thefe vowels, thus employed, appear to perform the office of an article ; and it is a cuftom rather general in all the languages fpoken by the na- tives of the iflands of the Great Ocean, to place before words, and particularly proper names, fome one of the three vowels, j4, £, o : thus in the name 0-Taheitee, one of the Society Iflands, O is the article, and Taheitee the name of the ifland, &c. It may be conceived from the Vocabulary,! although fo extremely concife, of the language of j the Ifland of Wahitaho, that the Mendoqansl 1 employ marchand's voyage. 257 employ no difficult articulation, and that their Ian guage, notwithftanding the frequent afnirations and the vehemence with which they are accuf' tomcd to exprefs themfclves, poffefles fwectnefs and a fort of harmony. See Vol. I. pages 206 to 2 1 1. vot. II. VOCABU- «58 MARCH AND S VOYAGE* VOCABULARY OF TCHINKITAN AY, ox THE XOIiT/I-U'ErST COAST OF AMERICA, INTHE LATITUDE or 57 DEGREES NORTH. A LTHOUGW the Vocabulary, compiled by Sur- geon RoBLET, differs very little from that drawn up by Captain Chanal, it is not altogether ufelefs to make them both known : every obferver has his manner of writing words, and that depends on the manner in which he heard them. Captain Chanal, in order to indicate the quan- tity of fome fyllables, which are long, has placed above thofe fyllables the indicative fign " of the Latin profbdy : " the otliers," fays he, " are, for «* the moft parr, fliortj and fome are doubtful. ** The G and the Kr preceded or followed by ai) •* X, are pronounced with a trill, which cannot j " be cxprcffed by any fign of French writing,! •' and which it is impofilble even to imitate, if j " the organ of fpeech have not been formed to it " from infancy. The fyllables chaj chit have been! " reprefented by tcba, tchiy becaufc they are tc m 4 "pro-j AtAfeCHAKD's VOYAGE; 2J9 k* pronounced as the Italians pronounce ce^ ci, thac " is to fay, icbey icht." Captain Chanal alfo in- forms us chat the words which are nniarked with a * were comrtiunfcarcd to him by Surgeon Rob let. The latter obfervcr, on his part, informs us, that the words whofe quantify he has not marked by the figns " or "* of the Latin profodyj cither were not colleded by himfelfj or were pronounced before him, by different inhabitants of the country, fo that he had it not in his power to reprefent the pronunciation of them with the fame certainly as he has done in regard to the words whofe quantity he has marked. *' In general," fays he, " the na-» " tives of Tghinkitanay have a very guttural " pronunciation, making on the G a little trill, " which cannot be cxprefitd in our language. I " have endeavoured to reprefent their pronuncia- " tion of the Cj which is the tcbe of the Italians, " but the T of which is conveyed to the ear in an " almoft imperceptible manner. It will be con- " ceived, from the fmall number of words that I " have been able to colleft, and from the varied •' acceptations which the inhabitants give to them, " that the language of Tchijjkita::ay is very " copious." SeeYol. I. towards the end of Chapter IV. N. B. Sound all the letters in both vocabularies ; [pronounce ir, I'inal, or /« at the beginning or in the Imiddle of a word, as if they wtre written inn, or \wi terminated by an e mute. S 2 SNGLISH &: 'WAV Kll p ''jyyi lA IW 1'. IJ 25o MARCH AN d's VOVAGE. i tA O M -1 n O • M 4-1 ■ . 55 O D >D 1- \r H O W • u • jC >pi _: . [TANAY/ O 5 o • O >Z3 'i -^ ^ i CJ 1 rr f" }rt t« tct n« >pi )rt c4 jrt irt Z ^ 1 1^ ^ « ^;^;^U()Mt^;^:^ X J H -i u JC o ^ J — • » fc o c > ; .V ^ o • (i N z j: 4 t3 • '^ •g' ; e« Q 60 c o . i« 2 1- o. u O U u < { "u; o o J t^ fcii! i>^ : « {^ ui t>0 9 O '-^ 3-! Mi4 3 O cs '5 ^1 X t^ M n H a: Q O 35 3 >3 -S5 J7 3 :5 .>•-' "tj -T^ ^ ^ vij ^ *j V ^» r^ rS5 :-<;» «i ik4 ^ 2! •^ ~ci r< r^ •Si 1;?^ ^ s ■»» N flq 5^ N 1 bO i«^ »»■• d j-i k. ^ X irt IC4 ;>< ^ * -Si — *^ > Ii5» *»H »{ tlO I 2 & '5 1 5n o Si I MARCHANDS VOYAGE. 13 O U a6t >a • 4J • j2 o 'g 5-* houg. Kaft la t u i4 i4 M 3 U3 3 • irt irt i« ,<5 ^4 u^ W O 3 Id 2 bo s: :s Irt l« irc i4 ^ Ui s o . u ^ IS w ^ % ^ ^ ^"1 & s: ^ « 8 3 5 I I n i. ^1 Hi^Wl PI @K^i mI ^fii^i mf' ' '.'^ Syg§RH»W^^P wm mISP'l B^jHi HOUmilrS S3 Tht! 263 marchand's voyage. . M a IS ►■' U H O Q O M M M e« O Ki O o o N t •J ca o o H O Q CC - O C U < ■J 55 < o o H OS O u o < pc4 Id o u •s 4J .2 p o u 4-1 rs ii3 .d ^ i^ t • c« l<4 irt 10 >!i ^ ;^ ><< Ud W ^ c I— bO 3 O * bo .3 ♦ 2 its bO 13 bO.ii M Ul U!i ^ ^^ i^ ^ 13 o ire irt <3P « N o J3 ^ u ;>. u * j= ^ 00 3 4>) ^ (2 3rt rt >rt lij ^ 1^ - -g • ;-« w • ';; 10 J3 ,-5 -^ ^ " 3 y 1^ ii^ 1^ g ho >5 fid I 3(390 ^ 3 r.i O O ^4 DO bb >4 « N 00 o •^ s .h MARCHAND S VOYAGE." •t» « g \ 3 O • 3 O IVJ CJ <>• . , s^ • 3rt rt ;>» «j rs 33 u. •i^ gue ha tou ko gatz. kiflak O •— » 3-H 4J a gou : Kahieft] iri rt lei c« 3rt ;!d ^ t^ W W UJ u 13 o i3 o Irt O .>-•■ ^ ti^ !^ ho ^ Si ^1 5; 1^ 3 O 3 O (J 3 O . o " 'a ,5 C4 C« U U >U is 3U < mi o «4 3 'I US (^ M ^ l!U C to »4J i« « 3 i4 J? I ■S "J -^ ^ I 263 »4 WATURAL •^ I >i m ii '■'jmKsm fflwiwlnfl "ifH Hii S ^H i64 makchand's voyage. i 5 s >< o < z M Z Q < afi H O U ^ as M J H < z O < SB as g g o 55 M ^■4 o u u q < « "S « H 'a en <4 >3 en 13 O a, •2 .^ 1(1 H < 1 • ^ "—I a O CA •J < o t6 as a M ^ Z £, es I MARCItANP S VOYAGE. 6 o ft a u 9 O 2 '!« o "lu o u o S 1) c« (4 u c: W ^ {i^ H W lO i2 I 13 O J3 O .^ 1^ o a o a6^ g g ^ £^^ H o (A ei O w < I 1^ I § s O \> J 3* ^ tkQ } I ^ J Hat IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1.25 lalM 125 |J0 "^^ ll^^l ■u Uii 12.2 S IAS 1 2jO Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ •sj \ \ ^. ^v >. 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIII,N.y. MSN (716)«7a-4S03 ^ '<\ ■^ '"«^ i!66' MARCHAND's VOYAGEi Q ei » O o ^^ m o » H < O Ss a < 04 o u SB « s • (J :^ z O < SS w « V Q o $B H O o s fi 0i o o u y •5^ I » u 2 -^ D •- • O "fl K _**< -C O rt 7^ H 1^ ^ !^ o K o 3 o N 3 4-1 •^ 4J 1^ Gj 13 J3 ^ ^ ^ \4 Ui ^ «5 u O 13 ■J* "S» » ^1 2 s 1. S as .1 4 s Warchaud's voyage. »$7 6 13 ij c 53 )3 o o 8- o I- >rt feid, . FIRST ADDITION. For the INTRODUCTION, TN the Introduction, I have contented myfdf with giving a fummary account of the expe- ditions to the NORTH-WEST coaft of America, which are pofterior to that of La Pe rouse j and I have announced that the Britilh government had difpatchcd veflcls to verify and complete the dif- coveries which had been made in thefe latter times between ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 269 between the 48th and the 60th parallels. The voyage of Captain Vancouver*, publilhed in London towards the end of laft year, 1798, and which did not reach us in France till the be- ginning of the year VII, (1799) has perfeftly ac- cotnpliflied that objeft : and it may be faid that this part of the coaft of the New World is at prefent better known, in refpedt to geography, than have been, and than ever will be perhaps, . parts of the Old Continent much more within our reach, and which the Europeans have frequented fince they have applied themfelves to navigation. The Introduction to the Voyage of Captain Marchand may be confidered as the introduftion to the voyage of Vancouver : the latter muft fix every uncertainty j and in perufing the epitome of the difcoveries that have been made from the year \ 1537 to 1790, the reader will follow with curiofity and intereft, on the valuable charts which accom- pany Vancouver's narrative, the tracks that the ancient voyagers have fcarccly pointed out to us; he will recognize the lands of whicii they had only had a glimpici he will know what they would have wiflied us ever to be ignorant of; and, in admiring the immenfe progrefs made in the fcience of navigation, he will not refufe a tribute of praifc to the learned men who have improved that fcience. )ceafi, and • A Voyage of D'ifco'very to ihe North Tacific Ocean, and mnJ the fVorlJ, Wr. by Captain Georgt Vdncoaver, Lo/idoxt 1798, 3 voh. 4to, with an At/as, and £70 Additions to the narrative. and to the indefatigable navigators who have found means to derive from its improvement, fo great an advantage in order to fucceed in completing the difcovery and defcription of the weft coaft of North America. SECOND ADDITION. for the IJlands called Las Mars^uesas de Men doc a. TRAVELS in the United States of Ame- rica*, publifhcd in Paris, in the month of Ven- tofe of the prefent year VII, (March 1799) gives us an extraft of a voyage performed in 1792, in the Great Ocean, by Captain Roberts, an Ame- rican, commanding the fhip Jefferson, of five hundred tons burden, which failed from Boston, on the 29th November 1791. The objed of Captain RoberTs*s expedition was to trade for furs on the north-west coaft of America, and, as well as Captain Marchand, he put into the Bay of La Madre de Dios in the Ifland of Wahitako (or Santa Christina) which he calls Whoanwow. Uis intention in putting into this port was not only to procure water and refrelhinents, but alfo to conftru(5l a veflcl of ninety tons, the frame of which he had * Voyage dans /?; Etats Unit d'jime'riquet fait en 1795' 9^» 97, par La Rochefoucauld-L'tancourt. Pr.rli, Du Pont, An. VII. % Vol. 8vo. Vol. III. pages 19 to 22. on ADDITIONS to THE NARRATIVE. 27t on board ready to be fet up, and which fcrved him, in the fequel, to fecondthe Jefferson in the fur-trade. The extract which concerns the Iflands called Las Marquesas de Mjb\DoqA, occupies only three pages, although Captain Roberts (laid four months at La Madre de Dios, and might have given us fome very intcrefting details refpedling the Ifland of Wahitaho in particular, and fome notions lefs uncertain than thofe which we have refpefting the other iflands of the group j but he fpeaks only of the inhabitants of the ifland where he had efta- blilhed himfclf, and even of them he fays very little : Captain Chanal to whom I have commu- nicated this extraft, finds, and juftly, a great deal of incorre<5lnefs in the little that has been faidj and I own that I have found in it nothing that ought to be added to the defcription, fuch as I have been able to give, of .the ifland and of the inhabitants, from the materials which have been furniflied us by the voyagers who had vifited it before Captain Roberts. According to the American Captain, the inhabi- tants of the Mendo^a Iflands, ** have no other " arms than Jiakes of extremely hard wood very " jharp-pointedf and long flings, with which they " throw large ft ones very far, and with much " exaSinefs.'* I know not whether by ftakes very Jharf -pointed he means lances from nine to eleven feet long, and «7« AbDlTIONS TO Ttil NARRATIVE. I",' ft* and pikes or javelins of which they make ufe in war J but, independently of a fort of fabre^ made of an extremely hard wood, in the form of the blade of an oar, he has omitted to make mention of the weapon the moft formidable in the hand of Si native of the Men 005 a Iflands, of the cafcuarim club, one of the ends of which confifts of a large knob i and which they take a delight in ornament- ing with carving. The ufe of the fling had been remarked by the French i they agree with Captain Roberts as to the great diftance to which thefc iflanders can throw a ftone, but they do not in like manner admit of their addrefs in hitting thp mark. {See Vol. I. page 178.) Captain Roberts, fpeaking of the attempt which the inhabitants of the neighbouring ifland (no doubt 0-Hivah6a, or La Dominica) made to carry off the anchor belonging to the fmall vcffel which he had conftruded, fays that they prefented themfelves " with a flotilla of twenty ** canoes of ninety feet in length." The French, on their arrival in the Bay of La Madre de Dios, were vifited by fifty canoes which had come from 0-Hivah6a : the length of the largeft of thofe canoes did not exceed twenty-five or thirty feet at moft {See Vol. L page 176.) The American Captain adds, that the inhabi- tants of 0-Hivah6a are in a continual Jiate of war with thofe of Wahitaho : but the French found found ingj a Bay oj two ifla ed to i ever, v for, aft< not fee with eac paddled • were eve two natio m /cveral indeed, tJ is probabJ 0-HlVAH in gencraJi the interc( their iflanc t^at ftcriJil qucnce of [ curfionsi fniitfuj ma not thcnccl t/ic haiitual " Marria I "as long i " f'le mcnj I " the wom^ "habitatio] ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 273 Life in made of the icntion land of 'cuarina a large lament- lad been Captain ich thefc ot in like ip mark. found them to live on terms of good underftand- ing ; and, on the firft vifit which they paid to the Bay of La Madre de Dios, the natives of the two iflands, aiTcmblcd and mingled together. Teem- ed to form but one tribe. I would not, how- ever, vouch that this harmony is never difturbed ; for, after the firft day, the French voyagers did not fee them keep up on (hore a communication with each other; but the canoes of the two iflands paddled pell-mell round the (hip, and no quarrels were ever fcen to arife between the men of thft two nations. The wounds which were perceived in fcveral of the inhabitants of Wahitaho atteft, indeed, that they have wars to maintain, and it is probable that it is principally againft thofe of O-HivAHOA, their neareft neighbours : the latter, in general, appear more warlike, lefs familiar in the intercourle of life than the former j and, as their iHand appears far from fertile, it may happen that fterility and the fcarcity which is the confe- quence of it, induce them fometimes to make in- curfions among their neighbours, whom a land ever fruitful maintains in perpetual plenty ; but it can- not thence be concluded that the ftate of war is the habitual ftate of the two tribes. " Marriages," fays Captain Roberts* " laft only " as long as it pleafes the married couple, efpecially " the men, who preferve a great fuperiority over I " the women : they never eat with them. The fame I" habitations frequently contain the fathers and VOL. II. T "the \ ti 1' Wi «74 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. " the children, even when the latter are mar- «' ricd." The American Captain muft have had more op. portunities than the French Captain of afcertaining whether the inhabitants of Wahitaho are acquaint- ed with any rule in marriage ; but, as I have faid, to judge of them from their condudV, it might be imagined that every man is the hulband of ail the women, and every woman, the wife of all the men. (See Vol. I. pages 164 and 165.) As to the fuperiority of the men over the women, it docs not appear that they have any other than that which Nature has given to the ftrongcrj but the wo- men are admitted to eat habitually with the men : Captain Chanal who has frequently been prefent at their meals, has feen the men, women and chil- dren eat in common and feed on the fame difhes. (^^^ Vol I. pages 195 and 196.) According to Captain Roberts, <* there is in <* .this ifland a Kiug, who is hereditary, and village- •* chiefs, who are likewife hereditary j there is alfo ** a certain inequality in the families, who all pay ** to the king and to the chiefs great marks of dc' " ference : property is acknowledged, and refpcft. ** cd : the number of domeftics and flaves is pro- " portionate to this property. The ftealing of| *• productions, as well as of every other thing, is | «* feverely punilhed, and ** the punifhment is or- " dered hy the cbirfs according to a Jentence wbic1i\ " thiy paft,** Itl lOrc op- ;rtaimng cqualnt- lave faid, might be id of all of all the As to the X docs not hat which It the wo- \ the men : ccn prefent ;n and chil- lamc dilhes. ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. *75 It has been feen (Vol.1, pages 197 to 201,) that neither the Englifh, Cook and MeflTrs. Forstbr,. nor the French, Marchand, Chanal, And Rob- LET) were able to diftinguifh what is the form of government of thefe iflanders; they all agree merely on one point, that is, that, if tho(e who have fometimes the appearance of being chiefs, have indeed fome authority, it is not manifefted by any a£t ; and that the pretended fubjedts or vaifals appear to pay no refpeA to majefty or lord- (hip, this is very different to thofe great marks of refpeA which, according to Captain Roberts, all the families pay to the king and to the chiefs: it may be faid that, if, in the Ifland of Wahitaho, there exift dignities, thofe who are invefted with them take a plcafure in keeping iticog, Thofe voyagers who preceded the American Captain did not perceive that inequality of conditions, which diftinguifhes mafters, fervants, and flaves ; we have fome difficulty in believing that, if this inequality were eflablifhed, it would have efcaped the obfer- vation of the Englilh and French : wherever there is a mailer, he is eager to (hew that he has fervants and flaves to wait on him. As to that tribunal of chiefs for trying thefts, and inflidbing the punifh- mcnt of the offence, the criminal code of Wahi- TAHQ mull, fince the departure of the Solide, have been greatly improved j for it has been feen that the chief who caufed Captain Marchand's mufket to be reftored ' affembled not his council T 2 to I r itluYi' Hill m Ell f| »7« APDITIONS TO THK NAURATIVE. to try tlic thief; he confultccl only his club. (Stt Vol. I. pages 6 1, 200, and 201.) Captain Roberts does not expatiate on the natural produftions of the country j he fays merely that, *• Potatoes and fugar- canes arc there culti- " vatedi that poultry, which is far from being in ** plenty, and hogs of the Cbine/e breedy which are " to be found in fome quantities, arc eaten roajled; " and that fifli is eaten rail}." ' I prefume that the potatoes mentioned in this ex- traft, is the fpecics ofjweetpotatoe which is fpoil#i'J' -' ' mi I i'Jl'--)'i!,;yiii,'i|iji(,l>'.j s8o ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. habitants of the Mendo^a Iflands as the Spaniards, the Englifh, and the French have been : he fays only, towards the end of the extradt of his voyage, that " the race of the men and women is hand- ibmc." THIRD ADDITION. For the Group of Iflands to the North-wefl of the MaR^VES^S DE MENDOfJ, Captain Roberts, on quitting the Ifland of Wahitaho, made fail for the Sandwich Iflands. " He afRrms," it is faid in the extraft of his voyage*, " that he difcovered, on his route, a group of iflands, not yet fpoken of by any navi- gator, lying in 8® 40' fouth latitude, and 140° weft longitude from Greenwich (142" 20' weft from Paris) : he reconnoitred them without land- ing, called the clutter Washington's Group, and gave fome of the iflands the names of Adams, Jefferson, Hamilton, &c. Thefe iflands had been feen the preceding year (1791) by Captain Ingraham of the fhip Hope of Boston j but he had done no more than perceive them and point out their fltuation. Captain Roberts fays he * See Voyagt dam lit Etatt-Uuit par /a Rocie/oucauU L'tMHCourU Vol. III. page 23. v^. ■ ■ _ ■ landed ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. £8t landed in this archipelago, at Newheve, which he named Adams's I Hand, latitude 8° 56', an old man of feventy-five years of age whom he had found at Resolution Bay (La Madre de Dios) in the Ifland of Wohanhow (Wahitaho), and who had been there for a long time. This old man was born in Washington's Group, at On- HAWA which Captain Roberts called the Ifland of Massachusetts. He examined the coaft of fome of them*." It has been feen in the narrative of Marchand's Voyage (psLge 102 of this Vol.) that, while the So- li de lay in Macao Road, Captain Ch anal was fent on board an American Ihip, the captain of which was ill, and that he learnt from him that, in tlic beginning of the month of May 17 91, in ftanding from the Mendo<;a Iflands to the north-west coaft of America, he had difcovered to the north- weft of that group, another group as extenfive as * It Is not mentioned at what period Captain Roberts examined thefe iflands. In the extiaA from his voyage, there are no other dates than that of his departure from Bofiany on the 29th of November 1791, and that of putting into an ifland in the Grkat OcEJN, on the 5th of July i79z» namely the Spanifli Ifland St.\Ambro/et in latitude zS" 13'fouth, where h6 ftaid two months and a half, and procured thirteen thoufand feal- ikins and a great quantity of oil. He muft have arrived at La Madre de Dies about the beginning of September : and, aa he there made a flay of four montljs, it may be fuppofed that it was about the latter end of December 1792, or the beginning of January 1 793, that he perceived the mrth-meft group of the Marqjiefms de Mendofa* 6 the I f fm. . * illi 'i !>. I -111:.'! ht'A iMj^'^ 282 ADDITIONS TO TH* NARRATIVl. the former J that he had given names to the iflands of which it is compofcd, but had not ftopped there. It could not be doubted, from the lati. tude and the bearing which he indicated, that thefc were the fame iflands which Captain Marc hand had difcovered a month later ; but we were ig. norant of the name of this Captain who had feen them firft without examining them : the extraft of Captain Roberts's Voyage informs us that the former Captain is named Ingraham, and that he commanded the (hip Hope of Boston. It is this very group which Captain Roberts re. connoitred towards the end of 1792 or the begin- ning of 1793, and which he named Washington's Iflands, at the fame time not informing us whether this be the name* which had been impofed on them by Captain In graham, when he made the firft difcovcryof them in the month of May 1751, It is to be regretted that, in the extract of Captain. Roberts's Voyage, which I have here given at length, no mention is made of the number of iflands of which this group is compofed. But this extract makes known to us the names which the natives of the group give to two of their iflands: Newheve, and Qnhawa. At the firft glance we recognize the name of Newheve in that of Neev-Heeva, which is written on Tupia's chart, {Plate IF.) next to the moft wcftern of the two fouthern iflands of the archipelago which {tomprifes the MARQiJESAS de Menpo^a: and, whcft ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. tSj when wc know how many difFcrcnt founds the pro- per names of the Idands of the Great Ocean obtain in pafTmg through various European mouths, and what changes the different orthographies caufc ihcm to undergo, we are not far from recognizing 0-Haneanea, the name given by Tupia to the moft eaftern of the two fouthern iQands of the fame archipelago, in the name Onhawa, which Captain Roberts fays is that of one of the iflands which he examined. It may therefore be faid that we know the names which Tupia gave to five oi the iflands of the archipelago that comprifes, to the fouth-ead, the group of the Marq.uesas de Mendo^a. _ I remark that thefe two laft-mentioned names are applied, onTuPiA's chart, to two of the iflands of the SOUTH-EAST Group, that of the Mendo^a Ifles, while we fee by the account of Captain Roberts, that they belong to iflands of the north- ' WEST Group ; and this may confirm what I had , fufpcftcd, (See Vol. I. page 259, Note*) that is, that in conftruding the chart under the diredtion of Tupia (and the mifliake may proceed from him- felf) the names which belong to the south-east Group have been applied to the north-west Group, and thofe of the north-we$t Group, to the south-east Group : and, in faft, we have feen that the names of 0-Niteio, O-Hita-Hoa And Wahitaho, which are three names of the soyTH-EAST Group or of the Mendo^a Iflands, ^ have iwiiiiti^'' I *«4 ADDITIONS TO THE KARRATIVE, have been applied on the chart to three of the iflands of the north-west Group, that which has been fuccefflvely reconnoitred by Captains In- ORAHAM, Marchand, and Roberts. In Plate Illy No. I. of Marchand's Voyage, I have given the Plan of the iflands which com- pofe the NORTH-WEST Group, named by the French Captain, Iles de la Revolution, as it was drawn by Captain Chanal, who fubjefted it to the ob- fervations for the latitude and longitude and to the bearings taken on board the Solide. We were then ignorant in France that in 1792, fubfequendy to the examination made by Captain Roberts, the NORTH-WEST Gtoup had been vifited by an Englifli Captain, and that it was from the plan drawn by this latter navigator that A rrowsmith had placed the group on his planifphere (See pages 104 to 107 of this Vol.) It was not, as I have already faid, till the beginning of the prefent year (1799) that we faw Vancouver's Voyage, publiflied in London towards the end of the year VI. (1798), and in which the Englifh Captain gives an ex- traft from the voyage of the D/EDAlus, under the command of Lieutenant Hergest, in the courfe of which that navigator, after having put into the Bay of La Madre de Dios, in the Ifland of Wahitaho, reconnoitred and vifited the north-west Group. The imprefTion of the greater part of my work was completed for fome months paft, and the Plates were worked off, when I re- ceived 's Voyage, hich com- the French t was drawn to the ob- : and to the ;. We were fubfequently n Roberts, rifited by an am the plan iRROWSMITH re (Sfe pages have already year (1799) published in VI. (i79«). ives an cx- ALUS, under EST, if* the r having put Dios, in the nd vifited the of the greater fomc months , when I re- p^ived ADDITIONS TO tHE NARRATIVE. iSr, ccived Vancouver's Voyage j but I have added to Plate III. of March AN d's Voyage, No. II. a chart which is a copy of that of the north-wist Group, conftrufted by Lieutenant Hergest, and Mr. GoocH the aftronomer who accompanied him, and 1 shall now give a tranfcript of the Extraft, which Vancouver has inferted in his Journal, of the part of that of Hergest, which concerns the furvey of this Group. At the end of this tranfcript, I (hall prefent fome obfervations to which the chart and the narrative of Marchand may give rife, compared with the account and the chart of Hergest. ExrRAcr from the Journal of Lieutenant Hergest*, " The DiiJDALus had anchored in the Bay of La Madre d£ Dios, on the 22nd of March " In the evening (of the 29th of the fame month) about five o'clock, (he weighed and fleered to the northward. At day-light the next morning, the 30th J (he came within fight of fome iflands, which appeared * Vancowver's Voyage. Vol. II. page 85 to 95. \ This date of the 22nd of March, which is to be found in page 85 of Vancowver's Journal (Vol II.) is remarkable, bccaufe, in the fequel of the Extradl which he gives of the voy- age of the Dtgdalut, there appear fome evident mi(takes refpec- ting dates. , X The original (page 90 and 91) gives the dates of the 29th of Oiiober and of the 30th of Oilobett which are very evidently the W in! IV ^B| ]Bi BjHBBlJ S\f 1 i I * \ \-\\ m V m \y\- m r% I (J t: ■miM wMmm 1 hi tH6 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE* appeared to Mr. Hero est to be new difcovcries. Thofe firft feen were three in number, one bearing by compafs* north by eaft, the other north by weft, and the third fouth-weft by fouth. She fetched the fouth-weft part of the eaftcrnmoft, where a good bay was found with a fandy beach. . Some rocky iflets lie to the fouth-eaft of it; and, from a gully in the north- weft part of the bay, there was an appearance of procuring a fupply of water. To the eaft of the fouth point, there appeared another good bay ; and along the weftcrn Ihore, (hallow broken water. But, on rounding that point, and hauling to the north along the weft fide, the broken water was found to extend not more than a quarter of a mile from the fhore. On this fide there is neither cove nor inlet, only a rocky Ihore, with two fmall rocky iflets 6fF its northweft point. This ifland is about fix leagues in circuit, and is in latitude 8* 50' fouth f : longi- the 29th and the 30th of March, fince it appears in the nar. rative, that the Dadalui pafled only zfnu days at anchor in the Bay of Lm Madre dt Dies, where, as has been feen, (he had an. chored qn the 22nd of March 1792. * Hergefi's Journal makes no mention of the variation of the magnetic needle, but from the obfervations made on board the Solide, on the 21ft of June 1791, in fight o( He Marchani {Hergeft's Trevetun'i Ifland) it was 4° 32 ' eaft. See the Jonnal tf the Route at the end of this Volume. t The fcale of the original chart which is to be found in Vancouver's FoyagCt is narked, by miftake, 80^ and 90° inftead of S" and 9% tude ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. t8f fcovcrits. le bearing north by uth. She iftcrnmoft, ndy beach. . of iti and, )f the bay, y a fupply )oint, there the weftern )i\ rounding ii along the d to extend m the (hore. )r inlet, only iflcts 6fF its It fix leagues ithf- lo^gi- tude aao* 51' caft from Greenwich (141* 29' 15'' weft from Paris). It is inhabited by a tribe of feemingly friendly Indians, fome of whom vifited the fhip in their canoes. In the vallies were a great number of cocoa-nut and plantain trees, and the whole ifland prefented an infinitely more ver- dant and fertile appearance than thofe they had juft quitted (the Marquesas de Mendo^a). " From hence Mr. Heroest ftood over to the fouthernmoft ifland, which appears at a diftance like a remarkably high rock, with three peaked rocks clofe to it } thcfe are about the middle of the ifland. The night was fpent in keeping his ftation near it, and, in the morning, his courfe was direfbed towards its fouth-weft point. As the (here was approached, the land was ieen to be well cultivated and numeroufly inhabited. More than one hundred Indians were foon aflembled round the fliip in their canoes, diipofing of cocoa-nuts, plantains, &c. for beads and other trifles, and behaving in a very friendly manner. At the fouth- weft end of this ifland is a very good bay, with a fandy beach in its eaftern part*. Along the fouthern fide are other bays; one in particular appeared to retire deeply in towards the fouth-eaft end of the ifland, having a fmall iflet lying off it, not unlike in fliape to the fteeple of a cathe- * See what is (kid of this bay in the Fey age of Marchaud, who caufed it to be vifited. Vol. I. pages 922 and 223. dral, i i ^ '% f If ' it i *^;^;.'!. % lift til ft88 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. dral*, and other rocks and iflcts. From the weft point of this ifland, forming alfo the weft point of the Hneft and dcepeft bay ic affords, its fhores trend round to the north-eaft j and, like the weft fide of the ifland he was at the preceding day (which received the name of Riou's Islakd) are rocky, and bear rather a fteril appearance. This ifland obtained the name of Trevenen's Island f, it is fituated in latitude 9° 14 fouth, longitude 220" 21' caft fromGREENwicH (141° 59' 15" weft from Paris.) «« In the forenoon of the ift of April {, the fouth fide of the third ifland was paflTed, which was named Sir Henry Martin's Island §j im- mediately to the weft of its fouth-eaft point, called Point Martin, is a deep, well-ihcltercd bay, bounded by fandy beaches: this obtained the name of Comptroller's Bay ; it was not examined, but, on pafllng, had the appearance of a fafe and commodious port. At its head was a break in the (hores, fuppofed by fome to be the mouth of a rivulet, but as it appeared too large for fo fmall • This is the iflot named !e Pic (the Peak) by Captain Mar. chand (See Vol. I. page 220.) f This is the lie Marchetnd reconnoitred by the Solide. X This date is the fame in the original page 93 : which con. firms what I have faid (pages 285 and 286, note X^ of this voluint) of the error of the two preceding dates, 39th and 30th O^ber, inllead of the 20th and 30th (^ March. ^ This is the JU Baux of Captain Marchand* an ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. r||| nn Ifland to afford, Mr. Hero est was rather in- clined to believe it only a deep cove. " The D^OALus was here vifited by many of the natives, paddling and failing in their canoes, who behaved in a very civil and friendly manner. About two leagues to the weft ward of Point Mar- tin is a very fine harbour, extending deep into the illand, and bounded by a moft delightful and fertile country. Mr. Hero est, accompanied by Mr. GoocH, went with the cutter to take a fketch and to examine the porr, which he called Port Anna Maria; It was found to be very eafy of accefs and cgrefs, without any ftioals or rocks that are not fufficiently confpicuous to be avoided j the depth at its entrance twenty-four fathoms, gradu- ally dccreafing to feven fathoms, within a quarter of a mile of its fliores i the bottom a fine fand, and the furrounding land affording moft perfeA fecurity againft the winds and fea in all dire£lions. An excellent run of fine water flows into the harbour, which pofftffes every advantage that could be dc fired. , " The country fcemed to be highly cultivated, and was fully inhabited by a civil and friendly race of people, readily inclined to fupply whatever re- frcfliments their country afforded. The DitDALus's people were induced to entertain this opinion from Ithe hofpitable reception they experienced on land- ling, from the chiefs and upwards of fifteen hun- klred of the natives who were affembled on the VOL. II. V fliores O^-'i fM''r 'it'll! J.... f I i sgo ADDITIONS TO Tlir. I.AHUAllVK. fhores of the harbour. On their return to the Ihip they fount) the fame harmony rubfilHng there with the Indians, who hud carried off and fold a fupply of vegetables and fome pigs*. " Mr. HiiROEST renewed his route along the fouth fide of the ifland to its fouth-wcft point, whtn he hauled his wind along the wcftcrn fide. This is a rocky iron-bo jnd ftiorc without cove or bay. It had a verdant appearance, but no great fign of fertility; nor were any habitations or natives per- ceived. " About fun-fet, he difcovercd what appeared like a large rock to the north-weftward, about fix or feven leagues diftant ; and, during the night, they remained near Sir Henry Martin's Ifland; but, in the morning, not being able to fetch its north-caft point, he quitted it; its north-weft fulc appeared to contain fome fmall bays ; and towards its north-eaft extremity, the land turned, appa- rently, fliort round, forming a bay fomething fimi- lar to, but not To deep as Comptroller's Bay. Another rock juft above water now (hewed its head to the caftward, and to the northward of that before- mentioned. Thcfe rocks f Mr. Her- * Captain Marchand had met with a reception nolefs friendly at the ifland bearing his name, thrgeji't I'lfvenen'i Ifland [Ute Vol. I. pages 2o5, 231, and 232.) + On the chart thefe are called Hergefi's Rods : they are the rocks named Let Deux Friret in the Journal and on the Chatt of Captain ManhanJ, GESTl ADDITIONS TO THI NARRATlVJt. 191 CEST reprefents to be dangerous j rhey lie about weft by north, about fix leagues from the wcftern fide of Sir Henry Martin's Ifland *, which is about fixtccn leagues in circuit. Its centre is fituated in fouth latitude 8*51', longitude 220** 19 eaft from Greenwich ^'142* 1' 15" weft from Paris.) " After leaving this ifland, two others were difcovered to the northward of them. On the morning of the 3d of April f, Mr. Hergest bore up to the fouthward along the ead fide of the fouth- wefternmoft. This is the largcft of the two, its (hores are rocky, without any coves or landing- places i and, though its surface was green it pro- duced no trees, yet a few fhrubs and bufhes were * This fituation of the rocks, in regard to Sir Henry Mar. t'm't Ifland, fuch as the Journal indicates, is far from being con- formable to that in which they are laid down on the chart that accompanies the extraft from the Journal : on the chart the middle of the two Rods is placed at the diftance of eleven leagues between weft by north and weft and it feemed to be a place of their general refort. The north-weft lide, however, had a more favourable afpedl, and, altliough its fliores were alfo rocky, a number of trees were produced) as well on the fides of the hills, as in the vallies. This fide afforded fome coves where there is good landing, particularly in one near the middle : this, from the appearance of its nor- thern fide, was called Battery Cove. A little more than a mile to the north of this cove is a bay, which Mr. Hergest and Mr. Gooch exami- ned. Good anchorage and regular foundings were found from eighteen to five fathoms water j the bottom a fine clear fand. An excellent run of frcfii water difchargcd itfeif into the bay near a grove of cocoa-nut trees j here they landed, and found a place of interment, and a hut near half a mile from it by the fide of a hill ; but there were no people, nor the appearance of any having been recently there j although it were manifeft that they did, on fome occafions refort to the ifland. This induced Mr. Hergest to forbear cutting down any of the cocoa-nut trees as he at firft intended to do s and he procured by other means as many of the fruit as fervcd the whole crew, with five to each perfon. " The landing was but indifferent on account of the furf i but water is cafily obtained. " After ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. '93 :s; nor 1 by the at num- of their lowever, lough its •ees were ills, as in ves where one near of its nor- iV-, A little cove is a >CH exami- idings were water i the [lent run of bay near a landed, and near half a t there were having been feft that they Ifland. This jng down any intended to as many of with five to It on account -^- ^c « Attec ** After afccrtaining the laft-mcntioncd ifland to be eight miles long and two miles broad, and to be fituatcd in fouth latitude 7° 53', longitude 219^47' caft from Grkenwich (142° 23* 'S" weft from Paris) they took leave of thefe iflands the next morning} and to the northrcafl: of the laft, at the diftancc of about a league they difcovered another, nearly round and much fmaller*, with two iflets lying off its fouth -weft point j to this was given the name of Roberts'$ Ifland. " Mr. Hero EST fl:ates that, during the time he was among thefe iflands and at the Marquesas, they were fubjedt to frequent heavy fqualls ^nd much rain. « He compares the inhabitants of this group to thofe of theMARCtuESAS, in colour andfizej but in manners, behaviour, drefs, and ornaments, ex-- ccpting that of their being iefs punftured, they more refemble the people of Taheitee and the Society Iflands. " On the firft information of the Daedalus [having vifited thefe iflands, (fays Vancouver towards the end of the extract which I have juft given from Lieutenant Hergest's Journal) I con- cluded that they had not been fcen before, and to jcommcmorate the difcovery of a very worthy * Here it appears that there Is a tranfporition in point of time, lor Hergeft muft have feen this latter ifland when he was ranging [ the eaft coaft of the former, and not when he had placed it letween him and the latter. U 3 though •1 ' '.<■ *'i ■ ■ .'' '*^ ■' , f Pi \ W^ \i «l ^'l '11' m ■'11 •ml 294 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE, I though unfortunate friend * and fellow-traVelkr in my more early periods of navigating thefe feas, 1 diftinguifhed the whole group by the name of Hergest's Islands. But I have Hnce been in- formed, that thefe iflands had been difcpvered and landed upon by fome of the American traders, and that, in fine weather, the fouthernmoft is vifiblc from Hood's Ifland, the mod northern of theMAR- QjjESAS. Hence they are confidcred by fome as properly appertaining to that group, although nei- ther the Spanilh navigator, Mendana, whodif- covered the Marquesas, nor Captain Cook who vifited them after him, had any knowledge of fuch iflands exifting." The examination made by Lieutenant Her c est, of the group of iflands fituated to the north-weil of the Marqjjesas de Mendo^a, will ferve me to redlify in fome points that which had been made in the month of June 1791, by Captain Mar- ch and. lit. From the pofition which Arrowsmith's Planifphere had given to Riou's Ifland in rcganl to Trevenen's Ifland t> I might have fuppofed that his Riou's Ifland was the Ile Plate of Captain Marchandj but it is fcen, by He rg est 's Chart, that Riou's Ifland is fltuated at the diflance 01 * Mr. Hergtjl and Mr. Gooch were afterwards maffacred by the natives of Woahoo, one of the i$a» , j . 'HM ■ '.' ■ i 4:mr- 'KJ * J I 11 m m 300 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. twccn this ifland and the preceding would be only 2 minutes according to Hergest, and it is 6 mi- nutes according to March and and Chanalj the latter deduced the difference of meridian of the two iflands from bearings taken of both at the fame time, and crofs bearings i but I am ignorant by what means the former determined this differ- ence, fuch as it is deduced from the relative fitu. ation given to the two iilands in his Journal and on his Chart. 4. The weft coaft of the moft weftern of Her- cest's Rocks (Les Deux Freres of the Solide) is Htuated on the Chart of the Dif:DALus, in latitude 8" 37' 30", and 140° 10' weft from Greenwich, or 142° 40' 15" weft from Paris *, and on the Solide's chart, in latitude 8° 42', and longitude 142° 55': the difference of the latitudes is 4 mi- nutes and a half, and that of the longitudes 15 minutes. From within fight of Ile Baux (Sir Henry Martin's Ifland of the Englifh), the So* lide ftood diredly for the Rocks named by the French Les Deux Freres j fhe paffed, within a quarter of a mile, to the weftward of the moft weftern j and, from this pofition. Captain Mar- chand took the bearing of the rock in regard to the north- weft point of the ifland: Les Deux * For the comparifon I employ the pofition which the Chart aiHgns to thefe Rocks; for it has been feen before, (page 291 note * ) that the pofition given to them by the Journal is very different from that in which they are laid down on the chart. Freres i be only ; is 6 mi- NAL; the in of the th at the \ ignorant ;his c\iffer- lativc fitu. nal and on n of Her- he Solide) i, in latitude Ireenwich, and on the id longitude s is 4 nii- ingitudes ij Baux (Sir ifti), the So- ,mcd by the x\y within a of the moft ,ptain MaR- in regard to Les Deux jvhich the Chart ffore, (page ^9' . Journal is very [on the chart. pRiLRB ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 301 Freres lie, with refpedl: to each other, eaft and weftk As no mention is made in the Journal of the D^DALus of the method employed for fixing the pofition of the rocks in regard to Sir Henry Martin's Ifland; and as their diftancc from that ifland fuch as it is given by the Journal is very different from that afligned to them on the Chart which accompanies it, I think that we ought to adhere to the pofition refulting from the route and the bearings of the Solide. 5. The rcfult of the obfervations for the lati- tude and longitude made by Captains March and andCHANAL on the 24th of June (Vol. I. page 249) combined with bearings taken of the land, places the middle of Ile Masse, that is, the moft fouthern elevated part of the little group of Roberts's Iflands in the Englifh Chart, in latitude 8° or 8** 1', and longitude 142° 52': this fame point is I fituated, on the Englilh Chart, in latitude 7° 57', and longitude 140" 13' 30" weft from Greenwich, or 142° 23' 45" w^ft ^rom Paris : the difference between the two pofitions is therefore from 3 to 4 minutes in the latitudes, and 18+ minutes in the jlongitudes. It is fcen that, on the French chart, |thclLES Masse and Chanal occupy together 16 ninutes in latitude ; while the group of Roberts's [Hands, which rcprcfent the former on the Englifli part, there occupy only 10 minutes. They are placed on the Solide's chart according to a bear- jig (in which allowance is made for the variation of If-! i sot ADDITIONS TO THE MARRATlVfi. of the compafs) taken on the a4thof June at noon at the moment of the obfervation for the latitude and inferted in the manufcript journal of Captain Chanal as follows : Ile Masse, from ead 30' fbuth to eaft 8 or 10° fouth, dillant fix leagues: Ile Chanal, from cad to call 10* north, twelve leagues. If it were wilhed to attribute to an error in the Solide's bearings, the difference of 6 mi. nutes that is to be found between the fpace which the group of thefe idands occupies in latitude on the one chart, and that which it occupies on the other, we muft fuppofe that a much greater error has been committed with refpedt to the diftance of fix leagues at which the Solide was cftimated from Ile Masse, which was the neareft to her. I there- fore prefume that the difference of the parallels be* tween which the group is corrt^rehended, mull be larger than it is on the chart of the DiSOALus. But I am, at the fame time, of opinion, that the configuration and the difpofition of thefe iflands, fuch as they are feen on the Englifh chart, is far I preferable to thofc which are delineated on the French chart. Lieutenant Hergest vifitcd them I and examined them minutely; whereas Captain Marchand faw them only in pafTing, and at a| fufHcient diftance to leave a great uncertainty rtf. pefting any other determination than of the differ-i ence of latitude of the two extreme north andj fouth points, and their relative pofition in regardl Pi If ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 303 ! at noon, c latitude, )f Captain n eaft 30" IX leagues •. rth, twelve to an error X of 6 mi- fpace which 1 latitude on ipics on the greater error tie diftancc of ftimated from her. Ithere- e parallels be- aded, muftbc IC D^DALUS. nion, that the thefc iHands, chart, is far ineated on the IT vifited them Ihcreas Captain king, and at i lunccrtainty rel- ,n of the differ jtne north and! Ifition in rcgard| 11 to the Ilk Baux of the Solids, the Sir Henry Maktin's Ifland of the DiCOALus. In recapitulating the differences which we have difcovered between the two charts, it is feen that all the latitudes and longitudes of the Englifh chart are finallcr than thofe of the French chart ; namely : in Lat. in Long. 7' 4i 20 24 '5 iS For Isle Marchand, or Trevenen's Ifland For Ile Baux, or Sir Henry Martin's Ifland For Les Deux Freres, or Hergest's Rocks For Isle Masse, the fouth part of Roberts's Iflands From the reafons which I have dated, I am of opinion that the Englifh chart, by giving to the NORTH-WEST Group A longitude lefs wefterly than that which refults from the obfervations made on board the Solide, brings this group too near to that of the Marc^jesas de Mendo^a. As for the latitudes, fuppofmg that all thofe inferted in Her- gest's Journal were l>y enervation, of which we are ignorant; the differences between thofe oblerved on board the Solide, with the exception of the I fird which is 7 minutes, are fo fmall that we may 1 imagine they are owing to the difference of the inftruments, to the manner of obfcrving, &c. And I we might take for the true latitudes, the mean between P^ 1 ■ ^' ■ , •IM ^ ^^lilirl' if 3*4 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE; between the refules given by the two navigatorsj the more efpecially as they are not reduced to a determined point, fuch as a cape^ a harbour, &c. but to the centre of each ifland< If I wiflicd to conftruft a chart of the group fituated to the north-weft of the MARCiUESAs de Mendo^a, I would make ufe of the pofitions with which we are furnifhcd by the Soli de's journal; but I would employ for the extent and the con- figuration of the iflands, to which I would add Riou's Idand, thofe given them by the chart con- ftrudled in the voyage of the DiCDALUs; for, with the exception of Ile Marchamd (the Trevenen's Ifland of Heroest), the others were not fcen from the SoLiDE but at a diftance which admits of pre. fenting maflcs only; whereas they werr moflly vifited, and furveycd more minutely by the DiEOA- Lus. We are indebted to Lieutenant Herglst for a knowledge of the excellent harbour, called by him Port Anna Maria, on the fouth coaft of Ile Baux, or Sir Henry Martin's Ifland, and of a bay fituated on the fame coaft near its fouth-eaft point, which had the appearance of a fafe and commodious port : it cannot but be con- iidered as a fortunate circumftance to have difco- vered two good harbours in a populous and fertile ifland, in the midft of other iflands which are equally fo, and in a latitude where it was of importance to be acquainted with places of flicker which can| fumiHi 4 VOL, II. tm ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 305 fiirnifh water and rcfrcftimcnts to (hips crofTnig the Great Ocean. Whit wc read, in the cxtradt from tKe journal oftheDi«DALus, refpctting the peaceable, friendly, and hofpitable difpofition of the natives of thefe iflands, agrees perfc(flly with what has been related of them in the Narrrative of March an d's Voyage (Vol. I. pages 225, 226, 231, and 232,) It has been feen (pages 280, and 281 of this Vol.) by the cxtraft from the voyage of tlie American Captain, Roberts, that the natives of the NORTH-WEST Group fometimes have a com- munication with thofe of the south-east Group, fince that Captain met at LaMadrs df. Dios in Wahitaho, one of the Marquesas, an old man offevcnty-five years of age, born atONHAWA, one of the iflands of the north-west Group, to whom he gave a paflTage in his (hip, and whom he landed atNEWHEVE*, another ifland of the fame group. It will not be fuppofed that an old man had em- barked in a fliip, with ftrangers, folely for the picafure of rambling over the world, of which he could have no idea } it is probable that he in- timated in fome way to Captain Roberts, that he was born in a dillant land whofe fituation in regard to Wahitaho he pointed outi and that, on this * To judge from the latitude of 8' 56', which Captain Robert: I alfigns to the Ifland of Newbeve, (page 281, of this Vol.) this I mud be the lU Baux of the Stlidtf the Sir Htnry Martin' t Ifland I of the Detdaluu VOL. II, X VCi^l' 1^1 \i{^ ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. indication, the American Captain propofcd to him to take him on board his Ihip, giving him the hope that he would foon rcftore him to his native country. But Captain Roberts having met a native of the iflands of the north-west Group on an ifland of the south-east Group, does not prove that the communication from the one group to the other is habitual j the age even of this in- habitant of the north-west Group, and the de- termination which he ventured to take of abandon- ing himfclf to ftrange men, who muft have ap- peared formidable to him, but who promifed to carry him back to his own country, feem to in- dicate that the means of communication from the one group to the other are as difficult to thefe iflanders, as the opportunities of them muft be rare : Captain Cook and Captain Marchand never faw at La Madre de Dios any other canoes than thofe which had come thither from 0-Hivah6a, Mendana's La Dominica. FOURTH led to him y him the his native ,ng met a 4 ST Group p, does not ; one group of this in- md the de- of abandon- Lift: have ap- promired to , feem to in- ion from the cult to thefe [icm muft be CHAND never canoes than b-HlVAllOA, FOURTH! ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE, 307 » - - • FOURTH ADDITION, ^.„. , For the IJland of 7'iNiAN. ^ IN the Narrative of Marchand's Voyage (pages 51 to 80 of this Vol.), I have prefented two very different pidurcs of the Ifland of Tin i an : that which Richard Walter, Chaplain to Com- modore Anson J has drawn us of the ftate of the ifland in 1742 ; and that of the ftate in which it has appeared in later times : in 1765, to Com- modore Byron; in 1767, to Captain Wallisj in 1787, to Captain Portlock ; in 1788, to Captain Gilbert and to Captain Sever, fepa- ratcly. I ought likewife to have mentioned the defcription given of ir by Lieutenant George Mortimer, of the Marines, a paflenger on board the brig Mercury, commanded by Captain Henry Cox, who touched at Tinian on the 12th of De- cember 17B9, and came to an anchor in that very road, off the fouth-weft point of the ifland, where. all the navigators of his nation who preceded him, had alfo anchored. I ihall repair this oniiffion, and make Lieutenant Mortimer fpeak. for himfelf*. * Obfervat'tom and Remarks made during a 'voyage to tht j Ijlands of 'leneriffe, dec. — North-iueji coajl of America, &c. — Otaheitf, &c. — Tinian, and thence to Cantov. — In the Brig Mercury, commanded by I. H. Cox, Efq. By Lieut. George [Mortimer of the Marinet. London, 1791. 4:0. pages 64 and I following. X 2 « On If ill m\^' I--: '•'f;iO'iliM> ■ W, 3o8 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE* m " On our arrival, a fine, breeze fetting off the land, faluted us with the mod fragrant and delight- ful odours ; and we were foon gratified with the fight of fonie beautiful white cattle, feeding and friflcing about among the trees j whirh added greatly to the charming appearance of this ifland. The boats were hoiftcd out, and the captain with a party of us went on Ihore, where we expedled to procure Ibme frelh beef; but were difappoint- cd, as the cattle retired among the woods the inftant they faw us -, and it would have been in vain tn have purfucd them for the underwood was nearly iiTipenctrable : we therefore returned on board again, after having loaded the boat with wood, and gathered a quantity of fine limes, . * " The next morning we went on fhore again, and landed further to the northward than we had done on the preceding day. Here we found feveral huts erected by the Spaniards who come here an- nually from their fcttlement at Guam to procure beef for the garrifon of that ifland. The Spaniards, or fome other people, muft have quitted Tiniaij but a very fhort time before our arrival, as they had kft a wild hog in a ftyc, that had died but lately, j and a fine dog, which we caught, and carried on 1 board with us. We were direfted by a beaten j path, about forty yards in length from the huts, to the well mentioned by Lord Anson and Com- modore Byron ; and though the water it contains j is not the bell in the world, it by no meansj .. ,, de(ervcs| g off the d delight- \ with the lich added this ifland. aptain with ;c expected difappoint- is the inftant n in vain to id was nearly ;d on board ; with wood, 1 fhore again, than we had found fevcral :ome here an- Im to procure 'he Spaniards, litted TiNiAN •al, as they bad iied but lately, | [and carried on by a beaten [from the huis,| iON and Gem- later it containil by no mm dcCervcsl ADDITIONS TO TWS NARRATIVE. 309 defcrvcs the reproaches bcftowcd upon it by the Commodore, fince we neither found it brackifli nor full of worms, as he aflerts it to have been*. And here I cannot help obferving, that this gen- tleman feems to have taken as much pains to depreciate this ifland, as Lord Anson had been too lavifli in his encomiums on it f j for, whatever may have been the Hate of Tinian when his Lordftiip was there, future vifiter.s may look about in vain for thofe delightful lawns, painted in fuch glowing colours by the author of his voyage. f' Our people being fct to work to cut wood for fuel, and other purppfes, I fet out from the huts where they were ftationed, in company with our third mate and one of the feameji, in purfuit of game. We at firft followed the traces of a path j but it foon failing us, we were obliged to force * Commodore Bjron was at Tinian in the month of Auguft, and Captain Cox, in the month of December, the difference of the feafons might probably occafion a difference in the ftate of a mitll: Captain Gilberty in the month of Augufl 1788, found it dry. + It is difficult to pronounce between two voyagers, who both declare, / faiu it ; we mufl, however, remark, that all the navigators who have touched at Tinian fince Byron defcribed to us its prefent flate, have confirmed what he has faid of it. The manner in which feamen view objeds depends a little on the fituation in which they find thcmfelves when they land in a country : we are lefs difficult in proportion as we have more wants ; the land has (b many charms, when, for a length of time, we have been condemned to fee nothing but fky and water \ . -■ X3 our mwmi '') 1! ■f : liillll '5 '■■■•;, , . " IVr. M. '!•''[ 'I ' ■j\ '',,''1 i'l 1 ' , t 'f' ^ • iM '■ ■ti ^^ U. W''^ 51: ■ n"l5i' ■ ■ 1 i i ^' f i ]\\'i m 310 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. our way through the thickets, in iiopcs, as wc wot into the interior part of the country, we fhould get clear of the trees and underwood : which we did after having proceeded a confiderable diitance with great labour and fatigue ; but we were ftill fo much incommoded by a kind of wood that grew as high as our breads, by the heat, and by an intolerable number of flics, that I quitted my companions, who wiflied to penetrate a little farther into the country, and made the beft of my way back to the wooding party at the huts, where I did not arrive till late in the afternoon, being nearly exhaufted with the fatigue of pufliing through the bullies, and climbing trees, to fee that I was going in a proper diredion, which was a very neccfi'ary pre- caution, as I was at one time lolt for upwards of two hours. I met with a great many wild hogs; and I had nearly ftumbled upon an animal which, on being roufed, darted through the thicket with fuch velocity, that I could not diftinguifh what it was i but fuppofe it to have been one of the gua- nacoes defcribcd by Lord Anson, and which are faid to abound in the neighbouring Iflands of Saypan and Acuigan. I faw alfo fome fowls in my ramble, and (hot a pig. Our third mate, who returned about half an hour after me, reported, that foon after I had feparated from him, he fell in with a herd of cattle, and Ihot one of them, a fine young bull ; but, having only one man with him, and it being a confiderable diftance from the beach, j^,. ihould get :h we did, ilance with ;ill fo much rew as high intolerable :ompanions, licr into the back to the id not arrive rly exhaufted , the bullies, IS going in a lectfiary pre- or upwards of ny wild hogs; animal which, thicket with iguiih what it le of the gua- ,nd which are g Iflands of feme fowls in lird mate, who Ime, reported, im, he fell in If them, a tine an with him, tce froti^ the beach, ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 3»» beach, he was obliged to leave the carcafs in the charge of his companion, who confcnted to remain with it all night ; being apprehenfive they might not have found the place again, had they both returned together. -■. * :>; -'^i :- " Next morning, a party was fent to procure fome of the animal ; but, upon their arrival, the greater part of it was found to be tainted and en- tirely fpoiled i however, fome pieces were cut from the parts that were the leaft affedtcd and brought on board, which furniflied us with an excellent difh of foup, and fome (leaks, the meat being very Under and fine grained (we have n(5 difficulty in believing it, quid non fames /) Wild hogs and poultry are in great abundance at'TiNiANj and though the latter are fhy and difficult to come at, on account of the underwood, it is pleafing to hear them crowing and cackling in every direftion; fo that it is difficult to diveft one's felf of the idea of being in the vicinity of fome country vil- lage, or large farm-yard. Tinian produces plenty of limes, lemons, guavas, li?me eocoa-nuts, cuftard- apples, and indifferent oranges, with a variety of beautiful trees, among which was the bramin and bread-fruit trees, but the latter had no fruit upon them ; and. the cotton fhrub. In our different cxcurfions on ihore, we met with the remains of feveral of thofe curious edifices defcribcd by Lord An SON, and fuppofcd to have been erefted by the original inhabitants of the ifland. The^ build- X 4 ings %^{ ■■'■ •'■'■'' i.-«mg if i " 't :■: ■( t if If f. r '' '"'It • I w iliii I , I • 1 X -', -I 'i.'. tV: [^mA ihc efftdt which the fhip experienced from the -currents in the different trafts of fea that (he croffed. I iiav/C thought that this effeft might be known, at leaft by approximation, if the progrefs in lati- t tude and longitude, fuch as it was announced by the refuhs of the adronomical obfervations, was compared with the progrefs for the fame inter- "vals, fuch as it was deduced from the ordinary ^ "i {fJ calculation U marchand's voyage. 8^5 mrje of her tiermine the he apparent the different ivell as the recko7mg in ^ theperiod of calculation of the (hip's run ; and I have fiippofed that all the errors of the dead reckomngy indicated by the refults of thefe comparifons, ought to be attributed to the unpcrceived aft ion of the cur- rents which had driven the fhip out of her apparent courfe, and occafioned her to make, in a direftion different from that ihc had appeared to follow, a progrcfs, which, by the ufual methods of keep- ing a reckoning, could not be eftimated, either as to its length, or as to the degree of velocity with which it had been efFefted. But, in order to admit that this fuppofition has condufted me to true refults, two others muft likewife be admitted : the former, that the errors of the dead reckoning depended folelyon the effeft of the currents; the latter, that the obfcrvaUons of the moon's diftancc from the fun or ftars, gave refults fufficiently certain for us to be able to de- duce from them, as from fixed points, the refults of the calculations of the dead reckoning. I do not therefore prefent, as ftriftly correal deternii- nations, thofe which are founded on thefe fuppo- fitions i and it muft not thence be concluded that the direction and degree of velocity imprefled on the fhip, in each traft of fea, by the adion of the currents, ^ert ftriitly thofc given me by the refults of my calculations: ftill lefs muft it be cxpcdted that, at all times, in the fame traft of fea they will again be found th« fame. But my labour will indicate to navigators what ufcful employment they ^■"^mi 1 : I , ' i 1,1., iKi» I ■ • ' ;:L Wlj- "J I ,» 3i6 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. th^ can make of lunar obfcrvations, for the pm-. pofe of improving this branch of hydrography^ which, hitherto, has been too much negleAcd : for, if on the one hand, from the want of precifion in the obfcrvations, and on the other, from the uncertainty of the dead reckoning, the errors of which may not always arife from the fole aftion of the currents, the determinations of the effeft of the movement of th* waters on the Ihip's courfe, fuch as I have deduced thecn, do ijot prefent them- felves with the confidence of geometrical exaft- nefs, they may at leaft be confidercd as approxi- mations, which cannot be very wide of the truth j and in their ftatc of impcrfedion, they will ftiil be of great utility to (hips that fhall traverfe the trafts oS fea which the Solide croffpd in her circumna- vigation of the globe *T It '* The lunar method not being able to give the longitude at Tea without an uncertainty of about half a degree, a precifion fufiicient when the queftion is to make the land after a long voy. age, it cannot indicate with a precifion of which we arc ccr. lain, "little differences of meridian ; becaufe the error of one of the two obfcrvations, the compared refults of which indicate the progrefs in longitude, may fometimes exceed thefe little differ. ences, and even indicate them in a diredlion contrary to the true one. This is not the cafe with the determinations which are obtained from agronomical watches and clocks, from t'mt' kteptrs or threnometers : the fmaller ar^ the intervals of time, the greater is the prccifipn of the refiilt ; becaufe, in a fmall intcrvali the^time.keeper has more certainly preferved the regularity of ^jis rji^tp.of going. "'•'* ^ ■ ■ Ws precifion from the errors of fqk aftion the effeft ip's courfc, cfent them- rical exad- as approxi- f the truth ; t will ftill be rfc the trafts :r circumna- MARCHANDS VOVACE. 3 po MARCfiAND»S VOYAGE* dir.a.onandveta^. haps, they even and unknown cautes. anu, v \,., ^rience periodical changes : but if the changes e^penence i« ^^^.^^^^ ._^ ^^j„ „ f„,. ^ 1^ :(lZt days in afcertaining the law by ceed one of thele aay ^^^^^ Tr Ut navi-ltors but multiply their obfer- S::. ^iT^en of .ience «iU do t.e "The precifion «ith which the Scud, made all fc» hv reeulating her courfe according '" ^ 1 1 ;f h Ob ervftions for the longitude. ■ '° rf d i of confidence that we may grant fhews the degree ot c ^^^__^ " *' r r:nXed t/lVe «ry obferva. „„„s m *« <:°"* ,t the fame time, what r,on of the land-falls prov, employed for ,• <■ . ,h, methods which may oe crop"") fafety he metno ^_^ _^^^_g^^^„, '""■"Tant e a not fail to b. appreciated, if. Their ad»ant..ge cann ^^^^^^ ^^ « every penod "^^^^^^^nl determined. .« . «hofe geography » «" ^ ,,„,„i„„3 with that compare the refult oi . - «^-1"°"SrdercSXai«>all.a. calculation of the aeau I ^ o ^^^^ v^"- might be iry direc- ordinary -, in their accidental they even ic changes cr to fuc- the law by js of obfer-^ in different their obfer- will do the DE made all fe according tie longitude, K may grant ^ the currents, very obferva- 5. The preci- ne time, what employed for ,0 navigators, jpreciated, if, iches at places termincd, we fions with that the ordinary md 1 ihall take care Dec. 1790.] marchand's voyagi. 321 care to place this comparifon before the eyes of the reader at the end of each run : may it make our navigators fenfible that the dead reckoning is no more than a fubfidiary method, of which it is no longer allowable to make ufe but as a provifional fiipplement, and merely when it is not poffible to find in the heavens, by the obfervation of the fun, moon, and (tars, the poficion in which the (hip jniifl: be on the globe ! FIRST RUN. F-om the Strait of GIBRALTAR to the CAPE DE VERD Iflands. NOTE I*. Ont the 29th of December 1790, at eight o'clock in the evening. Cape Spartel (on the Coafl: of Africa) when the fhip had cleared the Strait of Gibraltar, bore direflly fouthl, diftant 1 1 leagues. * In the Journal of the Rtutet on the the Ihip was then only 1^ 47' to the northward of the Peak, I * Thefe determinations are taken from a Manufcript coramii. nicated by Barda* In ..i:^ til ■ ••■V Dec. 1791-] MARCHANd's voyage. go^j In this fttuation, the Peak bore fouth 6° 30' eaft : the fhip was therefore 1 2 miles, or about 1 4 minutes, more to the weftward than the Peak. The longitude of the Peak, reduced by the operations of Borda*, to that of the town of Santa CRUie, is 19°: thus that of the fnipwas 19" 14- And if it be wifhed to reduce it to noon, the 8 minutes progrefs to the weftward, from that time to three quarters paft one muft be deduced, and it will then be no more than 1 9° 6'. Let us at preff it compare this laft-mentionfd longitude with inc.: f tiie point of departure, on the 29th of Dvtt .. .", to the northward of Cape ♦ The longitude of the town of S^afa Cruz (at the Mole), rediiccil to that of the obfervatory at Cadiz, is fixed at i8° 36' weft from Parist by a mean between the determinations given bv the time-keepers of Ferdinand Rcrtkoud, on board the //«, in i-jS^f Fiugri- and Fleurieu J on board the f/ora, in I'j'ji, (Verdun, f «/n. 79«. that the grcatcft diftance at which the Peak or Teneriffe can be perceived from a (hip's deck is 42 or 43 leagues ; I fay nothing of the little dif- ferences which depend on the variation of tcrref- trial refradlions, which varying according to the temperature and the ftate of the atmofphcrc, change the apparent height of mountains. According to thcfe mcafures which no one will conteft, we may judge how greatly voy«gers have exaggerated, who have told us that they had per- ceived the Peak of Teneriffe ft^ty and a hmdni leagues off at fc^ *. NOTE III, In comparing the longitude given by two fcts of diftances of the fun and moon, obforved on the 9th, at three quarters pad three o'clock in the Jifternoon, and reduced to noon of thar day, with that which had been deduced, on the 5th, from the bearing of the Peak of Tineriffe, it is feen that, in the interval of four days, the progrcfs towards the weft, hgd been a* 40', In reducing, in like manner, to the bearing of the Peak the longitude given by the dead reckoning on the 9th at noon, it will be found that the progrefs indica- ted hy the reckoning, frofn the 5th to the 9th of the month, was 3° 34^ : thus, the (hip had again * Fee the Ktfio'irt ge'nirale d( Voyaget by Prc'iofly Vol, 11, pge 239, 4to edition. been Jan. i79»«] marchand's voyage, 329 been carried towards the eaft 54 minutes, or about 49 miles, on the mean parallel between the two extremes. The obfervations of latitude (hewed that, in the fame interval, Ihc had been carried 1 2 minutes, or 12 miles, to the fouthward, beyond the fum of the progrefs by account. It thence refults that the currents had fct her 50^ miles to the eaft 1 3° 45' fouth, at a mean rate of 1 2} in twenty-four hours. It is very ufual, in the feas which the Solids had eroded, for Ihips to be carried to the eaft ward by the movement of the waters : and, moft com- monly, they arc at the fame time carried to the foudiward. t NOTE IV. V On the 14th, at noon, the fouth point of Mayo, one of the Cape de Verd Iflands, bore north, diftant one league. By a mean between the refults of the obferva- tions which were made on board the Isis, in 1769, and on board the Flore, in 1771, the latitude of this point is 15* 4' 30'' north, and its longitude 25" 28' 30" weft*. Lat, north. Long. weft. * According to the obfervations made on board the 7/Ji 15° 3'. . »5*' 27' According to thofe made on board the The 5.1 •. if 11 ! 111 • JW'-^ ' if'SiP 1 i-i, HI? 33« MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Jan. 791. The fliip's place whence the bearings were taken at noon was on the very meridian of this point, and 3 minutes more foutherly ; thus, at that period, the latitude of the fhip fhould be 15° i' 30", and that which was obferved was conformable to it : her longitude was that of the fouth point of Mayo, 25' 28' 30". On comparing this longitude with that which had been obferved on the 9th at noon, we find that, in the interval of five days, the fhip's pro- grefs towards the weft was 3" 42' 30**. According to the dead reckoning, it ought to be only f 9': thus the fhip was carried to the wcftward ^3^ minutes, or 30^ miles (reducing the parts of the equator into marine miles by a mean parallel.) The obfervations of latitude fliewed that, in the fame fpace of time, Ihe was drifted to the fouth- ward, 18 minutes, or 18 miles: thus, through the cffeft of the current, the (hip was carried 35^ miles to the weft 30° 45' fouth, at a mean rate of 7.1 miles in twenty- four hours. The longitude by account, fuch as it was given by the dead reckoning deduced from the longitude of the point of departure, on the 29th of Decem- ber within fight of Cape Sp artel, was 26° 29': and in comparing it to the true longitude, 25° 28' 30", we find that the error of the reckoning, at the expiration of fixteen days, was, abeati of the fliip, I degree, which, on the parallel of the point arrived a(, is equal to 5!^ miles. But it has been 4 fccn Jan. »79i'] marchand's voyage. 331 feci) that a compenfation had taken place in the errors: in the interval from the 29th of December to the 9th of Jariuary, the fum of the errors in the reckoning, ahead of the fliip, had been 87 miles or i^ 34^J and from the 9th to the 14th, the erro^" was 30.5 miles or p° 34' ajiern. SECOND RUN. J .. ct Frcm the CAPE DE VERD IJlands to within fight of STATEN LAND. NOTE V. The longitude of La Praya, in the IHand of St. Jaoo, was determined by the obfervations made with the help of the time-pieces of Fer- 4% dinand Berthoud, in 1769 on board the IsiSi in 1 77 1, on board the Flore, and reduced (o the > longitude of Cadjz*: it is 25** 21' weft from Paris. ^ It is from this point that the Solids faiied> on the 1 8th of January, in order to get under the Lat. North. Long. Weft. *L P \ ObfcfT. on board the Ifis 14° 52' jj**. . 25° 50' 00" •'''(,Obferv.onboardthe/'/or!;'' •■.1- ■■ft Xiy W*2 J fif J'- "^ "i ... ' ,i< Mi ■! ',1 ^f. 0b.' 53« MARCIIAND S VOYAGE. [Jan. >7J>. meridian of Staten Land, which Captain Mar- ch and intended to make before he entered into the Great Ocean, becaufe it was poffiblc, as really happened, that the contrariety of the winds might not permit him to get fight of Cape Horn. No obfcrvation of longitude could be taken till the 6th of February : but the refults of the obfer- vations of latitude compared to thofe of the reck- oning (liewed that, in the interval from the 28th to the 31ft of January, the fhip was carried to the northward 50 minutes beyond the run by account, that is, i6| miles in twenty- four hours. This great effcft of a current coming from the fouthward took place between the parallel of 3° 36' and that of 2° 26' north, and between ao' 35' and 21° 29' weft longitude. From the time of the departure being taken from La Prava to this period, very inconfiderable differences only had been remarked between the latitudes by account and the latitudes by obfervation : during the firft three days, there had been no difference: from the 21(1 to the 22nd, the fhip appeared to have been carried by the movement of the waters, 4 minutes to the fouthward; but on the following days, fhe appeared to be fet to the northward: from the 2id to the 23d, 3 minutes ; from the 23d to the 24th, 4 minutes, and from the 24th to the !^3ch> I minute only. If ''I 'Uli III Jan. I rgi •] marchan d'i voyage. 338 If the reader will call his eye on the chart of the Atlantic Ocean, he will fee that, in the interval from the 28th to the 31ft of January, during which the Ihip experienced the efFeft of a ftrong fouiherly current, (he was failing in the part of that ocean where the waters are confined between the two continents. It is well known that, on the coaft of Brazil and Guiana, from Cape St. Roque to the Antilles, the waters have a conftant movement from the fouth to the north, declining more or lefs towards the weft, ac- cording to the direction of the land. As no obfervations were made for the longitude fincc the time of the departure being taicen from La Pray a, it cannot be known whether the cur- rent which fet to the northward, fet at the fame time to the eaftward or weftward; it might be prcfumed that its direftion was ratlier towards this latter fide, firft, becaufe it is well known that the waters, between the tropics, have a general tendency from eaft to weft, and in the fecond place, becaufe the obfervations which were made on the 6th of February following, indicated that, in the interval from the 1 8th of January to this latter day, the ftjip's progrefs {owa^ds tlu w-^ft had been greater by i* ?', or abc.'t 21 leagues, than that which was deduced from the dead reckoning. NOTE m li'fS^f Mf>'\ I! 'mm- 1 .>)A "li^'Ji'"'. m !!&- !' ( t hi;- '^ ft ^;: :Jf|!i;i::v i If J'VT m \')■\^, I m a,;. "! ft: 'if i:-i ■li'* I'll '11' .t .^fr MARCHAND'S voyage. [Feb. l-gj. Thus, in that interval, the (hip was carried 31 miles to the weft 28° fouthj which gives a mean movement of 10^ miles in twenty-four hours in this direction. If, on the 9th the abfolute longitude by obfer- vation, 31° s', be compared with the longitude deduced from the dead reckoning, which is 29° 35' in reducing the calculations to the longitude of La Pray a, it is fcen that after twenty- tvi^ days' navigation, the accumulated errors in the reckoning produced one of i* 22)'* or upwards of thirty leagues, ajlern of the fhip's true fituation. NOTE VIII. ^ On the 1 2th, at nineteen minutes after four in the afternoon, four diftances were taken of the fun and moon, and, at night, a fct from the moon to p of Pollux. The mean between the five refuits, reduced to noon, gives for the. longitude of the Ihip at that moment, 33° 41'; and in deducing .the latter from that of the 9th at noon, there remain ^*^Z3* ^^^ '^^ ihip's progrcfs towards the weft, in the interval cf the three days. This progrefs, according to the dead reckoning vas only 2" i I'i thus, the ihip was carried to the weftward 23 minutes, or 21.4 miles. In the fame interval, (he had been carried to the fouthward 24 minutes, or 24 miles. •• ;■; •■. :•:.■;: '. On 'i '. t« '»• Feb. 1791. LS carried I gives a bur hours by obfer- longitudc bich is ai/ : longitude twenty- tv«) rors in the upwards of fituation. after four in en of the fun the moon to five re fulls, fitude of the in deducing there remain ,s the weft, in lad reckoning larried to the \cn carried to ies. On Feb. 179 »•] marchand's voyage. 337 On combining the movement, we End 32.2 miles to the weft 48^** fouth ; and for the mean drift in twenty-four hours, io| miles. At the period of the 12th, the dead reckoning was in error refpefting the longitude, i* 55', or about 37 leagues 4/?^r«. ■ > , . I', isroTE ix. The mean refult of two fets of diftances obferved from the moon to Regulus, and from the moon to Aldebararit on the 15 th, at halfpaft eight o'clock in the evening, and 1 educed to noon of that day, Ihewed that, fince the 12th, the fliip's progrefs towards the weft had been 2° 15', but it was only 1° 42', according to the dead reckoning : thus, the fliip had been carried to the weftward ;^;^ minutes, or 3 1. 5 miles. In the fame interval, according to the obfer- vations of latitude, Ihe had been carried 29 mi- nutes, or 29 miles, to the fouthward, beyond her progrefs by account towards that fide. On combining thefe two movements, we find that the compound movement was 42.9 miles to the weft, 42° 30' fouth, and the mean drift, 143 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE X. Frefli obfcrvations made on the 1 6th, at nine o'clock in the evening (two fets of diftances from VOL. II. z the '\ \ ' i ;||MS^".- i l-ill; '!t^ Iff m 388 marchand's voyage. [Feb. ijgi. the moon to AUebararit and one to RegulusJ^ gave for the longitude reduced to noon, 37° 6 j and confequently, i" 10', for the progrcfs towards the weft, from the 15th to the i6th. According to the dead reckoning, this progrefs was only 44 minutes : thus, in twenty-four hours, the Ihip was carried to the weft ward, 26 minutes, or 24.5 miles. According to the obfcrvation of latitude, flic was at the fame time carried to the fouthward 10 minutes, or i o miles. The compound movernent was therefore 26.5 miles to the weft, 22" 30' fouth. It is feen th4t, in thefe twenty-four hours, the movement towards the weft differs greatly, in re- gard to the movement towards the fouth, from the agreement that had been remarked during the preceding periods. This difference may be owine; to the variation which the current had experienced in its diredion and velocity ; but it is more pro- bable that it*is occafioned by the error in the ob. fervations in one of the two days, or perhaps an error in both : it is well known that the Lunar Method czxwiOl aflign with fufficient precifion fmall differences in longitude for the rcfults that are deduced from them to be, in that cafe, confideied as fixed terms of comparifon*. • NOTE * I obfcrve that the rfFc<5\ of the current towards the fouth, was, from the 12th to the 13th, 5 minutes j from the 13th to the 'W.^* 'cb. 1791. Mjj, gave ' 6 } and >wards the is progrefs four hours, l6 minutes, atitude, (he mtliward 10 irefore 26.5 ir hours, the reatly, in re- fouth, from ed during the may be owing experienced is more pro- r in the ob- T perhaps an lat the Lunar irecifion fmall fults that are ife, confideved • NOTE itowards the fouth, 1. frointhei3tl>«' Feb. i79t-] marchand's vOyage. 339 NOTE XI. On the 25th, fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved at (even o'clock in the morning, gave for the longitude at noon, 47" 56': by thofe of the 1 6th, at noon, it had been 37° 6': thus the progrefs towards the weft, according to the obfcrvations, had, in nine days, been 10" 50'. According to the dead reckoning, it was only 5° 5' J and thence it was concluded that, in the interval, the fhip had been carried to the weft- ward I* 4/, or 94 J miles, beyond the apparent run. . , .:.. - The ftiip's movement towards the fouth, beyond the progrefs indicated by the dead reckoning, had been confiderable during this period j according to the daily obfcrvations of latitude, it had amounted the i|th, 10'; from the 14th to the i^th, 14'; from the i5;th to the 1 6th, 10': its cffecl in tlie dircAion of the latitude there- fore experienced no great variations, efpecially during thefe laft- mentioiied days ; and it might be fuppofed that the efFeft towards the weft did not proportionably undergo ..'.ore confin'icrable ones. We would then fay : if, from the 12th to the 15 th, with a total (IteA towards the fouth of 29', the (hip experienced an effedl towards the weft of 33'; with an effeifl of lo' towards the fouth, what muft have been the efieft towards the weft i We (hould find that the laft term of this proportion is 1 1| minutes, which muft I be added to 44 minutes, the lliip's progrefs towards ihe weft, according to the dead reckoning, from the 15 th to the i6th: we I ihall have 54]^ minutes for the prefumed progrefs, fmaller by 14 I or 15 minuter than that indicated by the obfcrvations. Z 2 to '•1 -its .mm ■.... 'li T- '}-., 340 marchand's voyage. [Feb. 1791, to 20 minutes, from the 17th to the iSthj to 14 minutes, from the 22d to the 23d j to 20 minutes, from the 23d to the 25th. The fum of thefe differences, relatively to the dead reckoning, was 1" 7', or 67 miles, which (he had been carried to the fouthward. The combination of thefe movements for which the dead reckoning had not been able to account, towards the fouth and towards the weft, gives 115T miles to the weft 36° fouth : and the Ihip had been carried in that dire£lion at the mean rate of 12.8 miles in the twenty-four hours. Obfervations for the longitude, made on the 26th (fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, at eight o'clock in the morning), announced that, in the interval from the 25th to the 26th, the calcu- lation of the dead reckoning agreed with the refult of the obfervations. But the obfervation of latitude (hewed that, in the fame interval, the ftiip had been carried 22 minutes to the fouthward. At the period of the 26th, the longitude by account, deduced from that of La Prava, at the expiration of thirty-nine days, was aftem of that given by the obfervations, 4° 39 , or upwards of 78 leagues on the parallel of the point arrived at. It may have been remarked that, from the 6th of February, the period at which the ftiip, having arrived at 5° 30' fouth of the line, had paffed be- yond Feb. i79i'] marchand's voyage. 34 » jrond the parallel of Cape St. Roque, whence the eaftern coaft of South-America begins to trend towards the foiith-weft, and extends in that direc- tion as far as the Strait of Magellan, fhe was conftantly carried to the fouth-weft, declining fomc- times towards the weft, fometimes towards the fouth, and with degrees of velocity which kept increafing, in proportion as ftie increafed her latitude. If it be wi(hed to afcertain what was, in the interval of the laft twenty days, from the 6th to the 26th of February, the total efFedt of the fctting of the currents on the courfe and rate of failing of the ihip, wc may caft up the fum of the im- perceptible progrefs towards the weft, and of that towards the fouth, which the refult of the obfer- vations indicated at difiercnt periods ; it will be feen that the Ihip was driven out of her apparent courfe, 161 miles (2° 41') towards the fouth j and 20 1.3 miles (3° 47') towards the weft j and on combining thefe two movements, it will be found that the unperccived mean movement of which thefe were no more than the decompofition, was 266.6 miles to the fouth-weft 7° 45' weft: which implies a mean drift, relatively to the duration of the period, of 13^ milcs^ in twenty- four hours in that me^n diredlion. ?3 NOTC 'tii": if'p ilil ■'■ ^,. ■Ml ».*«•, ^.vjiii^-^ ''■'i\ 348 MARCH AN DS VOYAGE. [Feb. '79« NOTE XII. The mean refult of four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved on the Sth of March, at fifty-two minutes pad three o'clock in the after- noon, and reduced to noon of that day, gave for the longitude of the ihip, j^\i* 6'i and on comparing it with that which had been obtained on the 26th of February by fix fets of fimilar obfcrvations, and which was 48* 23' 30", it will be found that, in the interval of ten days, the fhip had i^en drrcm back to thi eaftwardy 171 minutes, or 14I miles. But, on dccompofing the difitrent courfes which the Ihip had followed in this fame fpace of time; and on calculating according to the apparent de- grees of velocity with which (he had run them, it will be feen that (he ought to have advanced 173 miles, or 3® 29', to the weft ward ; and this is the difi'erence which is to be found between the longitude hy account of the 26th of February, 43? 44', and that of the 8th of March, 47° 13'. The fum of the apparent progrcfs towards the weft and of the real progrefs towards the eaft (3' 40' 30", or 187.5 wiilcs) is the difference between the refult of the obfcrvations made on the two extreme days of the period, and that of the calculations of the dead reckoning in the in- terval of the ten days. The fhip's progrefs iiflatitudc towards the fouth was, in the fame interval, according to the obfer- vationf, Feb. 1791.] marciiand's voyage. 343 vations, 4* 18', or 258 miles, and that which the dead reckoning would have given, would, by :hc accumulation of its daily errors, have been greater than the obferved progrefs, by 1° 20', or 80 miles : but it was corrcdcd by every obfervation of lati- tude; and the truf latitude was daily employed as an element in the calculations of the dead reck- oning. If, with the real progrefs towards the fouth, 258 miles, and the eftimated or apparent progrefs to- wards the weft, 173 miles, if it be wiflied to afcer- taln what were the apparent courfe and rate of failing of the (liip, it will be found that ftie ap- peared to run 3 1 1 miles to the fouth 33" 45' wefi ; while in reality, with the fame progrefs of 258 miles to the fouthward, and the progrefs by ob- fervation of i4i miles to the eaftward, ftic advanced 258^- miles to the fouth 3' 1 5' eajl. Thus, the efFeft of tiic currents, in ten days, occafioncd an error of 37* on the angle of the courfe. It occafioned another error of 187! miles (or 3" 46' 30") in the fliip's progrefs in longitude. This effeft of the currents carried the Ihip only 17'/, or 141 miles to the eaftward of the pofition fhe was in on the firft day of the period j becaufe the adion of the wind which drove her to the weftward, nearly balanced that of the body of the waters which carried her to the eaftward j and the 14! miles cxprefs the cxcefs of the ftrength of the z 4 current K\ ,, mm'- 344 MARCHANDS VOYAGE. [Feb. 79>. current beyond that of the wind, relatively to the progrcfs in longitude; but its abfolute ftrength, with refpeft to this fame progrefs, or the error of the dead reckoning, is cxprcflcd by the whole of the 187 miles of difference between the fum of the progrefs by account each day of the period, and the real progrefs deduced from the obfervations made on the firft and lad day. It has been iecn that, while the (hip was carried to the eaftward, fhe was alfo carried to the north- ward, and that the fum of the daily errors of the dead reckoning with refped to the progrefs in latitude, gives a total error of 1° 20', or 80 miles in excefs, towards the fouth. If we combine the 80 miles which the fliip was carried to the north- ward, with the 187* miles which (he was carried to the eaftward, it will be found that, by an unper- ceived cffcft which muft have cfcaped the calcu- lations of the dead reckoning, the fetting of the currents had caufed the fhip to make, in the in- terval of ten days, 204 miles in the diredion of call 23" north. In dividing the number of miles by that of the days of the period, we fhall have for the mean degree of velocity which the current impreffed on the fliip in twenty-four hours, 2o'.4, or upwards of 61 leagues. Thus, the currents which, from the 6th of Fe- bruary, when the fhip had reached the latitude of 5° 40' fouth, and the longitude of 28° well, till the 26th of the fame month, when fhe had arrived at March 1791.] marchand's voyage. 345 at the latitude of J2* 30', and longitude of 48" 20', had conftantly fct to the fouthward and weftward, from the latter day, fet, with confiderablc ftrcngth, to the northward and eaftward. Although, in the courfe of this period, the SoLiDE had fomctimes contrary and rather ftrong winds, at other times calms, and almofl: always a fwell which came from the weft and fouth-wcft j yet it is not folely to the difficulty of corrcdtly cftimating the courfe and rate of failing of the (hip.in fimilar circumftances, that we may attribute the whole amount of the partial errors refpedting the latitude, which the daily obfervations caufed to be difcovered, or the total error refpefting the fliip's progrefs in longitude, which the obferva- tions of the laft day of this period brought to light. We muft therefore fcek another caufe for thefe errors j and we find it if we caft our eyes on the South Atlantic Ocean, and there fct off^ the /hip's place on the firft and laft day of this period. On the 26th of February, in 32* 30'fouth lati- tude, the Ihip was in 48* 13' 30* weft longitude, and on the 8th of March, in latitude 36* 48', in 48° 6' longitude : thus, in her route, fhe had, within a few minutes, followed a meridian : Ihe had run 2581 miles to the fouth 3* 30' eaft. The meridian on which the balanced effeft of the wind and current had nearly kept her, is only about a hundred leagues diftant from that of ^he vaft mouth [hi V 1' V m ! m ' i ■' •'..,■■■1 . t M:« 'I mmw. \ '• " .'1 ff'i ■■'■'■■ ^ ? 34* marchand's voyagf. [Marcli 17,),, mouth of the great River of La Plata, the middle of which is fiuiatcd on the parallel of 35* 30', and which occupies 1° 40' in latitude, if we mtafurc this mouth between Cape Antonio, to the foiith, and Cape Santa Maria, to the north: now, from the 26th of February to the 8th of March, the (hip had failed between the parallels of 32 and 37 degrees i ihe therefore croffed the ftrength of the current whofe cffcft, in iffiiing from the Rio DB LA Plata, extends, like that of the Maranon, or River of the Amazons, to a great dillance at feat and as this current fets to the eaflwarc), de- clining towards the north, it is not aftonilliing that the fliip Ihould have been carried in a di- reftion analogous to that of the movement of the waters, and with a degree of velocity proportionate to that of the current, or rather to the excefs of the ftrength of the latter beyond that of the wind which drove the fliip in an oppofitc diredion. It might be imagined that the ftrength of the current for carrying the fhip to the eaftward, was greater on the laft days of tiie period, than on the firft, were we to judge by that with which ftie was driven to the northward j for it may be feen in the Journal of the Route, that, from the 5th to the 7th of March, her progrefs in lad- tude> according to the dead reckoning, ought to have been no more than 12 minutes towards the north, and that, according to the obfervations it was 1* 4', which proves that, in two days, the 6 fliip March 1791.] marciiand's voyage. 347 Ihip, by an imperceptible movement, had been carried 52 minutes, or iji leagues to the nortli- ward. But I remark that, on the 5 th, the (hip was, according to the obfervation of that day, in latitude 37*39', that is, about 1*30' more foutherly than the parallel of Cape Sant Antonio, the fouth point of the mouth of the Rio dk la Plata } and that it is from this pofition that, in the interval from the 5th to the 7th, as was (hewn by the obfervation of this latter day, tliat fhe was carried by the movement of the waters, 52 minutes to the northward : which again placed her 25 minutes only to the fouthward of the parallel of Cape Sant Antonio: (he had therefore pa(red beyond the parallels of the mouth of the river, when Ihe experienced this fecond movement towards the north i and it is prefumable that the great effed: of the current of the Rjo de la Plata for fetting to the eaftward, muft be principally felt when a ihip is cro(ring the parallels between which its mouth is fituated. This current towards the north might therefore be an accidental current, a confe- quence of winds from the fouthern quarter which had previoufly reigned, as the fwell from the fouth- weft feemed to indicate. ^ But the effe6t of the accidental current ceafed on the 8th J for the refult of the obfervation of latitude on the 9th, compared with that of the dead reckoning, proved that, from the 8th to the 9th, the fliip had been fct to the fouthward 26 minutes. v.' "I, ■ • \ ' ^\-^\ii r ! m.ii 348 marchand's voyage. [ March 17^1, minutes, or 8|. leagues, beyond the progrcfs by account: and from the loth to the nth, the er- ror in the fame diredtion was 38 minutes, or 12* leagues. , - Let us at prefent examine how the longitude by account according to the calculation of the Ihip's run from La Praya, whence her departure was taken on the 1 8th of January, agreed, on the 8th of March, with the longitude deduced from the obfervations of that day. It will be feen in the Journal of THt Route, that the longitude by account which, on the 26th of February, was ajlern of the longitude by ob- fervation, 4° 39', differs from it in the fame direc- tion, on the 8th of March, no more than ^-^ mi- nutes. This approximation is the cfFedt of the error of 3* 46' aheadt which was committed in the dead reckoning in the interval from the 26th of February to the 8th of March; the diminution of the error is therefore the effeft of a compeni'a- iion which the oppofite currents effeded without the knowledge of th« navigator ; but it is not, on that account, lefs evident that the fum of the abfo- lute errors oi the dead reckoning, in the one di- reftion or in the other, in forty-nine days, is nearly eight degrees and a half* NOTE March 179 >•] marchand's voyage. 349 NOTE xiir. The longitude deduced for the noon of the loth, by four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved in the afternoon, and two fets of diftances from the moon to |3 of Pollux^ obferved in the evening, was, by a mean, found to be 53° i6'i and in comparing it to the longitude obferved on the 8th, 48° 6', the (hip's progrefs towards the weft was, in the interval of the two days, 5" 10'. It is only 4° 56', by the dead reckoning: thus the fhip was carried 14 minutes, or ii miles, to theweftward. The. (hip's progrefs in latitude towards the fouth, in the fame fpace of time, was greater by obfer- vation than by dead reckoning, by 29 minutes, or 29 miles. On combining the difFcencc towards the weft with the difference towards the fouth, it will be found that the current which drove the (hip out of her apparent courfe, carried her in the direction of fouth 20** 45' weft, at the rate of 3 1 miles, in two days, or of 15^ miles in twenty -four hours. By going through the fame operation for the following days, and comparing the refults of the obfervations with thofe of the dead reckoning, as well for the progrefs in longitude as for the progrefs in latitude, it will be found : That, from the nth to the 12th, the fhip ap- pears to have been carried 44 minutes, or 34 miles, 5 to 1 M ;4 i: 'v'-:! ■■■■111 ■■ .1 >!5 im 350 marchand's voyage. [March 1791, to the weft, and 38 minutes, or 38 miles to the fouth i which gives fouth 42* weft : That, from the nth to the 12th, flic was car- ried 24 minutes, or 18.5 miles totheeaft; and 4 minutes, or 4 miles to the north ; which gives 18.6 miles to the eaft 12** 30' north. And that, laftly, from the 12th to the 15th, fhe was carried i minute, or 1.76 miles to the weft, and 23 minutes, or 23 miles, to the north j which gives 23 miles to the north i or 2° weft, and 7.6 miles as the mean drift in twenty- four hours. The adion of the currents, in the direction of the longitude, appears neither to have been confidcra- blc nor conftant in the interval from the 8th to the 1 5th of March j for the fum of the differences towards the weft, between the obfervation and the dead reckoning, is only 45.75 miles, 1 8.5 of which were done away by a difference of the fame quan- tity towards the eafti and there remain only 27.25 miles, or 35 minutes, for the cxcefs of the fumo^' the differences towards the weft. Lunar obfer- vations, made with fextants, as was the cafe on board of the Solide, may leave an uncertainty of about half a degree rcfpcfling the correftnefs of the rcfults ; and, ftiort of that term, we may be in doubt whether the error belong to tlic dead reckoning or to the obfervation. But the adtion of the currents, in the dire<51Ion of the latitude, is not doubtful^ becaufe the obfer- ' ' vations :h 1791, to the ras car- ift ; and :h gives 5th, flie the weft, 1 ; which ^eft> and cnty-four :ion of the confidcra- the 8th to differences on and the 5 of which fame quan- only 27.25 the fum 0^' mar obftr- le cafe on uncertainty correftnefs , we may to the dead ic direftion the obfer- vations March i79t-] marchand's Voyage* 35< vations which determine it, leave not more than 2 or 3 minutes of uncertainty refpeding their rc- fults: now, the currents aded in this dircftion with rather confiderablc ftrength, and in an inverfe (lireclion to each other* From the 8th to the lOth, they carried the fhip 29 minutes, or 29 miles tr> the fouth, and from the loth to the nth, 38 mi- nutes towards the fame fide : they afterwards car- ried her to the north, from the nth to the nth, 4 minutes, and from the 12th to the 15th, 23 minutes. Here then, in the firft three days, from the 8th to the I ith, is an unperceived movement of a degree, or 60 miles, towards the fouth} and I obferve that, if we judge from the rifult of the obfcrvations compared with that of the dead reck- oning in the fame days, the (hip was carried at the fame time towards the weft 58 minutes, or 45 - miles : thus we here find again the fctting of the currents fuch as we had prcvioufly remarked irt the part of the South Atlantic Ocean which the SoLiDE crofled, where the cuTents that fct to (atjouthward fet at the fame time to the 'weji'uiardy and where their tendency towards the former fide, which it is cafy to afcertain by the obfervation of the latitude, announces their tendency towards the latrcr, refpeding which it is not fo eafy to deter- mine their efleft. . r- '•■ w," V From the nth to the 12th, their tendency was towards the north and towards the ealt, and the fi^p m ,.f*,:i? :i' it'JW^!:. ■|-fi.';i g5» MARCHANii's VOYAGE. [March 179,, Ihip was carried 4 miles on the former fide, and 18.5 on the latter. But, from the 12th to the 15th, their effed is nearly null in the direction of the longitude, and their adion only carries tha (hip 23 miles to the northward. The Sol IDE, on thefe laft-mentioned days, and for fome time paft, was failing at a diftance from the land which did not exceed ico leagues; fhc muft have experienced all the variations of the current that depend on the winds which reigned or on thofe which are reigning, and on the adbion of the tides, combined with that of the particular currents of the coafts : for it is well known thar, in the vicinity of lands, and efpecially of great continents, the currents vary infinitely in their velocity and direftion ; that thofe which are pro- duced by the winds change their direftion with them, without in other refpeits changing their ex- tent and velocity ; and that, in ihort, currents arc met with fetting in a contrary diredlion, which arc occafioned by the horizontal ofcillations of the open fea in the flux and reflux. '.■ h M 1 NOTE XIV. From the r 5th to the 22nd of March, the ob- lervations of latitude fliewed that the (hip was daily carried to the northward : the fum of thefe move- ments, contrary to the apparent courfe, amounted ,:,-.. . ■ to wm March 1791.] marchand's voyage. 353 days, and tance from agues} Ihc ons of the ich reigned 1 the adtion le particular known that, illy of great ■ely in their ich are pro- ireftion with ring their ex- currcnts are (n, which arc itions of the lifch, the ob- Ihip was daily If thefe move" rfe, amounted to 1° 1 2' on the 226 at noon, that is to fay, after an interval of feven days : during the laft three days, the movement had been 19, 21, and 12 minutes in twenty-four hours; but, on the 23d, it was dif- covered that^ from noon of the d^y before, the cur- rents had ceafed to fee to the northward; and that, on the contrary, tliey had fet 12 minutes to the fouthward. It was expefted that, fince the tendency of the- currents had, in general, been to the northward with a rather confiderable degree of velocity, they would have fet at the fame time to the eaftward ; and the refult of the obfervations for the longi- tude which were made on the 2jd at twenty-eight minutes pad feven o'clock in the morning (a fet of diftances obferved from the moon to a. o(Jquila,) confirmed what had been prejudged from the ex- perience of the run. On comparing the refult of the 23d to that of the 15th of the fame month, it will be found that, in the interval of eight days, the progrefs towards the weft was 4® 29'; but, according to the dead reckoning, it ought to have been 5" 43' : thus the fhip had been carried to the eaftward by the fetting of the currents, 1° 14', or 58.4 miles. It has been fccn that, in the fame interval, fhe had been carried by the fame action, i degree, or 60 miles to the northward, deducing the 12 minutes which fhe had been carried to the fouth- j ward on the laft day of the period. ■4='-. VOL. II. A A Thus H^lJh-i' '■ , 1 * 'I ■„: I ■'>r'i:, ' '*i - m ■I, I'.' 'I ^^^ 'I 1 il^U ''•ml — I ■ . • IT ■mil 354 MA!ICHAND*« VOYAGE. [March l;9i. Thus the velocity of the movemeht which the cufreiit had imprcffed on the Ihip was 83.75 ^ilcs in eight days, in the direflibn of north 44* 15' weft, and her mean drift in tweny-four hours, 10,4 miles. NOTE XV. Four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, ob- ferved on the 25th it thirty-four minutes paft eight o'clock in the morning, gave for the longi. tude at noon, 63' 23' : and as that of the 23d was 62* 15', the progrefs towards the weft, in two days, had been 1° 8'. That which was indicated by the refult of the dead reckoning, for the fame interval, was only 18 minutes: thus the unperceived movement of the ilnp towards the weft had been 50 minutes or 26 miles. According to the obfervations of latitude, the (hip had been carried, during the fame time, 11 minutes, or 11 miles to the northward. Thus the compound efFeft of the current had caufed the fllip to rtakc 3V miles h\ the dircftion of weft 13° 15' north, at l.z mean rate of ill.j miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XVI. By two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, j on the 27 th at 9^' x'40" A. M. and the refult of which Marc whicl from the W( Ac« bei"; minute The greater ing to miles. The< ^32.3 and the was 16,1 The moon to to yfntare noon, lh< the progr it thercfo reckoning w 2.5 mif The acco: recko) rding lingj Thcfc thence to ch 1791. hich the 75 tniles 15' weft, irs, 10.4 nooii} ob- nutes paft • the longi. he 23d was n two days, efult of the il, was only ovcmcnt of minutes or llatitudc, the ic time, n 'current had the direftion rate of i«.J m and moon,i the refultofl which March 1791.] marchakd's voyage. 353 which was reduced to noon, it was found that, from noon of the 25th, the fliip's progrefs towards the weft had been 1® 25'. According to the dead reckoning, it ought to be 2" 11': thus, the currents had carried her 46 minutes, or 82.2 miles to the eaftward. The progrefs in latitude towards the fouth was greater according to the obfervation than accord- ing to the dead reckoning, by 2 minutes or 2 miles. ' " The efFed of the current is therefore reprefcnted by 32.3 miles in the direftion of eaft 3° 30' fouth j and the mean drift of the fhip, in that diredion, was 1 6.1 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XVIf. The refult of four fets of diftances from the moon to the fun, and of one fet from the moon to AntareSy obferved on the 28th and reduced to noon, fhewed that, from the i^x\ to the 28th, the progrefs towards the weft had been 20 minutes : it therefore was 24 minutes according to the dead reckoning : thus the difference was only 4. minutes or 2.5 miles. The progrefs towards the fouth was fmaller according to the obfervation than according 10 tht: reckoning by 5 minutes or 5 miles. Thefe differences arc too fmall for us to be able thence to draw any conclufion relatively to the AA2 effe-i: re if 1 \m V .1 t *■:;• ':i:-1 at.u^ 33^ marciiand's vovaok. [Marrli jj^i, effeft of t!ie currents: the refiilt of the calculation merely indicates an iinperccived niovemcnt in twenty-four hours of 5.6 miles to the north 26° 30' eaft. . ; ' ■•:>• NOTE XVIII. - On reducing to noon of the 30th the reliilt of four fets of u ..lances of the moon from the fun, and of one fct from the moon to Antarcs, obfcrvi'vl that fame day, it was found that, fince noon of the 28th the progrefs towards the well had been -'' 33' i 'ind that indicated by the dead reckoning was the fame. But the progrefs towards the fouth, in the in- terval of the two days was greater according to the obfervations than according to the dead reck- oning, by 22 minutes, or 22 miles. It thence refults that the fliip had been carried 22 miles in two days, or 11 miles in^ twenty-four hours. It is feen that, from the 23d the fetting of the currents and their effect on the fliip's courfc, no lonaer indicate the fame directions as thofe which had been remarked in the early part of the run, after the fhip had reached the latitude of 5° fouth. But the irregularities which are obferved at prcfcnc will no longer occafion furprife, if we confider the difpofition of the lands to the eaftward of whidi the SoLiDE recently failed : they here form a long gulf, at th'" fouthcrn extremity of which is fituated ^ ,..,... . . ^ . the March 1791.] marcmand's voyage. 357 the Strait of Magellan; and to the eaftward of this ftrait lies the archipelago of Falkland's Idands which forms with the coaft of the continent a channel eighty leagues in width. Since the 17th of the month, the fhip had reached the 60th meri- dian weft, and, on that very day, had begun to llrike foundings in feventy fathoms : having arrived at: this longitude, (he failed at too fmall a diftance from the land, for her to feel the general efFedl of the currents which ad in the open fcaj and fhe mult have experienced the irregularities, the va- riations of thofe which the ofcillations of the fea impelled horizontally by the alternate motion of the flux and reflux, the little depth of the waters, the inequalities of the bottom, as well as the dif- pofition and configuration of the lands, muft ne- ceflarily produce in a traft of fea where fo many caiifes of irregularity, which may either a<5t fepar rately or combine their effeds, arc thus united. NOTE XIX. ' ■. It had been obferved that, from the 28th, the currents fet to the Eaftward at the fame time that they fet to the Southward: and the obfervations of the 30th having fhewn that this tendency to the fouthward continued, it was judged that that which the waters had at the fame time kept to the eaftward might probably not ceafe while the Ihip was crolfing the parallel of the mouth of the A A 3 Strait hi: ■I I 1^ m-v 7 ' - 1 I ■ i\ ^ * ■ ^ M» ■f'l.'l hi . i!r'' "i 'I I I *.i m ■)■ .1 , ■ »i' Ml MARCHANO's VOYAGE. [March 1791, Strait or Magellan : it was, in confcquence, decided, that, in the dead reckoning till Ihe came within fight of Staten Land which Captain Marchand intended to make, 15 minutes per day ftiould be allowed for the effeft of the currents, that is, that 1 5 minutes fhould be dcduftcd from the daily progrefs to the wcftward which the calcu- lations of the fhip's run might appear to indicate. On the I ft of April, at noon, Staten Land was difcovered from the tops j but it was not till four o'clock in the afternoon that Captain Marchano very plainly diftinguiflied Cape San Juan, the moft eaflern point of that land, which bore fouth 1 or 2" weft, at the diftance of thirteen or fourteen leagues efti mated by the eye. On adopting the longitude of that cape, fuch as it was determined in Captain Cook's fecoud voy- age*, 296° 13' eaft from Greenwich, or 66" 7' 15" weft from Paris, that of the Ihip, according to the bearings, fhould not differ from it in a quantity to which it is necefTary to pay attention ; and we may confider the Solide as being, at four o'clock, under the very meridian of Cape San JlTAN. ' From noon on the 30th of March till four o*clock on the ift of April, the progrefs in Ion- • See Tib* original AJIronom'teal Ob/ervatiom made Ik the taurfe of a Voyage towards the South ¥ole and round the Worlif (^r. fy W. Wales, liondon, 1777, 410. page J29. . • - gitude, April l/flJ J4ARCHANO'8 VOYAGE. 359 glcude, fuch as it was indicated by the dead reck- oning, uncorreded, was 43 minutes towards the eaft i and by deducting that quantity from 67^ 41', the longitude by obfiervation of the 30th at noon, that of the ift of April at four o'clock was 66* 58'! but it ought to have been only 66** 7' 1 5'' : thus the error on making the land was foi minutes aheady or about 10 leagues on the parallel which the fhip had rf.achcd. But if, rer^ard being had, as was the cafe, to the correAion relative to the efieffc of the currents, which the experience of the preceding days had indicated, we add 15 minutes for every twenty- four hours, that is, 30 minutes, from the 30th of March to the id of April, to the progrefs towards the eaft which the dead reckoning indicated, we fhall have i" ij' to dedud fi-om the longitude by obfervation of the 30th at noon j and that, of the id of April, at four o'clock, will be 66^ 28'. Thus the error of this determination, compared with the longitude of Cape San Juan, is only 20{ minutes, or about 4 leagues : and., indeed. State n Land was perceived at noon on the firft of April, at the moment when the dead reckoning, cor- rected and deduced from the longitude by obfer- vation of the 30th of March, announced that it ought to be difcerned. If, in order to afccrtain the effcft of the cur- rents in the interval from the 30th of March to the ift of April, we compare the longitude by A a 4 obfervation |i.t!f-iH' •:!' '■n '^ :i' ;■«. 4 i- f J-!ti iV 'flit '«^ ; i'J ■,: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I LS12.8 lit Itt £ Si Z IS |2.0 |2i 1^2 L25 miu IlllJi^ PhotDgraphic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAiri STMET WnSTn,N.Y. USM (716)872-4903 '4^ z %^ 360 marchand's voyage, [April 1791, obfervation of the 30th at noon, 67® 41', with 66° 8', the longitude of the ift of April at noon, according to the bearings of Cape San Juan, taken at four o'clock; it will be feen that the pro> grefs towards the eaft was 1*33': and according to the dead reckoning, it ought to have been only 4a minutes : thus the fhip was carried, by the currents, 57 minutes, or 30.8 miles to the eaftward. Qn comparing with each other the latitudes by obfervation and thofe by account on thefe two days, ^we find that the fhip was carried to the northward i mipute from the 30th to the 31ft, and from the 30th to the 31ft, 11 minutes,: in all i2 minutes. Thus, in the interval of the two days, the movement of the waters caufed the (hip to make 33.25 miles in the diredtion of eaft 17® 30' north, at the mean rate of 16.6 miles in twenty-four hours. It is feen that, from the 25 th of March to die ift of April, between the parallels of 44 and 54 degrees, and between the 63rd and the 66th me- ridian weft, the direftion of the currents was con- Klan^ towar^ls the eaft, declining fometimes towards the fouth, fometimes towards the north. If we wifti to comprize in a fingle calculation this whole period, in order to know what was, pending its duration, the niean effc£b of the currents on the j^iip's courfc i i( will be Ibund that fhc was carried, ' , in April 1791.] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. 3^« 4arch to the )f 44 and 54 the 66th me- cnts was con- times towards aorth. Uwe ion this whole I, pending its jrrents on the iC was carried, in the interval of fevcn days, 7 miles to the fouth- ward, and 65.5 to the eaftward: and on com- bining thefe two elements, it will be feen that (he was carried 66 miles in the diredion of eaft 6° 1 5' fouth, at a mean rate of 9f miles in twenty-four hours. The longitude by account, fuch as it was de^ duced from the calculation of the fhip's run from La Praya, whence her departure was taken, on the liith of January, till fhe came within Hght of Staten Land, on the ift of April at noon, was 66° 45': and if we thence deduft i minute for the progrefs towards the eaft from noon till four o'clock on this latter day, we (hall have 66^ 44' for the longitude by account at the moment of taking the bearings, which placed the fhip under the meridian of Cape San Juan, and con- fequent'y in 66° 7'. Thus the dead reckoning, at the time of making the land, was in error only 37 minutes, or about 7 leagues ahead. But the following Table will (hew that this exadnefs is not a proof that the (hip's courfe and diftance run were well calculated in the courfe of the run ; it is folely due to compenfations, by means of which, by a fortunate chance, great errors in one dircftion were done away by equal errors in an oppofite dircAion. After !f)t, ' I V I' ■: mms, ilk 11 ■I 'flBll HH|| ^ra^ral^^^ 1 wBMBBIawH'W ' RH SK^^B^BIlDflniNLi ' H t ^it' 1 ^1 Im'-' Ih i laMHS^^^l ■ HI H^B '^ f^EfJ ft 1 36a marchand's voyage. [April 1791, After having dedudted from the fum of the differences plus, or in cxcefs, which is 7** 6', that of the differences minus, or in defedib, 6" 29', the error of the dead reckoning on making the land is reduced, by the chance and effect of com. penfations * to 37 minutes in excefs, or ahead of the fhip. But the fum of the errors, in the one diredion or in the other, was 13° 35' in the courfe of a fun of fevcnty-three days. A time-piece or chro. nometer, fuch as thofe which are at this day to be procured in France, would not have left, at the clofe of this period, an uncertainty of a quarter of a degree refpefting the longitude which it would have indicated : and in adt cafes, the error that may be apprehended from the method of diftances from the moon to the fun or liars, commonly called the li^nar method* will not amount to half a degree, if, in taking ihc obfervation, the na- vigator make ufe of Borda's refic^ing circles. I infift, and Ihall never ceafe to infift, on this comparifon of the refult of the common methods with that of the new : we cannot too frequently repeatj that if, at the end of the eighteenth cen- tury, when men of fciencc and artifts have em- ployed themfclvcs, with fo much fuccefs, con- cerning the problem of the longitude At fea, fea- men know not how to guard againft great errors * See Vol. I. page 3, Note *. m TABI \0f the progrefs in Long hy the Dead Reckoni Staten Land. i It I. Periods OF THE OflSERVATlONS, I79I. January from the 1 8 February to the 6th from the 6th to the 7th Irom the 7 th to the 8 th from the 8th to the 9th Iromthegthtothe 12th Irom the 1 2 th to the icth |romthei5thtothei6th ram the 1 6th to the ^ 5th ■omthez^thtotheaeth jrom the 26th March . , to the 8th lorn the 8th to the loth (omtheiothtotheiith |om the nth to the 12th |omthei2thtotheicth m the 15th to the 23d loin the 23d to the 2cth 1omthe25:thtothe27th Nthe27thtothea8th Pnithe28thto the 30th pm the 30th Ap«a to the ift U Obf Si o t I IC 16 I{ 31 33 3< 3\ M 4< 4< 4,= 4; 4: 41 5 79t. marchand's voyage.. ' the ■ d,at| TABLE OF COMPARISOISr - ■ > the 1 landR^/^^ progrefs in Longitude deduced from the Obfervations, with that given T'fl^ '^' ^''^^ i2tff*o«»^, in the Run from the Cape de Ferd IJlands to I States Land, '- „ - ChrO« 1 Periods Latitude Longitude Progrefj in Longitude Progrefs in Loni^itude Difiercnces ol theProgrelbto- m 1 by by in the interval in the interval wards ditWcft Interval ny to H of the Bt> "^ ^1 Observations. of the accorwiB to the Obrervation South. Obfervation West. of the Obfcrvaiions, according to Obfervations, accord*, to the Dkad D. Reckoning, compared to the Progrefs accorde. to tlie of the Obfervation. ^f ^1 Observation. Reckoning. Obfervations. Kthatl '^?'* / / 1 / 1 DAYS. B 1 January AiLt aya'l. St. Jaga. •> ■tnctsHgnthe 1 8 14 53N. 25 51 ■^llyl February . •2 7 W. I 4 w. -I 3 In 19. K halfl <° ^^^ ^th 5 38 S. 27 58 " H ■n the 6th to the 7th 7 00 28 52 54 w. 46 w. -0 8 In I. H na-Hothe 7th to the 8th 8 SS 29 48 56 w. 57 W. + I . In I. ^t B 2 33 W. 2 11 w. — 22 In 3. H|^ this V the 1 2 th to the i j;th «8 53 35 56 2 ?5 W. I 42 w. -0 33 In 3. H*V , Hnthe 1 5th to the i6th HthOd»the 1 6th to the ;(5th 20 I 37 6 . 10 w. 44 W. — 26 In 1. 3» 45 47 56 10 50 w. 9 5 W. -» 45 In 9. BcntlyKI''^ 25th to the 26th 3* 30- 4S 23 27! w. 27 -W. 00 In I. H|i.CCn4^ March ' ^M B to the 8th 36 48 48 6 17I E. 3 29 w. + 3 46 In 10. B ^" Vthe 8th to the loth 38 4< 53 »6 5 10 w.. 456 w. — o 14 In 2. B con-V''*' "'^'^ ^° *^^ "^^ 40 3 55 5' 2 35 w. I 51 w. -0 44 In I. K the nth to the 12th H, lea the i2th to the 15th 40 48 56 28 37 w. I I w. + 24 In 1. 40 59 57 46 I 18 w. I 17 w. — I In 3. ■«'^'^°^ the 23d to the 25th 43 26 62 15 429 w. 5 43 W. + 1 14 In 8. 43 5J 63 23 1 8 W. 18 w. — 50 In 2. ■ the 2j;thto the 27th 47 3 64. 48 I 25 W. 2 II W. + 46 In 2. H the 27thto the 28th 47 55 65 8 20 W. 24 w. + 4 In I. H the 28th to the 50th 51 6 67 41 2 33 w. 2 33 W. 00 In 2. ■ \ the 30th H Aptil H, to the ift ^3 5S 66 8 I 33 E. 42 E. + 51 In 2. H' In liglitof >Y/ ObJbrvationj. Latitude I Longitude by 1 by Obfervation Obfervation North. West. Progrer« in Longitude In the interval of the Obfcrvations according to Obfervation. Pro^rel's ni Longitude in the interval of tlie Oblervations atcor.lliig to tlic Dead Ruclioning. ' 1791. Auguft o / 10/ in Tchinkitanay Bay. From the zift | 57 4 to the 2zndi 54 35 '37 59 1 o 49 W. •37 'o i Dittbrence* of the Progrefs towards the Weft, accord, ing to the Dead Reckoning, com pared to tlie pro- grefs according to Observation. Interval of the Obfcrvations. September In fight of ^4een Charlotte's Ifles. Frorathe ift I 5* S^ I '35 35 t 4. r c W, tothc4th| 49 I I 130 40 i ^ Irt fight of Berkley Sound. 40 43 30 58 29 46 28 30 21 2 39 • 141 33 '43 47 • ••••• 149 27 nFrom the 8 th .... to the 1 9th |Fcomthe 19th. .. . to the 2ift From the 21ft .... to the 23rd iFromtheijrd to the 30th ^rom the 30th .... Oftober to the ill 19 41 150 59 From the ift to the 3rd 19 14 155 7 from the 3rd to the 4th 19 6 I 157 io| it four o'clock in the afternoon, on the meridian of the eaft point of the Ifland of O-Whyhbe. VOL. 11. «39 3 i 2 30 W. 2 14W. S 40 W. I 32 W. 8 8W. 1 3lW. o 43 W. 4 3'] marchand's voyage. ^ ■* Now> if we compare this laft-mentioned lon- gitude with that deduced from the obfervations of the 19th at noon, we fhall find that, in the interval from the 1 9th to the 25th, in fix days, the progrefs towards the weft had been 2^ 27' : and if we compare with each other the determi- nations of the dead reckoning for the fame days, we fee that it indicates a progrefs of 2** 26' in die fame direction : the difference therefore is only I minute, or two-thirds of a mile on the fide of die dead reckoning : thus, it does not appear that, in the interval of thefe fix days, the fiiip ex- perienced, from the currents, a perceptible de- rangement in the dired):ion of the longitude ; but, in the fame fpace of time, fhe was carried 17 minutes, or 17 miles to the fouthward; which in- dicates, for the direction of the current, fouth 2? 15' weft, and for its efFedl on the fiiip in that di- redtion, 17.02 miles or 2.84 miles a day. The longitude by account, deduced from that of Cape San Jvan in Staten Land, continues, as is feen in the Journal of the Route, to agree., within 4 minutes, with that which refulted from the obfervations -, but it is well known that this agreement is the efi^c6b of the fortunate com- penfation that took place, between the error of the former period, from the ift to the nth of April, and that which occurred in an oppofite diredtion, in the latter, from the nth to the 19th of the fame month. VOL, II. B s NOT ■'...<•■■ r ■ i^'t:. "^ 'lr^;I m '4 i»1 87» marchand's voyage. [May 1791, NOTE XXIII. Obfcrvations made on the 8th of May, at forty. eight minutes paft eight o'clock in the evening, and reduced to noon of that day, gave 96* 44' for the longitude; and other obfervations made on the 9th at feven minutes after four in the afternoon, and, in like manner, reduced to noon, gave 96° 55': thus, in the interval of twenty-four hours, the (hip's progrefs in. longitude was, according to the obfervations, 11 minutes towards the weft. That which was deduced from the dead reckon- ing, for the fame interval, was, on the contrary, 3 minutes towards the eaft. As the progrefs in latitude according to the dead reckoning had differed only by 3 or 4 mi- nutes, from the progrefs by obfervation from the 7th to the 8th, and from the 8th to the 9th, it was prefumed that the adion of the currents had been fcarcely perceptible in the laft two days of this pe« riod, and the progrefs by account of 3 minutes towards the eafl: in the interval from the 8th to the 9th was admitted. On applying this progrefs by account to the longitude by obfervation of the 8th at noon, which was the mean refult of fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, a frefh refult, which was 96® 41') was had for the longitude of the 9th at noon: ■ then taking a mean between the latter and that | of 96" 55' given bv the obfervations of the 9th fori May 1791*] MARCHAND*8 VOYAOI* 371 for noon of that fame day, we have 96° 48', a mean refult which partakes of the obfervations of the Sth and thoie of the 9th. Now, if, by a proceeding fimilar to that which we have juft employed, we compare this latter refult with the longitude of the 25th of April, 95** 46', we fhall find that, from the 25th of April to the 9th of May, the fhip advanced towards the weft, 1° 2', But, according to the dead reck- oning, this progrefs ought to be 3" o': the error of the reckoning was therefore, in fourteen days, 1° 58^ or 93 miles ahead, that is to fay that, in this interval, the (hip had been carried this latter quantity towards the eaft : and as the comparifon of the latitudes by obfervation and thofe by ac - count, announced that, during the fame time, (he had been carried to the northward a quarter of a degree, or 15 miles, it thence refults that the current which had driven the Ihip from her appa- rent courie, caufed her to make 95^ miles in the direction of eaft 9" 15' north, at the mean rate of 6.8 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXIV. ^ Two fets of dif^ances of the fun and moon obfcrved on the 12th at twenty minutes paft three o'clock in the afternoon, and two fets of dif- tances from the moon to Spica Firginis, obferved on the evening of the fame day, both reduced B B 2 to 1 olHntllnr iMUfBir"'' 1 m " mWw' '■ W'i^ 37f MARCHANo's VOYAGE. [May 1791. CO noon, gave, by a mean, 98" 51' for the lon< gitude. On comparing it to that of the 9th at noon, 96* 48', Wc find 2** 3' progrcfs towards the weft. The progrefs by account towards the fame fide, in the fame interval, is 1° 55' i the difference which is only 8 minutes, or 7 miles, would indicate that the (hip was driven that quantity towards the weft beyond her apparent run : and as the obfcrvations of latitude prove that (he was, at the fame time, carried 10 minutes or 10 miles to the fouthwardj it may be concluded that the effeft of the currents was i2{ miles to the fouth 34* 45' weft, and 4 milci In twenty-four hours. NOTE XXV. r On the 23d, a mean between the relTults of fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, oblerveil at thirty-one minutes paft eight in the morning, gave for the longitude at noon, iii^ 56': thatpf the nth at noon, was 98** 51': thus, in the interval of eleven days, the progrefs towards the weft, was according to the obfervationsj 13** 5'. According to the dead reckoning, it was pnly 9* si - ^"^ ^^^ ^^P ^^^ ^^^^ carried to the weft ward 3' 12' i and the error of the reckoning njiern, had been this quantity, or 173 mites, in the interval of eleven days. . If May i79i>] marchand's voyacit. 373 noon, 96* :ft. The de, in the which is licate that is the weft bfervations fame time, fouthward, he currents and 4 milci refults of DO, obfervei ht morningi 56': thatpf I the interval :hc weft, vas If we compare the latitudes obferved every day ivith thoie indicated by the dead reckoning, we ihall find that, in the fame fpace of time, the fhip was carried by the movement of the waters, 52 minutes, or 52 mile», to the fouthward. On combining the 173 miles Wefting with the 52 miles Southing, it will be feen that the effedb of the current on the (Kip's courfe was 180.5 ii^i^cs, or 60 e leagues, in the dire^ion of weft 16° 45' fouth ; and the mean drift 16.4 miles, or about 5^ leagues, in twenty- four hours. NOTE XXVI. If we wifti to make, for the following days, the 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, when fets of diftances of the moon from the fun or ftars were obferved, the fame calculations which we made for the 23d, the following refults will be found, ^According to the Ob--. The Ihip was FromthcV fcrvations 1° 45' W. f carried to the' *^ '° j According to the D. t weft ward in 24 the 24th (^ reckoning 1^17' W.J hours. .. o*» 28'. According to the obfervations of latitude fhe was carried to the fouthward o* 16' From the (^^^^^^'^^S ^^^^^ o^" ^ , \ fcrvationsi*'i6'W. f Carried to the th .y According to the D. f weft ward o** i6' ^ reckoning I® 00' W.-' According to the obfervations of latitude To the fouthward o" 14' B B 3 From '4' 111'^''^ I'iwlii'^dii^^"' 1-'' ''.J'.Kii-HtlHti'l' 374 MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. [May 1791. Carried to the wcftward . . o® 6' Fromther^"°''^»"S'°*«°^-) asthtoJ f"vationso%iW.f the 26th/^*=*=°'^»"«'°'^^^l ^ reckoningo®35'W.-' According to the obfervations of latitude To the northward o* 2' Fromther^"°'^^"g'°*^^*^^-) 26th to J ftrvationso*56'W. f Carried to the the 27th /'^^^^'^^^"^ '° '^^ ^* r ^*ftw*''<'« • o* ^' ^ reckoning o* 48' W.-' According to the obfervations of latitude To the fouthward o" 4' The fum of the quantities which the fhip ad- vanced towards the weft beyond the progrcfs by account, from the 23d to the 27th, was 0° 58' or 54 miles, and that which (he was carried to the fouthward 26 minutes, or 26 miles : on combining thefe two fums, we Hnd that the adlion of the cun rent carried the (hip, in the interval of four days, 59 miles, to the weft 23° 30' fouth j this is, at the rate of 14.75 >nilcs, or about five leagues in twenty-four hours. , If it be wiftied to embrace a longer period, that from the 12th to the 27th, it will be found that, in the interval of thefe fifteen days, the Ihip was carried to the wcftward, beyond her apparent progrcfs, 4' 10' or 228 miles j and to the fouih- ward, 1^ 18' or 78 miles: and on combining thefe tM'O May 1791.] marchamd's voyage. 375 two quantities, we find that the error of the courfe was 242 miles or 8ot leagues, to the weft 18" 45' fouth J which indicates a mean eflfedl of the aftion of the currents in that diredlion, of about 16 miles in twenty-four hours. It is feen, that from the 9th to the 27th, be* tween the parallels of 30° and 19° 30' fouth, the currents carried the Ihip conftantly to the fouth- ward, at a rate which varied from 4 to 16 miles in twenty-four hours; and it will be recolleded that, in the South Atlantic Ocean, between the fame parallels, we had found the fame direction in the currents and a velocity which had varied from 10 to 18 miles a day. It has been feen (Note XXII) that the lon- gitude by account from the time of the fhip being in fight of St AT EN Land, according to the cal- culation of her run, had, on the 25th of April, drawn near the longitude by obfervation, and, through the eftedt of compenfations, differed from it no more than 4 minutes aftem i from the 25th of April to the 9th of May (Note XXIU) the error of the reckoning had been 1° 58' ahead^ the longitude by account was at this latter period, 1^ 54' abeadi but the error having been 8 minutes aftem from the 9th to the 12th of May (Note XXIV); 3.* 12', from the 12th to the 23rd (Note XXV) J and 58 minutes, from the 23rd to the 27th; thefe accumulated errors in the fame direc- tion, dedudting 1° 54' ahead , produce, on the laft B B 4 day. \.\'\^f''I^ ,Vii i'ff, Mk WH\ \u- ml d'li'i ' j( m ''Will- 376 MARCHANO't VOYAOB. [June 1791; I day, t total error of 2* 24' afitrn in the longitude by account. NOTE xxvn. « On the 6th of June, the mean between the mean refults of four fets of diftances obferved from the moon to the fun, and two fets of diftancei from the moon to Spica Virginist reduced to noon of the fame day, gave for the longitude of the (hip, at that moment, 127* 10': and on comparing it with that which had been deduced from the obfervations of the 27th of May, it is feen that the (hip's progrefs towards the we((, had been lo** 36^ That which was indicated by the dead reck- oning, for the fame interval, was lo** 23': thus the difference was only 13 minutes, or 12.5 miles, which the (hip appeared to have been carried to the we(tward beyond the progrefs by account. On examining the (hip's daily progrefs towards the north, according to the dead reckoning, and the progrefs according to the obfervations, we find that the fum of the former is equal to the fum of the latter : the differences in the one diredion and in the other are exa£):ly counterbalanced. We may therefore conclude that, from the 27th of May to the 6th of June, the currents effcftcd no perceptible change either in the (hip's apparent courfe or rate of failing: for the 13 minutes, or 12.5 miles, diflference towardsthe weft, might pro- ~: ( cccd Jane 1791O marchani>*8 voyaoi. 3^^ ceed from the obfervatipns as well at from the dead reckoning. The fame agreement between the refults of the obfervations and the calculations of the reckoning continued for the two following days. From the 6th to the 7ch, the (hip's progrefs towards the weft, according to the obfervations was 2^ 15'} and a° 14, according to the dead reckoning. Froni the 7th to the 8ch, i* 43' according to the obfervationsj and 1* 52' according to the dead reckoning : the difference therefore is only 9 mi- nutes, but in a contrary direction to thofe of the preceding days. The progrefs in latitude deduced from obierva* tion, and compared with that given by the dead reckoning fhews that the apparent progrefs of the ihip, in this diredion, diflfered little from her real progrefs: from the 6th to the 7th, the dead reck- oning gives 3 minutes lefs towards the fouth than the obfervation, and i minute only from the 7th to the 8th. It therefore appears that, in the interval of thde laft two days, the (hip experienced no efFedt from the currents. NOTE XXVIII. The a^ion of the currents was again felt from the 8th to the loth. I Eight ;*«-'v UH, M"m 'lUi 'I ;i"iitv • 87» MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [June 179,, Eight fets of diftances of the fun and moon obfcrved on the loch two fets of diftances from the moon to Regulus, and two others from the moon to Antarest gave, by a mean between the three mean refults, for the longitude of the Ihip, reduced to noon of that fame day, 135' 52'j and on comparing it with that of the 8 th, we find that, in the interval of the two days, the Ihip's pro- grefs towards the weft was, according to the ob- fervation, 4* 44: it is only '3* 51', according to the dead reckoning : thus, the fhip was carried ^^ minutes, or about 52 miles, to the weft ward. From the 8th to the loth, according to the obfcrvations of latitude, the fhip was carried 7 minutes, or 7 miles to the fouthward: thus the current had caufed her to make an imperceptible drift of 52t miles to the weft, 7 or 8* fouth, or 26} miles in twenty-four hours in that direction. NOTE XXIX. The obfervation of latitude of the nth proved that, in the twenty-four hours which preceded the noon of that day, the a£lion of the currents had again carried the ftiip 10 minutes to the fouth- ward. It had been almoft conftantly found in crofling the Great Ocean, that, when they fct towards the Southy they alfo fet towards the Wejly and in a more confiderable quantity : and as our navigators, the next day, cxpedcd to difcover the Iflarxls June 179 !•] march an d's voyage. g^^ Iflands called Las Mar^iuesas de Mendoja, they judged it expedient to add to the daily pro- grefs in longitude which the dead reckoning in- dicated towards the weft, from the time of the obfervations of the loth till they made the land, the quantity of 26 minutes in twenty-four hours, in order to compenfate for the efFedl of the cur- rents which they fuppofcd muft drive the fliip towards that fide, in the fame proportion as they had carried her thither on the preceding days at the fame time that they carried her to the fouth- vard. On calculating the run according to this fup- pofition> they expected to difcover the Mendo^a Iflands towards noon of the 12th, and, in fadt, at half paft ten in the morning of that day, they began to perceive the Ifland of La Ma da- le n a, the moft eaftern and moft fouthern of the group. At noon, it bore fouth-weftj and the Ifland of San Pedro bore direftly weft at the diftance of fourteen leagues eftimated by the eye. The longitude of this laft-mcntioned ifland, determined by the obfervations made in Captain Cook's fecond voyage*, is 221" 9' eaft from Greenwich, or 141° 11' 15" weft from Paris. If we take from this quantity 42 minutes, which • See the Original Aftrenomical Ob/ervaticnt tnadt hi a voyagt tvwerdt the South Felt , *c. Page 323. arc V\ !l ill 1..'. !,l !. ( II^K i«; r -^i I '•■•11 1 ' '.I ' ■ ■■ ■ 'iy'lm ;1 I I 380 y MARCUAND's voYAOE. [June i^Qt, are equivalent to the diftance of 14 leagues eftU mated at the time of taking the bearing, we (hall have 140" 29' 15" for the longitude of the flijp -which was cxadily on the parallel of the ifland: on adding to the refult of the obfervations of the loth the progrcfs by account towards the weft fince that period, 4** 23' (3" 21', according to the dead reckoning, plus 52 minutes for the efFcft of the current) it will be found that the prefumed longitude on making the land was only 140* 15': the error of this deterinination was therefore 14I minutes, which anfwcr to no more than 4) leagues j but,s according to the calculation of the (hip's apparent courfe and diftance, paying no regard to the forefeen effe^l; of a current towards the weft, the progrefs towards that fide would, from the loth to the 12th, have been only 3* 31'; and on adding it to the longitude of the loth, it would have made only 139* 23': thus the error would have been i^ 6^15" or ill leagues. In regard to the latitude of San Pedro, the ob- fervations of Captain Cook's voyage give for it 9" 59': and this is exactly the fame as that which was obfcrved on board the Solide. Let us fee what was the error of the dead reck- oning in the interval of the laft two days. On comparing the longitude obferved on the loth with that of the fliip at the time of making the land on the 12th, that is, 135° 5 2' with 140" 29', it is feen that the real progrcfs towards the weft &gues cfti. g, we (hall )f the fhip the ifland: irvations of towards the ', according utes for the md that the md was only nination was ■ to no more tie calculation :ancc, paying irrcnt towards t fide would, 1 only 3' 3»' 5 ►f the loth, it :hus the error ;ues. DRO, the ob- ;e give for it as that which June 1791.] marchand's voyage. , 381 weft was 4* 37' i but, according to the dead reck- oning, it was only 3* 31': thus, in two days, the currents carried the (hip towards the weft i* 6', or 65 miles. The compound and unexperienced movement was therefore 67.25 miles to the weft (buth, and 2^\ miles in twenty-four hours. Let us examine at prefent what would have been the error of the dead reckoning on making the land of the Mendo^a Klands, if, from the time of her being in fight of Staten Land, our navigators had adhered to its refults, and had not correfted them every day that the ftate of the weather pillowed of determining by obfervation the longitude of the (hip, and of afcertaining the er- rors which the aftion of the currents, or any odier caufe, had introduced in the direction which ihe appeared to have followed and the diftance which (he feemed to have run. Periods t;;.,; \>v^:H . '/.:i ?v i 38* marChakds voyAgi:. May to the 9th From the 9th to the 12th From the 1 2th to the 2 3 rd From the 23rd to the 24th From the 24th to the 25th From the 25th to the 26th From the 26th to the 27th From the 27 th June to the 6th From the 6th to the 7 th From the 7th to the 8th From the 8th to the 10th From the i oth to the 1 2th In fig April the ift From the ift to the i ith From the I ! th to the 1 9th From the 1 gth to the 2 5th From the the 25th • s > 3 M 1 Periods 1 OF THE M M M |;^AO so •" » W>^ v/t »< ►- w ^vO •«>- 00 N =1 M M M N N •>> U> SO M M tM 01 N N M -4^ 1^ Vl 14 4>.v^snv^ ON Nso <*« -< g5 S/l « VO -«J iJsO N 00^ - n - n «sCsO VM (M V^ -t^ Vl 01 -^ -f". oo~a H. On «- 00 vO'^O *>J ON S/t VM ^ ON OnO «M 00 ■1 1 p § 8 4'+- - »» Ut ^ 4^ » 0^ -J ^ (M<^ On • • • • • •-• >-■ H n 0' a CA 1 S n 2 t an; VM U* » W M M tJ 4^ Ut • • • • • >« M VO M V* +. *M «-^« vn 00^0 >^ «M '-n 14 • 73 V. V. A — 3 5»S 5 (? < a M + 1 1 « OSM VO M (M 1 1 1 1 1 1 + u* M M Kl M V#t oc 9\ On 00 (M 00 00 1 1 + M N MVO ON 1" > H S "BsSS.! M N H •• ON 00 > •< • J? c' 1 Sum of the errors towards the Eaft 8' Sum of the errors towards the Weft 4 Remainder in error towards the Eafl: or aftern after the compenfation . . . . • 4 June 1791.] marchand's voyage. eSa It is fccn that the fum of the errors of the dead reckoning, towards the one fide or towards the other, in the fpace of feventy-three days, is 12* 54 : and although fome fortunate compenfations had taken place, the error at the time of making the land is ftill 4" 28', or 87 j leagues to the eaft- ward, that is, aftern of the true pofition of the ihip : now it is well known that an error ajiem is always dangerous, fmce it is polTible that a navi- gator may fall in with the land in the night, ^hile he thinks himfelf ftill at a diftance from it.^^.j^;, NOTE XXX. . .,^ The obfervations made in Captain Cook's fecond voyage have given the following determinations for the Iflands called Las Mar^^tesas ' dc Mend 05 A : ; »• .-m;'^ Latitude South. Long^weft tr6m?am. o / ,/ o / n J Hood's IJland. 9 26 00 .... 141 12 1:5 San Pedro or 0-Niteiu. . 9 58 00 ... .^ 141 11-15,^ Santa Chriftiana or IFahi- tahoj at the Harbour of La Madre de Bios.. . 9 55 30 .... 14 1 28 55 LaBominica oxO-Hivah'6a 9 40 371 ... 141 21 52^ La Madalena 10 25 30 .... 1 41 09 j 5 No obfervations were made for determining , immediately the longitude of the harbour of La Madre de Dios in the Ifland of Santa Chris- tina, »',.liM Tit. ,||.M . ; . »:■ 8^4 marchand's voyack. [June 1791, TiNA^ to which the others are fubjefted : but on the days, which preceded, and on thofe which foU lowed the Resolution's arrival at this port, Mr. Wales had taken feveral obiervations of the moon's diftance from the fun, and he reduced them by calculation, and with the help of a cbronometet to the pofition of the harbour of La Madre oe Dios ♦. The meridian altitudes of the fun which were employed for determining the latitude of the fame harbour, were taken on the 9th and loth of April 1774 from at quickfilver horizon with a Had ley's icxtant, and by the back obfervation : they gave for the latitude of La Madre de Dios, the former 9* 55* 15", and the latter 9** 55'45"t. * See Tit Otiginal Aftrmtmieal Obfervatlont made in t Viifmgt ttvHtrdB the South Poltt Sec, Pages 3x2, 3x3 and 8z. The Longitudes are there reckoned from the Meridian of Green, vttcb ; we hare reduced them to that of Parltt admitting thii city to be fitnated 2° 20' 1 5" to the Emft ef Gretttwicb, f See The Original Aftnnomical OhftrvatitHt mad* in a ttj/. age tevmrdt tbt Smth Pale, page 81. moon progref tJfpartui been o'' That I It only J nth [byobfer ftmav icomparifi great pc ihip FOURTH ■ vot. u [June 1791. id*, but on which fol- I port, Mr, >ns of the duced them i chronometer . Madre de I which were : of the fame loth of April I a Had ley's m: they gave OS, the former FOURTH June i79i«j marchand's voyage. 38^ t'OURttt tlUN, From the IJlands called LJS MARIES AS BE MENDOCA to the NORTH- fVEST Coafi of AMERICA. ^ ' On the 20th of June, at eleven o'clock at night, the SoLiDE took her departure • from the Harbour of La Madre de Dios, in 9* 55' 30" fouth la- titude, and 141" 28' 55'' weft longitude* NOTE XXXi. On the 22d, in fight of Ile March and (Mar- chand's IHand) the longitude of the fhip, reduced to noon, was determined by fix fets of diftances of the moon from the fun and two fets of the moon from * of yiquiia at 142** 27' : thus the progrefs in longitude towards the weft, fince the departure taken from La Madre de Dios, had becno* 58'. That given by the dead reckoning differed from I it only 3 minutes or 2.96 miles in cxcefs. The latitude by account agrcied with the latitude |by obfervation. It may be concluded from the refult of thefe [comparifons, that the currents which had fet with great velocity to the weft 1 8* 30' fouth, while |the fhip was failing to the eaftward or to windward VQb. lit c Q of ;ii I '; '!■ <; :q:iy^^ ... '1 ■!'■?!'■:' ! ^<» marchand's voyage. [June 1751. I ! i ^1 of the Mendoqa Iflands, had not been felt while flic was (landing to the north-weft or to leeward of them. NOTE XXXII. Two fcts of diftances- of the fun and moon gave for the longitude of the 24th at noon, 143* 10'. And on comparing it with that of the 22nci It is feen that, in the fpace of two days, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft was o" 43'. That which was indicated by the dead reckoning was only o* 36' : thus it would appear that in two days, the fliip was carried to the wcftward, 7 mi- nutes or 6.9 miles. According to the obfcrvations of latitude, fhc was carried, in the fame fpace of time, 6 minutts or 6 miles to the fouthward. The cfFe6l of the currents had therefore been 9.1 miles or 4.56 in twenty-four hours, to the weft j 4* fouth. NOTE XXXIII. By the obfcrvations of the 25th, the longitude I of the (hip, at noon, was 143** 49'; and her pro-j grefs towards the weft had been, fince the 24tb>| 39 minutes. It was only 21 minutes, according to the deadj reckoning : thus, in twenty four hours, the (hip had been carried 18 minutes or 17.8 miles toj the wcftward. 6 T^ [June 1791. r\ felt while leeward of July 1791>] MARCMANO'S VOYAGE. 3*7 n and moon It noon, 143" t of the 2 and lys, the (hip's • lead reckoning ear that in two eftward, 7 "^^■ of latitude, ftic time, 6 minutes therefore been lours, to the v/eftl ;h, the longiwdt] / . and her pro- fince the ^M 3ing to the deadj hours, the ihipj Lr 17.8 miles' The obfervation of latitude (hewed that, during the fame time, (he had been carried 1 2 minutes or 12 miles to the northward. Thus her unperceived movement had been a 1. 5 miles to the weft 2^* 45' north. At this period our navigators had loft fight of the Iles oe LA Revolution (the Revolution Iflands), and were on a parallel more northerly by about 2^ degrees than the moft northern part of the group. NOTE XXXIV. On the 20th of July, four fets of obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun gave, by a mean, for the longitude of the (hip reduced to noon, 156** 2' : and on comparing it with that of the 25th of June, we (ind that, in the fpace of twenty-five days, the progrefs towards the weft was 1 2** 1 3'. According to the dead reckoning, the progrefa in the fame interval had been only 1 0° 27' ; and thence it was concluded that the (hip was carried 1*46', or 1 01. 2 miles to the weft ward. If we compare on each day the latitude de- duced from obfervation with that indicated by the dead reckoning, it is feen that the adlion of the currents carried the (hip almoft uninterrupt- edly to the northward, except on the laft four days of the period : the (hip*s imperceptible pro- c c 2 grcfs 11 ■r'' m 0m. I ^■i<^ .,. V*-. marciiahd's voyagi:. [July i/gi grcfs towards that fide was frequently lo, ii, 15, and as much as 16 miles in twenty-four hours. Their fum is 2° 13' : and if we thence dcdudl that of fomc accidental differences towards the fouth, amounting to 19 minutes only, there remain i de- gree 54 minutes, or 114 miles, which the cur- rents had carried the (hip to the northward. On combining the two movements, wc find that, in twenty-five days, the fhip made, by a com- pound and unperccived movement, 152.8 miles in the direftion of north 41* 4-,' weft i that is, that her mean drift in that direftion was 6. i miles in twenty-four hours. It appears therefore, that, in this latitude, con- trary to what wc had obicived in the South Atlantic Ocean, and in the Great Austral Ocean, the currents which fct to the Nor:. hward, fet at the fame time to the Wejiward. It appears too, as may be feen in the Journal OF THE Route i that errors fomewhat confidera- ble in the latitudes took place from the parallel of 8° fouth, as far as beyond the Tropic of Can- cer, between 142° 30' and 152® 40' of weft lon- gitude J and that, in crofling this part of the Torrid Zone, the waters, during a month, con- ftantly fet to the northward and weftward. But the quantity of the error of the dead reck- oning in both directions, fuch as we have before determined it, does not exactly indicate the quan- tity which the fliip was carried to the weftward, 5 nor J-uly 1791.] marchand's voyage. 389 ur hours. :clu6t that the fouth, nain 1 dc- i the cur- rard. \ft find that, bv a com- 2.8 miles in that is, that 6.1 miles in latitude, con- i the South AT AUSTP.AL he Norihtvard, nor that which (he was carried to the northward : for it appears by Captain Chanai/s Journal, that being aftonifhed at the conllant errors in latitude which had been difcovered for fome time paft, and almoft always on the fame fide. Captain Mar- chand direfted that the half-minute glafs, which is employed in meafuring time while the log is meafuring the Ihip's way, fliould be carefully ex- amined : on comparing it with a watch with a fecond hand, which was well regulated, it was afcertained that the time which the fand took to run out, was not exaftly thirty feconds, as in the former part of the voyage, and that it was too ihort by 2 or 3 feconds. It refulted from this frror of the glafs refpcfting the meafure of time, that the (hip's way cftimatcd by means of the log, was (horter than the way which (he aftually made, by about a twelfth j and that the (hip's courfc being between the north and the weft, her pro- grefs in latitude and longitude according to the dead reckoning, ought to have been fmaller by a twelfth than that which would have been found if the fand^glafs had exadly indicated the duration j of thirty feconds. On applying to the calculations of the dead I reckoning the corrcftion required by this acknow- jlcdged error, we (hall have fre(h refults. According to the obfervations, the progrefs in liongitude, in the interval from the 35th of June p the 20th of July, was 12° 13', The error of c c 3 the ill! mm' 3f« MARCHAND*ii VOYAGE. [July 1791. the dead reckoning in dtfeSi ought to have been only a twelfth of this quantity, that is, i° i'*. we Ihall find it 1^46^ therefore there remain dill 45 minutes in deftH, which may be attributed to the aflion of the currents that fet the fhip to the weft- ward. If we examine the error in latitude during the fame period, we (hall find that the fum of the partial errors (a compenfation having taken place between thofe which, being in a contrary direftion, do away each other) is only 1° 54' towards the fouth : but as the fliip's real progrefs in latitude towards the north is, according to the obfervations of the two extreme days of the period, 74" 24'i the fum of the daily errors of the reckoning, in deffSl or towards the fouth, ought to have been, in proportion to the error of the half-minute glafs, a twelfth of the real progrefs, that is, 2" 52': however, it is but 1^54', that is, fmaller by 58 minutes than it ought to have been : this diminu* tion can proceed only from a caufe, which, adling in a diredtion contrary to the error of the glafs, carried the fhip to the northward, and it muft be believed that it is the cfTedt of a current, which, in the interval from the 25th of June to the 20th of July, carried the (hip 58 minutes towards that fide. It ^Ili be fcen that the tendency of the waters towards the north was conftant, from the j eighth parallel (buth to the land-fall on the north- i WEbT uin ftill 4S )Uted CO the to the weft- e during the fum of the r taken place ■ary direftion, ; towards the refs in latitude ic obfcrvations Tiod, 34° h's reckoning, «» to have been, ic half-minute thatis,2'5i'* fmaller by 5* . thisdiminu- :, which, aaing or of the glafs. and it rouft be current, which, unc to the 40ih [tf s towards that Itcndcncy of the ,nftant, from the | 11 on the NORTH-' July 1791] M/" HCHAND'S VOYAOF. 391 WEST coaft of America, in the latitude of 57* 15' north. If, with thefe new data, 45 minutes, or 43 miles, towards the weft, and 58 minutes, or 58 miles, towards the north, which the currents appear to have driven the fhip out of her apparent courfe, it were wi(hcd to calculate what were the velocity and direftion of her unperceivcd movement, it would be found that Ihe made 72.3 miles to the north 36* 30' wcftj which gives for the mean drift in that direftion 2.9 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXXV. The mean refult of four fcts of obfervations of diftances of the fun and moon, gives for the longitude of the 23d at noon, 154° 25'; and on comparing it to that of the 20th, it is feen that die (hip's progrefs was i* 37' towards the eaft : and, as according to the dead reckoning, this progrefs appears to have been i* 40', it follows that, in the fpace of three days the currents may have carried the (hip 3 minutes, or 2.6 miles to the weftward. The comparifon of the progrefs towards the north, according to the obfervation and accord- ing to the dead reckoning, (hews that the (hip was carried, during the fame time, 11 minutes, or II miles to the northward. c c 4 Thus m m^' '''#;• •ifi.! i ■,^* ) 1-.' t.,v.. I 'ifLI'i 3f!lJ; 39« MARCIIAND S VOYAGE. [July 79Ir Thw the unperceived movement was 11.3 miles to the north 13° 15' weft j and the mean drift in that direftion 3.76 miles in twenty-fqur hours. The difference between the progrcfs in longi- tude by obfervation and the progrefs by account, is too fmall for us to be able thence to conclude that the currents fct to the weft ward ; but the obfcrvations of latitude afforded the certainty that ^hcy continued to fet to the northward^ NOTE XXXVI. The obfervations for the longitude and latitude, inade on the 24th, lead to a refult fimilar to that of the preceding note. The progrefs towards the caft, according to the dead reckoning^ differs, in the interval from the 23d to the 24th, from that deduced from the ob- fcrvations, only by 2 minutes in excefs ; that is, that the obfervation carries the fhip 2 minutes, or J. 67 miles, to the weftward. But the obfervation of latitude proves that, in the fame fpace of time, (he was carrjed 21 minutes, or 21 miles, to the northward. If we choofe to take notice of 1.67 miles to the iveftward, the unperceived movement in twenty- four hours will have been 21 miles in the diredlioij pf north 4' 30' weft.. NOTEj A;igu|l »79»i!) marcuand's voyage, zn NOTE XXXVIL .. The longitude for the 26th at noon, deduced from two fets of diftanccs of the fun and moon, was 152° 17': and in comparing it to that of the 124th, we find that the progrefs towards the eaft was I** is'. •■••'« ■ . r ," The dead reckoning gives for this progrefs i** 32'. Thus, on comparing it to that of the ob- fei-vation, the fliip had been carried to the weft- ward 17 minutes, or ij.6 miles. According to the obfervations of latitude fne was carried 15 minutes, or 15 miles to the north- ward. The unperceived movement in the interval of two days, was therefore 20;| miles to the north 42** 30' weft J and her mean drift in twentv-four hours was 10.12 miles, i "■ • ' \' ■ : . NOTE XXXVIII. The mean rcfulc of four fets of obfervations of diftances of the fun and moon, reduced to noon, of the 5th of Auguft, gave for the longitude of the fhip at that period, 143® 46' j and on compa- ring it to that of the 26th of July, we find that, in the interval of ten days, the progrefs towards the eaft had been 8° 31': According to the dead reckoning, it was only 7*27': the difference, i** 4', or 43.9 miles, ex- prcffes SW """ ?^4W V' :j» I'J-iil ■ . . I'M' 394 maHcitand's voyage. [Auguft 1751. prcflcs the quantity which the (hip appears to have been carried to the eaftward by the fetting of the currents. It is feen, on comparing on each day the latitude by account with that by obfervation, that, in the fame fpace of time, ihe was carried 54 minutes or 54 miles to the northward. It will be found, by calculation, that the unper- ceivcd movement was 69.25 miles to the north 39* eaft i and that the mean drift in that direction was about feven miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXXIX. On the 7th at noon, the latitude, according to obfervation, was 57^20'} and on deducing from the longitude obferved on the 5th the edimated progrefs towards the eaft in the interval of the two days, 3* 50', the longitude of the 7th at noon was 139** 56'. In this pofition, the (hip was 15I mi- nutes more to the northward, and 1° 40' 15" or 94 miles more to the wcftward than Cape del En- GANo (Cook's Cape Edgecumbe) which ought to have borne eaft about 15* fouth, at the diftance of 18 or 19 leagues. In this fuppofition. Captain Marchand ftood on in the direction indicated, and at half paft five o'clock in the afternoon, he perceived the coaft ofAMERICA. At Aaguft i79i«] marchand's voyage. 395 At fix o'clock, Cape del Enoano bore eaft 19*30' ^o"th, diftant 13 or 14 leagues. From noon till fix o'clock, according to the traverfe table*, the fhip had advanced 4.89 miles, or 4' 53" towards the fouth, and 15.34 miles or 28' 30" towards the eaft. On fubtradling thefe quantities, the former from the latitude, the latter from the longitude 'of the fliip at noon, we have for her pofition at fix o'clock, Latitude 57* 15' 7" Longitude 139* 27' 30*. Let us fee what muft be her true fituation ac- cording to the bearing of Cape del Enc ano, taken at the fame moment. Since the Cape bore eaft 19" 30' fouth, diftant i j leagues, the fhip was 13' 13 "more to the northward than the Cape, and i* 10' 48" more to the weft- ward. Let us apply thefe differences to the latitude of the Cape 57® 4' 30", and to its longitude 138* 15*45*, fuch as they were determined by the ob- fervations made in Captain Cook's third voyage f , m 11 * The ihip had run ; eaft 7** 43' footh, 3 miles— eaft 17** 30' 10 miles— eaft 34*' 36' fouth $\ miles. f The original aftronmual ab/ervationt made t« a voyage tt the Nortberu Pacific Oceant (sTr. page 349. Latitude accord, ing to Cook and King 57** 3'; according to Bajly 57° 6' — Mean $7''4|'. Longitude according to Cook xaA King, 224°. 7'; ac« conling to Baytjt 224*^ 2' — Mean 224*' 4' 30" eaft from Greenm nuicb, or 138" 15 '45" weft from Parit. we 396 MARCHAND's voyage. [Auguft 170,. we (hiW find that the latitude of the fliip muft be 57° I 8'o", and her longitude 131^** 26' 33". In lieu of thefe quantities, we have found 57* I'/ 7" for the one, and 139' 27' 30" for the other: the error on making the land was therefore : In Latitude, 2' 53", or about i league too little '• to the northward ; In Longitude o' 57'', or about one fixth of a league too much to the weftward. Let us examine, at prefent, what was the error of the reckoning in two days and a quarter, from the 5 th at noon, to the 9th at fix o'clock in the evening, the period at which the bearings were taken of Cape del EngaNo. According to the obfervations of the 5th and the bearing of the 7th, the fliip's progrefs in la- titude towards the north was 2° 6' j and according to the dead reckoning, i® 40' 7" only* : the differ- ence, 25' 53'\ or 25.9 miles, is the quantity which the fhip was carried to the northward, by the adion of the currents, in the interval of two days and a quarter, • From noon on the jth to noon on the 7th, the progrefs by account towards the north had been 1° 45' (fmaller by 23 mi- nutes than the progrefs by obfervation in the fame interval) : from noon to fix o'clcok in the evening of the 9th, the pro- grcfs by account towards the fouth was 4' 53", which muft be deduced from the progrefs by account towards the nortlij and the remainder, i" 40' 7", will be the progrefs by account towards the fame fide, from noon of the 5th to fix o'clock in the evening of the 7th, the period when the bearings were taken. The ras the error jarter, from :lock in the earings were ■ the 5th and rogrefs in U- Lnd according the diflfer- ^uantity which rard, by the 11 of two days Auguft 179 »•] marchand's voyage. 397 The progrefs in latitude towards the eaft, in the fame fpacc of time, was 4° i9'27"i and accord- ing to the dead reckoning it is 4** 18' 30"*: the difference therefore is only o' 57" and may be con- fidered as null. I- -' Thus it is feen that, if, from the 5th to the ,- yth, the currents carried the fhip to the northward ^ 26 miles in 54 hours, or 11.5 miles a day, they -■*". produced no material change on the Ihip's courfe in the direftion of the longitude. >; As for the longitude by account given, on making the land, by the dead reckoning, deduced from the Bay of La Madre de Dios, it was 138* 30', at noon on the 7th, and 138** 11' 30" at the moment of the bearing being taken at fix o'clock j and as the true longitude at this latter period was 139" 26' 30", the difference was only 1° 25' ori5i leagues ahead: I fay ahead, with refpeft to the land, at which it was intended to touch, and whicl was fituated to the eaftward of the fhip : but this exadtnefs is the effcft of the compenfations of partial errors in contrary diredions, which took place in the courfe of the run. • The following table exhibits the partial errors of the dead reckoning in cither diredion, at the different periods of the obfervations that were em- ployed for determining the longitude of the fhip. ' From noon of the jth to noon on the 7th, 3° 50'; and 23' 30" from noon on the 7th to £x o'clock in the evening of |tbefan)eday« iiii 1)5'; ■■ w ' •lit •ki|v]!.. 398 MARCH AN DS VOYAGE. •^ »sj »«J 'ij "sj ' ■• " t? ? *ri ? "■^^ > 3 c 1 5 3- o e 1 5 ^ s » 5 1 1 S 9 9 S 5 3 the xo'c ^i-i-R-R- g- g- !• i- ? 8vn B i-N .^ «M O N ■»>■ M "^ ^ ? 5 ^. &• 'S S-l. 3.S. ^ s- s- &. s- ? r S 2 s »» J? n 3- O O ::» s s s o s s S -€ • • » "4, 9. *-» wfi <->'■>■ — o »» Vt « 5- 3- er a- o. t3* tr ET 0- er «.M^ VM ! XIH _s^ 'V^^ k^J . ? § l.— "V k4 !i 5' 00 M O ^ X- X ^ N 8- e 8 H. 2; » 3 ^li ? w • Vl M «J tfl w w • • • VO • 00 • ■^ P' 1' 2 J 3 M •• w f •J M. O •• M P ^ ■0 3 ST » JT - 2 HIM •a ««» Wft ^ N <^ O 00 s N 'Ss »4 « ^ % tn tfl w w ^ .^^ ^ ^ § " ! o • • • • • • m • • q<) 3- - i lA 1 + + + o o o I T M 1 i + cr 5" ^ o 41. ^ 2 ? m +■ ^ 14 V*» +• »< b> 00 «a 0* ^ r w M WWW ^ ^^ ^ ^ 0? i'^K • ■ • • • ^^ .^ • • • • EL^°I=? ^■^ir^-'" M K> d % M o — wo* ^*> >4 M M ^ 5 ♦IM • • • • • • • • •4 P> M • m a. s • " B so """■" t c/> e I 1 c H a < P 1 1 ■4 O 1 5 cr V y l~ • H ti O w S- 8 ffs.?! Augull 1791*] MARCUANO'S VOYAGE. 399 It is fccn that, in the courfe of this run, the errors of the reckoning refpe^ting the longitude were inconfiderable, either in the one dire6tion, or in the other, and in part counterbalanced each other. The fum of the errors ajiemt relatively to the weft, that is to fay, the fum of the quantities minus JVeJi and plus Eaft^ is 2° ^2!* • '^*' ^^ ^'^ errors aheadt or of the quantities flus TVefi and nms Eafti is 1° 8' : and it is remarkable that the longitude of the point arrived at differing from that cf the point of departure, only about 2 de- grees (La Madre de Dios in 141® 29' weft, and the point from which the bearing was taken Cape DEL Encano in 139® 26' :i2 weft) the fum of the errors of the reckoning is almoft double the differ- ence of the meridians. But if we deduft from the fum of the errors ajiern that of the errors aheadt there remains, after the compenfation, only ^ 1^' ajienti a quantity which becomes an error ahead relatively to the land fituated to the eaftward of the ihip, towards which ftie is directing her courfe. The examination of this run leads us to make a itw remarks. I. From the 25th of June to the 5 th of Auguft, the progreflcs fometimcs towards the weft, fome- * I take for the Difference from the 24th of June to the 20th of July, that of 1° 46', becaufe this is the error (uncorreded) vv'ith which the progrefs in longitude, eftimated in the interval of there two days, was rcall/ affeAed, whatever was the caufe of it. times w ili '-m ■>.A: ,-^i 'I; ,( y ■} ill ' ■ •" ' Ijafi f \h ... ■:.iy-i'!'- :f,V ,.*! if:,-. -■! , ''■1 : . ..lit A ,.*,. .1 -,- (■ i ;'i4j 400 MARCHAKD's VOVACE. [Auguft lygii times towards the taft, fuch as were indicated by the obfervations, nearly balance each other, and the diredt courfe of the fliip deviates little from a meridian ; for, according to the obferva- tions, the longitude of the 25 th of June was 143^ 49', and that of the 5th of Auguft, 143° 46': the difference is therefore only 3 minutes, which thd Ihip was lefs to the weftward the laft day of thii period than the firft. i. From the 24th of June when the Solide had reached the latitude of 8° fouth, till the 7th of Auguft when fhe arrived at the latitude of 57° 18' north, between meridians, the moft weftern of which is i® 10' to the weft, and the moft eaderh 1° 34' to the eaft, of the 142nd meridian weft from Paris, the currents, for forty-four days, conftantly carried the ftiip to the northward beyond hei ap- parent progrefs. The daily quantity of this movement varied ac cording to the following indications : From 8" fouth of the equator, the unperccived movement towards the north was 12— 10— 15— and ij miles in twenty-four hours: From the equator to 1 2** north, 10— 5—5— -i- 1 1—6—6 miles : From 12** to 14" 30', little differences of 3 and 4 miles took place in a contrary diredlion to the former : From 1 4* 30' to 26®, the movement towardj the north was 6—9—6—3—16—5 miles per day: Form and league ■thcfe 25jmi| term, hours. Soin< of this *Se, lee i, ^iirrentt, VOL, c indicated each other, iviates little :he obferva- ine was 143^ 43° 46': the s, which tht t day of thli I the SoLiDE ;, till the 7th le latitude of e moft weftem le moft eaftern idian weft from days, conftamly jeyond hei ap- ncnt varied ac- he unperceived ences of 3 ^^^ direftion to the .Auguft'17910 MARCttANl>*8 VOYAGE. '40t From 26* to 28° 40', no dlflfcrencc : ^ From 28"* 40', a difference, in a coritrary direc- tion, of II miles: • From 28* 40' to 32% the daily movement to- wards the north, 5 or 6 miles: From 3 2° to 34°, 21 miles towards the north : From 34° to 42° 40', 7— 8— 13-*9— 15 miles towards the north : From 42* 40' to 43*, i mile in a <:ohtrdry di- reftion : • > ; From 43* to 44*, « miles towaritt| qtte's Iflands. ace on the chartl tain MarchasdI of ;he .prcccdingl cranqe of CloakI 'north, andloni } and this 1 CHCcfs (roro th inal chart, ""^^^^ eft (i:om Gwmj it^ops made in 1 re qC PP**"'*°" Captai NOTE XLII. On the ift of September, at noon, the Solide toolt her departure from a point from whence jbtarings were taken of the land in latitude 52* i;6'by obiervationi and Captain March and had fixed the longitude of this point at 135° 20', [according to the General Chart of the NORTH- ^ESrCO/iST OF AMERICA, which is prefixed dIXON'S VOTAGE. But the obfervations made in La Pe rouse's ^oyage place in 135° 5' the portion of the coaft bated in latitude 52* 56': and, as at the moment |f taking the bearings, the Solide was 5 or 6 [agues, or about 30 minutes to the . weftward of k coaft, the longitude of the point whence the id was fct will be 135° 35', that is, greater by minutes than that affigned to it by Captain Iarchand and the Journal of Captain Chanal. In confequence, I have (in the Journal of IE Route) increafed by 15 minutes the longitude the point whence the bearings of the 1 ft of D D 3 September A\ '^A A '\^ m hi ■' '1 : :!"Vi'' / •■■ 1 3 km m 4o6 maachand's voyage. [Sept. ijcfu September were taken; and the longitudes by account of the jnd, 3rd, and 4th, NOTE XLUI. On the 4th, the longitude deduced from the obfervations of the moon's diftancc from the fun and reduced to noon, was 130" 40' j and on com. paring it with that of the ift cor reded, as in the preceding Note, we find that the progrefs towards the caft was 4** 5 5'. That which was deduced from the dead reck- oning compared to the fame longitude is only 4* 36' : the difference in three days is therefore 19 minutes, or about 12 miles, which the /hip appears to have been carried to the caftward. In the fame ii;terval, the progrefs towards the fouth was greater according to the obfervaticij than according to the dead reckoning, from the I ft to the 3rd, 11 minutes j but from the 3rd to the 4th, it was fmaller by 4 minutes: thus from the ift to the 4th, the currents, from a compenfationi having taken place, fct 7 minutes, or y miles, to I the ibuthward. It might be concluded that the (hip was carridl about 14 miles, in three days, at 4! miles ii|| jwenty-four hours, to the eaft 30* 30' fouth, The I k the n in Jongii of the viiJ be was 10° Accoi] 'lave bee Thus carried Itliecurrel NOTE Sept. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 40/ NOTE XUV. On the 8th, before he loft fight of the coaft of America, Captain Marchand took a bearing off Berkley Sound. At half paft fix o'clock in the evening, th^ entrance of this bay bore north-caft half eaft diftant fix leagues : and, on fctting off the bear- , ingon Dixon's Chart, where Berkley Sound is . placed in latitude 48" 57' north, and longitude 128* 28' weft from Paris, it was concluded that the point whence the bearings was taken, whigh was made the Point of departure, was fituatcd in Latitude 48" 46' North. • ' Longitude 128° 48' Weft. '" NOTE XLV. The refult of the lunar obfervations of the 1 9th in the morning, reduced to noon, placed the fhip in longitude 139** 3'; and, on comparing it to that of the point of departure (preceding Note), it will be feen that the progrefs towards the weft was 10° 15'. According to the dead reckoning, it appears to have been 12*3'. Thus in the fpacc of eleven days, the Ihip was I carried afiern or to the eaftward, by the aAion of I the currents, 1° 48', or 83.6 milci, D D 4 She ?''ii! ■ J *->■ '-'■ ',Att 'f ' '.' -4" '-f "(Si 4oa> MARGHANO's VOYAGE. [Sept. 1791. She was carried to the fouthward a ftill more confiderable quantity: the dai)y,dlf&rences between the latitude by account and the latitude by obfer-. vation, were 2, 4, 8, 9, 15, 16, and 17 minutes j and the fum of thefe differences is 2* 6', or 126 inileSj which the fliip was carried towards the fouth ill the interval of eleven days. On combining tljefe quantities towards the fouth with the quantities towards the caft, we find that tht currents carried the fliip by an unperceivcd irtoven»ent, 151.5 miles in eleven days, or 13.77 mlfes in twenty-four hours, to the fouth ^3^ 15' eafti NOTE XLVI. The progrefs towards the weft, according to the compared refults of the obfervations of the igih and 21(1, was 2* jo'i and as, according to the dea4: reckoniog* it is only 2*^ i f, it tmay.thence be concltidcd that^ . in. the interval . of < two days, the ufiperceive(l progrefs. towards . thp; weft was 13 inlnyeet or ii.z mtles^ Thcr unperceived progrefs < towards th& fouth was, in the fame fpace of time, 8 luinutcs or 8\milc$,; And, on combining the two movements, we ftiid that the (hip was carried 13,8 miles in two days* or 6.9 milnts a^ day, to the ' weil 35" 30' fouth. NOTE ard8 thfr fouth 8 minutes 0! Sept. 1791*] MARONAND'S VOYACZ. 409 NOTE XLVm. From the aift to the 23rd, the progrefi to- wards the weft was, according to the obfervations, / 14 , and 2** 8', according to the dead reckoning; the difference is 6 minutes or 5.22 miles, which the Ihip appears to have been carried to the weft- ward in two days, or 2.6 miles in twenty-four hours. The difference between the latitudes by oblcr- vation and ' « account have compenfated for each other, and - • !wly 2 minutes in the one direc- tion, and as " uwh in the other. NOTE XLVm. According to thecompared reTidts of the lunar obfervabons of the 23rd and 30th, the progreft in longitude towards the weft, in the interval of- fcven days, was 5** 40' j and the progrefs accord- ing to the dead reckoning, was 6^ o'. It followsi that the ftiip was carried to the eaftward, 20 mi- nutes, or 1 8 miles. The differences of the latitudes by account, compared to tlie latitudes by obfervation, coun- terbalanced each other within 3 minutes, or 3 milcsj which the ftitp appears to have been carried jto the fouthward. Oh combining thetwo unperccived imovemcnts^ towards the caft" and towards the fomh, it will be' found ■•3 ' •M!' t $■■ I'm, kHii ii ;,M ',. :|!!. 4 to marchand's voyage. [oa. 1 79»' found that the fliip was carried 18.3 miles in fevcn days, or 2I miles, in twenty-four hours, to the eaft 10° fouth. I NOTE XLIX. Frefh obfervations for the longitude made on the firft of Odobergave for the progrefs towards the weft, in twenty-four hours, 1° ^2' i and the dead reckoning differed from it only i minute or 0.93 miles, in excefs, which it might be imagined that the (hip had been carried to the caftward, if the rcfults of the lunar obfervations to which are com- pared thofe of the dead reckoning, could attain that prccifion. The obfcrvation of latitude proved that, in the fame fpace of time, the fhip had been carried to the fouthward 5 minutes or 5 miles, beyond her apparent run. She was therefore carried 5.1 miles to the fouth loi'' eaft. NOTE L. By the lunar obfervations which were made on the 3rd, the day before the Solide got fight of the Sandwich Iflands, it was concluded that the fhip had reached the longitude of 155° 7'i and her progrefs towards the weft, from the firft of the month, had been 4° 8'^ greater by 8 minutes, # or 0£U 1791*] maiichand's voyage. 41 1 or 7.53 miles than that indicated by the dead reckoning. The progrefs towards the fouthj in the lad: two days, was greater according to the obfervauons, . than according to the refult of the dead reckoning, by 3 minutes, or 3 miles. Thus the compound and imperceptible move- ment had been 8.1 miles, in two days, or 4 miles, , in twenty-four hours, to the weft 21° 45' fouth. NOTE LI. On the 4th at four o'clock in the afternoon, the Solids was exaflly under the meridian of the moft caftern point of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, which the obfervations made in Captain Cook's third voyage* have fixed at 157° 10' !c*' weft from Paris; and the longitude of the fhip, at that period, ought to have been the fame as that of this point. On the 3rd at noon (preceding Note), the lon- gitude of the (hip deduced from obfervation, was 155* 7'. From the 3rd to the 4th at noon, the dead reckoning indicated a progrefs towards the weft of I® 37' i and, from noon to four o'clock in the evening of the latter day, a progrefs of 17 • See Tie Or'tg'iHal Iflronemieal Oh/ervat'tOHt made in a voy- 0gt to the Northern Patifc OfeaK, Sec, by W. Bayley, page 350. The longitude of this point is there laid down 905° 10' weft from Qreemuitk, • minutes ml fiii m ■It > .,M nmmi ■ill . ' ' :?'■■*', r1 ^1 f'^* •■ *l i •' ja 4«* MARCHA»ro'S VOVAOfi mimitcs tdwards the fame fide*': thus thie longi- tude deduced from obfervation of the jrd and incrcafcd by the progreftbjr account t6wards'the weft- in the interval of 28 hours, was'on the 4th atfouro'clock in thcafternooni i57*V. ■ '■: It was therefore fmailerthan the true longitude of the' point at' which fHc was arrivcdi and 9I minuter aftern J and the error was- 81 'miles/ Biit it will be fecn hereafter that this' triflings error of 91 minutes belongs to the dead reckoning, which, in the interval from noon to .three or four o'clock in^ the aiternoon of the 4th, indicates a progrefs towards the weft too fmall by this quantity : and if, in thefe twenty-eight hours, the real progrefs of the ihi)A.had been the fame us her apparent pro- grefs, the long^icude on-making the land would have been, ppecifcly the fame as that of the eaft point of Q*Wmvh£e, oa the meridian cf which the fhip was placed. Inordcr'to afcertain the- error which occurred in the reckoning, in the interval from noon to three or four o'clock in the afternoon, it will be obferved that the longitude by account of the 4th at' noon (Journal of the Route) was 156* 2(h, to which, muftrbe added the progrefs by account towards the weft, from noon to fouro*clock • 'From noon to 'four o'clock^ the' fhip fteeted weft ■ 14' .^o' fouih-*-weft 37° fDi«h~wefti3i° 30' fouthi-weft'i9' i5''fouthv and (he ran 4I miles on each of thefe courfeiir' m I IdngU [rd and irds'the the 4th sngitude 1 and 9i €S.' But error of g, whichj ir o'clock I progrefs itity: and I progrefs arentpro- vould have call point the (hip occurred [n noon to it will be ml of the ) was 15b"* j-ogrcfs by mr o'clock weft H** 30 0^ tj^Ul marckand's voyage. ,413 in the. afternoon of the ;4th which is 17 miles to- wards the weft i and we (hall .have, for the lon- gitude by account at this latter moment 158° 43'. On comparing this longitude to. the longitude by account of the 3rd, we find that, according to the deadxeckoning, the progrefs towards the*weft» in the interval fronhnoon to three or four o'clock in the afternoon , of the 4th, is i°,54'. But if we cotTtpare the true longitude of the 4th sit (bur o'clock, 157* 10' vs" to the longitude deduced from ti\e obfervation of the 3rd at noor, 155* 7', it is (cen that the real progrefs was a* 3' 15'': thus the error of the dead reckoning was, in twenty-eight hours, 9$ minutes or 8.66 miles, which it appears ^hat the currents fet the fhip to the weftward. At the (ame time, they carried her, according to the obfervations, 4 minutes, or 4 miles to the northward: thus th? unperceived movement of the ihip was 9.6 in twenty-eight hours, or 8.2 miles, in the direction of weft 24* 45' north. If, at prefent, we wifh to find what was, on making the land, the error of the longitude by account deduced by the dead reckoning, during the pafTage, from the longitude of the 8th of Sep- tember in fight of Berkley Sound, we muft add i" 54' (progrefs by account towards the weft, from noon to three or four o'clock in the after- noon of the 4th) to 1 56* 49' (longitude by ac- count of the 3rd at noonj and we fhall have 158° ' 43' 1 M'rf! ' Ir It '§ ik^ lii!« ', ''■mMMi ^ 414 marchand's voyage. [pat. 1791. 43 for that of the 4th : it is greater than the true longitude, by i* 3 45", or 87^ miles or 19.2 leagues ahead. It would have been greater by 36^ minutes, if no compenfation had taken place : it will be feen by the following table, that from the 8th of Sep. tember to the 4th of O6lober, the fum of the errors plus weft was a** 9 j but that of the errors minus weft being 36i minutes, there remained, de« dufting the latter, only 1° 32' 45" for the former. '",! Oft. »79i'] marchand's voyage. 4«5 It may be remarked, in the run from the NORTH-WEST COaft of AMERICA tO thc SaNDWICH Iflands, that, when thc Solide was (landing to thc northward, from the 19th to the 57 th parallel (between the 13th of July and 7th of Auguft), thc currents conftantly fet to the northward, 21, 3», 21, 71, 5i, and iif a day : and that, on thc contrary, in running from the 57th to thc 19th parallel (between the 21ft of Auguft and the 4th ofOftobcr,) they fet to the fouthward, 3, 2}, iii, 4, 5, and I miles a day*. In the former period, the Solide had failed be- tween the 150th and 140th ineridiin welt from Paris ; and in the latter, (lie had failed between tht 140th and 157th. It does not appear to me, therefore, that it is to thc difference of meridians, which is not very con- fidcrable, that we ought to attribute the change in the dircdion of the currents ; it would appear rather to depend on the difference of the feafons. It will be for navigators who fhall, in the fequd, fail in thefe latitudes, at the fame periods when thc Solide croITcd them, to afcertain whether the • In t!ie laft twenty-four hours only, they fet 4 miles to the northward ; but thc (hip was then at no great diftance from the archipelago of the Sandnuich Iflands ; and it is well known that the channels which fcparatc iflands, occafion currents that vary according to the tides, according to the wind which has blown, and whofe efFed is frequently felt at rather confiderable diilances from the lands between which they have begun to form. diredtion TO !'(' 1 Et * ■'- i' ,;■ m i ;"i ''i' !■- r. .i';,Mi ill: i (Li ;' I.' J I • ', U'-t''- ■'■■■ '1 ''•'* m m 4i6 MARCHAN d's VOY ACE. [0£l. i;qi. direflion and the velocity of the currents will again prove the fame as thofe which we have thought ourfelves juftified in deducing from the obfervations for the latitude and longitude made by Captains March and and Chanal, in (landing tip and running down, between the two extreme parallels, which, in the latter period, limit the courfe of the Solidb. SIXTH RUN, Frm the SANDJVICH Ipnds to the MARY^ ANNE IJlands and to MACAO. p' < NOTE LIT. On the 7th, at fix o'clock in the evening, a lad bearing was taken of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, in order to fix the point of departure, at that moment, the two extremities in fijght bore from north 5® eaft to eaft-fouth-eaft 2* 30' eaft; and the (hip was at the diftance of two leagues from the.neareft ihore. From thefe bearings was fixed the p . - C Latitude. ... 1 9® 4' North. ^ ^ (Longitude. . 158 29 Weft. note! vol. „ 1 irrents m\\ \i wc have ig from the jitudc made , in ftanding two extreme ,d, limit the Oft. «75»-] *«A obieryed on the 19th at fortjr-twQ minutes after nine in the morning, gave for the longitude of that day at noon 178^ 48^weft from Paris i and on comparing it to that of the point of departure, we have for the fliip's progrefs to- wards the weft in the interval of ii| days, 20° 19'* The progrefs, according to the dead reckoning, was onlyiS^ 54'': thus the currents had driven the fliip to the wcftward i* 25', or 8 1^ miles. In the fame fpace of time, except nhe 2nd, 3rd> and 4th day of the period, the currents had con- ftantly carried 'the (hip to the fouthward, and this movement had 'been fometimes 10, 11, and 15 miles in twenty^four hours { but from the Sch to the 9th of the month, the unperceived movement been 10 miiles towards the north, and, from I (he 9th to the lot-h, it was 29 miles towards the fame fide.: in theie two days the ihip had failed between the latitude of 19* 30' and ao* north, and between the longitude of 159° 40' and 160^40' I weft. On deducing the fum of the unperceived move- nent towards the -north, from the fum of the novcmcnt towards tbcfouth, we find as the re- piilt, that the ^ip, in the courfe of *he period, •been carried, 12 fnifiutes, or 12 miles to .the ilthward. VOL. n. El ' And i. 4i8 MARCHAND's* VOYAGE. [Oft. 1731/ And on combining the movement towards the fouth, with that which the obfervations for the longitude indicated towards the weft, it will be feen that the (hip was carried 82.5 miles in ii| days, or about 7 miles in twenty-four hours to the welt 8" 20' fouth. **%>►•? NOTE LIV. The refult of the lunar obfervations, made on the 20th, confirmed that of the obfervations of the 19th. The progrefs towards tho> weft in the twenty- four hours had been 1° 31' according to the obfer- vations, and 1" 25' according to the dead reck- oning; the difference of 6 minutes or 5.8 miles, in defed>, on the fide of the reckoning, would indicate that the currents may have carried the ihip to the weftward that quantity; at the fame time that the obfervation of latitude announces that they efFeded no change in the (hip's courfej in the direction of the latitude. NOTE LV. . The progrefs to the weftward, from the aothj to the 23rd, was, according to the obfervatioiuJ 7" 8', while, according to the dead reckoning, ij ought to have been only 5" 54' : the currents therej fore drove the fhip, in three days, 74 minutes, 1 Thee (rom th( vembcr. OncoJ tiic Jong obfcrvatii it is feci I progrefs fxceeded Recount w Thcef m northj Jconfidcrab pom the ( foivards tl: The coJ !"■ 97 mi| F north. I Nov. i;9t'] MARCHAND'i VOYAGE. m 72 miles, to the weftward: this is at the rate of I mile an hour, or 8 leagues a day. The efTedl of the currents was nearly null in the direction of the latitude : 2 minutes to the fouthward, the firft day j 2 minutes to the north- ward, the fccond j no difference, the third : thus, the little effcft of the currents, if this efFcft be real and belong not to fome fmall errors in the obfervations, was counterbalanced and done away in the courfe of the period. ," -'f: NOTE LVI. The currents continued to fct to the weftward from the 23rd of October to the 2nd of No- vember. On comparing the refult of the obfervations for the longitude of the latter day, with that of the obfervations of the former (172** 33' with 148*' 14') it is feen that, in the interval of ten days, the Iprogrefs by obfervation towards the weft, 24" 19', exceeded by 1* 39', or 97 miles^ the progrefs by I account which was only 22** 40'. The tffc& of the currents, fometimes towards [the north, fometimes towards the fouth, was in- Iconfiderable, and, after having fubtrat^ed :hi. one Ifromthc other, is reduced to 3 minuter, or 3 miles towards the north. The compound effed is 97 miles in ten days, br 9.7 miles in twenty-four hours, to the weft 1° 10' north, B 1 2 NOTE I ,Tii 1 A-n 420 MARCriANp'S VOY^GR^ fNov. tjgx. i NOTE LVII. Two fets of didances obfervcd on the 2nd, at twenty-fevcn njinutcs after two in the afternoon, and reduced to noon, had given 148° 14' for the longitude (preceding Note.) Two other fcts obferved on the 4t!j, at one mi- nute after five in the evening, gave for the longi- tude at noon of that day, 144° 34'. On comparing this latter longitude with the former, it will be found that, according to the obfervations, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft in two dayc, would have been only 3° 40'. But, according to the dead reckoning, the pro- grefs towards that fide is 4" 23'; which would! imply that, in 48 hours, the (hip had been carried to the eajiwardi 43 minutes, or 41.6 miles, that! iS} about feven leagues a day. This extraordinary] cfFe6t of the movement of the waters which, bc-i tween the tropics, conilantly fet to the wcftwardj unlefs the vicinity of fome great land or of aij archipelago occafion a change in their diredionj fuggefted the idea that there might be an error id the obfervations of the 2nd or in thoiJe of the 4tii| and our navigators determined to take a meaj between the refults combined with the progrej which had been deduced from the calculation the fliip's run. According to this calculatioPj the progrefs tj wards the weft, from the 2nd to the 4th, wasj See, Nov. tygt."] marchand's voyage. 4fi 2j' : on deducing this quantity from the longi- tude by obfervation on the 2nd and reduced to noon of that day, there remains for that of the 4th at noon, 143" 51'. Now, if we take a mean be- tween this longitude and that which the obferva- tions gave for the fame period, we Ihall have 144'' n' 30" i a longitude which partakes both of the obfervations of the 2nd and 4th, and of the pro- grefs by account in the interval of thcfe two periods. From noon to three quarters pad five o'clock in the evening of the 4th, the progrefs by account towards the weft was 35 minutes : and on fubje£ling it to the longitude obferved and correfled of the fame day at noon, which was 144" 13' i we have for the longitude of the ihip at three quarters pad five o'clock, 143* 38'. At the fame moment, the Idand of Tinian (of the archipelago of the Mary-Anne liles) bore from weft fbuth-weft half weft to north-weft by wed, diftant two leagues. The idand was therefore about 5 minutes to the weftward of the fhip ; and on deducing this quan- tity from the longitude at three quarters paft five, we fhall have for that of Tinian, 143° 2Z'' Obfervations made, in 1767, by Captain Wal- Lis, on board the Dolphin, give for the Ion- gitudc of this ifland 143° 34 45"* : the difference between • ^t^JlroHomicalOb/trvattons madt in tit V^agtt formaking E E 3 Diftovtna 'fill-' ■'I "I'H '': '-' If I m iiij .'■■ill''* T^ '■ w' 'fl * ■' -rf 4aa MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1751. between the one determination and the other is therefore only 3 minutes. If we wifhed to take the mean longitude ob- Icrved of the 4th at noon, 144" 13', for the term of comparifon, and we compare to it the longi- tude obferved of the 2nd at noon, it will be found that, in forty-eight hours, the progrefs towards the weft was 4** i' : but the progrefs by account is 4° 23' : thus the Ihip appears to have been carried to the eaftward by an unperceived movement or has advanced Icfs to the weftward than her ap. parent progrefs indicated, 22 minutes, or 21 J miles. In the fame fpace of time, (he was carried 7 minutes to the northward, from the 2nd to the 3rd, and 3 minutes to the fouthward, from the 3rd to the 4th : there remains a movement to the northward of 4 minutes, or 4 miles. On combining the effeft of the a6tion of the current, we find that there was an unperceived movement of 2if miles in forty-eight hours, or 10.87 miles, a day, to the eaft 1 1° north. Di/eoveriet in the fouthtm Hemifphert^ by- W. Waies, London, 1788. 4to. iHtroduHmt page x. Mr. Walts gives for the longitude of Ttn'mn zi^" 4' weft from Greenwich, 143° 3 j|' weft from Faris, * NOTE Nov. »79t.] marchand's voyage. NOTE LVIII. 423 9 t vsq ■i-Ci. '^ The longitude deduced from tlie obfervations of the 16th and reduced to noon, is 122° 6'; and on comparing it to the longitude obferved and corrcdlcd of the 4th at noon, it is feen that the progrcfs towards the weft was 22° 7'. It was only 19" 54', according to the dead reck- oning i and the difference 2° 13', or 126 J miles, is the quantity which the (hip was carried to the weftward by an excefs of the real progrcfs beyond the apparent. In the period of twelve days, the effed of the currents on the latitude prefents variations fomc- what confiderablc : from the 4th to the 8th, they > arried the Ihip to the northward 17, 4, 5, and 16 minutes in twenty-four hours j from the 8th touie loth, 9 and 5 minutes to the fouthward; from the loth to the 12th, 7 and 2 minutes to the northward; from the 13th to the 14th, 8 minutes to the fouthward; from the 14th to the 15th, 8 minutes to the northward; laftly from the 15th to the i6th, 16 minutes to the fouthward. After having fubtra^ted the fum of the errors on the one fide, from that of the errors on the other, there remain 21 minutes, or 21 miles to the northward. * Thcfe 21 miles combined with the 1 26^ miie^ towards the weft, produce a compound and un- £ £ 4 perceived m f; \Mm ,! i'l'S 4»'^ MAftCHA«lb*S VOVAf the great of iwhieh is that Voyage: e fouth pbint f»a Seiiy pub- I prefent of inducing latitudes ought jigitudc of the |ch is n6w to vhich we (hall Ide*^ run from the ji ^Sf. 1791'} MAftCMAKO'f VOYAGE. m ^s the San>dv^yci) Ifi^ds CO abreaft of this pioint, 1 obferve tkt €h€ ib«it)i-«aA point of thtf great BoteL'Tabago-Xima is iltuated, according to the 6bfeF^ati6iM iMde in La P£]U>irsB's voyage, of which I tatke tfte Kberty of making ufe by asM^ tlcipation> in 1 1 9** 32' eaft longitude i and {hat> 00 the chart of chtf C/&//M Ssa eenkm&ed in this voy« jge and intended to form a f>8re of the Atl/m^ which will acctymp«ty the narrative, the footh-wrifc point of Formosa is lefs ea^ly than the fonth*' tail point of tht Ghbat Botil, by 53 nrinutes: (he longitude of the point of Voumo&a is therefors lift* 40'' Put on the iSth of November, at noon, the SoLiDE, according to the bearings of the land^ ^3i 12? nnin^itei lefii to the eaftward than the point of FoKMOSA : the longitude of the ibip» at this period, was therefore 11 8* a/ 40". Let us Brft iee what was the error of the dead feekoning in the interval comprifed between the obfervatiom for the longitude made on the 1 6th and the land-fall on the 1 8th. The bngitode deduced from the obfervatiOns |6f^he 16th was (preceding Note) 122^6': that I which was deduced from the bearings of the tSth is 118'' 28' (in round numbers): thus, in the in- terval of forty*cight hours, the Ihip's progrcfs to* I wards the weft was f 38'. But, according to the dead reckoning, this progrefs appeared to be [only 3* 34': and the difference of 4 minutes, or 3-7a PivtJ' m « •1 -:jr 17 minutes, or 17 miles, to the northward. The compound movement of the fliip out of her apparent courfe, was therefore 17.4 miles in two days, or 8.7 miles in twenty-four hours, to the north 12" 30' weft. As the Solide's voyage, on leaving the fouth- weft point of Formosa, no longer prefents any point of comparifon till her arrival at Macao, and as, in fight of this point, the calculations of the dead reckoning, made during this latter part of the run, are redtified, I can fuppofe it terminated on the 1 8th of November; and I (hall examine what was, on making the land of For- mosa, the error of the longitude deduced from the obfervations of the i6th, and what was the error, of the longitude deduced from the dead reckoning . fince her departure from the Sandwich Iflands. The longitude of the Ihip, on the 1 6 th at noonj according to the obfervations made on that day,] of 122° 6' eaft} and the progrcfs by account to- wards the weft, from the i6th at noon, to noofll of the 1 8th, the period of the bearings being! taken o(F the Ifland of Formosa, is 3° 34: thus! the longitude of the Solids, on the i8th at noonl (according to the reckoning . of a courfc of fortyj ciglitl Nov. »791»] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. ig the fouth- prefents any I at Macao, c calculations ing t^is latter :an Cuppofc it ^er; and llball le land of For- [duced from the v,as the error lead reckoning 1 IwicHlflands. ,ici6thatnoon,| ide on that day,| by account to- noon, to noonl bearings bcin&l is 3°34-.H the 1 8th at noon courfe of m 427 eight hours, deduced from the refult of the obfcr- vations of the 16th) was 118" 32'. We have fcen that her true longitude deduced from the bearings was 118* 28': the fuppofed longitude was therefore in error only 4 minutes, or about i| leagues afiem of the true j I fay afi€rHf relatively to the courfe of the fhip which was failing towards the weft. Let us fee, at prefent, what would have been the error on making the land, if, in order to regulate the courfe of the Solide, aftronomical obfervations had not been made ufe of, and if the ignorance of the captain had condemned him to employ only the ordinary methods of navigation. The longitude deduced from the dead reckon- ing from the poirit of departure taken from the Sandwich Iflands, on the ytn of Oflober, was ar the moment of the bearings being taken off the Ifland of Formosa, on the i8th of November, 124" 47': and as we have feen that the true lon- gitude of the (hip, at that period, was 118° 28', it follows that after 41} days* navigation, the longi- tude by account was in error, qfiern (Ance it is eaft) 6° 19', which, in the parallel of the point arrived at, anfwer to a little more than 117 leagues. The following Table prefents the partial errors of the dead reckoning, fuch as they may be reck- oned in each of the periods which divide the run, confidering the refults of the obfervations for the longitude made at the extreme limits of each pe- I riod, as fixed points of comparifon. Periods !:Si 1 1 ^r3 m ■J ^ ■> ! '' ^Ma ■;-.v ill, 4^8 MARCHAND'ft VOYAGE. [Nov. »79«. I *lj *s) Ij 'ij ^ifl *^ 6 o 5 S « - *» ?r n 5- 5-S- &■■- 1- 5,S »» N - -. I* 2. ^ S" 3 3 <► n ** M VM o 1 r* ft-.,?- S s. U ..tr. -. » < 4k «*» V2 M 00 .(^ O 0< 0> a »» 00 00 OK tM >K M SO ^ 00 00 .i! M a: S o er NT H •J M r VI S ? ?r^l 3 S ^ - , < a. ■?! TTTT • i» 6 *• ^^^^ I I I ../. W M Mr O • » • ~ t* r T^* '-■■^—'l l f^.-.— « 9p " rt "3 ^ I u e 1- w 1 |. IT It is feen that, except in the interval from the to the 4th of November, durinfg which the Ihip appa to have been carried to the eajiward*^ the currentsJ This effeft of the currents is extraordinary : perhaps it ougn [Nov. 1791. >9 < > ►1 s PI as o » ? r « or -■ t) P o s r. '-l 2^ a a^ • S, p8 5- ? r-i C 3'2.i c^ 2 6 a s> 5 s. i fr' "•-(Si .1 ; sr- p 8. c if erval from the kh the (bip app(| rf*, the currents) ary : perhaps it ouolj Nov. 179 1. J MARCHAND's VQVACf.. 4«» all the other periods of the run, conftantly fet to the wejlward. The fum of the imperceptible movements towards that fide, deducing that which was made towards the ^aft, amounts to 6' 19, or ,151-6 miles. If this quantity be divided by the number of the days, 41I, it will be found that the mean cffeft of the currents carried the Ihip to the weftward 8.4 miles in twenty-four hours. It is well known that this movement of the waters, from eaft to weft, is conftant between the tropics, in crolTing the Great Ocean. be attributed to ah error in the obfervations of tlie znd or m thofe of the 4th. It has be^n feen (page 420) thati but fior tt«B corrcAior) which it was thought proper to make, and which is juftified by the precifion of the land-fall on Formofa, the eifeft would have been 43 minutes or about 42 miles to two dayf, or 7 leagues in twenty-four hours. Perhaps too, U' we obfe;rve that it took place between the 148th and the 144th meridian, on approaching the Mary-Anne lilands, fituated in 14J» 30', we might fuppofe that the waters, after having been im|>elled \iy the general current, and heaped up, if we imy uib tibii con- pari&n, in the great gulf which fpreads between the Jfland» of Japan and thofe of Neta Guinea, flow back in a contrary direAion, and crofling the archipelago of the Mary-A^nme liLmdfi, the range of wluch extends on a meridian, acquiix, by iheir csnfineraent in the channels between thofe iilands, a velocity , towards the eaft, which is full as far as 4 or 5 degrees beyond the meridian of that archipelegp. I prefent this idea only as a Md ^ouje^re. SEVENTH i .1 m I i A ': . I ■ ■.♦, 'M .f^ ! i ,; \l'. ■■ M' ■ ■■"▼ i"M ii'i^'i "V'n. ■'torn. '■ KJ 489 ^ARCHANO*S VOYAGE. [Nov. |;9i. SEVENTH RUN, * i^rom MACAO to the IJle of FRANCE. NOTE LX. -,,,( It has iSccn fccn in the Narrative, that the SoLiDE having failed from Macao on the 6th of December, on the nth made the iflots called the Two Brothers, and fucccffively the group of Pulo-Sapata: this unexpefted land-fall, at the time when Captain Marchand reckoned that he had ftill a rather long run to make before he fhould be near enough to perceive them, gave him reafon to think that they are carried too far to the wcftward, in regard to Macao, on the Chart of the Ckim Sea, publiflied in 1771 by Alex- ander Dalrymple, and on the copy which D'Apres has given of it 'in the fecond edition of his Neptune Oriental, As it is by this chart that all the French navigators regulate their courfe in this fea, I have conceived that it would be ufcful to examine the queftion ; to fee whether the modern voyages did not furnifh us wit1i data fufficient for determining, with the precifion required for the fafety of navigation, the difference of meridian which ought to be admitted between Macao and Pulo-Sapata, and to compare to it that at which thefe two points are placed on Mr. Dalrymple's chart. I. Bayly, N'ov. 1791*] marchand's voyage. 41V I. Bayly, the aftronomer, in Cook's third voy- age, obferved diftances of the fun and moon, iiv theXvPA (Macao Road) on the md, the 28th> and the 29th December 1779, ^^ °^ '^^ '3'^ of January 1780. Thefe four fets of obfervationt furnifhed him >vith fixteen particular refults, the extremes of which differ 52 minutes. On com- bining thefe fixteen refults with thofe of the lunar obfervations which he had taken at fca, before and after the (hip's* arrival in the Typa, and which h£ reduced to this road by means of a good chrono- meter, he, by a mean between all thefe refults, fixed the longitude of the Typa at 113** 37' i^" eaft from Greenwich*: and as, according to the fame aftronomer, the town of Macao is more cafterly than the Typa by i minute f, it refults that, according to his obfervations, the longitude of Macao is 1 13" 38' 15" f. Lunar obfervations, made at the fame period in the Typa by different officers belonging to the Resolution, furnifhed thirty-fix other refults the extremes of which differ i® 45' 30*' j and the mean rcfult, after having been combined with that of fourteen other obfervations, made before and after the (hip's arrival, gave for the longi- tude of the Typa 113° 48' 34'' eaft from Green- wich } and 113° 49* 34" for that of Macao. * The original aftronomieal eh/ervattont made in a 'vojage t» the Northtnt Pacific Ocean, By W. fiayly. page 77.- t Ihtdt page 76. X Ibid, page 78. The m^ ' '' ';' ■ i I '^i 48» •lAKCHAND't VOYACC. [Moy. i 79*' T "The oeaa ^tween ,thc mean reiuks of two fets «f obftrviatioas mode in Coox'a voyage, would tiieiteforeibc fiw Macao 113® 45^ 54f* : but as the obiervadons of che ^vfi fet agree better with each •Cher than chofe of the fecMid, it is expedient to place greater confidenoe in them { and we may ftdmit for the tiuaM refult of the two fets ^ 113^40' eaft from Greenwich. ' We fliay alio detiermine the longitiidr of Macao by its diffcrenGe of meridian (from Cavton. 2. Gf tbt China Sea iiTji) gives an -aocount of various oibrcrvaeiofis from which he bas determined the longitude of Canton*: ^ the obirervations.of the Bon, Thom as How£, (Determined by the emerfion of Jitter's firft fatellite) "3" 33' oo* Pitto of Captain Joseph Huodart (emerfion of Jupiter's firft fatellite) 113 16 00 B^agreat number pfohfervations made by J^EN^tY Br,own, during his long refidence at Cantonj as Supercargo 113 10 co By th^ obfervations of Captain 1«estoc<& WuiSON, by time-keepo* made ,by Arnold...^ ^ ii3 21 15 ■ ■ -t The rtii i Noy. i79«« >f two fets igc, would but as the r with each ocpcdient to nd we tnay ets, 113' 40' ,( of Macao .STTON. xccUcnt Me- )t elucidation m Kt 1 ' I, ! ■ ■' ■ ' f Him n •««' '-# 'it ■'ir^^ 434 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Nov. »79<. If we add this diflfercnce to the longitude o{ Canton 113° 13' caft from Greenwich, we fhall have for the longitude of Macao (in round uum- bcrs) 113*30'. We had, farther back, by the obferva- tions in Cook's voyage. ^ij' 40' Longitude of MACAO by a mean 113 3 r (or III" 14' 45'', and in*' 15' in round numbers, caft from the meridian of Paris*.) 3. The third voyage of Captain Cook furnifhes us with obfervations which may ferve to determine the difference of meridian between Macao and Pulo-Sapata. The obfervations of the aftronomer Bayly, and a chronometer whofe rate was afcertained feven days before at Macao, gave for the lon- gitude of Pulo-Sapata eaft from Greenwichj 109° 16', and thofe of Captain King i09*io't: the mean is 109° 13': ' '* ■ ' ■ And ° 15' in the FrencH century by Father Fontenayt a Jefuit, for which there were na correfpondent obfervations in Europe. % G. Robertjbn's Memoir, page 9. • The longitude of Macao is likewife 1 1 1 nautical almanac or Connaijance dei Temps; but the refultwaj obtained by another means; for it has been feen (preceding Note) that it places Canton about 10 minutes lefs to the eaftward than the determination which we have adopted. + The Original AJironom'ieal Oh/eriations, &c. page 351. \ Cook's third 'vojage, Vol. III. page 449. King fays that his obfervations compared with Mr. Bayly's time-keeperJ placei Dec. 1791.] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. 435 And as it has been feen (farther back. Remark lit) that the mean refult of all the obfervations of Cook's vovage made in the Typa, placed Macao 113® 40' call from Greenwich, it follows that the chronometer indicated for the difference of me- ridian of PULO-SAPArjy 4° 27' weft from MA- CAO, We may feek this difference by another me- thod. The obfervations made in the third voyage of Captain Cook during the ftay of the Resolution and Discovery at Pulo-Condore, give us for tht longitude of that ifland * : By a mean between 49 refults of obfervations of the moon's diftancc from the fun or ftars (the extremes differing i"'23'i5") made by Captain King and another ofHcer, we have for the Ion* gitude of PuLo-CoNDORE cafl from Green- WiCH 106° 18' 46'' if Ml"'. ■ anw: 111 f 1 ,5'intheFtencli '. but the refult was I ien fccn (ptecedingi ,lef»totheeaftwd| >tcd. L, &c. page 35'- re 449. ^'«^ ^''1 \Bayiyi time-keepetl ■^ plac 31' 38" :rn diffev- regard to 2 39 CO 2 35 ^5 .Vian to the 31' 3^"' ^<^ i,0-SAPATA, it to that o, which is ,e (ball find us for deter- lERTSON fur- Chart oji^i longitude of obfcrvationsi difference of pages 79 a"^ 35' meridian Dec. »79i»] marchand's voyage. 437 meridian from Pulo-Sapata: we may thence deduce the longitude of the latter j and on com- paring it with the longitude which we have given for Macao, we fhall find for their difference of meridian: - : ■ For the longitude of Pulo-Aor, eaft from Greenwich, according to Mr. William Brown^ 1767, fun and moon, mean of 3 obfer- vations 104' 35' Captain Joseph Hud dart, by chrono- meter * 104 40 Cocx's third voyage, by a chronometer regulated at Macao 19 days before. BvBayly's obfervationsf 104* 43'. . 7 By thofe of King, &c. J 104 40 . . 3 Captain Wilson, from Macao, by chronometer 104 40 * Ditto from Batavia, ditto 104 40 George Robertson, from Madras, by chronometer 104 36 By a mean between 7 Refults : Longitude of PULO'AOR, eaft from GRELN- mCH 104 38t Or rather in adhering to the four refults which agree to a minute 104 40 But, according to the account of G. Robert- * Robertfin's Memoir, ^jage 20. + The Original Aftronomical Obfervations, page 3 -J I, + Cook's third voyage. Vol. Ill, page 466, F F 3 ' SON, :'■ V. m M liSI *(«■■?■':'} ■■'■ 43* MARCKANO's VOYAGE. [Dec. 179J. SON, page 7 of his Memoiry " by admitting Vv- " LO-AuRo's extreme eaftern longitude 104* 40' " from it up to Pulo-Sapata, the meridian " diftance is 4® 14' meafured by a wcll-regu- " lated ^ox-chronometer, made by Arnold, ** having this advantage of the iftands bearing " due north, when the altitudes for time were '• made, fo that no error could arife in the efti- *' mation of diftance, which is more frequently " the caufe of difference in obfervation, than any " error in the oblcrvations themfclves*." If we add the 4* 14' meridian diftance to the longitude of Pulo-Aor, which we have fixed at 104* 40', we fliall have for the longitude of Pu- lo-Sapata, eaft from Greenwich, io3* 54'. And, on comparing this longitude to that which we have adopted for Macao, 113' 35 'eaft from Green wiCH, we ftiall have for the difference ofms. ridianfrom Pulo-Sapata 4°4i'weft from Macao. Wc have therefore three refults for this differ- ence of meridian : The firft, by the obfervations of Cook's third voyage, made at Macao and Pulo- Sapata (page 435) 4* 27' The fecond, by the longitude of Pu- lo-Sapata, deduced from that of PuLO-CoNDORE, and compared to our longitude of Macao (page 436) 4 34 * G, Roberl/on'i Memoir, page 7. The ►cc. 179*. ting Pu- 104* 40' meridian jveU-regu- Arnold, ds bearing time were ^n the efti- . frequently ,n, than any » • kancc to the lave fixed at ttudc of Pu- io3' 54'- to that which 35'eaft from fercnce of nw- from Macao. for this difFer- f Cook's third •ULO- 4 ^1 Pu- lat of red to Ic 436) 4 34 kge?- w dec. i79»'] marchand's voyage. 439 The third, by the longitude of Pulo- Sapata, deduced from that of Pu- LO-AoR, and compared to that i, which we have admitted for Macao (as above) 4 41 The difference of meridian between Pulo - SAPArj and Macao, by a mean between all, will be 4 34* 4. Let us now compare this difference of me- ridian, the mean refult of a great number of ob- fcrvations combined in which the errors of the one muft have compenfated for thofe of the other, with the difference which the Chart of the China Sea by Mr. Dalrymple has given between Pulo- Sap ATA and Macao. On this chart, Macao is placed 3* 22' 30'', and Pui,o-Sapata 8° 57' weft from the meri- • The abfolute longitude of Pulo-Sapata eaft from Green- vi'ich, deduced from the various differences of meridian weft from Macao will be as follows, admitting Macao to be 1 13° 35' eaft from Greentuich : ^ f o , By the ift difference 427 109 8 By the 2nd 4 41 108 54 By the 3rd 4 34 109 I Longitude of Pulo-SapatOt by a mean 1C9 i Diflerencc of meridian, by a mean 4 34 Longitude of Macao 113 35 Robert/on, in his Table of Pofitions (page 81 of his Me. *oir) places Macao in 113'' 30' — Pulo.Sapata in 108" 55'; jnd on his Chart of the China Sea, Macar 's laid down in "3° 30'j and PrJo-Sapata in i®8° 52'; the ch 'rence of Me- jidians is by the Tab/e, 4° ?J, and by the CAart, 4" 32'. F F 4 dian mm I .ft ' , ' A- r i I ^i'M :* 44° , MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dcc. iy^i, dian of the Ifland of Banguey : thus Pulo-Sa- PATA is there laid down 5° 24' 30" weft from Macao: but as this difference of meridian ought, according to the obfervations, to be only 4'' 34', the error of the pofition of Pulo-Sapata, in regard to Macao, on Mr. Dalrvmple's chart, would therefore be 50^ minutes, which this ifland is there carried too far to the weft ward. ' In attributing this error to the chart, I fup- pofe, as I ought, that the difference of meridian between the two points compared, fuch as I have deduced it from a mean between feveral refults of obfervations, is fufficiently exaft j but it may be remarked that the Solids having failed from Macao, and made a diredl courfe in order to get fight of PiJlo-Sapata, fell in^with it much fooner than (he ought to have done, if the difference of meridian was as great as it is on Mr. Dal- UYMPLE*s Chart; and the calculation of d.e So- li de's run, regard being had to the effedl of the currents, gives this difference nearly the fame as that which refults from the obfervations: moll afTuredly, this is not a decifive proof of the ex- adnefs of this determination -, bv it is at lead an additional prcfumption which muft induce French navigators who fha)l rpake ufe of Dalrymple's chart (or that of D'Apres. which is the Copy of it), for regulating their courfe in going from Macao to Pulo-Sapata, to keep a good look- out Dec. 1791. Pulo-Sa- tvcft from lian ought, ►nly 4" 34> APATA, in le's chart, 1 this ifland ■ lart, I fur- of meridian :h as 1 have ral refultsof It it maybe failed from order to get much fooner he difference ,n Mr. Dal- ,n of the So- effeft of the the fame as ations: moft ,of of the ex- is at lealt an nducc French IDalrymple's is the Copy of going fron^ a crood look- OUi Dec. 1791'] marchand's voyage. 44« out when the chart places their (hip, at no more the » a degree to the caftward of that ifland. I obferve that, as it is probable that the iflots The Two Brothers have been fubjeftedon the chart to the pofitionof PuLO-SAPATA,thcy ought to be carried with the ifland about 50 minutes to the eaftward. ." French feamen will not have thcfe correftions to make, if they ufe the Chart of the China Sea publiflied by G. Robertson, which has been conftruftcd from the obfcrvations which the Eng- li(h navigators have multiplied fo ufcfully in thefe latter times, and which require to be fo ftill in order to fix with the fame certainty the relative pofition of that confiderable number of fcattered iOots, overfalls, and dangers of all kinds which obftruft the China Sea. If there is matter for aftonifliment, it is that Mr. Dalrymple (hould have been able to make fo good a chart as that which he publifhed in 1771, with courfes and diftances by account, always fo uncertain in the midft of currents, and yet thefe were the only data that he then had at his difpofal. Since the difcuffion into which I have entered, in order to fucceed in determining the difference of meridian of Pulo-Sapata in regard to Macao has led mc to inquire into the pofitions of fome points of the China Sea, it will not be ufelcfs 10 French navigators who neither poflefs G Ro- bertson's m 44* MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. «79>. bertson's Memoir nor Chart, to compare the pofitions which I give to thefc points, both with thofe which he afligns to them in his Table, and with thofe which are to be found in the Connais- SANCE PES Temps (Nautical Almanac) of the year VIII of the French era. o K) O oo M -N •- O «^ o u> o > o to u, ^ O o Co Is, r a* • n O ^J SO CO O o Co OO t O O vo 8^ » M P H en O o to la O O o •^ to O o o Co GO O O o «^ 8 to 10 o to » a ;^- n m ^ i 01 z • o I. Macao, ■JOS. tFirft t The " By a ni " meridian !)ec. tj^^''] marchand's voyage. 443 I. Macao. The latitude which is given to it in the Connaiffance des Temps is 11° 12' 44"} and according to a note which was formerly commu- nicatcd to me by Citizen Mechain, Aftronomer of the Navy, Member of the National Inftitutc and of the Board of Longitude pf France, it appears that this latitude is founded on the me- ridian altitude of the fun, taken in the College, on the 17th of June 1685, by Father Thomas, a Jefuit, with a gnomoii of 48 feet*. Father Gouie f made it only 22° 12' 14"} but Father Chaus- SEAUME, who obferved this latitude at the College of St. Paul, in the fummer folftice of 1753, by a gnomon of 25 ktti carefully fet up, found it 22" 12' 40": and in 17 12, Fathers Ur em an and d'Aicui had found it 22° 13' 00". The obfervations made in Cook's third voyage gave for the latitude of the Typa 22° 9' 22"; and W. Bayly fays that the Typa is lefs north- erly than Macao by 3 minutes: the latitude of Macao would therefore be 22° 12' 22''. I know not why, according to the fame data, W. Bayly has made it only 22° 12' 00" J. G. Ro-» .;.1, m Mi 444 MAKCHAND's voyage. [Dec. 1751, G. Robertson (page 3 of his Memoir) has made it from his own obfervations 22° 12' 00', and he fays that they have been corroborated by thofc of Captains Fraser, Gumming, and others. If wc take a mean between the feven deter- minations which I have juft mentioned, we Ihall have 22° 12' 31'' for the north latitude of Macao j and this it is which I have adopted. ' I have determined its longitude at 111° 15'co" eaft from Paris (page 434 of this Vol.) by a mean between the refult of the obfervations made at Canton, and that of the obfervations made in the Typa, by W. Bayly, Captain King> and fcveral officers belonging to the Resolution. I remark that this determination agrees v ith that in the Comaijfance des TempSt obtained by a very different method : for in the Note communicated to me by Citizen Mi: chain, it is mentioned that the longitude inferted in the Connaijfance des Temps is determined from ancient obfervations of eciipfes of the moon, of the 30th of Novem- ber 1686, and of the 21ft of November 1695, obferved ac Macao by -the Jefuits. But I am very far from pretending that this agreement, '• quadrant, and Hadley's fextant, the latitude of the 'Pypa is « 22° 9^ 22" north, and that of Macao harbour by the town ** 22" 12' north. The Tjpa is 3 mileij fouth from the town, " and it is one mile weft of it." which Dec. »79»-] marchand's voyagf,. 445, which is due only to chance, ftrengtllens the de- termination which I have adopted : every one knov's what little reliance is to be placed on the refults of the moon's eclipfes, dill lefs on obferva- tions which are dated a century ago. Roe-rtson's longitude differs from mine by J minutes in dcfedl, but, to obtain it, he em- ployed only the obfervations made at Canton with the difference of meridian of Macao in regard to this former city j whereas I have thought that the longitude of Macao fhould be made to participate in the numerous obfervations which were made in the Tvpa in Cook's third voyage. Thelongitude which Dagelet has deduced from his obfervations made at Macao is iii° 19 30'' caft from Paris, that is,i4°3o' more to the eaft- ward than the determination on which I have fixed, and 9° 45' more than that adopted by Ro- bertson. 2. PuLO-CoNDORE. In ROBERTSON'S Mcmoir, I page 8, it is feen that the latitude of this ifland is between 8° 38' and- 8" 40' j and he has fixed it at 8° 40', in his Table of Pofttions. That which ihave adopted is the fame, and this is the latitude given by the obfcrvation of the fun's meridian jaititude, taken with fextants, at Pulo-Condore, Iby W. Bayly, and by Captain Kino and other lofficers belonging to the Resolution, on the pft, 26th, and 27th of January 1780 : the mean refult ''if-' :'■■;■"■ ' I '^l '■. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 L£12.8 ■^ 1^ |2.2 U£ 12.0 lU u m m U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences CorporatiGn ^ ^\ ■s^ ^v <^ « 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5M (716) •72-4503 v\ % 446 marchamd's voYAdi. [Dec. 1791. refult woul# even be rather abbve than below As for the longitude, I do not difier a quarter of a minute of a degree from that in the Cm. lunjfance des temps, but 13 minutes 38 feconds from that which Robertson has given in his l^abk of Pojitions* He ftys (page 8 of his Memoir) *< that, by the ** chronometers in the Resolution, Pulo-Gon- DORS lies in longitude 106*18' eaft of Green- ** wicH, 1** 4a' eaft of PuLO-AoR j 2* 4' eaft of . *• PuLO-TiMOAU i and a* 5 'weft of PulcSa- <* pata:" and he fixes on the longitude of 106* i^ ' oo' eaft fix>m GitBBNWtcH. It appears that Robertson has adhered to the I mean refult of 49 fets of lunar obfervations made at PttLO-CoNDORK by Captain King and other officers belonging to the Resolution, which is] 106* 18' 46'': but the mean refult of the 22 ob- fervations by the aftronomer Bayly, is 106*44' 29'il and I have had the more reafon to take the ineanl between the two diean refuks, as, if the one peared to deferve a preference to the other^ i^ would be that of Bayly, fince the extremes on his as individual refults differ between them ool^ o* 40' 7', while the extremes of the 49 partici refults of thr obfervations in the Resolution dif-l I • See Tie triguial mftmumlcal ab/trvatmt, &c. By W| ^fly» P«ge*o. Dec. 1791O mahchandV voyage. 447 for 1* 23' 15'*. I have therefore placed ?ulo- CoNDORB, according to the mean of the refults of all the obfervations made in the harbour of that illand in Cook's voyag^, in 106*^31^38^ eaft from GiiEBNWicH^ or 104* 11' 23^ eail from Pakis. In the Iheet No 51 of the fupplement to the fecond edition of D'ApRis' Neptune Oriental, is a plan of PuLO»CoNDORB i and under the title, fiands a note which may lead into error fuch French navigators as are acquainted only with this Neptune for directing their route in the feas of Asia : « this ^fUmd (it is there faid) is Jituated " in 8? 40' and^^' north latitude, end 103° 40' weft " knfftude /rem the meridian ef Paris .*" the firft ofthefe latitudes is the true one; but the longi- tude indicated is too fmaU by at leaft two-thirds if a degree, 3. PuLo-AoR. The latitude which I give to it is the fame as that in the Comutijfance des Temps ; and each is the mean refult of the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage. That of RoBBRTSON differs from it by upwards dXtwehe minutes in de/eSli and this difference is too great in a determination in latitude, for us not to have reafon to be furprifed at it, and to be * Tit trigmal afinmmieal tifirvatms, Stc page 351. apprehcn(iv& 4i« MARCHAND'S voyage. [Dec. 1791. apprehenfive of an error on the, one fide or the other. RoBBRTSON fays in his Memoir (page 9), that the latitude of Pulo-Aok is between 2* 29 and 2* 30' north; in his ^able.of Ppjitions (page 77) we findalfo 2" 30'; and the ifland is laid down on his chart in 2'^3o': thus> there is no error of the prels. But W. Bayly, in his Table of Pqfitionsj gives for the latitude of Pulo-Aor, according to his own obfervations 2^ 44^00'': and according to thpfc of Kino, 2® 40' 00^ j mean 2* 42' 00" : and Captain Kino, in the narrative of the voyage fays that, on the 31ft of January 1780, " at nine « o'clock in the evening, the weather being thick *' and hazy, and the fhips having outrun their •* reckoning from the cffed of fomc current, «* we were clofe upon Pulo-Aor, In latitude " 2* 46' oof" north, before we were well aware of "it*;" thus,, neither is there here an error of the prcfs. On which (ide lies the miftake? I dare not pronounce. I remark, however, that Robert- son merely fays that the latitude of Pulq-Aor is between 2® 29', and 2° 30' north j but he nei- ther quotes the obfervation nor the obierver ; and as he is tolerably exa6t, and with reafon, in quot- ing both, when the determination is founded on Cook't third voyifje. Vol. III. pages 463 and ^64. an. Dec. 1791*] ua&chamb'i voYxei* 44f an obienracioii, it may be fiippoled that h^ knew of none that could fix the latitude of Pulo- AoR*. Perhaps, for want of an obfenration, he has taken the latitude of this ifland from Mr. Dalrymplh'* Otitrt cf the China Sea, where it is placed, as well as on the charts Nqs. 47 and 49, 2nd of the fupplement of the and edition of D'APRts* Neptune Orient§lt in the fame latitude as that afllgned t^ it by Robbrtsoh. We muft requeft the navigators who frequent this fea to afcertain, whenever they have an op^ portunity, which of the two pofitions is the true one. 4. PvlO'Safata. My latitude, which will be found conformable to that given in the Cnmsijance iei Tempi, is the mean refult of the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage ; 10*^ 4' oo' by thole of KiNof* and by thoie of Bayi.y(» 10^ $' marchand's voyage. [Dec. i79«' '* /atisfaSlory obkrvAtioM to be io° i' 30^ north j" but as he neither adds whether thcfe obfcrva- tions were made by hinifelf, npr by whom they were made, I have thought it my duty to ad- here to thofc the obfcrvcrs of which aie known; and I have placed Pulo-Sapata in 10° 4' 30" ^ north latitude. It is in 10" 00' on Dalrymple's Chart of the China Sea, and on the copy which D'Apres has given of it. In order to fix the longitude of this ifland, Robertson has had regard only to its mean dif- fere nee of meridian, 2° 55' 00^ with rcfpeft to Pulo-Condore; which he places according to the obfervations made in Cook's voyage, in 106" ift'co'' eaftfromGREENWicH, or i03°57'45'' caft from Paris, which would give 108° 53' oo* eaft from Greenwich for Pulo-Sapata: how- ever, in his Table of Pqfitions he. carries it to 108° 55.' 00', or 106* 34' 45^ eaft from Paris. He' 3dds (page 7 of his Memoir) that " there is " little doubt of its true longitude being fomc- " where within io8' 53' and. 109* eaft from " Greenwich." ' In placing Pulo-Sapata io6* 40' 45'' eaft fropi Paris or 109** 1' 00'' eaft from Green- wich, I do not recede from the opinion of Ro ' b'ertson i but I obtain this reitilt by making th. longitude of Sap at a depend on the longitudes obferved of .Macao, Pulq-Condori:, and Pii- . . to-AoRi 6 Dec. i79»0 marchahd's voYACF^ 4^1 LO-AoR, and taking a mean between the three, determinations which refult from the dilTerence^ of meridian obfervtd between Fulo-Sapata an4 each of the three other points (page ^33 of ^his Vol. Note to NOTE LXI. On examining the diftance and the bearing of the iflots called The Two Brothers witli refpeft to Pulo-Sapata, on the Chart of the China Sea by Alexander Dalrymple, and on I the Gejieral Chart of the PForU, conftrufted by Lieutenant Roberts to accompany the narrative of Cook's third voyage, we, find a fomewhat confiderable difference rcfpefting the relative po- fitlon which ^ the two charts have given to the iflots and the ifland. On Dalrymple's chart. The Two Brothers are fituated at the diftance of 33 miles, to the north 17° wefi of the largeft of the Pulo-Sa- PATA.: and according to Roberts's chart, that would be to the north about 40^ eaji, and at a greater diftance than according to the former, by 10 or 15 miles, as far as the fmallnefs of the divifions of the fcale admit of its being eftimated. The bearings which were taken on board the SoLiDE in fight of the iflots dnd in fight of the iflmd, the.courfe which fhe followed in order to repair from one point of bearing to the other, « G 2 and m'VM ,.-:m 4ii MAtCttANO'S VOYAGE. [Oec. 1791. ind the number of leagues which fhe ran on this eouHe> furnilh us with the data necelTary for determining, by approximation, the relative pofi. ddn of The Two Brothers and P\jlo.Sa- FATA. On the nth at forty minutes paft four o'clock in the afternoon. The Two Brothers bore weft by fouth, at the diftance of about 5 leagues or 25 miles: thus, comparatively to the point where the bearings were uken they were 2.9 miloi more to the fouthward, and 14.7 miles more to the weftward than the (hip. At three quarters paft midnight, the largeft of •the Pulo-Sapata bore diredtly weft, diftant 5 miles. On reducing into a fingle courfe all thofe which the SoLiDE ran in the interval from one bearing to another *, we find that (he made 18.5 miles fouthtng and 3.25 miles eafting^ But I remark that, on cdmparing the latitude obfervedon the nth a( noon (Journal of the Route) ii' 14', with that of Pulo-Sapata (on the parallel of which the fliip was at the moment of the bearing being taken at three quarters . hours. milet. • Fram 4| to 5 $!W 40 S. . s.o From 5 to 6 SWbjr S. . 6.f Fran 6 to 7 SSE ( E. . 1.2$ Frmn 7 to 8 SE J>y S. .• i .5 houn. ntlci. From 8 to 9 SSE i.; From 9 to 11 SE. 6« From II to 12 SEbyS.. 3.0 1 From 11 to nl SSE .... i.i midnight, Dec. 1791>] MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. 458 midnight), that is to fay, with^io* V jo'S it is leen that, from lioon to three quarters paft mid- night, the (hip's real progrefs towards the fouth had been i** 9'3c/, or 69.5 miles: and, as accord- ing to the dead reckoning, the apparent progrefs towards the fame fide, and in the fame interval of time, had been only 41.5 miles f} it follows that the dead reckoning had been in error at miles, in the fpace of i2i hours; and propor- donably, in the fpace of 8 hours and 5 minutes, dapfed between the time of caking the fufk bear- ing and that of taking the fecond, the error muft have been 17.74 miles: adding this latter quan- tity to. 18.5 miles apparent progrels towards the fouth, we fliall have the real oir cprrefled pro- gre6, in the interval from one bearing to thie odier, 36.24 miles. The parallel of the point whence the fecond bearing was taken, which is the parallel q£ Pu- lo-Sapata, b therefore U& c^therly than the 1< •' •i * Acooiding to tfaejoUervatiam tmAt in CmI*! liari voyagt (pige iji of the cpUei^i^) the ]«|tila4e ot Pmh^t^f ti, according to Ki»g 16" 4' \ aocQcdiiy to Bgfif 16^ 5'; by a oeui 10' 4j' t From noon to 40 nunottt pA four •'dock on the nth itlie ^rfes had lieen S|W ap im^t and SW. 4" S. 4 milei, which gives 23 nules foothi^g, aiid at the )pv(igfefs towaida tluifame fide 661B 40 qunutes paft 4 to three ^banen paft nid- oight had been 1 8.5 miki, that the whole of the ppo^cfi fiRtn iWi|o,tM«c t9Vlcn pjifl^liidi^t, was 41.5 pi^ 003 parallel 454 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Dcc. 1791. parallel of the point whence the firft was taken, by 36.24 miles ) but The Two Brothers were Jefs northerly than the point of the firft bearing by 2.9 miles : they are therefore more north- erly than Pulo-Sapata, by 36.24 miles minus 2.9 miles, or 33 34 miles. Admitting the progrefs towards the caft, in the interval of the two bearings, from 40 mi- nutes paft four o'clock to three quarters pad twelve, fuch as it is given by the run by account, the point of the former is more wefterly than that of the latter by 3.25 miles: and as Pu- lo-Sapata is more wefterly than that of the - latter^ by 5 miles, it is more wefterly than that of the former, by 1.75 miles. But The Two Brothers are more wefterly than the point of the former bearing by 14.7 miles; therefore they are more wefterly than Pulo-Sapata, by 13 miles in round numbers. On the other hand, we have feen that the Two Brothers arc more northerly than Pulo- Sapata, by 33.34 miles : on combining this | quantity which they are more to the wcftward with that which they are more to the northward j ^than the ifland, it will be found th^tTHETwoj Brothers are with refpcdt to the great Pulo- SIapata, north 21° 20' weft, and at the diftance| of 35I miles. This relative pofition dldTcrs from that givenl A . theml Dec. 1791*] marchamd's voyage. i6S them by Dalrymple's chart, which places the iflots to the north 17" wfji of the ifland, and at the diftancc of 23 miles. Although by the method , which I have cm- ployed for afcertaining this pofition, there can be qbtained only a refult of approximation, that refult, however, is fufficiently cxaift for conclud- ing with certainty, that thefe two points are bet- ter placed, with regard to each other, on Dal- rymplb's chart than on that conftrudled by Ro- berts for Cook's voyages, fince on the latter, we fee The Two Brothers fituated at the diflance of 40 or 50 miles, to the north 40° eaji of the great Pvlo-Sapata. JV. B, The remarks which Captain Mar- chano and Captain Chanal had an opportunity of making on the ftrength and direction of the currents in the China Sea, till they quitted that Sea by the Strait Between Banca and Billiton and that of Sun da, are to be found in the Nar- uriyE itfelf, under the dates of the 15th, z8th, }9th, and %^t\i of December. >i I Hi ' <} .^-M «^^ MAHCHAKfi*! VOTAM. [Dee. 1791. NOTE LXn. JNJLrSIS 0/ iht geturtH Qmt tf tUivf StraUs JShtattd betwtm tbe^Umdcf BANCA mid that 9/ BILLTTON, kmwn h tbi nme pf GAS. PAR'S STRAJT mui CLEMENTS' STRAIT, "ttHtbJiuJmg diftBim rthHw f tiftHnf^u, (See the general chttt ^lau FIT, ind the par. ttcular Chart Piate VflfJ, Thie eaft coaft of the Ifland if lAvt^ nd the weft coaft of the Ifland of Bn.uTOK ktn between them a larg^ paiTage idiich wts it firft known only by the name of Gaipaii^s Strait, becaufe D'Apr£s d» Mannbvillbttb piibttihcd, in 1775, commanding the fliips Trit<>n, Pioyencb, an^ Sasittairb, wfio .palled through the wist Pai- SACi, ingoing to CtiitrA, in 1784, aad on his retom in 1795: he has Rimexed to it yiews of the land and « lew remarks. The thfiXlis thatof Captain Listock Wilsok, sn £ngU(fanian commanding the ffaip Car9iatiCj coming fromCifiNAtn 17^97: Mr. DALRYMPj.i£ has publifhcd it in His -eelle^Uon «(f PiaRS, and hfts printed -the journal and obfepvations'.of Captain Wilson, in his cetteftion of Mmms, hcc. This chart deierves particular attention, becaufe ^ intefligetit and enHghteoed aavigaior by whom it was Id I II WA m > 'h 4j8 MARCHAND's voyage. [Dec. i;qi. was conftrufted, has there drawn all the angles of bearing infcrtcd in his journal, to which the chart is faithfully fubjeded i and the different points are conneded with each other by trigonometrical ope- rations : wc remark above all that frequently, from the fame llation, two points arc fet by each other or by oppofitc jhumbs : as, for inftance, one point by another, north by eafti orelfe, a point north by caft, at the fame time that he fet another fouth by weft : and it is well known that bearings of this fort are the only ones which, for fixing relative pofitions, prefcnt an inconteilable cxadnefs. The fourth chart is that of Captain John Pas- cal Larkins, commanding the (hip Warren Hastings, coming from China in 1788; it was publifhcd in the coUedtion of Mr. Dalrvmple's plans, and the Journal, in his coUedlion of Me- moirs. I wifli it were in my power to beftow the /ame nraife on this chart as on that of Captain Wilson i but it is feldom found to agree with the Journal, according to which it ought tO/havc been conftruded i and the lands on it feem fcattered and reprcfented at random : fortunately, his jour- nal furnilhes data which may be employed very ufefully in the plan of Gaspar's Strait. The fifth, in fhort, is the chart which was conftruded in 17911 by Captain Chanal, and the Engineer Le Brun, on board the ihip So- LiOEj commanded by Captain Marchand, com* ing Dec. 179 ing from be founc yfGE vol of Dccei We hi SAGE j ar The fi command already fa tempted ii SAGE, and of his nat distinguifh par's Str flruftcd by ployed on I sittart* pubJi/hcd 1788, RoBl ^iid Clement. of latitude, of marine fame year, of Banca, \ Aect on a both are dra navigators from thi] * Thi$ is a Dec. 1791-] MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. 459 jngfrom China, and the data of which arc to be found in the N/IRRATWE OF THE VOT~ AGE vol. I. at the date of the 2i(t, 2 2nd, and 23rd of December, 1791. We have but thiec plans of the East Pas- sage i and they can^ be reckoned only as two. The firft is that of Captain John Clements, commanding a fleet of Indiamen : he is, as I have already faid, the firft known navigator who at- tempted in 1781 to pafs through the £as.t Pas- sage, and ftruck out this new track to the (hips of his nation. The name of Clements' Strait distinguifhes it from the West Passage or Gas- par's Strait. The plan of this Strait was con- ftrudted by George Robertson, an officer cm- ployed on board the Commodore's Ihip, the Van- sittart*} Mr. Dalrymplc was the firft who publifhed it, in his ColUSiion in 1786: and, in 1788, RoBE^iiTSON brought out a Plan of Gajpar's aiid Clements' Straits together, without any fcalc of latitude, like that of 1786, but with a fcale of marine miles of 2i lines to a mile. In the fame year, he publifhed a chart of the Straits of Baneay Gafpar, and Clen^pnts, united in the ian^ iheet on a fcale of fix inches to a degree. On both are drawn the tracks of the difi^erent Englifli navigators who have palTcd through thefe Straits. From this expofition of Robertson's labour, * Thl$ is a miftake : though Robertson was on board th Vmjiuartt the ConUDbdore's (bip was the Glattm, Trar^atotm I which \l"u 4^ MARCHiUlo'f VQyAOI. [!><£• 179^ which appears to have been performed with equal care and intelligence, it feems that it might have befsn fuflBcieot to copy his chart or his plan, and to add to it the track of the Frt^ich aavigators j hut I hope that the feameo who fhall read the analyfis of the new chut which I prelept Jto tliem, vili be Af o^piiiipn that jRoictTSOM's chart and phw ftood m need of ibme corfei£fcioos } and, no ^Miitc, « longer acquaiotaoce with theife ftraits will ^n proive that th^ neiir ch^rt itfdfvis fufceptible 4if impiDvcmcfit. I wall not dafGbmi;^, that it AiM ieavea much to be wifbed for: whatl does iMt evcrf one know ihat a iea chart is never ^niflied? The iboond .plan of die Eakt rPAa&AOS is a chare -of Captain Allev Coopir, comroandii^ ■the (kip Atla at the diflance of 3 or 4 miles. The Solids bore up to the footh-eaft id order to clear a fourth breaker which was feen ahead. At ^o minutes after 5, the firft ifland that had been fet, bore from fouth 43° to fouth 49"^ weft ; the fecond, from fouth 38 to 4oOweft. At 2 minutes after fix, the fourth breaker which had beea ieen, bore fouth 67*^ eaft, diftant 4 or 5 miles. From three quarters paft four, the foundings had been 12, 13, and 14 fathoms, over a bottom of fand, gravel, and broken (hells : the fame bottom continued till | paft 6, when Cap. tain Marcband came to an anchor, in 14 fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. During the night, there was a moderate breeze from the north-weft with clear weather : the currents fet faintly to the fouth.fouth.eaft and eaft-fouth.eaft. ^ On the 22nd at break of day, the following bearings were taken: Point Bri/Je S. \ W. the third ifland, from fouth 35° 30' to fouth ^'iP weft— the fourth ifland, from fouth 2 to fouth 4° 30' weft. Captain Marchaiid got under w-ay at 50 minutes paft 7, am! fleered S. S. E. |^ E: ftill carrying 14 fathoms, over a bottom of fand, gravel, and broken fliells. At 50 minutes after 8, Point Brijie weft 1" 30' fouth— the third ifland, from fouth 56'' to fouth 67® 30' weft— The founh ifland, from fouth 34*^ 30' to fouth 35° 30' weft— at 40 minutes paft 9, the third ifland from fou^h 83° to fouth 84° weft ; and the fourth or laft ifland, fron^ fouth ^-f to fouth 70" weft. This laft appears to be furrounded by breakers. From that moment. Captain Marcband ftood fouth eaft by fouth— foundings from 1410 13 fathoms, conftantly the fame kind of bottom, till 4 minutes after 11, when having perceived from Dec. 1791/ tvetn tht i \n t\\t midfl CARIV, (Con 177J> had S0LlDJB*j ai the Engli/b iicr route thr arc the fame "VAN faw a '7^4; but it journai, that J off thefc beanV tfte Breakers ' 01", aiid that ^fuatcd to the < fom the mafthead C |S.£.byE. ^ At a quarter paft Y' if to S. 420 vv^^ '. , //"her track dn ry^»der DalrymX If \^-^w/. a |ftcemberi78;, ,^J J'«' taken from the J f"> ^hich is infer/J ^" the title of /»/ ''^W (latitude io, N of March ,77 J I ^ farther on wiJI b^ P'O'/hecollcftionofl Dec. i79i»] marchand's voyage. 463 eaftby I the fame pcrcoved ftom tween the four Breakers to the north of Banc a, in the midft of which (he anchored. The Mas- cARiN, commanded by our Captain Crozet, in iy73, had pafTed and anchored there like the SoLiDE*} and it appears chat, as far back as 1702, the Englifb galley the Macclesfield had taken her route through thefe Breakersj-. These two arc the fame that Captain Williams in the Su- livan faw and took bearings of in December iyS4i but it appears, from what is faid in his journal, that he faw three only ; and, on fetting off thefe bearings on my chart, we conceive that the Breakers which he faw are the three wefterly ones, and that he did not perceive the fourth,^ lituatcd to the eaftward of thefe. The Journal of bom the mafthead Ga/far Ifland to the esft 6° fouth, he fleered S.E.bjrE. At a quarter paft 11, the high mountain of Banca bore from Is. 13' to S. 42° W. : ftill 14 fathoms, nvith the fame kind of I htttfit' * See her track drawn on the chart No. 49 2nd of the fecond XfManai D'Aprh Neptune Oriental: a copy of it is to be found \v\Akxander Dalrymple's colledion of Plan*. Mr. halrymple has publiflied, under the date of the 17th of {December 1781, a Vieiu of Bancoy of the iilots and the break- jtrs, taken from the point where Crozet had anchored. This Iplan, which is inferted in his CelJe^icn, is to be found there jiinder the title of Plan of the Place luhere Monfieur Croxei; ttUred (latitude 1° 56' fouth) on the eaft fide of Yizncaif on the l^jrdof March 1773. t Farther on will be found an extraft from his journal, taken «m the colIc^on of Mtmoirs, publilbed by Alexander Dal- the 1* f :t^^:v. m^. mmrm i Si ,'■,'-. I 464 MARCHAfro's VOYAlSI. [Occ. 1791. the SvLlVAN makes no mention of the fmall ifltnds : it is only fud there that, at noon of thcday on which, in the afternoon, the Briakirs were difcorered, there was ieen, from the maft«head^ an ifland to the ibuth-fouth-weft j but the weather was fo over-caft, that Banc a could not be feen*. In following on D'ApRis' Chart (No. 49 snd) the Track of the Mascarin which came from the caftward, it is feen that Crozet had firft per- ceived the Breakers which are fituated to the north by weft of Caspar Ifland (the principal leading mark in the Strait) ; and that before he had reached the four Breakers to the northward Dec. 1791.] * Extraft firom tbe joonal of the Sulivan, Captain Sttthit WiUlams, coining from Cbima, taken from the Colhctm of J Hihimn piMiihed bf Akxm»itr DaltympU, Apptudix t» nu' moirs •/ Cbartt tf Simda and Batiea, pages i ; and l6. <* On the a5th of December 17844 At 6 A. M. the wet.) *' dier clearing a littk* faw the ifland oi Btmea S. W. by W, j *' At 8 A. M. faw a high body of land from S. by W. taj « W. hf N. which is the land we firft faw; diftant fnuni *' neareft fliore about 5 leagoes." « At noon faw an ifland from the maft-head S. S. W. beini ** very cloudy could not fee Banco.** ** At half paft a P. M. faw tUnc/btals of Breaien, i ■( bearing about S. S. W. 3 miJes diftant— ^another S. E. b]j *^ S. i miles, and another E. N. E. about 4 miles." '** I iiQraediatdly hauled my wind to the r'^rthward. (Wioj •• N. W. courfc N. N. E.)" ** At half paft 4 P. M. the northemmoft hrtaken bore S.1 M hy E. I E. diftant lull two miles; on the brtaitr$ diete] ** jpeared Vwoor tbret rodca iAx»ve water.** ^Oi. II. Dec. 1791O marchamd's voyage. 4<5 of Banca, he had feen in the intervd zJbUtMj Breaker which is laid down on D' Apr is' chait> and which I have thought neceiTary to prefervc on mine, becaufe, if its pbfition be doubtful, its ex- iftence is certain. The Solidb's track pafles three leagues to the eaftward of this Tolitary Breaker : it was not feen by Captain Marchand; but a Breaker which, perhaps, does not always break, may probably not be perceived at three leagues' £ftance. II. Let us endeavour to fix the latitude of Caspar Ifland, the principal leading mark for (hips that are bound through the ftraits from the northward. On the old Plan publifhcd by n*ApRis, No. 48 of the fecond edition of his Neptune Orientai, Caspar Ifland, under the name of JS^ du Pas- sage (Passage Ifland), is placed in a* 6' fouth I latitude. This latitude is certainly fmaller than I the true, by upwards of a quarter of i degree : but how had it been obferved? by whom? and 1 with what inftrument ? On D'ApRis* Chart No 49 2nd, a copy of Uhich is to be found in Mr. Dalrymplb's Col- kftion, and on which is marked a track of Crozet, in 1773, which paflcs to the north- Jwardof the ftraits and pretty near Caspar Ifland, |the latitude erf" the middle of this ifland is 2* if-, yw- n, H H but Uj 466 MARCH An d's voyage. [Dcc. 1791. but wc arc ignorant bjr what proceeding it was de- termined. Rq9£RTson's Plan, infcrted in Mr. Dalrym- PLS's coUe£^ion, under the date of 1786, has no fcaleidf latitude : in that which Robertson him- felf publifticd in 17884 and which differs from the former only by its being on a larger fcale, and alfo comprehending Caspar's Strait, we read in the parallel which pa0es through the peak of Caspar's Ifland, Latitude South 2" 10' i but it is not meatioQcd that this latitude was obferved ; we are ^ven juftified in thinking that it was not; for we remark that the fmalleft distance at which Clements was from the ifland, is 26 miles to the fouth^eaft: and if, in. this pofition, he had deduced the latitude of Caspar Ifland from fo diladvaptageous a bearbg, efpecially when it is combined with fo great a diftance, this determina- tion could not but be very doubtful. Indeed, it does npt appear that Robertson has adopted it exclufively: for in his Table of Latitudes and Longitudes which is to be found at the end of the Memoir that he publilheid with his hand- fome Chart of the China Sea*; the Peak of Caspar lilaqd is placed in latitude 2° 27', though* on his Plan of the Strait, it is laid down in 2** 30', and though, in his chart of the * Hemoir of a Chart of the China Sea^ &c. by George Rt- htrtfut, Lettdom, i79i> 410, page 123. 4 Straits Dec. 17910 MARCH AN D's VOYAGI. 467 Straits tf Banta, Gajpar and Clmentj, it is alio a* 30': and, in the fame iTablc, he gives a fecond latitude of the fame point of Gaspar Ifland, of 2* 25^35': this laft is accompanied by the mark |, which indicates the pofitions deduced from the obfcrvations of Captains Hudoart, Hodg- son, and WiLsoM, " which," he fays, " are <( feemingly well determined/' Dordblin, in a manufcript Memoir, relates that, on the 3rd of Auguft 1784, Caspar Ifland bore from him at noon, from north-eaft by north 3" 45' north to north-north-eaft, diftant 5 leagues: which places the fouth coaft of the ifland in 2^ 22', inditspeak in 2° 21' 15^ On the 23rd of February 1785, on his return from China, the obferved latitude of the Ihip was 2* 24', and Caspar Ifland bore at the fame mo- nent, from eafl: 15'' fouth to eaft 26" fouth, at the iMance of 3 or 4 miles at moft: which gives i<'24'3o'' for the north coaft of the ifland, and ji' 25' 15* for the Peak. On the fame day the captain of the ihip the IProvencb (a man of great reputation, fays Dor- Idelin), which was fdling in company with the |Triton, had an obferved latitude of 2*^ 22', which lould give for the Peak of the ifland 2° 23' 15'. Captain Cooper, in 1785, fays, in his printed [ournal, page 24, ithat, on the 8th of Auguft, he ok his departure from Caspar Ifland, as it Strain ■ H H 2 bore reerie Rt- MARCII'AND's voyage. [Dec. i;gi, bore at noon of that day, north 1 9" caft diftant 4 or 5 miles. The latitude of the (hip, ob- ferved at noon, was 2° W* whence we conclude that the latitude of the itland, according to the bearing, is 2** a8' 45": but the obfervation is marked indifferentf that is neither good nor bad, doubtful I and we muft imagine that Cooper did not confider himfelf bound to adhere to it ; for, after having faid in his Journal, that he places Qaspar Ifland in latitude 2** 30' fouth, we find it placed on his chart, in 2° 21' 20^ at its middle. Captain Wilson, in 1787, deduced from his obfervations and from his bearings in the Strait j the latitude of Caspar Ifland 2* 22' 00* (pagei 28 of his printed Journal) but it is not mentioned to what point of the ifland he applies it: on hisj chart, the north coafl: of the ifland is'in 2° 1 9^ the j Peak, in 2* 20', and the fouth coaft, in 2" 21'. Captain Larkins, in 1 7B8, having got agroundj on the •S'i&W which he difcovered to the north-i wcfl: of Caspar Ifland, there obfcrved the lati^ tudc (page 1 6 and 17 of his Journal) : on the 2n(i of May 2" 22' } on the 3rd, 2* 23' i on the 4tlii 2® 22' i by a mean, 2^ 22' 20^ and the point wherd he (truck is laid down on his chart of the Scraij in 2° 23'. But he ray^(page 16,) that from this very point] the centre of Gasfar Ifland ^bore fouth ;o°eaQ diftant 6 miles: this ifland would therefore accordin Dec. 1791. J according tc ward than th quently in placed in 2" ; •fthis differ ihat there m mated by the rfjcfc diftancej ftken, fromtf tothcihiddJci ofRoCHBR h EngJi/h. On the 221 Marchand an( ftrvations at m 2'*^'* and as t « the fame infl '^titudc is the fai On recapituJ ifland which I Caspar's Pi^ Crozet's Tra ROBBR TSON's Dec 1791'] MARCHANO*S VOYAGl. 469 according to the bearing 5}' more to the fouth- ward than the point where he ftruck, and confe- quently in 2** 18' 40^; but, on his chart, it is placed in 2" 25' 45^ I am ignorant of the caufe of this difference i but it will be feen hereafter that there muft be an error in the diftances cfti- mated by the eye ; for it is impoflTible to make thefe diftances agree with the angles of bearing taken, from the place where the (hip got aground, to the itiiddle of Gasp a r Ifland and to the middle of RocHER Navire, the Tree Island of the Englilh. On the 22nd of December 1791, Captains Marchano and Ch ANAL deduced from their ob- fervations at noon the latitude of the Solids, 2' 11^ and as the Peak of Caspar' Ifland bore, at the fame inftant, directly eafl: of the (hip, its latitude is the fame as that of the Solids*. On recapitulating all the latitudes of Caspar ffland which I have mentioned: Caspar s Plan .» 25 00 Crozet's Track 217 00 (Memoir ........ P ^^ ^ Robertson's I J * ^^5 35 • (^Plan and Chart . . | 2 30 00 * Stt the JtMnai of th« Routt at the date of%e iand of • Dec. 1791. '\ H H 3 DOR- mil .^j y-n i^mm 47» MARCHANO'l VOYAGI. [Dffc. 1791. DoRDiLiN, 1784 a 31 15 DORDBLIN, 1785 .2 25 !5 The (hip the Province a 23 15 Coon. lJ°"""f'--; » 5° ~ 3 On his chart 2 21 20 Jjournal 2 22 co WILSON Iq^ ^^ g^^j ^ ^^ ^ Larkins JJ^""™^ ^ »* 40 cOn his chare ...... .2 25 45 Marchano) "^ and V Journal and chart \ 2 21 00 Chanal 1 I it is feen that, with a great number of determina- tioiis» the latitude of Caspar Ifland cannot be determined in an inconteftible manner. Navi- gators, no doubt, wiil not be willing to admit the firft two, the foundations of which are un- known, and which bciides differ too much from thofe that have been fubfequently obfervedj thofe of Dordelin and of the (hip the Provekce depend on eftimated di(tances : thofe of the £ng- li(h prcfent, in general, one quantity in their Journals, and another quantity on their charts; the latitude determined by Captains Marchand and Chanal is the only one againft which no objeftjon can be made ; the (hip was exactly on the parallel of the Peak of Caspar Ifland, at the moment when a good obfervation gave 3° 21' ^ for \ Dec. ^791-] MARchand's voyage. 47 » for the latitude j I remark, befidei, that this cie* termination is the fame as that of Dordblin in 1784 1 the fame as that which Coopbr has em-^ ployed on his chart 1 the fame, within a minute, a$i that given by Captain Wilson whofe obferra- dons are reputed corrc6^. I add another Kmark to the firfl. Navigators know that it is very dif- ficult to determine with exad^nefs the latitudes of points fituated near the equator, efpecially in the mondis when the fun has little declination, be- caufe the meridian altitude of the fun cannot be obferved with precifion, when the luminary culmi* nates near the zenith of the obferver* : now the obfcrvation of Captains March and and Cha« HAL was made on the 22nd of December, a day of the fummer foU]tice in the aullral hemtfphere, that is, at one of the periods of the year the moft favourable for having, at noon, the fim lefs near the zenith, when the obferver is in the paral- lels in the vicinity of the equator j whereas Cooper having obferved on the 8th of Augufts DoRDELiN, on the 3rd of Auguft and 23rd of February} Larkins, on the 2nd of May and fol- lowing days i thofe navigators mufb have had the * It ii to this difficHlty of obferving cxadly the merldiaa iltuudes of the fun near the zenith, that muft be attributed the grett diffisaences that are remarked between the latitudes whiklt Maeat ieainen, good obfervers, have given to the fame pointa of the weft coaft of Africa fituated in the vicinity 4Qf the equi- nox Une. H H 4 fun im [rf'l-r' -.Li >'M\ lilt ' ■ I, h'jii 47» MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. [Oec. I79t. fun much nearer the zenith than the obfervers of the SoLiDB had, I am therefore of opinion that, without fearing to be fufpedbed of too favourable a prepofTeflion for the obfervation of thefe laft, I can grant it the preference to the others, and place the Peak of Gaspar liland in latitude 2*' 21' fouth. As for its longitude, it may be determined by approximation. In G. Robertson's Table, we find two pofi- tions which differ little from each other : the iirft, marked *, 107" 4' eaft from Greenwich, or 104° 43'45''eaft from Paris, is that which Robertfon has difcufled and which he has employed in his chart of the Chika Sea* : the fecond, marked f; 107*7' 15'eaft from Greenwich, or i04*'7'eaft from Paris, is that which Wilson's obferva- tions have given ; but it will be 104° 48' 45'' if we place Pulo.Aor, from which he deduced its longitude by a chronometer, in 102° 19' 45" weft from PARisf, * Mr. Rohert/on has varied refpeAing the longitude of Gaf. far ifland : for it has juft been feen that, in his Table oi Ftfi, tiem, publiihed in 1790, he gives this longitude 107*' 4' eaft £rom Greetmoich, and this is within 2 minuies, that of his Chart of the China Sea, publiOied the (ame year on which G^ far is pL.ed in 107° z' ; but on his chart of the Straits of BoHCOt Gaffar, and Clementi, 1788, and on his large flan •f Ga/pars and ClemeMtt* Straits, the fame year, it was 106° 53', and 106" 54'. Captain Dec. 179 !•] MARCHAND*3 VOYAGl^. 47S Captain Cooper (page 24 of his Journal) fays that he has placed Caspar Ifland, by his chrono- > meter cprre^edt in longitude 106° 55' eaft'from Greenwich, or 104* 34' 45^ eaft from Paris. But Mr. Dalrymple, who in his colle£iion of Memoirs y has printed Cooper's original Journal, obfcrves, in an introduction which he has pre- fixed to this Journal (page Iv) that at the time when this navigator pafied the Strait, his chrono- meter did not give the longitude with competent freci/ion. Captain Chanal, in comparing his dead rec- koning, corredcd by allowing for the efieft of the cunrents, to the longitude of the North point of Banca, fuch as ic is given on D'Apres' chart, reckoned that the longitude of the Ihip, on the 22nd at noon, was 104" 12' eaft from Paris : and, as at this period, the diftance from this Peak of Caspar Ifland, eftimated by the eye, was 28 or 29 miles eaft, he makes the longitude of the Peak 104° 40' or 41. In taking a mean between the determinations which I have juft mentioned ; but excluding the third, which differs too much from the other three, and granting fomething more to that of Wilson than to the firft two, we might place the Peak of ^ Su Note LX. pagM 437 and 442 are the longitude which Roitrt/tm has given to Pulo-Aor and that which I have de- duced: Wilfm't chronometer gave Yam iot Ga/f«r t° 39' eaft Irom Aw, (See hii Journal page 28.) ' %.: Caspar m. -i' -'■■v^-h 474 MARCtfAND's VOYACE. [DeC. 1751, Caspar Ifland in longitude 164" 45' oc/ weft from Paris, or 107" 5' 15' weft from Greenwich. in. After Caspar ifland, which as I hare faid, is properly the leading mark for the entrance of the ft rait, in coming from the northward, the point that it is of moft importance to fix, is the dangerous flioal which Captain Larkins difco- vercd in 17S8, on which his Ihip remained aground for three days, and which may be called the Warren Hastings' Shoal, from the name of his fhip : unfortunately, the contradidbion that is to be found between his journal and his ^ chart leaves a great uncertainty refpcfting the real pofi- tion of this fhoal in regard to Caspar Ifland and Tree Ifland $ but at leaft navigators will be ap- prifed th^ they have to avoid a (hoal fituated to the "weft-north-wcft of the ifland. I fliall com- pare the bearings and diftances, fuch as they ap- pear in the Journal taken from the point where the (hip ftruck on the caft edge of the ftioal, with the bearings and diftances of the fame points fuch as they ftand on the chart. In the Jnurnal fpage \6.) On the Chart. The high land of Ban -7 , , ° ^ „. t Is not on the chart. CA, S. 58** W. I r T he eaft point of Ban- The extremes of Banca, ca S. 35° W. The from S. 22° W. to SA lands more to the 62'' W. wcftward arc not de- lineated on it. The Dec. i79ft ''iiMll W m I'- 7U t-f ■i3r t h 476 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. pafling ro the wcftward of Tree Ifland, at the diftance of about five miles, had the Couth point of Caspar in one with the fouth iflot of Trei Ifland, bearing caft 23° north*. On Robert- son's large Plan, the centres of the two objcfts, as well as their mod fouthern points lie in like manner, with refpcft to each other eaft-north-eaft and wift- fouth- weft. This bearing of the centre of Tree Ifland, to the fouth 62" weft, or weft, aS® fouth, from the centre of Caspar Ifland, therefore, appears afcertained in fuch a manner that it may be employed with fafetyj and it is, no doubt vaguely, that Captain Cooper fays, in his Journal, that Tree Ifland is to the fouth- weft of Caspar Ifland j for, on hi3 chart, he has placed the fouth iflot to the weft 22 or 23° fouth of Gas- par. As to the diftance of Tree Ifland from Gas- par Ifland, the Plan of Doroelin j- who paflcd between them both, in going to and coming from China, and anchored there, gives us the width of the channel, from coaft to coaft, 5^ miles, and it is the fame on Robertson's large plan, and there arc fcen four tracks of ftiips, marked be- tween Caspar Ifland and Tree Ifland. Captain Wilson, (page 28 of his JoHrnal) has • See the Narrative, vol. II. at the date of the 22nd of De- cember, 1791. + The fcale of this Plan is 7 inches 7 lines to a degree. concluded Dec. 179».] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. 47/ concluded from his diflPerent bearings, taken from a bafe which he meafured by the (hip's way, that this width was 6.64 miles i but he does not fay whether it be from coaft to coafty or from centre to centre i on the chart, this diftance of 6.64 miles, is that from coaft to coaft ; and that from centre to centre is there about 7^ miles. The method which he employed for mcafuring the width of the channel is not fufceptiblc of very great pre- dfion : but, in combining fome other bearings which he took in the ftrait, and particularly thofe from his ftation ^, we find that the diftance from Tree Ifland to Caspar Ifland, taken from centre to centre, may be reduced to 7.1 miles in lieu of 7.5. I obferve, bcfides, that there is never any inconvenience in prefentihg on a chart a chan- nel a little narrower than it really is, and that thei^ is a great deal in prefenting it too wide. In faying that there is no danger in diminifh-' ing a little the width of the channel between Caspar Ifland and Tree Ifland, I fliall not pro- pofe however, to reduce it to 3^ miles, as it is feen on Captain Larkins's chart: this navigator did not pafs through the channel ; from afar he cflimated the diftance from the one ifland to the other, while he lay aground on the Warrem Hastings's Shoal. It appears that he has judged no better of the diftance from his flioal to Tree Ifland, on the one hand, and to Caspar Ifland, on iM?l;v«rj:i im m Mill :■'' i ■• ' 1 i mm ^ It lis''-* qia^ions of this nature. /We are convinced that the diftance which Lar- KiNS has eftimated between Thee Ifland and GASr PAK Idandy is too fmall, and thofe which he has fuppofed between each of thofe two points and the Wapirin Hastings's Shoal, are fo too. In or-^^ der to learn by approximation theie two lad- mentioned diftancesj I have made ufe of the dif- tance between the two iflands, which I have before eftabliihed of 7.2 miles from centre to centre, and of their bearing fouth 6a® weft and north 62" eail, which has been well afcertained. With thefe data and the angles of bearing taken by Captain Larkins, from. the place where he lay aground on the Warren Hastings's Shoal to Tree IflanH, on the one hand, and on the other to the centre of Caspar Ifland, we may fix the diftance of the ftioal to each of thefe points. Jn order to abridge the difcuflion, I employ a figure Dec. I791>] MARCHANO*S VOYAGE. 47» figure which will be found on my chare Plate VIL In (he figure, let iv be the Warren Has- tings's Shoal, n, Tre£ Illan^, g, Caspar lOand. The ataare: i. The angles of bearing raea- fured from the fhip when aground on the (hoal, by Larkins, namely, the angle s w Ry from the Warren Hastings's Shoal to Trek liland, from fouth to call 17°. The angle s w Ct from the Shoal to the Island, from fouth to eaft 70**. 2. The di(lanc,e of the objects, r, o, from cen# tre to centre, 7.2 miles. 3. Laftly the angle ^ r o of bearing, from Ires Ifland with refpe£b to Caspar Ifland, from eaft to noith 28° the complement of 62 degrees, the angle of bearing from north to eaft;. We (hall then know the three angles in the tri- angle k'W G. For, we have the angle r ir 0=70* — 17° 3=53° : the angle w g z (the complement of a w g 70°)= 70; the angle zg r (alternate of g ji e, 28°)=:28**; 3nd confcquently the. whole angle r g ^=48'*: And the third angle g r iv (fupplemcnt of the fum of the two former) equal to 79*. In calculating the triangle according to the formulas of trigonometry, we fliall find : jf G, diftance from the Shoal to the centre of Caspar I{land=8.85 miles. IV R i If i^ilr i^- L i!f ■■■1 . ' ■" 480 MARCHAND*8 VOYAGE. [Dec. 1 791. w R diftuice from the Shoal to Trbb Iflands 6.7 miles. The former of thefe diflances is, in Lar. KiNs's Journal, 6 miles, and alfo 6 miles on his chart : the laner is 9 miles in the journal, and 5f on the chart. As thefe diftances were eftimated by the eye, it is not furprifing that there ihould be an error in both} but we may be aftonifhed that the chart does not agree with the journal, neither as to the diftances, nor as to the angles of bearing. I have, as I have faid, thought it proper to preferve thefe angles fuch as they were inferted in the Journal; they were obicrved, and thefe are the only data of Larkins on which it is poflible to rely: but why did he not make ufe of them in conftrudling his chart ? He gives no reafon, and it is not poflible for me to atone for his filence : it were to be wilhed that Mr. Dalrymple, who has publiflied the Journal and the chart, had explained himfelf refpedting this want of agreement which - certainly has not efcaped him ; and no one better than he could aflign the caufe of it, and re^fy the chart and the journal, k is eafy to conceive how greatly fuch contradiflions muft embarrafsa navigator who has before him both the Plan, and the written data, according to which the Plan ought to have been conftru^ed ; tHey leave him in cfoubt to dctei'mineon which fide the truth lies; he Dec. 1791'] marchand's voyage. 4«« he may even fulpcft whether It be on either : and his embarrafsment here muft be the greater, as, till now, the Warren Hastings's Shoal is laid down only on Larkins's chart, unlefs it be on fome chart with which I am not acquainted, more recent than thofe publifhed by G. Robert- son in 1788 and 1790. IV. On the chart No. 49, 2nd, making part of the Supplement of the fccond edition of D'Apres* Neptune Oriental^ and of an earlier date than all the charts whieh I have quoted, is feen another (hoal (ituated to the northward of the north point of Gasp A R Ifland, at ten miles diftance, mea- fured between this point and the fouth part of the (hoal. Crozet's Track in the Mascarin, in 1773, which is marked on this chart, palTes only at the diftance of 4 miles from the north part of the (hoal which occupies i mile ; and it may be prefumed that it is from the account of this navigator, that D'Apres has placed it: Crozet having paiTed only at the diftance of 16 or 17 miles frotn the north point of Caspar ought to have feen at the fame time that ifland and the breakers of the ftioal. I find on Dordelin's chart, (track going to China) a (hoal nearly in the fame pofition : he places it to the north by weft of the moft north- ern part of Caspar Ifland, and at the diftance of about 10 milesj mcafured from the fouth extremity VOL. n. II of It- 'I I: !'*■'■' I'M 482 marciiand's vovage. [Dec, 1791. of the {hoal ; he gives it 4 miles in extent from north by weft to fouth by eaft. At its north extremity is delineated an iflotj and Dordelin fays, in a note written on the chart, that thefe are Rocks and Breakers even with the water's edge^ and thu the Rock is always above water. Dordelin's track, marked in the chart, extends along the ftioal at the diftance of about a mile from the breakers: and as he faw at the fame time Caspar Ifland, we may admit the pofition which he affigns tothelhoal on his chart, relatively to the ifland, as well as the extent which he has given to it. Robertson's large Plan prefents to us two fhoals in the fame quarter, under the name of Breakers : the firft to the north by weft i or 2° weft of the Peak of Caspar Ifland, 7 miles from its north point : the fecond to the north by weft 4° weft of the fame Peak, and at 1 0^ miles from the fame point. The extent of thefe flioals is left undetermined on the Plan ; they are merely indi- catcd by a f furrounded by a dotted circle. It is very probable that the moft diftant fhoal is the fame as that which Dordelin examined and ranged along throughout its whole length : as for the fecond, its exiftence might appear doubtful. The French navigator had paflTed through the channel which feparates Caspar. Ifland from Ro- CHER Navire or Tree Ifland; it was in ftanding to the north 5" weft, that he perceived the breakers and Dec. 1791.] marciiand's voyage. 4»S and the rock above water which he has laid down on his chart j and it would be aftonilhing if he had not alfo perceived the breakers nearcft to the ifland, which are laid down in Robertson's Plan, in the fame diredion as the moft diftant ones, relatively to the ifland. I prefume that Robertson has placed this fhoal according to the Journal of the Sulivan, Captain Stephen Wil- liams, who, in 1784, on his return from Chfna, pafled through Caspar's Strait *. It is there men- tioned that the following bearings were taken. " At ^ pa(V 9, A. M. faw Breakers^ bearing " N. ^E. diftant about 3 miles, and appearing to " be about 3 miles north from Caspar Ifland, " and fomc others bearing W. S. W. about 6 " miles. Like wife faw an Ifland making like a " fail (this is Rocher Navire or Tree Ifland,) " S. -^E. difl:ant about 2 leagues, Caspar Ifland " then bearing S. E. diftant 3 leagues. A rock, " off it, with Breakers all round it, bearing from " the fliip S. E. by S." Thefe bearings, taken at the fame moment^ [give room to make a few obfervations. I. From the point whence Caspar Ifland [bore foutheaft diftant 3 leagues, the Sulivan [ought to have feen Tree Ifland to the fouth half Mr. Dalrymple has given an extrafl from this Journal in ne of the Mema'trs of his Colleftion, the title of which is, ^/. , mdixtoMemjir of Chart of Sunda and Banca^ page i6. 112 eafti Va. I ►■ '.f';'/ 'i- 4»4 marchand's voyagi. [Dec. 1791, eaft i but the didance of this roclc, which carriei it only to 2 leagues, has been badly eftimated} it was at 3, as well as the diftance from Caspar Ifland : in order to be convinced of this, it is fufH- cient to prick off the bearings of Caspar Ifland on our chart where the relative pofition of this ifland and of Tree Ifland is fixed according to the Bearings of Wilson, Chanal, &c. It will be feen that the point of bearing of the Sulivan is at three \czgues' diftance from Tree Ifland. 2. The point of this bearing may be equally well determined by the t\Vo bearings and the dif- tance alone from Caspar Ifland, although there is an error refpefling the eftimated diflance from Tree Ifland j for it is well known that it is very ufual to eftimate the diftance too fmall, when bear- ings are taken from a little ifland which is lofty j and the bearing with refpeft to Tree Ifland is exaft, as well as the bearing with refpeft to Gas- par Ifland. In therefore admitting this bearing, let us look for the pofition of the ^rft Breakers. It is faid that they (wtre about 3 miles to the north half eaft of the Hnp j and that Caspar Ifland bore j fouth-eaft, diftant 3 leagues or 9 miles, the (hip I was therefore about 6^ miles more to the north- ward than Caspar Ifland: and as the breakers were ftill about 3 miles more to the northward than the fliip, they muft therefore be 9^ miles more to the northward than Caspar Ifland. Ill isl i] Dec. t7d*"] MARCH AN d's VOYAGE, 48i is therefore evident that there is an error in the Journal, when it is faid there that the Breakers are about 3 miles to the northward of Caspar Ifland i it was, no doubt, meant to fay 3 leagues or ^ miles. 3. At prefcnt, I remark that the fouth part of the breakers feen by Doroelin, the fame, according to every appearance, as thofc feen before by Cro- 2ET, is diftant about 10 miles from the north point of Gasp AR J and that the extent of fca which they occupy in breadth, is fituated, with refpeft to the ifland, between the north by weft and the north: thus, from the pofition where the Suli- VAN was in regard to Caspar Ifland, thefe breakers, if they be at the point where they arc laid down on Dor deli n's chart, mull have borne from the Sulivan, from north-north-eaft to north-ead, their fouth part about 6 miles didant : and yet thofc which he faw bore, it is faid in his Journal, north half eaft diftant only 3 miles. We cannot therefore affirm pofitively that thefe I breakers were the fame as thofc which Dordelim faw; but ftill lefs can we fay that they are not the fame j the Suli van's bearings appear not I taken, or at leaft fet off with cxadlnefs, and can linfpirc no great confidence ; her commander may Ihavc been miftakcn here as clfcwhcre. It has [been feen that her journal places thefe breakers 3 nilcs to the northward of (^Caspar Ifland i and 113 from il \l ' ■ j| H '1 Jlf'^'-::. m i .f 486 MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. [Dcc. 1701 from thofe very bearings is taken the proof that they mufl. be diflant from it ^Uagues or 9 miles- we cannot therefore place the Suli van's breakers J miles to the northward of Gaspar Iflandj and if, as we mud conclude from her bearings, we carry them 9 or 10 milest we fall on Dordelin's Breakers, at lead as to the diftance from Caspar Ifland. I obferve that if, independently of the latter, there exlft others to the north half eaft of the point from which the Suli van's bearings were taken of Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland, DoRDELiN who, on failing from the middle of the channel which feparates them, conftantly held a northerly courfc, muft have paflTed very clofe to the caftward of the Sulivan's Breakers: and as he has laid down none. on the chart, we arcaflurcd that he faw none. However, as it is always a matter of confidera- tion to fupprcfs a flioal, even when there are the moft juftifiable doubts refpefdng its exiflencc, I have thought it proper to preferve, on my chart* that of the Suli van, becaufe I cannot fuppofe that Captain Williams has committed errors refpcding all his bearings and all the diftances which he has eftimated : but, in order to place this Shoal, I have paid no regard to the diftance of j 3 miles, evidently erroneous, at which he fuppofes Caspar Ifland ; but only to the pofltion of the | fliip deduced from the angles of bearings taken, at 1 the Dec. 179**] marchand's voyage. 487 ^c proof that »s or 9 miles; rAN's breakers R IQandi and bearings, we [I Dordelin's from Caspar idently of the rth half caft of van's bearings d Tree Ifland, ^e middle of the onftantly held a d very clofe to Jreaktrs : and as rt,weareaffured tcr of conudera- en there are the g its exiftence, I re, on my chart. I cannot fuppofe :ommitted errors ail the diftances n order to place to thediftanccof which he fuppofes c pofition of the bearings taken, at the fame time, from Gaspar Ifland, Tree Ifland, and the Shoal. What determines me to preferve it, is, on the one hand, the bearing of the Shoal with refpedt to the fhip, a bearing which docs not agree with Dordelin's Breakers : it is, on the other, becaufe Dordelin tells us that the rock to the northward is always above watevj and that, doubtlefs. Captain Williams of the Sulivam would not have failed to make the remark j yet I admit that this laft motive is weakened, if we no- tice that Dordelin fpeaks but of one Jingle rock above water i that he does not fay that it is lofty ; that he might probably have perceived it, becaufe he ranged along the Breakers from fouth to north throughout their whole length j but that this rock may probably too not have been perceived by a (hip that was at a fomewhat great diftance to the fouthward of the Breakers. Be this as it may, I have laid down on my chart thefe Breakers of the SuLiVAN, under her name; I am, however, far from believing their exiflence, and much further ftill, from vouching that I have not laid them down twice. Let us now endeavour to fix our opinion re- fpefting fome other Breakers which bore from the SuLiVAN weji-fouth-wefti at about 6 miles* diftance, at the fame time that the former bore from her north half eaft, diilant 3 milest Admitting the pofition of the fhip to be 3 1 1 4 leagues lilt'. 1]: ■M m l;!'iril''.Hl 488 MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. [Dec. I791, leagues or 9 miles to the north- weft of Caspar Ifland, fuch as it is given by the Sulivan's Jour- nal, fhe ought to have been to the weft-fouth-weft the northern part of the Warren Hastings's Shoal J but the diftancc would be only 3 miles, and not 6, as it was cftimatcd by the eye : for, if we chofe to admit this diftance of 6 miles, the track of the fhip Warren Hastings which round- ed the Shoal to the northward, after (he had been got off, would pafs over the^Jhoal fcen by the SuLiVAN, if placed according to that fhip's Journal *. It appears to me nearly proved that thefe fe- cond Breakers, fcen from the Sulivan to the weft-fouth-weft of her pofition, are no other than a portion of the Warren Hastings's Shoal, which may cither be connedcd with the Shoal, or be feparatcd from it only by a channel. This opinion is» alfo that of Mr. Dalrymple, who fays, in a note, that he has added to the Journal of the Carnatic, Captain Wilson, of which he is the Editor f, that "Captain Larkins gives the " Bearings of Caspar fouth 70® caft and Tru _ •In fpcaking of the track of the Warreu Hajiingtt I do not mean that which is marked on Capt&in Larim's Chart, but that which he ought to have fblldwed, in fadl, according to the data configned in his journal : thefe tracks differ rather con. fiderably from each other. + See page 3; of Captain Wiison's Journal. « Ifland pec. 179»-] MARCHAND's VOYAGE. 489 " Ifland fouth 70® eaft when aground (m the War- '< REN Hastings in 1788) on an extmftve Reef, «« probably the Breakers feen by the Suhvan, « bearing weft- fouth -weft 6 miles diftant, when « Gaspar bore fouth-eaft and Tree Ifland fouth " half ciaft." Captain Wilson, who pafled through Gaspar's Strait in 1787, and was not acquainted with the ftioal on which the Warren Hastings ftruck in 1788, was not willing to admit the cxiftencc of the Breakers which had been feen from on board the Sulivan in 1784. In page 37 of his Journal he tells us, " In re- " fped to the Breakers which they fet weft-fouth- « weft 6 miles from them, when Tree Ifland bore " fouth half eaft and Caspar Ifland fouth-eaft, I " cannot but think they were miftaken, as, where « there any exifting, I muft have pafled very near " them and have feen them." I obfcrve that, in faft, on examining Captain Wilson's Track in the Carnatic, it appears that he paflTed very clofe to the weftward of the Warren Hastings's Shoal : but though he had pafled clofer to it ftill, provided he did fo without ftriking, it would have been very pofllble that h*; might not perceive it, fmce Lark ins had no knowledge of it till he ftnick on it. We may conclude, however, that, if the Break- ers feen by the Sulivan to the wcft-fouth-weft of her pofition, 3 leagues to the north-weft of Caspar, -If' I life I. 11 if If . W if ,j!f-:ft -fti;.. ...I ,At mm^ ^-^ ll'N'f'"' -111. ^.■n.;} '■■'■I] ■ %m3 r'i-H''''''' m m i'^ ''I m 490 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. Gaspar, are, indeed, the fame as the Warren Hastings's Shoal, thefe Breakers , as the Capaiin of the SuLivAN terms them, muft needs not break at all times, fince Captain Larkins, who got aground on them in the open day and at low water, had 'not been apprized of their prefcnce by any ripling, nor even any change in the colour of the water : and his journal does not mention that, during the three days which he remained aground, he ever faw the fea break on it. Neither does it appear that Wilson, who paffed through Caspar's Strait with the intention and the charge of examining every thing, and who muft have pafTed very near the fhoal, perceived, in this quarter any appearance, any indication of danger. If thefe (hoais or thefe breakers met with by the Warren Hastings, and fcen by the Sulivan, never break, or do not always break, they arc the more dangerous on that account : and, no doubt, it will not be matter of furprife that I have taken fo much pains in endeavouring to afcertain their cxiftencc and fix their poHtion. From every pre- fumption, which appears to unite in order to in- dicate the identity of the Sulivan's Breakers and the Warren Hastings's Sboaly I have thought it proper to confine myfclf to laying down the latter on my Chart ; but as nothing proves that the extent which Larkins has given it on his, is exadlly that which the Shoal has received from Nature, Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 4ft Nature, I have likewife thought that I might take the liberty of altering it a little, in order that Wilson's Track, drawn according to his Journal, might not pafs over the weft part of this fhoal. A note of Mr. Dalrymple, infertcd in Cap- tain Wilson's Journal, page 35, would fecm to indicate other dangers to the weft-north-wcft of Gaspar Ifland. " The BELviDERE,"fays he, " being at anchor "in 10 fathoms in latitude 1° 24' fouth by ob- « fervation, Caspar eaft-fouth-eaft 3^ leagues, " Tree Ifland fouth by caft, had the Sboal about " a cable's length diftant j north-north-caft and " fouth-fouth-weft from the (hip." They found the " Jhoul about 2 miles in length, in fomc " places from 6 to 10 feet water, and within " t'juenty yards' ^\^2ii\ct 15 fathom hard coral." If we wifh to look in the chart for the pofition of the Belvidere, fuch as it is given in this note, with rcfpcd to Caspar and Tree Ifland (without concerning ourfelvcs about her latitude *), we Ihall find * I obferve that, if the latitude of Gafpar lAand, at I think I have proved (farther back, page 466 to 472) muft be ' very near 2° 21' fouth; that of the Behidere, of 2° 24', al. though being announced as deduced from an obfervation, was not correct : for fince Gafpar bore from her eaftfouth--eaft, diftant 3[ leagues, (he was lefs to the fouthward than the ifland by 4 minutes, and her latitude muft be only 2" 17'. It might be objeAed that herobfenred latitude does not devi. ate 493 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Dcc. 1731. find chat the Ihip was at anchor to the north>caft of the point where the Warren Hastings got aground, and at the diftance of half a mile from that polition : and it does not appear to me doubt. ful that the flioal feen and founded by the Belvi- DERE, was the fame as that on which Captain Lar- KiNS got aground. Mr. Dalrymple continues : " Being at an- " chor in 16 fathoms, Caspar eaft-fouth-caft, 12 " miles diftantj Tree Ifland lo^th 20'eaft, about " 10 miles diftant, a Shoal of Rocks weft-north- ** weft, with not more than 3 fathoms in feme " places ; it appears to be the length of half a " mile." If we fet off thefe bearings and thefc diftanccs on the chart, we find that this fhoal is fituated to the north-weft of the place where the War- ate much from that of Lariins, who, by a mean between j ob. fervations taken on three fuccefTive^dajK, found z° 22^ 'for the point of the (hoal on which he was aground, nearly about the middle of its length ; which would give the fame latitude for the place of the Belvidere : but as it has been proved by the comparifon of other ftbfervations, made in more favourable cir. cumftances, the latitude of the place where the (hip got aground, compared to that of Gafpavy by Captain harkim'i bearings, muft be about 2° 18', and if there be any doubt refpe^ing this poGtion, it would be better for the fafety of (hips coming £rom the northward, that the (hoal (hould be laid down too far to the northward, than that it (hould be placed too far to the fouth. ward. R ' REN Dec. 1791O marchand's voyage. m REN Hastings grounded, and at the diftance ^( about a mile. This Ihoal appears to be alfo the north part •f the Warren Hastings's Shoal, the fame poiit that had been fet by the Sulivan to the weft, fouth-weft of her pofition, when Gaspar bon fouth-caft 3 leagues, and Tree Island foutl half eaft. I would not, however, vouch for th« identity j and I am entirely of the opinion of Mr Dalrymple, who concludes his Note by faying that " Thefe feem to be ftraggling Shoals with " channels between, and therefore, in the day- « time, dangerous only by neglecting to keep a « good look-out from the maft-head." The inftance of the Warren Hastings might, however, prove that this precaution is not fuffi- cient, for (he got aground in tbe day-time. I think, with Mr. Dalrymple, that the great fhoal fitu- ated about 3 leagues to the weft- north- weft of , Caspar Ifland, is not a continued fhoal, but, if I may ufe the cxpreflion, an archipelago of fhoah the extent of which is not perhaps yet well known, and which leave, by intervals, deep channels through which (hips might pafs, if fomc rocks above water ferved as Beacons and pointed out: to them the palTages : but as the grounding of the Warren Hastings proves that, at leaft in fome- circumftanccs, no rock breaks, we cannot buc recommend tu (hips which (hall have got fight o^ Caspar, iBI,; I :^H m marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1751. fiASPAH Ifland, and been able to fix their pofi- tion in the chart, to pafs at fuch a diftancc from he place that the (hoal there occupies, as not to lavc to dread it. The marked tracks of the na- vigators who have not met with flioals, and have not had fight of them, may determine on that which a (hip will have to keep in order to be certain of avoiding them. 1 have thought it proper to lay a (Irefs on the poHtion of the Ihoals that may be fituated from the north to the weft-north- weft, relatively to Caspar Ifland, becaufe the uncertainty of their pofition and the fear of falling in with them I during the night, in looking for the Strait Be- tween Banca and Billiton, muft have hin- dered fevcral navigators from preferring it, not- withftanding its advantages to that of Banca, which, befides its inconveniences, has its dangers too : but as thefe dangers are better known, they were lefs feared. I proceed to the difcufllion of the other points of the Weft Paflage or Caspar's Strait, of which it is necefTary to fix the bearings and dif- Ifances, in regard to each other. V. The East Point of the Ifland of Banca, which fome navigators call its north-east Point, forms with Caspar Ifland the entrance of the WEST Paflage i and, in the interval, lies Tree Ifland, nearer to Caspar than to Banca. The 6 bearing Dec. i79»'] marchand's voyage. 495 bearing of the east Point of the latter, with rc- fpcft to the Peak of Caspar, has been exaftly determined by bearings taken when the two points were in one, Wilson (page 2 of his Journal) fays that " in paiTing betwixt the Eaft point of Banc a " and Caspar Ifland, he fet at the fame moment, « the Peak of the latter north 50° 30' eaft, and " the point of the former fouth 50* 30' weft." Larktns, in the fame poHtion, page 20 of his Journal, fet the Point of Banc a fouth-weft half welt, and Caspar north-eaft half eaft, or, in other words, fouth 50** 45' weft and north 50' 45' eaft : and the bearing is the fame on his chart. Captain Chanal, in a fimilar pofition with refpe£b to the two points, found that their bear- ing was north 53° eaft and fouth 53° weft : this bearing was taken from the Peak of Caspar, on the one hand, and on the other, from the hum- mock that rifes on the middle of the point of Banc A, which comes to nearly 57°, if we reduce this bearing to the caftern extremity of the coaft. We Ihall place the hummock of the East Point of Banca with refpeft to the Peak of Cas- par, fouth 53° weft and north ^j° eaft. This bearing is the fame on Robertson's Chart land great Plan, and on Larkins's Chart; but on [that of Dor DEL IN, it is fouth 59* weft. VI. Captain Wilson, in employing various bearings i, i! fe:■■■l^ III IL mrm iM 496 MARCHAND's V0YAG«. [Dec. 1791, bearings taken from his Station h *, where he had obferved the latitude 2° 49', and in taking for a bafe a portion of the diftancc run by the fhip In a determined direftionj has made the latitude of the East Point of Banca, a^jj'j and it has been feen that he places Caspar Ifland in his journal in 2° 22', and on his chart in 2° 20'. The ope- rations of Captain Chanal gave him the fame latitude of 2° 22* ^°^ ^^^ East Point of Banca; and this is that which he has employed on his chart where Gaspar is in 2' 21', as he deduced it from his obfervations. The latitude of the fame point is 2" 3' 30" on the chart of Dordelin, who places the middle of Gasfar in 2* 25' 15' (2° 21' 15" according to his obfervations of 1784): 2° 38' 30" on that of Larkins who places Gas- par in 2° 25' 45'' : and in 2" 42' on that of Ro- bertson, who has given 2® 30' for the latitude of Caspar f . The refults of thefe fcven determina- tions give for the difference of latitude between the middle of Caspar Ifland and the east Point of Banca : 11' — 13' — 12' — 9'/ — 12'— 12^'; the mean is 11' 55''' or 12 minutes in round num- bers ; this is the difference of latitude that refultt from Chanal's operations : this is that which Robertson's Chart gives ; and it is a mean be- tween the two differences of Wilson. Wc may • See farther on thefe Bearings. + See &rther back, page 469. therefore! on his iuccd it le fame IN, who fi784)"- CCS Gas- it of Ro- ititude of I tcrmina- betwcea ;he east' ind num- :hat refultil hat which I mean be- We mayl Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 497 therefore connder this difference of latitude as ex- actly determined. If, .with this difference of latitude of 12 mi- nutes, or 12 miles, and - the angle of bearing of 53° from north to eaft j equally well determined (page 495) we wifh to find by the calculation of the oblique triangles, the length of the hypothe- nufe, we fhall find 19.8 miles for the diftance from the Peak of Caspar to the hummock which rifcs on the East Point of Banca. The diflance is the fame on Wilsonj's Chart, on that of Chanal, on Robertson's Chart and Plan i but it is from 21 to 22 miles on Larkins's Chart and on that of Dordelin. This bafc whofe length and direction are equally well determined, is that to which we fhall reduce, by trigonometrical operations, all the Points of the West Passage whofe pofition it is q( importance to fix. VII. A mountain fituated inland on Banca, fcrving as a laud-mark to fhips coming from the northward. The pofition of this mountain is not fufceptible of great precifion. Wilson, being in a line with the Eaft Point of Banca and the mountain, fet them, in one with each other, fouth 81" weft: Chanal, in a fimilar pofition, had fet them fouth 78" 45' weft. The difference of 2° 15' m the bearings of thefe two obfervers makes us pre- VOL. II. K K fume mm^ I Mi m ^Mm; m .m ■I! 498 marchand's voyage. [Dec. i;9i. fume (and other bearings of the mountain, taken from other points of the Strair, alfo indicate it) that it prefents two fummits which lie nearly eaft and weft in regard to each other *, and it is not proved that the two obfervers have pointed to the fame : befides, they may not have fet the fame point on the east Point of Banca, which is a large round point, unequally elevated in its middle. Be this as it may, I have placed the hummock, or the Peak, the moft caftern of the mountain, with rcfpeft to the point of the ifland, weft 9* ibuth, or fouth 8 1° weft. This bearing is con- firmed by another bearing of Wilson, who, from a ftation G. which is feen marked on his chart (in 18 fathoms), having Caspar Ifland eaft-fouth- eaft half eaft, diftant 9^ miles, and Tree Ifland fouth-fouth-eaft Si miles, fet, at the fame time, the mountain of Banca weft ^j° fouth. As to the diftance from the mountain to the east Point of Banca, Wilson, page 28 of his Journal, has made it, from his trigonometrical operations, 21.26 miles: this diftance, on his chart, is that of the point of the ifland at the iummic of the mountain ; but that from the fame point to the point of junction of his lines of bear- thg oh the moilkntain, is 20.5 miles. I have placed * This .remark is confirmed by a View of this mountain, taken by Captain C banal, and which is to be found on my Chart, FiateVih , -the Dec. t79i>] marchand's voyaoi. 499 the fummic of the eaftern hummock at 1 9.5 miles, becaufc that is the diftance given me by crofs bearings, taken from different .Utions in the Strait. This mountain is not comprehended in Robert* son's Plan. It is placed on Dojrdelin's chart to the fouth 55*^ weft, and at 33 milet' diftance, from the ^ast Point of Banca : this diftance and this bearing differ too much from the refult of the operations of Captains W;lson and Chanal^ for us to pay any regard to a pofition which, no doubtj was determined from a mere view. V]|I* Middle lAand, (and according to Wil- son, Pa^saob Ifland.) This navigator from his ftation a* it anchor (in 8 fathc^ns water, to which the fhip had ftioaled, * The bearing! which Captiun ff^iI/eM took from hii ftation a,^ are too important for any of them to be omitted. ^ Gafpar Uland N. 37° 30' E. ** The South.weft point of Pufage IJIandf and the E^ Point of Banca in oppoSte bearings, eftimated dif* tancefrom the eaft point 5 miles . . N. i8° W. & S. s8°E. " The nonhern .extreme of Paifage Iflat^l. • S. 50° 30' E. " MwMt Parma/oK N.S;" W. " The fouth-eaft point of Banca S. 5" 15' E. " One lOand in the Bay S. ^o" Vf. " Tl^ other S. ai" W, " Tree Iflandjuft vifible from the poop N. 25" 50' E. {Wit/tn't Jowmal, page t.) K K a in "fl' I ■ \ . 'i ' ^ i''V:. t 'If. :J 500 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. in three calls of the lead to ao fathoms) fet the South-west Point of Middle or Passage Ifland fouth 28° call, at the fame time that he fet the JEAST Point of Banca north 28° weft, which comes to 30° 30' reducing the bearing to the hummock of the point ; and he has (page 28 of his journal) made their diftance ai.ii miles. The 501 IDE's journal gives us no bearing in the fame pofition; but, on the chart that Captain Chanal has conftrufted from thofe which he took in other points of the Strait, the fourh-weft point of Mid- dle or Passage Ifland lies, with refpeft to the hummock of the east Point of Banca, fdnth 31 or 32° eaft, which gives 28 or 29°; reducing the bearing to the eaftern extremity of the point; and the diilance is 24 miles. The angle of bear- ing is 28° on Robertson's Plan, and the diftance :s i6§ miles only : on Dordelin's chart, the angle is 34° 30', and the diftance 22^ miles : on that of Larkins, the angle is 38°, and the dif- tance about 18 miles; but refpefting'this laft, the South-West point of Middle or Passage Ifland is reprefented by a large mafs of fhapelefs land which is loft in the frame of the chart. I have preferved the angle of 28° of Wilson's bearing, which was taken in a line with the two points, and which is 30° 30', when reduced to the hummock; but having regard alfo to the angle from Caspar and to other angles taken, other ftations, liCc. 1791.] marchand's voyage. ^01 )tns) fetthc ssAGElfland he fct the weft, which iring to the (page 2% of miles. Tht y in the fame tain Chanal took in other ,oint6f MiD- •cfpeft to the (ica, fm S. ^b" to S. 48° W. j i^M!JMt or Pafa^e Iflaftd MA S, if «> S. ^i** B. DORDE- Dec. 179 DORDELj Point, li KINS, dif IX. Is J the north) V/lLSOl iiati the m iituated to dircftly wc from his vi his Stations of Banca, pcninfula, ( Oufer Iftanc bearings, ta ther back pa iflands, oft! "ft Point ol of the fouth Paflage Iflaj with the be • On the 22 '^'"ngs : the E N- ia" E. ; the an IJland ta tb. anchored at 40 tlie hummock c Mand N, 130 ^^ fiwn N. es" W. <'\ on n' E. Dec, 1791O marchand's voyace. 503 Dordelin's chart, the diftance to the extreme Point, 18 miles i the angle 47" : on that of Lar- KiNS, diftance, 15 miles j the angle 48® 30'. IX. Islands in the Bay or Gulf, fituated to the northward of the Peninfula of Sel. Wilson, from his Station ^ (page 501, note f ) had the moft eaftern of the two iflands which are fituated to the northward of the peninfula bearing dircflly weft ; and, from this pofition, it concealed from his view the weftern or fmall ifland. From his Stations (fee farther on), the fouth-eaft point of Banca, in one with the north-east of the peninfula, or, as Wilson exprefles himfelf, the Outer Ifland in the Bay^ north 34* weft. Other bearings, taken previoufly from his ftation a (far- ther back page 499, note *) of each of the two idands, of the fouth-eaft Point of Banca ornorth- eaft Point of the peninfula, and at the fame time, of the fouth-weft Point and northern Extreme of Paflage Ifland, combined with the former and with the bearings taken by Captain Chanal *j 1™. villi''* \ , r& 50O 3o'NV. te. PORDE- * On the 2 2d, at ; P. M. the Solidi had the following bearings : the Eajf Point of Banco N. 35° W. ; Ga/par Ifland' N. 12° E. ; the North.eaft Point of the PeninfuU S. 9° 30' W. ; an Ifland ta the Northward of the Peninfula, from S. 40° to S.48»W.; Paffage Ifland, from S. zf to S, 52'' E. She anchored at 40 min. paft 6 ; and from the anchoring place* the hummock on the eaft Point of Banca, N. 21° W. Gaff at Ifland N. \f 30' R. ; the Gnat Ifland in the Baj or Gulf, ftom N. ed" W. to N. 77° W. K K 4 have ^OJ^ MARCHAND's voyage. [Dec. lyp. have furnifhed the data neceflary for placing ex- actly the two Iflands in the Bay, as well with re- fpeft to the fouth-caft point of Banca, as with refpe<5t to Passage Ifland, and the other Points determined in the Strait, by bearings already men- tioned, or by thofe which will be fo hereafter. It refults from thefe operations, that the eaft coaft of the large ifland is fituated fouth 6° 15 ' eaft of the hummock of the east Point of Banc a j north 34° weft of the north-eaft point of the peninfulaj fouth 26° 30' weft of the Peak of Caspar ; weft 9° 30' north of the South-wf.st Point of Passage Ifland: that the centre of the Ifland is diftant 16 miles from the east Point of Banca; 31^ from Caspar ; and that it is, from coaft to coaft, dif- tant 8^ miles from Passage Ifland. The fmall or weftern ifland, has been laid down, in regard to the large one, from a bearing taken by Wilson from his Station a, and a fubfequcnt bearing when the middle of the fmall ifland bore weft of the northern part of the large one. DoRDELiN has laid down three iflands, on an eaft by north and weft by fouth line, i;i lieu of the fwo which are fcen on Wilson's Chart and on that of Chanal : the bearing of the moft eaftern of thefe iflands, in regard to the nortb-eaji point of the peninfula, differs little on his Chart from that given by the bearings of the two others j but thofe of the ftation a of Wilson who fet, at 6 the placing cx- vell with re- icA, as with other Points already mcn- K.ereaftcr. It ; eaft coaft of 5 ' eaft of the :a} north 34° ^ic peninlula; Jasper; weft nt of Passage i is diftant 16 CAj Siifrom t to coaft, dif- Dcc. »79»»] marchand's voyage. SOS the fame time, the moft eaftern of his two iflands, fouth 10° weft, and the wcftern, fouth 22® weft, (farther back page 499 note *) do not allow me to admit three iflands in the direAion which Dor- DELiN has given to them, fince Wilson could not but have feen the third, when, from the north- ward whence he beheld them, he fet the two iflands which he has laid dovrn on his chart. How- ever, it is pofllble that there may be a third ifland ; but, in this cafe, it muft be much nearer the main land of the large ifland than the tVo others, and at the fame time be fufficiently near> for it to be confounded, to the eye, with the land, when Wilson at the fame time fet the two iflands. I pay no attention to the chart of Larkins, who Ya$ laid down at random three large iflands, occupyikig a fpace of about 9 miles, between the north by weft and north-weft by weft from the oorth-eaft point of the peninfula of Sel, from which they are 8 miles diftant. On Wilson's Chart and on Robertson's Plan, between the north-north-weft and north-weft by north of a point which might be taken for the NORTH-EAST Point of thc Pcninfula, and at about the diftance of 6 ,miles from this point, are feen two iflands which almoft touch each other ; but we are certain by thc bearing! taken by Wilson from his ftation a, that thefe two iflands muft be feparated lit ',« '' ,'i ■li'.' -->. $06 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Dcc. I791, fepjtfatcd by a channel of ij miles or 2 miles in width. X. NoRTH-£AST Point of thc Pcninfula of Sel. This Point forms with the South-west Point of Passage Idand, thc narrowcft part of the West Passage or Caspar's Strait; Captain Wil- son from his ftation ^ (fee page 501 note f ) fet Gaspar Ifland north 17** eaflj at thc fame time that he fet the fouth-caft point of Banca, in op. |)ontc bearings, fouth 17° weft : and, from this fame pofition, the fouth-weft end of Passage Ifland bore from him fouth 66^ eaft. There is here a fmall error in the bearing of the north-eaft point of the peninfula : the feqiiei of thc operations of Wilson proves that the point which he fet is thc south-east, and not the WORTH-EAST Point. In the pofition he was in, they muft have borne from him almoft in one with each other, fince the angles fcarcely differ a degree; and, no doubt, Wilson fet the latter point. It therefore is the South-east pojnt of the peninfula which I have placed fouth 17* caft from the Peak of GasPar, and thc North-east point B nearly I8^ TH north-east Point, on Chanal's Chart, is fituated in i8* jo'; it is 20 or 21" on that of Dordelin^ and in 27** on that of Larkins. The con« dec. 1791>] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. t^ configuration of the lands, in this part, is fuch, on Robertson's Chart and Plan, that it is not poflible to diftinguifh a north-east point; we fee only thatj in taking in a lump this projefbing part of Banc A, its bearing with refpc6l to Gaspar Ifland agrees nearly with that which refults from the Bearings of Wilson and Chanal. According to the pofition before given to the SOUTH-WEST Point of Middle or Passage Ifland, this Point and the north-eaft point of the Penin- fula of Sel, ought, according to Wilson, to bear, with ref])ed to each other (page 28 of his Journal) fouth 74** weft and north 74° caft; but, to adopt this bearing of the one point in regard to the other^ ^e Ihould necefiarily alter the pofitions already fixed by other bearings, as well with refped^ to GaspaR Ifland, as with refpeft to the East Point of Banca, and particularly that of the south- vest Point of Passage Ifland which is one of the moft certain -, and we have no reafons that can dif^ate, or even authorize thefe changes. In main- taining the Hrft pofitions, I found that the two points which we wifh to place, lie with refpe -1 give **' e Wilson's third Station of which is aflumed Crom the Bearings ^ « Of the South-caft point of Ba/tca ! . . . N. 56" W. And the Southernmoft Point of Vajfage '^ ' '•' Illand ..;...., N. 5" W. " by which," fays he, ** we muft have had a ftrong current to the S. E. Hence « The Eaftem Extreme of Paffage Ifland bore N. 33" E. " And the South Point of Banca bore. . Weft which had before been obferved in one with the South-eaft Point S. 1 1** W. « The South-wcft Point of Banca S. 73^ W. which'had been obferved in one with the South Point S. ef 20' W. " A fraall ill''' '} Philip , ijal! il SiJ ■ fl ^lO MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. [Dec. i;9i. give US for the extent of the eaft coaft of the Peninfula 4^ miles i and a preceding bearing of its norch-eaft and fouth-eaft points, in one, deter- mine their relative pofitionj fouth 11" weft, and north 11^ eaft. This bearing is the fame, within one degree, by the bearings and on the chart of Chanal; but the diftance of the two Points, or the length of the coaft is there carried to %i miles : on Dordelin's chart, the bearing is that of Wilson, and the diftance 7 . miles : on Robbrtson's chart and plan, the bearing, if the configuradon of the lands admitted of aftlgning one, would feem be fouth 1 1** eaft and north 1 1° weft, rather than fouth 1 1° weft and north i r° e^ j but the diftance I cannot be meafured there, for we are at alofs where to find the north-eaft point. The bearing b ftill more errolieous on Larkins's chart than! on the preceding ; the two points are placed, in] xiegardtp each other, fouth 22^ eaft, 4ind north 22^ weft : but it appears, in general, that this naviga-l tor had no other intention than to mark his track! •^^^^••■TP'^-^^"r»* ** A fiqall Ifland , . N.E. hy E. " Anothfsr Jti^E. by E. | E. ** Another «, ']i).N.E. «« Another Ei by -N. «* Andjmoth^r , jfrpm E. | N. to E. by S,"| WH^s Jwuwl, page :.) od above high that vifibJc We tfie no fouth- [Dec. 1791. coaft of the ng bearing of in one, dettr- 1 1' weft, and in one degree, iCHANALi but he length of the on Dordelin's 'iLSON, and the on's chart and juration of the yio}M fee"" ^ weft, rather thjn . ^)utthediftance| we are at aloft int. Thebearingl KiHs's chart thanl Its are placed, ini jaft, *nd north aiM , that this navigal to mark his track! |N.B.byE. ,E.N.E. aE.iN.toE.byS^ Dec. i79t«] marchand's voyaoe. 6»t on his chart, and to lay down on it the foundingi which he cook in the wbst Passage, without con- cerning hitnrelf, in any way, with the relttive bearings 4>( the points, and the conBguradon of the lands which feem to be traced nearly at random. Captain CHANALoblerves that, in the Chart of Gafpar's Strait infertcd in-D'APREs' Neptune Ori- ental (N^ 48 of the 2d Edition) by which the SotiDE regulated her courfe, and of which all the French navigators moke ufi;, is laid down a great number of iflands on the eaft coaft of the pcnih- fula; but that he perceived none, although the fhip had failed at no great diftance from the coaft: he only law a few breakers or rocks ^«//^ r/g/er in jhert: Dohdelin'^ chart, Wilson's, Larkins'^, and thofe iof Robeiitson indicate no ifland on the eaftern coaft of the Peninfula j and we are at a lois to conceive how Captain Caspar could have feen any : the different time of tide may occafion a na- vigator, in pairing, to iee or not to fee Breakers very near the ihore, which are either under or above the furfacc of the fea, accordii^ as it is high or low water; but an archipelago, fuch as that which Caspar has reprefenKd on his chart, is vifible at all times, if, in fad, it exift. Wefhall confider the diftance of 6 miles, from , the north-eaft Point of the Peninfula of $el to the fouth-wcft point of Middle or Passage Ifland as 4 a new n''(K' U'-i \^ i>H' tC I ,■^1 ■ . mil "■ ' * 5ia MARCHANO*S VOYAGE. [Dec. i;g,. a new Safe the diredbionof Which is north 56° ij' eaft and fouth 56' 15' weft. Wilson's ftation € has been fubjefled on my chart to the pofition which his bearings give rela< tively to thefe two points: to fouth 56" eaft from the north-eaft point of the peninfuU} to fouth 5* eaft from the moft fouthern point of Passage Ifland. I ftiall reduce to thefe fame points the dif. ferent points whofe pofttions we (hall now endea- vour to Bx. XII. Shoal and Brbakbrs to the north-eaft of the north-eaft point of the Peninfula of Sel. We are indebted to Captain Larkins foraccr- uin knowledge of thefe flioals on which his Ihip touched, but without ftickihg faft. Having im- mediately come to the wind, and dropped an an- chor, he took from the anchoring-place the fol- lowing Bearings (page 21 of his Journal.) The South-east of the Peninfula S.S.W. Its North-east Point. . . . S.W, by S. A clufter of Rocks S. by W. ^ W. A fingle Rock S. by E. Northermoft extremes of the Ifland (the eaftern ifland in the gulf) ofi^ the N.£. tndof Set N.^^>.byW.fV.j , Diftant from the Peninfula 4 miles (e(li-{ mated by the eye.) Hcl Dec. I79«-] MARCHAND's VOYAGE, 5«3 jcfted on my ngs give rela- i 56* call from ,Ui tofouthj' It of Passage : points the dif- hall now cndca- the north-eaft of fuUof Sel. ^RKiNsforaccr- n which his (hip ift. Having im- l dropped an an- ng-placc the fol- ournal.) He got under way ugaini and, (landing on, he had the clufter of Rocks, in one with the North- east Point ©r the Peninfula, bearing fomh-well. It is from thefe bearing that I have Ii'd down on my chart Oip'-ain I.arki^.s's jsief, or the Warrem Ha -tinge's Sh'jalt by i^/Iucing it to the points already cctcrnmcd o< the Pcninfula; and it refults from the pofirion lA/ltich rhii opera- tion hai given thtm, U'.'tthorF 'dc'Ic ofvhf! clufter of rocks is fituated ?o the nor:h>ra4i of t^t North-bast Point ar the diftmci of ij mihu, As for the detached snd folitjjry reck, ..$ we 'idu^ with rcfpeft to the North-east Point U not cer- tain; but its diftancc from this Fomt; oufj;ht not .0 be lefs than 2^ miles. Captain Larkins, from an orular cltimation, has placed oh his chart the c\o(t(*v of Rocks, taken at its exterior north-eaft part, at the difri.ncc of 3I nalcs from the North-east Poinc of the Pcninfula j but his bcari.igs, redrced as wc).l co this Point as to the South-east Feint and the large ifland in the gulf, adniir no;: cf ^rariying this dif- tancc to ittore ch'in 2^ miles. On Doruflin's chart is feen a fomewhat confi- ^(rahk extent of Breakers laid down at about the iirrance of j^ miles to the north and north by eaft of the North-east Point of the Pcninfula: there can be no doubt of thefe being the fame as thofe ton which the -Warren Hastincs rubbed her vpL. II. L L keel> I 'v.. . .4, f " "■::;,i Aim Hi ■ i. ,!' 1 iii 5»4 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. keel, which, fortunately fo|r her, touched only on the edge of the Shoal. It appears that the fea does not always break on the north-ead extremity of the (hoal, fince La R KINS touched on it, without any thing having announced to him the vicinity of danger. XIII. We are come to the group of fmall iflands, fituated to the fouth-eaft of Middle or Passage IHand, which, with the fmall iQand, forms the EAST Passage ; or Clements' Strait. This group is compofed of (even iflands which may be feparated into two groups : the firft or fVeJi group, comprifes four iilandsj the (hip Atlas, Captain Cooper, and the Royal Admiral, pafTcd between this group and Middle I (land: the fecond, or east group, is compofed only of three iflands ; the fhip Vansittart, Captain Clements, and the fleet under his command, pafTed between this fecond group and the weft group. But, before we endeavour to fix the pofition of | both groups with refpedl to Middle or Passage Ifland, and their pofition relatively to each other, i it is proper to fettle the name that is to be applied to each of the iflands; for the want of agreement | between the Englifli navigators, who have im- pofed names on them, might lead to an error. In the weft group, compofed of four iflands,! the moft weftern of the two northern iflands is| named by Robertson, Sandy Ifland, and by CooperJ Dec. 1791 •] marchand's voyage. 5»5 CooP£R> Sandy Beach Ifland: the mod: eaftern is called Button Idand by Cooper and Barn Ifland by Robertson. The difference between the names given to thefe two northern iflands is of no confequence; it may eafily be remembered that the iHand called by the one Button Ifland, is called by the other Barn Ifland, &c. But this is not the cafe with the two fouthern iflands of this fame group, becaufe the !wo navigators have impofed the fame names on the two iflands, but not the fame name on the fame ifland; which would lead into an error the geographer or the Teaman who, wifliing to reduce to thefe iflands, on Robertson's Chart and Plan, the bearings wh'ch are to be found in Cooper's printed journal, ihould apply them to the one ifland, while they ought to be applied to the other. Cooper gives to the moft fouthern ifland of the weft group, which is alfo the moft fouthern of the feven iflands, the name of Saddle Ifland, " fo called," fays he (page 21 of his journal) " from having that ap- "pcarance :" and " to the north-eaft of Saddle " Ifland," adds he, " there is a low ifland," which, on his chart, he names Flat Ifland. Thefe two names are interchanged on Robertson's Chart and Plan : he gives the name of Saddle Ifland to the fmall low ifland to the north-eaft Cooper's Flat IQand, and that of Low Ifland to the fouth ifland, the largeft of the two fouthern iflands, which is L L 2 remark- iiii^^^^ii 'r v' I! k •SKl.'ii-iSji-;:, i:t Jf'HiM^' 'If , Uv ■'■•■'. "I ,1 ill 5»<> MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Dcc. 1791, remarkable from a particular configuration, info- much that it has induced Cooper to impofe on it the fignificative name of Saddle Ifland. I am of opinion that the denominations employed by Cooper ought to be preferred to thofc of Robert- son ; and I ground the preference on the follow- ing circumftances. Firft, I fee that Cooper has drawn on his chart, at the northern extremity of his Saddle Ifland, two hummocksy at no great dif. tance from each other, which may, in fadl, pre- fcnt themfclves under the form of aJaddU \ while the iHand to which Robertson has given on his chares the name of Saddle Ifland, is there pre- ceded, in its eaft part by a fand-bank adjoining to the ifland, and fliewing fome rocks off which the Vansittart anchored does not this latter ifland appear likely to be a low or flat ifland, rather than that which is remarkable from two humn.'ocks ? h the fccond place, I fee on the chart of Dor deli k who, like Cooper, had entered from the fouth- ward, that on th« mod fouthern ifland of the weft group which the latter has named Sad- dle ifland, the French navigator alfo reprefents two kammecks, and chat he Calls it l'Ile aux Mammelles, and I obferve that this is the only one of the fmall iflands fituated to the fouth-eaftof Middle Ifland, on which Dord£lin has impofed a name, becaufe, no doubt, it ib the only one that is remarkable : I obferve too that it is the mod 6 fouthern Dec. 179 i'"} iiarchand's voyage. 6^7 fouthern ifland of the two groups taken together, like Cooper's Saddle Ifljnd, like Robertson's Low I (land, I am therefore of opinion that there may have been a miilake in writing the names on the charts of this latter navigator } and I fhall name on my chart, and in the fequel of this ana- lyfis, Saddle Ifland or Ile aux Mammelles, the moft fouthern of the iflands of the weft group j and Flat Ifland, that which lies to the north-weft of the former. Of the two northern Iflands of the fame group, the weftern one will be named Sandy Beach Ifland, and the eaftern Button Idand, a denomination which appears to me to be more fuitable than that of Barn Ifland, becaufe Cooper fays that this ifland has a round form. It maybe remarked that this navigator (page 2i of his Journal) obfcrves that " Saddle Ifland lofes " that form as it draws to the eaftward, and then " looks moderately high and well wooded." It is probable that Robertson who may have feen it when it bore weft of him, and who thence ftood to the fouth ward, may not have remarked the two I hummocks which prefented themfclves to Dor- I DELiN and Cooper, when, in coming from the fouth-weft, both of them had the ifland bearing north-eafl: : we may, however, be furprifed at the Ihummf^iks not having been perceived and no- Iticed by Robertson, who anchored at about the [diftance of 4 miles to the fouth-eaft by eaft of his L l 3 Low Illr' '*' Sill . .: mm' '' i i rjCil.l; la "^.mi\' -it m it-. , -■•' '' - ' 11 .5»8 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Lowlflandf Doroelin's Ile aux Mammelles, Cooler's Saddle Ifland *. The denominations of the three iflands which form the eaft group alfo give occaHion for a few remarks. They are dilpofed in the form of a tri- angle : of the two weftern iflands, the moft north- ern is named on the charts North Ifland and fometimes Thv/art-the-way Ifland i the fouth- ern is called every where South Ifland j the third ifland, fltuated to the eaftward of the middle of the firft two, bears on Robertson's charts, the name of Table Ifland. This laft, which its name indicates as likely to be a flat and level ifland, is not laid down on Cooper's chart, nor is it men- tioned in his journal : it was concealed from his view by the firfl: two, and may not have been per- ceived at the difliance at which, by his track, he muft have pafled from it. Cooper's Track paflies, as I have faid, between j the weft group of the fmall iflands and Middle j Ifland : it leaves to the eaftward Sandy Beach, and to the northward of this ifland, the breakers which I have laid down on my chart, and whichl are not inferted in Cooper's. Thefe breakers arel ♦ The difference of the names given by RoBertfon, and 0^ thofe which are met with on the Chart and in the Journal Cooper, is to be found the fame on the copy of Ro6ert/en's Fla which Mr. Dairymplehitd publifhed in 1786, in his CoUta'm)^ flans, takeJ Dec. t79»'] MARCHAND's VOYAGE. 5*9 taken from the chart and plan of Robertson, who has there marked the track of the Atlas, Cap- tain Cooper ; they are placed to the caft-fouth- caft of the fouth-caft point of Middle Ifland, and to the north-north-weft of Button Ifland (Ro- bertson's Barn Ifland.) There appears only, ia Cooper's chart, nearly in the fame pofition with refpcd to Middle Ifland, a place indicated by a dotted circle ; and it is faid in the Notes which are engraved on the chart, that in this place. Cooper faw the water of a green colour : but St. Barbe, commanding a Portuguefc fliip in company with which he pafled through the ftrait, told him that the fea was often feen to break there. Robert- son lays down, two miles to the northward of thcfe brtakers, on the very track of the Atlas, an anchor which indicates that this fliip anchored in the place which it occupies ; and there are other breakers marked within lefs than the diftance of a mile to the weft ward of the pofition indicated by the anchor. As Captain Cooper has neither marl'ed, on his chart, this ?iichoring-place, nor the fecond breaker to the eaftward of it, I have thought it proper not to lay it down on mine; and I have prefcrved there only the firft breakers of which the Portuguefe captain has furniftied the indication, I obferve that, between Sandy-Beach Ifland and the fouth part of thefc Breakers, there is drawn on Robertson's chart and plan the track l L 4 of mm ' 'l*}li-;':l!r' ■ .1' III" 'L l'''Mi ' ^j? If .it '. N ; '•■')- ^20 MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. [Dcc. 1731, of the RovAL Admiral, which paflcs between the breakers and the ifland, croffing from north-call to fouth-wcft*. The relative pofition, with rcfpeft to each other, of the two groups which I have juft defcribed, and their refpedive pofition in regard to Middle Ifland, is what it is of moft importance to fix, in order to fucceed in drawing a Plan of the East Passage or Clements' Strait. Unfortunately the charts which have been given us by Robertson, Wilson, and Cooper differ confidcrably from each other rcfpedting the rela- tive pofition of the fmall groups and of Middle Ifland. The Journal of the Ihip Vansittart, Captain Clements, on board of which G. Robert^ $0N drew his plan of Clements' Strait, has not been publiflied, at Icall this journal is not com- priied in the number of thofe for the publication of which we are indebted to the zeal of Mr. Dal- • Captain tlooper certainly mentions, in his log-book (pagt 20 of his Journal) having come to an anchor in 22 fathoms, on thft 7th of Anguft, at 8 P.M. but, on calculating the coarfes given in this fame log, from his firft ftation, at noon of this day, in 3° 20' latitude obferved, till 8 P. M. and infettingoffthe I'^fult on his chart, we find that he muft have anchored loj- miles to the north 8° eaft of the northern Point of his Sandy Beach Ifland ; whereas, on Rober/fon's chart and plan, the indication of the anchorage is 6| miles diftant from this fame point, and directly north. Cooper does not fay that, from the place where he brought up, there were breakers to the eaftward at lefs than the diftance of a mile, as they are feen on Robert/on'i chart. • RYMPLEj Dec. 179*'] MARCHAND's VOYAGE. 52 » RYMPLE i and we arc reduced to take from the very charts of Robertson, the bearings and dif- tances j but it cannot be doubted that this naviga- tor fubjedled them to the angles which he had' meafured. It has been feen (farther back, page 509, note *) that Wilson, from his (lation Cy whence he fet the foulh-wcft point of Middle Ifland north 5° weft, and the fouth-eaft point of the peninfula of Sel dircdly weft, had at the fame time the eaftern ex-' trcme of Middle Ifland bearing north 33**caft, and an ifland, which is Sandy Beach Ifland, north.-caft by caft, or north 56° 15' caft. From his ftation i/*, whence he fet the South- 4* ■■;•*'', l:^, 1 * From the ftation a marchand's voyage. [Dec. 175,. WEST point of Passage Ifland direAIy north, and the South-east point of the pcninfula (in one with the north-eaft end of the Outer Ifland in the Bay) north 34** weft, he had, at the fame time, a very fmall ifland (Sandy Beach) bearing norih- caft by northj or north 33° 45' eaft. It is from thefe bearings that Captain Wilson muft have conftrufled the part of his chart that prefents the channel or open pafTage between Middle or Passage Ifland and Sandy-Beach Ifland, which is the neareft. The fouth part of Passage Ifland prefents on this chart a ftraight coaft which extends about 5 miles on an eaft and weft line, declining only 2 or 3 degrees from the eaft towards the north : this configuration differs from that which all the other charts have given of this part of the ifland, and from that which it muft have from good bearings that determine the pofition of the fouthernmoft point of the ifland in regard to its fouth-weft point. Be this as it may, if we take, on Wilson's chart, the fhorteft dif- tance from Passage Ifland to Sandy Beach Ifland, and the relative bearing of the two points of the ihorteft diftance, we find that the width of { the channel there is 31 miles, and that the bear- ings, on this line, is fouth 5° 30' eaft, and north | 5* 30' weft. On Cooper's chart, which is exa^ly fubje^ed I to Dec. t/gt.] marcmand's voyage. ^ ^83 to the bearings which he took*, the width of the channel is 5 miles, and the bearing of the two points at the (horteft diftance, fouth-eaft and north-weft, or 45 degrees. On Robertson's chart and plan, the fhorteft diftance is, on the Plan, 6\ miles, and 7 miles on the chart j and the bearing, fouth 28° 30' eaft, and north 28° 30' weft on the Plan -, and 37" 30' on the chart. But on Robertson's Plan, publiflied by Mr. Dalrymple in 1786, the diftance is 5^ miles, and the angle of bearing I9^ • Station II. Saddle Ifland diftant 6 leagues. . . . N. 450 E. Station III. Saddle Mand E. i6« N. Sandy Beach Ifland N. 28<> E. Middle Ifland from N. 9* E. to N. ii« W. Station IV,. Saddle Ifland from S. 75* E. to E. 5<» N. f/tf/ Ifland. . '. E. lo*" N. MiddU Ifland ...fromN. j" E. to N. 250 W, Station V. Sandy Beaeb Ifland S. 32° E. Saddle Ifland E. 39" S. Button Ifland E. 25** S. MiddU Ifland from N. a» W. to N. ^f W. Station VI. Sandy Beaeb Ifland S. 8|» W. Button Ifland S. 6" E. Flat Ifland S. 32° E. (Cooper'c Journal ^^ 20 to 23) 4 Thus ^},"' ■'. ■'wm ^a-i MARCHAND's voyage. [Dec. ij(jt. Thus the four Plans or Charts which I have quoted give us the following rcfults : Width of the Channel. Bearing of the Points it the Ihorteft nil»ancc. ffilfon's Chart ■ 3.66. . Cooper*^ Chart 5.00 ^1786 .... 5.50 KoUrtJotCf, j 1 7 8 8 J ^^^^ ^ • Zi Miles. Decrees. .19 .28^ 1 Chart 7. 00 37§ Thcfc determinations differ too much between them for us to endeavour to reconcile them, or for us to be able to content ourfelves with taking a mean between the refults. It has therefore been neccflary to recur to other means for fixing the pofition of Sandy Beach aad Saddle Iflands with refpedl to Middle Ifland : thefe Iflands which are the weftcrnmoft of the group of the fcven iflands which form the East Paffagcs, will be found connefted in a manner fufficiently exa(fl, as well to Middle Ifland as to the Peninfulaof Sel, which are themfclves connedled by good ope- rations to the East Point of Banca and Caspar Ifland; and the Pofition of the group very well determined will identify, if I may ufe the exprcf- fion, the Plan of Clements' Stkait with that of Caspar's Strait. Let Dec. 179»'] MARCHAND's VOYAGE. 6^5 Ut Let U9 begin by fixing the pofitlon, with re- fpeft to the Pcninfula of Sel, of the fouthcrnmoft Point of Middle Ifland, which is not its fouth- wcft Point, and which may be faid to belong equally to both Straits. On the 23rd of December 1791, at 22 minutes paft 7 A. M. Captain Chanal, from on board the SoLiDE, fet at the fame time the South-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel fouth 54° weft, and the fouthernmoft Point of Middle Idand north 55''eaft ; and as, at that moment, the (hip was at nearly an equal diftance from the two points fet, we may admit that thefe two points lie, with re- gard to each other, north 54.° 30' call, and fouth 54° 30' weft. An hoiir after this firft bearing (at 20 minutes paft 8) the fouth coafl: of Middle Ifland, com- prifed between its South-west Point and its mod eaftcrn Point on the fouth Ihore, bore from north ii''3o'eaft to north 32' caft. The bearings taken at thefe two periods being [ combined, they fix both the extent of the fouth coaft of Middle Ifiand, which prefents itfclf to a Ihip coming from the fouthward, and the pofi- tion of the Southernmost Point of that ifland in regard to the Points of the Pcninfula of Sel, already determined, and more immediately, in re- gard to its South-east Point : we find that the latter il' -■. mi mm i'm mi ■Mif > r: 586 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. latter point lies> with refpedt to the fouth point of Middle Ifland, fouth 43* weft and north 43* caft: that their diftance is 10^ miles, and that the extent of the fouth coaft of Middle Ifland is 3.6 miles. On the other hand, Wilson, from his ftation b (farther back, page 501 and 5.02, note f , and 507) fet the fouthernmoft end of Middle or Passage Ifland in fight fouth 66* eaft i and as this ftation is fixed by good bearings, as well in regard to Mid> DLE Ifland and the Peninfula of Sel, as with re- IpeA to the hummock on the East Point of Banca, and with refpeft to Caspar Iflandj it follows that, if, from this ftation, we draw a line whofe direction is fouth 66*' eaft, we cannot carry any portion of the fouth coaft of Middle Ifland more to the fouthward than this line of bearing, which agrees perfedbly with the refult of Chanal's bearings. This argument confirms the necefllty of the correction which I have before made (page 507) to one of Wilson's Bearings, by fubftituting the fouthernmoft 'Point of Passage Ifland (that which he muft have feen from his pofition) to the South- west Point mentioned in his Journal ; and, in fa£b, if the bearing of north 74^ eaft, and fouth 74° weft, afligned by Wilson, between the north- caft point of the Peninfula of Sel and the South- west Dec. 1791'] marckamd's voyage. in WEST Point of Passage Idand, be applied on my chart to the North-east Point of the peninfula and the fouthernmofl Point of the ifland, it will be found that this bearing agrees with all the r^fulta of my labour. Wilson, from his ftation £ (farther.back, page 509, note *) fct the eafternmoft entrance in fight of the fouth coaft of Passage Ifland north 33^ eaft i but the agreement of the bearings which I have mentioned above, proves that there is an error in the mcafure of the angle, or rather a fault in the copy, and that this angle (hould be 23 de- grees in lieu of i^^- After having thus fixed the extent of the fouth coaft of Passage or Middle Ifland, and the pofi- tion of the fouchernmoft Point in regard to the South-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel, it remains for us to determine the bearings in regard to Middle Ifland of the wefternmoft iflands of the group which forms the East Paffages : in order to accomplifh this, I fliall make ufe of vari-* ous bearings taken from the Journals of Captains Wilson, Cooper, and Chanal. Wilson, from a Station of the 26th of Fe- bruary, at II A. M. which is well tixed by bear- ings taken at the fame time of four Points already determined (the eaft Point of Banca, Caspar Ifland, the eaftern ifland in the gulf, and the north- m m 'Mil >df '' ^V.■ ■■Ml/ ;•'»•; I ik'i A'^%h>. mi M '■•l;i' ^1 if t!'.;''. & ii!irU 528 marchand's voyage. [Dec. tjgt. north-caft point of the Pcninfula of Sel *) alfo let the weft coaft of Middle or Passage Ifland, namely, the northern extreme in fight, fouth 79° caft, and in one with the fouthern c..i;.ome (which from his pofition muft be the South-west Point of the ifland) a fmall round ifland fouth ^2" eafl; : this was the only land that he then faw more to the eaftward than Passage Ifland. This fmall ifland which was fcen in the diredion of fouth 42° caft with refpedt to the South-west Point of Middle Ifland. could be no other than Sandy Beach, or Saddle Ifland, or perhaps both in one } for they lie from each other on the fame point of the com- pafs. ♦ a Gafpar Ifland feen from the Stern Gallery N. \(f E. The Eajl Point of Banco breaking away into trees N. 22 j* W. The north- eaft point of the Pcninfula of Sel S. 9" W. The extremes of an Ifland in the Bay (which extreme is in one, with a remarkable hummock upon BancaJ from S. 50° W. to S. 62MV. The extremes of Pajfage Ifland from W. 42° E. to S. 79° E. " which laft extreme (that of the 8 W) is in ona with a fmall " round ifland a long way oifj and is the only land we feo to ** the eaftward of Pajfagt Ifland. '* At this time, viz. 1 1 o'clock, the fliip is nearly mid-chan- " nel betwixt the ifland in the Bay, and Faffage Ifland, rather " nearer to the former, in 15 fathoms water." (Sec W'iljm\ Journal, page 26.) The Xitc. ] Th bearin VOL. II. Dec. I791O MARCHANP'S VQYAGI, 6"f L*) alfo ;£ Ifland, fouth 79° le (which EST Point 42' caft : lore to the mall ifland ith 42° eaft Df Middle Beach, or ; i for they )f the com- Thc linear direction which this laft of Wilson's bearings gives us, fixes the limit of the fmall weft- ernmofl; iflands of the fouth-eaft group ; they can- not be carried within the line of fouth 42° eaft, down from the South-west Point of Mipdle Ifland nearly through the middle of thefe two iflands. Captain Chanal, from the anchoring-place of the 22nd of December in the evening, the point of which is fixed by his bearings of Points al- ready determined, had in fight four of the iflands of the fouth-eaft group, and the fouth crnmoft bore from him fouth 56** eaft*. This linear di- re^ion from the point where the Solide lay at anchor, pafies through the middle of Saddlb Ifland, which is, in faft, the fouthernmoft of the iflands. It is from thefe linear directions combined with the bearings of Wilson's Stations c and ^(farther back, pages 509 and 521) and with thofe ^f Cooper's Sutions IV, V, and VI (page 523) that I have placed on my chart the four weftern iflands of the fouth-eaft group, Sandy-Beach, Saddle Flat, and Button Iflands: and the pofitions which I aflign to them are confirmed by I bearings taken from on board theSuLiVAN which, being in a pofition whence the weft coaft of Mit>- |dlb Ifland bore from her from fouth 65^ caft to * Stt pages 141 and 142 of thii volume* vol. II. MM north iM lie. m-)\ 7i> .«!• . ■ .dlr !*'Pf!* l:"'^ ^ )"■:■; !'■*' I'i ^ ^- , 3'f;f " *30 MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791 . north 45® caft, had an ifland (this is Sandy- Beach) bearing foiith 45°eafl:} another (this is Saddle Island in its higheft .part, as the hum- mocks on the north fide) fouth 5 1° eaft j and a third (this is Button Ifland) fouth 55° call*: in her pofition Flat Ifland was concealed from her by Button j and, indeed, he makes mention only of three iflands which he perceived and fet. If the Sulivan's pofition at the time of thefe bearings be pricked off on my chart, it will be • See the SuHvan's Journal, in the Appendix to Memoir of Chart of Sunda and Banco, puLlifhed by Mr. Dalrymple, page 18. According to the Journal, the diftance of the (hip from Mid- die Ifl?.iid was about four miles ; but it is evident that this dif. tance was eftimated too great, and cannot be, as it is feen 011 my Chart, but about a mile and a half; and, if it had been 4. miles, the Suliva/t which, from the point of her bearings, (leer- ed, according to her logbook, (page 1 7 of her journal) S. i E. — S by E. — S by W. and ran from | paft 5 to 9 P. M. up. wards of 6 miles on thefe courfes, would have pafTed over the breakers and the (hoal of the north-eaft pint of the Peni'i- fula. It appears that G. Robertfon thought, like me, that therr was an error refpeftng the diftance eftimated by the Suliian ; for, on his Ch?'t and on his large Plan, he makes his (hip's track pafs at about tivo miles, and not at four miles' diftance from the fouth-tvejl Point of Middle I.land which bore from the Sttli'van fouth 65° eaft, at the fame time that the north ex, treme bore north 45" eaft. But 'he relative podtion of thefe two Points, fuch as it has refulted from the fequel of my labour, allows me not to give more than the diftance of a mik ani a half, from the point where the SulivaM'i bearings were taken to the fouth-weft Point of Middle Ifland, found Dec. i79i«] marchand's voyage. 531 found that the three iflands which I have defig- naced, the only iflands that could be perceived from her, fall very exaftly in the linear diredlions in which fhe faw them. In regulating on my chart the pofition of the weft iflands of the fouth-eafl: group according to what has been eftabliflied above, the width of the paflage between thefe iflands and Middle Ifland, meafured at the narrowefl: place is 4. i miles -, and the bearing of the two Points at the fhorteft dif- ftance from Middle Ifland on the one hand, and, on the other, from Sandy-Beach is fouth 28" eaft, and north 28° weft. If thefe refults be com- pared with thofc of page 521, it will be feen that the diftance comes near to that of Wilson, Jt miles, ?.nd that the angle of bearing is nearly that of RoiJSRTSCN's Plan, (1788) 28 degrees and a half. , • I have quoted my authorities, the journals whence I have taken the data on which my chart is grounded; I have detailed the operations by which I have lucceeded in fixing the width of the paflage at 4/0 miles, and the bearings of the ncareft points, at an angle of 28° from fouth to eaft and 28° from north to well : I leave to the intelligent reader to afcertain whether the ufe which I have made of the data, has led me to an exaft refult, and whether the new chart defervcs ; ill this lefped a preference to the older charts. M M 2 la m r \ ,;,' '■^:'A I 1 -t';:] '^ I 4- ■I :m ; 4»n'i ' ,1 1 53* marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1701. In order to place North or Thwart the Way, South, and Table Iflands, compofing the little caftern group which, wiiJi that of the four wcflern iflands, form the paiTage through which paffed the Vansittart and the fleer under the conrmand of Captain Clements, I nave made ufc of Cooper's bearings at his Stations IV and VI (farther back, page 523). The relative pofi. tion which the two groups take between them, according to thefe bearings, is confirmed by that which Captain Chanal took on the 23rd of De- cember at fcvcn minutes paft nine o'clock * j from the point where the Solide was at this period, the fmall iflands, feven in number, partly fliut in by each other, formed a group, the general direc- tion of which was north 43" caft. If, on my chart a line be drawn from the fouth point of Saddle Island, the fouthernmoft of the feven iflands, to the middle of North Island, the northernmoft, this line will have the dire^ion of north 43° eaft. Thus it may be concluded that Saddle and Flat Iflands on the one hand, and on the other. North and South Iflands, which form the Vansittart's Paflage, are well fituatcd on j my chart, with refpedt to their relative bearing.! As to their diftance, which is the width of the paiTage, it is there fuch as it is given by the crofs bearings of Captain Cooper's Stations IV I * Sie page 143 of this volume. and! Dec. 1791O marchand's voyage. 533 THE igthe E four which er the made V and re pofi* \ them, by thai 1 of De- * ; from riod, ibc lut in by ral dircc- the fouth 10ft of the n Island, ; dircftion :luded that ,nd, andon vhich form fituatcd on e bearing. lidth of the tn by the ISiations iV and VI> taken to the fouthward and to the north- ward of thefc iflands. This diftance, at the narrowcft part of the paf- fagc, between the north-eaft Point of Flat Ifland and the fouth- weft Point of South Ifland, is, on mf Chart, i-V miles j and the bearing of the two Points, in regard to each other, is eaft 15° north and weft 15° tbuth. On Robertson's chart, the diftance is 4^ miles and the angle 17° j and, on his great Plan, the dif- tance is 4f miles and the angle 1 6^ The comparifon with the other charts would be ufelefsj the navigators who conftrufted them took not their rbate through this PalTage. After having placed the fcven iflands of the ifouth*caft Groups, as Well in their pofitions re* lativre to each other, as in their fltuation in regard toMioDLi Ifland, it remains for me to fix the po- fition of a Shoal which may be called the Van- Isittart's Shoal, and which merits all the atten- [don of navigators who may be defirous of paf- through Clements' Strait between the even iflands, leaving, like him, thrte of them to lie eaftward, and four to the weft ward. This ^hoal is fituated to the northward of our Flat id, RoBkRTsoM's Saddle Ifland. Captain Elements, who had anchored with his fleet at a lactic diftance to the ibuth by weft of the Shoal, Dt his boat to take the bearings of the iflands M M 3 from I ^ - 1 ; ; ,n ! » ; m I 'iri * 'I 534 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1731. from the Shoal itfclf, on which there was not found more than a foot ^nd a half of water. Thefe bearings make part of the failing dircc- tions which Mr. Dalrvmple has engraved on the Plan itfelf of Clements' Strait drawn by Ro- BERTSON, which he inferted, in 1786, in his great CoUcftion of Plans of the Seis of Asia, before Robertson had publifhed his general Chart and his particular Plan of Caspar's and Clements' Straits. From the fhoal, the Vansittart's boat fet North Ifland or Thwart the way, eaft by north, at 3^ or 4 miles' diftance eftimated by the eye — Robertson's I^ddLe Ifland, which is Cooper's Flat Ifland, and the fame on my Chart, fouth by weft half weft 3^ or 4 miles diftant— Barn Ifland, which is Cooper's Button Ifland, and the fame on my Charr, weft by fouth ~ The j fouth Point of Middle Ifland weft-north- weft. ' Robertson has fubjei^ted with tolerable exad-j nefs the Vansittart's Shoal to the diftanccs efti-l mated by the eye; namely, to 3^ miles fron NoR'VH Ifland, and to 3^ miles from Flat Ifland: he has alfo placed it in its bearing with refpe^ to the fouth Point of Middle Ifland, that is id fay, to the eaft 22" 30' fouth from this Point] but he has given up the bearings which werj taken of three of the fmall iflandsj he liaspkq the flioal weft of North Ifland, inftcad of wej Pec. »79«-] marchand's voyage. 535 11° 15' fouth — north ao* caft of Flat Ifland, inftead of 14° 15' caft*— eaft of Button Ifland, inftead of caft 11® 15' fouth. I am ignorant what motive can have determined Robertson to give to diftanccs of fmall iflands, ejiimated by the eye^ and confequently, fo erroneous, efpecially when the obferver is placed in a boat near the level of the fea, the preference to angles of bearing mea- fured with care, which always afford more cer- tainty as to corredlnefs, efpecially when the mag- netic needle has no variation. I could not adopt bis proceeding, and I have fubjeftcd the Van- sittart's Shoal to all the bearings taken, from the fhoal itfelf, with refped to the fouth Point of Middle Ifland, North Ifland, Flat Ifland, and Button Ifland : the point where thefe four lines of bearing met, has fallen 2/^ miles from North Ifland, inftead of 3^; or 4 miles, men- tioned in the note engraved on the Plan publifhed by Mr. Dalrvmple ; and iy% miles, inftead of 3^ or 4 miles, from Flat Ifland. My diftance to the firft ifland differs from the diftance indicated in thf. Note, only in the proportion of 1 1 to 141 but the diftance to the fecond differs in the pro- portion of 18 to 35. I obfcrve that, to reduce thcfc diftartces to thofc which were ejiimated from the boat that took the bearings, it would be ne- ceffary, either to alter confidcrably the ohferved bearings which do not, like diftances eftimated M M 4 by m^ ■y.\\ ■:.'( ■!r ii' 53^ MARCH AN O'S VOYAGE. [Dec. »79>. by the eye, depend on a computation always ar- bitrary and very unceruin, or give to the fmall iflands pofitions relative to each other and with refpedt to Mi pole I Hand, very different from thofe which it is impofllbk not co aflign to them according to the Bearings of Wilson, Coopek, and Chanal, which, in general, reciprocally fervc each other as a verification and a proof. I know of no other than Robertson's Chart and Plan that prefent the eaft pare of Clbm ents' Strait, that is to fay, the wefl coaft of Bn.- LiTON, and the fmall neighbouring iflands, and which can be employed for delineating this part. But, in making ufe of the work of that navigator, I was obliged to fubje79t. tit'ide of North Ifland to that of Caspar, I found that their difference of latitude was 32' 30"; and, on Robertson's Chart, this difference is ;^;^' 20", that is to fay, the fame within a minute. In giving to North and South Iflands the pofition, with rcfpcft to Middle Ifland, which rcfultcd from the fcries of our triangles, and which differs from that given them by Robert- son, I was forced to bring nearer to the fouth- eaft group the points of the anchorage where the Vansittart's anchor is marked off Middle Ifland i and thi^ was the folc method of prefcrv- ing to thefe points their pofition in regard to this ifland, the extremes of which muft have been fct from each anchoring-place. Long Island, that large ifland fituated to the north-eaft of the Groups, as well as the Points of the coaft of Billiton which correfpond there- to, muft, for the fame rcafon, have experienced a general movement towards the fouth, in order to prcfervc to them, with refpcft to Middle Ifland, the pofition which Robertson has given them. XIV. Ile de la Reconnoissance, Shoal- water Island, and the flioals fituated to the fouthward of the Straits. I have fixed with all the exadnefs that the ma- terials at my difpofal would admit of, the north- ern part of the Straits, and principally Caspar 6 . Ifland Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 539 Ifland and the East Point of Banca, which fcrvc as a land-mark for (liips that arc coming to the Straits from the northward ; it remains to fix the land- marks for thofe coming to them from the fouthward. • The Illand or rather the Iflands of la Recon- NOissANCE •, which Captain Clements calls Shoal-water Ifland, is the firft point which it is proper to determine, becaufe it is that which muftbe made by Ihips coming from the fouthward, whether it be intended to enter by the east or the WEST Passage. DoRDELiN, in going to China, in 178^, got fight of thefe Ulands in the morning, and, in re- ducing, by the computation of his run, their po- fition to the latitude which he obferved at noon, he made the latitude of the fouthern ifland 3° 18' fouth. . . Wilson's chart places the fouth point of this ifland in 3° x6' f, but he determined its pofition only by a bearing taken from his ftation d^ as far off as he could difcern it : and we can only make ■,,;>( ll?l • All the Charts and Plans agree in making of them two fmall iflands, on a N.E. and S. W. line, about i or z miles diilant from each other, and conneAed by a circular Ihoal. f I obferve that, on this chart, the latitude of Gafpar is only 2° 20'; and that as Shoal.>water mud have been fubjefted to Gafpar by W'tlfon'^ feries ot bearings and trigonometrical operations, itmufthave been placed i minute lefs foutherly, than if, as I have placed it, Gafpar is laid down in latitude z° 21'. ufe i^^. 11 %m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) >v ,^ ^0 <- 1.0 I.I U£|2£ |2.5 t \z lllllio .. .,. IIIIIM 1.8 1.25 1 1.4 1.6 * 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4SS0 (716)872-4503 IL (it d N^ ^ »"^ '^ '% «• marchand's voyaoi. [Dee. 1791. ufe of this linear AtteGAon fdrrub}cAing this iflsnd to the fouth Point of MiDtfLt, liUnd, by prefectM ing to it its latitude of 3^ 1 8'» confirmed^ as will be ieen, by the Plan which was conftra£)!ed by Ro^ BERTSON, at the time of the difcovery of the Eaft PassaOb by CLticiHTS. This Plan, fuch as he himfelf publiibed it iit 1788, has no fcak of latitude, but the difference of latitude between the (ttiddle of Gaspar Ifland and the fouth part of SMOAL-WAtafi lihnd or Iflands, b there 57 fffliUer by % minutes : but m tU» Plm Is, iw dodM,oiily • copy rf thit of S^Aertfttt who drtw it, to whatever eonBdimje a Plan pdrftlhed by Mr. DalrymfU nuy be entitled, ftill moie muft be due to the odjtiml. fuch H U ^1 M M ■ 'Hi! si \ **l| 54« MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. [Dec. I791, fuch as it is deduced from Cooper's obfcrvation and bearing in regard to Shoal-water Ifland, is exa£l, GaspAr Ifland muft bt in 2° 22' or 23'; which is far enough from 2* 30', adopted bjf Robertson, and near enough to 2° 21', given by the Solide's obfervation, taken on the very parallel of Caspar. RoBEkTsoN's. two Charts and Plan, which I have quoted, agree in placing, very nearly to the fouthw4rd of Shoal-water Ifland, two flioals, under the name of Breakers ; and the fouthernmoft extremity is there at the diftance of 1 1 miles from the fouth extreme of thefe iflands. It is written on the Plans that a fmall portion of the latter is dry, that it appears white, and is very low. 1 have thought it proper .to preferve thefe Ihoals in the pofition that is given to them on the Charts and Plans which the Englifli have publiihed with- in thele four years, and which merit the confidence of navigators. Dordelin's chart indicates a third (hoal to the weft 33° fouth, and at 18 miles' diftance from the Iflands of la Reconnoissancb (Shoal-water Jiland). He anchored 1 1 ori2 miles to the fouth- weft by weft of this Ihoal, in io§ fathoms ; and it appears that he examined it well i for on his chart IS written the following phrafe : ** Sand-bank and rocks even with the water's edge, fcen by the (hip Thiton bound to China in Dec. 179»'l MARCH AN D*S VOYAGE. 543 in 1784, near which were found 7 fathoms water. It muft be covered at high water. This bank is laid down on the charts of D'Apres' old Nep- wte Oriental, But it is not laid down on thofe of the new edition." As this fhoal, on Dordblin's chart, is 7I miles more to the fouthward, and upwards of 16 miles to the weftward than the fouth part of the Iflands of La Reconnoissance (Shoal-water Illand), or about 1 7 miles to the weft'Jouth'iveft half weft of thefc illands, while the fouthernmofl: part of the Breakers which are feen on Robertson's Charts, is carried 1 1 miles direAly to the Jouthward of, thcfe fame iflands, of which Dordelin had got fight, and determined the latitude; it does not appear that we ought to confound thcfe flioals, and fuppofe that. Dordelik's Shoal and the Breakers marked on Robertson's charts, are but one and the fame flioal : I have therefore pre- ferved and laid down both on my chart ; it will there be feen that in placing them in the refpec- tivc pofition which has been given to them, the one on the French Chart, the others on the Englilh Charts, the track of Captain Clements, borrow- ed from Robertson's Chart, pafles in mid-chan^ nel, between the two pofitions, at 6^ miles diftance from both : and, at this diftance, Dordelin's Shoal, that /and- bank and rocks even with the water's td^e, which muft be covered at high water, could not be ■ffiW|ld{!'. (a ^i 1 R n (MJ .*':■ ' 544 NAI^OHAND'S VOYAGI. [Dee. 1791. be perceived by C^bmints, at Robertson's Brfok^rs of which 0/maU ptrfiw only becomes dry and is wry low, could not be perceived by DoRDBLiN, fince having pa0cd to the weftward of his (hoal, and thence ftecred to the north-eaft, he came no nearer than 9 miles to Shoal-water Ifland, and he muft have paflcd at a greater dif. tance from the Brtakers which extend 1 1 miles to the fouthward of thefe iflands. Coopbr's track, drawn according to his bearings and his chart, pafles not at more than the diftance of a mile to the wcftward of Dordblim's Shoal : but if, as we muft believe from the report of this captain, his Shoal is not dry at low water, Coopbr may have pafled very dofe to it without getting fight of it. I here terminate the Analyfis, too long per- haps, of the Charts which I have conftrudted of the two Straits comprifed in the great Strait Be- TWBBH Banca and Billiton j in taking the li. berty to make correftions in thofe which have, within thefe few years, been pubUihed by the navigators who have frequented this Strait, it was incumbent on me to enter minutely into the motives of the alterations; and I muft exped from time and experience to learn whether my la- bour has led me to refults, the corredtnefs of w-hich is fufficient for the iafety of navigation. - I have thought that it might be uleful to French navigators> who do not poflcfs the Plans of the 4 . ' Englilh,! Dec. 1791'} marchand's voyage* 64$ Engli(h> and that it would be agreeable to them to fee marked on the Charts of the Strait all the tracks of the ihips which, till 179I1 have fre- quented the two Pafiages : the traveller loves to fee a beaten path : he is then certain of not lofing his way. , In Caspar's Strait or the West Passage will be found * : - ift. Dordelin's track (the Triton, the Pro- VENCB, and the Saoittairb) going to China in Auguft 1784. N. B, I might alfo have delineated there his track on his return, but it would be confounded with others, without being of any ule. 2nd. The track of the Sulivan (Captain Stephen Williams) coming from China in December 1784, taken from his Journal. 3rd. The track of the Carnatic (Captain Lbs- took Wilson) on her return from China in February 1787, fubjeAed to the Bearings mentioned in his Journal. 4th. The track of the Warren Hastings (Captsun John Pascar Larkins) coming * I have tbonght it proper to difpenfe with marking the tnck oS Gi/far whoTe chart is to be found in D'Ap&Is' NeptuMt Oritntal, which it in the handi of all our navigator^, ai^ of which Mr. Daltymfie hat given a copy in his ColUStui, This i tnck prefents nothing particular, and Goffar'i Chart on which I it is marked is fo defeAive, that it would pot be poffiUe to deli- I ntate his track on a more correA chart. VOL, II, N N from if ';',."ia, in March 1702, "which Robertson has drawn on his large Plan : it prefents nothing par- ticular, and would only crowd the Paflkge. From the parallel of the East Point of Banca, and 1^ miles from this Point, this Track runs fouth and fouth by eaft;, and ftops at the parallel of the South-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel at the diftance of a^ miles from that Point. The depth of w&ter is the fame as that which is feen on the other tracks that pafs in mid-channel in the West Passacb. It might be prefumed that it has been marked on Robertson's large Plan, only to (hew a track made in this Paflage, by an Englifliman, previoufly to the publication of Caspar's Chart byD'ApRBiV hi * Mr. t>alihfmpte has given us in his CoIleAion of itiironm (AffeHdix tt Memoir of Chart of Suiulaand Banca, page i to I 10,) Dec. t79i.] marchand's voyage. 547 In the East Passage or Clements' Strait will be found : ' - ift. The lo), an Extraft from the Journal of the MatcUtfield Gallfyt which in coming from the northward, in March i yoSf pafTed unintentionally through Ga/jiar'i Strait : no help can be derived from it for drawing the Plan of the Strait : but it appears that (he is the firft veflcl known that chance has led to pzfs it. After having been long doubtful refpe^ing the land in fight of which he found himfelf, the Captain difcovcred that it muft be the Ifland of Banco. " Yefterday (the 13th of March)" it is fa Id in the Journal, " fteering along the coaft of Banea, we found it altogether as « good as the Plaiet ihewcth ; the foundings as per Collumn ; " there is many fmall Iflands n£ar the (hoar, from which we " faw many Breakers, and from the fl:ioar itfelf, but they ar^ « all fo near and vifible that none have any occafion to come fo <* near. Laft night in the evening at 6 we got under the north " Point of the £aft end of Banco anchored in .18 fathom, in " the night it was calm ; we found & fmall current along the " (hoar to leeward, the Ifland N. E. from this point or there- « abouts dift. 7 leagues is very remarkable." (Mr. DalrymfU judges that this muft be Ga/par Ifland, becaufe in the orijr; j>! manufcript, is drawn a Peaked Hummock) " In the morning iv <* day.light weighed and fent our pinnace on head of the (hip to '* found, and the yawle I fent towards Banco into the Bay, « being inclined to have borrowed on that fide, but going right " in ihe foon Ihoaled the water to 10 fathom. I ordered them « on or towards the great Ifland," (This muft be Middle or ttjtfge Ifland) ** and refolved to keep the middle : fleered *< through S. by E. f E. had not lefs than 15 fathom nor more " than 18 till the eaft part of the Great Ifland bore E.'by S. " and the South Point of Bmnia S. by W. then 24, a6 fathom ; " foon after (hoalcd down to la, 1 1^, &c." « I conclude that the South Part of Banko is on the latitude (< of ^0 2' fo*uh.'' (This latitude can agree only to the fouth- N N 2 eaft 1 H^ MARCHANO'l VOYAGE. [DeC. I791. I ft. The track of the Vansittart and the Fleet commanded by Captain John Cle- ments, coming from China, in the begin- ning of July 178 i, delineated from the Plan drawn and publilhed by George Robertson : 2nd. The tracic of the Atlas (Captain Allen Cooper) going to China, having entered the Strait from the fouthward, in Auguft 1785; it is drawn from his Journal : 3rd. The track of the Royal Admiral, taken from Robertson's large Plan, where it ap- pears without a date, and without any other indication. Independently of theie eight tracks which are marked at full length on my chart, I have alfo in- ferted there, from the Journals, thofe of the Hawk (Captain Robert Rivinqton) and of the Pons- eift Point of the Peninfula, and not to the foathemmoft Point of Banea). '* On the ij;th, at 6 in the evening, the fouthermoft part of " the Gnat Iflanit bore S. E. and the fomtbmft part of Bonca ** in fight, N. W. by W. dift. 5 or 6 leagues ; the (hip drore ** to.the eaftward with the cnrrent a fmall matter." We are at a loTs to conceive how a Ihip that has the fomthtrum^ part of Bimtm mrth-ntfeft hj lutfi 5 or 6 leagues diftant, can hare the Great Ifland /»»tb.eaft. The Captain of the MattUtjuld terminates this article of hit Jbamal by faying : '< I like the coming through this way much « better than through the Straits of Banca, it's more fecore ** and much nearer." Borne Dec. i79i>] marchand's voyage. 5i9 BORNE fCaptain William Hammett) failing in company, and coming from the northward in January 1785. I have difcontinued thefe laft> mentioned tracks above the parallel of Gaipar Ifland : to trace them beyond that, would create confufion in the PafTage between Caspar and Tree Ifland, by which thefe two lliips entered the Strait. Thefe two tracks have appeared to me ufeful to be preferved, becaufe they may indi- cate the places that are clean amidft the ihoals fituaied from the north to weft-north- weft, in re- sard to Caspar Ifland. o This fame reafon has determined me to mark the track of the Mascarin (Captain Crozbt) in 1773, fuch as it is feen on the Chart N** 49, 2d. of D'ApRi's Neptune Oriental , and edition, a copy of which Mr. Dalrymple has given in his Col- leUm of Plans. This track of Crozet erodes the part of the fca fituated to the northward of the two Straits, and pafles very clofe to the Northern Shoals which this navigator has made known , it likewife paflbs between the four Breakers north of Banca, which were feen by the Macclesfield, in 1702, and the Sulivan, in 1784, and between which the Solide pafled in 17 91. Although Views of Land are, in general, of . no great ufe to navigators, becaufe they neeeflarily vary, and often in fuch a manner as to be incog- nizable according to the different points from N N 3 which 1'-;:: m ^50 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791, which the lands may be feen t yet that I may ncgleft nothing that can add any advantage to the general Chart which I publifh of the Strait B£TW£iH Banc A and Billiton, I have caufed to be engraved a View, drawn by the Engineer Lb BruN} of the northern Part of Banc a, which comprehends the Mountain ferving as a land-marlc, fuch as, in the pofition indicated, this part pre- fcnts itfelf to (hips coming from the northward ^ various views of Caspar I (land taken from dif. ferent Points { laftly, a Gbnbral View of the fouthern lands of the Strait, fuch as they ap. peared to Dordelin, in ftanding for the Paf- fages when coming from the fouth\yard. N. B. The figures of the foundings indicate, on the tracks of the EngliHi, fathoms of 6 English (teti to convert the fathoms into Brafjts (fathoms) of 5 French feet, it is fufficient, in praflice, to add an Eighth to the quantity of the Engli/h foundings. If I had wii)ied to make this rc- du6tion on the Chart i^fclf, I (hould have been obliged to ejuploy fradional quantities at the end of (he whole ones j and this multitude of figures, crowded aq/d heaped together, would not have failed to caufe a great confufion in the foundings, and to^rowd the Flan which wis already but too much fo. After having th^is analyzed the matcriab of which I have- made vie for conllru^ing a general Chart < . of D«c. 1791O marchanb'i voyagi. 65^ of the Strait BsTwtsN Banca andBillitoK) b/ appropriating to its execution the Bearings and the Obfervations of the navigators who, till i79r> have publilhed the Journals and Plans which brought us acquainted with the two Paflagcs, it remains for me to unite in a general point of view the parti- cular remarks which each of them has made on the depth of water and the quality of the bottom in the channel, on the iHands, the points of land, the ihoals, &c. which are met with in (he Strait, or which lie to the northward or fouthward of it, and to mention the Sailing DireSliom relative to both Passages, for which wc are indebted to their experience, and which their zeal for Navi- gation has induced them to publifh. I have thought it the more neceifary to prefent them at fome length, as this Strait being little known when D'AprIs publifhed his dire^ions refpe6ling the navigation of the Seas of Asia, and French navigators being fcarcely acquainted with any other work than his^ it was requifice to fupply what is deficient in this particular in the directions to which, in other refpeds, they have every rea-> Ton to conform themfelves in order to regulate the routes that they have to follow according to the feafon, if they wi(h to repair with fafety and difpatch, from one place to another. I. GENERAL Remarks on making the land, in coming ■'v, j 4 '■'il M 1if N N 4 to 55^ marchand's voyage. [Dec. i^gi. to the Straits from the northward •» and im the naviga- tion in Gaspares Strait, or the IVest Passage*, ** I would advife every (hip intending to come " out of the China Sea by Caspar's Strait" fays Captain La r kins, page 2 of his Journal, " to make Pulo-Toti ((\ fmall ifland fituatcd " o** S3* ^0^^^ latitude, and at 45 miles dlftance " to the north 17" eaft of Point Pesant, the *' moft northern of the Ifland of Banc Af) : and ** from thence to fteer a courfe midway between " Caspar Ifland, and the East Point of Banca." But Mr. Dalrymple thinks otherwife ; and it is well known of what weight is his opinion. " Ships intending to pafs to the Eastward " of Caspab," fays he in a note, *' cannot, at * I refer the reader to the Narrative of Mareiami's vojrage for the track which the Solidb followed in her paflage through the Strait : he will there find the beft direAions that can be given to fliips which intend to pafs Ga/far't Strait in coining from the northward, pages 133 to 144. of thii volume. + On the Chart of the Straits of Bajiea, Ga/fart and C/ememt, publilhed in 1788, by G. Robert/oHt it is faid that the hill which rifes above Point Pe/aHt, is feen from Pule-Toti, and from Pulo. Decan, fituated about 10 milss to the fouth.weft by weft and weft.fouth-weft of Toti. This, doubtlefs, implies very clear weather: the diftance from coaR to coaft is 15 leagues, on Robertftn's chart, and 16 or 17 leagues, if the diftance be mea. fiired to the fummit of the hill, and it feems to me that in ge. neral, it is reckoned that Point Pe/aiit can be feen only 8 or 10 leagues. " the Dec. 1791'] MARCH AMD's VOYAGE. SSi " any time, but efpecially late in the Seafcti, when »* the fouth-eaft winds may be cxpefted tc prevail, ** have occafion to go round to leeward by Pulo- (' ToTi. It is proper, indeed, to have daylight « for making Caspar, and (hips (hould not ap- « pioach it till they arc in the fair-way between " // and Banca } I mean in the preient ignorance " of the exa6l pofition and extent of the Shoals on »* the v>eft and north weft of Caspar." According to Captain Wilsok, ** Caspar «« Ifland bears from Pulo-Toti fouth-eaft exaftly, " diftance 42 leagues," (On Robertson's chart, the diftance is only 40 leagues, and the bearing fouth-eaft 3* fouth), " for which,'* continues WiisoN. " you may fteer almoft direct upon " leaving Pulo-Toti j the foundings are more " regular, and it fcems advifable not to approach' " Banca nearer than 17 or 16 fathoms.'* (Wil- son's Journal^ page 35.) With this precaution, you will avoid getting entangled among the breakers fituated to the north- ward of Banca, which, however, are by no means dangerous, fince they all fliew themselves (more or lefs, no doubt, according to the time of tide), and fince the Mascarin and the Solide paii'ed between the four breakers : for greater fafety, it is expedient to go to the eaftward of all thefe fhoals. But as soon as you get fight of Caspar, you ought, as Mr. Dalkymple advifes, to fteer fo as to -mr. • k. * j!' Iii■i• ■,.' - 1 iiM. 1 ^4 MARCHAND's voyage. [Dec. 1791. to get into mid-channel between that idand and the East point of Banca. " Steering for roid'-channel," fays Wiuon, p. 35, " betwixt Gaspar Ifland and the bast Point of " Banca> you may pafs (as he did) Tree Ifland, ♦' within a mile or nearer, to the weftward of //, " and then the winds or currents, prevailing at *« this fcafon (Wilson was in the ftrait on the •^ 26th of February), will incline you to borrow *f upon Banca } but you muft avoid entering the Bay, which is formed by the eaft nd fouth-eaft Points, (or the Gulf formed between the East ♦* Point of Banca and the north-eaft Point of the peninfula of Sel) : and having paiTcd the eaft point) you muft not bring it to the north- ♦* ward of north north-' weft half weft* i the found- *t C( (C cc « ings ^ Captain Wii/en being nearly abreaft of the Eaji point of BaucOf fays that ** feeing nothing like danger, and having fuch « regular foundings, hauled inSSW, SW, and SWby W, *' wifliing to borrow upon Bancat the weather (bore to anchor. ' 'f At ^ paft 6, while preparing to anchor, Ihoaled in a call of the deep fea line, from 20 to 18^ ftthoms, next eaft to \^\, an- chpred immediately, and when the (hip was brought up, found only 8^ fathoms muddy bottom." '< Sent an officer to found round the Ibip, whofe report is as follows." S b E. from the (hip 6f to 7 ftthom*— SS E \ E from 8f » 9|.^SbE \ E. from 13 to ij—SbE from 7I to 6— S from 51 to j—S J W from 4 to jj— Sb W 31— S b W f W from jf to 3^ Sb W i W. from 4 to 3I— SS W 1 W from 4^ to 4'- S W i S from 4I to 4{— S VV b W 5— W S W. rowing towardi the Dec. »79i] marchand's voyage. 555 " ings betwixt thefe two points are the beft guide ; << you may range becwixt them in 14 and 15 « fathoms water very regular depths, till the « ifland, in the Bay, bears weft of you, and then « you will fee the reef, which runs oflr" the fouth " eaft point a mile and a half at lead. You mud " edge over to the eaflward, fo as to pafs without « the reef, and having brought the South-West (( Point of Passage Ifland to bear north of you, " you may ftctr to the fouth ward, not bringing <' it to bear further to the eaftward than nortl:^ by " eaft, while it continues in fight". Captain Wilson, other nav^ators, and latterly Captain Marchano, have experienced that, when a (hip is out of the ftrait, but has not yet pa0ed the parallel of the Sovth-East Point of the pe- ninfula (of Sei.) the currents fet to (he fouth-eaft, at the rate of about a mile an hour j but this rate, and even the diredion of the current, muft expe- rience fome variations according to the time of tide. the lhip» from 5 and 5I to 4 ; then, from 4 to "ji all hard fand —A. M. Sent the boat again to the dlftance of 4 of a mile from the (hip. Wi N. W. from her, from 7* to 9I— W ^ N. from 8 J to 7^ foft bottom — Weft, from 7^ to 7 hard fand ^Rowing to the fouthward he found the foundings as over night, and SbE j- E. from the (hip he found 13, 14, 15, and 16 fathomi deepening M to the eaftwaid. See fTil/m'i Journal, pages 24 and 20. fi. Breakers Ml r- I'v a if-1 ■ ^ u 35^ marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. a. Breakers to the northward of the Northern Coaji of BjNCA. I have before mentioned (pages 461 to 465) every thing that can indicate the pofition of thefc brea\cers and their diftances and rcfpedive bear- ings, as well from each other as with refpedl to the fmall iflands which are clofer in (hore, and to Point Brisee of Banca. According to th*; re- port of Captain Chanal, thefe Breakers are above water ; but it may happen that at certain times of tide, and efpecially at the times of the cquinodial fpring tides, they do not fhew them- felvcs at high water. Captain biEPHEN Wil- iiAMs of the fliip SuLiVAN, who faw and fet three of thefe Breakers (farther back, page 463, notcf), fays, in his Journal, that " on the breakers ** there appeared two or three rocks above water." I would not, continues he, " advife any " one that " fails along the north coaft of Banca to come under 15 or 16 fathoms water, then they will have muddy ground, but, within that," fays he, " \ (oMTidixi hard and rocky y . , Captain Crozet, commanding the Mascarin, who, in 1773, croiTed in the middle of the four (patches of) Breakers, from eaft to weft had foundings at 17 — 16 — 15 — 14 — 12—10 — 11— 12, and 14 fathoms (.J^tf D'Apres* Chart, N°. 49, 2d. Edition of the Neptune Oriental.) Captain Mar- chand, in the Solids, who, in 179 ij crofTed the four « «c Dec. 179t'] MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. 557 four Breakers from weft to caft, had 12 — 13 — 12 ^14 — I J and 14 fathoms, a bottom of fand, gra- vel, and broken (hells : he anchored in the latter foundings of 14 fathoms, with a bottom of the fame quality. See farther back, pag. 46 1,2, note *. 3. Breakers to the north by weft of Caspar Iflmd, and of the IVarrek Hastings's Shoal. I refer the reader to what I have faid (^rther back, paragraph IV. pages 481 10487) refpeft- ing the breakers fituated to the north-weft by wed: of Caspar Ifland : there may remain fome doubt as to their true pofition, and their number, but not as to their exiftence. The pofition of the Warren Hastings's Shoal (paragraph III. pages 474 to 481) is better deter- mined by the Bearings which Captain Larkins took from the point where he remained aground for three days, and from which he at the fame time fet Caspar Ifland and Tree Ifland: I (hall not here repeat what I have faid of the prefumed identity of this Shoal and of the Breakers which Captain Stephen Williams of the Sulivan perceived at about the diftance of 6 miles to the welt fouth- weft of his (hip, from which, at the fame moment, he fet Caspar Ifland fouth-eaft diftant 3 leagues, and Tree Idand fouth half eaft (pages 488 to 491). , -^ The Shoal to which I have given the name of the ri ' ■..v:i W- ^^\ ^f-,'.'^ ('•'■ {■■'. 55» marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. the Warren jHastings, lies, by Captain Lar. Ri Nil's account, nearly north and fouth ; it is about i^ or 2 miles in length, but with an arm extending to the eaftward, about the middle of the Rocki and it was on the extremity of this arm that the War r in Hastings ftruck (page 1 and following of his Journal.) " Our endeavours to get the fhip off," fays he, •* proving ineffcdual before the tide fell, I went in •* the cutter, and founded many parts of the Shod «* to the northward and weftward of us, and had *• in many parts of it only 2 fathoms, and in two " places 1 5:* fathoms." (BU. page i.) «• The next day," fays Captain Larkins, " the «* winds prevailing northerly, and not being able « to attempt getting to the northward of the Shonl, ** I went in the cutter to found between the Ifland •* (Gaspar) and the Shoal; fteering from thclliip •« S. S. E. until the IJland bore call ; then eaft, •* until the (hip bore N. W. then N. W. on •• board} having the whole way had regular found- «* ings from 16 to 18 fathoms : from which I was •« fo far convinced there was Channel between *« them, that had the wind remained northerly, I •« was determined to go, efpecially as the Hawk£ •' and SuLivAN had gone that paflfage before, and •' by their Bearings muft very narrowly have ^ cfcaped that Rock, A breeze fpringing up «* fouth. Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 5S9 <» fouthcrly, I founded the north end of the Ihoal, (( and anchored on the Banka Sboar in 18 « fathoms." (Ihid. page 2.) Although Captain Wilson, in the Carnatic, did not pafs between Caspar and Tree IHand, but at about a mile to the weftward of the latter, he muft, as well as the (hips quoted by Larkins, have paffed at a very little diftance to the eaft- ward of the Warren Hastings's Shoal. " After making Pulo Toti," continued Cap- tain Larkins, " I would advifc every (hip to " ftcer from thence a courfe midway between (' Caspar Ifland and the eaft Point of Banka, " there being about 7 leagues between them " (more exadly 8 miles from cpaft to coall) ; « (he will moft likely fee them both together, I " would then advife her to keep the East Point " of Banka between fouth by eafl: and fouth by " weft, as, by our bearings, (he will avoid the « Shoal, on which we unfortunately ftruck, and by " the other, the very dangerous Rocks on the " Banka Side. We rounded the East end of " Banka between 3 and 4 miles diftance and car- " ricd very good foundings. In the evening vvc " anchored as per log, about 3 leagues (hort of " the narrow entrance of the Straits of Caspar." (Page 4 of his Journal.) In appears from thefe direflions, that Captain Larkins is particularly anxious to warn ihip« of 6 the •■'}■' ^ MARCHAN d's VOYAGE. [DcC. 1791. the flioal on which he ftruck i and he is in the right, for this Ihoai is the more dangerous as it is not vinble, and as a navigator can have no know- ledge of it till his (hip flrikes. But he need no longer be under any apprehenfion of it as foon as he has brought Gaspar to bear eaft } for this ifland b more to the fouthward than the Shoal ; and then he ought to fteer fo as to pafs in mid- channel be- tween Tree Ifland and the East Point of Banca, and borrow nearer to the Rock than to the Ifland, if he perceive that the currents fet into the gulf. Captain Stephen Williams of the Sulivan, anchored jn 1 5 fathoms, fine ftiff clay, Caspar Ifland bearing fouth-eafl: by fouth, difliant about 4 leagues. From this point, he fays that he « kept flianding in for the Strait of Billiton, *' with Caspar Ifland about 2 points on the lar- " board bow (in the eafl.-fouth-ea(l) had very re- *< gular foundings, but moflly rocfy ground, until «* abreaft of the ifland, when we had »« £. to S. 87** £. : the ifland wai then feen entirely under an angle of 17**. According to thu latter bearing, we cannot give it more than % miles in length ; and it would have lefs by the former. * Thus fays the original : yet I do not ptefuroe that thefe aie tqfeade$» t Thefe are the nefts of the Salrnngaat, a fpecies of aUjn, xYvt/tuallvw peculiar to tie fitrt tf Conchin-China. Nunw beriefs ftories have been told and repeated refpeAing thenatuit and the properties of thefe nefts : it appears at the prefent dajr beyond all doubt, that this bird corapdes in neft with the fiili fpawn, which, in the feas of Afia, comi the furface of tlx water in certain times of the year. afpedil Dec. 1791.] MARCH AN o'« VOYAGI. i^3 afpcAs under which it prefents icfelf to (hipi com- ing from the northward, in proportion as they ap- proach it. «* At 2 P. M." fays Wilson, «» we faw a fmall " ifland from the maft-head, bearing fouth-fouth- " cad, which looked like a (hip failing before the " wind, and was for fome time taken for one. " At I paft 3, this iOand, which is a very re- *< markable one, having two or three trees at the " very top of it, it is formed like a dome, and « is about as high out of the water as our poop, " having a fmall rock, a cable's length or fo dif- '* tant, bore fouth-fouth-eaft : at the fame time <' Caspar Idand Isore fouth 73^ 20' eaft. " At I paft 4, Trbb Ifland bore eaft by fouth diftant i mile : the Rock off it open to the fouth- vard eaft by fouth | fouth. " Breakers (eem to extend about half a mile " to the northward, and the fame dillance to the " fouth ward of this Jfiand, but beyond that dif- " tance the paflage is apparently quite clear : " excepting a patch of green mofs, with the two " or three trees which are on the top of it, it " is a hoary, barren, clefted rock ; the trees upon " it are pretty high, fo that it may be fcen 5 I " leagues oE (At that di(lance» as he fays, it [" looks like a (hip failing before the wind). The " Rockf which lies to the fouth-eaft of//, is about m'^ "^' 1 '; oa « as itf4 MARCHAKD*8 VOYAGE. [OcC. 1791, *' ai high out of the water as a flilp'i long-boat." (See Wilson's Journal, pages 21 to 33-- and alfo page 4)- A ftiip cpming from the northward, fays Cap. Cain Chanal, at 6rft difcoyers the firil iflot of RocHER Navire (Tree Ifland), and an hour and ft half after, its fouthern iflot. When the latter and the fouth Point of Gasper Ifland bore, in one, eaft 23° north, we diftinguifh^d from the So- LiDE a chain of Breakers which conned the firlt iflot to the fecond. , Captain Cooper, who made Tree Ifland when coming from the foyth ward,- merely fays (page 24 of his Journal) that when feen from that fide, it appears like a /ailt and has a large tree on the middle : other navigators fay a clun^ ef trees. If they do not agree as to the number of trees, they atleaft agree as to the figure of the ifland; all the defcriptions accord in giving it, when feen at a certain diftance, the appearance of a fliip un- der fail. It feems to me'that the name of Rocher Navire, which may be expreflfed in EngliHi by Sail Island, ought to be adopted in preference to Tree Island, which in French flgnifles Ilede l'Arbre or Ile aux Arbres; for the rock will always prcferve its form of a fhip under fail, while the remarkable trees will fall with age, and with I We might ij clear on bi Wilson who, ward of it at tli to 20 fathoms J paflcd between outward as ho coming out of i^oms, whether the one or the « when coming frc Of 20 fathomsl ^« Royal Ai: .^'th the PoNSBc fame depth of However, CJ Journal (page ^J "fationon the Dec. i79t>] marchand's voyage. 5(5 with them will fall the diftindkive figfl by which it is known *. 6. ,PaJfagt between Caspar Ifland and Tree IJland (ROCHBR Na^irb.) yfe might conflder it as certain that the PaflTage is clear on both fides of Tree Ifland. Captain Wilson who, as has been feen, pafled to the weft- ward of it at the diftance of a mile carrying frorh 19 to 20 fathoms J on the other hand, Dordblin, who pafTed between Trbs Ifland and Caspar, as well outward as homeward bound, and anchored on coming out of the channel, had conftantly ao fa-> thorns, whether he pafl*ed farther from or nearer to the one or the other. Cooper, who palled there when coming from the fouthward, iikewife had 1 9 or 20 fathoms ; and four other fliips known, the Royal Admiral, the Hawke, in company with the PoNSBORNE, and the Svlivan, foutid the fame depth of water. However, Captain Larkins tells us in )its Journal (page 4) that " having had fome conver- " Tation on the fubje^ of this paflage with Do'n "Juan d*Urella, who commands the St. * It apptarsjo me the vpoxt expedient to adopt the nine of Htcber fftn/ire, or ^«f7 Ifland, ai, at no. great dilUnce fiom the Strait Btt'wetii BillifH and Banea, in latitude 4° 50' fouth, dn the dft coaft of Skmdtra, is fttoated another Tree Ifland, which, «ntbe French' charts, bean the tam^fiS IJUwxGrMiufArhtet (Great Tree JUafO^,) ^ ^ ^ 003 ** LoviSj) t-B 566 marchand's voyage. [Dec, rgi- Dec. I7PI.J " Louis, flic had been through Caspar Straits, ** fcvcn times, 'Twice having pafled to the eaftward ** of TREt Ifland, one of which times flie had fe. " veral calls of 4 fathoms, fo that although the " SuLiVAN and Hawke pafled that way without *' meeting with any accident, it can by no means " be an advifable pafl*age." To this conclulion we may oppofe, that, out of twelve known tracks in Caspar Strait, Hve only pafs between Tree Ifland and the East Point of Banca : and the feven others between Gaspak and Tree liland } and that none of the fliips that have taken this laft-mentioned paflage found there lefs than nineteen fathoms. Is it not poflible that Larkins andURELLA might have mifunderftood each other ? that the latter may have had, as he faid, fome calls ai four fathoms, but that he did not get them //// after he was clear of the pajfait^ and, in fafl, he may have had this little depth of water, if, after having cleared the paflage, he continued to lleer north and north by well, and ap< proached too near the Ihoals, which are fituated ir. j thofe diredbions, for a Ihip that comes out by the j channel between Tree Ifland and Caspar. More* over, I fee no reafon for preferring this narrow palTage to the Hne and wide paflfage which is open between Tree Ifland and the East Point of Banca, unlels the direction of the wind, or fome particular circumllance, fliould determine a I preference! Dec. 1791 •] MAIICHAND*S VOYAGE. 6^7 preference to be given to the former. The rather doubtful pofition of the large fhoal on which the Warren Hastings ftruck, and the fuipedted exigence of fome others in its vicinity, muft deter (hips that come from the northward from taking the pafTage between Caspar and Tree Iflandf which, befides, ferves only to lengthen the way to no purpofe : and thofe that come from the fouth- ward, if they fail out of it at the clofe of the day, muft be afraid of finding themfelves entangled in the night among the Breakers to the northward of Caspar, the number and polition of which are not yet well determined. But it was expedient to cftablifh as a truth, in oppofition to the doubt fuggefted by Captain Larkins from the account of Don Juan o'Urlxla, that fhips which (Iiould be obliged to pafs between Caspar and Tree Ifland might run through there with fafety, and that, throughout, they will find a good depth of water. 7. Tbe Mountain ferving as a land-mark on Banca, (called by the Malays Tanjong Bre- kat). Captain Wilson appears convinced that the mountain which ferves as a land-mark on Banca for fhips coming from the northward, is " the " fame, both from its fhape and fituation," he " fays, " as the one which he has called Mount "Parmasan (or rather Parmissano or Permis- 004 sang), u m m .3J.I ''. "■ I' '1 .'if :l 568 MAJICHANP*S VOYAGE. [Dcc. IJ^U. ' sang)> whiqh is feen in the Strait op Ban- ** CA." (Pages 5 and 21 of his Journal). - I cannot coincide in this opinion. The two mountains are, indeed, fituated on the fame paraU lei (about 2° 36' fouth), at Icaft to judge of them by the latitude which the charts afllgn to the Permissang of the. Strait of Banca and by that which various bearings give to the remarkable iDountain of Caspar's Strait; but, on confult- ing the fame charts, we fee that chc mount Per- missang of the Strait of Banca, fituated to the fouth and very near the river that bears the fame name, is at a very little diftance from the coaft of the Strait: and if we admit that its fitua* tion is well laid down on the charts, it would be at a diftancc of upwards of ,/^ miles from the EAST point of BiVNCA in Caspar's Straitj and yet the crofs bearings of Wilson, as well as thofc of Ci^ANAL, give but twenty or twenty-one miles at moft, for the diftance from the east point of Banca, to the mountain ferving as a land-m^rk; there remains therefore between this mountain and Mount Permissang of the Strait of BancA) a diftance of twenty- nine or thirty miles. • Be it 9S it may with refpeft to this opinion of Captain Wilson, this much is certain, that he per- ceived the mountain of Caspar's Strait, from tthe parallel of 'f 3', that is, about the diftance of j 10 leagues^ and he adds that " jt may be feen f< much Dec. 179t] MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. SH « much farther off," (page 4 of his Journal). «* ThcSoLiDE," (ays CaptairvCn ANAL, " was at «* the diftancc of no more than 7 leagues fronj " it, and 3 or 4 leagues only fropi the coaft, when « he began to difcover the mountain from the " deck." It appears that the diftance at which it may be perceived varies confiderably according as the weather is more or lefs clear, more or lefs hazy j for Captain Cooper in the Sulivan faw the Breakers fituated to the northward of the north- ern coad; of Banc A, and one of the fmall iflands which are more to the fouth ward than thefe Break- ers, without its being poilible for him to fee the land of Banc A (farther back, page 464). Tanjono Brekat is a high regular mountain (Wixson's Join^nal, page5). , S, Eas^t Point of Ban CA, , .■' ■it ■•I !i'i ■•Ir ^'H ' 1''' t!^ 'ft \fy " % Jl' I'll [■t. i 1 y: I ( i. ^70 MARCRANO'S VOYAGE. [Occ. 1791. Captain Chanal, at the moment Mrhen Gas* PAR in one with Tree Idand bore eaft.north> eaft, and the east point of Banca fouth-fouth- weft half fouth, perceived an illot to the fouth- ward of this point, 9. Middle or Passage IsLANDt/ometimes called Long Island, (by the Malay sn^mtdi Pulo-Leat.) It is HERE, between the fouth-weft point of Middle Ifland and the north-bast point of the peninfula of Sel, that is properly the West Passage or Caspar's Strait. Its length, is about 6 miles, and the two points lie, in regard to each other, fouth 56° 15 'weft and north 56® 15 eaft. The Solide anchored in the middle of the paftage in 17 fathoms water, over a bottom of (and and gravel. ' Wilson, who, like Captain Marchand, took his route through the middle of the channel and kept in it, had very regular foundings ; and the boat, which founded a cable's length within the /hip, had the fame foundings. (Page 25 of his Journal) " Middle or Passage Ifland is a long ifland covered with trees, having many hummocks or rifmgs on it, which makes its firft appearance like feveral iflands." (Ibid), " The ifland off of Passage Ifland does not " appear as one till you are to the fouthward of " if, « « Captain Cooper fays, in ^ Note written on his ,chart, that the south-east, point of Banc a is formed by rocks on which the Tea beats and that ^they jfeemed perfcdlly white, as if covered with ialt. This fouth-eaft point is remarkable only for fhips which take the east Passage, called JClements' Strait to the eaftward of Middle Ifland. 10. Peninfulaof Sel, ...Several old charts and plans make of this pe- ninfulaan ifland .under the name of Ile de Sel (Salt Island of the Englifli); but the bearings an^ remarks of modern navigators have nearly reduced it: to a certainty that this portion of land ^is conneded to the main land of the ifland of Banca« by lands fo low that, from a certain dif- tance,: they cannot be perceived : this is particu- larly the opinion of Captain Cooper who entered the ftraits from the fouthwardj he fays " the ** Land forms a confiderable prbjeflion, from the *' South point of Banca to the Eajiwardy Mr. " Caspar makes this landy an ifiandi'l think to f' the contrary, as low land was feen to join to the \* ^ high land," (Page 21 of his journal). r. * Membirj fublrjbti hy Ahxander Dairy mfU, Afptudix h . Mfmolr of Chart of Sunda and Banca, page 1 8. The Dec. 179 ::i MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. .578 The two iflands fituated to the northward of the northern coaft of the peninfula ot Sel afford not room for any particular remark : I refer the reader to what I have before faid of their pofition in regard to the main land of Banca (page 503, paragraph ix.) " The largcft, which is the eaft- crnmoft, " is moderately high, and is covered " with trees." (Wilson, page 25). The gulf or bay which runs far inland between the EAST point of Banca and the north-east point of the Peninfula of Sel has not yet been examined j but there is reafon to believe that it is full of overfalls and ftrewn with fhoals, if we may judge of it from the foundings which Captain Wilson had, when, wifhingto borrow upon Ban- ca, the weather (hore to anchor, he hauled in too much to the weftward to the fouth-eaft by fouth of the east point of the ifland ; but, fhoaling his water very fuddenly, he was obliged to anchor and relinqqiih the project of ftanding into the bay. (Farther back, page 554, note *). . On Caspar's chart (N° 48 of the 2nd edition o( D'AprLs* Neptuue Oriental)^ the Peninfula of Sel is reprefented as an ifland feparated from Ban- ca by a channel from 10 to 12 miles wide; its caftern coaft is furnifhed with a great number of iflots ; and, between its weftern coaft and the eaft coaft of Banca is frattered an archipelago of other fmall iflands : but it appears that thcfe iflots and 6 this SI m 374 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. this archipelago are the produce of Caspar's imagination } and it is feen, from his track marked on his chart, that he had it not in his power to examine the Gulf, nor to fee diftind^ly a part of the eaflcoaft ofBANCA, which modern navigators affirm cannot be diftinguifhed from the middle of the channel. Wilson tells us that when " the «* EAST point of Banca bore north 84° weft of <' him eftimated diftance 5 or 6 miles, there was *< no land vifible betwixt the fouth-weft and fouth- *' fouth-weft f weft, and that the coaft trenches c« away into a deep bay," (page 23 of his Jour- nal). It was not till he brought the east point of Banca to bear north 28^ weft that "the land at *' the bottom of the bay was feen from the maft- ** head, but not from the deck," {Bid, page 125). The reef off the north-east point of the pe- ninfula of Sbl merits particular attention. " High, white, needle Rocks" fays Wilson {Ibid, page 4) *' bound the coaft of the eal^.ppint and " fouth-eaft Point of Banca, but do not feem to "extend far off. They are the moft ftriking pc- " culiarity belonging to this coaft and the iflands •' about it i they ftiew themfelvcs in front as white '* patches upon the land, which forms the back- **. ground*, and appear off the points, high, bold, * It is probable that the colour of theTe rockS) which have the appearance of rocks oi /alt, occasioned the name of lie dt Stl to be originally given to this proje^n^ part of Banca, which was taken for an ifland. "and Dec. 179,/ " and fpiR " not dang This i$ n its rife at 1 and a half, SON (Bid, I " betwixt / " Ifland not " rocks are 5 " though tht " time of tic " water," co; " abreaft of t " abreaft of t " which, prol "Passage Ma to adopt this c that off tto:fou ^tctoit,1iero< ^''^c the fame « thofe which of the peninfuj page J2.) Weareignora the ibuthward i better known: ' ^'""^ to examil ^ave wi/hed i fori I Reef. Dec. 1791*] marchand's Voyage. 375 " and fpirally t but as they are vifible> they are <» not dangerous." This is not the cafe with the reef, which takes its rife at the fame point. It runs off a mile and a half, at leaft, to the eaftward," fays Wil- son (Ibid, page 32), " and makes the Paflagc « betwixt // and the fouth-weft end of Passage " Ifland not more than 5 miles; wide many of the <' rocks are as high out of the water as a pinnace, « though they may be more covered at a different " time of tide, as, whether it was high or low « water," continues Wilson, " when we were " abreaft of them, I know not. The foundings " abreaft of the reef are upon a rocky bottom, " which, probably extends all the way acrofs to " PASSi^«B Ifland." We are very much inclined to adopt this opinion of Wilson, when we fee that off tlsf-fouth part of Passage Ifland, oppo- fite to itj^ie rocks detached from]the ifland, which have the fame form, and the fame appearance as thofe which furround the north-east point of the peninfula of Sel, (Wilson's Journal, page 32.)^ We are ignorant how far the reef may extend to the ibuthward i but its extent to the nortiiward is better known: Captain Larkins had it in his power to examine it much clofer than he would have wilhcd i for his fliip ftruck on the head of the Reef. , > ' After '* .Is Ti ; $76 mahchand's voyaot. [Dec. tygu • After baying, with confijerable difficulty, fuc- cceded in heaving his Ihip off the reef, which wc have termed the Warren Hastings's Shoal, he fays «* In the morning at day-light I weiglud, " and, at firft, fteerrd a mid-channel coiirfc i but •* getting a caft of lo fathoms, I then determined «* to keep at the difthncc of about five miles from «* the weathermcft Ihorc*, or Salt Ifland (the Pe- «* ninfula), and ftccrcd accordingly, with very re- •* gular Soundings^ of 1 5 from ' S fathoms, for 3 «« leagues, the Deep- Sea- Lc?d conftantly going* ** in one Chain, and a Hand -Lead in the other. <* We had a very fine breeze at N. N. E. was *' going 5 Knots, and was from 1 5 fathoms alarmed ** by the Ship taking the ground, although it (lopt •* her way very littf?, The Man in the Starboard " Chains had/0«r fathoms, and the Man in the ** Larboard Chains (next to the peninfula) elevtn *< fathoms. I immediately brought up with a * Captain Larkim tells at, a few lines farther on, that the wind was at Morth'Morth-tafl \ therefore tht lutaihermofl VK\n, with refpcA to the (hip, ^t^ould be rather that of Middle Ifland than that of the peninfula ; no doubt, by the expreifion oinuta. thtrmoft {hore, he means that part of the peninfula which, with the wind from the north>eaft quarter, is to windward of the rell of thu fame land, that is to fay, its north'taft point. But we do not yet well underftand how Larkinti who by his own ac< count, intended to keep in the m'lddlt of the channel, which is fcarcely fix miles wide would keep at the diftunce ot five miies from one of its fides ; all that can be concluded from his 3C< count, is that be had got /90 much /• tbt wefi'ward, " Bower- Dec. 175, <' Bower- " ter to / •' fathoms " termincc " mid-chai " fafc." (s ^J* South Captain C paraJleJ to t\ Banca, and foundings, v; drawn it fror Sr. Barbb*, 'ong /hoals pa '"ore to the t'lat fometimc [Note written Jt ^iiJ not bj 'crcnt Jands wf ^'»cn a Hiip coming from tL Jifecwifc fcrvc fJ Straits from At the mome ™oft eaftcrn o^ * Thus written jj V"Honof in u O e ♦* « n — § 51 .i s IS gill •o S £ » a ■B «* ,e « S ♦• "5 ^^ » >« o ^ ft' ii^^Ss I'JC jifci "'la •4 s H e« -< IZi O U (4 s ^, H H 14 M a h O h M ^ £ ^ § S •« t • efere to eKo 1 1 t-4 > ft -5 -* > , o s 5 1 s o Dura- tion of the Pe- riod. 1 r» * <0 f- 'a . « v\ IK Ifa :^ OS O u « "S p J O * 55 * S V) M M 1 5 o J O o o w a< u i* M M ^ FFECT ferraticms ^ ^ § • • 6 *•' • «g M 1 00 1^ ? • • O „ J • w JS -^ , V) *' c m 5^ 0\ 00 COM rding J? « • »i 2! § • • V. tf>K ^^^ \0 ON S H ^ . a- eo 00 « . ti s M 00 - -< >/% 5 •1 ** o f-.^ p4 ' m t) M M 1 «' >. ? 00 •<•■ O M ?s •r & 9 S « > \ a^M.jK9W' I •S rs ^ 5 '^ ^ I Wpt! 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St S,? 'S. "8.^ 00 M Ok « M m ^ = m M M P4 1" w> ? 3- 8 8 {? tl o O »»» J? 2, 3. S o •« «« 00 m m ^ s; S, a^j 00 Ht ? ? « ff ? S M M '"i 1 1 * H O O 0^ OH OS i: M !? 5- N fv ii o « 1 I o >» ■5 sS 8 ^ s 5 >♦ - «• 1 • • • 1 • sc 9 • • 1 v> ► Is • m !• 1 M m ^ J^ o* t4 • o* . B PI i "^ 3> • • • • • * •5 ^ o o 8 ■ O 1 g a 1? O CA • 1 s,? H M 1 1? M o H *» J k> M 1 " . o 1 •5 ; 1 ^ 1 • 2>< I * 't ^' lo n ►iJ W ■■''*''i*'^i'i)BWiif m •n m *I| •n •* > If 1 9 s. S 5 s * £ 3 8 8 1? ^*"* S, o M wn M Va 'a 5 $1 5 M o IM s •• < S. 8 S H H • M M M ^ M 2* ^ Ul Jk 4^ *rfl trt li^ y» »#> i« ■C Ov OS r ST- 3 8 N ■U ^ ^ M M b> » w O i o« * in M ■>! •• N Wl t> w- »y< ^^^ f ^ ^n^^^^ t* u« M ft> H •Si JT *- ^•n. M M "^j ^ o O o • • • • • . 4> . • M • • « • • . . H ^ • • M J» U» • «k o« o 55 a; z Z Z • • as . «M t ♦o «M fi o o ■»• o gf w- . Kih *H H»* m n ^ .=« i^ ^ M •I M t* M ^* W» VO O M ■J» «- b Ul M i w M w M M o w M Ul o M b SI « •> 0^ XXXVIII. X < • X • • f «' sr n - I ^ I I 8* I S! / l> S( l> S M ■t s 00 'o *o «M »j; Ditto. r - ? I & A i I I & K 8 (^ /I* t* -» «• O >! 1*2 ^^^m « 10 > -^ ^ ^ «8 §• o m O 1e O '>4 OS o < o Cff ^ I I I 8- r 'I a I I *5 >s- m s; M 11 m ►4 J? O I? A^ o c n Is* o I 3; ? I S *^ I O 0^ / r' «..*.r^«.^-^,^* .m.wm*^.^.,,,^-:':::^ ^'Wt' m'i ^11 mi ■'ill 1 .^-°" v^/. 'N. > Ij n 1 . • is 3 H mm > XLVII > ki mm mi t K • s ^ % t« •0 ft m M M oe M M 1 M ' 9 M 00* m • w ui "o w • (A ^ 1. O • 1 O M « u > w (A ^ ^ M »** ve • ■ ft 1 • • « ■ M »n • r^ 00 ■ • J NO • • q 00 • • • ae • O • o O * o o o o !*• ft oe ro w\ m " • • • • • O • , • • « • • ^ •■ . • • • • ■^.^^^^* o « l<^ I 5,? '♦ fl *^«^I^^M ^^A^.* r^^*^^* wif^ ^w /~>»*iiirf~ •• j~w* ■"■ ^ >;• ^ ff O 1 OS » S" 5 Si ^ s- !? o» •A s- o « M M J? 9 M M ? o 8, V4 jj^ ■ 00 O '^,% >^a o «« o 5- w O o a« s'rs ^ w « 00 ; S sr 5 s ;? o 8»,fc M M rn «n ♦ i ^ Ss 1 s i S 1 1 e IH B 1 ^ !•• i« (K f- Ik tM III ■s^ § \ IK-U**"* ' * ? es ff ?» i §5 VO J2 v» J* • P o t* M M C o S ? 1 « f 8. fi- o f ) 00 00 ^ « o < 1 1 > 00 « j$ ^ •• i §. • -^ ll; • • • • 5^ 2; • 8 ^ PI s, Is 1 M 4, Ui OS g a CO • ^ r b^* • 1 • m 1 S •«) '. s? ■ • 1 1 M 5' 2 ^ < ? ?? i ?■ J c 1 a.? 00 I;- 11 w« ir I'l w TJ H 1 1^ n i i ^ ^ s .. S i , o s- r 1 * 1 ^^'^^S Lit and LIII 1 1 ^ e «♦ 1 i- >< 1 H ■ '•w«<<<<<*"ww»iW«W*f««ir»i«., , {Jj.— Li ^It. >. ^ &>? t3 "• 8 3- •t n S j» g* s» J" s> <: s. O rr r- 3- n = D - 5i •o 5 Si 4 jg ? M »1 !l ^ « 1 2 < ^ O o W i? & SI i^ fe tZ3 c itfelf, lowing CJ w* •^ under and to s 125 • ?^ t4 • a i: r ? X o >• ><» s^ 5- p « 9* » o ^ »< #♦ g--* ^ « ■^ s rs s" ■SvS 6 s- o - ? § From. 4. to. ifi £ 8 9 8 ? 1* » »l R S . .... £4: M M. o o» •* Es L. »» I* ^ 00 a> m m fit 5 i 00 M M m m M M - M 1 III ^ « I i ii ^v « f » i Wi/"^ I i rt x ^ ^i t ' V-^v I* b b 9\ I* -0 o w eo b m M O O a: b t v» M "I 00 >4 "t ^ 00 ■•a ^ r b s- . r / r OS Q ^ H 93 S |: W 1 a. a !^ o ^ ► n t / ^ J ....'> » >"" ' " i ^ H O . ' ** « ^ • »4 tm •J • H X h4 1 H <0 M »^ M »«. »«. mt «^ !? m ) <« m «« M » m .. • •< if; M I« H M w» a W1 a« a« M m .-.• - ** M r ■.1. ^/ J /o St HOI • W •*> o •'I O o :c • M M ^- « ^ ¥ • • v^ »A i *M M • • ^0 1 tf • • ; -s.- • • • 4 >ai • • I*' 3 **• • • o • . ^ ^ • • • • a* • ^« g o o • o O (<; m • 1 '8 I H « 8 o •« M « -* «« «< * ? $ t tn t» s « •♦■ o c« O (« H m 'wn. 1 P^m M } i ' rKtum fil V > ww^ CO O I "a V is if s o M ' 8 1 1 • X • > > X •4 S ■ ^ i y • t- «n 4 N -,«-*_A_*-v ongitud bferred EAST. o .8 .1 $8 ^ Si 8 1 C; ►J ■S "a •Pi's Latitude obferved MUTH. o - 60 * 1 8 ;r 3,5 8 5 & 1 S5 \^-, .^ , , ,-»./ " . w 00 M 9> e\ 9« s is ll« c« Pi •a CO I • > >■ X X n) •4 vt M O rf « H k4 o v> r« M N o\ « M 2: ^ HM •4* & O *n «»» ^ W^ * <« »A M el •A • • • • • • • • • o r*y • r^ < H W «M o H 1 CO • > • > • > •J • >4 o 5" (4 m » •> M M M M » w 1 •• m M M Hot O • • • •S5 o o N 9: • • • • • • • o • • • o 9i , • m m o, M • C ^ t as I •a I S5 2 "^ £ Ha >A W y «^ •^ 5 Si *( Si 3 Ut Ci5 0> -« ♦ o 1^ ^ 1^ PI « 00 « s 0\ 1^ •♦ <*■ o tn o 8^ o\ 5 t 00 VO M O in ^^ o; s M M »i^ (4 Wl 00 1 ^ S s s s ^ s i s \ ct I I w •ti »t^ *•! ■ S'^ 3 3 »i 5 i l;^ •9 »s- IM «M M M M *>« M 1 u» o o ve • 10 «e ' • ^•4 ¥m M M M W B 3 JI ^O « o O M p ^ a % SSi.i I 7 M M O O^ O H O it ^ E> ••>■' *> '— ^ is ^ 3 C>»^ W Wt ««« . 00 r 1 " 11 i; ' -? z 1 I'l • « s w 1 * ] P t ^ r • • • • ^ ? M 1 2 ■ ? «a ^ " 5 J? 1 • o W • ^ 1^ ffr 1 s,S 1 -o •-4 ^ ?' «. 1 *■ M M .^ 1? ? _?^H> > 1' r ,* 5* ^ ^ fl vS • M •5 1 ? ■ «< f t* c • r §• . iA X X >, ^ .B^ IK H • >< ^ it • • i f • 1 1 ' -1 I i » r a 6 H O If. ? 4 I S- 5 "8 4 «. I £> - 5 2. „ 5 "s! 9 >• J» s $ >*1 3 H o •g M M tM n M W — ?!•— - I s,- M 3 W j^ *■ 1 1 IM O ^ ON 5 «jl 8^" ■SI S ^ ■^••v^- • ^ • 1 M • 1 w .- *£. • * 4 1 ^ - 00 • «. • • 1 ^ , o • • • • IM • • i* « .«• • * • ■ o o o ■ ? ; |5 ■ i^ 5. • • • o ut • m • • • • , M • • • • « .8" • «. Wl • • o w • .^ y> ? ., ? '■ I o o M»« M» •4* »*• ^ • > • * C/) • P m •• •» fc- >M ' •s» t> 4^ 1* P t ~-l * Vn o • , o t> *» «H O 4 < . !3 ■ ■ 1 . : • '^1 "J • • •«. '•ij y 1 £ 3 sv i m m t 1i .» ^ g, t t t & s 4> *« 00 M .^. **v^- — Upv^- • M W . *o < ^ M ee • o , "b • • , • 00 • . "b • • >» • -ik w ut i^ • , M • « • 9 • • o CA ? ., ?! ^ M •* o o o •4« )»• ^ 1* m ' •* . a •^ Oi y M Ul »> 1 o M w ?. J u» i^ ^ J- f o* M »» ■•> . #•» f S1 < »4 •" . ■ ••J B . 3 • V i $1 :: •J « g M N. M O o < o fl i: H 'V^y^^i II ^v »' > I i'^^v*^' I "O IKJ M t o t I I* X ^ X X r I I r 5= I ^ H w n o> or 1? If o • 8 Ml ?5 o ^ "''^t it ADDITIONS I TO THE RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS FOR THE , LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Fvr the Analyfts of the general Chart of the txuo Straits Jituated between the JJland of Bah c a and that of BiLnros. (Farther back, Note LXIL fages 456 to 591V- rpHis Analyfis had been printed feveral months, and the general Chart, as well as the particular IChart of the Straits, had been engraved, before I had an opportunity of procuring the new {Edi- tion {London^ 1791) of a Memoir of Geokcb Ro* |birtson, entitled: A fbort Account of a Pajfage > rom China, &c.t with the new Edition of his We have thought that thefe Additions which, in the Ori. Iginal, are at the end of Vol. II. becaufe they were not writ- Ittn till after the impreffion was completedt would with more Iptt^iety be (daced at the end qf Uie Resvlts of the Observes* |tioms, to which they ferve fa a Supplement. —-Trai^flattr. t A (hort Account of a Paflage from China, late in the fea^ t; down the China Seas, through the Southern Natnna jlflands, along the Coaft of Borneo through the Straits of SllUton ||or Clemntt* Straiu) tp ^e Sjtrait; qf S.ut^9» f^cf^ pid Edition^ Undoa, 1 79 1. 4to. s s a Chart 636 ADDITIONS TO THE Chart and of his Plan of the fame Straits, the ' firft of which had appeared in 1788. 1. On examining the corredions which Robert- son has made in his copper-plates (for they are the fame), it appears that he has entirely changed the part of the Ifland of B^iNCA, comprifed be- tween Point Pesant and the Point which l^e names the North-east Point, and which I have called the East Point of Banca. He has placed on this portion of the eafl: coaft of the ifland, three fmall iflands on which it is faid that the Vansittart was loft; and 6| miles to the north- north eafl: of the middle of thefe iflands. Rocks or Breakers near which are found 6 fathoms water. Although his chart and mine give to thefe iflands (which were not laid down in his firil edi- tion) pofitions which differ from each other; it appears, however, that they are the fame that were fet from the Solide's anchorage in 14 fathoms: but Robertson carries them nearer to the main! land of Banca than they appeared to be fromj the point whence the Solide's bearings of them were taken. The new flioal which he lays down to the north-north-eaft of thefe iflands, appears to] be alfo one of the four between which the Mas- car in pafled in 1773, and the SoLiDE in 1791, and part of which had been feen, in 1784, by du 'Sulivan. , 2. Robertson has added a ihoal, under the namfl name of Va tiie diftance Gaspar Ifla ^^'lart, a fhoal CAKiu in 177 of 28 miics to appears that t miie, but the 1 Vansi-tart^^ ^'^'onRoBER «'n 2" 9' 30'/ tijcfamcifwcj t'jc/hoaJ was h latitude, and tha Bearings to that c '"g piaccd this ^rvations and tj IMarchawd, Ch n '°472) pJal ptothc fouth [tobe found in the ^two /hoaJs bcf «fcrve this diff] " this quar-ter, 1 ^d thofc which l\ fr* Cro2£t's fliol '« latitude of 2** (f ■from 48 to 2901] employed, thcl ,• • • . * * • • . • • » « • "»• >l ' 4 •• I ,'• >• ••> ••••'•4. •.•* t •«• t,* At* CAR,» ,„ ,773 (p„„^i^^ doubtful, at ifH^ of ^8 n,iles to the weft-„orth Ift of r^ '"'' appears that the diftances are ,fe r •" = " Wtudc, and thl its r."""""« '" "" "^^^"^ »g placed this inandTn ;w \""°" '"'- fcrwtion, and the CW« „f"r' ''' ""' <"'■ {kft to the fouth,v,rd. the fame Hiff ' """"'" t be found in the laHtLdes „ Th ZTT' 7^' f two /hoals be the {^,. b' t ' ' '" '^' Verve this difference ^r " ' " °'^" '" f this ^u^ncr ZZJI L"'""'" *""' ""*» Nthofe which .'?7"''/°"«"<'"*s latitude, Ffrom 48 to 20 m:u« ""ranee to Caspar, I ao ro 29 miles, common to the twn .u -"p'oycd. .he fl^oai wu. be ;;:;;:^Xt "3 .he (a8 ADDITIONS TO THE the noith^weft of Caspar, as on Robertson's chart. RoBBRTsoN confirms by a Note written on his chart, in the correded part of the Coaft of Ban. CA, what I have faid (farther baelc, page 556), from the opinion of the Captun of the Sulivan, that in failing along this coaA, (hips ought not to come nearer the (hore thao 1 5 fathoms. The Warrbk Hastikgs's Sbvtli which was not mentioned on Robertson's old Charts, is laid down on the Chart and the Plto of the fecond Edition ; and it is placed, very nearly, iti the pofition which I have a(Bgned to it on my Chart, Sfid which is vcTy different from that which Larkins* Captain of tttt Warren Has. TINGS, had given it on his ; I have expofed at I fojme length the trigonometrical operations that determined a change which had a}»peared to me indiQ)enfable. (Farther back, pages 474 to 48ii{ and for the figure Plj/tb VII.) 3. Another correction, and this h the laft which I the new edition of Robertson'?^ Chart and Planl prefents, is the addition of a lai^e i^ky (hoall or ledg^, under the name of the Vansittart'sI Shoal, fituated (at its middle) to the fouth ealtj by eaft of the Sovth-bast Point of the Peninfuli^ of Sel and 1 7 milei from this Pobt. It is place on my Chart, according to the bearu^ whicb are mentioned by Rob£&tson> in his S'kort Acmm &cJ oifed at that to me] to 481* Dvhichl Ind Plan! (hoal| •taRt'sI |)uth eaUl ?cninful«! , pUccd whicW Wv wmmmm ¥iin1uiiult rnyai/e View- ^^/"M*" Mountain srrvmqasa Land-M Viows or (iaspar Island taktn from diiYn rti|itaiiiN ^1 4 ■ IB "t t It »;|4 c i. j_ ■a U' t<^ K ts p .t,i 1 • 1 '-C (/; ' i -- .i<.-L: fc .i' ♦»,' »♦ *',' ■*<' '••»/ *» "; •1 nm 1 «ij:. *i • Kast IVmi of Hiiiua ji\ *'» tv\ tJ\ ■'\ '■V Ui >i I 4»..' '« »<■'• ■' '^ */ •■r ji fii'' 'A r J t/ •' / «) " / »<; V / i, t I" ¥ I r r I 7}'//tf t'/'Uif hU Of' Sel i/it(mrf oi'a/'oiif tnv M/t/trnfo tAt KastHdni ot'the sI.I''(''f^'M"ft'i oi' Sel •miiii 01' r.a spar's Strait MiiUle hbaitl e
    ' Strait I I '.'^«a<'4M«^jMk.. •u- \i-\\ \,^ > It 4 't i, 'WAw^u ■4^ umm tm- RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &C. 639 &c. page I o. I cannot do better, for the informa- tion of French navigators, than prefcnt to them a tranfcript of it : " The bearings of this dangerous flioal are as follow * : •• 1. The Peak of Saddle Island (or l'Ile aux Mammelles) in one with the centre of the Shoa i. North 28'*eafl; at the fame time Shoal-water Island (or l'Ile de la Reconi40issance) South 43° eaft; •• 2. By another bearing, the South-weft extreme of it bears in one with the Peak of Saddle Island, North 33" »5'"ft. Shoal-vvater Ifland South 45° 50' eaft. *♦ By thefc crofs- bearings it lies fouth a little wefterly from Sandy Island (on my Chart, Sandy Beach Ifland) ; and in latitude, accord- ing to Captain Cumming, 3° 1 2' fouth f." For * The bearings were not taken by Robert/oa who does no more here than report them. It is very probable that the iiland the neareji to the Shoal was fet ; and on Rebertfott's Chart and Plan, this ifland would be his Loi| ■ 'Ml'. 1! 1 .''■'(■ M iff' RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &C. 639 &c. page I o. I cannot do better, for the informa- tion of French navigators, than prefcnt to them a tranfcript of it : " The bearings of this dangerous fhoal are as follow * : " 1. The Peak of Saddle Island (or l'Ile aux Mammelles) in one with the centre of the Snofi i. North 28'eaft; at the fame time Shoal-water Island (or l'Ile de la Reconnoissance) South 43° eaft ; " 2. By another bearing, the South-weft extreme of it bears in one with the Peak of Saddle Island, North 33" 15' eaft, Shoal-water Ifland South 45° 50' eaft. •* By thefc crofs- bearings it lies fouth a little wefterly from Sandy Island (on my Chart, Sandy Beach Ifland) ; and in latitude, accord- ing to Captain Cumming, 3° 1 2' fouth f." For 1 ^m'l * The bearings were not taken by Robert/on who does no more here than report them. It is very probable that the ifland the neartft to the Shoal was fet ; and on Rahertfon\ Chart and Plan, this ifland would be his Lvw Ifland: for I have remarked (farther bajk, page 515) that he has tranfpofed the names of the two iflands to the fouth-eaft of the weft group, fiut it ap- pears beyond a doubt that it is of our lie aux Mammelles^ Cooper's Saddle Ifland, the fouthernmoft of the two iflands, that the bearing was taken, flnce the Peak is mentioned, which implies a fecond elevation, as in Saddle Ifland, and cannot be applied to a low, flat ifland. Moreover, whichever of the two iflands Robert/on meant, as they bear in one with each other, with rcfpeft to the pofition to be fixed, there is no error to be dreaded. + Robert/en, on his Chart, gives this latitude to the north extremity of the ftipal j which places its middle in 3° 1+ or 15', s s 4 and ('-]0 ADDITIONS TO TIIK I It . <( ) • f(."> Fcr Clements' Straits. ^- Robertson, page 5 of his Short J^mt, acids a few remarks to thofe which I have mentioned (farther back, pages 582 to 587) for the informa- tion of navigators who intend to pafs through Cle- MENTS' StKAIT. *' Of all the different paflages between Middle and Long Island," fays he, " that the fleet " came through is by far the wideft and bed, and what I would advife fliips to take, in preference ** to any other, between Banca and Billiton * ; • ' the and gives it about 6 miles extent. The middle is on my Chart in 3' 6'; but it has been feen that, in general, my lati- tudes are Icfs foutherly by 9 minutes, than thofe of Robert/on. I have fubjcfted the flioal to the bearings of the fmall iflands of Clements' Strait, which I have mentioned above; and it is placed, on my Chart, according to the bearing and diftance at which it is laid down on Robert/on's Chart, relatively to Sandy V Beach Ifland, without attending to Cummittgs's latitude : it is not mentioned whether this latitude was obferved on the very parallel of the (hoal, or whether it was obtained from a bear- ing reduced to the point where the obfervation was taken: however, what is of importance is to place it in the pofition which it ought to have in regard to the fmall iflands that form the Paflages of Clementi' Strait ; and this is what I have done. * I am entirely of Rohertfon'5 opinion when he fays that, for (hips which intend to take Clements' Strait, the bed paiTage is between North and South Iflands, on the eaft fide, and Saddle Ifland and others on the weft fide ; this is the paflage of Cap. tain Clfmeitts, and I think it preferable to that of the Atlast Captain Cooper, and to that of the Rojal Admiral (See their tracks « the P^ " inands " forms " to the *» other. «* The " nearly " der tc " the fi: ** only o " ger, f " nine a given, (f fcription are engra trai:ks mai Be,uh and of Robertf Ihould be t Billiton. Middle If] WilUamSt in coming northward] tings, Cap would adv PaiTages o the northw I have fai l^^raits bet G««/, adds mentioned : informa- )ugh Cle- MlDDLE the fleec be ft, and Dreference LITON * . the IS on my al, my latu f Robert/on. fmall iflands :; and it is diftance at ly to Satiety itude : it is >n the very )m a bear- tvas taken: he pofition s that form lave done. ^s that, for t pafTage is ind Saddle je of Cap. the Atlasy (See their tracks RESULTS OF THE OBSFRVATIONS, &C. 64 1 " the Paflage is between North and South ** Iflands on one hand, and Saddle Iiland, which " forms an appearance of a faddle both when " to the northward and fouthward of it, on the *» other. « The beft track to keep is mid-channel, or " nearly fo, between the aforefaid iflands, in or- " der to avoid a funken rock, which is about " the fize of two long-boats, on which there is ** only one half fathom, and no appearance of dan- " ger, five fathoms alongfidc of it, and eight, " nine and ten fathoms fand all round." I have given, (farther back, pages 485 and 586,) the de- fcription and the bearings of this Shoal fuch as they are engraved on the Plan of Clements' Strait, trai:ks marked on the charts, which paffed between Sandj. BeMh and Button Iflands, and Middle Ifland} ; but I am not of B.obert/on\ opinion, when he fays that Clement's Paffage flic aid be taken in preference to any other hetnueen Banco and Billiton. I think that, if he had ufed Gafpar Strait, between Middle Ifland and Banca, as the Sulizanf Captain Stephen Williamst as the Triton, and the Prtvence, Captain Dordelin, in coming from the fouthward, and afterwards, in going to the northward, as the Camatic, Captain Wilfon, the Warren Haf. tingi. Captain Larkins, the Selide, Captain Marchand, &c he would advife navigators to prefer Gafpar'% Strait to all the Paflages of Clementi' Strait, whether they are coming from the northward, or the fouthward. I refer the Reader to what I have faid of both in the Analyfis of my gentral Chart of the ^^raits betwefn Banca and Billiton* publi(he4 I b4« ADDITIONS TO THE publiflicd in 1786 by Alexander Dalrymple : the bearings given by Robertson differ not from thofe there mentioned. " It lies nearly north from the Reef that ex- ** tends a mile and a half to the Eaft of Saddle " Island (which is Flat Island on my chart) : " to the weftward of that Reef there feemed deep ** water between the ifland and it. I know of no " other danger in this track from Treacherous " Bay, it having been well explored by the boats «* of the fleet," Robertson (page 6 of his Memoir mentions fome remarks made by Englifh Captains on others of the East Passages, befides that through which Clements came out with his fleet. The paflage which opens between the group of the four wedern iflands and Middle Ifland^ that is, between this lad -mentioned ifland and Sandy> Beach, throagli which the Atlas, the Royal Admiral, &c. paflcd, is divided into two paf- fages, namely, one between Sandy-Beach and, the Shoal * fituated to the northward of this fmaXi ifland between this Shoal and Middle Ifland. " Captain Cooper," fays Robertson, • This Shoal is that of which I have fpokcn (farther back, pages 583 and 584) on which Captain Coojier faw the water have a green colour, and the Portuguefe Captain, in compa- ny with whom he was then failing, told him that the fea was often feen to break in this quarter. " in « in goii «• Portug «« Easte " fame v» « i785> " paflagc " one, a " owing " not at <* when «* highw <* chored " of this ** ings, *« I thin " way, i «< twofm " east ( " but th " gel's in « fcrvesj ** in one ♦ This fouth i we that Capta not : the d par admll enough tc does not al 'IS RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &C. €45 RVMPLE : • not from r that cx- Saddle y chart) : med deep ow of no CHEROUS the boats mentions on others jh which group of d, that is, Sandy- Royal wo paf- CH and, of this Middle 5RTS0N, her back, the water in compa- ' e Tea was €t cr u et and Warren " Hastings ftruck *. " The Belvidere's Shoal was firft feen by <* the Sultvan, Hawke, and Ponsborne, 1784, " 1785 J Caspar Ifland bears from fouth-fouth- " eaft 4 or 5 leagues, and the North-east Point *« (the East Point on my Chart) of Banca, " fouth by weft ^ weft diftance about 7 leagues." I know not from what journal Robertsok has taken the preceding bearings, but I have men- tioned (farther back, page 365) thofe which were • It feems to me that this is a very incorre^ expreffion, which may lead navigators into an error, to fay in general terms that the S/joals are to the northward of Gafpar ; for the middleof the Warren Haftings'i Shoal lies weft -fouth- wefl from that ifland, and thus it is xh^tRoberifon himfelf has laid it down in the new edition of his Chart j.nd of his Plan : and the Belvidere's ihoal, as he himfelf is going to tell us, is fituated to the north-north- weft of Ga/far, 6 " taken RES takan by t in her orij rymple. from the '78s, J " Saw the of Bai Point). Caspar I BREAKEr.3 quarter Breakers In the p ing Casp> leagues, tl: faw on th north-caft, the fame along whic length J (f{ As to the fame t I do not other (hip thofe whic • Extraa Rivtugtm. — DalrjftnpU . page 28. VOL. II. RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATI6NS, &C. 64^ and ftccr ire not to in 16 fa- TY fouth- fair way fathoms, at night , I would ■ Caspar keep you •thward of Warren : fccn by LNE, 1784, uth-fouth- :ast Point f Banca, leagues.' RTSOK has lave men- which were rcflion, which ral terms that the middleof >in that ifland, wn in the new videre's (hoal, e north-north- taken takin by the Sulivan, fuch as I have found them in her original Journal, publifhed by Mr. Dal- RYMPLE. Thofc of the Hawke, likewife taken fron^ the Journal of that (hip are as follows * : 1785, Jan. 16, at 5 P. M. " Saw the north-caft part of Banca (its Eaft Point) S. W. 4 leagues. Caspar Ifland S. S. E. ^ E. 3 leagues. Breakei.3 '^n Larboard quarter N. E. 2 leagues. Breakers on the beam. . £. by N. i league." In the pofti; in which the Hawke was, hav- ing Caspar *K -fouth-caft half eaft diftant 3 leagues, the Breakers which Captain Rivington faw on the larboard quarter, 2 leagues to the north-eaft, appear to me, beyond a doubt, to be the fame as thofe which Dordelin had feen, and along which he had ranged throughout their whole length) (farther back, page 482). As to the Breakers which the Hawke had at the fame time on her beam, eaft by north i league, I do not believe that they have been feen by any other fliip; and I have determined to fupprefs thofe which are indicated in the Journal of the Su- * ExtraA from the Journal of the Htpwke, Captain Roiert ^ivimgton.-~Set Colleftion of Memoir i publiihed by Alexander Dalrjmpie : Appendix to Memoir of Chart of Sunia and Banca, page z8. VOL. II. T T LIVAN, 1% ♦i', w It ■"'.WV*I ,'''ift:'U m <5«> ADDITIONS TO TfiE XivAN, and which I had announced (farther back, pages 4S5 to 487) as proper to be prefcrved on my Chart: for the Breakers of the Sulivan, if they are not thofe of Dordelin, might be the Breakers feen on the Hawke's beam, with which they are confounded : the diflance at which the Sulivan was in regard to Caspar is the fame as that of the Hawke, and the bearing differs only by about a point. The bearings of the Ponsborne which failed in 1785, in company with the Hawke, make no mention of Breakers * : were they not feen from the Ponsborne while they were fet by the Hawke? This is very pofllble, if the Breakers did not break, or broke but little, and if the Ponsborne was farther from them than the Hawke. 1 rcfume Robertson's remarks refpedbing the Ihoals agalnft which it is neccflary for the navi- gator to be on his guard, if he intends to pafs through Caspar Strait, in coming from the north- ward. " The Warren Hastings's Shoal," fays he, " was firft feen by the Hawke, in i785-|-. The " bearings • Same Colleftion, fame Appen'ix, page a 5. + I know not whether Rohertfon^ in faying that the Warren liajitngs'% Shoal had been feen, in 1785, by the Hanvke, means that this is one of the Breakirs which this (hip had fet on the 5th of June at j P. M. ; but it has juft been feen above, that on* of thefe ilioali of the liaivie appeari to be the fame as the Brtakers RES " bearings < " ftruck, is Thefe an back (Page nal ; but, ii this Shoal ii his Plan of diftances gi copied into Caspar j 9 lofs to cone pofition whi according t< rations, wh to 8.85 mi miles (farth Robert! " Shoai ar " the Hav " they we " grounde " andjieef I (hall t£ tions on t I . It ha Breakers of pofition whe Iceii a flioal. \ . \ cr back, rved on VAN, if be the 1 which ich the fame as only by ,1. ■ ■' h failed nake no u\ from ^AWKE? »t break, .N£ was ^ing the le navi- to pafs e north- fays he, •. The bearings le Warren ke, means fet on the )ove, that mt as the Brtakers RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, ScC. 65 1 " bearings of the land from where the Hastings ** ftrqck, is j" viz. Thcfe are the fame that I have reported farther back (Page 474) Column from Larkins's Jour- nal i but, if Robertson, in order to laying down this Shoal in the new edition of his Chart and of his Plan of the Straits, has made ufe of the diftances given in this Journal, and which he has copied into his Memoir: namely, 6 miles from Gaspar } 9 miles from Tree Ifland ; I am at a lofs to conceive how he can have afligncd to it a pofition which differs very little from that I give it according to the refult of my trigonometrical ope- rations, which carries the diflance from Caspar to 8.85 miles, and that from Tree Ifland to 6.7 miles (farther back, page 491). Robertson continues: " The Belvidere's " Shoai and this V7ere both (ttn to break, when '* the Hawke andPoNSBORNE pafTed, but: fuppofe they were not in that ftate when the above fliips grounded : thefe ftioals are in general coral rock andjieepto." I fliall take the liberty of making two obferva- tions on this pafTage of Robpjrtson : I. It has appeared to me that the Belvidere's Breaktrs of Dordeliti ; and that the other is to be found in a pofition where it does not feem that any other veflel has ever * 1 -■'ki .sMA '111 K m I 65a ADDITIOMS TO THE (( (t <( Shoal and that of the Warren Hastings are but one and the fame (hoal (farther back, pages 492 and 493). 2. I did not know that the Belvioere had grounded on the (hoal that is mentioned in the Extraft from her Journal which I took from the Memoirs publilhed by Alexander Dalrymple (farther back> page 491): it is there mentioned that " the Belvidere being af anchor in lo fa- thorns, Caspar call-fouth-eaft 3^ leagues. Tree I Hand Touch by eall, had the Shoal about a cable's length diftant, north-north-eaft and " fouth-fouch-wcft from the fhip, &c." But it is not faid that the Belvidere grounded on this Ihoal ; it is even faid thatflie was af aHchor in 10 fa- thoms water when fhe difcovercd it. This is the cafe with another Shoal vi\{\ch. Ihe difcovered, when at anchor in 16 fathoms, at the diftance of 12 miles to the weft-north-weft of Gaspar j and which I prcfume to be the northern part of the Warren Hastings's Shoal (farther back, page 4 92) ; but it is not faid that flie|grounded on either of the ftioals of which ftie took the foundings. Robertson, ftill in the fuppofitlon that the Belvidere and the Warren Hastings faw two different Shoals, which I believe to be the fame, interrupted, perhaps, by channels where a great depth of water is found (farther back, pages 492 and 493) adds : 4 ** ilaving RE! " Havir " down for " fouth-ea " tween it « alfo the " Tree If «* there is « ftiould t " Warrei " arc, in t On accoi SON and tl made for c the Straii port his op lowed in fti ing from tt felf frequcr here from dircdions, marks on n from the 1 Gaspar's : For the 1 gators Ihali one hand, on the oth hefitate to iNos are :k, pages >£RE had d in the from the .RYMPLE entioned lo fa- es. Trek about a caft and But it on this ift 10 fa- is is the :d, when :c of 12 R ; and : of the k, page ►n cither ings. ;hat the aw two J fame, a great pages laving RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &c. 6J3 " Having got fight of Caspar Ifland, fteej " down for it, keeping it to the caftward of fouth- " fouth-eaft to avoid the Bel vide re's Shoal, go be- " ?wecn it and Tree Ifland, taking care to avoid ** alfo the Warren Hastings's Shoal, or pafs " Tree Ifland to the Weft, as occafion offers ; " there is 20 fathoms to the Weft of it, and I " fliould think it is the beft track as both the " Warren Hastings, and Belvidere's Shoals " arc, in that cafe, left on the caft." On account of the reputation of Mr. Robert- son and the numerous refearches that he has made for conftrudling his Chart and his Plan of the Straits, I have thought it my duty to re- port his opinions refpeftjng the tracks to be fol- lowed in ftanding for Caspar's Strait, when com- ing from the northward although, not having him- felf frequented this track, he cannot inftruft us here from his own experience. For more ample diredlions, I refer the Reader to the general re- marks on making the land in coming to the Straits from the northward and on the navigation in Caspar's Strait or the West Passage. For the reft, I am of opinion that when navi- . gators ftiall have compared what is faid, on the* one hand, of Caspar's Strait, with what is faid on the other of Clements' Strait, they will not hefitate to prefer the former whenever the wind t T 3 . and 11 T % rUX IJci ADDITIONS TO THE RESULTS, &C. and tide ihall leave them the option. (Sfe far- ther back, pages 148 to 150). I Paris, the 15th of Prairial, Year VII. (3rd of June, 1799.) ti FOR TH I NOTE N ma whic " the Stfi " Memoir " you afk " to the I " that I « of Mai " me by t " judge fn " no kno' " Mcmoii " addrefs ** ufe of " Captain ** too hig " lents, I " his new " correftr " me difti • For the a traniladon M. F/eurieu, a(l Chart of .: : ^^<^:*> ■ .s.v k 'S^e far- NOTE ear VII. NOTE tt it €{ a relative portion •-''.■■""'' *. IW'"'' » //*'/,• 5 » M'"';' ■ ^ /■■■l.'.,l,u.,.i n ! i \ V V". "is ' /Ml "/> /.I. /..;//„/ "A ■V ; ,''' r K I ''.' "/ I 7/ '■ .*"-',■ \'-/ /;f / ^ '•' ;■ \ ,' /.•■ N <•' /; 1 f-V /'■'■ ' '/ /'. ^« V..-V-, , A'. /' .-r, •. ^ /A V'//" v-v, ,_, '//., .i -•«■ *^ «' «i' .'V "1 \--" ■'■I > "^ I '.••.f ;/ I "/ \' i;^:.v /■v /,v c \ ^,' ■' *f :.-'*t;r.'t Af /.../(,*m.f/i i H,^.r;ilit^u^.t How I'hiU' Mil l^iH»i;ir I . 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VOfc.II, '^Mu :^"- i^'^. JOURNAL , or THE ROUTE OF THE SHIP SOLIDE, BURIItO HM VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, IN 1790, 179»i AND 1792. BY CAPTAIN PROSPER GHANA L. ; /, the refults which are there in- ferted. The columns of Latitude and Longitude, by account and by obferuation, (hew the poAtion of the (hip, according to the dead reckoning, and according to the obfervations, for the inftant of men of each day, unlefs it be exprefsly fpecified that it is her pofition at another period of the day. The latitude by account is that which was indi- cated each day by the dead reckoning, by deducing from the refult of the laft day of obfervation the progrefs in latitude by account in the interval of the two periods. A 2 The .:;j;h .! 4 MARCHAND I VOYAGE. The longitude by account is the refult of the dead reckoning from the laft Point of Departure^ deduced from the longitude of that point. The longitude by objervation is the mean refult of the obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun or ftars, reduced to the inftant of noon of the day on which they were made j or the lon- gitude deduced from the bearing of an ifland, a cape, &c. whofe pofition is fixed by aflronomical obfervations. The fituation of the fun, moon, or ftars, in regard to each other, as fcen in the column of Remarks and Ob/ervations, exhibits their fituation in the heavens at the inftant when their diftance was obferved: thus, Dift. — d, indicates that the moon was to the eaft of the fun} and D*~-Q, that it was to the wteft : it is the fame with refpe£fc to the moon's diilance from the ftars. The longitude is given in this laft-mentioned column as it was found at the time of the obferva- tion : it was reduced to that of noon by the dead reckoning, in order that it might be infcribed, at that period, in the fifth column of the month. The letter M deflgnates the refult of Captain Marchand : C&, that of Captain Chan AL. The letters A. M. (abbreviation of ante meridiem) in- dicates that the time is before noon. P. M. (abbre- viation o(poft meridiem) that the time is after poon. Each determination of the variation of the mag- netic needle carries with it the indication of the C method MARCIIANDS VOYAGE. mfethod which was employed for afcertalning it by obfervation. In all the points of the compafs, in the column of Remarks^ &c. allowance is made for the varia- tion of the needle, and they are reduced to the true North. In the interval from the 14th to the 29th of December 1790, and in that from the 5th to the 14th of Auguft 1792, during which the (hip failed in the Meditbrranean, no mention is made of the longitude, becaufe Captain Marchano directed his courfe by a plane Chart } this defi- ciency has been fupplied, by indicating each day the diftance run from the one noon to the other, as well as the direction of the cour/e, and by in- ferting in the Journal the bearings which were taken in fight of land : thefe data, combined with the latitude obferved, will give the pofition of the ihip for each day at noon. m ^ 3 Wi "ijj2!SiSS MARCHAND'S VOYACE. TIME. COURSE. DISTANCE. LATITUDE by obferv. NORTH. VARIATION of the Compars. WEST. 1790. iMAGVEi. O / Point of departure within fight of Cape Slciit °"' *♦ \ bearing E. N. E.* E. 11 loagnes I «S S. byW.aOw. 35>«7 r Monte Ton of the Tfland of Minorca '1 |bearingW. S. W, 7lcaguee.l. . ..' ' ax «3 44 as 36 a? 17 S. by E. 30 E. S. by C. 19 t S. W. 3°S. ▼T. S* W» W.'.-yS.aOS. i6»3i liSO 9.50 4>33 47.50 3 1 133 41 J? « 39 ot 38 $6 Cape Fa/oT N. 6 leagues. Z-i.'^tdtCata W.S.W.4 'i- 61eagues. Cape Torre Molinos W. 9 leagues 37 33 37 06 36 s6 '..''.'';} ^* '* The ^lawaXaAaoH^tUx.Malaga'H.Vf. The fume N.W.6«W QJieUdt-Ftrro N, by E 36 20 36 09 3<> 3« aa 08 Amp. Wefl'/. RIATIO^T lie Compafs. W«ST. s8 Amp. WeftJy. MARCUAMp's yOYAOV. HAYS. >4 >5 i6 17 tg 19 ao ai M »4 »i »6 »7 at Above the freezing point. bECRKIS of the THERM. AMP WEATHER. ftSMAAX* s OESERVAtlOKS. • • k- N. W. ftrong breeze ; and clear weather. From N. W. to N. mode rate ; fin^ weather. From N. W. to W. faint breeze; cloudy. FromW. N.W. toW. S, W. faint ; clear weather From W.S.W. toN.W accompanied by fqualls; weather overcaft. FrcmN.W. toE. N. E. variable and fqually i weather overcaft. From W. to N. W. vio- lent fqualls : cloudy weather. PromN. toN. E. faint; rain at intervals. N.N. E. faint; the wea- ther cloudy. From N. to N. W. var. light) clear weather. From £ . to N. W. round by the S. faint; fine weather. From E. to N. frefh ; fine weather. From S. W. to N. W. calm at intervals ; fine weather. Calm, puffs from the S. tothe W; fine wea- ^r. W. N. W. light breeze and fine weather. On the t4th in the miming, the Solids fet fail from the harbout of Marfeillts, On the i6thj at 7 A. M. faw the Ifland of Minorca, bearing S. W. by W. diftant 7 leagues. -i- From the i8th to the zoth, sftrong gales and ft very heavy fea. Lay to. On the 4id, at 7 A. M. faw the Cwft of J>«/»totheN. W.JW. ■ I On the 26th, the currents had caN ried the fltip to the eaftward about 6 leagues. On the 27th aivi 28th, they fat to the S. £. at the fame Tittei f- ,il!l I I r'^ '.«l .1 I' :\%. I W >» » ' »MH i »IWWU '^ iJ «|l IH ' W I I ^ 8 marcmamd's voyage. TIME. 1791. Dte, 29 30 31 1791. IiATITVDI by account. NORTH o / LATITUDE by obferv. NORTH. o / LONCITUOB by account. WEST. o ' L0R61TUDE by obferv. weiT. o / 'The Mountain of A'EJiepona [Si. erra Bermeja] W.V.W. that ofj MarbelU N. N, E Departure within fight of Cape Sfarttl ■ 10 f Point of 35 >3 34 45 3i 47 32 a8 3» 14 30 45 30 09 aS 40 z6 54 24 26 21 21 18 52 ^} 35 5» 35 »3 33 SO 31 08 30 31 io 08 28 36 26 50 24 19 21 24 18 45 II 17 IJ 71 »0 21 49 8 14 10 16 11 49 n ss i^ 08 17 SI 18 40 19 46 . 21 33 22 iS »3 03 «3 20 23 06 VARIATIOtr of the Compaff, WIST. o / 19 00 Amp, Eaftll, ' 19 10 by 2 Azim. 19 50Amp.Weft'r •In fight of i the Peak of ( 19 06 .' 21 46 14 30Amp.Wcftir 14 i6Amp.Wcftl/ I ^ 13 10 Amp. Weftly. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. f VARIATIOir oftheCompaTf, 19 00 Amp. EaftiyJ 19 10 by z Azim. 19 joAmp. Weft'r 14 30 Amp. Weft'r 14 ifiAmp-Weftly 13 10 Amp. Weft')'. DAYS, Dtc. «9 29 30 1 DIC&EBS of the THERM. 10 II Above the freezing point. WINDS AND WEATHER. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. From S. E. to E. frefti, fqualls and rain ; light ning, thick, dark wea- ther. From E. to E.N. E.frefli in fqualis ; weather overcalt. N. E. Frelh; cloudy. FromN. W. to S. S. W. variable ; (light fqualls. From S.E. toN. E. fre(h breeze ; cloudy wea- ther. FromN.N. E.toE.N.E. plcafant breeze and mifty. N. variable, cloudy wea- ther and mift. From N. W. to N. E. faint, and fine v^ea- tlier. N. variable, faint, and miit. N. E. pleafant breeze, and cloudy weatlicr. FromN. E. to S.E. frefh breeze and fine wea- ther. E . S . E . frefh ; clear weo- ther. E . frcfh breeze ; ditto wea- ther. E. moderate breeze, and fog. From E. S. E. to E.N. E. var. faint ; thick fog. On the 29th at noon, faw the Rock of Gibraltar to the W. S. W. i W : in the afternoon pafTed the Strait of ti'.at name ; at V P. M. we were clear of it. On the 29th, at 8 P. M. fet Cape Sparttl S. 1 § leagues i Ihortly after, kit fight of the land. On the 4th, at w A. M. faw Xakage I (land bearing N. by W. j** VV. dilbut 4 or 5 leagues. On the 5th, at il> 45' P. M. faw the Peak of Ttn(r:fe Ijcaring S. 6^°. V.. j^ leagues. This day law I'ljltig-fJLet for the firft time. On the 6th, at 5 l'^, A. M. law the I (land of Pulma bearing S. S. E. iS. 8 or 10 leagues ; at 3 P. .M. IHaud of Ferro S. S. E. On the 9th, at .,1145' P.M. Long. by 2 fcts Q - d P.M.-) o ' " I fil ' x# marchand's voyage. TIME. 1791. n LATITUOB by account. NORTH. LATITUOB by obferv. NORTH. o ' IS 4* 15 oS IS iS o / IS 4» LONCITUDE by account* WEST. o ' ^i 09 as 08 26 29 LONGITVDE by obferv. WEST. o ' {IS i> IS 02 2^ 29 Point of Bearing of the I Hand ni Mayo. ... I IS 02 I ... I >s >8i ■ i ,6 > At anchorin/ai'rjyijBa/, Jflandof SV. l'.M, . ^ * 111 / 14 la by I .7 > VARIATION of the Compafs. WEST. * ,8 5 P«'"* of «9 so AX 9.% as «6 a? 12 02 9 57 8 39 7 34 6 25. 6 09 5 46 S 22 4 40 Departure from the I Hand of Hant Yaga. 14 S3 ... 25 SI 12 02 9 57 8 39 7 30 6 28 6 13 »4 40 »3 47 23 1* 22 30 21 SI 21 37 21 23 21 18 21 04 Amp. Weftir. Azim. t8 lOAmp.W.dout. | ■ 12 31 by4 Azi'.n. '1248 Amp. WeA'ir. II 50 Azim. .12 20 Azim. II S7 Amp. Eaftly. II S4 l>y 4 Azim. VARIATION of ll 29 48 4 39 Amp. EaAlfl ■ 2 30 Amp. Wefti V I 53 by 4 Azim.r '1 I 58 by 6 Azim. I 54 Amp. Wefti o 53 Amp. EaftlJ o 33 by 3 Aiim. ^^ *' I . o 24 Amp. Weflll 07 Amp. EaftlrJ marchand's voyage. <8 { VARlATIOsI of the Comp; WEST, 14 09 Azim. 13 jzby4Aiini| IpBCRIjES VS. of the i£ 18 by 6 Azim iz 36 Amp. Ell '10 17 by 3 Azin I 10 57 Amp. Wd II 09 Amp. V,'.i 7 00 Amp. EaJl \ 8 53 by 2 Azim.! f 6 30 Amp. Eaftl \ 6 I' by z Azini.[ 5 18 Azim. " 5 30 Amp, Welli 5 53 Amp. Eaftijl 4 39 Amp, Eaftil E4 30 Amp. WeftJ I J3 by 4 Azim. I r I 58 by 6 Azim. I 54 Amp. WeftlJ o 53 Amp. EaftlJ o 33 by 3 Azim. 1 o 44 Amp. Wdl'l 07 Amp. Eaftirl Above the frrezing point. ii,S zi,5 »o,s 21,0 21,0 22,0 »3.o 22,0 zi,S 22,0 22,0 »'.5 22,0 22,0 »3.3 WIXOS AND WEATIIEH, REMARK^ " AND >1' OBSERVATIONS. From E. to S. E. light breeze with fqualls ; wet weather. From E. to S.S.E. (light fqualls, calm at inter. vals ; rain. From S. E. to S. faint, fqualls ; rain, and wea- ther overcad. S.E. moderate; fine wea. ther, cloudy at inter- vals. From S. to S. S.E.ipode- rate; cloudy weather. S.E. by S. moderate; fine weather. S. E. fleady frefh breeze; cloudy weather. S E. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. S. E. by S, moderate breeze ; fine weather, E.S.E. moderate bfeeze; fine weather. From S. E, to S.S. £. frefh ; fine weather. S. E. by S. frefh breeze ; fine weather. From S, E, to E. S. E. moderate ; fine weather. E.S.E. moderate breeze ; fiull weather. E. S. E. ditto, ditto. E, S E. K^oderate; fine weather. FromE.S. E.toE.N. E. faint ; clear fky. On the 29th, met with a (hip. Saw a quantity of oceanic birds, among others fome Boobies. Till the and of February, the (hip was conftantly followed by numerous fhoals of Tunniet and Boniteet j enough were caught for I'upplying all the fhip's company at difcretion : on the 2d faw a fhoal oiPti>j>eifes,on thu approach of which the Tunnies and Bmitoes difappcared. On the 3d, faw fome ilacJe Petreft among other birds. •} a8 04 22W. ^ f at4««47'P.M. -J M. ^ < Long. > and H Cby4fetsO.([ ) Cb. ^rat4'>i4'P.M, -^ M.-t jg < Long , > and > 29 08 •oW. ^ (.by2fetsO-p J Cb.} ^ r at 4'> 10' P.M. 'I M. . ■^0 01 00 ^) Long. \cb. . 29 5; 00 ^ (.byzfetsQ-d j Mean 29 5800W, ^ rat jh ii'p.M. ^ A7. ,313200 ^ ) Long. V Cb. . 31 o$oo ^ C byz fets O - d 3 Mean 3117 30W. 2" f at4«»i3'P.M, ^Af. , 33 43 IS u ) Lopg. > Cb. . 33 56 12 H tby4fetsO.([ ) Mean 33 49 44 and a fet ([ — fl Pollux. Cb. 33 ^o 14 Mean of the 5 fets. . . 33 49 59^. ■■''■4 Pm m I H MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TIME. 1791. Fti. 14 >7 »9 20 21 22 «J *4 *J S6 tATlTUDE by account SOUTH. o / 17 52 18 39 19 51 21 13 2S 02 24 21 25 04 26 06 »7 3S 29 05 30 2!! 31 25 3* 08 LATITUDE by obferv. SOUTH. O ' 18 02 18 Si 20 01 21 21 23 22 24 21 26 10 27 44 29 19 LONGITUDE by account. WIST, 3» 4S 33 30 O I 31 00 33 a8 34 " 34 5' 36 13 36 35 37 04 38 10 39 35 40 58 42 12 43 17 43 44 LONGITUDE by obferv. WEST. o ' VARIATIO of the Conifl PATS. EAJT, DBC&I ofth THEB ' I o 24 Ainp, t 35 56 • , ^ I 19 plusAii 37 06 ■ ' , 2 19 Amp. I I 42 Azim 3 00 Amp. E 3 42 by J Ai 4 00 Azim, j 14 Azim. 5 $6 Azim, 8 16 Tev. Ai tio ioby6Ai 2 '<) 44 ^'"P' ' I 47 s6 ^°45Amp.i *' * 111 isbybAi 48 23i I M 12 Azim. Ftb. »4 23.0 15 22,5 16 22,0 IT 23.0 18 22,0 19 22,0 10 21,0 11 21,0 :z ti «5 «0 a'.S 2'.S zo,5 21,5 22,0 MARCH AND S VOYAGE. >K 1 VARlATloi of the ComA J>^'*' EAST, O ' to 24 Amp, El I 19 plusAii I Amp. Azim. I ' 3 00 Amp. I _ 3 4»by»Atj 4 00 Aiim. I J i4Azim. J 56 Azim. « t6 fev. Ad 10 lO by 6 Ai| 10 44 Amp. { ;6 t3i C 10 45 Amp. "^ u isby6Ai| II laAzim. «4 IS 16 I? iS 19 20 II 22 »3 H »S «6 Dieuii of the THSHM. Above the freezing point. »3.0 aa.S 22,0 22,0 22,0 21,0 21,0 21,5 2I,S 21.S 22,0 WIN D3 AND WEATHER. *' REMARKfl , AND OnSEKVATIONS, Variable, intervals of calm and rain ; weather over-call. E. N. E. light breeze; cloudy weather. I and Aldebaran — <[ From N. N. E. to N. E. moderate; firewe^rthcr. N. E. by N. moderate; clear (ley. FromN.N.E.toN.N.W. frcrti ; fine weather. From N. W. to S. E. round by the S. faint, fqually at intervals ; hazy weather'. From E. S. E. to E. light breeze ; fine weather. From E. to N. N. E. var. On the isth, at 8h 30' P. M. • Long. by2rctsa-«.g«///x^'^*'-3''°»^^- \ Varnl >i \Cb.) J M. and >36 5406W. On the 16th, at gl* 00' P. M. Long, by 2 r Aldebaran . ([ and I fet J - Rcgulus On the 18th, faw a Sea-fuMw. On the 20th, faw a Bmiy, On the 2ift and 22d, faw fevenl Sea- and fqually; cloudy|/-^t,j//,^,,.and a few iJ»e^/«. weather. From E. N. E. to N. E. plcafant breeze ; cloudy weather. From N. E. to N.N. E. moderate, dull wea- ther; fmall rain. From N. N. E. to N. mo- derate, fqually from the N. W. weather over- call. From N. to N. E. faint, fqually and calm at in- tervals ; rain. Calm, clear (ky ; N. W. var. faint, cloudy wea- ther. On the 24th, faw a number of Peireli. On the 25th, o / // at '/h 4' A. M. ■) Af . ,47 46 35 C6. Long. }': 4741 52 by 6 fets J — Q J Mean 47 44 i3\V. On the 26th, at 8h 00' A. M. Long, by 6 fets J) — Q. iM. . 48 37 55 ^C/j. . 48 09 Oj Mean 48 aj 3oW. n^H^^KSa 16 marcuand's voyack. 1 TIME. 1791. />*. 17 aS March I 10 LATfTUDP by aceounl. lOUTN. LATITUDE by obrerv. lOUTH. o ' 3J «» 33 47 33 J3 34 54 35 10 36 03 37 44 38 12 37 »7 3« 35 o > 33 "7 33 37 33 4« 34 50 35 o« 37 39 • • • 36 54 37 34 3« 4> 36 48 38 00 38 44 LOMOITUDB by account. WEST. / 44 3« 44 S» 44 06 43 iS 43 >9 44 40 46 09 4« OS 46 39 47 «3 49 47 ja 09 LONOITUDI by obrerv. WUT. o « • • • • • • • 48 06 • • • 53 16 VARlATIOir of the Compaft. lAIT. e / II 45 Amp. EaAir I 0101 DAYS. oft THK Ftb. Above frcei poii »7 ao,c ig i8,c March II 17 by t Azim. la 01 by 6 Azim. II 57 Amp. Eaftiy, I 3 II 29 by 3 Azim. II 03 Amp. Eaftlf, 1 1 4X Azim. IX 4j by 4 Azirn. IX xoAmp. Eaft'y.l 14 10 Azim. fj 50 Amp. £aft"'l marchakd's voyage. it VARIATIOir of the Compafi. SAtT. a < II 45 Amp. EaAlr I PAYS. I* 45 by 4 Azirn. IS 10 Amp. Eaft'y I Fti. i8 Mvcb II 17 by 6 Azitn, I IS 01 by 6 Azini. 1 II 57 Amp. EaA'y. J II a9by3Aiim. 4 11 oj Amp. Eaft'r. DBORin of the TIIKRM. 10 Above the freezing point. ao,o 18,0 18,0 18,0 »».S •7.0 16,0 14.7 i6,j »7iS 17,0 16,0 WIN OS AND WEATHER. R S .M A R K S AN» OBSERVATIONS. FfomN.W.byW. faint; ck-ur weather to S.S.W. durk (lormy weather. From S. E. to S. by W. frclli i weather overcaft, foRgy- From S. to S. W. var. in fquuils ; cloudy wea- ther. From S. W. by S. to S. S. E. faint ; foggy wcuther. From S. S. E. to N. W. round by the N. faint ; fine weather. From N.N. W. to W.N. 'W. fre(h, with fqiuUs and -rain. From W.N. W.toS.S.W. (Irong breeze and fqual- ly ; rainy weather. S. W. fqually ; cloudy weather. From S.S.W. to W.N. W. light breeze and inter- vals of calm ; fine (ky. From N. W. light breeze , to N.N. W. frelhjfine weather. From N. to S. E. round by the S. W. frefhj ftormy weather and rain. From S. E. pleafant breeze to N. E. flight; clear weather. On the 27th, faw a Turilt and fomc Porpcifes ; gray and brown Pttrth were conilantly fecn. On the 2nd, faw an Albatroft and « number of PeireL. On the 4th, faw fome T*rni. On the 5th, the chopping Tea and the whitifh colour of the water announced foundings ; founded without Arilcing ground it i20 fathoms. Petrels, both gray and brown, iaiiAl&a- troffics were conftantly in fight. On the 8th, o / « at 3«> 52' P. M.^M. . 48 08 00 Long? >Cb. . 48 42 00 by 4 fets O— D 3 Mean 48 25 ooW. Still the fame birds in fight. On the loth, at sh 56' P. U.'\M. . 53 40 It Long. f CA. . 53 40 iQ by4fetsO-l),andr ■ a fets (I - fl Pallux. J Mean 53 40 isW. 1 1: ■ >i t VOL. II. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l£&|M 125 |jo "^^ MH us Itt u b ,, ■UUb IL25 11 u ■2.0 ii4 0> (^ V 4^ ''^ Photographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WUT MAIN STRilT WEBSTiR,N.Y. MSIO (716)t72-4S03 ''V^ ''^T^^ '^ 4r IS MARCHAND*$ VOYAGE. TIME. LiTXTUDl by account. tOVTU. LATITVDI by obfeiv. SQUTB. 1791. la 13 »4 JS 16 »7 18 «9 ao *t o I 40 5» 4» 39 41 30 41 oS 41 14 4> 06 43 07 43 »7 4» 43 l 4» 49 LOMCITUDB by account. VCIT. o / 40 03 40 48 41 40 41 «S 40 59 41 01 4> 04 43 04 43 >S 4» a* 4X s8 ' S4 00 SJ 01 I 56 38 56 14 56 24 59 »» 59 38 58 JO I 59 «1 59 4« UWQITODI by obferv. WI»T. o / 55 »fi VABIATION of the CompaTs. >A«T. DAlrs. O ' 17 36Azitn. 56 »8 ^»«3^Amp. Eaftlr. 1,17 ooAzim. 57 4« 17 00 Amp. Weft'y. 19 00 Amp. Weft>r. 18 5oAzim. 18 II Anp. Weftif. March II la »3 14 ol TH Abo fm P< »1 j6 «7 tS »9 30 XI II II II IS i3 10 10 II 10 MARCH AN d'S VOYAGE. ' H VAKIATION r the Compafs. ■AfT. 36Asitn. ifi Amp. Eafiir, ooAzim. ; 00 Amp. Weft'r, 9 00 Amp. Weft>r. I joAzira. t u Amp. Wea'r DAfrs. March II 1% DtektKi lyiN DS of the AM THERM. WEATHER. »3 H »5 i6 »7 i8 >9 30 It Above the freezing pointi >4.J 15,0 »M 11,0 11,0 "iS >3i7 io,s 10,0 ".S 10,5 From N.N. E. toN.W, ^reih and faint by inter- vals, light fog; fine weather. Fr6m W. S. W. faint to N.W. light ; clear wea- ther. Fr6m N. W. to k. S. W. Aiff breeze, fqually; fog and rain. From S. W. to S. S. W. ftrong breeze, heavy fqualU; clear weather. Frt>mS. W.frelhtoS. £. faint ; clear weather, dew at night. Calm, then N. N.W. plea, fant breeze ; fine wea- ther. Fr6m N. W. frtfli, clear weather, to W. var. And faint ; clohdy wea- ther. From W. N. W. to S. W. ftiS* breeze; weather heavy at the h6rizon. Jrom S. W. to S. S. W. ftrong breeze, heavy fqualls ; cledr wea- ther. From S. W. to N. N. W. moderate, intdrvals of calm ; fine weather.dew at night. From W. to S.S.W. light ftne weather, dew at liight. B 2 REMARKS ANb OBSERVATIONS. Oh the nth, ^ , „ at 4i> iz' P. M.^i^/. . 5* Z7 zz Long. \Cb. . 56 z6 40 by4fetsO-<[,andr I fet d — Po/hx. J Mean 56 »; oiW. On the 12th, at P. U 4h 44' Long hy z fets Q 1 fct (I — Regulut ■ d and S* 34 00 I 56 39 00 Mean j 6 36 ooW. ■ ^-S- • i7 3* 'SW. On the 15 th, at ik is' p. %1. Long, by If. ^.RegulUs, and Aldtbaran - ( . Pttreh, Albattojptsy and Siarm.ihds, weri confVantly feen : from the 12th to the 13th faw patches of Sea-tuuJ, a Duck, a tubitt Atitarctie P!gf»it, a Pe»- gkln^ fome MnOs, and a few IVbaUi. On the 17th, at 3k 30' P. M. 70 at 8fc 00' P. M. 75 \ fath. fine gray fand, with black and white ipecks. On the i8th, (kw a fmall LanJ-bird, a Port Egmant Heb, a Quebrdnta-hueffb^, and the fame birds as before. ^ ' On the 21ft, at 8l> 00' P. M. 85 fa. thorns, 'fine graj', grecnifli fand, with yellow, black and white fpccks. ;,V J '- -r — 29 TIME. 1791. Miircb az LATITUDE LATITUDE by account. I by obferv MARCH AND S VOYAGE. LOKCITVDB n *5 SOUTH. aC o / 4Z 17 SOUTH. O I 4* OS LONGITUDE by account. WEST. o ' 60 54 by obferv. wesT. . o / 43 '4 4J 2« 62 01 VAUIATIOX of the Compaftf. EAST. o I 18 05 Amp. Wcftlr. 18 zS Azim. f 19 ij- Amp. WelUr, 6z ic < ' 1^ 18 48 Azim. 44 OS 44 01 44 00 43 SS 4S 33 45 37 63 02 62 19 6j «3 63 4S 19 54 Amp. Wcft'y. "19 54 by 3 Azim. ' ao 04 Amp. Weft'y. klllATIoy he Compare. EAST. MARCH AND S VOYAGE. 15 Amp. Weftly. ;S Azim. 15 Amp. Weftlr. 48 Azim. S4 Amp. Weft'y. BAY8. 54 by 3 Azim. 04 Amp. Weft'y. March DBCRCES of the THEKM. »3 «4 >J i6 \oove the reezing point. •3.0 14.S 10,0 11,0 13,0 tt WINDS AND W E A T H E n. From S. to N. N. W light ; fine weather, dew at night. From N. W. pleafant breeze to W. light and variable ; fine weather. R E M A n K 9 AND OBSERVATION! On the aid, "J fathoms, fine giay at jhoc/ P. M. 65 55 at Shoo' P. M at 8h 00' P. M. 55 at midnight. . . 60 greenifh fand, with yellow, black and white fpecks. Saw fomc Seals and a lf^4lf. FromS.S. E. toS. S.W. flrong breeze fqually ; rain and hail, weather overcaft. From S. fuint and calm, toN.N.W, frefh; fine weather, foggy horizon. \ Cb. O t II 61 jO ooW. FromN.N.W. toS.S.W. frelh and faint ; fine weather. On the 23 d, at 7h i8' A. M Long, by I fet D — « of r A'juila. J On the 23d, at 8h P. M. 70 fathoms, very fine gray fand. On the 24th, faw a great many ntarinc plants and a luhite Antartic Pigeon : for fomc days paft faw other birds. On the 25th, at S* A. M. 70 fathoms, gray, greenilh fand, with yellow and white fpecks. On the 25th, o / 11 at 8l> 34' A. M. 1 A/. . 63 20 37 Long. >Cl>. . 63 2; 21 by 4 fets J — G ) Mean 63 23 00 W. On the 26th, at noon, 6; fathoms, fine gray fand. Saw Seals, H^ales, Porpoifes, heaps of marine plants, aivd the birds before denominated, in fmall numbers. ^3 5 »9 11,0 11,0 AND WBATIIER* From N, W. to S. W. pleafant breeze ; fine weather, var. calm and fog at night. From W. var. faint, to N.W. frelh and fqual- ly; weather overcaft. Weft, variabk, frefh breeze, more mode, rate} weather oveicaft. « 4 aiMARKS AND OBAERVATIOKS. On the 27th,' at 9^ oi'f h.U.'\M. T o / # Long. fand >63 43 45W. by» fetJ Jt—Q.JCb.J On the Z7th, at 4h P. M. at 8h P. M. 75 at 10 k p. M. 80 5 fathoms, greenlHi ,f V ftnd,mixed with (, blacii and white, fathoms , gray , black and white fand, a little muddy. O I II \ M. . 65 05 30 ,C6. . 65 07 00 I Mean 65 06 ijW. On the 28th, at Sh 2^' A. M. Long. by 4 fets J — O. I and I {.Antaris.}^ On the 28th, at 4" A.M.Sor**'"'"'^''^ »"'» { yellow fand. C fathoms, gray and at 8 1> P. M. 8a \ yellow fand with C rocks and ihcUs. f&th. gray greenifh At midnight. . . 80 ." ^'* r rath, gray greenii 1 land, mixed wit J yellow and blac \ gravel. black gravel. PelrelSf Albatroffis, AJcyons, Petiguintt and a few luhite Antartic Pigeons, together with S/glt, Poi-foi/es, and a few H'iiaies, were feen daily. On the jgtl, we obferved the fea to be covered witb a fpeciet of r*d SMmft. ,1^: ;« .■t-,1 •!!,:? P4 makchand's voyage. TIME. LATITVDB by account. SOUTH. 1791. Mureb 30 o / SO 44 LATITVDI by obrerv. lOUTH. e I 51 06 J» S3 «^ il «S LONCITVDI by account. WIST. «7 a7 LONCITVDI by obferv. WUT. e ' 67 41 67 10 JffU 554 07 S3 56 «e 45 Point of Departure within fight of Sattn Land, ' 66 45 I. . VARIATION of tlw Compars. BAIT. o > IX J9 Amp. Eaftlr. sj 10 Azim. 53 56 as* 66 08 66 *i 3 5* *5 66 i» 57 37 57 M 66 3* 57 »7 I . • f 66 5I MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. »5 VARIATION of tlw Compars. ■ AIT. I J9 Amp. Eaftlr. DAYS. Mtreb JO 3« April I DBOIIM WINDS of the AND THERM. WEATHER. Above the freezing point. ' 9.J From W. to N. N. W. « plcafant breeze { clear weather. 9,0 8.S S>5 S.* 4.0 3.S REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. On the 30th, xt 4h P. M. 90 I '**''■ (.aid at Sh P. M. ^ {far.,, gr (, aidycllc FromN. N. W. toN.W. moderate breeze; fine weather, rainy. Calm till noon, then from N.W. toN.N.E.frelhj hazy weather. From N. N. B. pleafant breeze ; foggy weather, followed by a calm, and by a frefh breeze at S. W. From S. S. W. to W. ftrong breeze and vio- lent fqualls ; accom- panied by hail and fnow. FromW.toS.S.W. mo- derate, fquallyat times, followed by fnow and hail ; weather over- caft. From N. N. W. to S. light breeze, followed by a calm ; weather overcaft, rain and fnow at interv«li. yellow, black d white land, gray fand, o>v gravel. On the 3!>th, at 7»»47' A.M.-J^v^ g° /, ,'j Lo"K- \a>. .67 II Si by z f. 5-0, and ( ifet^Wflr«-3).)^J"n<^7 >7 04W. On the 31(1, at 8l> P. M. 90 fathoms, gravel, fmull pebbles and live Ihell-fifti ; at midnight and fince, no bottom with 130 fathoms of line. On the lit of April at noon, perceived Siaten Land bearing S. S. W. diitant 17 or 18 leagues. On the 30th and 3 ift of March, and ift of April, faw a number of i'rtr<'A,/*/^a/>-»/"- fis. Penguins, Divert, and tuhile Avjrc- ric Pigeons, a great many Seals, >: .' .'-x, and Parpoifes ; paflcd through a q;; .-.. lity of fca-weed in large patches. On the 2d and 3rd, faw few birds of '3 59 5« o « • • • LONOITUDI by account* WIIT. »3 •■ 59 44 I. J9 «4 59 54 59 *7 58 - o> 58 14 59 »4 59 54 59 44 • • • o / Loaommi by obferv. WMT. 5* J8 69 07 71 08 7» 56 75 47 78 zi 79 09 I 80 06 81 34 85 43 86 a8 ' ▼AIIIATIOM of th* Coinpifi, BAIT. o * t • ■ s6 04 Azim. 77 03 MAl^GHAND « VOYAGE. ▼AHIATIOV of the Compiri, lAIT. OlOMUl IpaTS. of the THSRM. April Above the freezing point. i»7 10 II » 13 14 »5 S.» 5.0 6,0 3i5 4>5 4.S 5.0 ».5 AND WXATIIER. RBMARVS ANB OBSBRVATIOKS. PnHn S. S. E. to S. E. pleafant breece; wea- ther, hail and hoary froft. FromS.S.E. to N.N. E. light breeze ; weather, dry. FromN.N.E.toW.N.W. light breeze and frefh at intervals) weather overcaft. From N.N. W.toW.N.W. moderate ; cloudy and foggy, followed by fqualli. FromW.N.W.toN.W. frefti, accompanied by fqualls i foggy weather. From S.S.W. toW. ftiff breeze; fqualls, fmall rain. From W, to N. N. W. frdh in fqualls; fog and fnuU rain. From N. W. by W. to N.N.E. frefh breeze; weather overcaft and rainy. N.N.W. moderate; S.W. ftrong gale,accompanied by heavy fquajls ; foggy weather. IromS.W.toE. frefliin fqualls; followed by fnow and hail. ooW. Qn the nth, at 4I1 ij' P. M. "^ M. 1 o I II Long. >and>77oSoo by 2 fets G>— (i.jClKj Spoilt J Petrelt, gray Pttreh, Albatrtjett were cenftantly feen, and from time to time QutbraHtabutJos, Pettguint, Mtvrn and S beer-Vf alert ; fpottti and gray iV. trtlt were frequently caught with hook and line. ■' I'll i m '■''it ■n fill fli MARCH AN DS VOYAGE. TIMC. 1791. if/r/7 16 «7 iS »9 so LATITVDl' LATITUOB by account. •OUTH. o I 57 43 56 47 54 OS 5* 3> 5' J« SI so >9 S3 «3 *4 »S by obferv. (OUTH. ' $7 46 54 45 5» 33 SI 3» LONOItUDI by account. WtJT. 50 n .. 50 a> 48 50 46 07 so 39 4« 49 46 08 o ' 86 4fi is 08 91 15 93 »6 94 ox . • • 95 57 97 03 96 55 95 37 LONOITUDI bjr obrcrv. WtST. o ' 93 »9 VARIATION ■pkYft. of the Compari CAIT. ■ t: %l 30 by 16 Aiim, 1 \ 95 I? - 96 09 or 95 46 by a mean 95 4s J between the ^ obfervations of the a4th and thofe of _thc »5th. . ^11 i4Axinp, DBOKII of the TIIKRD Above \\ frcezinii point. 5.0 «i7 3.0 16 34 plus Azim. 1 19 'lO 15 30plusAzirn. H,, $.0 6,0 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.S MARCHAND S VOYAGE. *9 VARIATIOX of the Compjf,, CAIT. O / sj 30 by 16 Aaim, 15 30 plus Aziin, DEO&IIS lY». of the ifril TIIKIIM. Above the freezing poiut. 16 S.0 17 ».7 16 34 pIusAzim. 1 19 l» Wl N OS ANB W K A T H E R. II I4Asii9f 3.0 a.o $.0 6,0 7.S 7.0 7.0 7.S 11 E M A R K S ANS OBSBUVATIONS. From S. W. to N. N. E. variublc, light breeze ; fine weather, foggy in the horizon. From S. P.. to S. ftrong gale in Iqualls, fol- lowed by fnow and hail ) weather overcaA and rainy. FromS.S. E. toS. S. W. ilrong gale and fqually ; fame weather. From W.S.W. toS.S.W. frdh, and fquaiU tbl- lowed by fnow and hail ; cloudy weather. From S. S. E. light hazy weather; to N. E. by N. frclh i cloudy wca thcr. From N. E. to N. N. E violent and heavy fqualls ; weather foggy and rainy. FromN.byE.toN.N.W. pleafant breeze ; foggy wcatlier. From N. W. by N. to W. by N. ftrong breeze, fqually; weather over- caft. From W. to W. S. W. fre(h breeze, and clear weather. From W. to S. W. frelh breeze in fqualls, and clear weather. On the r9th, at 9h ao' P. M.'\ Long. f by.fetof 5/>/«r^--«^4*^^^- On the 2i(l, in the morning, forced to lie to by a boiftcrous wind and a very lieavy fea, which occalioiicd tlie lliip t« labour extremely. On the 24th, at 8I» 3s' A Long by 2 fcts D On the zjtli, at gl* aj' A. II, K. M. 1 Af. ^ ^ , „ iby M. -^ M. ^ Long. >and |- 96 09 30W. 2 fct& J — o 3 <^^- 3 1 '"', m I.;) , t MAACBAND*S VOYAGE* LATITVDI LATITVDB LOKCITUSB tONCITODB TARIATIOX TIMK. ' by «ccount. by obferv. by account. by obferv. *• of the Compafi lOVTH. SOUTH. WEST. WEST. ■AST. 1791. ' ' • / / 1 April 26 43 46 • • • 96 s8 a; 43 01 . • • 97 23 %% 4* 31 • • • 98 45 29 41 30 • • • 100 24 • • • 10 10 Amp. Eall>r 30 40 H 40 so 100 45 - • » • 7 41 by 15 Azim, f May t 39 SS 39 59 • 100 o» 1 « • ■ 7 29Azim. S 38 it 38 29 100 53 ' 3 ff 36 34 36 33 100 44.' ' 4 3$ 04 • • • 99 30 r r 1 5 33 57 33 56 100 10 f 1 ( f i 33 14 « • • 100 41 t • • 1 7 56b]ri%Aziai. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TAR1ATI05 of the Compafi, { ■A&T. o t 1 PATS. 10 10 Amp. Ejftlfl 7 41 by IS Azim, 7 19 Azim. I Afrll 16 »7 oioaiu of the THERM. «9 JO 1% I Above the freezing point. 8,0 9>5 1 1.0 11,0 "iS ia,o 7 5(byuAiunj ".$ 14,0 14.S 16,0 i«.5 WINDS AND WEATHER. REMARKS AND 0B8E RV ATIOU S. FromS.W.byS.toS.W frefti breeze ; cloudy weather. Puffs from the W.N.W. hazy weather : then from N.N. E, to N. light breeze. N. by £. plearant breeze ; weather overcaft. FromN.N.E. toE.N.E. light breeze ; foggy weather, fmall rain. FiomW. byN. toN. W by N. light breeze } fine weather* FromN.N.W.toS. round by the E. var. frefh, fqualls followed by rain and fnow ; ftormy wea. thcr. FromS.S.W. toW. frefh breeze in fqualls; wea- ther overcaft. . FromW.toN.W.byW. ftiff breeze fqually ; weather overcaft. From N. W. to S. S. E. found by tlie W. frelh and fqually } foggy wea. ther and fmall rain. From S. to N. E. var. light breeze} cloudy weather. From N.N. E. toN. W. by W. frefhin fqi-allsj weather overcaft. On the 26th, faw a Part Egmont htn\ faw alfo the fame fort of birds as before. On the 29th, faw a numerous flight of birds of the Ttrn fpccies, going to- wards the S. W. From the 30th to the 4th, faw onljr hmcfpatltd Petrels and feme Albatrojfti : their number diminidicd every day. On the 4th, faw a Port Egmnt ben. From the $th, we no longer faw either fpotttd Pttrtls, or others, nor Atbatroffa. ' •! ■ m i^n 3* marchand's voyage. TIME. 1791- May 7 10 II It 13 «4 »5 i6 «7 i8 »9 tATITVOlt by account COUTH. o ' 3' 54 30 06 29 21 29 09 28 27 27 01 »5 »7 25 07 25 16 2j 3» «S 39 25 27 LATITUDE by obl'erv. SOUTH. o / 31 40 30 25 30 03 *9 33 29 09 28 25 27 00 2$ 30 25 20 2J 29 2J 36 aj 44 LONGITUDE by account. WEST. o ' 99 is 9S 45 LONOITUOB by obferv. WEST. o I VAIIIATIOX of the Compars, BAST. •DAYS. |di( ol THl 96 44 ^ * 96 SS "i I or- f 98 42 ./^ 96 48 ), 9 »7pl ' I by a mean o ' 8 07 plus Azim. 9 00 Azitn. 8 34 Amp. Wcflir.l May 7 between the .8th and 9th • • • 98 51 109 00 lOO 34 100 35 loi 25 103 02 104 24 105 27 106 25 107 15 107 24 I . . . • • • us Azim. 6 33 by 8 Azlni. 6 26 plus Azim. 5 50 Amp. EaA'l 10 II 12 6 32 by 5 Azim. ■ ij '4 7 21 by 3 Azim H 15 Abo fm po IS 20 21 20. 20, 18, 20, 20. 20. 20, 6 47by4Azin!.H ij it 6 39by 4 Azim.| '9 ai, »ii »9. I VOL. II MARGHANO's VOYAGE. 3S VAniATlO^ of the Compafs, BAST. ^ 9 17 plus Azim. 6 33 by 8 Azim. 6 3> by s Azim. 7 ai by 3 Azim OlOREBS DAYS. of the rHERM^. May Above the freezing point. 7 19,0 8 zo,o 9 ZI,0 lO 30,0 II ao.s IZ 18,0 '3 20,0 >4 20,0 'i 20,0 l( 20,S '7 ai,o il 21,0 »9 >9.J WINDS AMD WEATHER. N. W. by W. pfeafant breeze ; fine weather. N. W. light breeze, fine weather. From W. N. W. faint to N. by £• frefli breeze ; fine weather. From N. E. by K. fb N. N. W. in ftrong fqualls; clear weather. From W. N. W. to W. by S. faint and fqually ; cloudy weather. From W. to S. light breeze; fine weather. S. £. pleafant breeze; fine weather. From E. S. E. to N. by W. moderate, accom- panied by fqualls ; wea- ther overcaft. From N. to N. N. W. light, fqually ; wea- ther overcaft. From N. to N. by W. faint breeze ; cloudy weather. From N. to N. N. W. faint ; cloudy weather. FromN.by W. toN. W. by N. faint breeze ; fine weather. From W. toN. E. by E. round by the S. almoft calm ; cloudy wea- ther. REMARKS AKft B S E R V A T I O » 3. Oil the 8tHi at ah 48' P. M. -^ M. Long. ^and by a fcts O — ([ . 3 Cb. On the 9th, at 4 t1 ooW. » 7' P. M. ^j Long. >! fets — (I • J < and > 97 08 ooW. by a fets — (I • 3 CA. 3 On the gth, faw a Wbaltt a Sta./vMl- law and a Mevf. On the ioth» faw fome Sea.fwalhws. On the 12th, faw a Man.of.viar.iirJ. On the lath, at 3 h ao' P. M' ■) ^ ^ and z f. P - Sptea flg J OoW. On the 13th, 14th fome Sta-fwallows, and 15th, faw On the i6fhi faw lome BtnUott and tviogray Teim. " ^ On the t7th, fawf two troficiirJt. From the iSth, faw conftantly Man. of-viMT-birdt, red-ftiafted Tropk-birJt and others, alfo now and then fotn* Mtvis and Btitittet. I *\ VOL. 11. 34 MAACHAND's VOYAdEl LATITUDE LATITUDE TIME. by account. by obferv. lOUTH, SOUTII. 1791. / / May 20. *4 49 24 47 S> 24 00 24 06 LOKGITUOS by account. WEST. a aj »4 aj a6 27 aS a> 30 31 24 00 n 03 21 44 20 49 20 24 19 28 19 20 it 46 19 05 18 41 23 59 »3 0$ SI 54 21 63 20 22 19 32 19 20 18 46 19 09 18 36 O I 108 09 109 26 109 $J iiO 30 III 37 II* 47 113 02 114 10 114 22 11$ 26 116 23 116 10 LONGITUDE by obferv. WIIT. I • • • III 56 > VARIATION of the Compafs. EAST. 113 4< "4 57 IIS 38 116 34 k • • • • • o > 5 48 by 3 Azim. 6 34 plus Azim. 6 07 Azim. 5 32 Azim. 5 26 Amp. Ealt'y 4 05 by 6 Azim. 5 40 by 5 Azim. 5 25 by 3 Azim. 5 24 by 5 Azim. ' ■ 5 56 A \ zim. 5 32Amp. Weftifl S 3* Amp. Eall'r.l marchand's voyage. 35 VAUIATION of the Corrtpaft. BAST. ' 5 4«by3Aiim. DAYS. Miy 20 6 34 pl«* Azim, ^ ^^ 6 07 Azim. 1 5 34 Azim. I s a6 Amp. Eaft'r 4 05 by 6 Azim. 5 40 by s Azim. 5 25 by S Azim. 5 »4 by 5 Azim. ' 5 56 Azim. S 3aAmp.WeftiJ| 5 ji Amp. E«ft" i3 36 iS 29 I30 DBCREfS of the TIIEUM. Above the freezing point. 2«.S ai,S 13,0 24,0 34,0 24,0 a3.o 24,0 21,0 24,0 23,0 WINDS AND W E A T II E n. n F. M A n K s AND OBSEUVATIONS. From N. by E. to N. E. by N. light breeze ; cloudy weather. From N. E. by N. to N. by W. light, followed by a calm ; fine wea- ther. From N. W. by N. to N.E. by N. faint, calm at intervals i fine wea- ther. From E. to E. S. E. frcHi breeze ; fine wea- ther. From N. E. by N. to E. N.E. moderalte ; cloudy weather. From E,S. E. to S. E. faint ; fine weather. S. E. faint; fine wea- ther. From S. E. toN. E. light breeze, followed by calm ; fine weather. Cahm then from N. E. to N.N.E. faint; fine weather. From N. N. E. to N. W. pleafant breeze ; cloudy weather. trom N. t6 W. accom- panied by IVjualls ; wea- ther overcaft. From N. W. to S. W. fqualls; weither rainy, overcaft. c a ill 45 30W. On the 23rd, faw a great many F/y- ing-JIJhes. On the 23d, at 8I1 31' A. M. Long, by 6 fets J— Q. On the 24th, at 10 h 3' Long, by 2 lets >and> 24111, (' a.m.Tm.") ^g. [andj"3 3400W. ■t & >and > 1 Ja.J On the 25th, at 8fc 34' A. M Long, by 2 fets Antares and 2 fets J — On the 26th, atSh 12*44" A. M Long. by 2 fets 3) — O On the 27th, at 7 >> 41' A. M Long, by I fet a of A- quila — ([ , and 2 fets J— O 1 14 49 ooW. 116 23 30W. 1 'W 'A\k^A 36 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. I.ATITUDB LATITUDE LONCITUDK TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. $0«T»' SOUTH. WEST. 1791. ' 1 1 Ju»e I 18 06 X 116 16 17 39 LONGITUDE by obrerv. WUT. 17 36 n6 aa 'S 5' 14 09 IS 47 "7 49 14 »3 5 13 08 iz 09 13 II 12 10 II 09 II It lao oa I2S ar O I VARIATION of the Compars. EAST. O I 4 50 by 3 Azun. 114 33 3 10 by 12 Ami • • . xa7 10 a 43 by 6 AzimJ 3 07 by 10 Am 126 47 129 a$ 4 03 by 6 Azil MARCHANDS VOYAGE. 37 VARIATION of the Compafs. EAST. DAYS •June !• a'.S »3iO 23,0 a4.S 24,0 DICRISS WINDS uf the AND THERM. WEATII EU. Above the freezing point. ■ . 41,0 From N.N. W.toS.S.W. faint, intervals of calm ; 21,0 ftormy weather. Calm, then from S. W. to S . pleafant breeze ; hazy weather. FromS.S.E.toS.E.byS. pleafant breeze ; hazy weather. S. E. frelh breeze; fine weather. R E M A n K S AND B S E U V A T I O K S. From E. S. E. to S. E, frcfh breeze ; f)ne wea- ther. E. S. E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. On the ift and 3rd, faw fomc For. ♦ It may be remarked, that between the tropics, the winds do not always blow from the £.?/? quarter; for it is feen that, from the 29th of May to the 3rd of June, between the parallels of 18® 45' and 15^45' fouth, the Solide had, for five days, winds— from North to Weft— from North- Weft to South- Weft, in fquails ; — from North-North- Weft to South-South-Wcft— fromSouth-Weft to South : this explains how the weftern illands may have had and may ftill havea communication with the iflands fituatcd, in regard to them, to the Eaji and to the North. This remark is confirmed by the Journals 'f the Route of all the naviga- tors who have crolTcd the Great Ocean between the tropics. Red-JhafteJ Tropic-bifds and others, and Vlyhig-fijhes were conftantly feen, and from time to time Bootia, Mun.of. luar-h'trds. Sheer ••water s, Sea-fiuallmut and Bonitoes. On the 5th, faw a fmall Tern. On the 6th, at 4h 23' P. M. E.S.E. moderate breeze ; fine weather. fi 3 Long. # M. by 4 fcts Q — ]) , Vand and 2 fcts D — to V Ch. Spi'ca Firgittit. On the 7th, ] O I II wj 3300W. at3l'26'33"P.M.1 M.'\ Long, >andJ'i29 42 by 2 fetsO-iJ^/^-J 15W. I '11 I., !i!,S^ W 38 mauchand's voyage. TIME. LATITUDi! LATITUDE by account. SOUTH. 1791. June 8 10 II 12 13 14 »S 16 10 17 9 45 9 48 9 49 by obferv. SOUTH. I 9 54 Point arrived o / 10 18 9 46 9 45 9 59 9 LONGITUDE by account. WEST. o / "8 39 '30 34 13 J 30 133 ao LONGITUDE VARIATION by obferv. of the Compafs. WEST. ■ AST. ' t 131 08 4 37 by 8 Azim. • • • 4 51 by 6 Azim. '35 S» 5 38 by 10 Azim, . . • 4 18 Amp. Ea/l'r. • • • ) 59 136 01 . . . ■, at within fight of the Marquefat. ^ 5 SO by ) 59 ... 140 29 J 6 Azim, Lying to off the Bay of U Madrc dt Diot in the Ifland of Santa Chrifilana. 17 ^At anchor in the Bay of la Mudre de Di'ot, 18 '9 20 J Point ofDeparturc from the Yiayof /a UfadrrdeDios. ... I 9 55i I . • • I '4» 29 IntLeBijy. ■ 3 18 30 by 8 Azim. 4 15 00 Amp. EalUr. 3 09 45 by 8 Azin s 49 00 Amp tall marchand'4 voyage. 89 VARIATION of the Compafs. BAST. 4 37 by 8 Azim. 4 52 by 6 Azim. J 38 by 10 Aziin. 4 18 Amp. Ea/l'r. j 50 by 6 Azim. In the Bay. 3 18 30 by 8 Azim. 4 15 00 Amp. Eatl'r. 3 O9 45 by 8 Azim. 249 00 .Amp lalily DlGKIU SATS. of the THERM. >«» Above the freezing point. 8 aS.o 9 aS.o lO a3.J II aS.o IZ 25,0 13 ^l^i J4 26,0 >S 27,0 16 25,0 >7 24,0 ig 25,0 J9 24,0 20 24,0 WI»D8 AND WEATHER. From E. S. E. to S. E. moderate { fine wea- ther. From E. S. E. to S. E. moderate ; cloudy wea- ther. FromE.S.E. toE. light; fine weather. From E. to E. S. E. light breeze ; fine wea- ther. FromE.N. E.toE.byS. moderate ; fine wea- ther. Variable, calm ; fine wea- ther. N.N.E. frefli breeze, fol- lowed by a calm ; fine weather. , From N. E. to E. N. E light breeze, followed by a calm; fine wea- ther. E.N.E. fre(h breeze i fine weather. N. E. accompanied by fqualls ; calm, and rain at intervals. N. E. in puffs, and fqualls of rain ; fine weather. FromN. E. toN.N. W. accompanied with fud- den fqualls ; cloudy weather. From N.N. W. toN. E. ditto. REMARKS AMD . OBSERVATIOHS. On the 8th, at 3h 2' 17" P. M. at 3" 2' i7"P. M.-v Long. \^-^ ° ' " by 2 fets O — d , Vand > 131 »3 ooW. and 2 fets ]) — to i Cb.\ Sflca yii-giiih . . . .J The fame birds were ftill fccn, and Terns befides. On the loih, faw feme Flylng.JiJhet with four red ivings, the firft that wcrc fcen of this fpccies. On the loth, at 4^45' 34" P.M." Long, by 8 fets Q — ([. 2 fets Ti—Anlares,^ I fets Regulus — ([ .. 136 to 55 ' 136 14 55 I Mean 136 iz 55 W. On the nth and 12th, faw a number of birds of every fpecies of thofe before- mentioned. On the izth at i paft ten, A. M. per. ceived the I Hand of La MaJaleita, one of the Marjuefas, bearing S. W. by S.: at noon it bore S. W. and the Ifland of San Pedro Weft, diftant 14 leagues. On the 14th, at 8 A. M. anchored in the Cay of La Madre de Dias in the I Hand of Santa Chrifiiana. On the 20th, at u P.M. took out departure from the 9»y of La Madrt de Diet. c 4 4« MARCHAND 8 VOYAGE. TIME ▼ ARIATIOy of the Compafi, «A1T. 9 *5 St 9 »r 141 15 9 «i 14a 30 Atfta. 4 3Z by Azim. [ In fight of II* Baux, i4» a7 , marchand's voyage. 4> VARIATIOV of the Compafi. «AtT. DAYS, 91 DIORIM of the TIIEHM. WIND* anb \V E A T II E R* Above the freezing point. 24,0 aS.S From E. to S. E. mode- rate ; fine weatlier. REMARK! AND OBSERVATIONS, 16,5 From S. E. to E. N. E accompanied by fqualls and rain at intervals; clear weather. From E.byN.toE.plca- fant breeze ; l:ne wea- ther. On the 2 1 (I, at day.brcak, faw to (he N. W. a high illand which was nam?d lit Murchand ', at noon, the weftern ex- tremi'.y of tliis ifland bore N. by W. »* W : a point, named Pohte 23' A. M.^ Long. /^.l " ' " by6fets3)-O,Vandl'4*>S0oW. and 2 fets > of A- \^b.\ Lat. 9" 20'S. f a/'/fl — ([ . • The centre of MjrcbapiJ'i Ifland then bearing E. S. E. 4° 30' S. dillance from the Ihore 14 miles. On the 23'rd, at noon, an ifland difco< vered the day before, which had been numcd I/e Baux, bore from E. 6°N. to E. S. E. 2° S, diftant 6 ^ leagues; and two iflots or rocks, difcovered in the morning whidi hud been named Us Deug Freres, bore from N.W. 70N.to N.N.W. 6° W. 3 or 4 kagues. During the whole day of the 23 rd, we thought we faw other lands from South- Weft to Weft ; the horizon in that quarter remained conftantly charged with large clouds heaped together. f n MARCHAMDS VOYAOC, TIME. 1791. LATITVDB tATITUDI by account. lOVTH. ' In fight of by obfeiv. •OUTH. o ' LONOITUDI by account. WUT. O ' lit Mafft and II* CUnal. i 7 44 7 34 «43 06 LOMOITUDI by obferv. WEIT. July I $ S4 3 «4 I 17 NORTH. o 19 I 06 3 II 4 54 6 o3 7 05 4 7 21 a6 a7 a8 «9 30 5 4» 3 14 I 0* KORTIl. o 06 I 16 3 " 6 18 7 10 7 23 143 a7 143 St 143 »« 143 I a »43 5' 144 tj »44 IS 144 30 '44 38 »44 31 e / 143 to 143 49 • • • • • • VARIATIOTr of tha Compiri. lAtT. O ' 5 3» by 8 Azim. j 06 by 4 Azim. S 07 Azim. 5 04 by 4 Azim. 5 ao Azim. 5 08 by 7 Azim. 4 54 by 6 Azim. j a7 Amp. EaA'/. 0101 DAYS. of IHi Juni Ahov free po H «7 ij »7 J6 >4 i7 »4 28 «S 59 >4 30 »S >iy I 23 4 23 3 22 4 25 MAlkCHAND's VOYAGE. 49 VAftlATIOTT of th« Compifi. DAY* 5 ja by 8 Azim. j 06 by 4 Azim. 5 04 by 4 Azim. 4 54 by 6 Azim. DBOBIIS of the 't'HERM, 7«M »J :6 I Above the freezing point. »7,o »7fS »4.? »4.o »5,o 14,0 >S.$ 13. 5 2J.O 22,0 *S.5 WINDS AND WEATHER. HKMAtKS ANO 0BSEUVATI0N8. From E. to E.N. E. plea- fant breeze ; fine wca- thcr. From E to E.S.E. plea, fanl breeze ; fine wca> thcr. From E. S. E. to E. by N. with fqualU and rain. From E. S. E. to N. E. moderate breeze; fine weather. From E. S. E. to E, by N. light breeze; fine weather. From E. S. E. to N. E moderate breeze ; fine weather. From E.byN.toE.N.E. frclh breeze ; fi«e wea- thcr ; intervals of fqualUt followed by (howers of rain. From C.N.E. to E.S.E. moderate ; fqually ; weather ovcrcaft. From N. K. to S. E. var. accompanietlby fqualls; weather overcaft, ftor- niy. From S. E. to S. faint; rainy, accompanied by calm ; ftormy wcidhcr. Var. and calm, fine wea- ther, then S. S. E. light brwzcjmifty wea- ther. M.T Af.l o > ,1 I I 14J oS ooW. >and > .0ja.JI.at. gOi'S. On the 34th, at 10 h 40' A. M. Lon(?. by a futi 5- An illand dilcovercd the day before, which had been named lU Majfi, then bore from E. by N. i^N. to S. E. 1° E. ; leagues ; another ifland difcovcrcd in the morning, and whicl< was named lie a>Mt\, bote from E. N. E. !<>£. to E. by N. On the zznd, zjrd, and 24th, faw a number of Boobies, Man.of.war.bhdit and fome large fylng.fjbes wiiii Iwo rtd "wlngst On the 25th, at 8I> S3' A.M.*) A/. I ^ / " Long. p"'lf 1434800W. by a fets ]) — G J ^^-J On the 2$th, 26th, and 27th, faw few birds, only fome Troficbirds. On tlie 28th, in the afternoon, faw a great number of every fpecies, which directed their flight to the S. E. : this very day, at J paft P.M. an appearance of land was Ron to the W. by .S . 5° W. ; we fleered to the weft ward till i A. M. and we fpent the reft of the night lying to; but, atday-light, we faw nothing. Till the 30th, we continued to fee a great number of Tropicbirds, Sta-fwuU hws. Terns, and a few Ferfiiftx. 44 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obrerv. of the Compafs. NORTH. .NORTH. WEST. WEST. lAST. 1791. * / e ' / 1 >iy s 8 22 8 2i 144 23 • • • S 48by3Aiim, 10 15 10 21 144 10 7 , II 36 II 42 »43 41 • • • 6 15 Ainp. WcA'r, % 12 36 12 3* 144 50 • • • 6 33 by 8 A lira. 9 n 31 13 28 146 05 • 10 14 «3 14 S9 146 44 • • • 6 58 by 4 Azim. 11 16 08 16 17 147 42 TZ j8 05 18 II 148 17 • • • 8 18 by 2 Azini* »3 20 05 20 04 149 12 • • « 9 02 by 2 Azim. »4 21 j8 22 01 150 13 • ? • 9 45 by 4 Azim. H 23 47 24 03 151 18 • • • 10 27 by 4 Azim. VARIATION of the Compars. lAST. O I 5 48 by 3 Aiim, 6 IS Amp. WeAif. 6 33 by 8 Azim. 6 58 by 4 Azim. 8 18 by a Azinu 9 02 by 2 Azim. marchand's voyage. PAYS. J"b DEGREES of the THEUM. Above the freezing point. WINDS AND WEATHER. 5 I a6,o '6 25,0 10 II 12 13 9 4S by 4 Azim. ■ >4 »»,0 1 »S 22,0 10 27 by 4 Azim. 1 22,0 aS.S 24,0 a3iS 23,0 a»tS »M i REMARKS AND 0B8ERVATI0VS. From S. to W. N. W light breeze ; followed by fqualls and rain. From W. to S. E. round by the S. pleafant breeze ; accompanied by fqualls at inter- vals. From E. to N. E. light breeze, followed by calm ; weather over- caft and mifty. From N. E. to N. N. E. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. From N. N. E. to N. E. pleafant breeze ; fqualls and rain at in- tervals. From S. S. E. to N. E. moderate and freih in fqualls ; mifty wea- ther. From N. E. to E. N. E. frelh in fqualls ; miily weather. From E. N. E. to N. E. by N. frelh in fqualls; cloudy weather. FromN.E.by E.toN.E. fre(h breeze 5 (bowers of rain at intervals. N. E. by E. pleafant breeze ; fine v eather. From N. E. by E. to N. E. by N. frefti breeze; fine weather. On the 5th, in the afternoon, pafled the trunk of a tree which appeared not to have been long in the water. \ t Since the loth, we have fcen but a very fmall number of birds. On the 13th, faw a TurtU, fome Z)»- radots^ and a few Troplcblrds. On the ijth, faw a number of Ttrm, and Fiymg-Jijhes v/'ub two rtd -wings. i \u r: m MARCHANU'S VOYAGK. ■ i LATltUDB TIME. by account . * NORTH. 17.91. ' July l6 as 53 »7 -7 4» i8 iS 36 '9 18 40 SO a8 S3 31 29 36 • M 30 47 »3 3» 04 24 33 44 as 3S 44 16 37 41 »7 39 3S aX 41 26 I-ATITUDB LONOITUDK by obrcrv. by account. KORTII. wr.si. ' / as S8 •.r- 38 17 4a "S3 S3 28 36 >S4 4« z8 40 "53 46 28 42 >SJ 54 2() 36 153 49 30 s» «Sa S3 32 10 »5> H 34 05 151 19 35 S' ijo 19 37 49 149 47 39 48 149 la 4" 35 148 34 LONQITUDI by obl'crv. w».ir. o ' 156 oa '11 48 Amp. riillly, II 39 by 5 Aziiu. la 21 by II Azim. 13 07 by 6 Azim. 13 3a Amp. VVdt'i. "54 as "53» 3a • • • 15a 17 VARIATION of the Cumpurs. tMT. o ' 13 26 by 8 Azim. DAY*. 7>"j> 16 17 t8 •9 20 11 «J 14 37 Amp. Welt'r 14 53 Aziin. H 15 30 Azim. »5 16 24 Amp. Wcftiy. 26 »7 16 50 by 3 Azim. 28 16 54 Azim. marchand's voyage. 47 VARIATION of the Compurs. l/VJT. 1 DAYS. IBOEIIS of the rilKKM. WIN 1)3 AMO W P. A T H E a. \buvc the Ircciiiig point. '•i « 16 30,0 N. E. frefli breeze; wea- ther uvcrcult, ftiuallii at intervals. 17 20,0 FroinN.E.byE.toN.E. by N . plcafant breeze 5 II 48 Amp. Tiinir. II 39 by 5 Aziiii. t8 10,5 cloudy weather. From N. N. E. to W. faint, intervaliof calm ; I 21 by II Aziiii. «9 20,0 cloudy weather N.N.E. var. faint ; fmall lain at intervals. 13 07 by 6 Ar.im. 20 •9.S Calm and puifs, variable; fine wcatlier. 13 31 Amp. Wdti). 11 20,2 From S. E. to 8. W. var. light breeze ; fqualU at intervals ; cloudy wea- ther. 13 a6 by 8 Azim. V ao,s From S. S. E. to S. Jight breeze; cloudy wea- ther. ■ *i a«.5 FromS.S.E. toE. S. E. moderate breeze ; clou- dy weather. 14 37 Amp. Welllf 14 53 Aiiin. ^ 20, J From S. E. by E. to E. by S. moderate; fine weather. [5 30 Azim. 6 14 Amp. Weftl^ »5 16 19,0 »7.S From £. S. E. to E.by N. pleafant breeze ; cloudy weather. From E . to S . E . moderate breeze ; dull weather. «7 i6,S FromE.byN.toE.byS. 6 sohy 3 Azim. moderate ; dull wea- ther. 6 54 Azim. 18 «5.5 From E. by N. to S. E. light breeze ; cloudy weather. II E M A R K 8 ANB O fl B K 11 V A T 10 N 3. \ O I II 156 06 ooW. On the aoth, It 7h 34' A. M. T M. Long. > and by 4 fcts 5 — O J Ch. On the 20th, faw a Troplc-bird, a QuebraHlabue£'os or Giaiil-Pelre/, a Siar/t, and fomc Poipalfcs. From the 2 ill to the 23rd, faw fomc Alcyom, Quebraniabueffos, Bonitots, and Porpvifti, and pafled feme Tea- weeds : we (lill faw a few Tnpic.bhJs ti\l the 24tli. On the 2jrd, at 7'> 34' A. M. ■) M. Long. V and by 4 fcts J — o) a. On the 24th, at 8h 4' A. M.'IM. Long. V and ^ 153 42 ooW. by a fets J— ©J Oi. We daily fnw Alcyom, Slunit-birdt, Sea-fwall(nvs, Petrels, and a few g«?- brantahuejfot. _ , O / /' IS43S oo\^'» \ On the 26th, at8h2,'2o"A.M.'^ M. Long. >and ^152 19 ooW. by 2 fcts D — O 3 Ch. On the 26th and ayth, pafled by a quantity of floating fubftanccs, of the form of rufhins, and of a brown colour ; faw fomc Moltk/ca, On the 28ih, in the morning, faw a number of Culls, Sea-fwdlloius, ami fcve- ral flights of other birds, which ap- peared to be land-birds ; we alfo faw fome Moltufca. % ''i w: i.!:.-:| ■>?'', ir^ ) 4 ^J H' ,'i :\h\ ggg ■■■Ml iiiiii ^— ■—■w— in— — fc^.^— ..a~«»tj, •,-«a«&--,' 4» marchand's voyage. ^' LATITUDE LATITUDI TIME. by account. by obferv. NORTH. NORTH. 1791. / ' >/y29 42 2Z 4» 37 '' •. ..V.^ ,0 43 03 43 oa • 3i 43 SI 44 0' Augufll 46 i9 • • • »i' \ s 48 4* 48 44 3 50 a6 • • • 4 S3 06 • • • 5 ss 04 55 12 6 56 38 . . . ; 56 57 57 ao by account. WEST. o / 145 14 148 07 147 30 146 44 '45 51 MS " 144 34 142 20 139 14 LONCITUOI by obferv. WEST. O ' VARIATION of the Compafs, EAST. 17 24 by 4 Azim. 18 13 plus Azim. 14$ 46 . 3- 3/ 31 -" -J- j- 1 At 6 P. M. Time of taking the bearing of Cape J dtl EngaTio • V 56 S* 57 '8 I 138 oii I 139 *H ■i t S6 57 57 " 56 49 M7 05 f Plying to windward or be f calmed in fight of the Coaft 23 30 plus Azim. 24 63 by li Azinul marchand's voyage. 49 VABIATION of the Compars, EAST. O ' 17 44 by 4 Azim. i8 13 plusAxim. 6AYB, 23 30 plus Azim. DIOftBIS tf the TRERM. July 29 30 3« 1 Above the freezing point. 18,0 15,0 15,0 12,0 10,3 24 63 by 12 AiiiH' 9.7 9,0 12,0 10,5 11,0 10, s 10,0 VOL. II. triNDs AXb WEA*rHER. A E M A R k 9 AND OiSERVATIOijS, From E. to S. S. W. faint, followed by a calm ; fine weather. Ffom E. N. E. to W. N. W. round by the S. faint ; fine weather. W. Moderate and then frefh ; weather overcaft. From W. S. W. to W. N. W. ftiff breeze; weather ovefcaft and mifty. From W. to W. S. W. flrong gale ; weather overcall and foggy. FromW.S.W.toS.S.W. frelh; weather overcaft and foggy. From S. by W. to S. E. frelh, accompanied by fqualls; weather over- call. From S.by W. to S.E. fine breeze ; cloudy weather. From S.E. to N.E. frelh; followed by fqualls ; weather millyand rainy . From £. N. E. to S. faint { weather dull and mifty. From S.W. to E. S. E. var. faint ; weather dull and foggy. From S. W. to S. E. by S. var. light ; weather overcaft and mifty. On the 29th, faw a Sea-leek {Fucus giganteus) ; we alfo faw the fame fpe. cies of birds. On the 30th and 31ft, faw fome IVhales and Sea-leekt. ' • .'""■'■ On the ift of Auguft patted a root of a tree. On the 3rd and 4th, pafied feveral Sea-leeks ; and a few leaves of the fpecies of fea-weed, called Alga marina. On the 4th, faw a large piece of wood float- ing, and a flight of fmall land-birds. We daily faw befides QutbraHtabueJfo!, Petrels, Sea-fwallows, Gulls, and Storm, birds. On the sth, at 2»> 12' 12" P.M. Long, by 4 fets O — € On the 6th, faw fome Auks, and a quantity of ■Sm-/«*i. r .r On the 7th, pafTed a piccfe of wood, a quantity of Sea-leeks, and other fea- plants. Saw a IVbale, fom6 Auks, and fome Mews: the water has a greenifli colour. This day at 5^ P. M. perceived the coaft of America, and at 6 h fet Monte San Jacinto E.S.E. 3° E. at the diftance of 14 or 15 leagues. On the Sth, at noon, the extremity of Cape del EngaWo bore E . S . E . 2° S . The Mountain E. by S. 4OS. On the 9th, at noon, the point of >and> 143 19 41W. Cape del Enganj bore E , the mountaiij E. 4° S, D by 4«S. fVI-: jHUJ i . III ii | »wiwpff»»i . 1 . 1 , 1 i . i iiiji ii m i mip i II j i ' Bil : f&WUatfi ^-Lk-i \ 5» MARCHANDS VOYAGJi. TIME. LATITUDE by account. lOUTII. 1791- Auguji 10 LATITUDK by obferv. SOUTH. II iz - >3 »4 »5 o ' 57 00 57 00 57 00 57 00 LOKCITUDX by account* WEST. o ' LONGITUDE by obferv. WEiT. O / vAaiATiotr of the Compafs CAST. 57 04 Plying to windward, or be- calmed in fight of the coaft. At the mouth of the Bay ] of Tchinkitinay, •37 59 o ' i8 46 plus Azim. 16 ^At anchor in the Bay of Tchitikitdnay. . «7 iS >9 20 J »i 2.^ Point of Departure from the Bay of Tcbint 54 38 57 04 54 :s 137 16 VlukiiJi . iy'. V > *9 30 »37 59 3 Amp. Weftif " Longitude' of the place L 54 04 < whence the > 136 Ot I bearing was ' (.taken. 1 137 10 / 19 00 Amp. Eafli), 28 02 Azim. > aS 46 plus Aziffl. marchand's voyage. #> DAYS. Augufl 10 II Above the freezing point. ^S^S iS 19 20 It 22 I 29 00 Amp. Eaft'rJ 28 02 Azim. ■ 23 bIGRSkS of the tllERM. 11 10,0 10, J io,s ".S «».$ io,s I'.S 10,0 IO,Z ti,» WINDS AND W E A T II K R. Calm, then from N. W. toN N.W. light} fine weather. From N. W. light to S. S. W. faint; clear weather. From S. S. W. to S. E. var. almoft calm ; rain. S. S. £. frcih, then faint ; fmall rain. E. S. E. ditto; weather foggy with fmall rain. From S. S. E. to .S. S. W. faint ; dull wea- ther. Puffs from N. to S. faint; fine weather. From S.S. E. toS. light breeze ; thick weather; continual rain. N. W. light ; fine wea- ther, fallowed by calm iutd fog. S. S. E. moderate; wea ther foggy and rainy. From S.S.E. to W.S.W var. light; fine wea ther. Var. light; then from S. W. to N. W. freih breeze; fine weather. N. W. frefti breeze and clear weather. W. N. W. light breeze; fine weather, followed by a calm. On the loth, at noon, the point or pitch of Cape del EngaHa bore E. ffl N. diftant 2 ( leagues. On the i2th, at lo^ A. M. anchored in the Inlet of Tdnnkitinay. While we were in fight of Cape dil Engano, we conllantly faw Divers, Auks, ff%ales. Seals, Porpoi/es, and dif- ferent fea-fowl. AND OBSERVATIONS. V'l UndC O I If 137 31 30W. On the zift, got under way from Tcbinkitiitay Bay. At noon, Cape del Engano bore N. W. 6° W. On the azd, at 9 k 40' A. M. Long, by 2 fets 1> — O- On the 22d, at noon, the coaft of America extended from E. N. E. to E. diflant 18 leagues. At 7 P. M. Qjteen Charlotte's Iflands S. E. 8 or 9 leagues. On-the 23d, at noon, the north extte- mity of the moll northern of Queen Chan lette's Iflands bore N. £. 6° N ; a fmall ifland on the coaft of the large ifland of that name, S. aors^E. m m ml m m D 1 m i' I 4* MARCHANO'S VOYACE.. TIME. 1791. Augufit^ aS 29 - 30 31 SffU I LATITVpl by account SOUTH. e / • • • ■ IfATITUOB LOjNCITUDV LONGITUDE by obferv. by account. byoblerv. SOUTH. WEST. WIST. / ' ' 54 18 - . 54 it 54 *9 t 54 53 55 Standing under eafy fail, and frequently lying to, in light of the welt ^ coaft of (lueen Charloitt ' s Iflands, while ilie long,* boat was vifiting the cpall. 53 40 " Si a? 1 , S3 25 . • VARXATIOX of the Compafs. EAST. q » Point of departure from Quttn Charlatte'i Iflands. SO 59. 50 00 5* 56 49 49 135 '0 133 07 »3S 35 z6 50 Azitn. a$ 16 Amp. Wtftif MATtCHAND'S VOYAttE. 53 VAWATIOX 3f tht Compafs. Q » ■ 36 50 Azim. as 16 Amp. Wtft!)- OIGXktS PAV8. of the l-IIEUM. .. Above the Auguft freezing point. »4 ii,» iS 12,5 16 13,0 17 13,0 18 »3.S 30 3' Sipt. i n>s ".s 11,0 >'.s >*.s 14,0 W 1 N D» ANtI WE A Til KR. From W. N.W, to W. by S. gentle breeze ; fine weatlier. FromW. S.W. toW. N. W. faint breeze; fine Weather. Frohi W. to N. N. W. faint and calm ; fine Weather. From N.W. to N.E. faint and calm; line wea- ther. FromW. N.W. to N.W. moderate breeze; fine weather. FromW. W. W. teN.N. W. moderate breeze; fine weather* REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Ditto, frefh breeze, and fine weather. From N.W. to W. N.W frelh breeze ; fine wea- ther. From N.W. toW.N.W. moderate breeze; iine weather. From N. N.W. to N.N. E^. moderate breeze ; dull weather. From N.W. to W*. faint ; Weather ovcrcolt, and fog. ■f On the 14th, at noon, the mod northern of Qutin Cbarloite's Iflandsbor*; frohi S. E. by S. to E. S. E. ; the entrance of Chak day S. E. by S. 2°4S. On the 35th, at noon, the north point of the mod northern of (ItutM Char, hue's I (lands bore S. E. 6° E. Cloak Bay, S. E. byE. 3OS. On the 26th, at noon, the north point of themofl northern of (lueen Cbarloite's Idandk bore S.E. 6° E. Cloak Bay, S.E. byS. On the 27th, at noori, the fame bay bore S. S. E i E. the north point of the moft northern of (2»r«» Charlotte' % Iflands E. by S. On the 28th, at noon. Queen Char, lotte's Iflands bote from N. E. by N. to S. E. by S. 4lbgue$. On the 29th, at noon, an //lot on the coaft of (lueen Charlotte's Iflands bore N. by E. ; the moll foutherly land in fight S.E. On the 30th, at noon, Hippah Ifland bore N. E. s°E. dillant about 4 miles. On the 31(1, at noon, Hippah Ifland bore N.E. 6 ^ N. diftant 5 or * miles. On the ill of September, at noon, the extremity in fight of Queen Char* lotte's Iflands bore from N, by E. t« S.E. byE. D 3 K i m i ii i# |i j l < ll i4 MARCH AN D*S VOYAGE. LATITVDI LATITVDI LONOITUDI TIME. by account. by obrerv. by account. iOUTH. SOUTH. WIJT. 1791. ' • ' 1 Stpt. 4 4* 57 49 49 130 59 ' 4« J9 48 SI 119 00 LOKGITUDB by obferv. WEST. e / 130 40 VARIATION of the Compart. ■AIT. : bearing. At anchor. Longitude' of the place 48 S9 ^ whence the bearing was taken. laS 56 > 128 p 9 t at 30 Azlm. 48 58 Ditto. 1x8 S4 K Point of Departure fi fAt6b|S.| 4* 46 10 II IX 13 14 from the Coaft of Amtriea. At 6 48 01 46 33 45 10 47 45 4ft 16 45 08 Coaft of Amtrtea. f ,, j^ Azim. his 128 48 K, ,5 Amp. 44 14 44 00 43 05 40 54 3« 54 41 56 40 38 38 45 129 26 ■30 30 131 a8 132 10 132 48 134 >3 13s 20 • • • 12 00 Amp. Eaft>/, Weair, • • • 20 04 Azim. 18 22 Azim. 18 29 plus Azim. 17 20 Azim. I 16 14 Azim. ij 37 Azim. ij 27 Amp. Wcft'y. marchand's voyage. VARIATION of the Compari. ■AIT. at 30 Aztm. it 00 Amp. Eafti/. as a4Azim. a I 15 Amp. Weft'r, ao 04 Azim. 18 at Azim. 18 19 plus Azim. 17 ao Azim. I jO II It '3 DIOMIS PAY». of the THKRM. ^tft. Above the freezing point. 4 14.0 5 '4.S 6 14.0 7 13,0 t 14,0 WINDS AND WEATHER. 16,0 >S.«» 13,0 »«,0 16,0 16 14 Azim. 14 iS.S 15 37 Azim. IS ^^ Amp. Weft"-". '5 17,0 REMARKS ANB OBSERVATIONS. From W. to N. W. frelli breeze ; fine weather. From N. W. to S. S. W. var. faint ; followed by calm, and thick fog. FromS.tuE. S. E. faint, followed by calm ; fine weather, dew in the night. From S. E. to N. W. round by the S. faint and calm ; weather overcall. W. N. W. light breeze; fog, followed by fine weather. From E.N. E. to N. light breeze and fine weather. From N. N. E. to S. E. by S . pleafant breeze ; foggy weather. FromS. W. to W.N.W. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. From W. N. W. to W, S. W. faint and calm ; cloudy weather. From W.N.W. to N.W. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. N. W. freOi braeze ; dull weather. From W.N.W. toW.by S . moderate ; fine wea- ther, then overoaft. ► and ^lag 58 30W, On the 4th, at 4 >■ P. M. perceived thecoaftof Amerlta from N. N. E. to N. E. by E. On the 4ih, at 4h Iff P. M. "J A/. J o Long. > and by a fists © — (I . J Cb. On the 5th, at noon, the North point q{ Berkley Sound bore E. by N. ; Nooikti Sound N. On the 6th, at noon, Berkley Sound bore E. by S. 4or { leagues ; at 5 P.M. anchored in 50 fathoms, over a bottom of black and Qozy fand, at i^ or 3 leagues from the coaft ; the N. point of Berkley Sound bearing E. by S. On the 7th, at | paft i P. M. got under way in order to increafe our dif- tance from the coaft. On the 8th, at ^ paft 6 P. M. the entrance of Berkley Sound bore N.E. J E. 6 leagues, whence we took our depar- ture. On the nth, faw fomc SeaJarkt and a fmall land-bird. On the 15th, was taken on boards fmall land-bird. D 4 '*!! r^l »i ■& if 41 tiimtmmiim^mtf lf> MApiCHAHo'i VOYAQE* TIMK. L4T|TUP||tATITUDll LONf ITVDI by accoujtt I by obferv. 1 by account. 1791. St ft. 1 6 * >7 NO|lT|l. I «» ao 41 %% ?3 »4 »i »6 o / 37 06 JS »9 31 oz *9 57 «« 47 »9 3» ^OKTH. O I 35 5» 1% 03 3» 43 30 S» *9 SO »9 4^ WUT. >37 39 «39 >7 140 51 «4» 53 14) 08 LONQITUDI by obrcrv. WMT. V4|^IATI0N 9f IN ConipaTi, o t • ■ • 139 03 14 43 Asim. »9 34 - 144 04 %\ 3« »7 35 26 35 a6 0» %% \9 17 36 a6 30 a6 07 I4J 16 146 19 146 51 141 33 143 47 II 58 Aiim. ' lO 56 Aziin. 19 30 Amp. Eafti/, H> IS Azim. ' II 00 Amp. Eaftlir. II 14 Azim. 10 IS ARjp. Weft'r. PI 1>AV». I Tl Sift, Ab fr I 16 1 17 it ■9 t JO 1 • • < »47 14 • • • { 10 46 Azim. 9 30 Amp. Weft'r. ' 10 00 Amp. Eaftlr. and Wefii/. 9 3s Amp. EaA'/. 9 13 Azim. Itf ARCH AMD's VOYAAI^ J^ IP IS Apjip. Weill;. lO 46 Azim. 9 30 Amp. Weftir. 10 00 Amp. EaAlr. and Weftiy. SAV9. VMilM IHBRM, Stft. 16 17 '9 JO 21 IZ *4 »S 26 Above the freeiing point. il,0 <7i$ 10,0 ^0,0 W IN 01 AN* W K A T II B R. -•*■ 2J *».$ ao,o 21,0 aj.o miMARK* oBtctVATioya. From W. byN. foN.N. W. plcarant breeze { (:loudy weather. From N.N. E. to N. E. freih breeze; weather! pvercaft and foggy. From N.N. E. toN.E. ^rong breeze, followed by fqualls ; weather 9vercaft. Frpm N. (. to S. E. (ight breeze ; c)ear wea- ther. Frvm S. E. to S. by E. pleafant breeze, with iqualls; cloudy wea- ther. FrymS. S,W. tpS.S. E. flint; fame weather. Fr^m S. S.E. toS.E. by f. moderate breeze; Ktreather overcall ; fol- lowed by fine weather. From S. E> to S. S. E. pleafant braczc ; clear weather. Fn>m S. E. by E. to E faint breeze; weather overcall. Fmm E.S.E. to$.E. by E. light breev, fol- lowed by calpij fine weather. Fn>m S. E. by E. to S. S. E. faint and calm} cU^ weaU^er. On the 18th, faw for the fiift time Flying-fijhes, aiM) a fmall l|nd.bird of the fl>ecie^ of the Canarj. • Vandi q / w I J9 03 ooW. On the 19th, inth«morning,an4 reduced to noon Long- \f^l by » fett J — Q J J On the 20th aad lift, faw Trofk'Hrdi and f^utbrantabu*£'ot. Onthezift, at 8fc 00' A. M. "J Af. "\ ^ ^ ^ Long. >>n«»V,^,,^jow by 4 fets ]) — 3 Cb. J O* the a^ at »!» 37' A. M.'lAf. Long. |>and>.i43 38ooW. by* fets J— QjCA. Since the lad, we daily IJiw Flying, fijhtiy Tropie.iirdf, SeaJarks^arA, from time to timei Tu»nie» and Dolphins. ■\ I . il \ ■■F-il :■]' ii* m m g'^li|g»PiWT<^1»'iW.i.,'-ti|.',A'*.-"" "*" ">» w-irW'Mllltk vl 58 marchand's voyage. • LATITUM lATITVOB TIMS. by account, by obferv. nok'th. NORTH. 1791. » 1 Sept. VJ a5 S3 »5 S6 1% >4 >o 24 16 2X 38 " 37 30 11 o> SI oz 19 4C 19 41 % 19 ij 19 15 ■3 19 17 19 14 19 09 19 IJ LONCITVOB LONCITVOI VARIATION by account. by obrerv. of the Compart. WEST. WEST. EAIT. 1 ' / 147 89 • • • 9 54Aciin. 148 09 • « f 9 34 ktSm. 149 44 • • • t 49 Azim. 151 16 149 27 8 25 Azim. ij» 49 ISO 59 8 04 Azim. 154 S9 • • • 8 30 Azim. »S« 49 »i« 54 ■ i$8 26 . . . ) ■ 19 09 19 13 150 ZD . . . « . J. Point whence the bearing was taken off the I fland of ( g \... 18 57 ') Q.Vnybtt IS6 54 .1 00 Azim, 19 13 j . . . I J Longitude^ of the place I whence the^ ,j8 ,3 19 00 bearing was! taken. J Ditto. 19 05 Ditto. At 6 P. M.point of departure in fight of O.Whjhtt • . . I IJ 04 I . . . I ij8 29 j VARIATION of the Compart, DAir SAIT. o f Seft 9 54Asiin. «7 f 34 Ajim. t 49 Azim. 8 25 Azim, 8 04 Azim. 8 30 Azim. • 8 00 Azim, 9l qa. I OICMtl of the THERM. Above the freezing point. ai.5 23,0 iz,s 24,0 24,0 24,0 24,0 24,0 24,0 «4,o marchandV voyage. 59f WINDS ANO WEATH EH. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. From E. by S. faint to E. N. E. moderate; fine weather. Eaft, pleafant breeze ; fine weather. Eaft, frefh breeze; fine weather. From E. to N. E. plea, fant breeze ; fine wea- ther. M. E. by E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. From N. to E. pleafant breeze; dull weather. FromE. to E. S. E. mo- derate, followed by fqualls; cloudy wea. ther. From E.to E.N.E. mo- derate breeze ; fine wea- ther. From N. E. to E. N. E. frelh breeze ; fine wea- ther. From N. E. to E. S. E. frelh breeze ; intervals of calm ; fine weather From E.S. E. toE. light breeze ; intervals of calm ; fine weather. •■ ; ; .i^-vi- Onthesoth, , , „ at 4l> oi' P. M. ^ Af, . 149 47 30 Long. >Ci). . 149 41 30 by 4 fcts Q — (I ) Mean 149 44 30W. OntheiftofOftober, at3h28'30"P.M. ^ Af. . 151 18 5* Long. >CA. . 1J11308 by 4 fets Q — 4 3 Mea'.i 151 16 OOW. Or thezd, faw fomefea-weed. On the 3rd, at 2k ,5'P.M."JAf.^ ^ , ^, Long. (^(isin 20\V, by z fets Q—d J Cb. ) Saw a great many Tunnits and Bonitoet, fome fea-wecd, and a few Troficiirdt. On the 4th, at 10 A. M. faw the Ifland of O.lVbybte, bearing W. N. W. 3° W. ; at noon, it extended from W. ao 30' N, to N. W. 70 W. diftant 8 or 10 leagues. On the 5th, at noon, the fouth point of the Ifland of O.Whyhee bore E. by N. 5° E. ; and the weftern extremity in fight, N. W. 8° N. On the 6th, at noon, the Ifland of O- IVoybtt extended from N, by W. 2® 30' N. to E. S. E. 2° 30' S. ; diftance off Ihore, i i leagues. The fame day, at G"* P. M. the ifland bore from N. 5° E. to E. S. E. i° 30' E. diftance 2 leagues from the nearefl fhorc. On the 7th, at noon, the Ifland of O.Whybte bore from N. 8° W. to E.S. E. 3° 30' E ; diftance 2 & leagues from the fhore. 4 m !-" ii.i W'.A '^^^lj/gliii^^^^3iitimi^^iuiilihmmmmmm M f f M I .;iM 'ii ^ji > ^ marchand's voyacb. i 1 UTITVDB tATITVDE TIM£. by acc«unt by obferv. WRT». WORTn. 1791. / ' oa. 8 . '9 29 19 19 .-.v.', 9 '» 35 »9 45 10 19 J7 20 26 - .V'X 1 ir ' » •9 ' 20 TO » ^ '> '■ .V/." 19 qS 18 ^ « » . 17 a6 ( , I"? a» a ' , 1 1 • 5* 1 ' 15 4^ 'j. J 14 • 47 J4 45 , «. 1 t Ifil ; »4i >9» 14 16 5 i - »7 . 'J 5P ; 13 3ft ii '3' 37 13 34- »9 « 1 33 J * 1 • • • 20 ' '3 3» 1 13 3» LONtlTUOE by account. WEST. / '59 1 4» i6a 18 169 47 1 i6a 00 1 r i63t 06 ^H 10 I r' : 167' 21 169 1 3* 171 33 1 ; 173 37 ; '75 48 iTf »3 1781 48 LOHaiTUDE bjr obferv. W»ST. o ' • • • • • • 178 48 , lAST. 179 4» of the Goiapafi EAST. i e t % 05 Azim. 81 50 Azim. , 91 00 Azim. 8 38 Azim. 8 03 Amp. Weftly. 8 21 Azim. i 8 41 Azim. 8 24 Amp. Weftly, i 8 56 Azim. 9 24 Azim. 9 52 Amp. Weftly. it> 14 Azim. ' 10 59 Amp. Weftly, 10 26 Azim. 10 c6 Azim. 10 58 Azim. MARCHANO S VOYACfr. 36m of the Coinpafs. tut. PAYS. 9 ' I 05 Azira. 9 50 Azim. . 91 00 Azim. ' 8 38 Azim. 8 03 Amp. VVcftly. 8 21 Azim. 8 41 Azim. 8 24 Amp. WcftljT. 8 56 Azim. 9 24 Azim. 9 52 Amp. Wcftly. 16 14 Azim. ,0 59 Amp. Weftly, 10 26 Azim. 10 56 Azim. 10 58 Azim. of«he rilERM. 03. % 19 II IZ Above the freezi^ig point. 24,0 »s.o 2S,0 26,0 ^S^S W E A T H|E R. 1+ if «7 iS 19 10 26,0 *5.S 25,0 26,J 26,0 26,a REMAABTS^ A^fo .''"V OBSERTATIOiN 9. From W.S.W toE.S.E. round by the S. var. faint ; clear weather. C.->lm, then from S. to S. E. faint ; cloudy weather. From E. to N. E. faint; intervals of calm; clear weather. From N. E. to E. mode- rate breeze ; fine wea- ther. From N. E. to E. pica fant breeze; fine wea- ther. E. N. E. frefli breezt; clear weather. Ditto; ditto. Ditto moderate ; fine wea- ther. From E. N. E. to E.by N. ; pleafant breeze; cloudy weather. FromE.byN. toE.N.E. frefh breeze, followed by fqualls ; cloudy wea ther. From E. N. E. to E. ; moderate weather, fol- lowed by flight fqualls cloudy weather. Ejift, fqually with rain; weather overcaft. From E. to B. N. E. moderai^e; clear wea- ther. On the 8th, at 4. paft 8, A. M. few thelflandof Atowee, bearing N. N. F. 80 E. On the 9th, at ^ paft $ P. M. dill perceived the fummit of O-Jfbj/jfebeai- ing E. 2° 30' N. diftant .46 leagues. On the lOth, at noon, the Ifland of Atowi fliewed itfelf to the HI. N. W. 30 N. at the diftance of 34 leagues.' From the time of our leavkig the Sand- wicb Iflands, we conftantly faw £soi/», Man-of-fvar.'b'ndst Tropic-iirJs, Term, Ftying-Jijhety and now and then Tunnitt and Bonitots. , ..- , . i - : % Y\ >and> JC6.J On the 19th, at 9'> 42' A. M. Long, by 2 fcts B— O On the 20th, at8h26'39"A.M.'jM."j Long. rand/ by 2 fets J — G J CA. J 9 t ir 178 30 ooW, 179 54 03F.. 4l pp»p^w^w|— ■ " ' . " ^'***' - * » ■■ ■!" ? "J" * 6% MAHCHAND's VOYAC]^. ILATITVDI LATITVDl TIME. 1791. as »S 26 ^7 2% 29 30 3> lATov. I by account, NORTH. o ' 13 34 «3 34 13 40 13 43 13 48 by obfecv, NORTH. 13 48 13 36 13 43 13 24 13 29 13 44 14 24 14 59 o ' 13 3» 13 36 13 40 »3 44 '3 45 »3 49 «3 45 13 S« 13 4a 13 34 • • • 13 4» 14 26 i; 06 LOMOITUDI by account. EAST. o » i?9 23 177 '7 I7S iS '1 73 09 170 167 56 165 o3 163 08 160 4$ 158 36 156 29 '54 4a 15* 3« 150 31 LONOITtfDfc by obrerv. CAST. O * V All At 101/ of the Compars. EiST. i7» 33 o » 12 02 Azim. 11 08 Amp. Wellly,| 12 07 Aziiy. 12 33 Amp. Eaft IS 49 Azim. 11 46 Azim. 13 05 Azim. 12 27 Azim. '45 14 8 04 Azim. 8 08 by 5 Azim. 7 27 Azim. DAYS. oa. 21 22 »3 »4 25 26 27 i8 I II 05 Azim. ' 10 39 Amp. Wcftl»,| 10 lO Azim* 9 40 by 8 Azim. ■ iO 3« Nov. t Miar v'%1 > marchand's voyage. I tARlAtlOU of the Compars. EiST. DAYS, o » oa. 12 02 Azim. 21 II 08 Amp. WcJliy, 11 07 Azii«. 21 11 33 Amp. Eaftl(. n i» 49 Azim. n 1 1 46 Azim. ss 13 oj Azim. 26 iz 27 Azim. 27 II 05 Azim. 10 39 Amp. Wcft'r. M 10 10 Azim* 29 9 40 by 8 Azim. 30 8 04 Azim. 3« 8 08 by 5 Azim. I 2 7 27 Azim- DIOftlBS of the THERM. Above the freezing point. aS.S 26,0 25,9 25,0 26,0 25,0 26,7 25,0 24,0 24,0 WINDS AND WEATHER. REMARKS AND .H OBSERVATIONS. E. b^ N. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. Ditto, ditto. From E. by N. to E. N. E. pleafant breeze; cloudy weather. E.N. E. frefh; fqualls at intervals ; fine wea- ther. E.N. E. frefh by fqualls, with rain ; cloudy wea- ther. From E. by N. to E. N. E. frefh breeze; fine weather. From E. N. E. to E. by S. moderate breeze ; fine weather. From E. to E. N. E. mo- derate breeze ; fine wea- ther. From E.byN. toE.N.E. frefti breeze, followed by fqualls and rain. From E.S. E. to E.N.E moderate j followed bv fqualls and rain. Ditto; ditto. Ditto ; rainy weather. From E. to S. S. W variable in fqualls ; weather overcafl and rainy. S. S. E. ftiff breeze, ac- companied by fqualls ; rainy weather. On the 2ifl, faw a fmall land-bird, refembling a Plwtr, and a great number of oceanic birds. On the 23th, E. at 8h 4j' A.M.lAf.*] ^ , „ Long. >andp7«Si30 by 4 fets D— OJ CA.J On the 24th, faw a land-bird, and various oceanic birds, fuch as Boobiet^ Man-of,iuar'birdt, Tropic •birds, Mtvis, &c. .1 ' ■ ; . ■ From time to time faw birds of the fame fpecies. On the 2d, faw a fmall 'MbiieMetu. On the 2d, at z"* 27' P Long, by 4 fets O Lnd> -([ J ch.y 148 ozc^E. i • ■A- m 1 mi H, i M ' .4*1 a iii ijm 1 1 i ^j ^ i4 MARCITAKD I VOYAOB.; I TIME. 1791. tMXltJfU by account NORTa. o » Nov. 4 5 6 10 II IX 13 »4 i6 14 a 15 13 16 07 16 47 18 09 18 S3 »9 34 20 24 21 05 21 27 21 38 ai 50 &ATITVDB by obferv MOKTH. o / 14 fd 15 30 16 02 16 12 ! 17 03 18 00 18 48 19 41 20 z6 21 05 211 19 21 46 21 34 LoilCITUDB by account. BAST. A / LOroiTVDB by obferv. ■AST. O ' VAMATIOTX of 5 ^ corfeaed, between th« obfervatioM of the 2d artd thofe of .the 4f ht 147 29 146 29 146 03 144 17 '4» 59 140 00 138 08 136 27 134 S7 >3* 57 131 J6 128 21 122 e^ ^ 6 12 Azim. 5 50Azint. S 16 Azin. 4 52 Azim. 4 36 Azint. 2 58 Azin^. . * 32 Azim. 2 12 Azim. 2 17 Azim. I 29 Azini. .0 00 Azim. marchand's voyage. VjmiATION of .V{. by Vf. On the 5th, the nortiicrn extremity of the Ifland of Saypan bore S. E. by S. 4 leagues, and its wcftern extremity S. by E. On the 8th, 9th, lOth, and nth, faw a great many oceanic birds of various fpecies, moftly the fame as before ; among others * number of TrcpL- ih-.h. A On the i6tli, at gh 29' A. M.") m") Long. j-andl-iS^Ji by 2 fcts ([ -Q.JCb.J 00 L. 1:1 * i I M ,VI, r:j\ *1i 66 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TIME. 1791. AVf. 17 LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE by account. NORTH. o / 21 48 •f by obferv. NORTH. o / 21 58 by account. EAST. iiC i< LONCITUiyE by obferv. FAST. VARIATION of the Compar», EAST. O / 21 41 ... 124 47 Point whence the bearing was taken oil' the I fland of Formofa. »9 20 22 17 »» 34 21 I 1 Point w »i 48 • • • 116 47 iiS sS o II Azinn. "4 3S 4S "3 33 int whence the bearing was talum off Pedra Branca, 113 00 2« 24 • • Lmg-Twg Ifland bearing half a mile North. n ii y\t anchor under CbUCbnu I fland. «4 »a 03 J MARCHAND S VOYAGE. VAIIIATIOS of the Compafi. LAST. » » II Azinit BAVS. Nov. •7 20 ^l 19,0 19,0 11,0 10,0 11,0 DECREES WINDS of the AND THERM. WE ATI! ER. Above the freezing point. a4,o From N. E. to E. N. E. ino3.S 4 1 5,0 S i6,j 6 16,0 7 ai,o S 43.0 9 43.0 10 44.0 WINDS AND WEATHER. From N. N. E. to N. plcarant breeze ; fine weather. From N. to N. N. E. frefli breeze ; fine wea- ther. From N. to N. N. E. ftrung gale and violent fqualls ; gloomy wea- ther. Ditto; ditto. N. N. E. moderate; fine weather. Ditto; ditto. North, moderate ; fine weather. Ditto, frelh; clear wea- ther. FromN. to N.N.E. frefh breeze; weather over- cad. Ditto, moderate; cloudy weather. Ditto, frelh ; clear wea- ther. From N. by E. toN. E. by £. accompanied by fqualls ; weather over- caft. N. E. itrong breeze; clear weather. Ditto; ditto. From N. E. to N. N. E frcfti breeze ; ^lear wea- ther. REMARKS ANB OBSERVATIONS. On theaifth, at 6 A. M. got under way ; and the fame day, at i part n A. M. came to in the road of Macao in S i fathoms, over a bottom of foft mud, the town of Macao bearing N. W. J W. a leagues ; Point /'i.ic of Monianha Illand N. N. E. 4 E. ; and the Peak of Lan.Tao E.N. E. iN. On the 16th, as we had loft by S AHS WEATHER. Variable, fquallsand rain ; weather overcaft. REMARKS AND • OBSEKVATIONS. >9 SO 24>5 FromN. W. toN.W. by N. moderate ; fine wea- ther. FromN. to N.W fine weather. freihi a4,o FromN. W. to N.N. W. frefli, accompanied by fqualUt cloudy WW- ther. On the 17th, at | paft 9 A. M. faw an I/IanJ to the S. S. W. ; at J paft 10 founded in zo fath. bottom of fand ani mud ; faw fome Sea-fnakes, and pieces of wood drifting before the fea. At I pad 5P.M. perceived the coaft of the Ifland of Banca from S. to S. S. W. : anchored immediately in 19 fathoms, over a bottom of fand and mud, the north point, or Point Ptfant of Banct^ Ifland bearing S. a few degrees E. ; the W. extremity in fight of the coaft of th* fame ifland S.S.W. On the 1 8th, at i paft 7 A. M. weighed anchor. At noon, the N. coaft of Banca extended from S. E. ^ S. to S. W. ^ S. diftance 6 leagues: founded in 19 and 18 fathoms, bottom of fand and mud. At \ paft 3 P. M. anchored in 16 fathoms, bottom of fand, gravel, and fliells, the coaft of Banca Ifland bearing from E. by S. to S. W. by W. diftance off fliore 3 leagues. The cur> rents fet to the E. S. E. the whole night, and in the morning of the 19th to th* S.S.W. On the 19th, . at ^ paft i, got under way. At 6 P. M. anchored in iS fa> thorns, fine gray fand, mixed with broken fliells ; Banca Ifland bearing from S. S. E. to S. W. ; the cumnts fet x» the £. S. E. while we remained ftt ui- choi till the morning of the 21ft. J' III III I, m u I'-jl 'till i i l,i l p t# ri ii ijli M» W"«WH,i'*>l| ii i i'' I 74 marchand's voyage. TIMS. by account, SOUTH. 1791. Dee. 2 J I lATITUDE LATITUDE O / f 19 by obfcrv. SOU'fll. o ' LoarciTuoE by account. EAST. o * •03 3» ) 1 30 Long, from whence the bearing was taken off the North Point of Banca, 1 10 LONGITUDE by obferv. EAST. o / 103 4S VARIATION of the Compsrs. o ' 2 21 104 " 00 Amp. Weftiy, marchand's voyage. 75 VARIATION of the Compsfs. PAYS. Dee. ai 00 Amp. Weftiy, OICREBS of the THERM. Above the freezing point. »S,0 WINDS AKD W e; A T H £ R* From N. W. by N, to N pleafant breeze ; fine weather. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. On the sift, at \ paft 7 A.M. got under way. At noon, point Ptfant of Banca Ifland bore from W. ( S. to S. W. by W. 40 W. the part of its coaft m fight to the eaftward, S. E. by S. ; the foundings were 19 fathoms, with a roclcy and gravelly bottom. At | paft 6 P. M. anchored in 14 fathoms, «ver a bottom of fand, gravel and broken Ihells. Point Brifie of the Ifland of Banca bear- ing W. S. W. 5OW. The currents fet to the S. £. and E. S. E. but with iw great ftrength. 2a aj,o FromN.W.toN.N.W. moderate; fine wea. thct^ On the 22d, at $0 min. paft 7 A. M. got under way. At noon, the exlicmi- ties of a lofty mountain on the Ifland of Banca bore from S.S.W. to S. W. 4OW. the Eaft point of Banca S. £. 2° S. Gafpar Ifland Eaft. The depth of wa- ter was 14 fathoms, over a bottom of fand and gravel, mixed with broken (hells. At 40 min. paft 6, anchored in Ga/far'a Strait in 17 fath. bottom fand and gravel ; a hummock on the Eafi point of Banca bearing N. N. W. ^ N. Gafpar Jfland N. by E. a® E. the P«n- infula of St/ from S.S.W. to W. !<> S. The currents fet to the S. E. an^ to S. I i yiilei pet hour. i f. • if "a 1*1 m, ji I ii 'f''i'' I I" 11 m ii) ' !(' www»»iiBaB«^^»i«W»iwwwi|»«^ww n ik'J.', 76 MARCHANd's VOYACt. TIME. 1791. LATITUDE by account. LATITUDE by obfcrv, SOUTH. o / 3 OS «4 fi i(« 3 so o / 3 30 3 S' 4 08 4 25 LONGITUDE by account. EAST, O I 104 aS »04 06 t9i 46 4 59 5 04 103 361 LONGITUDE by obferv. EAST. / VARIATION- of the Compafs. o / BAYS. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. VARIATION- of the Compars. »AYS, Dec. J3 DEC&EES WINDS of the AND THERM. WEATHER. Above the freezing point. a4.S From W. to N. W. mo- derate ; fine weather. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. n J) a4»o Variable In fqualls; wea- ther overcalt. 14,0 15,0 FromW.N. W. toN.N. W. moderate ; fine wea- ther. From N. W. toS. faint, fqually; weather over- caft. On the 23d, at J part 6, A. M. got under way ; at »J part 9, we were clear ot Gii/far Strait. At noon, the S. E. pari. of Banca Ifland bore from N. W. ^ W. to N. N. W. ^N.; the lead indicated from 10 to II fathoms, with a bottom of fand and gravel. At ^ pafl 9, P. M. an- chored in 12 ^ fathoms, bottom fand and mud, out of fight of land. The cur- rents fet S. E. by S. then to S. S. W, faint. On the 24th, at II A. M. got under way, and at 5 P. M. anchored in 10 fathoins, oozy fand. The currents fet E. S. E. then N. W, very faint. On the 25th, at 8 A.M. got uiulf* way. At -^ pall noon, perceived the coaft of Siiiihitra, W. 6 or 7 leagues. At 8 P.M. anchored in iz^fathonny over a bottom of fand and ihells. The currents fet E. fcmctimcs inclined to the South, at others to the North. \-^': , ■ _r' .'■., On the a6th, at ^ part 6 A. M. got under way. At 7 perceived the Tii-t Brothers bearing S. W. ; at noon, thuy bore from S. W. to S. W. i ^". dirtaiit one league. At ^ paft 4, P. M. an- chored in 10 fathoms, fand, mud, and iliells, the Twi Brothers bearing from NT. E. byN.toN.N.E.^N. 1 1 leagues. The currents fet S. S. W. till midxiisht, then N. E. m i Hi ,Si!. m yi::^ii I fill I i: >|V, '''■j?l w l Jgi H lWlBmi^H ^ fii iW W W pi i T ^ q 'i |. ryu iW M " \iw<^^ 78 marchand's voyage* TIME. 1791. Dfc. iy it *9 30 LATITUDE by account. SOUTh. o / 5 "7 S 3* 5 37 LATITUDE by obferv. SOUTH. o / 5 it S 34 • « • LONGITUDE by account. EAST. o / 103 26 103 19 103 iS At anchor near North Ifland. 5 4« I 5 45 I »03 »S LONGITUDE by obferv. EAST. VARIATION of the Coin pars. o t O I MARCHAND S VOYAGE. n VARIATION of the Com pars. DAYS DBGllBBS of the THKRM, O ' WINDS AND WEATHER. Dec. 27 Above the freezing point. From W. S. W. to E. round by the N. light breeze, followed by calm ; gloomy wea- ther. a5.S 29 FromW.S.W.toS.S.W, freih ; fine weather. ^Syi lO REMARK!) AND OnSEllVATIONS. On the 27th, at ^ paft 6 A. M. got under way. At noon, the South point of tlie T1U0 Bruihers bore N, N. E. ; and a large mountain on tiie Ifland of Suma- tra %.Vi . At 4 P. M. anchored in 17 fathoms, muddy bottom, Nortbl&axvi bearing S. W. ^ S. .• Cape St. Nkbolai of the Uland of Ja:'a from S. S. E. to S. by E. The current fet to the South at tiie rate of half a league per hour, till 8 P.M.; thenN.E. On the sSth, at j pafl 6, got under way. At noun, Cape S'. Niebolat of the Ifland of Java bore S. S. E. 3O E. North Ifland S. W. by S. At ^ paft 4, anchored in 20 fathoms, bottom fand and gravel. North liland bearing W. S. W. ^ W. I league ; Grande Toque South. The currents fet rapidly to the S. W. till i part 6 P. M. then N. E. till the next day. FromS.S.W.toW.S.VV. frefli breeze ; fine wea- ther. 25,0 From S. W. toS.S.W. frelh breeze ; fine wea- ther. On the agtli, it was flack water at 10 A. M, got under way at noon. At 7 P.M. anchored in 22 fathoms, bottom fand and mud, Ncrth Ifland bearing N. W. by W. J of a league. MidJ/e Ifland S. by \V. 2° VV. The currents fet N. E. 1 mile an hour till the next day. On the 30th, remained at anchor; tht tide or current was flack the whoU morning; after noon, the current fet S. W. till 7 P. M. then N. E. till the next morning. if m m i^: \'M\ I '31 ■> '1 m wrtwwi^gwg«»ig»»;^ ^ajj ^ wg i > MAMrHANMrt VOYAfiR. I TIMK. 17.01 tin. IM. .V lU I iMItIt • MtMII, O / S -i* I.ATITtlltR l»V oltlViV "rtniii, luNtllKtllK l)y iMioiinl. i S< 6 03 J 5.1 6 03 oj M \0\ 01 I.ONUITUOR hy tiltli'rv, l>AM . • • • loa j6 VAntA'I'llIN i»l itm CiitMiiAli. 11 » ,\\t Attip, KiilUi' I 22 Amp* Wcftir. MA«ritANI»» VOYACr. II » ttAYNi Ihr. 1> ninnaidi »r I lilt tllKllM. Ahovp till) |HllMl. I AND w r, A T 11 f. It. Prom N. W, in H.H.W. Crfdi lir«)!/,fl ) tlii« won. lli«r. Mil a» AiTip. Wcftiy. SJ.O Ifromft.S.W.ioW.R.W. IIrIii brMte i fine wu- Ihir. FromS.S.W.toW.byS fitint I fine weather. II K M A U K II AND O n N K It V A t I O N N. On tlir i((|, nl ) p«l( 7 A. M. got iMidrf w.iy, At mi«n, Ml/tMt KiMml tiufr H H W, 4 W, , North llliind N, N. W, 6 VV. At ^ |i»(l h V. M, iincliorc'l nrnr HfiHuw llhinil in )0 fitlhiini T 1 |r I ^1 If J f II I* fl VOL. II. 3< ^jj^ y » i 8t marchand's voyage. TIHK. 1792. LATITODI by account. SOUTH. 10 II l» 13 14 o / S S» A 6 04 1 Point of > • • • LATITUDB by obfcrv . SOUTH. • • • LONOITUDB by account. >.\sr. o I 102 5Z LOKOITUDI by obfcrv. lAST. o ' 6 04 ... los 4; Departure according to the bearing taken at noon. 6 04 ... loa 5$ 6 30 7 n S 5S 9 39 10 07 10 49 II 20 " 57 i> 15 13 30 6 39 7 57 8 54 9 3J 10 12 10 S3 II 28 II 53 12 20 13 30 102 10 loi 24 100 21 98 53 97 47 96 42 95 24 94 3* 93 '4 VAftlATION of the Compafi. BAIT. O » o 22 Amp. Eaftir, . ■?,' I 08 WMT. 29 Amp. WcA'y. lAIT. o 19 Aztm. 48 Azim. 1 00 Azim. I 03 Amp. Weni/, WEST. 40 Azim. 49 Amp. Eafl'T. 0^1 Azim. MARCHANO*S VOYAGE. •s VAIIIATION of the Compafi. DAY lAST. O 1 7-" M Amp. E»ftir. 3 WEST. 29 Amp. Wcftl/, I 03 Amp. Weftly. 10 II It 13 •4 DIOUU of the THERM. Above the freezing point. »S.J i6,o a6,j 36,1 *S.$ »7.S *S.5 26,5 WINDS AND XV E A T II E R. FromS. W. to W. faint; fine weather. Var. faint { rain, followed by fine weather. From W.N.W. frefh in fqualis, toS. E. faint ; fine weather. From E.S, E. to S. S. E. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. S. E. by S. pleafant breeze i fine weather. From S.S. E. toS.byE. moderate ; fine weather. From S. E. by S. to S. faint i fine weather. FromS.byE.toS.E.by S. moderate i fine wea- ther. From S. by E. to S. £. light lyeeie ; fine wea- ther. FromS.S.E. toS. byW. moderate; fine wea. ther. FromS.S.E. toE.S.E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. FremS.E.byS.toS.S.E. frefh breezes clear wea- ther* REMARK* ANB O B 8 K U V A T I O N 9. On the 3rd, at 6 A. M. the tide changed and fet S. W. ; got under way immediately. At noon, the I (land of Samiourlcou bore N. E. by N. i wile. At i pad 6 P. M. anchored in 39 fath. bottom foftmud. The centre of j'^im^ou. !•/«« bearing E. N. E. 2"> N. the Peak of Cmcatoa S. E. by S. The current! con- tinued to run to tlie W. S. W, till 8 P. M. ; they then fet W.N.W. till midnight. On the 4th, fince midnight, the cur- rents fet W. S. W. and S. W. At 10 A. M. got under way. At noon, the Ifland of Cratatoa afid the adjacent iflands bore from E. to E.S.E.«8°S. Prlnci't Ifland, South, whence we took our departure. On the 5th, we were clear of the Strait of Sunda, and out of light of land. On the 6th and 7th, faw a number of Botbits and Tnpic Mirds. On thcioth, nth, and nth, faw a great many BvobUs, Mtm.of.iuar-iirdt, and Tropic'ihdt, as well as a quantity of Tunnies and Bou'iMt. On the 11th. at 4 part 4 P. M. we perceived to the S.S. £. at 6 leagues' diftance, a low ifland, which we judged to be the mull northern of the Iflands of Cocos. On the 13th P. M. fpoke a Dutch Eaft-Indiaman bound to BatavU. On the 13th and 14th, faw the fame birds in a fmaHer number. x\\ ^'1 .'■ F 2 84 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TIME. LATITUDB byr account. lOUTH. 179«. 7«». «J |6 17 18 19 10 St » *J «S s6 LATITVOB by obferv. iOUTH. o ' 14 4> 1$ 4» i« 53 17 ♦« 18 40 19 a6 »9 59 10 00 19 48 19 SI 19 45 19 46 19 38 so 01 14 4» «5 53 ifi 5s • • • 18 50 LONOITUDI I LONOITVOB by account. (AIT. e / 88 51 86 30 84 09 ti 67 79 SI 19 3« 77 07 75 «« 73 09 71 13 so 10 so 03 19 4« »9 46 19 5» '9 46 »9 37 20 04 «9 53 68 14 66 41 65 04 63 00 by obferv. I AIT. e / • . • I5 00 • • • 77 33 f • • 6s 34 ▼ARIATION of the Compafi. WIIT. * 1 OS Asim. I 14 Asim. I 4KAmp. Eaft 6 IS Azim. 6 s8 Amp. WeAi;,l 7 1 1 Amp. Weftfyj 8 07 Azim. 9 00 Azim. 9 53 Amp. Weftir.l 10 18 Amp. WdlfJ : s8 ^ Longitude deduced from tlie bearing talien off* • is s8 Azim t /ie(/'''^«r I fluid in the morning'. | 59 54 3 VAIIIATION of the Compart. WIIT. t 1 01 Acim* I i4Asini. I 4«Ainp. laftlJ. % 01 Azim. 1 34 Azim* 4 $6 Amp. Weftir| 6 II Azim. 6 iS Amp. WtftlrJ 7 n Amp. Weftij,| S 07 Azim. 9 00 Azim. PAYS «5 16 »7 iS «» to 11 11 •3 »4 »S a6 9 53 Amp. Weft'r.B j^ 10 18 Amp.Wtft'/i 18 11 18 Azim. MARCHANO'S VOYAOK. 8j BlOtlU WINDS REMARKS of the AND AKB THIRM. MrBATIinR. OBSKRVATIONS. Above the freezing point. «s.$ From S.S. U. to S. E. fre(h breeze \ fine wea- ■ • ther. r 16,0 Fiom S. E. to E.S. E. On the !6th, " ' * moderate ; cloudy wea- atCis3'4«"A. M.T Af.l Long. [ano/'i'^ /, .-'j, jj. by 4 fets ([-0,; r/..J ther. iS.o S. E. frclh breeze 1 fine weather. On the lytb, Uw a rtJ-,1).,fitdl!»fh* 15,0 From S. E. by S. to E. S. r. freHi in fqualli { cloudy weather. bird. 15,0 E. S. E. frcfh breeze ; On the 19th, fine weather. at 8I> 01' 47" >..M. !;»/.") 14,0 Ditto, moderate ; fine Long. and^ 7T 59 "dE. weather. by 4 fets J - J f^v) iS,o From E.S.E. to E.byS. We faw conftantly rtd-Jh^fif^ Trc<,ic.. moderate; clear wea. iirJt. ther. «S.o From E. by S. to E. moderate; clear wea- ther. On the 16th, faw t'omo fmall graj 14,0 Eaft, variable, moderate ; Ttritt. fine weather. On the 17th, 1J,0 Eail, light; clear wea- .ti.ba'.s"A.M.'jA/.J ^ , „ ther. Long. >«""?" 6» so 00 E. as.i From E.S.E. to E. light; by4feti d-OJ^'i') fine weather. D'fto, 14,6 Frqm E. S. E. to S. V. at iJ" 34*44" PM.^.?»f.^ moderate; 'Ane wcr.- Long. > and > 62 00 00 E. f ther. byi fets© — 5) CA. 3 »S»o From E. S. E. to S. E. The fame day, at 6 P. M. petceWed pleafant breeze; fine Rodrigue Ifland bearing W. by S. diftant weather. about 14 leagues. >i>5 From E.byS. to E.S.E. On the iSth, at i paft s, A. M. Ro- moderate; clear wea- drigue Ifland bore N. E. 1° N. which ther. < gaVtt for the point of departure 6o» 1%' Eaft longitude. 9 3 fil 4 if v; ' ' I : ^ i I < I H'J t'KftBmmtmm^imrr' v xmimimv ' " J ""^ 86 marchand's voyage. TIME. 55 as 31 Fti.— March — ^fril 18 . ^At anchor oflf Port NorJ.OueJl of the Ifle of Franct, Ditto ' ^°'"* of departure in fight of the Ifle ot- Franct. I f *o 45 20 04 54 00 «> 59 19 J Longitude arrived at in .ight of the / Ifle of Bomion, 55 04 53 *l VARIATION of the Compars. WItT* o t ao 2 At anchor in the Road of St, Dents of the Ifle of BourioH, Ditto ''°'"* of D*P*rture in fight of the Ifle of BmrBon , • • • as 84 *5 27 *l 31 »3 00 >4 a^ *5 04 as $6 46 48 10 48 »i 33 2j 06 »4 23 25 38 aj 56 5» 07 5' »5 50 »3 49 *o 48 49 26 39 1 47 a6 53 o» 18 so Amp. Eafl>/. S3 00 Aitm. ij "4 *5 %6 a? marchand's voyage. 87 VARIATION of the Compars. WMT. DAYS. Jait. 39 30 DBOtlES of the THERM. Above the freezing point. aS.O aj,o 18 to Amp. Eaft>r. April >9 ao SI la 24 *5 27 43,0 a3iO a2,o aa,o ai,s ai,o ai,o ao.o WINDS AND WEATHER. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. From S. E. to E, S. E. pieafant breeze ; tine weather- s' E. pieafant breeze ; fine weather. S. S. £• light breeze ; fine weather. From S. E. to S. S. E. moderate ; fine wea. ther. From S. E. to E. S. E. frelh breeze; finewea* ther. On the 30th, at ^ paft 6 A. M. faw Round Ifland to the W. by N. a few de- grees W. At ^ perceived the Ifls of France. At 1 1 Round I fland bore North. At 4 P.M. anchored at the entrance' of Port Nwi.OutJi in the Ifle of Fr^nct. On the 31ft of January, A.M. an- chored in Port Nord-Outft, where we remained till the iSth of April following. On the i8th of April, P.M. fet fail Ifrom Port Nord.Oueft in the Ifle of France \ and at 6 P.M. fet Gunner'% Point N. E. by N. 2° E. and Pitrebot S. E. 7^E. whence we took a point of departure. On the 19th, at ^ paft 6, A. M. per-' ceived the Ifle of Bourbon (at this day From E. N. E. to S. E. moderate; cloudy wea- ther. FromS. E.byE. toN.E. moderate J gloomy wea- ther. From E. N. E. to N. E. moderate; clear wea- ther, followed by a ft9rm. From N. E. to S. E. var. faint ; gloomy weather accompanied by light- ning and rain. From S.E. to N. E. var- faint,followed by fqualls and rain. From E.N. E. to E. frefti with fqualls and rain ; cloudy weather. F 4 called the Jfland of Reunion) to the S. W. by W. ; at noon, it bore from S.S.W. iW. toW.byS. a°W. On the aoth, at i paft 9 A. M. an- chored in the road of St, Denit in the Ifle of Bourbon, in 10 fathoms, over a bottom of fand and gravel, tnixcd with broken fliells. On the 21ft, at 7 P. M. got under way ; and at i paft 7, St. Deris bote S. E. 4° S. the weftern extremity m fight of the Ifle of Bourbon, W. S. W. 30 S. whence we took our departure. We conftantly faw Tropic-birds fince we left the Ifle of France. On the 26th and 27 th, we ftill faw Tropir-birds, an Albairoft, and fotnP \shear.viattrs. "\ it,!,. n J ' M I in n \i !i ''If i w^iftimmiimm—mm '>. ''W, n niiwin hi 88 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TIME. LATITVDS LATITUDE by account . SOUTH. , 1752. Jfiril a8 29 May I o ' 27 23 a7 57 38 31 29 03 29 36 "9 5? 3« 04 31 55 31 50 3* 47 3* 57 by obferv. SOUTH* o / 27 II 27 so zS 18 29 00 29 25 30 28 31 08 32 II 31 53 32 51 LONOITUDB by account. ■ AST. o I 44 5' 41 53 39 »3 37 »6 36 04 34 55 33 47 32 41 32 13 30 00 29 4« LONOITVOI by obrerv. ■ AST. o I 4» 44 1 39 «» VAKIATIOK of the Coinpurt. WIST. • • • 3» 53 33 33 . ^9 *» Point of Departure in fight of the Coaft of A/>!ea. 33 33 • • • «5 57 • • • 10 i 33 4^ 25 52 24 34 Azim. DAYS. ° ' — April 23 II Amp. E.-tftir, 9 28 29 30 May I 26 17 Azim. 2 27 13 Azim. 3 4 5 9 10 marchand's voyage. 89 VAKIATIOK of the CoinpaTs. WIST. o » 3} ti Amp. Eaftir, 16 17 Azim. 17 13 Azim. 24 34 Azim. DAYS. April DB0MB8 of the THERM. Above the freezing point. vriNDS AND WEATHER. aOtS 29 1 i9>S 30 May I 4 S 9 to 19.S ao,o »i.S ai,o 21,0 17,0 20,0 19,0 16,0 18,0 14,0 E. S. E. frelh breeze; fine weather. From S. E. to E. S. E. frelh breeze; clear wea- ther. E, S. E. frefli breeze; weather overcaft. R E I A R K S AND OBSERVATIONS. On the 28th, at 2l> 45' P.M Long, by 4 fets O — D On the 29th, at 3 1 From E.S E. to E. mo- derate ; Ane weather. Ditto, faint ; fine wea- ther. From E. N. E. to N moderate ; fine wea. ther. Variable, faint ; cloudy weather. From N. N. E. to S.W. ftrong gale and fqually ; tloudy weather. From S.W. to E. byN. faint, followed by a ftiff gale; clear wea- ther. From E.byN. toN.W by N. Arong gale, fol- lowed by calm, clear weather. From N. W. to W. S. W. ftrong gale in fqualls ; clear weather. From N. to W. var. frelh breeze ; clear weather. From N. W. by N. to W. S. W. ftrong gale and fqually, clear wea- ther. by 3 7^-7 o , „ [.and j, ^j 27 jj 2^ .J a. J 16' P.M.7M7 ong. >and?39 02 30E. ts O — jJcA.j Long fets Weconftantly faw Albairoffest bravin Petrtis, and Alcyms, 0"" On the 5th and 6th, faw a greater number of birds of the fame fpecies, ard a it^fpotttd PttreU, Oi< the 8th, P.M. perceived the coaft of Africa in the vicinity of Point Natal, bearing from N, 2° W. to N. W. by N. 2OW. On the 9th, at noon, the coaft oi Africa bore from N.W.byW. 2°W.toN.a°W. whence we took our departure. The fame day, at 2 P.M. founded in 75 fath, bottom gravel and broken ftieils ; at t'liis moment, the coaft of Africa bore from W. 4ON. toN. E.byN. a^N. On the loth, lay to in a boifterous wind and heavy fea. We did not ceafe to fee Albatrojfis, Pintadw, Velrets, and AtcyoAU S III ft;; ■ I •''I til if ' fi I I m *i. . 1 1 II I ■ viil til ■ >.iL| ii I w i i ii mi i I' ■«— 90 MARCH AN d's VOYAGE. LATITVOI LATITUDE tORGITUOB LOMOITVDB TIME. by account, by obfeiv. by account. byobrcrv. (OUTH. SOUTH. KAST. ■AST. 1792. / / » / Jhfayll 33 31 34 4» £6 20 IS 34 «« 3$ 00 »4 4« ai 49 X3 34 SS 34 38 14 03 SI 01 M 35 »3 • • • 24 00 ■ 35 M 35 19 la 41 «9 57 16 35 35 3$ 44 ao 19 17 47 «7 34 5» 34 46 18 a8 VAftlATIOIT of the CompaTi, WUT. o « 25 toAzim. *4 53 Amp. Weftir- 23 38 Azim. marchand's voyage. 9» VAKIATIOIT of the CompaTi, WUT. DAYS. May, II Z5 loAzim. 14 53 Amp. Weftlr. 12 T.? J4 MO&IEI of thr THERM. Above the freezing point. t 14.0 18,0 17,0 »6 >S.o 15,0 '5.0 J7 xj,o WIN DS AMD W E A T 11 E R. REMARKS AND 0B8ERVAT10KS, S, W. faint, followed by calm ; tine weather. From E. N. E. to N. E. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. FromN. E. to W. S. W. round by the N. and W, var. frelh breeze ; wea- ther overcali. From W. to S. E. by S moderate, followed by fqualls ; weather over call. From S.E. to E.S. E. moderate ; tine wea- ther. From E. S. E. to S. E. moderate ; fine wea- ther. From S. S.E. to E.S. E moderate; fine wea- ther. On the tzth, at fun-rife, Cape j^jijc Mountains bore >f . N. W. 3° W. On the latli, o / " zz 01 30 E. atyh i»'i4"A.M.'J M.'\ Long. J and > by z fets ]) — ©JC/j.J At noon, the environs of the Cape of the Mountain! bore from N. by E. J^N, to N. W. 30 N. 10 or iz leagues from the coalt ; no bottom with a line of 100 fath. o « » zi 0140E, zo It oc E. On the 13th, at iol» 50' A.M. "J M. Long. Vand by z fcti P — O ) Cb. On the iijth, at 8h 43' A.M.I M. Long. > and by 2 fets d — O 3 Ch, On the 15th, at j P.M. percdvel the land (the environs of Cov/ Bay) u the N. as far as it could be fecn. On the 16th, at 8«» 51' A. Long. by z fets d — © The fame day, at noon, founded is 95 fathoms, fine oozy fand. On the 17th, at i A.M. foun&d, but could not ftrike ground with a line of 150 fathoms: we wore then to the wcltward oi the Aiguillai Bank. In the forenoon, we doubled the Cape of Gnoi Hjfe, which mufthave borne at noon W. E. by N. 1201 13 leagues: the fug which covered the land prevented it from beinj feen. loin, ?. pn'ir 18 04 zzE, d -O J CA. ) ft m 4 r !3 •v\\ ]• I l"^ fjiwwutta . i II I J ' i.n wffwiww^ , |[ ui» I 'li . ii f^ i ji w i i ii i ji p 9« marchand's voyage. TIME. 1792. May 18 ao it 44 LATITVDB by account SOUTH. as a6 47 a8 29 30 o / 33 44 33 a9 3* 14 30 16 a8 31 »7 04 a6 a» 2S %i a4 00 aa 54 aa 24 zo 5a 19 19 LATITUDE by obferv iOUTH. LONGITUDE by account. BAST. 33 29 31 59 30 0( aS a9 47 13 a6 II 25 a8 23 48 aa 49 aa 06 ao 52 19 13 33 4S '6 49 IS 49 H 37 la 39 10 53 9 34 8 41 8 30 7 IS 6 aa S S$ 4 50 3 ai LONGITUDE by obrerv. BAST. e / • • • 4 4* o 58 WEST. o 15 » 43 TARIATIOV of the Compars. BAYS. WBST. b / May a3 a8 Amp, Eaft'/. 18 - '9 to 21 34Az!m. ai 49 Amp. Weftlr. 11 ao a4 Amp. WeftV. 21 »3 • »4 *l ao 06 Amp. EaftlX. 26 ao 14 Aziim. >7 «8 ao oS Amp. Eaft'r. 19 54 Amp. WcA'ir. »9 .30 19 17 Azim. TARIATION of the Compafs. WIST. I tj aS Amp. Eaftly. 21 34 Azim. «i 49 Amp. Weftlr. 20 24 Amp. Weftly. ':'.!' 20 o6 Amp.Eaft'X. 20 14 Aziim. 20 ot Amp. Eaft'f. 19 S4 Amp. Weft'if. MARCHAND's VOYAGE. 93 PAYS. May It *9 20 21 DECKEKS of the THEHM. *S 26 »7 28 »9 .30 Above the freezing point. «S.O IS.O WINDS AND WEATHER. 13.0 22 I I4iO 19 17 Azim. 15,0 16,0 17,0 16,0 17,0 >7,S 18,0 18,0 K EM ARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. FromE.N.E. toN.N.E moderate breeze ; fine weather. From N. E.toW. byN. light breeze, followed by fqualls ; weather overcaft. From S.W. to S.S.W, llrong gale and fqually ; weather overcaft. FromS. to S.S. E. frelh breeze ; fine weather. S. S. E. moderate breeze; fine weather. Ditto , variable , light breeze ; cloudy weather. From E. S. E. to S. S. W. light, followed by calm ; weather overcaft. From N. to S. W. round bytheW. light breeze; fine weather. From S. S. W. to S. E. moderate; gloomy wea. ther. From S. E. to S. S. E. light, calm atintervals ; gloomy weather. From W.S.W. to S.S.W. light breeze ; cloudy weather. From S. to E. S. E. mo- derate ; fine weather. From E. S. E. to S. E. frelh breeze ; mifty weather, followed by fine weather. Saw conftantly Albatroffi:, Pintadxi, Petrrh, AlcyoHS, Ac. On the 22d, faw feme Porpo'ifes. On the 23d, faw fome IVhales. The Alba, trojfes and Pimadoet begin to diminhh ; faw no more Pttrtlt. \ 4 38 00 E. On the ajth, at 3l> 07' 12" P.M. Long. \cb. by I fet O — ([ The fame day, at 11 P. M. faw a very luminous meteor. In the night from the 2$th to the 26th, paflld a quantity of Mollufca: the fea was luminous; faw no more Ptntadoet or Albatroffa. On the 27th, pafled a piece of wood. On the 28th, o I II at 2l> 27' 23" P.M. ■J Af. . . 52 ij Long. >Cb. . . o 56 4s by 2 fets O— (t J Mean . 55 cxa E. Saw fome Mollu/ca, Doradtet and large malts. M. . Cb. . Mean On the 29th, at2l»44'io" P.M. Long, by 2 fets O — ([ On the 30th, at3''46'49"P-M.')A^| Long. pnd ^ by 2 fctsQ— DJC/j.J O / II o 22 00 W; o 2; 00 23 30W. I 57 ooW. m i: I •1;; " tin If! Ill i m "^WW**^-* i j li pi I nxm' i S mi 94 marchand's voyage. LATITUOB LATITUDE LONOITUOB LOHOITUOB VARIATION TIMS. by account by obrcTV. by account. by obferv. of the Compars, lOVTH. SOUTH. EAST. WUT. WMT. 1792. / / ' ' ' May 31 17 39 17 a6 « 54 Juttt I 16 19 16 13 24 • • • 17 46 Azim. » IS 58 IS 47 WIST. 1 13 ... IS i$Amp. Weftly, 3 IS s* IS 49 S 94 < • « . IS 19 Amp. Eaft'r. _ IS 06 Azim. 4 ^ 1 IS 57 1 Point arriv • • • ed at in fight at 9 o'clock IS S3 : 00 ofthelflando . in the mornin . . . 1 {St. Helena, 8 oj 30" 1 5 At anchor in the Rdad of the Ifland of St, Heltntt. « . ' Point of departure in fight of the Ifland of 5mi : IMtua, V '- 1 » * " * IS 48 • • • 8 14 00 7 1 IS 01 14 SJ 8 08 • « • IS 04 Azint. S 14 01 13 $5 8 47 9 13 *4 ij ao 9 a6 . . . 1$ 06 Azinrt. 10 « as 12 ai 10 29 • • • 14 13 Amp. WciVy }i it 09 II 10 11 $1 la 9 5° 9 S* 13 19 „ : 13 8 a; 8 a9 ■ 14 40 - marchand's voyage. 9i VARIATION of the Compars. WEST. » 17 46 Azim. IS isAmp.Weftiy, ij 19 Amp. Eaft'r. 15 06 Azim. IJ 04 AziiA. t J 06 Azim. 14 13 Amp. Wcft'y SATS. May 3' June I 10 II DIOftllS of the THERM, Above the freezing point. 19,0 19,0 »9.S >9.S 19,0 >9.S I9>$ ao,o i9>S 21,0 19,0 20,0 19,0 WINDS AND WBATUKR. RSMARK9 OBH1RVATION8. S. E. moderate breeze; fine weather. From E.S. E. to S. E. by S . light breeze ; fine weather. 19,6 From S. to E. S. E. va. In the afternoon of the 31ft, fawa Booiy, and we were furprifed to fee a P'tHiad* in thefe latitudes. riable light ; fine wea< ther. From S. S. E. to E.S.E. faint ; fine weather. ^. E. light breeze % fine weather. S. E. light ; variable and calm ; fine weatlier. From N. to W. N. W. light breeze ; fine wea> ther. From W. N. W. to W, faint; cloudy weather. From S. S. W. to S. E. light breeze ; fine wea> ther. S.E. light; almoflcalm; fine weather. From E.S. E. to S. E. light ; fine weather. From S. E.byS. to E. S. E. frefli in fqualls; weather overcaft. S.E. var. moderate, ac- companied by fqualls; weather cloudy. From S. E. to E. frcfh in fqualls ; weather cloudy. On the 3rd, at 11 A.M. faw the Iflandof St. Helena^ At noon, it bore W.^by S. at the diftance of about iz leases. On the 4th, at 9 A.M. the eafl ex- tremity of the Ifland of St. Heltna bore S. and Sugar-loaf Point W. S. W. a** W. At \ paft 10 ancliored in the Road of St. Ht/tmt in 13 fathoms, over a bottom of fine gray fand ; Sugar. limf Point oear- ing N. E. by E. a^ E. Mumten Point S. S. E. a° S. and the flag-ftalf of the Go. vernor's houfe S. by t. %° S. On the 5th, at 10 P.M. got under way. On the 6th, at noon, the I Hand of St. Helena bore from S.S. E. 4° £. to S. E. by E. a° S. whence we tcoK our departure. On the 7th, at noon, we flill faw the Ifland of St Helena, bearing S. i lant about 21 leagues. On the 8th, 9th and lOth, faw fomo Boobies and Bonitoes, n I: I; !^ I ' 'tl s IT'WIVWivxi 96 marchand's voyage. ' LATITUDI LATITUDE tONOITVDB LONOITUDB VARIATION TIME. by account. by obfervt by account. by obrerv. of th« Compafi. SOUTU. »0UTH. WIIT. WKIT. WIIT. 17.92. / / * / e 1 June 14 6 5S 6 5S 16 02 t • • IS 36 Azim. »5 5 48 S 39 17 49 16 4 a? 4 20 »9 37 . • • II S4 Azim. 17 3 >' 3 08 21 19 • • • II 14 Azim. iS I 41 « S7 22 46 • • ■ 10 58 Amp. Eaftir »9 4t NORTH. 57 NORTH. 24 02 • • • 10 46 Asim. so 22 38 25 19 • • • 9 17 Asim. ai f# 06 » 34 < 26 30 • • . 8 47 A2im. 2a 4 »9 4 34 »7 »i f • • 8 OS Asim. »3 6 20 • • • 28 03 • • • 8 14 Azim. 44 7 18 • • • 28 H ' as 7 3» 8 ,s 28 49 t • • 8 54^iim. 26 9 21 9 21 30 21 • • • 7 08 Azim. 47 10 43 .11 Oj 31 5« ' . ■ 28 12 14 12 20 33 44 Iiarchand's voyage. ., 97 VARIATIOK of th« Compafi. WtlT. O ' IS 36 Axim. II 14 Azim. II 14 Axim* to $8 Amp. Eaft'r. lO 46 Azim* 9 17 Axim. 8 47 Ajim. S OS Azim. 8 14 Azim. 8 54 A»'""- 7 08 Azim. SATC. 14 >5 ti tt »9 ao •t s» *3 oioRin of the THBRM. Above the freezing point. ai|0 MiO »»^$ as,o is,o *h5 aa,s »3.S aa,6 *iiS «3iS 13>0 aj.o a3iO VOL, 11. »S a6 «7 WIVDt WBATUBR. REMAKK* ^'. AND OBSERVATIONS. S. E. moderate breeze ; fine weather. S. E. picafant breeze ; fine weather. From E. S. E. to E. mO' derate breeze; finewea. ther. E. pleafaat breeze { fine weather. S. E. by E. moderate; fine weather. S.E.byS. pleafiuit breeze; fine weather. Ditto , moderate ; fine weather* $. E. by E. moderate; fine weather. From S. E. frelh breeze to S.S.E« moderate and fqually; weather over caft. FromS. S.W. toS.S.E. frefli } wiather over- call and rain. FromS.S.E. to N.N. E. round by the W. faint ; calm and rain. FromN.E.byN.toN.E. moderate; cloudy wea- ther. From N. E.to E.N. E. pleafantbreeze; cloudy weather. FromN.E.by E.toN.E. by N. freftt; cloudy weather. OUto» ditto* O On the 14th, faw a number of Bteilti, Trofic Birdi and Ttrni. I On the 17th, faw fome MaH.of.%uaf iirdt and Booiiet. On the 18th, faw a numberof Flying, fiflut, a few Tufinltt, and feme BooiUt. On the sift, faw a number of Flying. fijhtt and Btniien. w. n -i- i ft, 111 If 98 MA&CMANO'l VOtAOI* TIME. LATITUDI LATITUDI by uccoaat, NOBTH. by obfeiv. 1792. yMM* 29 30 10 II It O I IJ 14 14 SI 16 it iS 10 19 45 at 24 13 06 H 30 «5 5» a? *9 30 03 3a 10 34 OS 35 5» o ' IJ 31 14 58 16 J7 LOMOITUDI by account. WIIT. 19 49 SI as • • • a6 00 »7 50 30 OS 3* «3 34 «J 35 59 o / 35 i» 34 ai 37 *5 J« 5» 40 oS 40 s» umiTUDI by obferv. WU1. sj 03 4« 40 4a ot 4* »9 4» 37 43 o« 43 3« 44 35 44 58 e t ▼AmiATlOV of th« Compaft. WUT. e « J a7 Aiini. 6 00 Asim. S SO Altai. 4« V * • I 36 Atim. 6 S^ Amp. Weill/. 7 3S Azim* t 00 Atim. 9 S4Aaini. 9 4a.Aziin. la a6Aziiii. 13 59Azim. tAmiAflOX r ih« coRiptfi. WUT. J »7 Atlm. 6 00 A«im. J joAiUH' I 36 Atioi* 6 56 Amp. WeftJy. •f 35 Actm* t 00 Axloi* 9 54 AaiRI* 9 4a Azim* It a6Aziin- 13 59 Aziin. »ATt. VIOtlll of the THERM. Julie %9 30 JmIj I J 4 7 t » 10 II Above th« fraeting point. is,0 »>,0 a».S ai,o •hS 10,0 ia,o SI,0 «i,o 21,0 ai,5 •1.5 a».S 11.0 MAMHAMO't VOYACt. WIltDt 99 WEATHER. REMARKt AND OBSERVATIONS. ' « \' FromN.N.E. toE.N.E. fqually and miAy ( wea- ther overcaft. From N. E. by E. to E. by N. moderate { fine weather. From E. by N. to N. E. by N. frelh breeze aivd fqually ; fine weather. From E.N. £. to N. E. fVeth in fqualls { wea- ther overcaft. From E. to N. E. by E frefl) i fine weather. From E.N. E. to N. E. moderate ; fine wea. ther. From E. to E. N. E. moderate and Tqually, with rain after the fqualU. Eaft, var. fqually with rain ; cloudy weather. Ditto, ditto. Ditto, ditto. FromE.wE.K.E.freihi fine weather. Ditto, ditto. From E. N. E. to E. frelh breeze} fine wea- ther. From E. to E.S.E. faint; fine weather. From the lad to the lath, we were conftantly meeting with the fpecies of Tea- weed called RalJSns du Trefijvt. On the lOth, at Sh «' A. M-TA^I / u Long. >and^ 46 ai 30W. by 4 fets J — 03 ^^•■' On the utb, faw fomc MMuJca, I C 2 •mmmxm mKH.ixi i < j. ii i r < i>[ii ni ii» 100 MARCHANO'S VOYAGE. TIME. tATITUOl by account NORTH. 1792. «4 o ' 36 »4 j6 19 35 S« lATITVOB by obferv. NOKTH. 16 36 06 , 36 16 17 iS 19 36 43 3» »3 39 «» e / 36 07 36 03 36 51 LONOITVOB I tONOITUDI I VARIATION by account, by obferv. | of the Compafi. so 40 15 ai s» 44 »5 >6 40 57 41 3» 41 4* 41 50 41 44 41 48 39 *o 40 »s 41 03 41 14 41 It 41 41 41 46 4» 43 WIST. O ' 44 43 44 >3 43 33 43 *» 43 »5 3« i8 4t 33 «7 41 19 41 13 M 3S 39 S* 37 53 36 03 33 57 3» 03 *9 55 »7 5* aj 16 WMT. o / • • • 34 i* 3S i« • • '• WEST. i» « 14 30 Asim. 15 s8 Aum. it 15 31 Amp. Eaftly. 15 04 Amp. E*ft'^ 16 40 Azim. 19 08 Asim. a I 30 Amp. Weftiy. «5 3» S4 08 Azim. tt 17 Amo. Weftir. VARXATIOW of the CompaTf. WtST* 14 30 Aum. 15 xSAzim. IS 31 Amp. Eaft'/. ij 04 Amp. E»ft'''' t6 40 Azim. 19 08 Azim* tx 30 Amp. Weftiy. S4 08 Aziro> t% 17 Amo. Weft'/. BAYS. DIGIIBI of the THEKM. MARCHAND's VOYAGE. WIHD8 I .1 KEMAllXS tot- July n Above the freezing point. ao,$ ANB WEATHER. 14 a 1,0 IS ai,o 16 »i,S 17 a 1,0 18 »I,0 »9 i9>S 10 ai.o 11 19,0 %% 18,0 »3 19,0 «4 »i aft »7 18,0 18,0 «7,S 17,0 AMD OBSERVATIONS. V fc From N. to N. E. faint ; fine weather. From N. N. E. to N. E. faint ; fine weather. Variable and faint ; fine weather. Calm ; fine weather. On the ijth faw a Turtle. FromS. S. W. toN. W.| On the 17th, faw fome Btultteti by N. light breeze, fine paffed a piece of wood, weather. From W. to N. W. frefh breeze ; fine weather. N. W. moderate ( fine weather. From N. W. to W. mo- derate ; flight fog i fine weather. W. by S. moderate ; fine weather. W .by N . moderate ; mifty weather. From W. by S. to N. W. moderate; mifty wea- ther. From N. W. to W. light breeze; mifty weather. From W. N. W. to N. N. E. moderate; fine weather. From N. to W N. W. moderate ; fine wea- ther. From N. to W. N. W. moderate j fine wea- ther. On the 19th, met with two large pieces of wood. On the a I ft, faw fome Flying'fjhii and Motlufca, On the aid, faw a Turtlt, On the 23d, atal>is'43"P.M..l^.' by •-""S }*"434X3 00W. a fets O — d JCA.J *^ We faw conftantly fome Mollu/ca. On the Z4th, \ at ah ??' P. U.^ M.'i Long. >and > jaoj ooW. lyafetsO— D J C*.) On the ajth, faw a vihit* tern and IWO Turlltt, On the Z7th, Long. > and > as 14 oow. by a fets O — d . J CA. J gJJjJW|£r||Mj W« l » J i MJ » JW^mi^ ^ ■■ i lj iiil tm MA&CHAMO'S VOYAeE* TIME. 1792. 19 30 31 dug. I LA'I'l'l'Utol by aoeount. HORTV* LATITVOK by obrerv. MOllTH. o / 40 54 40 16 39 i7 38 48 38 09 o / 40 54 40 16 • « • 38 s8 3« 09 LONGITVDS by account* WEST, e ' a* S5 18 S3 16 37 14 09 II 39 10 00 UWOITODI I TAMATIOK by obferv. WIST. Point of departure in fi(!ht of Cape St. Vinetrnt ■ • • 37 ox • • • II 3« 36 n 36 08 10 14 • * • 3S 49 • • • » il • • • w 4< 5 f 7 I 9 SI isAsim Point arrived at in fight of Cape Sfarul at 5 o'clock in the morning. 8 16 Vzi 06 Azira* • • • I 35 49 I . . . kt noon, ' 36 Oj J ... of the Compari. • 4 At The Point of Gibraltar bearing W.^ N. 7 league* diftant, and the Mom aux SiKget S. W. | S. 36 31 37 II 38 34 39 ao 40 05 ¥> 3S 3* II 37 at 38 40 39 3» 40 17 ¥* 45 KBPVCBD courfe ooaitieTiD. E. by N.E. 4OM. N. E. byE.iE. N.N. E.^E. N. 4E. N. E.byN. lON. N.E. aON. 6 #* ^ o o ""Is 34.<» 36,0 »9.S 17.S 18,0 13,0 19 t3 Amp. Eaftl)^. SI ooAzim. ^ MARCH AM D*& VOYACI. ▼AMATION of the Cempari. •ATI. Jufy 30 3« Aug. 19 13 Amp* EaIlI^ OBQABU of the I'HBRM. Above the freezing point. 18,0 18,0 17,0 17,0 17.S 17,0 19,0 4 19.0 5 10,0 « »»,0 7 »»»S I* 13,0 24,0 »3.S triKDS AMD Fitom W. to W. N. W. moderata ; cloudy wea- ther ; flight mill. Fnom W.N. W. toN. E. moderate ; weather uvercaft and miAy. N. E . by B. frefli breeze ; weather overcaft. N. E. by N. freih; fine weather. RSMAftRt 0B8EKVATI0KS. M From N. E. by N. to N. by E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. FromN. E. to N. N.W. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. From E. to W. round by the N. faint ; fine wea- ther. From W. to N. W. mo- derate ; fine weather. From W. to N. W. mo- derate ; fine weather. W. N.W. faint; (bowery weather. From S. S. E. var. faint to S. W. frefh; fine weather. From N. W. to N. E. moderate breeze ; fine weather. From E.S. E. to S. W. variable , faint ; fine weather. From N. E. to N. var. f«int; fine weather. Oh the ift of Auguft, pafled feveral patches of fea-weed interwoven, :alle(l Laceis, On the zdof Auguft,atipaft3A.M. Saw the land to the northward ol Cap* St. yincent. At J A. M. the partof th« coaft in fight bote from N. by E. to S. by W. In the forenoon, pafled through fome boars of currents whch fet to the S. E. At noon. Cape St. fincent bore E i S. a^ leagues, whence ws took our departure. On the 4th of Auguft, at J paft ; A.M. faw the land. At $, diftinguilhd Cap* Spartel, which bore S. E. 2 or 2 j miles. The currents fet rapidly to the esilward, towards tht Strait of Gibraltar. At 6, entered the Strait, and before loon ws were (landing up the Mediterranan with all fail fet. On the 5th, at noon, the ?oint of las Roqueiai bore N. N. £. i I. 3 or 4 leagues. On the 6th, at noon. Cape lalot bore North. On the 7th, at noon, Cape Sant Anio. nio bore N. 4"^ W. Mount fl/Worw W. S. W. 7OW. On the 8th, at noon, the Mountain of Oropefa bore N.W. by N. or %^ N. Cape Cullica, W. 4OS. On the 10th, the coaft of Spain ex- tended from N. N. E. to VV. S. W. at the diftance of 9 leagues. i m. ii jiuu. ii nn j iii « nw) ii imiM i! ' i»|i i ' » i I I m vf4 104 MARCH AMD's VOYAGE. LATtTtf Dt ILATITVDI VIVB. b/wcottot. MOKTH. 1792. • ' Aug II 42 04 la ti 41 j8 4* 04 by obferv. MOaTH. e ( 41 II 41 41 4» 09 RBDUCBD courfe CORRECTED. N.E.byE.x^E. E.N. E. »»N. N.E. 4*»E. In fight of Cape Sfptip Ttulon Road. I VARIATIOir of the Compari. WEST. >4i7 14,0 »4.$ '■t>'\ nib gi)Bt " r IW lATS. TH . — Ab Aug. P II :: IZ 2 13 3 L >4 3 .-.;r. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. »05 VAUIATlOlf >f the Comptfi. WEST. I jaTS. of the TH£ftM, Aug. II u u I >4 Above tb; ttcc/.iiig point. a4.o a4.S »3.$ 13,0 WINDS AND WEATHER. REMARKS AND 0U3£RVAXI0NS. Variable and faint, with intervals of calm ; fine weatlier. From W. S. W. to S. faint, ahnud calm ; tine weather. From W. S. W. to W. faiivt ; fine weather. Weft, moderate breeze; tine weather. On the iith, Mount jfui bore N. i or j°E. 3 leagues. On the nth and 13th, croifed the Gulf of Lyitt.' out of fight of land. On the 14th, in the morning, faw Cape Sepet, In the afternoon of the fame day, anchored in the inner Road of Toidon, in 3 ^ fathoms, muddy bot- tom. THE END. vol. II, » IN THE PRESS. 7uly 20, 1801. 1. TRAVELS in TURKEY and GREECE, illuftrated by a Variety of Engravings, and a Chart of the LEVANT, in which the Northern Coal I of EGYPT is accurately laid down from the recent Surveys of M. AN.J DREOSSY, (General of Divifion, and Infpeftor-Gener«l ot the Corps of 1 Artillery,) who ferved in the French Army in that Country. Tranllatcd I from the French of C. S. SONNINI, Member of feveral Scientific anil Literary Societies, and formerly an Officer and Engineer in the French Nav",| 2. TRAVELS in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE, EGYPT, and PERSIaJ performed by Order of the Government of France, during the firft fix Yan\ of the Republic, by G. A. OLIVIER, Member of the National In tutc, and of the Society of Agriculture of the Department of the SeinJ &c. Sec. Jlluttrated by a Variety of Engravings. Tranflated from iliej French, under the Author's Infppdlion. 3. TRAVELS through the SOUTHERN PROVINCES of the RUS.| SI AN EMPIRE. Tranflated from the original German ot Profeffor FALJ LAS, Counfellor of State to the Emperor of Ruflia, iVlember of the prin.! cipal Literary Societies of Europe, Sec. 8cc. By A. F M. WILLICH, M.D.| In Two Volumes, Quarto, embtllilhed with near One Hundred Plates M Maps, illuftrative of the Manners, Drefs, and Cuftomsof the various Tariail Nations, a.id of different Subjcds relative to the Natural Hiltory and Aii.[ tiquitics of a Trafl of Country, extending feveral thoufand Miles in IcngtJ and never before defcribed. A few Copies of this fplendid Work will btl printed on Fine Royal Paper, with Proof Impreflions of the Plates. 4. A TOUR in GERMANY. Two Volumes, OAavo. B/ WILLIAM RENDER, D.Rl LATELY PUBLISHED. 1. TRAVELS in AFRICA, EGYPT, and SYRIA, from the Vewl 1792 to 1798. By W. G. BROWNE, 4to. Price il. us. 6d. Boards. 2. TRAVELS in PORTUGAL, and through FRANCE and SPA..\.| To which is added, a Diflcrtation on the Literature of Portugal, ami tin Spanifh and Portugucze Languages. Bv HENRY FREDERICK LINKJ Profeffor at the Univerfity of Roftock, and Member of various Learnti Societies. Tranflated from the German by J. ^!INCKLEY, Esq. Willi Notes by the Tranflator. In One Larj Volum:, Oftavo, Price 9s. i fioards.' 3. LETTERS written during a RESIOENCE in SPAIN and PORTUJ GAL. By ROBERT bOUTHEY. Second Edition. Price &8. in Boards 4. A JOURNEY over J.AND to INDIA, partly by a Route nevd before gone by any European. By DONALD ^'AMPBELL, of BarbreclJ Efq. wno formerly commanded a Reg'menr nf Cavalry in the Service of til NABOB of the CARN ATIC. In a . :ries of Letters to his Son. Coo prehending his Imprifonment and Shipwreck by HYDER ALLY, andl fubfequent Negociations and Tranfadltons in the Eafl. Handfomely printtj on fine Wove Paper. Quarto. Price One Guinea in Boards. H. BiiWwln »ml Son, Prinleri, New BriUgeitreet Landun. :. July 20| 1801. rated by a Variety of I h the Northern Coal [ Surveys of M. AN. J er-1 of the Corps of j Country. Tranflatcd f fevcral Scientific arall in the French Niiv INCES of the Rl'S.1 nan ot Profeffor PALJ Member of the prin.) VI.WILUCH,M,D.| le Hundred Plates anij 18 of the various Tamtl tural Hiftory and An.| )ufand Miles in lcngtl;,| fplendid Work will bt| of the Plates. VI RENDER, D.eI '^RIA, from the Ytjn| il. IIS. 6d. Boards. RANGE and SPA,N'I ire of Portugal, and m FREDERICK LIMJ jer of various LearniJ CKLEY, Esq. WitH , Oftavo, Price 9s. i 1 SPAIN and PORTUJ »n. Price &«. in Boards .l/tt/i^n/it/.l- loyttof. ^0 VUw IV. Q) :«5 Hoi •^ I (i<»s<> tahk \ Mi»N Tatahiiiria U.-^™, \vn tJiiHiflhl unnnvlsaiy tv write all lAe jtfrtedin Tuiiia!) t'Jitirf t/if.liu/ior /lat ^ hinwli'to fhose oi't/if ten .\I^-ndo^•.l 'vtJto a teiv other.f ivAtfA np/unr /i> /i,ue \titetf. mty/y//}Ai' •/' \irReuihoIdI'ors(»'r //i/i- V Wi'fii,ti/t/'i>ii»jh it /nif /wt heeii eirrx- wptnf w the Narrative. 6 PUciini II Jjiuijtiljculp. .l/iiiyAiim/.i- t'ornof. •^ 1 s . s o-Hrrva -potto ft /A; •«"»/,, ""^H^^ »•/» ^. Wailahoo rr Whaltarrp-oora g ^o-Na iSTChri.tiinitl 4 What fo-Otto tr Manno Ni'*"!! -hiwva I Q) o-Palai a'" I Jtoi/tffMfinr IWriirioiLt If I ' rooAy /',t//i.,r/- /:' IToott'ra dvi^O TAHKITEK .'c: ^ ^ o-JIopva-iiooc Ma-atea I''-'''""' ^-^ '■^o-Hima-roa / Ditappo Para/M o/'jy. South lulttiule. f ^ N PLit.' IV. '/}, '""fvf/. "'^H, f*> '*^.f ^ Trebooai iffocd.t /. I iTailahnnrrWhattarre-oora q •o-Nateva (S./'etf/vi I S'Chh.ttina I 4WhaUai-rt>tf>ah ' .Vtufa/fmi fo-Otto V«'i-owh« tr Manno N«'eee/i ererv tvheif adopted in the Narrative. 6 Pitcairn rf \ JJitjlMIJ"''/' * twK 4 ■M ' "«« - ■■i^'W'%...' ^. •.-i*»«>B* ^*. ^yrn^ »wny^): . ^r-''*:-^ < «lt.uttfl^^1 \liiri/hini/.t I'oviuje ■ Iff PlnteV « ^•^7h„^ *y .c A* 7' r // , <>r PJ.OAK - HAY and (Mxx's wS TRAIT lUM-n CharlolU's IslnjidH ) \ ('o/yi.PiiofU'j<:ii rn.i.vAJ., S»-]>l 1791. . fi ii^n-w* ■K> • liihtude :,4 10 Mprth. loriffitu/ie i,ts> S^ IVeft. Thjf two Trackt itimvi are tAati' ot'theSolidt .fttn'ty.f which nerf ma and llfiannet. Z' k .♦ T J S L ^ AT J> ^ I ) -ift.^j^^. IMAGE EVALUAT TEST TARGET (M 1.0 I.I Li 128 li m iiLu 11. Photograiiiic Sciences Corporation MAGE EVALUATION FEST TARGET (MT-3) 4r % 1.0 I.I 11.25 U£|28 |2.5 y^ liii 12.2 1.4 11.6 — 6" botographic Sciences ]orporailion ^^■^ 23 WIST MAIN STUiT wnSTn,N.Y. 14580 (716) •72-4503 ^ >\ Uarc/ i ands Vrn'O^e. Tif tivo Tradt dratvn on this Plan are dkase ot'lheSolittiv Boat in the Smn-eyf wkith war made ot'the^ay and tlhannei. Ojf, . ^. -Marine Miles of 60 to a Degi £ PJateV Island \ vjkf. ' X' 'Jifc. J*fcs.v?.i^^.;i.w^p.^5«l|«»,?. •*««_- .^/ ^ . •y^.'.- ,/ ., ^ .v/l^ /■■ iVChf;:*- ■.V ■■««.« 'h ^fi^^m^tmA^'^ .V t , I Ij » i i ■i / :.\ '*V -**■•» i ■--■»!■;)■»*«» iii/iiif Fovtwe. ".5 4- '- iiif Fin'if ,M 'cd'- ii^S^I ifo'fc' ,. Ml I rh>m Pa rif. 60 \oivtni !<»' OWTivhiv .^ 1' 1 ::i AL K" 1 40 ^7- t \ PUkVI (GROirP Of I, A ME HA, ■0 « »><,h».