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12 3

PREFACE.

On the northern part of the New World — stretching away across the
continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific — lies the Dominion of Canada.
Its confines include more than one-half of North America, reaching from
the great lakes of the east and centre and the 49th parallel to the inhos-
pitable shores of the trackless polar seas, whose long sought mysteries have
yet to be revealed to man. In this vast domain — an empire in itself — are
contained all the diversified elements which, upon development, are the
factors of a progressive, prosperous and powerful nation, and although the
strides in the march of progress, keeping pace with the advancement of
nineteenth century civilization, have been marvelously rapid in this fair
land, there are countless thousands of leagues of territory on which the
foot of man has never trod, lying tenantless and silent, only awaiting the
advent of the Anglo-Saxon race to bt, transformed into a prosperous and
thriving country. The wealth of commerce, agriculture, mining, lumber-
ing and fishing, latently exists in untold measure. The virgin soil, the
primeval forest, and the teeming seas and lakes and rivers all possess
undeveloped riches. Man alone is apparently the missing quantity, and
his energy, industry and capital are the required elements in develop*
ing this young, but sturdy Dominion into the Greater Britain of the West
— the worthy scion of the grand old Motherland across the seas, whose
pride is in the colonial gems which adorn the imperial diadem, of which
Canada is one of the brightest and most valued jewels.

To give briefly and succinctly a sketch of this New Wonderland — not
aspiring to the pretensions of a history — is the object of this work, present-
ing, beside an historical review, authentic statistics of its present condi-
tion, the remarkable advancement of the western portion, and pointing out
its great advantages, its boundless resources, its wonderful development,
and its manifest destiny in occupying, in the near future, a foremost place
amongst the great nations of the world.

CONTENTS.

AOR

I-ORT ARTHUR, ONT.

Algoma House, Merrill & Hodder, Props.. 2tJ
Bishop A Co., Win., Wholesale and Retail

Groceries 2«

Clarke, W. J., Druggist 26

Cooke, J. F., Photographer 30

Dau.iais, Oliver, Miner 80

Fortune, W. F., Groceries 29

Hasking, W. J., Groceries 29

Isbester & Co., M., Wholesale and Retail

Groceries, Provisions, Boots and SI jes, etc, 26

Johnson, W. G., " Bodega Hotel " 27

Lalonde, C. 0., Boot* and Shoes 28

Labby & Co., P., QrooerieH 28

Mathews & Fraser, Dry Goixla 27

Meikle, J. L.," Bazaar" 27

Mooring, Geo., Furniture 30

Nicholson, H., Merchant Tailor 28

Ray, Street & Co., Bankers 29

Smith, W. G., Butcher 29

Squier, A., Insurance 29

Vivian, J. C, Clothing 28

Wells & Dawson, Hardware 29

Western Hotel, Chas. Hayne, Prop 30

Witherspoone Francis, Harnessmaker 27

PAOI

Humble, John W., Wholesale Liquors • ■ ■ . 86

Kobold & Co., Butcher s<n<i Cattle Dealer . . 84

McKinnon & Bro., Wm., General Merchant 35

NicholHoii M., Merchant Tailor 36

Queen'n Hotel, P. Rigney & Co., Prop 35

WEST SELKIRK, MAN.

Bullock R., General Merchant 62

Bullock Wm., Merchants' Hotel 62

Gilhuly, R. H., Druggist 62

Pearson, G. F., Livery and Butcher 62

GRETNA, MAN.

Penner &Co., E., General Merchants.
Queen's Hotel, John N. Braun, Prop

63
63

FORT WILLIAM, ONT.

Bethune & Co, J . T., General Merchant .... 31

Hammond, J., Queen's Hotel 31

King, John, General Merchant 32

McDougall, Allen, General Merchant 31

McLaren, A., General Merchant 31

RutledgeBros 32

RAT PORTAGE, ONT.

Baker & Co., General Merchants 34

Campbell, A., Books and Stationery 34

Coate,W. D.,Druggi8t 34

Gardner & Co., John, General Merchants . . 35

HiJlard House, Louis Hillard, Prop 36

Holmes, H. F., Hardware 34

Hose, Jacob, Hardware 35

Hub Hotel, George Drewry, Prop 35

MORDEN, MAN.

Dunsford & Co., Bankers 66

Haley & Sutten, General Merchants 65

McLaren, Q. W., Druggist 66

Penner & Co-, R, General Merchants 65

Queen's Hotel, G. F. Lundy, Prop 66

MANITOU, MAN.

^ *

Fullertou & Ross, General Merchants 66

Huston, James, General Merchant 66

Kerr & Magee, Furniture 66

McKenzie, R., Carriage Manufactory ...'... 66

Rattan, W. D , General Merchant 66

Stewart House, W. C. Kennedy, Prop 66

PILOT MOUND, MAN.

Baird, Bros-, General Merchants 68

Gordon, J. T., Lumber, Grain and Stock . . 68

Hobbs, J. A., Druggist 68

McKay, Thos., General Merchant 68

Stuart, James, Carriage Manufactory 68

Tremont House, Gea Wood, Prop 68

CONTENTS.

* li

PAOU

KILLARNEY, MAN.

AshdowD, A., Hardware 70

Grand Central Hotel, M. Gouldie, Prop .... 70

Lawlor, T. J., General Merchant 69

Williams, C. W., General Merchant 70

BOISSEVAIN, MAN.

McEwon, A. (.'., General Merchant 71

McKnlght, Alex., General Merchant 71

Queen's Hotel. J. W. Knittel, Prop 71

Ryan House, Caleb Ryan, Prop 71

Wright, J. A., Druggist 71

DELORAINE, MAN.

Butchart & Bro., R. P., Hardware 74

Cavers & Stuart, General Merchants 73

Falconer, A. J., Hardjvare 74

Freemj.n, K., General Merchart 75

Mallett, W. H., Jewellery 74

Manuel & Steele, Carriage Manufactory — 74

Montgomery & Co., H. L., Gen'l Merchanta. 7*

Revere House, W. H. Saults, Prop 74

Smith & Balkwill, General Merchants — 73

PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE, MAN.

Assiniboia Roller Mill 79

Bell, C. D., Groceries 78

Costigan, John, Confectionery 79

Cassels, G. & D., Confectionery 80

Dodidmade, John, Furniture 78

Graban, Chas-, Boots and Shoes 80

Lyall, K, Merchant Tailor 79

McKenzie d: Campbell, Harnessmakers — 80

Mclnty re, A. H., Jewellery 79

Millar, T. & W., Hardware 78

Prest & Woolhouse, Books aud Stationery . . 80

Rowe, J. F., Photographer 78

Wi lliams & Goodsir. Furniture 79

Woodside, H. J., Jewellery 79

Young & Urquhart, Carriage Manufactory. 80

CARBERRY, MAN.

Dickie, N., Real Estate, Loan and Insurance 82

Dufierin House, A. McKenzie 83

Henderson, M. A., General Merchant 82

BRANDON, MAN.

Alexander & Co., Flouring Mill 93

Barclay, E. J., Lumber and Grain Buyer . . 95

Booth, Tom, Fruits and Confectionery .... 94

Brock, J. A., Photographer 96

Burchill & Howey, Pork Packrs & Butchers 96

Cassels, G. & D., Fruits and Confectioners . . 97

Cameron, J. C, Carriage Manufactory 98

Central Hotel, F. A. Tamblyn, Prop 96

Christie, E. L., Books and Stationery 96

Dickinson & Murray, Groceries ... 94

Durst, P. E.,Jewellery 96

Eveans, W. Geo... Livery and Sale Stable. . . 98

Forbes & Stirrett, Planing Mill 93

Fraser Bros., Dry Goods and Gen. Merchants 93
Gibson cfc Eraser, Carriage and Sale Stable,

and dealers in horses 98

Gilclirist, G. N., Merchant Tailor 95

Grand View Hotel, A. F. Boisseau, Prop .... 92

Hooper, W. H., Groceries 94

Kelly, T. E., Livery and Sale Stable 94

Laplont, John, Barber 99

Lee, Thomas, Harnessmakor ... 97

May wood Bros., Transfer, Coal and Wood . . 97
Munroe & Co., Wholesale Liquors and Gro-
ceries 93

Munro, George, Hardware 95

McKelvie, D., Groceries 93

McKenzie & Russell, Carriage Manul'actory 97

Neumeyer & Pares, Brandon Browery 98

Queen's Hotel, R J. Dickinson, Prop 95

Ray & Curtis, Flour and Feed and Grain

Buyers 97

Rose & Co , Druggists 92

Reesor, D. A., Jewellery 98

Smith «& Burton, Wholesale Groceries .... 94

Smith & Winder, Employment Agency .... 94

Smart, Stewart & Co., Wholesale Groceries. 96

Somerville & Co. ■ General Merchants 92

Storey, E. R., Stoves and Tinware 92

Stockton, Ia, Merchant Tailor 97

Trotter & Trotter, Livery and Sale Stable . . 99

Wilson & Co., Hardware - 96

VIRDEN, MAN.

Koester, Craig & Co., Flour Mill

Virden Hotel, Elliott & Trumbull, Prop.

100
100

ELKHORN MAN.

Cavanagh Hotel, T. D. Cavanagh, Prop .... 101

Gushing, Wm., General Merchant 101

Dixon, W. .L, Livery 101

Uowswell, G. H., General Merchant 101

MOOSOMIN, ASSINIBOIA.

Barton, W.H., Lumber 110

Carman, F. T, Druggist 110

Fletcher, T., Flouring Mill 109

CONTENTS.

Vll

PAOB

Inglis k Smith, Butchers and Cattle Dealerg 109

Lake House, W. R. Hamilton, Prop 110

McAlpine, T. B., Groceries, Fruits, etc .... 109

McCurdy, John, Machine Shops 109

McNaughton, R. D., General Merchant .... 108
MaulBon A Co., W. H., " .... 109

Tees, Richard, " .... 109

BROADVIEW, AS8INIB0IA.

Clementson, Joe, General Merchant Ill

Thorburn, A. Q., " 110

O'Neil, John, Groceries and Hardware .... 110

QU'APPELLE, A88INIBOIA.

Beauchamp, J. P., General Merchant 112

Johnston, R., Livery and Stage Line 112

Leland House, Love & Raymond 112

Marwood, Frank, Carriage Manufactory.. 113

Whiting Bros., Bakery and Confectionery . . 113

REGINA, A8SINIB0IA.

Black, C. H., Books and Stationery 117

Child, Wm, M., Butcher and Cattle Dealer. 117

Dawson, Bole & Co., Wholesale Drnggists- ■ 116

Fergusson, R. B., Furniture 116

Howson, C, Livery and Sale Stable 118

Hunt, W., Merchant Tailor 116

Lamont. P., Books and Stationery 116

McCaul, J. A., Lumber 117

Mowat Bros., Wholesale Groceries 116

Mowatt, J. F., Gents' Furnishings, Boots and

Shoes 116

Sibbald & Co., J. D., General Commission

Merchants 117

Steel, R. J., Cigars and Tobacco 118

Sweet & McDonald, Hamessmakers 117

Windsor House, Mrs. A. A. Doig 118

MOOSE JAW, AS8INIB0IA.

Baker A Co., K A., General Merchant* — 120

Bogue, R., Hardware 119

Gordon, J. G 119

McLean, J. J., General Merchant 120

MEDICINE HAT, ASSINIBOIA.

American House, J. C. A. McRae, Prop 122

Cochran, L. B., General Merchant 122

Leonard, M., Bakery and Confectionery — 122

Mclnnis, J. R., Boots and Shoes 132

PAGH

McCuaig A Co., Geo., General Merchants. . 121

Medicine Hat Times 122

Tweed A Ewart, General Merchants 121

Walton, E., Druggist. 122

Yuill, S. B., Jewellery 122

CALGARY, ALBERTA,

Baker A Co., L G., General Merchants 129

Boome A May, Photographers 137

Carroll, Wm., Merchant Tailor 135

Carson A Riley, Harness and Saddle Makers 136

Claxton, F. J., Bakery and Confectionery . . 138

Collins, H., Dry Goods 131

Cockle, J. W., Taxidermist 138

Gushing, W. H., Planing Mill 136

Davidson Bros., Jewellery 132

Douglas A Co., J. S., Fruits and Groceries. . 137

Duncan, G. T., Saddlemaker 136

Eau Claire Lumber Co., P. A. Prince, Man-
ager 131

Ferland A Co., A., General Merchants 134

1; ield, John, Wholesale Druggist 129

Ferguson A McMurtry, Groceries 137

Ford, W. H., Livery and Sale Stable 136

Freeze A Ca, I. S., General Merchants .... 133

Glanville A Co., J. F., Clothing 136

Grant, A., Hardware 132

Holbrook, E. C, Dentist 136

Hull, Trounce A Co., Cattle Dealers 129

Jacques, G. E., Jewellery 137

Kinnisten, W. H., Fruits and Confectionery 132

King A Ca, G. C, General Merchants 130

Lafferty A Smith, Bankers 131

Linton Bros., Books and Stationery 134

Mackie, J. S., Gunsmith 137

Marsh A Geddes, Real Estate 135

Moody, R. H., Real EsUte 130

Murdoch, Geo., Wholesale Harness and Sad-
dles 129

McTavish Bros., Carriage Manufactory .... 135

Power A Bro., T. C, General Merchants — 134

Ramsay, W. T., Real Estate 133

Rankin A Allen. Dry Goods 133

Rogers, E. R, Hardware 130

Riley A Co., G. H., General Merchants . • • . 132

Ross, A. J., Photographer 137

Royal Hotel, Reilly A Martin, Props 131

Sharpies, John, General Commission Mer-
chant 133

Shelton. A. E., Furniture 131

Soules A York, Cattle Dealers 134

Thomson Bros.. Books and Stationery 133

Windsor House, J. Donohue, Prop 136

CONTENTS.

PAOB

KAML(X)re, B.C.

Cosmopolitan Hotel, J. T. Edwards 170

Grand Pacific Hotel, G. W. Jones 170

Jones, E. H., Books and Stationory 171

McCartney, W. E., Druggist 171

Renier, P. S., Merchant Tailor 170

Robson & T^e, Groceries 171

Saucier, J. E , Jewellery 170

Smith, R. E., General Merchant 170

The Inland Sentinel 171

VANCOUVER, B.C.

Allan, G. L, Boots and Shoes 181

iiailey , C. S., Photographer 180

Dunn, Thomas, Wholesale and Retail Hard-
ware 179

Evans, D., Merchant Tailor 180

Gilmore & Clark, Clothing 179

Hart, F. W., Furniture, Undertaking and

Opera House 180

Kirschbei-g & Landsburg, Clothing 178

Leland House, Prout & Ensley 179

Martin, F. X., Groceries 180

Nelson, C, Druggist 180

Oppenheimer Bros., Wholesale and Commis-
sion Merchants 178

O'Toolo & Ralph, Stoves and Tinware 179

Ponsford Page, General Merchant 180

Rand Bros., Real Estate 178

Taylor, George, Japanese Bazaar 178

The Vancouver Drug House 180

Thicke, A. C, Dry Goods 179

Tilley, S. T., Books and Stationery 181

VICTORIA, B.C.

Albion Iron Works 192

Brown & White, Dry Goods 195

British Columbia Land Co 201

British Columbia Blank Book Manufactory 202

Boucherat & Co., Wholesale Groceries .... 198

Bowman, W. G.. Livery 195

Came & Munsio, Groceries 197

Clarence Hotel, F. G. Richards, Jr., Prop.. 192

Colbert & Warner, Plumbers 194

C. P. Navigation Co 200

Croft & Angus, Lumber 190

Devlin, J. C, Gen. Commission Merchant. 192

Driard House, Redon & Hartnagel, Props . . 189

I'AOB

Earle Tlioma", General Commission and

Wholesale Groceries 19.S

Fell, James, Groceries 198

Goodacre, L., Butcher and Cattle Dealer ... 201

Green, D., Clothing 198

Gregg & Son, A., Merchant Tailors 195

Grimm, Wm., Carriage Manufact(ry 197

Hastings, 0. C, Photographer 199

Hibben & Co., T. N., Books and Stationery . 191

Houghton & Co., T., Dry Goods 195

Harding, T., Bakery 194

Harrison, H. A ... 191

Jeffree, W. J., Cluihii'j; 195

Lange & Co., Jewellery 196

Leask & Morrison, Merchant Tailors 193

Lowinberg, Harris & Co., Real Estate — 192

Lombard & Co., C. A., Music Store 194

Mann & Heron, Wholesale Harness 194

Marvin & Tilton, Wholesale Hardware and

Agricultural Implement s 196

Maynard, Geo. H., Boots and Shoes 191

Maynard, R, Photographer 199

Morley, C, Mineral Waters 198

O'Reilly, Wm., Dry Goods 202

Pendray & Co., B. C. Soap Works 200

Pitts, S. J., Wholesale Groceries 196

Pioneer Spice Mills 193

Portman, N., Groceries 193

Prior & Co., K G., Wholesale Hardware. ... 199

Redfern, C. E., Jewellery 200

Redgrave & Ella, Confectionery 201

Rudge, George, Marble Works 196

Saunders, H., Wholesale and Retail Gro-
ceries 197

Sears, J., Paints, Oils, and Wall Paper — 197

Sehl, J., Furniture Manufactory 194

Smith & Clark, Contractors 199

Shotbolt, Thomas, Druggist 198

Short, Henry, Gun Manufactory 193

Turner, Beeton & Co., General Commission

Merchants 189

The Colonist 202

Victoria Transfer Co 190

Victoria Timeg 202

Ward & Co., Robert, General Commission

Merchant 191

Weiler, John, Furniture Manufactory .... 200

Williams & Co., B., Clothing 197

Wilson, Wm., Dry Goods 201

Wilson, W. & .1., Clothing 196

PAOH

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193

198

Jer ... 201

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195

197

199

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195

194

191

195

196

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V 4.,

THE NEW WEST.

DOMINION OF CANADA.

Larger than the United States, or the Australian Colonies — almost as large as
the continent of Europe, and occupying one-fourteenth of the entire surface of the
earth — Canada, with an area of 3,610,000 square miles, ranks amongst the moHt
extensive of existing nations. Extending 3,500 miles from emt to west, 1,400 miUs
from north to south, within this area is a population approximating five millions,
which by natural increase and immigration is rapidly augmenting; and this increase,
as years roll paHt, will be e, '> greater and in a more marked degree, with the
«xtent;ion of railway facilities and the clearing away of the prevailing misty
misapprehensions respecting its unoccupied portions. Large tracts of this vast
territory are cultivable, and those not cultivable, are rich in mineral wealth ; but the
arable land in Canada is as large, if not larger than that in the United States.
Canada has, however, the largest extent of land yet open for free settlement adapted
to the growth of cereals and other productions of the temperate zone of any country
in the woi'ld. There are thousands of square miles of the finest forests in America,
and lai'ge areas of the most fertile and productive prairie lands. There are fisheries
of almost boundless extent, both on its Pacific and Atlantic Coasta, which are not
surpassed or surpassable. There are coal fields on the Atlantic and on the Pacific,
and large deposits beneath the surface of the prairie lands east of the Eocky
Mountains. Canada has also iron, gold, silver, copper, lead, and other mines of gi-eat
richness, including petroleum and salt; together with almost every description of
stone and granite and other valuable building materials.

It enjoys great variety of climates, from the arctic to that of almost the most
southern of the temperate zones. The climates of the settled portions of th»
Dominion, and of the lands open for settlement are healthy and invigorating and
favorable to the highest development of human energy. The variations of the
climate, too, are less than in many countries of lesser extent; but throughout, it is
characterized by greater heat in summer and a lower temperature in winter than in
corresponding European latitudes. Degrees of latitude, however, ai-e only a partial
guide to the actual nature of the climate of Canada, as compared with that of
Eui'opean countries, and any comparison of the mean temperature of them is
subsequently misleading and deceptive. Even the severity of winter, as tested by the
thermometer, leads to a very exaggerated impression of Canadian experienceB.
Owing to the dry, clear, bracing atmosphere which generally prevails, the sense of
discomfort produced by the raw easterly winds and damp fogs of an English spring
suggests an idea of cold such as is rarely thought of in a Canadian winter. There
are, indeed, every winter, days of intense cold, as in the summer there are brief
periods of equally intense heat, when the thermometer ascends, or descends, through
a BC'ile unknown in the more equf ; English climate. But throughout the greater

THE NEW WEST.

part of tho winter season in Canada, the sky is bright and clear and the weather
thoroughly enjoyable.

As a matter of fact, the Houthern frontier of Manitoba iind tho North- West
Territory, if extended across tho Atlantic Ocean, would strike the continent of
Europe a little below the latitude of Paris ; while tho southern point of the Province
of Ontario is as far south as tho latitude of Eome. Canada in therefore the physical
equivalent on the continent of America of the greal empires and kingdoms of Italy,
France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, tho British Islands, Eussia in Eurapo and
Sweden.

One of the remarkable physical features of Canada is its lakes and rivers. This
long line of water system furnishes important facilities for communication ; and the
courwe of the St. Lawrence is in the line of the shortest sailing circle across the
Atlantic. Tho same favorable condition prevails on the west coast, from the
terminus of the Pacific Railway across the Pacitic Ocean to the markets of China,
Japan, and also to Australia. Coupled with those important commercial conditions,
there is the fact that tho Canadian Paciiic Railway is tho shortest of tho many
transcontinental routes, and crosses tho Rockies on immensely more favorable
conditions, both as respects grades and curves, than its rivals which reach the Pacific
at San Francisco.

From its earliest discovery, Canada has been esteemed for its valuable fur-bearing
animals, and for over two centuries has been the trapping and hunting ground for
the still-existing Hudson's Bay Co., and its rivals. Not only a vast tract of
unoccupied toi-ritory in which for decades tho hunter and the trapper will find his
wealth-producing prey, still remains, but the regions around the Hudson's Bay, and
stretching westward to Alaska and northwai*d to the pole, must ever remain a shelter
for fur-bearing animals and a resort of the hunter. All tho furs collected for the
^reat fur company are shipped to London ; in part from their factories of York Fort
and Moose River, on the Hudson's Bay, which are visited by a ship from England
every year, and in part from Montreal, Victoria and Winnipeg.

As a country for the husbandman, however; Canada stands pre-eminent ; but to
the lumberman, the minor, the fisherman, the manufacturer, and the artizan, there
are openings offering, which if taken, lead on to independence and wealth. Canada
is a land for the capitalist seeking investment, and for the energetic poor man — not
the poverty-stricken loiterer — seeking a home.

IN THE EARLY DAYS.

There is, amongst the many interesting legends of tho ancient Noraemen, one
of the discovery by some of their intrepid voyagers, of a nameless land in the, to
them, western ocean. Nearly one thousand yeare have elapsed since the first Euro-
pean, Lief, son of the powerful Eric, the Red, first coasted along the rocky shores of
Labrador in his staunch Norse Galley, and the intervening yeai-s, witnessing the rise
and fall of potentates and empires the world over, have brought but little change to
the bleak dreary coast of this North Land, against whose rocks the restless waters
of the Atlantic fret and fume, or to the dense trackless forests of fir, stretching for
leagues inland, which are still the abiding-place of the unhunted wild animal. Still

IN THE EARLY DAYS.

oather

-West
jnt of

bettor (leflned, the Icolnndoru have handed down from gonoration to generation well
authenticated tales of the landing, on whal is now America, of their daring seafaring
forefathers, and in the little sea-girt IhIo — naw being so rapidly depopulated — the
legend is accepted as authentic history to this day. Another theory is, that hordes
from Asia poured over the intervening narrow straits of Behring in the early days
of Mother Earth, and were the first occupants of the new world in the dim and
misty post. Then there wore the Mound-builders of pre-historio times, traces of
whoso exiHtonce are still to bo found from the (Julf of Mexico to the shores of Lake
Winnipeg, but whose history is largely based on mere conjecture. The race has
vanished, leaving relics of its existence puzzling to the mind of those versed in ar-
ciiR'logical lore. The earth works they loft are overgrown with large trees, the
hieroglyphics obliterated by ago, the places of defence or abode have crumbled away,
and only the outline of their original shape is traceable amidst the ruins of this
curious and mysterious something of ancient origin, which no living being can now
uni-avel or explain. The Indians have no traditions at all regarding this extinct and
almost forgotten race. The earliest visitors to the continent give no account of
them. But their sepulchral mounds, their skeletons, their pottery and their shells
tell the tale of their existence — and nothing more. Whence came these quiet sleepers,
who, with fleshless palms, crossed as in mute expectancy, might have slumbered on
till the morn of resurrection, but for the love of adventure of our ancesters, whose
descendants have rudely disturbed their rest ? What the fate of this great mound-
building race which from the shadow of the Andes to the far north have traversed
the continent ? Wrapped in a veil of mystery which may never he upliiled until
that supreme hour when all things shall be revealed.

But whatever element of truth there may be in these traditions and theories
and speculations, the honor of discovering America is, amongst the masses, now
commonly accoi-ded to Christopher Columbus, who started out on his voyage of dis-
covery nearly four centuries ago. A few years later, in 1497 — two years after the
discoveries of Columbus became known in England — two Italian navigators, John
and Sebas.ian Cabot, father and son, set sail for the little known west with a royal
commission to discover a north-west passago to China or the Indies of the East.
Beaching the coast of Labrador, which they erroneously believe to be that of the
Indian continent, they took possession, in the name of King Henry VII, and return-
ed home. From their excusable error, the name " Indian " was bestowed upon the
red race that inhabited the country, which appellation adhei'es to them to the pre-
sent time. Although the Cabots first reached Canada, it was Jacques Oartier, the
■descendants of .'bom afterwai-ds became amongst the most illustrious of Canadian
statesmen, who first penetrated the interior of this country. Having sailed from
sunny France in 1534, he entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and landed at Gasp^ Bay
where the fleur-de-lis was floated to the breeze, and a huge cross, with a shield bear-
ing the arms of France, erected. After eight years spent in exploring, Cartier
returned home, where he shortly afterwards died, and over half a century elapsed
before any further attention was paid to the vast terra incognita over which bis
sovereign held undisputed sway. In 1603, Champlain, a noted discoverer, a knightly
soldier who fought under the white plumes of Navarre, set out on a fruitless expedi-
tion, returning the same year. In the following year, he accompanied a second
.expedition, under the command of Sieur de Monts, which reached the Bay of Fundy.

THE NEW WEST.

MiHibrtiino besot tho daring' vxploroi!', an'l the hardithip of an oaHteiii wintor wore
I'ollowed by tliro dineaHe, which lo<l to an abandonment of the attempt to HOttle Acadia,
and procooding up tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, tho decimated little band, twenty-eight
all told, lando<l at the lock which guanlB tho portaln to the weutorn watorn — (^uebor.
Thin waH on tho 3id July, 1608, from whirh date commenccH the foundation of the
city of Quebec, and tho actual eftfablinhmont of French i-ulo in Cana<la. The infant
hottlemont progrOHHod ulowly, nutwithHtanding ('hamplain'H wine administration,
until 1(5^5, when death Htiuck it a heavy blow in claiming tho father of tho colony.
During tho four yeniM following,', the JoHuitM an<l UiHulino Nnn«, im|)ortant factors
in the religion and education of tho country, arrived ond founded thoir intititutiona;
but it was not until 1665, that a Ifoyal Government waB ©HtabliHhcd under Louie XIV.
Then commenced an nreu of marked progress. But that progroHS was attended and
hiiidorod by tho horrors of war. The French found blttor fooH in the Now England-
ors, but thoy had faithful and poworftil allies in the Indians. Tho Treaty of Utrecht,
which ceded tho Iluilson'n Bay Torritorion, Now Foundland and Acadia to Great
iiritain and retained Canada and Capo Breton for Franco, was signed in 1713. A
grmlual piogiess in coinmeico, arts, agriculture and manufactures marked tho ensu-
ing years, although the settlements wore more of a military than a coloni/.ing char-
acteristic. Under French domination, in brief, tho sottlements were merely links
in one long chain of barracks. Tho British, then tho occupants of the United States,
were more progressive — tho plough, tho hoo and the axe, instead of the sword ond
tho bayonet, being tho weapons utilized there in tho battle of life. Casting envious
eyes on this fair northern land, English statesmen determined to obtain it in tho
way possessions wore obtained in these days — by con(|uest. Quebec was attacked,
and impregnable as its battlements apparently were, the gallant Wolfe, whoso life
blood obbod warm in tho hour of triumph, added another to tho long list of glorious
victories, of which, EngliBhm»>n tho world over can pardonably boast. The white
emblem of la belle France, \\hich for a century and a half had floated over the
Gibraltar of the western seas, was replaced by the blood-rod cross of St. George.
Then commenced English rule in Canada.

It is not within tho province of this unpretentious book to detail the many stir-
ring incidents of ensuing years. As time rolled on, settlement, in obedience to the
irresistable law of nature, advanced westwardly. Montreal — the Hochclaga of the
rctl man — instead of being an outpost environed by hostile Indians, became, gradual-
ly, but surely, tho centre of a group of provinces, which twenty-one years ago, were
formed into one Confederation. A memorable day— July Ist, 1867 — gave birth to
the Dominion of Canada — a Sisterhood of Provinces bound together by the ties of
blood, of common ancestry, of united interests, and mutual hopes and aspirations.
Year by year, provinces were added to the Dominion, until row in 1888, the dis-
united struggling communities of two decades ago are gathered into one undivided and
undivisable Federation, stretching from ocean to ocean, all bearing their share in the
great work of building up a nation, and all happy and contented and pi-osperous
under the protecting segis of tho mother-country.

Canadian statesmen, in preparing the scheme of confederation, had a warning
before them in the civil war, which, from 1861 to 1865 fiercely raged between the
Northern and Southern States of the American Union, and they eliminated, as far as
possible, all danger which might arise from weakness of the federal authority. They

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MONTREAL.

Views in Musioka

IN THE EARLY DAYS.

provided for a National government which would protect the rights of the weaker
provinces ; but Home Rule was given the different provincial governments in a broad
sense. Each province had full power to make laws for the education of the rising
generations, for the ownerehip of property, for the development of resources and for
the raising of revenue for local purposes. But no individual province was permitted,
without federal authority, to own or maintain troops, control navigation, build
railways beyond its own boundaries, or levy export or import duties. Representation
in the Senate and House of Commons was given each province on the basis of
population, Quebec being the pivotal province. To that province isalloted sixty-five
members in the popular branch of parliament, and the others are given repre-
sentation in the proportion their population bears to it. There is constitutional
government in its widest and fullest meaning — government of the people, for the
people, by the people. The Governor-General, usually of the brightest of British
noblemen, is a constitutional ruler, giving a loyal support to the Ministry representing
the majority in the House of Commons. And these rulers, appointed by the imperial
government, are selected not merely to reward them for sei-vices to the state, but as
an honor conferred upon those pre-eminently fitted for the high position, and who
can faithfully and loyally and wisely represent Her ^Majesty in her western
dependency. The names of Dufferin, Lome and Lansdowne, especially, will be handed
down to future generations as able statesmen who ruled wisely and well, while the
present Governor-General, Lord Stanley of Preston, the descendant of one of the
most illustrious of England's oldest nobility, has entered upon a career which, ft is
safe to assume, will place him on a plane with his honored and revered predecessors.
Although nearly three centuries have elapsed since the chivalrous Champlain
sailed up the broad watei-s of the St. Lawrence, the actual development of the
western portion of the country east of Lake Huron did not commence until a com-
paratively recent period, while that westerly of Superior's pellucid watei-s lay dormant
and still until the troublous times of 1869-'70— of which the executed chieftain, Louis
Riel, was the central figure — brought it prominently to the notice of the outer world,
and r'vealed in all their richness and fertility the countless acres of virgin prairie
soil wbich reaches from the valley of the Red River of the North to the base of the
far-off Rocky Mountains. Beyond this, an old colony of Britain had already sprung
up on the golden shores of the Pacific — and all this great domain to-day is happy
and prospering under the meteoric flag which for a thousand years has proclaimed
British supremacy.

To the transcontinental traveller, passing through the thickly settled provinces
of the east, the dense pine wilderness and broad plains of the centre, and the snow-
crested mountains of the further west, the thought must natux-ally occur, as he gazes
on the varied elements of wealth, that the old Spaniards, to whom are attributed the
commonly-accepted origin of the name of Canada — "A Canada," signifying "Here
is nothing" — must have been sadly mistaken, and leads one to- believe that
Charlevoix's derivation of the name -from the Indian word "Kannata" : a collection
of huts— is perhaps after all the more probable one. Even if the former is the
correct genesis of the country's name, how wonder-stricken would be those
adventurous sons of Spain were they to return from the unknown world and visit
the " A Canada " of which the Maritime provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,
Keewatin, the Northwest Territories and British Columbia are now component parts

THE NEW WEST.

Instead of " A Canada," it may eaisly be oonjectnred, the departed Spaniards would
stare in amazed astonishment, as they beheld the wealth and prosperity of the land,
ejaculate " El Dorado," and seek to substitute that enphonious title for the one they,
accoi-ding to Castilian tradition, unwittingly and erroneously bestowed upon it.

CANADIAN PROGRESS.

The development of Canada during the past twenty yeai-s has been remarkable.
The counti*y's progress is clearly and intelligibly illustrated in " Graphio Statistics,"
and presented in such a comprehensive and comprehensible manner, that no apology is
needed for quoting from the excellent compilation. The authoi', Mr. George Johnson,
Dominion statistician, has collected a fhnd of information in diagrammatic form to
illustrate the changes and the developments which Canada has experienced since the
various Provinces joined hands, and it is not without reason that Mr. Johnson, in
presenting this first instalment, hopes " that, encouraged by the substantial progress
which marks the years of the childhood of the Dominion, the Canadian people will
6e strengthened in their determination to make the manhood of their country even
better in fulfilment of its destiny than the early period has been bountiful in
promise."

. The diagrams, eighty in number, deal with almost every imaginable phase of
the commercial life of Canada. First come the statistics relating to the federal debt,
and the exports and imports, taking the country as a whole, then taking the Pro-
vinces separately, and then considering each principal commodity, the whole occupy-
ing twenty-five diagi-ams. Perhaps the most instructive of these twenty-five dia-
grams are those which compare Canada's trade with Great Britain on the one hand,
and with the United States on the other. Great Britain's cattle purchases fi-om
Canada, for instance, have continued, with the single exception of the years 1885-86,
to mount up from the paltry value of some $400,000, in 188'7, to the present value,
$5,400,000 ; while United States purchases have taken the most erratic of courses,
starting from $250,000 in 188'7, reaching $2,000,000 in 1881, then falling to $5C0,000
in 1882, up again to $1,750,000 in 1885, and now down to $1,000,000. Or take the
wheat and flour trade. With the single ejxeption again of 1886, Canada's exports to
Great Britain have mounted from 1,500,000 bushels in 1868 to 6,800,000 in 1887;
while the exports to the United States were 1,700,000 bushels in 1868, rose to
2,100,000 in 1872, and have since eteadily declined, until they now stand at the paltrj''
total of 364,983 bushels The cheese trade is no less remarkable. The exports to
Great Britain show a continued and unvarying increase year by year, from $600,000
in 1868 to $7,000,000 in 1887; whereas the exports to the United States were
$159,000 in 1868, and have ranged between $300,000 and $12,000 ever since. The
trade in green fruit, in peas, butter, and other natural products, tells the same tale ;
and, bearing in mind that no preference is shown British over United States pur-
chasei-s, it may be deduced from these records that the United Kingdom is a for
better market for Canada's natm'al pioducts than the United States is, or has ever
been.

The next series of diagrams deals with Canada's banking recoi-d. The propor-
tion of overdue notes and debts to the total amount borrowed from the chartered

CANADIAN PROQBESS.

banks is now at its lowest point since Confederation, namely, 1*61 per cent. The
highest percentage in the last decade was 4*90 in 18*79 ; and in this decade 4*24 in
1880. The bank notes in circulation show a steady growth during the last four years,
though the record for 1887 is still somewhat behind that of the highest year, 1883.
The bank deposit diagrams are most gratifying. In each case the record for 188*7 far
sui'passes that of any previous year. The growth, indeed, in every instance is
remarkably steady and substantial. The same may be said of the recv. . " of the
operations of the money order system, of the use of letters and postcards, ana jf the
general postal system. In this group is also classed the record of business failui'es
since 1874. In 1887, Canada unhappily made a considerable advance upon 1886 and
1885 in this respect, but still the figures $16,300,000 are below those for 1884
($19,000,000), while it is noteworthy that in no year, under the present protective
tariff, has the total amount of failures reached that of any one of the revenue tariff
years, when from $24,000,000 to $29,000,000, was the range of the failure records.

The next series of diagrams is exceedingly curious. One act indicates the liquor
consumption of the Dominion, with the aid of a variety of gaudily-colored tankai-ds
and glasses. It appeal's from this that Ontario drinks three times more beer than
spirits ; Quebec nearly as much spirits as beer ; and New Brunswick and Prince
Edward Island more spints than beer. In 1874, the pen of Canada drank two
gallons of spirits per head, but in 1887 they drank lesh .i one gallon per head.
On the other hand, the consumption of beer has gone up from two to three gallons
per head since 1878. The next diagram relates to tobacco, and the smoking proper
sities of the people of each Province are shown by clouds of smoke rising from wen
filled pipes and cigars. British Columbians, it appears, are the most persistent
smokers, though the people of Manitoba and the North- West, and of Quebec, follow
them hai-d in the race. New Brunswickers come next, and Ontario, Nova Scotia, and
Prince Edward Island follow in order. As a whole, Canadians use on an average
three lbs. of tobacco per annum ; whether that is a good or a bad record depends
upon the point of view from which one regai*ds the use of the fragrant weed.

There is next shown by a series of diagrams, the advances which railways have
made in Canada during the past ten years. The number of miles has exactly
doubled. The number of passenger carried per inhabitants has increased 40 per
cent. ; total number earned, nearly 60 per cent. ; tons of freights carried per inhab-
itants, 97 per cent. ; total number carried, 107 per cent ; receipts f\-om passengers,
86 per cent. ; and from freights, o\ter 87 per cent. ; while the total i-eceipts from all
sources have increased nearly 90 per cent., anJ the expenses nearly 72 per cent. The
comparisons made in this series of statistics are most instructive. The cost per mile
of railways in Canada is $61,000, and the population per mile is 491 persons. In the
United States the cosi} has been the same as in Canada, but the population per mile
is 417. In Great Britain the cost pei- mile is $206,500 (more than treble that of
Canada), and the population per mile 1,930. The number of train miles run by each
locomotive in Canada is 20,094, against 22,683 in the United States and 18,395 in
Great Britain. The average charge per ton mile is stated to be considerably less in
Canada than in any other countiy ; while the percentage of gross receipts expended
in working the railways is less in Canada than in France, but higher than in most
other countries — a state of things which is explained by the fact that the Inter-
colonial, b«ing a Government work, is run, not for profit, but to develop the
country.

THE NEW WEST.

The extent of the shipping employed in the Canadian sea and laite trades is next
illustrated, and a sound progressive record is shown. It is a noteworthy feature of
this session that the trade in British bottoms has maintained its preponderance in
each year during the last decade. In 1883, 1884, 1885, and 1886 the trade in United
States bottoms came second, but last year, the Canadian record forced its way ahead
to the position it held prior to 1883, next to the British record. The coasting trade
of Canada shows a healthy growth, especially that of Nova Scotia. Following these
shipping returns comes a series illustrative of Canada's export to the United States
of wheat, oats, bai'ley, potatoes, provisions, fish, coal, furs, &c. Looked at as a whole,
they cannot be said to denote the same development as those relating to Canadian
trade with Bntain. In most cases the present volume of trade is little more than
that of twenty years ago — in flour, rye, wheat, and provisions it is even less —
though in the treaty years, 1855-186ir, there was, of coiJi-se, a fillip in nearly all
cases. The wood, f\ir, and hide recoi"ds are, however, an exception to the general
rul*; the volume of trade in each of these articles has, on the whole, shown a decided
tendency to increase since 1884, the date at which the whole of this series of statis-
tics commences. Of the remaining diagrams, one of the most striking is perhaps
that illustrating the course of the Nova Scotia coal trade. The total sales have
gradually risen since 1868 from 460,000 to 1,550,000 tons. This remarkable increase
lias been made up principally of sales to other Provinces, though the sales in Nova
Scotia itself have also shown a gradual growth. The exports to foreign countries
are as low now as ever they were — a fact not to be wondered at or deplored, in view
of development in other directions.

The last diagram in the remaining series deals with the prices of Canadian
securities in London. The recoi-d is most gratifying. Canada started in 1867 with
a credit in this market indicated by the fact that her 5 per cents, were at 86|^. From
1867 to 1873 the rise was steady and sure, until the stock touched 108. Then for a
few years it remained practically at a standstill, until 1878 and 1879, when the
upward movement was resumed, and with minor depressions in the period between
1883 and 1887 these 5 per cents, have continued to increase in value, until in March,
1888 — the date of the compilation — they stood at the unprecedented figure of 118.
The rise has been equally marked in the 4 per cents., which started at 92 in 1875,
and were placed in March at 116. The only depression in the 4 per cents, occurred
in the years 1882-83. With the 3^ per cents, the record of growth from 92 in 1885
to 110 is unbroke

THE OLDER PROVJNCES.

While this volume is moi-e particularly intended to be devoted to the western
half of Canada, it would not be complete without paying notice of the eastern pro-
vinces, but no pretensions are made to more than brief descriptions.

THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.

This province, formerly known as Upper Canada or Canada West, consists of
that region lying north of the great chain of lakes — the largest bodies of fresh water

■i

.. jr- ■ ■i^\..c?a,' >.y

OrrAWA — PBrAKTMHNTAl, BUILDIKO.

OTTAWA — I'OST OFFICE.

OTTAWA — l-AULIAMUNT IIUILDINO.

"'TISM.A.B

OTTAWA— DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING.

THE PROVINCE OP ONTARIO.

kr.own— and extending to JaraoH' Bay, the nouthern extremity of the great Hudnon'M
Day. It iH divided from Quebec by the Ottawa River and a line running due north
from Lake Tomiacaming.and oxtondd westward to the Manitoba line near the Lake
of the Woods. Within these limits are an area of 197,000 square miles nnd a popu-
lation of over 2,000,000, about one-third being urban and two-thii*ds rural. There
are 20,000,000 acres occupied, three-riflhs of which are cultivated for grain, hay or
root crops, and another fifth is in gardens and orchai'ds. Wheat, bai-ley, oats, peas,
corn, flax, tobacco, sugar and root crops are the principal agricultural productA.
Daily farming is extensively carried on and large quantities of cheoHfl are made.
Beef oatf'e are reared and exported to England in groat numbera, althougii there arc
no large grazing areas, root crops being largely depended upon.

The educational system of Ontario is an excellent one and is the model upon
which those of other provinces are based. Its higher institutions are Upper Canada
College, University of Toronto, Univei-sity College and Trinity College, at Toronto ;
Victoria College, Cobourg; Queen's College, Kingston , Wostem University, London.
There are also many private and denominational schools besides the public schools,
and normal schools for the instruction of teachera exist at Toronto and Ottawa.
There are over 100 institutes and high schools, over 5000 public schools and about
200 separate Boman Catholic schools drawing revenue from the educational fund.

The capital of the province is Toronto, on Lake Ontario, a city of about 120,000
people, and a very important interior seapoi-t and railroad centre. The city is finely
laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and contains several fine
parks and many handsome buildings. Toi-onto is the literary centre of the Dominion.
The city's commerce is considerable, reaching $25,000,000 annually in exports and
imports, and the annual value of manufactures is nearly us great. The second city
in size and importance is Hamilton, situated on Burlington Bay, at the head of Lake
Ontario. It contains a population of 40,000, has a considerable commerce and does
much manufacturing, especially in iron work. The streets are well laid out, lined
with shade trees, and are adorned with many handsome edificos. Ottawa, the seat of
government of the Dominion of Canada, is the third city in size in the Province of
Ontario, and has a population of 35,000, It is situated on the south bank of Ottawa
River, which forms the boundaiy between Ontario and Quebec, ninety miles above
its junction with the St. Lawrence, and 120 miles from Monti'eal. Besides being the
centre of the lumber trade, with saw mills and match factories, it manufactures
floui*, ironware, etc. Boats ply down the river to Monti'eal and up the stream 200
miles, also through the Rideau Canal to Kingston. This canal was constructed in
1827, at a cost of $2,500,000, to affoi*d a water-way for gunboats and shipping between
the lower river and the lakes without passing up the St. Lawrence above Montreal.
The site of Ottawa is picturesque, extending for two miles along the river from the
beautiful Chaudi^re Falls to the Falls of the Rideau River. About midway, Parlia-
ment Hill and Major's Hill rise to a height of 160 feet and front the river in bold
blufis, the canal passing between them. Beyond Rideau River is the village of New
J'kiinburgh, in which is Rideau, the official residence of the Governor General, and
across the Ottawa is the lumbering :!ity of Hull, connected with the capital by a sus-
pension bridge. The national buildings, which rank amongst the finest specimens
of architecture on the continent, stand on Parliament Hill, on the banks of the
Ottawa. They are of the Italian-Gothic style of the thirteenth century, the material

THE NEW WEST.

boin;; cream- oolorod Potsdam Htono. Thoii- cost was 14,000,000. The corner-stone
was laid by the Prince of WuIch, heir apparent to the British throne, in 1860, and
five yoarH afterwardH, the first soHsion of Parliament was held in thorn. They consist
of u main Imihlinj^ 473 foot lon^, with a tower 184 foot in hei^lit, and a nearly cir-
cular library buildinf^ in rear, 90 foot in diamotor, the depth from the front to the
rear of the library boing H70 foot. The library building alone cost 1350,000, and
contains over 120,000 volumes. There are also two departmental buildings, known
as the Macdonald and Mackenzie blocks — after the leaders of tho two great political
parties of the day — and Homotimes styled tho Western and Eastern blocks. Ottawa
is a city of modern growth, being of little importance when chosen by Her Majesty
— to whom the soloction was referred— as the seat of Government, exactly thirty
3oars ago. There are several other large centres of poplation in this Province.
London, like tho other and greater London, lies on the Thames, midway between
Lukes Erie and Huron, and its local nomenclature is freely copied fi-om the city of
which it aims to bo tho prototype. Oil refilling, wood and iron working, and other
manufacturing are caiTied on very extensively. It has a population of about 30,000.
Kingston, with a population of 15,000, is situated at the north-easterly extremity of
Lake Ontario, and is the the termination of the Rideau canal. It is an important
naval station, and is engaged largely in shipbuilding and manufacturing. From
1841 to 1844, it was tho capital of Canada. Guelph, a i-ailroad centre in Wellington
County ; St. Catharines, on tho Welland Canal ; Brantford, Belleville, St. Thomas,
Sratford, Chatham, Brockville, Peterborough, Port Hope, Woodstock, Gait, Lindsay,
Whitby, Napanee, Oshawa, Cornwall, and Cobourg, are all important commercial
and manufacturing cities, with populations relatively from 5,000 to 20,000. On tho
river, dividing Ontario from tho State of Now-Yoi-k are the celebrated Falls of Nia-
gara, one of the natural wonders of the world.

THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

The Province of Quebec — before Confederation known as Canada East or Lower
Canada — is the second in population of the provinces of the Dominion. It has an
area of about 210,000 square miles, and extends fr.m Ontario on the east to Labrador
on the west, and lies on both sides of the St. Lawi^:i».o river, boi-dering on the States
of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, and tho Province of New
Brunswick. Three-fourths of this ai*ea consist of Crown lands, which are sold ta
sfettlers on easy terms, or the timber on which can be purchased by lumbermen.
The province is divided into sixtj'-four counties, and contains the two large cities of
Montreal . d Quebec. Tho climate is severe in tho long winter and warm in sum.
mer, except Oi^ the Lower St. Lawrence, where the summere are cool. In a number
of localities, the climate is much more moderate, especially in the Saguenay Valley
and in south-eastern counties. Wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, buckwheat, fruit, wool
and dairy products are extensively raised, and great numbers of horses and cattle are
exported. In some sections, Indian corn does well. Tho exports are very great,
consisting of manufactureu forest products, fish, oil, stock, wool, furs, grain, flour
and metals. Shipbuilding is an important industry.

Tho population is about 1,500,000, the great majority being of French descent

THE PROVINCE OP QUEBEC.

1»

and of f^ J nomun Catholic religion. Tt was this fact which led to the original deci-
sion of Canada into two provincoM, since Ontario is chiefly settled by people- of
British origin. Public schooln are maintained by tax, and small municipalitie»
receive Government aid. S«'parato schoolw are maintained for Protestant children
whenever desired by parontu. Besides throe normal schools supported by the
Government, there are a score of universities and colleges, some of Ihem denomina-
tional, and chiefly Roman Catholic.

The capital of the province, Quebec, iioH on the north bank of the St. Lawrence,
at its c<mfluence with the St. Charles, 260 miles from the Gulf. It is the oldest city
in Canada, claiming an age of 280 years. The population is 65,000, of which four-
fifths are French-Canadians. Quebec is'ono of tho very few walled cities of America,
and is perhaps the strongest fortress on the continent. The leading industry is ship-
building, and it is an important seaport, the annual arrival of sea-going vohsoIs
averaging over 1,600. Montreal is not only the largest city in the province, but the
metropolis of the Dominion — the principal port of entry and the chief centre of com-
merce. Located upon an island formed l)y the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, 160 miles
above Quebec and almost a thousand from the Atlantic, it is the point where ocean
navigation connects with the carrying trade of the great inland woter system. The
city covers an area of eight squoro miles and is most substantially built of Htono,
brick and wood. In rear, rises up majestically Mount Royal, from which the city
takes its name. The St. Lawrence at this point is nearly two miles wide, and
solidly-built wharves, basins, and locks extend for nearly the same dibtanee along
the city front. Near the upper end, the stream nanows to about h:.lf-a-mile, and
the waters of Lake Ontario rushing through with fierce impetuosity foim the cele-
brated Lachine Rapids, which can be descended but not ascended by steamers. TO'
overcome this obstacle, a canal nine miles along was built around them. Just below
the rapids is the famous Victoria Bridge, at its construction supposed to be the
climax of engineering skill. It is an iron structure of twenty-four spans, resting on
abutments of stone masonry, in 9,184 feet in length, and cost $6,500,000. Montreal
is the chief seat of learning, as well as of commerce, in the Dominion, and possesses
a large number of denominational and secular educational institutions. Amongst
the many handsome edifices, is St. Peter's Cathedral, an exact reproduction on one-
fourth scale, of the great Cathedral in the Eternal city. The population is about
200,000. There ai-e other thriving places— Sherbi-ooke, Three Rivers, Hull^ etc.

THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

New Brunswick, with an area of 21,177 square miles, lies south of the province
of Quebec and east of the State of Maine. On the east, it borders the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, and on the south is separated from Nova Scotiu by the Bay of Fundy.
The country is undulating and hilly, the higher elevations being in the north, where
the hills are covered with thick forests. The soil is fertile on both sides of the St.
John River, and many lovely valleys, dotted with cornfields, are found in the eastern
part. The St. John is the main waterway ; it rises in Maine and flows south-easterly
across the province to the Bay of Fundy, into which it empties. It is an Important
highway for the lumber traffic and is navigable for about 150 miles. The Resti-

THE NEW WEST.

I?,

gouche, on the north, the St. Croix and the Petitcodiac are also navigable streams.
The coast line, which abounds in magnificent bays and harbors, is bold, rocky and
picturesque. The winters are severe, and there are heavy snowfalls in the north,
but in the southern portion the winters are milder. The climate is healthy and
epidemics rarely appeal*. Considerable portions of the country are admirably adapted
for agriculture, the soil being fertile and vegetation rapid. Enormous quantities of
hay are grown on the extensive lowlands, and the other products are wheat, oats,
rye, barley, buckwheat, flax, hemp, potatoes, etc. Fruits and berries of the harder
varieties are largely produced and very profitably exported. Agriculture is not
prosecuted to the extent it could or should be, there being but 900,000 acres under
crop and 400,000 in pasture. Cattle, sheep, wool, dairy products and honey are im-
portant items of commerce. The greatest resources are the wealth of fine timber
and the food fishes with which the adjacent waters teem. Lumbering and fishing
are the leading occupations of the people, and products of these industries form the
greater portion of the $20,000,000 of annual manufactures. Shipbuilding has always
been an important industry.

The chief commercial city is St. John, situated on the river of the same name,
where it flows into the Bay of Fundy. It has one of the finest harbore on the
Atlantic Coast, is engaged largely in fishing, shipbuilding and manufacturing of
ironware, paper, cotton goods, rope, hats, furniture, etc. Connected with St. John
by stieet cars is Providence, formerly considered a suburb, but now an incorporated
city of 20,000 people. Many steam saw mills are located there. Fredericton, the
capital, is located on St. John River, at the head of navigation for large steamers.
It has a population of 7,000. The other cities of importance are Moncton, Shediac,
Dorchester, Chatham, Sackville, Bathurst and Richibucto, with populations ranging
from 4,500 to 1,000.

THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

The Acadia of the early French settlers — the land of the Blue Noses of the
present day — is the peninsula lying south of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of St.
Lawrence, and between them, Eeparated from New Brunswick by the Bay Verte
Canal, forms, with the adjacent large island of Cape Breton, the Province of Nova
Scotia. It has an extreme length of 360 miles and breadth of 120 miles, the total
area being 20,907 square miles. Its long sea coast is indented with a multitude of
bays and inlets, and there are numerous large and secure harbors. The highest
elevation is 1,100 feet, the general surface being undulating. There are extensive
ti-acts of arable land lying on either side of the ridge of highlands running across the
poninsula from east to west. Further to the southwest lies the Valley of the
Annapolis, the garden of the province. The climate is somewhat similar to that of
New Brunswick, though about 16 deg. milder in winter.

It is an agricultural country, the arable lands being extensive and rich. Wheat,
oats, rye, buck-wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, vegetables and fruits grow in abundance.
Grapes and peaches thrive in some localities. Live stock and dairy products are a
large element of wealth. The forests are extensive, and lumbering is an impoi'tant
industry. Nova Scotia ranks second only to Newfoundland in the extent and value
of its fishing enterprises. About 20,000 men are employed in the fisheries, and the

THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.

exports of the industry amount to $5,000,000 annually. Other industries are sugar
refineries, cotton mills, woollen mills, carpet factories, tanneries, paper mills, and
factories for the production of papei-, machinery, nails, shoes, flour, woodenware, etc.
The province has a population of 450,000 and contains upwards of 600 miles of
railways. Commerce is also aided by two canals and numerous short rivers,
navigable for a number of miles by 6oasting vessels.

The capital, as well as the principal seaport and chief commercial city, is
Halifax, which lies on Halifax harbor, on the southern coast of the peninsula, and is
one of the important seaports of the Atlantic Coast of America. It has a population
of 40,000, and is the seat of an extensive fishing industry. It carries on a large
commerce with Great Britain and her colonies and the United States. It is the
winter port for the Dominion, since the Gulf of St. Lawrence is closed with ice at
that season, and is connected with the interior by the Intercolonial Railway.
Manufacturing is carried on quite extensively; and it is also a British military post.
The other chief towns of the province are Windsor, Pictou, Yarmouth, Liverpool,
Lunenburg, Sydney, North Sydney, New Glasgow and Annapolis.

THE PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

The Island Province of Prince Edward is the smallest one in the union, it having
only a total area of 2,133 square miles and a population of about 125,000. It lies
in the Gulf of St. Lawi-ence and immediately north of New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia, from which it is separated by Northumberland Strait. The climate is much
milder than that of the adjacent provinces, being neither so cold in winter nor wai-m
in summer. Vegetation develops rapidly, and agriculture is extensively proseonted
The cereals, vegetables and hardier fruits and berries produce proUfically. Beef
cattle, mutton, wool, honey, dairy products and maple sugar are among the chief
productions. The once extensive forests have become thinned by the lumbermen
and forest . fires, although lumbering still remains an important industry. Ship-
building is carried on, though not with the activity of former years. Manufactured
products include woollen goods, tools, saddlery goods, lumber and building material,
starch, leather and many others, chiefly for domestic use. The fisheries ai'e exceed-
ingly valuable. Trade is facilitated by good roads and two hundred miles of railway,
traversing the island from end to end and branching off to every town of importance.

The capital and chief commercial city is Charlottetown, which has a population
of 12,000, and is settled on the north bank of Hillsborough River, at its junction with
Rive>\ The river is navigable by large vessels, and the city possesses a good harbor.
Grain, potatoes, fish and pork are exported. Considerable manufactui-ing and ship-
building are carried on. Summerside, Georgetown, Princeton, Bustico, Tignish,
Alberton, Souris, Mount Stewart, Kensington, Montague, Breadalbane and Ci-epaud
ai'e also prosperous places.

With this brief outline of the Canada of the East, the reader is asked to accom-
pany the writer on the westeni trail which leads

" To the doorways of the West-wind,
" To the portals of the sunset."

THE NEW WEST.

NOBTH-WESTERN ONTARIO.

; i

Following the course of the hardy voyugeurs of a century ago, on the great
waterways, one passes through the tortuous phannels of the north shoi-e of Lake
Huron, and entering the river and smaller lake of George, finds himself at Sault Ste.
Marie, where the Dominion and the Republic are on'y separated by the beautiful
rapids, whose white-capped waters do not i-ush so fiercely and impetuously as those
of the Lachine or the far-away grand rapids of the Saskatchewan, They ai-e an
-easy "shoot" for the Indian's birch-bark — and mui-mur like the lullaby of a child
rather than with the roar and tumult of a mad torrent. The rapids are crossed —
the two great nations are jr ined, as at Niagara — by a handsome cantilever bridge,
over which the Canadian Pacific Railway carries long wheat-laden ti-ains from the
Northwestern States to the seaboard, successfully competing with rival American
roads. Above are ptly-named Superior's broad waters, stretching 400 miles
westerly. Sailing o:er this great inland sea towards the setting sun, which leaves
on the glistening waters a golden trail as if leading to the place of the gods, the
traveller is entranced with the pleasures of the voyage ; and the enchantment gives
way to awe when Thunder Cape, standing out boldly at the rocky entrance to the
game named bay, safely guai-ded by islands, is reached. On Thunder Cape lies the
huge Sleeping Giant, who for ages has been gazed upon with wonder-stricken eyes
by the untutored red man, and around whom the romance of tradition still lingers.
€ycles ago the old giant, becoming drowsy with the nectar which gods imbibe, fell
prone and helpless in a drunken stupor, and to this day he remains, silent and un-
disturbed, a warning to the wine-drinker. Nestling at the foot of the bay, on
natural terraces sloping down to the waters' edge, lies Port Arthur, which has been
named the halfway house between the old and the new Canada. The bay itself is
a magnificent sheet of water, thirty miles in letfgth and sixteen wide, and it is
•claimed for it that it resembles the famed Bay of Naples. The entrance to this
natural harbor, as stated, is guarded by Thunder Cape and Pie Island, so called from
its similarity in shape to an enormous pork pie, six miles distant, midway between
which, two leaguea from the mainland, lie the gi-oup of Welcome Islands"— so named
from the welcome sight they were to the dusky pioneers who were the freighters of
Hudson's Bay fui-s in the early days. This entrance is, in the poetic language of
the Highland Laddie when Governor-General, " the silver gateway to a northeiii
inland San Francisco." The bay itself is usually calm and placid, with no squally
tendencies, and foi-ms one of the finest and safest harbors imaginable. Near at hand
•on the mainland, is Mount McKay, which rises to a height of nine hund'-ed and fifty
feet above the level of the Kaministiquia River, which winds its way to the lake
along 'ts base. Its almost perpendicular sides can be scaled with comj native ease
in one or two places. Ifile Royale, at one time a part of the British American pro-
vinces, latterly ceded to the United States, and now included in the State of Michigan,
lies across the mouth of Thunder Bay in a north-easterly and south-westerly direc-
tion, thirty-five miles distant from Port Arthur. It is about forty miles in extreme
length, with an average breadth of eight miles. It is noted for its scenery, its many
islands and beautiful harboi-s, it splendid tro«t streams, its ancient miners' diggings
and its abandoned modern mines. The extinct race — perchance the mound-builders —
have left here quaint and curious and interesting specimens of the tools and implements

N0BTH-WE8TERN ONTARIO.

the

they used in forgotten ages. Here also are found — the only place in the world — small
beautifbl green stones called chlorastrolytes. The island is aninhabitmi. eave tem-
porarily by American fishermen, and, being out of the regular course of travel, la not
generally visited, as it would otherwise be. Forty miles from Port Arthur, on the
Pigeon river, which forms the dividing line between Canada and the United States,
are Pigeon Falls, which tumble over a ledge of rock ninety feet high, into a stone
basin below. Ten miles further along the coast is located the Grana Portage, over
which in the fui'-trading days the supplies of the traders were taken to the interior
ports, and it is the only place in the United States where British goods can be taken
through without bonding or customs regulations, the river and the portage being
common to the people of both countries. Fifteen miles from Port Arthur, up the
tortuous Kaministiquia, ai-e the Eakabeka Falls, one hundred and thirty feet high
and two hundred feet wide — one of the most magnificent pieces of natural scenery the
eye of poet or painter ever a;velt upon. The Eaministiquia Eiver empties into
Thunder Bay thi-ee miles from Port Arthur. Its rich sounding Indian name, inter-
preted, signifies the Eiver of Many Mouths, as there is a delta formed at its mouth
which divides its dark, quiet watars into two streams. The river is navigable for
nine miles — the latter five for light draught steamers only — to Point de Mem-on,
which still retains the name of the German soldier whose career was so intimately
identified with the Northwest. On the vex-dure-clad banks of this noble river are
Fort William, Neebing— of political fame — and the curious old Jesuit Mission. The
village of Fort William, now a hustling, thriving place, was originally the principal
post of the Hudson's Bay Company on Lake Superior, and, although the post has
been abandoned and deserted for some years, the quaint old houses remain a land-
mark tinged with the romance of primitive greatness, of old-time gatherings, of days
of royal feastings, of profitable ventui-es from which the west contributed to the
coflfera of the eact, and of cruel strife and bloodshed. The bustling days of primitive
commerce have passed away, add another era of commercial greatness has set in.
The great " Company," whose operations extended over the continent from ocean to
ocean, and from the Missouri to the ramparts on the Ai-ctic seas, has been succeeded
by an equally gigantic, but not so exclusive, corporation — the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way, the shrill whistles of whose fast-speeding locomotives rudely disturb the solitude
of the forests and rocks as, years ago, did the blood-iurdlin^ war cry of the red man
^nd the merry French soug of the passing voyageur. Fort William is now a " smart"
town with a rapidly increasing population. Here are located the mammoth coal
docks and the huge elevators of the Canadian Pacific, with a capacity of several
millions of bushels — one of the elevatore being the largest on the continent.

POET AETHUE.

Eecently known to Canadians as Prince Arthur's Landing, from the fact
that a son of Her Majesty landed here — is a rapidly growing and progressive town,
with a population of between 5,000 and 6,000. Although until the opening of
the great transcontinental road, it was entirely cut off during the winter months
from the outside world, it now has communication all the year round. It posbosses

THE NEW WEST.

II I

Masons, a Eoyal Arch <
Independent Order of
clubs, a rifle company,
and canoe clubs, two

all the faciliti^B and social advantages of a much larger place, having Episcopal,
Boman Catholic, Methodist, Pi-esbyterian and Baptist Churches, good public schools,
Boman Catholic sepai'ate school, a Convent, and a general hospital. It is the
terminus of both the Eastern, or Lake Superior Division, and the Western, or Prairie
Division of the Canadian Pacific Eailway. It is the head-quartere of the grain
elevator and grain inspection system of the Canadian North-West, having, in
addition to its elevator, large and commodious railway and private whai-ves, and a
Government break-water, which, when completed, will be five thousand two hundred
and eighty feet in length, making the inner and outer harbors of a capacity seldom
equalled. It is the district town or capital of the Thunder Bay portion of the great
Algoma District, which has an area of at least fifty thousand square miles, and is
consequently the seat of the various law courts, as well as having all the public
buildings of the District ; it is the divisional head-quarters of the Canadian Pacific
Bailway, the chief customs port, head office of the collector of inland revenue and
agcinoy of the Dominion Indian department and of the Provincial depai-tment of
crOwn lands, besides having large and extensive wholesale and retail business houses.
The secret societies, ni' ber amongst them a lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted

pte., llnight Templara Encampment, and a society of the
dfellows. It has a Mechanics' Institute, two snow-shoe
hilharmonic society, volunteer fire brigade, yacht, rowing
banks, and a board of trade, incorporated under the
laws of the Dominion of Canada, saw and planing mills, lumber and coal yards,
machine shops and foundry, two roller skating rinks, and is the distributing
point for the North-Western coal and lumber trade. It boasts of having daily,
weekly, and mining newspapers, and its hotel accommodation is unsurpassed.
The rich silver and gold mines in the district contiguous to Port Arthur give
promise of great development. The Lauren tian Mountains, e" closing the
basin of Lake Superior are ascertained to be as rich in mineral as the Marquette,
Outanagan and Vermilion mines of Wisconsin and Minnesota, while in the same
formation, extending south-westwardly from Port Arthur to the intermediate boun-
daiy, no fewer than eight silver mines have proved remunerative. The exports of
silver ore to the United States alone last year was $250,000. And yet this silver
district has only recently been discovered, and its development has been delayed by
the want of railway communication with Port Ai'thui", a want which will likely be
overcome by the construction of the Thunder Bay Colonization Railway. The min-
ing laws of the Province of Ontario, are very liberal, and any one, whether a citizen
or not, may own and operate mining lands, which may be purchased from the Crown
at $2 per acre, and there are no restrictions as to the quantity any one may pui'-
chase. The gold district is a little farther to the west, its development likewise has
haa been retarded by the want of railway communication. In addition to gold and
silver, copper, iron, lead, zinc, bismuth, antimony, mica, marble, red and white
sandstone, and many other minerals and stones, are known to exist in paying quan-
tities. To the north and east lies Silver Islet — a little dot in Superior, from which
millions of wealth have been extracted. The climate of the North Shore is very
invigorating. The winters are cold, cleai-, calm and embracing, and although the
thermometer will range low for very many days at a time, it has no bad eflfect on
the health of the inhabitants, who are singularly free from lung troublee. The sum-

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POBT ARTHUR.

mer morithH ure particulurly d(tlighti\il, bright, cloarHUiiiiy duyH, quite warm enough
to bo ploatiaiit, with cool nightH. To tho touriHt, the country oiforH a serieti of de>
lightH. Oarne in plontlfui, trout HtreaiiiH aro numorouH, from tho widuly known
Nopigon, tho King of trout HtroamM, down to tlie Bluclcun/.ie, tho Oarp, the Blonde,
the Curront, tho Molntyro, 8ix-Milo Oroolc and MuViuar'H. Tlio hay in a magnifi-
cent Hhoot for Bailing, rowing and oanooing ; tlio auenery ia grand and improHHlve —
and it in no wonder that Hummor after Hummor many uro attracted to this romantic
elyalum.

Tho country woat ia a donao wildornesa of roelc, moraaa and foroHt, but rich in
mineral wealth. To the aouth, on the Amoricun boundary, ia the fertile Rainy River
region, which ia fairly aettled, and capable of the production of ooreala and vegeta-
blofl in large quantitiea. At Port Francea are tho romaina of the celebrated locks
which, before the needa and tho capabilitior* of ' ho fertile went wore underatood, were
contemplated aa improvementa to the waterwaya which were to form a part of the
great tranaoontineutal route. Hereabouta aro valuable foroata of pine and apruoe,
soon to be utilized for the bonefltof man by tho oonHtruction of a railway. The Lake
of the Wooda, a iovely sheet of water, tho northern part of which is a labyrinth of
iaianda, ia of historical interest, from the fact that it baa been the starting point for
tho international lx>undary line in every treaty between the United States and Great
Britain ; and it was on ita shores and islets that Verendrye built forts which wore
maintained as the buHO of his journeys acroaa the great plains. It was on one of the
numerous ialets, too, that one of his sons, with a priest and twenty-one voyagenrs,
were maaaacred by tho Sioux. The lake opens out to the south-weat into a wide tra-
verse, but in the north it is completely dotted with islands which possess a storo of
mineral richness now on the eve of being developed. On tho one hand, for a thou*
Hand miles, there i' dense forests, and muskegs, and Laurontian rooks ; for a thou*
sand miles on the ether the^e ia a fertile alluvial plain. Juat above Rat Portage it
empties into the Winnipeg river, and, foaming and spuming, paaaea over the Winni-
peg Falls, and in erratic course flows to Lake Winnipeg, and thence to Hudson's Bay.
The scenery of the lake is picturesque, charming to the eye, and tho aurroundings
are delightf\il. At the falls are located the mammoth milla of the Lake of the Woods
Milling Co., believed to be tho largest in America. The mill is llOx&O feet, and
there is a warehouse of the same dimensions, with an elevator with a capacity for
2&0,000 bushels, and another is to be erected with a capacity for three quarters of a
million of bushels.' The mill, which is built of native granite quarried on an island
in close proximity, has a capacity of twelve hundred barrels of floor per day, and
cost over a quarter of a million of dollars. Tho water-power is unsurpassed, and,
doubtless, in the near future, another gigantic mill will be erected, and make this
one of the great milling centres of Canada. Tho bai-rels used are made on the spot
from poplar wood, and altogether about 300 poi'sona ^nd employment in the place.
In the vicinity are six extenaivo saw-milla, wlio^^e output annually is five hundred
thousand feet.

THE NEW WEST.

PRINCIPAL BUSINESS PLACES OF PORT ARTHUR.

AlcoBM Hoiue« Merrill & Hoddor, Proprieton,
Cumberland street, Port Arthur.— Prominent among the
hotels of Port Arthur, and ranking in the list of the finest
in the country, iii the Algoma House, which is centrally
and pleasantly situated on Cumberland street, between
Arthur and Park str?et8. It is a three storey briok build-
ing, having a frontage of S6 feet, and extending back M
feet, and is one of the finest appearing hotel structures in
the city or Iforthwest. The house contains fifty hand-
somely furnished bedrooms and suites, with elegant par-
Ion, spaoioos corridors and large offices, all of which are
furnished in the most tasteful and comfortable manner.
The dining-room is a large airy apartment, which will seat
over one hundred gnests, and is well arranged in every
piirtioular. Particular attention is paid to the table, and
tbu menu is always of the oboioest description, the ouisiuo
being in charge of the most aocomplished cooks to be ob-
tained, while the attendance cannot be surpassed. Con-
neuted with the house are excellent sample rooms for the
oonvoiiiencc of commercial travellers, many of whom
make the Algoma their headquarters. The bar is stocked
with a choice assortment of wines, liquors and cigars.
Twenty-f ve employees are required in the different depart-
ments of the hotel. The proprietors of the house are John
Merrill and Qeorge Uodder, who are both highly esteemed
by all who enjoy their acquaintance. The Algoma can
be heartily recommended to all visitors to the Northwest.

WtlliMn Btsliop * Co., Retail Grocers and Dealers
in China and QIassware, South Water street. Port Arthur.
—Previous to the year 1887, this bnd been the business of
Thomas Ma.ks A Co., for whom Mr. liishop, for several
years, was general manager, and then purchiised the stock.
It was not to be apprehended that such a change of owner-
ship would injure the worth and popularity of the old

establishment Neither did it. Mr i shop's genius still
presides; and naturally he is not less active in the inter-
ests of customers and his own. The stock rates in value
at $10,000 ; the annual product, $60,000. Mr. Bishop's
long residence in Port Arthur has made bin intimately
acquainted with the locality at large, its inhabitants,
resources, and general prospects. He came originally from
Ottawa.

The firm makes a specialty of supplying parties visiting
Port Arthur or vicinity lor the purpose of fishinx ; also
exploring parties will find it to their advantage by calling
at the above mentioned place. The territory visited by
th is firm extends east as far as Sudbuiy Junction and as far
west OS Rat Portage.

H. Isbester, Wholesale and Retail Qroceries, Hard-
ware, Boots and Shoes, Liquors and Tobaccos, Arthur
street, near Cumberland, Port Arthur.— This house was
founded in 1884, and from the very start it has enjoyed a
prosperous career. The pren vi occupied are very
spacious and commodious, admirably arranged and
equipped with every facility for the transaction of busi-
ness. The stock carried is valued at $45,000, and the
annual business reaches the enormous sum of $135,000 to
$160,000. It includes a full and complete assortment of
staple and fancy goods, teas, coffees, canned goods, hard-
ware (heavy and shelf), boots and shoes, liquors, cigars and
tobaecoB ; also full lines in miners' supplies.

Only the best and purest goods are handled, and the
reputation of the house in this respect is established be-
yond the requirements of praise. The facilities of the
firm for transacting business are of an unusually complete
character, enabling it to o£>ir special advantages to cus-
tomers and to fill all orders in the promptest and most
satisfactory manner. ' Two travelling men are constantly
kept on the road as far east as Sudbury Junction, and
west as far as Rat Portage, stopping at all mining and
lumbering towns and lake ports. The firm is a direct im-
porter of teas from China and Japan, also importers of all
classes of goods f^m the old country, enabling it to com-
pete with Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg houses. Mr.
Isbester personally is one of the most popular business
men in Port Arthur, and is well entitled to the esteem that
energy and reliability always inspire. The firm are also
heavy importers of fishermen's tackle, such as r ets, lines,
rods, flies, hooks, and goods in this line of all description.
Parties coming to Port Arthur on fishing excursions will
do well by calling at the above mentiontd place .

W. J. Clsirke, Wholesale and Retail Druggist and
Chemist, comer of Arthur and Cumberland streets.— At
the comer of Arthur and Cumberland streets, the hand-
some and attractive pharmacy of W. J. Clarke is located,
and is stocked with the finest and most complete st<)ck of

PORT ARTHUR.

pungooda and medioinei, perftiinerieit fuiey goodi, toilet
krtiolM, and everything pertaining to a well regnlated
wtabliahment of thii >'.id, in endleu v.iriety and the
finest quality to be found in the otty. The atore ia large
and apaoioua, and the gooda are arranged and displayed in
an extraordinarily attractive manner. This is one of the
moat noted eatabliahmenta in thia part of the oityi aud en-
joys a reputation of which Mr. Clarke haa a right to be
prond. The buaineaa, which waa founded by Mr. Clarke in
1871, with amall onpital, haa grown into ita handaome pro-
portiona through the untiring energy and enterpriae of ita
proprietor, who ia a highly populrr gentleman, poaaeaaing
the confidence of the buaineaa community, and enjoying
the reapeot and patronage of an appreciative publiO' Mr.
Clarke ia an experienced pharmaceutiat, and paya special
attention to compounding pbysioianF' preaoripliona in a
careful and accurate manner, using only the best and
purest ingredients. In connection with the drug business,
the firm handlea paints, oils, atationery, fancy goods and
eigara, commanding an extenaive trade along the north
ahore of Lake Superior and the mining districta.

Bodeffa Hotel and Be«taarMitt< W. O. Johnaton,
Proprietor, comer Park and Cumberland atreeta, Port
Arthur.— Mr. Johnaton haa been ao long and favorably
known aa a hotel-keeper to the people of Port Arthur and
the travelling public, that it iaunneoesaarytoenteraword
of praiee in reference to a houae conducted by him. Mr.
Johnston came to Port Arthur in 1884, and has been con-
tinuoualy engaged in the hotel buaineaa ever since that
date, being proprietor of the old Bodega which waa burned
to the ground in the great fire of 1886, but Phoenix-like
haa riaen from the aahea once more, ia proprietor of one
of the moat comfortable hotela in the city. It ia a hand-
aome two-storey brick building, 130 x 60 feet in aiae, situ-
ated on the corner of Park and Cumberland atreels, thus
eAioying many advantagea of position. Its close proximity
to the C. P. R. and steamboat landings muat commend it
to travellera. The hotel contains twenty neatly furnished
sleeping rooma, comfortably warmed during oold weather,
and haa alao in connection the only flrat-claaa reataurant
to be found in the city. The bar is stocked with the beat
winea, liqnora and eigara in the market. Fifteen em-
ployeea are required in the varioua departmenta of the
hotel. The dining-room ia a oommodioua one, and the
table ia equal to the beat in the city. Mr. Johnston being
a gentleman of lengthy experience in the hotel busineaa,
the Bodega ia now run in a atrictly first-class manner, and
is the recipient of a large and increasing public patronage.

Francis Wlttaerapoon, Wholesale and Retail Har-
ness Manufactory, Arthur street, Po:t Arthur.— An indus-
trial review of thia enterpriaing city would be far from
complete which omitted prominent mention of the old
eatablished house which is made the subject of the present
sketch. The b'lsiness waa founded by Mr, Witherspoon
some five years ago. The premises occupied are eligibly
situated and admirably arranged and equipped with the
moat improved machinery and applianoea, employment
being given to none but akilled workmen. Among the
produota of the factory are hameaa, aaddlee, haltera,
brid lea, fly-neta, robea, blankets, whipaand bruahea. Thoae
gooda are unexcelled for auperiority of workmanahip and
finiah. They are made from the best materials and in the
moat skilful manner, and have a standard reputation in
the trade. The facilities of the firm for transacting buai-
neaa are of a atrictly first-class character, enabling it to
offer special advantages to customers and to execute all

orders in the promptest and moet aattafactory manner.
Mr. Witherapoon came here from Winnipeg, and his
career bears evidence of his aterlii:g personal worth and
ability. He also deals largely in trunks and valises,

Mattbewa A Fiwser, Wholesale and Retail Dry
Qooda and Oents' Fumiahinga, Port Arthur.— One of the
beat known and most popular dry gooda eatabliahmenta in
the city is that conducted by Messrs. Matthews Sc Fraaer,
and splendidly situated on Cumberl^.nd street. The busi-
ness was started some fourteen years ago by M. Street A
Brother, the present firm buying out the establishment in
1887. Meaars. Matthews & Fraser are both wholesale and
retail dealers in dry goods and gouts' furnishings. The
store is filled from end to end with aa large, varied and
attractive a line of goods as any one could deaire, and the
atock ia kept supplied with frequent invoioea of all the
lateat novelties and newest patternti. The beautiful man-
in which the goods are displayed, the perfect neatness in
which everything in the establishment is kept— not aspeck
of dust ia allowed to accumulate anywhere, aa is too fre-
quently the case in many large eetabliahments— speaks
volumes for the good taste and the high appreciation of
the advantages to be derived from an attractive and
pleasant place in which to greet customers of Messrs.
Matthews & Fraser, the popular proprietors, who take
much pride in this aa well as in all other features of the
business. The new stock of dry gooda, carpets, ailka,
mantles and fur goods just received by this firm, ia the
largest in the city, and ofiers to patrons a great variety of
atyles and designs. They have on hasd an especially fine
aaaortment of dress gooda in every atyin and ahade. The
large atook carried by this firm amounts to about $25/)00,
while the annual business is from $40,000 to $60,000. The
members of the firm are J. L. Matthews and J. H. Fraaer.
Both gentlemen are widely known, ard the establishment
is favorably mentioned on all hands.

Tbe Baaaar, J. L. Meikle, Cumberland street. Port
Arthur, Wholeaale and Retail Fancy Qooda.— Webster
gives the meaning of the word " bazaar" as " a spacious
hall, • suit of rooma, fitted up v?»h counters or stands for
the sale of gooda. A viait to the Bazaar on Cumberland
street ahows not only the internal arrangements given by
our American lexicographer, but also that the " rooms"
and " atanda" are overapread with choice quantitiea of
ancy gooda of all deacriptions, muaiofl inatniments, ata-
tionery, confectionery, etc., ett.; the extent of the atotk
at large being almost incredible, and, according to the
testimony of many tourists, not to be excelled in any city
of the Dominion, 'fhe building in which this fine display
is to be seen is in itself remarkable and well worthy of
description :— 36 x 85 feeti two atoreya in height with a
fifteen feet ceiling. There are eight plate glaaa windowa,
7 X 11 feet, and two 3 feet 6 inchea by 11 feet each. The
interior ia divided into eleven departments. Four carved
and maaaive iron pilUra > jpport the roof ; twenty chande-
liera, the light from which upon the ma^iy mirroraand ele-
gant gooda makes a charming aoene. There are thirteen
(13) diflerent countera, with staow-oaaea, enoircling the
room, and aeven in the centre. Each of tbe departments
referred to haa ita one deaoription of gooda. On entering
the firat, hooka are the attraction, from thoae of the
youngest school boy or girl to tbe best bound classical
works ; magazines, periodicals and newspapers being alao
represented. Blank books, legal and commercial, and*
fine stock of fancy paper and envelopes are to be seen in
the next, or aeoond department, while tbe thiid ia remark-

THE NEW WEST.

I :

i. I

able for its tempting array of confeotionory, ranging from
the child'a favorite bull's-eye and sagar-stiok to thoae
higher varieties which the ladies so much enjoy. Next we
have a soene specially for the fair sex, consisting of fancy
woolsi Bilks, ladies' embroideries, infants' clothes, suits
for young boys and girls, slipper patterns, berlin wools,
dressmaking patterns, toilet and ornamental articles. The
greater portion of this ohuice stock comes direct from
England and Germany ; all the latest designs are kept in
stock, and the now and pleasing can always be seen. The
musician will also be gratified in the Bazaar, where he will
find musical instruments in variety — violins, banjos, gui-
tars, concertinas, harps, flutes, etc.; also, organs and
pianos, imported and of domestic manufacture, ranging in
value from $300 to $900. There are elegant articles in
ladies' companions and writing desks, albums up to $20, in
pluilh, Russian leather and vellum. There are, also, on
the north side oases, a fine stock of silver table plate. In
addition to all this, and much more of a most valuable and
extensive stock, could be described a large assortment of
wall papers, trunks, valises and children's carriages. The
store is further adorned by a varied assortment of cut
glass goods, artificial flowers, statuary in bronze, brass and
white marble, fine cbroroos and engravings.

Mr. Meikle is also agent for the Wanzer sewing ma-
chine, of which he has already sold, in the immediate
district, several hundreds. The business, of which we
have given an imperect sketch, commenced in 1882.
Its operations may be said to be bounded on the one side
by Winnipeg and on the other by Ottawa, not unfre-
quently meeting customers from each of these cities, and
while aome may oonjeoture that the stock carried is
heavy— more than $35,000 for this section of the country-
Mr. Meikle finds it to bo profitable and of daily increasing
value. The increase of business in a recent month ex-
oeedeci $2,000 over any similar period since it oom-
menoed. Mr. Meikle does a considerable wholesale trade
in many lines throughout this district, and has all con-
fidence in the growth and prosperity of Port Arthur.

C O. LalODde, Wholesale and Retail Boots and
Shoea, Trunks and Valises, Port Arthur.— The leading
boot, shoe and rubber house, at the comer of Arthur and
Cumberland streets, is one of the finest and best ar-
ranged stores on the entire street, with one of the largest,
most complete and varied stock of boots and shoes in the
«it7, Mr. Lalonde will be found ever ready to greet with a
l>leasant reception any number of friends and patrons to
his well known establishment. 'I'he business was started
two years ago ; since then Mr. Lalonde, through his enter-
prise and ability, has been doing a very li>'.rge and steadily
-increasing business. No establishment nnjoys a higher
<legree of popularity or is doing a better or more pros-
j>erous business, the popularity of the proprietor and the
.high esteem in which the establishment is held is fully
merited. The stock of ready made goods comprises every
imaginable article in footware, and is selected with great
«are and judgment. J. D. King k Ck>.'R fine shoes and
«ther makes are always kept in stock, embracing the
most desiraK t and most reliable goods for men, women,
boys, miss' it children. The business has increased
month by month, until at the present time the stock car-
ried amounts to about $9,000, while the annual business
aggregati $20,000 to $2&,000. Mr. Lalonde is a man of
sterling integrity and enjoys the esteem and confidence of
« large circle of friends and patrons.

P. Lsibby A Co., Wholesale and Retail Qrooeries,

Provisions and Crockery, Cumberland street, Port Arthur.
—This \z a branch of business which cannot be overlooked
by any family, and in a careful, detailed examination or
review of the various commercial interests that have
given Port Arthur the celebrity that it enjoys, it is
pleasing to notice that the grocery trad'« takes such a
prominent position as it does. One of the best known
and most universally patronised grocery establishments
in the city is that eonduoted by P. Labby A Co . , eligibly
situated on Cumberland street. The premises occupied
by the firm are large and commodioue, admirably ar-
ranged and fitted up with every facility and convenience
for the successful carrying on of the business. This firm
carries a full and complete line of choice groceries, com-
prising every article pertaining to this line, including fine
teas, choice family groceries, pure spices, sugars, coffees,
rousted and green, canned goods, and in fact all articles
usually found in a first-class metropolitan establishment
of this description. This house has also in stock a very
large and complete assortment of provisions, and transacts
an extensive buisness in fruits, all varieties in season
being obtainable here. Having a good location, and en-
joying the patronage of the best class of citizens, P. Labby
& Co. are doing a good trade. The firm carry a large api
complete stock, including wines and liquors.

J. C. TlviMi, Wholesale and Retail Clothing and
Gents' Fumishings, Cumberland street, next to the
Bazaar, Port Arthur.— In detailing the various interests
which have made Port Arthur the great metropolis of the
Canadian lake ports of the Northwest, the clothing trade
deserves special mention. The number of Louses engaged
in this business probably exceeds thoae in any other
branch, except groceries, and next to what we eat,
we must always consider what we shall wear. Clothing
may be truly said to be one of the necessaries of life.
Among the many establishments in this oily devoted to
retail clothing and gents' furnishings, that of Mr. Vivian,
on Cumberland street, deserves special mention, and for
this reason, that Mr. Vivian has built up at his stand a
business which ever shows increasing signs of assuming
large dimensions, while his preseat trade is of most re-
spectable proportions. His prosperity in business has
been the merited result of push and determination, enter-
prise and energy, when backed up with good business
capabilities and judgment in the buying of stock, will al-
ways win success. The amount of stock carried is about
$10,000, while the annual business foots up to the hand-
some figure of $35,000 to $40,000. Mr. Vivian occunies a
prominc:<t position among the general public, and is re-
garded as a man of sterling integrity and honest straight-
forward business methods, f liis firm makes a specialty of
boys' and children's clothing, a perfect fit guaranteed.

H. NlelMlaoa* Merchant T^lor, corner South
Water and Park streets, Port Arthur.— Prominent among
the leading and most successful merchant taihrs In Port
Arthur is Nicholaon, whose establishment is at above
mentioned comer. He is a native of Ontario, and came
bore about ten years ago from Bruce Mines. Mine years
ago he established himself in this line of business. It is
in the midst of the best line of business centre, and is ad-
mirably arranged for the purpose. ~^e stoek carried is
extensive and well assorted, and embracing the finest im-
ported and Canadian fabrioc in all the latest and most
fashionable shades, colors and designs. Mr. Nicholaon
employs none but the best and moat experienced work-
men, and all garments leaving his establiahment are mar-

PORT ABTHUB.

'ort Arthur.

overlooked
mination or

that bare

enjoys, it is

takes snoh a

beet known

tablisbments

Co., eligibly

ses occupied

dmirably ar-

convenienoe

I. This firm

oceries, oom-

noluding fine

igars, coffees,

all articles
stablishment
stock a very
and transacts
ies in season
ition, and en-
ens, P. Labby
7 a large apd

Clothing and
next to the
■ious interests
ropolis of the
slothing trade
lOuses engaged
in any other
what we eat,
rear. Clothing
waries of life,
lily devoted to
of Mr. Vivian,
ention, and for
at bis stand a
IS of assuming
is of most re-
1 bnriness has
lination, enter-
good business
r stook, will al-
larried is about
up to the hand-
rian occuoies a
iblio, and is re-
lonest straight-
is a specialty of
[uaranteed.

corner South
Dminent among
I tailors in Port
at is at above
tario, and came
M. Nine years
business. It is
tntre, and is ad-
itook carried is
ig the finest im-
atest and most

Mr. Nicholson
lerienoed work-
ihment are mar-

Tflls of artistio taste, elegance and perfect fit Among bis
patronc are many of our most prominent mercantile and
professional men. By strict attention to customers'
wishes, coupled with a straightforward system of honor-
able dealioK, he has won hii way into the front rank of
his trade. Mr. Nicholson carries a large and well selected
stook of about $25,000, while the annual business amounts
to »N)ut tHO.COO to $65,000. He also makes a specialty of
handling all kinds of fur. Mr. Nicholson is a genial,
courteous gentleman, whose sterling Integrity and
liberal, public spirited disposition hare made for him
hosts of friends, and he enjoys the esteem and confidence
of his fellow-citisen-

W. r. rortane. Wholesale and Retail Oroceries and
Provisions, Cumberland street. Port Arthur.— Prominent
among the old-established and thoroughly representative
houses in Port Arthur is that of W. F. Fortune, whose
spacious and elegantly fitted up store is on Cumberland
street, between Park and Lincoln streets. The house was
founded in 1884, and since its inoeption on that date has
enjoyed a prosperous career. The premises occupied ata
eligibly located and equipped with every facility and oon-
venience for the accommodation of a large and well
selected stock of fancy and staple groeeridf of every
description, and .fruits in season. 'Only the best and
purest goods are sold and always at lowest market prices-
Mr. Fortune has ever sustained an excellent reputation
for honorable, straightforward dealing and sterline in-
tegrity, and enjoys a patronage drawn from the best class
of families.

A. Bquler, Fire, Life k Marine Insuranoe and Finan-
cial Agent, Lome street. Port Arthur.— This business was
established some years ago. The firm do an extensive
business in its line, and numbers among its customers
many of our leading oitixens, business men and property
owners. Mr. Squier sustains an honorable reputation in
the commercial world. His facilities are of an unusually
complete character, enabling him to place insurance of all
kinds with the most reliable companies and at the lowest
rates. Mr. Squier is agent for the Western of Toronto,
the Lancashire of Toronto, City of London of Toronto,
Commercial Union of Toronto, Queen's of Montreal,
Citiiens' of Montreal, Northern of Montreal, Caledonian
of Montreal, Imperial of Montreal, London Guarantee &
Accident, also Marine Insurance. These are organisa-
tions which have stood the test of time and are known
throughout the commercial world. Mr. Squiers is a man
of ample practical experience, and can be relied upon to
attend to his customers' interests in all matters pertaining
to insuranoe . Mr. Squier is also a financial agent, loaning
money on all first-oUss seouities. It is such firms as this
that deserve the substantial success which he has achieved
by enterprise, industry and honorable dealing.

W. «. Bmltli, Wholesale and Retail Butcher, Cumber-
land street. Port Arthur.— This business commenced some
ten years since as the firm of Smith <Sc Mitchell, and two
years since became the exclusive business of Mr. Smith,
the interest of Mr. Mitchell having been bought out or pur-
chased by the former senior partner. The early reputa-
tion of this establishment is being well sustained.
Enterprise, energy and eminently fair dealing still mark
its course. The amount of slock annually exhibited
exceeds $500,000, and the number of employees are never
less than twenty-five. Mr. Smith's premises, situated on
Cumberland street, also tell of his capability ; they are

well adapted to the wurk, commodious and suitably
arranged- The appreciation of Mr. Smith's intelligence
and integrity by his fellow townsmen has been well shown
by their Kelection of him as a member of their Town
Counoil, where his fellow members have appointed him
Chairman of the Board of Public Works— a post of im-
portance and high trust.

W. J. Hasklnv ('lucoessor to Basking Se Dobie),
Wholesale and Retail Oroceries, Provisions and Crockery,
South Water street. Port Arthur.— Some five years ago the
firm of Hasking A Dobie started business in Port Arthur.
In 1887 Mr. Haskings purchased the interest of Mr.
Dobie, and he has been largely successful in the venture,
and the establislunent takes rank among the leading
grocery houses of the city. The premises are large and
commodious. The firm deal in groceries, provisions and
crockery, and always have on hand a splendid stock, which
is sold at reasonable rates. Havinga thorough knowledge
of all the details of the business, being well acquainted
witi: the requirements of his customers, and possessing
first-class connections, Mr- Hasking is able to offer advan-
tages to his customers which can hardly be duplicated
elsewhere in the city. His trade embraces many of the
leading families in the city and surrounding districts.
Goods are delivered to any address in the city limits, ani
no effort is spared to meet the wants of bis customers, who
can always rely on receiving fair and honorable treatment
at this house. Mr. Hasking is an active, energetic and
ent6i(.rising business man, who is achieving a well merited
success. The firm makes a specialty of supplying steam*
boats and sailing vessels, having a large wharf extending
from the rear of the building, several hundred feet long.

Bsy, S<r«ct A Co., Bankers, Cumberland street.
Port Arthur — Prominent among the leading and success-
ful institutions of Port Arthur is the banking house of Ray,
Street & Co., situated on Cumberland street. The busi-
ness was started in 1884, and now ranks among the most
trusted fiduciary establishments in the Northwest. Gov-
ernment securities of all descriptions, foreign and domes-
tic exchange are bought and sold, and a general banking
and collection business is transacted in all its branches-
Accounts of banks, bankers, manufacturers and mer-
chants and mining men throughout the country are soli-
cited and receive special attention. A saving department
is likewise connected with this bank. Mr. Ray is a
thorough go-ahead man and believes in the prosperity of
the great Canadian Northwest.

WellB •% IHlwaon, Wholesale and Retail Hardware,
Stoves, Tinware amd Plumbers' Supplies, Cumberland
street. Port Arthur.— In a comprehensive review of the
commercial interests and industries of this important city,
the establishment of Messrs. Wells Sc Dawson is entitled
to creditable mention. This business house was started
by the present proprietors in 1885, and has within the past
! throe years met with encouraging success, and they now
' transact an annual business of large and increasing magni-
tude. This is due, in a large measure, to the enterprise
and excellent business capacity of the firm. They are
importers of and dealers in hardware, stoves, tinware, etc. ,
and have a large and complete stook in all departments.
The hardware department embraces fanners and mechan-
ics tools, table and pocket cutlery, house-keepers goods,
etc., are of the best makes and first-class quality. In
addition, they have a full and complete assortment of
stoves, tinware, etc., in select variety. They carry a fine

THB NEW WEST.

lot of oookinv, heatins and parlor stoves, which are sold
at prices which cannot be duplicated elsewhere. The in-
diyidual memberk of the firm are J. L. Wells and Albert
Dawson. These gentlemen have had ample business ex-
perience, and the energy and enterprise which characterise
their business transactions fully entitles them to a high
rank among the business men of this city.

J. F. Cooket Photographer, Arthur street, F.rt
Arthur.— There is perhaps no establishment in Port ArtLur
that shows more conspicuously the rapid deTclopmenta
and improvement in the photographic art, than that of
J.F.Cooke. This studio is spacious and well arranged.
The light and all other requisites fo- a first-class estab-
lishment are perfect. Photography, in all its branches, is
here executed in the highest style of art. Mr. Cooke is
is an artist of rare talent and ability, and that this fact
is appreciated by the public, is evinced by the large and
influential patronage he now enjoys. Mr. Cooke makes &
speciality of taking views of the surrounding scenery.
The bird's-eye view of Port Arthur in this book is taken
by him espeoially for this publication.

The first prize for views at Toronto Exhibition, in 1887,
was awarded to Mr. Cooke. Also diploma and medal at
London, England, in 1886. Among the many views are the
scenery along the north shore of Lake Superior, Nipigon
River, views in >nd around Thunder Bay, Kakabeca Falls,
Fort William, Kaministiquia River, and places too numer-
ous to mention. Mr. Cooke having several hundred sets of
views, will send catalogue to all those making an applica-
tion of same. We cannot recommend Mr. Cooke too
highly, who has spared no expense and labor in getting up
this fine and large collection.

Western Hotel, Charles Ilayne, proprietor, corner
Cumberland and Cameron streets, Port Arthur.— The
Western Hotel is one of the most convenient and comfort-
able hotels in the city, and has been since its opening,
which occurred in the summer of 1887. The hotel is a
three storey brick building, containing twenty elegantly
furnished sleeping rooms and parlors. It is eligibly
situated, on the comer of Cumberland and Cameron
streets, and is within easy distance of the C. P. R. station,
and at the same time in close proximity to the central
business portion of the city. The dining hall is well fur-
nished, and the table and cooking are unsurpassed by any
hotel in the city The bar is well supplied with the choicest
wines, liquors and cigars. The hotel commands an ex-
cellent view of the bay and surrounding mountains. Mr.
Hayne, who looks after the comfort of his guests, makes
the hotel a pleasant resort for parties visiting Port
Arthur on pleasure or business.

Geo. Moorlnv, Furniture and Upholstering, Cumber-
land street. Port Arthur.— Prominent among the many
houses engaged in the sale of furniture and the manufao-
ture of upholstered goods is the firm of Qeo. Mooring,
whose salesroom is situated on Cumberland street. This
firm has been in business here four years, ana haa met
with a large amount of success. Their premisea are large
and commodious and eligibly situated, and has a fine
stock of furniture on band, while Mr. Mooring attends to
all kinds of upholstering. A special feature of this house
is the low prices at which the goods are sold. Mr. Moor-
ing, believing in large sales and small profits, has found
the sure road to a prosperous business, and judging from
the large and lucrative patronage extended to him, ha
must be correct. The stock carried amounts to about
$5 000, while the annual business sums up to $12,000 to
$16,000. Mr. Mooring is very favorably known through-
out the city as a thorough business man of the strictest
integrity.

Oliver Dttunaia is a name long te be •■emembered
and reverenced in this district. He was the first man who
penetrated our mining region, and one of the first who
made themselves acquainted with our general resources-
It would be difficult, if at all possible, !to determine the
amount of good which followed his researches and dis-
coveries. As the first white man who entered our mining
region, he set an example of energetic enterprise which
told on naturally timid men who followed and were in-
spired by his brave determination.

Mr. Daunais was born in Montreal, of French parents,
and moved, no doubt, by the same blood that urged on
such a number of French and French-Canadian ad-
venturers, we find him at an early age moving to St. Paul,
Minnesota, whence in good time he proceeded to old Fort
Qarry, from that to the banks of the Saskatchewan,
where he found genial excitement for twelve years in
hunting the buffalo, this noble chase leading him from
the head waters of the Missouri to the North Saskat-
chewan, arriving at last, some fourteen years sinco, in
our mining locality, where he has added the reputation
of a shrewd business man to that of a bold and ad-
venturous traveller. He is the discoverer of the Dele-
brated Beaver silver mine, and has just sold hi own
eighth interest in it for $100,CO0. He is also the dis-
coverer of the Silver Mountain and Porcupine mines, and
is part owner of both these valuable properties. He re-
joices in the ownership, also, of fifty of the best silver
mine locations in this country. Those desirous of se-
curing an interest in our mining wealth, or desiring full
and acourate information respecting the country
generally, should not hesitate to apply to Mr. Daunais,
who, as the oldest and best posted prospector on the shores
of Lake Superior, is an eminently safe man to consult.

FOBT WILLIAM.

PROMINENT

BUSINESS HOUSES OF FORT WILLIAM.

Allen HcDoacAll, Wholenle and Ketail Orooeriea,
Boots and Shoes and Glothing.Qore (treat, Fort William.—
One of the best arranged and complete estabUghmenta in
Fort William is that of Allen MoDougall's on Qore street.
Started some four years ago, this house has gained a busi-
ness whioh amounts to about $30,000 per annum. Mr.
MoDougall is a dealer, both wholesale and retail, in gro-
oeries, dry goods, boots and shoes, clothing and miners'
supplies, etc., and oarries a most extensive stock in all
the lines enumerated. The popularity of this hoube is
undoubtedly due to the faot that all the goods sold here
are of the best and finest qualities, and only reasonable
prices are asked. Mr. MoDougall's thorough experience
in the business gives him special advantages in the selec-
tion of bis stock, of which his many customers get the
benefit. Mr. MoDougall is very popular personally, being
Town Councillor, and as a business man he sustains an
excellent reputation for integrity and honorable dealing,
and he well deperves the high esteem in which he is held.
Mr. MoDougall has also in connection the only merchant
tailoring establishment in the town, carrying a full and
oomplete line of Canadian, foreign, and domestic goods.
A perfect fit guaranteed. The premises occupied are large
and commodious, the building being 24 x 75 feet in size.

4|aeai's Hotel, James J. Hammond, Proprietor,
opposite C. P. R. Station, Fort William.— The Queen's
Hotel, opposite the Canadian Pacific Railway Station,
-offers inducements to those desiring comfortable quarters,
which cannot but commend it to the attention of the travel-
ling public. This house passed into the possession of the
present proprietor in 1884. It is a large building and is
noted for its comforts and excellent accommodations. On
the first floor are the office and dining-room, and a fine bar
stocked with the best wines, liquors and cigars. On the
second floor are the parlors and large ar.J well appointed
sleeping rooms. The house throughout is well] furnished
and has an air of comfort about whioh is pleasing to the
weary traveller, its close proximity to the C. P. B. Sta-
tion is an advantage over all other hotels in the city. The
dining-room is large and commodious and capable of seat-
ing over one hundred guests, and the tables are always
supplied with the best the market affords and all the
delicacies in season. There is also in connection with the
hotel the only hall in the city, having a seating capacity of
300. Fort William being one of the best show towns of its
sise in the country, theatrical companies who are travel-
ling over this route would find it to their advantage by
corresponding with Mr. Hammond. All passenger trains
stop here twenty-five minutes for dinner.

A. H«3l4iren, Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods, Boota
and Shoes, Qrooeries and Provisions, corner of Brown and
Qore streets, Fort William.— The business of this house
was founded in the year 1876 by Mr- A. C. McLaren, nnd
is now one of the most popular and best known dry good*
and clothing establishments in Fort William, and is
worthy of special mention in this work. The premises at
the comer of Brown and Goro streets are well arranged
and admirably adapted for the business. No house in the
city offers greater inducements to the purchaser than this,
and no establishment at least enjoys a finer trade. The
popularity of the firm is due to the libp'al policy and
prompt business habits of the proprietor and the cordial
manner in which everyone visiting the establishment is
treated by him and his employees, as well as the general
excellence of the stock and thk oomplete and choice assort-
ment that is at all timesdispi.veiand the low and popular
prices at whioh the goods are soj^. The store is supplied
with A carefully selected stock oi about $5,000 in value,
while the annual business foots ut to large proportions.
Mr. McLaren, since his connection' 'riththe business inter-
ests of the city, has shown a spiri. of enterprise that has
achieved for himself and house an enviable position
among the successful business men of the day. Mr. Mc-
Laren holds the position of treasurer of this municipality,
and i nalso postmaster of Fort William.

J. T. Betbnne A Co., Wholesale and Retail Clothing,
Gents' Furnishings, Groceries and Provisions, corner of
Brown and Ann streets. Fort William.— One of the largest
and finest stores in Fort William is that of J. T. Bethunn
k Co. The proprietor of this establishment baa bad the
advantage of a lengthy business experience, which he has
turned to good aooount since he opened at the present
stand last year, and has stocked it with a splendid assort-
ment of goods, valued at about $6,000. This stock com-
prises the best lines of clothing and a magnificent lot of
gents' furnishings, while the assortment of staple and
fancy groceries is unsurpassed by any other house in the
city. That they tare doing a large and prosperous busi-
ness is evidenced by their sales, which will probably
amount to $25,000 a year- The popularity of thia
establishment is due to the faot that the stock is all
new and fresh, and importations of the latest styles in
clothing and gents' furnishings are being constantly re-
ceived. Mr. Bethune himself is very popular with aU
who know him, and he has obtained a splendid reputation
in trade circles by his energy, push and enterprise, added
to a rigid adherence to honorable business methods- He
is evidently entered upon a most proeperous business
career.

i! !

THE NEW WEST.

John Klnv, Wholeaale and Retail Dry Gooda, Boots
and Sho«i, Qrooeries and ProTiiiona, corner of Brown and
Oore Rtreeta, Fort William. One of the leading houaea
•ngaced in the Dry Oooda and Oeneral Store buaineaa in
Fort William ia that of John King, wboae eatabliahment ia
aituated on the eomer of Brown and Oore streets. Mr.
King has jaDt reason to be proud of the aaooeas whioh he
has aohievedin establishing himself in suoh a prominent
position in oonneotion with the general trade of the city.
The store, whioh is large and oommodiona, and filled with
a large, attraotire and varied line of the best gooda, and
the stook is kept replenished with frequent importations
of the newest patterns and latest noveltiea in linena, dresa
goods, hosiery, whitegooda, ailks, eloaka, shawls, etc., also
a large and well selected stook of boots and shoes, groceries
and provisions. An excellent quality of goods are always
to be found in this establishment< Mr. King has ever
manifested a public spirited policy and aided always to
promote Fort William's welfare and prosperity and the
growth of Western Ontario.

Batlcds* Bmm., Wholesale and Retail Diy Oooda^
Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Qrooeries and Prorisioni,.
Brown street, Fort William.— One of the best known
eaUbliahments in FOrt William ia that of Rutledge Bros.
The business was started three years ago and has grown
and prospered under oareful management until it now
assumes large dimensions. At this store is found a splen-
did assortment of dry goods, suoh |as tlik, dresa roods,
hosiery, white gooda, etc., olothing, h'Ua, oapa, aUitie and.
fancy groceriea. The great and poitular feature of this
establishment is that the stock is alirays fresh, being fre-
quently turned over In the oouitc ri' a year. In clothing,
boots and shoes and gents' f^rr'.ahing goods and dry goods
a most complete and extensive stook is kept, and a visit
to this emporium and a trial of the gooda will convince
anyone that here they can obtain durable and stylish
goods. The members of this firm are B. S. and A. E. Rut-
ledcj, both universally popular' and respected,! and arft
noted for their honorable methods and sterling integrity.

J 5

I-I

■;

RAT PORTAOli.

RAT PORTAGE, ONT.

Rat Poi-tago in vary prettily situated at the head of the lake (V^il miles from
Winnipeg), iind promises not only to he a place of soiae importance commercially,
but a famed suminor rewort— a Saratoga for the people of the Red Rive • Valley.
East of the village the scenery is of the wildest description, and deep, rock-bound
lakes ever meet and charm the traveller's eye. The Lake of the Woods is the largest
body of water touched by the 0. P. R. between Superior and tho Pa<;itic. Rat Portage,
unfortunately, owing to the difficulty horet(;foro existing i.i obtaining patants to
mining lands, has not made the progress that its admirable location gave promise to
in the early days of gold-flnding, and the lack of capital hno prevented it occupying
that important position amongst the towns of Northwestern Onia.-io that it should.
But this drawback is apparently about to be overcome, and then it may be antici-
pated the bright hopes of its inhabitants will bo fully realized. It haw a popula'tion
of about 800, supports several very good hotels, has an entei'prising journal, the
" News," schools, churches, etc.

On to tho west, gradually nearing the dividing line of tho Laurentian and allu-
vial regions, CrossLako, where countless thousands of rock and earth, filling in the
construction of the railway across an arm, disappeared in its apparentlj* bottomless
watei-s. Whitemouth, where the lumber industry is again vigorously carried on,—
are passed, and tho famous Red River Valley, which is a valley in name only, is
entered.

Intbbior View of Canadian Pacific Coi-onmt Car.

THE NEW WEST.

i
i

PROMINENT

BUSINESS HOUSES OF RAT PORTAGE.

Bwk«r * Co., " The One Prim Ouh Store," RiU I'ort-
we, Ont. , MUbliahed 1879.— Tbe Importance of Rat Portace
•I a oohtre of the wholeiale or Jubbiiif trade oiin aoaroely
be orer-eatimated, aa the inoreaaing of the annual tran-
laotiona at thia p'aoe abundantly demonatrate.

Prominent among the leading houaea in thia line la Uaker
A Co., proprietora of "The One Prioe Caah Store." Mr.
Wllliani L. Baker, of thia firm, oame to the North-Weat In
1879 with a thorough praotioal bualneaa training, and with
fifteen yeara eiperlenoe of oomuieroial routine, lie eatab-
lialied the bualneaa In that year, and ita career baa been
steadily proaperoua Alwaya a atrenuoua advocate of the
oaah aystem aa the only correct baala of trade between the re-
tailer and the conaumer, Mr. Baker made the oaah ayatem
the vital principle of hia bualneaa, and haa rigidly adhered
to it ever tinoe. The reiuH haa fully demonatrated the
correotnoaa of hia theory. Hia firm haa the confidence of
the entire purohaaing oouimunity, and ia a houaehold word
all orer the Rainy River diatrlct.

The premlaea occupied are apaoloua and comniodloua,
well arranged, and heavily atocked in all the varied depart-
menta uf a general atore. The atock ia alwaya freah,
thorough, freoucnt importatlona, and ia turned over aiz or
aeven tlm** in the courae of a year. Flour, feed, oata, hay,
lalt, applea, potatoea, coal oil, etc., are all purchased by
tbe firm In carload lota, and the atock of groceriea, dry
gooda, boota and iboea. crockery and glaaaware, eto., la,
whererer practicable, bought direct fh>m the manufac-
turers or producera. The house is, lo fact, a complete
medium of exchange between producer and conaumer, and
at the loweat posaiblo cost to the consumer.

Messrs. Baker Jc Ca have always been Identified with all
measures best calculated to advance Rat Portage's pros-
perity.

W. D. Coaite, Drugs, Fancy Qooda and SUtionery, Rat
Portage and Keewatin.— This weil-eatablished and popular
drug store does not date farther Itmck than 1882, in which
omparatively brief period It has became known for its
complete atock of medicines, so that nowhere can a physi-
cian's prescription be compounded more safely. The atten-
tive business hablta of Mr. CSoate and hia assistant also en-
sures the promptest attention. As usually pertains to such
establlahmenta, perfumeries, fancy goods, toilet articles,
books and stationery are to be found here to suit all tastes
and at cheap rates. Mr. Coate is therefore being constantly
visited by appreciative customers. He carries a stock of
about $2,S00, while the annual buainoss amounts to $8,000
or $10,000, Mr. Ooate's business and social qualities render-
ing him a general favorite in the community. Mr. Coate
owns and operates an establishment of the same descrip-
tion at Keewatin, three jiiles west of this place.

H. F. HoImM, Y^holeaale and Retail Ilnrdwure,
Stoves, Tinware, Silverware, Olla, Paints, etc.. Main Street,
Rat Purtnge.— The leading puaitiun now ocouplod by Rat
Portage in all dopnrtroents ul' buiinvaa la due to the untir-
ing energy, industry and capacity of her Ipiuling merchnnta.
In thia connexion U ia a pleasure to make prominent men-
tion of enterprising and popular buainosa flruis. Auiong
thorn are II. F. llolmea, dealer in hardware, raiiKoa,atovos,
linwiire, silverware, paints, oils, etc. The firm begun busi-
ness in 1H83, iind from ita Inception the business ban steadily
grown until the present time. The atock carried is large
and complete, while the annual buaineas foots up to large
proportions. The firm occupy large and woll-iirranged
promises, which are equipped with every convenience and
facility for the accommodation and display of a stock of
hardware and house furnishing goods. Mr. Holmes bos
also a branch atore at Keewatin. He la an energetic, clear-
headed bualness man, well and favorably known for his
sterling integrity and upright character.

KoboM A Co.. Wholesale and Retail Butcher*.
Second Street, Rat Portage.-^It is necessary that man
hould eat to live, and meat may be suid to be an indispen-
sable article of food. Meat stores aru therefore an absolute
necessity in every community. Among the prominent
establishments of this description in the city Is that of
Kobold A Co., whose store Is situated on Second Street.
This firm started business here in 1880, and have done a
large trade from its Inception, and it is increasing rapidly.
The premise* located on Second Street are well adapted
for the businesK, being commodi«ua and well arranged,
fitted up with every appliance and facility. The quality
of meats sold by this firm Is the very best to be procured,
and the reputation they have gained in this respect is un-
doubtedly the secret of the great success with which they
are meeting. Fowl and game of all kinds in season are kept
on hand in large variety, and everything is sold at the most
reasonable prices. Mr. Kobold has a large circle of ac-
quaintanees, and Is highly esteemed by all who know him.

;l. CitNiplMll, Stationery, Books, Views, Toys, etc..
Main street, Rat Portage.— This establishment, which was
started In 1887 by the present proprietor, ha* been pros-
peroua from tbe beginning, it* re*onroei have greatly
inorea*ed, and the buaine** ia now aisuming very good
proporiiona. Thia result ia due to the careful manage-
ment and enterprise of the proprietor, who has made hi*
establishment one of the most popular in this city. Tho*e
desiring books, stationery, toys, views, etc-, should call
on Mr. Campbell, where the beet varietlea of book*,
stationery, etc., are kept constantly on hand. Mr. Camp-

HAT POHTA(»B.

ball In II innn of vnnl'mperienos, Imvlng travallo<l over
the line uf the 0. V. H., tbereby bkrhig the aUrktitaku of
iooittlng in a town wliioh hw tho brlghtent future of any
town in t)ia Northwoat.

J. W. Ilnmblf), Wholeaale ami Retail Winea,
Liquors and Oioam, Miiin alraot, Rat Portagn.— Proaiinent
among tlie liunuritblo anil aubatantial bunineaa buuaoi of
thia oity la tbat of Mr. J. W Humble, ileulur In winoa
and liquora, who baa l>oen eatnhllahed in bualneaa huro
llti ie I'M, during which time he baa built up a large an<l
lucrative trade, which extend* to nil parta of thu aurround-
ing country . The preuiaea oacupied arv lltted up in a neiit
and attractive atyle, and a large and complete atock of
Imported and domeatio winea, brandiea, whiakiea and
olgara la carried- In addition to a proaporoua local
patronage, the bouao enjoya an extenaivo outaide inide.
Mr. Ilumblo'a honorable bualneaa prlnolplea have won the
•ateem of the trade, and he i^ popularly oonaiderod a
leading merchant in hia lino.

^Vm. ■cKianon * Bro., Wholeaale and Retail
Dry Ooodn, Clothing, Doota and 8booa,Orocori«H, (Jrookory>
and Oenta' Fiirnlabinga, Rat Portage and Keewatin —
Thia houae waa founded aomo nine yoara ago, and from
the very atart it has enjoyed a proaperoua career. Thuir
handaomo new atoro at the ahovu addreiia is the moat
oompletoly adapted to thia line i>t' trade of uny in the city.
The premiaea oacupied arc apacioua and commodioua, ad-
mirably arranged and oi|uipped with every faoility for
the tranaaotion of buainoan. The atojk carried ia, without
exoeptlon, one of the largeat and moat complete to be
found. It Inoludei a full and complete aaaortnient of dry
gooda, clothing, genta' fumiablnga, hata, oapa, ataple and
fancy grocerioa of all deaoriptiona. Only the beat and
pureat goodi are handled, and the reputation of tho
houae in thia retpeot ia uatabliabed beyond the require-
ment* of pralae. The memben of the llrm are William
and Angua McKinnon. Both gentlemen are energotio,
olear-headed bualneia men, and are held In the highest
esteem, both in private and oommeroial lite, for their strict
integrity and sterling personal worth.

Hub Hot«l, Qeorge Drewry, proprietor, Main street,
Rat Portage.— Few lines of buainesa contribute more
largely to the general sum of trade and oommeroe in
Canada than the hotel buaineti. Among the houses that
have reoently attained prominence in this oity can be
mentioned the ably-conducted and popular Hub hotel.
Althongh established only a comparatively short time—
188S— this house already enjoys a degree of prosperity and
rublio favor not always vouchsafed to much longer
established houses. The secret of Ibis is not difficult to
discover. Being familiar with the wants and require-
ments of the public, and being a man of superior ability
and of push and perseverance, he has, by close personal
attention and the exercise of sound judgment, built up a
large and prosperous trade, and has established a high
reputation in tho community, alike for capacity and
strict integrity in his dealings. In connection with the
houae is the finest restaurant in the city, while the bar is
stocked with the choicest wines, liquors and cigars.

Jotaa Sardner A Co^ Wholesale and Retail Dry
Qoods, Clothing, Boots and Shoes, and Oroceries, Main
Street, Rat Portage.— An important branch of commercial

activity, and one deanrving of pniminent mention in this
hiatorioal review of the great nurthsrn loading Imluatrlea,
is the general aloro trade, anil in thia connection it la a
pleaaum to apeak of tbat enlerp'ialng and auccoaaful eon-
oern of John (iardner <t Co., dealera in dry gooda, auch as
woollena, linenii, and droaa gooda of all iluai<riptiona, cloth-
ing, boota anil nhona, gonta' furnialiingii, gnioeriea, provl-
aiona, eln. The menibera of the firm are John, Frank
and William (liiriliier. Mr Frank (iardner la one
of the old pioneer inorohanta of the Northweat, being
the Hrat white trader locating in tlila country, atarting busl-
nena at Keewatin in 187)1, moving hit bualneaa to thia city
in IHTtt. Mr. Fnink Uanlner ia the builder of the large
paaaungor and lowing ateaniboat, the " Algoma," wliioh Is
owned now by Mr. John Oardner, thu aonior member of
the above linn. All of thoao genllemon are held in the
highoat natiination in oommeroial life forthul, many ster-
ling qualitiea and strict integrity, and Juatly merit tho
aucceaa attained by their ability, energy, and peraeverance.

M. BTIeholaon, Merchant Tailor and Oenta' Furbish-
ingfl, corner Oirule and Main atreeta, Rat I'ortHgn.— Amoug
the leading lailoring eatabliiihmonta in Rat Portage muat
be reckoned tbat of M. Nioliclaon. Htarted in ISS'i, this
businoas has grown monthly until now it haa reached large
proportions, giving employment to twelve people. Mr.
Nicholaon haa now a reputation for aplendid fitting and
good work, while hia atock alwnya embraoea every variety
of cloth to auit the tasto and thu pooketa of his customers.
Ho has at preacnt on hand a iniigniDuoiit aaaortmcnt of
the Ci. 'icat French, Engilab, and Hootuh tweeda to be
found in tho oity, and froah urrivala of tho latest goods
are always being received, ao that thu recent culora and
pattema inauitinga, trouaorings and overcoatings are al-
ways to be found at thia oatablishment. As a outter, .VIr.
Nicholson is everywhere recogniaed a» one of the beat, and
he never fails to give a perfect fit, which is the great
oaaentiai in the tailoring buaineax. Mr. Nicholaon ia doing
a fine buainess. lie also carries a fine line of gents' fur-
nishings, auch as ties, underwear, hata, caps, etc.

4|a«eii'B Hotel* Rigney Bros., Proprietors, Rat Vot'
tage.— One of the best known holela in Rat Portage is the
Queen's, situated on Main street, directly facing the L-l«
of the Woods, one of the finest bod! ..i of water on ifai
American continent. The hotel oommidida h magnif !:eat
view of the Lake and surrounding soei. . . The hotel
building Is three stories in height. On the first floor lis the
offloe, dining-room, bar and billiard-room, while on llie
second and third floors are the parlors and sleeping rooms.
Thure are thirty-six handsomely furnished sleeping rooms,
while the parlors are fitted up in good style. The bar ii
supplied with the best wines, liquors and cigars to be found
in the market. The billiard-room is one of the favorite
resorts of the city. The proprietors of the houae are Meaars.
P. and T. Rigney. Both gentlemen are highly eateemed ag
energetic and enterpriaing business men.

J»eob H»a«, Wholesale and Retail Hardware, StovM,
Tinware, etc.. Main street. Rut Portage.— Prominent
among the honorable and substantial business houses of
this oity is tbat of Mr. Jacob Hose, dealer in ranges,
hardware, etc., who has been established in business here
since 1880, during which time he has built up a large and
lucrative trade, which extends to all parts of the surround-
ing country. The premises occupied are large and com-

n
(1

8«

THE NEW WEST.

modioiu. Her* will be found * hMV}- itook of mi|M>
itovM, h««tMt, hardwMC, tinware, and » full line of
howo f araiihinc foodi. PopuUr prioM prevail ; ereiy-
thing in itook it of the belt quality, and euftomera obtain
•dTantaaes at Ihii eitabliahment wb'eh eannot be dupli-
oatedelmwhere. Mr. Hoee it held in the hithett in oom-
mereial life for hit many iterling qualities and itriot
integrity, and justly moritt the suooess attained by hit
ability, energy and peneveranoe. IMr. Hose keeps on
hand a full assortment of sportsmen's goods, suoh at
gnnt, ammunition, nets, lines, trowling hooks, spoons, rods,
ilys, and everything pertaining to lake fishing.

HlllMitf II*a*e, Louis Hillard, proprietor, Main
street. Rat Portage.— Among the many good hotels which
stand prominent in the Northwest, there is no more popu-
lar house than the Hillard House, situated en Main street,
in the eentre of the business portion of 'be eity. This
house was opened by the present proprietor, Mr. Hillard,

la U8S, and bat dona a Tory large butineti slnee that time.
It itf a large ttmetnre, three itoreyt in height* and hat
tfairty-eigbt good, eommodiont and welNfnmithea tieep-
ing roomt. In oonneotion with the houie it a line lample
room, where the bett brandt of wines, liqnon and oigart
are always kept on hand. The ottoe, nading-Kom and
dining-room are on the lint floor and fumiihed in flrtt-
class slyle, while two ttoreyi above are devoted to parlort
and tieeping-rooms, all elegantly famished and Stted up
with a view to comfort as well as appearanoe. Mr. Hillard
is a gentleman of extensive experienee in hotel businett,
•nd In this commodious house haa (tiven unmictakabl*
proofs of being the accomplished host. Having been en-
gaged iin the hotel business all his life, he thoroughly
understands how to conduct such an establishment in first-
class style, r J will be apparent to any one stopping at hit
house. He was formerly proprietor of a hotel at White-
month. Mr. Hillard personally superintends the manage-
ment of the hotel, neglecting nothing which can add to th*
pleasure or comfort of his gnetts.

PRAIRIE LAND.

I''
I

In the very heart of the North American continent, west of the largest of the
great lakes and north of the 49th parallel, lies a vast stretch of country, which,
almost unknown to the outside world, and totally undeveloped a decade ago, is. by
the mai-vellous strides it is making, now becoming fbmiliar to every part of the
civilized globe. It is within a generation that this was a land of which little was
known — cut oflf from the whirl and bustle of the outer world. It was a country of
itself, a community by itself— unheeding and unheedfhl of the world outside. The
Red River Valley had been vaguely heard of as the home of the buffalo and the
Indian — the land of cold and snow and ice, where Arctic winter reigned supreme
and perpetual. It was thought to be a land of desolation, given over almost entirely
to fur-bearing animals and those who hunted them, unfit for huuitation by white
men. From Superior's broad waters to the great bamer of rocks, one thousand
miles away towards the setting sun, and ft-om the rapid-rolling Missouri to the Ai*ctio
circle — a vast area — was almost univei-sally held to bo an arid desert, the shadowy
home of savages, doomed forsver to be the symbol and synonym of desolation and
solitude. But the world is sometimes ;vrong, and in this instance it was radically
so. Venturesome travellers of reput«, in soai*ch of new fields of adventure, visited
the country and brought back what seemed to be mcredible tales of a wonderfltl land,
whose fertile soil was unequalled, whose climate was invigorating, whose possibili-
ties were ill7mit>>.ble, and whoso dostiny was to be the happy home of a thriving and
contented people. But still the world was sceptical, and this magnificent land lay
fal).'>w and unoccupied, except by its aboriginal ownera, until later, through lue im-
pulsive restlessness which pervades the human race, and irresistibly urges man
adventurously onwartl to the great Occident, its hidden wealth and wonderftil re-
sources were discovered, and even the most prejudiced, oft-times reluctantly, were
compelled to concede that what was then called the Great Lone Land might possibly
after all really become the future granary of the world. To-day, although ita settle-
ment is only fairly commencing, and its resources are yet in an incipient stage of

PBAIBIS LAND.

development, there is no attempt at denial of the juat claim to that proud title, and
there is no other country under the sun which oiters the grand inducements thia one
does to the overcrowded population of the east in quest of that home and health and
happy contentment which, no matter how ceaseleBsly they may sti-uggle and toil,
they are unable to obtain in their own native land across the Atlantic. It would
seem as if Providence had made this a huge reserve for the overgi-own flunilies of
the Old World, and its free homes are generously offei-ed to the overcrowded East to
participate in the enjoyment of all the blessings of its fi-ee government and free insti-
tutions.

Nearly sixty years ago, when all tlio wide stretch of north land lying fi-om half-
way between Atlantic's stormbeaten coast and the mighty Bookies was a terra in-
cognita, iho great historian of Europe wrote:— "The gradual and continuous pro-
gress of the European race toward the Eocky Mountains has the solemnity of a
providential event ; it is like a deluge of men rising unabatedly and daily driven
onwai'd by the hand of God." When this was written, the groat States of Illinois
and Iowa were the uttermost ^est; Wisconsin a wilderness ; Minnesota a preserve of
the wild Indian ; Dakota and Manitoba nameless and unknown. But the historian's
prophetic eye penetrated the Aiture, and but little over half a r-entury has lapsed
ere the human wave is found washing over the ocean of verdure, and approaching
the eternal sentinels which guard the western portals of this immense fertile land.
In the few years that the Canadian North- West has been in a position to offer the
settler any means of communication save the primitive ox-cart and the pioneer river
craft, the progress that has been made is marvellous, the development wonderiVil,
and the prosperity beyond belief. The work of pioneering is ended, and the new-
comer now finds awaiting him a home surrounded by neai-ly all the adjuncts of civil-
ization, within easy reach of postal and telegraphic fkcilitios, rail communication,
schools and places of worship. Between the eastei*ly limits of the famous grain-growing
valley of the Bed Aiver of the North and the base of the Bockies there are millions
of acres of rich land for the landless ; there kve free homes for the homeless ; there is
a land great in extent, wonderfVil in climate, grand in its exuberant fertility, magni-
ficent in its natural beauty and sublimity. It is the land for the husbandman, for
the merchant, for toe hunter, for the lumberman, for the miner, for the tourist — for
all ; lacking nothing but energetic and industrious tillers of the soil to aid in working
out its manifest destiny. This central Canada of the West, in itself, solves a deeply
vexed question : it can relieve the overflowing population of the East, whose very
poverty and distress ai-o caused by their vast numbers, by giving these people homes
whore the fullest measure of prosperity is due to lack of population ; and so, in a
double sense, it can effect beneficial results both to the Old World and the New. It
was of this domain that the King of the Oatiiioau, in eloquent woi-ds which rang
through the nation's council chamber, said : — " It is a land inhabited by a people in
the very flower of manhood, the veiy flower of the Canadian people ; a land where
thu weather is at times exceedingly cold, but at the same time bracing and healthy ;
whose inhabitanta bear upon their countenance the impress of its healthfblness, whose
women are noted for their lovely and rosy complexions, and whose men ai*e pictures
■of ruddiness and manhood. I told them I thought in that healthy and bi-acing cli-
mate they bad discovered the fountain of perpetual youth which Ponce do Leon
sought so long in vain. It is a land where a man of moderate means and courage

THE NEW WEOT.

and perseverance can obtain an honest independence on the cheapest and easiest
terms, where the toilers of the world can stand erect and call no man master. I
would advise everyone who wishes to escepe from the sorceries of this western en-
chantress not to enter within her borders ; she casts a glamour upon all who do so,
and makes them perpetually her slaves. It was said of the Norman nobles who were
sent to conquer Ireland that they became bo enchanted with the beauty of the green
isle, the loveliness of the women, and the bravery of the men, that they became more
Irish than the Iiish themselves. So I think it will be with all who enter our western
domain."

THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA.

The region known as the Red River Settlements was created a province in ISTO
and admitted to the Confederation. At that time its limits were contracted, having
an area of only 13,500 square miles, and with a sparse population of about 12,000,
was not inappropriately called the " Baby Province." So small was it, that on the
map it resembled a postage stamp on the wrapper of a newspaper ; but in 1881 its
bounds were extended on all sides but the south, to embrace a tract 264 miles by 300,
an area covering 123,200 square miles. Manitoba extends from the United States
boundaiy north to latitude 52° 50", and from the western boundary of Ontario, near
the Lake of the Woods, west to 101° 20". The province embraces a large portion ot
Lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, Winnipegoosis, and several lesser bodies of water, and is
travei-sed from south to north by the Red River, which takes its rise in the height
of land of Minnesota, almost within sight of the fountain-head of the Mississippi,
which, taking a contrary course, flows through the great States of the Union, and
empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Besides the Red, the Assiniboine River travei-ses
the western portion of the province, and at the confluence of the two streams is the
city of Winnipeg. Both streams are navigable for long distances, but the fiat-
bottomed stern-wheelers, which did noble service in the early days, have been super-
seded by the speedier iron horse. Navigation of the Red River between Winnipeg
and Selkirk and on Lake Winnipeg is still prosperous, and contributes towards
making Winnipeg the base of supplies for the country on the Saskatchewan and
beyond. Manitoba is the commencement of the three great plateaus between the
Lake of the Woods and Rockies. Ite surface is mainly level, though rising in places
to ranges of small hills. A prairie country, with treeless plains extending from five
to thirty miles, covered in summer with a luxuriant growth of grass, its river banks
are fringed with trees, and in places the timber belt broadens into belt« which are
worthy the name of forests.

The early history of Manitoba is an interesting one. As early as 1736, writes
one author, u party of French adventurei-s from Quebec, under the command of
La Yerendrye, who had authority from the French authorities to penetrate into the
interior of the country to the west of Lake Superior, arrived at the mouth of the
Assiniboine, where it merges its waters with that of the Red River. The Assini-
boine, so named from the tribe of Indians of that name living in its vicinity, was re-
christened the St. Charles, and aflei-wards the Upper Red River. At the junction of
the two rivers a post was established, with the name of Fort Rouge, and, according

THE PBOYINOB OF MANITOBA.

8»

to an eye-witness, the rains of saoh a post were plainly discernible in 1800 on the
point where the Hudson's Bay Company's mill now stands. So we may say that
La Yerendrye was the fii-st real estate owner in Winnipeg, after the aboriginal
inhabitants. In 1763 occorred the conquest of Canada by Great Britain, and some
fifteen or twenty years after f^r traders fh)m Canada began to seek the North-West
for trade with the Indians. In 1*783 a powerful company of f\ir traders was formed
in Montreal, consolidating the interests of several small private concerns who had
been struggling with each other for some time. This company bore the title of the
North- West Fur Company, and it soon began to push its operations inland to even
the Athabasca and MoKenzie Bivers. The trade of the Bed Biver seems to have
been, for some unaccountable reason, quite neglected, and it was only towards the
very close of the last century that we find mention made of the establishment of posts
on the upper waters of what we now call the Bed Biver. The point between the
Bed and Assiniboine Bivers was known to the fur trader at that time, and for fully
twenty-five years after, as " The Forks," so that the second name given to this site
was recorded. The Hudson's Bay Company had long confined their trade to the
neighborhood of Hudson's Bay — indeed, from 16*70 to 1*7*74, they had not established
posts on the banks of the streams flowing into Lake Winnipeg. It is most likely
that their first post on the Bed Biver was established as late as 1*796. For some
yeara " The Forks " was resorted to simply as a camping place for the boat brigades
passing up the Assiniboine Biver, whereon numerous forta were erected by the North-
West Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, and a new body of traders who styled
themselves the X Y Company. The last company was short-lived, amalgamating
with the North-West Company in 1804. About 1^03 Alexander Henry, of the
North- West Company, who was in chai-ge of the Bed Biver district, sent a party of
his men to build at " The Forks " the post afterwai-ds named Fort Gibraltar, which at
firet probaoly only consisted of one or two buildings, for there is a recoixl later on of
a more extensive establishment than existed at this time. That a post pf the North-
West Company was maintained at "The Forks" in 1803 and 1804 is settled by the
journal of Alexander Honry, which is still in manuscript. The writer extracted
from that journal, amongst other items, the following statement of the trade of "The
Forks" establishment during the win tei*s of 1803 and 1804: — 356 beavers, 10 black
boars, 1 brown bear, 76 wolves, 8 foxes, 25 racoons, 36 fishers, 26 otters, 20 martens,
13 minks, 3 wolverines, 15 lynxes, 6 moose skins, etc., 22 parchments, etc. As
trading posts existed at Rousseau Biver and Pembina the same year, it may be
accepted that the above furs were obtained from animals killed in the vicinity of
Winnipeg. By the erection of Gibraltar, the foundation of the future commercial
greatness of the town was laid in 1803 as well, for ever since that date mercantile
business has flouiished within what are now the limits of the city of Winnipeg.
The old Port Gibraltar had both parks and natural farms eighty years ago. Henry
intbrms us incidentally, on two or three occasions, that he visited "The Forks" to
enjoy himself. After describing the heavy woods which covered the country south
fi-om the Assiniboine, near "The Forks," to the Salle Biver, he says he caught a
number of whitefish, sturgeon and goldeys, while the women gathered hazelnuts,
red and choke cherries, Pembina berries, three kinds of plums, and wild grapes, the
men going out on the prairie " towaixis little Stony Mountain " and returning with
the carcasses of cow butfalos, which they had killed, varying this amusement by

THE NEW WEST.

bringing in i-ed deer and beara, which were here in great abundance. Wild fowl in
great nambers frequented the mouth of the Assiniboine, and the rapida at St. Andrew's
was a favorite resort of pelicans. Nature evidently boomed the wild animal, water-
fowl and fruit features of Winnipeg at that early date. That the present site of
Winnipeg wae earl;, recognized as a central one for the distribution of supplier is
shown by the custom pursued by the ii^iuiei-s of landing iiere to assort and re-pack
the outfits for distribution to the posts south and west. The Ojibway and Snake
Indians, who flrequented the country bordering about the mouth of the Assiniboine
during the first part of the present century, at least on one occasion entrenched
themselves in pits at "The Forks " on account of a threatened attack of the Sioux,
which is the first militaiy operation recorded in the history of Winnipeg. The
Hudson's Bay Company began to push up to the Bed Biver about 1796, and during
the next decade had placed trading posts in the vicinity of those of the North- West
Company, with the exception of at "The Forks." In 1811 Lord Selkirk, after con-
trolling a large share of the stock of the Hudson's Bay Company, secured from it a
grant of land along the Bed and Assiniboine Bivers, covering an area of some 116,000
square miles, under the claim of that company that their charter gave them control
of the country described, which claim was contested by the Canadian fur traders.
Lork Selkirk issued a most glowing description of the land, climate and general
advantages to be gained by persons joining with him in settling in this tract of
country, and induced a number of persons in Scotland and Ireland to avail them-
selves of what a writer in 1817 describes as the benefits of " liberty of conscience,
freedom from taxes and tithes, and all the temptations of a land of promise painted in
most glowing colors." The party sailed in the spring of 1811 for York Factory, but
on arriving there found the season too far advanced to proceed on their journey to
Bed Biver. They accoi-dingly wintered at York Factory, and suffered severely
before they arrived at the Bed Biver during the next year. Miles Macdonell was in
charge of the party, and on their arrival in the vicinity of " The Forks " he paraded
them, and exhibited his commission as governor of the colony, which apparently was
the first occasion of such an official making his deb&t in this district. Other parties
were sent out in 1813 and 1814 to augment the number of the first arrivals. The
latter behaved in an arbitrary manner to the North-West company's people, which
was at once resented by them, as they viewed the settling of the country and claims
of Lord Selkirk as illegal and unjustified, claiming that they had taken possession of
the Bed Biver country as traders from Canada half a century before the people of the
Hudson's Bay Company had ventured into it. A struggle for supremacy at once
began betwer ^he rival companies and resulted in bloodshed on more than one occ
sion, and thf 1 destruction of the property of the Selkirk settlers, who were gen-
erally simp' . lookers. On March 17, 1816, the Hudson's Bay Company people,
who had &i ■■ it Point Douglas, about thi-ee-quarters of a mile below " The Forks,"
attacked Fcvu Gibraltar, of the North- West Company, at the mouth of the Assini-
boine, captui'ed the inmates, ransacked their stores, and finally razed the buildings
to the ground, carrying away the timbers to Fort Douglas to use for their own pur-
poses. Five days later they attacked the North- West Company's fort at Pembina
and destroyed it also. In the following spring the employees of the North- West Com-
pany came into collision with the Hudson's Bay Company's people, under Governor
Semple, at Seven Oaks, a few miles north of the present city limits, and it resulted in

i'^

THB PBOVINOE OF MANITOBA.

the death of Governor Sample and about twenty of his men, while only one Indian on
the'flide of the North-Westers was killed. Then mattera were in a very disturbed
state until the coalition of these two powerful companies in 1820-21, when the Hud-
son's Bay Company established themselves at " The Forks " and opened stores to
supply the settlers, traders and Indians with goods ; so another era in the trade of
Winnipeg was entered on. The people who from time to time came to the country,
settled along the banks of the Bed and Assiniboine I'ivei-s, those of the same nation-
alities generally settling in localities by themselves. The Hudson's Bay Company
had re-purchased in 1836 all Loi-d Selkirk's rights in the settlement for the sum of
£26,000, and, accoi-ding to Sir George Simpson, afterwards sold land to settlers for
seven shillings and sixpence, or five shillings an acre, accoi-ding to location. The
land was conveyed under leasb for 999 years, and the holder agi-eud not to traffic in
furs, violate any of the chartered privileges of the company, evade any of the restric-
tions governing the laws relating to tho distillation of spirits, etc.

There it was that many of the noted clansmen of the famous Scottish chiefs,
whose fortunes were lost at the memorable battle of CuUoden, in 1''46, which extin-
guished the hopes of the house of Stuart, afterwards came to Canada. They had
participated in that bloody engagement, and having lost all, and to avoid the fierce
persecutions which followed, they fled to this country of refuge. They were distin-
guished for heroic courage and daring enterprise. Coming to Canada they at once
sought employment in the adventurous sshemes of the fur traders of the North-
Wcst. This bold blood gave now vigor and additional energy to the affairs of the
traders. These men and their descendants wore the intrepid voyageurs who pushed
their fortunes to th« Saskatchewan and the Athabasca one hundred years ago. The
folood which flowed in the bands of Culloden is the blood of those fearless Scotsmen
who dared waning tribes and fi-ozen regions and unknown haixlships, who discovered
the Mackenzie River, who first crossed the Bocky Mountains, and first planted the
British flag on the Arctic seas. In the veins of many Bois brules and Metis girls on
the Bed Biver flow the blood of the men who fought with Lochiel near Inverness on
the 16th April, 1746. The vast region of Biitish America is full of the unwritten
traditions of the daring exploits of these men through a wilderness of territory larger
than all Europe, and it only needs the glamour of the glittering pen of a Scott to
weave these wild annals as fascinating as Waverley, and as charming as the wonder-
ful romances of Fennimore Cooper. In olden journals can be read how the great
Cardinal Bichelieu headed " The Corapanv of the Hundred Partners," in ISSY, en-
gaged in the fur trade in Canada, which company continued for thirty-six years, and
which has had successors continuously, till finally merged in the great Hudson's Bay
Company, which carries on its extensive opei'ations at the present time. So that the
Bed Biver, the Saskatchewan and the far-off Athabasca are linked back to the days
of Louis XIV. in Pi-ance, and to the great chiefs and clans of Scotland who fought at
Culloden, whei-e the flag of the Stuarts wont down fornver.

Owing to dissatisfaction in the settlement and to Am>3rican intrigues, a body of
British regular troops was sent out from England to Fort Garry in 1846, under corn-
man ' of Col. J. P. Crofton, consisting of 383 peraons, covering detachments from the
Sixth Foot, Boyal Artillery and Civil Engineei-s. Of these, twenty men remained in
the country. These troops returned to England in 1848, and in that year were
succeeded by a corps of fifty-six pensioners, under the command of Lieut. Col.

THE NEW WEST.

it!

Ca'dwell, many of whom afterwards settled in the country, with Lioat. Ool. Caldwell
as j;overnor of the colony. Again, in the year 18S7, 100 men of the Boyal Canadian
Ili'>d8 were sent round by the Huduon's bay, like the othei-s, leaving Canada for that
pur]>0Be, and wore likewise quiti-tered at Fort 6an-y. It is not known, to moat people
at laist, that three different expeditions of troops were sent to Fort Garry before the
Biel rebellion of 1869-'70, when what is called the first Bed Hiver expedition, oompo*
Bed of regular troops and Canadian volunteers, was dispatched from Ontario and
Quebec, and arrived here ii August 1870, to find that Biel had fled. It was from
this dati that Winnipeg, as a place distinct from the Hudson's Bay company's Fort
Garry, bt^came known. On the arrival of the troops in 1870, the village consisted
of a collection of about twenty-seven house.i, centering about the present site of the
postroffice, the population only numbering about one hundred or one hundred and
fifty souls.

The <^ouncil of Assini^oici having been abolished on the entrance of the province
into Confederation, the fii-st Cabicet of Manitoba was formed in January, 1871, and
consisted of Hon. (now Senator) M. A. Girai"d, Provincial Treasurer ; Hon. Alfred
Boyd, Provincial Secretary ; Hon. H J. Clarke, Attorney-General ; and Hon.
Thomas Howard, Minister of Public Works and Agriculture. Lacking adequate
buildings for legislative purposes, the residence of Mr. A. G. B. Bannatyne,
then immediately in rear of the stationeiy store of E. D. Bichardson (cor-
ner of Main and Owen streets and opposite the new post-office) was leased,
and in the March following, the first opening of the Legislature took placi.
It was attended with a great deal of pomp and display. The Lieut.-Governor, Hoi..
Mr. Archibald, was accompanied by a guai-d of 100 men of the Ontario Bifles ; the
Parliament House was elaborately decorated, and the usher of the Black Bod and
sergeant-at-arms fairly shone in the Oriental splendour of their court uniforms. A
local paper, alluding to the event, said : " It could not be in any respect so grand or
costly a display or on so large a scale as the capital of the Dominion can boast on
Buch an occasion, but it had a completeness and dignity which were creditable to
our young province." In December, 1873, the building was burned down, and with
it, many valuable bocks and papers. It was generally supposed to have been des-
troyed through incendiarism, but at the investigation held, nothing was elicited to
substantiate the public belief. Afterwai-ds the courthouse which had been erected
in the centre of the town was utilized for holding the sessions of the legislature, and
the chamber was generally decorated with bunting of many hues, which gave a fan-
tastic — if not an appropriate — appearanub to the meeting place of the Provincial
Solons. The old courthouse was used in this way until the Govei-nment erected a new
brick one on the Fort Osborne reserve, when the sessions were held there. And
then, on the erection of suitable parliamentary buildings in 1883, the Government,
which had in the meanwhile had its oflices in an old barracks on Lombard sti-eet,
and afterwards in the small structure now used as educational offices, moved the
depai'tments into the new buildings, which in design and appearance compare favour-
ably with similar buildings in the other provinces.

It is unnecessary here te refer to the Biel rebellion of 1869-70, or its results.
History has already placed the facts on recoi-d. When in August, 1870, Wolseley
and his men arrived and occupied Fort Garry, which had been held by Biel since
the previous winter, a new state of affairs came into existence. The reign of terror-

THE PBOVINOB OF MANITOBA.

was ended. An era of prosperity ensued. The rush of people was ohiefly from On-
tario, although QuebflO and the Maritime Provinoea were not without their represen-
tatives. Then was a busy time, and as the town progressed, money became more
plentiful, wages were high, land cheap and the outlook was as bright as any city
could possibly hope for. But it was not all plain sailing. Just as the resoni-oes of
the country were becoming known and appreciated by eastei-n people, a scourge of
grasshoppers devastated it. The crops were destroyed — the inhabitants discoiu'aged.
The hoppers remained until the fall of 1875, when, after saving the formers the trou-
ble of harvesting their crops, they suddenly disappeared and have never since beea
seon. The settlement of tho country since is the best evidence that this plague will
never visit it again. With their departure, hope once more buoyed up the citizen
and the agriculturist. But enough of history for the present. Let us come down
to the present time and condition of affairs.

The system of sui-vey or of laying out the land in Manitoba and the Northwest
is mobi. simple. Every township is six miles square, and is divided into sections of
one mile square' (or 640 acres) each, that is, as nearly as it is possible to make mile
squares on the surface of a globe, the scarcely appreciable difference from this exact
area being the result of the convergence or divergence of the meridians forming the
eastern and western boundaries, as the township is north or south of one of the
standand base lines of survey. These sections are again subdivided into half sections
of 320 acres and quai'ter sections of 160 acres, and fui'ther into half quarters, which
t^rms are legal or statutory definitions of the divisions and subdivisions of land in
Manitoba and the North-West Territories of the Dominion. The townships are laid
out upon certain " base lines," about twenty-four miles apart, running east and west,
to the depth of two townships, both to the north and to the south, upon each. The
lines upon which adjacent townships, surveyed from different base lines, abut, are
termed " correction lines," and upon these all discrepancies of survey are adjusted.
The townships are arranged in tiers running from south to north, and starting from
the southern frontier, which is the international boundary line. These tiers are
mai-ked on the map with ordinary numerals, thus : 1, 2, 3, etc., township 1 being on
the International boundary or province frontier, which is " the first base line ; "
township 2 would be six miles further north ; township 3 again six miles north, etc.
The townships are further numbered in what are called " ranges " east and west, fVom
lines called " principal meridians." These numbers are marked on the map in Boman
characters, thus : I., II., III., lY., etc. The first principal meridian starts fi-om a
point on the International boundary line about eleven miles west of Em< ^on. The
west " ranges " run in regulai- numbers to the left or west of that meridian ; and the
east " ranges " to the right or east of that meridian. Thus, Township 3, Bange III.,
west, would be chree townships north of the boundary line, and three townships west
of the principal meridian ; or, Township 3, Bange III., east, would be, in the same
way, three townships n(n-th to the east of the principal meridian. Any one with
this simple direction coull puL his finger on any township in Manitoba or any other
part of the North- West Teiritory, of which the number north of the International
boundary or first base line might be given, with the number of the range or tiers of
townships east or west of the first or any of the principal meridians on the map.
Any section of a township can be found by its number on the diagram of the map ;
and the reader, by looking at this and seeing the way in which the numbers run,

THE NEW WEST.

fJ 1

I I

can instantly put his finger on any section of any township marked on the map. Tibs
boundaries of these sections being all laid out on the cardinal points of the compass,
east, west, north and south, the section is divided into east half and west half, or
north half and south half, whichever way the dividing line is run. These half mo-
ions are again divided into quarter sections, such as noilh-east quarter, north-vrest
uarter, nonth-east quarter, south-west quarter ; those quartera may again be divided
n the same way; and those termn, as before stated, are legal or statutory definitions
of land in Manitoba or the North- West Territory. In Canada the sections of a town-
ship are numbered from the south-ea^t corner ; in the United States from the north-
east corner.

Concerning no one thing in this world are the current conceptions observed
more utterly wide of the mai-k, fallacious and absurd, than they are respecting the
climate of this countiy. In the sarly past, it was looked upon with horror, and some
parta of the civili' 1 worM ill , dgards it as a land where the thermometer some,
times rises — not ft» * —> vo. A writer in the St. Paul, (Minn.) Pioneer-Press, in
writing of the No:u>-Ak<'' . c'- t^els this illusion ettectually. He says :'

"The pictorial y ■ hj.' ^ nver illustrated Canaou by winter sketches, ice pal-
aces, snowshoe exhibitions and r like scenes, making very charming pictures, but
all suggestive of arctic regions and an intense degree of cold, so that Canada, pai'ti-
cularly Manitoba and the Northwest, is ever associated with frost and snow and
vigorous winter. Whereas, for six months in the year along the chain of the Cana-
dian Pacific railway, from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, the boundaries of this
vast dominion stretch millions of aci'cs where the ai'tist's pencil can find innumer-
able scenes of sylvan beauty, wood and waterfall, which, faithfully portrayed, would
give a more correct idea of Canada when limned in a temperatura of semi-tropioal
warmth. Two months of what in other countries would be denominated bracing
"weather, when tHe whole face of nature presents a phantasmagoria of bewildering
beauty, when the roads and prairies are gorgeous with the vai-ying hues of nature's
-decay — a scene which sight can alone realize, for the woi'ds of the poet, the pen Qf
the traveler or the brush of the artist must fall short in depicting, describing and
portraying the glorious beauty, the innumerable blended tints of vegetable decay
present. Then comes four months of undoubted winter ; no rain ; snow falling prin-
cipally at.night; days of bright sundhine, when the rays of "old Sol " make them-
selves gratefully felt through an atmosphere registering 30 degrees and reaching 60
degrees below zero, then during the midday hours, not unpleasantly cold, for this low
temperature is attended by almost real stillness, and the absence of all superfluent
moisture in the suiTOunding atmosphere renders the cold far less penetrating than
that of a foggy day in New England in November, or a damp day in Chicago. No
'doubt there are a few days in winter when the elements are masters of the situation,
■and to defy them is to court destruction ; but where is the climate and where is the
oountry to be found entirely enjoyable throughout the year and free f^om all draw-
backs ? All countries have some points unfavourable ; there is no perfect climate
under the sun. But the climate of Manitoba is, above all other countries, the most
favorable for transplanting the Saxon race and perpetuating that stalwart physique
for which that race is remarkable. It is in its hygienic sense that the climate of
Manitoba excels, and, if it were better understood, physicians would gladly avail
th^mselvfis of adding Another field to those already known where climate influence

THS PROYINOS OF MANITOBA.

pal-

ia chiefly depended apon for the arrest of disease and the repairment of its ravages.
That the climate of Manitoba exercises a most salutary etT^ot on the incipient stage
of chest troubles is a well established fact, demonstrable by hondi-eds of cases. The
pine forests of the Engadine have been for a long time a favorable resort for the
phthisical patients, and the mild climate of Algeria, which as winter quarters, muut
always hold its own. But it is probable that, in no part of the world will climatic
influences do more for the arrest and removal of lung trouble in the early stages than
this climate for at least five months, viz : from the middle of April to the middle of
September. Scattered throughout the Northwest are groves and belts of giganfi''
ooniferte, in comparison with which the Engadine firs would sink into insignificance :
so that if the vicinity of this timber exercises a prophylactic influence, one's hut
may be pitched in pine groves overhanging magnificent lakes abounding in fish, and
amidst scenery of sylvan beaufy, on ground rarely trodden by the foot of man.
Through such a country the tourist may wander for hundreds of miles, and for the
first time realize the feeling of absolute freedom."

There is one fisict in connection with the climate which has not been distinctly
noticed by writers, and yet is a big stone in the foundation of an agricultural nation
— that is, while in the East the spring rains usually fall during ploughing and seed
time — April and May — succeeded by the long parching ''".ys and blazing suns, and
chirping grasshoppers, and finger-length cereals of Jun .no ' ly, riveted in bricks,
and lying down at last in despair, here all this is re 'brhod April and May, dry ;
June, mois' That settles the whole question. No b;r^-^nc vO work. No sowing
in mortar and reaping off rubble and bricks. The i ■ ' g * in early, lies in a warm
dry soil germinating and coming forth to meet the te. ' ' rains of June, when the
plants shoot up like ari-ows, and halt not till they bend their golden heads to the
blade of the executioner. This one fact is worti ■\U^\ millions. It ensures the
future of this land beyond a peradventure. As to tue Ute and early frosts they ai*e
no mere peculiar to this country than to New York, California, Ontario or England.
Indoed, from the nature of both winter and summer, these frosts will be found by-
and-bye to be of very rare occurrence. The bound from the long, solid winter is
short and sharp ; fVom summer to winter, ditto. When fai-ming is well-established,
the seasons better understood, the low lands drained, and the work " fall and spring
prompt and expeditious, we shall hear the last of 'frozen whe. i?he old S:;'kirk
settlers laugh at the idea. Late arrival, dilatory management, in .cient appliances
would freeze wheat anywhere. Besides freezing the ground solid and thus contribut-
ing to its pulverization in the spring, winter makes locomotion easy. There is no
thaw fi-om beginning to end, nor midwinter exposure of tender roots by desti'uctive
' Januaiy thaws,' no slush, no blinding sleets, and but few blizzards. The blizzai*d
is rare indeed, and the cyclone almost unknown, snow drifts are trifling compared
with other countries. There is no hiding in caves of the earth, to escape the death
track of the desolating toi-nado, as in Dakota and Minnesota in summer; no remain-
ing in doors at the approach of a storm, for fear of being lost and fh)zen in its
bewildering fierceness in winter. The average snowfall is light, but excellent
frozen snow, mantled roads make locomotion easy during the winter months.

The climate here, considered either with reference to pereoual comfort or
agricultural pui-poses, is very far ahead of that of any of the Eastern Provinces.
When farms and fkrm- houses have been surrounded ^ith t«"»es, which they will bo

THE NEW WEST.

'^'1

|i|

in the near fhtare, it will be still better — not to mention the enhanced beauty of the
landHcape.

The soil of tbia western land is, without doubt, the riohent in the world, even
siirpaHsing the famor.s valley of the Nile. And rich it ought to be. It was deposited
dun .g the prehiatorio ages at the bottom cf a myaterious inland sea, which i-uahed
off to the ocoan by way of Hudson's Bay, when its benoflcent mission was accom-
pliahod, the glacier relaxing its grip and falling back to its native country. Bach
succeeding year has added to its il&tness, so that manure is unnecessary, and its yield
is thirty, forty, fifty and, in exceptional cases eixty, bushels of hard wheat to the
acre— wheat often weighing 65 lbs. to the bushel, and esteemed the very beat in the
world. The soil of Manitoba resembles that of the far-famod Platte YuUey of
Nobi'aaka, but it Is much more pi*oductivo and durable. In quality of produce there
ia no comparison whatever. Prof. Tanner, one of the most eminent agricultural
authorities of Great Britain, writes : " Here it is that the champion soils of the world
nre to be found, and we may rejoice that they are located within the British empire.
Take, as an illustration of thoir powers of fertility, the simple foot that on the KiL
donan farm near Winnipeg, on wliich land I saw their fiftieth crop of wheat growing
—crops which followed each other year aftur yeai* and had maintaiuod their f\ill
yield from firat to last, without the soil losing any portion of Vm productive power.
Tear by year had the v inter fi-ost renovated that soil with f\-esh stores of fertility
from its rich presei-ves, and thus the land became better prepared than ever for
its work."

This demonatrates that Manitoba is the garden of America, and a countiy, with
the North- West Territories added, capable of maintaining a population of millions.
And yet there are over 1,150 acrco of unoccupied land to each person in the provincoi
and over 29,000 acrea to every individual in the territories. As the country is
i*ttpidly being settled, however — large as ia this proportion — in a comparatively few
years it will bo considerably diminiahed. Already the story of the progress of Mani-
toba is told by the census returns of 1881 and 1886, which record a marvellous
advance during those five years. In '81 there were only 2,384,33*7 acres occupied,
250,416 cultivated, and 230,264 under crop. In five years the occupied area had in-
creased to 4,171,224 aci-es, the cultivated to 751,5*71, and that under crop to 591,994 —
an increase of over '79, 300 and 25*7 per cent. roHpectively. In 1881, the wheat crop
amounted to 1,033,623 bushela ; in 1886 to 6,'7 11,186, and in 188*7 to over 14,000,000,
or an average of thirty buahela to the acre — a yield unprecedented in the history of
the world — a yield uufllciently largo to supply all the wanta of the province, and to
leave a surplus of nearly 12,000,000 bushels for export. A comparison of the yield
of grain in Manitoba and Dakota — the banner wheat-producing territory of the
United States — will convince the unbeliever as to the supei-ior productiveneas of
Canadian soil. Dakota, with a population of 135,000, had a total wheat crop of
2,830,289 bushela, while Manitoba, with a population of 110,000 (25,000 leso) had
more than five times that quantity. The contrast is still more striking, when it is
learned that 90 per cent, of the population of Dakota is rural, while Idanitoba is
only 72 per cent. At the same time, and with the same population, Dakota pi-oduced
only 2,217,000 buahele of oat«, 227,000 bushels of barley, and 664,000 bushels of pota-
toes, while Manitoba, with a much smaller population and smaller percentage of
fhrmera, raised over two and a half millions of bushels of potatoes, about two millions
of barley, and over seven millions of oats.

Hi
III'

THE PROVINOE OF MANITOBA.

We may go fbrther, and compare the jearlj yield, per acre, of Manitoba with
the United States, fVom which the euporiority of the soil of the former can be de-
dnced. In 1880, the average yield per aero in the United States was 13.1 bushels ;
in -81 only 10.1 ; in '82, l:}.6 ; in '83, 11.6; in '84, 13 ; in '85, only 10.4 bashels. In
the latter year, the average yield per acre in the following States was : — Oregon,
1S.9; Dakota, 12.8; Wisconsin, 11.5; Iowa and Nobramka, 11.3; Minnesota, 11.1;
KansaH and Indiana, 10.6; Ohio, 10.2; Califoniia, 9.4; Illinois, 8.5; MlHsouri. 7.4.
In the same year Manitoba's was 18.4 — larger than all competitors. This difference
is made even more apparent in 1887, when Dakota's average had increased to 10
bushels per acre and Manitoba's to over 39 buHhels. In 1887, Manitoba raised more
wheat than did all the following States of the Union combined in the previous year :
— Massachusetts, Connecticut, Wyoming, Nevada, New Hampshire, Mississippi, Ari-
zona, Vermont, Maine, New Mexico, South Carolina, Idaho, Delaware, Montana,
Alabama, Utah, Georgia, Arkansas.

In 1887, Manitoba raised more wheat than any of the following States in 1886 :

BuBhelfl. Bushels.

Maisachnsetts 17,000 Utoh 1,641,000

Connecticut 36,000 Georgia 1,690,000

Wyoming 63,000

Nevada 72.000

New Hampshire 160,000

Mississippi 1 73,000

Arizona 297,000

Vermont 410,000

Maine 600,000

New Mexico. 921,000

South Carolina 036,000

Idaho 1,039,000

Delaware 1,177,000

Montana 1,609,800

Alabama 1,629,000

Arkansas 1316,000

New Jersey 2,260,000

Colorado 2,419,000

West Virginia 3,961,000

North Carolina 2,209,000

Texas 6,383,000

Virginia 6,581,000

Maryland 7,660,000

Washington Territory 7,660,000

Tennessee 8,064,000

New York 11,993.000

Oregon 11,033,000

Kentucky 12,406,000

iltobA 14,000,000

In a report to the Winnipeg Boai ^ of Trade, respecting the disposal of the crop
of 1887, it is shown that the acreage under wheat crop was 432,000, as per returns
received by the Department of Agriculture from bSO reporters. The Board, in Sep-
tember, assuming that the average yield would be 28 bushels per acre, estimated
the crop at 12,000,000, but within a month they decided that the crop actually reached
between 13,000,000 and 14,000,000, as threshing showed the yield to be greater. This

crop is accounted for as follows : —

Bushels.

Wheat exported to Eastern Canada and Europe. 8.600,000

Converted into flour in Manitoba 2,600,000

Used as seed, 520,000 acres 1,109,000

In hands of millers and shippers and of farmers for close marketing. . . . 1,200,000

13,400,000

To these figures may be added an amount (equal to a sum sufficient to make a
grand total of 14,000,000 bushels) to cover the wheat used as feed on farms nnd
what is still unthreshed, or at such remote points from railroads that it will not go
into this year's business. The amount of actual wheat exported has been arrived at

THS NEW WE8T.

■»

i!^

by oareful tnvestigntion and checked by totalling the Grain Inspeotor'n records, after
allovrinf; for all reinHpected ahipmenta. To obtain the sam total of wttott converted
into flour of the 1887 crop, letters of request wore mailed to each mill in the pro-
vince, asking for a confidential return. Answers were promptly sent in from every
mill of consequence, so that the flgureH ntatod uro accurate. On the basis used by
American slaticians, it re<iuire« five buubels of wheat, in flour, to feed each unit of
the population. Supposing our people to number 130,000, wo will consume 650,U00
bushels, leaving 1,960,000 of that ground to bo exported. A considerable pai-t of our
flour is shipped west to the Territories, British Columbia and AHia, and the balance
to Kastcrn Canada.

The census of Manitoba, taken in 1886, hIiows that 16,000 iiu*mer8 were in Mani-
toba that yoai*,— and it may bo accepted as a fact that these farmers raised the crop
of 14,000,000 bushelH of wheat in 1887, having an average each of 87& bushels. With
a wheat crop of 14,000,000 bushels grown on 432,000 acres, the average yield per
acre was 32.4 bushels. Beturns received by the Winnipeg Orain Exchange of the
increased area under wheat crop of this year over last, indicate that about 20 per
cent, more area has boon bown, making a total for this yeai- of 520,000 aorec. It is
difficult to obtain complete returns of the total amount of barley exported of the
1887 crop. About 350,000 buHhels were sent east and south. The crop was very
heavy on the 56,000 acres cultivated, but as heretofore, practically, no barley was
exported, farmers paid scant attention to properly harvesting it, and the great bulk
of what was gi*own was used in the province for feed. Returns show an inoreaMod
acreage of fVom 20 per cent, to 30 per cent, over that of last year, or a total of about
70,000 acres. The export of oats, so far as can be determined, reached Ailly 1,000,000
bushels. The increased area under cultivation this year is not less than 10 per cent.
Laat year, the total acreage, according to the Government returns, was 166,176.
Grain dealers report a large quantity of oats still held in the province, but the actual
quantity cannot be determined.

VALUa OF BXPORTS.

Wheat f4,8?6,000

Flour and bran 1,260,000

Flax, and ita products 120,000

Barley 140,000

Oats and oatmeal 280,000

Dairy products, eggs, potatoes, vegetables, wool, hides, flsb, etc 600,000

ToUl $7,066,000

NoTB. — The value of Manitoba fbrs is not included in this statement.

Mr. Bell, who prepared the report, gives some apt pioture-Iessons of facts con-
nected with the rise and value of last season's crops : — ■' The estimate is mode on the
basis of last year's wheat crop, which was 14,000,000 bushels. A few years ago, when
Bed Biver cails were the only mode of conveyance, an average load was estimated
at between 800 and 900 pounds. If we were dependent on this conveyance to-day,
it would take 1,000,000 carts to carry out the crop of wheat. They would extend
in a straight line 5,000,000 yards, or 2841 miles, which is practically the distance of
the Canadian Pacific Bailway from Vancouver to Monti-eal. The wheat crop would
make 650,000,000 pounds of flour, and would weigh about 840,000,000 pounds.
Transporting it in carloads of 660 bushels, weighing 39,000 pounds each, it would

THE PROVINOK OF MANITOBA. 4^

require 21,638 ctun, making up » train 7tf6,906 feet, 265,635 yardB, or 151 miles in
length, or it would load 466 veeeels witn 30,000 buahulH each. Snppoaing a farmer'a
■leigh or wagon load to be one and a half tons, it would require 238,333 wagona to
carry the wheat. SupimHing the average diHtance of the farmer* from market to be
eight milee, in going and coming, to deliver the wheat of the province, our farmerH
would travel 3,738,328 mileti. This wheat would feed, acconling to the adopted
amount laid down per head of population, 2,800,000 people for one year, itnd wo«M
fWl the prcHcnt population of Manitoba for 21^ yeara. It would Heed 7,000,009
acres at two buahele to the acre, or 10,907 square miles. It would seed a mile in
depth along the Grand Trunk Itailway from Toronto to Montreal 33 times over, or a
strip two-thirds of a mile wide arouttd the world in this latitude. The acreage under
wheat last year in Manitoba uquals a strip of land two miloH wide extending iVom
Toronto to Montreal.

The best idea of Manitoba's trade can, perhaps, be learned from t>i . excellent and
comprehensive reports of Hon. J. W. Taylor, U.S. Consul, who is not only an able and
efficient official, but whorte long experience has made him a standard and oft-quoted
authority on the Great Northwest. From the Consurrt reports, it is learned that the
foreign importations of the Winnipeg district since 1880 are as follows:

Dutiable. Free. Total.

1880 $ 784,866 f 49,118 $ 833,983

1881 1,381,683 116,303 1,496,986

1882 3,690,349 807,671 4,606,920

. 1883 6,368,840 1,868,360 8.237,209

1884 2,826,376 1,860,866 4,686,261

188S 2,763,446 868,369 8,661,814

1886 1,861,638 600,646 2,362,283

1887 1.996,318 739,822 2,736,140

The diminution of foreign trade is the result of the opening up of interprovincial
communication and the consequent expansion of Canadian trade and traffic. The
declared exports Prom the Winnipeg Consulate for 1887 wore 1448,363 to the United
States, against $232,109 in 1885 ; to Groat Britain, $632,058 against |895,232— the
Ailing off being in fHirs, to Eastern Canada (eritimated) 16,000,000, against |1,500,-
000 two years previous. The trade with British Columbia rose from almost nothing
to an aggregate of $250,000, chiefly shipments of flour, oats, barley and dairy pro-
ducta, with an importation of lumber and fish valued at $60,000.

Consular records ut Winnipeg exhibit an exportation offish — the catch of Lakes
Winnipeg and Manitoba— amounting to 1,488,330 lbs., in 1887, with invoice value of
$61,369. These shipments were made to Buffalo, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Omaha,
Kansas City and Chicago.

The supplies of wheat of 1887 are placed at 10,000,000 bushels, valued at $5,200,-
000, against 4,530,000, valued at $2,778,000, in 1885: 2,200,000 in 1884; 1,000,000
in 1883 ; and 500,000 in 1882. Speaking of the yield in 1887, the Consul says :—
" Such a harvest, particulai'ly of wheat, is without precedent in the annals of
American agriculture."

/
1

THE NEW WEST.

A general statement of the trade of this Ck>n8ular distriot is as follows : —

Countries.
Eastern Canada. ••

United States

Great Britain

British Columbia. .

Japan

France

Belgium

(lermany

Spain

China

Spanish W. Indies .

Holland

Greece

Portugal

Switzerland

Austria

British W. Indies..

Denmarlc

Italy

Hungary

Central America . . .

Jmportt.

$5,460,280

2,738,140

841.751

50,000

28.925

13,164

8,044

6,516

6,292

4,813

8,257

3,003

2,533

1,410

818

665

411

321

300

200

Exports.

$6,000,000

540,798

650,043

250,000

1,200

170

$9,157,843

150

$7,492,371

Total.

$11,4504280

3,326,938

1,491,794

300,000

30,125

13,164

8,044

6,680

6,292

4,813

3,257

3,00S

2,633

1,410

818

665

411

321

310

200

160

$10,650,214

This shows avast increase over the trade of 1886, which totalled $12,118.492 —
the imports being $7,820,959 and the exports $4,297,623 ; and over that of 188B
when the imports were $10,983,713 and the exports only $2,627,341 and the increase
is still non-emphasized when compared with the trade of 1872, amounting to a
palti-y $1,208,361, of which all but $85,541 were imports, or with that of '73 when
the imports only amounted to $918,336 and the exports to $246,783 — a total of
$1,165,319. The development of the interprovincial trade is most mai'ked — increas-
ing from $7,824,566 in '86 to $11,750,280 last year.

In the cause of education, Manitoba has set a noble example. Its system is
founded on that of Ontario and Is himilar to that of the western states in some
particulars ; it follows settlement rapidly and plants a school house wherever ten
school children can be found in a neighborhood within -a radius of three miles, and
provides for its operation by a system of government grants and municipal taxation
by which the bui-den is equally distributed and the sparse, poor settlements aided.
Great care is bestowed upon the preparation of teachei's, and no licenses are given to
teach, except from the provincial board. There is a normal school which teachers
are compelled to attend if they continue teaching over one year, and in this way the
majority of the teachers have received some training for their work. But this re-
mark refers only to Protestant schoolH, and it is necessarily supplemented by the
explanation that in one way the system is unique, there being complete and separate
control of the management of Catholic and Protestant schools by a Catholic and
Protestant board of education respectively, and a corresponding division of public
funds for their aid. fiut this does not necexsanly imply denominational or religious
teaching in what are called the Protestant schools, for a visitor to one of these in the
city of Winnipeg or in the rural districts would see no malarial departure from the

THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA.

onrricalum of studies in force in the best eaatera schools. The progress made in
education in the provinces has kept pace well with settlement, and every neighbor-
hood, however small and remote, has its neat, substantial school house. In 1871,
when public schools were first organized in Manitoba, there were 16 Protestant and
17 Oaiholio schools ; in 1881 there were 128 Protestant and about 50 Catholic schools,
and in 1887 the respeotive numbers were 522 Protestant and 70 Catholic schools. As
nearly all the Catholic schools are attended by French pupils and are taught in that
language, the dual system of control has worked very well so far. Manitob.ins justly
pride themselves on the superiority of their rural schools to those of the Western
stutes, and the pains taken to provide them with trained teachers is pointed out as
the means by which this excellence is attained. Out of the 529 teachers employed
in the Protestant schools in 1887, 310 are stated to have received instruction in the
art of teaching at the Provincial Normal school, at which is an institution in which
professional training alone is given, the academic instruction being left to the high
and intermediate schaols. One high school (or collegiate schools) is located at Win-
nipeg and the other in the city of Brandon. Those schools prepare students for the
provincial university and for the two higher classes of teachers' certificates. They
are taught by university graduates and their curriculum of studies is as high as many
of our colleges. There are intermediate schools situated in the principal towns of the
province, those at Birtle, Minnedosa, Vii-den, Selkirk and Stonewall, being provided
with two teachers each, Moi-den with three, Carberry and Pilot Mound being about
to establish themselves on the same footing. These schools supply a link between
the elementary and the high schools and prepare students for the thii-d class teach-
ers' examinations. The schools of the city of Winnipeg are attended by over 3,000
pupils, who are taught by fifty-one teachers, and in their accommodation and the
instruction given they are on a par with the schools of any Western city. Brandon
and Portage la Prairie, with 500 pupils and seven teachera, each keep well in line
with their sister city and are not ready to admit any inferiority in the character of
their schools.

The Manitoba University is the highest department in education in Manitoba,
and is unique in its institution. The Anglican Church College of St. John, the
Presbyterian College of St. John and the Catholic College of St. Boniface united in
forming this univeraity, and the medical college since came in. It was established
to promote higher education in the province, and whatever colleges may hereafter
be or^ranizod may join the university, the degrees being conferred on the students
by the various colleges after a thorough examination by the board of professors
chosen by the various colleges, as well as the provincial educational board. It is
not a teaching body ; it is an examining body, and confers degrees. The council of
the university is composed of representatives of the different colleges, of the sections
of the boai-d of education and a certain number of graduates.

Great as has been the work accomplished in education, it has been equalled by the
Christianizing influences of religion, and in Winnipeg and Manitoba — as in Canada
as a whole — the Sabbath is observed strictly. Business is suspended, traffic ceases
and divine sei-vices are held in church and chanel. The Church of Rome pioneered
religion here, as so often it has elsewhere, dating back to 1818; but it was not until
near the close of the fifties that any great strides wore made. Then the Church of
England followed, and Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, Jew, and

THE NEW WEST.

later, the Qaakera and Salvation Army helped to spread the divine teachings. Not
only is Winnipeg and vicinity supplied with cathedrals and churches, but the
servants of Christ have caiTied the Word afar off into th» recesses of the North and
East and West, and reclaimed from the darkness of Paganism hundreds of the
heathen redmen whose forefathers, in their superatition and ignoi*ance, "bowed
down to wood and stone." Winnipeg itself is, notwithstanding that, but the other
day, it wae a mere " border town," largely peopled by chuich-goers, and its numerous
edifices are always well tilled by devout congregations.

The railway development of the province has been remarkable. In 1877, there
was not a single mile of raili-oad completed. To-day, there are nearly twelve
hundred miles, and the work of construction is being vigorously prosecuted. The
Canadian Pacific, alone, has 751^ milo8 — 315 of which is the trunk line, and the
remainder, branches to Stonewall, Selkirk, Emerson, Deloraine, Gretna and Glenboro.
The Manitoba & Northwestern, whose objective point is Prince Albert— the eastern
terminus being Portage la Prairie — has 217 miles in operation, 26 m-les being branch
lines. The Eed Eiver Valley, constructed by the Local Government, is 67 miles,
running from West Lynne to Winnipeg, and is being extended to Portage la Prairie,
both lines being controlled by the Northern Pacific, which has entered into an
agreement with the province to build another branch to Brandon and to the Souris
coal-fields within two years. The Great Northwest Central, running from Brandon
northwesterly to Battlefoi-d, has 60 miles nearly completed, and there are 40 miles
of the Hudson's Bay Kailway built, but not operated at present, although the
promoters are confident of extending the line at an ewly day. This makes an
aggregate of 1,170 miles. Besides this, the Southeastern, rimning towards the
Lake of the Woods southeasterly, and connecting with Duluth, is being promoted,
and may possibly be built next yeai-.

The Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba is Hon. John C. Schultz, one of the oldest
residents of the province, and who has been inseparably connected with its progress
and development for many yeai-s. The Government consists of Hon. Thomas
Qreenway, Premier and Minister of Agriculture ; Hon. Joseph Martin. Attorney-
General and Bailway Commissioner; Hon. Lyman II. Jones, Treasurtr; Hon.
James Smart, Minister of Public Works; and Hon. James E. Prendergast, Provincinl
Secretary. Great attention is being paid by the Government to the agricultui-ai and
railway development of the province.

THE CITY OF WINNIPEG.

ill

It may be truly said that Manitoba is the beginning of a vast gi'assy sea of virgin
wealth — of a boundless praiiie of untold fertility. And at the outer rim of this won-
derland sits, queen-like and majestic, young, but strong and lusty and prosperous —
outstripping all its rivals, rapidly increasing in impoi-tance — an adolescent giant,
whose yet uritired strength is indication of a sturdy manhood. In this place, mid-
way between the two great oceans, Winnipeg has sprung up as if by magic, as if in
this latter day the genii of Aladdin's lamp had created a city in an incredibly short
space of time. For sudden growth, combined with solidity, the world has never

ijii

THE C5ITY OF WINNIPEO.

«een its counterpart. In fifteen years it has risen from a hamlet to a metropolis.
There is no flimsiness about its buildings— no mere temporaiy makeshifts of strao-
tui*e8, as in many of the mushroom towns which have risen on the western wilds.
The first sui'prise excited in a stranger on visiting Winnipeg is in its broad, paved
streets, the substantiality and magnificence of the public buildings, the neatness and
taste of the private residences, and the possession of all the accompaniments of
metropolitan Mfe. To^iay it can, with pardonable pride, claim a development
unparalleled in the history of Canada, and boost that its name, synonymous with all
that is progi'essive and prosperous, is more widely and familiarly known in evei-y
quarter of the civilized globe than that of other cities of greater age and preten-
sions. The "Winnipeg of to-day is far different from the Winnipeg of 1870, when,
through the Biel rebellion, it was first brought prominently before the world's
attention. From that date, the birth of Winnipeg may be i>eckoned, although it was
not till a few years later that its growth was worthy of particular attention. Then
it was a long, scattered settlement, with a few rudely constructed dwellings and
business places, having no sidewalks, but possessing almost impassable muddy high-
ways.

Most prominent among the institutions of Winnipeg is Port Gariy — now but
little more than a tradition. There only remain a few scattered stones and a castel-
lated gateway as evidences of its once proud position, but this is a utilitarian age,
when the glamour of romance and the glory of bygone grandeur and power must
give way to the demands and the necessities of our time. Its title to be termed a
" fort " has, for many a year, only been a matter of courtesy, and the last vestigo of
itH claim to be a stronghold was Hwept away dui'ing the boom, when the main high-
way which circled around its walls in the olden time was run directly through this
historic spot. It is not so many yeai-s ago since cannon frowned from the rarapavts
of the fort— not such dangerous weapons to an enemy as they must have been to
those firing them off. The i-amparts, long before their demolition, had outlasted
their U8ef\ilness. Thay were more defence in appeaninco than in reali ty, and were
in those days of modern warfare about as unwarlike as the old fiiot guns and
musketH which were stored away in out-of-the-way cornere of the buildings within
the enclosure. But this Fort Gany — now dismantled —was a famous place in its
■day, and has a history extending far back to the era when Iho first adventurous
white man cmno from _^— ^hM-L -i ■^mJMMI^—I ^fc- where a similar struc-

the East in search of
fUi-s. It is associated
with many notable
events. It is the cra-
dle of the history of
the Red River coun-
try. The site of the
fort is a shoit distance
from the north banks
of the Assiniboino,
about 400 yarde f^'om
its mouth, whore it
enters the Rerl River,

LBLAND HOUSB.

tureon a smaller scale
had preceded It. In
1835, the new Fort
Gairy was erected —
the large^it and most
substantial fort yet
built. It is thus des-
cribed by Mr. Alex-
ander Ross in his work
on the Red River Set-
tlement. In his day
it was " nearly square,
being about 280 feet

THE NEW WEST.

It '

lli

from east to west, and 240 feet from north to south, with a stone wall fifteen feet
high and of considerable thickness, having two large gntos on the north and
south sides, and fom- round towera or block-houses at each corner, with port and
loopholes for cannon and musket'-y." " In the inside of the walls," ho adds, " is a
gallery which runs around the front, and which attbrds a pleasant walk and an ex.
tensive view of the surrounding country. The principal dwel ling-house, a large and
commodious building, occupies the centre of the square, behind which and near the
northern gate stand the flagstatt' and the belfry. There are also houses within the
walls for the accommodation of the officers and men attached to the fort, togethe '
with stores and granaries and — would it were not necessary to add — a gaol and court-
house for the colony. Fort Garry, altlinu^a still in a terra incognita, was gradually
becoming more and more the centre of activity for the little colony of Assiniboia,
then flourishing in the very heart of a wilderness. Here that most patriarchal of
governments, the Governor and Council of Assiniboia, mot regularly and disposed of
the business coming before them without indulging in any of that wire-} illing and
log-rolling which seems to be a necessary concomitant of most legislative assemblies
now-a-days. The councillois, with thoir modest allowance of ten shillings per diem —
it was £, 8. and d. then — and without even the sliaclow of a shade of politics to aid
them in their solemn deliberations, did famously, never occupying the time of a ses-
sion by slangwhanging oat^h other furiously. The brethren dwelt in peaceful unity.
Perhaps the presence at these assemblies of a couple of bishops, an archdeacon, and
sometimes a priest or so, may account to some extent for the kindly, practical nature
of their delibei-ations — so veiy different from the established order of things in older
and (it is to be presumed) wiser communities. There were some failures in justice,
but as a rule the councillors ruled the country wisely and well. The courts wore
presided over by men learned in the law, eloquent and admirably qualified for the
portion — men wiose names are still revered by the older residents : Tliom, Johnson,
Blhck and Burns, and their administration of justice gave general satisfaction. The
court-house at Fort Garry, besides being utilized as the council chamber and palace
of justice, was also useil for public gatherings of all kinds — religious, political or gen-
ei-al. It was also a pUiQO of worship, and the four denominations that occupied the
field here then exclusively each had the use of it in turn. The gaol, a sombre-looking
building, has also its story to tell. It had been broken into twice by angry settlers
with arms in their hands, and there wore Sfvoial gaol deliveries not in strict accoi-d-
ance with the several legal formalities. Later on came the still darker day of revo-
lutionary uprising, with bloody eventualities, unhinging the feelings of conliality and
amity which hml ma4e Ked River a sort of Happy Valley. It was from this fort that
Scott was taken and shot just outside of the eastern wall; it was here that Louis
Kiel reigned and ruled in 1869-70, it was here that Wolseloy made his name ; it was
here that the Uuds(m's Hay Companj', with its ramifications from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and tiom Minnesota to the fai'-away Northern Ramparts, had its head-
quarters; it was here that lived men whose names have since become household
words — millionaires, governors and politicians. But Foit Garry has lost all its pres-
tige, all its simple grandeur, all its glory, and naught remains but a few scattered
f undations and a crumbling gateway to toll the passing st'-anger that this place, now
<!.Ked to the ground, was once famous, and about it were enacted nearly all the
BCo^-<i« i.'iaf mak ; up the early history of the country.

THK CITY OV WliNNirEO.

6ft

THE NFW WEST.

( •

It was in 18*72 that the firat steps towards the incorporation of Winnipeg were
taken at a public meeting held in February. Besolutions were carried affirming the
desirability of incorporating the t wn, and the boundaries suggested were lot No.
222 »n the north, Colony Creek on the west, one-half mile south of the Assiniboine
on the south, and three-quarters of a mile beyond Red River on the east. The effort,
however, was abortive, and the Local Legislature refused to pass the bill. In
December of the same year, other meetings we-e held, and when the h:'.!, which was
materially altered, ho as to make the limits of the town the Assiniboine on the south
and the Rod River on the east, was ruled put of order by the Speaker. It was at
this time attempted to give the name "Garry" or "Selkirk" to the town, but it
failed. An indignation mass meeting was held — those were the halcyon days of mass
meetings — and a deputation was appointed to remonstrate with the powei-s that be
for not permitting incorporation. The Legislature was interviewed, but the bill was
thrown out, notwithstanding, and the Speaker of the House was in consequence
treated to a coat of tar and feathers, so great was the feeling of indignation. The
following year the subject of incorporation was once more taken up by the people,
and in November, at the session of the Legislature, the bill, which had been thrown
out the previous year, was passed, and "Winnipeg blossomed out as a full-fledged city.
It was then like the nucleus of a town, but it had the stamp of the Legislature that
it was a city ; and it had the people, the resources, the pluck, the energy, and the
power to make itself a metropolis. The population of Winnipeg in 18*70 was, exclu-
sive of the military, only 215. About 600 were added in '71, and 700 more in the
following y.^oi". In 1874 it was estimated at about 2.000. In '75 it bad increased to
5,000 (3,031 being the number assessed), and there being an estimated .oating popu-
lation of about 2,000. In '76 the figures showed the populatiin to be 5,522 ; in '77,
to over 6,000; irom '78 to '80 there was a steady influx of people, and in '81-82 the
population was estimated at 25,000, but this was undoubtedly an exaggerated esti-
mate. In 188r the records show it to have incrcai.^1, and it is now about 23,000, not
including the larg . floating or transient population. The city's population is
cosmopolitan, and it includes nearly every nationality under tho sun, from the high-
est type of European and Aruencan civilization to the pagan Indian and heathen
Chinee. The residents include the most enterprising of their diflPerent countries —
men of purpose aii<l dotorminstioii, of perseverance, of intelligence and of public
spirit, and notwithstand'"!; the minor local ditt'cccncos that exist in all communities,
when the welfare or i'-'orestii of Winnipeg are at stake, they unifo as one in its
behalf.

But not only is the material progress of the city demonstrated by its ever-
increasing population, the assessment rolls also conclusively toll the story of its
prosperity. In 1874 the total assessment was f2,676,018; in 1876, $2,635,805; in
1876, «3,031, 685 ; in 1887, $3,097,824 ; in 1878, $3,216,980; in 1879, $3,415,065; in
1880, $4,000,000 ; in 1881, $9,196,435: in 1882 (the boom), $30,303,270 ; in 1883,
$33,000,000; in 1884, $30,325,000; in 1886 and 1886 still further reductions took
place, although values did not depreciate. The decrease in the assessment after
1883 was owing to the fictitious boom, figures being dropped gradually to a basis
appi-oaching their actual value, and not from the apparent large depreciation in pro-
perty. The present figures may be safely assumed to represent the fair value of the
taxable property, but to this should be added the church; city, school, railway and

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THE CITY OP WINNIPKO.

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THE NEW WEST.

government properties, which are exempt from taxation, and those manufacturing
industries on which the taxes are remitted by way of a bonus.

The history of the commercial pi-ogres^ of Winnipeg ia a remarkable one, as is
shown in the following facts and figures cai"«fully gathered from reliable sources : —
In 18*70 there were about fifteen small mercantile institutions [of all kinds], exclu-
sive of the Hudson Bay post, in existence, and the total number of buildings outside
the fort was only twenty-eight. The manufacturing industries were confined to a
small tannery and a harness shop. The imports during the year ending 30th June,
1872, amounted to $1,122,820, of which Great Britain sent $652,016; Canada, $112,-
104; the United States, $32,300; and France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, China and
the West Indies the balance. The exports, which were chiefly furs, amounted to
$85,641. Before this there was a duty of 4 per cent, on imported goods, which was
collected by the Hudson Bay Company. The following fiscal year the imports
amounted to $918,336, and the exports to $246,983. A gradual inci'ease was notice-
able in 1873, and in 1874 there were over 900 buildidgs— some, of coui-se, of not any
great value — in the city's limits, and over 100 business places. In 1876, the imports,
not including Canadian goods, amounted to $1,248,309, and the exports to $588,958.
Greater progress was made in 1876. Mercantile houses increased to over 200, a
number of dwellings was erected, and two flouring mills came into existence; and
in the following year the same steady pace was kept up. The amount of duties
collected for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1876, was $264,046, against $171,430
in 1875, and $67,472 in 1874. In 1877 the same steady advancement in buildings
was shown, many fine and costly structui'es being erected— in all about 800; and in
1878 the city progressed even more rapidly, tfcere being an addition of over 100 new
buildings. Up to 1870, the only coranmnication with the outer world was the cart
brigade, which for years had broughi/ the needed supplies, first from St. Paul, and
the" x>m St. Cloud, in Minnesta. One or two trips had been made by the primi-
t constructed stern-wheel steamers of that day, but in 1871 there was an irre-

gu...!- river service in summer and a stage line to Minnesota in winter. It was not
till the end of 1878 that rail communication was afforded, and this gave an impetus
to the growth of the city in the folfowing year, — and in the ensuing summer (1881)
thei'e were over 400 business institutions, including several wholesale houses, five
banks, and a large number of manufacturing industries, which gave employment to
about 600 workmen. It was in this year that the great boom in real estate set in —
an inflation which sent people crazy in theii* desire to dabble in land— an era in
gambling in which all, men and women, preacher and layman, rich and poor, specu-
lated, and colossal fortunes (on paper) were made dailu- The people were carried
away by the excitement of the day. Men talked in " tnousands " as glibly as they
now do of *' hundreds," lots were quoted at fabulous sums per front foot, land in the
suburbs — two, three, four and five miles from the business centre — wiis sui-veyed
into lots, and eagerly purchased at boom figures ; champagne flowed like water —
every one was flush. It was a fool's paradise. Gradually the excitement spread to
the surrounding villages and towns, reaching as far west as Edmonton, 900 miles
away. That was the limit. The second day it was on the market, realizing
absui-dly fictitious values, buyera began to unload. Then the reaction set in, and
the bubble burst. Then everyone got down to hard pan, and, after a year or two of
depression, Winnipeg commenced once more to assert itself, confidence— not alto-

THE CITY OF WINNIPKO.

Paoturing

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of duties
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buildings
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a the cart
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gelk«i" lost — was fully restoied, and, in a quiet, business-like manner, the city began
to proaipcr again on a solid foundation.

The site of the city is a very eligible one for commerce, being, as stated, at the
conflnx of the Sad and Assiniboine rivers, the two principal streams of the province.
Through the medium of the fii-st, communication is had with Lake Winnipeg, and
all rivers having an outlet into that large body of fresh water. These rivors and
lakes give Winnipeg a system of inland navigation possessed by few other cities in
either the dominion or the neighboring republic. With slight improvements to
them and other connecting bodies of water, Winnipeg will become the cntrepdt of
probably one of the largest mercantile districts on the continent. In addition to the
facilities aiforded for in 'and navigation, railway enterprises in operation and others
projected give every indication of Winnipeg becoming, very shortly, a railway
centre. The city does not depend on agriculture alone, great as that is, but has the
vast coal fields of the West, the auriferous deposits of the Saskatchewan and Rocky
Mountains, together with mineral and forest resources of the North and East, already
paying homage to the commercial shrine of the Prairie City.' Being the capital of
the province, it has, thoreibre, become the headquarters of the provincial govern-
ment. The residence of the lieutenant governor, parliament house and public depart-
ments of the province are stationed here. It is besides the judicial centre of the
province. The Dominion Government, too, has made this city the headquarters for
locally transacting business in Manitoba and the Northwest. Among the offices
located here are the customs, inland revenue, immigration, dominion lands, receiver
general, crown timber, Canadian Pacific railway, fishery, Indian and post office
departments. The city is not as regulai-ly laid out as many of the new cities on the
other side of the forty-ninth parallel, owing to the original owners having become
possessed of their lands by measuring from the nver front, thus giving various
angles and breadths. The city shows this now. The part laid out by the Hudson
Bay company and contiguous to old Fort Oarry has been most regularly laid out at
right angles, crossing Main street. Main street has scai-cely a counterpart on this
continent. It was laid out by the government of Assinaboia in 1836, and was
originally a colonist i-oad, extending from West Lynne on the international boundary
near Pembina to Lake Winnipeg, and had an established width of 132 feet. This
great highway has never been allowed to be encroached upon. It follows the wind-
ings of the river at a pretty regulai- distance, or rather the Indian trail. As a con-
sequence the road is winding, and the result is that Main street is far from straight.
But herein lies its beauty. For two and a half miles it has been paved with block
pavement, with eighteen-foot walks at each side, with only enough rise from a per-
fect level to drain itself. On either side are palatial warehouses and stores, and,
the architecture being so varied, the changes are certainly unique. One thinks he
is coming to the end of the street, when lo I another and a finer view opens out ;
and this change is more than once or twice. Portage Avenue is another colonist
road, extending from Main street west to Portage la Prairie, of the same width as
Main street, and following the windings of the Assinaboine river. The principal
residence portion of the city is south of this avenue, and is near the parliament and
other public building, although Fort Rouge, as the part of the city south of the
Assinaboine is called, holds its own with any part of the city for elegant residences
and pleasant drives. The main street_River Avenue, in this pari is also paved, and

THE NEW WEST.

is a favorite driving l)Oulovai-(l. The rivor banks are heavily wooded, and extend
Bome distance from the rivor, and every advantage is taken of these eligible build-
ing sites.

The enterprise and energy of the piess of Winnipeg is perhaps unsurpassed Id
the Dominion. Notwithstanding the comparatively small constituency, which
necessarily limits tlio circulation of the different newspapers, and the great expense
oonnectotl with the publication, all the journals are very creditable productions and
compare more than favorably with the })res8 of other cities of the same size. There
are three dailies, the Free Press (Reform) and Call (Conservative) published in the
morning, and the Sun ( Independent) issued in the evening. Pull telegraphic reports
of the world's doings are given, and the locals columns demonstrate the activity of
the ubiquitous reporter. These dailies have also weekly editions, and besides these
are the Commercial, whose name indicates its mission ; Siftings, (humourous), North-
west Review (Catholic), The Colonist^ Northwest Farmer and several church and
educational papers.

Winnipeg has been foi-tunate in possessing energetic councils, the present one
being composed of Hon. L. M. Jones, mayor ; Aid. Mulvey, Baker, A. Macdonald,
Riley, Calloway, t'lotchor, Ryan, Hutchings, Grundy, Black, D. Macdonald and
Poison (resigned).

Opposite Winnipeg — on the east bank of the Red River, — is situated St. Boni-
face, which is chiefly populated by people of French extraction. Here is the foun-
tain head of Roman Catholicism in the Northwest ; the home of Archbishop Taoh^,
whose name is revered by Protestant and Catholic alike ; the Cathedral of St. Boni-
face, whose bolls " on turret twain " were immortalized by Whittier ; the schools
and colleges and hospitals of the catholic church. The town has a population of
about 2,000 ; contains a number of good stores, hotels, a newspaper, etc., and is con-
nected with Winnipeg by un iron toll bridge.

SELKIRK.

The busy little town of Selkirk is situated on the banks of the Red River about
twenty-two miles, in a northerly direction, and midway between the metropolis of
the province of Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg. The population is between 700 and
800 souls and as they are all tired with a more than ordinary amount of ambition and
Are confident that some day, not far in the dim future, they are destined to become
the head quai-ters for Manitoba and the North West, and look upon themselves as a
fival to Winnipeg. It was at Selkirk the government at one time proposed to span
the Red River with a biidge and make that the crossing for the C. P. R. and indeed
not only was the river surveyed but a railway track was laid to the water's edge
and it was proposed to commence work on the east end of the bridge. The idea was,
however, abandoned and when the news reachedSelkirk the dismay which the people
felt was very great at getting, what they termed, the " go by." Feeling that rail-
way communication was absolutely necessary for the welfare of the town negotia-
tions were entered into, a few yeai-s later, and completed, with the municipalitj of
St. Andrews, whereby the Canadian Pacitio Railway Company was bonused to the
extent of $70,000, and a branoh line was built, the driving of the last spike of which,
by the Hon. Premier of the ^Province, Hon. John Norquay, being an event in the

SKTiKlRK.

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THE NEW WEST.

hiHtory of Iho lowu which will go <lown to coming ^onorntionH. iSoll<irk Ih tho lura-
bor depot for Manitobu, itH imtiu-ui locution at tho homl of (loop water pwuliiirly
flttini; it for huoH, by givin;^ it command of tho otitiro Lako Winnipog trado, which
iH very oxUmHivo, and Ih increasing by iminon«c proportionH year by year. Selkirk is
alHO a popular Hummor resort and is viHited each Hummer by lar;(o numbera of people
it being uno<iuallo<l for liealthfulnoHH in tho province. One of itM mo»t attractive
Bpota is tho forn grove, which in Mtuiidod with beautiful elm, oak and many other
varieties of trees, showing that nature intondod it as recreative point for those who
desired to spend a pleasant holiday. The Hshing industry as well (m the lumber
trado is also an important factor in tho development of the town, upwards of sixty
men being engaged in it at this |)oiiit, largo buildings aro erected for the freezing
and storing of tho finny tribe, hundrotls of tons of which aro brought in fmm Lake
Winnipeg by steamers and fishing smacks during the summer. Selkirk also possesses
a largo number of mercantile establishments of different kinds, all of which report
business in u nourishing state. There aro also churches of the different denomina-
tions, and a good public school.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF SELKIRK.

MerchnBU Hotel, Wm Uullovk, proprietor, Weik
Selkirk.— Aa tho social and moral qualities of men and
women aro nited according to the company they keep,
the pretonBioiiR of a city aro generally Judgvd by the
oharaoter of her hotela. ComTortable quarter* and
generoua fare are induoive of good humor, liberality and
fair dealing. A good hotel, well kept, moit comfortably
furniahed, thoroughly ventilated and in a central locality,
actually iimounta to thouaanda of dollars to the buiinesa
men of a city where nuch a hotel is located. All travellers
USB hotels for their special purpose— shelter, sleeping and
eating. Such a one is the Merchants' Hotel. It la not
only centrally located, but enjoys a beautiful view of the
Red River.

The sloop- ng rooms and parlors are neatly furniahed
and well adapted for the comfort of the guests. The
table is set with the best tht market and aeaaona afibrd,
and is oooked in such a manner as to leave no room for
other than congratulations. The bar is stocked with the
best wines, liquors and cigars. None but the beat and
purest gooda are handled.

K. Bollock, Wholesale and Retail Dry Ooods,
Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Groceries, etc.. West Selkirk,—
Tho importance of Selkirk as a distributing point tor the
lumbering and lake ports oan scarcely be overestimated,
as the increasing of the annual transactions at this place
abundantly demonstrates- Prominent among the leading
bouses in this line is thnt of Bullock. This business was
«8tablished in 1875, being one of the oldest established
houses in the country, and since its inception has enjoyed
a prosperous career. The premises occupied are large
and commodious, well arranged, and heavily stocked with
a Ann assortment of the ehoioest imported and domestic
dry goods, including silks, linens, dress gooda, noaiery,
olothing, boots and ahoes, staple and fitncy groceries.
The goods are always fresh from fraquent importations.
The facilities of the firm for transacting business are of
an unusually complete character, enabling him to offer

special advantages to customera and to All all orden in tht
promptest and most satisfactory manner. Mr. Uullook
has ever given his hearty support to all measures belt
calculated to advance Selkirk's prosperity, and is a molt
aotive and enterprising business man.

R. H. ttilhnljr. Druggist, West Selkirk.-Thii is a
business which is a necessity in every town and city in the
country. The premises ocoupied are oommodioua, admir-
ably .'arranged and equipped with every facility for the
accommodation of a valuable atock, embracing alflna
assortment of druKs,*medicinea, toilet articles, and drug-
gists' sundries. Special attention ia given to theloareful
compoun ding of Iphysiolans' prescriptions, which depart-
ment is under the personal supervision of Mr. Qilhuly. Ha
is a gentleman of vast practical experience, having been in
business several years, purchasing the establishment from
the former oirner, Mr. Colcleugh, two years ago. Mr. Qil-
huly is assistant postmaster for this place, and ii widely
known and highly esteemed in pharmaceutical oiroles aa
an energetic, clear-headed business man.

6. r. Pearaon, Butcher and Livery Stable, Wett
Selkirk.— Among the prominent business houses of Weit
Selkirk, none is perhaps better known than that of O. F.
Pearson, whose establishment is situated in the centre of
the business portion of the town. Mr. Peanon oame to
this place in 1878, and through his ability and enterprise
he has established himself in a business which isoonstantir
increasing. Mr. Pearson handles none but the beat of
meats, and at reasonable prices. Oame and vegetables are
always kept on hand in season. Mr. Pearson is alao pro-
prietor of a livery atable, where parties oan get good com-
fortable rigs at any time and at moderate rates. There if
also in connection with the livery business a 'bus which
meets all trains on both sides of the river. Mr. Pearson li
known by everybody in the oountty, and the establishment
is favorably mentioned on all hands.

ORETNA.

ho Iiira-
Lialiurly
, which
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f people
tractive
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lumboi*
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OSSOHHeS

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aomina-

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF GRETNA.

IK.

ordan in tha
Mr. Uullook
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d oitr in th«
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;o. Hr.Oil-
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lal oiroles ai

Hable, Wett
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,lie oantre of

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id enterpriia
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it alio pro-
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Peanon ii

tabliibment

R. PcBMcr A r«., Wholeiata and Ratall Do Oao<l*,
Olothinc, llooti and Shoai, llaHwara, Oroaarlai and Pro-
vliionii Main • raat, Oratna, Man.— An important branoh
of oommeralal aetirity .-Nnd one daierviiif of prominent
mention, In Ihii hlitorioai review of tha (treat Northweit
leading Indiiitrieti ii the general marohanta trade, and In
thli oonneotlon It It a pleaiure to apeak of that enterpriit-
ing and iiiooeuful oonoern of B. Penner A Co., iloiiloni In
•llki, woolleni, lineni, hoalory, oluthtng, genti' fumlih-
ingi, hata, eapi, hardwaro, groeariai, prorUioni, eto.
Employment li given to twanty-elght people. The pra-
mJHaa oooupied are large and oommodloui, being 26 x 7A
feet in ilie, and well adapted for the trade, lituated on
Main ttreatiin the centre of the bnalnen portion of the
eity. The builneai wna eatabliahed aome thirteen years ago
at Nlverrille, Man. Ueing thoroughly convenant with the
country and iti future p.osperity, they moved to thia place
In 18B3, being one of the oldeat flrma located here, and
ainoe ita inception haa enjoyed a proaparoui career. The
mamben of tha Arm are B. Pennar, Otto Schuli and H. P.
Hansen. Mr. Penner la a member of the Municipal
Oounoil and treasurer of the School Board, while Mr-
Schuis is Justice of tha Peace. The tlrm have a branch at
Reinland. The members of this firm are well known in

commercial cirolea as hnnorahle, conadentloua buainess
men, and merit the esteem and raipect in which thay
are held.

<|n««ii'a Hotel. .Tohn N. Braun, proprietor, Oratna,
Man.— Th< ravelling public cannot Hnd a better con*
ducted or lore popular hotel at which to atop in Oretna
than the Queen's. The proprietor of this popular hotel
came to thia town about four yeara ago. I'rovl' un to thIa
time Mr. Uraun was proprietor of the Sherman House at
Winnipeg. The Queen's Is situated In the centre of the
business portion of the town, and la large and oommodioua,
lialng two atorlea in height. On the flmt floor la the office,
bar, dining-room and aample rooms. On the aecond floor
are tha parlors and fourteen handaomrly furnished sleep-
ing rooms, all large, airy ohambers. The dining-room la a
very apaoloua onr, and the table la always provided with
the very l>est tha market affords and all delicacies In sea-
son. The billiard-room is tha moat commodloua In tha
tP- n, while the bar la atocked with the beat winea, liquors
ar. J cigars. A free 'bus and a porter meet all trains, and
every nssistanca is rendered to guests on arrival at the
station.

STONEWALL.

The village of Stonewall is so called from the plentitudo of stone to be found in
the neighborhood. There are throe stone quarries hei-e, two of which are being
worked at the present time. The town haa many monuments of the use and beauty
of the stone in the homes of the inhabitants. Lumber is also to be had at a very
reasonable figure, and a desire to beautify their homes on the part of the farmers ia
very noticeable in the surrrounding country. On every aide are amall bluffa, which
are of great use in breaking the severity of the winter winds. Good water is to be
had at a distance of 30 to 40 feet. Every farm house ia supplied with a stone cellar
which keeps the milk cream and butter in a delicious state. Wood is plentiful and
cheap. A. line-kiln is in connection with the quarries, and good brick clay ia found
in abundance in the vicinity. The penitentiary is five miles distant, and ia the
centre of a thriving village which brings quite a little trade to Stonewall. There is
a cheese factory, which proves a great bleaaing to farmer'a wivea, and manufactures
excellent obeoae ; a flour mill with capacity 160 bbls. per day ; 2 good hotels, 3 hard-
ware shops, 2 blacksmith shops, 3 general stores, furniture store, butcher shop and
milliner's shop which is conducted by two genial young ladies, with whom it ia a
pleasure to do business. The town supports a weekly paper, The Stonewall News,
which contains a good epitome of the world's doings. The town is 20 miles distant
from Winnipeg, being the terminus of the Stonewall branch. The train runs between
the two places, every second day. It is the county town of Bockwood, and the
market town of Brant, Balmoral, Grassmere and Shoal Luke. Bee-culture is becoming
a favorite occupation among the residents. The population ot the town is between
three and four hundred. The boom of 1882 did not benefit Stonewall, but its evil
effects are being rapidly and successfully swept out of existence. Two doctors prac-

r
fi

ri'

THE NEW WEST.

tice here and both receive onconiums from their separate admirera. With these
industries at thoir doors, and with a Baptist, English, Methodist and Presbyterian
chai-ch, two public schools with satiefactoiy teachers, the people of Stonewall will no'
doubt continue in ways of prospei-ity and their faces and homes will still reflect their
well-known hospitality.

Ifi

MORDEN.

The town of Moi"den, which derives its name from one of the pioneer settlens of
Southern Manitoba, Mr. Alvey Morden, is situated [on the Pembina branch of the
Manitoba Southwestern By., 80 miles S.W. of Winnipeg. This busy little town
sprang into existence within the last four years, and has, to-day, many costly and
comfortable residences, as well as a large number of commodious places of business.
MoMen is situated in the heart of the Garden of Manitoba, as in eveiy direction
from it, as far as the ye can reach, are to be seen smiling fields of grain and the
most valuable soils for the production of cereals and nutritious grasses, and the
lands are occupied by experienced fariae/s from all parts of Ontario, as well as from
the " Old Sod." With all these advantages, the establishment of a substantial town
naturally followed. The place is fully supplied with stores well stocked with goods •
required by a mixed community. There is also a private bank here, and there is
also an excellent field for a chartered bank. A feeling of contentment beams fi-om
the countenances of all the residents, a very large number of whom ai'e building
comfortable houses, being satisfied with the choice of location they have made, and
thoroughly convinced that they are settled in apportion of the country which posses-
ses a pre-poncferance of the natural advantages to bo found in a good live community.
In ecclesiastical as well as educational matters, Morden is also well supplied, having
churches of four denominations, and a Salvation Army barracks. It also makes a
proud boast of having one of the best schools in the province, outside of Winnipeg.
To show the amount of business done herejthe following statement ot exports from
September Ist. 1887, to Nov. Slst, 1888, are given:

Wheat 550,000 bushels

Flax 28,000 "

Oats 5,400 '*

Barley 6,250 '*

Morden has also one roller-process flour mill, and one grist mill, with three run
of stones, two large elevators and the building of a thii*d is in contemplation, cai-riage
iL^jtories, pump factory, three hotels, two wholesale liquor stores, two hardwi o

■'■o'-sy a saddlery establish, cordwainer, tonsorial [artists, lumber yardsj machine
B^ops and all the leai-ned professions are well represented. The volume ^of business
r .'"« is simply amazing ard it is increasing daily ,which fact cannot be woundered at

.vhun the pushing nature of the uaerchants is taken into consideration.

MORDKN.

bese
nan
lino
heii'

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF MORDEN.

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E> P«nner * Co., H. P. HaDsen, ruidont partner,
Manager, Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods, Olothing,
Boots and Shoes, Oroeeriesi etc., Railway street, Morden,
Man. This business is a branch of E. Penner & Co. of
Qretna, Man., Mr. Hansen being manager and resident
partner. An important branch of oommeroial activity and
one deserving prominent mention in this historical review
of the North-wost mercantile and manufacturing interests,
is the general store trade. Among the merchants in this
line is the above mentioned firm. The premises occupied
are spacious and commodious, and their facilities for
transacting business are of an unusually complete charac-
ter, enabling them to offer special advantages to customers
and to execute all orders in the promptest and most satis-
factory manner. They handle all kinds of dry goods, such
as silks, linens, hosiery , millinery goods, also clothing,gents'
furnishings, hats and caps, boots and shoes, groceries, etc.
The members of the firm are E. Penner, Otto Schulz, and
Henry P. Hansen. This firm transacts more business than
any other similar concern in Southern Manitoba. They
are also the pioneer merchants of Morden, their buililing
being the first store erected. In connection with this
branch they have a tailoring establishment and tin-ware
manufactory.

Halcgr 4t Sntten, Wholesale and Retail Dry Qoods,
Clothing, Gents furnishings. Boots and Shoes, Groceries,
etc.. Main street, Morden, Man. Among the active enter-
prising and popular business men in this section of the
country are Haley tc Sutten, whose neat and attraOvive
establishment is situated on Main street in the business
centre of the town. This business was first established at
Nelson, Man., in 1878, but when Morden was first started,
seeing the advisability of Railway facilities, they moved
tu their present quarters in 1885, and from the very start
have enjoyed a prosperous career. The store occupied is
spacious and commodious, admirably arranged, and
heavily stocked with a fine assortment of dry goods,
linens, woollens, hosiery, dress goods, clothing, gents fur-
nishings, boots and shoes, groceries, etc. Popular prices
prevail, and it is the firm's endeavor to merit by a straight-
forward course of dealing a continuance of the patronage
now enjoyed . Their facilities for transacting business are
of an unusually complete character, enabling them to offer
special advantages to customers. The members of the
firm are W- M. Haley and W.J. Sutten. Personally
they are energetic business men, honorable and fair in all
their tracsaotions, and well deserving the success they are
achieving.

G. W. llIeli»r«M« Wholesale and Retail. Drugs,
Jewelry, Stationery and Fancy Goods, Main street, Mor-
den, Man. An important fratare in connection with the
progress and prosperity of the business interests of citietf is
their well conducted Drug and PharmaoeutiRal establish-
ments, and in a complete and comprehensiTO work profes-
sing to present in a reliable and attractive manner, the
uommercial facilities of a city, this enterprise deserves
special notiee- One of the neatest and most attractive
•tores of this olasi is that of the firm heading this notice,

under the immediate si-pervision of that courteous gentle-
man Mr. McLaren .IHe carries a well selected and varied
assortment of pure drugs and chemicals, the most reliable
patent medicines and all such articles are kept in a well
regulated establishment of this kind. Mr. McLaren also
keep in stock a full line of jewelry, watches, clocks, silver-
ware, et., employing a practical watchmaker to do all
kinds of repairing, also a full, complete line of stationery,
books and fancy articles are always to be had?atthis
establishment. Mr. McLaren is recognised in business
circles as a push and go ahead man, enjoying the respect
and esteem of all who know him.

Dnnaros^ A Co., Bankers, Financial and Insurance
Agents, Railway street, Morden, Man.-^Thel banking sys-
tem has been for many years a positive force in the pro-
gress of modem civilitatiom and the accumulation of
national wealth. It has been an important factor inttbe
education of every community, whichlit has influenced in
habits of economy and prudence. Dunsford & Co. do|a
general banking busi.-ess, and they are also agents for the
Landed Bank and Loan Co. of Hamilton, Ont., London
and Canadian Loan Co., Hamilton Provident Jk Loan Co.,
and agents for the City of London Fire Insurance Co.,
Northwest Fire Insurance Co. and Canada Life Insurance
Co., which is one of the best life companies in North
America. Mr. C. R. Dunsford, late manager Bank of
Montreal, established this business here in 1886, and since
its inception, the business has steadily increased. The
bank transacts a general business in loans, discounts and
deposits, deals in foreign exchange and has superior fa-
cilities for making collections in this country. Accounts
of banks, bankers, corporations, manufacturers and mer-
chants are received on liberal terms ; personal attention
is likewise paid to the business of correspondents, whose
interests are safely guarded and promptly served.

<|a«en'a Hotel* G. T. Lundy, Proprietor, Stephen
street, Morden, Man.— One of the leading hotels of this
city is the Queen's- This house is very commodious, two
storeys in height, and contains fifteen large and well fur-
nished sleeping rooms.mOn the first floor is the offloe,
bar, billiard room, dining room, sample rooms and parlors,
while the second floor contains the sleeping rooms. The
dining nn)m is neatly furnished, and its tables are always
well supplied with everything in season. The parlors are
large and handsomely furnished for the convenience of
the guests of the house . The bar is stocked with the beet
wines, liquors and cigars, the billiard room contains a
number of billiard and pool tables of the best make, the
house being a favorite resort for the travelling public
Mr. Lundy, the proprietor, is a genial, oorteous gentle-
man, who makes his guesU feel thoroughly at home, and
his popularity extends throughout the province, no hotel
man being better or more favorably known than he. A
free buss meets all trains for the accommodation of
travellers. Mr. Lundy is also owner of one of the two
roller flouring mills of this place, having a capacity of 7fr
bbls. of flour per day.

?!
t

;ll

THE NEW WEST.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF MANITOU.

W. D. Batten, Dry Ooods, Millinery, Olothing, Boots
and Shoes, Grooeries, Crockery and Olassware, etc., Maio
Street, Manitou, Man. — This extensive business was
founded.some three years aito, Mr. Ruttan having moved
from Ruttanville, which is twelve miles from south of this
place, where he was in business four years prior to his re-
moval. He brings to bear the widest range of praotioal
experience, coupled with an intimate knowledge of the
wants of the trade. The store is large and oommodious,
and most centrally located. Here is displayed a heavy and
wisely diversified stock covering the following staple lines :
Dry goods, dress goods, millinery, olothing, boots and shoes,
grooeries, crockery and gliissware, eto., in complete assort-
ment, at prices that cannot be readily duplicated elsewhere.
There is not a general merchant, a grocer, or a house-fur-
nishing goods dealer, " Uo will not find in this vast assort-
ment many lines both iialeable and profitable to have in
stock. The firm's laudable ambition to excel in its line
hns become generally recognized, and no house has brighter
prospects before it in the near future.

Fnllerton A Roaa« Dry Goods, Clothing, Boots and
Shoes, Groceries, etc.. Front Street, Manitou, Man.—
Among the various extensive land growing Industries of
Manitoba which exercise an important influence upon our
general trade, there is none, perhaps, occupying a more
useful position than the general store trade. Among the
enterprising and popular firms in this line is that of Ful-
lerton and Ross, whose well fitted up establishment is on
Front Street. The house has been established for the post
five years, and has built up a large and prominent patron-
aRe. The store is eligibly located and well arranxed, dis-
playing to advantage a splendid stock of dry goods, notions,
clothing, boots and shoes, groceries, crockery, eto. Only
the best and purest goods are kept in stock and offered at
the lowest possible prices. The members of the firm are
W. Fullerton and M. A. Ross ; both are thorough-going
business men, fair in all transactions, and are highly
esteemed for their strict integrity and sterling personal
worth.

James Hnston, Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods,
Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Qrooerios, etc., Main Street,
Manitou, Man.— The general store interests of this country
occupy a very important place in her commercial history,
and have aided more than any other single industry in
building up her commerce to its present magnificent pro-
portions. Prominent among these houses who have ear-
nestly contributed to this result is the well-known and
reliable house of James Huston. The stock carried is full
and complete, embracing dry goods, olothing, boots and
shoes, staple and fancy groceries, eto. Mr. Huston is also
agent for the Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Co. of
Toronto, which is one of the best and most reliable loan
companies in North America. The aim of this house has
always been to carry none but tho best goods at reasonable
prices, and that this fact has not passed unappreciated by
the trade is abundantly evidenced by his large and growing
patronage. The policy on which the business is conducted
is characterised by great liberality, extending all legiti-
mate accommodations to customers, so that transactions
once commenced with this firm may be made not only
pleasant, but of such a nature that they shall become
prominent and profitable. Mr. Huston is well known to
the trade as an honorable, liberal and conscientious busi-
scss man.

B. MeKeiut*« Carriage Manufactory, Main Street,
Maniton, Man.— The prosperity of a town is greatly en-
hanced by the encouragement of its manufactures; ita
importance as a purchasing point it also increased, result-
ing alike in advantages to the manufacturer, merchant
and citiien. Of all the classes that go to make up a com-
munity, none is more deserving our regard than the
manufacturer. He invests his capital, time and talents in
producing that which gives employment to many. Among
the noted manufacturers of carriages, wagons and sleighs
in our country, we take pleasure in calling attention to
Mr. R. MoKeniie's, on Main street, who ha^ been engaged
in this line here for over four years. J MoKeniie's
success has been in a great measure due to tuu o-cillence
of his work, everything turned out of this establishment
being unexcelled by »ny manufactory in the country. He
is an extensive builder of buggies, wagons and sleighs, and
is ready to build any kind which bis patrons desire.

Horse-shoeing and general carriage work also form a
large feature of his business, repairing being done most
thoroughly, and at the same time expeditiously. Mr. Mo-
Kenzie is highly respected, and has won an enviable repu-
tation in his branch of business, and the large trade he has
secured is the result of his earnest endeavors to do his
work in the best style and at moderate prices.

KerF 4t Mmgtie, Furniture Warerooms, Main street,
Manitou, Man.— This firm carry on one of the most exten-
sive furniture establishments in Southern Manitoba, and
a visit to their wnrerooms, ^ t tho above mentioned place,
will be well repaid by a view of one of the finest assort-
ment of all kinds of furniture to be found in any city on
the M. & 8. W. Railway. The firm occupy a building on
Main street, which is of large dimension, giving them by
far a larger amount of floor spaoe than is possessed by
any similar establishment in the country. The stock of
furniture embraces the most chaste and beautiful designs
in bedroom sets, while the richly upholstered parlor suites
are certain to excite the admiration of all. In desks,
plain and rolling tops, office furniture, dining-room and
kitchen sets, there is the most complete variety, the whole
constituting a splundid assortment. Messrs. Kurr Sc
Mogee are highly esteemed by the community, and are
entitled to the success which they enjoy.

Stewart House, W. C. Kennedy, proprietor. Main
street, Manitou, Man.— One of the best known and largest
hotels in this country is the Stewart House, situated on
Main street, commanding a magnificent view of the town
and surrounding country. The hotel building is three
stories in height, and contains twenty-four elegantly fur-
niahed and thoroughly heated sleeping rooms. The con-
venience of the house to the railway depot and the business
portion of the town gives it a large transient custom. The
rates, both for temporary and permanent boarders, are
excedingly moderate. On the first fioor is the ofiioe,
dining-room, samp'<) rooms, bar and billiard-room while
the second and third floors contain the parlors and sleep-
ing rooms. The table is always provided with the very
best the market affords and all delicacies in season, while
the bar is stocked with the purest and best wines, liquors
and cigars. The proprietor, Mr. Kennedy, is an experi-
enced hotel man. He is a genial, considerate host, and
very popular thronghuut the country.

I':i

FARM SCENE.

PI
*i

«"'

!:;i

THE NEW WEST.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF PILOT MOUND

a. T. Gord«a> Wholesale and Retail Lumber, Saib,
Doom, ete., Qrain Bnyer and Stock Dealer, offioe. Railway
Street, Pilot Mound, Man.— In a historioal review of the
manufaoturing and busineu intereita of the North- Weat,
the egtsbliabment of J. T. Oordon, whoae offioe, warehouse
and yaitU are looated ion Railway Street, is deierving of
gpeoial mention and a prominent position. This business
was established in 1886. Mr. Qurdon is one of the heavy
Brain buyera and shippers of live (took in this part of the
country. Being one of the first to venture in business beru,
it is but Just to give him credit for his financial success.
He handles all Ikinds of lumber, sash, doors, blinds, lath
and shingles. Hr. Oordon is an enterprising and energetic
business man, and is highly esteemed by all who know
him.

ThoBMis M,jK*y> Dry Ooods, Millinery, Clothing,
Boots and Shoes, Qrooeries, etc.. Main Street, Pilot Mound
Man.— Oommeneing in 1882, Mr. McKay is virtually the
pioneer merchant in this part of the country. The premises
occupied are large, commodious, and well arranged, and it
is quite evident, from the taste shown by Mr. McKay in
his specialty, that his establishment cannot fail to rank
high and become at once a source of honor and profit to
him. His knowledge lof what is really fashionable and
saleable can bo ^een at a glance, even by the less experi-
enced, and must tend to enlarge and distinguish his estab-
lishment. Mr. McKay carries a full and complete line of
dry goods, dress goods, millinery, hosiery, fancy goods,
clothing, boots and shoes, groceries, etc. IMr. McKay, be-
sides being a well qualified business man, is of agreeable
and social address, a pleasant man to meet at all times.

B«lrd Broa., Dry Qoods, Clothing, Boots and Shoes,
Groceries, etc, Grain Buyers, Railway Street, Pilot
Mound, Man.— Among the leading business establishments
of Southern Manitoba is that of Baird Bros., dealers in
dry goods, clothing, boots and bhoes, groceries, etc., also
buyers and shippers of grain. This is one of the most
enterprising firms in Pilot ^ound, and is worthy cf ex-
tended mention in a work devoted ;to a description of the
leading industrial and business interests of the country.
Baird Bros, established themselTea here in 1883, and by
strict attention to business, coupled with a straightforward
system of honorable dealing, have won their way into the
front rank of our most substantial merchants. The prem-
ises occupied are commodious and well adapted for the
transacting of their busmess. The members of the firm
are J. B. Baird and R. Baird, both gentlemen of sound,
praotioal experience, and are esteemed by all.

t. A, HoblM, Drugs, Stationery and Fancy Articles,
Railway street. Pilot Mound, Man.— This business was

started in 1886, and from its inception hu proved a sno-
ocH. The premises occupied are spacious and eommo-
dious, admirably arranged and equipped for the aoeommo-
dation of a large and valuable stock, embracing a fln*
assortment of drugs, medicines, toilet articles, drnggists*
sundries. Jewellery, watches, clocks, etc, books, stationery
and musical instruments. Special attention is given to
the careful compounding of physicians' prescriptions^
which department is under the special supervision of Mr.
llobbs. He is a gentleman of large practical experience,
having served a lengthy apprenticeship previous to start-
ing business in this place. Mr. Hobbs is widely known
and highly esteemed in pharmaceutical circles as an ener-
getic, clear-headed business man, honorable, liberal and
fair in all transactions, and well meriting the success he
is achiering.

Tremoat House, George Wood, Proprietor, comer
Main and Railway streets. Pilot Mound, Man.— This is the
leading hotel of the town, situated in the centre of the
business portion of the place, and in close proximity to the
Railway station. The house was opened by the present
proprietor In 1887, and has done a large business since that
time. It is a frame structure, two storeys in height* In
connection with the house is a Sn«. sample room, and
the best wines, liquor.^ iid cigars are always kept on h:;-^.
The office, dining-room, bar, sample rooms and billiard
hall are on the first floor and furnished in good style, while
the floor above is devoted parlors and fourteen sleeping
rooms, all elegantly furnished and fitted up with Aview to
comfort as well as appearance. Mr. Wood is a gentleman
of extensive experienoe in hotel business, and in tbisoom-
modions bouse has given unmistakable proofs of being the
accomplished host, neglecting nothing which can add to
the pleasure or comfort of guests.

JsuMMi Stnsirt, Carriage Manufacturer and Black-
smithing, Main Street, Pilot Mound, Man.— This review
of the North -West's mercantile and manufacturing inter-
ests would be incomplete without a sketch of the carriag*
manufacturer. Among these firms is James Stnrat. The
business was established eight years ago, and from a small
beginning has attained proportions of considerable magni-
tude. Eight or ten employees are now given constant em-
employment by this concern, which enjoys the reputation
of being the leading manufactory of the kind in the town.
Having a thorough practical knowledge ot the business
and from a lengthy experience, well understanding the
special requirements of this country, Mr. Stewart is able
to turn out work nr.surpassed in vorkmanship, finish and
durability. He is held in high regard for his honorable
business methods and sterling integrity.

KILLARNBT.

As the old geography says of the famous Eillarney of Ireland : " many a day
may be spent among the most beautiful scenery ", so do we say of its god-child —
the Killarney of Manitoba. Situated as it is on the shore of a beautiful lake, about
four miles in length, by three quarters in breadth, with very irregular boundaries ;
the spot, no doubt, reminded the first settler r his dear old home across the sea. But
the resemblance goes no farther than outward appearance. Southern' Manitoba is
acknowledged to be the garden of the North- West. It is from here that the great
sui-plus of wheat, oats and barley come, and Eillarney is situated right in the heart
of this fertile belt. The Little Pembina Mountain is at no great distance, and its rol-
ling slopes are dotted with the happy homes of the prosperous and contehted farmers.
The mountain and lake combined render this a groat country for sport. As the duck
season approaches, many eyes turn wistfully in this dii-ection, and when the proclama-
tion goes forth that the close season has expired, from north, south, east and west
may be heard the crack, crack of the " sportsman's engine ", and the oft repeated
splash, as another victim falls, to ^ brought to shore by the faithful watei-^dog, which
is always in attendance. When the shooting is good and many fowl are " bagged ",
they ai-e shipped to Winnipeg, where some are sold to the ready customer and others
are packed in ice for winter use. The South Western skirts the town, and thus
ample facilities are provided for the exportation of grain and gai-den produce, of
which there is more than " enough and to spai-e." The town is well supplied with .
general stores, in which one can find anything from a needle to an anchor — no, hardly,
for the hardware line is well represented and patronized as an exclusive business.
The dryness of the atmosphere, combined with the delights of boating, fishing and
swimming, combine to make Killarney the frequented summer resort that it is. If
cheerful faces and genial hosts tend to make life worth living, in Killarney, and its
adjoining homesteads these blessings may be found in abundance.

<5*

■(1

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF KILLARNEY.

T. t. lAWlcr, Dry Ooctdi, Clothing, Boots and ShoM,
OrooeriM, Orookery, eto., Killarney, Man.— The heavy
basineii now tranaaoted here was founded by Mr. Lawlor
in the year 1886, and aa the oldest in Killarney, ia worthy
of apeoial mention in thia hiatorioal review. Mr. Lawlor
tmrelled through thia country years ago, when the
site on which Killarney now atands was a wilder-
neas. He foreaaw, however, a bright future twfore
tbe place, and no one has done more than he to help
to build up Killarney aa a centre for trade. Mr.
Lawlor was the firat person to erect a building here,
and hia public-spirited progressive course has met with the
«ateem and commendation of hia fellow-cititeni, while hia

houae la to-day one of the mott popular in the country-
The business is most centrally located in the two-story and
basement building, corner Main and Railway atreeta, 24x50
feet in dimenaiona, and handsomely fitted up in the most
substantial manner. The stock ia aa superior aa it ia ez-
tenaive, and has ever commanded the finest class of trade.
Mr. Lawlor handles only the purest and best of every grade,
and is a direct importer of the most desirable lines of dry
goods, embracing dress goods, hosiery, fancy goods, linens,
silks, etc.. alao clothing, boota and shoes, groceries and
provisions. Mr. liawlor ia a progressive business man of
energy and enterprise, prompt, reliable and straightforward
' in all his transactions with the trade and the community.

•70

THE NEW WEST.

Alf. Aafedown, HardwarUiSloves, Tinware, oto., Main
Straeti KHIarneyi Man.— Ainoni; the leading huusoa in this
line ii that of A. Aihdown, whose premises are situated on
Main street, in the centre of the business portion of the
town. His establishment is large and oommojioui, and is
divided into two departments, the front portion being
oooupied as a salesroom, while in the roar is the worlcshop,
where all kinds of tinware is manufactured. Mr. Ashdown,
besides manufacturing tinware, does roofing, spouting and
general Job work to order, employing none but the best
workmen. The stock of hardware comprises a complete
line of shelf and heavy hardware, house-furnishing goods,
ranges, stoves, grates, etc., including all the most popular
makes and styles, keeping desirable goods and selling at
low figures. He has worked up a good established trade,
to which he gives close attention. Mr. Ashdown is an
enterprising and energetic businebs man, and ei\joys the
confidence and esteem of all who know him. Mr. Ashdown
is agent for the Wataon Manufacturing Co., handling all
kinds of farming implements, Watson Deering binder,
John Able steam thrasheri seeders, mowers, rakes, fanning
mills, plows, etc

Grand Central Hot«l, M. Qouldie, Proprietor,
Killarney.Man.— No person can have visited Killarney
within the last few years and not be familiar with the
name of the above house, and many a traveller in bygone
ieat« has found it an oasis in the desert of weary travel.
This house is at the comer of Main and Railway streets.

almost opposite the railway depot, and la thu oonv«>
niently located. The building is two storeyi in height, con-
structed with a view to solidity and comfort. On the
street floor are the office, dining-room, bar, billUrd ball'
and sample rooms ; on the second floor are eighteen hand-
somely furnished and well-heated sleepmg room*, also
largo and well fitted up parlors for the accommodation of
guests. The table is supplied with the best the nurket
affords, and game in season.

C. W. Wllltoma, Dry Qoods, Clothing, BooU and
Shoes, (IrocerieS) etc , Killarney, Man.— One of thoM repre-
sentative concerns which so convincingly demonitrate
Manitoba's mercantile supremacy in the Northwest isth*
general store of Mr. 0. W. Williams, situated on Main
street. The business was established at Wakopa, foortMn
miles southwest of this place, in 1880, by the present pro-
prietor. The railroad reaohint KUUmey in 1886iMr.
Williams moved to his present location the same year,
being or ' >f the first business houses starting here, since
which time he has built up a large and lacrativa trade,
which extends to all parts of the surrounding country.
The premises occupied are commodious and well arranged.
Here will be found a heavy stock of dry goods, dress
goods, hosiery, fancy goods, clothing, boots and shces,
staple and fancy groceries, etc. Mr. Williams is United
States Consular Agent for this district, and is held in the
highest estimation in commercial life for his many
sterling qualities and strict integrity.

BOISSEVATN.

" Man hath no part in all this glorious work.
Tlie Hand that built the firmament hath heaved
And moved tnese verdant swells; sown their slopes with herbage,
Planted them with ialand groves, and hedged them round with foresta.
Fitting floor for this magnificent temple of the sky.
With flowers whose glory and whose multitude
Rival the constellations."

Bryant's " Prairie " aptly describes this portion of southern Manitoba. Situated
as it is in the centre of a well-settled section of country, Boissevain bids fair to become
a prosperous town. The Turtle mountain is observable at the south of the town, and
thus forms a diversion for the eye, which becomes habituated to a " vast tract of
level country," after a few yeai-s' residence in almost any othei- portion of Manitoba.
Good hotel accommodation is procurable at any of the hotels, and plenty of room is
warranted, as the Hotels will accommodate several hundred guests, and this in
a country where some ten years ago a man must either carry his bed or sleep on
his "mother earth." Spiritual and educational matters are well provided for, there
being three churches— Episcopal, Presbyterian and Methodist. The public school
established last November is under the efficient management of Mr. McKay. Almost
every line of business is represented in Boissevain. The town is to be congratulated
upon its capacious elevatore and warerooms. All the free government grants have
been already taken up, and only the odd-numbered sections are open for settlement.
But the old adage says, " There's luck in odd numbers." The first building was

BOI88KVAIN.

erected in 1886. During the two Kucceeding years, churcheH, schools, elovatore,
hotels, general stores, bookstore, bakery, etc., have all been supplied. By the way,
the bakeiy is an innovation to the orthodox run of pioneer establishments, and will,
we suppose, be a bait to some intending settler, though we must say that the person
who cannot make good bread from Manitoba flour is not much of a cook. The shoot"
ing around Boissevain is good, and during the late fall and early winter a large
supply of ducks, partridges, prairie chicken, rabbits and wild goose may be secui-ed
to make the lightsome change for the diet of the family.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF BOISSEVAIN.

A. C. MoEown, Dry Oooda, Fanoy Goods, Fur Oooda,
Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Qroceries, eto.. corner Railway
and Broadway streets, Hoissevain, Man.— Among the enter-
prises which thrireand prosper in thisoountry,that of the
general store merchant must not be overlooked in a work
of this character. Many are engaged in this industry, and
none have been more successful in it, or arc entitled to
greater praise than Mr. A. C. McEown. Ue has been en-
gaged in this business since 188U, at which timo the title
of the firm was McEown t Cookburn. Early in 1897 Mr.
MrEown bought out the interests of Mr. Cockburn, and
by his attention to the demands of customers, his
promptness and fair dealing, has succeeded in building
up a patronage of which anyone might well feel proud.
The premises occupied are large and commodious, and
Btooked with a full and complete line of dress gooos, linens,
woollens, clothing, fur coats, boots and shoes, groceries,
provisions, etc. Mr. McEown is an enterprising, energetic
and strictly reliable and upright gentleman, and esteemed
by all.

Ryan Honae, C. Ryan, Proprietor, Railway street,
BoissevaiJ, Man.— Boissevain has good hotels, as a rule,
and there is no better conducted or more comfortable
house in townlthan the well known and popular Ryan
House, situated on Railway street, in close proximity to
the liailway station. The house is of large dimensions,
embracing two storeys in height, and is one of the best
constructed hotel buildings in the country. It was re-
cently built and has been furnished in the neatest and
most comfortable manner. The house contains eighteen
sleeping rooms, all well fitted up. with parlors handsomely
furnished and provided with all the latest modern im-
provements. The bar is stocked with the best wines,
liquors and cigars. The dining-room is large and spacious,
while the table is supplied with the best in the market.
Mr. Ryan is a gonial, considerate host and fory popular
throughout the country, with two extensive sample rooms
for travellers.

J. A. Wrlvtat, Drugs, Toilet Articles, Fanoy Qjods,
Books and Stationery, Railway street, Boissevain, Man.—
This very competent druggist has but recently commenced
business (ltt86), but in a way that plainly indicates his in-
tention of remaining in it. The premises are oommod<ou8
and are complete in all details of arrangement, evinoi.igin
every part the taste and culture of the proprietor. The
establishment contains a full and complete stock of pure
drugs, ohemicals, toilet articles, books and stationery.

Mr. Wright is a thoroughly educated pharmaceutist, and
devotes special attention to the careful preparation of
family recipes and physicians' prescriptions. Prescrip-
tions are made a specialty, in the fullest sense of that
term, besides a greater variety of articles of taste and
luxury, such ns toilet articles, etc., are found on the shelves
and in the cases of the establishment. Mr. Wright pos-
sesses that thorough knowledge of his business which is so
indispensable to accurate and reliable druggists.

A. McKnlytat, Dry Goods, Boots and Shoes, Clothing,
Groceries, ete.. Railway Street) Boissevain, Man.— Since
the commencement of this business in 1885 its increase
bos been a subject of public notice, as indicating good and
effective management on the part of the proprietor and
the excellent quality of goods furnished. Mr. MoKnight
exhibits to customers a fine stock of goods, embracing a
large and complete assortment of the best qualities of dry
goods, clothing, boots and shoes, groceries, etc. The goods
are all new and fresh, an important matter to customers.
Here will be found suits and garments for men, youths,
and children, of all sizes, a wide range being offered of
choice as to material and style, all at reasonable prices.
The activity and high character of the proprietor must
tend to in early enlargement of his now prosperous busi-
ness. Mr. McKnight is postmaster at this place, the post-
office being located in the above store.

^neen'B Hotel, J. W. Kinttel, Proprietor, Railway
Street, Boissevain, Man.— This establishment is one of tho
most recent additions to the hotel accommodations of this
town, and although a new house, it is conducted by an old
hotel man of many years' experience. It is located on
Railway street, in close proximity to the railway station,
a two-story frame building erected specially for the pur-
pose, and while it is conveniently located in the business
centre of the town, its arrangements are of the most per-
fect description. On the street floor is the office, dining-
room, sample rooms, bar and billiard room, while on the
second floor are the parlors and twelve handsomely-fur-
nished and well-heated sleeping-rooms. The dining-room
is spacious, while the table is furnished with the best in
the market. Game in season. Tue bar is stocked with
the choicest and best brands of wines, liquors and cigars.
Mr. Kintttl is a genial, considerate host, and very popular
throughout the country. Livery and feed stable in con-
neotion with the house.

Pi'

-! .'

THE NEW WEST.

DELORAINE.

The town of Doloraine, which is the torminus of tho Canadian Pucific South-
woHtorn Railway, is dostinod to ociipso, both in size and prosperity, any other town
in tliut portion of tho province. The village of old Doloraine was founded in 1881,
whon Messrs. Cavors & Stouart opened up a goiioral store there, and at that time
there wore scarcely any settlers in the district, but soon after they came pouring in,
and by 1882, it had increased to such a size, that a large flour mill was erected by
Sheppard Bros., which, notwithstanding thi fact that it was nearly seventy miles
from a railroad, did a \ovy largo gristing business. Old Doloraine possessed also the
Dominion Lands Office, registry office, Methodist and Presbyterian churches, a
lawyer, doctor, general store, and many private houses. Whon the railway was ex-
tended into the village in the fall of 188(J, it gave birth to quite a little boom, and
thoi-o wore many very extensive sales of land made to intending settlors ; a large
number of carpenters and others engaged in the building business were engaged
during the entire winter putting up now structures, while tho old town, with the
exioption of Sheppard Bros.' mill and McTavish's hotel, was moved up bodily to its
present location. Tho railroad service at this time was nothing like it is at the
present day, and could not bring in lumber fast enough to supply the demands, and
it was no uncommon sight to see a siring of teams on the trails from Brandon and
Boissevain hauling in building material, oven long after the railway track had been
laid. Wheat came pouring in, and many of the farmers, who had emigrated from
tho east but shortly before in anything but a good financial position, immediately
woke up to a pleasant realization of tho fact that they had reaehcd the land which, it
might truthfully be said, " flowed with milk and honey." At the pi-esent time, Dolo-
raine has no fewer than live firet-class hotels, five implement fii-ras, one weekly news-
paper, about twenty-five stores, boarding-houses, three or four lumber-yards, and six
firms are engaged in the grain business. It also possesses good public schools, with-
out which institutions no town is complete; there is also a bank there. Cordwood
can be purchased at $2.50 per cord, and those who know, say Doloraine is an excellent
spot for some enterprising man to start a loller flour mill with a capacity of 100 to
180 barrels. The district tributary to Doloraine extends for thirty miles north, near
Plum Creek, to the bounilary line, and from about ten miles eastward as far as the
Souris coal fields in tho west. Soveial seams of coal have already been discovered
in the Turtle Mountain district. There is abundant evidence on all sides that the
country in tho Turtle Mountain and Souris districts is underlaid by rich coal deposits,
in proof of which it is only necessary to refer to the now well known Souris coal
fields, situated about eighty milos west of Doloraine ; the coal discovered on many
farms in Turtle Mountain, and the recent discovery of natural gas just across the
boundary line, on the Manitoba road. Deloraine sufferf^d for some time, on account
of the limited supply of water, and to inefficient postal communication with tho
country north, but these grievances have been remedied by the Government, a large
artesian well having boon bored, and stages placed on the different routes. If the
state of religion and education is any indication of the welfare of a town, Doloraine
has abundant reason to congratulate itself on its present prosperity and future pi-os-
pects. The residents of the village and vicinity are of a very sociable turn, and there
is no lack of amusements, there being a large hall in which entertainments and

DELOBAINB.

public meetings are held. The soil in the district is of a phenomiaally fertile nature,
and the Hettlers may be ranked among the thriftiest that ever came to Manitoba, as a
peop at their different farms during the busy seabon will convince anyone who may
doubt the statement.

At the boundary are the " Four Cornera " — Emerson, West Lynne, Pembina and
St. Yincent — the two latter being on American soil . Emerson at one time boasted
of a population of about 3,000, but latterly it has dwindled down probably one half.
It is, however, recovering from the severe blow it received during the boom, and a
thriving trade is done, the town possessing several good stores, excellent hotels, two
newspapers, churches, schools, etc. West Lynne, formerly Hudson's Bay trading
post, developed into a town rapidly, and as quickly sunk into a deserted village,
presenting the appearance of severe dilapidation expressed by the phrase " rack and
ruin." With the construction of the Bed River 7alley Railway, however. West
Lynne will probably regain some of its former prosperity.

There are several other villages worthy of extended mention — Dominion city,
a thriving place on the Emerson branch- 56 miles from Winnipeg and ten from
Emerson ; Holland and Glenboro on the 'unitoba South Western, Pilot Mound,
where a " knob " rises up from the level prairie, Gretna, a thriving village on the
boundary, twenty miles west of Red River, Morris, almost midway between the
boundary and Winnipeg, Oak Lake, on the 0. P. R., 33 miles west of Brandon, and
other places of lessor importance, but which have aspirations of becoming thriving
western " cities."

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF DELORAINE.

•e

Cavers A 8t«Mrt, Dry Gooda, Oluthing, Boots and
Shoes, Urooeries, ProT;8i:ns, Crockery, etc., ooraer Broad-
way and Railway avenue, Deloraine, Man.— This is the
oldest general store in this part of the country, haring
been established as far back as 1882, at what is called the
old town, before there was any Railway oomraunication
with this part of the Northwest. It was founded by the
present proprietors, and finally, when this became the
terminus of the M. k S. W. Railway, they moved to their
present quarters in 1886, and sinoe whioh time the firm
has ably maintained their reputation in this line, and
number their customers all along the line of railroad
and country tributary to Deloraine . Their establishment
is most centrally located, and is one of the best fitted up
and arranged in the trade, a thorough system of organisa-
tion pervading every department, and over all, the watoh-
ful care and trained skill and experience of the esteemed
proprietors. Limits of space prevent our attempting to
give the enormous lilt of goods carried bore. The array in
the salesrooms includes everything in dry goods, clothing,
boots and shoes, groceries, provisions, crockery, hardware,
-etc. The firm dealing in such round lots are enabled to

offer special advantages to the trado regarding both pries
and quality. The members of the firm are James Caven
and A. P. Stuart. Both of these gentlemen are holding
honorable positions, Mr. Cavers being Postmaster of
Deloraine and Mr. Stuart Registrar of the County. It is
to such pushing, honestly managed houses as these that
Manitoba owes her prosperity, and, aa one of the oldest
houses in her midst, it has done its full share to secore
such a splendid result.

Smltb « Balkwill, Dry Goods, Clothing, Boots and
Shoes, Groceries, Provisions, etc.. Railway street, Delo-
raine, Man.— The premises occupied by this old established
house consists of a substantial two-storey and basement
building. It is admirably arranged and stocked through-
out with an immense assortment of the finest and most
artistic goods, embracing dry goods, dress goods, hosieryi
clothing, fur goods, boots and shoes, groceries, etc*
Throughout the entire establishment there pervades a
system of order and regularity which facilitates the trans-
action of business and makes the house a pleasnnt one to
deal with. The facilities of the firm for transacting bnai-

t «'

i »

fill

■♦('
'^\

THE NEW WEST.

DMi are of an unuaually oomplolo obnracter, ennbling it
tooffvripeoial advaiitiiiei tooualuuieni.antl toexeout* d\\
orden in the promptvut aud iuo«t 8llti^l'llctury uiiiniier.
Meiin. Smith <it Balkwill do a large trade, and tlieir
bouie in a rcoonnited head-quarleri fur line gradea of
(oodi. Tliey are well kiiuwii to the trade iia honurable,
liberal and conioioiitluua butiiieiH men, lulr in all triuia-
•etiont and well meritini the auccesa they have achieved.
ThelintniberB ol the (Irm are 0. C. Smith and K. Ualkwill.

S, P< Hatchnrl * Bro<t Hardware. Stovea, Tinware,
etc.. Railway atr»el, Deloraino, Man.— Ono of thoao repre-
■entative ooncerna which to convinaingly drnionatrate
Manituba'a mercantile aupremacy in the Northweat, iatlie
bordware eatabliahment of K. P. Butchart & Dro., aiiuated
on Railway atrcet. This firm haa been eatiiblirhrd in buri-
neta here aince 188fi, being one of the pioneer mercantile
eitabliabmenta^here, during which time they have built
up a Innte and lucrative trade, which ex tcndu to all parta of
the surrounding country. Theprtmi ea occupied are com-
modiuua and well arranged, llrre will be found a heavy
stock of rangea, ttovca, healera, hardware, tinware, and a
full linc.of houpe furnishing gooda. The firm carri ea an
•aaorted rtock of ahelf hardware, fireiirnia, etc., tobefound
is any eatabliflimrnt in thia country, aa well ua a complete
waorlment of cutlery for pocket and tab e uae of all pat-
terna, mcchanica and edge tools of every description known
and 'required in lany branch of indnslry, oiin always be
obtained here at luweat rates and guaranteed excellence of
this stock. The members of the firm are B. P. Butchart
and D. M. Butchart, who arc held in the highest estima-
tion in commercial life for their many sterling qualities
and strict integrity. k

Thia firm have a, branch at Boissovnin, equal to this
establishment in size and amount of goods carried, m aking
this one of the heaviest hardware firms in Manitoba.

H. I.. MontKomerjr dc <'o.,Dry Qoods, Millinery,
Dressmaking, Tailoring, Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Uro-
oeries, etc., Deloraine, Man.— In a careful, accurate
review of the Northwest's leading business interests, that
of the general store trade at once attracts prominent atten-
tion. Both as regurJs the extent of the capital invested,
extent and completeness of stock and magnitude of trade,
the leading houses in this line compare favorably with any
in'Canada. Hi^presentative among the number is the
widely known firm of H. L. Montgomery & Co. Kvery-
thing hoSibeen specially arranged to suit the require-
ments of their heavy trade, while the fittings aud
accommodations for display and storage of stock are
unrivalled. Everything required in the way of dry
goods, dress goods, millinery, hosiery, clothing, boots and
shoes, staple and fancy groceries, ( rockery, etc., can be
had here and quoted at prices which command the atten-
tion of the closest buyers. They arc direct importers of
teas from Japan, handling direct , consignments of the
finest new crop Oolongs, Japans, Gunpowder, Young
Hyson, English Breakfast, etc. The firm have also in con-
nection a dressmaking department, under most skilful
management, and acknowledged to ^bo the most stylish
dress and mantle maker in Manitoba ; also, a tailoring
department, having a first-class cutter, and ail garments
leaving this establishment are marvels of artistic taste,
elegance and perfect M- Those entering into business
relations with this house will find ti.eir interests well
guarded, and their orders promptly and satisfaocorily
filled.

Ifiinuel A llt#«le, Carriag* Manufaoturen, Delo-
raine, Man.— Among the beat known and most lUooasiAil
oonoerns engaged in tbli line in the town may be men-
tioned the popular and enterprising eitabllihrnont of
Manuel A Steele, manufaoturera of butgiei, carriajei
and slelghi. This buaineii was eatabllshed two years ago,
and from Ua Inception to the present day haa enjoyed a
continuous career of prosperity and public favor, due
entirely to the uniform aatiafaotion rendered by their
work and sound Judgment, foreaight and ability diaplayed
in its management. They do the work for the majority of
the farmers, and execute repairs andoarrioge painting in
the hisheat stylo of art. The members of the firm are
O. M. Manuel and J. B. Steele. Tbey are men of upright
and honorable dealing, and are widely and lavorably
known throughout the country.

A. J. Falcoiirr, Hardware, Tinware, etc., Railway
street, Deloraine, Man.— The leading poeitlon ojoupied by
Manitoba In all departments of business is due to the
untiring energy, industry and capacity of her leading mer-
chants and manufacturers. In this connection it is a
pleasure to make prominent mention of enterprising and
prominent business firms. Amongsuch Is A. J, Falconer,
whose spacious and attractive establishment is on Rail-
way street. He started business two years ago, and, by
strict attention and a straightforward system of honorable
dealing, he has built up a large and permanent patronage.
He occupies commodious and well arranged premises,
which are equipped with every convenience and facility
for the aooommudation and display of the immense stock
of ranges, heaters, stoves, hardware, house-furnishing
goods, cutlery, etc. Mr. Falconer Is an energetic, clear-
headed buaineas m'ln, honorable and fair in all transac-
tions.

W. H.M Mllett A Co.t Jewelry, Watches, Diamonds,
Clockss, Silverware, etc.. Railway street, Deloraine, Man.
— Amongthe various and growing industries of Deloraine
which exercise an important iofluenoe upon our general
trade, 'here is none perhaps occupying a more useful
position than the manufacturing Jewelery trade. Among
the enterprising and popular gentlemen in this line is W.
H. .Vlallett, whose well fitted up establishment Is on Rail-
way street Mr. Mallett started business in this town some
two years ago on a medium sized capital, which has since
been largely Increased, until at the present time he Is
carrying a large and complete stock of watches, diamonds,
clocks, silver and plated ware, and jewelery of all descrip-
tions. His store is the finest jewelery establishment In
this part of the country, and is a credit to his push and
enterprise. Mr. Mallett manufactures jewelery of all
kinds, and the work turned out by him is unexcelled for
beautyand originality of design, superior and elaborate
finish and artistic elegance.

Revere Hoaae, William Saults, Proprietor, Delo-
raine, Man. — A better or more central location for a hotel
than that occupied by the above named house cannot he
selected in the town of Deloraine. It is situated on the
corner of Railway and Broadway streets, directly opposite
the Railway station, and is, consequently, in the town's
very centre. The Revere House Is a modem structure,
having been opened first in the winter of 1886 by its
present proprietor. It is a neat two-storey building, and
has sleeping accommodations for about sixty guoxts. On
the street floor are the office, reading-room, sample rooms,
dining-room, bar and billiard room, while the second floor

DELOBAINK.

li dcTOtod to th« parlon and thirtr well-fUrnlihed ilecp-
isf room*. The dinlnf-room ii oommodiimi and OAp«ble
df Mfttlng foine fifty people, and ii neatly fitted and Tur-
nbbed, and the whole Inner arranf ementi of the houae
•re the rery aome of oomfort, combined with a oonilder-
able amount of elecanoe. The table la provided with the
beet In the market. Mr. Saulte ii a ■enial, eonaiderate
hoat and very popular throughout the oountry.

ChM»p«ld« ntorc, K. Freeman, Proprietor, Dry
Oooda, Clothlnt, Boota and Shoei, Grooerlea, etc., oomer
of Railway and Oarer* atreeta, Deloraine, Man.— Theaub-
Jeet of thli aketoh haa been engaged In buatneai In thi*
towu ainoe early In 1186, when he opened up ai a general

merchant, being one of the pioneer aettlen of Deloraine.
Aa a merohant, Mr. Freeman haa been eminently auoceii-
ful, and haa gradually Increaaed the Tolume of bualneaa
done and the amount of atook carried with the rapid
growth of thia wonderful oountry, until he now drifea
quite a Jobber'a trade in oonneotlon with hi* retail tran-
aaotlon. He oarriei a full and aomplele atock of dry
gocia, clothing, boota and ahoea, groceriea, etc. Thi* gen-
tleman, by dint of atralghtforward dealing and thor'
oughly antoipating the want* of the public, and alwayi
keeping auoh a aelectlon and aaaortment of gooda a* the
demnndaof thia oountry required, can truly be numbered
with Manitoba'a detervlngly proiperoua merchant*, and
hi* eetabliahment be oountvd with the leading mereantlU
houae* of the Nortbweit.

Delo-

hotel
ot be
the
puaite
own'a

ture,
ly it*

,and
On
ooma,

floor

PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE.

The city of Portage la Prairie is situated on the main line of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, fifty-miles from Winnipeg. It is in the centre of a well-developed
and prosperous farming region, the country all around it being checkered with fields
of grain and dotted far into the distance with farm houses and nnmerous grain
stacks, and not only is it Hurrounded by an excellent agricultural district, but it pos-
sesses within its limits natural advantages which must, ere long, make it one of the
leading manufacturing places of Manitoba. As well as being a prospective railway
centre, it has excellent water power, and building material is plentif\il and cheap,
the timber growing around there being of an exceedingly superior grade. During
the boom of lo80-82, Portage lots wei'e sold in all parts of the Dominion and brought
very high prices, and a large number of excellent residences were erected. The
town sufiered seriously from the effects of the inflation of the boom, and afterwards
went into bankruptcy, bui is now recovering and on the highway to prosperity. It
possesses excellent hotels, two good newspapei-s, churches, schools, and is the county
town of the central judicial district of the province. Historically, Portage la Prairie
is very interesting, and with it is connected many leading events of the pioneer days.
It was originally inhabited by Indians, who portaged fi-om Lake Manitoba down the
Assiniboine. In 1863, the fort known as Fort La Seine was established, by some of
the pioneer travellers and traders, on the shore of Lake Manitoba, about twenty
miles from the present town sitb. Towards the close of the seventeenth centmy, the
Roman Catholics established a mission on a high piece of land, fifteen acres in extent,
partly surrounded by the river, which has since changed its conree and left its bed,
to be an offensive slough. Researches, made many years ago, show that about half
an acre gave evidence of having been once inhabited by civilized beings. On it
were found pits, which might have been used for cellars, and there were also other
evidences which led to this conclusion. Half a mile distant, on the bank of the
river, is the old Indian cemetery. Part of it was washed away by the river some
years ago, and human skulls and other remains have been exposed. In later years,
forts were erected by the Hudson's Bay Company, and its rival, the Northwest Pur
Company, both of which carried on a thriving trade with the red man. The name^

•.I

THE NRW WR8T.

PORTAdK liA PRAIBIR.

Portage la Prairie, bad its origin in the route of transportation that waH followe<l in
by-gone days in trading northward. In the oarly duyn, freight on the ABhiniboine
had to be carried from there through Manitoba and the Northwest. In 18S9-60,
Portage la Prairie wa« selected as a suitable sottleraent by Arohdeucon Cochrane,
who succeeded, after some difficulty, in purchasing from tho Solteaus, tor a small
oonsideration in goods, a large tract of land, divided i'\to narrow stripe and running
back two miles. The earliest settlors, after tho Indians, were their brothers, the
Metis. In 18fiS, a church and parsonage was erected. In 1861, an Ontario emi-
grant, John McLean, pitched his tent here, and found a settlement of about 200 half-
breeds within a few miles of the place. He was not given a very warm reception by
the Metis and Indians, who did not care for the advent of the white man, but he
stayed and purchased a piece of land for $50, which, twenty years aftei*wai-ds, he
sold fbr 130,000. The first settler established here was John Oarrison. The Hudson's
Bay Oompany established a regular trading post in 1861, and Mr. House followed
with a store and a hotel. During the trouble of 1869*70, by which time the settle-
ment had become a village with about flf\y Ontario farmers, it was greatly excited.
They were Loyalists to a man, and a number of them paid the penalty of their
patriotism by being incarcerated within the walls of Fort Garry. The town pro-
gressed slowly until 18*71, when a steam flour mill and several stores were started,
and the Presbyterians established a mission. Then postal facilities were afTordocI,
and a semi-weekly mail organized between Portage and Winnipeg. Previous to the
rebellion, Portage la Pralne was the capitol of the republic of Assiniboia, under the
presidency of Thomas Spence, with whom the Imperial authorities had a long corre-
spondence. The republic was short-lived. In 18*72 the population was about 300 ;
in 1881 it was about 1,000, and in 1883, 4,000, which number dwindled down again
about one-half. Portage la Prairie possesses excellent schools, four churches, and a
large number of well-filled stores,— and its large grain elevators and flour mills, its
busy streets and substantial houses tell their own story. From here a new railway,
the Manitoba & Northwestern, reaches away 200 miles to the northwest, making
more land accessible (if more be needed) and bringing down grain and cattle, and,
before long, to bring down petroleum, etc. That the future of Portage is bright, but
faintly expresses what it is to be.

THK NEW WEST.

Prominent Business Houses of Portage la Prairie.

T. * W. Miller, Hardirare, Tinware, etc., Saakat-
ohowan Avenue, Portage la Prairie, Man.— Prominent
•mong tiie extensive business establishments which have
given Manitoba itJ< gupremaoy of the North-west, is that
of T. & W. Miller, whose large and oommodious promises
are situated on Saskatchewan Avenue. This business was
founded in 1S78, and has sinoe that time made rapid and
substantial progress, and has grown to proportions of great
magnitude. The members of the Arm are T. B. Miller and
W. Miller, men of energy and ability, who possess the
true North-western spirit of push and enterprise. They
are experienced and capable business men, whose laud-
able ambition is to advance the interests of the hardware
tradeof the Northwest in every way possible, and whose
immense stock is, in its various departments, the best as-
sorted of any in the city. The building is very centrally
located and is well arranged for the business, being 90 x V20
feet in size and two stories in height. The firm carries a
complete stock of builders' hardware, stoves, mechanics'
tools, window glass, paints, oils, etc., also full lines of the
best qualities of imported goods, such as cutlery, edge
tools, house furnishing goods, tinware, etc., in short all
the articles usually found in a first-class establishment of
this Vind. In trade circles generally, and among their
customers in particular, they are regarded as one of the
most stable and reliable houses in i>ortage la Prairie, and
parties entering into business relations with them, will in
•very instance find their best interests conserved by this
enterprising and honorable concern.

J. Dodidmade, Furniture and Undertaker, Main
Street, Portage la Prairie, Man.— Few departments of in-
Justrinl and commercial activity have attained greater
perfection, or a more deserved reputation in the North-
west than that of the manufacture of furniture. Among
the loading representatives in this line is Mr. J. Dodid-
made, whose spacious and well equipped establishment
is situated on Main street. The business was formerly
conducted by Bishop k Shelton, being started in 1881, Mr.
Dodidmade purchasing the business in IMS. He has by
■triot uttention, coupled with a atraightforward system of
honorable dealing, built up a business which has grown
to prosperous proportions. He employs none but skilled
workmen, and his facilities are of a strictly first-class
oharacter, enabling him to offer special advantages to cus-
tomers, and to eiceoute all orders in the promptest and
most satisfactory manner. His work is always of the best
class and unexcelled for beauty and superiority of finish.
In his store is displayed a large and well selected stock of
fine household furniture, including elegant parlor, bedroom
and dining-room sets, upholstered in the most tasteful
style. Mr. Dodidmade is also one of the most widely
known undertakers in the city. He is an energetic, honor-
able business man, and well deitrving of the suceeas he
has attained.

Jt F. Howe, Photo Parlors, Saskatchewan Avenue,
Portage la Prairie, Man. — Identified closely wit h the art
industries of the Northwest, tbelwork produced at J. i.
Rowe's Photograph Parlors has acquired an enviable oele-
brity. This business was founded about aiz years 'ago by
present proprietor, Mr. J. F. Rowe, and has proven most
successful, showing a steady and highly gratifying increase.
Mr. Kowe learned his art under the best photographen
and has pursued it steadily. As an artist in photography
and portraiture, Mr. Rowe produoes work that will
compare favorably with the best in the world for
softness in tone and perfection of finish. Ua ooeu-
pies a spacious building on Saskatchewan Avenue,
the rooms being fitted up exclusively for this bosiness,
with all the latest and most modem appliances and
conveniences. The apartments are perfect to pro-
duce flawless results, scenic back-grounds, revolving
back-grounds, ingenious arrangements for managing the
light to accomplish any desired effect, double and solar
canvas with all latest appliances ; but this would not be
sufficient without the true artistic skill of a practical artist,
and in this respect Mr. Rowe has no competitor in the
country. Those at a distance who desire portraits or pic-
tures, (or copies of such) that are in themselves eln<iaent
commentaries upon the possibilities of art, should by no
means omit an opportunity of visiting the studio of Mr.
Rowe ; tnis will give the most perfect idea of what good
photography really is. Mr. Rowe carries the largest and
most complete assortment of picture frames and photo-
graph albums of any dealer in the city.

C. D. Bell, Staple and Fancy Orooeries, Saskatchewan
Ave., Portage la Prairie, Man.— Portage la Prairie is noted
for the enterprise and energy of her oitiiens, and for the
solidity and solvency of her oommeroial institutions. One
of the special qualifications of her business men is conser-
vatism—the vita] principle of certain success. Among the
many staunch houses of the city, whose reputation is not
only local, but extends throughout the surrounding coun-
try, is that of C. D, Bell. The fancy grocery business is in
most cities a line by itself. This house was established in
1882 under the firm name of Bell Bros, and from the first
the energy and business adaptability of this gentleman
assured success, manifesting, as he has, the highest basi-
ness qualifications, greatest enterprise, and remarkable
energy in pushing his business forward to the very promi-
nent position he now occupies. He possesses a thorough
appreciation of the wants and demands of the trade, and
this, coupled with his intimate knowledge of the business,
enables him to offer marked inducements to buyers. The
entire building is stocked with a complete line of fancy
groceries, foreign and domestic fruits, vegetables, meats,
pickles, jellies, sauces, nuts, cheese, crackers, teas, coffees,
spices, cigars and tobacco— everything usually kept in a
first-class establishment nf this kind. Mr. Bell has won

PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE.

T»

and mainUined a poaitlon.botk aia prirate gentleman
and baiineaa man, entltllnB him to the oonfldanee and
oonsiderstion of the oommunity, and the fullest luoeeu in
hii ba*ineM.

A. H. MelM*yr«, Jeweller, Main Street, Portage la
Prairie, Man.— Among the well-conduoted and deserredly
prosperoua buaineaa enterprises of this wide-awake oity,
none are better entitled to mention in a work of this ohar-
aoter than that of Mr. A. H. Molntyre, jeweller, Main
Street. By honorable dealing and oloao attention to busi-
ness he speedily secured a large number of ouatomers; the
result to-day is that be bar one of the beat jewelry estab-
lishments and carries a rery large stock of the purest
goods. In his stock will be found a large variety of im-
ported gold watches of all the best makes, handsome
clooka, and some very fine diamonds, as well as a large and
reehercM collection of seal rings, cameos, plain gold bands,
bracelets, broaches, charms, and all manner of adornments
in the way of fine jewelry, together with a large line of
fine watches of the most approved workmanship and cele-
brated manufaotare, and silverware of chaste and elegant
designs from spoons and forks to ornaments of elaborate
and artistic form and workmanship. Mr. Mclntyre makes
a specialty of cleaning and repairing fine watches and
jewelry, doing it in the best and most thorough manner,
and giving employment to none but the best workman.
Mr. Molntyre is an enterrristog gentleman, and is deserv-
ing of the success which he has attained in his business
career. Mr. Mclntyre also has branch stores at Neepawa
and Minnedosa, at which places he keeps a full and com-
plete stock of goods.

H. J. Woodaidet Jeweller, Main Street, Portage la
Prairie, Man. — Among the various extensive and growing
industries of this country which exercise an importaat in-
flaence upon our general trade, there is none, perhaps,
occupying a more prominent position than the jewellery
trade. Among the enterprising and popular firms in this
line is that of H. J. Woodside. whose elegantly fitted up
establishment is on Main Street. This house has been
established for the past eight yearSf and by strict attention,
eouplod with a straightforward system of dealing, he has
built up a large, prosperous, and permanent trade both in
Portage la Prairie and throughout the surrounding country.
The success of this firm Is an example of what energy and
enterprise will attaint as the business was started on mod-
erate capital, and now has assumed very large dimensions.
The premises occupied are very spacious and commodious,
admirably ar.anged and equipped with every appliance
and facility for the transaction of business. Mr. Woodside
carries a large and valuable stock of jewellery and electro-
plate on hand, and being a direct importer, ho is able to
offer special advantages to customers which is hard to
duplicate elsewhere. Only the best and moat reliable goods
are' kept in stock, and offered at the lowest puaaible prices.
Mr. Woodside is known in trade oiroles as an honorable,
conscientious buaineaa man, liberal and fair in all of his
transactions, ile is the pioneer jeweller west of Winnipeg,
and was appointed issuer of marriage liconaes for the
Manitoba Government in 1881, which commission he still
holds.

Jobn C4Mtlff«a, Fruits and Confectionery, Main
•treet and Saskatchewan avenue, Portage la Prairie, Man.
—The fruit and confectionery business in the Northwest
forms an important and large item in the general trade and
commerce of tip ountry. Among the numerous oatAb-

liahments devoted to this buaineaa to be found in all sec-
tiona of the oity, none ooaCaina a better stock than that
carried by Mr. John Coatigan. whose premises are aituated
on Main street. Mr. Gostigan keeps on band a splendid
stock ol the best foreign and domestic fruits and a Urge
assortment of all kinds of the chjicaat candies, which are
aold at very reaaonable prices ; also, a large and varied
stock of pipes, cigar oaaea, aud smokers' artiolej of all
descriptions, alao domestic and imparted cigars. Mr.
Costigan becan business here in 1831, being the firdt one to
import California fruit to this place. He is an old experi-
enoe<l buainesd man in this linej of trade and.'enjoys the
patronage of our best familiea.

Wllliani* A Gi>»il4lr, Curaiture Miaulaoturorj,
Portage la Prairie, Man— Prominent among the many
houaea of enterprise and refinement engogoj in the sale of
handsome furniture and tlie uiknufiioturo of upholstered
goods is the reliable and widely known and popular firm of
Williams lb lood^ir, waoae salesroom is looated oniSoa-
katohewon avenue, in the centre of the'business portion
of the oity. Much of the woodwork is turned and fash-
ioned outside of the premises, the finishing and upholater-
ing being attended to principally here. Tho specialty of
the boujeis handsome furniture, much of which is mule
from the rarest woods, aud carved in i a most workmanlike
mmner from unique .and original designs and patterns.
All kinds of parlor, dining-roum, office and household fur-
niture can be found here.

Aasialbolne B'>lier Flourlaiir .HIlUt Portage la
Prairie, .Vf an.— Portage l« Prairie being one of the prin-
cipal grain marts of the northern wheat .belt, and Kha
distributing point for the product of this country, is from
these causes a flour manufacturing city, with one of the
finest mills in the west Among the representative mills
in Canada we take pleasure in mentioning the Assiniboine
Roller Mill, which was built in 1882. The capacity of the
mill is 300 barrels of flour daily. The principal brands are
known throughout the country as among the finest flour
made in Manitoba, which necessarily means the entire
country, for there are no finer brands of flour known than
those made in this province, having not only a national,
but a foreign reputation. The mill is supplied w'th all
the latest improved machinery— rollers, purifiers, bolting
machinery, bran dusters, etc— driven by engines of..,,
horse power. The grades of choice family flour, which
are made a specialty at this mill, have given it a reputa-
tion which it lealously maintains, extending the trade
throughout the east and weat. An elevator of IIS.UOO
bushel capacity is attached to the mill to facilitate oper-
ations. The offloers of the Mill Oomp'iny are H. M.
Campbell, President, R. S. Thompson, Secretary, and Jas.
McLenaghen, Manager-

K. LyMI, Merchant Tailor, Main street. Portage Tj»
Priirie, Man.— For over four years past the name and
fame of Mr. B. Lyall, as a fashionable and reliable mer-
chant tailor, have been familiar to the citiiens of Portage
La Prairie and vicinity, where he has a large and profit-
able business aoquaiatanoe. His elegant ^establishment
on Main street, in the center of the business portion of the
city, has longboeu famma aa the healquiirters for fine
clothing. Mr. Lyall ia a prMlioal cutter, and ha'*2had
many years' experience as a tailor. During the time
lie has been established here, he has secured the pat-
ronage and confidence of many of the leading gentlemen
of the city, in all cases giving the most undoubted satis-

a '

4 1)

!■»■

THE NEW WEST.

footion, andestablishinca reputation aeoond to none en-
■aged in the aame businem. He keeps on hand a oare-
fully selected and fashionable stook of the best fabries for
gentlemens' ware from whioh to select, and his Barments
are all made up in the most thorough and workman-like
manner. His business is exclusively custom work, and
bis specialty is in the manufacture of fashionable dress
and business suits, at prices to suit the times.

HcKenale A C«iiipbell» Harness, Saddles, Bridles,
Blankets, etc, Main street. Portage La Prairie, Man.—
This popular and prosperous house is the oldest and best
equipped and most extensive establishment in this line in
Western Manitoba, and its trade is fully commensurate
with its age and capacity and the excellent reputation the
goods have always maintained. The premises occupied
are well arranged for the transaction of business, cen-
trally located in the business portion of the city. The
firm carry a full and complete line of harness, saddles,
bridles, blankets, nuts, whips, etc. Mr. Campbell, the
managing partner of the firm, is a man of vast practical
experience and held in the highest estimation for the
liberal system in which the business is conducted.

Preat A Woolhonae, Books, Stationery, Fancy
Gtoods, etc.. Main street, Portage La Prairie, Man.—
Among the best known and most successful concerns en-
gaged in the book and stationery line in the city, may be
mentioned the popular and enterprising establishment of
Prest and Woolhouse, which, though established only one
year ago, when business in PorCago La Prairie was very
much depressed, have succeeded ir building up a reputa-
tion not often accorded those o' much longer standing.
Their store occupies a splendid location, and i!< ad-
mirable arranged for their constantly increasing business.
They keep a most complete stock in all lines pertaining to
the business. In books there are to be found all the
works of the standard authors and the leading publica-
tions of the principal publishers, while there is always on
hand a large supply of school books, fancy goods, toys,
etc. Mr. Prest is agent for the City of London Fire In-
surance Co., Northwest Insurance Co., Quardian Insur-
ance Co. of England, Citiiens' Insurance Co. of Ontario,
and the Caledonian Insurance Co. of England. These are
all first-class insurance companies, and have given entire
satisfaction the world over, also the Manitoba and Norih-
west Loan Co., and British Canadian Loan Co. Mr. Prest
represents the Methodist Book Room of Toronto.

C'hMrles arMban, Boots and Shoes, Saskatchewan
avenue. Portage La Prairie, Man.— The boot and shoe
trade of Portage ranks among its leading and most prom-
inent industries, and in this country it is esse/itial that

special attention be paid to the quality of foot-wear< I.t
is therefore with pleasure that we draw the attention
of the public where the beat quality of goods are sold and
moat reasonable prices prevail. The business was
originally started in 1S79 by Mr. Qraban, and must there-
fore be reckoned aa one of the oldest established business
houses in the city. Under Mr. Qraban'a able manage-
ment, with the asaistanoe of his thorough experience in
the trade, the busineaa prospered greatly and grew into-
largo proportiona. Mr. Qraban deals in all kinds of baot»
and shoes of the latest styles and best qualities and makes
and of all prices, a specialty being made of J. D. King A
Co.'s (Toronto) fine shoes. Having enjoyed a thorough
practical experience in the boot and shoe business, Mr.
Oraban possesses exceptional facilities, and is enabled to
offer special advantages to customers which they can
hardly obtain at any other establishment in the same line-
in the city.

Tonnv dc ITrqaluirt, Carriage Manufacturers and
Blackamitha, Saskatchewan avenue. Portage La Prairie,
Man.— Among the leading and most successful carriage,
blacksmithing and horse-shoeing establishments in this
section of the country is that of Young & Urquhart, This
business was established by Mr. Toung in 1879 and carried
on by him until the partnership was formed in 1885. Their
shop is a substantiRlstructurci well arranged and equipped
with all the modem improvements and necessary ma-
chinery and tools, and all work is executed in the prompt-
est and most satisfactory manner. Both gentlemen are
expert practical mechanics, and give close personal super-
vision to the execution of all orders* Carriages, wagons,,
sleighs and cutters in any stale desired, on short notice.
Both gentlemen are well known to the public as honorable
and fair in all transactions, and well meriting the gratify-
ing success whioh are attending their efforts,

O. dc I>. CTsMSela, Bakers and Confectioners, Portage
La Prairie, Man.— There are few establishments in a city
of more importanee than those dealing in fresh fruits and
fine confections. The store of Messrs. Q. ic D. Cassels is
pre-eminently of this kind. They carry an ample stock >
embracing every variety of choice confections and foreign
domestic fruits, fresh and sound. They are also the largest
and best bakers in the city, turning out the freshest and
best made bread , cakes and confectionery. They have had
rare opportunities for acquainting themselves with their
trade and its requirements, having been engaged in the
business for several years, and accustomed to catering for
all ki.'^ds of people and all kinds of tastes ; they are well
fitted to be good judges of what their custom requireSt.
and the quality and condition of the goods they handle-
Mr. D. Cassels manages the business here, while Mr>
George Cassels has charge of the Brandon eatabliahment.

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THE NEW WEST.

CARBERRY.

Carberry boasts of being one of the most steady-going towns of Manitoba. Its
growth, as the hare is reported to have said, is "slow but sure," and will always
"win the day against speed and laziness." The town proper is situated midway be-
tween Portage la Prairie and Brandon, on the main line of the 0. P. R., about 105
miles west of Winnipeg. The Church of England has a place of worship, and the
Presbyterians have lately erected a new church and secured a very efficient pastor
in the person of the Rev. David Anderson, a graduate of Manitoba College, and for
some time a member of Knox College, Edinburgh, Scotland. The residents of Car-
berry and the adjoining country also enjoy the blessing of a good school. The coun-
try to the north, known as the Big Plains, needs noJ"gu8h" to recommend it
Actions speak louder than words, and last year, half a million bushels of grain were
marketed in Carberry, and this is a country where mixed farming prevails. Perhaps
the secret of this success is that the settlers of ten years ago are the residents of
to-day, people who take pride in their homes, and think that they at last have found
the spot on earth "where mortals weep no more." The grist-mill is a great conve-
nience to the farmer, and does a brisk business. This season already it has handled
223,700 bushels of grain. Its chief market is Winnipeg, bat during this year it has
made shipments to Montreal, Victoria, B.C., Antwerp, London, Eng., Japan and
China. There is a large sheep ranch in the vicinity, which is a very prosperous en-
terprise. The cost of keeping the sheep during the winter has been veiy light, an3
a good price has been obtained for the lambs and rams from prospective sheep-
raisers in other parts of the province. Driving is the chief pastime in the holiday
season, and the dry, level, smooth road renders this a great pleasure. Carberry has
five hundred inhabitants, and boasts of three general merchant stores, two good
hotels, two hardware stores, one merchant tailor, one carriage manufactory, one jew-
ellery store, two drug stores, one furniture store, one harness store, one boot and
shoe store, one millinery, two butchera, two livery stables, one lumber-yard, three
grain elevators, three churches (Methodist, Presbyterian and English), one flour-mill
with 11 set of rollers, capacity 200 barrels per day.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF CARBERRY.

H. A. Heuderaon, Qeneral Merobant, Main atreet,
<]arben7, Man.— Every buainesa venture that] evinces in
iti conduotioD seauineienterpriae and.energy, is entitled to
'due consideration in a woric of this character.'^ A well
located, well arranged general store is of especial invercwt
to the people, inspiringithenii as it does,'with confidence
that they will be famished with choice goods and fresh
articles for family consumption. The establishment of
M- A. Henderson is pre-eminently one of this class. This
bnsiness was started in 1885, with ample capital, and the
proprietor, being alive and energetic man, thoroughly ac-
quainted with his business and its requirements, soon
obtained a good paying and growing business. His loca-
'tion is one of the best in the town, and he baa for his

customers the best class of citii ens. His basinesi is ouried
on with untiring diligence and eicellent management.
The stock is full and complete, embracing dry goods,
clothing, boots and shoes, gents' furnishings, hati and
caps, crockery and glassware, and the freshest and ohoioeit
quality of groceries to be found in the market ; hi* prices
are as reason&ble as any flrst-olassl establishment in the
town, and he is always prepared to fill any order from the
town or country. Mr. Henderson is well known as a busi-
ness man, and enjoys a high reputation as a straight-
forward and honorable dealer, and to this fact is due the
flourishing trade be has built up.

H. Dle«le« Notary Public, Conveyancer, Insurance,

OARBEBBT.

Lttan and Real EiUte Office, Carberryt Man.— Among the
l>Mt known and popular firms engaged In tbil line in the
town, may be mentioned that of N. Oiokie, iniuranoe, loan
and real eitate offloea, than whom no one in Carberry has
be^n more fortunate in eitabllsbing and maintaining a
high reputation for upright and honorable dealing, and
few enJoy a larger meaaure of public favor, well
ileierved. Tbii buii.nesa was eacabiiihed aeveral yean ago
and ha« grown into large proportiona. Mr. Dickie repre-
«enta the following companieai via. : Tniat and Loan Co-,
London and Ontario Loan Co., Manitoba Mortgagj and
InTeatment Co. , Credit Fonder Loan Co. and Commercial
Union Fire Inaurance Co. There oompaniea are of the
higheat reputation and aoiidity, being among the most
fubatantiai oompaniea repreaented in tbia country. Theae
are oompaniea which hare atood the teat uf time and are
too widely known in the oommeroial world to need de-
«cription her«. Mr. Diokie'a faoilitiea for traniaoting
busineaa are of an unnanally oomplete character, enabling
him to offer special adrantagee to patronu. He alao tran-
sacts a general real estate business and negotiates loans.
The close attention devoted to the interests of all persons
'entrusting businesi to his oharge, his strict integritr and

honorable methods, and the uniform aatisfaotion rendered
to his patrons, has enabled Mr. Dickie to build up the large
and prosperous patronage he now enjoys.

Dnffisrln Hooa*, A. MoKeniie, Proprietor. Carburry,
Man.— The Dufferin House Is conveniently located, corner
of Main and Railway streets, in olose proximity to the
railway station and within a minutes walk of any of the
leading bualnea housea of the town. It ia a fine two atorey
building and constructed with an eye to outward appear-
ances M well as inner comforts. On the street floor are
located the office, dining-room, bar and sample rooms, on
the second floor are the parlors and sixteen handsomely
furnished sleo|>inR rooma. The house ia furniahed through-
uut evidently with only a desire to aeoure the comforts of
the guests. The present proprietor of the Dufferin knows
well how to cater for the wants of the tra elling publiOi
and has already made a good record in his present house.
He aims to make his hotel a home for guests, and as a
family house it is probably unsurpassed by any in this
section of theountry. There is also a good livery and
feed stable in oonnect'ion with this house, where a turnout
can be had any time at moderate rates.

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ALONG THE M. & N.-W. RAILWAY. *

The Manitoba & Northwestern Railway, starting at Portage la Prairie and run-
ning north-west, passes through a varied and extremely fertile country. This road
has a large and fast increasing traffic, and is now becoming widely known as a well-
managed and paying line, running through a country exceedingly rich in varied pro-
ducts. Its chief stockholders are the Messrs. Allan, of the familiar steamship line,
Mr. Andrew Allan being president, Mr. F. H. Brydgos, of Winnipeg, vice-president;
Ml*. W. R. Baker, of Portage la Prairie, General Superintendent; and Mr. A. P. Eden,
Land Commissioner, Winnipeg. Westerners know these gentlemen as active workers
for their own and country's interests, attentive to its wants and those of the people
settTing along the line, and whose welfare is made a personal matter. This line forms
the band and buckle of the Fertile Belt, crossing it from south-east to north-west,
anu though at present its eastern connection is with the C. P. R., yet it is destined
for wide life. Its present length with branches is over two hundred miles, and it is
now stretching out its western end for the Prince Albert country and the Saskat*
chewan Valley.

The stations and distances from Winni )eg are here given : — Portage la Pi'airie,
•66 miles ; Macdonald, 66 j.Westbourne. 73; Woodside, 83 ; Gladstone, 91 ; Midway,
99; Arden, 108; Neepawn, lit; Bridge Creek, 126; Minnedosa, 135; Rapid City
(via S. & W.), 160 ; Basswood, 145 ; Newdale, 153 ; Straithclair, 162 ; Shoal Lake,
ITl; Kelloe, 119; Solsgirth, 186; Birtle, 195; Fox Warren, 202; Binscarth, 212 ;
Russell (on branch line), 223 ; Harrowby, 225 ; Langenburg, 237.

After leaving Portage la Praii"ie, the railway runs through Westbourne, Wood-
side and Gladstone. The district is well settled, but a great deal of good land is
still open for homesteading. Lake Manitoba forms the eastern boundary, and in
this lake, fish are very plentiful and the fish industry has now assumed large pro-
portions, but as yet only partially developed, there being now ten main fishing
stations. At the south end, pike and pickerel are the most plentiful varieties, while

THE NEW WEST.

at Faiiford and the narrowi, white-flBh entirely are caught, and at Lake St. Martin*
one of the finest whitefish spawning beds is found, the whiteflsh ft-om Lalce Winnipeg
ascending the Little Saslcatohewan for that purpose. There are two other ir^portant
spawning grounds, viz., at Water Hen Lalce and Swan Lake, inlets of Winnipegoosis.
The opening of the Manitoba & Northwestern railway with proper protection to the
fishing industry will give a fi-esh impetus, and lift it to one of our most important
resources. There are about a dozen principal traders in the business in this district,
employing about 100 boats, and about 1,200 gill nets, the whole worth about $26,*
000, the catch last year amounting to about 900,000 pounds.

The town of Gladstone is a place of some importance, with a population of 300. It
supports a newspaper, the Gladstone Age. It has English, Preebyteri<in and Methodist
churches, a public school, grist mill, two grain storehouses, general stores and hotels.

Beyond Gladstone are Midway and Arden stations. The character of the neigh-
boring country is rolling prairie, well wooded, and there is a good Quantity of hay
and some very good grain-growing land in the district. Some gravel ridges run ia
a northerly direction across the township. Mekiwin township has become celebrated
for its vegetables and farm produce. A visit to the district will demonstrate to any
practical agriculturist the stock-raising capabilities. In every part of the munici-
pality may be found hay of good quality, the townships to the north being almost
entirely devoted to cattle.

Neepawa is situated in an excellent grain growing district. The municipality
of which it is the centre, is well watered by the White Mud Elver, well wooded andi
has good hay lands. The town itself is beautifully situated, and the traveller by
train forms a very high opinion of it as viewed from the station. The population
is about 400, and gi-adually increasing. There are several general stores, a drug and
stationary store, furniture shop, good hotels, an excellent public school and Metho-
dist, Episcopal and Presbyteiran churches. The Salvation Army have erected bar-
racks here. The town is a first class market lor produce. Three grain warehouses
are situated at the stat'-^n, and in 1888, it is expected that a roller flour mill and
elevator will be built at that point. At present Hamilton's grist mill is turning out
a good sample of fiour. A weekly newspaper, the Neepawa Regitter, is published
here. The White Mud River, a stream of good water, traverses the northerly tier
of sections. Besides the churches in the town there is an English church and a
Presbyterian church in Tp. 14, Rge. 19.

Adjoining Neepawa is the municipality of Rosedale with Bridge Greek Station
on the southwest corner, and Neepawa as its market town. Bosedale contains three
post offices and four school houses. The southern portion of the municipality is
well settled. The northern poi tion runs through the Riding Mountain up to and
beyond Lake Dauphin. The soil ranges from sandy to black loam with clay subsoil.
Township sixteen is situated at the easteiTi base of the Riding Mountain, taking in
a considerable portion of the mountain in the northwest, heavily wooded with large
maple and poplar, fit for all building purposes, with lai-ge grey willow and a few
tamarac and stunted oak. These woods are make almost impenetrable by wild hop,
ivy and grape vines, raspberry bushes, etc. The township generally, is covered
with a dense growth of hazel, willow, rosebrsh and cherry. Yetches abound. It is
well watered by many small brooks, affording the best of water, which can also ba
obtained almost anywhere with very little digging.

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ALONG THE M. tc N.-W. RAILWAY.

The next station is Minnedosa, called "the Beautiful," from its charming situa-
tion. It is situated in the valley of the Little Saskatchewan, and presents a most
picturesque appearance to the approaching traveller as the train winds down the hill-
side. This is the county town, has about 800 population, has two saw mills, one flour
mill, with a CPipacity of 100 barrels per day (Hungarian roller process) ; Episcopal,
Presbyterian and Methodist churches and public school, two elevators, with a capa-
city of 80,000 bushels ; telegraph and post office. The Minnedosa Tribune is pub-
lished every week. The town is well supplied with butchera, bakers and general
stores, and a brewery. The Dominion Lands Office fur the Little Saskatchewan
District is stationed here, and the Government have erected an ipimigrant house.
The Saskatchewan & Western Eailway starts from this point, and runs to Bapid
City. Minnedosa was the terminal p6int of the Manitoba & Northwestern Bailway
during the winter of 1884-85, and derived great benefit from that circumstance,
taking away a considerable share of the trade of the northwest portion of the pro-
vince, which had previously gone to Brandon on the Canadian Pacific Bailway. It
was also the chief supply d^p6t, for a long time aftei-wards, while the railway was being
constructed westwai'd. The town, unfortunately, bonused the railway beyond a
proper figure, and, as a consequence, has been somewhat crippled since. An inves-
tigation is shortly to be held in regard to its financial position. The inhabitants ai-e,
however, a pushing and go-ahead people, and will doubtless come out all right. The
country surrounding the town is equally well adapted for mixed husbandry or for
grain-raising, and offers good inducements to settlers. Minnedosa is one of the
most important towns west of Portage la Prairie, and its relative importance will
probably remain as a possession, for it has advantages which will cause it to go on
prospering with the filling up of the country around.

Clanwilliam is situated abuuL five miles from Minnedosa, noi*tb of the railway.
The region is well watered and well wooded, and the southern portion is well settled.
The northern is being rapidly settled by Scandinavians. The road to the Lake
Dauphin countiy passes through the centre of the municipality. At Scandinavia,
there is a saw mill which is turning out good lumber. There are three post offices
and three school houses in the municipality, and a Presbyterian chui'ch and English
church. Petroleum has recently been bored for and found in the Lake Dauphin
district, and promisen to be very valuable. The country is generally well drained,
naturally, by shallow coulees or depressions, and one feature is the number of living
springs of good water. Otter lake is quite a water 8tretch,and receives the Boiling Biver.

Leaving Minnedoisa and going down on the Saskatchewan and Western Bailway
Bapid City is reached. It is a town of about 500 people, and has a good school,
several stores and hotels, and is a good market for grain. There is a first-class grist
mill with elevator, a cheese factory and a woollen mill in the town. The newspapers
are published weekly. This municipality contains five post offices and seven school
houses, and is a well settled district. It is well known for its sheep-raising and
grain-grovving qualities, and the land in this district will soon become valuable. The
Little Saskatchewan Biver, flowing through it, has a rapid current and is well adapted
for mill sites. Fish are plentiful in its watere. The valley of the river is about one
mile in width, enclosed by hills neai-ly 100 feet high. The Saskatchewan & Western
Bailways runs down the valley. The soil is largely a rich, black, sandy loam, ten to
twenty inches deep, on clay subsoil. These lands will no doubt be much sought
■after. There are several small lakes, also two of considerable sizes. The country

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THE NEW WEST.

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from Bapid City to Minnedosa is a succession of beautiful valleys and prairie open-
ings, where many a comfortable home is seen and Eolston's Valley, about halfway, is
a typical vale of charm and fertility.

On the N. & N. W. beyond Minnedosa ai-e Newdale and Strathclair, each of
them the centre of good agricultural disti-icts and doing quite a shipping trade.
There are two general stores in each and fairly good hotels ; also a school house on
each, in which religious services are held on Sundays. The character of the country
is undulating prairie. At Strathclair there is a Hudson's Bay Company's post and
a saw and grist mill. The Little Saskatchewan runs a short distance from the
station. The Biding Mountains to the North take their rise fi-om the river and are
heavily timbered. The hills rise from 150 to 200 feet.

Shoal Lake is the next station. It is situated on the banks of a beautiful sheet
of water and is a flourishing town. It has been completely built up since the advent
of the railway, the old settlement of the name having been at the south end of the
lake, and was in the early days th<) headquartera of a large detachment of mounted
police. This place promises to become a favorite resort on account of boating, fish-
ing, shooting, picturesque scenery and an atmosphere as healthy an any in the
world. On the lake shore, about half a mile from the town, a cheese factory is situa-
ted and is doing a good business. Shoal Lake has thi-ee general stores, one of which
is the Hudson's Bay store, a tin and hardware establishment, a drug store, two black-
smith shops, a pump factory, five hotels, a law office, two places of worship and a
public school, an excellent and successful cheese factory, a wagon shop, three ma-
chine agencies, two grain buyers, and a very fine roller-process flour mill of a
capacity of one hundred and twenty-five bairels. The mill is at present so busy
that it work eighteen hours a day. In connection with the mill there is an elevator
of 20,000 bushels capacity.

Beyond Shoal Lake is Eellse station, at which some shipping is done ; and
further west, on the bank of the Bii-d Tail creek, is Solsgirth, a settlement of consider-
able importance with two stores, two hotels, a public hall and sevei-al residences.

The railway runs through the centre of Birtle municipality, a district long and
favorably known. The town of Birtle is situated in the valley of the Bii-d Tail, and
rivals Minnedosa in the beauty of the site. It was founded in 1879 by J. H. Wood, of
Woodstock, Ont., and the town, as well as the surrounding district, is occupied largely
by people from the counties of Oxford and Perth. Birtle is the county town for
Shoal Lake and Buesell counties. Its population is about 500. It has seveial gen-
eral stores, book and stationery store, two doctors, tin and hardware store, furniture
shop, two bakeries, grist-mill, telegraph and express office, seveial hotels, livery
stables, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Methodist churches, and a public school. The
building for the latter is of stone and cost $8,000. The British Observer is published
here weekly. The Dominion Lands office for the Birtle district is stationed here,
and the Government has built an immigration house. This rising young town is
nearly 200 miles north-west of Winnipeg. It lies in a beautiful valley sloping to the
the Bird Tail, down which spruce and tamarac timber of excellent quality is floated
from the Biding Mountains, thirty to forty miles distant. The chief dependence is
agriculture, a district of from forty to sixty miles north and south being tributary to
the town, and containing a thousand farmers or over. The river aflbrds several good
water-powers, and the Birtle grist-mill is run by a foi-ty-horse power Lettel wheel,
and works up about 350 bushels daily on three run of stones, being kept steadily busy,

ALONG THE M. 6c N.-W. RAILWAY.

and having a plentiful supply of wheat. There is also a saw, shingle and lath mill,
with a daily cutting capacity of about 10,000 feet, used locally, and selling from |16
to $30 a thousand. The town has lately raised $10,000 for improvements. Town

It has the county

lots sell from $100 to $600 from 25 to 50 feet wide by 100 deep
official buildings, and has four resident clergym n

This municipality contains six post offices and nine school-houses, and is well
settled. The Bird Tail Creek runs from north to soutn, and the distinct genera' V is
well wooded and well watered. The fai-mers of the district will avei-age six years of
settlement, and are chiefly engaged in mixed, faiming. They are of the best class
are chiefly from Ontario, with a few English people, and a Scotch colony included!
There are three large and fine farms, the Binscaith, the Sharman and Power each of
3,000 acres, and having large henls of pure bred splendid horned stock.

The next district is Eussell, in the county of Eussell, with the ruilway through
the south-east corner, the stations of Binscarth and Harrowby within its boundaries
Prom Binscarth a branch line runs to Eussell, in the northern portion of the muni'
oipality. Binscartti is a thriving village, and contains good stores, hotels, etc.
school and post office. Binscarth farm is situated on Silver Creek, about four miles
north of this village. Operations on the fai-m were practically commenced in
1883, and dui-ing that season some 500 acres were brought under cultivation, and the
foUowbg buildings erected :— Bank barn, 50ft. by 260ft., standing on the edge of the
valley and capable of accommodating over 200 head of cattle, besides storing 300 tons
of hay and from 8,000 to 10,000 bushels of grain ; bank bam, 40 by 50 ; piggery 16
by 48; implement shed and sheep-house, 30 by 90; carpenter shop, 16 by 20; store-
house, 14 by 18; blacksmith's shop, 16 by 20; store and hotel, one building, 40 by
60, with addition, 16 by 24 ; farm-house, 20 by 30; hall, 24 by 42, in which services
are held on bundays.

Eussell village is on the terminus of the branch i-ailroad fi-om Binscarth has
good stores, hotel, school, etc., and is becoming a good maiket point for the sur-
rounding country. Dr. Barnai-do's Home for Boys is about three miles west of this
point. The Home is a training school for boys, where they will be taught farming
in all its branches, and enabled to start making their own living. The boys are
carefully selected and tested in England, and upon finishing their education in Mani-
toba, will receive thirty acres of land, and thirty more if they deserve it. Fitting
premises have been built, and a mr it capable manager chosen m Mr. A. E. Struthei-s
formerly of the Canadian Pacific Railway. A cheese factory will tie eslablished, and
it is in contemplation to build a cannery, to utilize the fruits which the country so
freely produces. Other lads will go out as farm servants, if they like, or they will
be free to take up a homestead of Government land. This new development of Dr.
Barnardo's philanthropy appears to contain the elements of success, and certainly
deserves to be well supported.

Beyond Eussell, and oft' the line of railway, is Shellmouth, pleesantly and beau-
tifully situated at the side of the river, in the valley of the AsHiniboine, where a
swing bridge, costing over $13,000, crosses the river. The village possesses a store,
school, hotels and post office, with mail communication twice each week. Groat
numbers of cattle, horses and sheep are raised and grazed in the vicinity. Assessippi
is very picturesquely situated in the valley of the Shell River, and enjoys unrivalled
advantages in respect to water power, already utilized tor gristing and sawing pur-
poses. The roller process flour mill has a capacity of 50 barrels daily.

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THE NEW WEST.

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The main line of the M. & N. W. R. proceed* westwai-d from Binscarth. Lan-
genburg has for the past year or two been the western terminus of the road, but this
year, about twenty miles of track are being laid beyond this station. At Langeuburg,
a comfortable house for the free reception of immigrants has been erected by the
railway company. There are good stores at this point, and the district is fast be-
coming settled. The soil ranges from a dark loose loam to a light sandy one ; mixed
farming can be cai-ried on protitably, pretty generally, grass and hay meadows being
common and bearing rich varied grasses, much of it four and five feet high. In some
places there are numbers of lai-ge stones of various sizes upon the lower lying lands.
The timber is balm of gilead, poplar, oak, maple, birch, a few pines and large willow.
Some of the trees are from twelve to eighteen inches diameter, and would supply
good lumber, and there is also plenty of wood in most sections to fui'nish fencing and
fuel.

The continuation of the M. & N. W. Bailway will probably be from Langenburg
to Yorkton, thence along the north branch of the White Land River, thence to the
Fasquia Hills, and direct to Prince Albert.

The country between Langenburg and Yorkton is slightly undulating and of
generally good soil, well suited for gvain and cattle raising, and of pretty much the
same character as that we have aire ' y passed over. Numerous bluffs of poplar and
willow, and abundant ponds of wa vat ^ ihe scenery and afford shelter, feed, and
fencing for the settler.

Yorkton district extends from wnships 22 to 30, ranges 1 to 6 west of second
initial meridian. The railway is projected to run through this district. It contains
five post offices, and is being rapidly settled up, and is well watered by the White
Sand River and tributaries, and Leach, Orescent and Devil's Lakes. It is well wooded,
and the soil is of excellent quality. The Commercial colony is situated in townships
23 and 24, range 1, principally Scotchmen. The rest of the district is fairly settled
by the York Farmers and Crescent Lake colonies. Yorkton village is situated on
the White Sund River, section 13, township 26, range 4, and contains a grist mi!'
store, hotel, etc.

BRANDON.

The province of Manitoba can boast of no more promising, or at present, thriving
city than Brandon, which is one of the many wonderful creations growing out of
the wondei'fully rapid development of the Canadian North-West. Brandon is the
second largest city in Manitoba and is located on the main line of the C. P. R at the
crossing of the Assiniboine, 132 miles west of Winnipeg, and though but a few years
of age, is making gigantic strides in the direction of prosperity. It is a peculiarly
favoui'ed district and the great number of settlera who homesteaded in the early days
still occupy the land as early as 1879-80, Ontario and English immigrants poured in.
The great fertility of the soil in the region upon which these pioneers settled speaks
volumes for their intelligence, and leaves no doubt in the mind that they under-
stood what farming meant ere they immigrated. The splendid farms and dwellings,
good school houses and churches, give the country around the city a long settled
appearance and their lands cannot be purchased for less than from $10 to $20 an
acre. Out of one hundred townships lying adjacent to the city of Brandon, oontain-

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THR NEW WEST.

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ing nearly 280,000 acres, or ivljout 33 per cent of that area of land was under cultiva-
tion during laHt season, and the quantity of cultivated land has been largely increosod
this year. Brandon also possesses a largo grain storogo capacity, the different mills
elevators, and warehouses with a capacity of over 200,000 buwhels. The gi-aln market
presents juHt after harvest a very animated scene and there is great competition in
the purchase and nalo of the products of the soil, the different dealers throughout
the j)rovince beving represented. The citizens of Brandon take a vast amount of
pride in their fine city, and are more than confident of its Aitnre, relying on the un-
rivalled position, superior advantages and steady growth of the place in eveiy direc-
tion and line of business. Another great advantage to the city and its surroundings
is the fact that the Provincial Experimental Farm is situated just north of the river,
being selected by Prof. Saundore, (if Ottawa, aa the most eligible in the province.
This iH evidence beyond dispute that nature has done her share to make Brandon the
home of a prosperous and contented community. The chief requisite in such a site
was a diversity of H '1 and other producing capabilities that every possible product
of the province ma> be tested to the best advantage and that the Brandon saction
has these in such a marked degree is the best assurance an intending settler can
expect to have in seeking for himself a future home. Besides knowing in locating
in this vicinity that this section has these advantages, he is also assured he can at
leisure have ocular demonstration of how succe8Bf\il farming is accomplished, by
watching tl.e result of experiments on the Provincial farm, and this without any
expense in travelling, and the information that can be thus easily obtained must in the
future bo greatly advantageous to him. Another advantage which Brandon possesses
is its extensive transport facilities, and the assurance that these will be very largely
augmented in the near ftiture. Here is soil of the richest kind, producing in more
than abundance, crops of every kind, well watered, and close to a market; good roads,
and, in fact, every thing to make a desirable location for the largely over-populated
oountries of the world, and those who wish to go into stock-niising, should visit this
flection and see some of the mammoth stock farms of the best blooded cattle, nnd be
convinced that the Brandon situation has no equal in this whole region. For dairying,
it is also unsurpassed, and here capitalistb can find profitable investment for money.
Brandon takes a live interest in its public schools, and is determined to be second
to no ( ity in the province in the matter of education. There are five primary schools,
and a collegiate department doing work of a higher kind, including the preparation
of stud ents for matriculation in Arts and Medicine and for the passing of Teachers'
Examinations. Though at present the school building is not such as might be
'desired, steps are being taken to secure ample and proper accommodation for all the
rpupils. V resident inspector has lately been appointed, and this will tend to secure
•even better results than in the past. Brandon is also possessed of a fine convent, the
teaching in which is highly commended by the citizens. Brandon is the seat of
Justice for the western judicial district. The court houne and gaol are situated on a
beautiful spot a short distance from the business portion of the citj. These institu-
tions are the best managed and neatest of the kind to be found in the province.
Fortunately, crime is not veiy prevalent in the district, and the capacity of the gaol
is never overtaxed. Criminal and civil assizes are held twice a year, in March and
October, presided over by one of the judges of the Court of Queen's Bench. The
«ounty judge is Hon. D. M. Walker, who is resident in the city. The legal and

BRANDON.

tnedioal profeNHionH are well repi-oHented hero by men of more than ordinary ability.
A recent return of the census (commissioner shows the population to be slightly over
3000. The civic oflBcials are : — Mayor : A. C. Fniser. Aldermon : A. Kelly and
James Russell, Ward 1 ; T. T. Atkinson and T, Kelly, Wai-d 2 ; N. J. Halpin and D.
McKelvie, Wai-d 3 ; Jamos Paisley and G. R. Caldwell, Wai-d 4. City Clerk : John C.
Kean. Treasurer: D. M. McMillen. Chief of Police: P. C. Duncan. Brandon has
a board of trade, which holds monthly meetings. The executive is — President:
J. C. Robinson. Vice-President : B. B. Smith. Secretary-Treasurer : C. A. lArkin.
In 1887, 876,000 buHhels of wheat were marketed, bosidei^ a very large quantity
of oats, burley, flax, etc.; and the present year's crop is now, beyond all question,
sure to be incomparably heavier than that of the pi'ovious year, as well as being of a
auperi'"" grade. It is also estimated that at least 660,000 bushels of 1887 wheat was
not sold, which speaks volumes for the success which has attended the labors of the
farmers, they being in such a good financial position as to be able to carry this
amount over for a year. Among the business institutions of the city may be men-
tioned the following: — One flour and oatmeal mill, which was built in 1881, and has
flour capacity of 160 barrels per day and fifty baiTols of oatmeal (this institution
possesses all the latest improvements in machinery for the performance of the work
which it does, in the shape of steam power, roller process, etc., and is kept running
constantly night and day) ; one machine shop, one planing mill, one brewing manu-
factory of ales and porter, two wholesale grocery houses, two banks, four large gi^in
elevators ; good hotels ; eleven general stores and diy-goods, eight grocery stores,
four stove and tinware stores, three hai-dware stores, five lumber yards, three mer-
chant tailors, two carriage and blacksmith shops, six livery, sale and boarding stables,
five restaurants, one stationery store, two jewelry stores, two furniture stores, three
wholesale liquor stores, three boot and shoe stores, three' dnig stores, two harness
stores, three mrllinery stores, two pump manufactories, three flour and feed stores,
two photographic t'tudios. two paint and decorative stores ; coal and wood yards ;
one pork-packing establishment, three butcher shops, one employment bureau, three
nevvspapers — Sun, Times, and Mail. There are also a number of real estate offices,
which report business very brisk, many sales having been made during the present
season of fai-m properties. Brandon is also to be the terminus of the Northwest
Central Railway, which is to run through many hundred miles of the best portions
of the Northwest Territories, — and in opening up, as it will, this vast agi-icnltural
oountry, the results must be beneficial to this point, and already good results are
being felt in a very tangible form.

Hi''

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THK NKV WK8T.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF BRANDON.

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Nomervilitt * COm Dry (ioodi, Clothlni, (ieiit'a Fur-
nixliiniiii, etc., and Fur Ooutli, Kuucr Ave., betweon Ninth
and Tenth Slreoln, Brandon, Man.— The popular oitabliah-
Djvnl of 8< mervlllo A Co. ranki amoni the lending enter
pri<c> ul the kind In the entire city, and merlti liberal
mention in (hia work. No houie In any part of theoity
offcra greater inducemonta to'the purchaaen thanlthia, and
no catablifhrnenl in llrandon la more widely known or!en-
Joya a better trade. The popularity of theiflrm ii due to
the liberiil pnlioy nnd'prompt bualneaa bablta of the pro-
prietors, and the oourtecua and cordial manner ln>bioh
every one viaiting their atore la feated by themielvei and
their employeta, iia well aa the general exoellencoof their
(took nnd the complete and choice aaaonment that ia'at all
timet diaplnyed, and the low and popular prioea at which
their gooda are Hold- The houie waa eatabliahed in IW>,
and with their energy, enterpriae and active buainea*
bnliita haa largely InoreHsed. They occupy a large
and well-appointed store, divided and nrrangedl in de-
parimcnta to rnoilitnte the tranaaction of buaineaa.' It ia
aupplied with a carefully selected stock of drj- gooda, em-
bnicing drcsx gonds, linens, eilks, hoaicry, notions and
fancy goodie uf iJI descriptions, clothing and gont'a fumiah-
ings. There i.H nlsn a dreas and innntlo making department
in connection witn tbia store, where the ladies can get the
hileat Hlyles nnd most perfect flts. Mr. J, T. Bonierville is
honoriible, lil)criil and fair in all transactions, and well
deserving of the success he has achieved,

Ro»« A COm Druggists and Chcmista, Rosse' Ave.,
betwen Ninth and Tenth Stieots, lirandon, Man.— In the
whole lifit of occupations and trades in Manitoba, there is
no more useful or important one tlian that of the pharma-
cist and chemirt. Among the representative business flrmn
of this city who cnrc" on this enterprise creditably, and |
discharge their duties with satisfaction to the triido and
public, a |iromii.'!nt one if that of Kose Jc Co., whose store
is located on Kosser Avenue, between Ninth and Tenth
Streets. This hous- waa founded in 1'81 by the present
manager, Wm. M. Kose, who ia thoroughly conversant with ,
every detail of the business, and has obtained a liberal
and influential patronage. As phurmncist and chemist he ;
curries on an extensive business. The store ia titled up in
an admirable manner and elegant style. His stock is
varied nnd extensive, and comprises all the hinhest grades i
of the various goodn incidental lo the proper transaction of
this important business. A full and complete lino of
patent medicines is always kept in stock, also a line and
varied assortment of perfumes and fancy articles can
always be found here. Mr. Kose is a gentleman of strict
integrity, and highly esteemed and respected by all whe
know him.

E. R. Storjr, Stoves and Tinware, Rosaer Ave., be-
tween Tenth and Eleventh Streets, Brandon, Man.— This
well, widely, and most favorably known house has been
an important factor in the hardware trade of the city for

the laat four yoara, having started in IHAt with moderate
capital, but which has since gradually and steadily in-
creased until hia atirak and annual buaineaa ia of large pro-
portiona. There is probably no man in the city who ao
thoroughly understands the retail trade of this aeotlnn aa
Mr. Story. Wo know that none enjoy a larger portion of
it than do«a this gentleman. In hia atore-rooui will b«
found a full and complete stock of atovea, ranges, heatera,
tin and copper ware of all descrlptiona. Mr. Story makai
aapeoialtyof repair work; none but lint olars workmen
are employed. Buying and selling for cosh, he ii prepared
to compete with any similar establiahment here or else-
where. Tho trikde, moat of which ia local, ho haa held ainoe
he commenood buaineaa, and many of his patrona who
aought hia oatahliahment when he opened hia flrat stock
years ago, can still be found trading with him to-duy. He
poaaoaaea not only the confldenco of our busineai men, but
also that of hiacuatomers, to which may in fact be ascribixl
hli aucoeaa. Mr. Story nnikos u specialty of putting in
heaters and furnaces for heating buildings with hot air or
ateam, also ventilators.

amnd View Holel, A. V. Boisaeau, Proprietor,
Brandon, Man.— This is (me of tho leadlug hotels in Mani-
toba, in all that pertains to a strictly flrat-class house.
Gonatruc'od within the past tow years— being built in 1882
—it has achieved a position in thi' consideration of the
public that ranks it eiiual to any oonti^nporanoous estab-
lishment in Canada, reflecting credit npiin the enterprise
that deyignod it and the ability that conducts it. The
house wail opened on New Year's day, 1883, by thu present
proprietor, and since that time has been universally re-
garded, not only lu) the most pleaaant 'and convenient
resort for the travelling public, but as one of tho moat
home-like uud comfortable hotels in tho Northwest. In
everything that poriains to tho comfort and well-being of
its guests, this house is unequalled. In tho matter of
sumptuous, elegant furniture, boating nnd ventilating
arrangements, spacious ordinaries, airy hallways, prompt
and polite attention, with confessedly the best ni«nu in thil
section, the popularity and reputation of the Grand View,
in the light of those advantages, is not surprising. The
building fronts on both Pnciflc avenue and 9th street,
directly opposite the C.P.R. Depot ; three storioH in height
and contains thirty steeping apartments, with spacious
anil elegant parlors, all handsomely furnished, a large
dining-room f urnixhed in the most tasteful and appropriate
manner. A billiard parlor and a flrst-class bar are con-
nected with the house, also good sample rooms for the
accommodation of commercial travellers. The rates are
from $2 to $3 per day, according to location of room.
Special rates are made to troupes and large parties. Mr.
Boisscau, tho proprietor, is well known oa one of the moat
successful and efficient hotel managers in the country,
combining in himself qualities that have made him a
favorite with the travelling public ; widely known and
esteemed, not only as being connected with this hotel linoe

BRANDON.

It* optninf, bnt n\$o hi* Ibnetr •ngaffaiiient with the
RuMall Hoimo'ur OtUw»,whcra be hitltl forth fnr cUren
yean prior ti) hia remoT*! to Hmndon. Tbs Dmnd View
li uffloarad, from hoit dnwn, by ai>ii>l<i«r«t«, (•ai»l gantla-
iDitn, noTor notlcotlng the coinrurt of fueiti, but niwayii
proinotiiii Ihnir ■■■• and onjoyment, Aildinf to tha catatm
Ihry rlohly uioril and pnuenof tb« piihllo.

BrMitfoH rioar«ad OatMcal HilU, nrandon,
Man.— Among the (rent and moat needed indiiatriMol the
Ureat Norlhweat ii our flour and oatmeal milla, and we
takii groat pleaaure In mentioning the Urandon Klour and
Oaimeal Milla. Tha mill contain! theneweitand moit
improved patent maobinery for oonyorting tha grain aa it
couiei from the threiher into the pureat flour and oatmeal.
The flour and ontmaal hare already aalabliahed itaelf for
ita axeellei oo, and it requirea the (Ull capacity of the mill
(flourilAO, oatmeal 80, barrel* per day) to meet the demand
which it* Buperiority baa created. Meiara. W, M. Alex-
ander, A. Kelly, J. ti. Maxwell and U. N. Kuiaoll, the
proprietor*, are to be congratulated on the fact that they
have, within the abort apace of a few yean, ao managed
the mill thai ita product* are in a* great demand a* thoae
of older and longer ettabli*hed repute. The elevator
attached to the mill ha* a capacity of 34,(100 buahela, while
the new elerator at the railway track baa n capacity oi
38,000 buahela of grain, making a total carrying oapiioity
of 72,000 buahel* of grain.

PnMMrBnM., DryQooda, Clothing, Uentr' Fumish-
inga, Orocerie*, ato., Roaaer avenue, comer 10th street,
Brandon, Man.— The flrat in rank and In point of promin-
ence i* the retail dry good* trade of thi* city. Tbia trade,
oonaidered aa a branch of commerce, ia the mo*t important
of any now exiating within the city limit*. It controla an
immanaa amount of oapital, empi' va a amall army of
people, and diatributea a greater » <unt of oommoditie*
than any other branch of meroaiilile purauita. Our dry
good* houae* are among the bandeomest edi.oei of the
oity, that of Fraaer Bro*. taking *pecial rank— the
Mar onto building. A ouraory glance through it* various
depnr,.ment* is hardly auffioient to give a correct idea of
their contents and tho seemingly endles* variety there
dlaplayed. Here one sees article* compoaed of ootloo,
wool, silk and flax, foreign and domaatio good*. Here the
eye re*t8 on ailka, clotha, oaabmerea, satinets, Kerseys,
tweeds, tickings, checks, plaids, alpacas, ginghams, prints,
muslins, drills, and every variety and pattern of dress
goods, together with endless design* of laoas, bonnet
trimmings, ribbona, braids, and numerous manufactures
assimilating in character. In the clothing department
will be found a complete assortment of coats, pants, vesta
«nd overcoats, one of the belt assortments of clothing in
the city ; also, a fine line of gents' furni*hings, staple and
fancy groceries always kept on hand. Mr. A. 0. Frosor's
establishment eojoys the high esteem of the trade and the
conKideration of the general public, which deserves such
marked advantages from its enterprise and capacity. He
has always taken an interest in the development of the
city, and the citizens of Brandon manifested their con-
fidence and esteem by electing him to the mayoralty for
1888.

Forbes * Sliriwtt, Planing Mill, 10th street, Bran-
don, Man.— The increasing importance of the lumber
trade in all its branches leads to a more than ordinary in-
terest, in those enterprises identified with this factor of
our manufacturing industries and resources. Attention

I* properly'diraeted to thoaa firms, to whoa* enargy and
anierpriaa may be aacribad the vitality that ha* oharactar-
isad this businosa. The firm of Forbe* A Stirratt may
properly be aaaigned a Aral place among auch flrma, on
account of their extenaiva uparationa and tha auporior ex-
cellence of their produotiona. Thi* wall known Brm wa*
founded in 18M. They manufacture evury deacription of
aaahea, doors, fraroea, blind*, abuttara, mouidinga and
inaida and outalda flniib. The planing mill is aupplied
with the lateat and moat approved machinery for the
variou* purpo*ei raquired, law*, moulding, planing and
matching maohine*, and ail the applianooa and invention*
»l' the present day. Maaara. John Forbe* and Qeorga
titirrett are the members of this Brm, both thoroughly
practical men, oonveriaiit with all the details and require-
ments of theirlbuaiiiena. Perfectly reliable, ooneoientliiua
and honorable in all their tranaactiona, they .i. have
eatabliahed v lucrative and eminently aatisfactory busi-
ness, Iwhich will compare favorably with any similar
e*tabliahment in^iinitobn. They alao have a lumber
yard, where lumber of all deieriptiuni can be bad, em-
bracing lumbvr of all dimenaiona, latha, shingle*, etc.

Manroe A Co., Wholesale Liquors and Cigars, Otb
street ; (iroorries and Provisions, 7th street, Brandon,
Man.-This firm whs o*tabli*had in 18M3, and already
ranks a* one of tho repreaentative bualneas bouses of this
city. This is now generally recognised as the most ex-
tensive OS well as the most reliable and important
establishment of ita kind in Brandon. The premise* oc-
cupied are commodious and well arranged. At the
liquor store on Uth street will be found a full and complete
assortment uf the purest and choicest brandies, whiikie*,
wines, tobaccos and cigiirs to bo found in tne West, which
for^ purity andi excel ienoe are unequalled. The grocery
and provision store on 6th street is filled with a choice
sei<iction of staple and fancy groceries and fruit* iu
season. The trade of this bouse extends to all part* of the
city and *arroundinK country, and is steadily increasing in
ita proportion*. Mr. (i. U. Munroe is thoroughly acquainted
with every detail of the buiineia. The house deal* iu
none. but the purest lof foreign and domestic goods.
Dealers .throughout the surrounding country may at all
times be assured of receiving the very best articles in the
market and at reasonable ratea.'Mr, Munroe is honor-
able in all his transactions and ia highly esteemed by all
who know him.

D. BieK«lvle A Co^ Qrooeries, Boots and Shoes,
Rosaar avenue, between 9th and 10th streets, Brandon,
Man,— The grocery and provision business is of interest to
Hvery family, and we direct the attention of the readers
c: this work to the house of D. McKelvio k Co. Here will
be found a desirable assortment of groceries and pro-
vision!), umbraoing cV>;oo teas, coffees, sugars, apioes,
canned goods, ijcnp, coal oil, and a hundred other articles
suited tobou:ias.nd tab'n, nlsoa fine and selected assort-
ment of boots one) ahoea in stock, and all goods can be
purchased on reosonablo terms. The premises oooupied
are large and (m'jamov.Iiou8, and it will be found a pleasant
and profitable traUtng place. He deals wholesale and re-
tail in groceries and pTOviaionu, and being a direct im-
porter, is able to ofler upeoial advantages to customers
The business was established in 1887 by the present pro-
prietor- It is the at 11 of Mr. McKelvie to sell good
articles at the lowest possible prices, and for cosh only.
His trade is of the better class and is steadily undergoing
a gratifying increase. Mr. McKelvie is an energetic and

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*.;5

•It)

THE NEW WEST.

reliable buiineM man, thoroughly oonvenant with the
buaineM in which he is encaged.

r III?

T. E. Kelly, Liveryi Feed and Sale Stable, 0th street,
Brandon, Man.— If there is one thing for which Brandon
ia noted more than another, it is the number and ezeellenoe
of the livery stables of the city. It is always remarked
by strangers that Brandon hns, in proportion tu its sise, a
greater number of speedy horses than any other city in
theI>ominion,and the excellence of the animals kept at
the liveries has been the subl'eot of favorable comment.
One of the largest livery stables in Manitoba is that con-
ducted ^y Mr. T. E. Kelly, of this place. It is a most
complete establishment in every p' rtieular, and will rank
among the best' of the kind in the Dominion. TheSmain
building is 48x100 feet and the annex is 40xfi0 feet in site,
and affords ample accommodation for 100 head of Ihorses.
Mr. Kelly transacts a general liverv, feed andi sale
bttsinesst and has a large and profltable.trade. Helcan
famish as fine a turnout as can be procured in the city.
His assortment of buggies, phaetons, landaus, coaches,
etc., affords the greatest choice in the selection, while for
the winter season he has an almort endless array] of
cutters, sleighs and a handsome IcoUeotion of robes. Mr.
Kelly established this business in 1882, and from the very
start it has been successful. Mr- Kelly is highly esteemed
and respected for his sterling integrity and straightforward
system of honorable dealing.

Dlcklnaon * Hnriy, Groceries, Provisions,
Crockery, etc., Rosser avenue, between 9th and 10 streets,
Brandon, Man.— Among the numerous retail grocery
establishmentslof the city, no one has more rapidly sprung
into popular favor than the grocery house of Dickinson &
Murry. That it is an iL.jtitution wHich has filled a long
felt want in this city has been evidenced during its career
since its inception, 1886. Success has attendedlit from the
very start, and its lousiness is now of large proportions and
oonstantly increasing. Messrs. Dickinson and Murry
have been residents of Brandon for the past five years,
and have during that time made a host of friends and
acqaaintanoes in the city and surrounding country who
largely patronise their establishment. The firm's long ex-
perience in the grocery business enables them to offer
special advantages to oustomen, as they know where to
buy the best goods at the lowest rates, and are thus able
to give their patrons the benefit of their experience.
They also make a specialty of keeping only the best
qualities and freshest lines of goods in stock, while they
also import the best makes of canned goods, biscuits, also
teas, coffees, spices, etc, aed a fine assorted stock of
crockery, glassware, etc. Mr. John Dickinson originally
started business here in 1881, being one of the pioreor
merchants of Brandon.

Tom Bootlit Restaurant, Confectionery and Tobaccos,
Rosser avenue, between 9th and lOthi streets, Brandon,
Man.— One of the oldest established restaurants', inlthe
city is that kept by Mr. Tom Booth on Rosser avenue.
Mr. Boolh has been in business here since 1886. When he
began business his capital was small, but by careful atten-
tion to business, and having thorough knowledge of how
to run a restaurant, he has prospered rapidly, and bis
business has grown with the development and advance of
the city. Success in this line of trade can only be gained
by those who properly! understand its many dttails, and
the result is that Mr. Booth's establishment remains
solid, prosperous and popular. Ue deals extensively in

confectionery, and has always in stock everything in that
line, from the common kind of candy to the choicest
delicacies manufactured. Mr. Booth has gained a reputa-
tion for the fine quality aad pureness of the confections
which he sells. He also deals in cigars, tobaoeos and
smokers' articles. Pertonally, Mr. Booth is very popular
in the community.

Smttli A Barton, Wholesale ( oceries, 8th Street,
Brandon, Man.— If any evidence were wanting in this
progressive age of what can be accomplished by busines
energy, ability and application, supplemented by leal and
integrity, they surely could be brought forward in this
enterprising, active city in numbers. A clear and well
established exumple of this is afforded by the history of
this widely an a favorably known house, which has become-
one of the business landmarks of the city. They carry a
very large and complete stock of choice family grooerieSr
coHees, teas, sugars, syrups, spices, fish, soaps, fruits,
woodenware, canned goods, goods in glass, cigars, tobac-
cos, pipes, etc., — in fact, every article usually found in a
first-class, well regulated establishment of this descrip-
tion. The extensive building occupied by them is a hive
of industry and activity. All of the business operations
of this house are under the direct supervision of the pro-
prietors, enabling them to guarantee the pupty and good
quality of all the goods they put on the market, and has
giren their goods a reputation second to none. The
greatest care and attention is bestowed on every depart-
ment, making their house one of the most prominent of
our flourishing business houses. Their trade is both -^al
and extends in every direction from the city within a
radi\is of several hundred miles. Messrs. B. B. Smith and
John Burton are both old and experienced grocery men.
Mr. iSmith attends to the house and Mr. Burton does the
travelling. The members of this enterprising house are
active, energetic business men, who have achieved by
merii: and square dealing the highest position for mercan-
tile integrity and intelligence, and are worthy represen-
tatives of the commercial interests of Manitoba.

SisalUi A Wtader, Brandon Employment Ageuoy
and Commission Agents, Rosser Avenue, between 10th and
11th streets, Brandon, Man.— These gentlemen have been
established in their present line of business only one year,
but through their energetic and able management, and
the exercise of a strict integrity in all their dealings, they
have built up a fine business and won the substantial re-
gard of a large and extensive patronage. They do a
general employment business as well as a general com-
mission business, and they enjoy a lucrative and desirable
business with the surrounding districts and the whole
Northwest. During their location in this city they have
won the highest esteem of commercial circles and are
generally regarded as one of Brandon's leading and repre-
sentative business firms.

We understand this firm have already established an
oflSce in London, England, for the sale of improved farnas,
and have every confidence in the venture, realising as
they do the fact that settlers coming out would rather
invest a few hundred dollars in a farm which will at once
return means of a livelihood, than do tho bomesteading
duties.

W H. Hooper, Qroceries, Provisions, Crockery,
Olassware, etc., corner Rosser Avenue and lOtb street,
Brandon, Man.— This enterprising caterer to the houaei
and tables of families of this city, is entitled to worthj

f 9

BRANDON.

mention among the best olan of vrooeiy houies and the
general buiineu of Biandon. Starting in 1883, he ii one of
our old pioneer merobants of thii seotion. His store will
be found stocked at all times with the very best grades
of family groceries, staple and fanoy, of every descrip-
tion— flour, oofleos, teas, sugars, syrups, canned goods,
and in snort, every article or class of goods pertaining to
a flnt-elair family grocery and provision store, all unde-
niably of the very best quality, pure and fresh. Popular
and reliable, both as a private gentleman and a business
man, no better verification of the fact can be adduced
when we state that Mr. Hooper has customers who have
dealt with him right strait along for years. Well and
favorably known in commercial circles, he commands the
respect and confidence of all with whom he has dealings-
Mr. Hooper is owner of one of the finest farms in the
country, embracing 800 acres, crop of 1887, 8,000 bushels of
grain, about 35 bushels to the acre. He is also pro-
prietor of the largest vegetable cellars in Brandon.

4(nccii's Hotel, Robert J. Dickinson, Proprietor,
comer Rosser avenue and 10th stteet, Brandon, Man. —
Among the popular and comfortable hotels of Brandon
must be mentioned the Queen's Hotel, which is situated
on Rosser avenue, corner of 10th street. This house is at
present under the proprietorship of Mr. Robert Dickson,
who took possession of it in 1887, and has since run it in
flrst-olHSS style, securing a large and profitable patronage.
It has been regarded as not only the most pleasant and
convenient resort for the classes of the public, but as one
of the most homelike and comfortable public houses in
Brandon. Locatedin thecentreof the business portion of
the city, the site is most advantageous for travellers and
others, and the general accommodation, attendance, fur-
nishingi ventilation, bar, and [menu, are all that can be
desired, the charges at the same time being extremely
moderate. The house contains fifteen sleeping rooms,
which are neatly and comfortably furnished. The bar is
stacked with the best wines, liquors and cigars. Mr.
Dickinson is thoroughly versed in the management of
hotels, and the success of the Queen's is the natural result
otlbis enterprise and energy.

O. H. GUctartet, Merchant Tailor, Rosser avenue,
between 8tb and 9th streets, Brandon, Man.— With many
years' experience in the merchant tailoring business, Mr.
Gilchrist possesses'many advantages which cannot faillto
commend this establishment I to favorable notice. H^
started businci^s here in 1<82, and has, with the aid of a
thorough knowledge of the i business, backed up with
energy, push and enterpriso, largely increased his re-
sources and secured a good and prosperous trade, which
is rapidly increasing irom time [to time. He is now pre-
pared to turn out work unsurpassed by any other talLring
etablishment in the country, and at most reasonable
prices. Mr. Gilchrist h -.s a large and varied stock, com-
prising a fine and Judiciously! selected lassortment of
foreign and domestic fabrics, for gentlemen's ware, from
which oustomen may select any pattern or style to suit
their different tastes. Mr. Gilchrist is highly esteemed by
his fellow-citiiens for his honorable dealings and sterling
integrity. He also has ,in connection 'with his tailoring
establishment a large and well selected assortment of

SCO. Hnmw, Stoves and ^nnware. Rosser avenue^
between 6th and 7(h streets, Brandon, Man.— At the begin-
ning his capital was moderate, but by good judgment)
push and enterprise, coupled with a thorough and prac-
tical knowledge of the business, it has been very largely
increased, and at the present time, Mr. Munro's„trade bas
reached very respectable proportions. His premises ar»
very large and commodious, and well adapted to properly
display the fine stock of goods which is carried. In this
establishment will be found a full and complete stock of
cooking, parlor and ofiSoe stoves, grate fronts, range;),
hollow-Ware and house-furnishing goods, in^great vuriety,
and be manufactures every description of tinware, making
a specialty of job-work, tin-roofing, conductors and gutters.
A specialty is also made by this house of cheese factory
furnishings, in which, owing to the large number of
factories being started in the province, a large business is
being done. Mr. Munro, since coming to this city (1881),
has been known as an active and enterprising business
man. Mr. Munro also has a branch establishment at
Souris Plum Creek.

Smart, Stewurt A Co^ Wholesale Groceries, Ros-
ser Avenue, comer 6th street, Brandon, Man. — Brandon
ir her great devotion to manufacturing enterprises, has
not, as it might be thought, neglected her mercantile or
commercial opportunities. If this were true of some
branches of trade, it certainly is not so for her wholesale
grocery establishments, as may be inferred by reference
to the notices of her leading representative houses and
the statistics furnished relative to their importance and
extensive trade in other portions of this work. Possess-
ing almost unexampled facilities in her geograpMcal posi-
tion and means of transportation, as well as in the enter-
prise and high standing of her leading merchants in this
line, Brandon can to-day furnish the staple articles in
groceries at prices that will successfully coiipete with
eastern dealers and effect a great saving in freight to
retailers throughout Manitoba and Northwest Territories.
Especially prominent among the houses engaged in (he
wholesale grocery trade of Manitoba, may be mentioned
that of Smart, Stewart & Co. Their prerent quarters have
been fitted up expressly for this firm and tb.ir conve-
niences. They carry a full and complete stock of grooeries,
and they are able to hold out special inducements to
buyers. The members of the firm are James A. Smart
and D. G. Stewart, gentlemen who have been identified
with Brandon's mercantile interests sin e its inception.
This firm occupies a high position in the trade, and to an
unusual degree commands the respect of the trade through-
out the western district of Manitoba.

E. J. BarolMj't Lumber and Fire Insurance, Pacific
Avenue, Brandon, Man. — Few departments of commer-
cial activity have attained greater proportions during
recent years than the lumber trade, and the high stand-
ing of the leading houses engaged in it is the best evidence
of its prosperity. Among the enterprising and popular
firms in this line of business, is that of E. J. Barclay,
wholesale and retail dealer in lumber, laths, shingles, etc.
He has been established since 1885, and has already built
up a Icrge and permanent patronage. His yard is eligibly
located, and equipped with every facility and convenience.

•if' ;

gents' fumishhgs, embracing, hau, csps. ties, collars, j The ^tock carried i^^very.x^^^^^^^^^^
handkerchiefs (silk and linen^ hosiery, efc. ; also, a heavy
stock of fur goods always on hand.

a fine
assortment of lumber, laths and shingles, etc. He re-
ceives his supplies direct from the great producing een-

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THE NEW WEST.

tres, and is prepared to fill all orders in the promptest and
most satUfaotory manner, and at lowest market prices.
Mr. Barclay does a general fire insurance business, repre-
«ntinBthefollowingoompanies, vii. : Western of Toronto,
National of Ireland, Royal Canadian, Citiiens of Montreal
and the London Fire Association, all good and first-class
-oompanies. Mr. Barclay is an energetic, clear-headed
business maa, honorable and fair in all transactions, and
welldeserriDg of the success he has achieved.

E. I.. Cbrtatle. Books, Stationery. Fancy Ooods, etc.
Biosser Avenue, between 8th and 9th streets, Brandon,
Man.— Few business houses in Brandon are more widely
known than that of E. L. Christie, which, although estab-
lished only three years ago, has already succeeded in
building up a reputation not often accorded those of icuch
longer standing. The well arranged premises occupy one
of the best locations in the city, while the stock carried
would be a credit to any city in the country. Both the
ancient authors and modern standard works can be had
here, blank books of all sites, from the breast-pocket
memorandum to the most ponderous ledger, desk and
other stationery, paper of all kinds and sites. enveIopes,eto.
He also keeps in stock a large and fine assortment of wall
paper, baby carriages, sporting goods, fancy goods of all
descriptions, toy<, etc. Popular prices prevail, and prompt
and polite attention is always received. Beliable and uni-
formly prompt and obliging, he has managed with consum-
mate prudence and ability his constantly increasing trade,
and the esteem of the entire community has attended the
efforts of the proprietor in his laudable and prosperous
enterprise.

P.E. Darat* Jeweller, Rosser avenue, between 8th
and 9th streets, Brandon, Man.— Prominent among the
leading and most thoroughly reliable business houses is
that of P. E. Durst, diamond setter and jeweller, Rosser
avenue. He has been established seven years and already
has built up a large and permanent trade throughout the
Northwest. The premises occupied are very large and
eommodious (one of the finest blocks in the oity, buiit in
1834, and owned by Mr. Ourst), admirably arranged and
equipped with every appliance and facility for the trans-
action of business. He carries a large and valuable stock
of diamonds, gold and silver watches, clocks, jewellery,
silver and plated ware, etc. His facilities enable him to
offer special advantages to customers, and to execute all
orders in the promptest and most satisfactory manner.
Mr. Durst is widely known in trade circles as an honor-
Able, liberal and conscientious business man. He is
deservedly popular, and is achieving a well-merited
success.

Brock *0o^ Photographers, Rosser avenue, between
7th and Bthstreets, Brandon, Man.— A leading exponent
of this difficult and useful art is the house of which Mr.
J. A. Brock is the well known and reliable proprietor.
Mr. Brock is an experienced and practical photographer
of more than ordinary skill and executive ability, who,
though a native of Eastern Canada, has been a resident of
this eity for more than five years, where he is highly
esteemed, alike for his business qualifications as for his
courteous manners. His studio i <)ln^antly furnished,
and conveniently and centrally sit. .ed on Rosser avenue.
His excellent productions early attracted attention, and
has seeured him a large and constantly increasing patron-
age, to accommodate which he employs skilled and ex-
perienced assistants. His establishment is thoroughly

provided with every facility for the buiinest, inolading
the latest and best methods and appliances, use being
made of the instantaneous process, which is eipeoUllr
adapted for taking the features both of the very yoang
and old. Mr. Brook is a complete master of hit pro-
fession, and is highly popular among bis siany patron* for
the superior excellence and flniih of all work prodneed,
and his reasonable prices. During hit long and busy
career he has ever maintained an honorable reputation,
and is highly esteemed by all who know him.

Centr*! Hotel, F. A. Tamblyn, proprietor, Bower
avenue, corner 8th street, Brandon, Man.— There is no
more popular hotel in Manitoba than the above named
house, especially among the local and general publio, a
class who, above all others, know how to select a com-
fortable hotel. Its central location makes it specially
convenient for all classes, while the courteous host, Mr-
Tamblyn, makes it a point of attending carefully to their
wants, and has provided ample accommodation for their
comfort. The Central wat built eipecially for a hotel,
and is a three storey and basement brick building, fitted
up and arranged in the most modern plan. The office,
dining-room and bar are on the first floor, while on the
second and third floors are the parlors and thirty-eigh^
neatly furnished sleeping rooms, all large, airy and com-
fortable rooms. The bar is stocked with the best foreign
andTdomestio wines, liquors and cigars. Mr. F.^ A.
Tamblyn is a host who takes pleasure in making his
guests comfortable, and is highly esteemed by the com-
munity and travelling public at large. The Central it the
best one dollar a day hotel in Brandon or the Northwest.
It is thoroughly heated by steam, and everything in and
around the house it for the comfort of the guests, also
good stabling capacity in oonneotion with the house.

Bnrchlll A Howey, Butchers and I'ork Packers,
Rosier avenae, between 9th and ICth streets, Brandon,
Man.— They established themselves in busineis here in
1882, they being one of the pioneer enterprisea of Brandon.
By strict attention, coupled with a straightforward system
of honorable dealing, they have won their way into the
front rank of our most substantial and respected mei-
ohants. The premises occupied as the pork-packing de-
partment are very spacious and oomnodions, well ar-
ranged and equipped with every facility and appliance for
the transaction of business. They are packers of the
choicest pork, and also dealers in all kinds of fresh and
salt meats, sugar-cured hams and breakfast bacon, alto
fish and game in season. They do an immense family
trade, numbering among their customers the best class of
people in this oity and vicinity. Messrs. W. J. GnrchiU
and John A. Howey, the proprietors, have ever rnain-
tained an excellent reputation for selling only the best
quality of meat, and always' at honest prices. They have
always given a liberal and public-spirited support to all
measures having for their object the welfare and prot-
perity of this oity. This firm does a large and prosperooi
business in pickling eggs ; it is the only firm in Manitoba
in this branch of business. They have several team*
throughout the country gathering eggs for the season's
packing, and are able to supply any quantity and fill all
orders in the promptest manner.

Wiitooli A Co., Hardware, Stoves and Tinware, Roster
avenue, corner 7th street, Brandon, Man.— Among the
number cf stores and successful business enterprises in
this city, the hardware and tinware house of Wilson A

BRANDON.

Ou. oooupieg a prominent poiition, and is one of the
leadinc houBei in the oity. Thin firm wm eitAbliihed in
18S1, aod ii one of the pioneer firm* of Brandon. They
manafaoture all deioriptioni of tin, copper and sheet iron
-ware, giving special attention to sponting, guttering and
repairing. Thep keep in stock a full line of heavy and
«belf hardware, meohanics' tools, guns, cutlery, house
furnishing goods, etc. Their stock will always be found
complete M-l of the beat selection and quality. All ma-
ohinery calculated to make their productions flrst-olass,
and at the samo time moderate in price, will be found in
their factory. They use flrst-elass material and their goods
never fail to recommend themselves. A large stock of
stoves, heaters, ranges, etc. This is one of the best oon-
'duoted establishments in the city, and one which merits
Mid receives a goodly share of public patronage,

I>. Btocfcton, Merchant Tailor, Rosser avenue, be-
tween 7th and 8th streets, Brandon, Man.— One of the
most active, enterprising and popular business men in this
-city is Mr. Ii. Stockton, whose handsome store is eligibly
located on Rosser Avenue. He has been established in
business since 1881, and by strict attention, coupled with
a straightforward system of honorable dealing, be has
built up a large and permanent patronage. His spacious
ane commodious store is admirably arranged and heavily
stocked with a varied assortment of tho finest imported
and domestic'woollens, cossimeres, broadcloths, tweeds and
suitings in all the latest and most fashionable colors and
patterns. In addition Mr. Stockton carries a splendid
assortment of gents' furnishing goods and choice selection
x>f furs always on hand, and perfect satisfaction guaran-
teed. Ihe garments made by Mr. Stockton are unexcelled
for fit, finish and workmanship, and his facilities enable
him to execute all orders in the promptest and most satis-
factory manner. Personally, he is genial, liberal and
fair in all transactions and well deserving of the success
be has achieved.

ThoBiMi !<««» Harness, Saddles, Trunks, etc.. South
6th street, Brandon, Man.— This finely appointed store
and thoroughly equipped factory occupy premises on 6th
street, in the centre of the business portion of the city,
and every faoility is provided for the advantageous prose-
cution of the business. The line of trade embraces the
manufacture of harness, saddles, bridles, collars, and in
stock will be found a complete line of trunksl nets, robes,
and, in short, everything in tho line of horse clothing and
equipments, a large and well selected stock of which is
carried. This hoosr, through the general excellence of
its goods, and upright, honorable methods, has won a wide
popularity in the trade, and the business is of extensive
and prosperous magnitude. Mr Lee is widely esteemed
as a merchant of sterling enterprise and inflexible integ-
rity, and is regarded as one of Brandon's most influential
and successful business men.

MeKcaale A Bnasellf Carriage Manufacturers and
Blacksmithing, South 6th street, Brandon, Man.— The
founders of this business, whose capacious and commo-
dious establishment is situated on 6th street, enjoy the
distinction of being the oldest established carriage manu-
facturers in or sround Brandon, having started the busi-
ness here in 1881, and have conducted it with unvarying
success continuously ever since — than which no stronger
evidence could be afforded of the superior excellence of
the work turned out, and the uniform satisfaction ren-
dered to those holding business relations with the firm.

Carriages of every description ar« made, thorough satis-
faction being assured in every instance. If experienee.
Judgment and skill can accompliib it. The premises occu-
pied are ample, and the factory is supplied with all the
machinery requisite for the transaction of business. They
also do a general blacksmithing and horseshoeing business,
none but experienced workmen being employed. Messrs.
P. McKeniie and J. A. Russell, the propnetora, are men
of ability and energy, and are ; irgely endowed with the
qualities that bespeak success. This firm is the only hard-
wood lumber dealer in the city, oak ana bent wood of all
descriptions always on hand. They are Jobbers in all
kinds of carriage material, and sole agents in this country
for James Cowan A Co., of London, Ont., manufacturers of
the celebrated carriage top.

«. * ». CmmIs, Bakery and Confectionery. Rosser
avenue, between 9th and 10th streeU. Brandon, Man.—
Two of the most enterprising and thorough-going business
men in this oity are Messrs. O. & D. Cassels, brokers and
dealers in co:<(^ctionery. Theirs is the leading establish-
ment in this section, and meritoriously enjoy the patron-
age of the best class of citizens. The store they occupy is
in a prominent business locality. They opened here in
1886, coming from Portage La Prairie, where they still
own and run an establishment of this kind. Since the
storl here they have received a very encouraging support.
Iheyttarted with moderate capital, which their energy,
industry andpractical ability soon increased, and secured
them a steadily growing trade. They carry a stock em-
bracing every desirable article, fresh and pure, in their
line, for family consumption. They produce and furnish
to their large custom, from select flour, the choicest
bread, cakes, rolls, crackon, etCn in the market, and be-
sides giving them credit for keeping one of the best and
most attractive stores in the oity, we are satisfied that
they possess the proper business qualification*, tact and
energy to succeed. Their courteous attention and promi.t
habits are such as must continue to add to their many
friends and customers. Mr. Oeorge Cassels is manager
for this house.

Bsty Jt Cartia, Flour and Feed, Rosser avenue, be-
tween 7th and 8th streets, Urandon, Man.— We gladly
give space to the enterprising flourand feed establishment
of Ray & Curtis, located on Rosser avenue. This business
was established nearly two years ago, and, like all con-
cerns intimately connected with the grain trade during
that period, has prospered greatly, and is constantly in-
creasing its proportions. They transact a wholesale and
retail business in the choicest brands of family flour,
also oats, baled hay, chops, mill feed, produce of all
kinds, etc., and deliver to all parts of the city. Messrs.
A. E. Ray and W. C. Curtis, the proprietors, by industry
and excellent business qualifications, has won a large
circle of friends and patrons, and the prospects of their
trade increasing to very large dimensions are exceeding'.;
bright. If push, enterprise and energy will win suooess,
Messrs. Ray t Curtis will assuredly attain it.

Hwywood Br«MU, Coal, Wood and Transfer, Rosser
Avenue, between 8th and 9th streets, Brandon, Man.—
An old established and popular Brandon exponent of
trade is Maywood Bros., general dealers in eoal, woood,
oil, ice, buying and selling horses, and the proprietors of
the Brandon Transfer Co. Mr. C. N. Maywood founded
this business in 1882, the present firm was formed in 1884
by admitting Mr. James A. Maywood into partnership.

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THE NEW WEST.

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They keep iteadily employed » iarge force of men and
teamSt and the annual volume of bnainesa ia of moet proi-
peroas magnitude. Peraonally, Mesan. Maywood Broa.
an genial oourteoua gentlemen, thoroughly devoted to
buaineaa and highly eateemed in trade cirolea aa uprighti
honorable merohanti, whoae aaooeaa haa been won by
their own indoiuitable teal and induatry.

OtlMon A FMMcrt Wholeaale and Retail dealera in
Buggiea, Buakboard Waggona. Cutters, Sleigba, Eaatern
and Weatern horssa. Liverymen, &o., •tco., 10th and lUh
atreeta, oppoaite Maaonio Hall, Brandon, Man.— We wish
in according the varioua enterpriaea of the city, to call
attention to the businea? of the firm of Oibaon & Fraaer.
Although but atarted in thia line in the spring of 18S7,
both gentlemen have been engaged in buaineaa in the city
ainoe ita commencement. The new firm have by close
application and puab auooeeded in building up a fine and
proaperoua trade, and the community in which they reaide,
as well as those with whom they have done busineaa,
apeak well of their integrity and ability. Their present
building not being oommodioos enough for the amount
of busineaa done, they have determined to add largely to
its capacity this ensuing spring. Their facilities for buy-
ing and selling the above goods are unsurpassed, as they
either purchase direct from manufacturers or dealers,
thereby saving any oommiBsion to middlemen. They have
a number of horses— all reliable, speedy animals— and a
full line of carriages, baroucL. ;, phsstons, buggies, eto.,
for hire and sale. Their facilities for buying and selling
stock, buggies, and carriages are unequalled, either on
commission or exchange. The members of the firm are
J. S. Gibson and Geo. V. Fraser. Both gentleman are
highly esteemed and respected by all who know them.
The suooeas and popularity of thia well known stable is
due to the fact that they aim to treat parties in the most
liberal and courteous mannor, giving satisfaction in every
respect, attending to their business promptly.

D. A. Kewior, Watches, Jewelry end Silverware,
Roaser Avenue, between 3th and 9th streets, Brandon,
Man.— The prominence which has been given to the trade
in articles of adornment for the person, as well as of ele-
gant objects of virtue for household use and diaplay, in
thia city in the paat few years (a aomethlng remarkable.
Any merchant or manufacturer who can produce aome-
thing that will please the eye and at the same time render
it of use to his fellow citiien, is a public benefactor. This
is true in any branch of business, but more especially in
the jewelry business. Mr. Reesor, the gentleman whose
name heads this article, comes often under the head of a
public benefactor. He has been the means of laying be-
fore the citisens and the surrounding section of the coun-
try, some of the most elegant works of art in clocks,
watches, diamonds, silverware and jetrelry that the eye
haad:'<-<htfuly rested on, and he has met with corres-
ponding reward. This business was established by the
present proprietor in 1882, and from its inception it has
steadily grown until at the present time he haa a large and
proaperoua trade.

Heameycr * Pares, Brandon Brewery, Brewera of
Alea and Porter, Brandon, Man.— Ihe reputation of
Brandon beer is growing and extending into every quarter
that our commerce is known in, and at present the malt
liquors made in Brandon take precedence in every place
where introduced. The qualities for which Brandon nles
and porter is most distinguished are purity, brilliancy of

color, richness of flavor, and non-liability to det«rior»>
tion In thia climate ; qualities, the result of agoellent
water, intelligent oare and experience of our brewers,
conjoined to the use of apparatus poiaesaing all the best
modem improvements made in this country and else-
where, and the superior standard of both quantity and
quality of the ingredients used. The process of making
thia highly popular healthful beverage is most interesting,
but apaoe predudea its admiaaion here. The business wa»
established in 1885, the present firm coming into posses-
sion in 1887. The senior member of the present firm was
one of the original founders of this establishment. The
firm oomprico Mr. J. Meumeyer and W. H. Pares. So
un!vert.%l are the good qualities o.' this famous ale and
porter, especially for parity and such health-giving and
preserving qualities they possess, that there is scarce
a family, no matter how temperate, that has not at some
time experienced its pleasant and beneficial effects. Messrs»
Meumeyer & Pares, who are the sole proprietors, have
reason to congratulate themselves upon the fact that they
have at last found an article that they oan recommend to
their patrons for ita pure and healthy qualities.

W. G. Eveana, Livery, Feed and Sale Stable, Uth
street, Brandon, Man.— There is no livery stable pro-
prietor in Brandon more generally or more favorably
known than Mr. O. W. Eveans, whose stables are located
on 11th street. This establishment is so well known that
any extended reference to it must appear unneoetiary.
This business was originally atarted by V- Torranoe, in
1SS2, Mr. Eveans coming into possession in 18B6,andha«
ever since done a large and prosperous trade. His
premises are of large dimensions and have accommodation
for 48 horses. Mr. Eveans does a livery, feed and sale
business, and has some fine hones in his bam at tha
present time, while hia stock of buggies, cutters, etc., it
unsurpassed by any other establishment. Indeed, if you
want a stylish and fine appearing rig, this is the place to
secure it, and at most reasonable prints. The lively
business transacted by Mr. Eveans amounts to a very
large sum annually, and is constantly on the inofease.
He is well known and highly esteemed, being one of the
most popular men in this business in the eity, and hia
honorable, straightforward business methods have gained
for him the confidence and regard of alU

J. C. CAineroii, Carriage Manufacturing and BUck-
smithing, 12th street, Brandon, Man.— This gentleman is
located on Uth street, where he carries on business in
horscshoing, general blaoksmithing, wagon, carriage and
sleigh building and repairing. He attends to all kinds of
repair worif , and the excellence of his workmanship is at*
tested by the large and constantly increasing patronage
bestowed upon his establishment. Mr. Cameron has none
but thoroughly experienced and strictly first-class horse-
shoers, a fact which those who own valuable horses oan
thoroughly appreoiate. He has gained a high reputation
in this respect for auperior work, shoes being made to
order, and horses shod as may be desired. His establish-
ment in this business here dates from 1811, since which
time he has built up a valuable trade, which is steadily
increasing. He is himself a practical mechanic of many
years experience, personally superintending all work done
on his premises, and with his evidently good commercial
ability and enterprise, added to his mechanical skill, bids
fair to advance to a front rank among the manufacturers
of this city.

VIRDKN.

TMU«r * Tvoltor, Lirery, Fa«d aad Sale SUble,
Sonth 6th strMt, Brandon, Man.— Thii ii one oi* theflneit
liyery, boardins and sale atablea in Brandon* It was bailt
in 188S, and contains erery modern improTement 'iha
interior arrangements are perfect, no eipense baring been
spared in equipping it with every couvenienoe and facility,
On the ground floor is located the carriage repository,
offiee, and fitted up with stalls a^'brding ample aooommo-
dation for 100 head of horses. The ventilation and sani-
tary arrangements are perfect, and the welfare of the
stock is oareftilly attended to by experienced grooms,
Messrs. B. Trotter and A. Trotter, the proprietors, have
some of the finest p.nd most stylish equipages to be seen
in Brandon, and a stock of the thoroughbred driving
horses, which can be hired for businen or pleasure, day or
night, on moderate terms. They take honesto l>oard, and
on sale, and their facilities for the care of the same are
of a slriotly first-class character. They are active com-
petitors for legitimate business, energetic, honorable and
fair in all dealings, and are very popular throughout the
city. They make a speciality of buying and sellinghorsea,
handling about the largest stock of horses in this country.
Hiey have a large supply of horses continually arriving
from all points of Canada, United States and Northwest,
for sale, and upon receipt of telegram or letter, horses

will be met at the stock yards or railway depots. All
horses using the stables have the privilege of training on
the race oourse, which is one of the best tracks in the
province. Correspondence invited with all who have
horses to buy or sell, as well as importers and exporters of
horses. The]» have also a first-class hotel adjoining the
stables, which has been built especially for farmers and
horsemen.

J. liMplont, Shaving and Hairdreming Parlor, Roiser
Avenue, between 9th and 10th streets, Brandon, Man.—
There is nothing that a man more delights to find than a
place where he can obtain a good shave, and this great
desideratum is found in this city at the above mentioned
number. Mr. Laplont is one of the pioneer men of Bran-
don, coming here in 1881, ajd by energy and a thorough
knowledge of business he has built up a large and pros-
perous busineM. He is a man who, believing in the
prosperity of this country, has made several important
investments, not as a speculator, but with the intention of
improving with the country. Mr. Laplont is owner of a
good business block on Rosier Avenue, a fine residence,
and is also possessor of one of the finest farms in the coun-
try. He is doing a large and prosperous business, which
is the just reward of his energy, push and enterprise.

VIRDEN.

Yirden is the county town of Dennis, and lays a just claim to boiL^ one of tti&
most flourisliing towns in the province. It is located on the main line of ILe C. P. R.,
182 mi'es west of Winnipeg, and it is unlike many other towns in that iv does not
owe its e.'ustense to the boom 1881-2, never became, as may be termed, th.i prey of
real estate speculation, being born after the boom subsided, and its trade bus been of
legitimate gi-owth, and everything that has been put in the town has remained there
for its own welfare. The population is over 500 permanents resident, the floating
population being very small. There are six general stores and the stocks in all
lines, kept for intending settlers, are such as experience teaches them will fill
all their requirements. There are situated here two elevators with a combined
capacity for 8,000 bushels, and a thiixl one is being erected, the capacity of which
will be 30,000 bushels, and will be provided with all the latest roller-process machinery
which will turn out 125 barrels a day ; though it was at fii-st thought this would be
too large, it has just been discovered that the requirements of to-day are such as to
demand a gi-eat deal more capacity in every way, and arrangements are in process
of completion for the erection of a mill with double the capacity of the last men-
tioned, and which will be completed in time to receive the present season's crop. In
fact it can truthfully be said of Yii-den that it possesses all the requirements for a
modern town. Thei'e are several churches here and a good public school ; and also
a good cheese factory which turns ont on excellent quality of the material, and for
which there is great demand in the east to which no less than 60 tons were shipped
last fall. Yirden also has a pork curing establishment, which though only run on a
small scale at present, will in a short time be considerably enlarged so as to cope
with the demands of the country around for hams, bacon, etc. Geologists say that
the aspect of the surrounding county is most favourable to the discovery of coal^

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THE NEW WEST.

and withoat doubt, workable seams will be foand ere long. Limestone la also to be
found here in abundance, and hard building stone also. No less than 700,000 bosheU
of wheat passed through the elevatora here last winter, m well as a large quantity of
barley and oats. There is plenty of wntor here, and with all these natural advantages,
Virden is bound to become the first manufacturing centre and distributing point of
Western Manitoba. Vii-den has 6 general stores, 4 hotels, 2 hai-dware shops, 2 dnjg
stores, 2 lumber yaMs, harness shop, furniture store, carriage manufactory, millicery
store and a bank. Limestone is abundant, and hai-d building stone can be procared
in quantities. The public school is built of native stone, and is noted for its architec-
tural beauty.

Ill

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PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF VIRDEN.

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f mr.

▼Irden Boiler Flour MIU, Koester, Craig A Co.,
proprietors, Virden, Man.— The flour trade of Canada
has iitiained «uoh magnitude that it now forms one of the
moat important factors in Canadian industrial and
financial oiroles, and has enlisted in every branch of
business the best trained talent of the commercial world.
One of the leading and moat influential concerns engaged
in the milling business is the Virden Roller Flouring Hill,
of which Messrs. Koester, Craig A Co. are the proprietors.
This company is too widely known in commercial circles
to need extended mention here. SuflSoe it to say that its
facilities and connections are absolutely unequalled, and
they have gone on developing a steady, high-class trade,
until they have attained proportions of the greatest mag-
nitude . The mill is substantially built, having a capacity
-of 100 bblfl. per day, which is now run to its fullest ca-
pacity. The motive power is furnished by a 65 horse-
IMwer engine, and the machinery is unsurpassed for per-
fection of design and utility by that of any similar
establishment in Manitoba. They buy nothing but flrst-
-oluss wheat, which they are ready to purchase at all times

at highest market prices. These mills are a eredit to th«
country, and among its representative establishments and
deserving of all the commendation we can give.

TirdMi Holism, Elliott & Trnmbell, proprietors,
Virdin, Man.— The travelling public cannot find a better
conducted or more popular hotel at which to stop in
Virden than the Virden House. The building is one of
the largest devoted to the hotel business in the town. It
is two stories in height, and ail the rooms are large and
eommodions. In addition to the parlor, there are eighteen
sleeping rooms in the house, all Urge, airy rooms, and all
neatly furnished. The dining-room is a very ffpaeiobs one,
one, and the table is always provided with tUe very best
the market affords, and all delicacies in season. The bar il
stoc ed with the best foreign and domestio wines, liquors
and cigars in the market. More genial or considerate
hosts than Messrs. W. Elliott and R. B. Trnmbell it
would be hard to find, and they are justly popular with the
travelling public and the residents of the town and
country.

ELKHOEN.

This thriving little town, 196 miles west of Winnipeg, although of recent birth,
already possesses over 200 inhabitants, and boasts of throe general stores, a grain ele-
vator, three hotels, a lumber yard, a blacksmith t>hop, and there are good openings
for a flouring mill, hardware store, harness shop, and other industries. The village
has an excellent scliou'i, and an Episcopal church and a Presbyterian church*
Located in a section famed for the fertility of its soil, and with the best water on the
lino of railway, Elkhora offers superior inducements to the settler and business man.
The site is an eligible one in every respect, and, with its apparent advantages, doubt-
less Elkhorn will take a front rank amongst the rising towns of Manitoba.

iKi

ELKHOBN.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF ELKHORN.

H. ttowBW«llt Dry Qoodi, Clothing. Boots and
Shoes, Orooeriet, Hardware, etc., Riobbill A<onue, Elk-
horn. Man.— Of those engaged in the general store trade
in this town, it ii entirely safe to assert that none occupy
a poaition more entitled to consideration in a work of this
description than that of Qeo. H. KowswoU, both with
reference to high standard, upon which its operations are
conducted, and the extent of business transacted. This
business was established in 1880 at Beulab, a town some
twenty-five miles north of this place, he being one uf the
first merchants to venture in tb's far west. In lfl87 he
moved to his present quarters in this town, but he still re-
tains his business at Beulah. This house lias always been
a favorite one, appropriating its rhare of the trade trans-
acted in this country. The facilities, su far as regards the
premises occupied, for the successful operation of the
business, are all that could be desired. He carries a full
and complete line of dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes,
groceries, hardware, stoves, paints, oils, harness, crockery,
furniture, sewing maoliines, coal, etc., etc. Cordially
commending this house to the public, and it may be pro-
perly added that, ranking among the first, the establish-
ment of Mr. Qeo. H. Rowswell is of that class which com-
mands the respect of the trade and the consideration of
the cummunity at large. Mr. Rowswell sustains an excel-
lent reputation for honorable dealing and strict integrity,
and he well merits the esteem and respect in which he
is held. He makes a speciality of farmers' produce ; also
is agent for the Canada Northwest Railway Co., and Com-
missioner. Mr. Rowswell is proprietor of the mail and
stage line running from here to Beulah and Birtle, mak-
ing the round trip twice a week.

'William H. Cnabliiirt General Merchant, Loan and
Fire Insurance Agent, Rich Hill avenue, Elkhom,
Man.— Among the best known and most deserved'y suc-
cessful merchants in this town Mr '^ushing is pr iminent.
He commenced business here in 1884, and since that time
he has persevered with an energy and determination that
could not fail to command success. lie occupies a hand-
some two story building, fitted up and furnished with an
especial view to the requirements of a flrst-oiaiis general
store. Bnergy and a thorough adaptation to, and s. knowl-
edge of, his business has secured h'm a liberal patronage
among the best class of citizens, and a steady and gradual
increase in trade has been the grat fying result- His
storeroom is stocked with a full and complete asBortment
of foreign and domestic dry goods, clothing, boots and
shoes, and a full line uf fresh and pure groceries. His

stock, which he'lkeeps in excellent order and condition,
and be is almost daily reoeiving fresh goods, thns keep-
ing it thorcughly replenished with the freshest and best
class of articles. Mr. Cushing is also agent for the Can-
adian Permanent Trust and Loan Co. and the Commercial
Union Fire Insurance Oo., two of the best companies in
the country. Mr. Cushing has established an enviable
business reputation and is Justly entitled to the high
positson in which he is held by the community at large.

CMVHBairh Hotel, T. O. Oavanaghi Proprietor, Rich-
bill avenue, Elkhom, Man.— In a review of Elkhom as a
commercial centre, there is, perhaps, no line of houses
more appropriate for special mention or affording more
interest to those engaged in all branches of business who
are called on to visit the town than the accommodations for
the travelling public- In this regard, this town will be
found capable of maintaining a reputation equal to any
other of the same site in the possession of hostelries unsur-
passed in their appointments and the excellence of their
management. In support of these assertions it is only
necessary to refer to the Cavanogh Hotel, this being the
leading hotel of t^a town, thoroughly fitted up and arranged
for the comfort and convenienceof guests. It is centrally
located and contains sixteen sleeping rooms, all large and
well furnished, while the dining-room is spacious and the
table is at all times supplied with the best the market
afibrds. Mr. Cavanagh is a host highly appreciated and
esteemed by the travelling public and the community at
large.

W. J. DIxfMtn, Livery, Feed and Sale Stable, Elk-
horn, Man.— Few men in the livery business are more
widely or favorably known than Mr. W. J. Dixson. Ha
gives his undivided attention to the business in all its
branches, having a capacity for stabling forty head of
stock — clean, comfortable stalls- He keeps several horses
for his business, all of the best description and character,
and everything about the establishment is kept in the
most perfect order- Hi* success and prosperity is due to
the prompt and careful manner of doing business, his care
of all matters entrusted to him, and his upright and
honorable dealings. His stock is noted for its speed and
good appearance, his carriages and buggies for neatness,
beauty a.id comfort, and his charges are moderate. This
is the largest livery barn in this part of the country.
Parties availing themselves of the good offices of this firm
can feel confident of being provided with safe and reliable
teams and outfit' .

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THE NEW WEST.

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ill

THE GREAT NORTH-WEST.

A land illimitable and with illimitable possibilities ia the North-West Territories
of Canada— the Great Lone Land of the Past, the Great Home Land of the Future.
It is a land whose wide extent is almost beyond the ordinary conception of man,
whose magnitude can scarcely be comprehended, and fullness of whose resources,
HOW only in the early stage of development, are hardly conceivable. Its broad plains,
traversed by noble rivers and purling streams, which find outlets in lakes of magni-
ficent proportionH, have risen from the ocean deptha in which they were submerged
ii^os ago, to be the stamping ground of the aborigines and the bison, and — these
rapidly recoiling and vanishing before the advance of civilization — then to become
the great granary of the world. The metamorphosis is gradually taking place, and
the Indian, once wild and savage, has substituted the spade for the scalping-knife,
and left the warpath for the farm ; while the noble monarchs of the plains, under
whose tread the very earth quivered, have almost utterly passed away, until now
only insignificantly small straggling remnants of scattered bands remain, with
" buffalo runs " and trails to tell of the vast hoi*des of animals which o. ^<^ blackened
the prairies with their presence, and furnished food, raiment, ibel and habitation for
the Gree and the Blackfoot, and their dusk/ half-brother, the Metis. The North-
We'^t of to-day is a wonderful contrast to wlxai it was even ten years ago. Villages
and towpH now dot the plains, tilled farms, with their neat home-like dwellings, and
large fields of waving golden grain, enhance the beauty of the landscape, and relieve
it of its r* ')notony ; then it was merely an abiding place for the nomadic savage.
Young in years, as we count time, the North- West has an unwritten history of the
KleepeBt interest, handed down from generation to generation in the legends of the
Red Man, whose traditions take one back to the early ages of Mother Earth. There
is 110 country on the face of God's footstool that is without the story of the flood, and
while many widely differ in minor details, they all point to and prove, if proof were
needed of the active occurrence of that great Biblical event. Nay, more, according
to the traditions of these untutored Indians, the central location of the drowning of
■earth was in the ancient homes of their ancestors. Nor would it be difScult, from
Indian tradition, to show that the original Garden of Eden existed in the North-
West; but while Canadians are not eager to establish this pretension, they are
anxious to demonstrate that its destiny is to be the Garden of Eden of the future.

How were these great plains formed ? After the disappearance of the waters
that engulphed them in the long ago, according to geologists, they were covered with
dense forests, which were destroyed by fire, and, denuded of the trees, were converted
into prairies. " Whatever may have been," writes Dr. Selwyn, " the effect of those
" disastrous conflagrations on this region from a hygometric point of view, it is be-
" yond doubt that at different epochs, nearly every superficial mile of the region oom-
" prised between the Rod River and the Rocky Mountains has been subjected to the
" action of fire, and that hundreds of square miles of forests have been thus converted
" into prairies nearly stripped of trees." Pr. Dawson, another member of the geo-
logical staff, has stated the same fact respecting the valley of the Peace Biver.
" Whatever may be," he says, " the theory adopted, or that anyone has been able to
" propose, as an explanation of the origin of the great prairies of the western part of
^' Ameiica situated more to the south, the origin of the Peace River prairies is sufB

!!■•

THB GREAT NORTH-WEST.

108

■" ciently evident. There cannot bo a doubt that they have been prodnced and ai*e
" preBerved by Hros. In its nature, thiw ia a forest country, and the young trees
" grow rapidly in places whore the tire has not passed for several years. Those flres
" it is reasonable to thinlc, are the work of men, and it is clear that before it was in-
** habited by the savages, this country was everywhere covered with dense foreats.
" That the origin of the prairie zones actually existing goes back to a distant date,
" is clearly demonstrated by the appearance of these prairies, especially by the fact
" that they are everywhere in furrows, out by the old paths representing the tracks
" of the buffaloes, and also by the fact that in all favorable localities are found hol-
" lows of saucer-like form, in which the buffaloes have lain and taken their nport.
" In the primitive state, this region was probably covered with large and tall forests
" of conifers, principally spruce, with, in some places, dwarf pines, aspens and poplars.
" These forests having been destroyed by (ire, a second growth, principally of aspens,
*' but containing in some places much birch, and everywhere a certain proportion of
*• conifera, generally spruce, replaced the primitive forest. The aspe.. being a tree
" which does not live long, while the spruce attains a great age and large dimensions
" when let alone, the natural course of time would bring back the restoration of the
'' ancient forests of spruce. The natural vegetation of these prairies is truly marvel-
*' lous; it indicates not only the fertility of the soil, but also the existence of a sufB-
" cient quantity of humidity and of rain."

The praiiies of the United States were largely formed, owing to the extreme
Aridity of the soil, great areas being covered with saline deposits, and to the exces-
sive dryness of the atmosphere. These combined, prevented the growth of wood,
which found neither in the soil nor in the climate that degree of humidity requisite
to start and develop it. Vastly different, as has boon stated, is the or' Tin of the rich
prairies of the Canadian Northwest, whose existence is caused neithei by barrenness
of soil nor olimatio reasons. This well-founded theory of the origin of prairie land
is of the highest import, and demonstrates the superiority of Canadian soil over that
of the neighboring republic. A remarkable feature of this great extent of territory
is its division, along lines running generally northwest and southeast, into three
distinct prairie steppes. The first of these is known as the Rtd River Valley and
Luke Winnipeg Plateau. The width at the boundary line is about fifty-two miles,
and the average height about 800 feet above the sea ; at the boundary line it is about
1000 feet. This firet plateau lies entirely within the Province of Manitoba, and is
estimated to contain about 7000 square miles of the best whea^growing land on the
continent or in the world. The second plateau has an average altitude of 1600 feet>
having a width of about 250 miles on the international boundary line, and an area
of about 105,000 square miles. The rich, undulating, park-like country lies in this
region. This section is specially favorable for settlement, and includes the Assini-
boine and Qu'Appelle districts. The third plateau begins on the boundary line at
the 104th meridian, where it has an elevation of about 2000 feet, and extends west
for ^6 miles to the foot of the Bocky Mountains, where it has an altitude of about
4200 feet, making an average height above the sea of about 3000 feet. Generally
speaking, the first two steppes are those which are most favorable for agriculture,
and the third for grazing. Settlement is proceeding in the first two at a very rapid
rate ; and in the thii'd plateau it is beginning, while numerous and prosperous cattle
ranches have been established.

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THE NKW WK8T.

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^'im

i,ift .-

Generally speaking, a lino drawn fVom the southoapt corner of the liske of tho
Wii kIb, and running nord wo8t to tho heigiit of land, divides thiH territory into two
nearly equal portionn, and for the mo8t part fo' Iowa tho courne of the isothermal
lines. A diagonal 'ir j thuH drawn also rou^^hl^ sepaiatOH two /^eoiogical formutions,
the southern half being generally available for agricultural purposes. The portion
north of thiH line oompriHes the wooded portion of the Nrn-thweet. It is rich in
mineral and other resourcoH, and undoubtedly, as the country comes to bo more
thickly settled, will ho cultivated in partH.

There aro magnificent lakes and rivers ir the territories. The Mackenzie,
which empties into the Arctic Ocean, is one of ihe longest in the world, its esti>
mated length being at>out 2500 miles, including the Slavo Hiver, which is a part of
its system. This river is generally navigable, except at the base of the Bocky
Mountain!, vherc it is interrupte<l by cnacades. The Peece, another great river of
the i^orttiwest, hap an estimated length if 1100 milen, draining a country containing
vast agriculiural and mineral resources. Another great rlvei*, if not the largest at
leant the most familiarly known, is th" Stwkatchewan, whose two branches take
their rue ir. tho Pookies, and, uniting at " The Forks " below Prince Albert, empty
into Lake "Winnipeg at Grand Bapids. This river is navigable from its mouth to
Ei!mc.iCon, on the North Branch, and for a short season from Medicine Hal on the
oooth Branch.

Nelson Bivor drains the waters of Lake Winnipeg into Hudson Bay ; and the
extent of its discharge may be imagined from tho fact that this lake receives the
waters of the Bod Bivor of the North, as well ap of the Bivor Winnipeg, the Saskat-
chewan and others. The mouth of the Nelsoi Biv<..' is nearer to Liverpool than is
New- York, and the navigation, it is bolioved, is con.'ruously open for over four
months in the your. Efforts are, therefore, already being made to render available
this near commrnication from the very centre of the continent with tho port of
Liverpool The (Jhai-chill Biver, which takes ^ its rise near tho base of the Bocky
Mountains, and flows into Hudsoii Buy, is likely to become, in the near future, of
great importance, as op* ling up the imnionbo wheat and cattle raising areas of the
Peace Biver region, connecting them with Hudson Bay navigation. At the mouth
of the Churchill Biver is found one of tho best harbours in the world and either this
place or at York Factory, will arise, in tho completion of the Hudson's Bay Bailway,
the New Archangel of the West.

The larger sized bodies of water are the Groat Bear liako, the Great Slave Lake,
the Athabasca, Lake Winnipeg, and others. The Great Bear Lake contains an area
of 14,000 squai-e miles. The Great Slave Lake has a length from east to west of 300
miles, its greatest breadth having, however, a very much greater width in
somo places. Lake Winnipeg has a length of 280 millos, with a breadth of 65 miles,
but its shape is very irregular. There are numerous other l^kes of large size in the
North West.

This vast territory is divided into four provisinal districts : Assiniboia, Saskat-
chewan, Alberta and Arthabasca, which are represented in the Dominion Senate and
Commons cind possess in common a council, elected by popular vote, which legislates
on local questions, and at the head of its affairs,

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THR DIBTRICT OF AH8IN1B0IA.

10ft

THE DISTRICJT OF SASKATCHEWAN.

The di(»trict of Saskatchuwan, lying north of AHsiniboia and ouhI of Alberta,
oompriMON 114,000 square miloH. Owing to luck of railway communication, tliiH dis-
trict liaH not boun ho rupidiy Hottled at* AsHiniboia and Alborta ; but it in expected
that before another year rolltt round thin will bu provided and the development of the
diatrict quickly follow. The diHtriot Ih iiumod after the groat river whoHO numo it
boarH, and whotie two brancheu travorHO it. It wuh here were ennctod the Hcono^< nf
the rebellion of'Sfi, when the Canadian volunteors and Mounted Police diMpor8o<l and
dofuutod the MetiH and Indian insurgentH who wore miMload into following the
erratic LouIh Kiel. Engagoraenta took place at Duck Luke, t'iali Creek, Batochu, Cut
Knife and Frenohmen'H Butte, and while with their peculiar mode of warfare, the
rcbelu poHKtiHHed adecided advantage over the troop8,tliiH wan more thun conterbulanced
by inferiority of numberH, want ^f munitionu of war and ttupplios, and lack of a loader
competent to direct the brave if misguided Melis. After Haloche, the uprising came
to an inglorious ending, and the loader paid the penalty of his disloyalty on the
Bcatt'old at Bogiua. At i3atoche, tbetirst " naval engagement " ou the inland waters
of the west occurred, when the steamer Northcote ran the gauntlet of rebel bullets, and
narrowly escaped being captured. At Frog Lake, north of Fort Pitt, a horrible
massacre of priostH and white men took place, and Fort Pitt itself was captured by
the Indiann. Happily, peace is restored, and the ^orrors of war neither disturb the
security nor prosperity of this beautiful park-like country. The district has immense
resources which only await development. With a scattered population of about
11,000 it contains two flourishing towns — Prince Albert and Battlofoi-d^-and several
smaller villages which only await the advent of the iron horse to attain a greater
degree of prosperity.

11\

THE DISTRICT OP ASSINIBOU.

The district of Aasiniboia lies immediately west of Manitoba, adjoining the
international boundary, and contains 95,000 square miles. This is the most, '}M';kly
settled district in the Territories, and the one that is being more rapidly peopled
than any other. It is pre-eminently an agricultural country, and in it are located
several extensive colonies, which are prot<perous and thriving. Amongst these are
the Ci-ofters from the Hebrides of Scotland, who, driven by hunger from the land of
rock and bog, ai'e founding for themselves, in this now country, a home with comforts
which they never dared hope to enjoy in their former one. Here, too, is a London
colony, transplanted from the very heart of the great mart of the world to the centi'e
of this new land, and ditferent as are the surroundings from the whirl and bustle of
London to the peaceful calm of farm life in the North- West, the Cockney colonists
find the change a pleasant one, for it brings them health and contentment and plenty,
and hopes and aspirations never before indulged in. In Ansiniboia, there are many
Erigiish gentlemen —scions of England's nobility, officers of the army who have re-
tired, descendants of some of the oldest families of the Motherland — who prefer a
free western life, less trammelled as they are by the conventionalities of society
than they would be in the Old Country, and who glory in the title of " pioneer
setUer."

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106

THE NEW WEST.

In this district lies the Valley of Qa'Appelle, so aniqae in its character, so beao-
tiftil in its features, that it will be, in the days unborn and yet not far away, sung in
song and story ; be maiie one of the Meccas of tourists, a happy valley beyond that
of Rasselas', for its portals will ever be open, and the tide of life in no stinted stream
flow thi-ough, enrich and rest upon its borders. Coming directly from the vast mon-
otony of the Great Plains that clip it ia, and you stand suddenly upon the massive
bluffs that form its solid ramparts through the long and winding reaches of its entire
length, and gaze with a strange feeling of wonder and delight upon a scene that, if it
cannot be coucheil in words, holds yet within it a charm that is a spell to the eye
and thrills the sense through every pleasure-giving fibre of your frame. Here are no
rent and pinnacled cliff, no silvery cascades, foaming down the rocky crests that
yields to the pen a color and a form — but silence brooding over vast features that
speak of a hidden world, a consecration of repose, a seclusion and a nook caught
away from the reaching vistas swept so far by every eye, and so near at hand. Signs
of life these are — of life departed —gone hence, never to return ; the bones, ever and
anon, of the vast herds that have left the deep furrows of their footprints in ordered
spirals climbing to the apex of the mighty guards that fence in the fair valley be-
neath. Here in days of yore they tossed their black sharp horns, and with wide-
open, feai-less eyes, gazed upon, as thoy paused on the summit, the wealth of water,
wood and shelter that made their royal haunt; their huge frames, great chests and
steely muscles vibrant with full life, days rounding to the full circle of existence
that knew not want; onplagued with fear of the yet to come — that baleful dreg at
the bottom of every cup of cultured man.

These footprinia of the loi-dly bison are the only " handwriting on the wall " of
the rolling barricades— are the only and the fit history of Qu'Appelle, whose chain of
lakes and stealing, noiseless little river, glossing all of life that sought the valley-
were as evanescent of record as the fleeting shadows on their banks that shortened
or lengthened apace with the daily march of the sun.

From the rim nighest to us that fringes the silence of ages, we gather onl^ that
a family or band of Ci-ees called the " Yelling Biver Indians " made this particular
locality their home. It is worth the mention only from the almost similar name
given to it by the earliest French voyageure who penetrated to this country, and
who, surprised at the odd noises that greeted their ears at the night camp, responded,
" Qu'Appelle ?" (who calU ?); the same being Anglicized by the early English into " The
Calling Lakes." Certain it is, however, that in the wintci- season only — not in summer
— that strange, subaqueous soundp. are heard, most likely froia the contraction and
expansion of the heavy ice. The Indians do not attach any supernatural meaning to
these noi.es, prone as they arc to people wonderland, but attribute them to the cause
already stated. The lakcH adverted to, of which there is a regular chain, are of great
beauty, clear as ciystal, large and deep enough to carry gallantly their fleet of white
caps in a gale of wind, or, when calm, mirroring with extraordinary fidelity the ver-
dant heights that overhang and press closely upon them. As the buffalo retreated
l>efore the cloud of hunters that pressed them relentlessly and foolishly to the further
west, Qu'Appelle became a settled rendezvous for many of the hunters, and was pret-
tily called "The Gateway to the Plains" — a point of trade, with its mission (Roman
Catholic) chapel, an oasis of permanent habitable dwellings, where one could in no
wise conveniently " fold up his tent and steal away." The women and old men in

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MOOSOMIN.

resting place of restless nomads, found in the absence of the hunters an unfailing pot-
tage in the great numbers of fine white fish that thronged the waters at their dooi-s,
cultivating also small patches of com and potatoes, both for winter and summer use,
which were keenly appreciated by their wandering kinsfolk on their retai*n from con-
tinually recurring feasts on meat alone. Wo uro speaking of the Qu'Appelle of the
pabt, before the weii*d silence that rests upon its hills had been broken by even a
chapel bell, and aru reminded of a fray that has ever since the time when man was
man tinged with its red and fatal color the fairest scenes, burst open the gates of
brooding silence with a ciy that hushes only ao the soul re-enters them again for-
ever. It is nearly a hundred years ago, at the time when the Indians alone followed
the sinuous windings of the valley stream of Qu'Appelle, that a party of Ci-ees, de-
bouching from the Plains at a point where the road plunges steeply, even danger-
ously, to the valley, were stricken sorely by an ambushed enemy. The Crees, a
hundred or more old men, women and children — the hunters and warriors being all
absent — had gotten safely into the valley, when they were set upon by unseen foes.
Hastily seeking shelter, they turned for their lines — weak combatants as they wei*e
— the boys, the old men and the women, fighting with a tenacity that cost not a few
of their foes their lives. There could be, however, but one issue : the greater part
were slain outright and scalped, or left for dead on the field. Quite a number of
these children mostly recovered from the hatchet blows, one of the women living
years after to tell of the loss of her scalp by the onset of their pitiless enemies, ^hom
she said hasted but slew as they went.

How oflen, in the days of yore, the fair valley has been the scene of wild foray,
can only be surmised — perhaps not as often as might be supposed, the place afford-
ing too many opportunities for espial and ambush to make it a safe and favorite
resort by people exposed to continual incursion. The Qu'Appelle, however, is not
the only winsome spot in the country. There are others less entrancing, perhaps,
but yet beautiful. Assiniboia contains some thriving towns which aspire to the
dignity of " cities," and in western exaggeration are entitled to rank in a higher
class than Liverpool, Manchester, and other English " towns."

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MOOSOMIN.

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Prof Saundei-s, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, in his official visit through the
country last fall, describes the Moosomin district as the garden of the Northwest.
His decision is corroborated by the grain statistics of last year. The fall of 1882
saw the nucleus of Moosomin in a few tents ; now, in the spring cf '88, the census is
reckoned at 700. During these six years of its infancy, Moosomin has attained pro-
portions of which it may be justly proud. A grain elevator has been erected capable
of holding 45,000 bushels, and a roller mill which turns out 150 barrels a day. It is
estimated that during the season of 1887-88, 400,C00 bushels of grain will pass
through the elevator. The growth of Moosomin has been steady and sure, it having
never suffered the disastrous results consequent to a " bubble." Native stone is found
in large quantities, and is already obtaining gi-eat favor in the eyes of prospective
builders. Some of the residents have already erected substantial houses for themselves.
The town is noted for a spirit of brotherly kindness, contentment, peace, piety and

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prosperity. The Government has promised a court hoase, gaol and baiTaoks to the
town, which it justly merits, and which will be the firet piece of public patranage
Moosomin has yet received. A port of entry should follow, as the town occupies the
most easterly point of importance in Assiniboia. The public school established
about two years ago has a seating capacity of 260, and already 100 names appear on
the roll. Being almost on the boundary between Manitoba and the Northwest, ita
central position was soon taken advantage of by Messrs. Smith & Lafferty, who have
established a branch of their bank here, and affirm that theli* business is in a very
flourishing condition. They are gentlemen well versed in the banking business,
having branch houses in all the most prosperous towns of the Northwest, and their
choice of Moosomin speaks well for its increasing advancement. The Canada North-
west Land Company intend erecting a large building for their offices. It is to bo
situated on Broadway avenue, and expected to be completed this fall. Over $1000
of stamps were sold at the Moosomin post office during the last six months of 1887,
6891 registered letters, and money oi-ders to the amount of $10,234.

Moosomin is the market town for several colonies of Assiniboia, prominent
among them being that of the Croftei-s, a canny, plodding set of people, who are
having the universal success which, with all their thrift, they could not secure in
the heather-clad hills of their native land. They were settled here through the
exertions of Lady Cathcart Gordon, who cannot but feel highly repaid when she
learns the amount of good they are both receiving and giving in this fertile belt of
our Great Lone Land. The land about Moosomin is well suited to mixed farming,
which, aftei- all, is the most profitable in the Northwest. The farmers have been
enabled to supplant their log huts by substantial frame buildings, a large tract of
country is under cultivation, and the live stock has increased so surprising that
Moosomin supplies la^-ge quantities of meat for the western districlB. A. Harris,
Son & Co., of Brantford, Ont., have a branch house here, and report to be doing a
good business in the farm implement line. The town has several general stores,
churches, bakery, groceries, fruit and confectionery, hai-dware, millinery and dress-
making. A photographer also flourishes, and many take advantage of this fact to
send home to their friends in distant lands representations of their adopted country.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF MOOSOMIN.

R. D. McN«nvta«oii, Dry Qoods, Glothinc, Hard-
ware, Boots and Shoes, Qroceries, Flour and Feed, etc.,
Soath Front street, Moosomin, Assiniboia.— This popular
establishment ranks as one of the leading and reliable
enterprises of the kind in the Northwest, and merits
liberal mention in this book. No house in any line of
trade offers such superior inducements to the purchaser,
and no establishment is more widely reoogniied for the
ezoellence of its goods. Its popularity is due to the liberal
policy and prompt business habits of the proprietor, and
the courteous and cordial manner with which everyone
Tiiiting bis store is treated, and the choice and complete
ajsortment of goods that is at all times displayed, as well
as the low and liberal prices at which his goods are sold.

This is one of the bon ton establishments of the town, and
it has for oustomeri the best class of our oitiiens. Mr.
MoNangbton began business here in 1882, being the first
merchant to locate at this place. In 1888 he finished a
very fine stone building, 54 z 40 feet in sue, having a
separate department for the following lines : dry goods,
hardware, groceries, clothing, boots and shoos, carpets, and
general merchandise. He also bus a very large and well
arranged seller. By strict attention and a carelbl selection
of stock, ho having a nice and discriminating knowledge of
the wonts and fancies of his customers, has more than
doubled itself. Hekeeps in stock everything pertalningto
dry goods, clothing, hardware, grooeries, boots and shoitt,
etc. Everything late, new or nobby, will be found inbii

MOOSOMIN.

109

atoek, which ia beint oonstMitly repleniihed. He ia a
merobant of induatry, energy and ability, and an npright
and honorable gentleman, having the oonfidenoe and
reapeot of hia eoatomera and the oommunity at large.

Jolui McCni^y, Carriage Manufaotaring and Blaok-
imithing, South Front atreet, Mooaomin, Aasiniboia.—
Few indnstrlea have made more rapid progreaa and im-
provement during reoent yeara than that of oarriage
building. The attention thnt haa been given to thia trade
has demonatrated that Canadian inventive geniua and
mecbanioal skill are quite as auooeaaful in this line aa
they have proved in many othera- Prominent among the
leading re preseotativea of the trade in this town <g the
widely known and old eetabliahed houae of .Tohn Mo
Curdy. Thia busineaa was started in 1882 by Mr. MoCurdy.
The premisoa ocoupied at the above named address are
apaoioua and oommodioua, admirably arranged and
equipped with every facility and oonvenienoe for the
transaotion of business- The oarriagea, buggies, wagona,
sleighs, etc.i maoufaotured by this house are unexcelled
for originality of design and superiority of workmanship
and floish ■ They are made from the beat materiala avail-
able* and in the most akillful manner, and both in quality
and price will compare most favorably with anything the
market affords. MoCurdy i Tucker have just completed
a large stone building SOz'iO feet in site, and two stories in
height, which will be utilised aa a machine shop, sup-
plied with all the latest and most improved machinery,
and the motive power is run by a 40 horse power engine.
Such enterprising men as Messrs. John McCurdy and J.
Tucker, with their push and energy, will always succeed.

Inclla A Hmltb, Butchers and Cattle Dealers, Main
atreet, Mooaomin, Aasiniboia.— A notice of all important
branches of busineaa of this country of the present day,
isofinterrst to all, ar I essential to a completo history of
the progress and growth of the community for the infor-
mation and instruction of the present as well as the com-
ing generations. The slaughtering of cattle and piicking
of hogi being one of the most important industries of
Manitoba and the Northwest, aa well aa one of the largest,
a brief sketch of some of the firms engaged will be of in-
terest to our renders. Prominent among these is the house
of Messrs. Jnmes Inglid and H.Smith, which is deserving
of coi'ious mention at our hands. Four years ago this firm
commenced business on moderate capital, which haa in-
creased from year to your, until now they do a very large
and prosperous business. They make a speciality of buy-
ing and selling cattle. The business in all its varioua de-
tails of management is conducted upon prinoiplea of pure
mercantile integrity, and it is to these merits that the
credit, reputation and confidence of the house owes its
success.

W. H . Maulaon A Co., Qroceries, Dry Uoods.Cloth-
ing. Boots and Shoes, Hardware, Crockery, Lumber, Sash
Doors and Builders' Suppliea, Grain, Flour and Feed, Main
street, comer South Front atreet, Mooaomin, Aasiniboia.—
In every city or community there are individual examples
of meti whose long connections with its business pursuits,
whose prominence in all matters of public enterprise, and
whose record for unflinching integrity, undaunted energy
and untiring industry make them objects of special note,
not alone in their homes, butwherever exalted oommeraial
reputation is recognised and respected. There are few
men now engaged in business in this town who have been
longer aasooiated with ita meroantile intereata than W. H.
Maulaon. There ia no house in the trade that oarriea a

more ample atoek, nor any whoae faoilitiea in the general
atore trade aurpaaaea that of thia eatabliahment foraupply-
ing the trade with firat-olaaa gooda at loweat quotationa.
They carry a fall and oompleta aaaortment of dry gooda,
olothing, hardware, boota and ahoea, groeeriea, crockery,
bnildera' auppliea, eto. They are proprietor* of a large
lumber yard, where all kinds of lumber, latha, ahioglea,
aaahea, doora, blinds, eto., are always kept on hand. Thia
business was founded in 1882, by Carrol Maulaon Sc Co., the
preaent firm aaauming charge in 1886. Actual merit and
continued fair dealing have assured their auooesa, and the
reputation of the house is established on a firm basis, and
ranks aa one of the solid institutions of Moosomin. Pub-
lic spirited, energetic and liberal, Mesara. W. H. Maulaon
It Co. are highly reapeoted and honored citiaena in all
the varioua walka of life, and under their able and judi-
cioua management their house has become celebrated aa
one of the most enterprising and complete establiahmenta
in the Northweat.

AMlnlbote Boiler Flourinir Kills, Theodore
Fletcher, Proprietor, Mooaomin, Aasiniboia.— Among the
many busineaa enterpriaea oontribntingto the credit of the
Northweat aa a manufacturing and buaineas centre, there
undoubtedly is beyond queation no one single establish-
ment of any kmd that haa contributed more by ita capable
management, practical skill and business ability to bring
about this result than Mr. Theodore Fletcher. The many
improvements that have been made in the last ten or
fifteen yeara in the manufacture of flour have nowhere
beenao pronoutced aain thia country; and the fact haa
b( en fully established Ihat Moofomin produces flour not
only superior in quality, but of such marked ezcellenoe
and fineness aa to make berstand second to >'.one in Canada.
Mr. Fletcher has taken the le id in adopting all improve-
menta, ranking among the most prominent establishments
in his line in this country. Thia widely known mill was
built in 1887; it is a three story and basemen: building-
40x83 feet in site, and baa five double stands of rollers
and two run of four feet stones, making 130 barrels of
flour per day. The milla are supplied with all the latest
improved machinery, drawn by an engine of 7S horse
power. The finest grades of family flour, including Pride
of the West, are made a specialty of at these mills, all first
quality ffour, unsurpassed by any brand in the country for
fineness and freedom from mixtures, prime favorites
wherever known. Mr. Fletcher is a gealieman of ex-
perience in his business, andia an active, enterprisingand
reliable busineaa man. These mills are a credit to the
country and among ita representative establishments, and
deserving of all the commendation we can give.

Blebkrd Te«a, Dry Qoods, Clothing, Boota and Shoea,
Qroeeriea, etc.. Main atreet, Moosomin, Assiniboia.- Thia
concern was eatabllahed three years ago, and from the
atart was a poaitive and permanent auoceaa : the auperior
atoek of gooda, the general aatisfaotion rendered to
patrons and purchasers, and the foreaight and enterpriae
displayed in the management of the business, being the
chief elementa contributinff to the prosperity Mr- Tees
to-day deservedly enjosra. The premises occupied are
spacious and oommodioua and handaomely fitted up, and
an elegant and extensive atoek ia carried on hand to meet
the large and constantly increasing trade. A full aaaort-
ment of gooda is carried, embracing dry goods, olothing,
boota and shoes, groceries, etc. Mr. Teea ia a man of puah
and enterprise, and it is only a natural oonaequence that
he ahould have attained the large meaaure of aucoeaa he
now eqjoys,

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THE NEW WEST.

T. B. McAIpine, Grooerie«, Frnita, Confectionery
and Bakery, Soath Front atreet and Broadway avenue,
Mooeomtn, Arainiboia.— One of the most enterpriainc and
reliable honaei which it in oar prorince to mention in con-
nection with the industries and business of this town is
that of Mr. T. B. McAIpine, dealer >.i staple and fanoy
cmoeriea, provisions, fruits and oonfeitionery This oou-
eem was started in 1^83, with moderate capital, but with
energy und thorough and practical adaptation to his busi-
ness, s«on gave him a liberal patronage among the best
olass of eitiiens, and a steady and gradual increase in
trade has been the result. He carries a large stock, which
is kept in excellent order, and he is almost in daily
receipt of fresh goods, thus keeping our stock thoroughly
replenished with the freshest and best class of articles for
home and table use, making a specialty of keeping the
very bes* and most desirable goods. He makes aspeoialty
of handling California fruits. He is also proprietor of the
only bakery in the town, which is under the supervision of
afirat-clasa baker. The groeery and provision establish-
ment is located on South Front street, while the bakery is
situated on Broadway avenue. Mr. McAIpine has estab-
lished an enviable business reputation in the town ol bii
adoption, which, with his unswerving integrity, justly
entitled him to a high position among the dealers in this
country.

I.ake Honae, W. R. Hamilton, Proprietor. Main
Street, Moosomin, Assiniboia.— As one of the favorite
hotels in this country, the Lake House is deserving of
special mention. This house has always held a leading
place among the hotels of this town, both on account of
the excellent way in which its business has been conduct-
ed and its splendid location in Main atreet in the business
heart ot the town. Besides, as a host Mr. W. R. Hamilton
is unrivalled, and is perfectly aware how to keep a hotel.
The Lak' House is a spacious building, two stories in
height, and contains about twenty-five sleeping rooms, all
of which are well furnished, and is iu i>very way a desir-
able plaee to stop or reside permanently. The dining
room is oommodioua and the table is supplied with the
best the. market affords, while the bar is well atooked.
We take pleaaure in referring to the Lake House as one
^f th« belt plaeea to stop at while iu Moosomin. The pro-

prietor ia a genial and oonsiderable host and ii rery popu-
lar with the travelling public

F. T. Cnrmaii, Druggist and Chemist, Books and
Stationery, Main atreet, Mooaomin, Assiniboia.— An im-
portant feature in connection with the business of any
city ia ita well oonduoted drug establishments, and in a
i comprehensive work which presenia in a prominent and
attractive manner the business facilities of this town, we
take great pleasure in noticing the excellent and popular
drug house of Mr. F. T. Carman, located on Main streeti
in the centre of the business portion of the town. This
business was started in 1884 by the present proprietor, and
since the beginning he has enjoyed an excellent patronage.
He occupies a prominent building which is well fitted up.
The stock embraces a full line of pure drugs and medi-
cines, perfumeries, toilet articles, books and stationery,
end all such articles as are usually associated with a first-
class drug house in larger cities. Special attention is
given to the preparation of physicians' prescriptions, which
are carefully compounded from purest medicines. An
aci^omplished druggist and scientific chemist, Mr. Carman
richly deserves the popularity and confidence he is re-
ceiving.

W. H. B«rton,'Lumber, Lath, Shingles, Sash, Doors
and Blinds, Main Street, Moosomin, Assiniboia.— One of
the important and distinctive enterprises which has found
Moosomin a congenial centre for its operations is the
wholesale and retail lumber interests. This town and the
Northwest represent a market of enormous magnitude for
lumber. This business wuii founded in 1886 by the present
proprietor. His facilities are perfect and iie is in daily
receipt of shipments of lumber, lath, shingles, etc., which
commands its share. of the trade in the Northwest. His
office and yards are very conveniently located in the centre
portion of th.i town, where all ordora, by mail ortelegraph,
will receive prompt attention. A force of men ace em-
ployed in the receiving and shipping of lumber, and the
oiire and attention bestowed on every detail of the business
indicates Mr. Barton's laudable ambition to maintain his
high reputation for supplying his customers, and the pros-
pects for a steady development of his trade in the fltture
are of the most favorable oharaotar.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF BROADVIEW.

A. G. "nierbani. Dry Goods, 1es, Clothing,

Boots and Shoes, Hardware, etc., Bru , Assiniboia.—

Prominent among the general stores : country is that
A. G>. Thorbum, dealer in dry goodf )ries, hardware,

boots and shoes, clothing, etc. Duri -j five years that
he has been in business here he has succeeded by the
exercise of a large capacity fur business, and strict atten-
tion to the wants of his customers, in building up a large
and lucrative trade. He occupies a store which is large
and commodious, well arranged and well fitted up, and in
which is displayed a well selected atock of dry goods, em-
bracing silks, woollens, hosiery, dress goods, fancy goods,
gents' furnishings, staple and fancy groceries, clothing,
Ixtots and shoes, hardware, and everything pertaining to a
Arst-olassiestabUshmentof this kind. Everything in stook

is of excellent quality, and the prices will eompare favor-
ably with those of any other house in this district. Mr.
Thorbum holds the positions of Justice of the Peace and
School Trustee. He is an honorable, straight-forward
merchant, who is highly esteemed by his fellow-oitiseni
and the community at large. Mr. Thorbum is also a grain
buyer and shipper, and he also does quite a wholesale trade
in adjoining towns, in coal oil and salt ; he is also one of
the largest fur traders in this part of the country.

Johsi O'BTellt Qrooeries and Hardware, etc, Broad-
view, Assiniboia.— Promineat among the establishments
of Broadview is that of John O'Neil, dealer in hardware,
grooeriei>, etc. This business was estalished in U82, by
W. A. Reed k Oci coming under the present maaafeMent

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BROADVIEW.

in 1883. By aqnare dMUinf and businMS puh h« loon
obtained a ooniiderable builneu. Mr. O'Neil baa alway*
on band an ozoellent aMortment of itaple and fanoy gro-
oeries embracing canned gooda.iuBan, teaa, coffees, lyrup,
and general groceriei of all deaoiiptiona ; also, a full and
complete line of hflrdwaro, auch at table and pocket cut-
lery, mechanic* toola, hoiue fumisbing gooda, stovea, tin-
ware, eto. Mr. O'Noil being contented with amall profita,
knowing that thereby he will secure larger aalca. He haa
won an exoellent reputation aa a reliabit, busineai man,
and he will be found prompt, liberal and fair, and always
prepared to offer adrantagea in keeping with such a repu-
tation.

J. Clementaoii, Dry Oooda> Oroceriea, Boota and
Shoes, Hardware, Clothing, eto., Broadview, Aaainiboia.—
In considering the various commercial enterprises of
BroaH^iew, the general merchant assumes an importance
with reference to the wealth and general prosperity of the
community that commends him to the most oaieful atten-
tion of any work bearing upon the resources of the country.
In thia connection the establishment of J. Clementson,

firom the magnitude of ita buaineas and the character of
its operationa, should receive fitting consideration- It la
one of the largeat and most thoroughly equipped and
reliable houaea in thia part of the country. Thia bualneaa
WB8 founded in 1882 by the preaent proprietor. Since bU
establishment here, through energy and determination,
coupled with an honorable, liberal policy of doing busi-
nesa, soon attracted attention to the house, and a thriving
and steadily growing trade soon sought it, and haa per-
manently remained. A customer once secured, hia own
intereats made him a lasting adherent. Mr. Clementaoki
is owner of some of the most valuable town and country
property, embracing town lota, farma, eto. A more thor-
ough going, liberal minded, active and energetic buaineaa
man than Mr. Glementaon cannot be found in thia part of
the country. He ia also Justice of the Peace. Mr.
Glementson's establishment, which is one of the oldest in
this part of the country, has withstood the bard times of
the last few years, and is deservi ng of the success it ia now
achieving. Its trade among the C. P. R. Railway men
along the line ia aaperior to any other eatabliahment.

QU'APPrLLB.

The town of Qa'Appelle, comprising 400 souls, is on the main line of the
C.P.E., 223 miles west of Winnipeg and 32 miles east of Eegina. It is picturesquely
situated, being surrounded by poplar bluffs, which impart a park-like character to
the scenery, as well as affording valuable protection from winter storms, and ensui*-
ing a bountiful supply of firewood and building material. The celebrated Qu'Ap-
pelle valley is 18 miles north. The character of the surrounding country generally
is undulating, dotted with small lakes and poplar bluffs, so favorably regarded. A
large number of settlers took up land here long before any railway had been graded
n the vicinity, having so much faith in its future as au agricultural settlement. The
soil is black loam with clay sub-soil, and very little alkali, and this only in small
patches. Already some 9,000 acres of government lands are occupied in the muni-
cipality which is named South Qu'Appelle, and about 107,000 acres are still open
for free grant. Lands can also be purchased close to the town at reasonable figures,
and on easy i^orms, from the Canada Northwest Land Ck>. and the Ontai-io and
Qu'Appelle Land Co. This promising town dates is foundation from the fall of
1882, bat was nearly swept out of existence by fire in May of 1883, but quickly
renewed and continued growing and prospering since that time, never having been
afflicted with a " boom." Property in the business part is rising in piice slowly but
surely, which may be regarded as an undeniable evidence of a most substantial
progress. There are three good hotels in Qu'Appelle, a private bank, post office
and money order office, three general stores well atockod with every conceivable
article in hardwai-e, groceries and dry goods ; also a weekly paper. The town boasts
of having the largest roller flour mill west of Winnipeg. It was built in 1883 by
McMilla > Bi-os., Winnipeg, and had a capacity of 200 bushels per day. There is also
an excellent public school with an attendance of about 100 pupils, as well as good
substantial chm-ches. The Ohm'ch Colonization Land Society of Bngland having
obtained considerable tracts of land, they propose to settle English laborers on them.

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and will afford them asaistanca for the first year or two, aft«r which they can either
acquire holdin,^ on easy terms or malce an advantageous start for themselves on
government lend, having acquired this experience. The management of this enter-
prise is under *,he control of Prof. H. Tanner of South Ken/ington, London, who
exercises persot al supervision over the settlers during the summer months. Qu'Ap-
pelle supports a drug store, hai-dware sto.-e, harness shop, flour and feed, boot and
shoe, 2 lumber ytrds, 2 blacksmith and carriage manufactories, 3 livery and sale
Htables and 2 bake.-iea and confectione-s. Thus ample means are provided for the
procuring of all the necessities of life. Prince Albert is distant about 2*75 miles.
Communication is made by a stage and mail route, and long experience has taught
the drivers the shortest road. About IJ miles out of town stands the St. John's
College founded by tl.e Right Rev. Adelbert, Bishop of Qu'Appelle, including both
a theological departmeit and high sohooi for boys. There are four churches-
English, Methodist, Presbyterian and Rom.an Catholic. The present settlers being
of the industrious staiup, and the land veiy rich, the future prosperity of Qu'Appelle
may justly be looked upon as an assured fact, particularly in face of the rapid strides
it has made during the few years of its existence.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF QU'APPELLE

S, p. Beanrbnmp, Dry Ooodi, Orooeriei, Hardware,
Clothing, Boots and S loea, etc., Qu'Appelle Street, Qu'Ap-
pellr Station, Agsiniboia.— At the abore-named locality
will be ''nundoneof tiie most elegantly fitted up and hand-
tiomely arr!<nged general gtorea in the town. The genial,
popular and enterprising gentleman, Mr. Beauchamp, will
be found with the most complete, varied and admirably
selected stock of general merchandise to be found any-
where in the town, everything being new, fresh and clean.
The building is large, and numintbly adapted to his busi-
ness; the store-room is high, commodious, and well-
arranged, with a tempting display of dry good?, groceries,
crockery hardware, clothing, boots and shoeo, and every-
thing which is to be found in a first-class establishment of
this kind. The store is filled from end to end with as fresh,
pure and attractive line of goods as can be procured or
desired, and the stock is kept supplied with frequent addi-
tions. He has energy, industry ard integrity to recom-
mend him, and has ntready secured a position in the
community entitling him to the respect and confidence, as
well as liberal patronage, of the public. This business was
founded by the firm of Goldstein and Beauchamp in 1883,
Mr. Beauchamp coming into possession in 1884, and from
the inception it haa steadily grown until it now reaches
large proportions.

Leland H oase. Love & Raymond, Proprietors, Paeiflo
Avenue, Qu'Appelle Station, Assiniboia.— As one of the
few favorite hotels in this country, the Leland House is
deserving of special mention, more particularly on account
of its being an old e.'-tablished hotel and consequent iden-
tification with the solid and substantial institutions of this
place. Ibree years ago Messrs. Love and Raymond built
this hoube, and infused new life into the hotel business of
this town by their wide experience and attractive charac-
teristics. Improvements were introduced, the hotel hand-
somoly furnished, an excellent bar and billiard room, and
eveiy modem convenience supplied for the comfort and

convenience of the guests. The building is spacious, con-
taining ample and elegant accommodations, and in every
way a desirable place to stop at. Besides the parlors, there
are twenty-one handsomely furnished sleeping rooms, all
large and comfortable apartments, while the dining room
is commodious and the table is supplied with the best the
market affords. Game in season. Good sample rooms in
connection with the house, where the commercial tra-
veller can display his goods to the best advantage. The
travelling public have probably never had more careful
and assiduous caterers to their comfort than Messrs. John
Love and Angus Raymond, the present proprietors. They
are genial and considerate hosts, always looking after the
welfare and comfort of their guests.

R. Johnstoiit Livery, Feed and Sale Stable, also
Stage Line from here to Qu'Appelle, Caswell Street,
Qu'Appelle Station, Assiniboia.— This is one of the oldest
and most widely known livery and boarding stables in this
part of the coi'n^ry, being founded by J. W. McLean in
1882, the present proprietor coming into possession in 1887,
and it eujoys to-day a large and influential patronage
among the best class of citixens. The premises occupied
corsists of a substantial two-story structnre, which is ad-
mirably arranged, well ventilated, and equipped through-
out with every facility and convenience for the transaction
of business, am;..u stall room being afforded for sixty
horses. He does a general stabling businesa, taking horses
to board, also buying and selling horses. He keeps on
hand, for hire, handsome carriages, buggies, sleighs, etc..
which are of modern style and build. Mr. Johnston runs
the only stage line from here to Fort Qu'Appelle, leaving
every morning and carrying the mail. During a long and
busy career, he has sustained an excellent reputation for
honorable dealing and sterling integrity. This establish-
ment makes a specialty of hiring rigs to people wishing to
visit Fort Qu'Appelle, Prince Albert, and intermediata
points, f-'i being the only direct trait to the far north,

REOINA.

118

WMtlair Broa., Bakery and Confeotlonary, Qa'Ap-
pelle Street, Qa'Appelle Station, AM'niboia.— The marked
laooeM attendant npon the career and operationi of thii
home li of raoh a pronounoed and obvious oharaoter ai to
demand more than ordlnaiy attention in making a careful
review of the eommeroial and manufacturing buaineu of
the town. Thia businew waa eatabliahed in 188A by Measra
a H. Gibton, A. T. Whiting, and P. O. Whiting, the pro-
aent praprieton ooming into posaeaaion in 1887. The
premiaea ooenpiod are oommodloua, and well adapted for
the traniaetlon of buaineat. The building ia centrally
located in the buaineaa portion of the town, and equipped
with all the applianoea neeeaaary. They have olwayg on
hand a large supply of freah bread, pi«a, oakei . etc., filling
the largest order in the promptest manner. They alao deal
quite exienairely in foreign and domeatio fruits, nuts,
oandiea, etc. Both members of the firm are natives of
England, and are gentlemen of unimpeachable integrity,
standing deservedly high in the esteem and confidence
of the community. They are both Justly entitled to a
prominent positiou among the bnsinen men of this district.

rrank Marwoodt Carriage Building and Horse
Sheer, Qu'Appelle Street, Qu'Appelle Station, Aaainiboia.
— All owners of horses know how important it is that the
care of horses' feet should only be entrusted to a horae-
shoer of the very highest class, aa many fine animals are
mined by the bnngliug of ignorant or inexperienced men
in this line. No person sending their horses to Mr. Frank
Marwood need have any foar^ on this seore, as he is a prac-
tical horse shoer and furrier of great experience, who has
made a life-long study of horses' fept, ond has adopted the
most Bcientiflo method of shoeing. lie established his
present business here in 1887, and now commapda a large
and strictly first-class trade. Mr. Marwood is abont to
establish a carriage and waggon factory at this place,
where ho will manufacture all kinds and styles of car-
riages, buggies, waggons, sleighs, etc. He will employ
none but first-class workmen, and use none but the best
of ma'ierial, and guarantees to give his patrons satisfaction
in every instance.

BEGINA,

the capital of the Territories, of whose early history Powers, in his description of
the placfl, says : —

"Reoina, the Capital op the Northwest Tebbitobies.

" A few miles down the creek from the site of the Northwest Mounted Police
buildings, stands a small hill or butte which some years ago bore on its modest crest
a collection or ' pile ' of buffalo bones. In the buffalo hunting days, hunters usually
camped at this crossing of the stream, killing and preparing for winter the bison
capttu*ed in the fall hunt. The rich and vast prairie for miles round the 'pile' was
a favorite haunt of the buffalo, and where could a hunter's camp and pemmican fac-
tory be more conveniently established than contiguous to the bute aforesaid ? That
great essential, water, was at hand; poles were to be had for drying-scaffolds ; the
adjacent grounds were level as billiai'd tables for the stretching and drying of the
skins, and, above all, the spot lay in the centre of a region abounding in choice
game. Every season contributed its quota of bones to the 'pile,' and the red main's
nomenclature, which is of a piece with his entire surroundiiigs, readily furnishca a
name to the meandering creek which drained that section of country. Oskana in the
Cree language means bones, and from this word is derived the moi-e mellifluous and
dignified Wasoana. And the tortuous stream, which has its marshy source fifteen
miles southwest of the Hurrican*) Hills, and meanders north-westwards along a dozen
townships until it reaches the Qu'Appelle River some twenty miles from Regina, is
now known to the map-makers ana world in general as the Wascana, or Pile-of-Bones
Bones Creek.

" In the neighborhood of a quarter of a century ago, this pile of lionbs stood six
feet high, cylinder-shaped, and boasted a diameter of forty feet at its base. In jus-
tice to the pile-builders, it will be admitted that the bleached materials were laid
with artistic skill and taste, shin and other bones radiating from a centre with that

in'

114

THE NEW WEST.

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grace oharaoteristic of the rude children of Nature. Opponite the ' pile/ and on the
east side, was situated the ' pond ' or ' pound ' into which were driven the decoyed
bison. The butte itself served as a signal station for the sontry, whose duty it was
to give notice of the approach of buffalo from the east. Wo all know Pilot Butte.
The Crees called this hill Ota-sa-wa-pa-win, or ' Indian Outlook,' and an admirable
signal station it made, standing as it did in a splendid tract of country, from which
the roving herds could bo observed for miles in all directions. Old Indian folks had
their superstitious failings like other people, and one of these appears to have been
that live buffalo were very loath to abandon a locality which contained the bones of
their slain comrades. This belief raised the 'pile.' Until very recently, ample
proofs existed of the immense number: of buffalo that roamed this part of the coun-
try. Whitened bones and skeletons paved the prairie, clearly demonstrating that
the choice herbage of our lands was dearly loved by the loi'dly bison. But the
bones have recently become an artic! . ot 'ommerce, being used in the east as fertil-
izers. Our half breeds, ab .!t a' .je u<)believing Indians who do not expect a
sudden re-appearance of tb hivon v hile white men rule the Northwest, have been
sufficiently unsentimental tc; . ':< :.<v uese bones and cany them to the railroad,
where they command a ready ■•. ul a fy dollars a ton. Fifteen hundred dollars'
worth of the bleached left Begina alone Uu.i i. g 1886. The great pile itself has long
since ceased to exist in pillared form, having ingloriously gone the way of all buffalo
bones. The butte alone remains, keeping silent and unromantic vigil over the once
celebrated camping ground of the red-skinned hunters, whose race, like the almost
extinct bison, will ere long be known in the world's story as creatures that were."

But Begina has risen its places, and named by the Marquis of Lome in honor of
his illustrious mother-in-law, it occupies as important a position amongst the white
men of the Territories as its predecessor did amongst the red ones in by-gone days.
The prosperity of the place has been steady, and in a few years it has secured nearly
all the adjuncts of a mt iropolis. Besides being the seat of government for the
Territories, the head-quarters of the North-West Mounted Police — the Bough Biders
of the Plains, whose services to Canada have never been fVilly appreciated. The
barracks of the police are at the western extremity of the city. The residence of the
Lieutenant-Governor, the offices of the Indian Department and North-West Govern-
ment are also located in Begina, which also possesses a custom house and a fine brick
post office. The press of Begina is in the front rank of western journalism — Nicholas
Flood Bavin's Leader and the Journal each enjoying a wide circalation. In May, 1885,
the Begina k Long Lake Bailroad was commenced ; and on the same day Eiel wan
taken prisoner by Oapt. Tonng and confined in the police barracks, there to await
his trial, which took place on the 6th of June, at which he was accused and convicted
of high treason, and afterwards hanged. The different religious sects ai'e well
represented there being a Catholic, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist church.
Each of the buildings are large and commodious, and Sunday sees them well filled at
both services. The Presbyterians intend enlarging their church at the near f\itui-e.
Chief Pie-^Pot's reserve lies 30 miles out of Begina, and very favorable reports as to
the improvement, both spiritually and physically, of the Indians come with great
regularity to the Home Mission Boards. Many schools for the education of the
Indians have been established, and as they are quick to learn, much hope and satisfac-
tion is felt among those interested in their welfare. With a little training, some ot

.r:

RROINjL

116

them become good fbrmen, and many of them are sealously striving to attain both
knowledge and skill in this line. The financial interests are well represented bj two
banks, a branch Bank of Montreal and the private bank of Lafforty & Smith. The
town supports tOur lawyers and two doctors. Regina is happy in having a good
school, with very efficent teachers at the helm and plenty of room for nil the scholars
who desire to come. The North West Land Company and the Land Corporation of
Canada claim to be doing a fhir business, and the managers of both are sanguine as
to the Aiture greatness of the town. At the present, however, the land in the vici-
nity is not as extensively cultivated as one would wish, notwithstanding that Begina
is in the midst of one of the largest blocks of wheat-growing land in the country.
The explanation to this may be found in the fact that great portions of the surround-
ing country has been bought up by speculators. Active steps are being taken by
the Board of Trade to frustrate this holding of land at high figures, and great expec-
tations are entertained for the rapid colonization and advancement of their future
city. The Regina Milling Company continues to prosper. The lumber business
proves to be a lucrative one. The government intend spending about $85,000 this
year on improvements, and now there is nothing to prevent the North-West capital
from becoming a great and prosperous city in the neai- future. The corporate body
is composed as follows : — W. C. Hamilton, Mayor. Aldermen- '^. Howson, John
Dawson, R. Williams, A. Martin, H. Sheppard and C. McCoskei lit la also has a
board of trade. Statistics show there are about 1400 inhaMiauts . td about 300
Mounted Police; 1 levator ; 1 flouring mill, 100 barrels capac-t^ ^e- ^>-,y, 1 planing
mill ; 4 churches, English, Presbytevian, Methodist aAd Ca' - 'o , ** carriage manu-
factories ; 2 good hotels; 2 book nnd stationery stores; 1 wh ' jale drug house ;

1 wholesale grocery establishment ; 2 lumber yards ; 1 boo'^ and shoe store ; 2 retail
drugstore ; 1 commission merchaut; 2 harness shops ; ! n hn. .tailor, 1 furniture
house ; 2 butcher shops ; 1 cigar store ; 3 restaurants ; 3 giocery stores ; 5 general
stores ; 2 dry goods stores ; 4 hardware storee ; 2 millinery stores ; 2 barber shops ;

2 banks, and a large number of handsome and costly residences.

-A'

116

THE NEW WEST.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF KEGINA.

I*.

i f

I [in*.

~ HI*

|l«t

Mownt Tirmi., Wholeiata and Retail Orooflriai, Pro-
viaiona, Crook 'ry, etc., Batohon and Ltvo Stnok Dealer*,
Droail Street, Regina, Aaainiboia.— One of the oldeat, if
not indeed the oldeKl, Orina in thia oity ia thnt of Mowat
Droa,, whioh waa eatablialiod in 1882 at » retail grocery
buaineaa, undor the aame Arm title aa nt preaent ; and
from Ihnt time until the preaent it haa never been uhanged.
Their aturt waa in a niodeat wiiy ; but merit, buaineaa
ability, and continued fair dealing inoreaxed their trade
until they are now forced to enlarge their buaineaa eon-
neotiona and aiift.nont their facilitiea. They have brought
in their many yonra' experience rire Jndirmont and buai-
neaa habita, making it one of the aubatantial and reliable
eatnbliahmonta of the North-Weat Territory. They have
built up a large and growing trade in the legitimate chan-
nela of commerce, through their auperinr buaineaa qualifl-
oationa, and they are dealin'id to rtiil further enlarge it,
as auoh men never atand iiill, but increase naturally in a
ratio onnimensunite with the times. Their atock oompriaea
the moat complete variety of ever>'thing connected with
the grocery trade, embracing tead, cntfoea, augara, ajrupa,
canned goods, and all kinda of alaple and fancy grooeriea.
Tlieir osaortmcnt ia excellent for buyers to aeloot from,
and ther are able to hold out apecial inducements. ) x-
pcrience in commorcial ethics ia considered equal to capi-
tal, and there are few men in Rcgina, now engaged in
active busirjcaa, who have been ao long identiflod continu-
ously with the grocery trade, and wLoae opportunitiea for
gaining experience have been ao advantngeoua as t'^'ao of
Meaars. D. Mowat and A. Mowat, the proprietors. Tiicy
aro live business men, conducting their affairs on the most
elevated piano of ■nmmereial integrity. Liberal, enterpris-
ing, and energetic, they are esteemed as among our best
business men. Mi. D. Mowat held the honorable position
as mayor of thia oity for the years 1886 und '87.

DMwnon, Bole * Co., Wholesale Druggiafs and

Manufacturers, Broad Street, Regina, Aasinihoia The

oldest and leading house in its line in the North-AVest ia
unquestionably that of Mcaara. Dawson, Bole A Co., the
widely and favorably known wholeaalu druggiats, and Ira-
portera and jobbers of drugs and druggists' sundries, and
manufacturers of Clarke's sarsaparilla, carbolic ointment,
climax kidney euro, sun cholera cure. Bole's pills. Daw-
son's yellow oil, etc., etc. The buainrss dates back to 1''82,
at a time when Regina waa but little more Ihaii a village
of but a few honaes, and ♦ho now fruitful West was but a
mere wilderness. Messrs. John Dawson lind D. W. Bole,
the proprietors, bring the widest range of practical experi-
eiice to bear, coupled with an intimate knowledge of the
trade, und their stock is the largest and most completely
assorted of any in the North-West. As importers, whole-
salers, an'l jobbers, Messrs. Dawsun, Bole & Co., with their
umplo resources and splendid connections in the East, are
enabled to offer to their customers a stock unequalled as
regards the freshness and purity of drugs and chemicals,
paints and oiia. Limits of space prevent our attempting
to give even a nummary of the long list of articles always
to be found in stock. It includes numerous preparations
of ammonia, all kinds of bnrks and balsams, borux and
brimstone, cinchona, sulphate of quinine and quinine pills,
morphia, opium, mercury, cocaine, and other costly drugs,
all the finest chemical preparations of soda, also all stan-

dard proprietary remedlei and patent medicines. Their
cigars and tobaccos include the ohoicest Havana and do-
mestic seed leaf stock, and cannot bo duplicated elsewhere
for the money. Thia ia one of the strongest firms in the
ooiintr}', known and respected far and wide, its trade ex-
tending to all parts of the North-Weat, and requiring the
aervioea of aeveral salesmen on the road. The foremost
poaition which thia firm have invariably occupied in I ho
transaction of their diversified bualness has been nlearly
indicative of their well-directed efforts, which have been
justly rewarded in the brilliant success achieved, and thi'
high eatoem with whioh they are regarded.

J. F. Mowat, Oent'i Furnishings, Clothing, Boots and
Shoes Fur (looda, etc.. South Hallway Street, Regina.
Aasinihoia.— This handsome and well fitted up store is
larglj and commodious, and most admirably arranged. The
stock carried embraces a large and varied assortment of
fine men's, youths, and children's clothing Hne under-
wear, shirts, ties, collars, silk and linen handkerchiefs,
hats, caps, etc., also a full and complete line of fine boot-
wr.at for ladies, gent's, and cbildreti, including the stan-
dard shapes, original patterns, and correct atyhs. Only
the boat and most reliable goods are kept in stock, and the
same are sold nt very reasonable prices. Mr. Mowat 's
facilities for transacting business are of a strictly first
class character, enabling him to offer special advantages
to oustomora. He ia well known as an honorable, liberal,
and consciontioua buainoss man, giving a hearty support to
every movement having for its object the welfare and
prosperity of thia oity. He ia held in the higheat estima-
tion, both in social and commercial circles, and has
achieved a well-merited success.

R. B. Feiv iMMtn, Furniture and Upholstering, South
Railway Street, Regina, Asainiboia.— This buainess was
founded in 1881 by the present pMprietor, and from the
first it WHS tho aim of this house to keep none but the best
und most artistic goods : this met with a most gratifying
response from an appreciative public, and built up one of
the largest and most representative buainess of the kind in
tho city. Mr. R. B. Fergusaon ia a gentleman of vast prac-
tical experience in the trade, and is possessed of unerring
judgment and superior executive abilities. The store-room
contains one ol the most extensive, as it is one of the
freshest and most elegant stocks of furniture in this part
of the country. All of the newest designs in parlor,
chamber, dining-room and kitchen furniture are included
in the stock ; the parlor sets are obtainable in all the first
styles of upholstery. The prompt, upright, and reliable
character of all of Mr. Forgusson's dealings, and the
superior quality of his goola, has secured to him the re-
presentative position he now holds, and whioh renders his
establishment an interesting feature of the city's activity
and enterprise.

P. liSmont, Books, Stationery, Fancy Oooda, Wall
Paper, Musical Instruments, etc.. South Railway street,
Assiniboia.— Prominent among the well conducted and
prosperous business enterprises whioh line this great trade
artery of the country, will be found that of Mr. P. Lamont,
general dealer in books, stationery, fancy goodi, toys, wall
paper, musical instrument*, eta Mr. Lamont ii genont)

REOINA.

!«

a««nt in thii eltjr for the MMon k Rioh planoi, klio th«
Doh«rty omiu. The ipaoloui and alegantly Htted up
itore, Md th« larga and oomplete itook ambraooa avary
thini looidant to tba Una of trade. Tha atoro liai loni
baan a farorita raaort for paopla uf art tiutoi, and tha
larga and proaparoui patroniite reprcienta thu bait olauof
oityouitom. Thii buoineu wai fuuiidud In 1888 by the
praiant proprietor, Thoia long experienoa and natural
artittlo taite ha* eminontly flttod him for tha •uoooMfiil
oonduot of bii buiineia. Through hla upright, honorable
dealing, and energatio and able maoiigeuiont, It hui
attained Iht proportion of a loading, profparoua olty
induitry.

J. D. MblMM A Co., General Commliilon Merohanta
and Grain buyeri, Offloe, South Hallway itraet.WarehouHo
on 0. P. Railway, Regina, Aaalulbola.— Thia li one of
Reglna'i old eatabiiahed and thoroughly ropreaentatire
oommiuion houaea, Ita origin dating af far book aa ltJ83,
when It waa founded by SIbbald k Llndiay, Mr. LIndaay
dropping out of the Arm about one year later. Since ita
inoeption at that date, it hna enjoyed a very aiioooiaful
oaroer, and llandi to-duy foremoat among the leading
houael in the trade. The firm oooupy apaoloua and ooin-
modioui premiaea, and their faoilltiea for tranaaiting buai-
neaa are of a atriotly flnt-oian character. They receive,
daily, large ounaignmenta of flour, feed, grain, proviaiona
and produce of all kinda, which they handle on oommis-
lion, effecting immediate lalea at but market prices and
make prompt and aatisfaotory returna to conaignora. They
alio purchaae grain, flour and provliioni on commluion.
Thia houie ii ao well known and baa retained iu old cua-
tomen forio long a time, that ita reputation for hon'^rable,
atraightforward dealing ia eitabliahed beyo id the require-
menta of praiae. Thii firm own the only grain elevator in
theoity.

8w««t A SfcDonald, Harneai, Saddlea, Bridlea, etc.,
South Railway street, Regina, Aaainiboia. — Aa in moat of
the leading branchea of meohanioal art in thia country,
very remarkable Improvement hai been effected, within
recent yean, in the manufacture of harneia, aaddlea, bri-
dlea, etc. Among the beat known and moat popular oon-
oerns engaged in thii line of buiinau in thii country, may
be mentioned that of Sweet A McDonald, manufacturen
of and dealers in harneaiei, loddles, bridles, whips, blan-
keti, nets, etc. This proiparoui buiineai was eatabiiahed
in 1886 by Meuis. It. Sweet and A. McDonald, the present
proprietor!, and from its inception has enjoyed a large and
lubitantlal patronage ; the superior excellence of the
goodi made and handled, and the energy and onierprise
displayed in the management, being among the chief ele-
ments oontributing to the large measure of luoceis they
now deiarvedly enjoy. We forgot to mention that t,:is
firm took flrit priie at the the fall exhibition here on sin-
gle and double harness, making the finest set of harness
ever made in Manitoba or the Northwest.

1, A. M«Cnal, Lumber, Coal and Insurance, Office
Yard, Hacniiton street, Regina, Assiniboia.— The growth of
the Great Northwest as a country for commercial enter-
prises has not only been very rapid during the post ten
years, but its entire history is one of advanced strides
towards the position now so creditably occupied. Every
branch of trade has kept pace with thii remarkable
growth, and to-day are to be leen the colossal results of the
ability and energy of our oitiiens. To single out one
department of the country's interests, it would be found
that the lumber trade not only represents vast capital in-

vested, but also has bad muoh to do with tha oountry'i
welfare and proeperlty. Among the leading firms in thii
line is that of Mr. J. A. MeCaul, wholesale dealer in
lumber, sash, doors, and cual. lie also represents the fol-
lowing flru inaurnnce companies :— Glasgow ii I»ndnn, and
Qu^hac, aa good compiiniea as uru repreaenteil in Canada.
Thii bualiieaa was ealabliihud in 1882 by Mr. MoCaul, Hil
facilitiea for trimaacting buainesa are of a ilriotiy flrit-
olaas character, and bo is one of the moat highly esteemed
buainesa men uf the community, and has alwaya Klven a
hearty aupport to every measure ciiloulated tu advance
the welfare and pmaperity of the country, and he well
merits the success he is now achieving,

Wm. Han*. Merchant Tailor, South Railway
street, Regina, Assinibuin —As one of the leading houset
in thia line of business which I'ls been foremost in pro-
moting the slandard of uiogunce in d^ess, that of Mr.
William Hunt bos obtained an enviable reputation, Ue
has been established two years, and by atriot attention to
oustumers' interests, coupled with a straightforward
?ystem of honorable dealing, he boa built up a large and
Influential patronage. Uis store is eligibly located, and
its interior arrangements are neat and attractive. The
stock carried embraces a full assortment of the finest im-
ported and domestic woollens and suitings, in all of the
latest and most fashionable shodi'i, colors and designs.
Ills prices are very moderate, and all orders are executed
in a prompt and satiafactory manner. He is honorable
and fair In all trausaotions, and well deserving of bis suc-
oeif.

Win. M. Vblld, Butoiier and Cattle i)eiiler, South
Railway street, Regina, Assiniboia.— In progress and en-
terprise, in commercial and manufacturing advancement,
Regina bus not only kept pace with the times, but is con-
cotied to be amongst the foremost. In her establish-
ments, whether of a private or public character, she yields
the palm to none. Amo,ig these enterprises there are none
that have become more conir.!uuous or attracted more at-
tontiom from their exte:.ding trade than the cattle in-
terests. One of the must thriving and growing concerns
in thii line is the house of Mr. Wm- M. Childs, originated
b" him in I8ii6, with moderate capital and business, which
'—11 enjoyed a steady increase in trade up to this time.
He does a gener.;! butcher business, and deals quite ex-
tensively in cattle, Suying and selling In largo quantitiei.
All of the department* of this aitabliihment are as neat
as possible, and are midols of cleanliness, and the pro-
ducts of it are uniarpassnd in popularity, both m regards
the standard, quality and flavor of its meats and the man-
ner of handling. This house is solid, reliable and oblig-
ing, and orders, .-'o matter from where or how large, can
be filled with accuntiv and satisfaction, and it can be re-
lied on for square, honorable dealing in all buiineii
traniaetioni.

Cliarlmi H. Blaek, Books, Stationery, Fancy
Goodi and Wall Paper, Broad itreet, Regina, Assiniboia.—
Few business houses in Regina are more widely or more
favorably known than that of Mr. 0. ti. Black, which, al-
though established only five years ago, has already nuo-
ceoded in gaining a rep"tation not often accorded those of
much lunger standing in other cities. Of course, as far aa
Regina is concerned, five years is a long time to have
been engaged in business, and Mr. Black's busineu hai
grown in prwperity ai Regina emerged from the position
of a village into the leading olty of the Northwest. Hii

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118

THE NEW WEST.

T
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Bl
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handiioin* ftnr* ooaaplM on* of th« bott IneAtloni In th«
elty, wbll* the ilook esrrlcd would be • eradll to any olty.
Tlia ihclvo* in thii •■tabllilimant •■« loadad with Iha
works of tb« lUndiinl autlx'ni *nd with th* Iwullni pub-
llMtloiyof tba prlii(ii|>«l piililinhari. Tha ihow-ouai »re
flilad with photof npb slbuini and tha ohoioaat itylat ol
faiioy rxxl* trom tha landing Amarloan, Canadian and
Kurupean manufaeturan, while ha kaepe In f took— iabuol
booki, paper, blank booki and ilatlonery of all kind*.
Ourint hii long and bu«y oareer, ha baa aver luiitained an
aieellent reputation for honorable, itraigbtforward dnal-
Ing, whioh ban won for blm the ettaam and ounfldanoa of
fall fallow-oltli«ni,

€• HowMtMt Dealer In Carrlagaa and Honai, alio
LIrery and Sale Stable, Broad itreat, Ragina, Aialnlbnla.—
One of the old eitabllihed buiineia men of Regina li Mr.
HowMn, whone oarrlage repoaltory and llrery itable ll
located on Broad itreet Mr. IIowM)n oame to thii olty In
lH82and put up the flnt hotel building. He la owner of
the Wiadaor ilouie, whiob baa lately been remodelled and
made into a flnt-oloas hotel, one of the largest in the
Norlhwest. Mr. Uowion does a general buslne(<a In
handling all styles and makes of earriagea, buggi.i, also
buying and selling horses He also oonducts the only
flnt-olasi llrery in tbr city. The building is large and
eommodioui, good Tentilation, large stalls, and has aocom-
modation for twenty-two head of hones, whioh are all
fint-olass roadsters, while the rigs are of the most stylish
and comfortable to be found anywhere. Mr. Howson en-
Joys n large and increasing business, and is highly esteemed
throughout the city and country. The oonfldanee reposed
in him by the oitiians was shown by his election in 1888 as
alderman.

Wladawr Honae, Mrs. A. A. Doig, Propriatreaii,
Broad street, Regina, Asainiboia.— In a view of Regina a*
a commercial centre, there is, perhaps, no line of houses
more appropriate for special mention or affording mora
interest to those engaged in all branches of business who
are oallsd on to visit the city, than the accommodation for
the travelling public. As a commercial centre, and as a
central point on the railway between Winnipeg and the
Paoiflo coast, Regina commands a position that essentially
calls for first-class hotel acoommodationi of good capacity
and able management. In this respect this city will be
found capable of maintaining a reputation equal to any
other of the same slie in the possession of hostelrios un-
surpassed in their appointments and the excellence of their
management- In support of these assertions, it is only
necessary to refer to the Windsor House, this being one of
the loading hotels of the country, handsomely furnished,
thoroughly fitted up and arranged for the comfort and
convenience of its guests. It is centrally located and
easily accessible from either the C. P. R. Depot or the
business bou>e8 of the city. The house has lately been

i«balU And rarnmtshad, now aenUinint Iwanty-faar
sleeping rooms, all large, well ventilated and llgblad, and
•quipped In such a manner as to btat aonduee to the com-
fort of the most particular parties- The dining-room ll
aommn<|laus, while the labia Is at all seasons ol the year
•npplied with the best the market affords, the bill of fare
Iwing odmplata In every raapaot. This house Is thoroughly
appreciated by the travelling public, and It is tha aim of
tba management to spare no pains in making the guests
comfortable. We cordially commend this bouse to tha
public as a flnt-class hotel In every respect.

K. J. fll««<l, Oigars and Tobacco, Broad atreat, Ragina,
Assiniboia.— This is one of the leading and most sueoaaaful
astabiiabmenij in its special line In the city. Mr. Steal,
Its enterprising proprietor, started business here In 1887,
and by strict attention and a straightforward system of
honorable dealing, he has built up a large and permanent
patronage. The premisaa are spacious, admirably arrang-
ed and well stocked with a fine and well selected assort-
ment of foreign and domestic cigars, smoking and chew-
ing tobaccos, pipes of all makes and patterns, cigar cases
and everything pertaining to smokers' suppllaa. lie sus-
tains an excellent reputation as an enrrgetia, otaa r-haaded
business man, liberal and fair in all transac'lon?, and well
deserving of the success he baa aobiavad,

Tb« I,MMI«r was started on tba lit of March, 1883-
There were than only three timber buildings In the town ;
the rest of the establishments were tents- Nevertheless,
Mr. Davin put in a six-horse power boiler, a Taylor pieaa
and a large and complete plant of type for newspaper and
Job work. From the first issue the paper took a poaltlon
in Dominion Journalism. During tha early days of az-
dtament about land its circulation had run aa high oi
7,00a Iti regular average circulation is 1 ,060. The /.eader
announced itself as the friend of the settler and the advo-
cate of whatever was In the interest of the Northwast, and
the reforms in the Mounted Police, In the land laws. The
enlarged liberties for the Terri' jries were advocated by it
early, and their triumph ad-..ittedly was in the main due
to Its advocacy- At thr office, books, pamphlet!, etc. , are
printed, and thousands of volumes hava been turned out
In 1886, owing to inoreaaad business, a new Wharfdala
press was put in. Tbera are larger, but no eompletar
newspaper office can be in existence. 7A« Ltader, ttom
the first, baa been a power, and since its birth, on tha lit
of Mareh, 1883, whatever It has attacked has bad to go ;
whatever it has advocated has been done. Four yean ago
It advocated throwing open the odd sections for sattla-
mant- In March, 1887, it passed from Mr. Davin'i bands
into those of a company, in which Mr. Davln has itiU a
substantial interest. At this offlre la printed and pub-
lished the first and only magaaine in the Territories, Owr
Metemier, a Churoh of England periodical of sixteen
pages.

Ik'

IfOOflKJAW.

110

MOOSFJAW.

Moosejnw, a dlviHional terminus town on the 0. P. R., of Bomo fiOO inhabltanUt,
Is 398 milcH west of Winnipeg, and Ih prettily situated in a valley about a mile in
width, slightly nloping to the south. The land to the north and south of it is U>0
or more feet in height. Settlors began to come into this district early in 18R2. In
May of 188;i the land was well ocoupiod. The soil vurios a good deal in its charno-
t»iv; but spoaUIng of it generally, it may bo oharnctorize<l as a clay loam. There is
very little of it that is not ilrst-cluss agricultural I:, id. The greater part of the land
in this district was not open for entry until the summer of 1884; and this, combined
with the proverbially rostlosH character of the western settler, caused a number of
those who originally came to it to go elsewhere. The 0. P. R. was not opened as
far as Moosejaw until December, 1882. In the spring of 188;j, the town ''imo into
existence. For a time it made rapid progress; people flocked into it from all quar-
ters, the majority coming, however, from the Province of Ontario. Since that time
its growth has been slow, the needs and requirements of the surrounding country
being yet fully met by it in its present condition. It was incorporate<l ae a town at
the beginning of 1884. The following compose the municipal council for the present
year: Mayor, R Bogno; Oouncillors — Bellamy, Bates, Campbell, McKenzio, Porter
and Whitmore. Its school is very efficiently conducted by two teachers, of whom
J. A. McDonald is the senior, and Miss Alexander is the Junior. Moose Jaw is the
nearest point on the C. P. K. to Prince Albert, both being in the same range 26 W. 2,
to Sasl<atoon, in the Temperance Colonization Society's lands, to Wood Mountain
Post, etc. In the town there are three churclios, with resident clergymen — the
Presbyterian, Methodist, and the Knglish Church. A prieHt frequently visits and
conducts service for the Roman Catholic rosidontH of the town and district. In the
town there are stores where all supplies needed by settlers can be obtained at reason-
able prices.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF MOOSEJAW.

J. G. SordOHt Adrooate, oame to Mooae-Jaw Id April,
1888. He ia a barriater of the Province of Ontario. He
waa Solicitor of the town after itn incorporation, and its
Mayor durlns 1886 and 1887. He liua tiikeii iin active part
in all maltera affecting the town mil district from tlie
beffinninK.

■• lt«cnv« Hardware, Stovea and Tinware, Monie
Jaw, Aaiiniboia.— The ipecinl branch of commeroinl in-
duitry punued by Mr. Bogue ia one of auch importance,
and withal ao oondueive and neceatkry to the induatrial
advantacea of the oommunity, aa to be deaervinc of special
mention in thia work. Of late year* there are nobrauchea
of bi'-'ineaa that have lo ateadily inoroaaed in importance
and ti, '« added lo many improvementa and acquired snch
perfect >n a« the hardware trade. It has had the benefit
not only 'if experience, bot that of the best mechanical
and aoientifio skill. It may be olaaaed iilmoat with the
fine arta, f r. lo auch perfection hare the manufacturer! of
different artlolea coming undtr the generic term of hard-
ware, brought the reiulta of their ingenuity, that they
jnitly meritapoaitionamoDgartiitieproduetioni. Among
the many flrma engaged in thia line of trade in the eoun-

try, none occupy a more aabatantial poeition than Mr. R.
Bogue, and none are carrying forward a more promising
and growing buainesa. Thia houae waa established in
1883, being one of the first buildinga erected in Monae Jaw.
Thorough knowledge of his buaineas.'attention to bia cus-
tom and fair dealing, soon made their effects known, and
his trade has gradually inoroaseii, until he now does a
large and prosperous business. He carries a large and
well selected atook, euoaiating of every variety of foreign
and domaatio hardware, aaws, shovels, spades, harvest and
agricultural tools, builders' and mechanics' supplies,
cabinet hardware, chains, anvils, carpenter tools, etc.
He alio keeps in stock a carefully selected assortment of
breech-loading guns, pistols, and sportsmeos' goods, am-
munition, etc. This establishment will compare most
favorably, both in quality of goods kept in stock and
amount of business done, witL any in the null hardware
trade in this country. Having several yean' experience,
and conducting his business upon principles of sound mer-
cantile integrity, he Justly merits Ujo credit, reputation
and confidence which ho Uas baqniw.!.. The oititens of
Mooee Jaw manifested tb( lr '•dufidenct and esteem by
electing him to the mayoralty fur 1888.

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120

THE NEW WEST.

J. J. ]lieli«nn. Dry Gooda. Orooerlei, Orookery, Boota
And Shoes, Clothing, OeaU' Furaigh!ng«, etc Moofe Jaw,
AMinlboia.— In oaloulatiog the general aggregate of the
commeroial auJ manufacturing imponance and progreu
of this vast western opuntry, tha general store trade, in
all its various branohes, must not be overlooked, as it is a
factor of no insignificant dimensions, in the many and
varied enterprises which influence the prosperity and ma-
terial advancement of our country. In the general store
trade the t.nnual business is an item of considerable mag-
nitude, and we deem a sketch of the most prominent
houses engaged in this trade as an important part cf our
mission. Mr. McLean may, with Justice, be classed under
this head, as ho is not only one of the most prominent in
this business, but also one of the most onergotio and enter-
p.'ising citiiens of Moose Jaw. As an instance of what
can be accomplished by industry, ai>plicntion to business,
and square, honest dealing, supplemented by a goodly
share of intelligence, his business has increased and as-
Hiimed an importance second to no house in the city. He
keeps in stock afull andoompleteassortmont of dry goods,
groceries, crockery, clothing, gents' furnishings, boots
and shoes, etc. Having a thorough knowledge of the
business, and excellent judgment in selecting and buying

goods, he la able to offer to ouitomen adrantacM whteh ia
not surpassed by any fimilar ooneern in tha Northweat.
Mr. McLean is one of our pioneer meroluuiUi hiTing
establiahed his business here in 188S.

E. A. Baker A Co., Hardware, Qrooeriea and Pro-
visions, Moose-Jaw.Assiniboia.— Ontof the representative
business establishments of this city is thit of the firm
which hcadi this article, dealers in hardware, guns, am-
munition, sportsmena' goods, staple and fa'oy grooeriea,
etc. This businesj was oatabliihed in 1H83 by Baker i
Lee, Mr. Baker retiring shortly after. Mr. Baker is one
of the pioneer merchants of tbia section of the country,
and his extended acquaintance in this community and
with buyers from a distance, his experience and business
qualifloations have placed him in the front rank. The
house is centrally located, and there oan be found a
full and complete assortment of hardware, embracing
cutlery of all kindd, edge tools of all makes, and every-
thing pertaining to heavy and shelf hardware, also staple
and fancy groceries. Mr. Baker, from hia arrival bore,
baa become thoroughly identified with the interesta of the
city, and regarda with much satisfaction any move made
or act performed to add to it prosperity.

MKDIOINE HAT.

The prosperous and I'ising town of Medicine Hat id on the Canadian Trans-
continental railway, at the crossing of the South Saskatchewan, and is essentially
the creation of the railway, though the spot on which it is built is not without fame,
being remombei-ed by a few old rangers as the battle-ground of the Cree and Black-
feet Indians. Hei'e was the dividing line between the kingdoms of respective abor-
iginal nations, and it was here that the rivals, in pursuit of the buffalo, often met,
and then came the tug of war, the deadly hatred of tribe for tribe on their coming
together resulting in bloodshed. However, the present town cares very little for the
antecedents of the red man, their thoughts being given to the attainment of wealth,
and naturally the Hat is a busy town. In the spring of 1883 Medicine Hat consisted
of two or three stores on the east and one on the west side of the river, in which re-
sided land speculators awaiting, with more than ordinary interest the advent of the
railway. With the railway came civilization, and a town of canvas sprang up as if
by the magic -rand of the fairy, and soon after all was bustle and stir ; and as the
work of constructing the road was necessarily slow, on account of the steep hills and
the crossing of the rivor, the merchants reaped a rich harvest from the large number
of men who were engaged on the work. The little town met with a disaster on
July 2nd, 1883, which swept it almost out of existence. This occurred while the
residents were out celebrating Dominion Day. While the sports were in progress,
there suddenly arose a hurricane which, with lightning rapidity swept through the
valley, carrying before it, in the direction of Dunmore, every movable article, and
when at length it ceased, the town was scarcely »"<cognizable. The town soon be-
came itself again, and permanent structures were substituted for the tents, and to day
it is one of the best built towns on the 0. P. R., and the site is unquestionably the
prettiest between Ilat Portage and Oalgaiy. The country surrounding it is first-
class for cattle-raising, and good crops are also grown in the district. The Saskat-

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Ill NTINti AMHLOI'B ON THE I'l.AINS.

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rUAIUlK HKincH IN MAMUMjA.

MBDIOINE HAT.

121

chewan coal mines are only Boven miles distant in a aouth-eAdterly direction, and the
junction of the Gait line of railway, leading to Lethbridge, is only eight miles east.
The town nambers 600 inhabitants, and within its limits are four churches, several
general stores, two drug stores, a live weekly newupaper, two hotels, bake-shop, bar-
ness-shop, boot and shoe shop, liardware store, millinery and dressmaking establish-
ment, and blacksmith shop. The town has excellent schools. The surrounding
country has proved suitable for ranching, and now over 8,000 sheep graze, on the
neighboring hills, and find their thirst easily quenched in the clear depths of the Sas-
katchewan, which flows through this fertile valley of the west. Yost coal beds Ho in
the vicinity and only await the miner's pick to unearth mines of wealth, which will
npread its blessings abroad. Fireclay is also found, from which excellent bncks can
be manufactured. These latent r^^ouroes will, it is anticipated be soon developed.
The Board of Trade, with J. Tweed as President, L. B Cochrane as Vice, and P. S.
Scatcherd as Secretary-Treasurer, enjoy the entire confidence of the people, and will
do all in their power to further the welfare of their western home. A large number
of men are employed in the C. P. R. shops and on the road in the vicinity, the town
being the end of the railroad division. The climate is said to be the mildest
in the Medicine Hat district of any portion of Canada. During the last week of
January of the present year, ploughing was done close to the town. On account of
all these advantages. Medicine Hat must, beyond all question, continue to flourish
in the future, as it has been doing in the past.

HI I

Prominent Business Houses of Medicine Hat.

Tweed * Kwart, Wholesale and Retail Dry Ooodi,
Oroueriev, ClotbinK. Boot« and Shoes, OenU' Fumiihlnjn,
ITardware, ete., Medicine Hat, AMiniboia.-The preient
age ia a bury and protp-eniTe one, with competition in all
lines of baiinefi, (o enorRetio and rigilant oa to require,
in moit linea, the utmoat peneveranoe and enterprise to
gain auneeec and koep t.»oe with the timea. But while
this ia proverbially true, there are inatanoes where in-
erensing perseveranoe, long trained experience and oon-
aummate knowledge of buaineaa riaea auperior to oompetl-
tiur. ani defloa rivalry. The houae of Measra. Tweed k
Bwnrt 1 lay be ranked with thia olaas. This buaineat waa
eatablished in 188S by Measra. ThoDiaa Tweed and John
Ewart, the proaeut proprietora being the flrat to locate
here. The premises occupied are largo and commodious
the bniMiog being two stoiiea in height, and 26 x 100 feet
in aite. They bavo alao a large warehouse, where is stow-
ed the large and bulky artiolea. The alore-room ia moat
admirably adapted and arranged for their buaineae. They
carry a largo and moat complete stock of dry goods, em-
bracing dreas goods, linens, woollens, hosiery, fancy soods,
etc., staple and fancy groceries, clothing, gents' fumiab-
inga, nata and cai>s, fur goods, heavy anu shelf hardware,
etc. The poat offion la located in the rear of the store.
Mr. Tweed being Poalmaster and Kxpreea Agent, and also
Preuident of Medicine Hut Board «< Trade. Thia firm are
also largely interested in a cattle raneb, situated about
thirty m!los aonth-wegt of here It is not tk« province of
this work to indulge in oxcctaive prali-e of any single
eatabliahment, but in thia instance we feel that we are not
deviating from our rule by asserting that while no estab-

lishment in the city has achieved a more reapec ible posi-
tion corameretallyi not one has been conduct) d upon a
basis of more conservative, honorable and liberal prin-
ciples, or managed with more enterprising progressive
policy. With such characteristics and qualifications it is
only natural that the trade should grow to be as extensive
as it ia.

Geo. HeVaAiK A t'o.« Wholesale and Retail Dry
Qooda, Orooeries, Clothing Uoots nnd Shoes, Hardware,
etc., Medicine Hat, Asainiboia.— Certainly the Northweat
has not neglected her mercantile or commercial oppor-
tunities, and that this is especially true with legard to her
general store merchants will be seen by referanoe to the
notices of her leading representative housee, and th«
ataliatios fai-nished relative to their importance and exten-
sive trade in other portions of this works. Possessing un-
surpassed facllit'.ea In ber geographical position and modes
of transportation, as well as in the entrrprise and high
standing of her leading merchants tn this line, Medicine
Hat can to-day fnrniah the ataple artielea of trade at
pricea which will compete aueeeasfnlly with eastern dealers,
and effect a great saving in freight to parties throughout
the sur'ocndin'./ country. Prominent among the houses en-
gaged in t'u; .yenersl store tr«de,may appropriately be men-
tioned that of O. McCuaigACo. This business waa founded
by Mr. McCuaig in ItSR. They keep a full and complete
stock of general merchandise, sneh as dry goods, embrae-
ingrtiilks, fwoullens, linens, hosiery, notions, etc., cboiee
teas, coffees, sugars, synip, canned goods, etc., clothing,

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122

THE NEW WEST.

thtt latest itylei of boota and shoes, beary and shelf hard-
ware, ete., and oomprising every article pertaining to this
line of trade. Mr. MoOuaig sustains an excellent reputa-
tion for honorable dealing, and is well known as a liberal,
conscientious business man. Through his own efforts he
has achieved success, and he well merits the esteem and
reepeot in which he is held.

B. WsiltOB. Druggist and Chemist, Books and Sta-
tionery, Medicine Hat, Assiniboia.— Of all the branches of
business connected with the mercantile industries of the
Northwest, there are none of more importance than the
drug trade ; none requiring more ability, closer study, or
more thorough preparation. One of the neatest and most
attractive establishments in this trade is that of the cour-
teous gentleman, Mr. E. Walton. He occupies a hand-
some store, which is tastefully fitted up and presents an
attractive appearance. He oarries a large and well
selected stock, as complete as any in this section, consist-
ing of pure drugs and medicines, all popular and reliable
patent preparation)), chemicals, surgical instruments and
appliances of the finest quality, toilet and fancy articles,
perfumery, druggist sundries, books and stationery, and all
such goods as are to be.found in well conducted establish-
ments of this kind- He is a thoroughly skilled, scientific
and practical druggist and pharmacist, enjoying a high
reputation in bis department, he bestows his personal
attention on his large and growing prescription trade. He
possesses the confldenoe and esteem of the medical profes-
sion. Tb's with his energy and enterprise, has won for
him the confidence and patronage of the public.

H. Leonard, Bakery and Confectionery, Medicine
Hat, Assiniboia.— Thic name has long been familiar to the
homes and tables of the citizens of this place, and is cer-
tainly ertitled to :reditable mention amoog the leading
iiou8ei< cf this city- This busii.ess was established by Mr.
Lounard in 1%3 with medium capital, wbio!i has since been
handsome'iy increased. He occupies a large and commo-
dious buiUling, well arranged and equipped with the latest
and most iii\proved appliances necessary for the transac-
tion of business. He manufactures the best bread, pies
and cakes of every description, and is prepared to supply
the choicest cakes for weddings or parties. Ice cream of
all flavors is also kept constantly on band in its season, as
well as a stock of the choicest foreign and domestic fruits,
nuts, candies, etc. He supplies the C.P.R. dining cars
with bread, onkcs, etc., also doing a InrKe businons at
Bunmore Station. Mr. Leonard is of high standing in
thn community, nnd his ezoellont management and long
ezpenenoo has secured him liberal and deservod patron-
age.

L. B Vochran. Dry Goods, Qroceries, Clothing,
Medicine Hat, Assiniboia.— This establishment was open-
ed for trade in 1886, with a full and very carefully selected
stock of dry goods, groceries, clothing, boots and shoes,
etc. Mr. Cochran has had probably as much experience
in this business as any man iu the trade in this town, and
that systematic thorough manner of transacting business,
which long continued practice, has so rooted into his life
that it seems a part of his oharaoter ; combined with this
he possesses that rare good taste which experience only
cultivates and refines. His trade is increasing and hU
annual business will amply compensate for the risks
atten'l! „.. 'lis venture into the uncertain waves of mercan-
tile '.■■>■■ His Rtock is ample, consisting of dry goods,
staple ai I f<i irr ),;ri,';arieH, clothing, gents' furnishings,
etc. Progreisl - .npt, r^ viiMe and thoroughly conver-
sant with his b .; i itt and its <ietaili, he is entitled to a

high position in oommeroial circles, and merita ligiuU
prosperity in his business operations. Mr. Cochran hu
been a resident of this place since its inoeption in 188S.

B. B. Tolll, Diamonds. Jeweler and Watohmakar,
Medicine Hat, Assiniboia.— This houM has been eitablish-
ed for the past five years and has built up a large and per
manrnt patronage. The store is eligibly located, and well
arr:.nged, displaying to advantage a splendid stock of
diamonds and fine gold and silver watches, clocks, jewelry,
silverware, etc Only the best and moat reliable goods are
kept in stock, and offered at the lowest poesible prices.
Mr. Yuill is an expert, practical watchmaker and Jeweler,
and brings to bear a thorough knowledge of the business.
He i" prepared to execute all orders in his line in the
promptest and most satisfactory manner. PerMnalljr he
is well known in trade circles as an honorable, conscien-
tious business man, liberal and fair in all transactions,
and well meriting the patronage he now enjoys.

Amcrlean House, J. C. A. MoRae, P-prietor.
Medi-iine Hat, Assiniboia. — The American H> ise was
erected in 1883, and is a large two story building. The
street floor is taken up by the office, smoking room, sample
rooms, bar, billiard room and dining room, and is thus
very conveniently arranged in every respect. On the
second floor are the parlors and twenty-five sleeping rooms,
all large and well furnished. The building is constructed
with a view to coinfort and convenience throughout, is
neatly furnished iu every particular, and is capable of
accommodating about 50 guests. Mr. McKae, the pro-
prietor, is a gentleman of extensive experience in hotel
business, and in this house has given unmistakable proofs
of being the accomplished host. His hotel has proved a
great boon to tho travelling public, and must tftill rank
among the best houses in the Northwest. Its location is
extremely convenient, being right opposite the C. P. H.
Depot and in the centre of the business portion of the city.

Medicine Hat "Times."— The Medicine Hat Timei
was founded in October, 1885, by A. M. Armour, who pre-
sided as editor and publiifber until August 1886, when he
was succeeded by B. J. McMahon. The paper was edited
by Mr. McMahon until February, 1887, but was not a suc-
cess, until D. O. Holt assumed the management, for the
sharoholders, after a month's suspension. From the time
Mr. Uolt took charge, until the present time, the paper
bi\s continued to thrive, and its inBuence has extended till
it is now recognied as one of the leading independent
local journals of the Northwest.

J. B. MrlnnlB, Boots and Shoes, Anthracite, Al-
berta.— The art of making boots and hoes to fit the feet
of the wearers with nicety, andafiurd no pain or injury, is
ore of sufiiciont importance to demand some attention.
Thu subject of this brief sketch has made this art a study,
and by long experience has learned just how to adapt the
last to its particular work. Commencing in 1887, at Medi-
cine Hat, he has built up for himself a reputation which
placed him at the v,)ry head of the custom boot and shoe
trade of this country, and in a short time increased his
business over 200 per cent. He also keeps in stock a full
and comph^to assortment of American, Canadian, and
Knglisb makes of boots, shoos, slippers, rubber goods and
ever}'thing pertaining to a first-class boot and shoe estab-
lishment. Ladies and genvlemen will find it greatly to
their comfort to call on Mr. Mclnnis, who guarantees
such fits Hs sh^li make pedostrianism a matter of thorough
enjoyment and delight, instead of the unutterable tortnr*
it frequently beoomes.

MACLEOD.

128

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LETHBRIDGE.

Bight hundred miles west of Winnipeg and 109 mileu from Dnnmore lies Leth-
bridge, so named in honour of the president of the Northern Coal and Navigation
Company, to whose efforts and those of Sir Alexander Gait, much of the coal expor-
tations of this district are accredited. The town is in its fourth year, but is already
presenting an appearance of which the inhabitants, which number 1,200, have no need
to foel ashamed. North of the town, and 200 feet below its level, flows the Belly river ;
the walls rise perpendicularly from the brink of the stream, which rushes and tumbles
over its stony bed. The water is pure, clear and cold, coming as it does uocontaminated
from its mother glacier. Its tributaiies on the west are the Kootenai, Old Man's,
Willow Creek and numerous smaller streams ; further east, the Little Pow river adds
its volume of water, and the river rushes on to the Big Bond, where the name is
changed to the South Saskatchewan. The town being situated on a high plateau,
the strong western winds entirely rid the country of any germs of disease that might
be present had the town site been located undei the lee of the surrounding hills.
These winds are not always friendly, but when health and adverse winds are weighed
in the balance, the former preponderates. The town has railway connection with
tho C. P. B. via the Gait line, 109 miles in length. Three times a week the stage
runs to Fort McLeod, all the travel to and from this town now comes through Leth-
bridge, and us there is large consumption in this district, Lethbridge enjoys the
added trade. Lethbridge has three hotels, a weekly newspaper, the Lethbridge
News, three churches, a branch of the Union Bank of Canada, a drug-store, and four
general stores, with railway facilities for procuring from Winnipeg any desired
article inside of two days.

Stock raising is carried on extensively in the vicinity. It is estimated that from
5 to 6 million acres of land ai'e suitable for pasture land, 90,000 head of cattle are
scattered over this vast expanse of undulating prairie. It will be seen that there is
ample accommodation for many thousands more. The law requires one head of stock
to every ten acres and a cent an acre is charged for the land. The land is leased,
and some companies hold as much as 300,000 acres. Looking from the car window,
tracks of buffalo may be seen worn 4 inches through the soil about 1^ feet wide.
The tiails lie close together, but all lead to the Saskatchewan river ; the aborigines
testify that this is a sure sign of good panturage. In the summer of 1881, Sir Alex-
ander Gait, Mr. Lethbridge, of London, England, and several other gentlemen
obtained their leases for coal lands in Alberta. The mines v o opened at Leth-
bridge and during the summer of '83 and '84, 3,000 tons of so' al were delivered
to the C. P. R. at Medicine Hat. This proving satisfactory, a
was constructed between tho mines and Dunmore. The capii
Tho output is 430 tons per day, and it is expected that it wi
machinery now being placed is got to work. The company
many of whose families reside in Lethbridge. The pay-rol'
month. The country in every direction is rapidly being
of the town as a distributirg centre is recognized far a; i
rod bi'icU clay and sand are plentiful, and lumber can now bo procured at a reason-
able rate. The soil is fertile, tho water and fuel supply gofd, a lively businese is
done in aii lines and with every requisite for the maintenance of its children. Leth-
bridge bids fair to become one of the first cities of the North- West.

■ow guage railway

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THE NI' V V«E8T.

MACLEOD.

On the 8oath oank of Old Man's Biver, thirty miles west of Ijethbridge, is the
prosperous town of Macleod. Situated in tho centre of the famous ranching district
which beara its name, it does a large and profitable business, which last ye&r
aggregated about $3()0,000. Macleod was founded in 18*74 by Col. Macleod, who,
with a force of 150 men — the pioneer troop of the Mounted Police — mads a »"«raorabIe
march across the plains in seai'ch of whiskey peddlera. Here a fort was erected, and
it was unanimously determined to call it after its popular founder, the name of the
baii'acks being afterwards transferred to tho town itself. Macleod was then cut off
fi-om communication with Canada, and was reached by way of the Missouri river to
Benton, thence by a stage journey of 200 miles. At its inception, such extensive
Arms as I. G. Baker & Co. and T. C. Power & Co., opened branches and were soon
followed by other merchants. In the year 1876, farming operations were inaugurated,
and a few years later, the capabilities of the county for cattle raising being ap])re-
ciated,large herds were brough in and the venture proving profitable, a number of stock
companies were organized, and the cattle business ut once expanded into pretty large
proportions. There was an extensive fur trade done hero with the Indians., but the
buffalo becoming extinct in 1878, it fell off to a more nothing. Near the dose of
1877, a treaty was concluded with the Bloods, Blackfeet, Piegans, Stonies and Sar-
ceeti, and the first payment under the treaty was made them. This contributed to
the welfare of the town, ve. tY o money was mostly spent with the raerchante. The
five yoaitj that fbUowed IF ■. when tho government assumed the maintenance of the
Indians, rendered necessary by the practical extinction of the buffalo in th previous
year, was an epoch of steady progress and prosperity for the settlement. The
experiment of farminp has proved successful, and as the throe years term of enlist-
ment of the police expired, we find many of them adopting this vocation. Cattle
ranching had becono a craze, and from both sides of tho Atlantic, capital poured in
seeking investment in a new and profitable enterprise. This brought in its train an
immigration insignificant compared with tho amount cf wealth invested, ceilainly,
but remarkable as being almost the only immigration that the inherent qualities of
the counti-y itself attracted. In 1882, Mr. C. B. D. Wood started iho Macleod Gazette,
a live enterprising paper, and Hai-i-y Taylor, who is known far and wide as
" Eamouse", opened an hotel some few yeiirs previously. Macleod possesses a good
school, 53 residence of all kiud)^, 4 chuiches and parsonage, 2 blacksmith shofm, 2
laundries, 3 livery stables, . saloons, 2 butcher shops, 16 stores and a number of mis-
cellaneous buildings. The location of Macleod i,i a lovely one. To the northwest,
rise the wooded summiis ^^f the Porcupines, while away to the west, and circling
southward, the magnificent peaks of the rocky range meet and enchant the eye. —
Chief mountain, a massive collection of huge rocks with the boundaiy line dividing
it in two, standing out by itself a conspicious landmark, which can be seen at 200
miles away.

THE DI8TRIC5T OF ALBERTA.

1S6

THE DISTRICT OF ALBKRTA.

The district of Alberta lies directly to the west of Assiniboia, and, with an area
of about 100,000 squaie miles, extends north ft-om the 49° to the 56° parallel, and
ft'ora Assiniboia to the summit of the rocl{iea. Alberta is pve-eminontly the dairy
region of America. Its cold, Kparkling streams and nutritious and luxuriant grasses,
make it a very paradise for cattle, the mildness of the wintera enabling them to
graze all the year around. Numerous ranches have already been started, and while
there are now over 100,000 head of cattle, besides sheep and horses, feeding on the
plains, they are capable of herding vastly increased numbers. And, it is gratifying
to kno'v, the numbei-s are rapidly increasing. It has been demonstrated by actual
experience that with careful management the cattle thrive well in the winter, the
percentage of loss being much less than that estimated for when these ranches were
undertaken. We have in these facts the commencement of great industries, and
these ranches will very soon commence to send their cattle and horaes and sheep by
thousands to the eastern markets, including those of the United Kingdom. The
question has been raised in the past as to the suitability of Alberta for ordinary
farming operations, an opinion prevailing that it should be given up to ranches.
This question, however, of its suitability for mixed farming, especially that in which
d«»irying has a large share, is no longer doubtful, proof having been furnished by
Actual results. It has been shown, even in an unfavourable year, thatci'ops of grains,
including wheat, and roots and vegetables, in the vicinity of Calgary, were large and
perfectly ripened, leaving nothing in this respect to be desii-ed. Such being the fact,
it will assuredly follow that settlement, having for its industries mixed arable and
stock farming, will rnpidly take place. The country along the line of the Canadian
Pacific Bailway, ft-om Moose Jaw to Calgai-y, has bcrr- commonly said to be a desert,
incapable of growing crops. It is true that at * utrm seasons the aspect of these
plains is not very inviting, but it has also been demonstrated to be true, that the
theory advanced by Pi-of. Macoun, botanwt of the exploratory surveys of the Cana-
dian Pacific liailway, has proved to be quite coirect. These plains in their natural
state, as the summer advances, have a baked and in some places cracked appearance ;
but when the surface of this crust in broken in the spring, it absorbs the rain-fall,
and has sufiiciout moiaturo for vegetation, in place of shedding it, with, at the same
time, the conditions of rapid evaporation, these combined causes producing apparent
aridity. In 1884, the Canadian Pacific Bailway Company caused a series of experi-
mental fnrms to be tried, without any special selection of site, the places being
«ho8en foi' convenience near the railway stations, which are placed at certain fixed
distances from each other. The result of these experiments, without exception, was
luxuriant crops of wheat and other grains, and vegetables of every kind put down.
Mr. Mackenzie, late Premier of Canada, who was one of these who were sceptical as
to the capability of those plains for cultivation, visited these farms during the
Hummer, and expressed himself astonished at the favourable results he saw. He
found oats to be so luxuriant that he might hide himself among them walking
upright. The uniform success of these experimental farms at so many different
points settled the question as to the adaptability for cultivation of the formerly so-
called "arid plains" of the thuu steppe of the continent of America, in the North-
West Territory of Canada. "With respect to those portions of theee North-West

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126

THE NEW WEST.

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plains of Canada in which alkali is found, Prof Maooun deolai-ea that theae will
become the moat valuable of the wheat lands, as settlement progreHses, the alkali
being converted into a valuable fertilizer by the admixture of barn-yard manure.
The professor farther contends that these alkaline plains will become the great
wheat fields of the American continent long after the now fertile prairies and fields
to the east shall have become exhausted.

But it Ih not only its agricultural resources that enrich Alberta. It possesses a
vast extent of coal fields, and there is a world of minerals yet to explore in the
Rockies and their foot-hills — not only iron, copper, and galena, but gold and silver ;
nnd besides, in the timber clad sides of the mountains is another source of wealth.
But, perhaps, the most important are the coal fields, from which shipments have
already been made as far east as Winnipeg, and as far west aa Victoria, B. 0., and San
Francisco. The zone of cove fields which borders on the Bockios between the
United States and the Peace Biver, extends northwards nearly 460 miles, and with a
mean width of about 12& miles, comprises an area of nearly 55,000 square miles.
Gov' ~"ment sui-veys, already made, establish bo3ond doubt that through this large
area utere are coal and lignite in great abundance, and that in some places, the
mining of the " dusky diamond " is comparatively very easy and inexpensive.
According to Dr. Dawson, the approximate estimates underlying a square mile of
country in different localities are us follows: —

Main Seam, in vicinity of Coal Banks, Belly River. Coal underlying one square
mile, 5,600,000 tons. Orassy Island, Bow River (continuation of Belly River Main
Seam). Coal underlying one square mile, over 5,000,000 tons. Horseshoe Bend^
Bow River. Coal underlying one square mile, 4,900,000 tons. Blackfoot Crossing.
Workable coal seam as exposed on Bow River. Underlying one square mile, 9,000,000
tons. There is thus under one square mile of territory a sufficiency of coal for a
large population in the North-West to last at least for one generation ; and whether
the coal fields are continuous or not, there are many thousands of square miles of
them.

The coal-bearing rocks developed so extensively on the Bow and Belly Rivera
and their tributaries are known to extend far to the north and west, though, up to
the present timr, it has been impossible to examine them at more than a few points.
On the North Sti. katchewan, several seams of lif?nite-coaI, resembling those of the
Souris River region, outcrop at Edmonton. The most important is about six feet in
thickness, and has been worked to some extent for local purposes. Thirty miles
above Edmonton a much more important coal soam occurs. This, as described by
Dr. Selwyn, has a thicknees of eighteen to twenty feet. It is of excellent quality^
and much resembles the "Coal Banks" coal from the Bow River. Good anthracite
coal has also been found near the Pacific Railway, at the point of its entrance in the
Rocky Mountains, large shipments of which have profitably been made to the Pacific
coast.

In addition to all this, Alberta is, with the gifts nature has no lavishly bestowed
upon it, a natural resort for the tourist and the healthseeker, the magnificent scenery
of the eastern slope of the Rockies being not the least attraction.

Alberta, with a population o£ 15,532, according to the lattt census, contains
many thriving towns, amongst which the following may be mentioned :

OAIXJARY.

12t

CALGARY.

Calgary, the most western town of the pi-airies and the gateway of the country
fi*om the west, ia situated 838 miles west of the city of Winnipeg and 60 miles east of
the base of the Rocky Mountains. It is in the centre of a bonutiftil hill-girt plateau,
and almost entirely surrounded by the Bow and Elbow rivers. In fVont of the town, and
on either side, the mountains rise in varied forms, and in endless change of aspect n^
the lights and shadows play upon them. Behind it is the groat sea of open prairie,
and to the northward is the wooded district of Edmonton and the North Saskat-
chewan. Southwards, stretching away 150 miles to the United Stat«^ boundary, is
the ranc'ie country, where countless herds may be seen feeding out upon the plain.
Cattle and horses graze at will all over the country, summer and winter alike. The
warm Chinook winds from across the mountains keep the ground ft'oo from snow in
the winter, except for a day or two at a time, and the nutritiouH and naturally cured
grasses are always within reach of the cattle. The incorporation of Calgary dates
only from 1886, Mr. George Murdoch being the firrtt mayor. The present civic offi-
cials are : — A. E. Shelton, Mayor ; Aldermen — W. F. Orr, H. Collins, H. Douglas,
G. McCallum, James Linton and Alex. Allen. E. P. Davis is the City Clerk ; H.
Barber, Treasurer; G. C. Marsh, Assessor, an'i J. Ingram, Chief of Police. Tlic
town has g-own very rapidly since the arrival u, the railway, and to-day has a poi>u-
lation of about 3000. Prior to the advent of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Calgary
was known only as a Hudson's Bay post, which had gathered around it a few trading
institutions. To-day it is the distributing point for a great portion of tho immense
territory of Alberta and the mountain country to tho west, freight for Edmonton
and the North Saskatchowati country all passing through here. There is also a
considerable amount of business done in tho fur line here. Tho legal and medical
professions are well represented. There are also two or three fire and life insurance
agents located hero. There are also two saw mills, ono planing mill, three first
class hotels, three banks, four churches — Presbyterian, Catholic, English and Metho-
dist. The chief industry of tho sun-ounding country is ranching or stock-raising —
though farming is receiving more attention of lato. Tho first shipment of cattle
from the ranches to Britain were made last summer. About 1300 head of beef
steers were sent cmt, some (»f which wore sold in Montreal. This is only tho com-
mencement of a trade which is expeotoil to reach great proportions. It is estimated
that there are about 100,000 head of cattle in Alberta. Sheep and horses are also
raised extensively. In the latter, attention is being given to producing superior
uaddle hoi-ses especially. A number of thoroughbred stallions, Kentucky running
stock, and Irish mares have been imported during last season. About 15,000 hides
were handled last year, and it is thought a tannery might be mado a profitable
investment. Coal is abundant in tho Bow River valley, west of tho town, in the
valley of which river the town is beautifully situated, providing an abundance of
excellent water. The place is now lighted by electricity, and schemes arc on hand
to provide water works, and to make a test for natural gas, of which there are
excellent indie .tions. A charter is out for a railway to run northward from here,
to tap tho rich Saskatchewan country. Tho many costly private residences which
have been erected of late is a surprise to tho visitor who has inspected other western
towns, and noted the usual cheap style of buildings. Building operations in 1886

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THE NEW WEST.

were carried on to the^extent of •205,000, atid in 188*7 $270,000 wore expended in
buildings. Calgary atforda a good opportunity for tlie establiubment of a butter and
oheo'ie dairy, piioo^ for tlieue proJuot8;|being bigli and the supply limited. A good
flold ia also open here for the establishment of a woollen mill, flour mill, tannery.
Hemlook bark, of a very superior quality, can be obtained in abundance in the Sel-
kirk ranges. It is estimated that no less than Il,2fi0,000 change<l hands in business
transactions during the year 1887, $400,000 of this sum being expended on land
tranductioiis, and $300,000 worth of building was also done in the same year. Sta-
tidtiod show that there are 125,003 he.vi *of cattle, 20,000 head of horses, and 40,000
sheep in the Alberta district. Speaking of the climate of Oalgary, the Alberta
Stock Journal of February, 1883, says : —

" For the past month the weather hns been all that could be desired, the ther-
mometer ranging uway up in (the thirties above zero. A balmy Chinook has been
raising sad havoc with the Hnow and ice, causing everybody to wear u smile of entire
satisfaction. Even the full-fledged chronic kicker from Bruue is forced into wearing
a pleasant countenance, an occurrence which has never been heard of in any other
country, and seems to have come to the conclusion that this life is not such an
unpleasant affair after all, and is well worth^living, especially in Alberta. Beports
oomo in every day from all points in the north, eaut, south and west that cattle have
never been in flner condition, and a most ^profitable year is anticipated. Between
8,000 and 10,000 steers are already in the hands of agents for shipment and the
prospects are good for a much heavier shipment during the season. We think this
is an excellent showing for a young country, and, with the many new industries to
be started in the spring, ought to make Alberta a most prosperous province. Alberta
as a stock-raising country is unsurpased, and its many natural advantages will no
doubt induce a large number to ongago in every kind of business throughout the
province during the coming year. The principal need of Alberta is more manufac-
tories, and if the people are wide-awake in answering the enquiries of eastei-n capi-
talists in regard to the inducements to be oflerod to those engaging in manufaotui'ing
of all kinds, many could be induced to settle here and so build up the country in
every way."

White the people of Calgary are of a frugal nature, their whole attention is not
given to the making of the " Mighty Dollar." Educational matters are given, as
they deserve, a great deal of consideration, and a great deal of money is spent in
the cultivation of the young, whom, their parents seem bound shall not grow up in
ignorance and therefore they are not stingy in such matters, but have secured
competent instructors, who are paid largo salaries. The press is well represented by
the Tribune and the Herald, which publish daily and weekly editions. There is also
an excellent journal devoted to the stock raising industry, the Alberta Live Stock
Journal. Farming operations are also carried on to a very large extent in this dis-
trict, and this portion of the territories presents unmistakable evidences of the fact
that it is fast becoming, if indeed this zenith is not already reached, the " cattle
ranch of the world." All the scientists, as well as practical cattle raisers, who have
closely examined tho country, agree as to its wonderful fitness for the raising of
cattle and horses, and already population is pouring in to occupy what, but a very
short time ago, was known as the " Great Lone Land," but which, before long, will
bo filled by industrious and prospei-ous communities.

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PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF CALGARY.

. O. Baker 4t Co., J. L Bowen, mnnnger, Whole-
naleud Retail Dry aoodr, (irooeriM, Crockery, Clothing,
Uooti and Shoei, etc., corner Steplien avenue and Mo-
Tnviab atreets, Calgary, Alta.— The buaineai rroaperity,
unterpriae and lolidity of a city are in a lii-ge inoaaure in-
dloated by the extent and ohaructttr of her oommeroial
houaea. The great mercantile bouaea of the country biivo
exeroiaed a powerful influence, and the old, wealthy and
lucceaaful eatabliahmenta have become familiar, by name
and reputation, in all aectioni of the land. Calgary ia
uioat favorably aituated us to the great arteriea and high-
wuyiof commerce, having inTaiuablo couneotioni, by rail
uiid atage, with the north, aouth, eoat and wcat— her mer-
cantile ramifications extending in every direction, and
yearly growing larger and more important. One of the
great factors in her progreaa and improvoa'ont has been
her general atoro intereat and the hiatory of her large
wholesale and retail houses; while a necessary and in-
tegral part of her statistical biogruphy is interesting and
viiluable as an historical record and useful for purposes
of referonoo. In 1860, 1. Q. Baker k Co. started business
at Fort Benton, Montana, U. S., running a line of steam-
boats from St. Louis, Mo., up the Missouri KivertoFjrt
Benton, In 1878 this firm established a branch at Cal-
gary, being the first store here, under the management of
D. W. Davis, who is now general manager for the North-
west Territory, located at Fort MoLeod. The McLeod
branch was started in 1872, and the Letbbridge establish-
ment in 188S. Mr. J. L. Bowen, the present manager lor
the Calgary district, superceded Mr. Q. C. King in 1882.
This house pushed their business energetically, and car-
ried their transactions into all the neighboring territories,
extending their influence and regulation gradually and
surely. This bouse ranks as the leading eatabliahment
(wlioleaale and retail) in this part of the country, a
poaition to which they are justly entitled and freely ac-
corded, from their extensive transactions and the magni-
tude of their stock. Through all the years that this
house has been in existence, the trade incident to its long
career and the late depression in business, it has main-
tained, with brightening reputation, the perfect system, the
high degree of mercantile integrity, the elevated business
enterprise with which it was inaugurated by its founder,
I. Q. Baker. Wealth is one of the elements of success ;
but it is non-effective and a resultless ingredient when
not combined with business sagacity, which acts as a
balance valve in the regulation of the supply of motive
power which capital furnishes. In the narrative of the
progress and development of this great bouse, an illus-
tration can be found of the grandly superior power of
ability and clear thought, even in prosperity, and the
subordination of capital to enterprise and oduptibility.
The business house of the firm consists of a fine cut stone
building, two stories and basement, SOxlUO feet in dimec-
sions, fronting on Stephen avenue. The immense busi-
ness is thoroughly organized jnder different departments,
managed by competent men, all under the constant super-
vision of the manager, and in these departments can
probably b« found more goods suited to the wants of the
people in this section of the country than can be found
under any one roof in the Northwest. They carry a large
and complete stock, embracing dry goods of ail kinds,
foreign and domestic, staple and fancy groceries, crockery,
clothing, gents' furnishings, boots and shoes of all styles
and makes, etc., etc. Mr. J. L. Bowen, the popular

manager, has an experience acquired by a connection
with this bouse uf many years' standing, he Is a gentle-
man of enterprise and energy, coupled with invariable
courtesy and liberality.

Oeorce Mardoeh, Wholesale and Retail Saddlery,
Ilarnesa and Saddlery Hardware, Atlantic avenue east,
Calgary, Alta.— The uf . extensive harness and saddlery
establlabment in Calgary, and unsurpassed I," any house
in the Northwest, ia that conducted by Mr. Uuorge Mur-
doch. In general variety and quality of goods this
establishment ia unexoolled. The business was established
in 1882, being the first of Its kind west of Brandon, Man.,
and by enterprise be has increased the trade to very largo
proportions. The premises occupied on Atlantic avenue
is a three story brick building, 2IJx70 feet in dimensions,
stocked with every variety of goods pertaining to the
business. A glance at the large stock carried in this
establiahment shows barntsa, aaddiea, bridlea, chaps,
whips, brualiea, blanketa, robea, trunka, valiaes, saddlery
hardware, etc. A specially is made of stock aaddlea. All
the saddles, harnecs, collari>, etc., are made in the estab-
lishment, and an immense stock of foreign and domestic
goods is carried besides. The factory is fitted up with all
t je niweat machinery, And the fine character of the work
done ia acknowledged by most competent judges. Mr.
Murdoch is a thoroughly practical man, giving cloae
personal attention to his buaineas, and is highly ecioemod
throughout the entire Northwest. He was Calgary's first
mayor, being elected in 1885.

John Field. Wholesale and Retail Druggist and
Chemist) Stephen avenue, Calgary, Alta.— One of the
most popular drug stores in this oily is that of Mr. John
Field. The store is admirably arranged, while the stock
carried embraces a full assortment of pure drugs,
chemicals and proprietary medicines of standard reputa-
tion, fancy and tiilet articles, perfumery, and evorytliing
pertaining to a firat-class drug store. Special attention is
given to the careful compounding of physicians' prescrip-
tions, and in this department a large business is done.
This businesi, was established in 1886 by Mr. Field, and
since its ince ill' nn it has grown to large proportions. He
{] a gentleman enjoying the utmost confidence of all who
know him, and is drawing from among the people a large
and lucrative patronage. As a gentleman and business
man, be is energetic and reliable, well deserving of the
high esteem m which he is held. Mr. Field is a native of
Brighton, England, where he was a prominent oitiien,
having served several terms there as a member of the city
council.

Hall, Tronnoe A Co., Wholesale and Retail
Butchers, Cattle, Sheep and Horse Dealers, comer Mc-
Tavish street Stephen avenue, Calgary, Alta.— No firm in
the country stands higher in commercial life than
Messrs. Hull, Trounce k Co., nor ha^ any firm any better
or greater advantages. The large number of cattle, sheep
and horses raised in the country surrounding, not only in
this district but for hundreds of miles east, west, north
and south, and for which Calgary is the great central
market, makes this business not only a very lucrative one,
but one of enormous proportions. Messrs. Hull, Trounce
& Co., one of the pioneer firms of this country, have no
superiors as business men, and no concern stands higher
in commercial life. This firm brings to bear splendid

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180

THE NEW WEST.

buiineH qanllfioatlonf, » larie niid luooeiaful ox-
perieuoe tnd an influence excelled by none. The
firm M it atande to-day li one of the itrongeat in the coun-
try. The large trade which they enjoy extendi over a great
portion of the Norlhwei>t Territory and llritiah Golumbin,
they baring branch houaei at Uanff, Donald. Reveiatoke,
while at Komloopa their eatabliahmont la naextenaireaa it
ii here. They are alao uwnera of a largo oattlu ranch lo-
cated 00 Moaqulto Creek, fifty-five mllen aouth of Calgary.
The memboni of the firm are W. R. Uull, W. P. Trounce
and J. K. Hull. Not only ia thv firm one of moat lub-
Htiintial character, but it ia progrexrivc. There ia no enter-
priae that will tend to advance the buaineaa intereata of
the country that Moaarx. Hull, Trounce A Co. aro not
found in the front rank ofaaprnmoteraandaubacriben, for
which alone they aro justly entitled to their preaent oom-
meroial proaporlty. Mr. H. P. Urown, the manager for
the Calgary diatrict, formerly manager for Dunn A Line-
hitm, ia highly eateemod and roapeoted by the busineia
men and oitiiona of Calgary.

B. H. Moody, Ileal Eatate Agent and Valuator,
Stephen avenue, Calgary, Alta.— In publiahing a atatia-
tioal hiatory cf a city and collecting data incident thereto,
wo And otaaaea of bueineaaob outaide of the regular
branohea, co-relative, in fuot, with the profeaaiona, which
exeroiao an important influence in the progreaa of the city
towarda proaporlty and commercial ontorpriae. Of thcae,
none are more important than real estate agonoieii. A
great portion of the proaperity ia entruatod to their ta'onta
and ability, either for aeiling or buying. In pursuance of
thia buaineaa they ncccaaarily influence the value of
property, fixing the aeiling or renting pricoa, and while
doing thia, their aaaialance ia invaluable, lifting the
trouble and annoyance attending those matters from the
minda of owners, and relieving them from much petty
onre. It ia a buaineaa requiring energy, induatry and
aound priooiplea. One of tho most aucceaaful agencies in
this oity ia that of Mr. R H. Moody, whose office is located
on Stephen avenue West. Mr. Moody, established himself
here in the real estate business in 1885 with small capital,
but with a thorough knowledge of the busineaa and great
faith in the proaperity of the country, he has gradually
bat surely laid the foundation of one of the best busi-
nesses in the oity. Mr. Moody is one of Calgary's self-
made baainesa men. CominK here leas than three years ago,
with hut $500, be has, by judicious investments, accumu-
lated property, which, placing it at its lowest value,
amounts to about $30,000. There is no financial interest
of such magnitude and importance as that involved in real
estate, and tho great demand for eligible city and
suburban property, coupled with a steady rise in values, is
the best evidence of Calgary's growing wealth and pros-
perity. Mr. Moody possesses all tho quallBcatlons neces-
sary for making him a valuable man in the buaineas.
AotiTity, prudence, good judgment and keen business
tact, the management of estates, buying and selling prop-
erties, are the main characteristics of his business. The
success of Mr. Moody fully attests his popularity, public
oonfldence and possession of qualities peculiarly fitting
him for his pursuit, and establishing his reputation for
integrity, close attention to bis business, upright and
honorable dealing, has placed him on a solid basis.

G. C Kiny A Co., Wholesale and Retail Oeneral Mer-
chants, comer Stephen avenue and Osier street, Calgary,
Alta. — Among the several firms in Calgary engaged in the
general store trade, none occupy a more prominent posi-

tion with reference to extent, general appointments and
magnitude, oa >,ell as variety of stock, than the establlab-
uient of (1. C. King Sc Co. Thia widely known housu wae
eatabliahod In 1882. The premlaes occupied are moat
eligibly aituated on Stephen avenue, in the centre uf the
buaineaa truffle of tho oity. The building, a handsome twn-
atory and bnaemvnt brick edifice, 30 x fiO feet in diuien-
ainna, ia one of the handaoueat buaineaa houaei in the city.
The two floora of Ibis building are engroasod in the prose-
cution of the trade, and are fitted up for the rapid and
convenient transaction of buaineaa, in a manner worthy of
the ohamcter and high atanding of the concern. Tho
general furniahing and appointments are all that could be
desired. The firat floor ia occupied aa the main suloaronm ;
it ia admirably lighted and adapted for the exhibition and
inapection of goods, which, with other ndvantagva, makes
it one of the most elegant and spacious buaiuess depart-
ments in the city. The stock embraoca a full and com-
plete assortment of foreign and dome^itio dry goods,
carpets, staple and fancy groceries, crockery, clothing,
gents' furnishings, boots and shoes, etc. For more than
six years,Mr. U.C.King has exerted a marked influence in
buaineaa circles, to tho benefit of the general public, by
whom he is juatly esteemed as one of the oldest and m^st
widely experienced representative business men of Cal-
gary. In his thorough and detiiilod knowledge of every-
thing pertaining to or contingent upon his business, he has
few equals. Prompt, reliable and liberal, with an activity
and induatry that knows no pause, he bos made hia house a
favorite one for thoae who have once appreciated the ad-
vantagea to bo derived there in prices. With the.'<e
advantages and facilities, natural and acquired, it is no
matter of surprise that the trade of this house has ex-
tended not only throughout the city, but north, south, cost
and west through tho territory, with the high standard of
commercial honor and enterprise with which he conducts
his business, he well merits the respect accordnii him-
Prior to 1882 Mr. King was manager for I. G. Biikcr i Co-
Edwin R. Rosen, Wholesale and Retail Hardware,
Stoves, Tinware, Paints, Oils, etc- , Stephen avenue East,
Calgary, Alta.— In a work embudying the various indus-
tries of the city, its business facilities and prominent
features, for the general information of the public, at home
and abroad, which will elicit present and future interests,
it is only pioper that the representative house iu their
respective linos, with their facilities for transacting bui^i-
ness, should be clearly set forth. The hardware trade,
especially in competent hands, is no unimportant factor in
the general mercantile progress of this oity, and an ele-
ment that has conduced largely to her reputation as a
commercial point. In connection with this trade, the
house of Mr. Edwin R. Rogers is worthy of special men-
tion, both from the extent of his transactions, his note-
worthy and unusual experience in his business, and hLt
high standing in other respects. This business was
established by Rogers A Qrant in 1884, Mr. Roger.', the
present proprietor, assuming control in 1887. Possessed of
undountcd pluck, systematic business habits, and a high
order of ability, his enterprise may be said to hare been a
success from the start, and ever since its existence it ha«
been conducted with energy, ability and liberality without
interruption, regardless of general commercial derange-
ments, financial panics or social upheavals. Ho occupies
a large two-story building, 46 x tiO feet in dimensions,
stocked with as large and complete an assortment of heavy
and shelf hardware as can be found in the Northwest,
consisting of every variety of foreign and domestic goods

OAIi(}ARY.

181

worthy of hnndllni— «utUriM, uw«, thovth, ipad«ii, har-
TWt and agrioultural implementi, bulldan. maohinliti,
artUtfi railway iiikI oaliinot hardware, ohaini, anril«i
nail«.eto.,it(>v«a, rangei, henten, tin niiil ooppor wars o(
all deioriptioni. .Thii houRo ooropnrei with any in the
Weit, and itandi tn the front rank of buiinera houiiei of
Calgary, Ilii trade \» lociitod in thii city and aurrounding
oountry, and he is prepared at all timei to fill ordon from
any point fur any goodi in the hardware line. Eiperienoe
In mercantile othlot li equal to onpital, and In thia qualifl-
oation, Mr. Rogen hai no peer in thia seolion and few in
any other,

■.KlTerlr 4k Hnaitb, Bankers, Stephen avenue, Eaat
Calgaiy, Alta.— That the banka of thia country are making
rapid progreai, whioh will ioon give them rank with the
greateat in the oountry, ia evident to every sngacioua buai-
neia mnn. Their true pre-eminenoe. however, iti ouuaes,
and the volume of buaincaa tranaacted by them is com-
paratively little undentood. For the paat few years their
record haa been moat gratifying, ahowing good proflta, in-
oreaaod aurplnaea, atrengtbencd confidence, extended
bualneaa facilltiea and ooDneotiona with the loading bank-
ing oentrea of the oiviliEed world. We are growing each
year more and more Independent, and owing to the ac-
cumulation of capital In the country we have rnroly need
to order currency from tho Enat. Among the prominent
banka above referred to is the pioneer banking firm of
Meun, Lafferly k Smith, eatabllahed in 1882, with head
office at Calgiiry, Alberta N.W.T., and branch agenoioa at
Reglna, Moosomin and Edmonton, all in Northweat Ter-
ritoriea. They tranaaot a general banking business, deal
in domiatic and foreign exoiiange. issue drafts on all
pointa, receive deposita, and do general discounting, make
loans on live stock, and advances to stockmen and
ranchers, having superior fuoiiitiea for making collec-
tions in Canada and the Northwest Territories, dealers
also in half-breed and money scrap. Special attention is
given to oorrespondonts wishing to make investments in
the oountry. Keferences, Bank of Montreal.

Eaa Clitlre A Bow Blver I.nmber Co., Calgnry,
Alttt., P. A. Prince, Manager.— Tho situation of Calgary
with reference to the timber-growing districts of the
mountains has conduced to give it importance in the lou ■
her trade, representing at the present time thousands of
dollars' worth, a trade that has in a largo degree added to
industrial prosperity. There are a number of firms en-
gaged in the various branches of the lumber business, em-
ploying in the aggregate avast capital. Some of these
•stablishments are mammoth in their proportlonsi and
are supplied with every requisite facility for the manu-
facture and handling of lumber in all its various forms.
At the very bead of these is the firm of the Eau Claire Sc
Bow River Lumber Co. Their establishment is one of
such vast proportion and of such perfect arrangement,
and occupies such a prominent position among the manu-
facturing interests of this country, as to demand promin-
ent mention in u work devoted to the industrial history of
the day. This mill was built in M86-7, and it is most ad-
mirably looated, being built on tho banks on the Bow
river, having a large frontogo and splendid harbor in
which is anchored at all times millions of feet of the
finest stock of lumber that can be found in the great lum-
ber regions of thia district. One powerful and fine engine
of 76 horse power is employed to drive the machinery,
whioh consists of gang and circular saws, all of the latest
•nd most improved machinery used in a first-oloss saw-

mill. They employ raboutflfty men In the different depart-
ments. The capacity of the mill Is 80,000 feet of lumber
and 2l),000 laths j)«r day. This company have a timber
limit of fifty s ire miles situated on the Bow, Kananaakis
and Spray rivers. They have also In oonneotlon with |tbe
aaw-mlll a flrst-olass planing mill, containing all of. the
latest and most Improved machinery. Mr. Prince, the
manager, la a gentleman of indomitable energy, poaseased
of those characteriatics' of unquestionable, honor {and
liberality, which, coupled with his well known enterprise,
have gained him the reapect of the oommunity and thi«
confidence of the trade. Such manufactures and enter-
prises give reputation to a city, and add materially to its
progress and prosperity.

A. E. Hhelton, Furniture Manufacturer and Uphol-
stering, Stephen Avenue, East, Calgary, Alta.— A most
important element of Industrial activity in thia city Is the
manufacture of furniture. One of the leading houaea in
this line is that of Mr. A. E. Shelton, whose premises are
large and commodious, admirably situated on Stephen
Avenue, In tho centre of the business portion of the city.
lie founded this business in 1884, and from its inception it
has proved a success. Mr. Shelton manufactures and
deals in all kinds of furniture, embracing the choicest and
most olabornto designs of parlor and bedroom sets, kitchen
and all kinds of household furniture ; he also does alariio
and prosperous business in upholstering. His fucilitiesaro
of H. first-class character, enubliug him to execute all
orders in thu promptest and most satisfactory manner.
He is a thorough-going, clear-headed business man, honor-
able and fair in all traiisactionB,and lias achieved a well
merited suoceas. Ho bos always taken a deep interest in
tho development of the oountry, and the advancement of
the oily, and tho citizens of Calgary manifested their con-
fidence and osleom by electing him to the mayoralty for
1888.

H. <'ollliiM< Dry Goods, Clothing, and Qents' Furnish-
ings, Stephen Avenue, Kost, Calgary, Aha.— One of the
most enterprising houses we feel called on to mention in
connection with the industries and business of Calgary, ia
that of Mr. H. Collins, dealer in dry goods, clothing, eta.
Thia concern was established in 1887, by the present pro-
prietor, Mr. Collins. With energy and a thorough adapta-
tion to the business, he soon received a liberal patronage
from the oitiiens and surrounding country, and a steady
and gradual increase in the trade has been the result. He
has a large stock, whicb is kept inexcellent orderand con-
dition, keeping it thoroughly full and complete with the
freshest and best class of goods, the assortment of whicb
embraces dress goods, silks, linens, woollens, hosiery , men's,
youths' and boys' clothing, gents' furnishings, etc. Mr.
Collins is a gentleman who gives close personal attention
to his business, and he has established a high business
reputation, which entitles him to consideration among the
citizens and the community at large.

Roynl HoteI« Reilly & Martin, Proprietors, corner
Stephen Avenue ond .MoTavish street, Calgary, A ta. —
There is no place outside of a home whore man's comfort
can bo so effectually ministered to as at a hotel. Every
hotel, especially in this country, where its inhabitants are
so continually travelling, should c.Tter to suit comforts.
But, unfortunately, the travelling man is often doomed to
disappointment. When tired, exhausted, dusty, oold, wet
and hungry, he is more liable to finu a place in which to
commit suicide, than let his exhausted body find the
luxury whioh he confidently expects to meet with at tho

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THK NEW WEST.

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«liil of h»» lUy*' jwirney. T\x^r» an but few lioleU in tho
Qountry, niitily wi»r» thiin Iftn or thr«ii. *li«r« ii(ii.iitnm-M-
dation '0 found th»t will juft iiie«t ii tf*veller'it wipecfa-
tioi.j. Colgnry ii numbered •monc the fdrluimte oitle*
thiit haa wlll>iii her bordem a houie wheru real oinnfiirt
oan bo found, nut only In mom* but menngr The recent
addltl.ini inadu to the lOiyal, the ta«lo with which it 1«
decorated, tho newnoM and oleanlineiii of tho rooms, anil
taut, but not lomt, tho aiiniptuouHnnnit of lU talilo, hui
placed the Iloyal Hotel in the front rank of flmtolafu
houKOH. Memra. Reilly .V Martin atarled tho hotel buai-
neaa hero in IH'Vt, with but a very ainull hnuso, iind in 188(1
they flnik'iod tholrnow popular hotel, It i« a throentory
brick buil>'lnB,.VIx laufuet in kIiu, having aixty aleepiiii
rooina, bonideii thaparlora, all handaomoly furniahcd and
largo, airy ohamhera- Every dopartmont of tho hou»« i»
in oomplote repair, and auppliud with all tho modern itn-
provomonta. The dining-room la largo and conimodioua,
while tho table laauppliodwith the boat thonuirkut attorda,
andgaino in aeaann. There la alao abiliiard iinil pool room
in oonneotion with the houao. Mufara. James Keilly and
A. F, Martin aro the proprietora ; both gontlumon aro
widely known and eatcemed oltiiena of this oominunity.
Gloacly identified with Ciilfary in tho dovulopmont of her
various oommeroial and produotivo intureats, they oxert
un activn intoroat in all public moasurea and iniprovo-
ments. Mr. Reilly haa alwnya put forward every move-
ment for the advanooment of tho city, and the oitizonaof
Calgary manifestod their confidence and ustoom in him by
electing him to the mayoralty for 188il, Tho Hnyal is
officered, from the hoata down, by oonaiderato, gonial om-
ployeea, nevor neglecting the comfortofguestB.but always
promoting their easo and enjoyment, adding to their es-
teem which they richly merit and possess, of tho public.

Cil. H. Rlley * Co., Oonoral Merohants, Stephen
avenue West, Calgary, Alto.— Among the bust known and
most deservedly aucceasful merchants in this city, Q. H.
Riley &. Co. are prominent. They commonoed business
hero in 1887, and since that time thoy have persevered
with an energy and determination that oould not fail to
command success. They occupy a handsome two-story
building, fitted up and furnished with an especial view to
the requirements of a flrst-olass establishment. Energy
and a thorough adaptation to and knowledge of their busi-
ness hare seuured them a liberal patronage among the best
class of cltisens, and a steady and gradual increase in
trade has been the gratifying result. Their storeroom is
stocked with a full and complete assortment of foreign
and domeatio goods, embracing gents' fumUbings, cloth-
ing, staple and fancy groceries, crockery, boots and shoes,
etc. Iheir stock is kept in excellent order and condition,
and they are almost daily reoiving fresh goods, thus keep-
ing their steck thoroughly replenished with the freshest
and best class of articles. This firm has established an
enviable business reputation, and is justly entitled to higfi
position among tho leading merohants of Calgary.

W. H> KlnnUt^n, Bakery, Fruits. Confectionery
and Fanoy Qroceries, Stephen avenue East, Calgary, Alta.
— An important meroantilo enterprise which has found
C«l|i;ary a congenial centre for its operations is the fruit
«nd confectionery trade. Mr. W. II. Kinnisten, whoso
store is on Stephen avenue East, in the centre of the busi-
ness portion of the city, is favorably known as an exten-
sive wbole8.ile and retail dealer in foreign and domestic
fruits (California fruits a specialty), candies, nuts, etc.
Ho also has in stock a fine assortment of staple and fancy
groceries, embracing sugars, teas, coffees, cannod goods of

I all kinds, etc He Is prepare<l to supply In large or amall
quantities. Thia business was founded in IHH4 by the pres-
ent proprietor, and fn>m the very start has proved a auo-
I cess Hnanciiiily. Purconally popular and thoniughly
! underatandlng the datnilnof the business, the prospeols for
a steudy di'vuUpmont of Mr. KInniston's trade In the
I future are of the moat I'avnrablo chnraoter. Ho al<o runs
j a flrst-olusa bakery in cunneetiim with the business.

DnvldHon Broa.i Jewellery, etc., Stephen avenut,
Calgary, Alta.— Aaong the various and extensive growing
industries of the Northwest which exercises an important
inlluenoi' upon our gonoral trade, there Is none perhaps
occupying a more prominent position than the Jewellery
trade. Among the enlerpriaing and popular firms In this
line ia that of Measrs. Davidson llroa., whose elegantly
fitted up eatabliihment la on Stephen avenue, a few doors
uiMt of tho Hoynl Hotel. T lis house has been established
four years, and by strict attention , coupled with a straight-
forward system of honorable dealing, they have built up
a large, prosperous and permanent trade, both in Calgary
tnd the surrounding country. The premises ooouiiied are
admirably nrrangi^d and equipped with every appliance
and facility for tho transacting of business. Thoy carry a
large and valuable stock of diamonds, gold and silver
watches of all makes and styles, ladies' i>nd gentlemen's
Jewellery and electroplate of nil kinds. Ileing direct im-
porters, they aro able to otl'or advantages to cuatomers
which aro hard to duplioato elsewhere. Only tho best and
most reliable goixh are kept in stock, and thoy are oR'ered
at the lowest prices. The members of this firm are
Messrs. C. N. Davidson anil A. A. Davidson, gentlemen of
high standing and sterling integrity, honorable and fair In
all transactions.

A. Orniil, Hardware, Stoves and Tlnwaro, Stephen
avenue west, Calgary, Alta.— Popularly, the term hardware
is understood to embrace all the unclassified manufactures
of iron and steel, including all the appendages of the
mechanic arts, from a file to a mill-saw ; many of the
lesser articles used in ordinary lifo from a rat-trap to a
ohnrob bell, articles as various in appearance, site and uses
as oan well be conceived. There aro no miscellaneous
hardware manufactories in Calgary, but the want is
supplied by such establishments as the houae which is the
subject of this article, in whose stock will bo found every
article made in the great Eastern and foreign manu-
factories, and their products are sold at factory prioes. Of
the firms in this city dealing in hardware and cutlery, none
are more prominent or on a firmer basis than the house of
Mr. A. Qrant, who is carrying forward a large business in
this line on Stephen avenue. Tho business was established
in 1887; prior to that time Mr. Grant was a partner of
B. R. Rogers, under the firm title of Rogers k Grant. The
enterprise and excellent business capacity of this house*
has not only had a marked effect upon the trade, bat
largely increased his own business. His place of business
is 32 by 80 feet in dimensions, consisting of two floor? and
basement, cut stone. This house compares well with any
in the line of hardware in the North-west and stands in
the front rank of business houses in Calgary, not only in
regard to the quality of stock and extent of business
transacted, but also for energetic, enterprising and system-
atic business habits. He deals in general hardware for all
purposes, buildeis, mechanics, architects, etc., such as
saws, forks, shovels, files, locks, edge tools, springs and
spring steel, rasps, nuts, etc. He makes a specialty of fine
cutlery, scissors, knives, razors, butchers tools, etc., and in
this he can give particular inducement to country buyers.

CAKIARY.

188

■ •a«-
Iffhly
■■for

th*

I rum

Thoroufhljr noqiinlnted with liii kutlneM kiiil lli rcquira-
menli, iiikI with faollltloi* of the hlirhfltt unlor, umiilo
oaplUI mid iin'nriiliihvd a»r<><ir> ha hiu Koqiitred a puiltliMi
in thia ooiniiiiiiilty thiit fuw flriiii xo wall deaervo, hihI m ii
dMirable liouae with whioh to eatnbllah M'xwhlg «iid
liroflUblfi relatlnnr, It hM no auparlor.

John Nli«r|tle«, Whnloaitia nnd Kntall FIniir, I'oed
and Provlii|(>iiii,Ht«ph«n avenue Kut. Calgiiry. Altii.— It li
lDt«r«atln( to oontein plate the nmgnltude whIoh the flour
itnd pruvlalon trndc hiw attuinud in thia ooiintry, when
oomparvd with tho iltnit to wiiloh It waaolrouniaaribod n
few ycnra attn. I'roljiibly no buainvna ha« had a more rapid
growth, iind thia inorviiHii muat he lurgoly mcribod to the
enterpriau nml olTorta of tlinao <]4>nniiatud with tlie triide,
and wlio liavn uiiidu ita cxtenalon a life-atudy. One nt tho
moit widely known iind auoaoaaful houaoi In thia lino, la
that of Mr. John S^harplva. Thia buainoaa wui oatiibliahod
In 1887, and hiu attained proiHirtlona of great extent, lie
if a whoUiale and mtall dealer In flour, feed, beef, ham,
baeon, lard, and vugetnblea of nil kinda, Mr. Shnrplita'
plaoe ii eiiuippod with the moat Improved upplianoea, and
hia facllitiei for trunauoting buaineaa are of a atrlotly flnt-
olau ohamolur. lie dova a large wholeaale aa well aa
retail bualne>a, niiiking a apeoialty of aupplyihg tho towns
and railway weat, and In tho uiountalnH, in the proroptoat
and moit aatiafactory manner. He la highly eateemed a«
an energetio, olear-headud buainoaa man,

I. fl> Frccae A Co.. (Jioeoriei and Provialona,
Clothing and donti' Furniahinga, Boota and Shoea and
Crookorywaro, etc., Stephen avenue, Culgary, Alta —
This buiinneaa wiui eatubliahod in tboapringof 188,'), on tho
old town lite euKtof the Elbow river, and waa tho ilrat lo-
cated on the 0. P. R. aito upon ita Introduction to market.
Merit Invariably tolla, and the growth of tlioir buaineaa
eventually neooaaitated their removal in 1887 from thuir
original atund, on Atlantic avenue, to their preaont
eligible premiaea, apeoially erected by Mr. Freeze, to meet
the requirementa of the flrin, and conaidered one of the
handaomeat apeolmena of bualneaa architecture in the
city. The building ia of atone, 28x64 feet In dimenaiona,
two etoriea in height, with boaement full iife, and baa an
ornamental front, with an elegant cornice aurmounting the
whole. The Ibuaineas ia carried on both wholeaale and re-
tail, and extenda throughout the city and province of Al-
berta, as well aa Into Uritlah Columbia. Thia eatabliah-
ment ia destined to a oonatant inareaae of trade, and will
thus contribute to the credit of the city as a baaia of aup-
plioa. The eoncluaion la but the legitimate deduction
from the ability which charucteriiea its bualneas policy
and operations. Mr. Freeze, the senior partner of the
firm, was born in New Brunswick in 1847, and carried on
a suoceaaful business while there. Mr. Robertson was
bom in Ontario in 18S0, and ia a popular member of a
large olrole of business and social communities.

C»lc»r7 Townalte Avenejr.— This important
agency is held by Mr. W. T. Kamsay, one of the oldest
residents of Culgary, Mr. Ramsay having beeji sent up to
Calgary by the C.P.R. Townsite Trustees, in August, 1883,
to look after their interests in the Townsite. At that
time, Calgary had only a small collection of shacks and
tents, and a floating population, consisting chiefly of rait-
way employees, of about 30O, all of which were on the
east side of the Elbow river. In January, 1884, the
O.F.R. put their property in the market, and although
there was no boom of any kind, the sale wa° a great suc-

a«si. Their aulea havp kept improving, and what wua the
bare pralr'.a n fpw yeara ago, in now covered with fln*
atone and brick alorua mid ninny linndKonio rfaldciinei,
with a population of uvi<r S.IIOI. (Irrnt i-redlt ia dux Mr.
Kainaay for the vnry credllililn manner In whioh h« hM
handled the tlTaira of the Townalte,

Thomaou Broa.. Hooka, Stullonery. Wall Paper,
Fanuy Oooila, Trnnka, Mualaal IriBlniineiila, .Toll Prlnliiig,
etc., Htophen avenue east, Oiilgnry, Alta.— Thia ilrm,
which was eatnlilinhed in the yeiir 1HK2 at PiirliiKo la
Prairie, and Calgnry in 1H8I, i' onu of the old and
thoroughly ropreaontatlvu Calirn houaca, and Ima for
years enjoyed a reputation In kbcping with ila oxtonalve
and inoreaaing bualneaa. The tirin ooouplea (ho Hpikoioiii
and comniodioua two atory building, which ia 211x7.5 feet
in dimenaiona and ia ailinirably arrnngcil for the iinniunaa
atock of goods which thoy carry. TliaHholvuaaiidoounlon
are loaded v<ilh llie worka of Ihn atandard niithora, and
with the leading puhlluationa of the priiioipal publiaht'n.
On a long line of lalilofl and coiiiilera, achool hooka nr«
atackod, and a more eoinplete linu of paper, blank books
and atationery cannot bo found in any weatorn honae.
The ahow c.iaes are lllleil with photngrnph albums and the
oholceat atyloa of fancy goods from the loading foreign
manufacturers. Tho compoaing room, prcaa room and
binding aro lociitod . the rear and aecond floor of the
main building. Tliey are alao dcahtra in muaioal inalru-
ments, etc. ThrouKhnnt the oatabliahmont tlioro pervades
a ayatem <if order and regularity which faoilitntua (he
transaction of buainoaa and niakoa the hou'e a pleanant
one to deal with. Tho faeilitioa are nf an unuaually uoin-
plete character, enabling the linn to nil the I'lrgeat orders
in the proiuplcat and moat aatiafnotory manner, and at
prices wliioh compare ino>t fnvorahly with eastern houaea.
The trade of the house extends throughout the Northwoat.
It is such flrins as thin that are recognized exponent), of
Culgary inorcantile enterpriao and capacity, and they well
deserve the suece»s thoy have attained. Measrs. J. A.
Thomson and M. P. Thomson aro the members of thil
firm, and aro highly oatcomed in commeroinl circles ug
energetio and hard working bualneas men. Thoy have an
establishment at Vancouver, B.C., which was started last
year.

■nnklr A Allen, Dry Ooods, Millinery, Clothing,
Qenta' Furniahinga, Boots and Shoos, Tailoring, Calgary,
Alta.— Of tho houscH engaged in the dry goodv trade, we
can with confidence assert that none in the city occupy a
position of higher rank, or one more entitled to consider-
ation, with reference not only to the high commercial
standard upon which its operations aro bused, but also to
the extent of business traneacted, and its influence in
commercial circles. Since ita establishment in 1884, by,
and under the style of Rankin ic Allen, this house has
always maintained a prominent position in the general
trade. The premises oooupied by them, so far as regards
facilities for the operation of their business, are all that
could be desired, being ample, oommodiuus and eligibly
situated, the building being a large two-storey cut-stone,
82 by 80 feet in dimensioj' erected by Messrs. Rankin
and Allen in 1887. This large business is thoroughly
organized into diflerent departments, each managed and
supervised personally by the proprietors, with thorough
and competent assistants. Here may be found at all
times, in their proper departments, dress goods, foreign
and domestic, woollens, Jeans, shawls, cloaks, and suit
goods, white and linen goods, prints and ginghams, also

,i
t

I'
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f
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as*
I' put >

184

THE NEW WEST.

Sannels and blankets, oarpeti and domoatio goodsi and a
varied and extensive stook of black and oolored silks,
satins and laoes. The mi'llnery, notion and hosiery
department ii a leading feature. The dress-making and
tailoring departments turn out the latest styles and
patterns. Eaoh department embraces a wide range of
textile fabrics, affording an opportunity for selection rarely
attainable outside of our large eastern cities. The mem-
bero of the firm are A. Rankin and A. Allen, both very
popular, who have made their house a pleasant one with
which to establish relations, and profitable, for no parties
understand better bow to secure for buyers, lower prices
on better terms. Cordially commending < liem to the trade
and publiC: and calling attention to their liberal manner
of doing business, and their resources, it may justly be
added, that ranking as it does amonj the first in the line
of its contemporariesi the establishment of Messrs.
Rankin A Alien commands the respect of the trade, ar.d
the highest consideration of the community at large.

Iilnton, Bros., Wholesale and Retail Books,
Stationery, Wall-paper, Fancy Goods, Sporting Qoods,
etc., Stephen avenue, Calgary, Alta.— This establishment
is very centrally located on Stephen avenue, twi doors
-east of the Royal Uotel, making this stand one of the
very best in the city. The store is well adapted for the
business, being admirably arranged in every particular
and presenting a neat and attractive appearance. They
carry a large and carefully selected stock, ombraciiig
every article usually found in a first-class establishment
of this kind. The stook embraces a large miscellaneous
'Collection of general first-class literature, classical and
modern, in addition to varied assortment of all kinds of
school books authorized for use in the North-west. They
have also on hand a fine stock of stationery of the best
quality, and in the latest styles and patterns, in fancy
and sporting goods, they do a large and constantly
increasing business, importing all the late novelties as
fast as they appear in the markets, The members of the
firm lire J. 0. Linton and T. B. Linton, establishing their
business at Rat Portage in 1883, and Calgary in 1884.
Calgary offered better opportunities for business, they
sold their Rat Portage establishment in 1886, and are now
devoting their whole attention to their rapidly increasing
business here. Messrs. Linton, Bros., possess business
qualiticsof a high order, and are honored and respected
by all who know them, for their strict integrity and high
character.

!^nl«8 & York, Butchers, and Cattle Dealers,
'ilcphcn avenue, Calgary, Alta.— The growth of the whole-
L . le h'-.d retail meat trade o( Calgary, has been very con-
s' lerabl of late yeurs. The firm of Messrs. Soulos and
\ "k e>-igaged m I'.is business here last year, and already
their tmde h<v. assumed very large proportions. This
resi i, is uireof.y ^ i ^'^blo to the fact that the members of
■'.. Grin thiirm^uiv !. , 'f'taud the business, and are good
J.ulgj. of boaf -at.;,!' . tt I (i'us are enabled to secure the
best n" fat* '':,t u .. ' .<r .-fit of their numerous customers.
The ^teu, <es >.<.>ui»icd by the firm are very commodious,
*nd cijiji -pwa : »!■. y. rv facility and appliance for the
ITai,; ■I'i^u ot ii. A.ietf. i'li-jy do a large wholesale and
reij' ii-\i . , ..dibering among their customers people
eai.t una vott on the line of the C. P. Railway, also a
large share of the citiiens of Calgary. They bave won an
excellent reputation for selling only the best quality of
meat, and always at lowest prices. Messrs. T. M. Soules
and A. York compose the firm, and during their residence

here they have gained the r«gard and respect of all who
have had business relations with them, and are fully
deserving of the success they have attained. Mr. T. H.
Soulos is the proprietor of a large cattle ranch, situated 'n
this district. This firm do an extensive business in
buying and selling cattle, all orders by mail or telegram
will receive prompt attention.

T. C. Power A Co., D. W. Marsh, Manager, Dry
Goods, Groceries, Crockery, Clothing, Boots and Shoes,
etc.,Stophon avenue west, Calgary, Alta.— In presenting
(oe the consideration of our readers, both at home and
abroad, historical and descriptive reviews of the great
industries and commercial enterprises of this vast country,
it is necessary and important to select representative
institutions and establishments, and consider more par-
ticular those whose successes have made them con-
spicuous, and gained for the proprietors positions
prominent in the mercantile history of the country, the
character of business men being often measured by their
success, reflecting in a certain ratio the credit and
reputation oi the community of which they are memben.
Tlie general store trade of this, or, in fact, any uounti>,
is one of the most important factors in the general make
up, and exercises an influence not out-measured by any
other branch "f trade. Twenty-four years ago, in 1864,
and it may be said in the infancy of the commerce of the
tben unknown North-west, the firm of T. C. Power <fe Co.,
was established at Fort Benton, Montana, they gradually
branched out, extending their onerations by establishing
branch stores throughout Montana, and in 1874-S they
located branches at Forts MoLeod andlWalsh in the North-
west Territory, the latter, upon the commencing of the
rail road, was removed to Maple Creek, and the former
discontinued in 1880. In 1883 they established a branch
at Maple Creek, and Calgary in in 1884. With regard to
so well-known a house, but little can be said that is not
already known of its importance as a mercantile
industry, and a detailed description is therefore un-
necessary, beyond giving the plain facts connected with
this, one of the largest and oldest houses in the North-
west. The business premises occupied by the firm are
located on Slophon avenue, and consist of a large two-
story brick building 25 by 82 feet in dimensions, while the
warehouse is 24 by S) foot in sise. Their facilities for
doing business and their superior qunlilioatior.s for its
management are unsurpassed by any house in the west,
while their experience and business sagacity can not be
excelled. They rank deservedly high among the success-
ful a)erchant8 of the North-west, and have built up one
of the strongest and best mercantile houses in the country.
Their establishment is both an honor to themselves and a
credit to the counto'-

A. Ferlnud A Co., General Merchants, Stephen
avenue west, Calgary, Alta.— The many advantages pos-
sessed by the city of Calgary as a commercial as well aa a
manufacturing centre cannot bo overlooked in an enumera-
tion of the principal mercantile points in the country,
with direct reference to the facilities and claims presented
by each. With all requisite facilities, unsurpassed by
those of her sister cities, Calgary has grown to be an im-
portunt commercial metropolis, and purohafen flrom
neighbouring towns and country are rapidly becoming
convinced of and conceding the fact that many important
articles and industrial products oan be purchaaed here as
low as in the large eastern cities, at a material saving of
time, freight and other incidental expenses worthy of con-

OALOARY.

185

II who

fully

T. M.

ited'D

988 in
egrom

«idorstion. In oonneotlon with the general store trade,
the bouN of Meurs. A. Ferland k Go. muat be men-
tioned a< one of the moit prominent, not only in this oity,
but in the West and Northwest. It is one of the pioneer
instilutioDS of this oity, established bock in the year 1883.
From a moderate capital and business at the outset, this
finn, by hard work, eoonomioal habits, business sagaoity
and honorable dealing, have acquired a position among
the leading oommercial houses of the country, and
present a splendid example of what industry and oareful
business diligence can accomplish. Conducted with every
advantage to be derived from an enterprising and stain-
less business policy, the success of this house has increased
with each succeeding year, until at the present time it
stands equal to any similar establishment in the West.
Their business extends throughout the Territories and into
the mountains, they having branch stores at Banff and
Oolden City. They corry a large and complete stock of
dry goods, groceries, crockery, clothing, gents' furnish-
ings, Canadian and American makes) of boots ard shoes
and everything pertaining to the general store trade. The
members of the firm ore Messrs. A. Ferland and C. Wat-
son. Closely identified with the progress and commercial
iidvancement of this country, enterprising, progressive
and in the first degrou honorable and liberal in their deal-
ings, this firm occupy a position equally honorable to
theuieolves and the community in which their house
originated.

IHnmb A Geddeii« Real Estate, Commission and In-
surance, Stephen nvenue east, Calgary, Alta.— Prominent
among our leading real estate and insurance firms is that
of .Messrs, Marsh k Geddes, who established themselves
over one year ago. Tliey carry on a general real estate
business, buying, selling and ozohangiog real estate, col-
lecting rents, negotiating loans, and taking full charge of
property for non-residents. Legal oontrncts and all
notarial business is promptly attended to, and every
branch of the business is conducted in the most efficient
manner. Their office is located on Stephen avenue, next
door to the Royal Hotel. Their books contain large lists
of very desirable property, both business and residential,
for sale and to rent, also acre property and farms. Their
ab(;tr.actsof title have always been regarded by bankers
and capitalists as perfectly reliable and conclusive. The
firm have had an extended experience, and are regarded
as reliable authorities upon present and prospective
vnlurs. and those intrusting interests to their charge will
derive advantages from the connection. The individual
members of this representative firm are Messrs. Geo. C.
Mar»h and J. D. Ueddos. This firm also do a general in-
!<nriince and commission business, dealing in cattle, horses
and real estate on commission.

W. H. Cnstaliiff, Planing Mill, Calgary, Alta.— There
is probably no city in this country presenting greater ad-
vantages and facilities to the manufacturcrr and dealers
in the lumber trade than Calgary. In a large and growing
city like this, men who are conversant with their business,
praotical in its details, and, withal, energetic and in-
dustrious, are important aoquisiuons to its progress.
Such a man, in an eminent degree, is Mr. W. H. Gushing,
possessing as he does a thorough understinding of the
various departments of h's business in a mechanical,
scientific and business roint of view. This establishment
was started in 188.5 by Jarrett k Gushing and carried on by
his firm until 1887, when Mr. Gushing assumed full
«harge. The mill is a two story frame structure, 40x70

feet ; the engine room, dry kiln and store roomi 30x30 feet.
Twelve to fifteen hands are constantly employed. The
mill is furnished with a twenty-five horse-power engine,
and all the most modem and best approved machinery for
planing mill purposes. He manufactures and keeps in
stock sash, doors, cornices, brockets, flooring, weather
boarding, moulding, newel posts, balusters, etc. His
straightforward, square manner of doing business entitles
him to a continuance of patronage.

W. Cwrroll, Merchant Tailor, Stephen Avenue. West,
Calgnry, Alta.— There is no longer a question as to the pro-
priety of the employment of a competent merchant tailor,
with those who appreciate properly fitting garments.
Clothes made for nobody in particular never fit anybody
properly. One of the most popular establishments of this
kind in the city is that of Mr. W. Carroll, whose place of
business is situated on Stephen Avenue West. Ue will b«
found a pleasant and reliable gentleman to transact busi-
ness with, ond os he is o first-class and experienced cutter,
and employs none but first-class workmen, you are assured
perfect fitting and well made garments ; this, he is at all
times prepared to guorantee. His stock of goods embraces
fine cloths, English and French oossimers, and all the
most popular styles for coots, pants, vests or suits. He
carries a large stock, which is constantly being replenish-
ed from the most reliable manufacturers and importers in
the country. This business was founded in 1887, and has
been successful ever since its commencement, and will
undoubtedly 'ontinue to gain in popularity, as the excel-
lent quality of goods and work becomes more generally
known. The facilities of this house fo>' desiniblu goods,
neat fits and low prices, are unsurpassed by any other
tailoring establishment in the oity.

Tbe Frontier Stablest W. U. Ford, Proprietor,
Stephen Avenue West, Calgary, Alta.— One of the oldest
and most widely known livery, board, feed and sale stables
in Calgary, and one which to-day enjoys a large and in-
fluential patronage among the best class of citixens, it
that conducted by Mr. W. H. Ford, and situated on
Stephen Avenue. The promises occupied consist of a sub-
stantial and spacious building, which is admirably ar-
ranged, well ventilated, and equipped throughout with
every facility and convenience for the transaction of busi-
ness, ample stall room being afforded for one hundred and
twenty-five horses. Mr. Ford does a general stabling
business. He keeps on hand for hire, handsome coaches,
carriages, buggies, sleighs, cutters, etc., he also has a num-
ber of fine riding horses. He also buys and sells horses,
and in this branch does an extensive business. The stable
has telephone connection with all parts of the city, and
orders will receive prompt and satisfactory attention.
Mr. Ford has been engaged in this business for many yearst
and during his long and busy career has sustained on ex-
cellent reputotion for s'erling integrity and honorable
dealing. For a fine turnout, and at moderate price, Mr.
Ford's stable is the place.

McTnTlata BroH.. Carriage Manufacturers and Block-
smithing, Stephen Avenue Bast, Colgory, Alta.— As in
most of the other lines of mechanical art, so in the car-
riage manufacture and horse-shoeing trade, only a com-
parative few attain to any thing approaching a high de-
<!reo of skill. Those who do, however, find no difficulty
\n building up a large business. Such are Messrs. Mo-
Tavish Hros., whose establishment is situated on Stephen
Avenue. The premises occupied ore large and spaoiousi

■■t^

I' J

186

THE NEW WEST.

admirably arranged and equipped with all the latest and
moat improved mnohinery neceuary for the transaotion
of buiinets. They manufacture all.kinds and styles to
order, of carriages, buggies, waggons, sleighs, etc., also
repairing and horse-shoeing; none but first-olass work-
men are employed. As might be expected, the trade is
very large and i<< constantly increasing, the uniform satis-
faction rendered being the chief element contributing to
the large measure of prosperity they now enjoy. This
business was est'blished in 1886, by Messrs. A. R. Mc-
Tavish and A. MoTavish, the present proprietors. They
hare, through their honorable dealings, gained the respect
and confidence of their fellow-oitiiens and the community
at Inrge.

Windsor House, J. Donohue, Proprietor, Atlantic
avenue, West Calgary, Alta.— This handsome structure
occupies an admirable site, facing the Railway Passenger
i^tatiun,and has the best arrangements, t only for the
convenience and comfort of guests, but foi the ez:ellent,
economical and systematic performance of the necessary
labor to conduct so extensive an establishment. The
Windsor is a three-storey b-ick building, 2tx 122 feet in
dimensions. There are in the building forty-three sleep-
ing rooms, besides suites of gentlemen's and ladies'
ptirlors, all furnished with an eye both to the taste and
comfort of the guests. The cooking department is such as
to meet the wishes of even the most fastidious. No inland
hotel in the country is better prepared, orfurnishes atable
that for cleanliness, excellence of its cooking and the sea-
son's luxuries surpasses the Windsor. A still greateradvan-
tnge it has in having at its head Mr, J. Donohue, who,
since 1883, when he started the hotel business here, has
been catering to the public, and whose qualifications as a
host are excelled by none in the land ; frank, genial and
with true ideas of hospitality, he gives to the hotel more
varied and greater advantages than can be enjoyed else-
where. The bar is stocked with the best imported and
domestic cigars, and also all kinds of Northwest drinks.
There is also a large billiard-room and pool-room in con-
nection with the house.

O. T. DaiiCMn, Harness, Saddles, etc., Stephen avenue,
West Calgary, Alta.— An industrial review of this enter-
prising city would be far from complete which omitted
permanent mention of the w-'dbly known house which is
made the subject of the present sketch. This business was
founded by Mr- 0. T. Duncan in 1887, and at present a
large and complete stock is carried of the far famed pro-
duction of the establishment. The quality of the goods,
which fact, in connection with the fair and equitable
methods which will ever characterize its management,
give it an enviable reputation in the trade, and consequent
extensive and prosperous business. Ue makes a specialty
of the famous stock saddle, for which be took the first
priieat last year's agricultural exhibition. Mr. Duncan
is thoroughly versed in all the details of this enterprise,
and the efforts of his energetic and able management are
already shown in the trade.

E. C. Holbrook, Surgeon-Dentist, Stephen avenue
West, Calgary, Alta.— In all the human anatomy there are
no parts which can give greater comfort or cause more
inconvenience and pain than the teeth. So necessary in
themselves as an important part of the great whole, it is
surprising that there is no part of the human system that
meets with such utter neglect. Five minutes in every day
spent in cleansing the teeth is all that is required for one

of the greatest oomforts of life, and yet how few there ar»
who give even a thought to them. If those who neglect
their teeth only knew how ugly they look, and how dis-
agreeable the person owning them becomes to friends and
family alike, assuredly they would devote some attention
to them. A decayed tooth makes an unpleasant breath,
and there is nothing can be more disagreeable than this,
and how easily prevented I Would parents for a moment
stop to think of the misery they must cause their offspring
by neglecting their teeth, they assuredly would give more
attention to them. Every person's teeth should at least
be examined once every six months, not by any one
claiming to be a dentist, but by those who are known to be
such, and who enjoy the confidence of the public. Such a
gentleman and dentist heads this article. Beinga regular
graduate in the College of Dental Surgery at Ann Arbor,
Michigan, he has a thorough knowledge of all that per-
tains to his profession. His roonns are splendidly located
overO. n. Riley's store, and are among the most elegant
and commodious in this city. His charges are moderate,
and his uniform tenderness toward his patients makes it
almost a pleasure to put oneself in his hands. The doc-
tor's success, which has been remarkable, is almost as
much due to the latter fact as to his knowledge of his
profession. The implements which he uses in the daily
prosecution of his business are of the latest and most im-
proved styles, and the material used in either making
decayed teeth as sound as new and manufacturing false
sets is of the best to be procured, and his work will last as
long as life. These facts recommend him most highly to
those in need of dental aid*

J. F. Olnnvill« A Co., Clothing and Oents' Fur-
nishings, etc., Stephen Avenue West, Calgary, Alta.—
There is no branch of business requiring more energy,
executive ability and mercantile knowledge than the
clothing trade. As a distinct line of commercial industry
in this country, there are fiw pursuits in which more
capital is invested or more persons employed. One of
the largest houses in the city devoted to the cbthing trade
is the clothing establishment of Messrs. J. F. Olanville Sc
Co. This firm occupy commodious quarters, which is filled
with a complete stock of coats, pants, vests and overcoats,
one of the best assortments of ready made clothing in the
city ; also a fine assortment of gents' furnishing goods, a
place for a man to attire himself in a gentlemanly manner,
and at the same time secure the full value of his money.
This firm began business in 1837, and since then their large
and rapidly increasing trade is sufficient and stronger evi-
dence in their favor than any we can ofi'er. In the various
departments this house has already acquired a reputation
not excelled in this section for excellence, oheapness aad
variety, and in style, make and quality, as well as all
points that are essential in a perfect fitting, well made
suit. All transactions of this house are characterised by
liberality and square-dealing, and they are justly entitled
to the high position they have achieved for themselves by
the exercise of integrity and the commercial ability which
they have displayed. The members of the firm are J. F.
Qlanville and T. R. Olanville.

C»raoii A Riley, Harness, Saddles, Bridles, etc.,
Stephen Avenue East, Ct^gary, Alta.— In reviewing the
rarious industries of this busy city, it is not only those
mammoth establishments which demand our attention,
but all enterprises which give employment to skilled
labor or furnish a field for the investment of capital, and
thus add in any way to the mercantile proiperity of the

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KOVAL HOTEL, CALGARY.

FREEZE BLOCK, CALGARY.

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CALOARY.

187

«ity. In thii eonneotion ipeoisl mention thoald be made
of the popular and well equipped eatablisliment of Mewn.
Canon A Ritey. Their factory ii equipped with, all the
neoeaiary applianoei and tools, employment being fur-
nished to aevoral skilled workmen. They mannfaoture
all kinds of double and single harness, saddles, bridles,
ete., and are dealers in blankets, whips, nets, robes, oto.,
etc., and their goods are equal to anything the market
affords, being made from the best materials ami in the
most perfect manner. Their facilities are such that they
can execute all orders in the promptest and most satisfac-
tory manner, and at prices which will compare favorably
with those of any house in the trade. The members of
the firm are Messrs. A. Carson and W. J. Riley, both
honorable, liberal, and fair in all transactions, and they
well merit the suooess they have achieved. They make
a specialty of stock saddles.

O. E. jMrqncst Watchmaker and Jeweler, Stephen
Avenue West, Calgflry, Alta.— This well known house
traces its existence back to the day when Calgary was a
mere village of two or three business houses, and years
before she was incorporated. Founded by Mr. Jacques in
1881, it has the advantage of having no superior in this
country. Mr. Jacques is one of our best known business
men, and has carried with him that popularity which he
has so Justly earned. Doing a wholesale and retail busi-
ness, he has the best selected stock in the market, such as
he knows will please his numerous patrons, and he has
succeeded in securing a trade that must eventually prove
of a moat remunerative character. Mr. Jacques has all
the elements of success to hnek him in his business, popu-
larity and the thorough confidence of his customers. His
stock of diauionda, gold and silver watches, silver and
plated ware, jewelry, clocks, etc., will compare favorably
with that of any similar establishment in this section.
He is a courteous gentleman, gifted with a high degree of
ability, energy and industry, and his establishment ranks
as one of the representative institutions of the city. Mr.
Jacques makes a specialty of repairing, having quite a
reputation in this work all along the G. P. Railway.

Boome * ]H»7« Photographers and Landscape Ar-
tists, McTavish street, Calgary, Alta.— This commodious
gallery and handsome parlor, of which Messrs. \V. H.
Boome and E. O. May are the proprietors, occupies a
whole building on McTavish street, rooms being devoted
to the taking of negatives and printing of positions, etn.,
other rooms for receiving patrons and for the display of
the beautiful specimens of excellent work. They also
have another house where the finishing is done. Pictures
taken by the mosi modern processes of photography, by
which the features of the very young and aged are easily
caught with the most surprising life-like rapidity. They
make a specialty of landscapes, sceneries (embracing a
fine collection of mountain views along the C.P.R.), build-
ings, interiors, muobinery, architecture, etc.; also groups
of societies, clubs and parties, their work being among the
most perfect in the city. And such is their knowledge of
posturing, grouping, light and shade, the effect of colors,
the action of chemicals, etc., that they are enabled to
turn out masterpieces of this most wonderful of the
practical sciences. Parties desiring sittings of mountain
scenery views will do well to patronise this establishment,
as all work turned out by them is of a first-class character.
Thr, views that represent Calgary in this book were taken
by this firm.

F«rcaM>a A Bf «Mnr<ry, Groceries and Prorisiona,
Stephen avenue west, Calgary, Alta.— One of the most
enterprising establishments which is our province to men-
tion in connection with the industries and buainess in-
terests or Calgary is that of Messrs. Ferguson & McMurtry,
dealers in staple and fancy groceries, crockery, etc. This
business was established in 1887 by the present proprietors.
Bnergy and a thorough adaptation to their business aoon
gave them liberal patronage among the best class of
oitisens, and a steady and gradual increase in trade has
been the result. They carry a large stock, which is kept

excellent order and condition, and they are in frequent
receipt of fresh goods, keeping their stock thoroughly re-
plenished with the freshest and best class of articles for
house and table use. They keep in stock all kinds of
family and fancy groceries, flour, coffees, teas, sugars,
syrup, canned goods, soap, oil, fish and a general assort-
ment of sundries . Their shelving and counters are loaded
with as choice a selection of goods as can be found in the
city, and at as popular prices. The memt>ers of the firm
are Messrs. J. R. Ferguson and J. H. McMurtry, gentle-
men who are reliable, energetic and trustworthy, and
having established an enviable business reputation, they
are eateamed by all who know them. This firm is also
agents for Blackwood Bros., soda and mineral waters,

i. S. nooglaa A Co., Fmits and Fancy Oroceries,
comer McTavish street and Atlantic avenue, Calgary,
Altn.— Among the first-class fruit and family grooery
establishments' of Calgary, we wish to call attention to
that of Messrs. J. S. Douglas A Co. This model business
was established in 1887, previous to that time Mr. Douglas
was a member of the firm of Kinniston 3c Douglas. Since
starting here he has by natural ability and enterprise
built up a flourishing trade ; prudence and good judgment
in buying soon attracted custom, and his business as-
sumei very gratifying proportions. He retails foreign and
domestic fruit, staple and fancy groceries of the purest
and freshest quality, and in these goods oan offer special
inducements. He attends personally to his business,
giving to it his entire time and energy, which is the only
sure method of doing business- His store is recognised as
reliable, where purchasers not only get the worth of their
money, but are supplied with first-class goods. His stock
is ample, and is being constantly replenished ; his assort-
ment of coffees, teas, sugars, ayraps, canned goods, glass
goods, etc-, cannot be surpass;;) in the city. He has
achieved a notable success in bis business, of which he is
in every way worthy, having accomplished it by big own
unaided and well directed efforts.

A. J. Rosa, Photographer, Stephen avenue East, Cal-
gary, Alta. — One of the most ^enterprising and popular
photographers in the Northwest is Mr. A, J. Ross, whoae
gallery is located on Stephen avenue, nearly opposite the
Royal Hotel. He started here in 1886, and, by strictatten-
tion, coupled with excellent work at reasonable prices, he
has built up a large and prosperous business. His gallery
is equipped with the most impioved apparstus for taking
photographs by the instantaneous process, and all work
leaving his establishment is finished in the best style of
He brings to bear vast practical experience, having been
in the business for years. He is a courteous gentleman,
liberal and fair in all transactions and well deserving of
the success he is achieving.

J. 8. Maekle, Onnsmith and Sporting Qoods, Stephen
avenue East, Calgary, Alta.— Mr. M»okia,the proprietor of
this establishment, has carried on this business in Calgary

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188

THE NEW WEST.

Binoe 1886. Being a thoroughly praotloal meohanle, per-
f eotly oonvenant (rlth hla business and Its details, being
also onergetio and enterprising, It oannot be wondered at
that his trade has steadily inoreased. The reputation of
hli goods stand high, both for workmanship and roliabillty.
Those who have oocasion to deal with him will always be
treated with courtesy and dealt with In the most upright
manner. He fills all orders entrusted to him promptly,
giving enoh and every article turned out of his oonoornhis
ponfonal attention and supervision. This is the largest
gun establishment in the Northwest. Ho manufactures
and keeps in stock all kinds of breeoh-loading guns,
revolvers, ammunition, fishing tackle, outlery and all
kinds of sporting goods. With undoubted skill and ex-
perience and unequalled facilities, Mr. Mackie can offer
inducements to the trade that oannot be surpnwed.

J. Win. Cockle, Taxidermist, Stephen avenue east,
Calgary, Alta. — The art of taxidermy is one that mast
commend itself to all persons of refinement and culture.
As we observe the light-winged inhabitants of the air
flitting joyously by, we oannot fail to admire, and admir-
ing we wish for some means to preserve and perpetuate
their beauties when Death shall have claimed them for
his own, and but for the taxidermist they otherwise would
have mouldered away into nothingness. Mr. Oookle
established his present business in 1885, and from the start
it baa grown to large proportions. His salesroom is ad-
mirably situated on Stephen avenue, where he has on ex-
hibition a largo quantity of specimens of his skill as a
taxidermist. Beasts, birds, fish and reptiles are mounted
and preserved in the most artistic style. Mr. Cookie can
stuff anything on sea or land, from the tiny jeweled hum-
ming bird that glances by like a thine of light, to the

ponderous elephant from his native junglat In the East.
All are alike to him, and so perfect and life-Uko are hit
specimens that we almost expect to hear the birds warble
their sweetest songs. Mr. Cockle has tome beautiful
specimens of buffaloe' heads, deer, mountain sheep, moosa
and elk heads, also a large variety of stuffed beasts and
birds for sale. Parties living abroad will do well by oon-
sulting him before purchasing elsewhere.

F. J. eiKxton, Fruit, Gonfeotionery and Bakery,
Stephen avenue east, Calgary, Alta.— In a complete review
of the varied manufacturing and business interests of tfae
city, is the establishment of Mr. F. J. Claxtun, whioh it
entitled to special notioi id a prominent position. Thil
business was established in 1883 (being one of the pioneer
establishments of Calgary), with but moderate capital, but
owing to his practical knowledge of his business, hit in
dustry, frugality and unremitting attention, his business
has shown a steady and gratifying increate. The store it
stookeil with a large and complete assortment of foreign
and domestic fruits, making a specialty of California
products, nuts and fancy confectionery in all stylet and in
endless profusion, also fresh bread, pies, cakes, eto. The
various articles manufactured at this establishment are
noted for their exoellenoe and purity. This house also
runs wagons, supplying families and hotels with bread,
employing practical bakers, and having unsurpassed fa-
cilities for this part of his business, enables him to give
unbounded Katisfaotion. The entire establishment is
fitted up in a most thorough and complete manner and will
take rank with any similar business in the country. This
gentleman is an energetic, active business man, thoroughly
conversant with his business, and stands high in the mer-
cantile community.

811

V fO*

THE GREAT MACKENZIE BASIN.

189

THK GRKAT MACKENZIE BASIN.

The tiret official knowledge which the BritiHh Governmont gained of the value
of the ooantry thoy had acquii-od through Wolfe's conqueHt of Quebec, was that by
which the French monarch characterized its loss — " a few leagues of snow," and it is
curious to notice the changes in the estimates of its value wrought by the various
influences at work since that time. From the Ontario peninsula to the eastern sea,
and belt of fifty or sixty miles was thought, twenty-five years ago, to comprise all
the cultivatable land of tiio British American Provinces. Men who went as far as
Sault St. Marie and the sources of the Ottawa were considered hardy explorers, who
risked life and limb for the sake of minerals or timber ; and it was only when
confederation became to bo discussed that the scientific reports of Hind and Dawson,
Palliser and Hector, and the practical accounts given by Buckingham, Gold well, and
Schultz attracted attention, and the question began to bo asked, whothor these men
were more than dreamers of dreams, when they spoke of a vast inland prairie sea,
over which roamed millions of buffalo, fattening upon the gr^ssos and vetches of a
soil as rich as that of the delta of the Nile. The lands of this . ^h western domain
were the Hudson's Bay Company's, whose interest it was to keep it as a fur "preserve,
aud whose astute managers, warned by an enquiry into the advisability of abrogating
their powers thirty years ago by the Imperial House of Commons, had only retained
thoir exclusive rig'its by giving evidence going to show that the country was unfit
for cultivation, as the frost never left the ground, and judiciously closing all com«
munication with Canada b}'^ abandoning the Kaministiquia (afterwards Dawson)
route, and dealing entirely with Britain through Hudson's Bay. The last stand of
these traders was their connivance J with Kiel in his first rebellion, the putting
down of which not only quashed their hopes, but, attracting that attention to the
country which eventually built up our inter-oceanic railway, has enabled Manitoba
to at once take front rank among the wheat producirg countries of the world, and to
present the unequalled spectacle of 12,000 farmers producing fourteen million
bushels of cereals on a cultivated acreage equal to only a little over one-quarter of
the road allowance area of the Province. The Saskatchewan rebellion of 1885 drew
prominent attention to the fact, that there was good land as fai* north as the
Saskatchewan, thraugh which that river ran, an almost uninterrupted course from
west to east, from the Bocky Mountains to that great inland sea, Lake Winnipeg.
Thus has the "few leagues of snow" expanded into a belt of cultivable land from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, fitted for the homes of many millions of people, and giving
Canada the i-ight to be fully considered an auxiliary kingdom, as she had, even
before these vas' additions of territory, being considered the brightest je\^l in the
British Crown.

It has, however, been I'eserved for a gentleman, a Manitoban, in thought, and
woid and deed — to disclose the agricultural, mineral and other resoui'ces of a part of
the Dominion but little known, and that little to those whose interest it was to keep
their knowledge a secret, inasmuch as on prairies with so rich a soil and so mild a
climate, that its rank grasses and vetches concealed from view and made difficult of
pursuit the "wood buifalo," the last of the bison family on this continent, and
through wooded areas, whose evergreen and other trees of the lai-gest kind, there
roam the sable, the silver, black and cross fox, the fisher, lynx, and other animals

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140

THE NEW WEST.

which yield an English company ho great a revenue at its annual Baloa at home}
while tlie great liikea, rivors, and st roams of the region produce the otter, beaver,
mink and muHquieli, which are undisturbed nave by the canoe of the voyager, till
they ai*e called upon to yield their rich covering to the trapper and hunter, to f^irnish
an artificial winter one to beauty and faHhion, through the medium of the Hudson's
Bay Company at thoir London Hales. Naturally enough, it was not in the interest of
the officers who controlled this last great fur preserve of the world to disclose what
they knew of its fur and other resources.

The powerful influence of a parliamentary committee has, however, within a
year, been brought to bear upon the question, and thoir enquiry, conducted with
singular abilit}' and skill in collecting and condensing information, has surprised
even the Canadian press, and startled that of Groat Britain, by a report upon the
resources of the great Mackenzie Basin, which waH unanimously adopted by the
Dominion Senate at itH last session. This addition to our knowledge of the resources
of Canada comes a little in advance of that which has become known of a vast area
in Northern Asia, access to the confines of which has Just been had by the opening
of a new line of Siberian railway, containing wheat lands, mines and minerals, the
value of which might have given the Russian Bear some advantage over the British
Lion in the extent of territory in the northern cereal zone of the world, but that can
now never be, and it needs but a hasty perusal of the following extracts from the
re]K)rt of which Senator, now Lieutenant-Governor Schultz, was chaiiinan, to show
that through Manitoba, which must always bo the portal to this vast domain, must
flow the commerce of a region, which, while not at present available, and which may
not 1)6 until eveiy arable acre is tilled in Manitoba, yet in future years, westward
and far north-westward, the star of Canadian Empire will take its woy.

This Senate report contradicts, for all time to come, the belief that our Confede-
ration of Provinces is, agriculturally, but a slight fringe of arable land along the
United States border, for we know that, vast as are the agricultural resources of the
country along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway betweer. Winnipeg and the
mountains, yet this fertile stretch is but the base of a cone-shaped tract as large as
two or three European kingdoms, and out of which may be carved grain-growing
provincee enough to make the Dominion the granary of the world. This vast, newly
discovered region is equally rich in forests and mines, and the lake area, which is
equal to that of the Canadian-American chain of lakes, teems with fish of the best
northern varieties. Along its shores are captured nearly two-thii-ds of the seals,
narwhals and walrus of commerce, and oft" its coast, in its straits and around the
shores of the most eastern of the islands of the Arctic archipelago, u'-e killed nearly
all that are taken of the fast diminishing schools of " right " or " sperm " whales.
The heart of this vast region forms the last fur preserve of the world, all of the rich
furs of commerce being there found, and many of them, as the musk-ox and wood
bufl'alo, being found nowhere else. It is from here that the rich sables, the fisher,
silver, black and cross foxes come, while the beaver, otter and mink are found with
their richest and darkest winter dress. Probably the largest petroleum deposit in
the world is there found, the extent of which, north and south, is known to be nearly
900 miles, and to have at one place a width east and west of 160 miles. The aurif-
erous area, taken with that of British Columbia, exceeds that of the United States,
and probably of any country in the world.

THROUGH THE ROOKIES.

141

The greatest river of the oontiDent — the llftokonzle — drains this great country,
and, with two brealcs only, ia navigable for over 2000 railos. There is reanon to
believe iilao that ihiM North American Amazon nuiy be entered by way of Bohring's
Straits and sea for at least four months in tl>o year, and its most southern navigable
waterH, the AthiibaMca River, — the Htoamor landing of which is only ninety miles
from Kdmonton, on the Saskatchewan — may bo navigated as long and as lato as that
great river-artery which drains itself into Lake Winnipeg, thus giving a complete
waterway from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Winnipeg — interrupted by only three
or four breaks — of nearly 3600 miles, through a region where is to be found coal,
gold, peti-oleum, salt, sulphur, gypsum, iron, lime and sandHtone, marble, brick pot-
tery and fire clays, salt and frewli water fish, large dosiduous and evergreen trees,
and some of the richest soil in all this favored land. Here in a vast stretch of
country, of which little or nothing was known until the other day — a country whOHe
dormant resources muHt some time add, in a boundless measure, to the wealth and
prosperity of the Dominion.

::»■

THROUGH THE ROOKIES.

Although separated from the reut of the Dominion by an apparontly impene-
trable barrier of rocks. Providence seomn designedly to have left a pathway by which
communication between the Pacific and the eastern provinces, which is easily obtain-
able, and the bonds of national union more closely drawn between the widely sepa-
rated members of the Canadian Confederacy. Nature has always a purpose in
everything, and in the awful upheaval of primeval days, when the Almighty, as if in
His terrible wrath, had twisted and tossed and distorted the earth, piling up huge,
shapeless, towering masses of rock irregularly, broken by abyssmal canyons an<i
deep gorges, through which, rushing and foaming, mad torrents ceaselessly pour, —
" a molten sea lashed into gigantic billows, which at the vbry height of the storm
had been suddenly petrified " — there was <v grand purpose in leaving at the eastern
rim of this sea of mountains a portal through which, centuries after, the greatest
civilizer the world ever knew could enter easily, and bear with it, through t1 o vast
solitudes of the cloud-touched rocks, the very elements of national greatness to a
young people in a new world, enable closer communion of the stui-dy Canadian
family, give an impetus to the rapid development of inter-provincial trade, and
«ntwine the union with a welcome bond, indissoluble and, let us hope, like the hills
it traverses, everlasting. To seek to found a g<'eat nation — as Canada's proud des-
tiny is to be — without the Pacific coast would ha^e been a hopeless task. A very
important factor would be wanting without a western seaboard, and while a mere
sentimental feeling of attachment to the old flag might possibly retain the provinces
in the Confederation, it required in this prosaic, matter-of-fact age more than a sen-
timent to consummate to the fullest extent the patriotic scheme which the political
leadera of Canada had devised. A great transcontinental railway was an imperative
necpssity, and, thanks to Canadian statesmanship, Canadian enterprise and Canadian
faith in the future of the country, it has been secured. Already the widespread
'. oneficial results of this great national undertaking are felt in a marked degree ; but
if even a venture were made to foretell the possibilities and probabilities of the

142

THE NEW WEST.

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(\ituro, BO boundleHH in thuir miiniticonoo aro thoy, that he who darod to portray
thorn would be written down ok a wild viHJonary or an idio dreamer.

Up through this poacoful valley oCtho bonutirul Bow, the iron horse wondu itn
way, and plungoH in among the ovoriuhtiiig hillH, ainidat which, like tthoeto of Hilvor,
smiles many a lovely lakelet, and leapn many a wild torrent by the iHJrdorti of beauti-
ful park-like onclosures. The approach to the rocenHea of the RockioK in an easy one
— a natural highway, — and the traveller finds himHolf at a high altitude after the
Kootbills aro pasHcd, without knowing that ho ban riHori many foot above the level of
the contiguous plains. Fifty leagues away to the oust the tlrst glimpse of the Rocky
.Vfountains in obtainod, Towardn the rising sun, the eye resta on nothing but a shore-
less ocoiin flfvorduro, the land and sky seem to meet; towards the sotting sun a
long, glittering line of silver marks tho furthermost limits of the wide plain. Like a
huge battalicm of body-giuirds of God, marshal lud in serried ranks from north to
south, as if to dispute tho approach ot man, tho grim rocks rise in their awful stu-
]>enduous grandeur, and make tho beholder fool his utter insigniflcanco and puny
iittlonoss. As tho traveller advancos, tho glorious landscape over changes. Tho
formb which tho mountains and tho clouds assume become moro beautiful and Htrango
und weird and fantastic. On either hand thoy so intermingle and blend, that in the
delicate haze — amber and roseate and golden at times — the lines of demarcation are
invisible. None but an Almighty could frame so wondroun a scene ; no brush in
human hands could paint it ever so clumsily ; no words could describe its dazzling
beauty. It is grand beyond conception — overpowering to tho senses — and subdues
one with mixed feelings of awe and wonderment — the sublime grandeur of the sur-
roundings being accentuated by tiio sudden and wide contrast between tho level
prairies and tho tumultuous masses of serrated and broken rock which reach upwards
and upwai-ds until they pierce tho very clouds. The contrast is as divergent as tho
poles — as the coral strands of India from Gieenland's icy niountains, of which the
good Bishop Heber sings in his grand old familiar missionary hymn. Here, in the
mountains. Nature has piled up her stately walls, planted her bastions, flung up her
taiTots and spires, and hung out her wardrobe of oriental splendor. Here she has
spread her banquets of health and beauty and poetry. All around in solemn majesty
stand tho overshadowing forests, with yawning chasm and dark ravine and roaring
canyon and beetling clifl'^tho t^ong of bird, the gcent of violet, the subduing, all-per-
vading sense of majesty and magnificence. In tho midst of this awful sublimity, th&
devout Christian's faith in the omnipotence of tho Creator becomes more strong and
steadfast, and the thoughtless mocker and sceptic and scoffer loses his infidelity and,
with bowed head and i-overont mien, becomes unconsciously impregnated with the
Christian faith : " 1 believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth."
And it is a the threshold of these mountains that the preaching of Christ's earnest
and faithli.l followers has reclaimed from paganism the once wild and barbarous
Stonies, who, but a few years before, surprised and slaughtered ruthlessly their wily
savage foe of tho plains. In a winsome vale, the Morleyvillo mission stands, a monu-
ment of Christian work and a remembrance that the grand old Sermon on the Mount,,
preached nearly two thousand years ago, has re-echoed in these western hills, and
been hoard by those groping in heathen blindness, to whom it has brought the
Light.

Entering the Gap, the rocky gateway through which tho Bow river issues from

THKOUOH THE UCKJKIEM.

148

the

the hilla, one Hndn himHolfin the Heart of the Rookiet— and before him are four other
rangeH: the SelkirkH, the ('iwcado, the Gold and the Coa«t — the !attor being partly
aubmerged in the Pacido ocean. The Hoeno Ih one of indoHcribublo grandeur. The
HonHOH are overpowered by the ideas of immenaity, titanic strength, adamantine
hurdnoHH and ondloeiB oxiHtonce which theno hugu coliectiona of rook ovoko. It in only
in Buoh a spot that the human mind can adequately comprehend theaublimo imagery
of the inspired writers who told of the " everltt8tin/^ hillH." The frowning peak8, at
times dark and gloomy and threatening, defying the oiemontH for ages |i,iHt, and to
defy them for ages to come, appal iind oppress one with their imraonHity — on the one
side faiitastioaily broken and castollatod heights — on the other, huge snow-mantled
monHtors. Beyond again, the Throe Histeix, loom up as if the long-gone builders of
the pyramidM of Egypt had crossed the ocean ages ago, and loft in this western land
those monumental traces of this wonderful work. Beyond this trinity again, the Bull's
Head is to be seen ; then Anthracite mountain, a spur of the Fairholme range, rich
with the coal its name indicates, rines impressively, and not far away is Banff, the
groat sanitarium which Nature has created and which man has sought to improve.
This is tho Nation's pleasure ground. The park is a national reservation, ton miles
in width and twenty -six in length, and embraces parts of the valleys of the Spray,
the Bow and the Cascade rivorn. In it, besides innumerable lakelets, is Devil's Lake,
whose fascinating loveliness belies its namo.

" Above us are snow-drifts

A liundred years old,

Btihind ua are placers wiih their pockets of |{old,

And mountaina of vullion that wonld whiten a uoou,

That would silver the face of the harvested moon ;

Beyond ua are oceana of ripple and gold.

Where the bread cast abroad

Rolls a myriad fold."

Such may be said of the National Park, which, of all tho lovely spots that gem
the surface of the great Northwest, stands without a rival. Though its fame has
flown far and wide throughout, perhaps, the entire civilized world, no charm of
artist's bush, or cunningly wrethed words from author pen's has given, or can give
anything approaching a just idea of its numerous attractions — it must be seen to be
comprehended. Those seeking for health came there each year, not only from all
parts of tho Dominion of Canada, but also from the Old World, and as each year
rolls on, old visitants as well as new ones, are captivated by some hitherto undis-
covered charms, and while Nature bewilders her admirers with her lavish beauty, yet
she keeps ever in reserve a wealth of attraction which is revealed only to those who
yield to her alluring spells, and loads them day by day into some fresh infatuation.
What was, but a very few years ago, the wild and unsubdued paradise of the red man,
and a few venturesome tourists from afar, who gazed upon its native wildness and
virginity, and felt the witchery of its spell, is now the objective pvnt toward which
thousands of the weary and sick, as well as the gay court of love, look with unallayed
pleasure in anticipation of a few weeks holiday to be spent there, indulging in health-
ftil pastimes and freed from the business cares of everyday life. Banff is no longer a
local resort, but with a sudden spring into favor, and a magic acquisition of all the
appliances necessary to minister to the comforts of human nature, and satisfy the most

: ; '1*

Hi' i';

144

THE NEW WEST.

exacting, it welcomes yeai'ly the thousands who have heaixl of it from afar, and been
drawn thither by its magnetic influence. Its chai*ms being their own interpreters,
need no other laudation, and tho day when it shall be known and sought by the pil-
grims of fashion and recreation from every corner of the globe, is i-apidly dawning
It is here that Natui-o brings forth in profusion her richest and most varied charms,
and the quiet recesses along the indentations, which are among its most remarkable
features, will ever preserve their characteristic wildness, and beyond what may be
desirable in the way of beautiflcation and adornment, the hand of man can never
undo what Nature, with such wonderful and unerring skill, has wrought. Dui-ing
the past two yeare, the Dominion Government has expended an immense amount
of money on the Pai*k which, by the way, was reserved frem settlement. In the
summer of 1886, Mr. Pearce, the inspector of mines, was appointed to enquire
into the claims of those who alleged they were the first white men on the
ground, and who, it is true, had made some little improvements on the rude manner
in which Nature had left the place, in the way of fencing in the cave and construct-
ing a stairway from the mouth to the ledge at the water's edge, erecting rough
shanties over the spot where the boiling stream bursts forth from Sulphur Mountain,
and " blazing " a road from the Canadian Pacific Railway ti-ack to the side of the
Bow Biver, on the north side, and continuing it on the south, up the side of the
mountain, to where the bath-houses were located. There were numerous " firot dis-
coverers," and a few who claimed ownei-ship by virtue of purchase fi-om the original
finders of the "wizard stream." From the time of the an-ival of the agent of the
Department of the Interior, those different parties were notified that no portion of
the territory within a certain radius of the sjiring could be taken up, as the Govern-
ment intended reserving it for the purposes of a post, and this, veiy naturally, gave
rise to a great deal of disappointment to those who had gone to some trouble and
expense, both in " fixing up " the baths and making accommodation for guests, and
in hunting up evidence in support of their claim. The evidence was very lengthy,
and, after consideration at Ottawa, those who established their claims in any respect
were compensated for what they had done. While the commission was sitting, a
party of men were sent out by the Government, under Mr. J. Stewart, C.E., and a
temporary boom bridge was soon constructed and swung across the Bow River from
the north to tie south side, doing away with the necessity of rowing across the river
in ordf r to gain the springs. This being done, a much larger force of men was
obtain 3d, and ;ia excellent roadway was made from the bridge up the side of the
mountain, a distance of nearly two miles. In the pioneer days, the hotel accommo-
dation not being adequate for all the invalids and tourists, many could be found all
around tlie vicinity of the springs, as well as on the other side of the river, living in
tents and log huts. All the time, preparations were being made for the erection of
a very large and handsome hotel, which is now completed, with capacity to accommo-
date over 300 guests, known as the " Canadian Pacific Railway Hotel." It is situated
in a lovely spot on the bank of the river, and ranks as the best hotel in the North-
west. As it is well kept, furnished throughout with excellent taste, and the menu
such as to more than satisfy the epicure, there is no wondering at the immense busi-
ness whicij it does. Another of the institutions of the park is Dr. Brett's "Sanita-
rium," a health resort, which is fitted out with all the modern paraphernalia required
for such a place, the guests being able to bathe in the sulphur fluid without the neces-

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sity of ti'avelllng up to the epringa, these wonderful curative waters being conduotod
from the mountain co the Sanitarium by means of pipes. The Sanitarium is under
the direct supervision of Dr. Brett, a physioian whose ability is well known through-
oat Manitoba. The doctor also has a staff of competent assistants, including another
medical doctor, to assist him in the work, which has grown to wonderful proportions
since the place was opened. The temporary bridge thrown across the river in 1886
has since been replaced by an iron structure, and in fbct the Dominion Government
has added, as far as possible, to tho natural beauty, or rather to make the beauties of
Banff accessible. There are also a number of residences erected at Banff, and several
fltores have been opened witUin the last two years. A number of residences are also
in oooi-se of erection. There is plenty of fishing and shooting here. It would be
difficult to mention another place in the " Great Lone Land " which unites in itself
so many attractions of so many different kinds as Banff, and the reason its scenic
beauties have been dwelt on with such ainlor is because they are so preeminently
distinguished, so different, not only in degree but in kind, from those of the average
resort, that they more than merit all that has been said of them. It lies in the
«entre of Nature's sanitarium, to dip in whose springs, and breathe in whose air, is
for the invalid and despairing one to take new courage and live.

Passing deserted mountain hamlets, once proHperous, but whose life-blood ebbed
Away with the passing of railway construction, the castellated turrets of Castle Moun-
tain, pointing skywaixls, remind one of some of the grand ancient castles on the Rhine,
or rather the home of Bome giant knight in the brave days of old, to be read of in
children's fairy stories. For fifteen miles, the sombi'e wall of this gigantic giant's
keep is a sheer precipice of 6,000 feet. At the summit of the Rockies, a large wooden
cross marks the dividing line between British Columbia and the District of Alberta,
and here is a miniature lake with no visible inlet or outlet. This is the Great Divide.
Fi*om here the waters which rise in the mountains above separate and flow to the
Pacific or to the Hudson's Bay. Here, too, is Mount Stephen — towering over eight
thonsand feet above the railway track, the highest peak in the range — and beyond.
Cathedral Mountain, grand past all conception, impresses one with its magnificent
presence. A perfect edifice — one so colossal that it seems as if it were built by divine
hands for the angels to woi-ship the Creator of the Universe and ceaselessly sing
Hozannahs to the E.jhest — and so magnificently beautiful— far out-rivalling and out-
dazzling the great temple at Jerusalem, that only the Great Architect himself could
ha ) devised and planned it. A fitting edifice for the celestial choir to chant the
pru.cies of Him — a shrine at which a world could worship — a sanctuary, from which,
at the last supreme day, cou.ld issue forth the sound of the Great Amen !

The scene changes. Passively through the common-place named Kicking Horse
Pass, the narrow defile leads down a dark and gloomy canyon, through which flows
the river, raging and boiling and leaping, as if all the imps of the inferno were lashing
it into a mad fury. Hemmed in on all sides by the towering mounts, you descend
deeper and deeper — as if into the Valle^ of the Shadow of Death guarded by ada-
mantine Titans to resent intrusion into this other world. The waters of the Kicking
Horee, roaring and hissing and dashing furiously — a devil's cauldron — ^broak the
dread silence. Here and there are in inextricable confusion, a labyrinth of i-ocks,
Btones, stumps, broken trees, crushed pines, dead giants torn from their roots by
storms, or hurled from the mountain sides by avalanches of snow, or by the immense

146

THE NEW WEST.

masBOH of Btone which wore lying by their Bides. Aoros of these tangled collections
of broken nnd dead or dying material had been cut through by the persiuteiit
engineeer, nnd it could be seen where fragmentH, diulodged from the lofty sides of the
mountains, weighing hundreds of tons, had oraNhod thuir way through the forent,
leaving the pines bent, brolcon and wrenched by the roots from tlieir rocky beds, and
had sunk thomsolveH deep in the yielding eurth. Some are hoary with age and
covered with lichens of the most beautiful coIoi*s. Some are lying over trees they
had stricken to death in their headlong fall, some bad trees lying over them, some
are deep in the ground stopped by trees whose roots they had dragged from the soil ;
some are almost hiddun by a maze of blackened trunks, which a mountain fire had
laid low and left to certaia destruction by the rains and the snows and the ice, and
the tempesta which for ages will continue to howl and hold dreadful reverie in this
fearful pass. There in but one peaceful spot — and that is Field, where the traveller,
awed and impressed by the strange woirdnesa of that through which he has paHsed,
finds relief and pleasure in a romantic and picturesque place. Then on down to the
very base of the Rockies, across the Hcventeen mile valley which separates them from
the Solkirks — and new wonders of scenery of culm nnd solemn grandeur fascinate
and transfix one. The traveller has crossed the first Great Divide of the North
American continent.

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III!

ACROSS THK SELK IRKS.

If the scenery of the regal Rockies is wierd and impressive, that of the sister
Selkirks is even more entrancing, because more winsome and more beautiful. The
grand peaks, rising to the heights of 8000 feet, whose tops are frequently enveloped
in guazy clouds, says one writer, " seem to be a supernaturaily dignified priesthood
of a religion whose votaries were deities. I was constantly constrained to fancy
their lofty heads bathed in light, as the eml ^diment of the devotional sentiment,
intensified for a reverence of the Great Maker of this wonderful region, whose depth
was unfathomable, and whose vastness was inconceivable. Divines may attempt
eloquently to describe the majesty of the Great Power, but the silent peaks of the
Selkirks make them mute, for they are the most eloquent exponents of the illimit-
able and everlasting. These eternal priests have for untold ages raised their lofty
heads in silent adoi-ation of Him who is Alpha and Omega, and, for ages yet to roll
over the world, they will in similar silence point man to the same God, and com-
mand him, with an authority he dare not dispute, to bow down before His power,
and adore His marvt lious works. Priests I did I say 'i Would that the little things
which insist on this appellation would take for example the wonderful priesthood of
the ' everlasting ' hills ! They know no littleness — they bend to nothing which is
small or trifling or ignoble — they know no uncharitableness ; they dream of no nar-
rowness, they are not divided in their adoration, and though each priest is robed in
his own light, no one takes offence, or even criticises the robes of his associate."

Clouds rush by between the bottoms of the highest peaks, and it can be dimly
imagined that in this wondrous spot the two great monarchies — tLis mother earth of
ours and the celestial kingdom — meet ; it can be faintly realized that this planet

ACROSS THE SELKIRKS.

Hboh ap to the blae-vanlted heavens ; and as we boo the sky line broken by the
mountainB divine, fancy, hh the rays of the Bun glint and shine, that here, too, is
another golden pathway that loadu to the unknown world beyond the clouds— up
which the gods of the ancients have climbed. The beauty, the grandeur, the huI>-
limity of the Selkirks are bewildering. The foast of picturesque loveliness satiatoB
the senHOs, and, dreamily closing the eyes, one can imiigine he is pasHing through an
enchanted realm, whoso gorgeous beauty outrivalu the wonderful scenes of the
Arabian Nights.

CroHsing the Columbia River, — the grandewt stream in America wewt of the
Kockies — the name reminds one of the province to which it gives its name. This
river's nomenclature is derived from an /nierican ship, the Columbia, wliich entered
its mouth in 1792 ; old Spanish navigators had proviouHly called it St. Roe. The
total length of the river, which rites in American territory, and, making a huge
bend i.i the British possessions, flows back to the neighboring republic and empties
into the Pacific, is about 440 miles. Of this distance, one-third is composed of lakes
or expansions of a lake-like character, which are of great depth, the river being
navigable for many miles. Before reaching the " firnt ciossing " of the Columbia,
however, one passes an historical spot— Moberley House — the site of the oldest cabin
in the mountains, named after "Walter Mobei-loy, C.B., to whose persevering energy
in exploring, Canada is deeply indebted, and which indebtedness will probably never
be paid. Following down the western bank of the Columbia, the gate of the Beaver
is entered — the Beaver, an impetuous mountain torrent twelve miles beyond Donald,
a railway town with an undeserved character for wickedness, compared with which
Chicago and Winnipeg were saintly citicf*. Donald is flourishing, and will outlive
the ill reputation it earned in its infant i-ailway-building days. Up the railway
climbs and creeps — the size of the dark, densely foliaged monarch of the forest, the
Douglas fir, increasing appreciably. Up the mountain side, and Sir Donald, with
seven other giant peaks, enrobed in perpetual snow, comes in view. The beauty o
the scene is augmented by successions of foaming cascades which leap down the
mountain side— one of which so impj-essed the railway builders with its charm that
they named it the " Sui-prise." Beyond again, a rift in the cliffs to the right affords
a grand sight — the old Hermit, keeping lonely vigil, as he has mutely watched since
that solemn day when He created the heavens and earth. It is near here that one
of the loftiest bridges in the world spans a ravine 295 feet above the torrent, and
•760 feet long ; cost a quarter of a million dollars in its construction. On past the
mile-high Mount CaiToll and the Hermit, through a narrow portal, leading between
enormous precipices, the summit of the Selkirks is reached. This is Eogers' Pass,
named after Major A. B. Eogers, who, after prolongetl explorations, discovered it in
1883. While doubtless previous to that time this fastness of the Selkirk had never
been penetrated by white men, the Indians both on the east and west had known the
possibility of access by it, probably for centuries, but neither Shuswap nor Kootenay
would reveal it or traverse it, as traditionally they were bitter enemies. The pass
lies between two lines of huge, snow-clad peaks — that on the north, as told in the
guide book, "forming a mammoth ampitheatro, whose parapet, eight or nine thou-
sand feet above the valley, encircles vast spaces of snow and shelters wide fields of
perpetual ice, glaciers besides which those of Switzerland would be insignificant, and
80 near that the shining green fissures penetrating their masECs can be seen." Here

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148

THK NEW WEST.

the ti-avellor ih 4300 feet above the level of the aea. Al the very foot of the greateMt
of all the glaoiofH of the Solkirka, Htunda a pretty Swiwi ohAlet — a reHting place for
the tourist iVom which to view the entrancing beauty of the mountainous Hurround-
inga. Searoely a mile awny ia the jL^lacior, — a huge maiiH of ice, htindroda of feet
doep, where it has lain for uenturiea, moving imporooptibly — a Hold for lovera of the
Heoaational and novel. Not far away from this icy wonder, dropping from the
abrupt oliffH, in a beautiAil oaacado. Here in to bo seen thoHO mitgniticent atmos-
pheric eifecfai of light and Hhado, which arc ho frequent in the mountains. One,
unaccustomed to auuh scenery, can really form no adequate conception of the oston-
idhing, the utMolutely bewildering profusion of these etl'ects. From early morn to
fur into the evening the colors are constantly chiinging. Clouds of densities, infin-
itely varying, ore perpetually pasning over the snow-capped peaks and the deep
valleys, producing colors from the most delicate of purples and grays to the most
glowing crimson .and orange : blues from the faintest cobalt to the richest ultra-
marine : greens ft'om the palest of sagos to tho darkest of chromes : yellows from the
almost imporcoptiblo lemon to the heaviest of aureolas, — and these are always
moving, ever restless, ever forming new combinations. Besides the varied scenery
to entrance the eye of the tourist, the spot has an additional attraction to the sports-
man, for the summits of these lofby rangCH are the homes of the wild sheep and goat
and grizzly. Here it is that the turbulent Illicilliwaet takes its rise, and, following
ita course, the descent of the western slope of the Solkirks in made. At the base of
Boss Peak, a Hudden, sheer, precipitous cliif in reached, which could not bo bridged.
An engineering difficulty was encountered which seemed, at one time, to baffle the
skill of man to overcome. But by a series of lofty treaties and curves across the
heads of gorges and around the brows of promontories, — known as "the Loop" —
man achieved a triumph. " Perhaps," writes Lady Macdonuld in her admirable
description of the overland journey, " no part of the line is more extraordinary, an
evincing daring engineering skill, than this pass, where the road-bed curves in loops
over trestle-bridgoH of immense height, at the same time rapidly descending. In six
miles of actual travelling the train only advances two and a half miles, so numei'oas
are the windings necessary to get through this canyon. As I sit looking forward
down the pass I can see long trestle-bridges below, and yet on a lino with the one
we are crossing at the moment I They show above the forest, sharply distinct, so
far below, that for a moment my heart beats quickly as I feci the brakes tighten,
and the engine bear on with a quiet, steady, slower rush round and down and over,
while I look through the trestle-beams into the hurrying foam of waters 150 feet
below." In this locality are promising silver mines penetrating the crest of one of
the foot-hills, and beyond is Albert Canyon, which seems to be a final effort of
Nature to intensify all that is frightful. It is about 300 feet deep from the level of
the road, and the mountain shoots up a ver. slight angle to a height of 2000 feet.
The bottom does not appear to be more thaa ten or twelve feet wide, while the
opening at the top is certainly not over thirty. The sides are broken — projecting
and Jagged masses of almost black rock tortured into a thousand shapes. The
canyon twists and turns in a most extraordinary manner, and the whole is so
crooked and broken and distorted as to defy description. It is quite impossible to
describe the feeling of wonder and awe inspired by this de( ., dark cavern, at the
bottom of which we see the river boiling and rushing along with tho speed of a

A0RO8H THK SKLKIRKfl.

149

race-hoitto. We henr itM roar lonj^ boforo we roach it, «nd when wo Hce it ftiirly
leapiiift in it« rago nmi hanto, impriflonec' by the biuok wailH of the oruoi-lonking
mountain, the blood t'reoxoH, and the heaung of the heart almost cooHeH. At Albert
is a remarkable soda Hpring, whore a natural liquid, equal to the beat manufaeturod
eratod water, Aowh in liberal volume. And then " the Gate " is reached — two wbUh
of dark rock, each about two foot thick, twenty feet high, and ten t'eot wide, Jutting
out from each Hide of tho canyon immodiUi^ly opposite each other, leaving a Hpoco
of ten feet open in the contro of tho canyon. Through it the pent-up river rooi*B
with augmented maddening noise and turbulence. If the watei-s of the Illioilliwaet
were wild boforo, thoy are delirious and fron/.iod now bh they dash with terrible fury
against tho adamantine wallH, which havo detiod their ceaseless ruge for ages
unknown. At RovelHtoke, the second crossing of tho Columbia is reached, tho
mighty Selkirkn are crossed, and before the traveller risoH up the thii-d great rocky
range, — lower than its brethren, but richer in mineral wealth — the Gold Mountains.
The following are the heights of tho principal peaks along the line of the Cana-
dian Pacific: —

Above Above

C. P. R. the Sea.

Feet Feet

Mount Stephen 6,474 10,625

Cathedral Mountain .6,060 10,284

Mount Dennis 8,922 7,791

Mount Field 4,605 8,554

Mount Russell 6,372 9,321

MountCamarvon 4,827 8,876

Mount Macdonald 6,658 9,440

Mount Tnpper 4,983 9,068

Mount Sir Donald 6,980 10,646

Ross' Peak *. » 3,961 7316

Mount Begbie 7,339 9,006

MountCartler 6,909 8,676

Mount Macpherson 6,390 8,067

Mount Mackeniie 6,896 7,668

MountTilley 6,109 7,776

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Rich in the varied wealth of the mine, the forest, the river and the sea, British
Columbia, the extreme woBtern member of the great Confederacy, sits like a fair
goddoBs, with the protecting environments of tho mountains and the golden waters
of the Pacific Ocean, arrayed in all the wondrous splendour of Nature's adornments.
It is a land of delight — with scenes winsome and beautiful and gorgeous and grand —
an elysium, if not of perpetual summer, possessing such an equable voluptuous
climate that it requires no vivid imagination to fancy that here the golden Indian
summer days fii-st found their birth. The wealth of beauty is enchanting and allur-
ing eveiywhere a magnificent panorama dawning upon tho entranced vision — and

beside it, Switzerland becomes common-place and prosaic, and old-world resorts of

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160

THE NEW WEST.

tourists fade into nothingness. No pen has yet adequately depicted its loveliness ; no
pen can. Around it cluster the romance of legend and tradition, for while young to
us, Columbia is rich in historical associations ; and a century ago was almost the
cause of precepitating a war between the two great nations of Great Britain and
Spain. While the mountain fastnesses have been undoubtedly peopled with Indians
from time immemorial, it was not until the early days of the sixteenth century that
civilized nations discovered the existence of the Pacific Ocean. Spain, over leading
the van in that age of discovery, had sent her staunch ships and dauntless marinera
up the west coast of the continent, and in 1577 Gi-eat Britain followed in exploratory
voyages. The famous Sii* Francis Drake, commissioned by good Queen Bess, sailed
with a quintette of vessels of small burthen, and passing safely through the straits of
Magellan, heroically faced the fleets of Spain, which then held undisturbed possession
of all that was known of the western coast of America. With his little st^^uadron, save
one vessel, desti-oyed by storm, to escape interception by the enemy. Sir Francis
determined on searching for a north-east passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic by
the Straits of Anian, which are now supposed to be identical with Hudson's Straits,
little dreaming that a continent lay between the two waters. Whether Drake ever
entered the Stiaits of Juan Fuca and discovered what is now British Columbia, is an
unsettled ques*-"" but there is not the shadow of a doubt but that, by right of
original discovv^ , he claimed in the name of the British Sovereign the country
extending from the 43d to the 48th parallel and christened it New Albion. Although
up to this time, the Spaniai-ds had not penetrated so far north, they advanced further
and madf '■ portant disroveries. A Greek mariner in the Spanish service, Juan
de Fuca, vvt*rf -vnt at the close of the century " to discover the Strait of Anian, along
the coa')c c' the South Sea, and to fortify that strait to resist the passage and proceed-
ings of tht En/;li&h nation." As to finding communication with the Atlantic, of
course, the venlure was a complete failure, but de Fuca believed otherwise. Entering
the straits, which bear his name to this day, he sailed up the Gulf of Georgia, which
separates Vancouver Island from the mainland, and coming out into the Northern
Pacific, imagined that the had rer.ched the Atlantic through Hudson's (Anian) Strait-
Eeturning home, with tht impression that at last the great question of the age — the
long sought for northwest pa.'^sage — had been solved, it was not until other explorers
failed to find the passage that the egregious en-or — only pardonable by the imperfect
science of the time — was discovered. The Spaniards, however, did not abandon
their explorating expeditions, atid about the middle of the eighteenth century the
British Parliament offered a I'ovmrd of £20,000 for the f^iscovery of a practicable
passage, by water, between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Geographical knowledge
now explains the failui-e of the daring explorers in their efforts, and why the rich
prize was never claimed. During the century, the country was formally taken
possession of by seireral English an J Spanish expeditions and the flag of their nations
implanted, but no actual effort at colonization was made. At this time, the visitors
were fiercely attacked by the warlike tribes which inhabited the country. It was
not until 1788 — just a century ago — that an English fur trader, sailing under the
Portuguese flag for commercial reasons, erected a house at Nootka Sound, on the
west coast of Vancouver, thfn considei'ed part of the mainland, and commenced
trading. The following year, i/>:e Spaniai-ds took forcible possession of the place,
built a fort, and seized three Fjiglish vessels, and sent officers and crew as prisoners

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

to Mexico. This belligerant act aroused the British Lion, and Captain Vancouver
was sent to the place to confer with the Spanish oflBcer in charge, and happily the
result of his mission was that the amicable relations between the two powers were,
although greatly strained, not entirely broken, and by the treaty of 1790 Spain
relinguished her claim to Nootka Sound. Vancouver was a discoverer, as well as a
diplomat, and searching for a 'northwest passage, sailed up the Straits of 6eoi*gia,
upon which be bestowed the name of his sovereign, and dlocovered that Vancouver
was not what it had been supposed it was, part of the mainland, but an island —
and with that island his name has been inseparably connected to the present time.
Spain had Commissioner Bodega y Quadra to confer with Vancouver, and the two
commissioners agi-eed to name the island, in their own honor, and both entered it
upon their charts as the " Island of Vancouver and Quadra," though in after years
the Spaniard's name was dropped from the title and is now almost forgotten. An
efifort was made to revive it by calling the new city of Vancouver " Quadra," but
the residents refused to accept it, and insisted in pei*petuating the memory of the
gallant English captain. During 1*793, Alexander Mackenzie, one of the partners of
the Northwest Company, made the first overland journey to the Pacific. He started
the previous October from Fort Chipewyan, the advance post of the great fur com-
pany he represented, and followed up Peace Eiver to the base of the Eoeky Moun-
tains. In the spring, he crossed the mountains and came upon the Fraser Eivei-,
which he named the *' Tacoutchee-Tassee." This name was dropped and " Colum-
bia " substituted when, upon his return, he learned that the mouth of that stream
had been discovered the year before. He descended the river southward in canoes a
distance of 250 miles, and then turned to the west and crossed the mountains to the
coast at an inlet in latitude 52 degrees and 20 minutes, ai'riving only a few days
after Vancouver's fleet had explored and named it " Cascade Canal." The next step
towai-ds occupation was taken in 1805 by Simon Pi-aser, a representative of the same
company. He followed Mackenzie's route as far as Fraser Lake, where he established
a trading post. The country was then called New Caledonia. In 1812 he followed
the river to the ocean, and thus leai-ning that it was not the Columbia, bestowed his
own name upon it. During the next thirty years, the consolidated Hudson's Bay
Company founded a number of trading posts, or forts, and in 1843, established a gen-
eral supply station for this region on Vancouver Island, which they named Victoria,
in honor of the young Queen who had recently ascended the throne of England. In
1849, the Island of Vancouver was constituted a crown colony; the mainland nine
yeare later ; and in 1866, the two colonies were united under the name of Bi-itish
Columbia, which, prospering and thriving under a paternal government, entered the
confederation of the Dominion in July 18Y1, and was clothed with the dignity and
title of a province. It was in 1859, that the island of San Juan, a small spot in the
Haro archipelago, nearly became a casus belli between the United States and Great
Britain. The island was occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company and an American
settler, and a dispute about a pig belonging to the latter occun-ed, which increasing
in importance — the dispute, not the pig— led to international complications. The
Americans took forcible occupation of San Juan, and British gunboats, with shotted
guns, threateningly guarded the eai-thworks the enemy had erected. War seemed
inevitable, but thanks to tne wise counsels of the commanders of the opposing forces,
hostilities were averted. Diplomatic negotiations were carried on for ^^some time,

I-

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152

THE NEW WEST.

the island being jointly occupied by martial camps of the two nations, and finally
American 'cutenoss overmastered British blandering, and this key to the gulf of
Georgia was formally ceded to the Americans.

There was another event in the annals of British Columbia that should not
be omitted in even this brief retrospect of the province — the discoveiy of gold.
Although the existence of the precious metal had been known by the Hudson's Bay
Company's officera for some years, through the Indians bartering it for supplies, it
was not until 185t that the fact became widely learned, and in that year a party of
Canadians prospected the banks of the Bonaparte and Thompson rivere, on their way
to the Fraser. The news of the finding of gold in paying quantities spread quickly
and widely, and, in the following spring, thousands flocked into Victoria from Cali-
fornia, and the population of the little settlement of Victoria rose in a few months
from two or three hundred to between 20,000 and 30,000. A motley throng rushed
in, and Victoria became one vast camp of gold-seekers. In the crowd, naturally,
were gamblers and loafers and ruffians of the vilest t^pe. The offscourings of the
States were there in force. Pi-operty rose to extravagant values, and, while rival
cities were boomed, the commanding position of Victoria overehadowed them, and
they were short-lived. The effect of the gold fever was very depressing on Califor-
nian property, which fell to a degree that almost threatened the ruin of the
state. While the majority of new comere remained in Victoria and indulged in
gambling in real estate, and also in cards, several thousands ventured across the gulf
and proceeded to the gold fields. A monthly license was required for each miner.
Gold was found in large quantitiss by those who aiTived early in the year, but the
great mass did not reach the Fraser till the June rise, which submerged the gold
bars, and, in ignorance of the periodic rise and fall of rivers, they were disappointed
at their non-success. Their patience becoming exhausted waiting for the uncover-
ing of the hidden auriferous wealth, thousands returned to California despondent,
crestfallen and bankrupt, leaving the countiy with a curse on their lips. The report
was widely spread that the river never subsided, and with the heavy commercial
restrictions imposed by the Hudson's Bay Company, which then practically ruled
the country, tended to largely check immigi-ation. There were some men of
indomitable spirit, however, who, cognizant of the unfavorable season at which they
had arrived, pushed on further up the Fraser, overcomin, ; the perils and difficulties
of the hazardous route. '-The misery and fatigue eu lured by them," says Mr.
Macfie, then a resident of British Columbia, "was indescribable. They crept
through underwood and thicket for many miles, sometimes on hands and knees,
with a bag of flour on the back of each, alternately under and over fallen trees,
scrambling up precipices, or sliding down over masses of sharp, projecting rock, or
wading up to their waist through bogs and swamps. Every day added to their
exhaustion ; and, wora out with privations and sufferings, one knot of adventurers
after another became smaller and smaller, some lagging behind to rest, or turning
back in despair. * * * * Qq]^ there was in abundance, but want of access pre-
vented the country from being ' prospected,' and reckless men, without stopping to
take this into account, condemned the mines and everything connected with them
without distinction." While this fierce race for wealth was in progress, the sudden
re-action set in. Eager expectation gave way to lethargic despondency, and matters
in Victoria became pretty dismal. The rowdy element began mob rale, and actually

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BRITISH COLUMBIA.

158

Y'*

proposed, after a bold defiance of the law, to hoiat the Stars and Stripes on the forts
occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company. The timely arrival of a gunboat from
Esquimau had a restraining eifect, however. But the boom had broken. Large
sums of money sent for investment from California, were returned, and whole cargoes
of goods, oi-dered during the heat of the excitement, were either shipped back or left
unsaleable on the hands of the merchants. Then the exodus commenced, and Victo-
ria's population of 30,000 dwindled down to about 1500. And yet, in the short time
the fever raged, nearly three-quarters of a million of dollars in gold was exti-acted
from the rivers — a far larger sum than California produced i- the same period in the
halcyon days of the Argonauts in '49. In '61, the gold fever again broke out, though
less fiercely, and ImmigrantH once more poured in. A large number made independ-
ent fortune;*, othera were fairly successful, and the remainder lost their all. The
Cai'iboo Diggings were 500 miies away from what the newly-arrived gold-seekei-s
thought was the termination of their journey ; and this was to be passed over muddy
roads, and across rivera and lakes, past beetling cliffs and frowning precipices, with
whatever necessaries they required strapped to their shoulders 1 It is no wonder
that many, half way to the Eldorado, retraced their steps, deterred by the hardships
they had met "vnd those before them; but many of those who persevered attained their
goal, and reaped the rich reward of their labor. And to-day there ai*e hundreds
engaged in mining successfully. The following are the amounts of gold taken out of
the placer mines of British Columbia for the part twenty-eight years, so far as can be
accurately determined, and making a total of $50,289,417. The yield for 1887 was
smaller than the years chronicled below. This was owing considerably to the
extreme drought during the summer, and the fact that a great many miners were
engaged in quartz mining : —

Year.
1858....
(6 months).
1859....
18«0....
1861....

1862 I . .

1863 j '. '.
1864....
I860....
1866....
1867....
1868....
1869....
1870....
1871....

Yield.
$ 520,353.

Miners.
..3,000

1,615,072.
2,228,543.
2,666,118.

4,246,266 .

3,735,850.
3,491,205.
2,662,106.
2,480,868.
2,372,972..
1,774.978.
1,336,956.
1,799,440.

,4,000
4,400
4,200
4,100

4,400
4,400
4,294
2,982
3,044
2,390
2,369
2,348
2,460

Year.
1872.
1873 .
1874.
1875.
1876.

Yield.

Miners.

$ 1,610,972 2,400

1,305,74H 2,300

1,844,618 2,868

2,474,904 2,024

1,786,048 2,282

1877 1,608,182 1,960

1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.

1,275,204 1,883

1,290,068 2,124

1,013,827 1,955

1,046,737 1,898

954,085 1,738

794,262 1,965

736,165 1,858

713,738 2,902

903,651 3^47

I ''I

ii;

$50,289,417

But now a few words as to the coimtry itself: —

Perhaps there is no other province in the Dominion of which so little is known
and about which there are so many misapprehensions and misconceptions. The
most remote from the central authority, it has ' jen generally looked upon by many
as a minor and unimportiut member of the Confederation — a mere sea of moun-
tains, as it has been derisively dubbed, a land of rock and river and waste on the
coast, sparsely inhabited by a few Englishmen, more Chinamen and a larger number
of uncivilized Indians. As with the case of Manitoba, however, the " many " were
11

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164

THE NEW WEST.

egregionsl^ .vrong, and Canadiane are awakening to the truth of the eloquent wordit
of Lord Dutferin ; " Canada would indeed be dead to the most self-evident oonaider-
" atioDS of Belf-interest, and to the first instincts of national pride, if she did not regard
" with satisfaction her connection with a province so richly endowed by nature,
" inhabited by a community so replete with British loyalty and pluck, while it
" a^orded her the means of extending her confines and the outlets of her commerce
" to the wide Pacific and the countries beyond." No other province has richer or
more vai-ied resourses ; none, a climate so balry, invigorating and health giving;
a coast line so magnificent, with such excellent harbors ; none, such a wealth of
mineral, timber, coal and fish ; none, as a writer puts it, for which Natni-e done bo
much and Man so little. British Oolumbiu occupies a very important position
geographically. It is the only British territory on the westeiii coast of the North
American continent, and jutting out from the Northwest, as Great Britain does from
Europe, it is the entrepot through which must pass the traffic of a very large portion
of the civilized globe. The distances across the Pacific to China, Japan, and Austra.
lia compare favorably with other routes, and the direction of the trade winds, the
excellent and safe harbors, and the immense coal fields, are favorable factors in direct-
ing and developing the commerce which, in a few years, has reached gigantic pro-
portions and which yet are trifling compared with that they will be within a decade.
The area of the Province is 341,000 square miles — a vast region not of mere
coast line, but sitting astride the Bocky Mountains, and comprising within its limits
the great rivers flowing to the Pacific, north of the international boundary, and the
upper tributary waters of the broad Mackenzie, which drains the continent northward
to the polar seas. With the general shape of a parallelogram, the Province has a
length of seven hundred miles with a breath of five hundred. The Bockies form the
eastern boundary in part, but to the north the Province overlaps them, and includes
within its borders part of the fertile Peace Biver Valley, of which so little yet is
known. The provincial limits may be thus defined : South by a line through the
centre of the Strait of Fuca, and tbi*ough the Haro, Archipelago, by a definite line
to the 49th parallel of north latitude ; along that parallel cast to the Eocky Moun-
tains : along the summit of that range, westward, to the 120th meridian of west
longitude ; along that meridian north to its intersection with the 60th parallel of
latitude, which pai-allel forms the extreme northern boundary. Coast-waixi by the
Pacific Ocean, fi-om the Strait of Puca to latitude 50 deg. 40 m., and through the
middle of the Inlet marked in Vancouver's chart as the Portland Channel, whence
the western boundaiy is formed by the eastern limit of Alaska. The vast tract com-
prised within these limits — extending as it does in a mean noi*th-westerley dii'eotion
through neai'ly 12 degrees of latitude, and with a varying breadth and varying
elevation — presents, as may be supposed, much difference of local feature and diverse
conditions of climate. The coast-line, with its long narrow indentations and wide
archipelagic fringe, has been computed to measure upwards of seven thousand statute
miles, or more than double the cii'cuit, similarly measured, of Great Britain and
Ireland. As the crow flies, it is about six hundred miles in length. And it is of
this wonderful featm-e that Lord Dufferin said : " Such a spectacle as its coast line
presents is not to be pai-alleled by any counti-y in the world. Day after day, for a
whole week, in a vessel of nearly 2.000 t^ns, we threaded an interminable labyrinth
of watery lanes and reaches, that wound endlessly in and out of a network of islands.

BRITISH OOLUMBIA.

165

for a

promontoriefl and peninsulas for thousands of iniles, unruffled by the slightest swell
from the adjoining ocean, and presenting at every turn an ever-shifting combination
of rock, verdure, forest, glacier and snow-capped mountain of unrivaled grandeur and
beauty. When it is remembered that this wonderfbl system of navigation, equally well
adapted to the largest lino of battleship and the frailest canoe, fi*inge8 the entire
seaboard of your Province and communicates at points, sometimes more than a
hundred miles ft-om the coast, with a multitude of valleys stretching eastward into
the interior, while at the same time it is furnished with innumerable harbors on
either hand, one is lost in admiration at the fncilities for inter-communication which
ai*e thus provided for the f'utm-e inhabitants of this wonderful region."

The general physicul features of the province ai-e described in a government
guide-book as follows : It occupies the mountainous, or hilly, region that extends to
the Pacific Ocean from the western edge of the great plain or prairie country of
Central Canada lying east of the Bocky Mountains. The length of the province is
about 700 miles, and the extreme breadth over 500 miles. Its area is estimated at
about 260,000 square miles. The Rocky Mountains rise abruptly at their eastern
base from the plain or prairie region of Central Canada, and present often to the
«ast almost pei-pendioulai' walls of rock. They are composed, not of a single upheaved
ridge, but of a number of more or less nearly parallel ranges, which have a general
direction a little west of north, and a breadth of over sixty miles. The rivers that
flow into Hudson's Bay and the Arctic Ocean have their sources farther back among
the several ranges of the Bockies as we proceed northward. Between the {)lst and
{i2nd parallels, the ranges not only become more diffuse, but decrease rapidly in
height, till on the Boi-der of the Ai-ctio Ocean, they are represented by comparatively
low hills, yhe surface of the country between the Rooky Mountains and the Pacific
Ocean may be divided into two suboi-dinate mountain districts, flanking on either
side an irregulai* belt of high plateau country, which extends, with an average width
of about 100' miles, up the interior of the province to about 55.30, N. L., and is, in
fact, a northerly continuation of the great basin of Utah and Nevada in the United
States. On the eastern side of this high irregular plateau, are masses of mountains
that run generally parallel to the Rocky Mountains, and are not well distinguished
fh}m them. This is one of the mountain districts above-mentioned. The other is a
mass of mountains on the western side of the plateau. These latter are commonly
called the coast range of British Columbia — a range uplifted later than the Cascade
Mountains of Oi-egon, and not of the same formation. The large Islands of Vancou-
ver and Queen Charlotte, which shelter the mainland coast, are above-water portions
of a still more westerly range of mountains now half submerged in the Pacific Ocean.
The Cascade Mountains of Oregon, though described in some accounts of the province
as running longitudinally through it, in fact merely enter the south-west angle of
British Columbia and disappear on the east side of the Fraser, about 150 miles up
that river. In the extreme north of the province, the mountains generally, except
those of the coast range, diminish in height, and the surface has a gentle northerly
and northeasterly slope towards the Arctic Ocean.

The climate of the Province is proverbially genial and salubrious, and it is the
boast of every Columbian that " it is unsurpassed in the world." The temperature
of the Pacific coast is much milder than that in the same latitude on the American
shores of the Atlantic. The one great influence is the broad stream of warm water.

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166

THE NEW WEST,

known as the Kuro Siwo, or Japiin curront, which flows in the Pacific ocean noi-th-
wai-d ft-om the equator idong the shores of Japan, then turns eastward and south-
wai^l ulung the Aleutian Ishinds, and down the Pacific coast of America again. Its
gonial influence is exerted ft'om Alaska to Southern California, and ft'oro it, genial
winds almost incessantly watt landward, Its gentle breozes dispel winter and make
drouth impossible. The great island of Vancouver, says H. L. Wells, in the West
Shore magazine, lies pnrallol with the coast for a distance of three hundred miles,
and has a central ralge of mountains reaching a height of throe thousand feet. In
passing these mountains, the warm air sutlers its first chill, and copious showers fall
upon the island, the outer coast receiving more than the inner. The wind then
sweeps inward, across the Gulf of Georgia, until it strikes the still higher mountaii.s
along the mainland coast, whore a still greater precipitation of rain is the result.
Bobbed, now, of the greater portion of their warmth and moisture, they sweep across
the h'gli plateau of the interior, shedding upon it but little of their store of life-giving
water. Finally, they encounter the Gold and Selkirk mountains, and another pi'o-
cipitation of rain follows, leaving but little t( 1)0 taken from thorn by the rugged
peaks of the Bockies. The average rainfall on the island, at Victoria, is about
twenty-five inches, falling almost exclusively during the six months, ft-om October
to Mai'ch. At New Westminster, on the mainland coast, the moan annual rainfall
during a period of seven years, was fifty nine and one-half inches. At Spence's bridge,
on Thompson river, in the centre of the inland plateau, the rainfall is about ten
inches. The climate of Vancouver island is delightful and invigorating. Snow sel-
dom falls, and lies on the gi'ouud but a few hours. For a period of three yeai-s, the
lowest temperature was eight degrees above zei-o, and the highest was eighty-three
and nine-tenths degi-ees, the summer heat being temperbd by the cool breezes from
the Olympic mountains. The mercury has never fallen below zero since observa-
fions have been taken. On the mainland coast, in the vicinitj' of the mouth of Fraser
liver, the thermometer ranges slightly higher in summer, and lower in winter, than
at Victoria. As a general thing, ice forms on the river for a short period, and from
January to March, snow falls at intervals, reaching an averflge total precipitation of
fifty inches. Because of its extremely light rainfall, the climate of the interior pla-
teau difiTors widely from that of the coast, being subject to a greater rano;e of tem-
perature. The thermometer ocdeionally indicates twenty-five degrees below zero in
winter, and rises to ninety-eight t bove in summer. Snow lies on the ground longer
than near the coast, though the stowfall is not heavy. As the mountains on the east
are-approached, the fall of snow increases in proportion with the rainfall. In the
niountains, the winters are severe and the quantity of snow heavy. The climate of
the interior varies with the latitude. In the southern portion it is milder in winter
than farther north. Though the heut is sometimes great in the daytime, sunstrokes
are unknown, and a cool breeze from the mountains renders the nights comfortable.
Snow seldom exceeds two and one-half feet in depth, and is frequently removed in
short order by the chinook, as the warm ocean wind is called. To the northwai-d,
the general surface of the country is higher, and is broken by irregular masses and
spui-s of mountains. The summers are short and warm, and the winters are longer
and colder than farther south, with a heavier fall of snow. In the valley of Fi-aser
river, throughout its entire length, the climate is milder than on the adjacent up-
lands. Even in the extreme north, the islands along the coast, and that portion of

BRITIHU COLUMBIA.

16T

♦^v

the mainland between tho moantainH and the hob, have the same mild, moint climate
08 Vancouver island ; and this condition continuos far to tho north, in AliiHka.
Taken aw x whole, I ho climate, diil'ering widely as it doeM in places, is salubrious and
invigorating. No miasmatic infection from ague-breeiling marshoH taint« the almotr
pherc. Whatever locality one may select for a residence, whether the one of mr)i8t
air and equable temperature along the coast, or the dryer and more varying one of
the interior, be will find the climate healthful, invigorating, and calculated to innpiro
activity, comparing more than favorably with tho same latitude on the Atlantic
slope,

" No words can be too strong ", said the marquis of Lome — speaking at Victoria
in the month of December, 1H82 — " to express the charm of this dolightfbl land,
where the climate, softer and more constant than that of tho south of England, en-
sures at all times of the year a full enjoyment of the wonderful loveliness of nature
around you."

One of the principal sources of wealth of tho Province is its extensive forests
which apparently contain an inexhaustible supply of lumber ; but the increasing
demand is so rapid that the Provincial government has wisely legislated against
speculators securing timber limits, and in other ways protected this great resource
ft-om being wantonly destroyed. The prevailing timber is the Douglas fir, which
covers the coasts and islands densely, from near Alaska down beyond the internation-
al borders, and extending into the interior an far as tho Bockies. This magnificent
tree attains gigantic proportions, varying from 150 to 200 feet in height and from
ten to twenty feet in circumference ; but even larger specimens than these are
sometiuies found. The Douglas stands proudly erect, sti'aight, and without any
lower limbs, thus affording a large quantity of clour lumber. Although the grain is
coarse, it is tough and tenacious and stronger even than oak. It is a peculiarity of
this timber that it can be used green, without danger of shrinking or swelling. Tho
red cedar, which grows more thickly along the coast, is vei-y durable, and is one of
the most beautiful wouds for house fui-nishing known, rivalling mahogany, and
cheny. The Indians use it for canoes, weave the fibre into blankets, and utilize the
bark for roofing their houses. There is a beautiful yellow cedar, or juniper, which
grows on the upper end of Vancouver island and along the lakes of the interior, which
takes a splendid finish, and is very desirable for use with the red cedar, mahogany or
cheny, as an ornamental panel. There is another yellow cedar, or cypress, which
is more abundant, being found along the coast from Puget sound to Alaska. Owing
to its strong odor, tho voracious teredo will not attack it, and for this reason, as well
as for its toughness, it is in demand for piling and submai'ine works. In the extreme
north is found the white, or Alaska, cedar, a splendid finishingwood, of which but little
has ever been cut. The Indians use it for making their elaborately cai'ved heraldic
columns, or totem sticks. South of this, and north of the fifty-second parallel, the
spruce predominates in the ijoast forests, but has not yet been cut for lumber. On
the Lower Fraser, the Weymouth, or white, pine is found, th, ugh not in gi-eat quan-
tities. It attains great size and beauty. Balsam pine, also, obtains a vigorous
growth, but is not present in quantity, nor valuable for timber. Yellow pine floui'-
ishes in the interior. The wood is heavy, closely grained and very dui-able. Hem-
lock, which is found along the lower coast and islands, grows to lai-ge proportions,
»nd its bark is valuable for tanning. In the bottoms along the international line,

c' ,

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168

THE NEW WE8T.

tlio wo6t«rn laroh attains great site, and Scotch fir grows in tho interior, and a
smnller growth is found on Vancouver island. Of hanl woods, there are severat
varieties. The yew grows along tho coast and extends up Fraser river as (kv as
Tnle. It Ih of smaller size than the yow of Kngland, and was used by the natives
for bows. Oak abounds on Vancouver island, and is a tough and serviceable wood.
Along the streams of the coast, alder is found in (|uantity, and is UHed for fUmiture,
as, also, is maple, which abounds on the lowlands of the islands and coast as far
north as the flfty-fiflh pai'allol. A variety of muple, the vino maple, is confined to
the coaHt, and has a strong, white wood. Crab-apple, white thorn, arbutus and dog-
wood ai'e found on the islands and coast, and mountain ash in the interior. Several
varieties of aspen and poplar are found along tho wator courses of the coaat and
interior, all known as " oottonwood." The extent of merchantable timber in the
province is enormous, and any estimate must be largely guess work. Mill men of
the province calculate a total of from seven to ten billion feet of such timber as i»
now being cut — the choice trees of the forest. An experienced lumberman ft-om
Michigan recently investigated the question, and computed that of timber which
is suitable for milling, there are between forty and fitly billion feet, of which eighty
per cent is fir, ten to fifleen per cent, red cedar, and tho remainder of other varieties,
although thoro are many largo mills in the province, which have boon cutting indus-
triously for the past fifteen yeai-s, scarcely any impression has yet been made on the
forests which appear practically untouched. In 1887, the cut was a hundred million
feet, and it is estimated that the output for fifteen yeai's has been between forty and
fifty million feet annually. The centre of the lumbering industry is on Burrard
Inlet. The chief markets are China, Australia, Central and South America and the
Sandwich Islands, to which doubtless will soon be added the great treeless plains of
the Canadian Northwest.

Tho great marine resources of British Columbia are described by Mr. Walls —
and no apology is necessary for reprinting his excellent aocouut — in the following
words : — Multitudes of fish, valuable for food and oil, swarm in the bays, inlets and
rivere of the province, and in tho waters of the adjacent ocean. Here is a source of
wealth which may be di-awn upon for an indefinite period, und which will yearly
yield employment to an increasing number of men, and add to the revenue of the
province. Several branches of the fishing industry have already obtained a foothold,
but they are ovei-shadowed by the enomous possibilities of the future. Nowhere
else in tho world arc such quantities and so many varieties of valuable fish to be
found, in waters where the dangers of navigation are so slight and the climate so
mild and agreeable. Tho want of a sufficiently extfc'isive market, and popular igno-
rance of the extent and character of the fisheries, have, in the past, operated to retard
the growth of this industry ; but both of these causes ai-o now disappearing. Tho
Canadian Fiicific Railway ofrei>B a route to eastern markets, and tho fishermen of
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland are beginning to realise the immeasui-able superiority
of the waters of British Columbia for the prosecution of their business. The outlook
is now favorable for the immigration to this coast of large numbei's of fishermen, who
will soon give the cod banks of the Pacific as wide a notoriety as that now possessed
by those of the Atlantic. The most extensive industry is that of canning and salting
salmon. Salmon of several varieties crowd into the inlets and streams of the pro-
vince, ascending as fai- inland as possible, to deposit their spawn in the shallow, fresh

ill

BRITIHH COLUMBIA.

16{»

waUrs of the interior. Those entering Frtuier Uivor OHCend the main HtreAnt and
brancheH to their very sourcee, Homo of thoni reaching a point nearly 800 miios from
the Hoa. With powerful leaps they scale the rapidH, tallH, and whatever obHtructions
they encounter, bruising theraselvos a>(ainHt the rocks in their ft-antic effort**, until
the banks are lined with their dead earuasHOH. The survivors of their progeny, only
a small per cent, of the billions of eggs that are dopoHited, doMCond the streams to the
sea, whence, at the proper time, they in turn ascend again to the place of their birth,
to exercise the procreativo power. It is while thus making their annual pilgrimage
A-om the sea, thiit they are caught, usually neai- the entrance to the streams, though
often many miles inland, and prepared for market. The salmon has always been one
of the most important of the various forms of food used by the Indians of the Paciflo
coast, who annually gather along the streams and catch thousands of them, drying
them in the sun for winter use. Years ago, the Hudson's Bay Company t)egan
salting them for their own use, and of late years many canning factories have been
eNtablished at various points, whore thousands of cases are prepared for market annu-
ally. There are many good locations yet to be found, where salmon are abundant,
and these will, no doabt, be occupied as soon as the rapidly increasing demand for
the product assures it a reliable market. In this branch of the fishing industry about
6000 hands are employed, in about thirty canneries. The annual pack averages some
200,000 cases, valued at about |5 per ca^e. The scene of the greatest activity is on
Fi-aaer Biver. Five distinct vai-ieties enter the river during the season, each seeking
diflferent spawning grounds. The run of the silver salmon begins about the first of
April, and continues till the end of June. These fish are often caught weighing
seventy pounds, though the average weight is ft'om ten to twenty-five pounds. Be-
ginning in June, and continuing till August, is a fish of five or six pounds weight.
In August, a jnost excellent salmon, weighing gene lly about seven pounds, enters
the river. The fourth species is the humpback, a imh weighing from jix to fifteen
pounds, which is caught ft-om August till winter) every socond 3'ear. The last to
appear is the hookbill, a salmon weighing ft'om twelve to forty-five pounds, which
arrives in September and remains till winter. For fifteen miles above its mouth, the
Fraser is dotted with boats of the salmon fleet during the neason, and the river and
canneries present a busy scene. North of this point, establishments are located on
Burrard Inlet, Alert Bay, Rivei-s Inlet, Skeena Biver, Motlakahtla and Nans rivers.
Large quantities of salmon are also salted and packed in baiTels. The majority of
fishermen, especially in the northern canneries, are Indians, who are expert and reli-
able, and are preferred to any other kind of labor. On steamers, they are employed
almost exclusively for roustabouts, and are paid higher wages than white men,
because they can do more work and are more reliable and steady. In 1883, the
Pi'ovincial Government established a salmon hatcheiy on the south bnnk of Fi-aser
Biver, four miles above Now Westminster. The undoubted success of this olfort of
the Government to foster one of the most important industries, will enable the can-
ning establishments to make improvements and invest additional capital, with the
assurance of a permanent and liberal supply of fish. One establishment is a floating
cannery and oil factory combined, which can be moved about from place 10 place,
and is known as "Spratt's Ark." On boai*d are complete canning appliances,
machineiy for manufacturing oil fi-om the offal of the fish caught, and accommoda-
tions for the hands. The vessel and its adjuncts cost $60,000. The shipment of frosh

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THE NEW WEST.

salmon to the East, in reft-igorator cara, has become an important feature of this
industry. The next most important fish, so far us present utility is concerned, is
the oolachan, or candle-fish. This is a small fish, about the size of a sardine, and is
so oily that, when dried, it will burn like a candle, espeoially those caught in Nans
River. They enter the Fraser in millions about the first of May. They are delicious
when fi-ejh, smoked or salted, and their oil is considered superior to cod liver oil, or
any othev fish oil known. It is of a whitish tint, and about the consistency of thin
lai-d, and ii' a staple food among the Indians, and an article of barter between the
Indians of the cjast and the interior tribes. These fish begin running in the Nass
about the last of March, nnd enter the stream by the million for several weeks. The
various Indian tribes of that region assemble on its banks, and catch them in immense
numbers. The tisli are taken in purse-nets, frequently a canoe^load at u ingle haul,
an 1 are piled in bins on the shore. Thoy are then placed in bins made of plank, anil
having sheet-iron bottoms, holding from three to five bairels, and are boiled in water
about four houi-p. The concoction is then strained through baskets, made from wil-
low root , and the oil is then run into red cedar boxes of about fifteen gallons capa-
city each. When the run of fish is good, each tribe will put up about twenty boxes
of oil. Before the introduction of sheet-iron bottoms for their tanks, the Indians
boiled the fish by throwing heated stones into the tank. There is no doubt that this
undeniably valuable article will soon become one of the regular products of the pro-
vince, for exportation in quantity, as it is even now, to a limited extent. Hen'ing
swarm in the wat«rs of the bays and inlets during the spawning season in the spring.
They are not, at that time, of as good quality as when taken in nets from their pei'-
manent banks and feeding grounds. They are somewhat smaller than the herring of
Europe, although fully equal in quality when taken in their prime. There is a fac-
tory on BaiTard Inlet, where herring oil is extracted, and fertilizers made of the
dried scraps. Halibut are found in great numbers, especially off the west coast of
the Queen Charlotte Islands, where they are frequently taken upwaixis of 100 pounds
in weight, a^d often twice that size. Though a great many are caught, and sent to
market fresh or dried, halibut fishing has not yet become one of the regular indus-
tries. The Indians of that region catch and dry th«m for food. The same may be said
of codfish, which abounds in the wat«rs of the coast of British Columbia. There are a
number of banks on the Alaska coast where cod fishing is carried on by fishermen
from San Francisco, who salt 2000 tons annually. Similar banks have been located,
in the watera of the province, farther south. Deep sea fishing has not yet been
inaugurated on a largo scale, though its practicability has been demonstrated. The
black cod, formerly called " coal fish," abounds in the watoi-s off Graham Island,
where the Indians catch them in great numbers by the use of an ingeniously con-
trived spring hook. The fish is also known to frequent the waters oif the west coast
of Vancouver Island, and as far south as Capo Flattery. The fish is highly spoken
of, and is considered far superior to the cod of Newfoundland, the flesh being I'icher
and of finer fibre. The SkidogatcOil Company is engaged in extracting oil fVom the
livers of dog fish. The works are located at Skidegate, at the southern end of
Graham Island, and give employment to about ton white men and a large number of
Indians. About 400,000 fish are caught annually, which yield a total of 40,000 gal-
lons, or an average of one gallon of refined oil from the livers of Uin fish. This oil is
admitted to be superior to any other kind, aa a lubricant, and is chiefly shipped to

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

161

the United Suites, though small quantities are consumed in the province, or sent to
Honolulu and China, Whale oil is another product, though whale fishing is not car-
ried on extensively. Whales of the largest de^oription are Tound on the outer coast ;
and in the waters of the iirchipolago, humpback whales are quite numerous, and
yield from thirty to fifty barrels of oil each. Porpoise, also, yield a large amount of
oil. Sturgeon are caught in groat numbers, and marketeil fresh ; also such table fish
as anchovy, haddock, rock cod, flounder and whiting, crab, prawn, cockles, mussels,
etc. Lobster is not a native to these waters, but is being introduced, and will soon
be plentiful. Oyster beds are found in numerous places, but the bivalves are small,
and inferior to those on the Atlantic coast. Several beds have been planted with
large oystere ft-om Boston, and probably will, ere long, supply the market with a
superior quality. The inland streams and lakes abound in salmon trout and the deli-
cious mountain trout, which are the delight of sportsmen, and the famous lake white
fish. The holothura, a small mollusk, generally known as the "sea cucumber," inha-
bits the watera about the islands. These, when cured and dried, make the article of
commerce known as " b6ohe de la mei*," and highly prised in China for food, where
it is called " trepang." A valuable industiy might be built up by preparing this
commodity for market. Seals and sea ottei-s are annually caught in great numbers
off the StraitH of Fuca and the west coast of Vancouver Island. From ten to fifteen
schooners are engaged in sealing, employing about fifty sailors and some 300 hunters,
the latter chiefly Indians. The annual catch is about 10,000 fur seals, valued at $10
each, and 3000 hairy seals, valued at fifty cents each. Sea otters are not so numer-
ous, and are very wary, requiring much patience and skill in their capture. They
are generally shot with a rifle, and at such long range that only the best marksmen
succceed in killing them. About 100 are taken annually, valued at $50 each. One
can not read the above brief statement without being struck with the great possibil-
ities of the province. In the waters lies an uncounted and exhaustless mine of
wealth, which will amply reward those who work it in the proper way.

If the watera and woods of British Columbia are so wealth-producing, what
must be said of the mines ? There are large deposits of precious and useful metals,
many of which have been profitably worked for yeai*8, while others are only awaiting
development. Besides the vast tracts known, there are doubtless many places yet
undiscovered, in which there is hidden wealth. The minerals include gold, silver,
iron, copper, lead, coal, platinum, cinnabar, bismuth, limestone, plumbago, antimony,
marble and salt ; but gold and coal are the most extensively worked. Gold mining
first began on the bars of the Lower Fraser in 1856, and, as already mentioned, drew
thousands temporarily to the country, but no permanent progress was made until the
fabulously rich mines of Cariboo began in '60 to yield up their golden muggets.
Owing to the almost inaccessible character of the mountains, the existence of long
{.rretohes of un navigable waters in the interior, and the entire absence of railways,
until the past two years, preventing the importation of heavy machinery, British
Columbia has hitherto been unable to emerge beyond the " placer era." But now,
following the appearance of cheap and quick modes of transportation, the era of
quartz mining is commencing ; and there is evnry indication that in a few yeara, at
latest another boom, rivalling the flush times of thirty years ago, will set in. Already
several extensive veins of silver bearing ores in the Selkirks have been opened, and
in other districts quartz mills have been introdu^ied. It has been demonstrated that

162

THE NEW WEST.

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a wide mineral belt extends uninterruptedly from Utah, through Idaho, nearly north-
westerly into British Columbia, until the borders of Alaska are touched ; and the
indications ai-e that this new field is the banner wealth-producing region of the con-
tinent. Cariboo, although sending out bullion for the past 28 years, is not yet ex-
hausted, and quartz milling there will doubtless increase the output. A quarter of a
million was the retui-n for the district last year — a small amount owing to the uufap
vorable season — and the Selkirk, Stump Lake, Book Ci'eek, Kootenay, Lilloet,
Yukon, Cassair, Ominecka and other disti'icts, are each contributing their share
towards the wealth of the world. The name of Cai*iboo is more closely connected
with gold-mining in British Columbia, for, as a writer in the Victoria Colonitt puts it :
" It was the prosperity of Cariboo that caus^ed the building of the mountain road
through the canons of the Eraser, winding along its tortuous course, and, fh)m the
glimpse now secui-ed from the rushing train, seemed like a goat-path far up the
mountain side. The crack of the driver's whip, the rush of the spirited horses, the
rumble of the coach, are no longer echoed among the lonely canons, for they have
been replaced by the wild shriek of the loo-omotive and the thundering of the train,
but the road along which so many thousands of men passed to and from the mines
on the express coach, on hardy horses, others, alas, footsore, weary, unsuccessful,
will ever remain as a monument to the unflagging energy and courage to the pioneers
of the province. The railway built through the monntains of British Columbia is
the wonder of the world, but too much praise cannot be accorded the few thousands
of people that paid for and constructed that highway from Tale, along the Fraser
and Thompson, and on north river mountain and valley, along precipices and rushing
rivers and lonely lakes, until it reached its terminus at Williams Creek, the richest
probably ever known. Along this highway the agricultniist placed himself, and
numerous ranches, producing crops as wonderful in their way ns the gold creeks,
exist in the most favored spots. It will thus be seen that permanency commenced
with the progress of Cariboo, and the success of that field induced prospectors to seek
out others, until the Peace Biver, Omineca, Cassiar and Big Bend were each discovered,
and contributed to the advancement of the province."

Next in importance to gold mining is the coal industry, which has undergone a
w6nderful development within the past few years. The black diamond is found in
places over a wide area of both the mainland and islands, the principal mines b<>ing
at Nanaimo, Wellington, on Vancouver Island, where the industry has reached the
greatest proportions and the coal is of the beet quality. The qualily varies in difiV
rent localities, from the common lignite ix) anthracite, the latter being on the Queen
Charlotte islands, and the only vein of anthracite yet discovered on the Pacific coast.
No effort has yet been made to work it. The coal at Nanaimo is the best quality of
bituminous coal to be found on tbe coast, and is shipped in quantities to all points,
San Francisco being the best market, notwithstanding the high tariff. From 1860
to 18*76 there were shipped to San Francisco only 320,000 tons ; then shipments
began to increase rapidly, and cargoes ai*e now sent to the Sandwich Islands and
China. The mines pi*oducing this coal are V~ le of the Vancouver Coal Mining and
Coke Company and the Wellington collieries. The former are five in number, and
are situated in Nanaimo and vicinity. The operations of this company ai'e very ex-
tensive, giving employment to about eight hundred men. The Wellington collieries
are situated at Wellington, a few miles from Nanaimo, and ai-e connected with their

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

168

shipping wharves, on Departure bay, by a narrow gauge railway nearly five miles
long. About a mile distant are the South Wellington mines. This company employ
about nine hundred men. All of these mines are connected with shipping whai'ves
at Nanaimo and Departure bay by lines of railway. The coal beds at that point
cover a wide area. At Comoz, still farther north, it is estimated that they occupy
three hundred square miles. They are also found at other points on the island.
Large fields of lignite exist near New Westminster, in the Nicola Yalley, and along
the North Thompson and Skeena rivei-s. On Texada Island, in the Gulf of Georgia,
and only twenty miles fi*om the Comox coal fields, and not far ft-om the mines at
Nanaimo and Wellington, ai'e great masses of rich magnetic iron ore, assaying sixty-
eight and four-tenths of iron, and having a low percentage of phosphorus and other
impurities. This ore is now being used by the smelting works at Irondale, aci-oss
the line in WashingtOi Territory, where it is mixed with the brown hematite found
in that vicinity. The Existence of great bodies of superior coal and iron in 'suoh
close proximity, suggests the springing up, ere long, of lai'ge smelting and iron
works. The coal output last year was considerably in excess of any previous, being
410,573 tonp. The nearest approach to this figure was in 1884, when 394,070 tons
were mined. There output would have been much gi-eater, had it not been for the
occurrence of the melancholy mining disaster at the Vancouver Co.'s colliery. The
chief market for the coal is the United States, principally at San Fi-ancisco, the
amount shipped being 335,854 tons. The output in Dunsmuir's Wellington mines
was 242,723 tons, 915 men being employed, and the valae at the mine's mouth, at $4
per ton, being $966,892 ; at the Vancouver Coal Co's mine, 137,850 tons, valued at
$537,300 at the mine's mooth, the number of men employed being 615 ; and East
Wellington Co. produced about 30,000 tons. The following table shows the output
of coal of each yeai* from 1874 to 1887 inclusive :

Year.

No. of Toiu, Tear.

No. qf Tons.

1874 81,000

1876 110,000

1876 189,000

1877 154.000

1878 171,000

1879 241,000

1880 268,000

1881 228,000

1882 282,000

1883 213,000

1884 394,000

1885 366,000

1886 326,636

1887 410,573

Although the proportion of arable land is comparatively small to the area of the
whole Province, there are large tracts pre-eminently suitable for agricultural pur-
poses, aggi-egating probably ten thousand square miles. Th« great deten-ent, here-
tofore, in the agricultural development of the country, has been the rugged and
mountainous character, which separated the tillable areas widely, and made them
difficult of access. But, with the advent of railways, the facilities for shipping pro-
duce, for lack of which thousands of acres laid fallow, are provided, and although the
Province will never aspire to be a rival to Manitoba or the North- West, in this par-
ticulai*, yet great progress and development may be confidently anticipated amongst
the farming community. The climatic conditions are admirably adapted to the pro-
duction of every fi^nit, cereal, vegetable and plant known to the temperate zone.
The most tempting inducements are held out by the Government for settlement upon
the public lands, which must natui-ally attract settlei-s. The Dominion Government

f i
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164

THE NEW WEST.

owns a belt forty miles wide, twenty each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway ; out-
side of this, the Province owns all land not now the property of private individuals or
corporations, and all is open to settlement, except certain tracts reserved to aid en-
terprises for the public beneSt. On Vancouver Island are to be found splendid loca-
tions for hundreds of families, and the opening of the railway reserve will supply
hundreds more. It is estimated that there are 389,000 acres of arable land on the
island, of which 300,000 are well suited for agriculture, the greater portion, however,
being densely timbered. The New Westminster District is not exceeded in fertility
by any tract of land on the coast. The produ<>.tiveness of the delta lands is mai-vel-
lous. Statistics carefully prepared give the return, per acre, at 75 bushels of oats ;
hay, 3|r tons ; barley, 40 bushels ; turnips, 40 to 50 tons ; potatoes, 30 tons. Soots
and vegetables attain an enormous size, and the yield to the acre is very prolific. In
this distiict thei'e is a quarter of a million of acres of prairie. Dr. Dawson, an au-
thority unquestioned, estimates the whole area of agricultural lands east of Fraser
Eiver, in the southern portion of the Province, at 1,000 square miles, which may be
easily utilized. In the Spallumcheen, Salmon, Okanagan, Kootenay and Columbia
regions there are thousands upon thousands of acres of arable land yet to be claimed.
Some of this 's so situated as to require irrigation, but the greater portion yields
abundant crops without artificial watering of the soil. There are quite extensive
bench lands, covered with the nutritious bunch gi-ass peculiar to that portion of the
Vroerican continent, and make unexcelled ranges for cattle. The bunch grass cures
on the roots, as it stands, and remains as hay until it is renewed in the spring ; cattle
graze upon it all winter. They do not require other food, except in exceptional sea-
sons, when the snow may for a short time be too deep for them, or have a crust upon
it. With a little food on hand for such emergencies, the stockman is prepared for
the haixlest winter. The grass is so noui'ishing, that stock are fat and in condition
for market early in the spring. The ranges in the southern portion of the Province
are pretty well occupied, but there are others further north. The country possesses,
of com«e, the same advantages for sheep that it does for cattle and horses. There is
a large agricultural section, an extensive ai*ea of low land, lying west of Fraser
Biver, and chiefly north of the fifty-firat parallel, which Dr. Dawson estimates at
1,230 square miles. Of it he says : " The soil is almost Uiiiformly good ; but, being
to a great extent covered with trees, it cannot be utilized so readily for agricultural
purposes, and it lies, besides, off the route of the railways, and is not likely to be
opened up for some time. Still, it is a counti*y which I have every reason to believe
will be occupied eventually by an agricultural population." The same authority says
that there are on Peace Biver, at an uvorago elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea,
23,500 square miles of good arable land, of which about 6,000 lie within the limits of
British Columbia. Wherever wheat, oats and barley have been tried in that region,
they have produced excellent crops. Potatoes grow to great size and perfection.
There is no doubt that the whole area will eventually be cultivated. Prof. Macoun,
botanist of the Canadian Pacific Bailway Sui*vey, says of the same region : " I con-
sider neai'ly all of the Peace Eiver section (including the portion in British Colum-
bia) to be well suited for raising cereals of all kindt, and two-thirds of it fit for wheat.
The soil is as good as any part of Manitoba, and the climate, if anything, milder."
There is another considei'able agricultural area, as yet wholly unoccupied — the Queen
Charlotte Islands. At the upper end of the most northerly one there are about

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

165

out-

TOjOOO acres of cultivable land, where the climate is such as to vender a residence
pleasant, and agi-icultural pursuits highly successful.

If, he wever, British Columbia is not an agricultural country, it can boast of
great capabilities in ft-uit production. Luscious apples, pears, peaches, plums, cher-
ries, grapes — all the fl'uits of the temperate zone, in fact — can be raised in profusion ;
and, with the opportunities now existing for supplying the Dominion, the industry,
no doubt, will be greatly stimulated.

British Columbia, like Manitoba, has made great strides in the cause of education.
In 1872 the Free School system, similar to that of Ontario, was introduced. An at-
tempt had previously been made to establish free schools in Vancouver Island, before
its union with the mainland, but failed, and educational matters were in a somewhat
crude condition. Until the passing of the Act just referred to, full control over
educational matters was vested in a board of education, composed of six pei-sons ap-
pointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, and presided over by the Suj er-
intendent of Education. After the abolition of this boaixi, in 18*79, the duties belong-
ing to it were transferred to the Educational Department ; a more complete control
over local school mattei-s was given to boards of trustees — notably the power of
appointment and dismissal of teachers, foi-merly held by the Board of Education ;
and a system of monthly reports of the attendance, etc., of each school was in-
stituted, the teacher being required to supply both the Education Office and the
trustees with monthly information of all matters pertaining to such school. From
the introduction of the public school system into the province until the present day
the whole cost of maintaining the school machinery has been paid directly from the
Pi'ovincial treasury, and the liberality with which education is provided for will com-
mand universal admiration, when it is stated that wherever there are fifteen children
of between six and sixteen years of age within the radius of a few miles, a sc >ool
house is built, the salary of a teacher provided for, as well as the incidental expenses
arising from the maintenance of the same. The gradual growth of the schools, as
well as the cost of maintenance, is fully shown by the record of attendance and ex-
penditure given in the following tabular statement, taken from the annual school
report of 1885-86 :—

Year.

Number

ofSchool

Dia-

tricts.

Aggre-
gate
Enrol-
ment

1,028

Average
Daily At-
tendance.

Per-cent-
age of

Attend-
ance.

Expenditure

for Education

Proper.

1872-73..

575

55.93

$36,763 77

1873-74..

1,245

767

61.60

36,287 59

1874-75..

1,403

863

61.51

34,822 29

1875-76..

1,685

984

58.39

44,506 11

1876-77..

1,998

1,260

63.06

47,129 63

1877-78..

2,198

1,395.50

63.49

43,334 01

1878-79..

2,301

1,315.90

57.19

22,110 70

1879-80..

2,462

i,::93.93

52.56

47,006 10

1880-81 . .

2,571

1,366.86

53.16

46,960 69

1881-82..

2,653

1,358.68

51.21

49,268 63

1882-83..

2,693

1,383.00

51.36

50,850 63

1883-84..

3,420

1,808 .60

52.88

66.665 15

1884-S5..

4,028

2,089.74

51.89

71,151 52

1885-«5..

4,471

2,481.48

55.50

79,627 56

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THE NEW WEST.

This valaable statistical information gives not only a clear idea of the growth of
the schools but of the province itself, shovring as it does that during the^last decade,
the namber of children attending school has more than doubled.

The railway development of the province, notwithstanding the natural difBculties
encountered, is most encouraging. Only a few yeai-s ago, there was not a mile of
track laid ; to-day the province boasts of possessing the western section of the great
transcontinental road which rondera the early construction of branch lines necessary,
in order that its full benefits may be enjoyed, and a railway on Yanoouver, which is
a great factor in the prosperity of the island. The Esquimau & Nanaimo railway
connecting Victoria with the mining district north was completed in August, 1886,
the last spike having been driven by Sir John Macdonald. Although the traffic is as
yet unequal to meet the expenditure, the service is maintained at the highest
standard of excellence, being unsurpassed even by larger and more pretentious cor-
porations which exist in more thickly settled communities. The managoment is in
excellent hands, Mr. Dunsmuir, the president, having around him an efficient and
experienced staff. The length of the road is seventy-eight miles. ^For a losg time
this entei'pi-ise was a bone of contention between the Provincial and Dominion Goy-
emments, and was finally undertaken by iir. Dunsmuir on the terms of the Settle-
ment Bill, which gave his company a large land grant and a cash subbidy of three*
quarters of a million. This amount, however, was insufficient to construct the road,
portions of which were of a very formidable character, not only taxing the skill of the
engineers, but also the private I'esources of the capitalista interested. A consider-
able portion of the road on the south end runs through a country affording to the
artist bits of finest country — and the line can boast of one tunnel, fifteen miles {torn
Victoria. Shawinigan Lake, skirted by the railway, twenty-seven miles from Vic*
toria, is a sheet of water about seven miles in length, of great natural beauty,
abounding in trout and surrounded by fine wooded hills where large game is
plentiful. The stations along the line of railway are in suitable localities and with
no pretentions to architectural effect, are amply Hufficient for the present or prospective
business of the line. It is intended to extend the road to a point on the Straits of
Fuca to connect by transfer boat with a line of railway to be juilt from a point near
Portland to Fort Angeles, W.T., distant ten miles across the Straits from Beeohy
Bay, the probable terminus of the island line. Preliminary surveys have been made
for the American line, and there is every probability that it will be constructed
within the next couple of years. The branch of the Island railway will be com-
pleted in time to form a connection with it. This will virtually allow of the running
of trains of the American lines into Victoria. It is also in contemplation to extend
the main line from Wellington to Comox, which would tap a magnificent section of
country. The officers of the company are Hon. Bobt Dunsmuir, president ; Joseph
Hunter, general supeiintendent ; H. B. Prior, freight and passenger agent ; William
White, accountant.

Nor is the Mainland railway wanting in railway enterprise. A line is proposed
from SicamouBon the C. P. B., along the Spallumcheen river to the head of Okanagan
lake, and several lines are projectet) through various parts of Kootenay district, one
from Lethbridga, in Alberta, t'rough Crow's Nest Pass, to the boundary line be-
tween Kootenay sjad Montana ; a second from Golden, on the 0. P. B., south, along
the Columbia ri'^er and lakes, to a connection with the former road ; and a third

l\:

BRITISH C30LUMBIA.

16T

from Rovelstoke, on the C. P. R. south to Kootenay lakes. This company, the
Eootenay & Athabasca, secured a charter, and has also one from the Dominion
Government. Charters were not secured by the others, but it is probable in the
near f\iture that each of the lines will be built, the gold, silver, coal and copper mines
of the southern portion of Kootenay demanding it. The New Westminster Southern
Bailway company were granted a charter to build a line from Brownsville, opposite
New Westminster city, to a point on the boundary line. This road will provide
good communication with the farming lands of the district, and, when connection
with the American system is made, with all points south and east. Another pro-
jected railway extends from Ladiier's Landing to Sumas, running thi-ough the fai-m-
ing districts on the south shore of the Fraser river. The question of building a line
from Asheroft, on the C. P. R., north to Cariboo was also considered, a report of a
preliminaiy sui-vey being submitted and maps of the proposed route prepared.
,,,^In a letter in reply to questions of interest^andTalue to intending^ettlers, Hon.
John Hobson, Provincial Secretary and Minister of Mines, a most indefatigable worker
in everything calculated to promote the welfai'e of the Province, gives some infor-
mation very concisely : He says : " Although, on account of its broken and mountainous
character and cliiTiatic conditions, this will, perhaps, never be entitled to claim high
rank as an agnC'itural province in the sense of becoming a large expoi*ter of food
products ; jut, nas the capacity to sustain a large home population. In food, fish,
and fruit it cei uunly possesses gi-eat possibilities, and will, doubtless, become a larger
exporter.

" The class of emigrants from the old countiy most likely to succeed here ai-e
sober, industrious, small fai'mers in the prime of life, or with stout gi-owing sons,
able and willing to undertake the rougher farm work of a new country, and who
would not shrink from the hardships and privations incident thereto. But even lab^e
should not come here with less than would carry them through the first year without
any return for their labour.

" The Provincial Govei-nment will be pi'epai'ed to provide such emigrants with
e.xperienced guides to assist them in finding suitable locations, and granting each
male of 18 years of age and upwards an absolute and indefeasible title to 160 acres
of agricultural land, if west of the Cascade Mountains, or 320 acres if east of that
range, upon performance of pre-emption duties (vide Land Act) and payment of one
dollar (four shillings) per acre in four annual instalments of twenty-five cents each ;
but the first of such payments shall not be due until two years after the date of the
of the record of the pre-emption. Free or partly free gi'ants of smaller areas ai*e
made in special cases.

" Regarding educational matters it may be said, generally, that the school-
master follows close upon the heels of the settler. PracticcUy, the Government places
a good free common-school education within the easy reach of every child. To be
more specific : a school is established wherever there ai'e fifteen children of school
age (6 to 16 inclusive) within three miles of a common centi-e ; the entire cost of
which — buildings and appurtenances, teachei-s' salary, and incidental expenses, &c —
is defrayed by the Grovemment, so that a good common-school education is absolutely
free to every pupil. Free High Schools are also established and maintained in the
principal centres of population.

" The Government make all leading roads to and in every settlement. As a

168

THE NEW WEST.

IN »l

|i(l

If'

matter of fact, about one-fourth of the entire public revenue is annually devoted to
the work of making roads and bridges, and, speaking generally, it can be truthfully
asserted that no settlement is beyond the sound of the Government roadmaker's axe.

" As to what crops ai-e likely to pay best, that is so largely dependent upon
locality and other conditions that anything like a satisfactoiy answer is difBcult, if
not impossible. If the market bo a mining or lumbering camp, all food products pay
well ; if a town, the same is more or less true ; if to be transported to a distant
market, cereals ; if to Manitoba or the North-West, fruit.

" In a new country like this, where every man can easily acquire a homestead,
the class commonly designated " agricultural labourers " prefer, as a rale, to work
their own farms ; but there is always a fair demand for hired help on the larger
fai-ms. Female servants are very much wanted, and can readily command from ton
to fifteen dollars a nr.onth, and even more, according to experience and ability. Good,
well-behaved girls would experience no difficulty in obtaining places.

" The influx of artisans from the older pi-ovinces of Cana<.'a since the opening of
the Canadian Pacific Bailway has been such as to supply all oixlinary demands. Per-
haps in the line of bricklaying, the supply is inadequate."

The affairs of the province, under His Honor Lieutenant Governor Nelson, are
administrated by Hon. A. E. B. Daire, Premier and Attorney General ; Hon. Eobt.
Dunsinuir, President of the Council ; Hon. Forbes G. Veraon, chief commissioner of
Lands and works ; and Hon. John Robson, Pi-ovincial Secretai'j, Minister of Finance
and Mines. No other Provincial government in the Dominion is so unceasing in its
efforts to iomote the welfare of the country, and its wise administration has been
most beneficial.

The following figures, showing the exports, the produce of the province, for fif-
teen years ending 30th June 1886, will give some idea of the development of the
countiy :

YEAR.

MINBS

FIBBIRIRS.

rORRST.

ANIMALS.

ao'l

MPO.

TOTAL.

1872

1873

$1,389/85
1,224.362
1331,145

i,92S:m

2 032,139
1,708348
1,759171
1530312
1.664,628
1.317.079
1,437,072
1,309,648
1,441 062
1,759 602
1,720 835

$ 37,708

43351

114 118

133.988

71,838

104,' 03

423 840

633,493

317 410

400 884

976 903

1.332 385

899,371

727,672

643.052

$214377
21 '026
260116
292,468
273,430
287 042
327360
273 386
2f 8,804
17/.747
862375
407,624
468.3<^
262,071
194,488

$211,700
259 292
320 62>
411.810
82<.027
£40 888
267 314
2f8.706
339,?48
360 474
300.429
287,^94
271796
414364
o29,248

' *2ili

5296

9,727

8,060

S.IS3

462

2 605

3,tl43

248

946

6 791

1.746

2324

1.917

$1,540

1197

448

1.500

■■■*57

100

2,616

448

1,413

5,948

2,811

!«1.85«,060
1,742.123
2,061,743
2777,286
2.709 082
2,346369
2!768.147
2,708348

1874

1876 ..

1876

1H77....

1878

1879

1880

2684 001

18*1

1882

2,231 654
3060.841

1883 •...

1884 t

1885

3 34\2fS
3,100,404
3,172,391

1886

289i.211

c
o

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u

w
a

CO
H

tn
H

iaH^iMilllll

li ;• p'M

.«"'>.

I*
|; *•

i\ <■

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III il

•ilr

o
o

KAMTXX)PH.

169

KAMLOOPS.

A thriving and proHperouH town ia Kamloops, at the confluonco ol' tl "^ Nortl» and
South Thompson, 252 mileH from Vancouver, and 2,G54 milcH from Montroul. Itwaa
originally an outpost of the IIudKon's Bay Company, and, although as a >wn Ih young
in yeai-s, gives every indication of rapid growth and progroHH. The modern town, at
first located on a narrow ledge under the shelter of ii i-ango of precipitous hillH, has
spi'ead out on to the plain, where the hills recede. The town Hito was purchased by
a company which, while not a philanthropic concern, had deeper inteiestH than r. )ie
speculation, and offered liberal teriis to actual settlers. As a result of its excellent
policy, there has been an influx of desirable peoqle, and the population now reaches
about 1,000, exclusive of the Chinese. Kamloops is the most important station be-
tween Vancouver and Calgary, both as to passenger and Aeight business. It is the
great centre for large cattle shipments, the passenger traffic is daily on the in-
inorease, for eastern visitors find Kamloops a pkasant i esort both in summer and
winter, and the importation of general merchandise increases steadily, as shown
by actual returns. Owing to the clear sky and the central location of the place, the
L^ominion Government selected it as the ttarting point for their surveys in the Pro-
vince. From here all the points between the coast and Winnipeg were located.

During 1881, over forty houses were erected, at a cost of about 1*70,000. The
town boasts of a newspaper, several churches, good hotels, a bank, and an excellent
Bchool. It possesses a fine system of water works, and an efBcient fire brigade.
Kamloops is the centre of a large, well-settled, fertile tract, for which it forms the
natural disti-ibuting point and neai-est market. The grand, rich valley of Nicola,
Grand Prairie, that gem of comfortable homesteads ; Spallumcheen, Priest's /flley
and Okanagon, the garden of British Columbia; the rich, lai'ge farms along the banks
of the South Thompson, and Thompson up and down to the lakes, which remind one
of old country farms. They all are connected with Kamloops, their natural outlet.
The town is also the centre of a rich mining district. Mines are already being
workedTothers discovered, prospecting is active in the south, the east and the north,
and the eagerness of the miners is sharpened by the favorable results already ob-
tained, and by the confidence which, in the most experienced, amounts to a certainty
that larger treasures ai-e still hidden away to await the patient search of the pick.
And no matter where it is that success may ci-own the miner's arduous labora, Kam-
loops will reap i ei^efit from it. It is in direct communication with all pai'ts by road
or wrter, is the u'^ai'est point of the railway for shipments, the point to draw provi-
sions from, and in some cases the only starting point to gain access to districts until
now unexplored and unti-odden by human foot. The climate of Kamloops is veiy
salubrious. Lying as it does on the plateau between the Gold and Cascade ranges, a
thousand feet above the sea level, and having a di-y, sandy soil, its air is exception-
ally dry and clear. The summer heat is not excessive, and the evenings are always
cool and pleasant ; the winters are short and mild, with an occasional cold snap, just
enough to give its inhabitants a taste of the pleasures of sleighing, tobogganing and
skating. Kamloops, for these i c?«ons, •^ill eom.? day blossom out into a great invalid
resort.

!ri.

170

THE NEW WEST.

PROMINKNT BUSINESS HOUSES OF KAMLOOPS.

*> .,
*• .

in-

' •- .

B. K. MMiih, Wholeinlc anil Retail dealer In Dry
Goodx, Urooerlei, Cruokery, Olotlilng, Dooti and Shoei,
etc., Victoria Street, Kamloopa, B.C.— The many odvan-
Uvei pollened by the oity of Kamloopi >i a ooinmerclul
Mntre, ihuuld not be overlooked by thoin who oonteinplate
purohaiing ffi>odi. With faailitiei umturpaiied by any
other oity in thli diitriot, Kuinloopi ii rapidly booomins
on luportant oommeroial metropolii, and purohoion in
the interior and along the line of Railway are rapidly be-
ooming conrinoed of the faot that they can purohiiie gooda
here oi low oi In the eoittrn and weatorn oitiea, and at
ooniideruble lavlng of time, freight and other expeniea.
The general morobant haa played no inilgnlfloant part in
the growth ot thia oity and the development of the country,
aa might be llluat rated by a detailed hiatory of the above
houae, whioh wii-t eitabliahed in Wi. The departmenta
are numeroua, aud embrace dry gooda, clothing, gentx'
furniahingi, gruoerlea, crockery, boots and ihooa, etc.
Mr. Smith la a gentleman of aterling integrity, and In the
eonaideration of community, no houae takea higbor rank
or ia more deaenring tho auooeaa whioh it has achieved,
or the apotleaa reputation It beara.

Urana Paciae Hotel, Q. W. Jonea, Proprietor,
Kamloopa, U.O.— Thia hotel ia fitted up in the moat
thorough manner, with all modern improvements. The
chambera for the aooommodation of gueata are thirty-five
in number, well ventilated, handaomaly furniahed, and
itriotly clean and comfortable. The houae haa a frontage
of MO feet facing the river and C. P. R. Depot, whioh ia
only a few atepa away. The hotel ia admirably situated,
commanding a fine view of the lakes and riror, also the
mountains in the diatanoe. Ladies and gentlemen visiting
Kamloopa, either on buaiueas or pleasure, will find at this
hotel the best of accommodations, the moat polite attend-
anoa and a table surpassed by that of no other bouse la
the country, being supplied with the choicest viands the
market affords. Every department of the hoiiao ia in
complete repair, and aupplied wivh all the modem oon-
Tenienoes. No pains are spared to make the sojourn of
guests pleasant, and the genial proprietor is one of the
best known citiiens, remarkable for bis cordial aud cour-
teous manners, and untiring eSbrts to sustain the reputa-
tion of hia bouse. Mr. Jonea is one of the pioneer citiiens
of this country, having settled here many years ago, and
is to-day one of Kamloops solid and prosperous business
men.

J. E. Saneleri Manufacturing Jeweller, Victoria
street, Kamloops, BC.— No history of the industries of the
West would be complete without reference to tho trade in
which the above house is engaged, aud in which it is
achieving so prominent a position. Mr. Saucier started
his present business in 18SC, a little over two years ago,
and haa aohiered a success whioh is highly gratifying.
The premises occupied by him are most centrally situated,
and being filled with a large and expensive stock of goods,
ansurpaued by any other jewellery establishment in the
city. In addition to doing a general jewellery basineis,
Mr. Saucier carries on manufacturing. The work turned
out of this establishment is noted for ita elegant appear-
«nce and originality ot design, Mr. Saucier being himself
an experienced jeweller, having enjoyed many years ex-
perience in the basin en. A specialty is also made of fine

watch and olook repairing. The stock of goods is a rery
fine one, oinbraoing diamonds in all kind of settings, Wal-
tham, Springfield and Elgin Watch Oompaniei, whose
superb products are known for their accuracy over the
entire world. Aa nn importer of diamonds, watches.
Jewellery, silver and ailver-plated ware, etc.. with ereir
variety of goods suitable for all occasions, this establish-
ment olTers unsurpassed facilities. This Is the largest of
the three Jewellery houses In Kamloopi. Mr. Saucier
carries a full line of optical goods of all kindsand styles.

P. m. Renicr, Merchant Tailor, Viotoriaitreet, Kam-
loops, B. C— Among tho many moroabtile houses of
Kamloopa, we commend the tailoring establishment of
Mr. P. S. Renter. Having eatablished himself here in
1887, he has built up a large and prosperous businese.
His Ronial manners, high accomplishments as a cutter,
and prompt and careful attention to all business entrusted
to hia hands, and the wants of the people, have widened
hia already large circle of acquaintances and patrons, and
greatly enlarged his business. His present sales-roomand
work-room embrace two storeys, and are large and com-
modious, being situated in a very central and favorable
position, and are well adapted forhis business. The sales-
room contains a large stock, consisting of a fine and sea-
sonable assortment of tho latest styles and most desirable
fabrics for gentlemen's wear, of both foreign and domestic
manufacture, which he is prepared to make to order into
garments or suits in the latest and most fashionable man-
ner. Mr. Ronier employs none but first-class workmen,
and allows no work to go out of an inferior quality. Being
a practical cutter himself of many years experience, be is
enabled to not only underrtand every detail of the business
but to give perfect satisfaction to his customers. Mr.
Ut'iior occupies a position, and has attained a repute,
that emanates from excellence of work and reasonable
prices, and is entitled to and enjoys the esteem and regard
of the community.

CoamopolitMH Hotel, John T Edwards, Proprietor,
Herbert Smith, Manager, Kamloops, B.C.— One of the
oldest and best known hotels in British Columbia Is the
above named house. Being erected in 1872 it has always
held its own as a first-class hotel in every respect. Mr.
Edwards took possession in 1884. Mr- Smith assumed the
management in 1886, and it haa since become one of the
best hostelries in the province. It is a two-storey build-
ing, h.iving a frontage on Victoria street of 96 feet, and
and extending back 7S feet, and is one of the finest appear-
ing hotel structures in the city. The house oontaina thirty-
five bedrooms and suites, with elegant parlors, spacious
corridors and large offices, all of which are furnished in
the moat tasteftil and comfortable manner. Particular
attention is paid to the table, and the menu is always of
the choicest description, the cuisine being in charge of the
most accomplished cooks to be obtained, while the attend-
ance cannot be surpassed. The bar is stocked with a
ohnioe assortment of wines, liquors and cigars. The
manager of the house. Mr. H. Smith, is a genial and con-
siderate host, and ia justly popular with the travelling
public and the reaidenU of the oity. Mr. Edwards is
owner of a large cattle ranch and farm, closely identified
with the interests of Kamloopi and the prosperity of the
country.

KAMLOOPS.

a repu(«,

B. H. J«ii«s, Book), flutionarv Mid Funor Ooodi,
Vloio-iattreet, Kainloop*, H.O.— The oldsit bo<ik itore in
the oity li thiit ooniluoted by Mr. B. 11. .lones. Thia buil-
nen wai eitftbllihed in iHfW, nnd linoe that date it hm had
a prtmperoui onreer. Mr. Jonee now oarriee a itook whiah
li valoed at many thouiandi of dullan, and bli annual
■alw reach a ?«ry larte figure. Theaareerof Mr. Jonei
for many yean In hi* preient vmiatlon hni (iTen him an
eiperienoe the advantafei nf whioh are obiorved daily In
the manafciment of hie bunlnsM, whioh ii itoadily irerenu-
in(. Theitookof itatiannry carried by thii entabl'iilimant
li moet complete and well leieeted. alwayi embraoins
everything deiirable, nuw, rare or onil'-. M^ Jonee
make* a apeeialty of lupplying eommeruial booki of all
kind*, eTinoini a taite and diacrimination in thia depart-
ment highly oonduolre to the aatiafaotion of hii ouatomera
and the healthy enlargement of hia trade in that line.
The minor artiolea pertaining to the buaineM are by no
means overlookedi and to fanoy gooda he hoi given par-
tloular attention. A supply of the lateat iaaiiea of
American and Bngliah newspapers and periodicala is
always kept on hand, and the leading Canadian Journals
are here to be found on sale. Mr. Jonea personally is one
of the most popular business men in Kamloopa, iind la well
entitled to the esteem that energy, reliability and talent
always inspire.

W. K. MeCMrtney, Druggist and Chemist, Vlotoria
street, Kamloops, B.C.— One of the handsomest and most
popular drug stores in the city Is that of Mr. W. B. Mc-
Cartney. The sti>re is neat and attractive, and he keeps
on hand a choice stock of pure drugs and medicinw, per-
fumeries, fancy goods, toilet article.^, and everything
pertaining to • well regulated establishment of this kind.
Mr. McCartney li an oiperienced pharmaceutist and pays
ipeoinl attention to compounding physiaiana' preaoriptioni
in a careful and accurate manner, ualng only the very
purest and best ingredients. He enjoya the most unbounded
confidence of the phyaicians, aud his prescription business
fornix quite an important item of his trade. He carries a
large and valuable stock, which is being constantly replen-
ished from home and foreign markets. As a buaineaa mau,
Mr. McCartney is energetic and reliable, well deserving of
the high esteem in which he la held.

Robaoa A I<««, Wholesale and Retail Dealer* in
OrocerieS) ProTision*, Flour and Feed, Paint* and Oils,

ate., Victoria street, Kamloopa, B.C.— The charMter of our
grocery houses have always elicited the praiae, not only of
their patrons, but of strangers viaiting our city. The
proprietors themselves have learned the knack of captivat-
ing the fancies and appetites of thoee who deal with them,
not only from the claanlineas of their store, but from the
further fact that they diaplay on their ahelves the must
tempting appetisers which the art and ingenuity of man
have been capable of devising. One of the most attractive
eatabliahments of this kind is the one which heads thia
articles. Messrs. P. II. Robson and R. H. L«e, since 1887,
when they firat started In business here, have caught the
popular toate and hold It, and have been gradually but
■urely securing a trade that has not only been profitable
but alike pleasing to their patrons. Their stock is amply
large and is being oonatantly repleniahed with auoh goods
OS go to make up a flrst-claaa grocery eatabllsbment, and
their trade is in keeping with their large and varied stock.
The building in whioh their business is conducted is most
advantageously situated, and contains within its walls all
tha' the appetite of man can ask for or the comforts of a
household can demand. They have alao in stook a taW
and complete assortment of paints and oils. - Messrs,
Kobson A Lee have established a reputation for business
integrity and energy that Is second to none in Kamloops,

Tka "lalmad SentlBel," Issued weekly at $3 per
year, is published by Mr. Hugh MoOutohem at Kamloops.
It Is devoted to the development of the mining, timber,
agricultural and ranching resources of the Inland cour'rr.
The " Sentinel " has a large and Increasing oirculatKO
throughout the province, f>om Vancouver on the Paciflo
coast to Donald on the eastern border of the province,
and from tha international boundary to Cariboo on the
north, being the only inland Journal published within the
territory embraoed. The " Sentinel " was established in
the spring ol 1880, by Mr. M. Ha^an, at Emery, a point on
the line of the O.P.R., about one hundred and flfly mile*
west of Kamloops. In tha fall of 1880 Mr. Hagan moved
the business to Yale, a station on the railway line, seven
miles east of Emery, where the " Sentinel " wa* pub-
lished until 1884, when he moved to Kamloopa. The
" Sentinel " was first issued a* a five column paper of four
pages. In September, 1886, Mr, Hagan sold the business
to Mr. McOntohem, the present proprietor, who has en-
larged the paper to a six column sheet of eight pages, and
otherwise greatly improved it.

172

' Oil'il ■.

lli

THB NEW WEST.

YALE.

At the head of navigation on the Fra&er, the old town of Yale ib located. Its
history dates from 1858, when the gold excitement firat made it a miner's camp.
Hill's Bar, jast acix)SB the river, was one of the richest findings in the country, and at
one time the place was the 6C<. le of bustle and activity. Evtin now, Chinese minera
wash over the old diggings at low water and with varying success. Above Hill's
Bar. and on top of the high bank, the ground was all turned over, and the gold
deposited whei*e the river probably overflowed it, taken out. Efforts have been
made of late years to wash the ground back from the river. Many miles of substantial
flumes were constructed, but the water failed to connect in sufficient quantity to
wash the dirt, which, if treated on a large scale, would no doubt pay well. Yale is
built on a gold-bearing deposit, and minei-s in recent years have tunneled as far as the
law would allow underneath the road bed. »Some day, no doubt, the gold-beai-ing
benches on both sides of the river will undoubtjdly be worked. After the gold ex-
citement, the town decayed, but soon again sprang into prominence as the shipping
point for all supplies destined for Cariboo, and all interior points. This trade
dwindled with the working out of the mines, but again Yale was destined to see
great prosperity. It was made the head-quartern for the construction of the Canadian
Pacific Railway government contract in this province, and during tbi» period it pj-o-
bably witnessed its best days. The rails wei-e at last united east and west. Yale
was side-tracked, descending into insignificance, and to-day there is little life in its
once busy sti-eets.

|; 1

5'!

NEW WESTMINSTER.

New Westminster — the royal city of the mainland— ia one of the substantial cities
of the province. It is eligibly located in the midst of the fir.est farming district
British Columbia boast of, its site having been chosen by Col. yioody in 1859, whose
rame is indelibly connected with the country, for the strategetical advantages it pos-
sessed in case of war with the United States. It is fifteen miles from the mouth of
the Eraser, upon a steep slope of the bank which, at the founding of the infant city,
was covered with a dense forest. It was the capital of the crown colony, and besides
possessing the government buildings, also boasted of the only mint Canada ever had
within its boi-ders. This was established by the imperial government in 1862, but,
not having received the sanction of the ruling governor, was "disallowed." There
were only a few coins turned out, and these ai-e held sacredly by their owners. For
a $20 coin, 1100 has been offered — and refused. It is a handsomely made coin,
heavier than the American, with no alloy ; it bears a plain crown, with the legend
'' Government of British Columbia, 20 dols. 1862," encircled by a wreath of leaves.
New Westminster's situation is favomble to its advancement. It has communication
by steamer with all points on the Eraser, and by rail has daily communication with the
east, being conected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a branch.
The growth of the fisheries and the lumber industry, the rapidly increasing area of
land cultivated in the district tributary to the city, ai'e each contributing towai-ds

NEW WESTMINSTER.

178

it3 permanent prosperity. The place has never been visited by any boom ; there has
been no sudden rise in values, fictitious in its nature ; but the steady, constant growth
of the city has demanded all the improvements that have been made during its
existence, and especially during its latter years. It boasts of all the adjuncts of
civilization — churches, schools, daily newspapers, etc., and although one of the oldest
—and at one time sleepiest — towns in the province, is destined to be one of the
wealthiest and most thriving. New Westminster possesses fine churches, one daily
newspaper, the British Columbian, and one semi-weekly, the Mainland Guardian —
both being very creditable journals — several good hotels, the Colonial being the
leading one. The lumber business is extensively carried one, one mill alone employing
200 men.

VANCOUVEB.

The youngest city of the Dominion, Vancouver — the western terminus of the
gi-eat Canadian transcontinental route — can proudly vaunt of being the Chicago of
the coast — not only emulating the great Lake City in its rapid progress and charac-
teristic enterprise, but resembling it in another memorable manner. Both were
almost completely destroyed by fire ; both sprang from the blackened ashes of ruin
with new life and increased vigor, and disaster, instead of discouraging, rather
appeared to infuse renewed energy into a homeless people, and animate them to
greater exertions in founding a city in whose future they had unbounded faith. The
history of Vancouver is a brief but eventful one. One year fi'oin its birth, it was
totally destroyed by fire. Two yeai-s later, it waa a thriving city of over TOOO inha-
bitants. Its whole history is comprised in the years 1885-6-T-8. Pi-evious to this
there was the little lumbering village of Granville, where the Hastings' saw-mills
V ere located ; Vancouver's substantial growth has perhaps been unparalleled, its great
strides on the road to great wealth and commanding position unequalled, and its pros-
pects never brighter than they are to-day. Port Moody, at the head of Burrai-d Inlet, had
originally been chosen as the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Bailway by the
Federal Government, but in 1886, it was decided, for obvious reasons, that Coal
Harbor was a more eligible site. At that time, it was a thickly wooded wilderness,
with a saw-mill half a mile to the east. Coal had been focnd here some seventeen
years previously, but the explorers, after spending considerable money, ceased opera-
tions and nothing remained to show what they had sought to accomplish but the
name which attached to the place. It lay dormant — ^for there was nothing to awaken
it in the early days — until its selection as a terminus of the railway. Port Moody —
foui-teen miles further up the inlet — in which heavy speculation had been indulged
in, fell into decay, and, worshipping the rising sun, investors were attracted to the
yet unborn citj , Its location is such an admirable one that one wonders why Port
Moody was over chosen instead. Vancouver is on Burrard Inlet — named after Sir
Harry Burrai-d of the British Navy — just inside what is called the First Narrows,
where the inlet widens out into a broad bay three miles across. The city itself, says
a writer in the Oregonian, describing Vancouver, is built on a peninsula, formed by
the waters of Bui*rard Inlet on the north, and thoso of False creek and English Bay
on the south. This peninsula widens out toward English Bay, bat at its narrowest

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THE NEW WEST.

part, the width does not much exceed one-half a mile. It ia on this neck of land
that the original town-site of Vancouver was located, and it is here, that the prin-
cipal business portion is now centred. The city rises gi*adually back from the
water's edge of both Burraixl Inlet and English Bay, until at the highest point
the elevation ia about 200 hundred feet. The average elevation of the whole
city does not exceed TOO feet. There is Just enough slope to the land on which the
city is built to afford a pei-fect drainage, and while there is a perfect slope to all
of the land of the townaite, there are no very steep grades encountered in ascending
any of the city's main thorough-fares. Across the inlet nestles the little Indian
village where there is a school, a church and regularly laid out streets. A little
farther to the east of this settlement on the opposite shore from Vancouver is the
town of Moodyville, receiving its support from the largest saw-mill in the province,
which is located there. Casting the glance upwards from these points the eye
encounters an almost impenetrable forest, which at this distance loses its sharp
definite outlines and blends into one aymmetrical whole, lending its rich green to
the quiet watera below in which it is so perfectly rain'ored. Beaching to the very
summit of the Coast Bange mountains, which stand out in bold relief as sentinels on
the northern shore, is this same thick forest of the finest woods for general use in.
the world. This range attains an elevation of from 4000 to 5000 feet. Towering
still above the summits of the nearer range are the two peaks of the " Twin Sisters,"^
sitting majestically on the tops of the higher elevations, in the background. The
summits of the highest peaks of these mountains are the abodes of eternal snow, and
these great masses, with the whiteness of their snowcapped tops, add a serenity to
the whole pictui'e which is as thrilling as it is pleasant. To the west of the city lies
the broad expanse of English Bay, while still further out, in plain view, is the long
stretch across the Gulf of Georgia. A background to this view, surpassing the finest
works in oil for scenic effects is formed by the gi'cen-covered hills of Vancouver's
island, more than twenty miles distant. To the south, at your very feet, is the second
inlet, known as " False Creek," while still beyond, as far as the eye can reach, is
that same impenetrable forest of fir which here meets the gaze wherever the eye
strikes terra firnria.

To this spot rushed hundreds, long before the railway reached the place, for the
Port Moody people put legal obstructions in the way, and the arrival of the C. P. R.
was delayed for some time. While the city was in its early infancy, and gradually
being ti-ansformed fi'om a wilderness into a town, the great calamity which tem-
porarily wiped it out of existence came. In the afternoon of June 13, 1886, a fire
broke out and spread with such remarkable rapidity that in a few hours not a house
in the city proper was left standing. Night showed nothing but a desolate ai'ea of
smouldei-ing ashes and blackened ruins. The destruction was complete, the ruin
overwhelming. Thousands of doUara — the "all "of the place — went up in the flames,
lives were lost, the people were homeless and hungry, but thanks to the Hastings
and city mills located within the city limits, their needs were relieved that night, and
relief came abundantly and quickly from east and west and north and south. While
the fires were still smouldering, the rebuilding of the city of Vanaouver energetically
commenced. A number of buildings were hastily erected, business was resumed, and
although a dark cloud of smoke reigned over the city, there seemed to be no cloud to
mar its future. But the insatiable flames once more attacked the now built city,

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VANCXJUVER.

and in the following month it naiTowly escaped destruction a second time. The in-
habitants, headed by Mayoi* Maclean, worked as men never worked before to stem
the enci-oachments of the fiery element, and their ceaseless eiforts were finally
trinmphant and Vancouver was saved. Precautionary measui-es were at once taken
against fire, and since then the city has been singulai-ly fi-eo from conflagrations.
The Vancouver of to-day is in marked contrast to the sight it presented two yeai-s
ago. The stamps and ti-ees and areas of ashes have been replaced with magnificent
b '7.3k buildings, handsome residences, fine hotels, excellent wide and well paved
streets. Substantial evidences of prosperity are to be seen on every hand, and in-
dications that the rapid growth is not of the mushroom species, but of the solid and
enduring kind. Vancouver possesses 20 miles of graded streets, and 19 miles of
sidewalk, 5^ miles of the streets being planked and one mile gravelled. Like Vic-
toria, Vancouver possesses some pretty drives, which the city is yearly improving.
A tract of six hundred acres lying between the Inlet and English Bay — a beautiful
spot designed by Nature for the recreation ground of a nation — was granted the city
by the Dominion Government for a park, and the authorities, with commenadble
public spirit, aspire to make it a rival to the Beacon Hill of Victoria. Boadways
are being constructed, one encircling the park and being ten milqs in length, and
the grounds are being beautified and rendered very attractive. Dead Man's Island
is being connected with the park, and will be converted into a picnic resort, and
none more desirable could be wished for. The view from places in the park are
beautiful. And while Vancouver is being supplied with the luxuries of life, it is
not laggin,'^ in securing the neceHsaries. Heretofore the water supply has been en-
tirely inadequate, but the Vancouver Water Works Co., with a capital of $250,000,
has constructed a huge reservoir at Capilona river, across the inlet, and six and a
quarter miles fi-om the city, pipes being laid on the bottom of the inlet, through
which the purest water from the fountain head of mountain rills is supplied. After
its severe lesson of June, 1886, Vancouver appreciated the necessity for secm-ing
the best appliances for extinguishing fires. A very efficient brigade was organizeu,
two steam fire engines purchased, and two huge tanks located in the most con-
venient parts of the city, which, with the water works' hydrants, will furnish an un-
failii^g supply of water and prevent the recuii'ence of the disaster of two years ago.
No city in the Dominion is better lighted than Vancouver, both electricity and gas
being used to illuminate it, and at night the approaching traveller, either by rail or
water, is deeply impressed by the scintillations of the distant lights, which guide and
direct him to this newly created magic city.

But not only keenly alive are the people of Vancouver to their present require-
ments, but they wisely endeavour to secure the establishment in their midst of all
enterprises that will tend to the future welfare of the city. Whatever industiy will
attract capital and labor is encouraged liberally, and every effort made to secure its
location. Amongst these, none perhaps is more important than the establishment of
smelting works, which will shorily be in operation, and which will make the city
the centre for handling tho entire smelting product of the mines of the Pi-ovince.
English capitalists, who have been generously aided by the Provincial Government,
are interested in the scheme; and inexhaustible beds of oi-e at Field and other
mineral centres will supply the material to keep the institution busy. The works,
doubtless, will develop gradually, it is anticipated that in a few yeai-s they will be

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1*76 THE NEW west]

the largest on the continent, and be a great source of wealth, not only to the city
bat to the Froyinue and the Dominion.

Vancouver possesses a boai-d of trade, organized in 1887, with Mayor
Oppenheimer, president, a real estate board, and has branches of the different
national societies and athletic clubs. The following brief description of the city will
best tell of the marvellous strides the young western metropolis has made during
his short existence :

City incorporated April 6, 1886.

Population February 1, 1886 000

Population January 1,1886. 600

Population January 1, 1887 2000

Population January 1, 1888 6086

Poup'.fl tion July 1, 1888, over 7000

The city assessment on February 6, 1888, was as follows :

Real property $3,471,245

Personal property 204,660

. . • . Total $3,676,906

Increase in one year, over $1,000,000.

The following is a statement of the city's finances during the year 1887 :

Amount expended in building $l,600,0(i0

Amount of loans effected by the city for streets, sewerage, fire

department and hospital 150,000

Amount appropriated for streets and roads 60,000

- ' ' Amount appropriated for fire department 15,000

■ < Amount approp. iated for driving park 20,000

Amount appropriated for sewerage. . . • 20,000

Number of houses in city June, 1886, after fire, 3 ; Number of houses June,
1888, over 1000; miles of street graded January 1, 1887, 1; miles of street graded
in city January 1, 1888, 13J; miles of sidewalk laid in city January 1, 1887, IJ;
miles of sidewalk laid in city January 1, 1888, 18f .

Subsidy given by city to smelter, to be immediately constructed at Vancouver,
$25,000; bonus given to smelter by provincial government, $12,000.

Number of saw-millo in the city, 6 ; cutting capacity of three largest saw-mills
in the city (annually), 45,000,000 feet ; amount of lumber annually expoi-ted from
Vancouver, 10,000,000 feet ; number of ships ""xnually loaded with lumber at Van-
couver, 50 ; number of men constantly omplr in and around these mills, 1000 ;
number of shingle mills in Vancouver, 1 ; c .g capacity of shingle mill (daily),
35,000 shingles.

Stanley Park, 600 acres : length of road !..ough park, 10 miles.

Number of water companies in the city, 1 ; capital stock water company, $260,000 ;
cai)acity water mains discharging in the city daily, 3,500,000 gallons ; water dis-
charge of river where supply of city is taken from, at lowest known stage of water
daily, 440,000,000 gallons; elevation of reservoir, where water supply of city is
taken from, above high water mark of Burrai-d's inlet; 417^ feet; average elevation
of city above same level, 100 feet; extreme elevation of city above same level, 200
feet; "head" of water in city mains, average, 300 feet.

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JOHNSTONE 8 STRAITS, BRITISH COMIMBIA.

ALONQ THK COAST OF BBITISH COLUMBIA,

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Number of ^as companies in city, 1; capital Block of gas company, 1160,000;
numljorof oloctrio light plants in city, 1 ; capital Htouk elootrio light company, |3&,000 )
number of olentrlc lights now in uho in city, 400; number of electric lightu soon to
bo increased to 700.

Cost of new brick and Htono hotel in city, just opened, 9150,000; capital stock of
new Opera House Company in city, $TB,000; cost of new Catholic cathedral in city,
to be built immediately, 180,000.

Numl)er of banks in city (chartered), 3 ; number of banks in city (private), 1 ;
number of tele], hone companies in city, 1 ; number of express companies in city, 1 ;
number of newspapers in city (daily), 3 ; number of iron foundries in city, 2 ; number
of lime-kilns in city, 1 ; number of soap works in city, 1 ; number of reading rooms
and libraries in city, 1.

Number of fire engines owned by city, 2 ; number of streams those engines can
throw, 4; length of each stream, 150 feet; number of feet ofho.se owned by the city,
2000 ; number of hose carts owned by the city, 4; number of water tanks in city,
^0 i Aggi'ogato capacity of these tanks, 350,000 gallons.

Average price of be.t business property in Vancouver, 1886, $30 to $50 per front
foot; average price best business property in Vancouver, 1887, 170 to 100 per front
f:iot ; average price best business property in Vancouver, early spring of 1888, $100 to
$200 per front foot.

Vancouver has always been blest with enterprising and public spirited citizens
who have earnestly labored for the city's wolfai'e. Mr. M. A. Maclean was the tirst
mayor, two terms, and the present occupant of the high position is Mr. David Oppen-
heimer, in whom is found a worthy successor to Mr. ex-mayor Maclean. The council
for 1888 consists of Aid. H. Boll-Irving, Samuel Brighouse, Joseph Mannion, I.Oppen-
heimer, Joseph Humphries, B. H. Ale.xander. J. M. Lefevre, Lobert Clark, Robt.
Ciith and John Dougal. Mr. Thomas McGuigan is city clerk.

Elegibly situated on the crest of the upland is the Hotel Vancouver, a magniti-
cent structure erected by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company and which rivals
the large hotels of San IVanoisco. It has all the conveniences of a leading hotel, is
fnmished elegantly throughout, and is managed by Mr. E. M. Mathews. There are
other fine hotels in the city — in fact, no place is better supplied with them.

The newspapers of Vancouver take a leading place amongst the provincial
pi-ess. The News Advertiser (morning) and Herald and World (evening) are ably
conducted sheets, enterprising, energetic, and their newsy appearance is an excellent
indication of the life and go-aheadativeness of the place.

But one word more of this wonderful city — quoting from the Boston Herald :

"A gentleman who arrived in Boston yesterday fresh from Vancouver, the
Pacific terminus of the trans-continental railway, gives the genesis of that city in
terms which are as startling as they are significant. Two years ago there was but
one house in the locality. A year ago there were a dozen straggling log huta. To-
day there is a population of 501/ persons ; the Victoria hotel is one of the finest
houses in the country, charging four dollars a day and worth it; the main street,
built through the virgin-forest, as it stood a year ago, is flanked by granite blocks
that rest where stumps, fifteen feet ui more in diameter, have been blown out by
dynamite; the town is lighted by electricity; there is semi-weekly communication
with China and Japan by steamship, and the Canadian Pacific keeps the northernmost

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178

THB NEW WE3T.

city on the Pacific coaet in daily communication with the eastern world. All this is
sabstantially a year's work. Other places of this size, or even greater, have sprung
up in a night, like Jonah's gouixi, bat it is believed that there is no record on the
American continent of the building of a similar town, will all the improvements of
modern civilization, within so short a space of time. It is to be said that it has had
the most powerful stimulus that could be brought to bear upon any single spot in
the country, but the rising city haa simply grown out of the primeval forest without
going through tho pioneer stages at all. It has been the uprooting of the original
wilderness in oi-der to receive the latest touches of civilized life."

A few miles away is Hastings— a delightful summer resort called the Brighton
of the coast.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF VANCOUVER

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Oppenta«lm«r Bro«., Importen and Wholesale
Qrooerics, ProviHiOM, Clean and Tobaocoi, Powell street,
Vanoouver, B-C. — VanaouTer's grreatest pride is her mer-
cbanti, and she oan proudly boatt that no other city oan
■urnaM her for oommeroial itanding andbutineuqaalifioa-
tioni!. All of her merehanta are imbued with the
cit>''B intenstt and make it part and parcel of their daily
business by endeavoring to extend her's and their own
good name throughout the country. No people are more
energetic or prompt to take advantage of the prospects for
busiuesi that may be brought to our doors, and every exer-
tion is used by thorn to a'td to their own accumulations
and advance the city's prosperity, and none are more
deserving the name of aiding in these enterprises than
that of the firm that heodk this article. Messrs. Oppen-
heimer Bros, established thoir business here in 188S. Pre-
vious to that time they wen in business in Victoria. Being
fai^sighted and seeing the great future before Vancouver,
they wisely moved to this city. Their extensive trade
reaches throughout British Columbia, the Dominion of
Canada, China and Japan. The premises occupied consist
of a substantial three-storey brick building, 35 x 76 feet
in dimensions, which is tilled with a full and complete lino
of staple and fancy groceries, provisions, cigars, tobaccos,
etc The member* of the firm are Messrs. David Oppen-
heimer and Itaoc Oppenhelmer. Both gentlemen arc
progressive, enterprising and liberal, and no house in the
eountry occupies a more enviable position for integrity, or
stands higher in commercial circles, and in the estimation
nf the public The oititens of Vancouver manifested their
eonfidence and esteem by electing Mr. David Oppenhelmer
to tho mayoralty for 1888, and Mr. Isaac Oppenhelmer as
alderman.

I X t. Clotkinc Honsw, Klrschberg and Landsburg,
Proprietors, 21 Cordova street, Vancouver, B.C.— Promin-
ent amung the leading houses m Vancouver is the wull
known house of the above mentioned firm, which is located
at 21 Cordova street This business was established three
years ago, and since its inneplion haa met with marked
success, having constantly and steadily increased. Here
will be f< 'ind one of the largest stocks of ready-made
dothinr: u the city, of the most fashionable cut and of the
best quality of goods from the leading manufaoturors of

the Dominion, and at prices that cannot be beaten- A
large and well selected stock of genta' furnishings la
always earried. Including all the latest and most aeaaon-
able novelties In neck-ware, hosiery, bats and caps, etc.
The members of the firm are Messrs. B. Kirschberg and
F. Landsburg. who are both wide-awake, enterprising and
progressive business men. This firm also own the Victoria
Loan Office, situated on Johnaon street, nearGovernment,
in Victoria, starting in thut city throe years ago, and the
business has increased each year, until at tho present time
it is the largest of Its kind in British Columbia.

Qeorc* V»ylor« Importer and Dealer in Curios from
Japan, 420 Cordova street, Vancouver, B.C.— A most im-
portant branch of commercial activity in Vunoouver'a
leading induitriea is the above named business. One of
the largest and most thoroughly representative conoema
in this line of business in British Columbia, and the only
one in Vancouver, is that of Mr. Oeorge Taylor. This
house was established the present year, and since ita
inception it has enjoyed a very prosperous career. The
premises occupied are very spacious ard commodious, well
arranged and stacked with a full and complete aaaort-
ment of curios of all descriptions. Including silk handker-
chiefs, dressing gowns, and a thousand different artiolea
too numerous to mention. The facilities of the bouse for
doing business are of an unusually complete character,
enabling it to offer spodal advantages to strangers, who
will here find a complete slick of goods direct from Japan.
Mr. Taylor Is a courteous gentleman, liberal and fair in
all tronsaotionr, and well deserving of the success he la
achieving.

Band Broa^ Real Estate Brokers, Wilson Block.
Vancouver, B.C.— There is no financial Interest of such
magnitude and importance as that involved in real estate,
and tho steady demand for eligible city und suburban
property is the best evidenuo of Vancouver's growing
wealth and prosperity. In this connection it is a pleasure
to make prominent mention of an old-established and
thoroughly representative house, which haa been identified
with the real estate interests of Vancouver from its incep-
tion. This firm has built up the highest of reputatious aa
talented and responsible brokers in all descriptions of

VANCOUVER.

179

r*»Hy. Their oonnMtioDi are of the moat luperior ohar-
MOter, inoludins, ai they do, among their ouatomen, many
leading Oaoadian, American and foreign capitaliata and
iuTaatora. Their faoilitiea for traniaoting biuineaa are of
an unuBually complete character, enabling them to offer
ipecial advantagea to cuatomers, and to cover every biuch
of their baaineaa in the prompteat and moat aucoeaaful
manner. They have upon their hooka deacriptiong of
realty ao varied aa to fizo, location, price and terma aa to
iuit all olaaaaa of iuvoatui. Mr. 0. D. Rand, ita head,ha8
ever Uken an active intereat in the development and
proaperity of the city. Mr. E. E. Rand, the other mem-
ber of the firm ia located at London, Eng., and attenda to
all mattera of the firm in the old country. Mr. C. D. Hand
ia a genial and courteoua gentleman, whose career ia alike
a credit to bimaelf and the city wherein he reaides.

ThontM Dunn, Wholeaale and Retail Dealer in
Heary and Shelf Hardware, 10 and UO Cordova atreet,
Vancouver, B.C.-There ia probably no branch of trade
in a more healthy condition than hardware. Prominent
among the flrma engaged in this branch of commercial trade
in Vancouver, and one that ia deserving of more than
a paaaing notice in a work profeaaing to give an adequate
display of the commercial advantages of the great North-
West, ia the firm w ioh heads thia article. This buaineaa
was founded in 1888 by the preaent proprietor. Having
ample <sapiUl, he ia enabled to aucceaafully compete with,
and hold his trade againat rival eatablishments in larger
cities, never allowing himself to be undersold by any
other house, which has resulted in a prosperous and in-
oreasing business. The premises occupied are large and
commodious, eligibly located and of sufficient dimensions
to accommodate a large and varied assortment of hard-
ware, including bar iron, pocket and table outleiy, mecha-
nics' tools of all descriptions, guns and ammunition, houae
fnmiahing goods, etc. Mr. Thomas Dunn, the proprietor,
has a reputation for enterprise and probity that makes his
a most desirable houae with which to establish business
relations.

Gllanore A CUrk, Clothing and Gents' Furnishings,
28 Carroll street, Vancouver, B.C.- That the city of Van-
couver has a bright future before her ia beyond oil ques-
tion. ijituaUd as it is on the coast and the terminus of
the C.P.R., it could not well be otherwise; noting this fact,
many wide-awake business men and capitalists are locat-
ing in this city and surrounding country, which offera the
best of inducements to energy and enterprise. Among
those houaes oatabliahed bore, may be mentioned that of
Meiars. Uilmore A Clark, dealen in clothing and gents'
fumiabings. The premiaea occupied are large and com-
modioua, and they carry a large and well-aelected atock of
men'a, boys' and children's clothing, all of the latest
styles and deaigna, while the atook of genta' furniahinga,
embracing all the Utest noveltiea in underwear, ahirts,
neck-ware, hosiery, haU, caps, etc., are all of the latest
importations. The members of the firm are Messrs.
A. Qilmore, of Victoria, and R. Clark, who manages the
business. Mr. Clark bos been a resident of British Colum-
bia for several years, and has alwaya taken a deep inter-
est in all national and civic affairs, and is now a member
of the city council, repreoonting ward three.

LeiRtLd H«> t Messrs. Front & Ensley, Proprietors,
corner li Mum« i>; 1 Qranvillc streets, Vancouver, B.C.—
Among t'lu botc:ti of thia city there nro none oiijoyinga
higher reputation than that of the Leland House ; situated

on the corner of Hastings and Granville streets, eligibly
and conveniently located, within a short distance of the
railroad depot and steamboat wharf, ihe Leland House
affords to visitors inducements which cannot be excelled
but by few houses. It ia a substantial four-story building.
On the first floor is the office, dining-room, reading-room,
billiard parlor and bar: on the second and third floors are
the parlors and sleeping apartments, all large, airy, and
handaumely furnished. The house has in connection a
large three-story brick block just opposite, on Hustings
street, which is fitted up <n mile, and lighted and fur-
nished in the most complete manner. There are 7ti sleep-
ing rooms in Ihe houae. The dining-room has ample seat-
ing capacity, and thocuwi'ne is under the superviaion of
competent and experienced assistants. Messrs. William
Prout and John Eusley, the proprietors, are deservedly
popular with all classes, and possess a thorough fami-
liarity with all the details and requirements of the busi-
neaa neceaaary for success.

" ChMspslde," A. C. Thicke, Proprietor, Importer
and Dealer in Dry Qooda, Notions, etc., oomer Cordova
and Abbott streets, Vancouver, B.O.— In preparing a
history of the institutions, establishments and noteworthy
entbrprises of a city, it is iVequently dene by comparison,
but we often meet in our business with a house so far in
advance of its contemporaries as .'u merit special atten-
tion, such is the position Mr. I'hicke occupies in \un-
couver in the retail dry goods trade. The trade in dry
goods is the most important branch of commerce in this
country, us it is one of the prime factors in the develop-
ment of commercial progrosa, and exercises a larger in-
fluence than any other branch of trade. The variety of
articles embraced in the general term dry goods is almost
exhaustlesa ; but the materials entering into their con-
struction are principally cotton, wool, flax and silk. The
business requires as great an amount of good judgment,
executive ability and keen foresight as any of the leading
mercantile pursuits. The house under consideration was
established in 1886 by the present proprietor. His store is
filled with as varied and complete a stock of dry goods,
embracing dress goods, silk, cotton, woollen and linen fab-
rics, notions, etc., as can be found in any strictly retail
establishment in British Columbia, also looe curtains of
exquisite fineness and texture, as well aa plain varieties.
His stock is ample and the assortment as well selected as
can be found to choose from. Mr. Thicke is a careful
and expert business man ; for energy, enterprise and
liberality he has no superior. He also has a store situated
oa Water street.

O'TooIe dc Rsils»li, Stoves, Tinware, Cornice, Roof-
ing, Plumbing and Gas Fitting, 114 Carroll street, Van-
couver, B.C.— This well known and prosperous concern
was established in 1886 by Vair Jc Miller, the present firm
buying out the business in 1888, and bos been conducted
continuously ever since with uniform success, the trade
to-day being exceedingly heavy, owing to the superior
character of the goods produced and the unmistakable
business ability, energy and enterprise displayed in the
management. The promises occupied are spacious and
thoroughly equipped with the most approved applianres
known to the buaineaa, and a heavy and excellent xtock ia
carried to meet the extensive and constantly increasing
demand. They keep in stock a full Una of stoves, ranges
and heaters, tin plate, pumps, iron and lead pipe, gas
fittings, etc. They are alao manufacturers of all kinds of

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THE NEW WEST.

oopper, brsM and tinware, blaok and Balraniiad aheot iron
work and galvanited iron cornice. The members of thii
firm are Meura. J. M. O'Too'ie and William Ralph. We
heartily eommend this establishment to the publio as a
flrst-oUss hoiue in every particular.

Vi»neoav«r Drac Co., A. A. Rolls, Proprietor,
Dr. James F. TajiU, Manacer, 70 Cordova street, Van-
eoQver, B.C.— The inerobse in the population and the b;.n-
stant growth of the city must have its lecitimate elTeot
upon the drug business, and in oonaeotion with the lead-
ing houses in that lino we take pleasure in noticing the
enterprising drug house of the Vancouver Drug Co. The
promises oooupied by them are commodious and eligibly
situated in the business centre of the city, and ire
splendidly fitted up for the business. They established
here in 1836, and are meeting with must gratifying suo-
cese, being in the enjoyment of very ezoellent business.
Their establishment is well stocked with pure drugs and
medioiiies, popular patent medicine^ perfumeries, toilet
articles, fancy goods, etc. Dr. Rolls, being a thorough
druggist with a comprehensive knowledge of materia
medica, takoa special pains accurately to compound and
fill physicians' prescriptions. Mr. Rolb will not only be
found a good druggist, but a pleasant and accommodating
gentlemaLi.

€. S. Ballejr, Landscape Artist, 227 Hastings street,
Vancouver, B.C.— Prominent among the leading and
most talented landscape artists of British Coiumbi-v is Mr.
C 8. Bailey, whose well-equipped studio is at 227 Hastings
street. Since establishing himself in business, he has
built up a large and influential patronage, and won an ex-
cellent reputation for flrst-class work. He makes a spe-
cialty of scenery views along the coast, through the moun-
tains, anr^ as far east along the north shore of Lake
Superior as Ottawa. He has in stock a fine collection of
views, which are for sale either in sets or singly. Mr.
Bailey will furnish a catalogue, on application, to parties
living abroad, who wish to secure a ooile«tion of scenery
views. He is an artist of rare ability, and is meeting with
a well-deserved sncoeu.

F. W. H«rt, Furniture Manufacturer and Importer,
Warerooms, 27 and 29 Cordova ulreet; Factory on False
Oreelc. Vancouver, B.C.— Prominent among the estab-
lish- d houses of Vancouver is the furniture establishment
of .ur. F. W. Hart. This busineu was founded three
years ago by the present proprietor, and from its inception
has enjoyed u prosperous career. The premises occupied
as salesroom are spacious and commodious, being 26 .<t 420
feet in dimensions, while the factory on False Creek is a
two-story and basement building 4C z 60 feet in sis*. The
sliow-roora is admirably arranged, and heavily stocked
with a tpleodid assortment of parlor, bed-room and
dining-room furniture. He has ample manufacturing
facilities, and makes to order fine oabinot-work and fur-
niture of every description. This house is so well known,
and has retained its old customers so long that its repnta-
tation for honorable dealing is established beyond the
requirements of praise. Mr. Hart is proprietor of Hart's
Opera House, which liiis a seating capacity of 1000 people.
He is a thorough-going business man, fair and honorable
in all tmnsaotiuns, and is highly esteemed and respected
by the citisens of this city and the community at largo.
Mr. Hart has the only first-class undertaking establish-
ment in the city.

Paffe Poneferd, Importer and Dealer In Qents' Fur-
nishings and Ladies' Novelties, 611 Hastings street, V.jn-
couver, B.C.— This house conducts the leading bnsineea
in fnmiihings and novelties. The premises are commo-
dious, handsomely fitted up, and conveniently arrangedi
a thorough system of organiiation pervading the entire
establishment. The stock is fresh and (".esirable through-
out, having been selected with the greatest care in the
European markets, including the latest novelties in pat-
terns, styles, etc., of foreign manufacture, embmciog fine
hosiery, underwear, hats, caps, and neck-wear for gentle-
men, and all kinds of novelties for the ladies, embracing
the latest importations from Paris, while the prices quoted
command the attention of the oioieet bnyen. Mr. Pons-
ford has retained the confidence of leading commercial
circles, and is in every respect a worthy exponent of hie
branch of trade throughout the oity and British Columbia.

F X. BlMrtln, Groceries and Provisions, 26 Cordova
street, Vancouver, B.C.— The staple and fancy grocery
merchant has been an important factor in our mercantile
growth, and among our leading houses most actively en-
gaged in connection with the grocery* tnule is thrt of Mr.
F. X. Martin, dealer in sugars, teas, coffees, syrups, canned
goods, and everything pertaining to a flnt-class grocery
establishment. This is one of the best known houses in
Vancouver, beinfc' established in 1887 by the present pro-
prietor. Ills facilities and connections are of a strictly
flrst-class character, enabling him to execute all orders in
the promptest and most aatiafaotory manner. Mr. Martin
brings to bear sound practical experience, and he nowdoei
a large and prosperous buaineas, aa a result of his liberal
policy, enterprise and extended dealings. He has the
esteem and confidence of the citiiens of this city and the
community at large.

ClHkrlc* HcieoM, Chemist and Druggist, 112 Coidora
street, Vancouver, B.C.— One of the most thoroughly
reliable drug establishments and pharmaceutical depots in
this city will be found at No. 112 Co,dova street This
business was founded in 1886, and from its inception it
has grown to large proportions. The stook of drugs,
chemicals, medicines, etc, are of the freshest and purest
quality to be hid, and the assortment of toil.t and fancy
articles, druggisu' sundries, etc., will compare favorably
with that of any drug establishment in the country. lu
the prescription department be does a large and increas-
ing business. The establishment is centrally located on
Cordova street, in the centre of the business portion of the
city. Mr. Nelson possesses business ability and energy of
a t'ish order, well qualifying him to carry on his business
suooossfuliy, and his establishment is every way worthy of
liberal patronage. Prompt, reliable and energetic, he will
be found to be fully up to the times.

David Evane, Merchant Tailor, 75 Cordova street,
Vancouver, B-C— Among the industries carried on in
Vancouver the manufacture of gents' clothing is a most
important one. and when carried on (as in the present in-
stance) in accordance with the prevailing styles, the
importance is surely all the greatei^aliko a credit lo the
city that sustains such an industry, and to the gentleman
engaged in it. This gentleman commenced business here
in 1880, being one of the pioneer merchacts of Vancouver.
Mr. Evans keeps a fnll and complete assortment of nil the
Intost stylos and designs in Canadian styles and designs in
Ciinadian and Scotch tweeds, aMo English and French
worsteds, etc The work turned out by this gentleman

VANCOUVER.

181

hni Monred for him a flnt-oIsM reputation, and pnrohaiing
hia olothea on the moit farorable termi, be is enabled to
supply bis oustomera at most reasonable prices. Mr.
Brans is an experienoed and sicilful outter, honorable and
upright in all his dealingr, and is deserving of the large
and eonstantly inoreasing patronage of which h<, is in the
enjoyment.

O. I<. Alleik, Boots and Shnes, 13 CordoTa street,
Vaneonrer, B.0-— The handsomely and elegantly fitted
up store of Mr. Q. L. Allen is eliirfbly situated at No. 13
Cordova street, and is most admirably arranged, being one
of the finest establishments of its kind in British Columbia.
The stock carried is a large and varied one, embracing a
splendid assortment of fine and medium priced footware
for ladies, gents and children. Here will be found all the
standard shapes, correct styles and original patterns, and
all the goods are warranted to be nr.dnufsotured out of the
very best material, a very important consideration in these
days, when shoddy goods are st frequently palmed off
upon the unsuspeotipg public, i&r. Allen's stock is
reliable ir. every respect, and those who patronise the
estaolishment will never have ^auie to regret it The
business was founded by Mr. Allen in 1887, and, by his
energy and enterprire, coupled with a thorough knowledge
of the busineu and the requirements of the public, be has
largely increased it, and his annual sales reach a very
respectable figure. Mr. Allen is well known as an honor-

able, liberal and conscientious business man, and is held
in the highest esteem both in social and commercial
cirolen, and has achieved a well merited sucorss. He also
manufactures all kinds of boots and shoes to order, em-
ploying none hut first-class workmen.

». T. TUIjr, Robks. Eutionery and Fancy floodg, 11
Cordova street, Vancouver, BC— It is needless to estimate
the imporUnoe of the book and sUtionery trade, as that
has long since been recognised, its importance being coeval
with the development of a country commercially, socially
and intellectually ; and the character of an establisiiment
of this kind decides to a very large extent the intellectual
status of the community in which it exists. In Vancouver
there is certainly cause for congratulation, as here there
is one of the finest book and stationery establishments in
the city. Wo refer to that of Mr. 8. T. Tilly. This gen-
tleman commenced business here in 1886, since tfhioh time
he has built up a large and flourishing trade, being, In
fact, one of the larg it of the kind in Vancouver. The
premises are large and commodious, and the stock, which
is oompieto in every detitil, eonsists principally of a laise
assortment of books, stationery of all kinds, pictures, en-
gravings,artotypes,etq., also a full line of artists' materials
and fancy goods of every description. Mr. Tilly is a thor-
ough and most reliable man of business, and is highly
esteemed in the community.

iv: I

: ^ i

SEE RAND BROS.

BI^^ITISH: OOLTJIS^BX-A..

.•a
1

Mi, J

The westorn torrainus of the Canadion Pacific Railway Co.

The eastern terminus of the Oriental Steamships Lino to Japan and China.

Tiie distributing centre for the mining district of British Columbia.

The supply point for the agricultural valleys of the Fraser Eiver and the form-
ing districts of the interior.

The centre of tne Salmon packing and the Fishing induetrieH of the Northern
coast.

The nucleus of the vast lumber supplying country known as the Pugot Sound
Region.

The city tributary to the coal and iron mines of British Columbia.

The city destined to be a great commercial port, railway and shipping point
for foreign countries and western Canada.

The climnto cannot be excelled,

No cold winters — no hot summers, —

No cyclones oi- tornadoes, —

No floods in Spring, or

D"'OUth in summer

The scenery is grand beyond description,

The fishing, hunting and bot ting cannot be surpassed.

Magniticent drives, and a nat^iral park of over 900 acres, nearly surrounded by
salt water.

rro

Those desirous of investing in this province or this city, the
undersigned will take pleasure in furnishing full particulars

upon application.

RAND BROTHERS,

REAL ESTATE BROKERS,

AND FINANCIAL AGENTS FOR NOJ^-RESIDENTS

^^V*DHBRo^,

• •

VANCOUVER

=) AND G

■NEW WESTMINSTER-

(BRITISH COLUMBIA)

N.B — Do not fail to read the editor's opinion I
on page 178.

184

THE NEW WEST.

VICTORIA.

3!:

Althoiign tho cities of British Columbia : re neither large nor numcronn, they
aro both rapidly and wteatlily iiicroaKing in number, size, population, wealth and im-
poitance, and in many roapectH will doubtlosH rival some of the metropolitan cities of
the East within a very few years. Chief among them is Victoria, the capital, which
bcai's the same relation to British Columbia that Portland does to Oi-ogon or Winni-
peg to Manitoba. Beautifully located on the extreme southeitstern coast of Vancou-
voi" Island, in a comj)letely land-locked bay, which atlords a safe harbor, it natuinily
occupies a commanding position — one so impoi-tant, that it gives ripe to the aspira-
tion in its people that home day, rivalling San Francisco, it will divide with her the
honor of being tlio roistross of the Pacific. The queenly city, appropriately named
after the sovereign of Great Bi-itain, was incorporated in 18r>2, although long before
that it was a thriving trading place of some importance. It is the oldest and largest
and wealthiest city in the Piovince; its situation rivals that of the famed sea-girt
v:itio.i of the Orient. Nestling on low evergreen hills, it faces tlie straits of Fuca, and
across in American territory are to be seen the long, snow-crested Olympian range,
stretching south and east; Mount Baker to the left uplifts its broatl expanse of white
far above its comrades; the island-dotted (Julf of Georgia ; and the rich background —
all add sublimity and beauty to the lovely suri-oundings of glistening waters and win-
some wooded retreats. No other city in Amei-ica is blest with buch enchanting en-
vironments ; none can boast of lovelier flower-scented drives, or beautified natural
parks, which combine to niak, tho spot, an eai-thly pai-adise to the lover of nature.
See Naples and die ! Rather .-^ee Victoi-ia and live, for the prospect is so charming,
the sea breezes so invigoiutiiig, tbo people so hospitable, that new heart and life and
courage are given the dyspeptic or discontenteH, who, entranced and delighted with
the chai'ms of the place, find something worth liviiig for in this beautiful city by the
sea. But it is not Victoria's beautiful enviionments that are its only attractions.
Commercially, it is prosperou.-- and progressive ; historically, it is inteieuting. Inde v',
it may be Buid, tiiat in a large measure the histoiy ol Victoi'ia is the history of Brit-
ish Columbia. Ncurly a century ago, the roving Spaniard, Quinepe, discovered a
good port for shelter on ihe Island of Vancouver, then supposed tc bo the main land,
and called it Corboda. This is siippoecd to be the site of the city of Victoria. Of the
Bucceed'ng years, little is known, but there was located on the summit of an adjacent
hill \iuj jndian village of iho Songhies, who were at one t me the sole inhabitants of
(he locality. In the beginning of the nineteenth cen; vy, the Hudson s Hay Com-
pany established a post hore, and in 1847 Fort, Victoi'ia\.as made the headquarters of
the Company. Fn)m this, dates the permanency of Victoria, although previously it
had reached thodignit, of something more than a mere trading post. The site was
chosen on the east she t of Victoria harbor, one mile from it« onti-ance, t!io original
name being Fort Camosin. the Indian tei-m fr,r the inlet. In a report made in 1846,
Colonel IloUoway thus describes tho place : " Fort Victoi-ia is situated at the southern
end of Vancouver Island, in the small harbor of Camosin, the entrance to which is
rather intricate. The fort is a square enclosure of one hundred yards, surrounded by
cedar pickets twenty feet in height, having two octagonal bastions each containing
six-pounder iron guns at the north-east and south-west angles. The buildings are
made of squared timbers, eight in number, forming three sides of an oblong, * * *

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VIOTOBIA.

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It is badly situated with regard to water and position, which latter has been chopen
for ita agiuoultural advantages only. This is the best built of the Company's forts ;
it requires loop-holing and a platform or gallery to . aable men to fire over the pickets.
A ditch might be cut ai-ound it, but the rock appears on the surface in many places."
Seven years later, the site of the fort was described as an oak opening, and inside the
enclosure were a number of stores, carpenter and blacksmith shops, chapel, prison,
and residences for the employees of the Company, A whaling dep6t was established,
and Victoria became the headquarters of the trade. The embryotic city soon started
to trade direct with England, the first vessel reaching port direct from the Mother
Country in 1846. Agriculture was also fostered by the Company, and daii-ies were
established, with large herds of cattle. In 1849, the whaling industry declined,
but, if not a prosperous whaling port, Victoria made progress in another direction,
becoming a great fur depot. Up to this year there were no courts of justice in Brit-
ish Columbia, legal matters of importance being adjudicated on in Montreal. In the
same year, Vancouver Island was proclaimed a British colony, and Victoria was
made the capital. Governor Blanchard, the first governor, ai-rived on! 0th March,
1850, but, being unable to find accommodation, was compelled to remain for 6o.-ie
time on the vessel in which he had an-ived. His tenure of office was veiy brief, and
he resigned in the following November, his resignation being accepted in April, 1851.
He was succeeded by Chief Factor Douglaa, who ruled the Company as well as the
country until 1859, when he retired from the Company's service, and was knighted
four years afterwards. In 1852, Victoria was laid out in streets, but owing to the
monopoly held by the Hudson's Bay Company, there was not much progress made
until 1856. The gold discoveries of 1858, already referred to at length, gave an im-
petus to the growth of the city, and in that year stores were established, saloons
started, newspapers published, the fii-st one being the Gazette. Population rushed in^
and the number of permanent inhabitants increased ft-om less than three hundred in
1853 to thirty five hundred in 1861 ; although in the year previous the number had
fallen away to about fifteen hundred. A police force was organized in 1859, land
office opened, and courts of justice, with regularly appointed judges and officials estab-
lished in the city and Province. Several wharves were constructed in 1860, the new
Government buildings ei'ected on James' Bay, across which a bridge was built. Fii-e
appliances were procured, an efficient volunteer fire brigade organized, and during
the yeai- a number of fine buildings wore erected. A fair idea of the progi-ess the
place has made is given by the Victoria Directory, published in that year, which
says : —

" In trades and professions, Victoria possesses seven butchei-s or meat salesmen,
several fish and vegetable dealers, ten bakers, thirteen dry or fancy goods stores,
six tailors, thirteen commission merchants, three chemists and druggists, three
architects, one ambi-otypist, eight or ten carpenters or contractors, twenty grocers
and provision dealers, foui* hair-cutting saloons, three dressmakers, about twenty-
five hotels, inns and saloons and restaurants, six surveyors, three watchmakei-s, four
lumber dealera, eight or nine medical practitionei-s of different classes, ten legal pro-
fessors, of whom four are barristers at law, two banks, four blacksmiths, machinists
and shipsmitbs, three express offices, three newspapers (tri-weekly), seven auctioneers
and estate agents, seven dealers in tin and hai'dware, three wholesale liquor dealers,
six cigar and fruit dealers, two ship-brokers, one patent roofing dealer, foui* lodging
13 •

186

THE NEW WEST

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houflos, one tanner, one underwriter, one crockery and glass dealer, one fur dreaaer,
two Heed dealers, two bre'.«erioa, tive milk sellora, two saddlers, eight wharves." Thu
spiritual welfare of Victoria was well looked after, there being Roman Catholiu,
Wesleyan, Congregational and EpiHCopalian churches and missions, and the Sisters
of St. Ann had a nunnery. There were also educational establishments in the shape
of a young ladies' seminary, a private educational institute for boys and girls, a
school under the control of the Roman Catholic bishop, and the public schools. The
following institutions and societies were also in existence or in courae of formation :
A hospital, Masonic Lodge, Odd Fellows' Association, Ladies' Benevol jnt Society, a
first Hebrew Society, Victoria Benevolent and Philharmonic Society, which had
been in existence a long time, " The ports of Victoria and Esquimalt receive teu
river and sea-going steamers * * * two built in Victoria by navigation com-
panies. * * * We carry on a lucrative trade in lumbei', flour and fruita with the
ports on the Sound, and have bi-monthly communication with the Atlantic States
and the Home Government." Victoria was then a free port, in the fullest sense of
the woi'd, being, with the exception of Hong Kong and Labrador, the only British
depdts for ocean commerce in which no customs duties were levied. There were
other free porta existing in dilferent parts of the world, but Victoria bore the dis-
tinction of being the only one that was absolutely free, while the r "Abel's had certain
resti'ictions. The glory surrounding the Hudson's Bay fort began to depai-t in 1861,
and the new Victoi-ia, incorporated in the following year, began to assume the
dignity of a city. It was divided into three wards, the council bei'-.g composed of a
mayor and seven councillorii. Fi'om this time the city's progress has been gi*adual,
the population increasing co 6,000 in 1863, with about fifteen hundred buildings.
In 1878 the city boasted of a horticultural society, foui* hospitals, one lunatic
asylum, two iron foundries, two sash and door, etc., factories, one cigai' manufactory,
two tanneries, six breweries, two soap factories, two boot and shoe factories, two
fihipyai-ds, two lumber yards, three wagon, etc., makera, three machinists, three
boiler-makera, one book-binding and blank-book manufactory, one match factory, two
brick yai-ds, thi'ee printing offices, the Albion iron works, and two planing, mould,
ing, etc., mills. In 1882, Victoria's population had increased to over 7,000, exclusive
of Indians, and to-day that number is exactly doubled.

Victoria has, like all western towns, been the theatre of many exciting scenes,
but public feeling ran highest perhaps in 1874, when the people who had become
«ntirely disgusted at the nonfulfillment of the terms made with Canada, threatened
secession fi*om the Dominion. Happily, howevei', the differences were adjusted, and
a long suffering people ultimately — though after yeai-s of patient waiting — found
their long cherished hopes of being connected with the provinces of the east fully
realized.

The limita of the city have twice been enlarged since its incorporation, and now
embrace an area of foui* squai'e miles. It now extends fi'om the Goorge road on
Victoria Arm, on the northwest, to Cedai* Hill road, Cadboi-o Bay road and Moss
street on the east, its southern boundaiy cutting across Beacon Hill park, and
abutting on the water at the foot of Menziea street on James Bay. The business
portion is mainly built of brick and stone, and while some of the structures ai'e
quaint and old fashioned, they have a substantial appearance, indicative of the solid
character of its business enterprises. Victoria has n( had any booms of late ; bu

I'
iiil

VICTORIA.

187

ita growth has been ateady and gradual. In 1887, 1316,000 were expended in build-
ing improvements. The city posseHBea an excellent system of waterworks, fire and
police protection, telegraph, telephone and postal arrangements, and is well governed
by a careful council. It is lighted by electricity and has street cars. The city has
about sixty miles of streets and a water frontage of six miles available for wharves.
Being the seat ol the Provincial Government, and the Dominion Government having
large iuteroHts in the place, there are numerous public buildinj^s, some of which dis-
play the taste and skill of the architect. The Local Government buildinge are lo-
cated on .Fames' Bay, and are built in the Swiss style. The Lieutenant-Governor,
Hon. Mr. Nelson, resides in Carey Cattle, who><e surroundings arc amongst the most
charming in the attractive environs of this fair city.

The great pride of the average Victorian is Beacon Hill Park, a natui-al retreat,
whose pristine beauty requires not the aid of man to render perfect. Prom Beacon
Hill, which slopes gradually to the water, an admirable roadway running around its
base — a view is obtained the loveliness of which baffles description. The park itself on a
bright afternoon is a scene of life and festivity. The beautiful drives are graced
with the presence of the youth and fashion of the city, the grassy slopes and sunny
lawns afford to the devote of atheletic games an opportunity seldom missed ot
indulging in his favorite pastime of cricket, lacrosse or baseball. There is no fairer
spot man could wish to visit ; none which he views with such admiration ; none
which he leaves with such pleasant i-ecoUections.

An extract has already been made from the directory of 1860 : here is another
from that of 1887 : Victoria now numbers among its industries, sash and door facto-
ries, planing mills, sail lofts, boat and ship-building yards, a malting establishment,
breweries, soda water and syi'up factories, tanneries, hat makers, saddle and harness
makers, bai'rel and furniture factories, rice mills, broom and match factories, cofl'ee
and spice millB, saw mills, wire works, corset works, stove factories, blacksmiths and
foundries, boot and shoe factories, piano manufacturing, waggon and carriage making,
and pork packing establishments, cigars and cigar box manufactories, lithographic
and chromo-lithographio prinuing, job printers, blank book manufacturing, book-
binding and ruling, brick-making, cracker bakeries, soap works, and others too
numerous to mention. It in hoped that in the near future, entreprising capitalists will
establish smelting works for the reduction of both iron and copper ores, both of which
abound in the Province ; also woollen and paper mills, rope works, glabs works, wood
and willow ware, drain and tile works.

The water supply is excellent, the service having been completed at a cost of
about a quarter of a million. There are six miles of water mains, and the gross
receipts annually amount to about (40,000. Electricity has superseded gas for public
lighting, the corporation owning the electric woi;^ ; but there is also an incandescent
electric light company and a gas company composed of private individuals, which ai'O
well patronized. That Victoria is well governed is shown by the fact that notwith-
standing the many public improvements made, the indebte<lners of the city is very
small, and the taxes very lijjht. The following are the civic representation and offi-
cials : Mayor, John Grant ; alderman, D. R. Hai'ris, Geo. Powell, Wm. Wilson, Louis
Vigelius, S. Kelly, John Braden, S, T. Styles, Jno Coughlan, C. T. Penwill ; olerk,
James D. Bobinson ; treasuror and assessor, Thomas Russell ; city surveyor, Peter
Leach ; water commissionei*, Peter Summerfield ; assistant-collector, T. J. Fatridge ;

188

THE NEW WEST.

asBiatant-clerk, E. C, Smith ; assistant-Hurvoyor, Thomas MathewH : chief of police,
C. P. Bloom field ; eergeant of police, Henry Sheppard ; chief fire department, Thomas
Deasy ; a»Bi8l ant-chief fire department, C. N. Gowan.

The press of Victoria is very entei-prising, the city supporting no fewer than
foiu- dailies, the largest number published in any city of the same size in the world.
The Colonist, Times, Standard and Post are energetic and well-written sheets, enjoying
a good circulation amongHt the people. Notwithstanding the great expense in securing
telegrams, the news of the woi-ld is found fully recorded in their colums daily. There
are other weekly and monthly publications. The Colonist is the pioneer papej, and
its office is one of the most complete in Canada.

Victoria possesses a handsome little opera house, and the city is famed throughout
Canada and along the coast foi- the excellence of its hotels chief amongst which are
the Driard and Clai'ence.

Three miles and a half from Victoria, on a peninsula separating Esquimalt Har-
bour from the Royal roads, lies the town of Esquimalt, with its magnificent harbor,
the Deptford of the Pacific. It was selected by the Imperial Government many years
ago, owing to its superior harbor facilities, as a naval statio", and here are to be seen
a huge man-of-war and several corvettes. A lai-ge dry dock has been completed at a
cost of $900,000. At Esquimalt doubtless extensive fortifications will be erected, and
in the future it will become a most important coaling station for Her Majesty's navy
in westera watera.

VICTORIA.

PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF VICTORIA.

Tamer, B««ton * Co., MerohanU, Wharf strMt,
Viotoria, B.C.— Of the homes eniaged in the dry goods
and oommiision buaineu, we can with oonfldenoe asaert
that none in this city oocupy a position of higher ranlc, or
one more entitled to consideration, with reference not onW
to the high commercial standard upon which its operations
are based, but also to the extent of business transacted,
and its influence in commercial circles. Since established
in 1860, this house has always maintained a prominent
position in the dry goods and coram. < on trade. Through
all these years of their business life, the members of the
firm have maintained the characteristics for onergy, high
commercial integrity and enterpriso with r<!iich they be-
gan business, and, as the years pass, gain some added
value, rather than lose in eflioacy. The premises occupied,
so far as regards facilities for the operation of their busi-
ness, are all that could be desired, being ample, com-
modious and eligibly situated. Here may be fouad a
large stock of dry goods, hosiery, etc., also always stored
in the collar below, the finest brands of wines, liquors,
ales, eereated water, etc., from the various European and
Canadian houses represented by this firm. T., B. & Co.
are also importers of tin plates, black tin and other can-
nery material, and are agents for the following companies
and firms :— Guiirdian Fire Assurance Company, London ;
North British & Mercantile Insurance Co., London (for
mainland); Commercial Insurance Co., Marine, San
Francisco; Inverness and Balmoral Salmon Canneries;
Peoples' Steam Navigation Co. ; Steamer Rainbow ; 0. R.
A N- Company ; Boutelleau A Co., Cognac, brandy ; Prel-
ler A Co., Bordeaux, claret and white wine ; Cockbum,
Smithes A Co.. Xeres, sherry ; M, P. Foster A Sons, Lon-
don, ale and stout ; Boord A Son, London, gin and liquors ;
Bawlings A Co., London, ginger ale ; Wm. Jameson A Co.,
Dublin, whiskey ; Hiram Walker A Son, Walkerville,
Canadian whiskey ; Denti A Qelderman, Ayerville, cham-
pagne ; J. L. Fry A Son, Bristol, cocoa and chocolate ;
Oeorge Woatenholme A Co., Sheffield, cutlery ; Minton A
Co., London, encaustic tiles; DouUon A Co., London;
John Hall A Son, London, powder ; Dunbar, McMaster A
Co., Oilford, salmon twine. Tne members of the firm are
Hon. Mr. T. H. Turner and Mr. H. C. Beeton. Mr. Tur-

ner is Finance Minister for the province, and was mayor
of Viotoria in the years 1879 and 1880. Mr. Beeton is
agent general for British Columbia in Bngland, office 33
Finshnry Circus, London. Cordially commending this
house to the trade and the puolio, and calling attention to
their liberal manner of doing business, and their re-
sources, it may justly be added, that, ranking as it does
among the first in the line of its contemporaries, the
establishment of Messrs. Turner, Beeton A Co. commands
the respect of the trade, and the highest consideration of
the community at large,

Drlard Homm, Redon A Hartnagel, Proprietors,
comer View, Broad and Douglas streets, Victoria, B.C.—
The oldest first-class hotel in British Columbia, and one
which has for years enjoyed a reputation second to no
hotel in the country. An institution of which the city of
Viotoria should feel proud, and which is in every way
deserving of patronage ^and generous support. For
twenty-six years this house has been well and favorably
known, not only to the residents of British Columbia, who
oocasionally visited this city, but to thousands all over the
world, travelling for business or pleasure, who availed
themselves of its accommodations. The old hotel was
built in 1862, while the new structure was erected in 1886.
The hotel proper occupies a whole block, and three stories
in height, and is fitted up with all modern improvements,
gas, electric light, electric bells, closets and baths on each
floor, hot and oold water, etc. The chambers, for the ac-
commodation of gents, are 125 in number, well ventilated,
handsomely furnished, and strictly clean and comfort-
able, the dining-room il large and commodious, having a
seating capacity of over 200, while the offioe, reading and
smoking rooms are large, airy and well lighted. There is
an excellent bar and billiard room attached to the house,
the bar being stocked with the best brands of wines,
liquors and cigars. The Victoria Theatre, which is one
of the finest little opera houses in the country, is in the
hotel building. Ladies and gentlemeo visiting Viotoria,
either on business or pleasure, will find at this hotel the
best of accommodations, the most polite attendanoe, and a
table surpassed by that of no other house on the Paciflo

lit

THE NEW WEST.

iliili

!i>

Hi lli

OtMMil, being lapplled with the oholoait Tliinda thai nmrket
Kffbnln ; And what In nqunlly M Important, hM one of the
belt nnil mmit experlnnowJ aooka, M well ai attentive and
polite waltein. Rvery department of the house li In oom-
pleto repair and ■applied with all m<idern oonTenlenoei.
No pain* are ipnred to make the anjouni nf cuaati pleao-
and the tenlal pniprielon, MeMn. It, Redon and H. A.
Hartnatrel, are two of the beit known oitltent, remarkable
for their oordini and oourtonua miinnorfi, and iintirlnR
•(Tnrti to lUDtain the repulallon of their hoime The
DrianI in eonveniently nituatad, helm but a ahorl diiitanoe
from the poat offloo. railway depot and atoambnat whnrvoi.
The rateii of thia hotel are a* reaaonable ai can be aflforded
by any hnuae In the larae liberal atyle. Meeara. Redon k
llartnnfel attend to the offioe, both experienced hotel
men, whoae eourleoua mannera and aooiai qualities have
rained thorn hosts of friends throughout the oountry, and
beint conversant with their business, they miiko every
•Sort to please and entertain their gueats. As one of the
•Id laxdmarka of the city, and an emblem of herZpost
history and present prosperity, wo take plcnsuro In re-
eommendioK the old and reliable Driard House.

▼IctoriM Transfep «'o-, Livery, Haoks, TJus and
Stace Line, S- Tinsley, President ; Frank S. Uamard, Sec-
retary ; Broughton street, Victoria, B.C.— Among the
notlve enterprises of a city like Victoria, the business of
livery, hack, and sale stables occupies, necessarily, an
important place, contributing ns they do to the pleasure,
convenience and actual necessities of the community.
The most notable establishments of this class in the city
la that of the Victoria Transfer Co, which ia the largest
establishment of its kind In British Columbia. The busi-
noiis was established In 1883. The building is a two-story
itrncture, 66 x ?40 feet in dimension, and rontains all
modem improvements, the interior arrangements being
perfect, no expense having been spared in equipping it
with every convenience and facility. In the front is
located the offiee, waiting-iooms, repository for carriages,
etc., while in the rear are stalls affording accommodation
for 100 head of horses. The ventilation and sanitary
arrangements are perfect, and the welfare of the stock is
carefully attended to. This firm have here about 1(H) bead
of horses, embracing good saddle horses and roadsters,
also ?0 to 40 handsome and stylish carriages and alniut 10
haoks. They also have a stable on Johnson street for the
accommodation of their patrons in that part of the city ;
also a blacksmith shop, wood-work shop and paint shop,
all in connection to facilitate their business. This firm
are also owners of the British Columbia Express Co. and
Stage Line, which runs from Asbcroft, on the C.P.R.,to
fiarkerville and Lillooet. Stages leave Ashoroft every
.Monday, Wednesday and Friday. This line was estab-
lished by Mr. Barnard some twenty years ago ; their stage
lines run to the famous Cariboo oountry. Mr. Frank S.
Barnard, the secretary and manager of this company, is
an active competitor for legitimate business, energetic,
honorable and fair in all dealings, and is very popular
throughout the country.

Chemalna* Snw Hllla, Croft 4 Angus, Proprietors ;.
Mills at Chemainus. Office Government street, next Bank
British Columbia, Victoria, B.C.— There are no more im-
portant or available and widely distributed elements of
wealth in British Columbia than the lumber interests.
Her great resources in this line, in their importance and
value, cannot readily be overestimated. The situation of

VIetorIa and vicinity, with refarence to tha timber grow-
ing districts of British Columbia, has made it an avail-
able point lij the lumbar trude, and added considerably to
her induatrial prosperity. The magniluda and extent of
this trade is thoroughly approolated, and at tlin present
time Is represented by many thousands of dullara. Many
firms are engaged in the various branches of the lumber
trade, some oi'them mammoth in proportion, and supplied
with every roqulslts facility for the rawing and haiidllng
of lumber in all ufits forms. In the front rank of tbasa
is the firm of Croft A Angus, H. Hariiaon, agent at Victo-
ria. Thia establishment is one of large propDrtlona, per-
leot in its details and arrangements, and ocoupiaa a promi-
nent position among tho successful enterprises of Victoria.
This businesa was founded in 1884 by the present proprie-
tors, Messrs. Henry Croft and William Angus. They have
carried on the business sinoe that time with no interrup-
tion to their success, making frequent improvements and
additions, introducing tho must perfect machinery, adding
to the capacity of the mill, which at present exceeds 50,000
feet every ten hours. Tho m<li is admirably located at
Chemainus, huving a spacious frontage and harbor for
anchoring millions of feet of logs. Almost every particle
of the log is utilised in some way in making lumber, lath
or ahinglea. One engine of 2(10 horse-power ia employed
to drive the maohinor}. One hundred hands are employed
by this company In the various departments. These milli
in every respect are as perfect and completely arranged as
any In British Columbia. Their trade is scattered all over
the world, shipping to China, Australia, South Amerioa
and all over Canada. They make a specialty of large tim-
ber. This firm are owners of Chemainus town site. Mr.
Croft is M.P.P' for Chemainus, and Mr. Angus is a bro-
ther to R. U. Angus, vice-president of the Canadian Paoi-
fio Railway This firm is liberal, energetic and straight-
forward in their policy, and they have been successfut in
legitimate business, always occupying a high position for
mercantile honor and integrity. We should mention also
that this mill supplied ail the lumber for the construction
of the Island Railroad, amounting to some 12,000,000 feet.
It supplies also nearly all the lumber used on the east
coast of Vancouver Island, both bv land and water, be-
tween Nanaimo and Victoria. The mail steamers call at
the mill wharf and ship lumber to the rariuus places of
oall along the coaflt. Messrs. Croft ic Angus own large
timber limits on the mainland and islands, as well as at
various points near by. They have a yard also in Victo-
ria. A 56 and a 52 double circular saw, a 6-gang circular,
a 42-inch " edger" machine, a planer (capable of planing
two flooring boards at once, 96 inches wide). Alsoan Eng-
lish general Joiner and planer, that will simply do any-
thing you tell it. A S6-inch hand-saw, a gang lathe mill
and bolter, a No. 20 Detroit fan to blow the shavings and
sawdust away from the mill. A 21-inoh turbine, driven
by SO feet fall of water. The mill, moreover, is supplied
with water pipes to each floor with troughs en every roof,
so tbat by,iust turning a tap, every roof, and, indeed, every
part of the mill can be flooded at once. In summer, by
way of precaution, they flood all the roofs both night and
morning. The water, which is of the purest quality, is
brought in pipes from a lake about five miles distant, and
flows with great force. From this source all the mail
steamers on the coast draw their supply of water. Every-
thing in and around the mill is in apple-pie order, and
simply works like clockwork. It is evident that the pro-
prietors attend well to business, and know also bow t»
attend to it.

Iih: -

VICTORIA.

n. A. Hiirrla**, Coal, WmHl and Lumbar, Oflloa
fflorarnmant itrrat, nast tn Rank of Britlih Cnlumbta,
Viotnrta, DC— One of the moit axtanilra ooal, woo<i and
Inmber merohanti In Viotnria li Mr. H. Ilarrlaon, whole
office in looated on Oovernment utreet, and yardu and
wharf on Laurli Point. Mr. Ilarrlinn haa nlwayaon hand
a large atock of the famnim Wolllniton ooal, and na agont
for the Cheinainui aaw rollla, he haa a large (took of lum-
ber of alldimenilona, thoroughly aeaauned and of amtiit
deairable olaaa. Tl.aae eitenilve ''elivery and atorage
yarda are eligible In location, whio laoilltntei the prompt
Oiling of the largeat ordera at lo«uat market pricea, Mr.
Harriion reeeiving hli lupplle* direct from the produoera,
enabling him to offer apeolal adrantagei to oiiatomera. He
alao oarriea an Immenae atonk of wood of all kinda, aelling
in lotf to euit ouatomen. Mr. ilarriacm, during hia buay
eareer, hai evir auatnined an untariiiahed ropututlon for
honorable, atralghtforward dealing and aterling integrity.

T. N. HIblMH A Co., Oookaoller and Stklioner*
OoTemment atroet, VIotoria, B.C.— In all the wide range
ef Induatrlal purauita there ia not a more intereating occu-
pation than that of the bookaeller, upon which the eduou-
tion of the maaaea and t*' enlightenment of the oitixena
of the country in a lar. j meaaure depend. The city of
Victoria la eapeoially a city of erudition and culturo, the
conaequence being that the book trade ia of more than
ordinary importance. There ia no better evidence of
refined taate in the houao than the preaenco of hooka, and
it ia a matter of congratulation to the frienda and laborera
in the cause of education that the major portion of the
literature which forma the reading matter of to-day ia far
luperior in character aa compared with that of a few
year.tago. Meaara. T. N. llibben & Co., the proprietora
of this enterpriae, have beoii ongitfted in thia branch of
industry for the laat thirty yeara, lliia being one of Vic-
toria's pioneer establiahmenta, they having established
their preaent busineas in 1868, and, by the use of moat
effective and energetic buaineaa method8,have succeeded in
building up a trade connection of which they may Justly
be proud, and one which will bear favorable comparison
with that of any kindred house in the Dominion. The
premises occupied are large and commodious, being 20 z
82 and additir 20 x 30 feet in dimensions, and fully
stocked with a choice variety of popular literature, which
inoludes both ancient and modern classical, biographical,
historical, scieiitiflc and artistic works, as well as bouks of
fiction, romance, poetry and religion, which arc offered at
most reasonable prices. They also carry a fuil line of
stationery, plain and fancy, aa well as legal and commer-
cial, also blank books and office sundries. They import all
their stationery direct. To the careful and judicious man-
agement of the proprietors, Mr. T, N. Hibben & Co., is due
the preaent success of this enterprise, which in its line may
justly bo ranked as one of the leading houses of British
Columbia. This house holds the agency of British Colum-
bia for the Caligraph Type Writor, Admiialty charts and
books, Judd Paper Co., Uolyoke,.^ A A. Arnold's, Walk-
den's and Antoine's Inks, Quillott's and Esterbrook's
steel pens, T. 8hriv«r ft Co. 'a copying presses, J. W. Foley
k Le Roy Fairchild's gold pens, Cotran Sc Co.

A HRAVY PUROBASR.

Messrs. T. N. Hibben & Co.'s tender for the bankrupt
stock of the British Columbia Stationery and Printing
Company of 57^ cents on the dollar was accepted to-day
by Sheriff McMillan, who is in possession of the premises

on behalf of, the ereditors. So soon as the atnok Hat !•
eheeked over the new proprietora will take poaieaaion.
Theiloi.iis said to be a good one, l)oinK largely Kfapla.
This, we believe, Is the fourth or fifth stationery an>l *' if
gooila eatabliahment In Victoria that haa beeii merget.' -nO
the buaineaa of Meaars. Hibben A Co. Their latent pur-
chuae is oonsiilered the beat they have yet made, and they
are being congratulated on their aucoeaa and enterpriae.

CI«K»rir« H, nfNjriiMril, Iloota and Shoes, fiO Govern-
ment street, Vletoria, B.C. —There ia no branch of bual>
neas which requirea a biglTer degree of enterpriae and
buaineaa capacity than the boot and ahne trade, and intblg
connection we deaire to call attention to the eioellent
eatabliahment of Mr. (ieorge H. MaynarJ, whose fashion-
able emporium la looated on (iovernment street, in the
centre of the buaineaa portion of the city. Ho occupies
commodioua premiaea, whore h« keeps a choice and most
desirable stock of boots, ahoea and allppers for men's,
women's, mlaaes and children's wear, of all atyloa and
grades, tnm the fine and costly hand-mado to the coarser
qualities. Thia buaineaa waa eatabliahed by the preaent
I proprietor in 1869, and has won ita way ns the flrat-clasa
j boot and shoe eatabliahment of Victoria. He handles
none but the beat quality of goods, and hIa full and well
asaortod atoek being bought directly from eastern markets
enables him to compete with any contemporaries in price
and style, to the decided adrantige of the customer. The
liberal and prompt way in which the establlahnient iacon-
duotod beapeaka an unuaual ahare of popularity. As an
eatabliahment this house is so welt known for Us strict
adherence to truthful representation and reliability for
busineas honor that any comment from ua would be
unnoceaanry to strengthen Ita well deserved popularity.

Hobert Ward d: Co., Commission Merchants, Ship-
ping and Insurance Agents, Wharf street, Victoria, U.G.—
To no cl-'.es of her merchants does Victoria point with
more pride than does she to her commission merchants.
Not only have they been largely the moans of advertising
her as a cheap and pleasant business locality , but through
them her commission merchants have come to be looked
upon aa the most generous and stable of her businosa men.
A prominent point, and one that will have more effect
than any other, ia the fact that less money has been lost
through failures of her merchants than can be said of any
otheroity on the coast. This has given them a very high
commtroial standing, and ui.i'le Victoria a valuable factor
in the commission busineas. No firm of our merohanti
can lay a more just claim to all thebc advantages than
Messrs. Robert Ward & Co., and it is duo as much to their
business integrity that the present state of affairs exists aa
to any other merchants in the city. This house waa
established in 1802, and from its inception it has succeeded
in building up a large and influential trade. This firm,
aa agents, represent Messrs. Curtiss & Harvoy, London,
the Salmon Canning Bstablishments of Eweu k Co., and
the Bon Accord Fishery Co., Fraser River, and they ar«
also general agents for the Province of British Columbia
for the following well known insurance companies : Royal
Insurance Company, London and Lancashire Fire Insur-
ance Company, Standard Life Assurance Company,
London and Provincial Marine Insurance Company
(Limited), Alliance Marino Insurance Company (LimAed),
Union Insurance Company.

Mr. Robert Ward is consul for Sweden and Norway, a
Juitice of the Peaoe.and President of the British Columbia

192

THE NEW WEST.

'Z *'■

n- "... V. (■ .[ *i '..

^i'

li i'l

Board of Trade. Ho ia a live buaineu man, oonduotins
his affain on the moat elevated plane of oommeroial
intesrity. Liberal, enterprising and energetic, he ia
respected and esteemed in sooial as well aa baaineaa
oirolea. This firm is represented in London by Mesars. H.
J. Gardiner & Co., 1 Ureabam Buiidings, Basinghall
street, E-O.

J. C Devlin, Commission Merchant, ISO Qorernment
street, Victoria, B.C.— There are few business enterprises
that hare the capacity for wider range and scope than
the produce and commission business. Few poraons are
aware of the fact that to carry on the produce business
with success, a higher amount of business knowledge ia
more essential than in ordinary branches of trade. Success
in the commission business requires activity and energy,
with a keen perception of the best interests of the con-
signor. Among the houses that are considered as most
prominent and influential in this trade is that of Mr. J. C.
Dovlin. He has, since coming to this city, taken an active
part in promoting its busineas proaperity. Thia gentle-
man commenced the produce businesa here in 1886 with a
capital auffioiently large for the undertaking, and his com-
prehenaive knowledge of its requirements and responsi-
bilities, and his straightforward manner of transacting
bubineas has increased his trade wonderfully. Ilia trana-
aotions embrace a gon ral produce and commiasion busi-
neas, receiving and disposing of consigiiments of produce,
as well as being a buyer. He makes a specialty of dairy
and farm produce. Through long experience in every de-
tail of his business, and a high reputation for intogrity
and fair dealing, this house is justly entitled to the oonfi -
dence in which it is held by the trade.

I^owlnbeav, HRrrls A COm Reul Estate, Mining
and Insurance, 41 Government street, Victoria, B.C.—
There are no financial interests of such great importance
as those involved in real estate, and there can be no better
evidence of Victoria's growing wealth and prosperity than
the great demand for eligible property, coupled with a
and stecdy rise in values. Among the active, enterprising
successful firms identified with the real estate interests of
Victoria, ia that of Messrs. Lowinberg, Harris <& Co. Ibis
business was established by Mr. Lowinberg in 1858, and is
the oldest and most representative firm of its kind in Brit-
ish Columbia. Mr. Lowinberg died several years ago, and
the business has since been conducted by Messrs D. R.
Harris and N. P. Snowden, the present members of the
the firm. Both gentlemen possess ample practical expe-
rience, and are widely known in financial circles. Their
facilities for transacting business are of an unusually com-
plete character, enabling them to offer special advantages
tu customers, and to cover every department in the prompt-
est and most satisfactory manner. They make a specialty
of the care and management of estates and business blocks,
securing responsible tenants, collecting rents, effecting re-
pairs, and maintaining them at the highest standard of
productive ellioienoy. They are also agents for the lands
of the E. >t N. llailway Company, come 2,000,000 acres ;
these lauds are partially covered with timber, and are
available for farming or dairy purposes, the average price
being about three dollars per acre. They are extensive
dealers in real estate and mining property all over British
Coluthbia. This firm are tinanoial agents representing the
North British Canadian Investment Co. and other large
companies, and do a large and increasing business in
placing loans on all first-vlasa securities. They uUo con-

trol a large share of the iusuranoe buaineaa of Victoria'
repreaenting the following well-known and lubatantial
companies :— Oommeroial Union Fire, London Aasuranoe
Cori/oration Fire, and Conneotiout of Hartford, New York
Life, and London and Lancashire Life. The firm has
won an excellent reputation for honorable dealing and
sterling integrity, and is achieving a well-merited sucoeas.

ClkreBce Hotel, F. O. Richards, Jr., Proprietor, cor.
Yatea and D.^uglaa atreeta, Victoria, B.C.— Prominent
among the hotela of Victoria, and ranking in the liat of
the flneat on the coast is the Clarence, which ia centrally
and pleasantly situated on the corner of Yates and Doug-
las streets. It is a four-story and baaement brick build-
ing 60 X 100 feet in dimenaiona, and is une of the flneat
apiiearing hotel structures in British Columbia. The
house contains 75 bed-rooma and suites, with elegant
parlors, spacious corridors, all of which are furnished in
the most tasteful and comfortable manner. The dining-
room is 1 large airy apartment, and is well arranged in
every particular. Particular attention is paid to the
table, and the metiu is always of the choicest deacriptioD,
the cuinne being in charge of the most accomplished
cooks to be obtained, while the attendance cannot b«
surpassed. Electric bells are found in every room, con-
necting with the office, also bath-rooma on every floor,
and pasaeuger and baggage elevator for the accommoda-
tion of the guests. The ofiice has been enlarged, the
whole front of the building being made into an office
and reading-room, makinp it one of the most coxy and
comfortable hotels in the oountry at which to stop. The
bar is stocked with a choice assortment of wines, liquors
and cigars. The house was opened in 1886, and has
always done a large and prosperous business, being a great
favorite with the travelling public, the Clarence being
well known throughout the country as one of the moat
comfortable houses on the coast. The proprietor, Mr.
F. G. Richards, Jr., who is an old British Columbian,
coming to this country in 1862, is highly esteemed by all
who enjoy his acquaintance.

Albion Iron Works, R. Dunsmuir, President;
W. F. Bullen, Secretary and Manager, Victoria, B.C.—
The histoiy of this concern has been so intimately oun-
neoted with the development of the trade of Victoria,
that no record of the industries of this community would
be complete that did not take cognisance of the above-
mentioned Company. Started in 1861, the efforts of the
Company from the first have been devoted to the manu-
facture of stoitm-engines and other machinery. The
works were erected and specially adapted in construction
fur the required purpose, being equipped with the beat
mechanical appliances that modern improvement could
suggest, and such pruceasea adapted for the perfect prep-
aration and finish of their manufacture as would render
the product abaoluti "flawless. In the attainment of thia
desideratum, the (.'timpany have met with the must signal
success ; and the reputation that followed has led to a
trade that at the present time is not limited to Victoria
and the Island, but to all parts of Britiih Columbia and
the coast. As manufacturers of steam-enginea, boilers,
coal milling machinery, aaw-mill and fish canning ma-
oliinory, they have no peer on the ooaat ; and for atrength,
durability, perfection of workoianship and finish, their
work is recogniied and appreciated by machinists for ita
matchless superiority. Their plant is ample in extent.

VICTORIA.

198

th« balldings ooreriac mi area of three and a quarter
aorea. Employinont ia given to ISO men in the varioua
department!' Mr Bullen, the secretary and manager, ii
one of our pioneer buiineu men, and ia a gentleman rea-
peoted and esteemed by the oltiiena of Viotoria. The
flnanoial and general busiiieu management falls to his
oare, and he gives his peraoiial supervision to the opera-
tive manufacturing departments of the works.

TtaomiM R«rl«, Importer and Wholesale Merohant,
92, 9t and 97 Wharf street, Viotoria, B.C.— The wholesale
-eommisaion trade forms a very important branch of indus-
try in Viotoria, and contributes materially to the pros-
perity of the city. Among the firms most actively engaged
in connection with the trade in groceriea, provisiona and
produce, ia the popular and suoressf ul house of Thomas
Barle, situated on Wharf street. He established this
business in 1869, and has built up a large and influential
patronage, the house being classed to-day among the lead-
ing and most substantial in its line. lie does a general
commission business, handling all kinds of consignments
in merchandise. The facilities for transacting business
are of a strictly flrat-claaa character, enabling the house
to offer special advantages to oustoiners, and to execute all
orders in the promptest and most satisfactory manner.
The premises occupied aro very spacious and commodious,
admirably located, and equipped with every convenience,
being a two-story and basement brick building 70 x 70
feet in dimensions. The house bos also a large basement
and building on the opposite side of the stre .t, which ia
20 X 80 feet in sise. Mr. Karle is a member of the firm of
Thos. Biirle & Co., railway contractors, of Seattle, which
firm built the first twenty-four miles of the E. & N. Kail-
wa>'. Mr. Barle is a gentleman who has alw.tys taken a
deep interest in the development of the country, and well
deserves the high esteem in which he is held'

Pioneer Splee Milla, Stemlor & Baric, Proprietors,
Government Street, Viotoria, B.C.— The handling and
manufacture of coffee and spices is one of the most impor-
tant branches of business carried on in Victoria. One of
the leading manufacturers engaged in this trade is that
of Messrs. Stemler & Barle, who established this business
in 1875. The premises occupied are very spacious and
commodious, admirably arranged, and equipped with all
the latest and most improved machinery for the transac-
tion of business. The stock manufactured and carried
is very comprehensive and well selected, embraci.ig the
ohoicest coffees, spices, mustard and baking powder, etc.
The goods sold by this firm are highly esteemed through-
out the city and British Columbia for their freshness,
absolute purity and low prices, and customers havo the
satisfaction of knowing that nothing inferior or adulter-
ated will be sold them. In oonoluslon, it is but just to
add that those forming trade rbiutions with Messrs. L.
Stemler andT. Barle, the proprietors, will find their in-
terests served in the best manner, and may rely upon
recpiving liberal and honorable treatment, suob as has
charactoriiod the conduct of their business from its incep-
tion, and which has been the means of plnoing it upon its
present substantial baais.

l.eiMilt A Morrtaoii, Merohknt Taffirs, S5 Govern-
ment street, Victoria, B.C. — It is an undeniable fact that
society h (udged in a great measure by the clothes it wean.
As a rule, a well-dressed man betokens the gentleman,
while the " loudly" or flashily dressed the reverse. It is
•n important matter that a person who has not a special

taste in mixttera of dress themselves should go to a ttrst-
elasa merohant tailor and aubmit to hia judgment, while
it ia equally neceaaary for those who are poaaessed of taate
to place their ordera in the hands of an expert. Among
those prominently engaged in the merohant tailoring
business in this city is the firm of Messrs. Leaak it Morri-
son- This business was established in 18^2, and since its
inception liaa gradually and steadily advanced in volume
and importance. The premises occupied are 80 z 7S feet
in dimensions, and are tastefully fitted up for the require-
ments of the business. Here is carried a large and well-
selected stock of Knglish, Scotch and French tweeds and
other cloths, as well as Canadian fabrics, from which to
select. The garments made bp this firm are not surpassed
in the perfection of fit, style of cut, or quality of material.
Employment is given to fifteen skilled operators, and for
stylish clothes and perfect fit, this bouse is unsurpaaaed
by any similar establishment in the Dominion. The mem-
bers of the firm are Messrs. J. C. Leask and J. W- Morri-
son ; both are thorough business men, possessing the
requisite qualities that bring succoaa, of which they are
now well assured.

H. HborttGun Manufacturer and Dealer inFireArmsi
Ammunition, and all kinds of Sporting Goods, 32 Fort
street, Viotoria, B.C.— The oldest and leading house in its
line in British Columbia is unquestionably that of Mr. II.
Short. This business was established by him in 1862, he
being one of the pioneer merchants of Victoria, starting
at a tjme when Victoria as a city was in its infancy, and
the now beautiful West was a mere wilderness. Mr.
Short brings the widest range of practical experience to
bear, coupled with an intimate knowledge of the buriness,
he being a first-class gun maker by trade, having learned
his profession in Cork, Ireland, where he formerly resided.
Mr. Short carries on the business of manufaoturing all
kinds of firearms, his establishment being fitted up with
all the latest and most improved machinery for the trans-
action of bis business. He is also an importer and dealer
in all kinds of sporting goods, embracing breeoh-loading
shot guns, ammunition, fishing tackle, marine instruments
and everything pertaining to a first-class establishment of
this kind. This is regarded as one of the moat reliable
houses in Victoria, and parties entering into business
relations with it will in every instance find their best inter-
ests considered by this enterprising and honorable oon-
cern.

N. PortmAU, Groceries and Provisions, 81 Douglas
street, near Clarence Hotel, Viotoria, B.C. — Among those
prominently identified with the grocery trade of Victoria
is Mr. Portman. This gentleman began business some
four years ago, and during the period that has since
elapsed a large trade has been built up, which is con-
stantly increasing. The premises occupied are large and
oommodious, and the stock in trade, consisting as it does
of groceries of all kinds, provisions, flour, crockery and
glassware, is of superior quality, and being procured for
cash the advantages afforded to the customer are consider-
able, Mr. Portman's motto being " small profits and quick
returns." Everything necessary to the carrying on of a
first-class grocery business is at all times to bo found at
this store, and at the mosi, reasonable prices. Moreover,
Mr. Portman's trade has been built up by honorable and
straightforward dealing, possessing the ooufldenoe ef all
with whom he has had any relations whatever.

194

THE NEW WEST.

■m

J»eeb S«hl, Fnrniture Manufaoturer^and Wboleaale
and Retail Dealer in Carpets, Crookery. GlaORware, Oil
Olotbs, eto., 66 and 68 Gh>vemnient street, Vietoria. B.O.—
Within the last deoade the manufaoture of fomitnre ha<
greatly advanced in Victoria, both in extent of production
and improved faoilitiea, while in point of taste the procreu
has been fully commensurate with the widespread reputa-
tion of her manufactures. The Western demand, which
is proverbially fastidious in the choice of furniture, is
dependent on Victoria for a large portion of their supply.
With the increased demand there has been a correspond-
ing improvement of taste in design, and nowhere can
there be exhibited finer displays than can be seen in the
cabinet warerooms of Victoria. In this special line of
industrial manufacturing enterprise there is no house in
the city better known, or more entitled to recognition in
a work recounting, for p'ahlin information, the resources
and manufacturing facilities of Victoria than Mr. Jacob
Sehl, who established this business in 1861, with moderate
oapital. Knterprise, ability, a thoroughly comprehensive
knowledge of the trade and industrial courage, are elements
that win in any of the active pursuits of life. Possessing
these qualifications in a superior degree, Mr. Sehl has suc-
ceeded in building up a trade equal to any in British
Columbia, and steadily increasing yeir by year. He is a
large manufacturer and dealer in all kinds, styles and
qualities of parlor, bedroom, dining-rocm, library and
kitchen furniture, from the highly ornamented, decorative
and costly set to the plainer and cheaper articles, making
a specialty of fine furniture. Mr, Sehl is a wholesale and
retail dealer in carpets and oil cloths, crockery and glass-
ware, etc. The factory is located on Laurel Point; it
consists of an extensive threo-story brick building, 84x54
feet in dimensions, also a large wharf for the accommoda-
tion of vessels, storage of lumber and shipping facilities.
Here nre employed fifty skilled mechanics, one engine of
fifty horse power, and other neccs!>ary machinery, which
is of the most perfect character, designed and originally
applied for the special use to which it is adapted. The
salesroom on Government street is a three-story brick
building, having a frontage of 45 feet and 90 feet in the
rear, and depth of 135 feet. With so useful aplaee among
the general industries, and a trade so large and productive
of such satisfactory results, the business of Mr. Jacob Sehl
exerts no small infiuence upon general prosperity and
commercial enterprise, and is justly classed in his line
among the leading houses of British Columbia. Mr. Sehl
manufactured the fittings for the Bank of British Colum-
bia, which is not surpassed for original design and finish by
any bank on the Pacific coast. IThis house has a branch
establishment at Vancouver for the accommodation of its
patrons on the main land.

Mann A H«ron, Wholesale and Retail Harness,
Saddles, etc., 29 Broad street, Victoria, B.C.— The manu-
facturer and dealer in saddlery and harness is one who
occupies an important place in the industries of our coun-
try, and in this line in Victoria we have an old established
and thoroughly reliable house in that of Messrs. Mann &
Heron. This business was founded by Mr. H. T. Mann,
the senior partner, in 1862, Mr. R. Her.n entering into
partnershin in 1876. This is one of our old pioneer business
houses, and during the twenty-six years of its existence
this establishment has enjoyed the full confidence of a
large circle of patrons. The premises are located on Broad
street, snd comprise a store 20 x 100 feet in siie, which ii
a two-story and basement brick building* fully stocked

with all articles necessary for the accoutrement of a horse,
in which they oarry a big and well selected line. All
goods here arc of a first-class quality, such as saddlery,
harness, whips, trunks, valises, eto. Both of the proprie-
tors are thorough, practical business men, and have a
complete knowledge of their business in all its details.

Colbert A Warner, Plumbers, Qas and Steam
Fitting, 73 Yates street, Vi loria, B.C.— Plumbing has of
late years become a science, and upon its proper study and
application depend the solution of many questions of drain-
age, ventilation iind sanitary condition. In these days of
the complexities of city life the plumber has become in
the highest degree essential to our comfort, and a few
wordt' 'noemlng an anterprising and reliable firm en-
gaged .. the trade oannot but prove of interest to our
readers. >»e refer to that of Messrs. Colbert A; Warner,
steam heaters, gas engineers and sanitary plumber*. This
firm, since its establishment here, has bnilt up an excel-
lent reputation for honest work at reasonable prices. A
complete stock is carried of supplies and materials, em-
bracing steam, gas and plumbers' goods, pipe fittings, etc.,
and everything in the way of plumbing, copper work, gas
fittings, drain laying, ventilating, etc., is executed, con-
tratfts are entered into, and the complete fitting np of
buildings of all kinds is satisfactorily performed. The
members of the firm are Messrs. John Colbert and J. H.
Warner. They are active, enterprising and popular busi-
ness men, of ample practical experience, and they are
meeting with a well deserved success.

Vaneonver Bakery, Thomas Harding, Proprietor,
Fort street, Victoria, B.C.— The industry of the baker is in
all communities a most important one, as supplying a
commodity necessary for our daily subsistence. In this
line we have a prominent and,thoroughly representative
house in that of Mr. Thomas Harding, whose establish-
ment is located on Fort street, in the centre of the business
portion of the city. This business was established by its
present enterprising proprietor some twenty-five years
ago, who has, from a comparatively small scale, built up
his present substantial and satisfactory trade. The stock
carried is complete in every detail and of the best quality,
to which in no small measure is due his extended trade.
Mr. Harding caters to the best families, devoting his whole
business to fine bread-making, and personally superintend-
ing all departments. Patrons of this house may re!y on
everything being done in first-class style. Mr. Ha: 'ding,
has resided in Victoria for a good many years, being one
of the pioneer merchants, and he is regarded as a sub-
stantial business man, and one who can be relied upon in
all oommoroiaUransaotions, and gives satisfaction to those
who trade with his house.-

C. A. LAinbard A Co., Pianos, Organs, Musical In-
struments, etc., 71 Qovemment street, Victoria, B.O.—
A most important branch of commercial activity, and on*-
deserving of special mention in an historical review of
Victoria's principal industries, is the piano and organ
trade. Prominent among the leading and most thoroughly
representative ■■rchants in Tthis line of business is Mr.
C. A. Lombard, whoso handsome and commodious ware-
roo'ns are on Oovemment street, off the post-oflSee. He-
has been established here three years, and has bnilt up a
large and permanent patronage among the best class of
oitisens. Mr. Lombard is sole agent here for the world-
famed Bell organ, and is also general agent for the

VIC5T0RIA.

196

Ronisoh, Stoinway.Tof New York, and Weber pianos.
These instrumenta are the very best piodacta of inren-
tiTeltceniDi and meobanieal skill. Tkey are unrivalled for
strength and purity of tone, excellent singing qualities,
and saperiority of finish and durability. Mr. Lombard
keeps in stock a splendid assortment of these instruments,
andShis facilities for transacting business are of a strictly
flrst-oUss character, enabling him to offer special adran-
tages to cnstomers, and to fill alt orders in the promptest
and most satisfactory manner. Personally, he is highly
esteemed for his strict integrity and sterling personal
worth, and well merits the success he has achieved.

T. Hancbton A Co., Staple and Fancy Dry Goods,
Millinery and Notions, 88 Tates street, Victoria, B.C.—
Among the dry goods establishments of this city doing a
large flourishing trade is that of Messrs. T. Houghton &
Co. This house was established in 1883 by the present
proprietors, Messrs. T. Houghton and A. E- Wesoott
These gentlemen are direct importers, buying largely and
for cash. Tbeirstook generally consists of liosiery, gloves,
dress goods, embroideries, laces, ladies' underwear, wools,
plushes, velvets, trimmings and millinery. Their millin-
ery department is presided over by a competent artiste,
and the quality of the work turned out is exemplified in
the very large patronage which these gentlemen receive.
The splendid success of this establishment is to be attrib-
uted to fair and square dealings, and to their eelling of
goods as represented. They are gentlemen of experience,
energy and courtesy, and arc to be congratulated] upon
the suoocBS they have achieved.

W. G. Bowman, Livery, Hack and Stage Line, Broad
street, Victoria, B.C. — It in necessary that in a city of
Victoria's proportions and importance, livery ostablish-
ments should be well represented. Happily, a number of
such, alike creditable to the city and the proprietors, are
here, and prominent among them is the well-known estab-
lishment of Mr. W. 0. Bowman, who established his pre-
sent business in 18S8, being one of British Columbia's
pioneers. This livery is well known in sporting circles,
and to the better class of oitiiens who are in the habit of
patronising such establishments- The premises occupied
are large and well ventilated, ample room being afforded
to the large number of horses which may be found here.
There are 30 horses altogether, and a large variety of
hacks and carriages of every description. The horses are
always in first-class condition, being well bred and splen-
did roadsters. The rigs are of the latest styles and makes,
and if you want a stylish turnout, this is the place to
find one. Mr. Bowman is proprietor of a hack line, and
also of the Esquimau stage line, which makes four regu-
lar trips a day, leaving Victoria at 8 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m.
and 6 p.m. ; returning, leaves Esquimau at 9 R.m. , 12 m.,
3 p.m. and 6 p.m. Be has also a 1500-aore ranch in the
Cedar Hill district. Mr. Bowman, who is very popular
and extensively patronised, is courteous and obliging, and
endeavors to anticipate the wants of the public

Brown A White, SUple and F..ucy Dry Qoods, 61
Government street, Victoria, B.C.— One of the most active,
enterprising and popular mercantile houses of Victoria, is
that of Messrs. Brown k White, dealers in staple and
fancy dry goods. They have been estabUshed fifteen years,
and have built up a large and prosperous business. The
firm occupy large and commodious premises, being 30 x 90
feet in dimensions, where they carry a largo and well-
selected rtock of the latest styles and novelties of the

finest imported and domestic prodnets in the above-men-
tioned goods. Throughout their establishment there per-
vades a system of order and regularity which facilitates
the transaction of business and makes the house a pleasant
one to deal with. Their facilities for transacting business
are of a strictly first-class character, enabling them to ex-
ecute all orders in the prompt nt and most satisfactory
manner. Messrs. H.Brown a; I E. White, the members
of the firm, are men of ample practical experience, and
have been residents of this city for many years. They
give close personal attention to their business, and have
woe an excellent reputation for honorable, straightforward
dealing.

A. Ctrcffr ASon, Merchant Tailors, 42 Yates street,
Victoria, B.C.— One of the largest and most popular mer-
chant tailoring establishments in Victoria is that of
Messrs. A. Oregg k Son. The store is both large and com-
modious, being a two-story brick building 2S x 70 feet in
dimensions, elegantly fitted up, and the stock comprises
all the latest and most fashionable woollens, oassimeres,
worsteds and other suitings, both imported and domestic,
and of durable qualities. Great care and good judgment
have been displayed in the selection of the entire stock,
which is so varied, both in price and qualUy, as to fully
satisfy the wants of all classes of t community. Al*
kinds of custom work is here attended to, though fine
work is made the leading specialty, a good fit and thor-
ough workmanship being guaranteed. As many as twenty
hands are employed by this enterprising and reliable con-
cern, and no pains or expense are spared to fully merit
and deserve the large and liberal patronage accorded it by
nil classes of the public. Messrs. A. Gregg and T. Gregg,
the proprietors, ns merchant tailors, are surpassed by
none, and equalled by but few, if any, and, as citizens,
thoy arc held in the highest honor, respect and esteeiii by
all who know them.

W. J. JeflTkrce, Wholesale and Retail Clothing, Gents'
Furnishings, Trunks and Valises, 40 Yates street, Victo-
ria, B.C.— This popular clothing house, situated on Yates
street, in the centre of the business portion of the city,
ranks among the leading establishments of the kind in
Victoria, and is worth liberal mention in this work. No
house in British Columbia offers greater inducements to
the purchaser than this, and no establishment, at loast in
that part of the city, is more widely known or enjoys a
finer trade. This business was started in 1870 by Mr.
W. J. Jeffree, anc was conducted by him until his death,
when the business passed into the hands of his wife, the
present owner. The business is managed by Messrs. S.
Beid and R. A. Cunningham. Previous to embarking in
business here, Mr. Jeffree was mining in the Cariboo
country for several years, and was one of British Colum-
bia's pioneers. The popularity of the house is due to the
liberal policy and the cordial manner in which everyone
visiting the store is treated, as well as the general excel-
lence of the stuck, and the complete and choice assortment
that is at all times displayed, and the low and popular
prices at which the goods are sold, which are to a great
extent direct importations trom the manufrctories. A
large and varied assortment of men's, youths', and chil-
dren's clothing, OS all sizes and styles, is constantly kept
on hand ; while the stoek of gents' furnishings, such as
underwear, ties, collars, hats, caps, linen goods, etc., also
trunks and valises in all styles and varieties from which
to choose. The premises occupied are large vnd commo-
dious, being a two-story brick building 45 x 6S fdet in

Ill:

I'l

196

THE NEW WEST.

dimenaions. Doing a buiinem that has reached large pro-
portions, this house aflbida facilities for purobaurs an-
equalled in Vioturia.

8. t. PltlB, Wholesale Oroceries and FruiU, 10 Yates
street. Victoria, B.C.— There is no more important factor
in the ooiumeroial and industrial growth and prosperity
of a city than the grocery trade, and no more unerring
index or text by which to judge of its enterprise. Flour-
ishing, prosperous and well-established grocery firms in-
dicate the existence of qualifications among her citiiens
which are the surest evidences of progress and develop-
ment in commercial affairs. The wholesale grocery trade
must alwnys occupy a prominent position in the history
and statistics of Victoria, as it oonduoes in no small de-
gree to the mercantile importance cf the community.
Among those houtes whose long connection wjth the ousi-
ness, whose extended trade transactions, high standing
and marked reputation entitles them to prominent men-
tion in a work devoted exclusively to an jiaborate and
detailed description of the resources of the oily, is that of
Mr S. J. Pitts, who established this business in 1870. Mr.
Pitts, since establishing this business, has manifested the
very highest business qualifications, greatest enterprise
and energy in pushing the trade forward to the prominent
position it now occupies. The ample business premises
of this house are situated on Yates street, and consists of
a large two-story brick building, with a frontage of 36
feet by 80 feet in depth. Seven men nre employed in the
transsotion of his business, and the two floors and base-
ment are filled with as complete and thoroughly selected
■took of staple and fancy groceries as can I found in the
country. This house is a large importer ol' foreign and
domestic fruits, making a specialty of shipping fresh fruit
along the line of the C. P. railway. The business is con-
ducted upon the highest basis of mercantile integrity, and
-characterized by energy, ability and libhrality. By up-
right, honorable and courteous treatment of all customers
and correspondents of the house, Mr. Pitts has won an
enviable position in the esteem and respect of the trade
and th<«city.

Harvln A lilton. Importers and Wholesalers in
Iron, Steel, General Hardware and Agricultural Imple-
ments, Victoria, B.C.— The iron and hardware business,
with the handling of agricultural implements, is one of
the most important branches of commerce carried on in
this city, which is the natural distributing point for
British Columbia, and to which all that vast extent of
territory is directly tributary. Among the oldest and best
known houses engaged in this trade is that of Messrs.
Marvin & Tilton, whose spacious salesrooms, occupying
two entire stores, aed conveniently and centrally located
on the comer of Wharf and Bastion streets. The stock is
very comprehensive, and embraces iron, steel, and all
kinds of heavy and shelf hardware, from the best manu-
facturers in the world ; and they are also general agents
for the Massey Manufacturing Company, of Toronto, atiu
Baker & Hamilton , of San Francisco. Both are manufac-
turers and importers of all kinds of farming machinery
and tools of all description. The firm was established in
1862, and is composed of Messrs. E. Marvin and E, Q.
Tilton, both of whom are gentlemen well known in this
community, whose connections both with the manufac-
turers and the trade are of the most advantageous char-
acter, and whose goods have won a well merited reputation
for their reliability and durability. Mr, Marvin is United
States Vice-Consul to British Columbia. Those forming

trade relations with this house will find their interests
guarded in every available manner, and will be induced to
continue on account of the promptness and liberal policy
which charaotertie all the transactions of this firm, as
well as the account of the thorough reliability of the goods
dealt in at this establishment-

Tletorla BistrMe Works, Oeorge Rudge, Proprie-
tor, 135 Douglas street, Victoria, B.C.— Sculpture is an
art which has ever been held in esteem by all civilised
nations, and occupies an important position, viewed as an
industry which produces articles of practical utility. The
Victo<-ia Marble Works, of which Mr. Qeorge Rudge is
proprietor, is a representative establishment, where are
manufactured marble mantles, all kinds of monuments,
headstones, slabs and marble works in general. The pre-
mises occupied by this industry are located on Douglas
street, where every facility is enjoyed for the efficient
execution of this work. He manufactures every kind of
marble work, employing none but skilled workmen, and
turning out some of the most beautiful specimens of
artistic work to be found in British Columbia. There are
few families but some time or other have the mournful
task of erecting a monument over the grave of some dear
deceased ; in consulting Mr. Rudge, thsy will at the same
time best consult their own interests, and at his hands will
receive every satisfaction. This business was established
in lK7t) by Mr. Rudge, who is a thorough practical stone-
cutter, marble-worker and designer, and he enjoys a
deservedly large patronage. Mr. Rudge imports large
quantities of red granite from St. George, N-B., being the
only one who imr .a this granite from British Columbia.

I<aii|(« A Co., Importers and Dealers in Jewellery,
etc., 9 i Government street, Victoria, B.C.— In all the wide
range of industrial enterprises there is no industry of
greater importance than that of watches and jewellery.
In this line we have a representative establishment in that
conducted by Mr. G. W. Lange. Ever since its foundation
this house has enjoyed a large and steady trade. The
premises occupied are large and commodious, and contain
a most complete and varied stock of watches, jewellery,
clocks and fancy goods of all descriptions, at prices to suit
all. As a manufacturer Mr. Lange is prepared to execute
all orders, perfect in finish and chaste in design, and has
facilities for turning out the best work in this line.
Diamond setting is made a prominent specialty, and
enamelling, cbasting and engraving are carried on in the
highest style known to modem art. For extent, variety
and elegance of watches, jewellery, plate, diamonds and
fine goods carried in stock, this house will compare favor-
ably with any similar one in British Columbia. Mono-
grams and oasts are cut in all kinds of precious stones, and
special attention is made to repairing of every descrip-
tion. Mr. Lange during his residence in this country
has gained for himself the respect and esteem of the
community.

W. A J. Wllaon, Clothing and Gents' Furnishings, 83
Government street, opposite Post Office, Victoria, B.C. —
The business of this house was founded in the year 1808 by
Messrs. W. •& J. Wilson, the present proprietors. Their
establishment, wliioh contains a fine assortment of ready-
made clothing, hats, caps and gents' furnishing goods, is
situated on Government street, opposite the Post Office.
The salesroom is stocked with a full and complete assort-
ment of articles pertaining to tbe lines enumerated. For

; ir

VICTORIA.

197

fine coods, large variety, oholoe aeleetion of goods and
reliiibility of guarantee!, W. A J. Wilion'i home has a
reputation of which any buiinesa firm might b« proud.
Speoial attention is given to fine iinport3d goods, and the
best leleotiois are made from British and foroign manu-
facturers. Both members of the firm are gentlemen of
large eiperience, and thorough knowledge of ali pertain-
ing to the clothing trade. Tb<> << rm have long enjoyed the
highest esteem of trade oirck.. for their upright, honorable
dealing, and the reliable quality of their goods. Their
store is one of the largest and finest on Government street,
and they are loolced upon as among the most respected
and deservedly sucoe8sf\il merchants of the city.

Henry Hannders, Importer, Wholesale and Retail,
Oroceries, Provisions, Wines and Liquors, Johnson street,
Victoria, B.C.— In a careful, accurate review of Victoria's
leading; business interests that of the Wholesale grocery
trade at once attracts prominent attention, both as regards
the extent of the capital invested, extent and complete-
ness of stock and magnitude of trade, the leading houses
in the line compare favorably with any in t)je leading
eastern cities. Representative among the number is the
widely known .. -^e of Mr. Uenry Saunders, established
bylim in 1866, and he is counted as one of Victoria's
pioneer merchants. The premises occupied are spacious
and convenient, being a brick building, 60 x tlO feet in
dimensions. Everything required in a first- lass grocery
house can be had here to perfection, and quoted at prices
which command the attention of the closest buyers. Here
are the headquarters for the choicest refined sugars, syrups
and molasses, spices, foreign and domestic dried fruits,
canned goods in every variety, teos, coffees, etc., also
wines, brandies and whiskies . Mr. Saunders is interested
in the Windsor Salmon Canning Company on Skeena
River, which has a capacity of 15,0(K) cases a season, and
employment is given to 120 men. He is also interested in
the Victoria Packing Company at Rivers Inlet, Queen
Charlotte Island, at which place he has also a saw-mill,
which has a oapooitr of 15,000 feet per day, and is fitted
up and equipped with nli the latest and most improved
machinery and appliances for the transaction of the busi-
ness. The policy of this representative house has been of
the most progressive and honorable character, and the pro-
prietor, Mr. Henry Saunders, is highly regarded in the
trade as an upright and honorable business man.

JoMph Senra, Paints, Oils, Window Gloss, Wall
Papers and Decorator, 114 Yates street, Victoria, B.C.—
Prominent amongthe thriving business enterprises located
in this beautiful city will be found that of Mr. Joseph
Sears, dealer in paints, oils, window glass, etc. This cen-
trally situated and well arranged establishment is SO x 60
feet in dimensions, two stories in height, large paint shop
and storeroom being located in rear of main building.
The large salesroom contains a fine stock, embracing all
ihe latest and most popular house decorations, which can-
not be excelled for quality or value by any other house in
the city. An important branch of the business is the
sign painting, glazing, graining, paper-hanging and fres-
coing department, and the superior excellence of the
productions in this line have given the establishment an
enviable reputation in the trade, and a consequent exten-
sive and lucrative patronage. This business was estab-
lished by Mr. Sears in 18"i3, and has continued to grow in
siso and importance, until now twenty hands are given
constant employment. His present eminently prosperous
business is the result of superior skill and upright, honor-
able dealing.

Vlfltoi^M <terrii»flre Works, William Grimm, Pro-
prietor, 88 Johnson street, Victoria, B.C.— The manufac-
ture of carriages is an industry requiring muoh skill and
experience, and the best proof of the possession of the
essential qualifications is the success with which the
elTorts of those engaged in this industry are rewarded.
The manufacture of carriages is a most import&nt indus-
try in Victoria, Mr. Wm. Grimm being its representative.
This gentleman commenced business in 1870, having since
built up a splendid trade, which is constantly increasing,
and that is the best recommendation that oan be given of
the class of goods turned out, being really of a flrst-olasi
charaeter, none but skillful and experienced workmen
being employed. Mr. Grimm manufactures all kinds of
carriage-' and every variety of vehicle, from the elegant
landau and natty village cart to t'le heaviest truck or
dray. The spacious premises comprise a two-story struc-
ture 150 X 66 feet in dimensions, and the general complete
equipment embraces every requisite facility for the advan-
tageous conduct of the extensive and ever-increasing busi-
ness. All of ttie latest and most improved machinery is
to be found here. Mr. Grimm superintends the whole
business, and through his untiring energy and executive
ability the works have obtained their present proportions.

B. WlUlMms A Co., Clothing and GenU' lurnish-
ings, Johnson street, Victoria, B.C.— In detailing the
various pursuits which are carried on here, and which to-
gether combine to make up Victoria's commercial impor-
tance, it would be an error to omit mention ot the estab-
lishment conducted by Messrs. B. Williams ilk Co. This
business was established in 1881 by Mr. B. Williams, and
has been continuously and succersfully operated. The
premises occupied are large and commodious, well lo-
cated and adapted for the business. The stock car-
ried by the house is one of the most extensive and diverse
nature; everything conceivable in the way of men's,
youths' and boys' clothing, gents' furnishings, etc., is- here
to be found in profusion, and the facilities for offering
the best goods to the public are of the highest character.
Buying, in all oases, direct from manufacturers and first
hands, Mr. Williams is enabled to compete on the most
favorable terms with contemporaries. Mr. Williams is a
thorough-going and enterprising business man, and his
establishment is a model one in every respect, i^id fully
deserves the favor with which it is so generally re-
garded.

Caive A Mnnale, Groceries and Provisions, 89 Doug-
lass street, near Clarence Hotel, Victoria, B.C.— Not more
than four years ago this bouse was established ; the trade
is already a large one, being representative in its character,
and having continuously and rapidly increased since the
dale of commeneement. Messrs. Came & Munsie carry
a complete line of groceries, both fine and general in their
character, and ail of excellent quality. A specialty is
made of teas, coffees, sugars, canned goods of every des-
cription, breakfast, bacon and hams, oysters, fresh and
imported fruitb, such as figs, dates and prunes, and nuts of
all sorts, in ail of which lines a large trade Is carried on.
The premises occupied are large and commodious and
handsomely fitted up, and are 23 x 50 feet in dimensions,
and two-story brick with basement- The members of the
firm are Messrs. F. Game, Jr., and William Munsie.
They are both held in the highest estimation in the com-
munity for their many social and business qualities. This
firm is also engaged in the sealing industry, owning the
following sealing vessels : Pathfinder, Viva, and Carolina.

198

THE NEW WEST.

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Fell A Co., Wholesale and Ratnil Grooeriei, Pro-
vlaioni.eto.iOornerFort and Broad Btreeti,Viotortat B.C.—
The trade in groceries, considered as a branch of com-
meroei is probably the moat important existing in this
country. The heavy business now transacted here was
founded by Mr. James Fell, the present proprietor, in
1862, and as one of the oldest in Victoria is worthy of
special mention in this historical review. Mr. Fell settled
in Victoria some twenty-six years ago, at a date when the
city was nothing but a trading post, and the Far West a
wilderness. Ue foresaw, however, a bright future before
the place, and no one has done more than he to help build
up Victoria as a great centre for trade. His public -
spirited, progressive course has met with the esteem and
commendation of his fellow-oitiieus, while his house is to-
day one of the most popular in the city. Mr. Fell handles
only the purest and best of every grade, and ii- a direct
importer of the most desirable lines of staple and fancy
groceries. He has long maintained the lead for the purity
and general excellence of his goods. Mr. Fell is a progres-
sive business man of energy and enterprise, prompt,
reliable and straightforward in all his transaotions with
the trade, and whose establishment, both as regards facili-
ties, stock and connections, has long been recognized as one
of the representative concerns of its kind in British
Columbia. The citizens of Victoria manifested their
confidence and esteem by electing him to the mayoralty in
1886-87, He has since his residence in Victoria held
several important public offices, and has always fulfilled
his trusts with honor and credit to himself and the com-
munity.

Dnvld Green, Clothing and Qents' Furnishings,
89 Qovemment street, Victoria, B.C.— One of the most
complete and extensive stocks of ready-made clothing and
gentlemen's furnishing goods to be found in Victoria may
be seen at the well known house on Qovemment street,
opposite the Post Office, conducted by Mr. David Qreen.
The storeroom, which is large, commodious and well
arranged, is filled with a line of most desirable and
fashionable goods in the market. In ready-made clothing
the assortment is most complete, embracing men's,
youth's and boys' suits, in ell sizes, designs and patterns,
all the goods being of excellent quality, and as well mode
and trimmed as custom goods. A perfect fit can be secured
as well as if the material were ant to order, and at half
the price charged by merchant tailors. In the hosiery and
furnishing line special attention is given to fine imported
goods, and the best selections are made from English and
Canadian manufactures. For fine goods, large variety,
choice selection of goods and reliability of guarantees,
Mr. (ireen's house has a reputation of which any business
man might be proud. Mr. Oreen came to this country
many years ago, having established his present concern in
1858, and by enterprise and energy and strict attention to
business has built up a splendidly and constantly increas-
ing trade. He is a gentleman of high commercial and
personal integrity, and is entitled to the esteem and re-
spect in which he is held.

Ttaomss Staotbolt, Druggist and Chemist, 69 John-
son street, Victoria, B.C.— One of the largest and most
attractive drug stores in the city is that of Mr. Thomas
Shotbolt. He occupies a large and handsome building two
stories in height, 42 z 70 feet in dimensions, whioh is well
fitted up, and presents an attractive and elegant appear-
.( } ) II e c arries a large and varied stock of drugs, chem-

icals and medicines of the finest quality and purity, toilet
and fancy articles, perfumery, and such goods a* ore to b«
I'ourd in well-regulated establishments of the kind, in
great variety, all of whioh are handsomely displayed in
numerous show-cases, counters and shelvings. This m-
tablishment was founded in 1862 by the present proprietor,
who has carried it on with energy and to vhe satisfaction
of its large number of patrons ever since. Mr. Shotbolt
is a gentleman of ability and energy, possessing every re-
quisite of success in the business in which he is engaged.
He, as one of the pioneer merohants of Victoria, has
always taken a deep interest in the development of the
country and building up Victoria as a commercial oentre,
and is respected and esteemed by the trade and the oom-
munity at large.

Boaebemt Je Co., WL lesale Dealers in Wines,
Liquors, Orooeries, Tobaooo and Cigars, 13 Yates street,
Victoria, B.C.— One of the best knowu, largest and deser-
vedly popular wholesale liquor and grocery establishments
in the city is that of the above-named firm, rankinii as it
does as one of the representative houses in its line, the
headquarters for pure andl unadulterated wines, «nd
liquors. This house wasrestablished in 1859, and the Irasi-
ness has been conductedlsinoe with ability and success, and
the house to-day*is one of the most prominent as well as
reliable and extensive ones in the trade. kThey occupy a
spacious and [commodious two-story and basement brick
building, which (is 35 x llOXfeet InTdimensions. They
cany a large and select stock^oomprising every variety
of the choicest foreign wines, brandies, gins, ru:ns, cordials
of their own importation, and a full line of pure, unadul-
terated whiskies of the choicest .brands, from the most
celebrated and reputable distilleries in the country ; also,
a full and complete assortment of groceries and provi-
sions. The stock is selected with great care, especially
for their own trade, whioh is of the best class throughout
British Columbia. The members of the firm are Messrs.
J. Boucherat and J, Coigdarippe. Both gentlemen have
been connected with the business interests of this city for
a good many years, and have gained an enviable position
in the community for ability, sound business principles
and honorable dealings, refleotint; the greatest honor upon
them, and meriting the esteem and confidence of their
fellow-citizens, and their career in the oily entitles their
house to the prominent position it holds among the eolid
representative enterprises of British Columbia,

C Morlejr, ^Crated Waters, Waddington Alley, Vic-
toria, B.C.— This well-known concern has been established
in Victoria since 1871 , and it is entitled to more than pass-
ing notice in a work devoted to the business industries
and interestslof this city.%The premises, which are situ-
ated on Waddington Alley, are of a most extensive char-
acter, consisting of a two-story brick building 44 z 30 feet
in dimensions. ^The Iworks are fitted up with the latest
and most improved apparatus and appliances, including
the celebrated English machinery of the most approved
make. Mr. Morley manufactures all kinds of soda water,
lemonade, ginger ale. Medical Lake water, bitters,
essences of peppermint and ginger, and all kinds of syrups.
He transacts a very large busiucss, r.xtending throughout
all parts of British Columbia, ard has a branoh '.estab-
lishment at New Westminster. 7ir. Morley is an ener-
getic and enterprising busines; man, highly respected
and esteemed throughout the -ivhole community.

VIOTOBIA.

199

E. O. Frlor A Co., Importert of Iron, Hardware, and
Acrioaltural Machinery, aor> Oovemmeni and Johnson
streeUt Victoria, B.O.— The publiihert and editon of a
work of liindred nature to thii, have, in the collating and
elaborating of the buaintM interest* and eetablishments (if
a city, with apecial miuion to note their progreu and
prosperity, anuiual facilities and data for observing the
importance of the different styles or classes of business,
as t ^heir bearing on the general thrift and deyelopment
of the meroantile advantages and inducements which those
oitiea olaim and hold out to capitalists in quest of invest-
ments. Among these we would unquestionably giro pre-
cedence to the variooB enterprises connected with iron in
its manifold commercial and manufacturing industries.
Of these there are none that tend in a gitoater degree to
the extension and enlargement of business and mechani-
cal as well as artistic progress, than the hardware
business, or exert more favorable influence in promoting
business relations with other provinces and cities. Among
the houses devoted to this branch in Victoria, that of
B. Q. Prior k Oo. may be Justly regarded as the pioneer.
This house was founded in 1856 by A. Fellows ; a few years
later the style of the firm was Fellows Sc Prior, The mem-
bers of the piesent firm are Messrs. £. O. Prior and Q. F.
Mathews. They occupy their new building, situated on
the corner of Qovernment and Johnson streets, which is a
fine brick structure, three stories in height, and basement
100 z 46 feet in dimensions. They keep everything in the
line of heavy hardware, while the shelves are stocked
with a full and complete assortment of mechanics' and
edge tools, house goods, mechanics' and artists' instru-
ments for mathematical, engineering and mechanical
measuring and drawing, chains, rings, nails, scales, etc.,
etc. They are also sole agents for the following firms : —
Frost & Wood's buckeye mowers, tiger sulky rake, plows ;

D. M. Osborne & Co.'s steel frame twine binders, mowers
and reapers; Noxon Bros.' steel frame hoosier seed drills ;
Manson Campbell's Chatham fanning mill ; S. L- Allen &
Co.'s planet jr. garden tools ; Steven & Burns' threshers,
with steam and horsepower; J- Larmonth Jk Co.'s tread
powers and separators ; Duane H. Nash's acme harrows
and pulveriiers; Keystone Mfg. Co.'s disc harrows and
cider mills ; J. F. Millar & Sons' new model disc harrows ;
Ayr American Plough Co.'s gang aud sulky ploughs and
harrows ; Essex Centre Mfg. Co.'s No. 80 steel beam walk-
ing ploughs; American Bain Waggon Co.'s steel skein
farm and freight waggon ; Chatham Mfg. Co.'s farm wag-
gons, trucks and dump carts ; MacQregor, Qourlny Sc Co.'s
Wood-working machinery; Watson Mfg. Co.'8 hay and
root cutters ; S. S. Kimball's champion stump extractors
and hay pressors : Wilson Bros.' seed and bone crushers ;
Burrow, Stewart & Milne's scales of all description, etc.,
etc. Their business extends throughoutBritish Columbia.
They have a branch establishment at Kamloops, B.C. Mr.

E. O. Prior has always taken a deep interest in public
affairs and the development of the country. He was a
member of the local house in 1887. and at the present time
is member from this district to the Dominion House of
Parliament. The relation of bare facts in connection
with a house of this character, as to its growth and im-
portance, is argument enough, without comment on our
part, to direct attention of business men to it, and to the
hign position held by i^s proprietors for sterling qualities,
entitling them to the respect and confidence of the public.

O. C Hasting*, Photographer, Fort street, Victoria,
B.C.— Prominent among the leading and most successful

photographers of Victoria is Mr. 0. 0. Hastings, whose
spacious and commodious gallery is situated on Fort street,
in the centre of the city. This business was established
in 1879 by Mr. S- A. Spencer, who was succeeded by Mr.
Hastings in 1883, since which time he has built up a large
and permanent patronage. His reception rooms are ele-
gantly furnished, and display many beautiful speci-
mens of Mr. Hastings' artistie taste and ability. The
operating room is on the same floor, and is equipped with
the latest and most improved machinery and apparatus
known to the profession, and the work turned out is un-
excelled for beauty and originality of pose, superiority of
finish, and artistic grace. Mr. Hastings' facilities are
such that all orders are executed in the promptest and
most satisfactory manner. He is a genial and courteous
gentleman, honorable and fair in all transactions, and is
popular with all cUsses of citiiens.

Bnalth A Clark, Contractors, Mill Men and Ship'
Joiners, cor. Langley and Fort streets, Victoria, B.C.— The
record of Victoria is one of substantial progress. No city
of her age and population can show so many fine buildings
nor such elaboration of details and finish in their interiors.
While the prime factor in all this is of couriie the great
wealth of our citizens, yet the splendid results achieved
are due to the skill, experience, distinguished enterprise
and energy of our leading contractors and builders. Pro-
minent among the number is Mr. A. J. Smith, of the firm
of Smith & Clark, for over sixteen years past has been ac-
tively engaged in business in this city, during that time
carrying through to a successful issue many of the most
important contracts in bis line, bringing to bear, as he
does, such a wide range of practical experience, coupled
with perfected facilities and appliances. Mr. Smith, to-
day, does the largest and most important class oi business
in his line, and no one more worthily retains the confi-
dence and patronage of our leading real estate owners and
business men. The office and factory are situated at the
corner of Langley and Fort streets, comprising a wood and
iron mill 120 x 120 feet in dimensions, run by steam, and
containing all the latest and most improved machinery for
the transaction of business. He also has a water frontage
on the bay of one acre, and a yard 100 x 120 in size. Mr.
Smith has erected many fine business blocks and dwellings,
among which are the Law Court9,Bank of British Columbia,
Qalpin's Block, Clarence Hotel, Custom House, and has in
construction St. Joseph's Hospital and Southgate Block.
Mr. Smith gives employment to about 76 employees in the
different departments of his business. He is a public-
spirited citizen, universally popular and respected, and we
know of no one so thoroughly representative of our build-
in- interests as he, and those entrusting him with oontraots
will find their interests properly and satisfactorily con-
served.

Mn. H. Haynar«l, Photograph Parlors, Douglas
street, Victoria, B.C. — Prominent among the leading pho-
tographers of Victoria is Mrs. R. Maynard, whose studio
is situated in Douglas street. The premises occupied con-
sist of two spacious floors, which are admirably arranged
and equipped. The operating room is equipped with the
mos^ improved apparatus and appliances. She possesses
suparior facilities for executing all orders in the prompt-
est and most satisfactory manner, and her photographic
work cannot be excelled for brilliancy of expression and
harmony of effect, and she is recognized as one of the fore-
most representatives of the profession in the country.
This business was established as far back as 1866, and it

200

THE NEW WEST.

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taaa always held thu lead. Mr. R. Maynard ia one of the
oldest and beat aoonio artiata In the west ; he haa the flneat
and largest aeleotion of views of all parts of Britiah Co-
lumbia, from the Rocky Mountains to the Paoiflo, that ean
be obtained anywhere. List of views furnished on appli-
oation.

Britiiib Colnmbl* Soap Works, Pendray i Co.,
Proprietors, Uuraboldt street, Victoria, B.C.— There are
few lines of manufacture in which the ezoellenoe of the
product ia so vital a coti'lition of suooeas as in the soap
trade. Consumers are riu in their requirements as to the
quality, and they readily reooKnize the merits of those
concerns where an uniform and superior quality is always
obtainable. Amonx those enffaiced in this line of industry
in this section of the Dominion is the firm of Messrs. Pen-
dmy, proprietors of the British Columbia Soap Works,
which are located on Humboldt street.VictoriR. The busi-
ness was established twelve years ago and has steadily
increased since its inception, and evidences still further
success, owing to the superiority of goods manufactured
The premises occupied are three buildings, the
main building being 85 x 46 feet in sise, warehouses
30 X 60 and 16 x 20 feet in dimensions. They also
have a carpenter shop, 20 x 15 feet, and blacksmith
shop, 12 X 14 feet The factory is fitted up with all
the latest and most improved machinery. The ca-
pacity of this factory is about 500 tons of soap annually.
They manufacture all kinds of soap, embracing yellow,
brown and blue mottled soaps, cocoanut and royal toilet
soaps, shaving soaps and glycerine soaps, washing pow-
ders, sal soda, etc. Their trade extends throughout British
Columbia and Northwest Territories. Mr. W. J. Pendmy
is a practical businessman and public-spirited citizen, and
enjoys the confidence and esteem of the trade and the
whole community.

C. P. NMvlgstloa Co., John Irving, manager, F. W.
Vincent, assistant manager. Wharf street, Victoria, B.C.—
To the navigation of the Sound and Coast does tbe city of
Victoria owe its present and past prosperity. By it an
outlet is secured, by which the lumber and mineral pro-
ducts of British Columbia can be transported by water to
all parts of the world. In addition, the amount of capital
invested in the different steamship lines and the employ-
ment furnished to our citizens, gives this branch of com-
mercial enterprise an importance second to none. Of the
different packet lines connecting with other ports, the
Canadian Pacific Navigation Company commands special
attention. Organized and incorporated in 18!i3, with Capt.
John Irving general manager, the company succeeded in
establishing a regular and remunerative trade, giving gen-
eral satisfaction to the shippers and travelling community,
and adding largely to the trade of the city with terminal
and intervening points. Regular daily trips, with the
Royal mails, arc made by the Princess Louise and Yose-
mito, from Victoria to Vancouver, connecting with the
C. P. R. passenger trains to and from Montreal. Regular
daily trips are made by the R. P. Rithet from Victoria to
New Westminster, connecting with the company's steamer
Wm. Irving, which runs on the Upper Eraser River*
Regular trips arc mode by the Premier between Vancouver
and Puget Sound, touching at Port Townsend, Tacoma
and Seattle, also the steamer Sardonyx, which runs from
Victoria to all northern ports. The past year the business
of the line has materially increased, and the company will,
in October of this year, place in the line between here and
Vancouver a new and superior steel steamer to meet the

demands of the trade. Shippers and paasengers will find
gentlemanly and courteous officers on each of the boata,
and every effort made to meet their wanta on application
at the office in thia city.

O. E. Bedfeni, Diamonda, Watohea and Jewellery.
4^ Government atreet, Victoria, B.C— Among the list of
industries prominent in our country, that of watchmaking
and jewellery takes a high position, and in this line we
have many well known citizens engaged. A representative
jewellery establishment of Victoria, und one that will
conpare favorably with that of any contemporaneous
cstablixhrnent, is thut of Mr. C. E. Redferu Thid busi-
ness dates its inception back to the year 1862, since when
it has, by the energy, zeal and huaineas abilities of its pro-
prietor, pushed itself into the very first rank ol Jewellery
estabiinhments. Mr. Redfern imports direct from Euro-
pean markets, and is enabled to cater to the most fastidious
tastes of the public. The premises utilized by Mr.
Redfern are situated on Qovernment street, in the centre
of the business port on of the city, and comprise a large
and handsomely appointed store. 'Ihe building is brick,
two stories in height, and 46 x 75 feet in dimensions. He
carries a large variety of elegant jewellery, plate, dia-
monds and all kinds of fancy articles, in the most chaste
of designs and t autif ully fiuished, a specialty being made
of both gold and silver watches, a varied assortment bning
kept constantly on hand, and all tastes as regards makes
and prices can be suited. Mr. Redfern has taken an active
part in the dcvelnpmi'iil of the city's interests, being
elected city councillor in 1877-78, and mayor of Victoria in
1883. We, therefore, have no hesitation in saying that he
is deserving of all the patronage he already enjoys, and
of still greater success in the future. Mr- Redfern carries
on an extensive business in manufacturing jewellery, em-
ploying three skilled workmen. Ihe workshop is supplied
with all the latest and most improved machinery necessary
for the business.

John Well«r, Furniture Manufacturer, and Importer
and Dealer in Crockery, Glassware, Carpets, etc. Furni-
ture Factory on Humboldt Street; Showrooms, cor. Broad
and Fort Streets, Victoria, B. C— The history of this city
presents to the gatherer of statistics, facts of an unusual
interest. Uer facilities for transportation by water and
rail, her acces'sibilily from the coast and inland towns,
places her in a position not only to successfully compete
with the larger western cities, hut in some specialties to
largely control the trade. The development of the furni-
ture trade in its various branches has given constant em-
ployment to thousands of laborers and skilled mechanics,
and listed in active service os much executive and finan-
C'al ability as any branch ot business in which human
energy and enterprise have been employed. Among the
most distinguished establishments in this connection,
whose works have assumed such an extent as to exert a
powerful, if not vital infl, jnoe upon the prosperity and
development of the city. Mr. John Weiler may be said to
occupy a leading position, not only for the magnitude and
range of his operations, but also fur the quality of his pro-
ducts. This business was established in 1862 by the present
proprietor. By thorough management and a perfect knowl-
edge of the trade and its requirements, the business has
gradually enlarged, until it is now one of the representa-
tive concerns of Britiah Columbia. The factory is located
on Humbolt Street, and is a three-story and basement
building 90 x 40 feet in dimensions. The motive power is
furnished by a 3U horse power engine. The factory gives

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oonitant employment to twenty employeei. The nlei-
room aud furnishing department* are lituated on the cor-
ner of Broad and Fort Street*, the lower floor 1 1 30 x 80 feet,
whioh i* exoluRireiy for Crookery, Qlaitware, Platedware.
Wall Paper and Shelf Good* in general, while the upper
floor i* 86 X 94 feet, and i* u*ed for Furniture, Carpet and
Stook Room*, alio a new three-story briok buildins whioh
extend* through to Broiuhton Street, fooing on Broad
Street, makins this the Ian o*t showroom* in the oity. Fif-
teen employees are required in the different department* of
this ealablishment. The factory i* fully equipped with the
u;o*t approved maohinery and labur-aavinK appllanoei
known to the trade . Mr. Weiler I* a publio-*pirited sentle-
man and an enorgotio business man, a highly respected
and honored oitiien, and under his able and judicious
management, this concern has become celebrated, and hi*
establishment is one of theimost perfect and complete of
its kind in the country, and a* a desirable house with
whioh to establish agreeable, profitable and permanent
bn*iue8s relations, it ha* no superior-

HedsrMve A Bll»t Confectionery Manufacturers, 30
Fort Street, Victoria, B. C-— Until comparatively recent
years, nearly all the finer and mostltoDthsome article* of
confectionery wore imported from Europe. Within the
past twenty yean, howevrr, great progress has been made
in this direction in Canada and United States, and the
home products in coifeotions now equal, if they do not
excel, the imported good*. Among tho best known and
extensive establishments in this line, in or around Victoria,
is the highly successful ooncorn of Messrs. Redgrave k
Ella, Manufacturing Cor.feotioners, situated on Fort Street.
The goods here made maintain the highest reputation in
the tnde for their superior quality, purity and flavor, and
though they are produced in the meet artintic designs,
there is in these delicious and absolutely healthy morsels,
an entire absence of the poisonous elements too frequently
to be found. This busines* was Mtabli*hed in 1H69, by
Henry Waller. Me*«r*. 8- Redgrave and F. W. Ella, the
present proprietors, took the business in 18S7, and, by the
excellence of the goods producad, the ability, enter-
prise and judgment displayed in the madagement, it hai<
steadily increased and extended, until to-day, few, if any,
hou*es in the trade enjoy a larger measure of suooe**.
Altogether, this i* one of the largest, best equipped and
most ably oonducted establishment* of the kind to be
found here oreliewhere.

BrIMsb C^Iambto liMid «ud lUTMitancnt
AceMcy, Iilniltedi 49 Qovernment street, Victoria,
B.C.— Among the oldest, best known and most popular
firm* eniagedin this line in the oity may be named that of
the proprietor* of tho above named business, than whom
none in Victoria have been more fortunate in establishing
and maintaining a high reputation for their upright and
honorable dealing, and than whom few enjoy a larger
measure of public favor, well deserved. This busineas
ware*tabli*hod about 1858, and i« one of Victoria'* pioneer
agencies. They tmnsaot a general real estate business,
buy and sell real estate and real estate securities, negotiate
loan*, efleot transfers, pay taxe* for non-retiden^s, take
charge of and manage estate*, etc., in short, everything
pertaining to real ertate and kindred branches of business.
The close attention devoted to the interest* ol all persons
entrusting business to their charge, their strict integrity
and honorable metln ds, and the uniform satisfaction
rendered to their patrons, have enabled this firm to build
up the large and prosperous patronage they now enjoy,

and to number among their clientele many of our wealthy
and leading oitiien*. Their real estate and mining trani-
action* cover the whole of British Columbia. They do a
general insurance business, being agent* for the two fol-
lowing well known companies : North British Fire Insur-
ance Company and the North American Accident In-
surance Company. We take pleasure in recommending
this old e*tabll*hed and well known firm to the public*

Wllli»ni Wilson, City Hou*e, Staple and Fancy Dry
Qood*, Government street, Victoria, B.O.— The large,
handsome and splendidly stocked «*tabliahment of Mr.
W. Wilson is looated on Qovernment street, in the centre
of the bu*ine*s portion of the city, and i* rocogniied a* one
of the mos^ prominent dry goods hou*ea in Victoria. Thi*
business was esto.blished by Mr. Wil*on in 1861, being one
of our pioneer merchant*. The itore i* filled from end to
end with a* large, varied and attractive a line'of good* a*
any one could desire, and the stook i* kept *upplied with
frequent invoice* of all the latest novelties and newest
pattetcs. Advocating the motto, that " the best things are
the oheapeat," flrst-cliis* good* only are kept by this firm,
no cheap trash being imported for delu*ivo advertising
purpose*. The beautiful manner in whioh the goods are
displayed, tho perfect neatness in whioh everything in the
establishment 1* kept, not a speok of dust allowed to accu-
mulate anywhere, a* i* too frequently the case in many
establishments, speaks volumes for the good tasto and the
high appreciation of the ativantiiges to be derived from an
attractive and pleasant place in whioh to greet customer* of
Mr. William Wilson, the popular proprietor, who takes
much pride in this as well as all other features of the
business. The stock of dry goods, silk*, mantles, dress
stuffs, notions, etc., just received by thi* hott*c, la one of
tho largest in the city, and offers to patrons a great variety
of atyle* and designs. Ue ha* on hand an especially fine
aa*ortment of dre*a good*, particularly the better olas*, in
every style and shade. No hou*e in the *ame line of bn*i-
ne*8 atand* higher than that of Mr. W. Wilson, for its
trade and the uniformly excellent quality of the goods in
which he deal*. The premi*ea occupied are apadous and
elegantly fitted up, centrally and prominently looated,
every convenience and facility i* afforded bnyera, who, by
the fxtentof the annual trade, freely atteat the eateem in
whioh thia houae i* held.

4|aeMi'a Market, Lawrence Oeodacre, Proprietor,
cor. Qovermment and Johnson *treeta, Victoria, B.C.—
One of the moat prominent and well-known batoher* and
cattle dealer* in the city I* Mr. Lawrence Qoodaore, whose
name is familiar to most residents of Victoria. He is one
of our pioneer business men, having established his pres-
ent bu!>ine** in .858. Of the bu*ine8s so *ucce*sfnlly con-
ducted by Mr. Qoodaore, it i* unneees*ary to *peak at any
length in thi* connection, as hi* establi*hm«nt ha* long
been noted as one of the leading meat market* in the city,
famoa* for the quality of meat whioh is always to be
found here. Mr. Qoodaore, who is a thorough Judge of
cattle, buy* none but the very be*t obtainable, and a* a
result of this policy,'hi3 trade has steadily increased. Hi*
premi*es are looated at the corner of Qovernment and
Johnson streets, where he has every facility for conduct-
ing his large business. All orders receive prompt atten-
tion. Patrons of thi* eitablishment will find all their
wants satisfactorily attended to, and will be supplied
with goods no other similar establishment can surpass,
and that, too, at moat reaaonable rates. Mf' Qoodaore is

ill

*'».„

202

THE NEW WEST.

eontrMtor, by appointment, to Her Majwty's Royal Nary
and the Dominion QoTernment. eto. Sappliee ihipped at
lowest ratei.

Ai«yl« H«me, Wm. O'Beilly, Manager, 83 Donglaa
■treet, near Clarence Hotel, Victoria, B.a— The "Anyle
Home," ai the establiihmect of whioh Mr. O'Reilly is
manacer is called, has a wide reputation in this district,
and ralen to the wants of a larve circle of cnstomers. Its
business is oi a thoronghly oomprehensire nature, and in-
cludes dry loods, notions, gents' furnishings, etc. This
establishment was founded in 1886 by the present firm,
who hare since then carried on a progressive and steadily
increasing business in the various departments to which
their opentions are oonflned. They import larce quanti-
ties of staple and fancy dry goods. The large variety of
articles embraced in this stock U such as directly relates
to the general wants of a community, and comprise what
are usually to be found in a first-class establishment of
this kind. The premises are located on fDouglai stVeet,
and comprise a large and beautiful store fitted up and ar-
ranged in an admirable manner. Mr. O'Reilly has ever
closely identified himself with the interests and progress
of the eity of his adoption, and is personally esteemed for
bis steriing integrity and honorable dealings.

Tta« Ttctoite •• TlHMik"- The Victoria Jima (daily
and weekly editions) stands at the head of the press of the
province, and in point of enterprise and the infiuence it
possesses, it has no superior. The success it has met with
since its eatablishment In 1884 is attributable to its excel-
lence as a newspaper, and to its advocacy of liberalism,
quite as much as to the fact that ther* was a gap in the
field of evening journalism that it has been the aim of the
management to fill to the satisfaction of the public The
weekly edition circnlatea everywhere in the province, and
boasts, evidently with good reason, of having more read-

ers than any other two papers combined. The AiMy r«m«*
has a cirenlation equal to, if not larger than, any of its
competitors. It is a live paper— bright, sparkling and
newsy, and deserves the liberal oneouragement that it re-
eeives. The proprietoie are the Tims Paiirniio amd Pdb-
LUHiMO OoMrAinr, and the editorial and business manage-
ment are in the hands of Mr. William Templeman
(Manager), and Mr. J. B. McLagan, both jonmalisU of
many years' experience in Ontaria As there is in the
Bast much enquiry about British Columbia, its resouraas,
etc., we can suggest no more reliable means of satisfying
the demand than a liberal circulation of this journal
among (hose who are now taming their eyes with longing
in the direction of the setting sun.

The Cotomlai. was established in 18S8. making its
first appearanee on the lllh of December, of that year.
During the twenty-nine years of its existence. It has «x-
perieneed all the ups and downs incident to a paper pub-
lished In the west, in pioneer days, but it has always been
looked upon as the leading Journal of the province. In
the palmy days of the Cariboo gold excitement the eiien-
lation increased to such an extent that the then publlshen
were enabled to issue a four sheet paper 28 x 42, but pre-
vious to that time, it had been issued in a form half that
sise. To show the diffionltiea under whioh papers were
published in B. 0.. in eariy days, it may be stated that the
supply «f newspaper in Victoria having run out, the
Colonist for several days was printed on oommon brown
wrapping papert until a fresh supply of " print " reached
the then isolated town. With the growth of Victoria, the
Colonist has steadily kept pace, and although circulating
largely through all parts of British Columbia, it is looked
upon as the chief exponent of the oommerelal supremacy
of the capital eity. Ob the 16th of Ootober, 1884. the
paper, including the extensive lithonaph and job printing
o0ee, pasted over to the present proprietort,Messrs. W. H.
Bills, A. O. Saigesin and W. It. Hlgglns. In conneetion
wtththeestablisbmentisafully equinwd label printing
and glossing department, where neariy all of the millions
of salmon labals annually used in the salmon canning in-
dustry of the province are printed.

The BritlaEi Celaaabln BlMk Il**k ]■•«■■
flictorjrt R. T. Williams proprietor, 28 Broad Street,
was established in 1862, employs nine peiNos, the buildings
and maohinsiy costing $14,000. Blank books of all nlsssns
are manufactured, nearly all the various bhuik books used
by the oontraetors while building the western Division of
C, P. R. were made at this factory. In connection with
this establishment Is a Rubber Stamp manufactoiy. The
British Colombia directory and the B. C. hotel registers
are also published here. The directory Is a work of about
400 pages, and has proven of value to the business people
generally, throughout the province. The registMS are to
be found in neariy every hotel from Victoria to the tops
of the Rockies . This business, like many others that will
be established in the near future in British Columbia,
shows the capabilities of this western province, and tha
possibilities of establishing numerous manufactories with-
in the borders of British Columbia.

NANAIMO.

208

NANAIMO.

The original ownera of the town site were Indians who sold it to the Hadson's
Bay Ck>. in 1852, when a trading post and mining village wao stai'ted. The Com-
pimy retained possession for ten years, when they in torn sold it to the Yancoaver
Goal Mining & Land Co., which also required an extensive tract Ci 'and in the imme-
diate vicinity. The city ft-onts on a well-sheltered hai-bor, and is tne centre of the
coal mining industry of the Island. Sino& its incorporation in 18*74, the city has made
continued progress, and now boasts of a population of over 4,000. The completion of
the railway to Victoria has given a ft-esh impetus to the trade of Nanaimo, and greatly
established confidence in its future as one of the most important manufacturing and
distributing centres of the Province. The evidence of this is found in the recent es-
tablishment of gas works and water works in active operation, with extensive mains,
street lamps and h}>di-ant8 throughout the city, the erection of fine brick buildings
for stores and hotel pm'poses ; the commencement of manufacturing industries and
the extension of some of these already in existence. The principal staple industry of
Nanaimo is the production of coal. The collieiy works of the Vancouver Coal Mining
and Land Company, Limited, and their several ex' ratory diamond borings and pit
sinkings in Nanaimo and its vicinity, and upon (..a. .lela Island, where the drill is
already down about 1,000 feet, and will probably pierce and prove the strata of the
coal to the depth of 2,000 feet at least, are being carried on by the Compar . athont
cessation. It was at one of these pits that a di'eadful catastrophe which launched 149
souls into eteiiiity occurred, the frightful catastrophe attracting the attention and ex-
citing the horror of the whole world. The city includes the celebrated Newcastle
townsite.

Closely linked with Nanaimo is the town and mining district of Wellington,
whose extensive collieries are energetically worked by the proprietors, who entii'ely
own the town, which has a population of 1,000.

There ai-e a number of other thriving towns and settlements in the Province de-
serving of extended notice, but which the limits of these pages prevent. Amongst
these are Harrison Hot Springs, — St. Alice's well — whose waters possess wonderful
healing properties. This is becoming the great health resort of the Coast, and with
the excellent hotel accommodation, the charming surroundings, and the capital fish-
ing and shooting, is increasingly attracting visitors. Then there are Savona's Ferry,
Lytton, Nicola, Donald, Ques'nelle, Kootenay, Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge, Hope,
Moodyville, Port Moody, etc., etc.

In closing these sketches, the writer wishes to fi-eely acknowledge the fiee uso
he has made of— and give credit for — the valuable information obtained from the
books of Mr. Macfie and Commander Mayne, of British Columbia ; ih)m the papers
of Mr. C. N. Bell and the late Mr. Leggo, of Manitoba ; and fi-om the columns of that
valuable magaiine, the West Shore, the Victoria Colonist, Portland Oregonian and
St. Paul Pioneer-Press, and others.

204

if""--.

! ;

THE NEW WEST.

THE GREAT NATIONAL LINK.

Traversing the entire breadth of the Continent — fi*oin tide water to tide water
3,000 miles apart — ^the Canadian Pacific Railway is not only the connecting link be-
tween the Pi-ovinces of the Dominion, but the great highway over which passes the
ti'afBc of three continents. For a yoang nation like Canada to even attempt a work
of such colossal magnitude was, at its inception, deemed by many to be an herculean
task, the accomplishment of which, if at all po£aible, would impose such a heavy
burden on the financial resources of the country that national i*uin wouM be the in'
evitable and direful result. But the history of the attempt to obtain a Canadian trans,
continental route reveals an amount of enterprising spirit and vigorous intention
more than creditable to the Canadian people. The world was indeed startled when
seventeen years ago, Canada undertook the huge work of emulating the great nation
to the south, which a few years previously has spanned the continent amidst the ap-
plause of civilization. For four millions of people to do that which had severely
taxed fifty millions to accomplish, was a gigantic undertaking, and the very boldness
of the scheme engendered a feeling of incredulity which only was dispelled by the
inexorable logic of actual facts. This great national work was fii-st assumed by the
Federal Government, but m 1881 its construction was given to a syndicate of capital-
ists, and by their untiring energy, unceasing efibrts, indomitable perseverance and
boundless faith in the undertaking, the succesd of the great work was completely as-
sured. * Ten yeai's were specified for the completion of the railway ; in five yeai-s —
and five years ahead of the contract time — the road was completed from ocean to
ocean, and the first regular train crossed the continent reaching the western terminus
punctually on time. The marvellously rapid construction of the road was one of the
grandest achievements of the age, and effectually redeemed Canada from the uncom-
plimentary epithet of being " slow," demonstrating that Canadians had all the pluck,
enterprise and energy of their go-ahead cousins across the line. The construction of
a line of railway 3,000 miles in length, through a country largely unsettled, was no
small undertaking. The engineering difficulties wore appalling, but they were over-
come. The granite hills of the East and the fastnesses of the Rockies were pierced,
and river, lagoon, coulee, morass, rocky defile and broad sti*etching prairie were
crossed and covered with an iron trail, over which daily careoi-s the iron horse with
its 'tng train of heavy laden coaches. Although the youngest of the several trans-
cc. inental railways, the Canadian Pacific is the loading one owing to the many ad-
vantages it possesses over its rivals. It is the shortest line across the continent, the best
constructed, the finest equipped, has tho most elegant and comfortable dining and
sleeping cars, the liheapest rates, and it passes through a succession of scenery of
forest, prairie and mountain that is unrivalled. Ti-avellers credit it with being the
best managed railway corpoi-ation in the world, and the many eminent personages
who have had occasion to travel on it speak in the highest terms of the service, while
the immigrants, in the colonist coaches provided, find that what was once deemed a
fatiguing journey is now a pleasant jaunt.

But the great work of the Canadian Pacific is not finished in being merely a
transdCntinental route ; the management aspire to make it the world's highway. A
line of steamships has been established which cross the wide Pacific where the West
becomes East again, and bring back the trade of the Orient, will pour over this route
in increasing volume yeai' by year as its supeiior advantages are recognized.

THE OBBAT NATIONAl. LIN2.

206

In a not leas important measure — to Canada — ai'e the operations of the branches
of this mammoth enterprise which grid-iron Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, and have
developed the straggling industries and resources of the country.

The Canadian Pacific is undoubtedly the greatest of existing railway corpora-
tions, li. has u MiMi mileage of about 6,000 miles. The main line fi-om Quebec to
Vancouver is 3,078 miles in length. The Toronto branch is 340 miles, Brockville and
Ottawa, 76 miles, Owen Sound branch 122 miles ; Tooswater branch 73 miles ;
Pembina Branch 202 miles, South Western Marrtoba Brancli 105 miles ; Emerson
Branch 66 miles, besides a number of minor branches. It employs a vast army of
men — over 16,000 — and throughout the Dominion it is estimated that there are over
100,000 persons directly dependent upon it. The entire conti'ol of the enterprise is
vested in Mr. W. C. Van Home, who recently succeeded Sir CJeorge Stephen in the
presidency, but who, as well as filling that important office, performs the arduous
duties of general manager, a position he has occupied almost since the very organiza-
tion of the Company. An experienced railway man, Mr. Van Home's administration
of afflairs has been most successful and satisfactory to the directors, whose ondorsation
of his policy is demonstrated in his elevation to the highest office in their gift. With Sir
George's and Sir Donald Smith's names, that of Mr. Van florno will be inseparably
connected with the growth and expansion and success of the largest and most prosperous
railway coi-poration of the sgo. The men who accomplished this great work so suc-
cessfully, deserve to have their names inscribed amongst the distinguished personages
of the day, and already two have received the order of knighthood from Her Majesty
the Queen, and with the others, have participated in the emolr iita which their
success has earned for them. The general officers of the road are: President and
General Manager, Mr. W. C. Van Home; Secretary, Mr. Charles Drinkwater;
Assistant General Manager, Mr. T. G. Shaughnessy : Hon. Geo. M. Clark, General
Counsel ; Mr. Geo. Olds, General traffic manager ; Mr. Lucius Tuttle, Passenger
traffic manager ; Mi\ Kobert KeiT, General freight passenger agent Western and
Pacific divisions ; Mr. Henry Beatty, Manager steamboat lines and lake traffic i
Mr. I. G. Ogden, Compti-oller ; Mr. W. Sutherland Taylor, Treasui-er; Mr. T. A*
Mackinnon, General Superintendont Ontario and Atlantic divisions ; Mr. G. W.
Spencer, General Superintendent Eastern division ; Mr. W. Whyte, General Superin-
tendent Western division ; Mr. Henry Abbott, General Superintendent Pacific divi-
sion ; Mr. L. A. Hamilton, land commissioner : Mi*. D. McNicoll, General passenger
agent; Eastern and Ontai-io and Atlantic division; Mr. G. M. Bosworth, assistant
freight traffic manager Eastern and Ontario division ; Mr J. N. Sutherland, General
freight agent, Ontario division; Mr. J. A. Sheffield, Superintendent dining and sleep-
ing cars.

It can be truthfully said that the Canadian Pacific has be3n of incalculable
benefit to Canada. Eevolutionizing the traffic of half the world, it has developed an
unknown country, assisted in settling the wide plains of the West, created prosperous
towns and villages, promoted the welfare of laj-ge cities, and it has brought the Great
West of the Confederancy closer to the Mother Country aci-oss the Sea.

I'!-

(

1,'.

m^ mm mmi fum uhlwit.

HEAD OFFICES: MONTREAL, CANADA.

W. O.Yaii Hobm Praddent Montrwl.

Chabui DKWxwATra SMretary •«

T. O. BHAuommtT Aulatant General Manager "

OioaoaOLDB General Traffic Manager *'

LuoivbTitttui PaMenger Traffic Manager "

HnaT BiATTT Manager SteaanBhtp Lines and Lake Traffic Toronto.

I. O. Oaon Oomptroller Montreal.

W. BcTHaBLAMD TATioa Treamrer "

L. A. Hamiltox Land Oonuniationer Winnipeg.

Wv. Whtti General Bnperintandent, Weitem Divition "

HAasT Abbott General Superintendent, Paciflo Division VanooaTer.

C. W. Spbkcib General Superintendent, Eastern Division Montreal.

T- A. MacKwxoii Genenl Bnperintendent, Ontario * Atlantic DiTision •<

BoBiiT Kaaa Oeneial Freight and Passenger Agent, W. * P. DIts Winnipeg.

D. McNiooLL General Passenger Agent, Eastern Division Montreal.

G. M. BOBWOBTH Asst. Freight Traffic Manager, Eastern Division "

J. N. ScTHBBLAXD General Freight Agent, Ontario Division Toronto.

J. A. Sbbtpiud Supt. Dining, Sleeping and Parlor Ours Montreal.

E. B. ABDBBaoif General Bag^e Agent "

.^GhSIXTOXSS.

Adilaidb So. Ans.

BoBTOH Mass.

..Agents Oceanic Steamship Ca

/ C. E. McPherson, District Passenger Agent 311 Washington St.

\ H. J. Colvin, Oitjr Passenuer Agent " " "

Brocxvilli Ont. . . A. Caswell, Ticket Agent US Main Street.

BurrALo N.T... Walter Hurd 15 Exchange Street.

Ghicaoo. 111. . .J. Francis Lee, Commercial Agent 232 So. Clark Street.

Glaboow Scotland . . Archer Baker European Traffic Agent. 136 Buchanan Street.

Halifax N.S. . . C. R. Barry, Ticket Agent 1 26 HoUis Street.

Hamilton Ont... W.J. Grant 8 James Street, So.

Hiboo Japan.. Messrs. Fraaar 4 Co

Hoxo KoHQ China. . Messrs Adamson, Bell A Co., Agents for China. . . .

LivBBPooi ]£ng... Archer Baker, European Traffic Agent 17 James Streeti,

LoxDOR Eng... Archer Baker, European Traffic Agent 88 Cannon Street.

London ..Ont...T. B. Parker, Ticket Agent Richmond Street.

MoNTiiAL Que... A. B.Chairee, Jr., City Musenger Agent. 266 St. James Street.

Naw Toix . .' N.T.. .E. Y. Skinner General Eastern Agent 337 Broadway.

Ottawa Ont. . . J. £. Parker, City Passenger Agent 42 Sparks Street.

PuLADiLPmA Pa...H. MoMurtrie Cor. 3d A Chestnut St.

Pobtland Me...M. L. Williams Maine Central BB.

Pobtland Ore.. .0. G. McCord, Freight and Passenger Agent 6 Washington Street.

Port TowNUND.. Wash. Ter James Jones

QoBBBO Que. . . J. W. Byder, aty Paaaanger Agent St. Loni s Hotel

St. John N.B... Messrs. Chubb * Co., Ticket AgenU

' Messrs. Ooodall, Perkins * Co., Agta. Pacific Coast 1,^1., ,b^ at

BteamsUpOo ...T j. 10 M .rket Bt.

D.B. Jackson, Passenger Agent. 214 Montgomery St.

M. M. Stem, Passenger Agent 212 MonlgomeryBt.

'.E. W. MacGinnes, Freight and Passenger Agent. .

. Messrs. Adamson, Bell * Co

.Alex. Woods, Agent for Australia

. E. E. Ellis, I.^ight and Psssenger Agent

. W. B. Callaway District Passenger Agent 110 King Street W.

.D. E. Brown, Dls. Freight and Passenger Agent. .

.Robert Irving, Freight and Passenger Agent Government Street.

. G. H. Ckmpbell, City Ticket Agent 471 Main Street.

ToxoHAMA Japan. . Messrs. Frassr A Co., Agentn for Japan

San Franoiboo Cal. •

Sbattlb Wash. Ter..

Sranghai China.

Stdhbt N.S.W..

Taooma Wash. Ter. .

ToBONTO Ont..

Yanoocvbb B.C..

YlOTOBU B.C..

WlNHIPBG

lil-

i i

A List of Tours over the Canadian Pacific Raiiway

will be forwarded to any address on application to the Company's Agencies at

London or Liverpool, England, New York, Boston and Chicago,

or to the Passenger Traffic Manager at Montreal.

M
U
U
II

Monto.
ontrwU

lieirSt.

Is at

Cr&THERI I CkVERHILL.

-iMPonns or

Itavy ludwan,

moil, STEEL. TM,

C€inada Plates,

Window OUua,

Taints and OUs,

(;iVI!IIHILL,IMIOilT&GO.

-MANTirACrUBBRS Or -

COT lllLULIICHiml PRESSED ItlU,

— ANB TMS —

Celebrated "CC" Horse Naill.

AGENTS VIEILLE lONTAGIIE ZINC COIPANY.

rJtOPBIJCTOKH:

TJnien VaU Worki, St. Ohbritl Looki.

WAREROOMS.
SAMPLE ROOMS AID

OFFICES:

CAVERHILIS BUILDINGS,

89 ST. PETER STREET,

MONTREAL.

W. D. HcLAREN,

Manufadtwrer of BAKING POWDER, and Sole

Agent for ** AMERICAN QILT EDGE'*

BAKING POWDER.

RRMOS <i

MANUFACTURED
ARE:

COOK'S FRIEND"&"SPONGE''

the"cook's friend

f»

la c«lcul«ted TO DO THE BEST WORK at
LEAST COST.

The ''SPONGE

Is a mora oonoentratod powder, pnt up only Id Una,

ii oqaal to uy ud aaporior to moat it

th« Ufh-priood braada.

The ** OQOK'tB FRIEND " has Ions iMtkl the lead in Eastern Canada, and has taken
any FnOTPiasnB, Diplokab and Mxdalb (BronM and Silver).

many.

The " ftlERICRN QLT B)6E " ie * good aenrioeable Powder, in the composition of which appli-
cation haa been made oflateat scientific disooTeriea.

ISABB UBUAIAT DEAIiT WITH.

W. D. MoLAREN, 56. 57 & 59 College St., Montreal.

tifl

:a^^

n:i;i

FBNWICK & SCLATER.

No. 44 FOUNDLING STREET,

-»>»- MANVFACTlTKKItM OK

ASBESTOS,

FILES & RASPS,

FIBE HOSE,

TENTS,

AWNINGS, and

TARPAULINS, FLAGS, &o.
COTTON WASTE, OILS, *% *** *
*% *% *% STEAM PACKING,
PIPE and BOILER COVERINGS,
By the Barrel,

Because we are the
only Manufacturers,
in the Dominion of
Canada and defy oom-
petltion.

fACrOR^iM tlAZARETH. ST.
MONTRBAL.

RAI LW;i Y, STLn M SH I P STEAM BOAT,
MILL & ENGINEERS SUPPLIES.

WE HAVE REMOVED TO THE ABOVE NEW AND OOMMOOIOUS PREMISES,

No. 44 Foundling St., Cor. St. Peter St., • MONTREAL.

Factory,
T. PAUL,

raotory,
!TH ST.

ng Factory
!fOST.

we are the
lufaoturers,
kininion of
xldefyoom-

NAZARETH. ST.
'RBAL.

MBOAT,

REMISES,
)NTREAL

FENWICK t SCLITER,

Bote Affcnta,
MONTMBAI.

COTTON It KINO-

PATENT STITCHED

THE BEST iKIII DRIVER
THE BEST SAW MILL BELT
THE BEST PULP MILL BELT

FENWICK I SClfTER,

Sol* At«nta,
HOIVTRKA.!.:

MACHINE BELTING

THE BEST COTTON MILL BELT

THE BEST WOOLLEN MILL BELT

THE BEST ELEVATOR BELT

OVER ^.ooo.ooo rgETP xw ueg.

HreakliiK strain of 6 in. Double Leather, 7888 lbs., oonts 80c.

** ** •* O In. H ply Cotton Bolt, 7080 Iba., .... '* «0c

.A.bo-v« tost ekpplleal 1;o Wt»«XtXe».'wc^y*m Cotton Eleltia:«a;.

SBHiTr) TTOTl I^ItlOEl LIST.

4-;-t— ^>i^i~i«..4-.^>-^^..i..^i» i * nr rsps

^-»-i^4-.~H^>-i^>4^»^.^l>«-^tJ

BEDDflWHT'S CUPIEL IIHIB BELT, For ElllCtriC LigHt DrUHQJI.

-* — »^» •>-*—>■. . .. • . . ♦ .

— •♦•—♦^■^

FENWICK & 80LATER.

LEADING lines:

Cotton Waste, Files and Basps,

Bteam Pipe and Boiler Coverlnc.

ova owir HAirvrACTvas.

The following always in stook:

TACKZJS BLOCKB, WOOH, IHON A.KD BTMML,

JtrrFXREHTLAL PXTLLBT BLOCKB,
BXZT BOOKS, LACK JLXATBKB, BBLT DBBS-

Siya, CORDAOM, BTBAM PACJUirOM,
BAZLWAT, BTBAMBOAT mnd KILL BUPPLIBB.

FENWICK & SCLATER,

44 FOundlinff Street,

nues aad aaapa of every deecrlptlen niaSe

flreai kee* MMfll>-M Mteel.
■UX SAWS, tut Maw-mlU aee, aMUie with

.! PINWICK * 8CLATIR, 44 iPpundling Streot/ lyiPNTRIAL.

JAS. SLBSSOR.

JAS JOHNSTON.

;r:.,

:i»

'1 '

I. I

I,.
I,

1..

Ill

I I

JAHES JOHNSTON & Co.

IMPORTERS OP..

English, Krench <& (terman

heaters in Canadian and :^7?ierican Manufactures,

WHOLESALE.

ST. HELEN STREET,

MONTREAL.

, WIL|%

-*16 & 18 DeB RESOLS street , MONTREHL^-

Head Office and Factories— WALLI^GFORD, COJ^J^.

I, '. i.i. 1,

B R ^ IT O H Bl S :

Sole Manufacturert and »ole proprietors of the renowned WM. BOOERS
KNIVES, FORKS, SPOONS, ETC., ETC,

TEA SETS, WAITERS, CRUETS, PICKLE CASTERS,

BUTTER DISHES, WINE STANDS, EPERGNES,

FRUIT STANDS, ETC, ETC.,

MfictDrers ol He liijiist unaiitp H eclro nateii ware.

SIMPSON, HALL, MILLER & CO.,

16 & 18 DeBresols St., MONTRKAL.

!*h

iii"^

illliil !i^

I'M

i mvmi^

—AND—

KORITIKC

Ki iiTEii un mi

There is no Beverage
that will be found so
Palatable, .

Stimulating to the
Circulation, and
Nutritious ; it is the
Greatest Heat Generator.

J TOHT^StON'S

rCrfujioBEEF

^The'bi'reat
stren6thj3iv

FA PERFECT FOOD
I » For the sick

, 7\ WARMING 8i
I HuTRITIOUSgEVERAOE
UiM ^ POWERFUL
INVIGORATOR^

O. ^ir '^VV,,

-FOR-

Invalids and Convalescenls,

It contains Powerful
Nutrition that can
be easily digested, and

* thoroughly assim-
ilated by the
Weakest Stomach ;

and that will quickly

renew the tissues

wasted by disease.

Joimstoii's Fiiiiii Beef

is not a MEAT EXTRACT, but contains all the
Nutritious and Strength-Giving Constituents that
existed in the Flesh used in its manufacture. WS-Jiecmt Scientific Analysis demonstrates
that it contains all the Albumen, Fibrine and Phosphates of Meat in their correct proportion.

^ m miNFG. & SilPPLY CO. J

MAjrvrACTUBBBB OF:

INSULATED

o CABLES o

—AMD

Instruments of every description

Office and Factory :

38-38 8T.DIZIER8T.,

id fl»r w niostmtcd CMm1ov«««

B)|g|||i / * M «iifiii»iiif(i i if| i i[fii, ,fci ift ii f^i i f)i J |ithiif| i iit|) #. |<> iii fiiaiiill i iiflrirtiiifliii< fc i l liiifliii ft ii<li K^

t« Id4^^W@1 l411|

HENRY HOGAN, Proprietor.

JT.,

FOR the past 3S yean, this Hotbl, fiunilisrly known as the << St. Lawbrnce," has heen a household
word to all Travellers on the Continent of North America, and has been patronised by all the
RoTiL and Nobli Personages who hare visited the City of Montreal.

This Hotel includes the entire block, which is admirably situated, being in the very heart
of the City, and contiguous to the Oeneral Post Office, Public Buildings, and other places of Interest
and of Business.

This year, there have been very extensive alterations and improvements in the interior of the
Hall. A new Drawing Room has been added, facing on St. James Street, the fashionable boulevard
for driving and promenading of the tlite of the City ; a boon the lady patronesses of the Hall will
readily admit. The decorations of this room are in Li ncustra- Walton in Oold colors, and the wood>
work of Cherry. A rich new Turkish Carpet adorns the floor, and the upholstered itamiture is
luxurious, and cannot be surpassed in the City. Several suites of new Bed Rooms adjoin the new
Drawing Room, with Bath and Water Closets attached, of the very latest improvements.

The large Dining Room has been lengthened over 20 feet, and has now a seating capacity for
400 guests. Seven new elegant Mirrors have been added, also a large Ventilator, which makes the
the Room effectually cool. This Room has also been under the Artists' hands ; the walls being
handsomely decorated in Oil Colors of varying hues, with Lincustra- Walton dadoes ; and it stands
to-day second to no dining room in the Dominion.

The whole House has been thoroughly renovated, painted and decorated. A new and elegant
Passenger Elevator has also been added, and the Halls and Public Rooms are lighted by Electric
and incandescent lights, making it the most attractively lighted Hotel in the Dominion.

Mb. Hooak, the genial proprietor, is still to the fore, and gives his personal supervision to ail
departments of the House, thus securing for his guests every attention required.

Hotel Coaches are in attendance on arrival of all Trains and Steamersi

All Baggage Checks should be given to the Porter in Attendance.

hit I -

Hi:

r!':i

'Ml
It

i«

la-

'Lill

'ii;

IN A MOMENT

BT vaur»

Lprs

FLl COFE

ECONOMICAL,

WHOLESOME,

Fine FLA VO USED

CAN BE USED INYWHERE AND IN ANY QUANTITY

For sale by Grocers and Druftgists in 1 lb.,
i lb. and } lb. bottles.

—0 WHOLBSALI BY O— ~

Z.YBKA.nr. SONS & CO.,
HONTKKAI..

You can have

S3
O

FLUID BEEF,

!%« Best for Beef Tea,

Tna Only Extract of Bkbf Sihtablb fob

MaKIKG Jungs AND OTHKR ClBAH SoUPS.

A Fine Rich Flavobbd Sodp can bb Madb in
A Moment by Adpinq Boiuno Watbb.

x-YaajLir. soiva a go.,

SOLE AQENTS FOR CANADA.

JAMES LESLIE,

]6/t^ITTn'A.CTTJI2-Eia OF

Leather Belting,

LACE • LEATHER, • &c.,

CARD CLOTHINQ, LOONI REEDS,

COnOH AID WOOLUR HILL SQPPUIS,

»|-^ a JUNCTION OF

Craig and St. Antoine Streets,

P.O. BOX 996.

Canada . . Paper . . Company

578 TO 580 CRAIG STREET, MONTREAL

-AND—

15 FRONT STREET, WEST, TORONTO.

F" >?w T E N T

EYELET

SMjjinn Tap,

CANADA PAPER CO.

Montreal

A Toronto.

Windsor and Sprlngvale Mills.

— MAjiIVFAOrURERa OF—

White, TiQteil and Manilla
Railway f ritiiip.

BOOK & NEWS PRINT

Tinted Coyer & Poster Paper.
BleaGM aM U.6. ManiUas.

Glazed and Plated
Colored' Papers.

C04TED, BOOK AND

UTHOBRAPHIO PAPERS.

CHINA & LITHO. BOARDS.

Envelopes, Tans, &c. k.

inpoittrs ail laii&cnnrs of

STAPLE STATIONERY.

Printers' & Book-
binders' Supplies.

f ,

' 1 1

%, iL

l^'-^

ROBIN &, SADLER

LEATHER.BELTING

MONTREAL

2518, 2520 S 2522 NOTRE-DAME ST.

TORONTO,

129 BAY STREET.

-< DEALERS IN <-

RUBBER AND COTTON BELTINQ.

gitei

« 09080SS00

mmusoii

PHOTOGMPHERS.

PORTRAITS IN ALL STYLES.

■

VIEWS OF ALL POINTS OF INTEREST
• IN THE DOMINION •

XT ^lev>.x9r Afreet*
Room lie Windsor Hotkl,

• « 9 • • S....8. ,9 « •.

GEORGE BLACHE,

MERCHANT TAILOR,

ST. LAWRENCE HALL BUILDING,

141 ST. JAMES STREET.

\2Vh:oivE>® ivr^'E^ ^

BOOTS, •> SHOES,

tJ^ISTIDz

(ininiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHinuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimnmiiiiiituiiuiii miiiHijuiiMmniHMwiiiiiiiiiwitHiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwniiniMiiiiwiiiiiiiiwiiimwiininiiiniiimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'

• - ^ - - ... - I ^_^ g J

IiHimiinHyii
. I

>|RIU|BiBiEi

i* i

Miminiui1iiimHn»imiuuiiiiiiiiui%iiiiJiiiiiiriuiiiniiui»iiimii»iiHiii'»wmiiiuiiiii?uMWHimriiiiiiiiinwb^

♦<« ^

AGENTS FOR GOODYEAR ROBBER GO. OF CANADA

12 <& 14 RORIE STREET,

vrxxTzriPEcs-, vaAnt.

A (

ft. . '

It ■ '

U '

, 1

f . 1

•^|w

iii^^i

JOHNA.PATERS0N&CQ

(liTE PATERSON. KISSOCK & CO.)

TMrH:or.ssA.z«E:

•*■ : I 9 A.XVD c : «-

Fakcy Dry Coops

IMPORTERS

12 AND 14 ST. HELEN STREET,

4 ii, . .

■ET,

BENNY, MACPHERSON & CO.,

HARDWARE MERCHANTS,

=) iiL^isoiaTBiaa ob' (=

MM Hardware and Joiners' Tools, House Furnishings, Cutlery and
Plated Ware, fiuns. Rifles, Revolvers, Ammunitioni Game Traps

AND ALL KINDS DFI8PCRTING GOODS

fiar. Band, Hoop and Sheet Iron, Swuudo & Norwia; Iron, Steel, Tin Plates,
Wire, Galvanized Sheets, Zinc, Cut Nails, Horse Kails, Horse Shoes

E5E^) WD » COMPLETE STOCK OF SHELF AND HEAVY HARDWARE (^.E^

388-390-392 St. PAUL STREET,

STANDARD VARNISH WORKS

D. A. McCASKILL & 00.,

FACTORY « WAREHOUSE,

641,64SJ;645
U8IBT 8TB1IT

orriois : 180 st. mihb st.

MOHTREIL.

FI»E COACH, CAR AND CARRIAGE VARNISHES AND JAPANS.

Silver Medal awarded at Dominion Exhibition, 1883 ; Silver and Bronze Medals at Montreal in
1884 ; Silver Medal and Diploma at the Industrial Exhibition at Toronto in 1885 ; Bronze Medal
«nd Diploma at the Colonial Exhibition at LonfJon, Eng., 1886- All the above awards against
keen competition. These are the highest and only Silver Medals .awarded to Canadian
Vamishes. All the Carriages leaving Montreal and the Eastern Provinces to the Colonial and
Indian Exhibition were finished with the above Varnishes. Used by all leading Railroads.

Send full shipping instructions with order.

ill

00000000 0000000 000"OOOOO nOOOOOO OOOOOO"000000000000000»<lOOOQOe'000000000000000000

yt^

SmiMr ailagtiiil for

SEWING ,

M i r U I II r i Both in Factories

Ifl A t n I H t f( M : and in the Home.

WORK J

ASK XOUn VBAPXB TOn XT-WEi

^»9-A8K TOUS DBAJrSJi rOB IT

J. E. LANCASTER i CO., TURNER, BEETON&Co.^

MONTREAL & TORONTO

I8LEM0INEST. --57BAYSTREET.

VICTORIA,

B.C.

LETTER ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. COMPLETE iSSORTMEHT iLVATS ON im.

BOO»0000<M»|IUOOOO(>

nooonooooooooooo

IOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0

•oooooooooooooo

ie Homei

'SB rOB IT

Is Co.,
lA,

B.C.

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CorvjliY

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^^'

c*f

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ftwk*'

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„ *«!«•! Book
Vlr„o jBook. >

'•"'■•Ica.d*

ft J.

C CoMo,

INDEX.

To find any )ilaco on thfl mar*
dr;tw a stniiuht Ihio from tliu
K'ttcrs on thn «l<!e to Join a dlmi-
Iiir limMlrawufroui thBDUinorula
ou tliu tUJ).

Alrxnnrlria O ?§

Saw

1>' ,

l»»"l<.;< Penro.,'!."

ro'

""'•'..,

OIU'Hacit cocQ»n-ttn

!>M^2

Roi.i.r
IfDtin -^
• «•* ▼'

V„

;"""■

• tsawatti

18^

ft.

■ A

rmutMfn 4.

Axlu-roft

Hablim VlUuKt)"-

HaiiB

liHrkerville...

Ilitlkluy HouHfi...

Citcbe Creek

Culynry

Cuiimure

Chi-inr;tituB

(Iillco

Chllllwhack

..L 20

..E 31

..J 32

..K 20

..K 31

.1. 10

...J 34

...J 32

..H IS

.11 17
19

Bunab^ I.

«i%

ir^

riiTL-ell PI.
Ojr/orJ i

-4%*

<(iVf

'"'"'<'■ ^»i

VIM>|

KAjtA

(;hiinwi.ack H j" MaploBay...

Clinton K in ;(|.,|„,„,

foiirox.. 'J Ij Mumlyvllle..,

CottonwGOd K 1«

XTV<iVOT SO ? U|

T«uliu Pi. Vf
fpBranxa /jj

tt -OlulftPL Ru. ,

orUPk. /»t.ra.

^Ufa^i ' <

Courchan

IH.>u8e llouao

DojfCreek

KImoro

KnulHh Vaclory

K»<i ulmult

VWM

Fort Bablne

KortChllcolIn

Fort t'onuclly

Fort Fraser

Fortflooriio

Fort James

Fort Wramtol

ForlKupcrt

Fort Shepherd

(iranvllIB

(ir'-at Sltdo

iliirvey Creek

II. II. Co. Fort

llnuen'8l.amUng

lioiw i;"',;':

II H. Co'«. TradlnH I'ost

Inllaa VlllaKis

Niiiiaiino <J

20uOV
to •irai

UttXC.Uu

■S In NuBeolifl Villaxo

I 18 Hew WMtiiiliiMter

K 43 N leola I,akc

"b "H Ohellbk

"m 15 Okanaaan

"i in Okaiiawan Mission

■••i uV CldFort

S j5 OldFort

II SO OldFort

ii ^■^ Old Vlllago

11 IT Pemljerton

• Ji ii nucha

■ ! A2 Port Moody

)«tt.

'OTKASD..
■ants Book*

*>ba InUt ;'.,

* 3000*^
: Malaipim

4000

Fort EsfllliKton.
Princeton.

■Boulder rt.', • \ ^.'1
^•. . — FlorMI.. '

r »^lliriiiu„l„ r. \ 'riM'^ii't

a Ft. 1 at .004 l">-x llfl". T.

V«rf«.T5.-

w in Qnesnelle

a ?? Uiiexnelle Forks P 1»

T 91 Koman Catholic Mission.... O 24

■b S.\ Keum i 1«

V; 85 Bhioolht O 11

■ f •'S Skeena P ?9

ti»da Creek...

ftirtia J A.

rt.

/' Bedicett
Soundj.

ln'naaVUa«o -V J;» p„„ieno8 H 1;;

ImiiaaVUUae B ^^ g^oke -S Is-

liamloopH 1^ »^ 8p*^nee*s Itrldge M 20

.Kitawalaks....

Ki»iiyox....

Kootcnay

Kulilo.

Ljic ha Ilachft ■

I/idner's I>anding

I,aifuan

I/.ndlng

IJlloovt

: LyttOU - ■

Mcnonftld'8 Oil ai)rln«8..
Mcbeod'aPort

S 5g fit Paul

',) u<> Kumas

2 20 ■J'ache

■ J on Taparotnwoot

17 T6te Jaiino Cache

.Ii 1«

.A 13

.11 11

Q 17 JCID .Ji>HlI" ».»l-Ilt J* *'!

7 4n Vancouver P J"

■J 31 Van winkle K I»

£ 19 Victoria S ItJ

5 11) WeUlnicton, lieiiarture

.B 3a Tale '> "

:^.

(7 18

loiiglluda W*

19 2

' trnm Or'nRwloh

ii.

' PI. (iMtfa

'' Hi'

•1

QukAii
mil

a.|.|i

:icrRiB

'.i:ii.iiieu\'(,iij7hii..i.'
— ^'t4ii»s-.im<

I* •l»tiAii« . f

'~' !»»<:',

^£3:^^^v4j^

roB«l(T riATIAU

t>.fli,;

le#n>drM<
; ^du Ci

rri\3rt^

'iiw

[V<^ek

Lut

Nri/j

•P.

.•••

Lomim%

v^.

'>\

.vr/

^Kf,-

> Ullo

lADderiop/^ I

v«^°r«i'^

l/yff

^"\S

t»W*

-- ^ ^««' •" Eoftr CurU.
30(J> G.,V'""™"«

^fr»»» X.

!■/

1 1*'

iiiilllwsok

itdn Valeo

Amphltriw W. -^

Brokn GcoiB . v

Di* TaMiHl

•>a7 QsSil..

■•-IS'

.!•'

< JiWuicH qruJc

'•'"o^'l^t.

.VIA)ilI«-£.
|V»^ \ B.

NATIONAC BOUNo|aiIY.-:1:;.v

'V^"

CowlJ.hai
■'i'oo^t. "''

ySldlniril
nimoa ]

"4c<.»k*>S»'*

"N I'

0»l« Fliat«rr !»••» »• ,

'%!>>»4»;Wslr>t

1 ^^Bmftit

^ Bnflbl> .

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's. ^7>v I"* — if i- 1 1 "* \

4 'S. /'X • rJ».,fc^. f^ V I TTOPmn PORTION |

/ I UPPBR PORTION \

^^ ■ ' BRlTISH^COLUMBI^l

Tll:l.lt> 1.1

• ruAarfM
I'M lUTIKO

V yl/\ui?'

kt<^

1-^/-^

16S

^^,

Lr^*^*

N**

....

wlk2i\

dM A^dlw'^

cjlntun

'["I'* Ouhe Creek /^llli<>I^SL^°'''c '^ '

J" I

riui'aiii

) Seyn

x«,

^n^

:y»|B

Stump 1.

t=S Ac-**

--at *

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* - J'*6««h(rj, Paaia» Bat

"low .

•»",

..»^-

^'V tf iflMion §

I rojuu
I Lata

64M

*B«ker

4b*~Vl«n(ri?

I » I't. Colvllla

4 J° Waahington (^-

Q^Boagun^

1 ...VA^Xi i/W^-T. ^ ,iso.aH'

BBITISH COLUjyiBIA

/ I *=^p*rins the i|

tanaclian i%jJiia^R^way.

I B^ ^^ ^^ ^^ '~V__M .^

18S6.

: Bapida

r ■.. -1 ■ '

^Ui (rorA>e Map o( R. T. Wil^ams, Victorlk^
FATUTE MltES.

Riiflanr! Mflio. Co>i Bngri. ^ i*tril., Mon^l

SrAI.B>«»f«sgTATUTE Mll.ES.

The Bu